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 SOME ACCOUNT 
 
 IB m e s t i t a r c I) i t e 1 1 u i e 
 
 ENGLAND, 
 
 FROM EDWARD I. TO RICHARD II. 
 
 WITH NOTICES OF FOBEIGN EXAMPLES, AND NUMEKOTJS ILLUSTRATIONS OP 
 EXISTING REMAINS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS. 
 
 JOHN HENRY PARKER, C.B., M.A., F.S.A., &c. 
 
 Sfconti IB^ition. 
 
 OXFORD and LONDON : 
 JAMES PAEKER AND CO. 
 
 M DCCC Lxxxn.
 
 Library 
 
 ///I 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Soon after the completion of the first volume of this 
 work, Mr. Hudson Turner, whose health had for some 
 time been failing, was cut off by consumption in the prime 
 of life. Those who knew him best can most fully appre- 
 ciate the loss which Archaeological literature has thereby 
 sustained : few persons have ever possessed such full and 
 accurate knowledge of the Public Records contained in 
 the various offices in London, or knew so well where to 
 find exactly what was wanted for the elucidation of any 
 particular point. The importance of the series of extracts 
 from the Records which he collected, translated, and pub- 
 lished in the first volume of this work has been universally 
 admitted ; but he unfortunately trusted too much to his 
 extraordinary memory, and has left few written memoranda 
 or references. The materials which he had collected for the 
 present volume were so slight, and in so imperfect a state, 
 that no one who had not been previously acquainted with 
 the plan of the work, or what they were intended to illus- 
 trate, could have made any use of them. Under these cir- 
 cumstances the present Editor, who had all along directed 
 his labours, undertook the task of arranging and digesting 
 
 3077038
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 his few scattered materials, and thereby was led into edit- 
 ing the volume himself. In this he relied greatly on the 
 experience he had acquired in preparing the successive edi- 
 tions of the Glossary of Architecture ; but if he had not 
 known that he could safely calculate upon much valuable 
 assistance from others more competent than himself, he 
 could never have ventured to have undertaken it at all. It 
 is now his pleasing task to acknowledge the assistance he 
 has received : — from Mr. W. Twopeny and Mr. Blore, with 
 whom the work in a great degree originated, and to whose 
 suggestions, as well as the loan of their beautiful drawings, 
 its success is mainly to be attributed j — Mr. Richard C. 
 Hussey, who originally engaged to be the editor, and, 
 though compelled to relinquish this by the increase of his 
 professional engagements, has continued his advice and 
 assistance throughout ; — Mr. Duff us Hardy, who has given 
 many valuable suggestions, and directed the careful exami- 
 nation and selection from the Records, since the death of 
 Mr. Turner, — and the Rev. James Raine of Durham, who 
 has furnished much information in matters relating to the 
 north of England. — His thanks are also due to Mr. A. 
 Nesbitt, for the use of many of his drawings, and much 
 valuable assistance throughout the work ; — the Messrs. 
 Buckler for the free use of their extraordinary collection 
 of drawings, the result of the labours of three genera- 
 tions; — the Duke of Northumberland, for the drawings 
 of the remarkably early oriel at Prudhoc, prepared ori- 
 ginally for the work on the Castles of the Percys, which
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 Mr. Ilartsliorne has in hand for his Grace, but very hand- 
 somely given up to the present work, as belonging rather 
 to the general history of Domestic Architecture, than to 
 any local work ; — M. Viollet Le-Duc, and M. Didron, of 
 Paris, M. de Caumont, and M. Bouet, of Caen, for either 
 the notices themselves, or directions where to find the 
 existing remains in France, and M. Verdier, for those in 
 Italy, — and many other friends who have supplied in- 
 formation respecting the existing remains in the several 
 localities with which they were acquainted. 
 
 It is not without anxiety that the Editor now takes leave 
 of a volume which has occupied every spare moment for 
 many months, for which he may truly say that he has 
 often consumed the midnight oil, and for the preparation 
 of which he has travelled many hundred miles, never being 
 contented to take from other sources anything which he 
 had the opportunity of verifying for himself. 
 
 TuKL, Oxford. 
 March 1, 1853.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Geneeal Eemaeks. — Eeign of Edward i. — Connection of 
 France and England. — Change in the style of architecture. — 
 Edward ii. and in. — William of "Wykeham. — Eichard n. — Ex- 
 isting Eemains. — Country houses in England. — Town houses 
 in France. — Plan of manorial houses. — Contract for building 
 the house of Sir John Bishopsden of Lapworth in 1314. — 
 Eoofs covered with wooden shingles. — Eoyal manor-houses. — 
 Sale of unnecessary houses of Edward rn. — Houses with towers. 
 — Pele towers. — Tower-built houses. — General appearance 
 castellated. — The moat. — Survey of Newcastle, and survey 
 of Conway castle. — Fortified manor-houses. — Illuminations in 
 MSS. obviously truthful. — External decoration of houses. — 
 The Eound tower at Windsor called La Rose, painted exter- 
 nally with roses. — Works at Windsor. p. 1 — 32 
 
 CHAPTER II. The Hail. 
 
 General abrangement. — The roof. — The windows. — The 
 hearth. — The louvre. — Fire-places and chimneys. — The dais. — 
 The high table. — The screens. — The minstrels' gallery. — The 
 spur. — The lavatory. — The side-board.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Paintings on ini; walls, at "Winchester, "Westminster ; — re- 
 presented in the Luterell Psalter ; — described in the Romance 
 of Guigamar, and by Chaucer; — ordered by Ep. Langton at 
 Lichfield in 1312. 
 
 Tapestbt. — Arras. — Specimen in Berkeley castle; — repre- 
 sented in the Luterell Psalter; — bequeathed by Edward the 
 Black Prince ; — charged in wardrobe accounts of Edward ii. ; — 
 made in London and Norwich. — A tapiser mentioned by 
 Chaucer. — Hangings, bequeatlied by earl of Arundel in 1392. 
 — Hangings in Warwick castle, with story of Guy, earl of 
 "Warwick, granted by Eichard n. to earl of Kent. — Arras be- 
 queathed by duke of Lancaster in 1397; — described by Frois- 
 sart ; the favourite ornament of the day, carried with them by 
 the nobility. 
 
 EuBNiTTiRE. — Tables. — Benches. — Eew chairs. — Eeredos and 
 hearth. — Pots and mugs. — Rudeness of furniture, represented 
 in a MS. of Boccacio, 1409; — sometimes hid with dorsars and 
 bankers. — Folding chairs. The Dining Table, usually boards 
 and trestles. The Dinnbe. — Hour of Dining. — Table-cloths. 
 Plate and Gaenittjee of the Table. — Platters. — Dishes. — 
 Cupg. — Salts. — Glass vessels rare. — The ship. — The mazer. — 
 The wassail bowl. — Washing before and after meals. — Knives. 
 — Spoons and forks. — Two eating off the same platter. — Grace 
 said at meals. — At supper. — Candle-sticks. — Minstrels and 
 jesters. — Eeading at meals. — The fool. — Summons to meals. — 
 Attendants in hall. — The banqueting room. — The staircase. — 
 The porch. p. 33—78 
 
 CHAPTER III. The Chambers. 
 
 I. The CHArEL. — The sacrarium the whole height. — The 
 nave divided by a floor, as at Markenfield, Hendred, Studley, 
 Godstow, Maxstoke. — Instances from Liberate rolls. — Wen- 
 ham. — Chepstow. — Chichester. — Lyte's Carey. — Oratories at 
 Chepstow. — Brouglmm. II. The Oriel. — The upper room of
 
 CONTENTS. IX 
 
 the chapel. — Instances from Liberate rolls. — Same name ap- 
 plied to a gallery and loft. — Passages from Romances. — Mat- 
 thew Paris. — "William of Worcester. III. The Solae. — The 
 parlour. — Fike-places and CniMXErs. — The lord's chamber. — 
 The lady's chamber. — Furniture of chambers. — "Wainscot. — 
 Windows. — Doors. — Ring-knockers. — The bed-chamber. — 
 Beds. — Bedsteads. — Curtains. — Carpets. — Eushes and green 
 leaves. — Extracts from Eomances and Chaucer. — Baths. — Iron- 
 work. — Clocks. — Lamps and torches. IV. The wardrobe. — 
 Extracts from the Liberate rolls. — From wills. — Chests. — The 
 Gaedekobes or Pmvr Chambeks. — The garden. — Fountains. 
 
 p. 79—117 
 
 CHAPTER IV. The Offices. 
 
 The Kitchen. — Penshurst. — Eaby. — Bishop's Auckland. — 
 Bamborough. — Durham. — Fontevrault. — Chichester. — Glaston- 
 bury. — Martock. — Bolton castle. — Illuminations of the Luterell 
 Psalter and Romance of Alexander. — Liberate rolls. — Inven- 
 tory of Edward III. — Frying-pans. — Gridirons. — Spits, &c. — 
 Plates. — Pots. — Kettles. — Tankards. — Barrels. — Vessels of 
 wood or metal, and pottery. — Forges. — Trades carried on in 
 baronial mansions. — Provisions and cooking. — Drinks. — The 
 BuTTEfiT. — The Pantry. — The Larder. — Carriages. — Roads. — 
 Mills.— Barns. 118—152 
 
 CHAPTER V. Medieval Towns. 
 
 Origin of towns. — Plan of towns. — English towns in France, 
 of remarkably regular plans. — Bastides. — N'ew towns. — Free 
 towns. — Ville-neuve and Ville-franche very common names in 
 France. — Winchelsea, new town, regular plan. — Hull, founded 
 by Edward i., situation similar to Libourne also founded by 
 him. The Free Towns. — Foundation. — Mode of proceeding. 
 
 b
 
 X CONTENTS. 
 
 — Ville-franclio de Eovergne. — Ville-ueuve d'Agen. — Libourne. 
 — Sauveterre. — Monsegur. — Molieres. — La Linde. — Sainte- 
 Foy. — Bazas. — Beaumont. — Montpazier. — Important influence 
 of the Free Towns on civilization. Guilds. — Houses of guilds. 
 — Guild-halls. — Town-halls. — Hotels de ville. — Halls of the 
 inns of court. — Guesten hall at Worcester. — Belfry-towers at- 
 tached to halls in the Low Countries. — Ghent. — Toumay. — 
 Laon. — Jacobean town-halls. — Weobley. — Leominster. — Eoss. 
 — The king's hall. — Winchester. — Westminster. — Halls for 
 guards attached to monasteries. — Caen. — Mont S. Michel. — 
 Merchants' halls in London. — Houses in towns had the lower 
 story vaulted and half under ground. — Gerrard's hall. — Gene- 
 ral aspect of a medieval town, from Illuminations in MSS. — 
 Upper stories usually of wood. — Views of Constantinople and 
 Venice from MSS. — Houses in Venice painted on the exterior, 
 as described by Philip de Commines. — Covered ways, or 
 piazzas. — Gate-houses. — Gateway towers. — Of castles. — Ab- 
 beys. — Houses. — Colleges. — Hospitals. — Almshouses. 
 
 p. 153—194 
 
 CHAPTER VI. Existing Remains. 
 
 § 1. Counties of Noethtjmbeiiland and Dueham. — Castles. — 
 Religious houses, Chibburn. — Towers or peles. — Ancient farm- 
 house. — Cottages. — Elsdon rectory. — Bamburgh. — Alnwick. — 
 Dunstanborough. — Belsay. — Prudhoe. — Corbridge. — Raby. — 
 Bishop's Auckland. 195—210 
 
 § 2. Cumberland and Westmoreland. — Naworth. — Carlisle. 
 — Dacre. — Yanwath. — Brougham. 211 — 225 
 
 § 3. YoKKsniiiE, LANCAsniKE, AND CHEsniEE. — Boltou. — Mid- 
 dleham.— Markenfield.- Spotforth.- Dalton.— Baggily. 225—237 
 
 §4. Derby, Nottingham, and Lincoln. — Southwell. — Lin- 
 coln. — Market-Deeping. 237 — 243
 
 CONTENTS. Xi 
 
 § 5, Stafford, Leicester, and Rutland. p. 243 — 4 
 
 § 6. "Warwick, Northampton and Hcntingdon. — Kenil- 
 worth. — Warwick. — Maxstoke. — Coventry. — Caludon. — Temple 
 Balsall. — Woodcroft. — Norborougb. — Aldwinkle. 244 — 257 
 
 § 7. Worcester and Gloucester. — Bredon. — King's Nor- 
 ton. — ilalvern. — Broadway. — Dudley. — Standish. — Tetbury. — 
 Beverstone. — Berkeley. — Gloucester. — Stanley Pontlarge. — Bi- 
 shop's Cleeve. — Evesham. 257 — 9 
 
 § 8. Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and Berkshire. — 
 Bampton. — Broughton. — Woodstock. — Shirburne. — Marlow. — 
 Burnham. — Creslow. — Douyngton. — Windsor. — Bisham. — Hur- 
 ley. — Sutton Courtenay. — Cumnor. — Brimptou. 260 — 275 
 
 § 9. Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, and Middlesex. 275 — 6 
 
 § 10. Norfolk and Suffolk. — Cambridgeshire and Essex. — 
 Yarmouth.— Ely. 276—7 
 
 § 11. Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. — Penshurst. — Nui'sted. 
 — The Mote. — Leeds castle. — Battle hall, Leeds. — Charing. — 
 Great Cliart. — Salmstones. — Nash court. — Canterbury. — Wing- 
 ham. — Monkton court. — Sandwich. — Aldington. — Thorne. — 
 South wark. — Farnham. — Guildford. — Croydon. — Buckworth. — 
 Bodiham. — Chichester. — Battle. — Lewes. — Pevensey. — Amber- 
 ley.—Crowhurst.- Mayfield. 277—293 
 
 § 12. Wiltshire and Hampshire. — Laycock. — Bradenstoke. 
 — Salisbury. — All Cannings. — Stanton St. Queutin. — Beaulieu. 
 — Bishop's Waltham. — Southampton. — Winchester. 293 — 6 
 
 § 13. Somersetshire and Dorsetshire. — Nunney. — Meare. 
 — Martock. — Compton Dundrum. — Lyte's Carey, — Crewkerne. 
 —Clevedon.—Chapel-Cleeve.— Weymouth. 296—303 
 
 § 14. Devonshire and Cornwall. — Exeter. — Darlington. — 
 Inceworth. — Earth. 304 — 5 
 
 § 15, The Marches of Wales, Shropshire, Herefordshire, 
 AND Monmouthshire. — Ludlow. — Shrewsbury. — Haughmond. — 
 Goodrich. — AVeobley. — Grosmont. — Chepstow. — Caldecot. 
 
 305—12
 
 XU CONTENTS. 
 
 § IG. KoRTH AND South "Wales. — The Edwardian castles. 
 — rembrokeshire. — Pictou. — Pembroke. — Carew. — Manorbeer. 
 — Llawbadeu. — Uptou. — Lampbey. — Brecon. — St. David's. 
 
 p. 312—331 
 
 CHAPTER VII. EoEEiGN Examples. 
 
 Fkance. 
 
 Provins. — Eouen. — Poitiers. — Bayeux. — Soissons. — Noyon. — 
 Paris. — Poissy. — Coulmier-le-sec. — Laon. — Mont S. Micbel. — 
 Riom. — Mont-Ferran. — Limoges. — S. Triex. — Beaumont. — Ca- 
 bors. — Yillefrauche d' Aveyron. — Caylus d'Aveyron. — St. Anto- 
 nin. — Cordes. — Rodez. — Mende. — Langogne. — Cluny. — Carcas- 
 sonne. — Montreale. — Perpignan. — Elavigny. — Perigueux. — 
 Blauquefort. — Douvres. — Cully. 335 — 344 
 
 Flandees. 
 Bruges. — Ypres. 345 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Treves. — Xuremburg. — Ratisbon. — Rostock. — "Wismar. — 
 Stralsund. — Greifswald. — Anclam. — Marienburg. 346 — 349 
 
 Italy. 
 Pisa. — Lucca. — Siena. — Viterbo. — Orvieto. — Florence. — 
 Bologna. — Padua. — Verona. — Yiceuza. — Venice. — 3Iautua. — 
 Como. 350—352
 
 LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. Genekal Hemaeks. 
 
 Intebiok of the hall at Penshurst, Kent , 
 
 Dacre castle, Cumberland 
 
 External staircase, Belsay castle, Northumberland 
 
 Drawbridge and wooden palisading, from a MS. . 
 
 Castles with towers and drawbridge, from a MS. 
 
 Belsay castle, Northumberland, general view 
 
 Yiew of Venice in the fourteenth century, from a MS. 
 
 Part of the old cloisters, "Windsor castle, and barge-board 
 
 ham, Kent .... 
 
 Interior of the hall, Sutton Courtenay, B>.rks, 
 
 Page 
 Frontinpiecj 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 26 
 
 Wiug- 
 
 30 
 32 
 
 CHAPTER II. The Hall. 
 
 Interior of the hall. Great Malvern . . . .35 
 
 "Window in the hall, Meare, Somersetshire , . .37 
 "Windows in the gables of halls at Southwark, Northampton, and 
 
 St. David's . . . . . .38 
 
 The louvre, "Westminster hall . . . . .39 
 
 Fire-place in hall, Meare, Somersetshire . . . .40 
 
 The dais and high table, from a MS. . . . . ib. 
 
 "Wooden spurs to doorways at York , . . .43 
 
 Side-board in a house at Lincoln . . . . .44 
 
 "Water-drain, Dacre castle, Cumberland . . . .45 
 
 Cistern and lavatory, Battle hall, Leeds, Kent . . .46 
 
 Seat in the hall, from a MS. . . . . .52 
 
 The dining-table, from a MS. . . . . .55 
 
 Ancient salt . . . . . . .59 
 
 Domestic bearing the ship . . . . .61 
 
 Mazer -bowl with cover, 1345 — 81 . . . . ib. 
 
 temp. Ric. ii, . . . . .62 
 
 Minstrel, from the Luterell Psalter . . . .71
 
 XIV 
 
 LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 External staircases, from MSS. 
 rorches, from MSS. 
 
 Page 
 76 
 78 
 
 CHAPTER III. The Chambees. 
 
 East end of chapel, Broughton castle, Oxfordshire 
 
 Section of chapel 
 The solar, from a MS. 
 The solar, Sutton Courtenay, Berks. 
 Chimney, Burford, Oxfordshire . 
 Fire-places, Lincoln and Edlingham 
 Fire-place with dogs, and chimney, from MS. 
 Chimneys, Woodstock and Grosmont 
 
 . Southwell, Norborough, Exton, Lincoln, Motcombe 
 
 Furniture : tables and chair, from MSS. . 
 
 Windows with seats 
 
 Bedstead and cradle, from a MS. 
 
 A bath, from a MS. 
 
 Iron-work, from MSS. 
 
 Chest, Huttoft, Lincolnshire 
 
 Garderobes, Langley castle, Northumbirlaud 
 
 • Southwell palace, Notts. 
 
 Fountain, from a MS. 
 Garden, from a MS. 
 
 lo; 
 
 CHAPTER IV. The Offices. 
 
 The Abbot's kitchen, Durham 
 
 Plan of the same 
 
 Interior of the same 
 Cooking in the open air, from a MS. 
 Servants carrying up the dinner, from a MS. 
 Boiler and pot-hook, from a MS. . 
 Pottery found in Carey-street, London 
 
 found in Oxford, and at Lewes, Si 
 
 Forging and grinding, from MSS. 
 
 Baking, from a MS. 
 
 Churning, from a MS. 
 
 State carriage, from the LutcrL-ll Psalter 
 
 . 119 
 . 120 
 . ib. 
 . 122 
 . 124 
 . 125 
 . 126 
 . ib. 
 . 128 
 . 129 
 . 138 
 . 141
 
 LIST OF ENGEAVINGS. 
 
 XV 
 
 Page 
 144 
 
 Chariot, from a MS. of the Romance of Alexander 
 
 Mode of carrying provisions ; wheelbarrow and truck, from MSS. 145 
 
 Water-mill, from a MS . . . . . .150 
 
 Wind-mill, from a MS. . . . . . .151 
 
 Abbot's barn, Pilton, Somersetshire . . . . ib. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. Medieval Towns. 
 
 House in the principal street of Cordes, Languedoc . .153 
 Plan of the town of Montpazier, and view of the covered way 
 
 round the market-place . . . . .154 
 
 House at Yriex, near Limoges . . . . .156 
 
 Plan of the town of Winchelsea . . . . .158 
 
 Bird's-eye view of the town of Hull . . . .164 
 
 The palace of the Pope at Cahors . . . .181 
 
 Yiew, plan, and details of the crypt of Gerrard's hall, London . 185 
 
 Imaginary view of Constantinople, from a MS. . . . 187 
 
 Timber-house, "Weobley, Herefordshire . . . .188 
 
 Houses in the market-place, Alby, Languedoc . . .190 
 Exterior, interior, and plan of the treasury, Merton coll., Oxford 193 
 
 CHAPTER YI. Existing Remains. 
 
 Yiew of the chapel, and plan, Chibburn, Northumberland 
 
 Oriel window, Prudhoe castle, Northumberland . 
 
 Plans of Raby castle, Durham, upper and lower stories 
 
 Carved wooden ceiling, Naworth castle, Cumberland 
 
 Staircase, Carlisle castle, Cumberland 
 
 Plans and view of lower story, Dacre castle, Cumberland 
 
 Plans and view of Yanwath hall, "Westmoreland 
 Water-spout on tower of the same 
 Chimney and watch-tower of the same 
 
 Gate-house, Brougham castle, Westmoreland 
 
 Gateway, Brougham hall, Westmoreland 
 
 Yiew of Markenfield hall, Yorkshire 
 Back view of Markeniield hall 
 Plans of upper and lower stories of the same 
 
 Interior of Baggily hall, Cheshire 
 
 . 197 
 
 . 206 
 . 208 
 . 211 
 . 212 
 . 215 
 . 217 
 . 218 
 . 219 
 . 220 
 . 222 
 . 230 
 . 233 
 . 234 
 . 236
 
 xvi list of kngeavings, 
 
 Page 
 Part of the arclibisliop's palace at Southwell, Notts. . . 237 
 
 Chantry house, Lincoln ...... 230 
 
 Market-Deeping, Lincolnshire, interior and window of parsonage 242 
 "Woodcroft house, Northamptonshire .... 249 
 
 Norborough hall, Northamptonshire . . . . 252 
 
 Plans of the same ...... 254 
 
 Exterior of the hall. Great Malvern .... 258 
 
 Remains of Bampton castle, Oxfordshire .... 2G0 
 
 Broughton castle, Oxfordshire, south front . . .261 
 
 Ground-plan and groined passage in the same . . 262 
 
 Grated opening in chapel, and view of guard room . . 264 
 
 Gate-house of the same ..... 266 
 Plan and south view of Sutton Courtenay, Berks. . .272 
 
 Low side window in the hall of the same . . . 273 
 
 Exterior of the hall, Penshurst, Kent .... 278 
 Nursted court, Kent, exterior . . . . .281 
 
 interior ..... 282 
 
 Exterior of the palace, Mayfield, Sussex .... 290 
 
 Interior of the hall of the same .... 292 
 
 Plans of Meare, Somersetshire ..... 297 
 
 North-east view of the same .... 298 
 
 The Fish-house, Meare, exterior and interior . . . 300 
 
 House at Chapel Cleeve, Somersetshire . . .303 
 
 View of Clevedon Court, Somersetshire . . . . ib. 
 
 Timber house at Weobley, Herefordshire . . . 307 
 
 Caerphilly castle . . . . . . .314 
 
 House at Pembroke, South Wales . . . .321 
 
 Langley castle, Northumberland, view and plan . . .332 
 
 CHAPTER YII. Foreign Examples. 
 House at Cajlus, Guienne 
 
 House of the chief huntsman, Cordes, Languedoc 
 The abbot's house, at Cluny, Burgundy . 
 House at Caudebec, Normandy . 
 
 . 337 
 . 339 
 . 340 
 . 341
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE 
 FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 The reign of Edward the First was one of the most 
 brilliant and flourishing epochs in the whole history of 
 England. At home the people enjoyed peace and pros- 
 perity, and made rapid progress in civilization. Abroad 
 some of the finest provinces of France owned their obedi- 
 ence to the English crown. These happy results were in no 
 small degree due to the personal character of the monarch ; 
 bred up from his earliest youth in the French wars, and 
 early entrusted with the government of the important pro- 
 vince of Aquitaine, he shewed all the qualities of a great 
 king, his prudence and sagacity equalled his valour, and 
 he succeeded in attaching the people firmly to his cause 
 by the wisdom and the liberality of his measures. 
 
 The good effects of his policy may be traced for above a 
 century after his time in the hearty adherence of the natives 
 of Gascony and Guienne to the English cause; far from 
 feeling themselves to be degraded vassals, they were proud 
 of belonging to the English party, and even to this day 
 the people have a fond tradition of the flourishing days of 
 the English rule ^ Nor was his government at home less 
 marked by wisdom and firmness, or his people less flourish- 
 
 ■ In proof of this we need only riches, quand nous sommes Frangais nous 
 quote the popular proverb, " Quand nous sommes toujours gueux." 
 sommes Anglais nous sommes toujours 
 
 B
 
 2 DOMESTIC ARCUITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 ing^. At that period France was more advanced in civili- 
 zation than England, and Edward laboured to introduce 
 and encourage the arts in England by bringing over choice 
 workmen and artists from France. A marked change in 
 the style of architecture took place, and this change was 
 evidently of French origin, though the new style was 
 brought to greater perfection in England. The window 
 tracery in geometrical forms, which is the most striking 
 feature of the new style, appeared in France some years 
 before it was introduced into Endand, but once intro- 
 duced here it soon took root and flourished in a most 
 wonderful degree ^ Simultaneously with the rapid develop- 
 ment of Ecclesiastical Architecture, similar progress was 
 made in Domestic buildings ; not only were the halls en- 
 riched by the introduction of the new style of windows, 
 but the plans of the houses themselves were improved and 
 enlarged, and the number of offices increased. 
 
 The reigns of the Second and Third Edwards are scarcely 
 less distinguished in the annals of architecture than that of 
 the First. There is abundant evidence that these mouarchs 
 all took a warm interest in its progress, more especially 
 of Domestic architecture, and there can be no doubt that 
 their personal influence was generally felt. The favours, 
 the honours, and the emoluments heaped upon William 
 of Wykeham by Edward the Third were chiefly earned 
 by his skill as an architect displayed in rebuilding the 
 royal palace at Windsor. The three reigns combined 
 are called by some antiquarians the Edwardian period, and 
 this period comprises the most brilliant and glorious epoch 
 
 '' The knights and barons of France, here invented is extraordinary, and un- 
 
 who had been at home accustomed to rivalled in any other country. In France 
 
 handsome hotels, richly ornamented the same figures are constantly repeated, 
 
 apartments, and good soft beds, were by especially the trefoil, and this continued 
 
 no means pleased at the poverty they until the vagaries of the Flamboyant 
 
 had to encounter. — Froissart. style began to mark the fall of Gothic 
 
 •^ The variety of designs which were architecture.
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 3 
 
 in the whole history of the Art. It was exactly for this pe- 
 riod and no longer, that the Decorated style prevailed; 
 in other words, the Art was then in the highest state 
 of perfection : previous to this period it was still in pro- 
 gress, and immediately afterwards it began to decline. 
 The Domestic architecture of this brilHant epoch in our 
 history is scarcely less worthy of attention than the Eccle- 
 siastical; considered as mere masonry it is impossible to sur- 
 pass the accuracy, the firmness, the high finish of the work 
 of this period. The sculpture is equally beautiful, and in 
 its wonderful fidelity to nature is unrivalled. Nor was the 
 skill of the architect behind that of his workmen ; the ad- 
 mirable manner in which the plans and designs are ar- 
 ranged, and the ingenuity with which difficulties are over- 
 come, may be equalled, but cannot be surpassed. 
 
 In the reign of Richard the Second the last change of 
 the Gothic styles took place, and though the Perpendicular 
 style is admirably suited for Domestic buildings, it must 
 still be considered as a decline from the highest perfection 
 of the Art. Such structures as the colleges of Wykeham, 
 the roof of Westminster Hall, and many others, shew that 
 the architects of the time of Richard the Second can hardly 
 be said to have declined, though the change then intro- 
 duced was the beginning of the fall. This is one of the 
 periods where an overlapping of styles must be looked for. 
 Some buildings of this reign belong rather in style to the 
 next century, while others belong almost entirely to the 
 style then dying out. Just as in the reign of Edward the 
 First, the Early English and Decorated styles are singularly 
 intermingled, so is it in the time of Richard the Second 
 with the Decorated and the Perpendicular. The change 
 began indeed in the latter years of Edward the Third, but 
 the instances are not numerous enough to be considered 
 otherwise than as rare exceptions to the general rule.
 
 4 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The existing remains of the fourteenth century are more 
 numerous than those of the preceding periods, and a 
 comparison of them sufficiently proves the enlargement of 
 plan and increase of comfort, and of more civilizt'd ideas. 
 Many of the houses of the fourteenth century are of large 
 extent and great magnificence, and testify to the wealth 
 and prosperity of their owners. The bishops' palaces are 
 among the most important, as at Wells, Lincoln, St. David's, 
 Southwell, and Norwich. The houses and castles of the 
 nobility are among the finest and best examples of this 
 period. Penshurst has a glorious hall of the time of Edward 
 II., and some other parts are of the same period, though the 
 other sides of the quadrangle are considerably later. There 
 is a remarkable deficiency of town houses of the fourteenth 
 century in England, owing no doubt to their being usually 
 built of wood, and so frequently destroyed by fire. This 
 deficiency is abundantly supplied by the English towns in 
 France, mostly founded by Edward i,, of which an account 
 will be given in a subsequent chapter. There is an equal 
 deficiency of country houses of this period in France, owing 
 obviously to the constantly disturbed state of the country, 
 which rendered it necessary for the inhabitants to live to- 
 gether in towns for mutual protection, while the compara- 
 tively peaceful state of England rendered a moderate for- 
 tification generally sufficient, at least in the more settled 
 districts. 
 
 Neither is there any deficiency of documentary evidence 
 to the same effect. For though it is true that we lose the 
 benefit of that series of records which enabled us to throw 
 so much light upon the Domestic architecture of the latter 
 half of the thirteenth century, yet their place is amply sup- 
 plied by other documents of equal authority. 
 
 The Liberate Rolls, which in the time of Henry the 
 Third abound in such minute directions relating to the
 
 GENERAL REMAllKS. 
 
 onstruction of the royal houses, cease soon after the ac- 
 cession of Edward the First to afford any further informa- 
 tion than the amount of the sums expended in building ; 
 and they preserve the same character down to the acces- 
 sion of Henry the Fourth. On the other hand we have 
 now arrived at a period when building accounts are more 
 numerous, and better preserved, than at any preceding 
 time J a period to which belong the descriptive poems of 
 Chaucer, and the inimitable clironicles of Froissart, besides 
 the works of many other writers, which all contribute to 
 elucidate the subject. At the commencement of this cen- 
 tury we have the inventories taken of the lands and houses 
 of the suppressed order of the Templars'^, which supply 
 many curious architectural details, much of which, how- 
 ever, must apply to the period of transition between the 
 style of the thirteenth and that of the following period. 
 
 A common plan of manorial houses during the four- 
 teenth century would appear to have been simply a paral- 
 lelogram, with or without wings ; for example, in the 
 year 1314 Sir John Bishopsden of Lapworth^ in the 
 
 '' A specimen of these will be found chymeneye e garderobe etendue hors de 
 
 in the appendix to the present volume. la dyte chaumb* e ove fenestres e has 
 
 * Ceo Bounties covenauns fees eutre covenables e de altre p't la porta chaunib* 
 
 Mounsy Sire Joh'n de Byssopesdon' chi- saunt chiniene e saunt garderobe ove hus 
 
 valer de una part a Will' Heose masoune e fenestres covenables. E la porte avant 
 
 Joh'n de Pesham de Roventon' de autre dite s'ra de Laour solum le devys le 
 
 p't. Ce est a sav' qe les avaunt dys Will' avaunt dite Sire Joli'n. E de amp't le 
 
 e Job' frount au dyt Sir' Joh'n a sun entre de eyns la porte mur de pere ausy 
 
 Maner de Lapworthe une niesoun p' haut c' la porte au ques murs ceo jun- 
 
 porte de pere fraunche bone covenable drount deus coluns de Peir' sur les qes les 
 
 e byen overe. La quele mesoun co'tend' foyles de la porte pendrount e s'ra la porte 
 
 en loung deens murs qaraunte pees e en ava'nt dite ense'bleui't ove les chamb's 
 
 leyse dys e ut pees. E le foreyne mur bases avaunt dites unse pees de haut du 
 
 s'ra ove les gables treys pees e demy soyl jekes au trefs p'mereyns. E a de 
 
 epes sauns deus peyres descuys au foun- sus la porta e les dytes chaumbres bases 
 
 dem't de hors. E les denseyns murs s'ra un cha'b^ estaga da longour e la 
 
 serrount deus pes e demy epes dount la leysour avaundyt ove deus chimenes 
 
 porte s'ra en my la mesoun. E de une deus garderobes ete'dans hors de la dite 
 
 p't la porte une chambre base ove une cha'b"^ covenablem't ov husefenestresco-
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 county of Warwick, knight, covenanted with two masons 
 for the erection of a convenient house of free-stone at 
 his manor of Lapworth. This building was to be forty 
 feet in length within the walls, and eighteen feet in 
 width ; the end walls with the gables were to be three 
 feet and a half in thickness, and the back and front 
 walls two feet and a half; the doorway was to be in the 
 middle of the house ; and on one side of it they were to 
 construct a base-chamber with a fireplace and a ward- 
 robe extending out of the said chamber, with proper win- 
 dows and doors ; and on the other side of the same door- 
 way there was to be a chamber without a fireplace and 
 wardrobe, but with fitting doors and windows. The 
 principal doorway was to be of such size as the said Sir 
 
 venables a le ordeynem'i de le ava't dyt 
 Sir' Joh' e la cha'b^ severe) ne ava't dite 
 s'ra neof pees de haut de gites a de souz 
 jeqes au tref a de sus, e a de sus les 
 sovereyne gites s'rount alures de per' de 
 deus pees e demy haut. E s'ra la dite 
 porteissy fete qe un pountt'nes byen ceo 
 acordera solum le ordeynem't le ava'nt 
 dyt Joh'n e le dyt Will' Heose e Job' de 
 Pesliam ou un de eus t'verount fraunche 
 per' bon e covenable p' le dyt overeyue 
 p'fer'. E le dyt Sir' Job' la per' f carier 
 de la q'rer' Job' de Pesha' de Roventone 
 jeqes a le overeyne ava't dyt ou de ausy 
 p's In sy le dyt Will' de plus loyns la 
 vod' quer'. £ le dit Sir' Job' t°vera merym 
 charpentie sabeloun ch;ius prest saunt 
 detramise de le ava'nt dyt overeyne. E 
 les ava't dytes Will e Job' ou un de eus 
 p'frount tot le overeyne ava't dyt ava't Le 
 Touz Seyns p'cbeyn aven' ap's la'fexioun 
 de cet covena'nt ava't dyt. e p' ce covena't 
 fer' e p'former ausi c ava't est dyt Je Job' 
 de Byssopesd' nioy oblige p' moy e p' 
 nies beyrs e p' mes exeq'tors estre tenuz 
 e les ava't dys Will' e Job' ou a un de eus 
 en Vynt e sing mars a payer a deus 
 I'mes. ceo est a saver a la purificacioun 
 
 n're Dame p'cbeyn aven' apres la 'fexioun 
 de cete escyt doze mars e demy E quant 
 la dyt overeyne s'ra finye solum la forme 
 ava't recorde aut' doze mars e demy e p' 
 cete overeyne en la forme e au jour ava't 
 dyt leaument a fer' nos ava't dys Will' r' 
 Job'dePesbam deRoventonnosoblisouns 
 r' grauntoms de estr' tenuz juntem't e se- 
 veraumn't p' n' e p' nos beyres a le dyt 
 Sir' Job' e a ces beyrs en Vynt lyveres de 
 esterlynges a payer ap's la Qu'seyne de 
 Touz Seinz p' cheyn aven' ap's la'fexioun 
 de cete covena't e n' avaunt dys Will' e 
 Job' de Pesba' voloms e grauntoms p' n' e 
 p' n' beyrs q*le dyt Sir' Job' e ces heyrs 
 p'rount destreyndre touz nos teneme's en 
 Roventon' en qe meyns qe il devyne't e 
 ce destresse gard en 'tre gaie e plage iss- 
 ynt qe p' bref ne sant bref ne seyt de- 
 liver' si la qe les vynt lyvres seyent paye 
 ou le overeyne p'fet solum le covena't 
 ava't dyt. Em teymoynanse de cete cbose 
 nos John' Wille e John' auny mis nos 
 seus. Escreyt a Lapwortbe le lundy 
 p'cbeyn ap's la feste Seynt Mariyn en le 
 an da regne le Rey Edward fyz le Rey 
 Edward setyme.
 
 CONTRACT roll A HOUSE AT LAl'WOllTII. 7 
 
 John should determine ; and on each side of the entry 
 there was to be a stone wall as high as the doorway, to 
 which walls two columns of stone were to be affixed on 
 which the leaves of the door might be suspended; and this 
 doorway, together with the base chambers, to be eleven 
 feet in height from the ground to the first rafters. Above 
 the doorway and the two base chambers they were to 
 build an upper chamber {cliamhre edagce) of the length 
 and width of the house, with two fireplaces, two wardrobes 
 projecting out of the same chamber, and with fitting doors 
 and windows, according to the directions of the said Sir 
 John ; this ''sovereign chamber" to be nine feet high from 
 the floor to the rafters, and alures ^ of stone two feet and a 
 half in height were to be raised above the roof timbers. 
 The principal doorway was to be so constructed that a 
 drawbridge might be fitted to it. The masons appear to 
 have been lessees of a quarry ; Sir John engaged to lead 
 the stone from it at his own costs, and also to find timber, 
 carpentering, sand, and lime. The contractors bound them- 
 selves, in sureties, to complete the building within a year 
 from the date of the covenant. Sir John de Bishopsden 
 engaged to pay twenty-five marks for the entire work by 
 two equal instalments, that sum being equal to about 200/. 
 modern currency. 
 
 We have in this instrument an early example of what is 
 modernly termed a self-contained house, in which, exclusive 
 of the wardrobes or closets, there were only three rooms. 
 Yet the ancient arrangement of having one large apartment, 
 or liall^ is still preserved ; "the sovereign chamber," extend- 
 ing the entire length of the mansion, was forty feet long and 
 eighteen feet wide, sufficiently capacious for the entertain- 
 ment of guests, and the daily resort of dependents. From 
 
 ' The word alure commonly signifies a passage, but is here used for the para- 
 pet only.
 
 S DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the special clause in the covenant that the entrance-door 
 which was clearly under a porch, should be adapted to a 
 drawbridge, it is evident the house was intended to be sur- 
 rounded by a moat, carried closely round the building ; 
 beyond the moat there would be another enclosure in which 
 stables, barns, and other domestic oflfices were erected. 
 Several examples of such an arrangement still exist, one of 
 the best being Hever castle, in Kent ^, although, in point 
 of date, it belongs to the following century. 
 
 It will be observed that no mention occurs in this 
 covenant of the materials of which the roof was to be 
 made, and it is equally deficient as to the character of 
 the windows; but it must be remembered the document 
 is the mason's contract only. The contract for rebuild- 
 ing old Darley Hall, in Derbyshire, specifies the details 
 of the windows, and the number of lights in each ; but 
 as regards the roof it is most probable it was covered 
 with wooden or stone shingles. That wood as a material 
 for external roofing was still in use, although gradually 
 giving way to other and better substances, is proved by 
 letters patent granted by Edward the Second in 1314 to 
 his mother-in-law Margaret, queen dowager of England ''. 
 They state the king had been informed that divers manor- 
 houses and castles which she held in dower, and which 
 were roofed with wooden shingles, w^re greatly in need of 
 repair, and that they might be roofed at a less cost with 
 slates, stone, or earthen tiles, than with such wooden 
 shingles ; he therefore grants her permission to unroof 
 those houses which needed repair and to cover them with 
 slate or tile, and at the same time leave to cut down and 
 sell as many oaks and other trees in the woods of the 
 manors and castles aforesaid, as may suffice to repay the 
 
 ' Tlie wooden stables at Hever are fifteenth ccntur)'. 
 very curious, and not later than the •> Pat. part 2. 7 Edw. II. ni. 16.
 
 PLANS OF HOUSES. 9 
 
 reasonable expenses incurred by her for new roofing the 
 houses in question '. 
 
 But whatever variation tliere may have been in the pLans 
 of houses during this century, it is quite certain that a 
 large chamber, or hall, was still a prominent feature in 
 every building, even in farm-houses. Thus in the reign of 
 Edward the Third a sale took place of certain unneces- 
 sary houses in the king's manors of Folly-John, Winkfield, 
 Ascot, New Windsor, Old Windsor, Slough, and Eton, 
 under the superintendence of William of Wykeham, then 
 clerk of the works at Windsor. Master William sold to 
 one William de Combe, one of the king's cooks, "a hall 
 with two chambers annexed, a granary, with a gateway 
 built over it, a stable and two barns," in the manor of 
 New Windsor ^ 
 
 It may be said, it is true, that granges or farms on royal 
 manors were likely to be of a superior character to farm- 
 buildings on other properties ; but those who are acquainted 
 with the state of the kingdom in the fourteenth century 
 may have reason to infer that the royal estates were in no 
 better condition than, if so good as, those of the Church 
 and many of the wealthier nobility. 
 
 The hall sometimes occupied the whole heightof the house, 
 sometimes had a low ground story under it. The wings were 
 commonly of two stories only, the cellar below and the solar 
 over it. In other instances they form towers of three or four 
 stories. The other buildings for offices and stables were so 
 arranged as to form either a perfect quadrangle or three 
 sides of a quadrangle, with the hall in the centre of the prin- 
 cipal front, and the gatehouse in the centre of the open side 
 opposite to it. These outbuildings were frequently of wood, 
 
 ' At The Mote, Ightham, Kent, part '' Roll among the Queen's Retnem- 
 
 of the sliingle-covLring still exists under brancer's records at Carlton Ride, F. L. 
 a later roof. H. 943.
 
 10 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 and sometimes the hall also. The whole was surrounded 
 by a moat, usually enclosing a quadrangular space, whether 
 the whole of the space was occupied by buildings or not. 
 Sometimes, as at The ]\Iote, Ightham, it actually washes the 
 outer walls of the house and offices ; in other instances, as 
 at Penshurst, there is a space between the moat and the 
 buildings ; in such cases there Avas always a wall or a 
 mound and palisading immediately within the moat to 
 enclose the baileys or court-yards. The entrance was pro- 
 tected by a gate-house with a portcullis and drawbridge. 
 From the disturbed state of the times every house of any 
 importance was fortified, and it was necessary to obtain 
 from the crown a licence to crenellate or fortify before any 
 house, at least any manor-house or gentleman's house, 
 could be built. It is sometimes not easy to distinguish 
 between a fortified dwellins: house and a castle or fortress, 
 which generally had habitable parts, such as Caernarvon 
 and Caerphilly, and the other Welsh castles which partake 
 of both characters, though certainly belonging rather to the 
 class of castles than of houses. On the other hand many 
 dvvellino; houses in the border countries were so stronglv 
 fortified as to be hardly distinguished from them, and yet 
 do not lose their character of dwelling houses, of which 
 class Brougham castle is a fine example. 
 
 Many houses of this century have each a small square 
 tower attached to them, sometimes as places of security to 
 which to retire in case of any sudden attack ; in other in- 
 stances as a mark of rank, as this was one of the usual dis- 
 tinct privileges of the nobility, although in towns wealthy 
 citizens were sometimes allowed to have towers to their 
 houses, and the use of a tower and belfry was one of the 
 privileges of a corporate town, of which the citizens were 
 occasionally deprived when they gave offence to the sove- 
 reign. Many of these belfry-towers, and also many houses
 
 PELE TOWERS. 11 
 
 with towers, remain in the old towns of France and 
 Italy. 
 
 In the border countries these towers, commonly called 
 Pele towers, are very usual, answering the same purpose as 
 the keep of a castle, the strongest point for the last despe- 
 rate defence. The tower appears sometimes to have been 
 originally the whole of the house, which was afterwards 
 enlarged by the addition of other buildings ; these addi- 
 tional buildings were sometimes at first of wood, and re- 
 newed in stone at a subsequent period ; in other instances 
 the additional buildings are nearly of the same age as the 
 tower. At Yanwath the tower is of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, the rest of the house has been mostly rebuilt in the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth. 
 
 The Pele tower itself has in some cases remained to the 
 present day without any additions, and forms a complete 
 small house, strong enough to resist any sudden attack. 
 The ground room is vaulted, the staircase is in the thick- 
 ness of the wall, the two upper stories have wooden floors 
 and roof. There is a very perfect specimen of a small Pele 
 tower of the time of Edward the First, at Corbridge in 
 Northumberland, the whole of the walls are original and 
 entire, the roof and floor only have been destroyed. 
 
 Another class of houses which is in some degree distinct 
 from the last, and may be called tower-built houses, con- 
 sists of a house of considerable size built in the form of a 
 tower, of three stories high, with windows on all the four 
 sides in all the stories, and with four turrets, one at each 
 corner; these turrets are large enough to contain, one, 
 bed rooms ; another, offices ; the third, closets ; and the 
 fourth, the principal staircase. Dacre castle, Cumberland, 
 and Langley castle, Northumberland, are good examples of 
 this class. But houses built on this plan are by no means 
 confined to the border countries, Nunney castle in Somer-
 
 12 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 setshire is a good example; the magnificent brick house of 
 Tattershall in Lincolnshire of a later period is also on this 
 ])lnn. These tower-built houses were generally surrounded 
 by moats like other manor-houses, and no doubt had offices 
 and stables either within the moat, or adjoining to it, but 
 not joining on to the house. These were sometimes de- 
 fended by a wall within the moat, with a gate-house, 
 portcullis and drawbridge, in other instances by wooden 
 pahsades only. The offices were frequently of wood, as 
 was commonly the practice in all castles and large houses 
 of this period. AVhen the king was about to visit a par- 
 ticular palace instructions were sent beforehand for the 
 erection of such offices as were considered necessary, as 
 w'e have shewn was the case in the thirteenth century, 
 and the custom was continued in the fourteenth. Perma- 
 nent offices and outbuildings of stone do not appear to 
 have been general before the fifteenth century, although 
 occasional instances do occur in the thirteenth, as we have 
 shewn in the instance of Aydon castle, and they became 
 gradually more frequent during this century. 
 
 The general appearance of a country house of this period, 
 whether of the gieat baron or of the more humble squire, 
 partakes of the castellated character, the most conspicuous 
 objects in either case being the battlements and towers, 
 with sometimes the bridge and the barbican, although on a 
 closer examination the domestic features become apparent. 
 In the one the walls may be more lofty, the towers more 
 numerous and of greater strength, but still in the other we 
 generally find at least one tower of refuge, the walls crenel- 
 lated, and dotted here and there with loopholes. In both we 
 find the same general arrangements for domestic use ; the 
 hall, with the kitchen and offices at one end ; the cellar, with 
 the solar or lord's chamber over it, at the other ; and the 
 
 ' Vol. i. p, 5S.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 STAIRCASE ON THE TOWER, AS SEEN FROM THE ROOF. 
 
 BELSAY CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND, c. 1320.
 
 GENERAL APPEARANCE OF A COUNTRY HOUSE. 13 
 
 various chambers, fireplaces, and seats in the windows, dis- 
 tinctly marking their domestic character. In the stronger 
 fortresses however the domestic portions have sometimes 
 a semi-military character; the thickness of the walls and 
 the deep embrasures of the windows, and their height from 
 the ground, all identify the fortress. The kitchen of Raby 
 castle is in itself a strongly fortified tower, and the louvre 
 at the top of the vault is in the form of a turret. 
 
 In the more disturbed districts there are no other open- 
 ings on the ground floor than loopholes ; the lower rooms 
 are all vaulted, and the dwelling rooms are in the two 
 uj)per stories, the ground floor being used for store rooms 
 or stables. One of the vaulted chambers in the larger 
 castles is generally a guard room, w^ith the dungeon or 
 prison under it, the only entrance to which is by a trap 
 door, air being supplied by a flue in the thickness of the 
 wall. 
 
 The entrance was frequently by an external stone stair- 
 case leading from the court-yard to the door of the 
 hall, as at Markenfield hall, Yorkshire, and Belsay castle, 
 Northumberland. 
 
 AVhen the hall is on the ground floor there is gene- 
 rally a porch over the entrance, and at the opposite end of 
 the passage a back door leading into the servants' court, as 
 at Penshurst. In tower-built houses the entrance is neces- 
 sarily external, there being no court-yard ; it is sometimes 
 on the first floor, and approached by a drawbridge, as at 
 Nunney castle, Somersetshire ; in other cases it is on the 
 ground, as at Langley castle, Northumberland. The ap- 
 proach to the principal rooms is then by a winding stair- 
 case of stone of considerable size, and not merely one 
 of the small newel staircases in the turrets ; the other 
 chambers are approached chiefly by means of these smaller 
 staircases ; in every chamber there is usually a fireplace,
 
 14 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 and each lias also a closet attached to it, either imme- 
 diately connected with it, or placed in one of the turrets 
 with a passage leading to it in the thickness of the wall ; 
 these closets vary very much in size according to the pur- 
 poses to which they were applied. 
 
 That wooden palisades"" were frequently the only defence 
 besides the moat we have abundant evidence, and they are 
 continually so represented in the illuminations of manu- 
 scripts of the period, as in one of the Romance of San 
 Graal and the Round table, in the British Museum, which 
 bears the date of 1316 ". 
 
 DRAWBRIDGE AND WOODEN PALISADING. 
 From a MS. in the Biitiah Museum. MS. Addit. 10,293. 
 
 ™ "For seven empty ca.sks for the 
 palinp; fertile bridge. 7s. Id." Extracts 
 from Roll of Expenses of King Edw. i. 
 at Rhuddlan castle. — Arcliaeologia, vol. 
 xvi. p. 32. 
 
 " " This castle was in appearance very 
 
 strong, for there were good ditches round 
 it full of water, and near the ditches 
 were great 'roeillis' and wonderfully 
 strong, and after these were walls won- 
 derfully strong and thic'K and lofty, and 
 they were as white as chalk."
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ILLUMINATED MSS. 
 
 A CASTLE, WITH KEEP TOWER AND TUBRETS, FROM A MS. IN THE BRIT. MDS. 
 
 CaSTLE WITH DRAWBRIDGE. 
 FROM A MS OF THE ROMAN DE LA ROSE, BODLEIAN LIBRARY.
 
 THE MOAT. 15 
 
 These palisades were painted, sometimes of various 
 colours, and sometimes white only. 
 
 The chief reliance seems to have been upon the moat, 
 which was both wide and deep. The custom of protecting the 
 manor-house by a moat continued to the time of Elizabeth 
 or later, and the moat often remains when the house has 
 disappeared, as in the case of the palace of Richard, king 
 of the Romans, at Bcckley, Oxfordshire, of which no other 
 vestige now remains to mark the site, beyond the uneven 
 ground where the grass has grown over the ruins. There 
 were frequently two or more manors in the same parish, 
 and as there was usually a house on each manor, there 
 were sometimes two or more manor-houses in the same 
 village. At Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire, there are still 
 remains of two at no great distance apart, one tolerably 
 perfect, of the fourteenth century, of which an account 
 will be given hereafter; the other considerably earlier, of 
 about the end of the twelfth century, of which only a 
 fragment remains perfect. In the village of Appleton, 
 Berkshire, the moats of three houses still remain or may 
 be distinctly traced ; the parish is large and still consists 
 of three separate manors. 
 
 The house known by the name of "The Mote," near 
 Ightham in Kent, which probably derives its name from 
 the very fine moat by which it is still surrounded, has a 
 hall and some other parts of this period, but the other 
 buildings which complete the quadrangle are of the time of 
 Henry viii, and Elizabeth, and on the opposite side of the 
 moat facing the entrance gateway, is a second quadrangle 
 of timber buildings of the time of Ehzabeth for stables; this 
 outer court seems not to have been protected in any way, 
 owing to the more peaceful times in which it was built. 
 
 In the north of England, manor-houses, undoubtedly 
 built in the fourteenth century, were made on the plan
 
 IG DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 of small fortresses, as Eelsay castle, Nortlmniberland, and 
 the same remark is applicable to the mansions on the 
 western frontier against Wales, where the surrounding walls 
 were fixed by licence at a minimum of ten feet in height. 
 
 There is reason to believe that many houses of this 
 period were originally quadrangular within moats, but the 
 only example known to remain with all its sides perfect 
 and of the same height, is Bolton castle, Yorkshire ; this is 
 rather late in the century, and in consequence of its pecu- 
 liar situation on the side of a steep hill it has no moat. 
 
 At the beginning of the century the only edifices really 
 entitled to the name of castles were fortresses built in the 
 Norman period, and subsequently rendered habitable for 
 ordintiry use, by the construction of additional buildings 
 within the enciente. Of such the main feature was the old 
 keep, which was invariably, at this time, in a very dilapi- 
 dated condition, having been deserted for the more recent 
 habitations reared within its enclosures or Baileys °. Such 
 was the ordinary castle of the early part of the period ; 
 the only exceptions being Welsh castles, as Caernarvon, 
 and others, planned by Edward the First, and completed 
 in the reign of his son. But as we advance into the cen- 
 tury examples arise of castellated buildings erected by 
 private individuals, which were both adapted for domestic 
 purposes and for military defence. 
 
 The best method, however, of illustrating the diff'erence 
 between the habitable castle of the fourteenth century, 
 erected, be it observed, with a view also to defence, and 
 the old Norman fortalice, converted to domestic uses at 
 a subsequent date, will be to examine the substance of 
 a survey of one of the latter made during this period. 
 
 ** Tlie Norman keep was sometimes re- castle, where the upper story with its 
 fitted and adapted to tlie improved style oratory, and the whole of the interior of 
 of living of the period as at Brougham the walls arc of the fourteenth century.
 
 < 
 
 
 v-Ja^ l\ 
 
 S) "^^ I : 1^' 
 
 
 hB 
 
 ®i
 
 SURVEY OF NEWCASTLE. 17 
 
 The castle of Newcastle-on-Tyne if not one of the 
 greatest was certainly one of the most important of the 
 fortresses reared during the Norman period, on the north- 
 ern frontier of Engl md. It had been repeatedly repaired 
 in the reign of Henry the Third, and in the time of his 
 son and successor it acquired renewed importance, not 
 only as a fortress, but also as a depot of stores for that 
 prince during his wars in Scotland. Edward the First 
 occasionally resided in it, and an erroneous tradition still 
 marks the particular room, in the ancient keep, where he 
 is said to have received the homage of Baliol for the crown 
 of Scotland ; a ceremony which really took place in the 
 house of the Blackfriars in the same town. 
 
 Now in the time of Edward the First, this castle had 
 been rendered habitable by considerable additions, but 
 that such additions were made wholly irrespective of the 
 keep as a place of residence, appears most clearly from a 
 survey of the fortress taken in the eighth year of Edward 
 the Third, a.d. 1335 p. We learn from that document 
 that the royal apartments were not in the keep but in the 
 court-yard, or bailey ; the jury, for the survey was made 
 by sworn jurors, found that the king's great hall {^' grant 
 sale le Boy") was out of repair at the west end, as re- 
 garded a window of four lights, with its timber gable and 
 seven couples, or cheverons, of the roof, the wood-work 
 having been carried away; the shutter also of another 
 window was missing ; the leaden roof was gone, and it 
 would take 200 stone of lead, worth 100^., to replace it. 
 Two circular glass windows were required in the two 
 gables, which would cost 265. 8^., and the workmanship 
 thereof the same amount. And that at the further end 
 of the same hall a roof of boards and lead was needed 
 
 ' Inquis. 8 Edw. III. Among the Records of the Queen's Remembrancer ; Rot. E. 
 B.1124; BoxT.
 
 I 
 
 IS DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 wliicli would require 840 stone of lead, of the value of 
 25/. The king's chamber with the cellar beneath was in ^ 
 need of repair ; timber and carpentering for it would cost 
 10/., the roof would require 200 stone of lead, and if the 
 masonry were to be restored it would cost 20/. 
 
 In this return we have a perfect description of a hall 
 and chamber on the plan usual in the thirteenth century ; 
 a hall having two end gables with a circular window in 
 each, and an adjoining chamber over a cellar. This hall and 
 chamber must have been distinct from the keep, because the 
 latter is still entire, and no part of it will correspond to the 
 preceding details. Therefore these apartments must have 
 been in one of the baileys, probably in the inner one. That 
 it was usual to build habitable rooms in this style within 
 the enclosure of Norman castles, is proveable by many 
 documents. Thus in 1281 Edward the First "^ granted a 
 licence to John de Cobhara to pull down the walls of the 
 hall and chambers in Rochester castle lately burnt, to re- 
 move the stones thereof, and to rebuild the same edifices 
 elsewhere within the castle ; of course such terms cannot 
 apply to the keep of Rochester castle ; so that the hall and 
 chambers were distinct buildings. But the survey in ques- 
 tion affords absolute proof as regards the state of the keep 
 at Newcastle at the time when the king's hall and chamber 
 were returned as so ruinous. The jurors found that in 
 "the ^reat toiver (or keep) plumbery was needed to the 
 value of 20 marks; that the ruinous masonry of it would 
 cost 6 marks in repairs, and that a house above the (exter- 
 nal) entry of the same tower ought to be rebuilt, the timber 
 and carpentry of which would cost 10/." It is thus placed 
 beyond doubt that the king's lodgings and the keep were 
 distinct buildings, and it will be found that they were so 
 generally in all Norman fortresses adapted to habitable 
 
 1 Pat. 9. Edw. I. m. 23.
 
 SURVEY OF NEWCASTLE. 19 
 
 purposes. The same arrangement still exists in Bam-' 
 borough castle, Northumberland ; there is an Edwardian' 
 house in the court-yard, quite distinct from the Norman 
 keep. Carlisle castle is another example of the same 
 kind. 
 
 It may be as well here to enumerate the other build- 
 ings which are noticed in the survey of the castle at New- 
 castle already referred to. These were, besides the king's 
 hall and chamber, the kitchen, which was built in one of 
 the towers called the " mantaille ; " a pantry, a buttery, 
 and a garner, or storehouse ; all of which were in a 
 ruinous state. There were moreover nine towers, or 
 " mesorons, " forming the enceinte of the building, which 
 should have been kept in repair by the several baronies 
 in the county of Northumberland after which they were 
 named, but they were all more or less dilapidated. A 
 few years later the sheriff of the county sent in his account 
 of moneys disbursed in the repairs of this castle, from 
 which it appears that those parts of the building in which 
 prisoners were confined were called " pits ; " not it would 
 seem, because they were excavated in the soil or rock ; but 
 from the fact that prisoners were lowered into them 
 through trap-doors, the pits themselves being formed by 
 towers built on the surface : the loft-floor of the " great 
 pit" suddenly fell in the year 1357 and "nearly killed 
 those imprisoned beneath," and while the repairs of it 
 were in progress some of the prisoners escaped during 
 the night by breaking tlu'ough " sedem latrine," an entry 
 which clearly shews the pit could not have been sub- 
 terranean. Indeed it is rare to find any underground 
 chambers, or dungeons, in the remains of medieval castles 
 in this country ; there are none in the tower of London, 
 and it does not appear that any ever existed there. At 
 Richmond in Yorkshire, indeed, there is a pit excavated
 
 20 DOMESTIC AKCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 ill the rock at one angle of the enclosure, whicli is said 
 traditionally to have been a prison, but there is no proof 
 either of its antiquity or of the purpose for which it was 
 constructed, 
 
 lu this country it seems to have been the ordinary 
 fashion to build on a foundation laid almost on the surface 
 of the soil, a practice which accounts fully for the absence 
 of subterranean structures. It has been already observed 
 that the cellars of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 
 ■were above ground. 
 
 On considering the account given in this survey of the 
 state of the castle of Newcastle *■ in the early part of the 
 fourteenth century, and comparing it w^ith documents of 
 the same period relating to other buildings of like charac- 
 ter, one of two conclusions must be arrived at ; viz., either 
 that the buildings w^re reared in a hasty and careless 
 manner, or that they had been wilfully dilapidated. Al- 
 though the great hall at Newcastle was erected in the 
 reign of Henry iii., the other w'orks which had assimi- 
 lated that fortress in plan to the Welsh castles were 
 executed in the time of Edward i., and yet we see that 
 in about half a century the whole place was ruinous and 
 scarcely habitable. This fact is still more strikingly ap- 
 parent in the history of some of the Edwardian castles in 
 Wales, that of Conway, for example, as it may be doubted 
 if Caernarvon was ever thoroughly completed. Little 
 more than twenty years after the completion of Conway 
 castle, viz. in 1343, a survey of that building was made 
 under a royal commission, which, as it completely bears 
 out the preceding remarks, and also shews how nearly the 
 remodelled Norman edifice at Newcastle resembled the 
 Plautagcnet castle in plan, is here subjoined. 
 
 "The jury found that the great hall, together with the 
 
 ' Account of the SlierifTof Nortliunibi-rland, 31 Edw. iii.
 
 SURVKY OF CONWAY CASTLE. 21 
 
 cellar under it, were ruinous, on account of the age of the 
 materials, and default of lead, and could not be repaired 
 under 160/.; namely, in masons' work 100/.; in mate- 
 rials, wood and carpentry, 20/. ; and in lead and other 
 requisites, 40/. That the kitchen, bake-house and brew- 
 house, under the same roof, were ruinous and nearly 
 destroyed, and could not be repaired under CO/. Tliat 
 the drawbridge of the lower bailey was weak and ruinous, 
 and could not be repaired for less than 305. ; and that 
 the tower beyond the postern of the castle, which stands 
 as a great safeguard for the rest of the castle, was in a 
 precarious state, and could not be restored under GO/. ; 
 and a certain house called 'le Gerner,' (store -house,) was 
 ruinous and could not be repaired under 1005. ; also that 
 the roofs and ten floors, and eight chambers, in the six- 
 sided tower were ruinous, and could not be repaired under 
 131/.; in masons' work and materials, 70/.; carpenters' 
 work, 30/.; and lead, 31/. Also, that the drawbridge of 
 the castle would cost 40-s. That the wall of a certain gate 
 near the postern was ruinous, and could not be repaired 
 under the same sum ; and that the stables were weak and 
 ruinous, and could not be repaired under 4/." 
 
 The whole repairs were estimated at 425/. 10^. It is 
 obvious from these facts that there was some radical defect 
 in the method of building practised by our ancestors, or 
 that their materials were bad. At the same time much 
 damage would arise from, the imperfect exclushm of the 
 weather by unglazed windows, and as the roofs are gene- 
 rally described as ruinous, the question is what had be- 
 come of the lead which ori^inallv covered them. And here 
 arises a natural suspicion of wilful dilapidation by keepers 
 and others, who made the most of their temporary tenure 
 of office. Lead has been in all ages a valuable metal, 
 especially in England. It nuist not be forgotten, however.
 
 22 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 that the plan of working by contract {ad tascham) may 
 have had some share in producing these singular results. 
 
 "We have already referred to the numerous licences to 
 crenellate manor-houses which occur on the records of this 
 century, and are of invaluable aid in determining the dates 
 of the several modifications which the style of Domestic 
 Architecture underwent during that age. It does not 
 speak much for the social order of the times that fortified 
 houses should have been so necessary ; but in truth the 
 reign of Edward the Third was not so remarkable as that 
 of his father for the general observance of the king's peace, 
 a circumstance which may be mainly attributed to his 
 foreign wars, which distracted his attention from home 
 government, and drained the country of money which was 
 not speedily returned in the route of commerce. Perhaps 
 at no time except during the thorough disorganization 
 which occurred in the first half century succeeding the Con- 
 quest, and in the turbulent reign of John, and the equally 
 unsettled times of his son's minority, could instances be 
 cited on legal testimony of country gentlemen, of knightly 
 degree, w^aylaying and robbing merchants, pursuing them 
 even to the gates of a cathedral town ; and it would not 
 be easy to point out an example earlier than the close of 
 this century, of its being necessary to obtain leave to 
 fortify the belfry of a church ; yet a licence for that pur- 
 pose was obtained by the priest of Harpham in the 48th 
 year of Edward the Third ^ There is only one similar 
 example within the writer's knowledge. Henry the Third 
 granted to the monks of Ilolmcultram in Cumberland, 
 that they might keep bows and arrows and use them 
 against the marauding Scots of the western borders. As 
 before observed ', however, much of the insecurity prevailing 
 
 ' Pat. p. 1.48 Eilw. III. m. 31. "De ' See remarks on the state of Eng- 
 
 campanili in ciniiterio kapelle de Harp- land in tlie thirteenth century, 
 ham kernelhmdo."
 
 FORTIFIED MANOR-HOUSES. 23 
 
 even in the fourteenth century arose from the maintenance 
 of large tracts of forest land which served as strongholds 
 for numerous bands of thieves, or *' trailbastons," as they 
 were called, whose depredations led to the enactment at 
 an earlier time of the statute which bears their name. 
 
 At this distance of time, when many of the existing 
 remains of fortified manor-houses of the period in question 
 have undergone as many changes as they have had changes 
 of tenants, it is impossible to speak certainly of the degree 
 to which they were fortified. Such as still exist in the 
 north of England are undoubtedly more characteristic of 
 a time when it was necessary for a man's house to be a 
 castle, in the literal sense of the word, but their dangerous 
 vicinity to Scotland fully accounts for extraordinary pre- 
 caution, and they have preserved more of their original 
 details, for the very obvious reason that it was not until 
 the middle of the seventeenth century that fear of the 
 Scotch had ceased to act upon the domestic economy of 
 the inhabitants of the countries beyond, it may almost be 
 said, the Humber. Taking the old fortress-houses of North- 
 umberland in general, it will be found that the earliest 
 modern additions to the ancient structures date, and they 
 are often really dated, from about the middle of that cen- 
 tury. Of this, instances will be cited as the subjects come 
 under notice. 
 
 Illuminated MSS. of the fourteenth century are fortu- 
 nately sufficiently numerous, and they are in general so 
 obviously truthful in the architectural details which they 
 contain, that we are enabled to form a decided opinion as 
 to the external features of houses in towns during this 
 period. They are ordinarily drawn with their gable ends 
 toward the street ; the gables are usually decorated with 
 barge-boards, and very commonly with crockets. The
 
 24 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 barge-boards arc sometimes represented as richly carved. 
 Chimneys in design are very much what they were in the 
 preceding century, viz. cylindrical, and the jointing of the 
 masonry is often shewn. Eoofs have a somewhat lower 
 pitch, and are occasionally depicted covered with oblong 
 instead of oval tiles. 
 
 Although the old plan of having the entrance on the 
 second floor, by an external stair, was still general, we have 
 numerous representations of houses to which the entrance 
 was on the ground floor, by a few steps within a wooden 
 porch ; such porches are often highly ornamented, and are 
 generally painted. It was usual also in some cases to have 
 wooden porch-like projections over the windows ; the pre- 
 valence of this fashion is more especially shewn in repre- 
 sentations of castles ; but the contrivance was obviously 
 directed against the weather, and was not adopted for de- 
 fensive purposes, as similar features are shewn in town 
 houses. Ordinarily, however, the town house of the four- 
 teenth century had its windows protected by shutters pro- 
 jecting externally, attached by hinges to the transoms; 
 such shutters were commonly used in the preceding cen- 
 tury, and at an earlier date, as already observed. 
 
 In speaking of gable ends it should have been remarked 
 that they are not unfrequently drawn with corbie-steps, a 
 kind of detail or ornament which was at all times more 
 prevalent in France and Germany than in England. Still 
 examples of comparatively late date are to be found in this 
 country, and they are very numerous in Scotland. At 
 Bruges there are still existing houses of the end of the 
 fourteenth century with gables so decorated ; in fact most 
 of the old houses in Flemish towns have such gables. The 
 constant intercourse between Endish and Flemish mer- 
 chants, particularly in the fourteenth century, probably led 
 to the introduction of some of the peculiarities of Flemish
 
 EXTERNAL DECORATION OP HOUSES. 25 
 
 street architecture ; from the Flemings we certainly derived 
 the system of merchants' marks, hieroglyphs which furnish 
 SO interesting a puzzle in the history of English commerce. 
 That corbie-gables should be so common in Scotland is 
 readily accounted for by the close alliance between that 
 country and France up to the period of the union of the 
 crowns ; to this day many of the street-cries of the good 
 town of Edinburgh are of pure French origin. 
 
 AVe now come to the subject of external decoration ; it 
 has been seen that the processes of pargetting and pointing 
 were known early in the thirteenth century ; although the 
 sort of pargetting then employed seems to have been con- 
 fined to filling up the crevices and fissures in walls with 
 mortar or cement, and pointing, as then understood, would 
 appear to have been the imitation of ashlar work on the 
 plaster surface of internal walls. Now the objections which 
 prevail against the adoption of the paintings in very early 
 manuscripts as guides in the study of early architecture of 
 any description, scarcely apply to the contemporary paint- 
 ings of the period under discussion. Indeed it has been 
 admitted that the earliest drawings appear to possess some 
 truthful details, among which the continued representation 
 of external polychromatic ornamentation is not the least re- 
 markable ; and as buildings are drawn with such external 
 ornament down to the fifteenth century, it may be assumed 
 with much probability that it was the custom to paint walls 
 externally as well as internally. This country does not 
 abound in building materials adapted to give a variegated 
 character to the outside of buildings ; and it does not 
 appear that such materials were ever imported in early 
 times. No variety of colour could have been obtained by 
 the use of brick, since we know that, with one or two ex- 
 ceptions, that material was not employed to any great ex- 
 tent until the fifteenth century. The reader will, of course, 
 
 E
 
 26 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 take care to observe that these remarks apply only to early 
 drawings undoubtedly executed in England, because no 
 just conclusion could be attained by speaking on the 
 general authority of all manuscripts preserved in this 
 country. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that the art of drawing was 
 still in a very rude state, though it made considerable pro- 
 gress during this century, and there can be no doubt that 
 the artists endeavoured to represent accurately the buildings 
 they were accustomed to see. In fact the truthfulness often 
 approaches to caricature, especially when applied to the 
 ilhistration of subjects from Holy Scripture, or from clas- 
 sical authors, or in distant countries. Thus the view of 
 Constantinople in the Luterell Psalter is evidently a faithful 
 representation of an English or Erench town of this period, 
 and the artist could never have seen the domes or cupolas 
 which are characteristic of Byzantine architecture, and which 
 could not have been wanting in any real view of Constanti- 
 nople. On the other hand the view of Venice in the beau- 
 tiful manuscript of the Eon.aice of Alexander in the Bod- 
 leian Library, is evidently an exact vie^y of that town as 
 it appeared in the fourteenth century. (See the plate 
 opposite.) 
 
 It has been shewn in the first volume how very jealous 
 the citizens of London were of the external appearance of 
 their habitations, and how much they objected to the in- 
 troduction of coal for fuel. By their own magistrates they 
 were compelled to whitewash even the thatches of their 
 houses, where thatch existed as a roofing material ; this 
 was a precaution against fire, observed to this day in 
 Wales, in which country plastered thatches are of ordinary 
 occurrence. When coal became the common fuel instead 
 of wood, which it did in the fourteenth century, the white 
 walls of their dwelling-houses suffered by that change in 
 
 I
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ILLUMINATED MSS. 
 
 VIEW OF TENICE IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 FEOM A MS. (BODL. 264) IN THE BODLEIAN LIBRABT.
 
 EXTERNAL DECORATION OF HOUSES. 
 
 27 
 
 domestic economy, and it is reasonable to suppose that the 
 scrupulous citizens resorted to those means of beautifying 
 the exterior of their dwellings which had been in use among 
 the wealthy for more than two centuries before. 
 
 From the accounts of the works at Windsor castle in 
 the time of Edward iii., preserved in the Record Office at 
 Carlton Ride, it is evident that parts of the new buildings 
 were painted externally ; it will be sufficient to mention 
 the Round Tower, which was also known by the name of 
 the Rose Tower or La Rose "*. In the accounts for the year 
 13G6 we find mention of several colours and varnish, and 
 gold leaf, for the use of a painter called William Burdon, 
 
 " Account of Adam de Hertyngdon, 
 of works at Windsor castle, &c. a°. 39, 40 
 Edward iii. (mark E. B. 1243. Box Z.) 
 Emp' colorum. 
 
 Idem comput' in xij. It) de vertegres 
 empt' de Jolianne Glendale pro pictuia 
 cnjusdam Turris vocat' la Rose prel' 
 lb xij. d. — xij. s. Et in xviij. lb rub' 
 plumb' empt' de eodem Johanna pro 
 prsedictis operibus. prel'. lb xviij. d. — 
 xxvij. s. Et in Ixvij lb albi plumbi 
 empt' de eodem Jolianne pro pr^diclis 
 operibus. pret' lb vj. d. — xxxiij. s. vj. d, 
 Et in viij lb virmeloii empt' de eodem 
 Johanne pro praedictis opeiibus pret' lb 
 ij. s. — xvj.s. Etin 1. lb de Broun empt' 
 de eodem Jolianne pro praedictis operi- 
 bus pret' lb iij — xij. s. vj. d. Et in vj. lb 
 de vernyssh empt' de eodem Jolianne, 
 pro praedictis operibus prei' lb viij. d. — 
 iiij. s. Et in iij. lb de vernissb' empt' de 
 eodem Johanne pro praedictis operibus 
 pret' lb vj. d. — xviij. d. Et in m^ iiij*^ 
 auri benevoli empt' de eodem Johanne 
 pro praedictis operibus pret' c'"° vj. s. — 
 iiij. li' iiij. s. Et in xxij. lagen' olei 
 empt' de eodem Jolianne pro praedictis 
 operibus. pret' lagend ij. s. — xliiij. s. 
 Et in vij. lb asure de Wys empt' de 
 eodem Johanne pro praedictis operibus- 
 
 pret' lb iiij. s. — xxj. s. Etinj. quart' 
 j. lb de Synople empt' de eadem Jo- 
 hanne pro praedictis operibus in gross. 
 
 Account of Adam de Hertyngdon, of 
 works at Windsor Castle, &c. u°. 39, 40 
 Edward iii. (mark E. B. 1243. Box Z.) 
 Vadia Pict' 
 
 Idem comp' in vad' Willielmi Burdou. 
 pictor operaut' ibidem super pictur' 
 unius Turris vocat' la Rose per cxxiij 
 dies di' (dimidio, and a half) infra tem- 
 pus praedictum cap' per diem xij. d. — 
 vj. li'. iij. s. vj. d. Et in vad' v. Pictor' 
 operant' ibidem quilibet per Ixxvij dies 
 infra tempus praedictum quolibet cap. 
 per diem viii. d. — xij. li'. xvj. s. viij. d. 
 Et in vad' ix pictor' operant' ibidem 
 quilibet per cvij. dies infra tempus prae- 
 dictum quolibet cap' per diem vj. d. — 
 xxiiij. li'. xviij. d. Et in vad' v. pictor' 
 operant' ibidt'in quilibet per Ixxv dies 
 di'. infra tempus praedictum quolibet 
 capient' per diem v. d. — vij. li'. xvij. s. 
 iij. d. ob. Et in vad. ij. pictor' operant 
 ibidem uterque per xij. dies infra tem- 
 pus praedictum utroque cap' per diem 
 iiij. d. — xxvij. s. iiij. d.
 
 28 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE 1 FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 who was at work upon the painting of a tower called 
 La Rose, for one hundred and twenty three days and 
 a half; and during part of that time he had several in- 
 ferior painters at work under him. A considerable quan- 
 tity of materials was required for their use, sixty- seven 
 pounds of white lead, twelve pounds of verdigris, eighteen 
 pounds of red lead, and eight pounds of vermilion, one 
 pound of brown and seven pounds of blue, altogether 
 about a hundred weight of colour, and twenty-two gallons 
 of oil, for which was required, also one thousand four hun- 
 dred leaves of gold, six pounds of fine varnish, and three 
 pounds of inferior varnish. 
 
 It is evident from the foreoroini? extracts and remarks 
 that the Rose or round tower at Windsor was painted 
 externally in imitation of the flower from which its name 
 was taken. 
 
 At this time William of Wykeham had not been ap- 
 pointed to the superintendance of the works at Windsor; 
 they were under the control of Adam de Hartyngdon, 
 whose accounts furnish some curious proofs of the diffi- 
 culties which must have attended extensive buildinsr works 
 in the fourteenth century. As in earlier times, all the 
 metal work was executed on the spot, and forges and 
 furnaces were built for the smiths and plumbers. These 
 forges and furnaces required fuel, and it had been already 
 discovered that coal was a more efficient material than 
 wood. Owing, however, to the prejudice of the Londoners 
 against that mineral product no supply of it could be pro- 
 cured in the metropolis, and the king's master of the works 
 was compelled to buy a cargo of it at the pit mouth in the 
 county of Durham. At this time, when thousands of vessels 
 and many lines of inland railway are daily engaged in 
 bringing this important necessary of life to the capital, the 
 narrative of the voyage of a ship chartered to carry coals
 
 WORKS AT WINDSOR. 29 
 
 for the works at Windsor in 13G7 may be interesting to 
 tlie reader. 
 
 According to the custom of the time the king sent his 
 writ to the sheriff of Northumberland ordering him to buy 
 seven hundred and twenty-six chaldron of coals, and send 
 them to London. The sheriff purchased them by the 
 "greater hundred" at Winlaton in the county of Durham, 
 at 17(1. the chaldron. From Winlaton they were conveyed 
 in "keles" to Newcastle-on-Tyne and there shipped. The 
 freight to the south was at the rate of Ss. 6d. a chaldron. 
 On their voyage to London the colliers met with a " mighty 
 tempest at sea," and through that, and by reason of the 
 excess of London measure over that of Newcastle, a loss of 
 eighty-six chaldron and one quarter was incurred, the 
 greater part having been thrown over-board during the 
 tempest. Arrived at London the coals were put on board 
 "shutes," or barges, and taken to Windsor at a cost of Is. 
 a chaldron. The total expense of bringing this insignificant 
 quantity of fuel to London, including its cost price, was 
 1G5/. bs. 2d., to which must be added the barge hire to 
 Windsor. The preceding remarks may perhaps appear 
 somewhat beside the present purpose, but as they strictly 
 arise out of the contents of a document relating to build- 
 ing, they may be excused by the reader, as a pardonable 
 digression. 
 
 The custom of painting over the outsides of houses in 
 various gay colours, as green, red, or blue, is still common 
 in some parts of Uolland, where many ancient usages are 
 traditionally kept up, as in the villages of Brock and 
 Saardam, a few miles from Amsterdam ; this seems a con- 
 firmation of the opinion drawn from other sources that 
 such a custom prevailed in the middle ages. We must 
 bear in mind how large a proportion of the habitable 
 buildings of this period were of timber, which would re-
 
 30 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 quire painting in some way to preserve it from the weather, 
 for although park palings will stand for almost any length 
 of time, yet carved woodwork, and even plain timbers when 
 mixed with plaster, require painting. In Lancashire and 
 Cheshire, where timber houses abound, the timbers are 
 usually painted black and the interstices white, the effect 
 of which is extremely picturesque, and there is nothing 
 improbable in supposing that this is a continuation of a 
 more ancient custom. 
 
 It is indeed difficult to find timber houses of the four- 
 teenth century now remaining ; the hall at Malvern, which 
 was a fine specimen, has been wantonly destroyed within 
 these few years ; Baggiley hall, Cheshire, is a rare example 
 still existing, though in a sad state of neglect and mutila- 
 tion ; the hall is the only part of the original house that 
 remains, and even that is not entire, having been shortened 
 at one end. Smithill's hall, Lancashire, is very similar 
 to Baggiley, so much so that the hall would appear to have 
 been copied from it, but the mouldings are not earlier than 
 the fifteenth century, and the other parts of the house con- 
 nected with it, and apparently of the same age, are clearly 
 of the time of Henry the Seventh or Eighth, including some 
 fine oak panelling with the usual heads of the Csesars, and 
 the linen pattern. The windows of the hall are very singu- 
 lar, but do not appear so early as the fourteenth century. 
 Of the numerous other timber houses of Lancashire and 
 Cheshire the great majority are of the time of Elizabeth and 
 James i., or later, and though the use of cuspated timbers, 
 pierced trefoils and quatrefoils, gives them at first sight an 
 earlier appearance, the earliest are of the time of Henry 
 VII. There are many very beautiful and perfect specimens 
 of Elizabethan work, of which perhaps Speke hall, near 
 Liverpool, is one of the most perfect. The survey of 
 Newcastle, from which we have quoted so largely, is an
 
 DOMKSTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 TIMBER WORK. 
 
 BAEGE-BO^RD. 
 
 W INGHAM, KENT 
 
 PART OF THE OLD CLOISTERS, 
 
 WINDSOR CASTLE.
 
 WORKS AT WINDSOR. 31 
 
 additional proof of the extensive use of timber work within 
 the walls of the castles of this period, as the extracts from 
 the Liberate Eolls have shewn to be the case in the pre- 
 vious century. The same may be observed in the Return 
 to the Commissioners for enquiring into the state of the 
 Tower of London in the ninth year of Edward iii,, pre- 
 served in the Record Office in the Tower^. An interesting 
 work upon the "Half-timber Houses of England" has 
 been published by ]\Ir. Habershon, but they belong almost 
 entirely to the Elizabethan era. Similar houses are, how- 
 ever, frequently mentioned, not only in the Records but by 
 the cotemporary writers. 
 Eor example, 
 
 Ye knight got masons many ane, 
 
 And grate them hew ful faire fre stane. 
 
 A nobjl hows yare gcrt he make, 
 
 Ful sone for ye lady sake ; 
 
 When it was wrought als it sold be, 
 
 Bath of stane andals of tre ^. 
 
 That the houses in Scotland in the fourteenth century 
 were usually of wood only is evident from the following 
 passage in Froissart's Chronicle. Whilst the French and 
 Scotch made an incursion into Cumberland and Westmore- 
 land, the English army entered Scotland by way of Ber- 
 wick, and overran nearly the whole country, destroying 
 and biu'ning all the houses. 
 
 "The French and Scotch therefore marched back the 
 same way they came. When arrived in the lowlands, they 
 found the whole country ruined ; the people generally made 
 light of it, saying f/iat iclth six or eiglit stakes they would 
 soon have new houses, and that they should get cattle enough 
 from the forests, whither they had been driven for security. 
 The French however suffered much, for when returned to 
 
 * Printed in tlie Appendix to Bailey's History of the Tower. 
 y MS. Cotton. Galba E. ix. 1. 40, b.
 
 32 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the neighbourhood of Edinburgli, they could scarcely pro- 
 cure provisions for their money, and their horses perished 
 from hunger." 
 
 It is now time to proceed to the question of internal 
 decoration, or finishing, in buildings of this age. As it was 
 the fashion to paint internal wood-work in the previous 
 century, it cannot be supposed that the custom was soon 
 abandoned. In fact there is every reason to suppose, 
 taking the authority of existing records, that wood-work 
 was more elaborately decorated at this than at any pre- 
 ceding or subsequent period. 
 
 In the time of Elizabeth and James i. the wood-work 
 of the fourteenth century was frequently imitated, and 
 though these imitations are generally so clumsy as to be 
 readily detected, they are sometimes so well executed that 
 it is difficult to decide whether they are merely imitations, 
 or old materials used up again, which was always a common 
 practice. In some of the timber houses of Lancashire and 
 Cheshire, as at Smithill's hall, before referred to, it is not 
 easy to decide whether the work is original or imitation, 
 and this applies equally to details, such as carved screens in 
 churches. The roof of the tower in Naworth castle known 
 as " belted Will's tower" has a richly carved panelled ceiling 
 of work which has all the character of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, yet there is no doubt that this tower was entirely 
 fitted up and almost rebuilt (though the outer walls are 
 older) by Lord William Howard, better known as belted 
 Will, in the time of Elizabeth or James i. There is a 
 tradition that this beautiful ceiling w^as brought from the 
 ruins of a neighbouring abbey, which may perhaps account 
 for the apparent anomaly.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 INXERIOK OF THE HALL. 
 
 SUTTON COURTEKAT, BERKSHIRE
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE HALL. 
 
 Our examination of the Domestic Architecture of the 
 fourteenth century would scarcely be complete, unless we 
 made some enquiry into the interior arrangements of the 
 dwelling. From the walls we naturally turn our attention 
 to the furniture, and general appearance of the apartment, 
 and to perform the task of bringing this to the reader's 
 imagination, we shall be forced to digress in some degree, 
 into the manners and customs of the period. To their 
 rudeness and want of that refinement which we perceive 
 around us at the present day, the following pages will 
 testify. Although in the fourteenth century much im- 
 provement took place over the preceding one, yet, we 
 cannot expect to find much similarity of appearance be- 
 tween the room of that period and one of the same rank in 
 modern times. A few articles of furniture, such as the 
 table, the sideboard, the cupboard, the bed, &;c., belonging 
 to the rich, were probably of much the same form, but as 
 we find no trace or mention of any of the modern decora- 
 tions and comforts, we naturally conclude that they were 
 not then in use. 
 
 It will he then our duty to treat only of those things of 
 which we have proof of the existence at this period, and 
 first to say a few words as to whence we derive our infor- 
 mation. The existing remains are scanty in the extreme, 
 but there are still two other sources, the illuminations in 
 the manuscripts, and the descriptive poems and romances 
 of the time.
 
 34 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The romantic literature of the period affords curious and 
 valuable illustrations of the domestic afftiirs of our ances- 
 tors, and much of the charm pervading the old romances is 
 to be attributed to the scenes which they present to us of 
 the home life of the age in which they were written. The 
 occasional efforts at minute description which they display, 
 are especially interesting to the antiquary. The ponderous 
 Gestes and Tales of chivalry, so popular during the middle 
 ages, are quarries, which it may be tedious to work, but 
 which afford precious materials as a reward for the labour. 
 These productions are more valuable from their very 
 artistic defect and their historical anachronisms. The 
 Romanciers made Hector live in the thirteenth century 
 or Alexander the Great in the fourteenth, by surrounding 
 those heroes with the social appliances, and domestic cus- 
 toms, of their own time. Often ignorant of classic lore, 
 they did not seek to introduce ancient manners into ancient 
 story, but feasted the heroes of the Theban or Trojan wars 
 in the baronial halls of medieval France and England ''. 
 
 In the fourteenth century the hall was still the principal 
 feature of the house, as described in the thirteenth, and as 
 indeed it continued long afterwards. It usually occupied 
 the whole of the central part of the house, sometimes from 
 the ground to the roof; in other instances there were cellars 
 or low rooms under it, and sometimes a kind of vestibule 
 with a vaulted ceiling carried on a series of pillars and arches, 
 as at Raby, and in the bishop's palace at Wells. The prin- 
 cipal entrance was through the passage behind the screen, 
 called the entry; the fire was on a hearth in the middle of 
 the hall under the louvre : at the further end, opposite to 
 the entrance, was the dais or platform raised on two steps 
 
 * In a splendid MS, of the 12th cen- Maccabees are represented as clothed in 
 tury belonging to the dean and chapter Norman armour. 
 of Durham, tiie warriors in the book of
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 INTERIOR OF THE HALL, 
 
 GREAT MALVERN. WORCESTERSHIRE.
 
 THE ROOF OF THE HALL. 35 
 
 and boarded, on which the high table was placed. The other 
 tables were long and narrow, arranged on each side and 
 extending the whole length of it from the dais to the 
 screen. The floor of the hall itself was either of stone 
 or of tiles, covered with straw or rushes. It was over- 
 looked at one end by the music gallery, at the other by 
 a small window opening from the solar, or the lord's 
 chamber over the cellar. Such was the usual, though not 
 the invariable arrangement of a hall of the 14th century. 
 It seems indeed the natural arrangement, and is continued 
 nearly in the same form in all large dining halls to the 
 present day, as in all the colleges of Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge, at Eton, Westminster, Winchester, Guildhall, and 
 the Inns of Court in London. 
 
 THE ROOF. 
 
 The roof was commonly of open timber work, often richly 
 ornamented, as at Malvern, Baggiley, and other instances. 
 Some have tie-beams and king-posts, others are arched, and 
 in some cases pierced wood-work resembling the tracery of 
 windows is introduced under the arches. In a few cases 
 a stone arch is thrown across to assist in carrying the roof, 
 as at The Mote, Ightham, where the stone arch is so slender 
 as to be of the same dimensions with the principal timbers, 
 and at Mayfield, where these stone arches still remain, while 
 the timber roof has been almost destroyed. The most 
 usual covering was still of wooden shingles, but thatch was 
 also frequently employed, but in the course of this century 
 slates and tiles came into more general use. The fish-house 
 at Meare, in Somersetshire, of about the middle of this cen- 
 tury, still retains its thatched roof, the timbers of which are 
 original. The hall of The Mote, Ightham, Kent, has also 
 a part of its original covering of wooden shingles, though a 
 later roof has been built over it, and the original one turned
 
 36 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 into a ceiling, now plastered over. The pitch of the roof 
 was still very sharp, but in the course of this century it 
 became generally more moderate, and towards the close of 
 it the nearly flat roofs of the succeeding style began to be 
 occasionally introduced. 
 
 The ornamented crest along the ridge of the roof was a 
 usual decoration of this period, as shewn by the illumina- 
 tions in manuscripts, but we are not aware that any speci- 
 men of it has been retained. The wood-work was usually 
 left plain, but occasionally it was ornamented both with 
 carving, and with painting and gilding. There was usually 
 a louvre or opening in the roof, like a lantern, in the centre 
 of the hall for the escape of the smoke. The roof was 
 sometimes so framed as to stand about four feet within 
 the w^alls, and to form by the timber columns on which 
 it rested two small aisles and a centre, as at Nursted court, 
 Kent ; this arrangement occurs in the twelfth century at 
 Barnack and Oakham, and is continued in the fifteenth at 
 Coventry. It will be remembered that the king's halls at 
 Guildford and Ludgershall had also wooden piers and 
 arches, as shewn by the Liberate Rolls in the thirteenth 
 century''; and at Winchester the stone piers and arches 
 still remain. There is no reason to doubt that the same 
 plan was occasionally adopted in the fourteenth century. 
 It usually happens, however, that the hall of houses during 
 this century has in more recent days been subdivided by 
 modern floors and partitions, and the external features 
 alone remain, as at Norborough, Northamptonshire, and 
 many other places. 
 
 THE WINDOWS. 
 
 The windows of the hall are usually of considerable size, 
 with pointed arches, and divided into two lights by a 
 
 •> Vol. i. pp. 207, 210, 216,
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 WINDOW IN THE HALL. 
 
 MEARE, SOMERSETSHIRE.
 
 THE HALL WINDOWS. 37 
 
 miillion, and generally have a transom also ; at first sight 
 they are so much like church or chapel windows as to be 
 often mistaken for them ; but tliey may readily be dis- 
 tinguished by the recess in the sill with a seat on each side, 
 the usual characteristic of a domestic window. Besides the 
 foliation of the lights, the inner arch of the windows was 
 sometimes also enriched with hanging foliation, as at Meare, 
 in Somersetshire. The lower division of the window fre- 
 quently had iron bars and wooden shutters only, without 
 glass ; the upper part was glazed, but the glass was not 
 fixed to the stone-work ; it was fitted into frames or case- 
 ments, which were moveable, and were removed and packed 
 up when the family was absent, shewing that glass was 
 still scarce and valuable. It was not until the time of 
 Henry the Eighth that glass windows came to be con- 
 sidered as fixtures*'. 
 
 At one end of the hall, and sometimes at each end, there 
 was a window in the gable over the dais, or the music gallery; 
 this window was frequently round, as in the old palace of 
 the bishops of Winchester, in South wark. This custom 
 was continued from the previous century, when it will be 
 remembered, the justices of Ireland were directed to "cause 
 to be built in Dublin castle, a hall 120 feet long and 80 
 feet wide, with sufficient windows and glass casements, 
 after the fashion of the hall at Canterbury, and to make in 
 the gable over the dais a round window, thirty feet in cir- 
 cumference ^." Several other entries of similar purport will 
 be found among the Liberate Rolls in our first volume ". 
 
 In old romances we find frequent allusions to windows, 
 
 •^ See Glossary of Architecture, article dered "to make in the same hall two 
 
 " Glazing." fair upriglit windows, with white glass 
 
 ^ See vol, i, p. 259. casements to open and shut : " and to 
 
 ^ They occur in almost every page " remove the leaden windows of the cha- 
 
 from page 182 to 258. See especially pel, and put glass in their stead," 
 
 p. 200, where the sheriff of Oxford is or-
 
 38 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 in a way which would lead us to infer that painted glass 
 was often employed in domestic architecture. The poet, 
 anxious to convey a notion of the grandeur and luxury of 
 an apartment, was sure to include them in his description. 
 It is probable that the hall of the Dominicans mentioned 
 in Piers Plowman's Crede was similar to those found in 
 the baronial mansions of that period ; he describes it as ; 
 
 An halle for a high kynge an household to holden, 
 With brod hordes abouten ybenched wel clene ; 
 With wyndowes of glas wroughte as a chirche. 
 
 In the description of King Bradmond's palace in the old 
 Romance of Sir Bevis of Hamptoun we read that ; 
 
 all the windows and the walls, 
 Were painted with gold, both towers and halls : 
 Pillars and doors were all of brass, 
 Windows of latten were set with glass '. 
 
 The following extracts from the Liberate Rolls shew that 
 the custom was introduced in the thirteenth century, and 
 there is no doubt that it became gradually more common 
 in the fourteenth. 
 
 " In the hall at Geddington two windows with columns, like the other 
 windows, and in the window which is in the gable of the hall make a white 
 glass window with the image of a king in the middle." Liberate Roll, 28 
 H. III. 
 
 " And to cause the upper window in the king's hall towards the west, nigh 
 the dais, to be fitted up with white glass lights, so that in one half of that 
 glass window there be made a certain king sitting on a throne, and in the 
 other half a certain queen, likewise sitting on a throne." 30 11. iii. 
 
 Also to make in the hall of the king's castle at Rochester in the northern 
 gable, two glass windows, one having the shield of the king, and the other 
 the shield of the late count of Provence ; and also to make two small glass 
 
 ' Ellis, Early Metrical Romances, vol. thing superior to the wooden shutter, the 
 
 ii. p. 120, Beryl was sometimes used lattice-work was glazed with thin horn 
 
 instead of glass, and in houses of an in- or talc; or with canvas as at Auckland 
 
 ferior order, when they possessed any- and at Ely.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 WINDOW AT THE END OF THE HALL. IN THE OLD PALACE OF THE BISHOP OF WINCHESTER. 
 
 SOUTHWARK. 
 
 1" 7.'."^-- -- 
 
 ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL. NORTHAMPTON. 
 
 PALACE, ST. DAVIDS. PEMBKOKESHIK
 
 THE HEARTH IN THE HALL. 
 
 39 
 
 windows on each side of the same hall, and in each of them the figure of 
 a king." 31 H. in. Vol. i. p. 204, 209, 214; see also p. 243, 254. 
 
 It still continued to be the general custom to make the 
 fire in the middle of the hall, 
 and the usage was not with- 
 out its advantages ; not only 
 was a greater amount of heat 
 obtained, but the warmth be- 
 came more generally diffused, 
 which, when we consider the 
 size of the hall, was a matter 
 of some importance ^. The huge 
 logs were piled upon the and- 
 irons^ or thrown upon the 
 hearth, and the use of wood 
 and charcoal had few of those 
 inconveniences which would 
 have resulted from coal. The 
 smoke escaped from the louvre 
 in the roof, as in the earlier 
 halls described in our first 
 volume ^ That on Westminster 
 hall is an exact copy of the 
 original one erected near the 
 end of the 14th century. We 
 have not been able to meet 
 
 The Louvre, WeBtminster HaiU. 
 
 e Fires continued to be made on a 
 hearth in the middle of the hall called 
 the reredos, in many college halls in 
 Oxford and Cambridge until about 1 820, 
 and in Westminster college hall until 
 1850. 
 
 ^ Andirons were used in the 13th 
 century. In the assessment made at 
 Colchester in the 29th of Edw. i,, among 
 the goods of Roger the Dyer 1 andiron 
 
 is valued at 8d. In the wardrobe ac- 
 counts of Ed. I. about the same time an 
 entry occurs, of money paid to Thomas 
 de Couvers for repairing the andiron of 
 the king's chamber. In a MS. in the 
 Brit. Mus. written in the beginning of 
 the 15th century an illumination repre- 
 sents a fireplace furnished with andirons, 
 Harl. 2278. 
 ' " To make a hearth of free-stone
 
 40 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 with any example remaining of the 14th century, though 
 there is abundant evidence of their having been used at 
 that period. Many of these louvres remain in halls of the 
 fifteenth century, and many others have been destroyed 
 withhi these few years. 
 
 Numerous instances remain of fire-places and chimneys 
 of the fourteenth century even in the hall, though they 
 were more usual in the smaller apartments. At Meare, 
 Somersetshire, the fire-place has the hood of stone perfect, 
 finely corbelled out, and by the side of the fire-place a 
 bracket for a light ornamented with elegant fohage. 
 
 THE DAIS AND HIGH TABLE. 
 
 T -V^^CWW^^-SC- 
 
 THE DAIS WITH THE HIGH TABLE AJID TAPESTBT. 
 Add. MS. 12,238, fol. 126. 
 
 In describing the arrangement of the hall we begin with 
 the dais or raised platform at one end, on which the high 
 table was placed lengthwise, or across the end of the hall ; 
 in the centre was the seat for the lord, sometimes again 
 raised in a separate chair or throne ^ ; the principal guests 
 
 high and good, . . . and a great louvre 
 over the said hearth." At Woodstock, 
 32 H. III. See vol. i. 217. 
 
 i " To put wainscote above the dais in 
 the king's hall, and to make a fair, large 
 and well-sculptured chair." See vol. i.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 FiEE-PLACE IN THE HALL. 
 
 MEARE. SOMERSETSHIRE.
 
 THE DAIS. 41 
 
 were seated on either side of him, facing the rest of the 
 company ; no one was placed in the front part of the dais, 
 that side of the table was left entirely open, that the lord 
 and his chief guests might sec and be seen by the rest of 
 the assembly. The custom of occupying both sides of the 
 high table with guests is a modern one, and does not 
 appear to be any improvement. This table is constantly 
 alluded to in old writers. We may cite as examples, in 
 the life of Alisaundre ; 
 
 To the paleis they gonne ride. 
 And fonde this feste in all pryde 
 Forth goth Alisaundre saua fable, 
 Righte to the heygh table "'. 
 
 and in Chaucer's Squire's Tale : 
 
 Up he rideth to the hie horde. 
 
 Those seated at the high board were said to begin the dais, 
 or board. In Syr Eglamour of Artoys we read that the 
 
 Two kynges ye dese began ; 
 Syr Degrabell and Crystabell than, 
 Zyf they were sybbe ful nere 
 Knyghtes wente to sette gwys. 
 And euery man to hys offys. 
 To serve hys lorde there '. 
 
 and in Syr Bevys of Hamptoun ; 
 
 The semest, queth she, man of auour, 
 Thow schelt this dai be priour 
 And beginne cure dais ™. 
 
 We sometimes find old chroniclers and poets referring 
 to the highest dais, which is generally described as the one 
 
 p. 232, also p. 223, " to make a canopy » MS. Cotton, in Brit. Mus. Calig. A. 
 
 above our seat in the hall with a royal ii. fo. 9. b. 
 
 seat." p. 239. "' Printed from the Auchinleck MS. 
 
 ^ Lyfe of Alisaundre printed from MS. by the Maitland Club, 4to. 1838, line 
 
 Bodl.Laud.1. 74, by Weber, vol. i. p. 49. 2121.
 
 42 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 on which the king or great man dined with his most dis- 
 tinguished guests. 
 
 At the feast given by Cliarles v. of France to the 
 Emperor Charles iv. in 1377, Christine dc Pisan says 
 that there were five dais for the princes and the barons, and 
 two grand, or higher dais, with barriers round them, for 
 the king and the emperor". At the coronation dinner of 
 Henry iv. the king sat in the middle of the table, which 
 was raised two feet and a half higher than the ends ; 
 
 Apre le due henry saisis, 
 Fu droit du milieu de la table, 
 Qui estoit par feste notable 
 Plus haulte deux pies ct demi 
 Que les deux bous ". 
 
 At one end of the dais was a bay window, in the recess of 
 which stood the buffet, in which the plate was displayed ; 
 at the opposite end were two doorways, one leading to the 
 cellar, the other to the staircase which led up to the solar, 
 or principal chamber. At Penshurst the bay window has 
 been destroyed by the addition of a later structure ; the two 
 doors and the staircase at the other end remain. In castles 
 it w^as not always convenient to have a bay window, and 
 that feature became more common in the following century. 
 
 THE SCREENS. 
 
 At the end of the hall opposite to the dais, was the 
 screen with the minstrels' gallery over it, and under the 
 gallery was a passage through, with a door at each end, one 
 the principal entrance, the other the back door opening into 
 the servants' court. This passage w^as called the entry, or 
 
 " Hist, de Clias. v.p. iii. c. 33. Seve- on the dais will be found in our first 
 ral entries to the Liberate Rolls direct- volume, p. 223 to 256. 
 ing the king's throne or seat to be made » MS. Harleian, No. 1319. fol. 65.
 
 THE SCREENS. 43 
 
 the Screens, and was sometimes separated from the hall by 
 a curtain only ; in general there were two doorways through 
 the screen into the hall, and in the end wall behind the 
 screen there were three doors, the central one opening 
 into the kitchen, sometimes by a short passage, or down a 
 short flight of stairs, according to the nature of the plan ; 
 the other doors opened, one into the buttery and had the 
 buttery-hatch in it, the other into the pantry or other 
 servants' apartment ; in some cases in the smaller houses 
 there were two doors only. The minstrels' gallery, or 
 music gallery over the passage, was occupied as its name 
 implies; the approach to it was commonly by a newel 
 staircase from the porch, or near the princij)al entrance, 
 as at Penshurst. This gallery and the partition under it 
 with two doors from the screens into the hall, were some- 
 times of stone, as in Raby castle, Durham, but they were 
 usually of wood only. 
 
 This screen was also called the spur, or spere ^ ; the word 
 is of frequent occurrence in the Liberate Rolls, and some- 
 times signifies an ornamented post only, but in other cases 
 is applied to the whole screen. In the former sense it is 
 still retained as a provincial word in the city of York, where 
 many of these richly ornamented door-posts are still re- 
 maining. 
 
 In this sense it is also used in the contract for a rood-loft 
 in Merton college chapel, Oxford, a.d. 1486, 
 
 with speres and lynterns for two awters p. 
 
 It also signifies the kind of smaller screen or inner porch 
 over the doorway which was usual in medieval work, and 
 it is sometimes difficult to tell precisely what kind of screen 
 or spur is intended. 
 
 ' Sometimes spelt spoere and spure, sperum, esperum. See vol, i.p. 213, &c. 
 in Latiu sporum, esporruin, espurruui, '' Arch. Journal, vol. ii. p. 181.
 
 41 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 For example in the Liberate Rolls, 
 
 22 n. III. Tower of London — "Also to make a spur of boards, good and 
 hccoming, between the chamber and chapel of the new turret of the same 
 tower, nigh our hall, towards the Thames," 
 
 35 lien. iii. At Clarendon — " and a screen ' in the chamber of the afore- 
 said Edward, and a spur ' at the head of the king's chamber, and another 
 spur in the outer chamber of the king's wardrobe there, and a spur in the 
 queen's chamber, and make a door to close up the entry towards the same 
 chamber, and a glass casement in the window before that spur." 
 
 Here the expression a door to close up the entry seems to signify a door 
 in the screen behind which was the entry with a window in it. 
 
 " And two spurs in the queen's high chamber," also at Clarendon and the 
 same year. 
 
 "And make a spur before the doors of that chamber" at Nottingham. 
 36 H. III. 
 
 " And three spurs in the chambers of the lord Edward were necessary," at 
 Clarendon. 36 H. ill. 
 
 " With a spur at the entry of the chapel, . . and make a certain door 
 there, and place a spur well carved in our queen's chamber" at Hemering. 
 3 H. III. 
 
 " The head of the table in the king's hall at Guildford towards the entry of 
 the king's chamber, a certain spur of wood." 45 H. iii. 
 
 For 6 boards for a " spure " for my lord's chamber, i2d. 1337-8. Raine's 
 Auckland Castle, p. 28. 
 
 At Trinity college, Cambridge, the passage through the 
 screens is used as a thoroughfare from one part of the col- 
 lege to another, and the general arrangement of the screens 
 or passage under the music gallery, is preserved in most of 
 the college halls of Oxford and Cambridge. 
 
 THE LAVATORY. 
 
 Behind the screen, or i?t the screens as it was called, was 
 sometimes the lavatory or washing place with its cistern 
 of water, and a sideboard or recess, which was frequently very 
 richly ornamented ; of this there is a fine example remaining 
 in a house in the close at Lincoln. Li Dacre castle, Cum- 
 
 ' iirmm eserenum. • sporam.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 fimzLm 
 
 SIDEBOARD IN A HOUSE IN THE CLOSE 
 
 LIKCOLN. c 1320.
 
 THE LAVATORY. 
 
 45 
 
 berland, is a very perfect water-drain, exactly similar to a 
 piscina in a church of the ,,-,j. 
 same period ; from its 
 position in the wall near 
 the door it was probably 
 in the screens, although 
 it is difficult to ascertain 
 with accuracy its relative 
 position, the interior ar- 
 rangements having been 
 altered : it is however 
 tolerably certain that it 
 had nothing to do with a 
 chapel, as it stands in the 
 principal room, nearly 
 opposite to the fire-place, 
 and near the entrance. 
 
 Froissart in his ad- 
 mirable Chronicles gives 
 us a description of the 
 feast given on the arrival of Queen Isabella into Paris ; 
 he says that after loashing their hands, the king and queen 
 and all the court entered the hall ; you must know, he 
 continues, that the great table of marble which is in this 
 hall and is never removed, was covered with an oaken 
 plank four inches thick and the royal dinner placed there- 
 on ; near the table, and against one of the pillars, was the 
 king's buffet, magnificently decked out with gold and silver 
 plate, and much envied by many who saw it. Before the 
 king's table and at some distance, were wooden bars with 
 three entrances at which were serjeants-at-arms, ushers, 
 and archers, to prevent any from passing through but those 
 who served the table, for in truth the crowd was so very 
 great that there was no entering but with great ditficulty. 
 
 
 Water-drain, Dacre castle, Cumberlauad
 
 46 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 There were plenty of minstrels who played away to the best 
 of their abilities'. 
 
 In the description of the emperor's palace in the romance 
 of Le Bone Florence of Rome, we have the following curious 
 and interesting description of a lavatory in the middle of 
 the hall ; 
 
 There comyth watur in a condyle, 
 Thorow a Ijon rcunyth hyt, 
 
 That wroght ys all of golde ; 
 And that standyth in the myddys of the halle, 
 A hundurd knyghtes and ladyes smalle, 
 
 Myght wasche there and they wolde, 
 All at ones on that stone. 
 
 In the inventories of this period mention is continually 
 made of lavers, and ewers and bowls for washing, together 
 with towels or napkins for drying the hands. 
 
 It was sometimes a separate structure in the court-yard, 
 probably over the well, and synonymous with the conduit, 
 as " the round lavatory in the king's court at West- 
 minster"." 
 
 Liberate Eoll, 44 H. iii. — " Which they expended by the king's order in 
 repairing the king's chimney at Westminster which threatened to fall, and in 
 repairing the conduit of water which is cairied under ground to the king's 
 LAVATORY and to other places there ; and in making a certain conduit through 
 which the refuse of the king's kitchens at Westminster flows into the Thames ; 
 which conduit the king ordered to be made on account of the stink of the 
 dirty water which was carried through his halls, which was wont to affect the 
 health of the people frequenting the same halls. Westminster, June 4." 
 
 PAINTINGS ON THE WALLS. 
 
 That the walls of the hall and other chambers were 
 usually covered with wainscote in the lower parts, and the 
 upper parts ornamented with paintings as early as the 
 13th century, has been shewn in our first volume, and 
 it was also proved that these paintings were commonly 
 the work of English artists, and not of Italians or other 
 
 « Vol. iv. p. 80. >■ See vol. i. p. 2(30; also pp. 195 and 251.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: TOURTEENTll CENTURY, 
 
 CISTERN AND LAVATOEY, 
 
 BATTLE HALL. LEEDS, KENT.
 
 PAINTINGS ON THE WALLS. 47 
 
 foreigners ''. The order of King Henry the Third " to re- 
 new and repair the paintings above the dais," in the hall 
 of the castle of Winchester in 1248, there quoted, and 
 the following extracts from the Liberate Roll, are suf- 
 ficient evidence of this custom. 
 
 23 n. III. " And cause a map of the world to be paiated in the said hall," 
 (at Winchester,) "... and cause the chamber of our queen there (at Cliff) to 
 be wainscoted and painted with a history." 
 
 32 H. III. At Clarendon. " To make a new mantel there, on which mantel 
 he is to cause to be painted the Wheel of Fortune and Jesse ; and to cover the 
 king's pictures in the same chamber with canvas, lest they should be injured." 
 
 36 H. III. At Clarendon. " And to cause the history of Antioch and the 
 combat of King Richard to be painted in the same chamber, and to paint that 
 wainscot of a green colour, with golden stars." 
 
 The same custom was continued in the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. The paintings on the walls of the painted chamber at 
 Westminster, though originally executed in the thirteenth 
 century, were renewed in the fourteenth y. For an inter- 
 esting account of the artists, and of the processes employed 
 by them, and the means used to prevent their work from 
 being injured by the damp, the reader is referred to the 
 Account of the Painted Chamber at Westminster, by the 
 late Mr. Gage-Rokewood. 
 
 In the account of the works at Windsor in the 27th and 
 28th years of Edward the Third, occurs the entry of a pay- 
 ment " to Richard Assheby for painting the wood- work in 
 the chamber of the canons with varnish and ochre, of his 
 own invention, 1005." 
 
 In an illumination in the Luterell Psalter representing 
 a feast, the walls are richly adorned with paintings. The 
 pencil of the limner was still employed in pourtraying 
 
 » See vol. i. p. 86-7, and nvimerous &c., in Raine's Auckland Castle, p. iii. 
 
 extracts from the Liberate Rolls, p. 182 y See the Account of the Painted 
 
 to 229. The history of S. Cuthbert was Chamber at Westminster, by the late 
 
 painted in London in 1128, for the castle Mr. Gage ■ Rokewood, in the Vetusta 
 
 of Auckland ; see an account of the cost, Monumenta, vol. vi. folio, 181:2, p. 15.
 
 48 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 thereon the legends of love and chivalry. In the romance 
 of Guigamar, written in this century, we have the following 
 descrij)tion of a chamber painted with Venus and the Art of 
 Love from Ovid ; 
 
 La chambre est peint tut entur 
 Venus de devesse damur. 
 Futres bein en la paintur 
 La traiz mustres e la natur. 
 Coment hurne deit amur tenir 
 E lealment e bien servir, 
 Le livre Ovide ou il enseine '. 
 
 The scenes painted upon the walls were often taken 
 from the fabliaux and popular tales of the middle ages. 
 Chaucer in his "Dreme" speaks of; 
 
 a cbambre paint, 
 Full of stories old and divers '. 
 
 Langton, bishop of Lichfield, about the year 1312 com- 
 manded the coronation, marriages, wars, and funeral of his 
 patron Edward i. to be painted in the hall of his palace. 
 It was sometimes the case that the lord, proud of his lineage, 
 had his arms emblazoned upon the walls. Basing hall, 
 once the mansion of the renewed family of the Basings, 
 was anciently adorned in this manner. Stowe says that 
 their arms " were abundaiitlie placed in sundry parts of the 
 house, even in the stone-work, but more especially upon 
 the walls of the hall, which carried a continual painting of 
 them on every side, as I myself have often seen before the 
 old buildings were taken down ^" 
 
 TAPESTRY. 
 
 But this custom of painting the walls declined on the 
 introduction of tapestry. In this century Arras became 
 famous for its beautiful fabrics, and considerable im- 
 
 » MS. Harl. 978. fol. 118. 36 Ed. in. Basing hall was the dwell- 
 
 • Verse 1320. ing of Thomas Bakewell. 
 
 " Survey iii. p. 65. ed. 1720. In the
 
 HANGINGS IN THE II.\LL. 49 
 
 portations were made for the use of the nobility. Tapestry 
 was first employed as an ornament to the back of the dais, 
 and was embroidered with devices of leopards of gold, fal- 
 cons, swans with ladies' heads, stars, birds, grifFins, eagles, 
 and flowers. A very ancient specimen is extant in Berkeley 
 castle, and instances from manuscript illuminations are 
 not rare after the beginning of this century. The feast 
 represented in the Luterell Psalter, is held in a hall hung 
 with arras, on which the arms of the Luterell family are 
 worked*^. Edward the Black Prince bequeathed to his 
 son Richard his hangings for a hall embroidered with 
 swans having ladies' heads and ostrich feathers, and to 
 his wife the princess he gave the hangings of a hall 
 embroidered with eagles and griffins ^ A writ of privy 
 seal dated 20th of Feb. 1348, authorized Sir John dc 
 Bernyngham to receive for the princess Joan one " hailing " 
 or hanging of worsted, worked with popinjays, and another 
 embroidered with roses ^ In the wardrobe accounts of the 
 eleventh year of the reign of Edward the Second the fol- 
 lowing entry occurs. " To Thomas de Hebenhith, mercer of 
 London, for a great hanging of wool wove with figures of 
 the king and earl, upon it, for the king's service in his hall 
 on solemn occasions, 30/. ; " and we find that Thomas dc 
 Varley received six shillings and threepence, for the cost of 
 making and sewing a border of green cloth round the said 
 hanging, to save it from being damaged in fixing it up ^ 
 Li the latter part of this century Norwich became famous 
 for the manufacture of worsted stuffs which were used as a 
 substitute for arras in the halls of old manor-houses. The 
 London artizans and embroiderers produced rich "hallings,"' 
 and we read that, 
 
 " A Webber, a Dyer, and a Tapiser " 
 
 *= Vetusta Momimenta, vol. vi. p. xxi. « Arcliapolot'ia, vol. xxxi. p. 78. 
 
 ^ Nichols' Royal Wills, p. 73. ' Arcliseologia, vo'. xxvi. p. 342. 
 
 H
 
 50 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 were among Chaucer's Canterbury pilgrims. In 1392 
 Richard carl of Arundel bequeathed to his wife "the 
 hangings of the hall, which was lately made in London, 
 of blue tapestry with red roses and the arms of his sons 
 worked thereon \ Subjects from ancient story were some- 
 times embroidered upon the hailing. The combat of the 
 renowned hero Guy earl of Warwick and the dragon, is 
 said, in that ancient romance, to have been pourtrayed on 
 the hanging of the hall of Warwick castle ; 
 
 In Warwicke the truth shall ye see, 
 In Arras wrought ful craftily ■". 
 
 This piece of tapestry is mentioned in a grant made by 
 Richard ii. in 1398 to Thomas Holland earl of Kent. The 
 king conveys that suit of arras hangings in Warwick castle 
 which contained the story of the famous Guy earl of 
 Warwick, together with the castle of Warwick". This 
 shews the high estimation in which the produce of the arras 
 weavers was held at this time, and we may further illus- 
 trate its value from the will of John duke of Lancaster, 
 who in 1397 left to Richard ii. "a piece of arras, which 
 the duke of Burgoyne gave me when I was at Calais," and 
 to his son the earl of Derby, afterward Henry iv., " two of 
 the best pieces of arras, one of which was given me by my 
 lord and nephew the king, and the other by my dear 
 brother the duke of Gloster "." Tapestry indeed was the 
 favourite ornament of the period, and in processions and 
 on state occasions great displays were made. Froissart 
 describing the pageant given at Paris on the entry of Queen 
 Isabella in 1399, says, that among other shows there was 
 erected a scaffold surrounded with curtains in the manner 
 of a chamber. The whole street of St. Denis was covered 
 with a canopy of rich camlet and silk cloths as if they had 
 
 ' TestamciUa Vetusta, vol. i. p. 130. ° Dugdale, Baron, i. p. 237. 
 
 ■" Sign. C. a. 1. o Testameuta Vetusta, vol. i. p. 141.
 
 TAPESTRY. 51 
 
 had the cloth for nothing, or were at Alexandria or Damas- 
 cus. " I the writer of this account was present and asto- 
 nished whence such quantities of rich stuffs and ornaments 
 could have come, for all the houses were hung with ta- 
 pestries representing w^rious scenes and histories, to the 
 delight of all beholders p." It seems to have been a common 
 practice for the nobles to carry their tapestry with them as 
 they removed from one castle to another, and it formed part 
 of their baggnge when they travelled into distant parts. 
 When the duke of Lancaster entertained the king of 
 Portugal in his temporary lodgings between Monson and 
 Magassa the apartment was decorated with the richest 
 tapestry, on which his arms were worked, and as splendidly 
 ornamented, as if, says Froissart, he had been at Hertford, 
 Leicester, or any of his manors in England, which very 
 much astonished the Portuguese ^ 
 
 THE FURNITURE. 
 
 The furniture of the hall, exclusive of the tapestry w'ith 
 which the walls were hung, appears to have usually con- 
 sisted only of those things which were actually necessary 
 for eating and drinking. The boards laid across the trestles 
 for tables, benches, or sometimes a few chairs to sit upon, 
 (amongst the rich, and in the latter part of the century, 
 these were provided with cushions,) the reredos and hearth 
 in the centre of the hall, and a few pots and mugs, &c. 
 
 Numerous inventories of this period arc extant, in which 
 the furniture of the hall is enumerated ; it may suffice to 
 mention those of Finchale, of which we have a perfect 
 series throughout the century. In the year 1311 the con- 
 tents of the hall seem to be chiefly, — Two pots, and three 
 
 P Froissart, Chron., vol. iv. p. 77 — less so called from the subject of the 
 
 Johnnes' Edit. tapestry or hangings. See also Raine's 
 
 1 Chron., vol. iii. c. Ixii. Herod's History of Auckland Castle, Durham, 
 chamber in Norham castle was doubt-
 
 52 DOMESTIC AllClHTECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 lavers, boards and trestles and other necessaries \ In the 
 year 1351 the same hall contained' eight boards, and four 
 ])air of trestles and three seats. But in the year 1397 we 
 lind two dorsars (one old the other middling), also two 
 bankers, — two pieces of imitation ware, and two lavers 
 of the same ; also two large pots with one laver and one 
 bowl of brass ; also two andirons and one poker of iron, 
 three moveable boards with trestles, and one fixed; two 
 chairs, and three benches, and three stools*. This was 
 however the hall of an ecclesiastical fraternity, the hall of a 
 contemporary layman might perhaps have had rather more 
 furniture. But as far as we are able to judge from the 
 paintings found in manu- 
 scripts of this period, the 
 furniture of the chief apart- 
 ment was still scanty and ^-^ 
 inelegant. At the com- ' 
 mencement of a Boccacio 
 translated for John duke 
 de Berry in 1409 we have 
 a view of that nobleman's 
 hall. The walls are boarded 
 in the rudest style, and have 
 
 \ijy 
 
 Saat in the Hall. 
 
 the annearanCP of COATSP F™™ the MS. of the Eomance of Alexander, Bodl.SOO. 
 
 planks roughly nailed to the wall. Upon the dais the 
 duke is seated on a chair overhung with a canopy of 
 red and green hangings ; the chair is constructed without 
 
 ' Imprimis, In aula, pelves ij et tria 
 lavatoria, mensae et trestelli, at alia ad 
 aulam necessaria. Status Domus, &c. 
 1311. Surtees Society. 
 
 • Imprimis sunt viij mensae Item iiij 
 paria trestellorum, Item iij sedilia. 
 Item iij pelves, quarum ij sunt novae. 
 Item ij lavacra. Status Domus, &c. 1351. 
 
 ' Imprimis in aula ij dorsoria, j. ve- 
 
 tus, aliud mediocre, et Item ij banquers 
 Item ij counterfetys cum ij lavacris 
 cjusdem sectse Item ij pelves magnae 
 cum j lavacro et j equo eneo Item ij 
 aundliyryns, et j porferreum, iij mensae 
 mobiles cum tristellis, et j stans, ij 
 cathcdrtE, et iij formula, et iij scabella. 
 Status Domus, 1397.
 
 FURNITURE OF THE HALL. 53 
 
 taste or design, and at the end of the hall there is a long 
 bench for the use of the company ". The rudeness of 
 the furniture, was sometimes hid with dorsars, pieces of 
 tapestry hung over the backs of the chairs, and bankers for 
 placing on the seats or benches. They were not common 
 in this century, but we find them mentioned in the ward- 
 robe inventories of the rich, and in monasteries ; see the 
 Finchale accounts, above quoted. 
 
 In the reign of Edward in. Sir Thomas Swynerton, 
 usher of the king's hall, on several occasions received cloth 
 from the royal wardrobe for bancars and dorsars for the 
 said halP. Among the crown jewels of the same king 
 there was a dorsar and a banker embroidered with the 
 arms of the Black Prince and John of Gaunt y. In 1343 
 Sir Geoffrey Luterell left to A\ illiam his porter all the fur- 
 niture of his hall ; " that is to say the dorsar and banker '\" 
 
 But generally speaking they were removed after dinner 
 by the servants ; thus in an old romance we read that, 
 
 Whau bordes were bora adown and barncs hade waschen, 
 Men migt have sece to menstrales moche god zi *. 
 
 Folding chairs were in use during the middle ages, and we 
 find them represented in MSS. of a very early period. In 
 Horn Childe we have the following allusion toa folding chair, 
 
 A liche cheier was uudon, 
 That seiven might sit thcron, 
 In swiche craft yeorn 
 A baudekin theron was spred, 
 Thither the maiden hade him led, 
 To sitten her bit'orn ''. 
 
 » Royal MSS. in Brit. ilus. 14. E. V. Henry v., Rot. Parl.,vol. iv. p. 230, men- 
 
 » Archasologia, xxxi. pp. 83, 81-, 92. tion is made of a " banker d'arras overe 
 
 J^ j dorser, i banquer' pro' aula de arm' de divers ymages, qui commence en 
 
 d'nor. EetJfil'Rs: inventory of crown I'escriptur Jeo vous ayme loyalment," 
 
 jewels, printed from a Record in tlie Ex- and at p;ige 231 "j dorser d'arias d'or 
 
 cliequer, by the Society of Antiquaries, veiil" with histories. 
 
 4to. p. 9. ' William and the Werwolf. 
 
 • Liber Thomae Beck. ap. Epis. curia. ^ Ritson, Metrical Romances, vol. iii. 
 
 In the inventory of the wardrobe of p. 293.
 
 54 DOMESTIC ARCniTECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 THE DINING TABLE. 
 
 The dining tables'' in the hall were generally mere boards 
 laid upon trestles ; the one in the great hall at Westminster 
 was probably of a more solid make, for we find by the 
 household accounts of Edward ii. that the sum of 1^. 135. 
 4d. was paid to Gilbert de Wynston for a great wooden 
 table bought for the hall of the palace of Westminster'^. 
 The celebrated round table at Windsor was made about 
 1356; in that year 26^. 135 4:d. was paid to the prior of 
 Merton for fifty-two oaks cut from his wood near Reading 
 for making the round table at Windsor, which oaks were 
 carried to Westminster for the king's workmen there*. 
 Sometimes the tables were fixed or dormant j Chaucer's 
 Frankelein had 
 
 His table dormant in his hall alway. 
 
 In the romance of William and the Werwolf the side 
 tables are thus distinguished ; 
 
 Sethers al that huge halle was hastuli fulfulled, 
 Al aboute, bi echo side with barounes and knygts, 
 The real rinkes of the realm rizt on that o side 
 Sothei the segges of Spayne were set on that other '. 
 
 ' The word mensoe continually occurs " To William de Lyndeseye a carver of 
 
 in the records in the sense of the boards wooden images in London, in money 
 
 only, resting on the trestles, and did not paid to him in discharre of 10 marks 
 
 include the frame of the table as in the wliicli the king commanded to be paid to 
 
 modern sense: the word table however him of his gift as a reward, in addition 
 
 had originally the same signification ; in to a former sum paid to him for making a 
 
 the time of Elizabeth and long after- certain table with images of wood for the 
 
 wards the slab of the table was always chapel of the king in the new works 
 
 detached from the frame, and the tabula within the castle of Windsor." It does 
 
 or table signified the slab only. not appear that the art of decoration was 
 
 '' Archajologia, vol. xxvi. p. 344'. often employed on domestic furniture. 
 
 <= Issue Roll, Exchcq. Mich, 30 ' Printed by the Roxburgh Club from 
 
 Edward iii. In an Issue Roll of 40 a MS, in King's college, Cambridge, 
 
 Ed. III. we find the following entry. 4to. 1832. fo. 64.
 
 THE DINING-TABLE. 
 
 55 
 
 The " bordes, " as before stated, were laid upon trestles. 
 Ill Richard Coeur de Lion ^ we read that 
 
 Knyghtes and ladys com hem agene, 
 Severne score and mo I wene, 
 Welcomyd liim al at on worde, 
 They sette tresteles and layde a horde. 
 
 It is evident that the usual custom was to remove the 
 table after meals. On the heiress of Calabria finishing her 
 repast, and. 
 
 When they had etc, and grace sayd, 
 A nd ye tabyll away was leycl ; 
 Up aroos Ypomydon *•. 
 
 The seats in the hall were wooden benches, hence the 
 expression " go to bench." 
 
 THE DINNER. 
 
 DINING TABLE. 
 From tlie MS. of the Romance of Alexander in the Bodleian Library. 
 
 It will not be altogether out of place here to notice 
 some of those customs which have made the halls of the 
 olden time so famous. It was in this apartment that the 
 household gathered together, and the lord and his de- 
 pendants sat down at one board in social conviviality ; it 
 was here that the harp of the minstrel, and the songs of 
 
 s 1. 100. t" Life of Ypomydon. MS. Harle, Brit. Mus. 2252. fo. 58.
 
 5G DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the troubadours exerted their influence in awakening the 
 better feelings of the warlike baron ; and here it was, that 
 the mimics with grotesque attitudes and uncouth grimaces, 
 and the lord's fool with his jests and ribaldry, excited 
 that laughter and boisterous mirth so characteristic of the 
 festivities of the olden time. 
 
 At an hour which we should deem unusually early the 
 domestics prepared the festive board. Our forefathers 
 were no sluggards. It was a popular saying in the middle 
 ages that 
 
 Lever a ciuq. diner a neuf, 
 Souper a cinq, coucher a neuf, 
 Fait vivre d'ans nonante et neuf'. 
 
 In the fourteenth century the usual time of dining was 
 ten or eleven. When the king of France arrived at 
 Airaines in pursuit of Edward the Third it was noon, but 
 he found that the King of England had quitted the place 
 about ten o'clock that morning. The French found there 
 provisions of all sorts, meat on the spits, bread and pastry 
 in the ovens, wine in barrels, and even some tables ready 
 spread for dinner; for the English had left in great haste ''. 
 When the king of France entertained Richard ii. on his 
 marriage, the guests arrived at eleven o'clock and they 
 found the tables already spread for dinner '. Our ancestors 
 seldom partook of more than two meals a day, dinner and 
 supper, the hour at which they supped was five in the 
 afternoon. This had long been the accustomed time for 
 the evening meal. When Richard ii. went to arrest the 
 
 ' Recreations Illstoiiqup, i. 170. A viii. 4: Ed. ii. 
 
 curious entry occurs in the Wardrobe ^ Froissart, Cliron., vol. i. cap. exxvi. 
 
 Accounts of Edward ii. On the 27tli of In vol. iv. cap. cxli. Froissart refers to 
 
 March 1311, 20/. were paid to Sir Ni- a circumstance which occurred at ten 
 
 cholas de Bechc, Sir Hum|)hrey de Lit- o'clock one morning while he was at 
 
 tlebury and Thomas de Latimer for drag- dinner. 
 
 gitig the king out of bed on Easter Mon- ' Ibid., vol. iv. p. 311. 
 day. MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus. Nero c.
 
 THE DINING-TABLE. 57 
 
 duke of Gloster at Pleshy castle he arrived at about five 
 o'clock. The duke had already supped, for he was very 
 temperate in his diet, and never sat long at dinner or 
 supper ™. 
 
 The table was covered with a white cloth. In Richard 
 Cceur de Lion we read, 
 
 Whenne they hadde eten the cloth was folde ". 
 And again, 
 
 Aftyr mete the cloth was drawe ". 
 
 In Syr Eglamour we are told that 
 
 Ryche metys forth they brodgte, 
 The raynysh wyn forgat they nogt, 
 Whyte clothes sone they spradde f. 
 
 But the table-cloths were sometimes of silk. In the 
 romance of Richard Cceur de Lion we read that on the 
 dining-table, 
 
 Clothe of sylk thereon was sprad ■». 
 
 The miscellaneous items of the dining table are referred to 
 in the old French romance of Partenofex de Blois ; 
 
 Tables mises et doubliers, 
 Couteaux, saillieres, et cuillers, 
 Coupes, henas, escuelles, 
 D'or et d' argent. 
 
 And in Richard Coeur de Lion ; 
 
 New Styward, I wame the, 
 Bye us vessel gret plentc, 
 Dysschys, cuppys, and sawsers, 
 Belies, treyes, and platers, 
 Fattys, tunnes, and costret '. 
 
 PLATE AND GARNITURE OF THE TABLE. 
 
 The magnificence of the feasts of this period is a sub- 
 ject upon which the old chroniclers loved to dilate. The 
 banquets of the fourteenth century were pageants, and 
 
 " Froissart, vol. iv. p. 558. p MS. Cotton. Calig. A. ii. fo. 6, a. 
 
 " 1. 3497. '1 1. 100. 
 
 " 1. 4623. ' 1. 1487.
 
 58 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the description of them read in the pages of history, like 
 ])assages from fairy tales. We may form some idea of the 
 vast scale upon which they were conducted, from the fact, 
 that at the marriage feast of Lionel, duke of Clarence, son 
 of Edward iii., thirty courses were included in the bill of 
 fare. These entertainments were sometimes kept up until 
 a late hour, and were followed by masks and minstrelsy. 
 
 The details of the dining-table are interesting. The 
 trestles being brought forward and the boards arranged, 
 the whole was covered with an ample cloth. The platters 
 were usually of pewter, and in houses of a second class, 
 of wood ; these were sometimes square in shape ^ The 
 display of plate was often extensive, and indicated the 
 increase of national wealth. Silver dishes, cups, and 
 salt-cellars, wrought in curious devices, glistened upon the 
 board, and the taste displayed in the manufacture of these 
 articles of plate was sometimes both chaste and elegant. 
 We have in existence some of the choicest specimens of 
 workmanship ranging through the medieval period, which 
 sufficiently testify that in the working of metals the inge- 
 nuity and skill of the artizans of by-gone days was far 
 from contemptible. The nobles prided themselves upon 
 their gold and silver vessels, and made many sacrifices to 
 obtain them. The exchequer might be empty, but they 
 dined off gold and silver. The author of a song written 
 in the time of Edward ii. hints that it would have been 
 better for them to have eaten out of wooden vessels and 
 have paid for their provisions wuth silver, than to eat off 
 silver and pay for their provisions with wooden tallies ; 
 
 Si le roy freyt moun consail, tunc vellem laudare, 
 D argent prendre le vessel mouctamque parare ; 
 Mieu valdreit de fust manger pro victu nununasdare 
 Qe d'argent le cois servyr, et legnum pacare, 
 Est victii signum pro victu solvere legnum '. 
 
 • Siiiiarc platters of wood are still used ' Ilarl. MS. 2253. Tliis remark re- 
 
 in Winchester college hall. minds one of an anecdote related in the
 
 GARNITURE OV THE DINING-TABLE. 59 
 
 Our forefathers had always an eye to the " disport " of 
 the hall, and even in the furniture of the table grotesque 
 forms were much in vogue as auxiliaries to mirth. The 
 huge salt-cellar was the chief ornament of the board ; it was 
 usually of silver, and the cunning of the silversmith was 
 exerted to render it ornamental and grotesque. It formed 
 a conspicuous object on the table before or on the right 
 hand of the master of the house. It appears in various 
 shapes : sometimes as a covered cup on a narrow stem ; 
 occasionally in a castellated form ; and at the caprice of 
 the owner or maker it frequently took the form of a dog, 
 a stag, or some other favourite animal. Edmund earl of 
 March in 1380 left to his son and daughter each a silver 
 salt in the shape of a dog ^ Sometimes they were wrought 
 in the form of a chariot, with four wheels, by which they 
 could be passed down the table with ease. Salt-cellars of 
 this form are frequently introduced into the illuminations of 
 this periods The an- 
 nexed cut represents a ^ 
 large silver salt of the \ ^ r'"'' 
 
 early part of the seven- "™ 
 
 teenth century, pre- 
 served among the plate 
 at Winchester college ; 
 although of compara- 
 tively recent date, there 
 is every reason to be- 
 lieve it was fashioned 
 after a more ancient Auox.ntsait. 
 
 type. The three projections on the upper rim seem to have 
 
 Chronicle of London, p. 83. At an and so costelewe, made with tallies of 
 
 entertainment given by Edward in, to tre without paying of gold and sylvere." 
 
 John king of France in 1358, "the " Testamenta Vetusta, i. p. 111. 
 
 latter," says the chronicler, "seyde in ' See a MS. in the British Museum 
 
 scorn that he saw never so ryall a feste marked additional 12,228, fol. 6, 9, 22(i.
 
 60 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 been intended for the support of a cover, perhaps a napkin, 
 as it was considered desirable to keep the cover clear of the 
 salt itself: " loke that your salte seller lydde touche not 
 the salte," saith the " boke of Kcrvynge." It appears from 
 numerous allusions to the fact, that the state salt was used 
 by the sovereign or entertainer only ; and it is not unlikely, 
 from the great number of salts mentioned in old inventories, 
 that when possible each guest had also one for his particular 
 use. It is not easy to understand how any one at the upper 
 or cross table could be seated " below the salt," as it was 
 not customary to sit at the lower end of that board, which 
 was left unoccupied for the more convenient access of ser- 
 vants. The probability is therefore that this phrase, and 
 the distinction it inferred, applied only when the company 
 sat on both sides of a long table, where the position of a 
 large salt marked the boundary of the seats of honour, or 
 what may be termed the dais of the board. 
 
 The salt-cellar or "saler" is often especially alluded to; 
 in William and the Werwolf we read that 
 
 And again ; 
 
 The kyng at mete sat on dees, 
 With dukes and erls prowde in pres. 
 The saler on the table stood *. 
 
 They were set a syde table, 
 Salt was set on. 
 
 It is rarely that vessels of glass are mentioned in allusion 
 to the garniture of the table ^. In the Lyfc of Alisauudre, 
 however, we have the following passage ; 
 
 Alisaundre heold the deys. 
 
 He dude serve Olimpias, 
 
 In golde, and seolver, in bras, in glas. 
 
 One of the most curious appendages of the dining-table 
 of the fourteenth century was the ship {?icf,) which was 
 probably used to contain spices and sweatmeats ; its form 
 
 ^ 1. 1097. at Finchale contains the arms of the 
 
 ^ A fragment of fine old pottery found see of Durham in rehef.
 
 THE SHIP — THE MAZER. 
 
 Gl 
 
 was evidently borrowed from the navette, an ecclesiastical 
 vessel in the form of a ship in which frankincense was kept 
 upon the altar. The French appear to have introduced the 
 ?ie/ as an ornament to the dining- 
 table. They were not much used 
 in England prior to this century. 
 Among the jewels of Piers Gave- 
 ston in 1313 there was a ship of 
 silver on four wheels enamelled on 
 the sides''. In the inventory of the 
 royal jewels of the 8th of Edward 
 the Third we find '* a ship of silver 
 with four wheels and dragons gilt, 
 at both ends;" it weighed to the 
 value of 12/. 7s. ^d.^ The figure 
 engraved represents a servant bear- 
 ing a ship to table ; it is taken from 
 an elaborate painting in one of the 
 royal manuscripts in the British 
 Museum. Drinking cups were com- 
 monly made of wood and horn, 
 those of glass were of the greatest 
 rarity. 
 
 The mazer bowl was a vessel in use among all classes 
 dimng the fourteenth century ; it de- 
 rived its name from the maple wood 
 of which it was made, but ultimately 
 the term mazer was applied to the 
 shape, rather than to the material. 
 We give a cut of the " murrhine 
 cup" presented to the abbey of St. 
 Albans by Thomas de Hatfield, 
 bishop of Durham, which, says the 
 
 ' Rymer, Foedera, vol. iii. p. 392. » MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus. Nero, cviii. fo. SIP. 
 
 "*Bt«,>\^^v. 
 
 Domestic bearing the " ahip." 
 Royal MS. 14 E. IV. fol. 314 b. 
 
 Mazer bowl with cover, 
 data 1345 — 1381.
 
 C2 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 recorder of the henefaction, we in our times call WesheyP. 
 Mazers were of difierent sizes, great and little being named 
 in the same inventories ; sometimes they had covers, and 
 a short foot or stem. The ancient wassail bowl was 
 shaped like a mazer, and this favomite vessel of our fore- 
 fathers was sometimes adorned with the most costly work- 
 manship, and enamelled with the arms of its owner, or 
 with curious emblematic devices. Choice old legends, ex- 
 pressive of hearty goodwill and fellowship, were inscribed 
 upon the metal rim and cover. Engraven on the bottom 
 of the interior Sir Christopher appeared before the eyes of 
 the wassailer as he drained the bowl. The annexed illustra- 
 
 •\o^ ' 
 
 MAZER BOWL, temp. Ric. II. 
 
 tion represents a beautiful mazer in the possession of Evelyn 
 Philip Shirley, Esq., M.P. It is of the time of Richard the 
 Second, and is made of highly polished maple. The em- 
 bossed rim of silver gilt bears this quaint legend : 
 
 In the name of the trinitie, 
 fille the kup and drinke to nic. 
 
 '• iMS. Cotton. Nero D. vii. p. 87.
 
 WASHING BEFORE AND AFTRR MEALS. G3 
 
 When the tables were spread, attendants entered the hall 
 with basins, ewers, and napkins, and carried them round to 
 the company, who washed their hands before they sat down 
 to dinner. The ewers were often made of gold and silver, 
 those contained among the jewels of Piers Gaveston were 
 many of them beautifully enamelled with his arras. Martin 
 Pardy of Pystoy received in the reign of Edward the Third 
 133/. C^. 8^/. for a gold ewer garnished with divers precious 
 stones''. Richard earl of Arundel in 1392 left to his wife 
 a pair of silver basins in which he was accustomed to wash 
 before his dinner and supper ^ Yet some of the minor 
 details of the feast indicate a want of refinement. The 
 company threw bones and the refuse of their plates upon 
 the floor, which the dogs looked for as their accustomed 
 share. We often observe this in ancient paintings ^ Prom 
 many passages in old romances it appears to have been 
 usual to wash after as well as before meals. 
 
 It is evident from numerous passages that this was the 
 established custom. 
 
 Tho they wasshe and yede to mete, 
 And euery lordc toke hys sete '. 
 
 In the "Lai de Lauval" we read, 
 
 Lewe lui donent a ses mcins, 
 E la tuaille por asiner, 
 Puis li aportent a manger ; 
 Oue s'amie prist le super «. 
 
 <^ Issue Roll, Excheq. 20 Ed. iii. Ancient Kalendars and Inventories, vol. 
 
 "* Testamenta Vetusta, i. p. 131. A iii. p. 129. 
 list of the ewers and basins belonging to ' See MS. Additional in Brit. Miis. 
 
 Ed. n. is contained in an indenture of No, 12,228, fo. 328. 
 the 17th of that king, specifying the ' MS. Harl. 2252, fo. 83. 
 
 jewels and plate delivered to the trea- « MS. Cotton. Vesp. B. xiv, fo. 3, 
 
 surer of the Exchequer. Palgrave's
 
 64 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 And again in Syr Bevys of Hamptoun, 
 
 Thar she settc that gentel knyght, 
 Hire self gaf him water to hond. 
 And sette before him al is sonde, 
 The Benes hadde wel i ete, &c.'' 
 
 As a proof that they washed after meat, we read, 
 
 Aftyr mete then waschen they '. 
 
 And in William and the Werwolf, 
 
 Whan thei saman hade souped and sethe wasche after ''. 
 
 In the old romance of Syr Degore we are told that the 
 ladies 
 
 Yede and wasshed euery chone, 
 And to souper gan they gone. 
 
 And when they had supped al 
 The dwerfe brought water in to ye hale 
 Then gan they washe euery chone, 
 And then to chaumber gan they gone '. 
 
 The ewers and napkins were usually handed to the guests 
 by the squires or pages. The water was sometimes per- 
 fumed with aromatics, and on grand occasions the basin 
 was filled with rose-water "'. It would also appear that on 
 some occasions the guests were summoned to wash in the 
 lavatory before meals by the blast of trumpets. Thus in 
 the romance of Richard Coeur de Lion we read that 
 
 At noon a laver the waytes blewe. 
 
 And again, 
 
 Trumpes blewen, tabours dashen. 
 
 Mete was graythird, they gunne to waschen ". 
 
 Our medieval forefathers took up their food in their fingers, 
 and the inconvenience resulting from this custom gave rise 
 
 •' 1. 1085—8. Copland, 4to. Black Letter. 
 
 ' MS. Cotton. Calig. A. ii. fo. 9, b. ^ Le Grand, Histoire de la Vie priTte 
 
 ^ fo. 44. des Francois, iii. p. 312. 
 
 ' Sign. C. iiii. and D. i. printed by " 1. 4615.
 
 KNIVES, SPOONS, AND FORKS. 
 
 65 
 
 to the usage of which we are speaking. Even as late as the 
 fourteenth century only knives and spoons were in gene- 
 ral use ; forks, although known, are never observed in the 
 feasts depicted in the paintings found in manuscripts of 
 this period. Their use seems to have been regarded as an 
 indication of foppery and fastidious pride. In the Luterell 
 feast only spoons and knives are upon the table, and several 
 of the guests not benig supplied with even these articles, 
 are taking up their food in their fingers °. In the reign of 
 Edward ii. however, Piers Gaveston possessed three silver 
 forks for eating pears p, and John duke of Brittany in 130G 
 used one of silver to pick up "soppys'i." Among the 
 articles granted from the royal wardrobe in 1347 to the 
 treasurer of the princess Joan, we find " one iron fork " in- 
 cluded \ and they are mentioned in the inventory of the 
 jewels of Charles v. of France, made in 1379. The table 
 knives were sometimes of an elegant form, and supplied 
 with hafts of silver and ivory ^ The temper of the steel 
 was a point to which much attention was paid. In the 
 time of Richard iii. Walter de Aldeham held land, by 
 service of finding the king two knives, one of which was to 
 cut a hazel rod of a year's growth asunder with a single 
 stroke K These were probably clasp knives, and were car- 
 ried about in the pocket. It was common for noblemen 
 when they dined to pull their knives out of their wallet, as 
 
 » VetustaMonumenta, vol. vi.pl. xxi. "> Dom. Morice Hist. Bret. Preuves, 
 
 Peter Damian in one of his letters relates i. 1202. 
 
 a story of the wife of a doge of Venice ' "j furcam de ferro." Archaeologia, 
 
 who would not eat her meat with her vol. xxxi. p. 76. 
 
 fingers like other people, but carried it * Four table knives with ivory hafts 
 
 to her mouth with a fork, Ep. lib. vii, are mentioned among the gifts of Abbot 
 
 Epist. xix. p. 79. Coryat in his Crudities Acharius in the 13th century to tlie 
 
 speaks of the use of dinner forks among monastery of Peterborough. Stevens, 
 
 the Italians as a custom " not used in Coutin. to Dugdale, vol. i. p. 476. 
 
 any other country;" p. 90, edit. 1611. * 3 Ric. Rot. 1. Salop. Blount Frag. 
 
 P Rymer, Fcedera, vol. iii. p. 392. Antiq., p. 195. 
 
 K
 
 C)C) DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 a ploughman might do in the present day. It is related by 
 Froissart that one of the tokens by which Gaston Count de 
 Foix was known to his adherents, and which he always 
 carried about him, was a knife with which he cut his meat 
 at table ^ 
 
 The wills and inventories of this period abound with 
 notices of plate of such a nature as to prove the extent to 
 which this luxury was carried. In the will of Sir William 
 Vavassour, knight, of Haselwood, Yorkshire, a.d. 1311, we 
 read, 
 
 "Also I bequeath to my wife Nichola, twenty-four silver dishes with as many 
 saucers, and eight silver cups, and one silver-gilt goblet, which she may 
 choose. The one large mazer and the true cross to return to my heirs, and 
 to the same two silver measures." 
 
 John lord Nevill of Raby, lieutenant of the duchy of Aquitaine, &c., 1383, 
 bequeaths altogether 27 beds, 132 dishes, of which 36 are specified as of silver, 
 48 silver salt-cellars, 18 " ollas," 32 "peces," 48 spoons, 8 chargers, 27 jugs, 
 7 "lavatories," 1 silver bowl, 20 silver mugs, 30 silver saucers, 4 basins, 
 4 ewers. 
 
 TWO EATING OFF THE SAME PLATTER. 
 
 In a manuscript copy of the Proces of the Seuen Sages 
 we have the following allusion to this custom; 
 
 Ye wife serued of wine and ale, 
 Serven gest, she set hir a chayer, 
 And set hir doun with meri chere 
 On nente hir lord she gan hir set 
 Tat yai might of a ^latere ete, d:c. * 
 
 The platter being commonly of wood we sometimes meet 
 with the expression " Eating off the same Itoard," thus ; 
 
 Yet ilk day she and hir lord 
 Sold bath togeder ete of a borde ^ 
 
 " Vol. iv, chap, xcviii. Knives were * MS. Cotton. Galba E. ix. fo. 33, a. 
 
 souietinies worn in the girdle. Chaucer's ^ /6/rf. fo. 4 1 , b. It is evident from the 
 
 Pilgrims liad their knives context that this does not refer to the 
 
 ychaped not with bras, table, but to the platter. 
 
 But al with silver wrouglit ful clene and 
 
 wel.
 
 TWO EATING OFF THE SAME PLATTER. C7 
 
 For as Chaucer observes, 
 
 . . . Well ye know, a lord in his household, 
 Ne hath nat every vessell all of gold ; 
 Som ben of tre \ 
 
 This usage of two dining off the same plate was one of 
 those gallant inventions of a chivalrous age of which we 
 find so many traces in the domestic manners of the olden 
 time. It was also usual for the lady and her partner at 
 table to drink out of the same goblet. We may see in 
 this the origin of the polite custom of modern times of 
 " taking wine " with another. At the tables of the more 
 humble class, one drinking vessel served for the whole 
 family. 
 
 That was made for meals, men to eat in *. 
 
 GRACE SAID AT MEALS. 
 
 It is a pleasing trait connected with the domestic manners 
 of the middle ages that a blessing was usually asked before 
 and after meals. In the halls of royalty and the great 
 the chaplain fulfilled this duty. In the romance of Syr 
 Egl amour of Artoys we read, 
 
 Aftyr mete then waschen they, 
 Done pads clerkes gon say, 
 That al men myzt hyt here ''. 
 
 And in the Lyfe of Ipomydon, 
 
 When they had ete and grace sayd '. 
 
 Again in the Lay of Guigamur, 
 
 Le servise Deu li disert, 
 La sun mangier la serveit ^. 
 
 ' Wife of Bathe's Tale, Prolog. delight and use to dine in corners and 
 
 » The old custom of dining in the hall secret places, not repairing to the higli 
 
 was not finally relinquished without an cliainher or hall," &c. 
 
 efTortto restore it; we find an allusion to ^ MS. Cotton. Calig. A. ii. fo, 0, b. 
 
 it in the ordinances of Eltham made in = MS. Harl. 2252. fo. 58. 
 
 1526. It sets forth " that sundry noble- " MS. Harl. 978. fo. 1 18. 
 
 men, gentlemen, and others, doe muche
 
 C8 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 At supper the table was adorned with candlesticks of 
 artistic design. In the houses of the nobles they were 
 sometimes of silver. Richard earl of Arundel in 1392 
 left to his wife "two candlesticks of silver for supper in 
 winter ^" They were usually made with spikes upon which 
 the candles were stuck. Tallow candles were in common 
 use in this century, and their manufacture had become an 
 important branch of commerced Candles however were 
 insufficient to illuminate the spacious hall, and it was there- 
 fore lit up with splinters and flambeaux, which were carried 
 about by the attendants. Froissart, who gives us a graphic 
 sketch of Count Gaston Phoebus de Foix, who had a sin- 
 gular whim of dining at noon and supping at midnight, 
 says, that when he quitted his chamber for supper, twelve 
 servants bore each a large lighted torch before him, which 
 were placed near his table and gave a brilliant light to the 
 hall. The apartment was full of knights and squires, and 
 there were plenty of tables laid out for whosoever chose to 
 sup. No one spoke to him at his table unless he first 
 began the conversation ; he commonly eat heartily of 
 poultry, but generally only the wings and thighs, for in 
 the day-time he neither ate nor drank much. He had 
 great pleasure in hearing minstrels, as he himself was a 
 proficient in the science, and made his secretaries sing 
 songs, ballads, and roundelays ; he remained at table 
 about two hours, and was pleased when any fanciful 
 dishes were served up ; which having seen, he immediately 
 sent to the tables of his knights and squires ^. 
 
 « Testamenta Vetusta, vol. i. p. 131. hold accounts of the preceding century, 
 
 They were sometimes of iron ; inSill.iii. and even in the Roll of 22 Edward i. 
 
 the sheriff of Oxford is commanded to we find that 41bs. of tallow candles cost 
 
 affix two iron candlesticks to the columns but ninepence. Devon's Issue Rolls, p . 
 
 nearest to tlie king's dais in the hall at 113. 
 
 Oxford, to hold candles. s Vol. iii. cap. cxxsi. 
 
 ' Candles are mentioned in the house-
 
 MINSTRELS AND JESTOURS. G9 
 
 The presence of minstrels here referred to was almost an 
 universal custom at this period. Every lord retained them in 
 his household, and even the itinerant minstrels were never 
 refused admittance into the hall. It was an ancient custom 
 among Churchmen whilst at meals, to listen to the reading 
 of Holy Scripture, and several ecclesiastical canons en- 
 force attention to this point. Reading at meals soon be- 
 came common among the laity. Eginhart tells us that the 
 emperor Charlemagne loved to hear some diverting story 
 read to him at table, and King Alfred observed a similar 
 custom. The usage was continued to a late period; in 
 the statutes given by William of Wykeham to New college, 
 Oxford, about the year 1380, the scholars for their recre- 
 ation, were allowed, in the hall after dinner and supper to 
 entertain themselves with songs, and other diversions, and to 
 recite poems, chronicles of kings — the wonders of the world, 
 &C.'' But the romantic and mirthful recitations of the 
 
 Jestours that tellen tales, 
 Both of wepying and of game, 
 
 proved more acceptable to the popular taste. To the 
 jestours we must add the harpers, the mimics, and the 
 fools, as personages who exerted their wit and skill to cast 
 an air of cheerfulness around the festive board. They 
 took a prominent part in ancient festivities, and on state 
 occasions they crowded the hall\ They appear to have 
 travelled about in pursuit of engagements, and like the 
 strolling minstrels gained a subsistence by amusing the 
 lower classes. On the marriage of Margaret, daughter of 
 Edward the Eirst, from far and wide, both in England 
 and on the continent, were summoned fools, harlequins, 
 harpers, violinists, trumpeters, and minstrels. No fewer 
 
 ^ Rubric xviii. The same regulation for the accommodation of the minstrels 
 occurs in the statutes of other colleges. were sometimes called Oriels, See Ar- 
 ' The galleries erected in ancient halls chaeologia, vol. xxiii. p. 113.
 
 70 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 than 426 minstrels, partly English and partly foreign, were 
 present ; among them the bridegroom distributed the sum 
 of 100/., about 1500/. of our money. "The fool of the 
 count of Artois, who came with the duke of Brabant, had 
 a present of forty shillings from the king\" A list of the 
 minstrels who played before Edward the Eirst at Whit- 
 suntide in 1306 has been preserved: several hundreds 
 are enumerated \ Their services were in constant request. 
 They amused the younger branches of the royal house- 
 hold, and they played before the king when his majesty 
 underwent any disagreeable operation. In the wardrobe 
 accounts of the 25th of Edward i. we find an entry of 
 twenty shillings being paid to Melioro, the minstrel of 
 Sir John Mantravers, for performing before the king at 
 Plimton at the time he urns hled'^. In the reign of Ed- 
 ward the Third the royal minstrels received from sixpence 
 to sevenpence halfpenny a day. Arnold le Pyper, Lambe- 
 kin le Taborer, John de Hampton, and many others, had 
 sevenpence halfpenny per day granted to them for life, 
 as appears from the payments made from the exchequer 
 in the year 1370 ^ 
 
 The feasts were sometimes kept up for many successive 
 days, during which time the minstrels were boarded, and 
 often handsomely rewarded. In the Lyfe of Ipomydon we 
 read that 
 
 Mynstraellys had giftes of golde 
 
 And fourty days hys feste was holde " : 
 
 and in the romance of Syr Eglamour we are told that 
 
 Mynstrelles com fro for lond, 
 
 They hadde ryche gyftes y understond, 
 
 ''Wardrobe Book 18 Ed. i. Rot. In the same Roll under Dec. 26. an entry 
 
 Miscel. "Turr. Loud. No. 56. House- occursof2s. beintr paid to Maud Makejoie, 
 
 liold expenses of England in tlie thir- for dancing before Edward the prince of 
 
 teenth and fifteenth centuries." Wales in the king's hall at Ipswich. 
 
 ' Ibid., p. 141. " Issue Roll. Excheq. 44 Ed. iii. 
 
 " MS. in Brit. Mu'. Addit. No. 7965. <> MS. Harl. 2252. fo. 61, b.
 
 THE MINSTRELS. 
 
 71 
 
 In hert they were lyzt ; 
 
 Sythen to ye castell gon they wende, 
 
 To holde ye brydalc to yc ende. 
 
 Uyt lasted a fourtenyzt. 
 
 Mynstrelles yt were thr in that stownd ; 
 
 In gyftes were worth an hundrid pownd p. 
 
 In William and the Werwolf we have a similar passage ; 
 
 Fulle fyftene dales that feste was holden, 
 
 TVith al the realte of Rome that e'vr rink of horde. 
 
 No tODg mizt telle the twentithe parte, 
 
 Of the mede to menstrales that mene time was zine, 
 
 Of robes with riche pane, and other richesse grete, 
 
 Sterne steddes and strong, and other stoute ziftes ''. 
 
 The name of minstrel was 
 synonymous with that of mu- 
 sician, and the bag- piper was 
 very frequently the chief min- 
 strel. In the illumiuations of 
 the Luterell Psalter he is repre- 
 sented as marching before the 
 servants who are serving up 
 the dinner from the kitchen into 
 the hall. 
 
 It was the duty of the mu- 
 sicians to strike up merrily 
 as the attendants carried the 
 dishes into the hall. In Richard 
 Coeur de Lion Ave are told 
 that. 
 
 Fro kechene cam the fyrst cours. 
 With pipes, and trumpes, and tabours '. 
 
 The Minstrel from the Luterell Psalter. 
 
 P MS. Cotton. Caligr. A. ii. fo. 11, a. i fo. 79, b. 
 
 L 3427.
 
 73 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 THE FOOL. 
 
 The fool appears to have been a constant attendant at 
 court. As a domestic character we find many allusions 
 to him in the writings of the fourteenth and fifteenth cen- 
 turies. In the wardrobe accounts of Edward the Second 
 it appears that ten shillings were paid to Dulcia Wi- 
 thestaf, mother to Robert the king's fool'. In an illumi- 
 nation in the magnificent volumes of Froissart among the 
 manuscripts in the British Museum representing the en- 
 trance of Isabella of France into Paris, the royal fool is 
 seen perched upon the palace wall dressed in a costume of 
 red and green'; and in a painting in one of the royal 
 manuscripts we have a portrait of John duke de Berry's 
 fool wearing his ofHcial dress, a party-coloured coat of 
 green, yellow, and pink"". These were they who caused 
 the " beards to wag " in the hall, and excited that mirth so 
 often alluded to in old writers. Thus in a poetical life of 
 Alexander, written in the fourteenth century, we read that, 
 
 Merry swithe it is in halle, 
 When the berdes waveth alle : 
 
 and in another place. 
 
 Merry it is in halle to hear the harpe, 
 The minstrelles synge, the jogelours carpe *. 
 
 In the manuscript romance of King Robert of Sicily we 
 have some curious particulars relative to the dress of the 
 court fool. When the angel to humble King Robert 
 made him his fool, he had his hair and gown shorn : 
 
 Thou art ray fole, seyde ye aungele, 
 Thou shalt be shore un delle, 
 
 » Archseologia, xxvi. p. 3i4. the history of the Court Fool are re- 
 
 ' MS. Ilarl. 4379. fo. 3. ferred to Gcscbichte der Hof. Narreu. 
 
 ■ 1 4. E. V. fo. 5. written in the year Leipzig. 1817. 
 
 1409. Those who feel curious to learn ^ MS. in Bib. Bodl. Laud i. 74.
 
 THE FOOL. 73 
 
 Lyke a fole for to be, 
 
 ffbr yet hast thou no dignite, 
 
 Thy gowne shal newe be shore, 
 
 ffor they gowne of gold is lore. 
 
 Thy counselour shall be an ape, 
 
 And on clothyng for jou shall be shapes'. 
 
 The angel king then 
 
 Somowned him a Barbour before, ^ 
 
 That as a fole he should be shore, 
 
 Al round as a frere. 
 
 An band brede a bove ye eyen, 
 
 And on a gowne make a crosse '. 
 
 And the angel going to Eome 
 
 The fole Roberd with him wente, 
 Clothed in a folis garnement. 
 With foxes taylys hangyng al a boute. 
 Men myght hem knowe in ye roughte *. 
 
 Again in the romance of Ipomydon, we read, that 
 when that celebrated hero prepared to meet his rival the 
 duke Geron, he dressed himself in a quaint manner, and 
 was shorn like a fool, and 
 
 A harbor he callyd withouten more, 
 And shore hym both behynd and byfore, 
 Quayntly endentyd oute and in, 
 And also he shore halfe hys chynne, 
 He semyd a fole that quaint syre 
 Bothe by hede and by atyre ^. 
 
 SUMMONS TO MEALS. 
 
 The company were usually summoned to meals by the 
 blast of clarions and the trumpets of the " waytes : " 
 
 Waytes blewe up to mete ". 
 
 y MS. Harl. 525, fo. 37, b. '' MS. Harl. 2252, fo. 75, b. 
 
 » ibid. fo. 37, a. = MS. Cotton,, Calig. A. ii. fo. 9, b. 
 
 " ibid. fo. 40, a.
 
 74 DOMESTIC ARCHITKCTURR : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 And in the romance of Ipomydoii we read 
 
 By that they came to the castille, 
 There mete was redy every dele, 
 Trumpes to mete gan blow, 
 Claryons and other menstreUes mo ''. 
 
 And we are distinctly told in the Romance of Amis and 
 Amilioun that 
 
 In kynges court it is lawe, 
 
 Trumpes in halle to mete gan blawe ^. 
 
 ATTENDANTS IN HALL. 
 
 The squire attended upon the knight, and the sons of 
 nobles and kings carved, and " did service in hall " as 
 a part of their chivalric education. Of Chaucer's squire 
 we are told that 
 
 Courteous he was, lowly and serviceable, 
 And kerved before hys father at the tabel '. 
 
 And again, 
 
 Now stood the lordes squire at borde, 
 That carp his mete. 
 
 Froissart tells us that the young count de Foix carved 
 before his father : and the renowned Iponiydon 
 
 Was taught 
 Aftyrward to serve in halle, 
 Bothe to grete, and to sraalle, 
 Before the kyng mete to kerve, 
 Ilye and lowe feyre to serve «. 
 
 And further on we read that Ipomydon 
 
 Yt day servyd in halle ; 
 Al spake of hjm bothe grete and smalle ''. 
 
 ^ iMS. Harl, 2252, fo. 83. b MS. Harl. 2252, fo. 54, b. 
 
 ' line 1896. h jbid. fo. 55, a. 
 
 ' Prologue to Cant. Tales.
 
 THE BANQUETING ROOM. 75 
 
 And in the romance of Richard Cceur de Lion we arc told 
 that, 
 
 Beffore King Richard karfF a Knyght ', 
 
 He myght etc after his wjlle, 
 
 He was dcth nygh browghte, 
 
 Or he myght etyn ought, 
 
 But with hownds hat weryn in halle ^. 
 
 And Robert himself, deploring his fallen condition, ex- 
 claims, 
 
 Righte it is, how so it falle, 
 
 With howndes y hete in the halle '. 
 
 In houses of a secondary class the hall at night was con- 
 verted into a dormitory for the accommodation of strangers 
 or visitors, and so unrefined were the manners of the age, 
 that both sexes slept there indiscriminately. This is evi- 
 dent from many passages in old romances and fabliaux. 
 The Bouchier d'Abbeville slept in the hall on a bed on the 
 floor "". Many officers of the royal household had no better 
 accommodation ; even as late as the time of Edward the 
 Fourth this custom is frequently referred to in the book of 
 Ordinances compiled for that king. Several of the domes- 
 tics have beds allotted to them in the hall. 
 
 In all large houses and castles there was a smaller hall 
 or banqueting room in addition to the great hall. In the 
 accounts of the royal palaces so copiously quoted in our 
 first volume, (and to which we are so frequently obliged to 
 refer in the present, as the most complete and perfect re- 
 cords of every thing relating to Domestic Architecture at 
 that period,) there is frequent mention of the queen's hall 
 in addition to the king's hall; and the mansions of the 
 nobility and great prelates were little if at all inferior to 
 those of the king. Nor did the arrangements of the four- 
 
 i 1. 3088. ' 'I'id- f"- 1^2, a. 
 
 k MS. ib. fo. 38, b, ■" Barbaziui, iv. ).
 
 70 
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 tecnth century differ from those of tlie thirteenth. At 
 Bolton castle, Yorkshire, the great hall, and the little hall, 
 or banqueting room, are both so far preserved that their 
 walls are perfect, but wanting roof and floors. The great 
 hall is on the north side of the quadrangle, the small hall 
 on the south side ; each has its separate kitchen, and offices, 
 and chambers ; in fact, the two sides of the quadrangle 
 might be considered as two distinct houses, with the en- 
 trance gatehouse in the east side and the offices in the west. 
 
 THE STAIRCASE. 
 
 When the hall was on the first floor, as was very fre- 
 quently the case, the approach to it was still " by an exter- 
 nal staircase from the court-yard ; this was sometimes a 
 straight flight of stone steps against the wall with a land- 
 ing place at the top outside the door, protected by a porch 
 or pent-house ; the stairs themselves were also covered by a 
 lean-to roof or pent-house, the sides being sometimes open 
 and in others boarded up. The 
 staircase was not always straight, 
 in some cases there is a bend in 
 it towards the court, as at Mark- 
 enfield hall, Yorkshire, where the 
 foundations remain, and the mark 
 of the landing place and pent- 
 house. In other instances it was 
 
 carried round an angle of the build- 
 
 House with external staircast). 
 From MS. is the British Muaeom. 
 
 ing, as at Meare, Somersetshire. 
 
 The illustrations in manuscripts frequently contain repre- 
 sentations of such external staircases, sometimes protected 
 by wooden porches or pent-houses. 
 
 " See Aydon Castle, vol. i. p. 8K
 
 THE STAIRCASE. 
 
 77 
 
 As usual the Liberate Rolls contain the most minute 
 directions respecting the staircase and pent-house, for in- 
 stance, 
 
 24th and 25th H. ni. "To renovate the stair before the outer gate of the 
 tower of Rochester castle, and make a cer- 
 tain pent-house above the stair aforesaid." 
 — " To cause to be made a certain iron trel- 
 lice on the staircase before our chambers 
 towards our herbary, and a certain wooden 
 lattice in the two windows before the cham- 
 ber of our queen, and cause the pent-house 
 above those chambers to be covered with 
 lead. And cause the apertures of the two" 
 
 ,, , iiiii « House with external staircase prutected 
 
 pent- nouses between our hall, the queens by a porch. 
 
 chamber, and our chapel towards the her- FromMS.intheBodleianLibrary,Boai.263. 
 
 bary to be boarded, and two white glass windows to be made in the same 
 boards "." 
 
 34th. " And on both sides of the stairs descending from the door of our 
 chamber towards our wardrobe, make a low wall, and cover that staircase 
 with lead p. To repair the porch before the door of the king's chamber, (at 
 Feckenham,) and to make a certain pent-house over the stair descending 
 from that porch ">." 
 
 From these extracts it is evident that the staircases to the 
 other chambers were also sometimes external, as well as 
 that to the hall ; but in other cases the smaller staircases 
 were commonly internal, either newel stairs in turrets, of 
 which every old house of any extent contains several, or 
 a straight flight of steps from the lower end of the hall 
 sometimes led up to the minstrels' gallery and the room 
 at the back of it. Such a staircase remains in the hall of 
 the Fettiplaces at Childrey, Berkshire. 
 
 Vol. i. p, 197. 
 
 P p. 226, 
 
 1 ibid.
 
 78 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 THE PORCH. 
 
 When the hall was on the 
 ground floor the entrance to it 
 was protected by a porch, as at 
 Penshurst; this is of stone with 
 a groined vault, and a tower over 
 it, but in houses of less import- 
 ance a plain wooden porch was 
 sufficient, the doors of which were 
 ornamented with iron-work. The 
 illustrations in manuscripts of this 
 period frequently contain repre- \^ 
 sentations of such a porch, which 
 is rather a favourite subject of the 
 artists. 
 
 The Liberate Rolls are full of 
 notices of the porch, as, 
 
 Porch of a Hall. 
 From lis. iu the British Uuseum. 
 
 23rd. "Also make in Winchester castle, 
 two posts before the porch of our hall." 
 
 28th. " To make a new door in the aisle of the hall (at Woodstock) near 
 the south angle, with a good and decent porch ; and 
 to cause the three windows of the same hall to be 
 raised with masonry in the fashion of a porch '." 
 
 " Edward Fitz-Otho is commanded to cause a cer- 
 tain great porch which the king has directed to be 
 made, [at Westminster] and which is to be such as 
 may become so great a palace, to be made between 
 the lavatory before the king's kitchen, and the door 
 entering into the smaller hall ; so that the king 
 may dismount from his palfrey in it, at a handsome 
 front ; and walk under it between the aforesaid door 
 and the lavatory aforesaid ; and also from the king's Porch of a Haii. 
 
 kitchen and the chamber of the knights, and he is ^""^ "^- ^"^^ British Museum. 
 to cover it with lead '." 
 
 -Uvs^- 
 
 ' p. 201. That is, for the heads of 
 windows to be carried above tlie line of 
 the eaves of the roof like dormer win- 
 
 dows, as restored in our view of the hall 
 of Sutton Courtcnay, Berkshire. 
 • p. 2G0.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCniTECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 EAST END OF THE DOMESTIC CHAPEL, 
 
 BROUGHTON CASTLE, OXFORDSHIRE.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 TPIE CHAMBERS. 
 
 I. THE CHAPEL. 
 
 The chapel was usually the room' next in importance to 
 the hall, but it varied very much in size and situation, and 
 in relative importance according to the extent and nature 
 of the establishment. It was generally near to the hall, 
 and connected with it by a short passage leading from the 
 dais or upper end of the hall. The east window was large 
 and of ornamented character, similar to a church window ; 
 the altar was placed immediately under it ^. The sacra- 
 rium, or small chancel for the use of the priests, was the 
 whole heiglit of the building, and in this part there is 
 usually a piscina and locker, and sedilia, as in the chancel 
 of a church. The western part or nave of the chapel, as it 
 may be called for the sake of distinction, was frequently 
 divided into two stories by a floor, both open at the east 
 end, or separated from the chancel by a screen only ; in 
 these two rooms there were often fire-places, and it would 
 appear that they were not exclusively devoted to sacred 
 purposes ; when the chapel was used, the upper room was 
 the place for the lord and his family or guests, the lower 
 
 » In houses of less magnitude and Ed. iii., renewed from year to year by 
 
 pretensions where there was no specific the bisliop, to liave divine service under 
 
 chapel, divine service seems to have certain conditions, one of which was al- 
 
 been performed in the hall. The hall ways that the owner and his family 
 
 is frequently called the chapel from should attend their parish church on the 
 
 having been so used, as at Sutton Courte- greater festivals and the day of dedica- 
 
 nay, Berkshire, and at Crook Hall, Dur- tion, and that no private offerings should 
 
 ham. In the latter case there are licences be made at home, 
 extant to the owner of the house, temp.
 
 80 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 room for the domestics, or sometimes the upper room was 
 for the ladies. At Markenfield hall, Yorkshire, there was 
 an example of this division which seems to have been 
 original, but the floor had at a subsequent period been 
 lengthened, so as to block up the upper part of the east 
 window, and it has recently been altogether removed, but 
 the staircase leading to the upper room and the priests' 
 chamber remains. This arrangement continued to be 
 usual in the fifteenth century, and even later, as at East 
 Hendred, Berkshire, and at Studley priory, and Godstow 
 nunnery, Oxfordshire. In Maxstoke castle, Warwickshire, 
 the chapel is placed transversely across the end of the hall, 
 and is of the height of two stories, the hall, and the room 
 under it ; this is in work of the time of Edward in. 
 
 Numerous passages in the Liberate Rolls confirm this 
 division of the chapel into two floors or stories, for ex- 
 ample, — 
 
 21st, Henry ill. " We command that you cause to. be made at Kennington, 
 on the spot where our chapel which is roofed with thatch is situated, a 
 cliapel with a staircase of plaster, which shall be thirty feet long and twelve 
 feet wide ; in such a manner that in the upper part there be made a chapel 
 for the use of our queen, so that she may enter that chapel from her 
 chamber ; and in the lower part let there be a chapel for the use of our 
 family "." 
 
 22nd. "Walter de Burgh is commanded to wainscote as well the upper 
 as the loiver chapel of the queen at Kennington, and to raise the flue of the 
 kind's chimney there, and to do other small necessary works there ''.'' 
 
 2Sth. " The bailiffs of Woodstock are also to cause the queen's chapel to 
 be lengthened by twenty feet towards the east, and vaulting above and 
 beneath "." 
 
 33rd. "The sheriff of Northampton is to put bars to the windows before the 
 queen's chapel, and new doors to the seame chapel, and a lattice bei/ond 
 those doors ^." 
 
 (These directions seem to apply to just such a screen as that at Wenham.) 
 
 35th. At Freemantle, " And a certain chamber with an upper story, with 
 a chapel at the end of the same chamber, for the queen's use '." 
 
 52nd. " A certain chapel at the head of the same chamber, with an upper 
 
 " p. 185. " p. 188, " p. 201, •• p. 2:0. « p. 228.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 PLAN OF THE CHAPEL, ace, 
 
 a Staircase leading into the upper room. b. Staircase leadinS from the ftroiuea passage, 
 
 c. Staircase now blocked up. 
 
 CHAPEL, BROUGHTON CASTLE, OXFORDSHIRE. 
 
 I
 
 THE CHAPEL, 81 
 
 story, and glass windows befitting the same chamber and chapel. For the 
 use of Eleanor the consort of Edward the king's eldest son '." 
 
 It will be remembered that in Little Wenliam the chapel 
 is extremely small, consisting of the sacrarium only, and 
 separated from the hall by a door with a window on each 
 side of it ; the latter closed by wooden shutters when not 
 in use : it seems probable that the same arrangement was 
 followed in other instances, and there is some reason to 
 think that this was the case in Chepstow castle ; the rich 
 Early English arch across the hall may have been such a 
 screen as that at Wenham, on a larger scale ; the window 
 behind it has much the appearance of a chapel window, 
 and is different from the other windows of the hall, and 
 has no seats in the sill. In the ancient hospital at Chi- 
 chester, the chapel consists of a sacrarium only, and is se- 
 parated from the hall or principal chamber, by an open 
 screen with a curtain. In some cases the chapel occupies 
 a projecting wing of the house, and is of marked ecclesi- 
 astical character on the exterior, as at Lyte's Carey House, 
 Somersetshire. In some of the larger houses and castles, 
 the chapel was a detached building in the court-yard, as 
 at an earlier period in Ludlow castle ^. 
 
 Besides the principal chapel there were other smaller 
 chapels, and oratories ; this was sometimes a small vaulted 
 chamber at the top of a turret, and very richly ornamented, 
 as in Chepstow and Brougham castles. 
 
 Attached to the chapel were usually two small chambers 
 for the use of the priests, or chaplains, or friars ; these 
 chambers are frequently mentioned in the Liberate Rolls **. 
 
 ' p. 255. period a very rich one at the chateau of 
 
 8 There is a good example of a chapel Jucoville, near Isigny. 
 
 of this kind of the fourteenth century, in '' See vol. i. pp. 215, 220, 22i, 22G, 
 
 a manor-house not fortified at Cully, 232. 
 
 near Bayeux, in Normandy, and of a later 
 
 M
 
 82 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 II. TUE ORIEL. 
 
 Another chamber of some importance is frequently men- 
 tioned in old accounts by the name of the oriel or oriole; 
 the exact meaning and derivation of the word has long 
 been a question ; Dr. Copleston wrote a learned essay 
 upon it *", in which he inclined to the opinion that it sig- 
 nified the porch or entrance, with a chapel over it; Dr. 
 Ingram was of opinion that it was an abbreviation of the 
 word orat-oriolum, and signified the private oratory, and 
 various entries in the Liberate Rolls give countenance to 
 this opinion : but it had also another meaning connected 
 with this, though not exactly identical. In our description 
 of the chapel we have shewn that it was commonly divided 
 into two stories by a floor, the upper one being open at the 
 east end to the chancel, which was the entire height of the 
 building ; these two rooms, which may be called the upper 
 and lower parts of the nave of the chapel, were not ex- 
 clusively devoted to sacred purposes ; they were separated 
 from the chancel by a screen which could be closed by 
 wooden shutters or by a curtain ; and they contained fire- 
 places. The upper room was called the oriole, and it fre- 
 quently formed a sort of landing-place, or waiting-room 
 outside the door of the principal chamber. 
 
 Thus in the Liberate Rolls, 
 
 I7th Henry iii. " It is ordered of the sheriff of Hereford that at the head 
 of THE ORIOLE' of the king's chamber in the castle of Hereford he cause to 
 be made a certain fair and decent chapel, of the length of twenty-five feet, 
 and that he cause that chapel to be wainscoated J." 
 
 24th. "To cause the oriol before the door of our queen's chamber at 
 
 Woodstock to be wainscoted the windows in the oriol before the door 
 
 of our chambers in Rochester castle to be repaired, and to make new icooden 
 viindows in [the screen of] the chapel aforesaid ''." 
 
 "^ Printed in Skelton'sOxoniaAntiqua, 1 Vol. i. p. 184. 
 
 Tol. ii. p. H*. '' p. 196. 
 
 ' ad caput oriolli.
 
 THE ORIEL. 83 
 
 28th. "That the pillared windows of the oeiol may be removed ; and 
 a staircase made in that angle to ascend into the aforesaid oriol, and he is 
 to joist that OKIOL with cumbered joists, and to cover those joists with lead ; 
 and to make a fair private chamber, well vaulted, as well in the upper as 
 iu the lower story of that oriol ; and to wainscote the greater and lesser 
 chamber of the queen's and to make a pavement of tiles in the king's de- 
 mesne chapel, and in that oriol, and to wainscote it '." And at GcdJing- 
 ton, "windows to be made before the queen's oriol'"," [that is, probably, 
 in the screen in front of it.] 
 
 30th, at Oxford, to " Make also a door and windows in the oriol beyond 
 the porch of our hall there," ... at Ludgersliall ", " to make an oriol before 
 the door of the king's chamber there, and also one covered alley from the door 
 of the aforesaid chamber to the door of the hall °." 
 
 31st, at Brill, "an oriol with a stair p before the door of the queen's 
 chamber ''." 
 
 34th, at Marlborough, " To lengthen the chamber behind the chapel of 
 S. Nicholas, towards the priest's chamber, with an oriol '." 
 
 35th, at Winchester, "To put wooden windows in the oriol of the 
 queen's chapel %" [probably in the screen.] 
 
 36th, at Geddington, " To make a chapel in the oriol beyond the door 
 of our chamber, and three glass windows in the same chapel ; " " wain- 
 scote the same chapel, and paint it of a green colour scintillated with gold, 
 and make a certain screen ' between the chancel and the body of the chapel, 
 with a door in the middle, and two seats on each side of that door "." 
 
 40t.h, " In making a certain stair ^ with a door and oriel on the right side 
 of the king's chapel at Rochester ^." 
 
 42nd, at Guildford, " To block up the outer and inner doorway of the 
 chamber under the oriol, and to make a door from the king's wardrobe into 
 that chamber under the oriol ^." 
 
 44th, at Winchester, " To repair the gutters of the chamber of the chap- 
 lains, and a pillar in the oriol towards the queen's chapel '." 
 
 " The sheriii' of Southampton is directed to build an oriol between the 
 new chamber and the queen's chapel in Winchester castle, of the width of 
 the same chamber, and a passage to the oriol of the aforesaid chapel with 
 four glass windows, and other small openings of glass ; and a fireplace in the 
 aforesaid oriel to heat the queen's victuals, and to build under the aforesaid 
 oriol two walls from the same chamber to the chapel aforesaid ''," 
 
 » p. 203. ' p. 228. 
 
 " p. 204. ' clausuni, 
 
 ° p. 208. " P- 238. 
 
 p. 210, * stagiiuii. 
 P cum stagio; this may mean only an '' P- 246. 
 
 upper story. ' P- 249. 
 
 1 p. 213. • p. 252. 
 ' p. 222. '' p. 256.
 
 84 DOMESTIC ARCniTECTUHE : FOURTEENTII CENTURY. 
 
 The whole of the foregoing extracts may be reconciled 
 with this explanation of the word oriol, and do not seem 
 to admit of any other meaning. Yet the same name seems 
 to have been appHed to a recess in the hall or chamber, 
 nearly as in the modern usage of the term. Thus in one 
 instance in the Liberate Rolls, 53rd H. iii. at Clarendon. 
 
 " To repair without delay the aisles, windows, and oriols of the same 
 hall^" 
 
 In the romance of a Squire of Low Degree, in the oriel 
 of her chamber the princess of Hungary listens to her 
 lover's complaint : 
 
 That ladi herde hys mournyng alle, 
 Ryghte undir the chambre walle : 
 In her oryall there she was, 
 Cloysed well with royall glas, 
 Fulfylled yt was with ymagery, 
 Every window by and by 
 On eche syde had ther a gynne, 
 Sperde with manie a dyvers pynne. 
 Anone that ladie fayre and fre 
 Undyd a pynne of yvere ^, 
 And wyd the wyndowes she open sett, 
 The simne shone yn at hir closet. 
 In that arbre fayre and gaye 
 She saw where that Squyre lay. 
 
 All the passages quoted by Mr. Hamper, in Archgeologia, 
 vol. xxiii., may also be reconciled with this explanation of 
 the word ; the most important of these are from a roll at 
 that time, (1830,) in the possession of the Right Hon. Lord 
 Stafford, relating to the repairs of Maxstoke castle, in 
 the 30th H. vi. 
 
 " Pro sperres, post, et gradubus, de eisdem fiend' pro uno Oriell supra 
 stabulam ibidem." " Sol, Thome Grene carpentar' conduct' ad facicnd' unum 
 novum ORIELL supra hostium solar' ibidem iij'. iiij*"." 
 
 ■^ p. 255. In this instance the word this period was the same as described 
 
 may be applied to the minstrels' gallery. in the Liberate Rolls in the previous 
 
 ^ This also shews that the manner of century, 
 hanging and fastening the windows of
 
 THE ORIEL. 85 
 
 These passages evidently relate to a loft or upper cham- 
 ber. Ill one instance the name of oryell seems to be ap- 
 plied to the minstrels' gallery in the hall. 
 
 " Pro novo oeeyell pro Trumpetes Domini in aula "." 
 
 But as the passage is said to relate also to the rebuilding 
 of the lord's parlour and the lady's closet, near the chcqnl ; 
 and the passage is not quoted in full, there may be some 
 error in the quotation ; ** the lord's parlour and the lady's 
 closet near the chapel," are probably the upper and lower 
 rooms screened off from the chapel. 
 
 The ORIOLE which stood on the site now occupied by 
 Oriel college was probably a chapel or oratory, which may 
 have had an upper story to it ; and the same may be said of 
 the oriel at Harfleur, mentioned in a deed of a.d. 1338, 
 quoted by Carpentier, in his supplement to the Glossary 
 of Ducano;e. 
 
 The passage in the legend of the Earl of Toulouse, in 
 Ritson's Metrical Romances, may very well apply to the 
 room over the porch, or the word may be used as synony- 
 mous with chapel. 
 
 When ye here the mas-belle, 
 
 Y schall hur brynge to the chapelle, 
 
 Thedur sche schall be broght. 
 
 Be the ohyall syde stande thou styllc, 
 
 Then schalt thou see hur at thy wylle, 
 
 That ys so worthyly wroght. 
 
 The Lexicon Anglo-Latini, a.d. 1440, explains the "oryel 
 of a wyndowe " by " cancellus V' which seems to shew some 
 connection between the oriel and the chancel, and probably 
 here means only a window in the screen. In the " Ordi- 
 natio pro victu fratris Johannis Asheli dudum Prioris de 
 
 * Roll of Lord Stafford. The iron bars which separated the inner 
 
 ' Cancellus is properly an upright bar from the outer rooin in the treasury at 
 
 of stone, wood, or iron, and the chancel Durham are called cancelli ; they still 
 
 takes its name from being divided from remain. 
 
 the rest of the church by these cancelli.
 
 86 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Davcntre, a.d. 1420, haheat caraerara quandam in eodem 
 Prioratu vulgariter appellatam ly oryall," and in the coin- 
 potus of Maxstoke priory, a.d. 1447, "in camera orioli." 
 
 Matthew Paris several times uses the word oriel as ap- 
 plied to a chamber, " In Refectorio vel oriolo, cum sociis 
 suis pranderet " ... in oriolo carncm comederent, "atrium 
 nobilissimum in introitu, quod Porticus vel oriolum appel- 
 latur^." This appears to be the room over the entrance in 
 the gate-house, in which there was frequently an oratory. 
 
 William of Worcester, describing the manor-house at 
 Howndesdon in Hertfordshire, says 
 
 " altitude dictae turris, cum le ovyrstorye vocat an obiell, cum fenestris et 
 vanys deauratis, est ut dicitur a fundamento dictae turris c pedes ^." 
 
 III. THE SOLAR, 
 
 The principal chamber after the hall was that called the 
 lord's chamber, or sometimes the solar and the parlour, 
 the use of which corresponded to the withdrawing-room of 
 modern times. 
 
 Part of a House from a MS. of the Hth century, in the British Museum, shewing the situation 
 of the solau: or lord'a chamber. 
 
 « Matt. Paris, ed. Wats, pp. 713, 1044, 1071. 
 
 ^ Ed. Nasmyth, p. 89.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 THE SOLAR. 
 
 SUTTON COURTENAT. BERKSHIRE.
 
 THE SOLAR. 
 
 87 
 
 It was the private apartment of the lord and his family, 
 to which he and his chief guests retired from the high table 
 after the feast was over, leaving the commonalty in the 
 body of the hall, where many remained to sleep. 
 
 Whan that this Tartre king, this Cambuscan, 
 Rose from his bord, theras he sat ful hie, 
 Befome him goth the loude nienstralcie, 
 Til he came to his chambre of Parements '. 
 
 This chamber was usually situated behind the dais, sepa- 
 rated from it by the end wall of the hall, and had a store 
 room or cellar under it ; these two apartments together were 
 frequently not so high as the hall, leaving the gable with 
 the window in it free above them. There was generally a 
 small opening^ from this chamber into the hall from which 
 the lord could overlook the proceedings, and hear all that 
 passed. This chamber was placed transversely to the hall, 
 being of the same length that the hall was wide, and had a 
 window at each end, as on 
 
 the other side it joined on 
 to other buildings, at least 
 in the larger houses, for a 
 small house frequently con- 
 sisted only of the hall in the 
 centre, the solar at one end, 
 and the offices at the other. 
 In some instances both the upper and lower rooms appear 
 to have been used as parlours. 
 
 This chamber is frequently mentioned in the Liberate 
 Rolls; thus at Gillingham, 
 
 A.D. 1250, "at the head of our hall towards the east, let there be made a 
 chamber forty feet long and twenty-two feet wide, transversely towards the 
 north, with a fire-place and a privy chamber ''." 
 
 View of a small fortified House, shewing the 
 comparative importance of the Hall. 
 From a MS. in the British Museum. 
 
 \ 
 
 • Squyr'sTale, 1. 10578. 
 
 J The opening is sometimes called 
 
 Perthisis. 
 
 ^ See vol. i. p. 235.
 
 88 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Although in the smaller houses the solar' and the lord's 
 chamber appear to have been the same, it is clear that 
 in the larger houses they were distinct, and that the solar 
 was the room in the upper part of the gate-house "" over the 
 entrance gateway and porter's lodge ; this room was often 
 of considerable size, and was one of some importance. It 
 was sometimes used as a chapel. In Prudhoe castle, Nor- 
 thumberland, the solar in the gate-house is a good-sized 
 room, and has a bay or oriel corbelled out at one end, in 
 which there are three small lancet-shaped windows; the 
 entrance is at the opposite end by an external stone staircase. 
 This building is of the time of Edward i. or ii., and it affords 
 the earliest instance we have met with of that class of win- 
 dows now popularly known by the name of an oriel window. 
 
 FIRE-PLACES AND CHIMNEYS. 
 
 In our first volume the use of fire-places and chimneys 
 in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was abundantly 
 shewn, and it is almost 
 needless to observe that 
 they continued in constant 
 use throughout the four- 
 teenth century also. We 
 have stated that they were 
 not yet commonly used 
 in the hall, but in the 
 other chambers their use 
 was almost universal; we 
 frequently find a fu'e-place and chimney in every room in 
 the house except the hall. A good example of this occurs 
 
 ' The term solar was applied to any leret or little solar, as in the Liberate 
 
 upper room J even a room over a shop Rolls, 33 H. iii., "to make a certain 
 
 was so called. soleret above tlie gateway at Gedding- 
 
 '" This was sometimes called the so- ton," — Vol. i. p. 217. 
 
 Chimney, BarljrJ,
 
 DOMKSTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 FIBE PLACE, OLD DEA.NER"?. LINCOLN. 
 
 FIRE-PLACE EDLINGHAM CASTLE, XCRTHrMBERLAKB
 
 FIRE-PLACES AND CHIMNEYS. 
 
 89 
 
 at St. Briavel's castle, Gloucestershire, a nearly perfect 
 house of the thirteenth century, (except the hall, which has 
 been destroyed ;) the rooms are small and numerous, and 
 each is provided with a fire-place, nearly all of which are in 
 their original state ; and there is a very good chimney of 
 the fourteenth century on the gable. 
 
 The fire-place always has a hood over it, of greater or 
 less projection according to convenience, but it is generally 
 considerable, and frequently corbelled out in a very bold 
 and picturesque manner, as in the old deanery at Lincoln. 
 The flat arch or chimney- 
 piece is sometimes built of 
 small stones joggled to- 
 gether in a very ingenious 
 manner, as in Edlinghani 
 castle, Northumberland ; 
 sometimes it is of a sinsrle 
 stone carried upon the cor- 
 bels, and these again are 
 in some cases supported by 
 shafts with regular capitals 
 and bases, in others the 
 jambs are merely orna- 
 mented by mouldings con- 
 tinued to the floor. Among 
 the illuminations in the 
 manuscript of the romance 
 of Alexander, is a very 
 curious representation of 
 a fire-place with its hood, 
 
 and chnUneV and the fire- Fire-pUce with Are-dogs and chimney, from the MS. 
 J ' of the Komance of Alexander in the Bodleian library. 
 
 dogs or andirons on the Bodi.264. 
 
 hearth. At the top of the chimney a stork's nest is intro- 
 duced in a very singular manner. 
 
 N
 
 90 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 V'-.- -_ ^ 
 
 The cliimney-sliafts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 
 are commonly round and 
 tall ; in the fourteenth they 
 are more frequently oc- 
 tagonal, and the use of 
 tall chimneys was still con- 
 tinued, of which we have a 
 good example in the arch- 
 bishop's palace at Southwell 
 in Nottinghamshire : but 
 the chimneys of this cen- 
 tury are frequently shoit chimney, oia woodBtock. 
 and placed on the point of the gable, as at Burford, Oxford- 
 shire ; these are frequently terndnatcd by a sort of spire, 
 sometimes crocketed like a pinnacle, with apertures of 
 various forms under it, and sometimes in it also, for the 
 escape of the smoke. In 
 other instances these short 
 chimneys are ])laced on the 
 ridge of the roof instead of 
 on the point of the gable. 
 Of this arrangement we 
 have good examples at Old 
 Woodstock, and at Mot- 
 combe in Devonshire. 
 
 At Norborough, North- 
 amptonshire, the chimney 
 is attached to the gable, 
 and richly ornamented with 
 canopies and a cornice fitted 
 with ball-flowers, and a bat- 
 tlement over it. 
 
 In the ruins of Grosmont 
 
 castle, llCreiOrdshire, there chimney, CjxjsmomcasUe.HerefonJsLijis.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 CHIMNET, 
 
 ARCHBISHOP-S PALACE, SOUTHWELL, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 NOEBOEOUGH, NORTHANTS. 
 
 EXTON, RUTLiND. 
 
 CHIMNET OF THE LAVATORY. LINCOLN CATH, 
 
 :^OrcOJiBE. DUKSETSHIRE
 
 CHIMNEYS. 
 
 91 
 
 is a remarkably elegant chimney, consisting of an octagonal 
 
 shaft, with a canopy and a 
 
 crest at the top, and narrow 
 
 openings, with trefoil heads. 
 
 It is {)robably of the time 
 
 of Edward i. 
 
 When the fire-places are 
 on the first or second floor, 
 they are frequently carried 
 so far through the thick- 
 ness of the wall that it is 
 necessary to corbel out the 
 chimney at the back"; of 
 this we have a good example ^7]^-— ^,..r 
 in the Potter-gate at Lin- 
 coln, where the fire-place is 
 in the room over the arch- 
 way, and the chimney is 
 corbelled out, and so carried 
 up to a short octagonal shaft 
 on the battlement. 
 
 Although it was the ge- 
 neral custom for the whole 
 family, including the guests 
 and retainers, to dine to- 
 gether in the common hall", 
 yet as the ideas of the 
 classes besran to 
 
 higher 
 
 ™ This fashion of corbelling out the 
 chimneys may be observed in the twelfth 
 century at the Jews' House, Lincoln, but 
 it was more common in the fourteenth. 
 In some foreign towns this feature is re- 
 markably prevalent, as at Treves, where it 
 is a prevailing feature, and the lower part 
 of the chimney is frequently ornamented 
 
 CtLimney. Potter-Jate, Lincoln. 
 
 with panelling of elegant character. 
 
 ° See Raine's Auckland Castle for an 
 account of a strange scene which took 
 place in the hall of the rectory house of 
 Wolsingham, temp. Ed. ill. The bp. of 
 Durham and the archdeacon of Northum- 
 berland had been sitting until bed- time 
 among the menials.
 
 92 DOMKSTIC architecture: FOURTEENTn CENTURY. 
 
 grow more refined during this century, tliey apj)car in 
 some cases to have preferred dining moie privately in 
 one of the smaller chambers, partly perhaps on account 
 of the greater comfort of the fire-place and chimney. 
 
 The chambers in which rich men dined, to use the 
 language of Piers the Ploughman, are sometimes referred 
 to in old romances. Distinguished guests w^re honoured 
 occasionally with these private repasts. Meals were some- 
 times served in the bed-chamber. In the romance of 
 Guigamar we read, 
 
 La dame en sa chambre le meine 
 Desur le lit a la meschine, 
 Triers un dossal qui por cortine, 
 Fu en la chambre appareilliez, 
 La est li Dameisels cuchez 
 En bacius de or leve aporterent, 
 Sa plaie e sa quisse laverent °. 
 
 In the romance of Syr Bevys of Hamptoun we read that 
 that worthy knight dined in the princess's bed-chamber, and, 
 
 On the maidenes bed-i-sete p. 
 
 Longland in Piers the Ploughman's Crede, alluding to 
 this, says, 
 
 Elenge is the hal every day in the weke, 
 
 There the lorde ne the lady lyketh not to sytte, 
 
 Now hath eche ryche a rule to eaten by him selfe 
 
 In a privee parlor, for poore mens sake, 
 
 Or in a chambre wyth a chimney, and leave the chief hal. 
 
 In the larger houses, besides the solar or lord's chamber, 
 there was also the lady's chamber or bower, the situation 
 of which depended upon the plan of the house, but was 
 near to the lord's chamber, and connected with it by a door- 
 way or short passage ''. A good example of this in the early 
 part of the following century occurs in Warkvvorth castle, the 
 interior arrangements of which are remarkably perfect. In 
 
 " Vol. i. p. 2H-. p Vol. i. p. 258. king's chamber and the chamber of the 
 
 s Thusin 12i5,atMarlboroug:h. "To queen." Vol. i. p. 206. 
 make an alley of two stories between the
 
 DOMKSTIC AIICIIITI'XTUIIK : FOIJ IJTKKNTH CKNTUIIY. 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 TABLES FROM MSS. TN THE BJDLEliN LIBRART. OXFORD. 
 
 EOi£AKCE OF ALEXAXDER, BODL. 261 
 
 ^■'mt Hi I ^4b!~^ 
 
 ROilANCE OF ALESAMDER, BODL. 264.
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 03 
 
 Chair in a chamber from the MS. of the 
 
 Romance of Alexander. Bodl. 360. 
 
 llic Liberate Rolls there is frequent mention of the queen's 
 chamber as distinct from the king's chamber. The prince's 
 chamber is also frequently mentioned, and the queen's 
 lower chamber. The apartments 
 in which the attendants slept are 
 specified as being in the turrets ; 
 there were also other apartments 
 for guests in the towers. 
 
 Original furniture of this period 
 is so extremely rare that we can 
 form no idea in what manner the 
 chambers were furnished, except- 
 ing from inventories, and from the 
 illuminations in cotemporary man- 
 uscripts. Chairs do not appear to have been commonly used, 
 but are occasionally mentioned in the inventories and deli- 
 neated in the MSS. The representation annexed shews a 
 curious form of arm chair, apparently used only on state 
 occasions. Tables "" of this period are almost equally rare, 
 boards and trestles having been most commonly used, but 
 we occasionally find representations of small tables, in 
 which the top was evidently fixed to the frame, as in the 
 MS. of the romance of Alexander before referred to. 
 
 The walls of the parlour were commonly covered with 
 wainscote^ below, and the upper part painted* with scenes 
 from popular romances, and the apartment was not always 
 destitute of ornament : the family plate was sometimes 
 ostentatiously displayed on an oaken sideboard. 
 
 Perhaps the most striking feature in the parlour of the 
 
 ' "36 H. in. Godfrey de Listen is 
 ordered to procure, wheresoever lie can 
 within his bailiwick, or elsewhere, either 
 by gift or purchase, a great beech tree, 
 to make tables for the king's kitchen at 
 Westminster." Vol. i. p. 239. 
 
 " See the Liberate Rolls 39 & 35 H. 
 III. vol. i. pp. 232, 245. 
 
 ' The painting of (he chambers is 
 frequently mentioned in the Liberate 
 Rolls.
 
 94 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 fourteenth century was tlie window, wliich was sometimes 
 glazed. The recesses were of goodly size, and usually built 
 as in the preceding century, with the masonry left so as to 
 form stone benches on each side. These were the favourite 
 nooks and corners of domestic life, and the votaries of chess 
 haunted these pleasant old-fashioned retreats. It was here 
 too that my lady and her fair damsels brought their spin- 
 ning and their " broidery," and wrought those marvellous 
 and beautiful fabrics for which in medieval times their 
 n'cdles acquired an European fame. 
 
 In the romance of William and the Werwolf we read ; 
 
 And sethen that comli ladi caryres to hire chamher 
 And wetied up a window that was towards the place. 
 
 The word " weved " signifies to raise or lift up ; it may 
 however only refer to the wooden shutter as shewn in the 
 illuminations of MSS. of this period. 
 
 The chamber door was usually fastened with a lock. In 
 Sir Bevys of Hamptoun we read that when Josian went 
 into her chamber she 
 
 Schette the dore with the keie' ; 
 
 and when the renowned Syr Bevys went to arm himself 
 in his chamber, 
 
 In haste the dore he gan up wiune ' ; 
 
 and in Chaucer's Miller's Tale, 
 
 Get me a staffe, that I may underspore 
 While that thou Robin heavest up the dore. 
 He shall out of his studying- as I gesse. 
 And to the chamber dore he gan him dresse. 
 His knave Avas a strong carle for the nones, 
 And by the haspe bare up the dore at ones, 
 Unto the floore the dore fell anone ". 
 
 Also — 
 
 In a chamber he sal be token, 
 With gudc lokkes fid stifly stoken'. 
 
 « line 3031. " Chaucer's Miller's Tale, p. 29, 
 
 ' 1. 4182. >■ MS. Cotton. Galba, E. ix. fo. 17, b.
 
 THE LADY S BOWER. 95 
 
 Of a jealous husband who turns his wife out of the house, 
 we are told that, 
 
 Ye dor ful stalworthly he spers, 
 With lokkes and with barres grete, 
 And lete his whif stand in ye strete. 
 
 The doors of private houses were furnished with large 
 iron rings, which, being hollow, made much noise. 
 
 Ye whif at ye dore yc ring gan shak, 
 Ye godemau, at a wyndow spake ". 
 
 The principal transactions of the day took place in the 
 hall and the bed-chamber. In the former, the festivities 
 and pageantries w'ere celebrated, but kings and nobles re- 
 ceived their courtiers, held councils, and granted audiences 
 in their sleeping apartments. Many allusions to this custom 
 occur in old authors. Froissart presented his book of Love 
 Poems to Eichard the Second in the king's chamber, and 
 after the ceremony, he tells us that he laid the volume on 
 the bed ^. In a manuscript written at the beginning of the 
 iiftcenth century, containing the poems of Christine de Pisa, 
 the authoress is represented offering her book, kneeling, to 
 her patroness in a bed-chamber. Many ladies in rich apparel 
 are in attendance to witness the ceremony''. With the more 
 general introduction of parlours this custom declined. 
 
 In the old romances the term " bovver" is applied in- 
 discriminately to the bed-chamber and the parlour. In the 
 romance of King Athelstone, written in the middle of the 
 fourteenth century, we read, 
 
 We schole drawe down both halle and boures. 
 Both hys castelles and hys toures ^. 
 
 And in the romance of Syr Degorc we are told, 
 
 Sone after with grete honoure, 
 Ther cam a ladye out of her boure '. 
 
 »■ Il)i>!. fo. 30, b. ^ MS. in Caius College library, 
 
 " Cliroii., vol. iv. cliap. cxxxiv. printtd by tbe llev. C. U. IJattsliorne. 
 
 y MS. in Brit. Mas. Harkiaii, No. » Sign. C. iv. 
 
 4431, fo. 1.
 
 96 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 And again, in Richard Coeiir de Lion, 
 
 The kyuge's doughter lay in her boure "' ; 
 Ladycs strowe here boures, 
 With rede roses & Ijlje floures *. 
 
 THE BED-CHAMBER. 
 
 In addition to the principal chambers already mentioned, 
 and which usually contained beds, the larger houses of the 
 higher class were provided with other bed-chambers ^ and 
 in this century they displayed many evidences of improve- 
 ment. Although often small and irregular in shape, they 
 were snug and luxurious apartments when compared with 
 the indifferent accommodation of the earlier ages. They 
 were sometimes furnished with glass windows, and the walls 
 adorned with paintings. 
 The bedsteads, as repre- 
 sented in the paintings 
 of contemporary manu- 
 scripts, are often supplied 
 with a tester or canopy, 
 and hung with tapestry 
 richly embroidered and 
 trimmed with fringe of 
 gold. During the stay of 
 Edward iii. at Wark cas- 
 tle, the countess of Salis- 
 bury, says Froissart, led 
 the king first into the 
 hall, then to his chamber, which was richly furnished as 
 belonging to so fine a lady. In the Squire of Low Degree 
 before quoted, we have the following description of a bed 
 and furniture of a princess ; 
 
 '' line 879. <: line 3735. from the other chambers, but in the 
 
 In the Libtrate Rolls the bcd-cham- fourteentii century this distinction be- 
 ber is occasionally mentioned distinctly came n)ore common. 
 
 Bfdstead and Cradle from the MS. of the 
 Komauce of AlexcUider in the Bodleian Library.
 
 THE BED-CHAMBER. 97 
 
 Your Blankcttcs shal be of fustyane 
 Your shetes shal be of clothe of rayne % 
 Your head shete, shal be of pery pyght, 
 Wyth dymondes set and rubys bryghte. 
 Whan you are layd in bed so softe, 
 A cage of golde shal hange alofte. 
 
 Tapestry was not confined to the chambers of the no- 
 bility. In the romance of Eridice the hero is entertained 
 at the hostelry of a wealthy burgher, and accommodated 
 with the best apartment ; 
 
 Sun ostel fu chies un Burgeis, 
 Qui mut esteit fu sage e curteis ; 
 Sa bele chambre encurtinee, 
 Li ad le ostes delivree '. 
 
 We often find allusion to the beds being richly wrought. 
 In Syr Eglamour of Artoys we read. 
 
 The knyghth syhnd, and seyd alas ! 
 Adjoynyng tyll his bed he gas. 
 That rychely was wroght «. 
 
 The bedsteads were hung with curtains ; 
 
 And for dol a doteth and doth him to hire chaumber. 
 And busked evene to hire bed but nothing he no fond 
 Withinne hire comely curtynes but hire clothes warme '". 
 
 The bed curtains were hung on wooden rails ; 
 
 A couertine on raile tre, 
 
 For no man scholde on his bed i se '. 
 
 And again from the same source we have. 
 
 On the raile tre she drew, &c.'' 
 
 I 
 
 • So called from being manufactured Bevys mention is made of 
 
 at Rennes a city of Brittany; it was re- — beddes of silke echon 
 
 garded as a great luxury. Chaucer says; Quiltes of gold thar upon. 1.3819. 
 
 And many a pillowe and every bere '' William and the Werwolf, fo. 30, a. 
 
 Of cloth of raynes to sleepe on soft. ' Syr Bevy!;, 1. 3041. 
 
 ' MS. Harl. 978. fo. 150, b. i' 1. 3046. 
 
 " MS. Cotton. A. ii. fo. 4, a. In Syr
 
 98 DOMESTIC AUCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Chaucer in his Dreame describing his sleeping apart- 
 ment says, 
 
 And sooth to saine my chamber was, 
 
 Full well depainted and with glas, 
 
 Were all the windows well yglased 
 
 Full clere and nat a hole ycrased 
 
 That to behold it was great joy 
 
 For holly all the story of Troy 
 
 Was in the glaising ywroughte thus 
 
 Of Hector and of King Priamus 
 
 Of Achilles and of King Ladmedon 
 
 And eche of Medea and Jason 
 
 Of Paris, Heleine and of Lavine 
 
 And all the walls of colors fine 
 
 Were paint both text and glose 
 
 And all the Romant of the Rose 
 
 ISIy windows weren that echone 
 
 And through the glasse the sunne came. 
 
 And in the Miller's Tale, 
 
 This clarke was cleped Hend Nicholas ; 
 A chamber he had in that hostelrie 
 Alone, withouten any companie, 
 Full fctously dight with hearbes sotc, 
 His almagiste, and bookes great and small. 
 His asterlagour, longing for his art. 
 His augrin stones lying faire apart 
 On shelves all couched at his beds hed ' : 
 His presse icouered with a folding red. 
 
 Also in the Clerk of Oxenford's Tale", 
 
 And with y' word she gan y* hous to dight, 
 
 And tables to set and beds to make, 
 
 And pained her to doen all that she might. 
 
 Praying the chamberers for God's sake 
 
 To hasten them and fast sweepe and shake. 
 
 And she the most serviceable of them all, 
 
 Hath every chamber arraied, and his hall. 
 
 ' In the dormitory at Durliam in the every trace of the old arrangements has 
 
 cell of each monk was an arrangement disappeared. 
 of shelves at the head of the bed as '" The edition of Chaucer referred to is 
 
 here described ; this could be distinctly the black letter folio, 1GS7. 
 seen before tlie late restorations, but now
 
 CARPETS. 99 
 
 In the romance of Ywaine and Gawin, written in this 
 century, we read ; 
 
 Wit ye well yat Sir Ywayne, 
 
 Of yer wordes was ful fayne, 
 
 In at ye dore she him led, 
 
 And did him sit upon his bed, 
 
 A quylt ful nobil lay theron, 
 
 Richer saw he neuer none, 
 
 She said, if he wold any thing, 
 
 He sold be serued at his liking. 
 
 He said, that ete wold he fayn, 
 
 She went, and come ful sone again. 
 
 A capon rosted broght she sone, 
 
 A clene klath and brede tharone, 
 
 And a pot with riche wine. 
 
 And a peel ° to fil it yne. 
 
 He ete, and drank, with ful gude cher. 
 
 For tharof had he grete myster ". 
 
 Hastily yan went yai all. 
 
 And soght him ye maydenes hall, 
 
 In chambers high, es noght at hide, 
 
 And in solers on iltra side p. 
 
 Ye comli quen than taketh Melior by the hande, 
 
 And bi fore went William and after ward the queue. 
 
 Brought him to a choys chaumber xmder the chef toure ''. 
 
 CARPETS. 
 
 In the romance of Ywaine and Gawin, we read, 
 
 When he unto chamber yede, 
 The chamber flore and als ye bede. 
 With klathes of gold were al over spred '. 
 
 But even in the palaces of royalty the floors were gene- 
 rally strewed with rushes and straw, sometimes mixed 
 with sweet herbs. In the Household Roll of Edward ii. 
 we find an entry of money paid to John de Carleford, for 
 going from York to Newcastle to procure straw for the 
 
 " A cup or drinking vessel. i William and the Werwolf, fo. 47, a. 
 
 » MS. Cotton. Galba, E. ix. fo. 5, a. ' MS. Cotton. Galba, E. ix. fo. 47, a. 
 
 P MS. Cotton. Galba, E. ix. fo. 5, a.
 
 100 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 king's chamber '. Froissart, relating the death of Gaston 
 count de Foix, says, — that the count went to his chamber 
 which he found ready strewed with rushes and green 
 leaves, the walls were hung with boughs newly cut for 
 perfume and coolness, as the weather was marvellously 
 hot \ Adam Davie Marshall, of Stratford-le-bow, who 
 wrote about the year 1312, in his poem of the Life of 
 Alexander describing the marriage of Cleopatra, says, 
 
 There was many a blithe grome, 
 Of olive and of ruge floures, 
 Weren ystrewed halle and boures ; 
 Wyth samytes and baudekyns 
 Weren curtayned the gardyns ". 
 
 This custom of strewing the " halle and boures," was 
 continued to a much later period. By a writ of Privy 
 Seal issued 21st of Edward in. Sir Thomas de Boddeley 
 received various articles from the king's wardrobe, for the 
 use of the lady Joan on her going into Spain. The docu- 
 ment throws much light upon the domestic manners of 
 the time. It includes furniture for her chapel, garments 
 for her wedding, robes, corsets, cloak, furs, hoods, riding- 
 coats and hose. All necessaries for her chamber were 
 supplied ; two beds with quilts, dorsars, mattresses, coun- 
 terpoints, and woollen clothes or blankets, were included, 
 besides various articles, which, although trifling in them- 
 selves, indicate the progress of the useful arts. In the 
 thirteenth century the fair damsels of the court used 
 skewers of bone and wood to arrange their toilet, but 
 in 1347, twenty thousand pins were supplied for the 
 princess Joan. We also find a mirror mentioned among 
 the things for her chamber, but this was probably of 
 polished steel, as looking glasses were rare, if known at all 
 
 • Archaeologia, xxvi. p. 321. " MS. in Bibl. Bod. Laud, i. 74. 
 
 • Vol. iv. chap, xlviii.
 
 BATHS. 101 
 
 in this century ''. The dressing table of the princess was 
 also supplied with perfumes, brushes, and an ivory comb. 
 
 In the Lyfe of Alisaundre we have the following allusion 
 to looking fflasses ; 
 
 Theo maydenes lokyn in the glas, 
 For to tyffen heore fas ". 
 
 BATHS. 
 
 Attached to the bed-chamber, or in close proximity to 
 it, the higher class of domestic habitations were sometimes 
 furnished with a small washing-room or lavatory. The 
 idea of this apartment was probably borrowed from the 
 monasteries; it served also as a bath room. The laver 
 or cistern was made of lead or stone, and sometimes of 
 marble, much ingenuity being displayed in its workman- 
 ship. A beautiful specimen of a laver of this period has 
 been preserved at Battle Hall, Leeds, Kent, of which we 
 have given an engraving. Many of the monasteries had 
 extensive lavatories for the use of the monks. Some of 
 these still remain in our cathedrals^. Piers the Plough- 
 man says in his Crede, 
 
 Then cam I to that clorystere, 
 
 And gaped abouten 
 
 Whough it was pilered and peynt 
 
 With cundites of clene tyn 
 
 Closed al aboute, 
 
 With lavoures of latun 
 
 Loveliche y greithed. 
 
 The Benedictines of Durham cathedral had a "faire 
 laver ;" it was in " forme, rounde, covered with lead," and 
 all of marble. It had little conduits or spouts of brass 
 "with xxiij cocks of brasse rounde about yt." At the 
 
 » Archaeologia, xxxi. p. 75. Strutt, in " line 4109. 
 
 his "Dresses and Habits," has engraved ^ See Plates 102 and 103 in Glos- 
 
 a representation of a lady holding a sary of Arcliitecture. 
 mirror, from an ancient MS. PI. xci.
 
 102 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 east side of the door hung a bell, to call the monks to 
 wash before dinner, and in closets towels were kept, white 
 and clean to dry their hands upon ^. 
 
 It was by no means an un- 
 common circumstance for the bed- 
 chamber to be supplied with the 
 luxury of a bath. In William and 
 the Werwolf we are told, 
 
 Thar bi held thei the bath and a bed bi side'. 
 
 Baths were frequently used as 
 restoratives in cases of physical 
 exhaustion. In Syr Eglamour of 
 
 Arfnvo TVA VPrtf] Bath from the MS. of tie Romance 
 
 TLOyS we redU, of Alexander, Bodl. aw. 
 
 Ageyn ye evyn ye kyng gagt dyzt 
 A bath for ye gentyll knyzt *. 
 
 And in Syr Bevys of Hamptoun we are told that, 
 
 In to chaumber she gan him take. 
 And riche bathes she let him make ^. 
 
 In the romance of William and the Werwolf we are 
 told. 
 
 There were beddes busked for any burn riche, 
 And two bathes were boun ' by a litel while •*. 
 
 Froissart also mentions that 
 
 " Among other places these men of Ghent destroyed at Marie a house be- 
 longing to the earl of Flanders, containing the chamber where he was bom, 
 the font in which he had been baptized, and his cradle, which was of silver. 
 They also beat to pieces and carried away the bathing tub wherein he had 
 been washed." 
 
 T Davies' Ancient Rites and Monu- 
 ments of the Monastical Church of Dur- 
 ham. 12mo. Lond. 1672. p. 130. 
 
 » fo. 66, b. 
 
 » MS. Cotton. Calig. A. fo. 6, b. 
 ^ line 731. 
 ' Made ready. 
 •» fo. 47, a.
 
 IRON-WORK. 
 
 103 
 
 IRON- WORK ^ 
 
 It is evident from existing remains, as well as from records 
 and from the illuminations in manuscripts, that the iron- work 
 of this period was of a very elaborate character, and per- 
 haps the smith's skill 
 
 was mostly displayed r-J /3\ ^i — [ — Kv^ k — TTT" 
 
 in the ornamenting of 
 the door, for not only 
 were the large mas- 
 sive hinges oftentimes 
 worked in the most 
 elaboratemanner,but Y ^-^ S: 
 the locks, the bolts, 
 and even the nails 
 with which the door 
 was studded, all de- 
 serve notice. 
 
 It is true that we 
 lack the existing re- 
 mains of doors in 
 domestic work, but 
 we are fully supplied 
 with materials in ec- 
 clesiastical architec- 
 ture. The door of the 
 church and the door 
 of the mansion could 
 
 Y-i/-.f V>r,,T^ -r^^r^r,^ J IroD-work from the MS . of the Romance of Alexaudor 
 
 not nave possessed m the Bodlel^i Utrary. 
 
 any separate or distinct character ; moreover, we find the 
 
 • For further information on this sub- 
 ject, see the articles in the Glossary of 
 Architecture, upon Door, Hinge, Iron- 
 
 work, Lock, Escutcheon, Scroll, and 
 Metal-work. Also the splendid work 
 lately published by Mr. Digby Wyatt.
 
 104 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 latter pourtrayed in the illuminated MS. as furnished with 
 hinges precisely after the same manner as those we find 
 on the church door to the present day ^ The hinge itself 
 practically, was not remarkable, as it was simply pierced 
 through at the thicker end, and hung on an iron pivot 
 fixed firmly in the lintel, such as may be found in any 
 country gate of modern times; but the architect of that 
 period was not content with the simple fixing of his door, 
 he made his hinge subservient to his taste for decoration, 
 and carried it over the surface of the door, bending it into 
 the most tasteful forms and devices, such as we now see 
 remaining, but care not to imitate. Neither from what we 
 can judge of the few existing remains in museums and 
 elsewhere, was the lock inferior in the display of workman- 
 ship. Pierced and wrought into well-designed forms, it 
 became a prominent addition to the door : and not the 
 lock only, but the keys (the few specimens we have remain- 
 ing) testify also to the exquisite design, and the practised 
 hand of the workman. 
 
 To render their doors stronger and more massive, they 
 were usually studded with large iron nails, sometimes of 
 three and four inches in length. The heads of these also 
 were made the subjects of the artist's skill, and many are 
 the forms and patterns ; but of these our readers will find 
 an account elsewhere ^. 
 
 The door of the hall of Merton college, Oxford, has 
 very fine original iron-work, and though the interior of 
 the hall has been spoiled, enough remains to shew that 
 it was a fine example of the hall of the fourteenth century, 
 and does not difi'er from the hall of a baronial mansion of 
 the same period. 
 
 ' There is some remarkably fine iron- uncommon, 
 work of the 14th century on the door of f Vide Glossary of Architecture, Arti- 
 
 Lockinge Church, Berkshire, and in clc. Iron-work, fifth edition, p. 268. 
 some parts of the country it is not
 
 IRON-WORK. 
 
 105 
 
 Although many windows of tliis period were glazed, yet 
 many others, especially in the servants' apartments and 
 offices, continued to be protected only by canvas, as at 
 Bishop'sAuckland, 
 
 Durham, for the 
 windows of the 
 porter's lodge, or 
 by wooden shut- 
 ters within, and 
 iron gratings called 
 grilles on the out- 
 side. These are 
 frequently repre- 
 sented in the illu- 
 minations of co- 
 temporary manu- 
 scripts, and there 
 are many good specimens remaining; the windows of the 
 lower story were often protected in this manner when 
 the upper windows were glazed. There is a fine example 
 of a grille in one of the outbuildings at Yanwath, West- 
 moreland. 
 
 In the accounts of Rhudlan castle in Wales, where 
 King Edward i. for some time resided, we find the follow- 
 ing entry. 
 
 " For six ells of canvas bought for the windows of the king's chapel, 
 Is. 9c/.'' " 
 
 In the Liberate Rolls there are very frequent directions 
 to bar the windows ; for example, 
 
 23rd Henry m. " We command you to bar the windows of our chambers 
 and the chamber of our queen, and of our chapel and the chapel of our queen 
 with iron." 
 
 A Reuse, from a Mauuacript in tbe British Museuza. 
 MS. Addit. No. 10,293, fol. 199. vo. 
 
 ■^ Extracts from tlie Roll of Expences of King Edward i. at Rliudlan castle. 
 Archaeologia, vol. xvi. p. 32.
 
 106 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 25th, " to cause to he made a certain iron trellice on the staircase before 
 our chamber," (at Woodstock.) 
 
 35th, "and put iron kurbs with chains to shut the glass windows." 
 
 3Gth. " And in the passages make wooden windows bound with iron, to 
 shut," (at Nottingham.) 
 
 CLOCKS. 
 
 Clocks are first mentioned we believe in this century 
 as articles of domestic furniture. Dante in his Paradiso 
 speaks of a clock which struck the hours. Edward in. 
 granted protection to three Dutch artizans for the en- 
 couragement of clock-making in England'. But the first 
 distinct mention of a clock as household furniture occurs 
 in the Romaunt de la Rose, written in 1305, in these lines ; 
 
 Et puis fait sonner ses orloges, 
 Par ses salles et par ses loges, 
 A zoes trop subtillement, 
 De pardurable mouvement, 
 Orgues avoit bien maniables, 
 A une seule main portables, &c.' 
 
 In a metrical romance of Sir Degrevant preserved 
 among the manuscripts in the Public Library of Cam- 
 bridge, there is a passage describing a chamber, and we 
 read that it was furnished 
 
 With an ovrelegge one hyzth, 
 To rjnge the ours at nyzth, 
 To waken Myldore the bryztb, 
 Withbellus to knylle\ 
 
 Wellemin has engraven an ancient chamber clock, from 
 a painting in a manuscript of the fifteenth century. 
 
 ' A clock of the time of Edward in. edit. Paris, 1735. 
 is still preserved in the north transept of '' Archaeological Journal, vo'. i. p. 
 
 Wells cathedral, 24+. 
 
 J Romaunt de la Rose, vol.ii. p. 372,
 
 CLOCKS. 107 
 
 It is probable that before this period even watches were 
 in use. One supposed to have belonged to Robert Bruce 
 was found by some workmen at Bruce castle in Fifeshire ', 
 and in an old French account "" dated April 4th, 1480, an 
 entry occurs of 16/. 105. being paid to John of Paris a 
 clock-maker, for a clock to be carried about wherever he 
 went. But sun-dials for the exterior and hour-glasses 
 for domestic purposes were in common use. 
 
 LAMPS AND TORCHES. 
 
 The chamber was lit up with lamps and torches. In 
 Syr Eglamour of Artoys we read that in Christabel's 
 chamber 
 
 Ther were lampus brennyng bryzt ". 
 
 And the renowned hero Syr Bevys, we are told, 
 
 Yede to bedde a night, 
 With torges and with candel light °. 
 
 In the illuminated paintings in manuscripts of this pe- 
 riod lamps are sometimes represented in chamber scenes. 
 As before stated the hall was Ut up with torches p. In Syr 
 
 * Archaeologia, vol. v. p. 419. from Courtray to Dijon. Adam Sod- 
 
 ■" " Interesting Papers relating to the bury, elected abbot of Glastonbury 
 
 History of France from the time of in 1322, set up a great clock beautified 
 
 Louis XII. to that of Louis xviii." It with processions and shows. Stevens' 
 
 may be as well to notice here some facts continuation to Dugdale's Monasticon, 
 
 connected with this subject. Tlie first vol. i. p. 449. See Eeckmann's Hist, 
 
 clock of which we have any account was of Inventions for additional facts. 
 
 placed in 1288 in a tower near West- " MS. Cotton, Calig. A. ii. fo. 7, a. 
 
 minster hall. Selden, Pref. to Hengham. ° line 2505. 
 
 Dart in his History of Canterbury Ca- p MS. Reges. Brit. Mus. 15 E. vi. 
 
 thedral has given an extract from a MS. at ful. 18, b, a lamp is hung from the 
 
 (Cotton. Galba, E. iv. 14,) by which it ceiling, over the bed. In MS. additional 
 
 appears that 30/. were paid for a new 10293, fo. 354, two large candlesticks 
 
 clock. Froissart mentions a famous are placed beside the bed. 
 clock which Philip the Hardy removed
 
 lOS DOMKSTIC ARCHITECTURE: TOURTEKNTII CENTURY. 
 
 Degorc we read, 
 
 Torches in the halle he did lyght i. 
 
 These torches were sometimes made of wax. In Richard 
 CcEur de Lion mention is made 
 
 Of torches maad with wax ful cleer ■■. 
 
 At supper these were placed on the table on candlesticks 
 of brass ^ silver, and sometimes of gold. As early as the 
 middle of the thirteenth century candles were made in 
 France and hawked about the streets \ 
 
 In the romance of Guigamar a chamber is described as 
 being furnished with two handsome candelabra of pure 
 gold; 
 
 Deus chandelabras de fin or, 
 Le pire valent un tiesor. 
 
 These were supplied with wax candles or tapers, 
 
 Desus ont deus cirges epris, 
 
 De 9eo sesteit il es merveilliez ". 
 
 IV. THE WARDROBE. 
 
 The wardrobe is so constantly mentioned in all ac- 
 counts of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, that 
 
 1 Sign. C. iiii. " MS. Harl. 978, fo. 117, b. Cande- 
 
 ' line 2648. labra of gold and silver are mentioned 
 
 ' Among the goods of John Marma- in a curious inventory of effects found 
 
 duke, lord of Horden, 3 pair of candle- in a room under the chapel (en la chaum- 
 
 sticks are valued at only six-pence. bre desouz la chapelle) in the Tower of 
 
 Wills and Inventories, pt. i. p. 16. London, 19 Ed. ii., 1325. MS. Cot- 
 
 ' Le Grand, tom. iii. p. 176. ton. A. ii. 105.
 
 THE WARDROBE. 109 
 
 it was evidently an important part of the house ; it seems 
 to have been usually on the ground floor ; in the smaller 
 houses it vvas probably the lower room at the end of the 
 hall under the solar or lord's chamber ; but in the large 
 houses it was distinct from this, and in each of the royal 
 j)alaces there were several wardrobes ; we find mention in 
 the Liberate Rolls of the king's wardrobe, the queen's 
 wardrobe, and the queen's lower wardrobe, and the ward- 
 robe of prince Edward. Thus in 1239, 
 
 " The king to Walter de Burgh, We direct you to make a wardrobe and 
 a privy chamber to the same wardrobe, at Brill, for the use of our queen. 
 Westminster, Ap. 8." " The king to the bailiff of Woodstock. We command 
 you to make a certain fire-place in our great wardrobe at Woodstock, and to 
 cover the small chamber of the said wardrobe with shingle, Windsor, May 
 18^." "The king to the sheriff of Wiltshire. We command you to cause the 
 fire-place of our wardrobe at Clarendon to be pulled down, and a new one to 
 be built ; and renovate and enlarge the privy chamber of the same, and 
 make a certain wardrobe of the length of thirty feet before the aforesaid 
 privy chamber. Clarendon, September 30." 
 
 Sometimes the wardrobe occupied both the upper and 
 lower chamber in a part of the larger houses and palaces ; 
 for instance, in 1247 
 
 " The sheriff of Southampton is ordered to lengthen the queen's wardrobe 
 at Winchester to thirty feet within the walls, and to make two fire-places in 
 that wardrobe, one in the upper story and one in the lower ; and to joist the 
 same, and roof it with lead and crenellate it ; and to make two windows 
 barred with iron in it, towards the little meadow. Winchester, July 3 ''," 
 In 1238, " H. de Pateshull, the king's treasurer, is ordered to wainscote well 
 the queen's chamber, and the wardrobe under that chamber ; and to cause a 
 window of white glass to be made and placed in the window barred with iron 
 which is in the farthest chamber of the same wardrobe ; so that that chamber 
 may not be so windy as it used to be. Westminster, Feb, 10'." 
 
 In 1253, " The sheriff of Southampton is ordered to make in the king's 
 upper wardrobe in Winchester castle, where the king's clothes are deposited, 
 two cupboards (or armaries "), one on each side of the fire-place, with two 
 
 •" Vol, i. p. 190, ' line 1086. 
 
 y MS. Harl. 978. fo. 119. • armariola.
 
 110 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 arches'", and a certain partition' of board across the same wardrobe. Guild- 
 ford, Jan. 1." 
 
 From these extracts it is sufficiently clear that the ward- 
 robe was of considerable extent, and without doubt it was 
 occupied as its name implies for keeping the various arti- 
 cles of dress and furniture. That considerable accommo- 
 dation was required for this purpose is equally evident 
 from numerous inventories of wardrobes of this period : 
 among the most important of which is the Roll formerly in 
 the Exchequer, now in the branch record office at Carlton 
 ride, containing the accounts of the expences of the great 
 wardrobe of King Edward the Third, 1344, 5 ; and of the 
 delivery of furs, mercery, and other articles out of the said 
 wardrobe, 1347, 49. This Roll has been printed at full 
 length, with notes by Sir Harris Nicolas in the 31st volume 
 of the Archaeologia. It affords much valuable information 
 respecting the costume of the period. 
 
 Many luxuries came into more general use during this 
 century, probably in consequence of the frequent inter- 
 course with France ; amongst these feather beds may be 
 mentioned, indeed furniture of all kinds became more 
 common and of a better description. The Wills and In- 
 ventories of the period furnish us with abundant evidence 
 of this; the best collections of these documents are the 
 " Durham Wills and Inventories," and the " Testamenta 
 Eboracensia," both published by the Surtees Society, and 
 edited by their able secretary the Rev. James Raine. 
 
 From the will of Alicia widow of John Henriot of Blyde, Nottinghamshire, 
 1347. "Item ; I bequeath to my daughter Agnes a chest, an alms' box, a 
 feather bed, and a mattress ''." 
 
 '' archeria. cistam et unam elemosinariam et unum 
 
 •= interclusum, vol. i. p. 243. lectum plumalem et unum matras. Test. 
 
 •* Item, lego Agneti fiiiae meae unam Ebor., p. 4C.
 
 THE WARDROBE. Ill 
 
 From the will of Isabella wife of Sir William FitzWilliam, lord of Elmley, 
 1348, ancestor of the present earl Fitz-William. " Item to my son John, a 
 purple bed with carpets', and a mazer with a silver foot. To my daughter 
 Joanna', my carriage with harness, and an iron grey horse drawing it, a bed 
 from India with carpets, a psalter, and a new book-case ; a third bed with a 
 carpet, and a white quilt. To Agnes, daughter of my son Thomas, a carpet, a 
 piece of canvas, a mattress, and two linen sheets." 
 
 From the will of Thomas Ilarpham, 1341. 
 
 "I bequeathe to my daughter Agnes an ark or chest which belonged to her 
 mother, a coverlet of variegated work of which the ground is of green and 
 cotton, a mattress, and two linen sheets, a ewer, the smaller of the two, and 
 a basin, the smaller of the three s." 
 
 From the will of Christiana Rous, widow of John Rous, 1342. 
 
 " I give and bequeathe to my sister Annicia a feather bed with a bolster, two 
 linen sheets and a coverlet. To Mary a feather bed with a linen sheet 
 and a carpet, ... a cloth of four ells, and a towel of three ells''. . ." 
 
 Extract from the will of John lord Xcvill, of Raby, 
 lieutenant of the duchy of Aquitaine, &c. 1386. 
 
 "Also to Ralph my son and heir, ij best beds of silk, vj beds for the knights 
 Bannerets with curtains, xij beds with tapestry hangings at the head, one 
 complete set of hall-hangings' of green tapestry with my arms, and one set 
 of blue tapestry, with little buUsJ [worked upon it,] with the bed of the same 
 
 * The word is tapetuni, whicli can unum lectum plumalem cum una cul- 
 
 liardly mean a carpet in the modern citra. Item duo lynthiamina et unum su- 
 
 sense; it means a coverlid. perlectile. Item do lego Mariotae Urry 
 
 ' Item Johannae filiae mea^, carrum unum lectum plumalem cum uno lyn- 
 
 meum cum harnes, et unum equum ni- thiamine et uno tapeto,...unam map- 
 
 grum griseum in illo tractante, unum pam quatuor ulnarum et unam mana- 
 
 lectum de Inde cum tapetis, unum psal- tergium trium ulnarum. — Test. Ebor., 
 
 terium et unam bibliotecam novam, ... p. 5. 
 
 tercium lectum cumtapeto, . . . et unum ' The word is aula, which means here 
 
 album quylt. . . . Item. Agneti filise tlie whole set of hangings for every side 
 
 Thomae filii mei j tapetum j canevac' of the hall — ^fy Hall occurs in other 
 
 j materaz ij linthiamiana. — Test. Ebor., Wills for the hangings themselves, 
 
 pp. 50, 51. j rore//HS; there is considerable doubt 
 
 8 Item, lego Agneti filiae mese, unam about the translation of this word by 
 
 archam, quse fuit matris ejusdem Agne- bulls. The editor and the 8vo. ed. 
 
 tis, unum coverlet diversorum operum (1784) of Du Cange quotes the passage, 
 
 cujus chaump est de viridi et coton, and is inclined to think il means little 
 
 nnura matras, et duo linthiamina, unum beds ; it may perhaps mean wreaths or 
 
 urceolum minorem de duobus, et unam garlands, or it may be a misreading of 
 
 patellam minorem de tribus. — Test. Madox (who first printed the Will) for 
 
 Ebor., p. 3. Lorellis, and if so it means little laurels, 
 
 '' Item, do et lego Anniciae sorori meae laurel branches.
 
 112 DOMESTIC ARCHITKCTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 set : vj dozen dishes, iiij dozen sawcera, viij quart measures, iiij gallon mea- 
 sures, xxiiij pots, iiij dozen spoons, viij chargers, (or large platters), vj 
 basins and ewers, one bowl with a silver cover, and vj covered cups, of which 
 one of gold and five of silver gilt, . . . and all my animals for ploughs, carts 
 and wagons, at ray manors ... To my son Thomas, twenty-four silver dishes, 
 twelve saucers, two basins, and two ewers, six silver cups, of which two with 
 covers, and four without, one covered goblet of gold, one bed of silk striped 
 red and black, and three hundred marks in silver, or their value in goods 
 and chattels. To lord William Nevill my brother, one green bed powdered 
 with falcons, with the carpets of the same set, and twelve silver dishes." 
 
 CHESTS. 
 
 The various articles preserved in the wardrobe when 
 not in use were deposited in chests, and these were also 
 used as articles of furniture in the other chambers ; they 
 were often richly ornamented with sculptured panelling, 
 and some of these rich chests have come down to us ; they 
 have often been preserved in the vestries of churches, but 
 
 CHEST. EDTTOFT, LINCOLNSHIRE. 
 
 whether originally made for the church vestments, is some- 
 times doubtful. No difference of character can be drawn
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 INTERIOR OF GARDEROBE TOWEK. AND SECTION OF THE SAME, 
 
 LANOLET CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND.
 
 CHESTS, 113 
 
 between a church chest and one for domestic use ; sacred 
 ornaments were so often used in domestic work that these 
 alone will not serve for a distinction ; we find the sacred 
 monogram even on the andirons in baronial halls, where 
 they never could have been intended for any ecclesiastical 
 purpose. The rich Flanders chests, which were so freely 
 imported at a later period, do not appear to have been 
 in use so early as the fourteenth century. 
 
 There is a very interesting old oak chest in the court 
 of chancery at Durham. It appears to have been made 
 during the time Richard Bury was bishop of Durham, 
 (1333 — 1345) and is strongly bound with iron, which on 
 the lid is ornamental. Within the lid the whole length is 
 occupied with heraldic and other paintings of good cha- 
 racter, the colours still vivid. 
 
 THE GARDEROBES^% OR PRIVY CUAMBERS. 
 
 Every person who is at all familiar with the records 
 and accounts of this period must have noticed the very 
 frequent mention of the privy chamber ; it occurs in every 
 page and every account ; in the contract for building a 
 house at Lapworth, p. 7, it is stipulated that there should 
 be one of these conveniences to almost every room, and an 
 examination of the existing remains of any house or castle 
 of this period shews that such was the general custom. 
 The manner in which this rule was complied with is often 
 very curious and instructive, and the ingenuity displayed 
 to accomplish it shews that the rule was considered as in- 
 dispensable. In some cases one of the principal towers is 
 given up almost entirely to this purpose, as in Langley 
 
 •* This word appears to have been ori- has been retained in English, the other 
 ginally used in two senses, one of which in French. 
 
 Q
 
 114 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 castle, Northiimberland, where there are twelve, four on 
 each floor, with recessed arches in the wall four in a row, 
 and three rows ojie over the other; the floors and parti- 
 tions being noAv destroyed they have a very singular ap- 
 pearance ; besides these there are four or five others in dif- 
 ferent parts of the house. In other cases a smaller turret 
 is introduced either in the angle formed by a tower, or in 
 the centre of one face of the building, and looking like a 
 square stair-turret, as in the Wressell and Bolton castles, 
 Yorkshire, with a series of small openings for windows to 
 give air and light to the closets into which the turret is 
 divided ; leading to these are passages in the thickness of 
 the wall from each room in the house, and these passages 
 are also lighted by small loop-like openings, so that they 
 are often mistaken for part of the military defences. In 
 other cases when neither towers nor turrets could be con- 
 veniently placed for the purpose, the privy chambers are 
 boldly corbelled out from the face of the wall, as at Brough- 
 ton castle, Oxfordshire. In the palace at Southwell, Not- 
 tinghamshire, one of the round towers in the wall of en- 
 ceinte is occupied in this manner with a series of closets 
 diverging from a central pillar with a passage round just 
 within the outer wall, arranged with an ingenious econ- 
 omy of space. In many of the monasteries there are also 
 very curious arrangements of this kind. In New college, 
 Oxford, the original arrangement of timber work of the 
 time of Wykeham still remains. Whenever there was a 
 running stream of water in the moat, a portion of it was 
 diverted through the pit of the garderobe, as at the 
 bishop's palace. Wells, IMagdalen college, Oxford, Rag- 
 land castle, and many other places. 
 
 A few extracts from the Liberate Eolls may be useful to 
 illustrate the subject more clearly.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 GARDEROBES IN A TOWER OF THE PALACE. 
 
 S0UTHV7ELL. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 
 
 PLAN OF THE GARDEROBES. PALACE. 
 
 SOUTHWELL. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
 
 THE GARDEN. 115 
 
 23rd H. iir. at Winchester, "A certain chamber for the use of the bishops, 
 and a fireplace, and a certain privy chamber in the same '." 
 
 "A wardrobe, and a privy chamber to the same wardrobe at Brill, for the 
 use of our queen ■"." 
 
 30th. "A certain chamber at Guildford, for the use of Edward the 
 king's son, above, and the chamber of the king's noble valets underneath, 
 with fitting windows, and a privy chamber and a fireplace in each chamber "." 
 
 34th. "And level the chamber of our seneschals, and make a certain stair 
 towards the privy chamber of the same chamber at Clarendon "." 
 
 23rd, "The king to the constable of the tower of London. We order 
 you to cause the drain of our privy chamber to be made in the fashion of a 
 hollow column, as our well-beloved servant John of Ely shall more fully tell 
 thee p. Woodstock, Nov. 23." 
 
 25th. "A privy-chamber of the length of twenty feet, with a deep pit." 
 Close roll. 
 
 THE GARDEN. 
 
 My lady's " bowre" was sometimes pleasantly situated 
 on the ground floor 'i, and led into a garden richly stored 
 with flowers and delicious fruits. From the romance of 
 William and the Werwolf we may glean a few hints illus- 
 trative of a pleasure garden of this period. 
 
 That unglad gorn than goth into a gardin everie, 
 That was a perles place for ani price of erthe. 
 And wynlie with heie wal was closed al a boute 
 That previ pleyng place to prone the sothe 
 Joyned wel justly to Melior's chamber". 
 
 This charming "pleyng place" had a private entrance or 
 postern gate, for AViUiam passed out 
 
 Priuely be the posterne of that perles erber, 
 That was to Meliors chaumber choisli a joyned ^ 
 
 ' Vol. i. p. 1S9. as the hall; in the romance of SirTriiten 
 
 '" p. 190. we are told that, 
 
 " p. 208. Bithin the boure and the halle, 
 
 p. 221. The way was naru and lite, line 1 10. 
 P Vol. i. p. 189. ' fol. 11, a. 
 
 1 It was sometimes on the same floor ' fol. 35, b.
 
 IIG DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The pleasure gardens so minutely and glowingly de- 
 scribed in the Roman de la 
 Rose, were not only stored 
 with flowers and fruits, but were 
 adorned with grottos of fantastic 
 design, and gushing fountains 
 added to the luxury of the scene. 
 
 Par lieux y eut cleres fontaines, 
 Sans barbelotes, et sans raines, 
 Aquiles arbres faisorent umbre, 
 Jene reste dire nombre. 
 Des petis ruisseaus, que Deduis 
 Y out fais, et par conduis. 
 Si veuoit Icane aval faisant, 
 Une noise doulce et plaisaut '. 
 
 Fountain from the MS. of the Boman de la 
 Kose, In the Bodleian Library. 
 
 The fountain was a luxury not often introduced into the 
 English pleasure gardens ". They were seldom supplied 
 with anything superior to a w^ell. Chaucer in his version 
 of the Roman de la Rose uses the word " well" as an equi- 
 valent for a fountain. In the old romance of Ywaine and 
 Gawin we have the following description of a well ; 
 
 Ye well as under the fairest tre, 
 Yat ever was in yis cuntre. 
 By yat well hinges a bacyne, 
 With a cheyue trewly to tell, 
 Yat will riche in to ye well". 
 
 The beauty and variety of the flowers in the medieval 
 garden are thus extolled by the poet : 
 
 Violette y fut moult belle, 
 Et parvenchc fresche et nouvelle ; 
 FJours y out blanches et vermeilles. 
 De jaunez en y ont merveilles, 
 Trop estoit cette terre coiiite, 
 
 ' MS. ill Brit. Mus. Reges 19. B. xii. 
 fo. 11, a. 
 
 " Tlioii<;li they are occasionally intro- 
 duced in the illuininations of MSS. of 
 
 this period, as in one of the Roman de la 
 Rose in the Bodleian Lihrary. 
 
 " MS. Cotton. Galha, E. i.v. p. 2, b.
 
 THE GARDEN. 
 
 117 
 
 Quel estoit piolete et paiate 
 De flowrs de divertes couleurs, 
 Done moult estoit bonne les odors *. 
 
 He had a gardin walled al with stou ''. 
 
 m 
 
 \\:-;<" 
 
 , It 
 
 GARDEN OP THE XIVth CENT0RT. 
 From the MS. of the Boman d'Alexandre, Bodleian Library. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 y Chaucer's Merchant's Tale, 1, 990.3.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE OFFICES. 
 
 We had occasion to point out in our first volume ^ that 
 from the state of the roads in the middle ages, and the con- 
 sequent difficulty in conveying provisions, it was necessary 
 to consume a large part of the produce of a manor upon the 
 spot ; for this reason there was usually a house on each 
 manor, excepting in those cases where several adjoining 
 manors belonged to the same lord, and then the house as- 
 sumed the character and importance of a baronial mansion 
 or castle. But when the same lord possessed manors in 
 different parts of the country, he was obliged to go with his 
 retinue to each in turn, as it was not convenient to remain 
 too long in one place. Thus our readers will have observed 
 in the numerous extracts from the public records in our 
 first volume, that the king was obliged to keep in repair 
 not less than thirty-eight manor-houses or palaces, and that 
 the court was continually moving about from one to the 
 other ; and these houses, with very few exceptions, were 
 situated upon the royal manors. This custom continued 
 nearly to the same extent throughout the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 A large portion of the buildings belonging to the 
 manor-house of the period was devoted to the Offices, 
 and the general arrangement adopted was to form with 
 them two sides of a quadrangle, the remaining sides 
 
 • Chaptf T III.
 
 THE KITCHEN. 119 
 
 being occupied with the hall and chambers, of which we 
 have already spoken. Having little or no communica- 
 tion with the neighbouring town, the lord and liis vassals 
 were forced to provide and keep in store for themselves 
 the necessaries of life. They grew their own corn, they 
 baked their own bread, brewed their own beer, and 
 slaughtered their own cattle; for these they were obliged 
 to provide a granary, a bakehouse, a brewhouse, and a 
 slaughter-house. Besides these, were the domestic offices 
 which are necessarily attached to every house, as the 
 kitchen, the buttery and pantry and the larder ^ which 
 latter must often have been of considerable size. Lastly, 
 there were the usual appurtenances to the farm-yard, tlie 
 stables, the ox stalls, the pigstyes, the grange '', and other 
 buildings and hovels of minor importance. 
 
 THE KITCHEN. 
 
 The kitchen was frequently a detached building, either 
 of a square or octagonal form, connected with the hall by a 
 I)assage or alley '^ leading from the screens as before men- 
 tioned ; that of Penshurst was on this plan, but has unfor- 
 tunately been destroyed within these few years. That of 
 Raby castle remains perfect and is still in use ; it forms a 
 separate tower, vaulted, with a fine louvre in the centre 
 in the form of a turret. There was a straight staircase 
 
 ^ In an account of the works of John probablj- contained the thrashing-floor. 
 
 Forcer, prior of Durham, who died in The granary was the store-house, whi- 
 
 1374, the larder has an interesting alias, ther it was carried after it was thrashed, 
 proving that at Durham, at least, it was '' Or alure, see vol. i. p. 254 ; or pent- 
 
 the slaughter-house also, " Lardaria quae house, see vol. i. pp. 198, 201, 210, 212, 
 
 vocatur sclauterhus." Hist. Tres. Sent. 230. John of Whethamstede, abbot of 
 
 See. Append, cxli. St. Albans, built a room "near the alley 
 
 *= The " grange " was equivalent to leading from the kitclien to the prior's 
 
 our modern barn, where the corn is chamber." MS. Cotton. Nero, D. vii. 
 
 placed before it is thrashed. It also fo. 27.
 
 120 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 and passage from this to the screens at the end of the 
 hall, passing between the pantry and the bnttery", but 
 this part of the original arrangement has been destroyed. 
 At the palace of Bishop's Auckland the kitchen exists, but 
 the upper part is concealed by a flat plaster ceiling of 
 modern date. In the Edwardian part of Bamburgh 
 castle, the kitchen is nearly perfect, and forms an impor- 
 tant feature, being the whole height of the building ; it 
 is connected with the original hall (which is now divided 
 by floors and partitions into several rooms) by a vaulted 
 passage, between the larder and buttery, which are also 
 vaulted ; over these and the passage is the solar. 
 
 The arrangement of the abbeys and monasteries did 
 not differ materially if at all in this respect, from that of 
 a baronial castle, or other mansion of similar size at the 
 same period, and there are extant several plans and bird's- 
 eye view's of monasteries which shew the position and 
 appearance of the kitchen ; that of Fontevrault has been 
 described and engraved in our first volume ; that of Dur- 
 ham, built in 1368, is perhaps the finest kitchen of the 14th 
 century now in existence; it is an octagonal detached build- 
 ing with a fine vaulted roof of singular construction, and a 
 louvre in the centre ; it contains four large fire-places with 
 chimneys, besides ovens and other conveniences : it has 
 evidently been connected with the hall by a passage be- 
 tween the other offices, as in the other examples before 
 mentioned. 
 
 The kitchen of the bishop's palace at Chichester is of 
 this period ; it is about forty feet square, with two walls 
 and a timber roof. 
 
 The abbey kitchen at Glastonbury is a noble structure, 
 entirely of stone, with a lofty vaulted roof and lantern, so 
 
 ' Tliis was tlu- usual arrangeinciit, see vol. i. p. '205-6.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCIIITKCTURK : FOURTKHNTII CKNTURY. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 INTERIOR OF THE ABBOT'S KITCHEN, DURHAM.
 
 THE KITCIIKN. 121 
 
 firmly built that it still stands entire \vhen all the other 
 buildings have disappeared. It is commonly attributed to 
 the fifteenth century, but the details appear to be of earlier 
 character, and Mr. Pugin attributes it with apparent reason 
 to abbot Chinnock who governed the abbey from 1374 to 
 his death in 1420, and who is recorded to have rebuilt the 
 cloisters, and several apartments, some of which had been 
 commenced by his predecessors. The plan is square ex- 
 ternally, and octagonal within, having a fire-place in each 
 corner, the arch of which is across the angle. Every fire- 
 place had a separate shaft or tunnel, but these have entirely 
 perished ; as in the similar structure at Fontevrault engraved 
 in our first volume. The Glastonbury kitchen has been 
 very frequently engraved, and there is an excellent series 
 of plans, elevations, sections, and details in the second 
 volume of Pugin's Examples of Gothic Architecture. The 
 construction of the lantern is exceedingly ingenious, being 
 well calculated for relieving the kitchen from excessive heat 
 or smoke, and at the same time light and strong, as its 
 durability has evinced. 
 
 When the house or castle was extensive, and occupied 
 the four sides of a quadrangular or oblong court, the 
 kitchen appears to have been usually at one end, as at 
 Bolton castle ; the offices in this case seem to have been in 
 the tower at the corner and on the ground floor, there are 
 no doorways behind the screens, but one end of the passage 
 opens on to the staircase which led both to the kitchen 
 and offices which join on to the hall. 
 
 The kitchen seems to have been generally on the ground 
 floor, and as distinct as possible from the other buildings, 
 as a security against fire. It was usually vaulted, and 
 in some instances seems to have been under the hall, the 
 vault in such cases being considered as sufficient security ; 
 such instances however are rare, and some doubt attaches 
 
 11
 
 122 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: TOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 to them. At Martock, Somersetshire, the kitchen forms 
 one side of the servants' court, standing at an angle with 
 the other offices, which join on to the hall. 
 
 In some cases the kitchen appears to liave been of 
 wood% or ]ath and plaster only, and such kitchens were 
 frequently erected for temporary purposes in the courtyard 
 of a castle, or large mansion, as is evident from several 
 entries in the rolls, when a particular castle was being fitted 
 up for the temporary residence of the court. 
 
 On some special occasions the cooking appears to have 
 been carried on in the open air*^, 
 as represented in the Illumina- 
 tions to the Luterell Psalter and the 
 Bodleian MS. of the romance of 
 Alexander, but this could never have 
 been a general practice. In the 
 illustration which we have selected, 
 there is evidently an inn with the 
 
 ofEwrr. ac 
 
 Cooking in the open air, from the MS. of the Romance of Alexander. Bodl. 263. 
 
 sign of a cross-crosslet. The sign of inns attached to 
 monastic houses was generally an angel. 
 
 ' As al Clipstone, Notts, see vol. i. ' As at the coronation of Edward i. 
 
 p» -^5. at Westminster, see vol. i. p. 65.
 
 THE KITCHEN. 123 
 
 Several extracts from the Liberate Rolls relating to 
 kitchens^ in the 13th century will be found in our first 
 volume; thus the kitchen at Bridgnorth is mentioned as 
 within the barbican of the tower''. There were usually two 
 or more kitchens in the larger castles ; the great kitchen, 
 and the kitchens, in the plural, are frequently mentioned \ 
 
 In Bolton castle, Yorkshire, there are two kitchens re- 
 maining. At Clarendon the new kitchen was ordered to 
 be forty feet square •■. The kitchen was sometimes the 
 ground room of a tower ^. 
 
 The officers and servants of the kitchen were very 
 numerous, as may be seen from the list of those belonging 
 to the household of Charles vi. of France in 1386. The 
 valets of the kino-'s kitchen in the rei2:n of Edward iii. 
 received a salary of sixty shillings yearly. They were 
 usually called lads of the kitchen ; 
 
 And yat ye laddes of hys kychyn, &c.' 
 
 These numerous attendants were overlooked by an officer 
 called the clerk of the kitchen. In an old MS. of the 
 reign of Henry vi. we have his duties thus detailed : 
 
 Of charges and despenses then wrytes he, 
 And wages for gromes and zemen fre, 
 At dressur also he shall stonde, 
 And sett forth mete dresset with honde, 
 Ye spicery and store with hym shall dwelle 
 And mony thynges also as I noght telle 
 ffor clothyng of ofEciers alle in fere 
 Sane ye lorde hymself and lady dere •". 
 
 I Also in the Hospital at Gateshead, *> p. 183. 
 
 Durham. "In the hall, one lavatory with ' See vol. i. pp. 193, 195, 199, 204, 
 
 a bowl; and two tables. In the kitchen, 211. 
 
 two small worn saucepans; one cistern J Vol. i. p. 202. 
 
 containing four gallons; one gridiron; a '' See vol. i. p. 223. 
 
 tripod with three stone mortars?" — ' Issue Roll of Excheq. 44 Ed. ill. 
 
 Wills and Inventories, p. 22. " MS. Cotton. Galba E. ix. fo. 13, a.
 
 12 [> DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 It would appear that tlic butchers flayed and dressed 
 tlic carcases in the kitchen. " Butchers of the kitchen" 
 were among the officers of the household of Charles vi., 
 and in the old romance of William and the Werwolf we 
 have an allusion to this custom ; 
 
 In the kcchene wel i knowe wen crafti men inanye, 
 That fast fonden al day to flew wilde bestes, 
 Ilyndes and hertes Avith hydes wel fayre, 
 Biikkes ai)d beris, and other bestes wilde, 
 Off alle fair veuorye that falls to mete °. 
 
 The heroine Melior, who wished secretly to take two 
 skins from the kitchen, dressed herself as a kitchen l)oy ; 
 
 And talliche hire a tyred tizthe ther wine, 
 
 And boiieysliche" as a boy busked to the kychene. 
 
 Ther as burnes were busy bestes to huldeP, 
 
 And manly sche melled hire the men for to help i. 
 
 The kitchens of the fourteenth century were more con- 
 venient in their arrangement than those alluded to in the 
 first volume, and were built more upon the plan of the 
 monastic establishments'', many of which were remarkably 
 large and lofty with fire-places and chimneys of massive 
 brick-work. Lonrj;land in Piers the Plowman's Crede, de- 
 scribing the house of the Dominicans, says that it had 
 
 Kychenes for an high kynge, in castels to holden *. 
 
 An illuminated painting in the Luterell Psalter gives 
 several kitchen scenes '. The furniture appears to have been 
 of the rudest construction and was probably the produce of 
 domestic handicraft. The tables are roucli boards laid 
 upon trestles, and the seats mere three-legged stools. One 
 
 " MS. Sloane 19SC. fo. 3(), b. dalt's Monasticon, vol. i. p. 419, and 
 
 " fo. ■24, li. Beckrnann's History of Inventions, for 
 
 I' In a bold manner. additional facts. 
 
 '* flay. ' fo. 25, a. 
 
 ' See Stevens' Continuation of Dti^- ' Vetusta Monument.!, vol. vi. pi. xxi.
 
 THE KITCHKN. 
 
 125 
 
 of the domestics stirs the fire vvitli a two pronged fork and 
 a boy turns the spit". The head cook is engaged carving 
 the viands, which waiters carry into the hall. The name 
 of this cook was John de l^ridford, and Sir Geoffry his 
 master, in his will dated 1341, bequeathed to him "all 
 the vessels and wooden things belonging to the kitchen," 
 and to John de Coliie all the utensils and pewter vessels 
 of the buttery. Probably we should not now regard those 
 articles as of much value, but 
 in the age of which we are 
 speaking kitchen utensils were 
 not only deemed worthy of be- 
 ing bequeathed with all due 
 solemnity, but were sometimes 
 included in royal inventories. 
 The inventory of the jewels of 
 Edward the Third gives a hst 
 of his majesty's frying-pans, 
 
 gridirons, spits, &C.^ The Uten- Boner and PotUook, from the MS.Bodl.ieO. 
 
 sils for the royal kitchens were frequently made of brass and 
 copper. In the reign of Edward the Second, William le 
 Clerk of London received eight marks for eight pots of 
 brass and one great brass pot for the king's use, which were 
 duly delivered to John de Somers the king's scullion '\ 
 Much curious inforuiation may be obtained on this branch 
 of our subject from a writ of Privy Seal dated 20th of Feb. 
 1348, before referred to. It enumerates the articles granted 
 
 " Land was sometimes lield by tenure 
 of supplying certain articles for the royal 
 kitchen or fuliilling some kitclien duty. 
 The manor of Bioughton Aluph, Wil- 
 mington, in Kent, was anciently held by 
 tenure of finding for tiie king " one pot- 
 hook for liis meat" whenever he sliouUl 
 go to tlie manor. Blount, p. 191. And in 
 tlie reign of Eduard in. Julia Compes 
 
 held the manor of Finchingfield by 
 service of turning the spit at the king's 
 coronation. 
 
 " "j patella ferri pro fiatiira, ij. 
 magne bul^ee, iiij. broch fcrri niagni," 
 &c. 
 
 " Issue Roll, Exclieq., 8 Ed.ii.; in the 
 same year twtlve pounds were paid for 
 ves^els supplied to the royal kitchen.
 
 120 DOMESTIC ARCIIITECTURK : FOURTKKNTII CENTURY. 
 
 to tlic princess Joan for licr almonry, pantry, buttery, spi- 
 cery, kitchen, &c. The inventory includes j)lates, chargers, 
 thirty-six dislics, and thirty-six salt-cellars of silver. Nu- 
 merous copper and iron plates, pots, kettles, spits, tankards, 
 and barrels for salting, iron measures, standards, balances, 
 and pestles and mortars, are mentioned. The coquina in- 
 deed appears to have been furnished with unusual care ^. 
 
 It would appear that most of the kitchen utensils were 
 made of wood or metal, but vessels of earthenware were in 
 
 Medieval Pottery, found in Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn London. 
 
 use. Curious specimens of medieval glazed pottery have 
 been preserved, but they are of rare occurrence. The rude- 
 ness of the execution, or the coarseness of the material, has 
 generally consigned to oblivion such vessels of this period 
 as have been found. The late Dr. Ingram succeeded in 
 rescuing the four vessels here represented which were found 
 in the year 1838, at a very great depth in the ground, in 
 making an excavation for a cellar, at Trinity college, Oxford, 
 and which are supposed to have been deposited there at the 
 time of the foundation of Durham hall, about 1290 ; a coin 
 
 * Arclireolngia, xxxi. p. 80.
 
 DOMKSTIC AIICIIITFXTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 I'OTTKUV. 
 
 POTTERT FOnND ON THE SITE OF DURHAM COLLEGE. OXFORD. 
 
 CDRT003 EARTHENWARE VESSEL FODND AT LE.WF3 SD33EX. 

 
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY. 127 
 
 was found in one of the larger vessels ^. In making excava- 
 tions some few years ago in Star yard, Carey Street, Lincoln's 
 Inn Fields, several pieces were discovered made of whitish 
 coloured clay, the upper parts being covered with a mot- 
 tled green glass. A portion of a cresset or chaufferette 
 was also found, made of a similar ware, and the interior 
 coated with green glass '''. A most curious specimen of 
 these articles of domestic use is in the possession of Mr, 
 WilHam Figg of Lewes ^ It was discovered in excavating 
 for a tunnel at Lewes. The design is rude and grotesque, 
 and was probably intended to add to the mirth of the fes- 
 tive board. It is made of a coarse clay, the upper parts 
 being covered with a dark greenish glass ^ Utensils of 
 earthenware are sometimes mentioned in old inventories, 
 a crusekyn de tcrre is specified in an ancient kalendar of 
 the Exchequer under date 17 Edward ii. And the in- 
 ventory of jewels and valuables belonging to Edward ii., 
 Richard II., and other noble personages, mentions " un 
 cruskyn de terre blank ''." 
 
 It may be imagined from what has been said of the fes- 
 tivities in the hall, that the cook was an important per- 
 sonage in the households of the middle ages. In 1308 we 
 find that ten marks were [)aid to William de Hodocote, 
 cook to Edward ii.'^; and master John Gosden, cook to 
 Edward iii., received in 1370 ten pounds, which the lord 
 the king had by letters patent granted to him yearly 
 
 y See Arcli. Journal, vol. iii. p. C2. last published part of the Arcliaeologia 
 
 ^ Arch. Journal, vol. iv. p. 2o)i. Dr. ^Eliana. 
 
 Ingram has described an earthen vessel '' We have mentioned a piece of early 
 
 found at Trinity college, Oxford, in the pottery (blue glazed) found at Finchale, 
 
 Archaeological Journal, vol. iii. On the with the arms of the see of Durham in 
 
 Pipe Roll 12 Ed. i. an entry occurs for bold character, which seems to be of this 
 
 the rent of land "pro terra fodicnda ad century, 
 
 vasa fictilia inde facienda." "^ Ancient kalendars of the ExcI.eq., 
 
 * See a most curious water-pot in the vol. iii. 128 — 330. 
 
 shape of a kn'glit on horseback, in tl:e '' Issue Roll, Exchcq. 1 Ed. ii.
 
 12S DOMKSTIC ARCIIITKCTURE: FOURTEKNTIl CENTURY 
 
 Forgiu^, from the MS. of tbe Romance of Alexander, 
 Bodl. 260. 
 
 (luring liis life''. Chaucer gives us the following portrait 
 of a cook in his Canterbury Tales ; 
 
 A cook they hadden with them for the nones, 
 To boil the chickens, and the marie bones, 
 And poudre marchant tart, and galingale. 
 Wei collide he knowe a draught of London ale. 
 He coulde roaste, and sethe, and boil, and frie, 
 Maken mortrewcs, and well bake a pie. 
 
 From the large size 
 of the kitchens, and 
 the occasional men- 
 tion of forges being 
 erected in them, in 
 addition to the ovens, 
 and from the circum- 
 stance of the kitchen 
 fire-places being the 
 only very large ones 
 that we find in existing buildings, it seems fair to conclude 
 that all such operations as were necessarily carried on at 
 a forge were perform- 
 ed in the kitchens of 
 the larger houses and 
 castles. Weknowthat 
 the separation of 
 trades was confined 
 to the large towns, 
 and that in a great 
 baronial establish- 
 ment every thing ne- 
 cessary for the use of the household was provided within 
 itself. This custom is still kept up to some extent 
 in the north of England, where many old fashions still 
 linger; our southern readers would be surprised to find 
 
 <= Issue Roll, Excluq. EasUr, 44 Ed. iii. 
 
 Grinding, from ilS. Bodl. •.;tJO.
 
 PROVISIONS AND COOKING. 
 
 129 
 
 ikiDg, from rjS. Budl, 
 
 liow many trades are carried on by members of the esta- 
 blishment within the walls of a baronial mansion in the 
 north of England, such 
 as Brougham hall, and 
 many others. In the 
 fourteenth century such 
 an establishment was 
 obliged to be in a great 
 degree independent of 
 external aid, and the 
 illuminations of MSS. 
 represent many trades 
 as being carried on within the walls. 
 
 A few remarks upon the provisions in use, and the 
 mode of preparing them for the table during this century, 
 may not be altogether foreign to our subject ; especially as 
 they may serve in many points to illustrate matters pre- 
 viously referred to. 
 
 We have several curious manuscripts in our public 
 libraries relatins; to the art of cookerv fashionable amons: 
 our ancestors. One of the most interesting is entitled the 
 "Forme of Cury," and was written by the "Chef Maist' 
 Cok' of Kynge Richard the Seconde, the which was 
 accounted y® best and ryallest vyand of all este yngV' f^nd 
 we are further assured in the proem that it was " compiled 
 by assent and avysement of maisters of phisik and of phi- 
 losophic that dwellid in his court." Medical opinion ap- 
 pears to have been regarded as necessary in all culinary 
 matters. It was the duty of the " doctoure of physyque" 
 of Edward the Fourth, to " stond muche in the kynges 
 presence at his meles, councellyng his grace whyche dyet 
 is best^" He was also to direct the steward and head 
 cook what dishes to provide ; he was allowed to sit at 
 
 ' Liber Niger Dumus Regis Aii^'. Edward iv. p. 43.
 
 130 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the king's table, and was expected to guard his majesty 
 against any dish that he might deem injurious to health. 
 Robert of Gloucester speaks of the physician of Henry 
 the First directing the king in his choice of food. 
 
 . , . He wylled of a lampreye to ete, 
 
 But his leches hjm forbade, for yt was a feble mete. 
 
 The great proportion of the receipts in the Forme of 
 Cury are for the preparation of broths, soups, potages, 
 ragouts, and hashes. The "mortrewes" referred to in 
 our extract from Chaucer, was a mess of meat and various 
 ingredients, well beaten in a mortar, from which it derives 
 its name. The chief master cook of King Richard sup- 
 plies us with a receipt for making this medieval relish. 
 He directs his readers to take hens and pork and " hewe it 
 small, and grounde it alle to doust ;" this was to be mixed 
 with crumbs of bread, yolks of eggs, and poudre fort, and 
 the whole boiled up with ginger, sugar, salt, and saffron. 
 
 Roasted meat when served up in joints was usually 
 taken to table on the spit. This is evident from paintings 
 in contemporary manuscripts, and it was on that account 
 that spits were sometimes made of silver. 
 
 The strictness with which our ancestors observed Lent 
 and fast-days led to a prodigious consumption of fish. 
 Enormous quantities are entered in ancient household 
 accounts as having been bought for domestic use. In the 
 31st of Edward in. the following sums were paid from 
 the Exchequer for fish su})plied to the royal household. 
 Fifty marks for five lasts (9000) red herrings, twelve 
 pounds for two lasts of white herrings, six pounds for two 
 barrels of sturgeon, twenty-one pounds five shillings for 
 1300 stock-fish, thirteen shillings and ninepence for eighty- 
 nine congers, and twenty marks for 320 mulwells*^. Her- 
 rings appear to have been in use among all classes. The 
 
 8 Issue Roll, Exclicq. ^lich. 31 Ed. in.
 
 PROVISIONS AND COOKING. 131 
 
 cooks had many ways of preparing them. Herring pies 
 were regarded as delicacies even by royalty. The town of 
 Yarmouth by ancient charter was bound to send a hun- 
 dred herrings baked in twenty-four pies or pasties annually 
 to the king^ and Eustace de Corson, Thomas de Berke- 
 dicli, and Robert de Withen, in the reign of Edward i. 
 held thirty acres of land by tenure of supplying twenty- 
 four pasties of fresh herrings for his majesty's nse on their 
 first coming in '. Lampreys was the favourite fish of the 
 medieval epicures ; they were always considered a great 
 delicacy. Gloucester was famous for producing thetn. 
 So great was the demand for lampreys in the reign of 
 King John as to have occasioned that monarch to issue 
 a royal licence to one Sampson, to go to Nantes to pur- 
 chase lampreys for the use of the countess of Blois. The 
 same king issued a mandate to the sheriffs of Gloucester, 
 forbidding lampreys on their first coming in to be sold for 
 more than two shillings apiece^. In the reign of Edward 
 the Third they were sometimes sold for eightpence or 
 tenpence apiece, yet they often produced a much higher 
 price. In 1341, Walter Dastyn, sheriff of Gloucester, 
 received the sum of 12/. 5*. 8^. for forty-four lampreys 
 supplied for the king's use '. 
 
 In addition to these favourite dishes the choice "viand- 
 ers " of the fourteenth century paid epicurean prices for 
 delicious morsels of the whale, the porpoise, the grampus, 
 and the sea-wolf. These strong and coarse provisions 
 were relished by the higher classes, and they graced the 
 
 •> Blount, Ancient Tenures. Camden, procured the castle was frequently pro- 
 Brit. Sit. Norfolic. vided with a stew pond, which is men- 
 
 ' Ibid, 14 Ed. i. Rot. 3. Norf. tioned in accounts, as 
 
 '' Patent Rolls, p. 68. See the Intro- " Paid to William Bird for work about 
 
 duction to the Patent Rolls by Thomas the stew pond of the castle, 8d." Rhii- 
 
 Duffus Hardy, Esq. dellan castle Expence Roll ; Archneo- 
 
 » Issue Roll, Exeheq. 15 Ed. iii. logia, xvi, 32. 
 As fish was sometimes difUcult to be
 
 132 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 festive boards of the most refined. Tlie flesh of the por- 
 poise was cooked in various ways. A manuscript in the 
 British Museum contains a receipt for making " puddynge 
 of purpoyse"*," and we find it served at table as late as the 
 time of Henry viii. ", and in the north to a hiter period. 
 
 Meat similar to that now in use was common in the 
 middle ages. Beef, mutfon, and pork, was used in abun- 
 dance ; and geese, capons, fowls, and ducks, generally gar- 
 nished the dining tables. The soups and messes into 
 which these meats were usually made were highly seasoned 
 with spice, and during the reign of Edward in. all who 
 made any pretensions to skilful cookery highly flavoured, 
 and deeply coloured, their dishes with saffron. Spices were 
 in great esteem during the fourteenth century; they came 
 from the Indies by way of Damascus to Venice, Genoa, and 
 Pisa, and thence to England. The "spicery" was an office 
 of some importance in the establishments of royalty and the 
 great, and was superintended by an officer whose duty it 
 was to take charge of, and to give out, proper quantities 
 of these choice ingredients to the cooks. Cinnamon, mace, 
 cloves, galingal, pepper, ginger, nutmegs, and carraways, 
 are mentioned in the household accounts and cookery 
 books of this period. Famous were the sauces made by 
 skilful cooks from these articles, and their use was not con- 
 fined to the nobility. Chaucer's Frankelein, who kept hos- 
 pitality, and loved good living, was very fond of these 
 luxuries, and we are told that 
 
 Woe was his cooke but that his saucis were, 
 Poinant and sharpe and redy all his gere. 
 
 Sugar was in use during the fourteenth century ; it was 
 sometimes called hlanch poivdre, but honey was most com- 
 monly employed, and it formed the principal constituent 
 
 ■» MS. HarLNo. 27f\ fo. 14. - Arcli.-eologi.n. vol. iii. p. 157.
 
 PROVISIONS AND DRINKS. 133 
 
 of the mead and metheglin, for which this period was so 
 famous. The cooks of the middle ages had a method of 
 clarifying honey by putting it into a pot with the whites 
 of eggs and water, and boiling it. In the time of Edward 
 III. the refining of honey had become a mystery or trade 
 of itself. We may form some idea of the quantity con- 
 sumed in the royal household from the fact that in the 
 11th of Edward iii. two hundred and sixty-five gallons of 
 honey were purchased by order of the king's council '', and 
 in the year 1370 seven casks of honey were supplied for 
 the castle of Windsor 'i. 
 
 Cyder and beer appear to have been the beverages gene- 
 rally in use during the fourteenth century. Various descrip- 
 tions of grain were employed in the manufacture of beer ; 
 barley, wheat, and oats, were used almost indiscriminately, 
 and even sometimes mixed together. In the absence of 
 hops the liquor was flavoured with spices. Hops were not 
 grown in England at this period, but we find them men- 
 tioned in the succeeding century. Gilbert Kymer in his 
 Dietary "■ speaks of beer w^ell hopped [bene lupulata). Of 
 wines, that of Guienne was the most common, and those 
 of Gascony and Bordeaux were in use among the nobility. 
 Wine was usually sweetened with strong spices and stimu- 
 lating aromatics. 
 
 A few extracts illustrative of the viands prepared for the 
 feasts of this period may not be altogether uninteresting. 
 In Richard Coeur de Lion we read. 
 
 They soden flesch, rost and brede, 
 And to the super feste they yede. 
 Plenty ther was off brede and wyn, 
 Pynient, clarry, good and fyn ; 
 
 " Barnes' History, Edward III. ' MS. Sloane, No. 4, p. 166; see 
 
 P Issue Roll, Exchcq. 2 Edw. ni. " llouseliold Expeiices of England in 
 
 1 Issue Roll, Excheq. Easter, 44 the 13th and 15th centuries." 
 Edw. III.
 
 134 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Off cranes, and swaunes, and venysown, 
 Partryches, plovers ond heroun. 
 Off larkes, and small volatyle '. 
 
 Ill the Squyr of Lowe Degrc we have a still more tempt- 
 ing bill of fare : 
 
 And sone he sat hym on his knee, 
 And servyd the kynge ryght royally, 
 Wyth deynte metes that wer dere ; 
 Wyth partrjche, pecoke and plovere 
 Wyth byrdes in brede y bake 
 The tele, the ducke, and the drake, 
 The cocke, the curlewe, and the crane ; 
 With sesauntes fayre thyr wer no wane. 
 Bothe storks and snytes ' there wer also, 
 And venyson, freshe of bucke and do ". 
 
 Our forefathers not only loved dainty dishes, but were 
 connoisseurs in w ine. In the same romance we read ; 
 
 You shal have rumney and malmesyne, 
 Both ypocrasse, and vemage wyne, 
 Mount rose, and wyne of Greke, 
 Both algrade, and respice eke, 
 Antioche, and basturde, 
 Pyment also, and garnarde, 
 Wyne of Greke, and muscabell, 
 Both clare, pyment, and Rochell *. 
 
 Ipocrase was a wine much in use during the fourteenth 
 century. It was sweetened and highly spiced with " ginger, 
 synamon, sugour, and turesoll." A receipt for making it 
 is given in the Forme of Cury ^. Algrade, Bastarde and 
 Granarde were Spanish wines, sweetened with honey and 
 also highly spiced. It was the custom when the wine was 
 passed round also to distribute spice to the company upon 
 a plate called the spice-plate used for the purpose, and re- 
 
 » lines 4219 to 4225. =■ line 753. 
 
 ' Snipes. t p. ICl. 
 
 " lines 315—324.
 
 THE BUTTKRY. 135 
 
 peatedly mentioned in old inventories. In William and the 
 Werwolf we read, 
 
 Faun were spaceli ' spices spended al a boute, 
 Fulsumli at the ful to eche freke ther wine, 
 And the wines ther with with hem best liked ". 
 
 THE BUTTERY. 
 
 Besides the kitchen there were two other offices neces- 
 sary to the preparation of the dinner, namely the buttery 
 and the pantry. These two, from the nature of the arti- 
 cles and provisions which they afTorded, were generally 
 placed as near as possible to the hall, their usual position 
 being behind the screens, one on each side, with some- 
 times a passage or staircase between them leading to the 
 kitchen ^. 
 
 To a great degree they were used for the purpose which 
 their name implies, the one for the distribution of the 
 bread ", the other of the wine "^ ; but they also afforded the 
 cups and platters, the bowls and salt-cellar, besides which 
 the table cloths and the various other cloths, towels and 
 napkins, and the casks and vessels, and miscellaneous im- 
 plements more or less of service during the meal, were 
 kept in these two chambers. In ancient accounts we find 
 them mentioned sometimes under the word celarium, or 
 (lispensarium, at others under tlie pinetria and botellaria. 
 The " celarium " included perhaps both the one and the 
 other, and the " celerarius," or person to whose care these 
 two chambers were confided, was an officer of no slight im- 
 portance in the household. But at the same time, besides 
 
 * quickly. Vide vol. i. p. 205. 
 
 ' fo. 64. ' From the French, pain, bread. 
 
 '' In the Liberate Rolls (Guilford) '' The French boutellerie (from boit- 
 
 " to make a door in the gable of the hall telle, a bottle) the officer, called tlie but- 
 
 tiiere, between the pantry and battery, by ler; the office, builery or buttery. 
 \\ hich the king'skitelien may be entered."
 
 136 DOMESTIC ARCHITKCTUllE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the buttery, tliere was probably a " cellar," or store-room, 
 where large quantities of the beer and other beverages 
 were kej)t, whence only a barrel or so at a time were 
 brought into the buttery, where the drink was decanted or 
 emptied into bowls and jugs and made ready for the table. 
 In the same manner, the larder was the store room be- 
 longing to the cook, and the preserved meat was brought 
 into the kitchen in such quantities as were required. 
 
 A list of the articles found in the buttery may not prove 
 uninteresting, taken from the Finchale accounts during this 
 century. 
 
 " In the celarium were two table-cloths, two napkins, 
 two double towels. Also two dish-cloths, one mazer 
 bowl with silver stand, and ten spoons ^" In a second 
 inventory we find mention of " casks, brewing vessels, a 
 tub for the hogwash, a knife, a scrapie, a hand-mill, boult- 
 ing implements, a basket, weights, sieves, and riddles ^" 
 
 There can be no doubt that in this instance the word 
 celarium is used to signify the buttery or pantry. 
 
 In 1354 the same articles are enumerated in the room 
 then called the dispensarium, evidently the same as the 
 pantry. 
 
 In 1397, in the same accounts the names of " j^antr et 
 boutr\" are introduced immediately after the hall, and 
 these names are applied to the same rooms ; the first ar- 
 ticles are enumerated as in selario, probably a mistake of 
 the scribe for celario ; among the articles is "j towel- 
 clath," the rest are mostly the same as given above, and 
 the celaria is evidently the same as the buttery. 
 
 •^ In Celaria. ij : niappae, ij suivenapae, j cuiia pro potu porcoruni, cum uno tan- 
 
 ij manuteigia duplicata. Item vj map- cardo pro eisdein, j cultellus, j sera- • 
 
 pae de canabo j mazer cum pede ar- pcllus, j bultingarke, j area. . . j cuna in 
 
 genteo, x coclearia. — Status Domus de molendino, ij bulteclathes j berlepe, ij 
 
 Fynchall, A.D. 1311. weghtes, ij cribra, ij ridelli. — Status Do- 
 
 ' Item ill Celario vj. magna dolea pro viiis de Fi/iichull, A.D. 13tiO. 
 cercvihia, ij barelli . . . j niclefatt iij tina-,
 
 THE PANTRY. 137 
 
 III further illustration of the same subject we may add 
 the following extracts from the inventory of the goods of 
 the Hospital of St. Edmund at Gateshead in the county of 
 Durham, in 1325 ^ 
 
 "In the buttery four worn towels, one long hand-towel, three worn nap- 
 kins, seven silver spoons of which three are worn and broken, six casks, one 
 barrel, one brass salt-cellar, two towels of coarse cloth for the young men, and 
 two tables." 
 
 In the romance of Ipomydon we read ; 
 
 Upp aroos Ipomydon 
 
 And to the bottery he went anon. 
 
 Having entered, 
 
 lie toke the cuppe of the butelere, 
 And drewe a lace of sylk full clere *■. 
 
 The valet of the king's buttery in the reign of Edward 
 III. had a salary of one hundred shillings yearly'. 
 
 THE PANTRY. 
 
 The pantry M'as an office in which the bread, butter, 
 cheese, &c., were kept, and was superintended by the panter 
 or pannetier. It was his duty to receive the bread from 
 the baker and arrange it on the table in the hall. 
 
 Yenne comes ye pantere with loues thre ''. 
 
 The celerarius or butler was an important personage 
 amongst the household. His duties are briefly and clearly 
 explained in a record relating the customs of Evesham 
 abbey'. "The cellarius must know, and be able to pro- 
 
 K In celeria, quatuor mappaa debiles: ' Issue Roll, Excheq. 44 Ed. iii. 
 
 unum longum manutergiuni ; tres save- •' Sloane MS. 1986. to. 40, b. 
 
 napes debiles ; seplem cochlearia argenti ' Mon. Angl., tom.i. p. 147. edit. 1682. 
 
 quorum tria fracta et debilia, sex cadi " sciat at possit canventui necessaria mi- 
 
 unum doleum, unum salsarium aeneum nistrare, scilicet panem, cervisiam, duo 
 
 duae mappae de canabo pro gareionibu?, pulmenta, ignem salem, et qucedam 
 
 et duae mensae. aliajn cousuetudiuibus expressa." 
 
 "^ MS. Hail. 2252. fo. 58. 
 
 T
 
 138 DOMr.STIC aRCFIITECTURE : rOURTEENTn CENTURY. 
 
 vide necessaries for the convent, for instance, bread, beer, 
 two kinds of condiment, firing and salt, and any other 
 things usnal." And again in another record of the same 
 abbey"", we find that the celerarius should have the care 
 of the whole abbey except as to the returns assigned to 
 the office of the monks ; he shall administer what is neces- 
 sary to the stranger, in all things for instance excejpting 
 those tvhich the cook ought of his office to find for reli- 
 gious men. 
 
 All the food of the abbey was evidently given out from 
 this office " tie cellario ;" the brothers, the chaplains, the 
 servants, are all directed to obtain their rations" from the 
 buttery. There was in general a sufficient quantity of 
 bread, but in Lent the quantity is diminished, and oats 
 for making gruel substituted. 
 
 It is probable that in ordinary houses the butter was 
 churned in the pantry, though in large 
 establishments there was a separate dairy, 
 attached to the farm-house or grans-e. The 
 accompanying figure from the MS. of the 
 romance of Alexander, (Bodl. 264,) shews 
 that the churn of that day did not differ 
 materially from that now in use. 
 
 THE LARDER. 
 
 The larder, as we said before, must often have been 
 of considerable size, as it was used to keep provisions 
 stored up for some length of time. For instance in the 
 inventory of the larder at Fynchale, in the year 1311, we 
 
 "• Mon. Angl., torn. i. p. 149. darium rasum," — "et de avena duode- 
 
 " " Ad unum, de fabis siccis preben- ciiu suminas ad gruellum faciendum."
 
 THE LARDER. 139 
 
 find that it contained" "the carcases of twenty oxen, and 
 fifteen )3igs, of herrings eight thousand, of dograves (a sea- 
 fish pecuhar to those parts) seven score, twenty pounds of 
 ahnonds, thirty of rice, six barrels of lard, enough oatraeal 
 to last till Easter, two quarters of salt." 
 
 There were also the various utensils for salting and 
 keeping these provisions in p. 
 
 We see by the above that it was customary to preserve 
 or lard their meats, and thus we arrive at the origin of the 
 word larder. In the grant to the monastery of Hagburn 
 (a.d. 1332) is mentioned the porcaria, or pig^tye, and 
 twenty pigs for making their "larder" with. But as we 
 also often find mention of the utensils for salting, sonic 
 meat was pickled with salt, though perhaps more generally, 
 it was potted and preserved by lard. 
 
 CARRIAGES. 
 
 The art of building carriages had considerably improved 
 in this century '^y yet they were still rude and clumsy vehi- 
 cles when compared with those of the present day. In the 
 Luterell Psalter there is an interesting representation of 
 a state chariot of the fourteenth century. It is a large 
 
 ° "III Lardaria, de Camibus boviiiis j area cum ij cunis in . . . nar' iij car- 
 
 XX carcos', De bacon' xv. De Alii- cosia bovina, iiij parvae, iij lagense 
 
 cibus viiij."d. De dogdraves vij"; et oley olivae, iiij lagenae albi sagiminis. 
 
 de Amig dalis xx""., de Rise xxx"'., de Concedibus etiam pro nobis et succes- 
 
 albo Sagimine vj lagenae; de Grueli' soribus nostris, quod omni tempore anni 
 
 sufficientia usque Pascham ; de Sale ij habeant in communi porcariam domus 
 
 quarteria ; et utensilia ad dictam offici- quae est extra portam, viginii porcos ad 
 
 nam necessaria."— 5<a(us Domus, A.D. sumptus communus domus, pro eorum 
 
 ]354,_ lardario faciendo." — Dugdale's Mouasli- 
 
 P " In Lardaria iiij tubbes pro plsci- con, (edit. i()73,) torn. ii. p. 395. 
 
 bus insalsandis, iij magnae cunae pro sal- *> See vol. i. p. 12"2. 
 monibus insalsandis, j magnum alveum,
 
 140 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 covered waggon drawn by five strong horses. It is in fact 
 a wooden house on four wheels and is furnished with win- 
 dows. The exterior decorations of the carriage are of the 
 most costly description. In the front sits a noble, or royal 
 personage, with a squirrel gambolling on his shoulder; 
 a lady at the back is receiving a lap-dog from an attendant 
 on horseback. The coachman or wagoroner rides the wheel 
 horse, and holds a long whip in his hand ^ 
 
 Horse litters or beres were also in use. They were hung 
 on two wheels, with a pair of shafts back and front, each of 
 which were lashed to a horse. These were employed for 
 the conveyance of one person, and seldom used but on 
 state occasions. We have several representations of royal 
 litters in old manuscripts, from which it is evident that 
 they were elegantly painted and supplied with cushions ^ 
 L\\ the Squire of Low Degree we have the following descrip- 
 tion of a medieval " chare" or chariot ; 
 
 To morow ye shall yn huntyng fare; 
 
 And yede, my daughter yn a chare, 
 
 Yt shal be coverd wyth velvette reed 
 
 And clothes of fyne golde al aboute your hede 
 
 With damaske whyte and asure blewe 
 
 Well dyapered with lyllyes newe. 
 
 This description, although found in romance, far from 
 being exaggerated, scarcely equals the sumptuous vehicles 
 in use during the fourteenth century. From ancient roll 
 and wardrobe accounts we are able to obtain some curious 
 facts relative to the cost and construction of these stately 
 chariots. In the reign of Edward the Second we find that 
 the sum of 3/. I85. 3f/. was paid to Vanne Ballard, for two 
 pieces of silk and gold tissue of fustian, and of flame- 
 coloured silk {samW ardens) for making cushions for the 
 
 ' Vetusta Monumenta, vol. vi. pi. xx. 
 
 • MSS. Hail. No. 4379, lol. 3. No. 4431, fol. 155.
 
 CARRIAGES. 141 
 
 chariots of the queen and the ladies of the court \ A 
 magnificent carriage was built for the lady Eleanor, sister to 
 Edward the Third. Master la Zouche of the great ward- 
 robe received from the exchequer the enormous sum of 
 one thousand pounds for money paid by him " for making 
 a chariot for tb^ use of the lady Eleanor"." When we 
 remember that this sum was equal to 10,000/. at least of 
 our money, we may form some notion of the luxury of the 
 English court at that period. 
 
 The state carriage represented in the illustrations of the 
 Luterell Psalter is a very fine example, it is a covered 
 waggon richly ornamented, drawn by five horses : a coach- 
 man or waggoner in a hood, with a long whip, rides the 
 wheel horse, and on the second horse is a driver witli a 
 short whip in his hand, and a couteau at his side pocket. 
 In front of the waggon sits a noble, or royal personage, 
 with a squirrel on his shoulders. Ladies are looking out 
 of the windows of the roof, and at the back of the waggon 
 a lady is receiving the lap-dogs from attendants on horse- 
 back. All the ladies, as well as the nobleman, have coronets 
 on their head. The variety of costume of the attendants 
 and waggoners is pleasing. Carriages of a similar descrip- 
 tion, with the windows in the covered roof, and rolled cur- 
 tains, are used to this day in the Walloon part of Belgium, 
 and on the southern frontier of France. The illuminations 
 of the Luterell Psalter, which have been several times re- 
 ferred to, afford an invaluable series of illustrations of the 
 manners and customs of the fourteenth century. This 
 beautiful manuscript has been fully described by the late 
 Mr. Gage Rokewood, in the sixth volume of the Vetusta 
 
 ' Wardrobe accounts of 10 Ed. ii. in mer, Fcedera, vol. iii. p. 392. 
 Archieologia, xxvi. 343. Piers Gave- " Issue Roll, Exclieq. Easter, 6 Ed- 
 
 ston, the minion of Edward ii. in 1313, ward ill. 
 " deux cliarettes od tut le herneis." 11} -
 
 ]42 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CKNTURY. 
 
 Monumenta, and a series of engravings of the illuminations 
 is there given. The details prove that the manuscript was 
 executed for Sir Geoffrey Luterell of Irnham, in Lincoln- 
 shire, and Agnes his wife, and therefore before 1340, the 
 year in which she died, and probably some years previously. 
 Another plate contains a selection of scenes of chivalry, 
 with burlesques, among which is a tournament of ladies. 
 A castle is seen defended by ladies against a host of knights: 
 one lady on the highest tower, with a scarf flowing from 
 her high pointed cap, is manfully blowing an immense 
 trumpet, from which hangs a banner : while the others at 
 their different posts are showering down roses on the be- 
 siegers. Tournaments of ladies are frequently described in 
 the romances and poems of the period. Such a festival, 
 according to the Italian historians, actually took place at 
 Treviso in the year 1214, and was probably neither the first 
 nor the last of its kind. The Chateau d'Amour, or Castle 
 of Roses, was a favourite subject w^ith the artists of the 
 thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The rose towxr at 
 Windsor has been already mentioned. 
 
 In our description of the hall and the kitchen we have 
 given engravings of the Luterell feast, and the preparations 
 for it. Cooking in the open air, — the cook preparing the 
 dishes for table, — servants carrying them up, — the family 
 bagpiper, — then the feast itself. In this scene the room is 
 hung with arras, worked throughout with the arms of 
 Luterell ; Sir Geoffrey in the centre of the table, with his 
 family, has the cup in his hand, which he has just received 
 from one, who in long sleeves, with an embroidered towel 
 hanging over his shoulder, is serving on the knee ; the 
 two chaplains at table are clothed as Dominican friars, in 
 white and black habits, and have the tonsure. 
 
 Then follows a game at tables, closely resembling the 
 modern backgammon table.
 
 CARRIAGES. 143 
 
 The remaining plates represent various scenes of hus- 
 bandry, and sports and pastimes, vvliich form excellent 
 additional illustrations to Strutt's valuable work on that 
 subject. 
 
 To return to the subject of the carriages of this period, 
 from which Ave have been led into this digression ; we have 
 several notices illustrative of this subject in documents of 
 the age of the second Richard. Anne of Bohemia his queen 
 granted in the year 1393 an annual stipend of forty shillings 
 to Robert Westcnde, ' purveyor of our chariots ;' the grant is 
 dated from the 'Chastel de Wyndsor"".' The chariots which 
 it was the duty of ]\lrtster Robert to supply were mere wag- 
 gons for conveying her majesty's wardrobe. The royal car- 
 riage maker appears to have been one Roger Rouland, who 
 in the 20th of Richard ii. received from the exchequer 400/.^ 
 for making a chariot for the queen Isabella. When out 
 of repair the royal carriages were sent to John Norman, 
 wheeler, of London, for we find in the first year of the 
 reign of Henry iv. that a payment was made to him for 
 "repairs and amendments of divers chariots, whyrles, and 
 wheels," done for Isabella the late queen ^ The princess 
 Philippa, daughter of Henry iv., had a rich chariot made 
 for her use. Thomas Kent was paid 5/. for painting it, 
 and John Gadyer, goldsmith, was paid 10/. for the pom- 
 mels of the same carriage ^. Yet these rich and expensive 
 vehicles were sometimes used for the conveyance of the 
 wardrobe; plate, furniture, and bedding, were carried in 
 the same "chariot" with her majesty. Our engraving is 
 an example of an uncovered chariot or waggon, in which 
 there is seated a noble personage in front, although it 
 serves to convey several huge casks. The term chariot was 
 
 » Cottonian Charters in Brit. Mus. * Issue Roll, Excheq. Mich., 1 Hen 
 
 xi. 71. IV. 
 
 ^ Issue Roll, Excheq. Easter, 20 • Issue Roll, Excheq. Mich., 4 Her. 
 
 Rich. II. IV.
 
 144 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 applied even to common waggons. Froissart frequently 
 refers to charetfes in a way from wliicli it is evident that 
 he alludes to baggage vans ^. 
 
 CHARIOT, from the MS. of the Rotnamce of Alesander, Bodl. DSi. 
 
 The large number of these cJiarettes that were required 
 will be evident from the following extracts. 
 
 " I must inform you, that the king of England and his rich lords were 
 followed by carts laden with tents, pavillions, mills to grind their com, and 
 forges to make shoes for their horses. These carts were six thousand in 
 number, each drawn by four good and strong horses which had been trans- 
 ported from England. Upon the carts also were carried several small boats, 
 skilfully made of boiled leather, and large enough to contain three men, so 
 as to enable them to fish any lake or pond whatever might be its size. 
 During Lent these boats were of great service to the lords and barons ia 
 supplying them with fish. The commonalty, however, were compelled to 
 use whatever provisions they could get. The king had besides thirty 
 falconers on horseback with their hawks, sixty couple of hounds, and as 
 many greyhounds : so that every day he took the pleasure either of hunting 
 or fishing." 
 
 " When a French army was sent into Scotland, in the beginning of the 
 reign of Richard ii., the nobles complained much of the poverty and rude- 
 ness of the country, which is thus described by Sir John Froissart ; ' Scotland 
 is a very poor country, and the people generally envious of the good fortunes 
 of others, and suspicious of losing anything themselves. Whenever the Eng- 
 lish make inroads into Scotland, which they frequently do, they order their 
 provisions to follow close at their backs, if they wish to live, for nothing is to 
 
 *• ArchaEologi.i, xi. 413. Tlie word is still in common use in France in tlie same 
 sense.
 
 CARRIAGES. 
 
 145 
 
 be had in that country without the greatest difl5culty. There is neither iron 
 to shoe horses, nor leather to make harness ; all these 
 things come ready made from Flanders, and should the 
 supply fail, none are to be had in the country." 
 
 The figure of a labourer with a basket 
 of vegetables on his back, from the MS. 
 of the romance of Alexander shews an- 
 other mode of conveyance for such pro- 
 visions. Similar baskets are still in use 
 
 i. C T^ Mode of carrvi^c vroti- 
 
 ni some parts or ± ranee, ..oxs. From the ms. of 
 
 p 1 T-1 1 p "^® Romance of Aiesaader. 
 
 In the romance of the Earl of Tolous ^^^- '^'■'> 
 also chariots are alluded to as vehicles for the conveyance 
 of stores ; 
 
 Yerly when the day was clere, 
 He had hys men all in fre, 
 
 To buske and make them yare ; 
 Somer horges "^ he let go before, 
 And charyettys stuffed with store, 
 
 Wele twelve myle and more ''. 
 
 Wheelbarrow. 
 From the MS. Bodl. 2&1. 
 
 The accompanying representations of a wheelbarrow 
 and truck are 
 taken from the 
 MS. Bodl. 2G4, 
 and shew that 
 the forms of 
 these humble 
 but useful ve- 
 hicles have not 
 been materially 
 altered during 
 thelastfivehun- 
 dred years. 
 
 From the iis. B;dl. C64. 
 
 Sumpter-horses. 
 
 ^ line 814,
 
 146 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 ROADS. 
 
 The condition of the public roads had not much im- 
 proved in tliis century. Many were the perils which met 
 the traveller on the highways and byways of old England. 
 Not only were the roads precarious, full of ruts and bogs, 
 and in some parts impassable when the floods were out ; 
 but they were scoured by robbers and rapacious knights, 
 to the terror of all honest traders. Legal enactments proved 
 totally ineffectual in suppressing these dangerous gangs, 
 and not only were kings and nobles waylaid and plundered 
 with impunity, but ecclesiastics of high degree met with 
 equally rough treatment at their hands. To guard against 
 these assaults great men journeyed with armed retinues, 
 and traders formed themselves into companies for mutual 
 protection. An interesting document preserved among the 
 miscellaneous petitions in the Tower, affords a curious illus- 
 tration of the dangers of the road in the fourteenth century. 
 It is addressed to the earl of Arundel by William Drake- 
 lowe and Richard Honninglowe, merchants of Lichfield, 
 who state that on Friday, the feast of Purification, in the 
 15th year of the reign of Edward in., a.d. 1342, they sent 
 their servants with two horses laden with fardels of spicery 
 and mercery, worth forty pounds, to the market to be 
 holden at Stafford on the following Saturday. The men 
 had proceeded as far as Cannock wood when they encoun- 
 tered Sir Robert de Rideware and two followers, by whom 
 they were captured and taken to the priory of Lappeley. 
 One of the men, however, contrived to escape. In the 
 priory there were several friends and accomplices of Sir 
 Robert de Rideware, as well knights as others, and among 
 them Sir John de Oddyngesclesa ; here a division of the 
 plunder was made, each taking a share of the spicery and
 
 ROADS. 147 
 
 mercery according to his degree and estate. On Saturday 
 the whole company rode from Lappcley to the priory of 
 Blythebury, where Rideware represented to the prioress 
 that they were retainers of the king, sore travailed, and 
 prayed house-room for his company. This would appear 
 to have been refused, as they broke open the barns, helped 
 themselves to the hay and oats, and stayed there all night, 
 against the wish of the prioress. In the mean time the 
 man who had escaped, having followed them at a distance, 
 Avent to the king's bailiff for the county, at Lichfield, and 
 gave him to understand that the robbers, with their booty, 
 were at Blythebury. The bailiff and some of the town's- 
 folk proceeded thither, and finding the robbers, summoned 
 them to surrender. They refused, but attacked the bailiff 
 and his people, and wounded several of them ; but the 
 malefactors were ultimately routed, and four of them were 
 caught and decapitated. The bailiff took the stolen goods 
 into his possession, and rode towards Lichfield. But Ride- 
 ware having rallied his band, by a sudden onslaught re- 
 covered his plunder. These conflicts appear to have oc- 
 curred on the Sunday. The bailiff failing to obtain redress 
 for the petitioners they went on the following Thursday 
 to Stafford to shew their grievance, but they found the 
 robbers posted at the gates, who would not suffer them to 
 enter the town. Li conclusion, the petitioners represent 
 that they and many of the Lichfield folk are so menaced 
 by the said robbers, that they dare not venture out of the 
 town. Into all which matters they pray the earl to cause 
 enquiry to be made °. 
 
 Provisions, furniture, and clothing were usually pur- 
 chased by the inhabitants of the provinces at the fairs held 
 annually in their respective parts, and the households of 
 kings and barons w^ere supplied with spicery, grocery, and 
 
 * Archaeological Journal, vol. iv. p. 69.
 
 148 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 napery at these meetings. In some parts the fair was the 
 only medium of social intercourse enjoyed by the people. 
 Gossips might pick up an occasional scrap of news, and 
 learn something of the affairs of state from the strolling 
 minstrel, always a welcome gnest as much for his gossip 
 as for his song, and men of the "North Kontry" might 
 wonder as they heard for the first time of the glory of 
 English arms on the plains of Poictiers and Cressy : for the 
 minstrels, the pedlers, and the pilgrims, were the news- 
 carriers of the age, and many a message of love and busi- 
 ness was intrusted to their keeping. 
 
 Journeys whether in the pursuit of commerce or plea- 
 sure were performed on horseback. The priest had his 
 mule, and the tradesman his hack. Froissart tells us that 
 Sir Robert Tresilian, sent to London by Richard ii. as 
 a spy, left Bristol disguised as a tradesman on a wretched 
 hack. All goods were still conveyed inland on the backs 
 of horses, and the expence attending this mode of transit 
 was enormous. The proceeds of the king's revenue were 
 conveyed in bags slung across the backs of horses. In the 
 reign of Edward iii. Thomas de Wapplyngton received 
 a sum equal to 100/. of our present money for expences 
 incurred in the carriaQ;e of 3000 marks from Kinsrston 
 upon Hull to London ^. 
 
 MILLS. 
 
 Both windmills and watermills appear to have been 
 used from a very early period, and as no mill could be 
 established without a licence from the crown ^, they were 
 
 ' Issue Roll, Excheq. 41- Ed. lit. Placea juxta portain ejiisilem Priora- 
 
 K " Quod Prior Sanctae Katheriiias ex- tus." — Rot. Patent, 13 Edw. i. 
 tra Lincoln possit de novo construere " Quod Rogerus de Mortuomari possit 
 
 unum niolendinum veptriticimi in viridi erigere unum moleiidinum aquaticum in
 
 MILLS. 149 
 
 very valuable property. In many cases they seem to have 
 been attached to the manor, and to have been transferred 
 along with it, and in this way frequently became the pro- 
 perty of the monks ; they were also frequently granted to 
 monasteries, but by no means exclusively so; they were often 
 the property of the lords of the manors, or of the crown. 
 Watermills have frequently been continued on the same site 
 from the Saxon period to the present time ; for instance in 
 Oxford, the castle-mill and the king's mill are mentioned 
 in the Domesday survey, Holywell mill on the other 
 hand was founded in the 13th century, and attached to 
 St. John's hospital, transferred to Magdalen college with 
 the other property. In the Patent Rolls frequent instances 
 occur of licences to establish mills, or to transfer them with 
 the manor to which they belonged. At Fountain's abbey, 
 Yorkshire, the abbey mill still exists, and part of the build- 
 ing is as old as the thirteenth century. 
 
 j\Iills were so frequently the property of the monks to 
 whom they had been granted by ancient charters, that in 
 the fourteenth century this monopoly was felt to be a 
 serious inconvenience, and handmills were brought into 
 use for domestic purposes^. Their introduction however 
 met with serious opposition from the monks, and violent 
 quarrels arose between the people and the abbots of vari- 
 ous monasteries. During the popular insurrections which 
 occurred in this century, the insurgents did not forget to 
 stipulate for the privilege of using handmills \ 
 
 Portions of many mills are of great antiquity, but the 
 
 villa de Kewenny infra dominium suum Library. Handmills are mentioned in 
 
 de Denbighe." — Rot. Pat. 2 Edw. lit. tlie assessment made at Colchester, 29ili 
 
 35 H. III. "And build three Mills of Ed. i. A pair is valued at 12. Rot. 
 
 in the park (at Guildford) to wit, one Pari. i. p. 23 K 
 
 for hard corn, another for malt, and a ' Rebelliones Villanorum temporibus, 
 
 third for fulling." Vol. i. p. 233. Ricardi Secundi MS. Cotton., in Brit. 
 
 ^ See also one engraved in the first Mus. Claud, E. iv. 
 vol. from MS. Arch. A. 154, Bodleian
 
 150 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 ancient construction of the water-wheels has probably not 
 in any instance come down to us ; we are therefore driven 
 to the representations of them in illuminated manuscripts 
 of the period, to see the exact form and plan of a mill of 
 the fourteenth century. The accompanying illustration 
 shews three wheels following each other, and all undershot 
 
 yTATKBMiLL, fruEQ the MS of the Komauce of Alexander, in the Bodleian Library, Bodl. 3M. 
 
 wheels. The mill attached to Brougham castle, Westmore- 
 land, has still two Avheels following each other in a similar 
 manner. Windmills appear to have been constructed almost 
 exactly as at present, and turned on a pivot in the same 
 manner, as shewn in the accompanying representation. 
 Both the mills are from the beautiful manuscript of the 
 romance of Alexander in the Bodleian Library ^, the same 
 that Strutt used so largely for his " Sports and Pastimes." 
 
 '' " Rex concessit Lenioni de Ridgley ventu suo ad villam Stamford, quod eri- 
 
 .... per servitium tenendi semel strigi- gere possit molendintim super stagnum 
 
 lem Regis ad primum assensum Regis vicari." — Rot, Pat. 20 Edw. iii. 
 super Palefridum suuin in quolibet ad-
 
 1 
 
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 f 1 i - 
 
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 1 
 
 ■i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
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 Ai ■ ^ 1 
 
 f 1 
 
 ■ c I
 
 MILLS. 
 
 151 
 
 We know that mills were not exclusively applied to 
 the grinding of corn, 
 as we find mention 
 of the tan mill. The 
 mill also was brought 
 into use, in the same 
 way that we now em- 
 ploy steam machi- 
 nery, in the manu- 
 facture of cloth, and 
 called the fulling ' 
 mill. It is probable 
 that there is not any 
 
 UTii., from the MS. of the Komance of Alexander, Bjdl, 351. 
 
 ancient example existing of a windmill of this period, as 
 they were generally built of wood. 
 
 BARNS. 
 
 The barn at first sight bears much resemblance to the 
 other more important buildings, as it is often of consider- 
 able size, firmly and substantially built, and strengthen- 
 ed with modern buttresses ; but it may readily be distin- 
 guished by the small size of its windows, which could never 
 have been intended but to give air to the interior, as gene- 
 rally admitting scarcely any light whatever. 
 
 There are probably many barns existing in England of 
 great antiquity, though from the plainness of structure 
 and absence of architectural detail it is most difficult or 
 sometimes impossible to assign to them any date. There 
 are however some celebrated examples belonging to the 
 fourteenth century, as Glastonbury, Wells and Pilton, in 
 Somersetshire J Coxwell, Berkshire; Peterborough, (lately 
 
 ' Simul cum lino obolatu redditus cum Icniino fiilhnieo. — Carta Rupensis Mo~ 
 pertinentiis suis exeunte de quodara mo- nast. 51 Edw. iii.
 
 152 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: EOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 destroyed for the railway ;) Abbotsbury, Dorsetsliirc. These 
 are large cruciform structures which would })ut to shame 
 many a modern church ; what little ornament there is, such 
 as the dripstones over tlie doorways and the finials on the 
 points of the gables, are often very well executed. In some 
 cases in the abbey barns ornaments of sacred character are 
 introduced, as at Pilton, ^yhere the emblems of the four 
 evangelists are introduced in the gables ; this is however 
 not earlier than the time of Richard ii., and belongs rather 
 to the Perpendicular style than the Decorated. 
 
 In France there are also many very fine examples of 
 early barns, as at the abbey of Ardennes near Caen. 
 
 Some of these barns are divided into a nave and aisles 
 like a church, but the side walls are generally low, there 
 being no clerestory, the shape of the roof is continued 
 and brings the eaves not very far from the ground. This 
 mode of construction affords a good illustration of the 
 manner in which a great number of our early churches 
 were built, with low and narrow^ aisles ; many of them re- 
 main in their original state, especially in Sussex, but in 
 general the aisles have been rebuilt and enlarged. 
 
 The Durham wills and inventories, and the accounts of 
 the priory of Finchale, abound with notices of the contents 
 of the barn and other offices connected with the farm ; for 
 example, 
 
 " In the brewhouse, two leaden vessels fixed in the ground : one large cask 
 for the beer, with six other small ones. 
 
 "In the barn, twenty-two quarters and seven bushels of wheat in the straw 
 (by estimation) : ten quarters of peas : four quarters of barley : twenty 
 quarters of oats. 
 
 " In the cow-house, sixteen cows, and three mares, price of each, xiii s. iv d. 
 
 " In the pigstic, eight pigs, price of each, ij s. 
 
 " In the yard, two carts bound with iri)n, two harrows not bound. 
 
 " In the field, Ixxij acres of land sown with corn."
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS. 
 
 TnE common idea of a town of the middle aires, more 
 often called a Gothic town, is an accumulation of houses 
 crowded together without any order, separated by narrow 
 lanes over which the upper stories of the houses project so 
 much that the inmates might shake hands from the upper 
 stories across the street. This picture is indeed tolerably 
 correct of many of our old towns, but the actual buildings 
 in those towns are generally of the seventeenth centurv, 
 and for the origin of the towns themselves we must either 
 go back to a very remote period, or trace it to some acci- 
 dental cause. They may be divided into several classes : 
 some are of Roman origin, as Lincoln, Chester, Colchester, 
 &c. ; in some of these, considerable parts of the Roman 
 walls still remain, in others they may be distinctly traced, 
 and in all these towns the plan is the same, a paral- 
 lelogram, with a gate in the centre of each face, and the 
 principal streets carried through in straight lines, cross- 
 ing each other at right angles in the centre of the town : 
 but no regular plan seems to have been followed in the 
 four quarters into which the town is thus divided, and 
 in these the houses are often much crowded, the space 
 within the walls having been found too confined for the in- 
 creased population, while the disturbed state of the coun- 
 try rendered it often dangerous to build outside the wall. 
 Another class of old towns consists of those which have 
 
 X
 
 154 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 gradually clustered round the walls of a castle for the sake 
 of protection, as Norwich, in wjiich the principal streets 
 wind round the castle, following the line of the moat, which 
 may still be traced though now built over". A third class 
 grew up under the protection of some wealthy and im- 
 portant monastery, as Bury St. Edmund's. In these cases 
 we cannot expect to find any regular plan to have been 
 followed ; each man built as suited his convenience, and as 
 he could get permission. 
 
 There is, however, still another class of towns which 
 were entirely founded in the middle ages, built from their 
 foundations on a new site for some specific object, which 
 have not been sufficiently noticed. These towns are more 
 regular and symmetrical than most modern towns, and are 
 built on an excellent and scientific plan, combining very 
 close packing with great convenience for individuals, while 
 the principal streets are wide, open, and straight, crossing 
 each other at right angles only. There are always two 
 parallel streets at a short distance one from the other, 
 and connected by short streets at frequent intervals ; be- 
 tween these principal streets, and also in parallel lines, are 
 narrow streets or lanes, corresponding to the modern mews, 
 and employed for the same purpose : by this means each 
 plot of ground for building on is of a uniform size and 
 shape, a parallelogram with one end facing a principal street, 
 and another a lane. In some towns each building plot, or, 
 when built upon, each house, was also divided by a narrow 
 passage or court, leading from the principal street to the 
 lane, serving as a watercourse and surface drain. Some- 
 
 • At Durham the streets follow the forming external tables. Old people re- 
 ridges of the hills, which converge to- member the time when the chief part of 
 wards the castle and catliedral; there is the shops in Durham had no windows of 
 some curious information in Reginald glass. When a castle was built and a 
 Dunelm. respecting shops— which had no market granted, the market was held in 
 •windows — the shutters falling down and general in the outer ballium.
 
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 m
 
 THE ENGLISH TOWNS IN FRANCE. 155 
 
 times when a larger house was required two plots were 
 thrown together, and the passage omitted ; and in some 
 towns these narrow passages were not used at all. The 
 principal streets were 24 feet wide\ the lanes 16 feet, and 
 the passages only 6 feet. The advantages of these passages 
 are, that there would be no dispute about party walls, and 
 as the upper parts of the houses were usually of wood, in 
 case of fire each house was detached from its neighbours, 
 and the fire would be more readily extinguished. 
 
 Near the centre of the town was a large market-place, 
 at one corner of which was usually the church ; and it 
 should be observed that the principal streets do not cross 
 each other in the centre of the market-place, but run 
 in a line with its four sides, passing out from each corner 
 in a direct line to the extremity of the town, so that 
 the traffic did not interfere with the central space, which 
 was often planted with trees; and in this space was the 
 market-hall or weighing place, sometimes a building, in 
 other cases a mere shed on a raised platform : and in an- 
 other corner was usually a well. In southern climates the 
 houses round the market-place are built on arcades or a 
 series of groined vaults open on one side, with shops on the 
 opposite one ; these covered ways are of the same width as 
 the main streets, 24 feet, so that there is ample space for 
 two carts or waggons to pass each other without inconve- 
 nience, and the height is sufficient for this purpose, though 
 they generally look low in proportion to the length and 
 breadth ; the arches next the market-place are usually 
 pointed, those across the roads, which may be called the 
 arch ribs, are usually segmental, on account of the wide 
 
 •* These are the measurements of the smaller towns, but in the larger 
 
 Montpazier, the most perfect and regu- towns, as Libourne, the principal streets 
 
 lar of the English towns founded by are thirty feet wide, or, according to tiie 
 
 Edward i. in Aquitaine or Guienne; measure then generally used, five toises, 
 
 they apply equally to several others of the toise being six feet.
 
 15G DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 space and want of hciglit. These covered ways afford 
 shelter alike from the sun or the rain, and are a great 
 convenience in the south of France and in Italy ; they ap- 
 pear to have been sometimes used in more northern cli- 
 mates also, and it is probable that the piazza in Covent 
 Garden is a traditional continuance of the same custom ''. 
 There is a fine example of nearly as late a date at Mont- 
 auban, it is in the style of the Renaissance, and built of 
 brick ; but the character of the medieval market-place is 
 admirably preserved, including the covered ways round 
 the sides, and the covered platform at one corner of the 
 central space. 
 
 The best example in England of these medieval towns 
 on a regular plan is Winchelsea, which was founded by 
 Edward the First on a new site in consequence of the en- 
 croachment of the sea having almost destroyed the old 
 town. But in the province of Guiexne or Aquitaine, 
 which was then part of the English dominions, they are 
 very numerous, and are commonly known as the English 
 towns °. In 1298 Edward i. wrote from Bordeaux to 
 London, desiring the authorities there to send him out four 
 persons competent to lay out the plans of towns. — "The 
 most clever and able, and those who best know how to 
 divide, order and arrange a new town in the manner that 
 will be most beneficial for us and for the merchants ; and 
 who shall be ready and willing to go for that purpose, 
 
 '' It may however have been from tlie He allows, however, that the plans of 
 
 cloister of the convent tliat tlie idea was the English towns are more perfect and 
 
 taken. regular than the French ones, so tliat it 
 
 * M. Felix deVerneilh has published a is probable in this as in most other 
 
 valuable series of papers on the subject of things, the French were the original 
 
 these towns in Didrou's Aniialos Arch6- inventors, but the English perfected the 
 
 ologiques, in wliicli he labours to prove invention, and applied it to practical use. 
 
 that, notwithstanding the popular name The earliest of the English Baslides is 
 
 of " Villes Anglaises," these regular said to have been Monts^gur, founded 
 
 plans were not of English invention. in 1265.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 FRENCH EXAMPLE. 
 
 mw¥m:mwmwww m ipwmmw0w m w wmmw 
 
 HOUSE AT 
 
 S.TRIEX, NEAR LIMOGES. DEPARTMENT OF HAUTE VIENNE.
 
 THE ENGLISH TOWNS IN FRANCK. 
 
 157 
 
 wherever we may send them 'V These towns are also called 
 "Bastides," (the name for them in the Provencal lan- 
 guage,) "New Towns," and "Frke Towns," Ville-neuve, 
 or Ville-franche. Any one running his eye over the map 
 of France will be surprised at the frequent occurrence of 
 these names. 
 
 These towns formed an essential part of the policy of 
 Edward i., perhaps the most wise and far-sighted monarch 
 that England has ever had ; he endowed them with special 
 privileges to encourage inhabitants to flock to them, and 
 in this he was very successful. They performed an im- 
 portant part in the progress of civilization in Europe*". 
 The inhabitants were all made free men, exempt from 
 the power and jurisdiction of the neighbouring barons or 
 bishops; their tenure was direct from the crown, and they 
 were granted the important privilege of free trade. The 
 charter '^ confirmed to the new town of Winch elsea is almost 
 
 "• "Ell 1298, Edward i. ecrivait en 
 effet a la commune de Londres, de lui 
 envoyer ' quatre prodeshommes des plus 
 sachantz et plus suffisantz qui niieux 
 sachent diviser, ordouner et arayer une 
 novele vile au plus de profit de nous et 
 des marchautz . . . pretz et appareilles 
 d'aller outre pour cete besoigne la ou 
 nous leur enjoindrons.'" Documens 
 Franpais inedits, torn. i. p. ccxxi. 
 
 ' See Sir James Stephens' Lectures 
 on the History of France, Lecture V.; 
 Guizot, Hisloire de la Civilization, torn. 
 V. 16* le(,'on; Hallam's Middle Ages, 
 chap. ii. 
 
 ' 26th of July, 7 Edward ii.— (Charter 
 Roll. 7 Edw. II. No. 47.) Pro hominibtts 
 dt Ilia et Wynchelse. " Rex Archiepis- 
 copis, &c., salutein. Inspexinius cartam 
 quani Doniinus Ricardus quondam rex 
 Angliae progenitor noster dedit liomini- 
 bus de Ilia et de Wynchelse in liaec verba; 
 
 ' Ricaidus, Dei gratia, Rex Anglia?, Dux 
 Normannite, Aquitaniae, comes Ande- 
 gaviae, Archiepiscopis, Episcopis, Abba- 
 tibus, Comitibus, Baronibus, Justiciariis 
 Vicecomitibus praepositis, Baillivis, Cas- 
 tellanis, et omnibus fidelibus suis totius 
 terra; suae, Salutem. Sciatis, nos con- 
 cessisse et prassenti carta nostra confir- 
 masse, quod homines de Ria et de Wyn- 
 chenesell' sint liberi et quieti per totam 
 terram nostram citra mare et ultra ab 
 omni theolouio, et lestagio et tallagio, et 
 passagio, et chiagio, et rivagio, et sponsa- 
 gio, et omni Wrec, et de rocato, et de om- 
 nibus consuetudinibus per totam terrain 
 nostram quocunque venerint. Concedi- 
 mus etiam eis quod habent inventiones in 
 mari et terra, et quod sint quieti de omni- 
 bus rebus suis, etde toto mercato suo sicut 
 nostri liberi homines. Praecipimus etiam 
 quod nulius eos vel res eoruin disturbet 
 super decern librarum forisfacturam, et
 
 158 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 identical with those granted to the Bastides, and this be- 
 ing in England belongs perhaps more strictly to the pre- 
 sent work, though it is not quite so perfect a type as some 
 of the towns in France, such as Montpazier, which is the 
 most regular of all. At Winchelsea, from the irregular 
 form of the ground to be built upon, situated on a ridge 
 or neck of high land between the river and the sea, the 
 plan of the town is not so perfectly symmetrical, but is 
 sufficiently so to shew the intention, and as much so as it 
 could well be made. A few extracts relating to the history 
 of Winchelsea will serve to explain the matter more fully 
 and more clearly to our readers. 
 
 "Year by year it became more evident that the old town would be aban- 
 doned, and at length, in 1287, the great inundation happened which totally 
 destroyed old Winchelsea, and obliged all such of the inhabitants as escaped 
 to quit it. In the records of Eye it is thus recorded : ' mcc lxxxvii. in vigilia 
 Sanctpe Agatha) virginis quarto die Febrii submersa fuit villa de Winchelsea 
 et omnes terrte inter Clivesden usque ad le Vochere de Hythe.' " 
 
 It is thus described by Leland in his Itinerary, vol. vi. 
 fol. 58, which altogether affords a striking picture of the 
 unsettled state of the times. 
 
 " The olde Toune of Winchelsey of a vi. or 7 yeres together felle to a very 
 soore and manifest Ruine, be reason of olde images of the Se, and totally in 
 the tyme of the aforesayde vi. or 7 yeares. 
 
 In the space of these aforesayde yeres the people of Winchelsey made 
 sute to Kyng Edward the first for Remedy and a New Plot to set them a 
 Toun on. 
 
 Whereupon A.D. 1277, the King sent thither John Kirkeby Bishop of Ely 
 and Treasorer of England, and vewid a Plot to make the new Toune of Win- 
 chelsey on, the which was at that time a ground wher conies partily did 
 
 quod sint quiet! de syris et de hondre- plenarium servitium nostrum duas naves 
 
 dis et si quis versus illos placitare volue- ad perficiendum uunierum viginti na- 
 
 ritnou respoudeant ucque jjlacitent aliter vium de Ilastingiis.' Haec autem om- 
 
 quam Barones de Ilastingiis, et de quin- nia supra scripta concedimus," &c., &c. 
 
 que portubus placitant et in tempore The charter of King John, granting 
 
 Henrici patris nostri placitare solebant. the above privileges, and in the same 
 
 Pro hiis etiam libertaiibus inveiiient ad words, is also confirmed by Edward li.
 
 r 1 *= ^ " I 
 
 -: s ?s ^ i5 5
 
 WINCHELSEA. 159 
 
 resorte. Sir John Tregose a Knight was the chief owner of it, and one 
 Maurice, and Bataille Abbay. The King compoundid with them : and so 
 was there vii. score and tenne Acres limittid to the New Toune, whereof 
 parte is in the King Mede withoute the Toune, and parte in Hangging of 
 the nille. 
 
 Then in the tyme of the yere aforesayde the King set to his Help in be- 
 ginning and waulling New Winchclesey, and the Inhabitantes of Olde Win- 
 chelesey tooke by a litle and a litle and builded at the New Toune, So that 
 withyn the vi. or vii yere afore expressid the New Towne was metely well 
 furnishid and dayly after for a few yeres encreasid. 
 
 But or XX yeres were expired from the beginning of the Building of New 
 Winchclesey it was twise enterid by Enemies, first by Frenchemen, that did 
 much hurt in the Toune and secundarily by the Spaniards that enterid by 
 night at Fareley aboute the midle way betwixt Winchclesey and ITastinges. 
 At this Invasion the Towne of Winchclesey was sore spoyled, and scant syns 
 came ynto the pristine state of Welth. For the commune voyce is that at 
 that tyme wer xx Aldremen yn the Toune Marchauntes of good Substaunce. 
 
 In the Toune as withyn the walles be 2 Paroche Chirches and there were 
 2 Colleges of Freres." 
 
 The exact sites of the streets and places, together with 
 the names of the first owners, are fully set out in a return 
 made in the 20th Edward i., and yet remaining among the 
 minister's accounts at Carlton Ride. 
 
 The roll commences — "These are the places set out, enfranchhed, and on 
 which a rent has been put in the new town of Winchelsea which is now just 
 built, by the Mayor and 24 Jurats and by Sir John de Kirkeby Bishop of 
 Ely, on the part of our Lord the King, commissioned to set out, enfranchise 
 and set a rent on the same places who say according to the foiTQ of their 
 commission that our Lord the King held of the Land which belonged to Sir 
 John Tregoz on the Hill where the new town is founded as appears by the 
 extent made by Sir Stephen le Peucestre and Gregory de Rokesle, &c. &c." 
 
 The roll then goes on to give the names of every owner, 
 the quantity of his holding and the free rent he was to pay, 
 arranged in divisions of eight streets or ways, and thirty- 
 nine quarters ^. 
 
 " And the said Mayor and jurats say that in the I6th year of the reign of 
 King Edward, about the feast of St. James the Apostle (25 July, 1288) Sir 
 J. de Kyrkeby, then Bishop of Ely, gave seizen to the commonalty of AVin- 
 chelsea of all the lands and tenements in these rolls, in the presence of the 
 
 8 The first highway or street com- 5, the fourth 6, the fifth 4, the sixtli 5, 
 prised 5 quarters, the second 6, the third the seventh 4', the eighth 4.
 
 160 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEKNTH CENTURY. 
 
 Sheriff of Sussex and other nobles, as well as knights, and many others of the 
 said county on the part of our Lord the King, repromitting (guaranteeing) 
 the said commonalty absolute and quiet possession, free from payment of the 
 said rents from the feast above named for seven years succeeding ; by reason 
 of which repromission, from the building and rental of the to^vn to the present 
 time nothing has been paid ; upon which repromission the will of the King is 
 in all things to be performed. And for greater (certainty) the Mayor and 
 Jurats with the assent of the whole commonalty aforesaid, have caused to be 
 affixed to the present roll the seal of the said commonalty. Given at Win- 
 chelsea the Saturday next before the Feast of St. Michael the Archangel ia 
 the 20th year of our Lord King Edward, 1292." 
 
 The ideas of those who formed the plan of Winchelsea 
 were much more grand than the result justified. They 
 evidently contemplated and prepared for a large and im- 
 portant sea-port town ; and they probably had good reason 
 to expect this, though from circumstances which they could 
 not foresee it was never finished, and has now become a 
 mere country village. The distance from the Land gate to 
 the New gate is nearly a mile, and the space enclosed within 
 the walls cannot be much less than a hundred acres. On 
 the west side, when not protected by the natural form of 
 the ground, there is a very deep ditch or moat, with a mound j 
 on the other sides the natural clifi" is a sufficient protection ; 
 there is no appearance of any stone walls having been 
 built, but three gates remain. The most perfect of these 
 is the Strand gate, which is a square structure or gate- 
 house, with a round tower at each corner, having well- 
 moulded strings, but the upper part mutilated; the arches 
 are segmental and not pointed, and there are remains of a 
 barrel vault wuth plain arch ribs ; on one side is also a piece 
 of panelling over the head of a small doorway to the stair- 
 case which led into the upper chamber, now^ destroyed. 
 The material is the rag-stone of the country, and the style 
 early Decorated, agreeing perfectly with the church, and 
 with the time of Edward i. 
 
 The Land gate is a plain square structure of rag-stone
 
 WINCHELSEA. 101 
 
 with round-headed segmental arches similar to the other, 
 but without any towers. The New gate is still plainer, and 
 less perfect ; all three are very nearly of the same period ; 
 though the New gate may be a little later, there is scarcely 
 a perceptible change of character. 
 
 The church and churchyard occupy one of the quarters, 
 which is two acres and a half in extent, and this appears to 
 be the size of most of the others, but in part of the large 
 space included within the walls the divisions have either 
 never been marked out or have been obliterated. The 
 town hall is situated opposite to the church, and is the 
 mutilated remnant of a building of the original period, with 
 some sunk panels in the front, in one of which is a helmet 
 and shield with supporters, but too much broken to be 
 made out. On the gable at one end is an original panelled 
 chimney, which has been a fine one, but the upper part is 
 gone. There are arches in the wall of the lower story, but 
 it is not now vaulted, and the doorway to a cellar under it, 
 but this has also been destroyed. The chancel and aisles 
 of a very fine large church are tolerably perfect, the tran- 
 septs are in ruins, probably never finished, and the nave 
 appears never to have been built. The rich series of tombs 
 let into the side walls of the chancel aisles are celebrated 
 among the most splendid of this rich period of Edward i. ; 
 one of them has been beautifully engraved in Mr. Blore's 
 work on Monuments. The figures in the north aisle ap- 
 pear to have been brought from the old town, they are in 
 the costume of the time of Henry iii., a knight, a lady, and 
 a priest, and are of Purbeck marble, with the slabs on 
 which they lie, the rest of the tombs and canopies being of 
 Caen stone. Those in the south aisle are of rather later 
 character, the figures of the same age as the canopies, and 
 are probably the tombs of two of the merchant princes who 
 had settled in the new town.
 
 1G2 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The remains of old houses are very slight, consisting only 
 of a well-moulded doorway, and a gable-end in one part, 
 towards the New gate, and the lower part of a few small 
 houses near the Land gate. But there are a great num- 
 ber of fine vaulted cellars, agreeing with the architectural 
 character of Edward the First's time : some of them are 
 under houses, others under w^iat are now fields or gardens. 
 One of these cellars is 50 feet long by 18 wide and 12 high, 
 and most of the others are of similar dimensions. They 
 appear to have been generally built in pairs, at one corner 
 of the square or quarter, and then a considerable interval 
 betw^een these and another pair ; this would seem to shew 
 that the quarters were not built all over, but included 
 gardens between the houses : though as many of these 
 cellars have been destroyed, there is not sufficient evidence 
 to prove this. Those which remain are all alike, each 
 having a plain barrel vault of rag-stone, with arch ribs, 
 similar to the small vault or crypt under the altar platform 
 of the church. 
 
 The portions which remain of two old houses are valuable 
 as shewing the original arrangement ; the lower story is of 
 rag-stone, very plain work, the vault of the cellar and con- 
 sequently the floor of the room is three or four feet above 
 the level of the ground, the entrance to the house is up a 
 flight of stone steps, placed sideways to the street, and 
 under this is the entrance to the cellar ; by the side of the 
 steps is the window of the cellar, and over that the window 
 of the lower story ; the upper story is of wood covered with 
 tiles ; and this appears to have been the original arrange- 
 ment, though the upper part has been renewed. Another 
 house near the church appears to have been of two stories, 
 of stone, but it is so much mutilated that little can be told 
 of its original appearance. 
 
 The existence of this large number of fine vaulted cellars
 
 WINCHELSEA. 163 
 
 has led to the inference that Winchelsea was the chief port 
 for the importation of the French wines, for which its situa- 
 tion, immediately opposite to Boulogne, rendered it very 
 convenient, and that these vaults were the equivalent in the 
 time of Edward i. to the London docks of the present day. 
 It is said that there was a cellar of this description under 
 every house in Winchelsea, and the existing remains seem 
 to make this very probable. It may however be doubted 
 whether these vaults really amount to anything more than 
 the usual custom of the period in all towns to vault over the 
 lower story, tJie floor of which was generally a few feet below 
 the surface. There is good reason to believe that many such 
 vaulted chambers still exist in London, though they have 
 now become cellars, and the same is the case in many other 
 towns. The house long known as Gerrard's Hall was a 
 good example : and in the town of Chepstow there is a 
 single vaulted room of this kind, with good ribs and bosses 
 of the time of Edward iii., though the smart modern 
 shop front would little lead one to expect such an inte- 
 rior ^. 
 
 The new town was twice sacked in the early part of the 
 fourteenth century, before it was half finished, and probably 
 before the fortifications were sufficiently completed to resist 
 a sudden attack. The town appears never to have recovered 
 from the efiects of these repeated misfortunes : the ravages 
 of the sea were in a fair way of being remedied, but the 
 ravages of war, in which a great part of the principal in- 
 habitants were slain, could not be so easily recovered from '. 
 
 •' The only old house in Chester ear- exclusive of the sites of the two churches, 
 
 lier than the time of Elizabeth has a into which the new town was divided, 
 
 vaulted chamber or cellar of this de- varied in quantity. The majority were 
 
 scription under it, and at Shrewsbury from li ac. to 2. a. and 2i a. each, but 
 
 there is also a single house of this cha- some towards the south were 3 a. and 
 
 racter remaining. 3i a. Notwithstanding the loss of fences 
 
 ' The thirty-nine quarters or squares, they may yet be traced with tolerable
 
 164 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The town of Kingston upon Hull was founded ^ by King 
 Edward i. on his return from Scotland through Yorkshire, 
 after the battle of Dunbar, in which he had defeated the 
 Scottish king John Balliol, and deprived him of his crown. 
 It may be seen in Hollar's map of the town is it was 
 before 1640, that the ground-plan coincides very nearly 
 with that of the Bastides in France '. The historians state 
 that Edward was on a visit to the Lord Wakes of Baynard 
 castle, at Cottingham, in this neighbourhood, and while 
 staying there, being, engaged one day in the amusements 
 of the chase, he was led in the pursuit of a hare to the 
 hamlet of Wyke, situated on a point of land where the small 
 river Hull runs into the Humber, which forms the site of 
 the present town of Hull "". 
 
 "The king, who was a prince of excellent understanding 
 and judgment, had no sooner come up and seen the place, 
 than the ardour after the chace entirely forsook him. He 
 was charmed with the scene before him, and viewed with 
 delight the advantageous situation of the hitherto neglected 
 
 accuracy. A glance at the map will which was a church now in ruins." 
 enable us to follow them. The first ^ A.D. 1267, 51st Henry in. Rot. 
 quarter at Cook's Green, (N.E. corner,) Pat. m. 23 : "Pro Archiepiscopo Ebor' 
 thence the quarters extended westward de porta suo de Hull de prisis vinorum 
 along the north side of the town. Having suorum ibidem." This does not seem 
 reached the north-west point they went to agree with the popular account, as it 
 back again, and began at the east, and shews Hull to have been a seaport be- 
 thence again to the west, and so worked longing to the archbishop of York in the 
 back from east to west. time of Henry iii. 
 
 The following is an entry from the ^ Making allowance for the irregular 
 
 diary of Mr. Wesley, Winclielsea being form of the ground on the bank of the 
 
 the place where he preached his last river, tlie outline of which is necessarily 
 
 sermon in the open air, Oct. 7, 1790. followed in some degree. 
 
 "I went over to that poor skeleton ■» Theexactsimilarity of this situation 
 
 of ancient Winchelsea. It is beautifully to that of Libourne in Aquitaine, the 
 
 situated on the top of a steep hill, and site of which is also said to have been se- 
 
 was regularly built in broad streets, lected by Edward himself, seems to give 
 
 crossing each other, and encompassing great probability to the story in both 
 
 a very large square, in the midst of instances.
 
 J • 2 5 £ ■ S 
 
 £ 3 £ s >:3 2 I 2 • • i i 
 
 I «- ^ 5 « r)i 4.^» (^ (5 ;! ^ ^ 
 
 •<! 03 " s sj a. o ta M «3 >J ^ ^ 
 
 11
 
 KINGSTON UPON HULL. 165 
 
 and obscure corner. He foresaw it might become sub- 
 servient, both to render the kingdom more secure against 
 foreign invasion, and at the same time greatly to augment 
 its commerce. He quickly conceived a thought worthy of 
 himself, which was to erect a fortified town, and make a 
 safe and commodious harbour. He called the shepherds 
 and enquired of them how deep the river Hull was ? To 
 what height the tides flowed? and who was the owner 
 of the soil? Of all which having fully informed himself, 
 he returned exceedingly well pleased to Cottingham, from 
 whence he sent for the abbot of Meaux, (who he had heard 
 was lord of the soil,) and in exchange for some lands of 
 considerably more worth in Lincolnshire, he obtained pos- 
 session of the ground he so much prized '*." He then is- 
 sued a proclamation offering freedom, with great privileges 
 and immunities, to all persons who would build and in- 
 habit there. He also caused a manor-hall to be erected for 
 himself, and honoured the town with the name of King's 
 town or Kingston, by which it is still called in all public 
 or legal writings. In the twenty-seventh year of his reign, 
 A.D. 1299, the harbour was finished, and the town by 
 a royal charter constituted a free borough °. 
 
 The privileges granted to the infant town soon brought 
 a large influx of people, and in a few years it abounded 
 with shipping, merchants, and tradesmen, draining by de- 
 grees all the neighbouring towns, and becoming almost 
 immediately a place of importance. In 1302 a gaol was 
 built p, roads were made through the marshes to Hessle, 
 Anlaby, Beverley, Cottingham, and Holderness, which are 
 probably the same that remain to this day. In 1312 the 
 
 ° De la Pryme's MSS. collected out printed by Tickell, p. 11. 
 
 of the town records, printed by Tickell, p " De Gaola construenda in villa de 
 
 p. 10. Kingston super Hull." Rot. Pat. Su'. 
 
 * A translation of the charter is £.1. m. 15.
 
 166 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 large and stately church of the Holy Trinity was built. 
 Edward ii., who was then at York, contributed liberally to 
 the work ; the choir and tower belong to this period, and 
 are a noble example of the early Decorated style, though 
 the material is brick. In 1319 "^ the paving of the streets 
 was begun, a grant being obtained from the king, enabling 
 the bailiffs of the town to lay a toll for the term of seven 
 years on all commodities sold in the market, in order to 
 defray the expenses, and this toll proved sufficiently pro- 
 ductive for the purpose. In 1322 "" the town was fortified 
 with a ditch and wall of stone, with strong castles and 
 towers. The expenses of this work were defrayed by a toll 
 for three years of one penny in the pound, on all goods 
 brought in or carried out of the place ^ 
 
 Leland gives the following account of this town. 
 
 " The Towne of Kingeston was in the Tyme of Edward the 3. but a meane 
 fischar Towne and longid as a Membre to Hasille "Village 2. or 3. Mille of 
 Upper on Humber. The first great encreasing of the Towne was by passing 
 for fisch into Ireland from whens they had the hole trade of Stoke fisch into 
 England, and partly other Fisch. In Richard the 2 Dayes the Town waxed 
 very rich : and Michael Dela Pole Marchaunt of Hulle, and Prentyce, as sum 
 say to one Rotenhering of the same Town, cam into so high favour for Wit 
 Actyvite, and Riches, that he was made Counte of Southfolk whereupon he got 
 of King Richard the 2°'* many Grauntes and Privileges to the Towne. And 
 yn his Tyme the Towne was wonderfully augmentid yn building, and was en- 
 closid with Diches and the Waul begon, and yn continuance ended and made 
 all of brike, as most Part of the Houses of the Towne at that tyme was. 
 
 In the Walle be 4 principal gates of Brike. The North Gate having 4 
 Wardes, bytwixt the which and Beverle Gate be 12 Towers of Brike. And 
 yn one of them a Postern. There be 5 Tours of Brike and a Postern in one 
 
 1 A.D. 1300, Rot. Pat. 28 E. 1 . Pa- til Rot. Pat. 11°. Edw. ii. m. 23 : " Pa- 
 
 vagium pro villa de Kingeston super viamentum pro villa de Kingston super 
 
 Hull : this shews that the paving rate Hull." 
 
 must have been collected before this ' Rot. Pat. 15°. Edw. ii. m. 21. 
 
 time. A similar entry occurs in 1307, " Muragium pro villa de Kingston super 
 
 Rot. Pat. 35°. E. 1. m. 32, but rates may Hull." 
 
 have been collected some years before • For further particulars see Tickell's 
 
 the paving was actually begun, as the History of Hull, 4'°. 1796. 
 word paviamcntuni dots not occur uu-
 
 THE FREE TOWNS. 107 
 
 of them, as T remember bytwixt Beverle Gate and Miton Gate. Ther be 3 
 Tourea of Brike betwixt Miton Gate and Ilasille Gate of 3 Wardes. And 
 from thens to the mouth of the Ilavin mouth be 5 Tours of Brike to the which 
 the Humber SE cumiiiith and in one of these is a Postern to the Shore. And 
 because that the Waul from Hasil<^ate to this postern lyeth strait as a lyne, 
 there is much Cabylle Making and Wynding of Hempe for smaul Cordes. 
 
 From the mouth of Ilulle Ryver upper ynto the Haven there is no Waulle 
 but every Marchaunt hath his staires even to the North Gate. 
 
 Suburbes in the out part of the Town be none. Michael de la Pole builded 
 a goodly House of Brike again the west end of S. Maries Chirch like a palace 
 with goodly Orchard and Gardein at large enclosid with Brike. Michael de la 
 Pole builded also 3 Houses besides in the Town whereof every one hath a 
 Toure of Brike 2 of them be in the Hart of the Town. The 3 is upon Hulle 
 Ripe in the Haven side. 
 
 There be 2 Churchis yn the Toun the Trinite and S. Maries and nother of 
 them by the name of an Hedde Paroch Chirche. 
 
 The Trinite Chirch most made of Brike is the larger a gret deale and the 
 fairer." 
 
 THE FREE TOWNS. 
 
 The important privileges granted to these free towns 
 were a source of continual jealousy to the neighbouring 
 barons ^ and bishops, who frequently attempted to deprive 
 the citizens of the rights they had acquired under the 
 royal charters, and sometimes succeeded in doing so for 
 a time. It was usual at this period for other towns 
 to have an acknowledged lord, who usually resided in 
 some neighbouring castle, and exercised all the rights of 
 sovereignty over his vassals ; he was wont to grant a some- 
 what greater degree of freedom to the inhabitants of his 
 town or towns than to the serfs on his lands, who were 
 
 * In 1263 the viscounts of Gourdon protested against the injury done to their 
 
 and Turenne obtained a promise from right by the foundation of these new 
 
 St. Louis of France, that he would not towns. 
 
 found any new town in their territories. For further information on the subject 
 
 " Non faciemus bastidas aliquas de novo see an able paper by M. Rabanis in the 
 
 infra fines terrae quani habet idem vice- •' Conipte rendue des travaux de la Com- 
 
 comes." Gourques, Die Communes en mission des Monuments et Documents 
 
 Perigord, p. 30. historiques et des Batimens civils du 
 
 In 1278, in the assembly of the states Departement de la Gironde," 1847. 
 of Guienne held at Bordeaux, the nobles
 
 1G8 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 little more than slaves attached to the soil, and transferred 
 with it much in the same way as the cattle with which it 
 was stocked. 
 
 But in these free towns, as we have seen, the burgesses 
 held their tenure direct from the crown, and were entirely 
 independent of the neighbouring lord, who was in conse- 
 quence frequently seeking a pretext to quarrel with and at- 
 tack the town. This rendered it necessary for means of 
 defence to be provided, and (as the walls were generally 
 left to be built by the citizens when they had become suf- 
 ficiently numerous and wealthy to be able to do so) the 
 most ready fortress for temporary use in case of an in- 
 cursion of the lord and his vassals, or of a band of robbers, 
 was the church. Into this place of security all their most 
 valuable property was carried in case of alarm. From this 
 cause we still find a great number of churches in various 
 parts of France that have evidently been fortified, in many 
 cases the fortifications remain, with the machicoulis perfect ". 
 
 The establishing or encouraging of free towns was con- 
 sidered by the sovereigns as the best mode of checking the 
 power of the nobles ; thus in the latter part of the thir- 
 teenth century, Alphonso of Poitiers, brother of St. Louis, 
 king of France, by his marriage with the heiress of the 
 
 " There are a few instances in Eng- the congregation could not easily be mo- 
 land of church towers having been forti- lested ; over tliese chapels are guard* 
 fied, and these are not confined to tlie roomsforthesoldiers, with loop-holes; in 
 border countries ; in some cases a regular some parts of the building the plan seems 
 licence was obtained from the crown to to have been altered during the progress 
 fortify the church tower, as we liave be- of the work, so as to give it additional 
 fore had occasion to mention. There is strength, and more of the cliaracter of 
 a very remarkable example of this kind at a fortress. Possibly a war may have 
 Etampes in France; the churcli is of the broken out or have been expected before 
 thirteenth century, of a very singular the church was finished, or an incursion 
 ground-plan, following the line of the feared from the lord of the neighbour- 
 streets by which it is insulated; on the ing castle of Guinette. The cathedral 
 ground-floor are chapels, the windows of of Dol in Brittany is also strongly for- 
 which are so liigh from the ground that tified.
 
 THE FRKE TOWNS. 109 
 
 counts of Toulouse, became nominally the sovereign of that 
 province, and part of Guienne, but found the petty nobles 
 of the country quite independent of him, and to curb 
 their power he founded a number of free towns, as Vjlle- 
 FRANCHE DE RovERGNE, ViLLENEURE d'Agen, and Several 
 smaller places. Tie followed the same policy also in Peri- 
 gord. These were in the immediate vicinity of the Eng- 
 lish province of Guienne or Aquitaine, and Edward i., as 
 duke of Aquitaine, even before he came to the throne, 
 was indefatigable in his exertions to found towns of this 
 description : the number founded by him is indeed ex- 
 traordinary. 
 
 The mode of proceeding in these cases was to obtain 
 a piece of land suitable for the purpose either by purchase 
 or exchange, from some abbey or other proprietor; the 
 streets were then marked out by engineers sent by the king 
 for this purpose, and the people were invited and tempted 
 to come and build there by selling or leasing to them the 
 building plots on advantageous terms, and promising im- 
 portant privileges to those who would settle and build in 
 the new town. By these means each new town was soon 
 filled with inhabitants without much expense to the king. 
 On the other hand, the neighbouring nobles or bishops 
 often employed every means in their power to hinder the 
 people from congregating there. Thus at the foundation of 
 ViLLEFRANCHE DE RovERGNE, the bishop of Rodez excom- 
 municated all those who built houses in it, for fear of injury 
 to his own city. Nevertheless the new town flourished and is 
 still a thriving town, and preserves its regular plan intact, 
 while the neighbouring irregular, ill-built town of Rodez 
 bears evident marks of decay. In like maimer when Li- 
 BouRNE was founded by Edward i.'', the bishops of St.Emi- 
 
 " See Saint Emilion, son histoire I8tl. Previously to this period St. Emi- 
 et ses monumens, par J. Guadet, 8vo. lion appears to have been the only 
 
 Z
 
 170 i)o:\n:sTif: ARCiiTTF.cTrRF. : fourtf.kntii century, 
 
 lion did all in tlicir power to impede its progress, but it 
 continued to flourish in spite of tliem, and to this day 
 preserves its rcfrular, wide, and open streets, and well-built 
 houses, though it has lost most of its trade through the 
 jealousy of Bordeaux, while St. Emilion which had existed 
 long before and was then an important town, well for- 
 tified, in a strong position, with two castles and several 
 churches, has now dwindled to little more than a village, 
 supported only by its excellent wine, the natural product 
 of the soil, and presenting the appearance of desolation in 
 a very remarkable degree ; scarce a house appears to have 
 been built since the fifteenth century, whilst remains of its 
 former wealth, and grandeur, meet the traveller at every 
 turn ^\ 
 
 LiBOURNE was one of the most important and flourish- 
 ing of the English towns founded or rebuilt by Edward i. 
 Situated on the river Dordogne, near the highest point to 
 which the tide ascends, and at the junction of the small 
 river Isle, it was admirably placed for trade, especially in 
 wine, and accordingly it rose rapidly into importance, and 
 before the end of the fourteenth century began to excite 
 the jealousy and alarm of the citizens of Bordeaux. A 
 charter was granted to it in 1270 by Edward then Prince of 
 
 place of any importance in this neigh- strong hold which the English held in 
 
 bourhood. The chief founder of Libourne the affections of the people of this part 
 
 under Edward i., was R ger de Ley- of France, and in the fact that most 
 
 burn, of Leyburn in Yorkshire, who gave of these towns are still existing, and in 
 
 it his own name. In like manner the a flourishing state. 
 
 free tovn of Craon, was named aftir ^ Its monolithic church is dug out of 
 
 Amaury de Craon, and several other the side of a hill of solid stone, in three 
 
 towns were named after other English aisles, lighted from the end only, with 
 
 officers at this period, who assisted in the tower and spire built at the top of 
 
 carrying out the wise designs of Ed- the hill, and the rock is so cut as to give 
 
 ward I. No less than fifty towns were it at a distance the appearance of a large 
 
 founded by the English in France within cathedral, but at present it is in a sadly 
 
 the same number of years, and the best decayed and neglected state, 
 proof of the success of the plan is in the
 
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS. — LIBOURNE. 171 
 
 Wales^ a copy of which is preserved in the archives of the 
 to\vn^ The fortifications were begun in 1281, as appears 
 from one of the Gascon rulls in the Tower of London *• 
 There are still some remains of these fortifications, which 
 were repaired in 1311, as appears from another roll of 
 that date, granting them stone and sand for the purpose *"• 
 The charter was renewed by Edward iii, in 1341 ^ it being 
 again stipulated that its tenure should be direct from the 
 crown of England, and in the same year their privilege 
 of freedom from the custom-house of Bordeaux was con- 
 firmed '^. Two years afterwards we find another royal or- 
 dinance forbidding any person to build a fortress within 
 the district belonging to the town^. In 1355 it was ex- 
 pressly provided that the inhabitants might have free trade 
 with England, and that Englishmen might purchase wine 
 at Libourne^, and they were granted exemption from cer- 
 tain duties. In the same rolls there are a number of 
 entries relating to the leases and rents of houses and quays 
 in Libourne. In l.^SG we find a royal ordinance respect- 
 ing a dispute between the burgesses and the knights of 
 the neighbouring preceptory of St. John of Jerusalem con- 
 cerning the Grange of Pomayrals. There continue to be 
 
 ^ The original of the deed cannot be villam Coronae Anglise." Teste Rege 
 
 found in the Tower of London, which apud Langele 8 die Junii. 
 
 throws some doubt on its authenticity. ^ Hot. Vase. 15 Edw, iit. m. 24, 31. 
 
 • Rot. Vase. 9 Edw. I., m. 9, 26. "De "Pro Majore et Juratis villa de Ley- 
 
 villa de Leyburne fortificanda," (teste bourne quod ipsi sint libere a soluiione 
 
 Rege 13 Maii). Carter's Catalogue, costumas apud Burdegalam." Teste Ret^e 
 
 i. 12. apud Langele 28 Junii. 
 
 b Rot. Vase. 15 Edw. iii. m, 22, 34. « Rot. Vase. 17 Edw. in. m. 9, 17. 
 
 "Pro Majore, Juratis, et Communitate " Pro Communitate villae de Liburnia, 
 
 villae de Leybourne habendi lapides et quod nuUus Nobi'is vel ignobilis possit 
 
 sabulum pro reparacione muroium" etc. constiuere domum fortem infra distric- 
 
 Teste Rege apud Turrim de London 22 turn cjusdeni villae." Teste Rege apud 
 
 Junii. Westminster 4 die Octobris. 
 
 <= Rot. Vase. 15 Edw. iii. m. 25, 26. ' Rot. Vase. 29 Edw. in. m. 12, 20 
 
 "Pro burgensibus de Leybourne habendi — 24. 
 privilegia sua, et de annexando eandeni
 
 172 DOMESTIC ARCIIlTliCTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 mimcrous entries in the rolls relating to various minor 
 matters at Libourne'^ down to the 12th of Ileniy vi., 1434, 
 but the above are sufficient to shew the constant and 
 close connection between these English towns in France 
 and the crown of England. 
 
 In the same district the towns of Sauveterre'', Mon- 
 SEGUR, JMoLiEREs, La Linde, and Sainte-Eoy, are all 
 built on the same regular plan, the walls forming a 
 parallelogram, and having a central market-place sur- 
 rounded by arcades. The city of Bazas is on a similar 
 plan, but is more ancient, and the streets are less regular; 
 it is supposed by some of the French antiquaries ' to have 
 been the model followed by Edward i., but without any 
 good evidence that this was the case. In 1272 Lucas de 
 Terny obtained land on which to build the town of Beau- 
 mont, on behalf of the king of England, and only twelve 
 miles to the north of this Montpazier was founded in 
 1284 in a desert place near a forest, on land which be- 
 longed to P. de Contant, baron of Biron, and which he 
 assigned to the seneschal, John de Grailly, on the 7th of 
 January in that year, on his promise to make a proper 
 recompense for it \ 
 
 f For further particulars respecting rique et monunientale, introduction, p. 
 
 the history of Libourne, which is more H9. 
 
 interesting than tlie generality of local '' See " Des communes en P^rigourd 
 
 histories, see Histoire de Libourne par par M. le viconite de Gourgue," p. 28. 
 
 R. Guinodie, 3 vols. 8vo. Bordeaux, A singular anecdote is related of the 
 
 181-5. two neighbouring towns of Montpazier 
 
 '' Sauveterre was commenced in 1280, and Villefranche during the civil wars of 
 
 but was violently opposed by the neigh- the Huguenots. One fine night the in- 
 
 bouring proprietors, who even inter- habitants of Montpazier sallied forth to 
 
 rupted the works by force, and they surprise and pillage the town of Ville- 
 
 were obliged to be suspended for a con- franche, which they found undefended, 
 
 siderable time, and it was not until 1285 the inhabitants of the latter being oc- 
 
 that they could be continued peaceably, cupied at the same time in pillaging 
 
 nor were the demands of the nobles Montpazier which had also beeu left 
 
 finally settled until 1289. undefended. 
 
 ' See A. Ducourneaii, Guicnne histo-
 
 rilEE TOWNS. 173 
 
 In the early part of the fourteenth century the king of 
 England ceased to found new Bastides, but annexed to the 
 crown the greater part of the towns of the Agenais and of 
 Perigord : towards the middle of the century the policy of 
 the crown was changed, and they were given back to the 
 principal Gascon lords of the English party '. 
 
 The important influence of the Free Towns on the pro- 
 gress of civilization has been before alluded to, but a few 
 more words upon the subject may perhaps be interesting 
 to our readers. Historians are not agreed as to the oris-in 
 of these privileges : some are of opinion that they are de- 
 rived from the Roman municipia, and in some instances 
 this appears to be established. Savigny, in his History of 
 Roman Law in the ^Middle Ages, and Raynouard, in his 
 Histoire du Droit Municipal, have traced the continu- 
 ance of municipal institutions, in several French cities, 
 from the age of the Roman empire to the twelfth century, 
 when the formal charters of communities first appear. 
 It is not necessary to conclude that every city in which 
 the curia or the defensor subsisted during the imperial 
 government, retained those institutions throughout the 
 dominion of the Franks. It appears that the functions 
 of ''defensor civitatis,'' that is to say, the protection of 
 the city against arbitrary acts of the provincial governors, 
 and the exercise of jurisdiction within its boundaries, fre- 
 quently devolved upon the bishop. It is impossible not to 
 recognise the efficacy of episcopal government in sustain- 
 ing municipal rights during the first dynasty. The bi- 
 shops were a link, or rather a shield, between the bar- 
 barians who respected them, and the people whom they 
 
 1 Rot. Vase. 22 Edward iii., 1348. trandi de Durefort Bastidas et loca de 
 
 " De concessione facta rege Gaillardo Moiitepaziero et de Villafranca in eodeni 
 
 de Durefort de Muleriis et de Bellemonte dicecesi cum alto et basso jurisdictu." 
 dicEcaesis Sarlatensis, et Raymondi Ber-
 
 171- DOMESTIC ARCIIITKCTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 protected, and to whose race they, for a long time, com- 
 monly belonged. But the bishop was legally, and some- 
 times actually elected, as the defensor had been, by the 
 people at large. 
 
 This indeed ceased to be the case before the reign of 
 Charlemagne; and the crown, or in the progress of the 
 feudal system its chief vassals, usurped the power of nomi- 
 nation, though the formality of election was not abolished. 
 Certain it is that from the analogy to the defensor, and 
 from the still closer analogy to the feudal vassal, after 
 royal grants of jurisdiction and immunity became usual, 
 not less than by the respect due to his station, the bi- 
 shop became as much the civil governor of his city as the 
 count was of the rural district. This was a great revolution 
 in the internal history of cities, and one which generally 
 led to the discontinuance of their popular institutions; so 
 that after the reign of Charlemagne, if not earlier, we may 
 perhaps consider a municipality choosing its own officers as 
 an exception, though not a very unfrequent one, to the 
 general usage. But instances of this are more commonly 
 found to the south of the Loire, where Roman laws pre- 
 vailed, and the feudal spirit was less vigorous than in the 
 northern provinces. 
 
 It is evident that if extensive privileges of internal gov- 
 ernment had been preserved in the north of France, there 
 could have been no need for that great movement towards 
 the close of the eleventh century, which ended in establish- 
 ing civic freedom ; much less could the contemporary his- 
 torians have spoken of this as a new era in the state of 
 France. The bishops were now almost sovereign in their 
 cities, the episcopal, the municipal, the feudal titles, con- 
 spired to enhance their power ; and from being the pro- 
 tectors of the people, from the glorious office of " defensores
 
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS. THE GUILDS. 175 
 
 civilalisj" they had, in many places at least, become odious 
 by their own exactions "". 
 
 Another class of towns are supposed to have had their 
 origin in the old Teutonic institution of guilds or frater- 
 nities by voluntary compact, to relieve each other in poverty 
 or to protect each other from injury. Two essential cha- 
 racteristics belonged to them, the common banquet and 
 the common purse : they had also in many instances a 
 religious, sometimes a secret ceremonial to knit more 
 firmly the bond of fidelity. They became as usual sus- 
 picious to governments, as several capitularies of Charle- 
 magne prove ; but they spoke both to the heart and 
 to the reason in a voice which no government could 
 silence. 
 
 They readily became connected with the exercise of 
 trades, with the training of apprentices, with the traditional 
 rules of art. We find them in all Teutonic and Scandi- 
 navian countries ; they are frequently mentioned in our 
 Anglo-Saxon documents, and are the basis of those cor- 
 porations which the Norman kings recognised or founded. 
 The guild was of course in its primary character a personal 
 association ; it was in the state, but not the state ; it be- 
 longed to the city without embracing all the citizens ; its 
 purposes were the good of the fellows alone. But when 
 their good was inseparable from that of their little country, 
 their walls and churches, the principle of voluntary asso- 
 ciation was readily extended ; and from the private guild, 
 possessing already the vital spirit of faithfulness and bro- 
 therly love, sprung the sworn community, the body of 
 citizens, bound by a voluntary but perpetual obligation to 
 guard each other's rights against the thefts of the weak, or 
 
 "" This subject is abundantly discussed lisation en France, leqon 47, and Hal- 
 b}' M. Thierry, in his Lettres sur I'His- lam's Middle Ages, chapter ii. 
 toire de France. See also Guizot, Civi-
 
 170 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 tlie tyranny of the powerful". The most remarkable proof 
 of this progress from a merchant guild to a corporation, is 
 exhibited in the local history of Paris. It is extremely 
 probable that London itself had a similar origin, at least 
 no trace of the Roman institutions can be found in its 
 early history, and the very name of the Guildhall for the 
 principal place of meeting of the citizens, a name which 
 reaches back to a very high antiquity, seems to indicate 
 the origin of their privileges. It is clear that there were 
 many free towns or burghs in England in the Saxon 
 times, and that the citizens of these towns were freemen. 
 The tenure of their property was also in many cases direct 
 from the crown, as is shewn by the Doomsday Survey, and 
 the tenure of property had at all times a very important 
 influence on the freedom and independence of the holders. 
 In the fourteenth century the independence of the towns 
 and the freedom of the burgesses were generally under- 
 stood and acknowledged, though a large part of the pea- 
 santry were in a state of villenage, or slavery. 
 
 Many towns are believed to have declined considerably 
 in the tenth and eleventh centuries, the population having 
 been more spread over the country and grouped around the 
 castles and abbeys. But in the course of time, as we have 
 seen, these groups of habitations in many instances became 
 towns themselves, and the number of chartered towns esta- 
 blished in the thirteenth century again collected the greater 
 part of the population in masses, and as many of the bur- 
 gesses belonged to a higher class, and their resources were 
 augmented by industry and commerce, their public build- 
 ings and private houses increased also in importance. 
 
 The word Guild or Gild is now become obsolete in its 
 original sense, and is only known by its continuing to de- 
 
 ° Hallam's Middle Ages, chapter ii. de France, and Guizot Histoire de la 
 See also Thierry, Leitres sur I'llistoire Civilisation en France, 17* lc9on.
 
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS. THE GUILDS. 177 
 
 nominate the halls or places of meeting in which these 
 fraternities used to assemble on public occasions. Its de- 
 rivation from the Saxon word gildan, to pay or contribute, 
 implies that these institutions were based upon mutual 
 contributions. Before the Conquest we find mention of 
 guilds, or voluntary associations, sometimes religious, some- 
 times secular, in some cases for mutual defence against in- 
 jury, in others for mutual relief in poverty. They seem to 
 have been of three classes, municipal, commercial, and re- 
 ligious or charitable. The former in process of time be- 
 came incorporated by royal charters, and charged with the 
 local government of the towns in which they were esta- 
 blished ; the second, connected with trades, led to the 
 formation of those companies for the protection of par- 
 ticular branches of it, of which many still exist in different 
 places, especially in London, the Weavers' company being 
 perhaps the most ancient of them ; each of these companies, 
 as is well known, still has its hall, the legitimate successor 
 of those of the middle ages. 
 
 The religious guilds ° also had their halls, and of these 
 there was one in almost every parish and village, the hall 
 being generally a timber building near the church, some- 
 times over the lich-gate, at the entrance of the churchyard. 
 These fraternities increased so rapidly in the time of 
 Edward iii., that legislative measures became necessary to 
 regulate and restrain them ; and certified returns were 
 required to be made of their rules, and of the extent of 
 their possessions. Stowe, in his Annals of London p, speak- 
 ing of the church of St. Magnus, says, "in this church, (as 
 
 ° Some curious and interesting par- publisli. lie shews their resemblance 
 
 ticulars relating to the history of tlie in many respects to the modern benefit 
 
 religious or charitable guilds of the mid- clubs, and burial clubs, and assurance 
 
 die ages have been collected by George companies, and that many of their rules 
 
 Eld, Esq., of Coventry, wiiich it is to might be revived with advantage, 
 be hoped he will speedily be induced to p Strype's Stowe, B. ii. p. 175. 
 
 A a
 
 178 DOMESTIC ARCniTECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 most other cliiirches had theirs,) was a famous Gild of our 
 Lady de Salve Rcgina, an account whereof was brought 
 unto the king, upon an Act of Parliament in King Ed- 
 ward III. his reign ;" and he gives the statutes of this guild. 
 Stovve mentions many others, often two in the same church. 
 Each brotherhood seems to have had its burying place, its 
 chantry chapel, and its chaplain. There was at least one 
 gild in every church in the city of London, and often two. 
 Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk '\ makes mention 
 of two guilds at Oxburgh in that county ^ These guilds, 
 he says, 
 
 "Gave annual charity stipen'ls to poor persons, found beds and entertain- 
 ment for poor people that were stranQ;ers, and had people to keep and tend 
 the said beds, and did other works of charity." ..." The house on the south 
 side of the church at Oxburgh belonged to one of the guilds, and is called in 
 old writings the Guild-hall ; and on the cast side was another that belonged 
 to that of Corpus Christi, the ceilings being painted with the portraiture of 
 our Saviour, the five wounds, &c., as may be observed to this day." 
 
 He also gives an account of the festival of the guild of 
 the Holy Cross, at Abingdon. Dugdale, in his History of 
 Warwickshire', and Thoresby, in his History of Leeds, 
 mention many of these guilds, and almost all county his- 
 tories contain notices of them ; they were not confined to 
 populous towns, but prevailed also in remote villages ; nor 
 were they confined to the lower orders, they obtained the 
 sanction and co-operation of the wealthy and the noble. 
 
 1 Vol. iii. p. 49t. ofWolviston co. Durham in the fifteenth 
 
 ' There is in tlie Brit. Mus. the ori- century is extant. Weekly help wasg:iven 
 
 ginal guild-roll or book of a guild or fra- to those who needed it. Funeral ex- 
 
 teriiity located in York, but containinjT penses were paid. The fraternity had 
 
 the names of numerous persons in tlie sheep and lambs as a common stock (to 
 
 county of rank and opulence. An ex- be sold when there was need of money) 
 
 cellent way of the rich contributing to going upon the unenclosed ground within 
 
 the wants and comforts of the poor. The the chapelry. 
 
 book goes back to the twelfth century. » Dugdale's Warwickshire, pp. 334, 
 
 The original guild-book of the chapelry 48t, 679.
 
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS. — GUILD HALLS. 179 
 
 At Coventry the united guilds of the Holy Trinity, our 
 Lady, and St. John Baptist, commonly called the Trinity 
 guild, was one of the most important in the kingdom. It 
 was specially patronized by Edward in., by his mother, 
 and his son, the Black Prince ; and it numbered amongst 
 its brethren three successive sovereigns of the house of 
 Lancaster *. 
 
 The houses of the guilds appear to have been sometimes 
 distinct from, and sometimes identical with, the common 
 hall, or town-hall, (hotel de ville.) In many large towns 
 the market-halls were by this time also large and important 
 buildings. The houses of the guilds in the twelfth and 
 thirteenth centuries have been mentioned in the first vo- 
 lume, especially the remarkable house of St. Mary's guild 
 at Lincoln. Few of these interesting structures have how- 
 ever been spared to us in England. At Colchester the 
 town-hall of the twelfth century remained until very re- 
 cently. At Winchelsea the town-hall is of the beginning 
 of the fourteenth century, but in a very mutilated state. 
 At Weymouth there are also considerable remains of the 
 old town-hall of this period. 
 
 The Guild-hall in London is a vi^cll-known example of 
 the fifteenth century, though much disguised by modern 
 alterations ; this is the common hall of the citizens, but in 
 addition to this, each separate trade, or guild, or company, 
 has its separate hall, as Goldsmiths' hall, Fishmongers' 
 hall, Stationers' hall, &c. &c. Some remains of the Car- 
 
 ' The following extracts from the Beatoe Mariae in Ecclesia S. Clementis 
 
 Patent Rolls relating to Guild halls, de Gcrmethropp." 
 
 may be useful, 11 Ilic. ii. Rot. Pat.— "De Glkla Bea- 
 
 18 Edw. in. Rot. Pat. — " De audiend' tae Mariae et Saiicti Joliannis Baptisti de 
 
 et terminand' pro Epo' Sar' concern' Lichfield erigenda." 
 
 curiam suam in GUIialda sua Civital' 21Ric. ii. — " Pro Cantai'beatae Mariae 
 
 Sarum" &c, super Poutcm villic de Wakefield." 
 
 11 Ric. II. Rot. Pat.— "Pro Gilda
 
 180 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 penters' liall of the fifteenth century have escaped the 
 great fire, they have been described in the Journal of the 
 British Archccological Association. 
 
 The Guesten hall at Worcester, though much mutilated 
 and filled up by modern partitions, is a fine hall of the 
 fourteenth century, with good Decorated windows, and 
 a rich open timber roof. An excellent design for its re- 
 storation was published a few years since by the late 
 ]\Ir. Harvey Eginton, architect". 
 
 The halls of St. Mary's guild at Coventry, and St. Bo- 
 tolph's guild at Boston, belong to the fifteenth century. 
 
 The halls of the inns of court, such as the Middle 
 Temple hall, Lincoln's Inn hall, &c., belong to another 
 class, differing more in degree than in kind from the 
 guild-halls of the middle ages. The same may be said of 
 the college halls of Oxford and Cambridge, though these 
 perhaps are more closely allied to the monastic refectories, 
 and few of them at present remaining are older than the 
 fifteenth century. The halls of our public schools, as 
 Winchester and Westminster, are closely allied to these ; 
 that of Winchester is of the end of the fourteenth century, 
 but in style and character belongs rather to the fifteenth. 
 
 On the continent of Europe buildings of this class are 
 very numerous, and often very magnificent, and though 
 the greater part arc of the fifteenth and sixteenth centu- 
 ries, there arc still many of the thirteenth and fourteenth. 
 The Low countries being then the chief seat of trade and 
 commerce, it is there that we find, as we might naturally 
 expect, the finest examples ; perhaps the finest of all are 
 the market-halls or cloth-halls of Ypres, which are of the 
 early part of the fourteenth century, and afford one of the 
 
 " The untimely death of this clever Keux, at the expense of the late excellent 
 and promising architect cut sliort the Canon Digby. 
 design ; his drawing was engraved by Lc
 
 TOWN HALLS. 181 
 
 finest piles of building of any class that exists in Europe 
 of that period. The Hotel de Ville in the little town of 
 St. Antonin in Langucdoc, is a remarkably elegant little 
 structure of the beginning of the thirteenth century. 
 
 One of the most cherished privileges of the chartered 
 towns was the right of erecting a tower or belfry, then 
 usually considered as a mark of nobility ; accordingly we 
 always find a tower attached to every ancient hotel de 
 ville ; which also contained the bell for summoning the 
 citizens in case of danger, for sounding the curfew, and 
 various other purposes. In many towns both of France 
 and Italy the more important houses have still their 
 towers remaining, as at Cahors, the house called the 
 " Palais du Pape," and at Cordes two houses of the four- 
 teenth century have towers. 
 
 The town-hall was frequently over one of the gateways 
 of the town, as at Lincoln to this day, where however the 
 structure is of the fifteenth century. 
 
 The tower and belfry of the town was not always con- 
 nected with the town-hall ; at Ghent there is a fine one of 
 the fourteenth century, altogether detached, though near it 
 is a hall of the same period, which appears to have been 
 either a guild-hall or a market-hall. At Tournay is an- 
 other fine detached belfry tower of the thirteenth or four- 
 teenth century. The privilege of having and using a 
 belfry was one of the distinctions of a free town. When 
 Philip the 6th of France deprived the town of Laon of its 
 privileges in 1331, he ordered the bells to be sold, and 
 forbad that the tower should be called the belfry for the 
 future. 
 
 In many of our small towns there are town-halls or mar- 
 ket-houses of timber, which have an appearance of great 
 antiquity, some of them are probably really medieval, but 
 the greater part are not earlier than the time of Elizabeth
 
 182 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 or James i. A very careful examination is necessary to ascer- 
 tain their age, as they are often void of any architectural 
 character. That of Weoblcy in Jlerefordshire is one which 
 appears to be ancient, and as there are several timber 
 houses of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in this in- 
 teresting old town, it is probable that the market-house, 
 which resembles them, is also of early date. Similar ex- 
 amples remain at Hereford, Ross, Leominster, and Ledbury 
 in the same county. These buildings are all constructed 
 on the same plan, a large oblong room supported on w^ooden 
 pillars, so that there is an open space beneath which is 
 used for a market. It is probable that the same custom 
 prevailed for a long period, and many similar structures 
 remain in France, That of Ross is clearly not ancient, 
 and is traditionally said to have been built by the " Man 
 of Ross." 
 
 That of Leominster has the date of 1633 upon it, and the 
 details agree with that date. The room used as a national 
 school-room in the same town is a hall of the fourteenth 
 century, with a good plain open timber roof of the same 
 period ; the side windows are single lights foliated, the end 
 window of three lights, but very plain. In Leicester there 
 is still standing a Guildhall, part of which is undoubtedly 
 of a date as early as the middle of the fourteenth century ; 
 there is a county hall called " the castle," similar to the 
 old building at Oakham. The foundation walls of the 
 latter are part of the original fabric, and one of the win- 
 dows is clearly of the transition period ''. The town-hall 
 at Ashburton in Devonshire is a very curious and early 
 building, constructed entirely of timber. 
 
 The king's hall at Winchester has been mentioned in the 
 first volume ; there are probably other examples of these 
 halls being retained as the law courts or halls of justice. 
 
 " Wc arc indebted for this iiifonnatiou to a corrcspoudeut of " Notes and Queries."
 
 THE GREAT HALL. 183 
 
 Westminster hall is probably the finest that remains ; the 
 original structure was of the twelfth century, and part of 
 the original walls still exist, but cased over and concealed, 
 and the present design with its magnificent roof belongs 
 to the end of the fourteenth century. 
 
 In France there are many buildings of this class, as 
 the " Palais de Justice " in Paris, to which the glorious 
 " Sancte Chapelle " is attached ; this is of the thirteenth 
 century. Of the same period is the hall of the palace 
 of Poitiers, with some alterations of the fourteenth and 
 fifteenth ; this is remarkable for having an open timber 
 roof, a very uncommon feature in France. 
 
 In the larger abbeys there was frequently more than one 
 large hall; besides the refectory of the monks there was 
 also another hall for the use of the soldiers belonginor to 
 the abbey, as the " Salle des Chevaliers " in the abbey of 
 Mont St. Michel, the " Salle des Gardes " in the abbey of 
 St. Etienne at Caen ; the former is of the twelfth or thir- 
 teenth century, the latter was a fine example of the four- 
 teenth, but has been sadly mutilated. 
 
 So thoroughly had the hall or "great house-place," 
 now become identified with domestic architecture, that it 
 was, at this period, introduced into towns and cities, and 
 the wealthy merchants of the metropolis in constructing 
 their mansions, not only built a hall but a " parlour ; " and 
 it is to the 14th century that the introduction of the latter 
 apartment must be attributed. Thus in a lease of Pack- 
 man's wharf, Thames street, made in the year 1354-5, the 
 lessee, Richard Wyllesdon, covenants to build " in warde " 
 a chief dwelling place above stairs, viz., a hall forty feet in 
 length, and twenty-four feet wide ; and a parlour, kitchen, 
 and buttery, as to such a hall should belong ; taking care 
 that there should be cellars seven feet in height beneath 
 the said hall, parlour, kitchen, and buttery. Warehouses
 
 184 DOMESTIC ARCIllTKCTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURT. 
 
 and wooden tenements were to be built towards the street, 
 and tlie latter to be of three stories ; the first twelve feet 
 in height, the second ten, and the third seven ; the mate- 
 rials to be employed were Maidstone stone, and timber of 
 heart-of-oak ^. It will be observed that the houses of Lon- 
 don streets were now beginning to rise to a third story. 
 From this time forwards it is usual to find parlours and 
 halls named in the conveyances of London dwellings. It 
 was in this century, too, that large buildings called inns 
 were first established in the capital; at all events it is 
 about this time they are first named in deeds. Yet it may 
 be doubted whether they afforded any better accommoda- 
 tion to guests than a common sleeping room, which, for 
 the males, was in all probability the hall floor ; females, 
 except when on pilgrimage, must have rarely frequented 
 such establishments. It is much to be doubted if Chau- 
 cer's pilgrims found much better quarters 
 
 In Southwerk at that gentil hostelrie, 
 That highte the Tabard, faste by the Belle. 
 
 At any rate it is proved by a careful examination of contem- 
 porary records, that the hall and stables were the dormi- 
 tories of the servants and retainers of nobles and prelates 
 while sojourning at their town residences. In short, any 
 one who may take the trouble to look over the printed wills 
 and inventories of this date cannot fail to perceive how very 
 valuable beds were esteemed, and that it is very unlikely 
 there were many beds or bed-rooms either in town or 
 country houses. As a proof of this it may be mentioned, 
 
 f " Also the seyd Ric'. Wyllesdon a halle schuliie long «•**** suffi- 
 
 schalle wythynne the seyd terme of x. ciently foiseyng that as welle undyr the 
 
 yer do byid up on the seyd soyle in seyd walle parlour and kechyne botery 
 
 warde a chefe dwellyng place a hove and alle the seyd Chainbr' be selered 
 
 stay' that ys to wyte a halle of x1. fote undernethe the grunde vij. fotein 
 
 of lengythe and xxiiij. fote of bridle. A hiygli'.'' 
 p.irlour kychyne and boterye as to syche
 
 PLAN OF RiBs UNDER PRINCIPAL STAIRS 
 
 k_ 
 
 J 
 
 -wl 
 
 . Siu-titm, at Caps. & Jia.se, centre IW/irs Section C'dp. 
 
 Side Pillors 
 
 i-rtifTi of 
 ' il tc WinJoivs 
 
 ahove Corhd ef 
 IVindcws. 
 
 Piatt of Groininq 
 
 ZipOTV GjfS 
 
 iJia/iiffT tv tiuf Cnmer of 
 FifT ofStuirA'. 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 A..S' &. JFnu/ments of mouldinti rrutiJ mtrsrtif iva//.<:. 
 
 .lELr iim., ,/,." 
 
 FILiAH & IDF^TAEJLS OEIRJRAnSJES DOAILILi ^IRYFT.
 
 HOUSES IN TOWNS. 185 
 
 that on the suppression of the order of the Temple in 1309, 
 a snrvey was taken of their houses, from wliich it appears 
 that at their chief mansion, the new Temple in London, 
 the brethren all slept in a common dormitory, the master 
 only having separate lodgings ; a state of things scarcely 
 reconcileable with the statements of those writers, among 
 whom Sir Walter Scott is pre-eminent, who attribute such 
 wealth and luxury to the order. The fact is, however, that 
 it has been too much and too long the custom, to view the 
 manners and habits of remote times through a medium 
 highly tinged with the results and conveniences of modern 
 life, and, therefore, they have been seen under a false aspect; 
 it is only by looking carefully into the dry schedules of the 
 household effects of our remote ancestors, and taking the 
 number of their pots and pans, their beds and tables, and 
 other domestic goods, that we can be enabled to judge how 
 meanly they were lodged, and how^ far from luxurious their 
 daily mode of life must necessarily have been. 
 
 Thus we see in London, as in other towns of this period, 
 the lower story of the house was usually half under ground, 
 and almost invariably vaulted over, and this when the super- 
 structure Avas of wood. It was indeed the most common 
 arrangement to have the lower story only of stone, and 
 vaulted, and the upper part of wood. These lower apart- 
 ments served for store-rooms, or warehouses for valuable 
 goods, or for cellars only, according to circumstances. In 
 the decayed town of Winchelsea many of these vaulted 
 chambers of the fourteenth century remain perfect, although 
 the timber houses which were originally built upon them 
 have entirely disappeared, or have been rebuilt. There are 
 many traces of these vaulted chambers also in London. The 
 fine room of this period, lately destroyed, and commonly 
 known by the name of Gerrard's Hall, was in fact a mer- 
 chant's warehouse of this kind, and not strictly speaking 
 
 Bb
 
 ISG DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 a hall, that is to say, it was never the hall or living room 
 of the house. It had no fire-place in it, and no place for 
 a hearth in the centre, and the manner in which the ori- 
 ginal staircase descended into it clearly shewed that it was 
 always half underground. It was an excellent example 
 of the lower story of a large merchant's house of this 
 period, but the hall was over this, and was apparently 
 of timber, with the gable ends only of stone ; these were 
 partly standing in May, 1852. The room called the hall 
 would more properly have been called the cellar, and 
 though a fine room for that purpose, scarcely finer than 
 the cellar of the bishop's palace at Norwich, and other 
 examples both English and French. 
 
 It was evidently the lower story or cellar of the house of 
 a wealthy merchant of the time of Edward I. It was an 
 oblong room vaulted in two parallel divisions, with a range 
 of arches between them, carried on rather slender round 
 pillars, with moulded capitals and bases of early Decorated 
 work. The shell of the vault was of small ashlar work of 
 hard chalk, with ribs on the groins and longitudinal ; the 
 ribs had hollow chamfers, but no bosses. Its dimensions 
 were 42 feet long by 21 wide. The entrance was by a flight 
 of stone steps in one corner, carried upon a half-arch, part 
 of the original work. At the opposite end of the hall was 
 a small doorway opening into a passage in the thickness of 
 the wall, in which there had been a staircase. 
 
 THE GENERAL ASPECT. 
 
 It is an evident impossibility to lay down any rules as 
 to the general appearance of a town of this century, inas- 
 much as it varied according to its wealth and prosperity, or 
 its situation ; still there are certain received ideas, gathered 
 partly from the few existing remains which we possess.
 
 ^ "3
 
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS. 187 
 
 partly from ancient descriptions, and partly from the artist's 
 pencil of the time. Of these perhaps the latter is the most 
 valuable, and the view of Constantinople in the Luterell 
 Psalter is a most perfect and interesting example. 
 
 Because the artist has written "Constantinus nobilis" over 
 his drawing, it by no means follows that it was a correct 
 view of that city ; it was rather what he chose to imagine 
 it to be ; and he probably took for his model his own, or 
 some neighbouring town which he had seen. 
 
 The first and most important points to bear in mind are, 
 that in those disturbed times the town was fortified, that it 
 was entirely surrounded by a strong stone wall, with battle- 
 ments and towers, its loopholes and contrivances for de- 
 fence, that it could only be entered by passing over its 
 drawbridge, and beneath its vast gate. Of this the artist 
 has given us an excellent illustration ; he has attempted to 
 mark the very layers of stone, nor has he omitted over each 
 gate to shew to us the existence of an impending portcullis. 
 Having once entered the gate we pass along the principal 
 street, and arrive at the market-place in the centre of the 
 town. This arrangement we find still existing in nearly all 
 towns on the continent, where they are provided with their 
 fortifications, and where many of the ancient arrangements 
 and customs are far more completely preserved than in 
 England. 
 
 The houses on each side of the street were rarely more 
 than three stories high, generally only two ; the lower one 
 appropriated to the exposure and sale of goods ; the upper 
 for the dwelling room, excepting in cases where the owners 
 were not merchants, and the lower story was either walled 
 up, or used as a cellar or stables ; and the dwelling room 
 above approached by an external staircase. There is also 
 another point which is a great characteristic of ancient 
 structures, namely, the overhanging of the upper story over
 
 188 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the lower one, and though not invariably the case, as is 
 sometimes imagined, still it was ordinarily the custom, and 
 afforded a far more picturesque appearance than that of the 
 usual modern street architecture. It is, perhaps, hardly 
 necessary to observe, that it was only amongst the most 
 wealthy that the upper story was ever built of any thing 
 but wood, in fact the lower story was often of the same 
 material. Over the second story was the high pitched 
 gable, oftentimes with its elaborately carved barge-board, 
 and the point ending in an ornamental fitiial, — architec- 
 tural beauties which become more and more rare every 
 day, as they give way to the modern square house, with 
 its long plain parapet. 
 
 In this gable was generally a window, and the general use 
 of the room to which it gave light was that of a granary, or 
 store room ; this is confirmed by our sometimes finding the 
 existence of the cranes which were used to draw up the pro- 
 visions to be stowed away. Little more remains to be 
 said of the house ; the rings that we sometimes find were 
 for hanging poles with awnings attached, which were spread 
 out, much in the same way as our modern shop blinds, or 
 sometimes spread across the street, to keep off the bright 
 light and heat of the sun ; they are very commonly found 
 in the south of France, and other hot climates. In front 
 of each house was generally suspended the sign, and the 
 artist has made them very important features in his picture. 
 
 The view of Venice, of which we have given an en- 
 graving at p. 26, supplies some curious details which the 
 view of Constantinople does not afford. The view of the 
 butcher's shop, with the meat hung on the outside, and 
 fastened with the cross sticks precisely in the same manner 
 in which we commonly see it to this day ; the little shop 
 adjoining the butcher, with two ladies purchasing some of 
 the articles exposed for sale ; the old woman also vending
 
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS. 189 
 
 provisions beneath one of the ornamental pillars; the gables 
 of the house, the chimneys, and the paving of the square, 
 all bear a certain interest, and tend to shew the minute- 
 ness of the artist. This view we must bear in mind is not 
 an imaginary but an actual view of St. Mark's Place at 
 Venice, with the cathedral of St. Mark, and the doge's 
 palace in the back-ground, and the water flowing round, 
 with a portion of the bridge over the stream on the right, 
 the well-known figure of the winged lion of St. Mark, and 
 another of St. George on the pillars erected in 1172. 
 
 It is evident from the description given by Philip de 
 Commines of his entry into Venice in 1495 that the 
 houses of that period were painted on the exterior^; he 
 says, 
 
 "Les maisons sont fut grandes et haultes, et de bonne pierre, et les an- 
 ciennes hates peintes; les autres faietes depuis cent aus, toutes out le de- 
 vant de marbre blanc, qui leur vient d'Istrie, a cent mils de la, et encore 
 mainete grant piece de porphire et de sarpenture sur le devant." 
 
 This special mention of the old houses only being 
 painted, and the more recent ones ornamented with marble 
 and porphyry, seems to shew that the custom of painting 
 the exteriors had gone out of fashion in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury. It is also remarkable that he mentions the painted 
 houses as built of good stone. 
 
 The public sewers or drainage of towns in the middle 
 ages were much attended to as conducive to the health and 
 welfare of the town. We find the subject very frequently 
 mentioned in the Patent Rolls. It was evidently not left 
 to the town, but the government took the means to ensure 
 the good management of this most necessary matter. 
 
 The covered ways or cloisters have become so much 
 identified with monasteries as to be even synonymous with 
 them, yet there is reason to believe that this was not always 
 
 ' See chap. i. pp. 25 to 28.
 
 190 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 SO ; they were employed to a considerable extent in houses 
 and castles also, but being generally of wood they have in 
 most cases disappeared. In many old towns in France 
 there still are covered ways, arcades, piazzas, or cloisters, 
 not only round the market-place, but along the principal 
 streets, as at Dol in Brittany; this arrangement is believed 
 to have been common in England also. The rows at Ches- 
 ter belong to the same class, though the existing structures 
 are not earlier than the time of Elizabeth. 
 
 GATE-HOUSES ^ 
 
 The gatehouses or gateway-towers form a very important 
 feature of the Domestic Architecture of the middle ages, and 
 some of those of the fourteenth century are remarkably fine. 
 They may be divided into several classes, as 1, the gateway- 
 towers of towns, 2, of castles, 3, of abbeys, 4, the gate- 
 houses of country mansions. These several classes appear 
 at first sight very distinct from each other ; but in point of 
 fact there is very little distinction between them, and the 
 architectural character of one would often suit equally well 
 for either of the others. 
 
 The gateway-towers of towns of course belong to the 
 fortifications, and are generally an important part of them, 
 but they were also used for civic purposes ; thus the town- 
 hall at Lincoln to this day is the large room over the prin- 
 cipal gateway between the upper and lower town. 
 
 ■ So many of the town gate-houses in of this; the whole system of fortiiica- 
 England have been cleared away as ob- tion of the fourteenth century remains 
 structions to the streets within the last intact. The gateway-towers on the 
 half century, that we have comparatively bridge at Cahors belong also to this 
 few good specimens remaining. In period. At La Souteraine there is 
 France they are far more abundant, and a curious example of what may be 
 in more perfect preservation, in many called a sham gateway-tower, the ex- 
 cases the whole of the fortifications and ternal face only being built with a nar- 
 gateway-towcrs are perfect, perhaps Car- row strip behind it, sufficient as a sta- 
 cassone is the most remarkable example tion for archers.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 FRENCH EXAMPLES. 
 
 
 HOUSES IK ALBT, LANGUEDOC.
 
 GATE-HOUSES. 191 
 
 In many cases the room over the gateway was converted 
 into a chapel, as the west gate at Winchester, where it con- 
 tinues to be used as the parish church of St. Swithun. At 
 Bristol, Warwick, and many other places, the same custom 
 is continued, they are however generally of the fifteenth 
 century. The gatehouses of Winchelsea have been already 
 mentioned as belonging to the fourteenth, but they are 
 poor specimens : those of York are too celebrated and too 
 well known to require any description here. 
 
 The gate-houses of castles belong in general rather to 
 military than domestic architecture, but in these as in other 
 parts they are often so much intermingled that it is difficult 
 to draw the line. The gate-houses are generally an addi- 
 tion of the Edwardian period, and much more habitable 
 than the Norman keeps. For instance at Brougham castle, 
 Westmoreland, the windows of the gate-house are quite of 
 a domestic character, and the principal room was evidently 
 intended to be commonly inhabited. In Prudhoe castle, 
 Northumberland, the room over the gateway was the chapel, 
 and this seems to have been a frequent custom in the larger 
 houses, as mentioned in a previous chapter in describing 
 the chapel. 
 
 The abbey gate-houses are much the finest and richest 
 specimens of this class that remain to us, and many of them 
 are very magnificent structures. The gate-house of St. Au- 
 gustine's monastery at Canterbury is one of the richest pieces 
 of work of this period that any country can boast of. The 
 abbey gate-house at Bury St. Edmund's is another wonder- 
 fully fine example, and combines in a remarkable manner 
 a richly ornate character with an ingenious system for de- 
 fence ; it is at the same time an ornamented structure and 
 a strong fortress ; this peculiar character is accounted for 
 by the circumstances under which it was built ; the abbey 
 had been attacked and pillaged by the townsmen, and as
 
 192 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 a punishment a heavy fine was inflicted upon them, which 
 was expended in building this very remarkable gateway. 
 
 Easeby abbey gateway, Yorkshire, is a very remarkable 
 example. It has one great pointed arch of two orders, the 
 third and inner order being semicircular. Above this is a 
 string, then a two-light window, with good early tracery, and 
 above this, in the apex of a steep gable, another two-light 
 window, the whole very simple and beautiful, and early in 
 the style. 
 
 Kirkham abbey gateway is much more elaborately de- 
 corated with carving and panelling, and coats of arms. 
 
 St. Ethelbert's gate-house at Norwich, which still forms 
 the entrance to the close, was built in the time of Edward 
 the First, and is a very beautiful example of this period, 
 ornamented with a rich series of foliated niches, with their 
 crocketed canopies, and in the gable a good specimen of 
 the flint and stone work, for which the eastern counties 
 are celebrated, arranged in geometrical patterns. For the 
 benefit of those who are not acquainted with this flint and 
 stone work, it may be useful to mention that the patterns 
 are first cut in the surface of the stone, and then the 
 hollows filled with split flints, beautifully fitted in, the 
 effect of which is to bring out the white pattern on a 
 black ground. 
 
 The gate-houses belonging to country houses are for the 
 most part of the fifteenth century ; this is often the case 
 when the house itself is of an earlier period, probably owing 
 to the gate-house being the most exposed to attack, and 
 therefore more frequently damaged and rebuilt. But as 
 every manor-house was enclosed by a mote, usually with 
 cither a wall or a fence of some kind within the mote, 
 there can be no doubt that there always was a gate-house, 
 which served the purpose both of a porter's lodge, and of 
 a guard-chamber.
 
 DOMKSTIC: ARCHITECTURE: FOURTKENTFI CENTURY. 
 
 rr^iw 
 
 INTERIOR OF THE TREASURY, 
 
 MERTON COLLEGE. OXFORD.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITKCTURE: FOURTKKNTIl CKNTUKV 
 
 THE TREASURY. MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD 
 
 GROUND PLAN OF THE TREASURT. MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD
 
 COLLEGES. 193 
 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge have very few 
 buildings so early as the fourteenth century; but the trea- 
 sury of Merton college, Oxford, belongs to the time of 
 Edward the First, and is a very valuable example of a pe- 
 culiar class of buildings, being built entirely of stone, with 
 vaults to the lower rooms and passages, and a stone roof to 
 the upper chamber ; there is no wood employed in any part 
 of the structure, and it is consequently fire proof. 
 
 The hall of this college is of the time of Edward ii., but 
 has been much altered; it retains the original doorway 
 under a porch approached by a flight of steps, and the 
 wooden door with very rich iron-work. The library of 
 this college was built by Bishop Kede about the middle of 
 the fourteenth century, and retains the original single-light 
 windows, with trefoiled heads, several of which have also 
 their original painted glass of the same time, but the roof 
 was altered by the insertion of dormer windows, and the 
 library refitted in the time of James i. 
 
 The entire buildings of Winchester college, and of New 
 college, Oxford, are of the end of this century, although in the 
 Perpendicular style generally belonging to the fifteenth; they 
 were built by William of Wykeham, their munificent founder, 
 between 1 3S0 and 1390, and although belonging more to the 
 monastic than the strictly domestic character, they yet aff'ord 
 valuable examples of the style of building of their period ; 
 the hall, the kitchen, the towers, and the chambers, differ 
 very little from what would be found in a nobleman's or 
 gentleman's mansion of similar extent. The kitchen of 
 New college remains in a very genuine state, with its 
 original open timber roof; the hall has been modernized in- 
 ternally, but the cellars under it, with the staircase leading 
 
 c c
 
 194 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 from it to the buttery hatch, is very perfect. The privy 
 chambers are also very perfect and curious, built chiefly of 
 timber, and upstairs, with a large pit in place of a lower 
 story. The bursar's tower, or treasury, adjoining to the hall, 
 is also very perfect and interesting ; it is four stories high, 
 and each room has a stone vault with a tile pavement, the 
 arrangement of which is original, and in the upper rooms 
 the tiles are ornamented with encaustic patterns, exactly 
 similar to those found in churches ; in the centre is a stone 
 hearth for the brazier. 
 
 The hospitals or almshouses of England would form a 
 valuable series of illustrations of Domestic Architecture of 
 a particular kind, from the " God's House" at Southamp- 
 ton of the twelfth century, and the " Maison de Dieu" at 
 Dover, down to the numerous almshouses of the time of 
 EKzabeth and James i,, including such establishments as 
 the hospital at Ewelme, Oxfordshire ; St. Cross, AVinches- 
 ter ; Cheetham's Hospital, Manchester, &c. But they would 
 alone afford materials enough for a separate work.
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 EXISTING REMAINS. 
 § 1. NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 
 
 It must be remembered that in this part of the country, 
 from the disturbed state of the marches even until after the 
 union of the two crowns, the progress of improvement was 
 much slower than in the more peaceful parts of the island, 
 and dwellings of a very primitive character were general, 
 long after all remembrance of them had ceased in the south 
 of England ; therefore we find that until very modern times 
 Northumbrian houses were either turf huts, mere temporary 
 habitations, which the inhabitants could desert without care, 
 and without loss, or a fortified building which afforded pro- 
 tection to the inhabitants and their property. This is strik- 
 ingly exemplified in the extensive parish of Elsdon, which 
 extends upwards of twenty miles in length from the Scotch 
 border, and contains 74,915 acres; there is not a single 
 house, which is one hundred years old, nor is any such re- 
 membered, except the rectory, which is a fortified tower, 
 and the tower of Otterburn, which was lately rased to the 
 ground, and one or two other little towers. We find in the 
 parish the remains of British earthworks, Roman stations, 
 and Roman houses, but with these two exceptions there is 
 not a stone or a ruin to tell of the inhabitants who suc- 
 ceeded them ; but this is fully explained when we find that 
 in 1552 the border watch, which was established by the 
 warden for the safety of the county, formed a line against
 
 196 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Scotland wliicli excluded the parish of Elsdon. The ad- 
 joining parish of Rothbury is similar ; there we have the 
 machicolated rectory, and two or three little towers ; and 
 we learn from the ministers' accounts after the dissolution 
 of the monasteries, that thousands of acres of the border 
 mountains, which are now of great value as sheep walks, 
 were at that period totally unproductive and valueless, as 
 sheep could not be depastured where they were certain to 
 be driven away; and we find that shortly before the abbot 
 of Newminster built a little tower for the protection of his 
 farms at Rothly and Ritton. 
 
 In early periods the dwellings may be thus classed ; 
 first, the castle of the baron ; second, the religious esta- 
 blishment; third, the tower of the small landowner; fourth, 
 the houses of yeomen and farmers ; fifth, the cottages of 
 labourers, and the great mass of the people. 
 
 1. The CASTLES of Northumberland have few character- 
 istics different from those in other parts of the kingdom ; 
 they vary much in extent, and are almost invariably built 
 on the south banks of rivers, so as to place the stream be- 
 tween the owners and their natural enemies, the Scotch ; 
 the most ancient have an extensive court-yard called a 
 barm-kin, surrounded by a wall of great thickness, with 
 a keep on an eminence in the centre ; such are Harbottle, 
 Mitford, &c., in the early Norman style ^ 
 
 » There is in the Brit. Mus. a list of the Baraburgb, Berwick, Twysill, Heton, 
 
 castles and towers in Northumberland, Norham, IVarke upon Tweed, jporlJC, 
 
 circa 1460, with the names of their re- Elhal, CCI)iIUngI)am, Edlynghani, Old 
 
 spective owners. This list has been Callaley, Harbottle, Aydon, Langley, 
 
 printed by Mr. Hodgson, (Hist. Nor- Thirlwall, BleulUusop, Prudhow, Hok- 
 
 tliunib., vol. V. pi. 3. p. 26.) Thirty- ton is Glendale, Slupubumc, //(iH^/i- 
 
 seven castles are enumerated, and ton in Tynedak, Sweedyngsheles, 
 
 seventy-eight towers. The castles are Rokesburgh, Bothal, Belflrth, Di- 
 
 Kewcastle, U'yiimouth, Oole, Morpelh, chant, Siiawdon, (rapI)Calon. 
 
 Milford, Warkworth, 'SllnlBljbc, Hurton Those printed in small capitals are 
 
 near the sea, Esultc, Duiibtanburgli, utterly gone : those in italics, little more
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 CHAPEL OF THE PRECEPTORT, CHIBBORN, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 A. Court-yard. 
 
 B. The tinted portion of the Chapel shewing the extent of the floor of the upper room. 
 
 C. Fire-place 
 
 D. Doorway leading to apartments now destroyeJ. 
 
 E. Staircase of solid oak blocks leading to the upper room. 
 
 GROUND PLAN.
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, — CIIIBBUllN. 197 
 
 2. The RELIGIOUS houses'' vary according to the riches, 
 tastes, and habits of the owners ; but in one thing they all 
 agree ; they were built for defence, by being placed upon 
 rising ground, or, if in a fertile valley, as the Cistercians 
 generally planted theirs, they were defended by a strong 
 outer wan, the gateway with its portcullis, and a moat with 
 its drawbridge. Newminster is an instance of this, situated 
 in a warm sheltered valley; the river at the distance of 
 a mile is dammed up that its stream might be diverted, 
 and fill the moat which surrounded its walls. Nor were 
 these precautions unnecessary, for in a few years after its 
 foundation in 113S it was burnt and sacked by the 
 Scotch. In other respects the construction and arrange- 
 ment of these buildings are similar to other buildings of 
 the same order. 
 
 But the preceptory of the Hospitalers at Chibburn, 
 existing now almost as it was left by the brethren, affords 
 too curious and interesting an instance to be passed over. 
 According to a survey in 138S, now remaining at Malta, 
 the buildings were then in bad repair, and from the 
 mouldings, &c., it may fairly be presumed to have been re- 
 built at the end of the fourteenth century. The situation 
 selected is rather an unusual one, almost in the centre of 
 the extensive bay of Druridge, on the very lowest part 
 
 than a shell, or a few walls; those in Many, however, are utterly gone. Many 
 
 Old Englisli, modernized. of the parsonage houses in the diocese 
 
 Of the towers, Cartington should per- of Durham had licences to be fortified, 
 
 haps have been classed among the casi/es. Emeldon, near Duustanborough, is one. 
 
 It has been a stately edifice of the Dun- and in the county of Durham, Redmar- 
 
 stanborough period. JVitton tower, near shal, Wolsingham, Houghton le Spring, 
 
 Rothbury, is now, and has long been and perhaps others, 
 the rectory house. It resembles Elsdon. ^ The monastic establishments in 
 
 The tower of Hexham is worthy of being Northumberland were extremely few ; 
 
 mentioned. It was the property of the Brinckburn, Alnwick, Newminster, 
 
 archbishop of York, who was lord of the Hulne, Tiimiouth, Blauchland, Holy 
 
 franchise, or manor. Of the other towers Island, 
 there are many very interesting remains.
 
 198 DOMESTIC AUCIIITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 from which the ground bends round, and rises rapidly 
 from it to the distance of three or four miles on each side ; 
 it is less than three quarters of a mile from the sea in 
 the centre, at the lowest part of this crescent-shaped bay. 
 The moat encloses a circular area of a hundred yards in 
 diameter. The buildings formed a hollow square, into 
 which there was one gateway, and in all probability all the 
 entrances to the buildings were from the court-yard. The 
 principal dwelling-house, which was at the west, is still 
 almost perfect. It is a long low building of two stories, 
 having external chimneys at the south end, and others in 
 the centre ; the windows in the second floor were built 
 with corbels, possibly to attack assailants who were be- 
 neath ; internally we find the partitions of oak plank 
 placed in a groove at top and bottom, wdth a narrow reed 
 ornament on their faces, three inches in thickness, placed 
 at a distance of twelve inches, and the interstices filled 
 with loam. The chimneys are of great size, having one 
 very large stone over the opening for the fireplaces. The 
 steps to the second story are solid blocks of wood, those 
 beneath being of stone. The ceiling of the ground floor is 
 of oaken joists moulded, upon which are laid narrow oak 
 planks, having their under sides smoothed, and a reed 
 ornament on them, so as not to require any plaster. The 
 south side was formed by the chapel, which is of excellent 
 ashlar work : at the east end is the great window, and the 
 chapel has this peculiarity, that there is an upper floor of 
 about two-thirds its length from the west still remaining, 
 with the fire-place at the proper level; this has clearly been a 
 part of the original plan, and a good example of the domes- 
 tic chapel, as described in a previous chapter \ and it com- 
 municated with the dwelling-rooms. There is a similar 
 instance of this in the chapel within the keep of Wark- 
 
 * See p. 79.
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, PELE TOWERS. 199 
 
 worth castle. The east and north sides are in ruins, 
 they doubtless contained the inferior dwelling - rooms, 
 stables, &c. 
 
 It ought not to be forgotten, that nearly all the old 
 churches in Northumberland have low square battlemented 
 towers ^. 
 
 3. The TOWERS, or PELEs, of the small landowner. These 
 were square solid buildings, the ground-floor being vaulted 
 and reserved for cattle, while the dwelling-rooms were on 
 the floor above, the only access being usually by stairs 
 from the outside, or sometimes by a small newel staircase. 
 The owners were very slow in abandoning these for the 
 comforts and accommodation afforded by more modern 
 houses : there are in this country few, if any, houses as dis- 
 tinguished from places of defence earlier than the reign of 
 James the First ; the modern dwelling was often joined to 
 the old tower ; we have a good illustration of this at Cress- 
 well, which yet belongs to a very ancient family of that 
 name. At the south end is the ancient tower, which has 
 been built at a very early period. The w^alls are of rude 
 but very strong masonry, the courses are irregular, but the 
 quoins are carefully placed, and the stones so set that the 
 weather might not injure it. And now the walls are as 
 straight and as perfect as when they were first finished. 
 Adjoining to this was the somewhat low and long hall of two 
 stories, built in the early part of the last century, and on 
 an adjoining eminence we see the requirements of modern 
 times in the elegant substantial mansion erected by the 
 present proprietor, from designs by Shaw. 
 
 4. The ancient farm-house is frequently met with in the 
 villages, but never singly, they were but a miniature of the 
 manorial keep ; like it the ground floor was appropriated to 
 
 ** Many of them give proof of having ticular, which in an old record is called 
 teen inhabited. That of Ancroft in par- the house of the Curate.
 
 200 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTII CENTURY. 
 
 cattle and sheep ; the entrance to this was through a porch 
 formed by the stairs, which led to the dwelling-rooms above. 
 There is generally a communication by a trap door between 
 the first and second floors : the roofs were generally thatched, 
 sometimes covered by the grey freestone slate common in 
 this county. Occasionally the building is dignified by a 
 little turret resting on corbels in the gable, from which a 
 watchman might command the distant beacons ; the neces- 
 sity for such buildings is shewn by the following extract 
 from a survey of the marches taken in 1542, and now 
 among the Cottonian MSS. 
 
 "The tovmeshippe of IMyndrorae conteynes in yt xvj. husband lands nowe 
 plcnyshed of thinherytance of the said Graye of Chyllingham and because 
 there js nether towre, barmekyn, nor other fortresse yn yt, ■wherefor the tenents 
 may be releved in tyme of war, Therefore in evy apparence of a troublous 
 ■worlde or warre yt ys abandoned and left waste as an easy praye for enemyes 
 to ovronne. 
 
 "The towneshippe of Downeham conteyned in tyme passed viij. husband 
 lands, and when that lay waste by occasion of warre S'. Cuthbert Ogle Gierke 
 purchased yt & hath buylded thereyne an new tower as yet but of two house 
 heighte and not fully fenyshed by one house heighte and imbattlements nor 
 hath not as yet any barmekyn and the said S''. Cuthbert occupieth the said 
 towne but with two plowes of his owne, the resydewe thereof he kepeth to 
 medowe and pasture for his own cattal. 
 
 " The towneshipp of Kylham conteyneth xxvj husband lands nowe well 
 plenyshed and hath in yt nether tower or barmekin nor other fortresse 
 whicheys greatt petye for yt would susteye many able men for defence of 
 those borders yf yt had a tower and barmekyn buylded in yt where nowe yt 
 lieth waste in every warre and then yt is a greatt tyme after or it can be re- 
 plenyshed again and the most parte thereof ys the inherytaunce of the said 
 M'. Graye of Chillingham. 
 
 " The towneshippe of Outchester was sometyme by estymacon of viij hus- 
 band lands and hath lyen waste unplenyshed sythence before the remem- 
 berance of any man now lyvynge, and is the inheritance of the said Rauffe 
 Graye of Chillinghame." 
 
 5. Of the earliest cottages. We cannot expect to find 
 their walls of turf and roofs of straw. The oldest to be 
 found have the couples united to short legs which rest 
 upon the ground ; the walls are of clay or of rubble work,
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, — ELSDON. 201 
 
 without sufficient strength to support the timbers of a roof. 
 The roof is thatched, there is a small opening for a window, 
 and a few sticks are twisted together and plastered with 
 clay for a chimney. Sometimes there are two apartments, 
 the first, containing the only external door, is occupied by 
 the cow; a rude partition, called a brattish, rises to the 
 caves, and separates this from the only dwelling room of 
 the family ; and happily for the health of the inmates there 
 is no ceiling, and there is an open space to the " riggin 
 tree." The floor is either of clay or large pebbles. 
 
 ELSDON RECTORY, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 This small border tower is assigned by Mr. Twopeny 
 to the fourteenth century, and there can be no doubt that 
 it is of that date, although its external details, probably 
 always of the plainest and simplest character, have been 
 much altered. It is of good common walling, 7 ft. 8 in. in 
 thickness and its outside measurement is 43 ft. 2 in. by 
 30 ft. 10 in. ; its height to the top of the parapet wall is 42 ft. 
 The entrance is by a passage on the north side, the width 
 of which is 4 ft. G in. This passage was secured by a door 
 of great strength. On the ground floor is a vaulted apart- 
 ment, 12 ft. in height to the top of the arch, and 27 ft. 10 in. 
 long, by 15 ft. 6 in. in width. On the left side of the pas- 
 sage a few steps lead, by an easy ascent, to a newel stair- 
 case 5ft. Sin. in diameter, and lighted by three narrow 
 loop-holes. This leads to the first floor 10 ft. 8 in. high; 
 it is divided into tw^o rooms now used for bed-rooms, but 
 until recently fitted up as a kitchen and parlour. The 
 staircase is continued to the second story, which now con- 
 tains one large room, lighted by two windows, and two 
 small bed-rooms with a single window each. Above this 
 is a garret. • 
 
 Dr. Dutens, the learned editor of the works of Leibnitz, 
 
 Dd
 
 202 DOMESTIC ARCniTECTURE : FODRTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 was rector of Elsdon for many years prior to liis death in 
 1S12. In his time the ground "floor remained the dark 
 vault in which the rector's cattle were formerly housed by 
 night; the next floor was flagged with stone, and used 
 for a kitchen and servants' apartments, and on the third 
 floor was one room, fitted up as a lodging room and study, 
 the bed being in a large recess, with closets on each side, 
 one of which served as a wardrobe, the other for more 
 general purposes." 
 
 This tower has been appropriated as the rectory house of 
 Elsdon from time immemorial. On the south front is a 
 shield bearing the arms of Taylboys, with the legend, " R. 
 dom. de Rede." And on another shield on the north side, 
 of subsequent insertion, are the arms of Howard ; one of 
 the sons of lord William Howard, the "Belted Will" of 
 history, was owner of the royalty of Redesdale, from him 
 it passed to his descendants, the last of whom sold it to 
 the Percy family. 
 
 BAMBURGH CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 This castle is finely situated on a promontory nearly op- 
 posite to Fame Island, wdth Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, in 
 the distance to the north. It consists of two distinct parts 
 enclosed within the same wall of enceinte, which is of ir- 
 regular form, following the outline of the basaltic rock on 
 which it stands. 
 
 The Norman keep has a very fine effect externally, but 
 the interior being fitted up as a modern residence, the 
 original arrangements are destroyed : the lower rooms are 
 vaulted ; there is a deep well ; and there are passages in the 
 thickness of the walls connected by newel staircases ; there 
 is also a straight staircase in the thickness of the wall lead- 
 ing from the side of the entrance door to the principal floor. 
 , The doorway is of rather early Norman character, apparently
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, BAMBURGII. 203 
 
 of the beginning of the twelfth century ; the windows have 
 all been enlarged and widened. Tlie other part of the castle 
 is a house of the time of Edward ii., built partly upon the 
 older external wall ; this house is also much altered, but 
 the kitchen remains in nearly a perfect state, and is the 
 whole height of the house. The rooms on the ground floor 
 have plain pointed barrel vaults, over some of them is a 
 large upper room or solar, but the interior of the house 
 has been so much altered by modern partitions, that it is 
 difficult to make out the original arrangement, or even to 
 say with certainty which was the hall. 
 
 There was a castle here in the Saxon times, known by 
 the name of Bebbanburgh ; it is mentioned by Alfred and 
 by Roger Hoveden, and was then, and for many years 
 afterwards, in the hands of the crown. It was frequently 
 besieged in the Scottish wars, and was much damaged after 
 the battle of Hexham. In the time of Elizabeth, Sir John 
 Forster was governor of it, and his grandson obtained a 
 grant of it from James i. His descendant, Thomas Forster, 
 forfeited it in 1715, but his maternal uncle, Nathaniel, lord 
 Crewe, Bishop of Durham, purchased his estates, and with 
 them this castle, and bequeathed the whole to charitable 
 purposes. An establishment is kept up here by the trus- 
 tees for the relief of shipwrecked persons. The castle was 
 repaired and made habitable about the middle of the last 
 century, at which period it is said to have been nearly 
 buried in sand. 
 
 ALNWICK CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 This is more of a castle than a house, but still it was the 
 residence of the great baronial family of the Percys, and 
 must have been originally a very fine nobleman's palace. 
 Unfortunately it was suffered to fall into ruin, and per- 
 haps still more unfortunately in the latter part of the last
 
 204 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 century, it was ordered to be restored and made fit for 
 the habitation of the duke of Northumberland; this was 
 done in the most expensive manner, according to the ideas 
 of Gothic work then prevalent, after the fashion set by 
 Horace Walpole at Strawberry Hill. The original arrange- 
 ments have been entirely destroyed, and nothing retains a 
 genuine character but the external walls and towers, and 
 especially the gate-house and barbican ; the latter is a very 
 good specimen of the time of Edward iii., to which period 
 the greater part of the buildings belong. There is, how- 
 ever, a Norman gateway, and the masonry of the greater 
 part of the w^all of enceinte is also Norman work. The 
 original battlements, with figures on them ^, have been pre- 
 served, and in the front of the gateway tower of the keep 
 are several shields of arms carved in stone, a common north 
 country fashion : these are the arms of the different families 
 connected with the second lord Percy, and could belong to 
 him only : as these shields are evidently original, they fix the 
 date of the tower to about 1340, and the greater part of the 
 castle is exactly of the same character. If an opinion were 
 formed by the architecture only, an earlier date would be 
 assigned to it. 
 
 DUNSTANBOROUGH CASTLE. 
 
 This is an extremely picturesque ruin, splendidly situated 
 on a basaltic rock, almost overhanging the sea. The wall 
 of enceinte follows the outline of the rock, and next the 
 sea was not built, not being necessary, the precipitous 
 rocks themselves being a sufficient defence. At the south- 
 east corner is a square tower, with turrets at the angles 
 slightly corbelled out in the upper story. The windows 
 are either single lancets, or two small lancets coupled to- 
 gether ; the doorways are of the shouldered arch or Car- 
 
 '' A very fuw of the figures are an- at Dcnwick, when the Strawberry Hill 
 cicnt. The rest were madi; by a mason work was in progress.
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, — BELSAY. 205 
 
 narvon form. The principal parts remaining are at the 
 south-west corner, and part of the west front ; at this 
 corner is the chief entrance, protected by two round towers, 
 having square turrets corbelled out at the top, the arch- 
 way with its vault remains, but the upper part is in ruins. 
 This castle was built in 1313-14, as appears by the accompt 
 rolls preserved among the archives of the Percy family. 
 
 BELSAY CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 As already observed, Belsay is nothing more than a 
 square border Pele tower ; it is, however, the largest and 
 finest specimen of the kind in this county. It was pro- 
 bably erected by one of the Middleton family shortly be- 
 fore the year 1317, when it was forfeited to the crown, on 
 the suppression of the northern rebellion headed by Gilbert 
 de Middleton. 
 
 Some additions were made to it about the beginning of 
 the seventeenth century, and others in still more recent 
 times. The entrance is by a flight of stone steps to the 
 first floor, and from thence by a newel staircase, in the 
 square turret at the south-west angle ; this stair has a 
 conical cap. The building measures externally from north 
 to south 5G| feet, and from east to west 47 feet 3 inches. 
 The rooms on the ground floor are vaulted, and have been 
 used as kitchen and cellars. On the east side of the first 
 story is the chief apartment, 43 ft. long by 21| ft. broad, 
 and nearly 17 ft. in height; it has a chimney in it, and is 
 lighted on the north and south by two large windows of 
 two lights, each with transoms. On the second story is a 
 room of the same length and breadth, but not so lofty ; the 
 flooring of it is gone, but the corbels on which it was car- 
 ried still remain. There are other rooms in the projecting 
 turrets, (or garrites,) of which there are four, one being 
 scjuare and the other three round. The battlement is of
 
 20G DOMKSTIC AllClIITECTURE : FOURTKENTII CENTURY. 
 
 heavy character, and is supported on corbels, giving it the 
 appearance of being machicolated, which it is not. Tlie 
 arcliitcctural features of this building are carefully rendered 
 in the accompanying engravings, and do not require further 
 remark. 
 
 PRUDHOE CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 There is not enough remaining of this fine ruin to tell 
 much about the original arrangements. There is a fine 
 lofty Norman keep, oblong in plan, with flat buttresses, and 
 no external turrets ; the work is very plain, with chamfered 
 strings only ; it has a straight staircase in the thickness of 
 the west wall, and a newel one in the north-east corner. 
 The walls of enceinte are chiefly of the fourteenth century. 
 The entrance gateway, with its barrel vault and double 
 corbel heads, is Norman; but considerable alterations have 
 been made in the time of Edward ii., and the chapel, or 
 room over the entrance gateway, is a very remarkable ex- 
 ample of that period, and tolerably perfect ; at the east end 
 an oriel window has been corbelled out ; it is a half-hex- 
 agon of irregular form, with two small lancet windows in 
 front, and one in 
 the south angle : 
 internally this 
 forms a recess for 
 the altar. This 
 is the earliest ex- 
 ample known in 
 England^ of an 
 oriel window, the 
 date is ascer- 
 
 •= On the Continent there are exai..i,ls the thirteenth in a house at Gondorf iu 
 of the twelfth century, in the castle of the Moselle. 
 Landsbcrg, near Barr, Alsace, and of
 
 DO.MKS'I'IC AUCIIITKCTIJKK : FOU KTKKNTIl CKNTUKY. 
 
 ORIEL OP THE CHAPEL OVER THE GATEWAY. 
 
 PRUDHOE CASTLE. NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 EAST END OF THE CHAPKL AND INIF.RIOP. OF THE ORIFL,
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, — CORBRIDGE. 207 
 
 tained by very exact records of the building of a chapel 
 here in the time of Edward ii. It is worthy of notice also 
 as a late instance of the use of single lancet windows, 
 though this is not very uncommon even at a later period, 
 when convenience called for their use. 
 
 CORBRIDGE, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 On the south side of tlie churchyard is a small Pele 
 tower of the time of Edward the First or Second, which 
 was probably the parsonage house, from its situation, more 
 especially as there is another tower in the village. 
 
 The walls and battlements of the parsonage are nearly 
 
 perfect, the timber-work and roof only being destroyed. 
 
 It is a small square low building, and seems quite entire ; 
 
 other buildings have been attached to it at some period, 
 
 but these were not part of the original plan, and have been 
 
 since destroyed. The ground room is vaulted with a plain 
 
 barrel vault, and has a single loop-light only, the doorway 
 
 has a plain pointed arch. There is a straight staircase in 
 
 the thickness of the wall, leading from the doorway to the 
 
 first floor, and another flight over it to the upper room ; in 
 
 a recess at the top of the first flight is a water-drain, and 
 
 in another recess in the thickness of the wall at the foot 
 
 of the upper staircase is a garderobe. The windows are 
 
 small single-light trefoil-headed ; and there is a fire-place 
 
 in the north wall, square, and flush with the face of the 
 
 wall, but the edges moulded. The first floor appears to 
 
 have been a single room, nineteen feet long by thirteen 
 
 wide, and about eight feet high, separated from the upper 
 
 room by a wooden floor only. The upper floor seems 
 
 to have been divided into two or three small rooms, 
 
 and in one corner was apparently the private oratory, or 
 
 reading closet of the priest, with a sloping desk for a book 
 
 in a shallow niche near the angle, and a small window in
 
 208 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the other wall, just where it could throw light on the book. 
 There is no fire-place in the upper story. The battlements 
 are good, and the angle turrets well corbelled out on very 
 bold machicolations, which give this little building, plain 
 as it is, a very picturesque character. 
 
 DURHAM, KABY CASTLE. 
 
 This is a very fine pile of building still, though the 
 greater part has been sadly modernized. The exterior has 
 been comparatively little altered, but the interior so much 
 that it is difficult to make out the original arrangement. 
 The entrance is through a fine gate-house, with flanking 
 towers; the buildings surround a court-yard of irregular 
 form, and the principal door of the house opens from the 
 court-yard into the room under the great hall, the floor 
 of which is su})ported on arcades, the pillars have been 
 restored in marble, and the vaulting appears also to have 
 been tampered with; nevertheless the eff'ect of this en- 
 trance is very good. The great hall, or the baron's hall 
 as it is called, is still a fine room, though its proportions 
 have been much altered, and not improved ; it has an open 
 timber roof in imitation of Elizabethan work. The win- 
 dows are of late Decorated or early Perpendicular work, of 
 the time of Richard ii. The solar behind the dais, or the 
 lord's chamber, has been thrown into the hall, and a great 
 bow window thrown out at the end. The floor of the hall 
 has been raised three or four feet, so that it is turned into 
 a long wide gallery rather than a hall. At the lower end 
 the music gallery remains, being of stone, with a rich 
 cornice, and the heads of two doorways remain, of the 
 shouldered arch, or Carnarvon form, but deprived of half 
 their height, and blocked up as much as possible. Behind 
 this stone screen is now a waste space not used at all, 
 which appears to have contained the pantry and buttery,
 
 DURHAM, RABY CASTLE. 209 
 
 with a passage between them, and a straight flight of steps 
 down to the kitchen, which is on the ground floor, and a 
 distinct building, forming one of the towers of the castle. 
 This kitchen is the most perfect thing left in the house, 
 and a very fine example, of massive character, with a stone 
 vault, and a louvre in the form of a lantern rising from 
 the stone roof, and forming a conspicuous object. The 
 kitchen is square below, and octagonal above ; there is 
 a passage all round in the thickness of the wall, level with 
 the sills of the windows, with steps leading down the slop- 
 ing sill into the kitchen, but high from the ground ; these 
 steps and passages appear to have been partly for the pur- 
 pose of defence, but the passage also led to two garde- 
 robes in the thickness of the wall. 
 
 The chapel is on the first floor, and seems to have been 
 originally on a level with the baron's hall, with a short 
 passage from one to the other; it stands at right angles 
 to the hall, and over an entrance, but this is said to be 
 modern, and the floor of the chapel had at one period been 
 cut away in order to make a more handsome entrance. It 
 has, however, been carefully restored in the Decorated 
 style. The other parts of the castle have been too much 
 altered for their original use to be now recognised, but 
 another wing of the castle appears to have been for sol- 
 diers, and quite distinct from the family mansion above 
 described. There are passages and staircases in the walls 
 leading from the kitchen in every direction, and under it 
 is a fine vaulted cellar, with a central pillar. 
 
 bishop's AUCKLAND PALACE, DURHAM. 
 
 The greater part of this house has been either rebuilt, or 
 so much altered in modern times, that it has lost all ori- 
 ginal character. The chapel, however, was restored (not 
 
 E e
 
 210 DOMESTIC ARCniTECTUIlE : FOURTFTENTn CENTURY. 
 
 rebuilt) by Bisliop Cosin, who gave it windows and a 
 clerestory of not over good workmanship in imitation of 
 the Decorated style ; it has two aisles ; the arches are 
 good, resting on clnstered pillars, with moulded capitals. 
 Tiie kitchen is original and very large, but spoiled by a 
 modern flat ceiling, cutting ofT half of its proper height ; 
 it retains only one of the old fire-places ^ 
 
 § 2. — CUMBERLAND AXD WESTMORELAND, 
 
 The general description which we have given of the 
 houses of Northumberland applies almost equally well to 
 those of Cumberland and Westmoreland. The same un- 
 settled state, and harassing border warfare, rendered the 
 same precautions necessary. Perhaps the Peels or Pele 
 towers have more frequently had other buildings attached 
 to them at an early period ; and in some districts the stone 
 was more easily worked, and consequently more ornament 
 was introduced, as at Carlisle. As a general rule it may 
 be observed that the style of architecture in these northern 
 counties is considerably behind the more central parts of 
 England ; to what extent allowance should be made for 
 this it is not easy to say, but in general from thirty to forty 
 years seems to be about the period. Their distance from 
 the centre of civilization is sufficient to account for this ; 
 old fashions always linger in remote districts, and old men 
 continue to build in the style which was the fashion in 
 their youth. Thus parts of Alnwick and Prudhoe castles 
 appear considerably older than they really are, and the 
 same may be observed in several other instances. 
 
 ' See Mr. Raine's account of Auck- lars respecting both the chapel and the 
 land Castle, which contains many cu- castle, 
 rious and valuable architectural particu-
 
 ki^^U—
 
 CUMBERLAND, — NAWORTH. 211 
 
 NAWORTH CASTLE, CUMBERLAND. 
 
 The castle of Naworth is beautifully situated on the 
 banks of a small stream, which forms a deep ravine, and 
 runs on to Llanercost priory, about half a mile distant. 
 The front, in which is the entrance, consists of a long range 
 of buildings, flanked at each end by a stately and massive 
 tower, that on the west being called the Chancellor's tower, 
 and that on the east lord William Howard's tower (called 
 by Walter Scott "Belted Will") from the circumstance of 
 his using it as his place of study, and in the upper room, 
 which was his library, his books are still kept in their 
 chests. Adjoining this room is a small oratory. The 
 library has a very remarkable wooden roof of low pitch. 
 The timbers are exceedingly strong and massive, but both 
 principals, wall-plate, and rafters are beautifully moulded 
 with characteristic fourteenth-century mouldings, and with 
 extremely well executed foliage of the same date at the in- 
 tersections ; but it is to be regretted that the bosses, which 
 must have been of the same character, and have added 
 greatly to its rich effect, have been lost or destroyed. The 
 panels between are filled with tracery of various design, 
 and considerable variety. It is, however, evident that the 
 roof was not originally intended for its present situation, 
 as it does not fit the cornice of the room, and it has doubt- 
 less been brought from some other place. It has there- 
 fore been suggested that it was probably brought from tiie 
 castle of Kirk Oswald by lord William when he came into 
 possession of that property. 
 
 The castle was in a great degree rebuilt by him in tlic 
 time of Elizabeth, and the interior has been again almost 
 rebuilt since the great fire in 184.., which destroyed all the 
 wood-work, but left the stone walls little injured. These
 
 212 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 appear to be partly of the fourteenth century. The walls of 
 " Ik'ltcd Will's tower" arc of the same period. The hall 
 has been much altered, and is now of very disproportionate 
 length, which injures the effect of what would otherwise be 
 a fine hall : the partition between the dais and the solar has 
 been removed, so that the latter is now thrown into the 
 hall, which not only makes it too long, but makes the bay 
 window appear out of its place. The screen and minstrels' 
 gallery at the lower end have been destroyed ; the passage 
 must have been very wide, as shewn by the windows ; the 
 entrance from the screens to the kitchen is in its original 
 place, and the kitchen itself seems to have been well re- 
 stored. The entrance to the hall is at one end of the 
 screens as usual, from an external stone staircase, or flight 
 of steps in the court-yard. The exterior of the castle, with 
 its gate-house, is very fine and picturesque, but this be- 
 longs rather to military than domestic architecture. 
 
 STAIRCASE, CARLISLE CASTLE, CUMBERLAND. 
 
 The beautiful fragment here given is almost the only re- 
 maining vestige of what appears to have been the royal 
 residence. Edward i. seems to have been partial to Car- 
 lisle, and frequently resided here, as we find seven of his 
 visits recorded between 1293 and 1307, the time of his 
 death. He celebrated his last birthday here, and from 
 hence, on the 2Sth of June that year, he departed for 
 Scotland, which he was never to reach, in such shattered 
 health that he w\is only able to travel a few miles, and 
 having with the greatest difficulty reached Burgh on the 
 Sands on the 5th of July, he was unable to proceed farther, 
 and the day but one following he died, exhorting his suc- 
 cessors to prosecute the conquest of Scotland, which he had 
 begun. During these years considerable works had been
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 STAIRCASE. BELONGING TO A CHAPEL. (NOW DESTROTED.) 
 
 CARLISLE CASTLE. CUMBERLAND
 
 CUMBERLAND, DACRE CASTLE. 213 
 
 going on in the castle, for in 1302 Bishop Ilatton, who 
 was governor, expended the sum of 275/. 45. 11^/., while 
 his receipts from the crown were only 270/. 2^. It is fair 
 therefore, to conclude, as Edward made this his frequent 
 residence, both as a convenient station in his Scottish wars, 
 and also for the pleasure of hunting in the forest of Ingle- 
 wood, that the present building was erected by him at this 
 time, and particularly as we find that in 1344 the great 
 hall, which was a part of the building, wanted repairs, as 
 it must shew that it could scarcely have been erected at a 
 later period. The staircase here engraved formed the prin- 
 cipal means of communication between the chief apart- 
 ments on the different stories ; these were a great hall, a 
 chapel, which seem to have been groined, and sleeping 
 rooms ^. The hall was taken down, and a magazine erected 
 on its site in 1827 ; and in 1835, in order to save the ex- 
 pense of repairs, the rest of the building shared the same 
 fate, the chapel being converted hito officers' barracks and 
 mess room, and no part of the tower left standing, except 
 the shell of the staircase, the jambs of a large arch, and 
 a few other fragments. ]\Iany of the corbels and other 
 ornamental parts were removed to the cathedral, where 
 they now lie. 
 
 This building, which was in after years one of the prisons 
 of Mary queen of Scots, was from that circumstance known 
 as Queen Mary's tower. 
 
 DACRE CASTLE, CUMBERLAND. 
 
 The village of Dacre lies about four miles south-west of 
 Penrith, and two miles from Ullswater, on the side of a steep 
 hill, at the foot of which runs a tributary of the Eamont. 
 
 * A description of the various apartments now destroyed is given in Jefferson's 
 History of Carlisle.
 
 214 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The castle is situated near the church, a Httle way out of 
 the villan;c, and fronting down the hill. It consists at 
 present of a single tower, but there is a small quadrangular 
 piece of ground at the back, which is enclosed by a moat, 
 which has most likely been occupied by other buildings. 
 
 The plan of the castle is quadrangular, having a turret at 
 each angle, those at the east and west being parallel to the 
 sides of the building, while those at the north and south 
 angles are set on diagonally. This arrangement gives the 
 building a singular appearance. It consists of three stories, 
 the entrance to all three of which was by a newel staircase 
 in the west tower, the present entrance to the second story 
 being comparatively modern. 
 
 The lower story is entered by a short passage from the 
 foot of the staircase, it is barrel vaulted, and divided into 
 two rooms lighted by small windows at the front and back, 
 and having fire-places; the walls are extremely thick, being 
 more than 8 feet. The second room communicates with 
 the next story by a flight of steps in the wall. The second 
 story is entered by a pointed doorway, leading from a 
 landing-place on the stairs ; this room seems to have been 
 the general living room, and to have served both for hall 
 and kitchen, as there is a large open fire-place and oven 
 still remaining. The entrance from the staircase is at the 
 western angle, and between this and the fire-place is a 
 small bed-room 8 ft. 6 in. by 7 ft., entirely in the thickness 
 of the wall. The turret at the western angle is occupied 
 by a small room lighted by a narrow opening ; in the 
 eastern one, which is much larger and well lighted, is a bed- 
 room. The use of the southern turret was to serve as 
 closets, with their drains, to the different stories, and is 
 occupied as such through its whole height. The western 
 turret contains the staircase, with landings to the different 
 stories.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 » p, ^..1 1? 
 
 Up 4, A <lg- 
 
 PLAN OF THE MIDDLE STORY. 
 
 PLAN OF THE BASEMENT STORT. 
 
 DACRE CASTLE, CUMBERLAND. 
 
 A Water drain. 
 B Oven 
 
 C. Paniiy. 
 
 D. Recess for a bed 
 
 E. Bt;d-room. 
 
 F. F. Fireplaces. 
 G ^ Stairs leading to and from 
 H. ) the Basement Story. 
 I. Original entrance both to tne 
 upper and lower stories. 
 J. Modern entrance.
 
 '■■t^iM, ^^PM|4y^v^u,\nl\ll
 
 CUMBERLAND, — DACRE CASTLE. 215 
 
 This room is at present divided into two, and is now 
 lighted by only two windows, that on the north-west side 
 from the thickness of the wall it stands in, is in a very 
 deep recess ; near it is also another recess, in which a bed 
 or seat might be placed. On the north-east side is the 
 staircase down to the lower story, and at the same place is 
 the present entrance, which has been cut through the wall, 
 when other alterations were made in the sixteenth century. 
 
 The most interesting object in the room is the water- 
 drain ^ which is placed on the side of the room ; it is tre- 
 foil headed, with very early Decorated mouldings, and a 
 label terminating in heads. The basin is a multifoil, and 
 there is a shelf. The whole is exactly similar to the 
 piscinas in churches of the time of Edward ii. 
 
 The upper story, which is rather larger than the one 
 below, and is known by the name of the "King's Cham- 
 ber," is lighted by a window on each side, and has a fire- 
 place on the north-west side. The north and eastern turrets 
 are occupied by bed-rooms, the entrance to the latter being 
 by a flight of steps in the window jamb, this turret having 
 three bed-rooms, one over the other. The windows in this 
 room, like all the rest, have been modernized, but the rear- 
 arches still retain their original mouldings, a keel, with a 
 hollow on each side, on the angle, shewing clearly both 
 their date, and also that the present windows occupy the 
 places of the original ones. The closet in the south turret 
 deserves examination. 
 
 The exterior of the building has been almost entirely 
 altered in the seventeenth century ; the windows have been 
 replaced by square-headed ones, an entrance to the second 
 story, and an external flight of steps has been made, and 
 almost every trace of its original design obliterated ; but 
 the interior of the lower story, the water-drain in the next, 
 
 ■• See p, 45.
 
 21 G DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 and the window arches in the upper story, all clearly point 
 out that its date is early in the fourteenth century. From 
 the arms sculptured on the front of the building, it is evi- 
 dent that these alterations must have been made by Thomas 
 lord Dacre, who was in 1G74 created earl of Sussex, and, 
 as the earl's coronet appears over the arms, the alterations 
 must have been subsequent to that time. 
 
 The history seems involved in obscurity. Camden 
 merely says, " Near its (the Eamont's) bank upon the little 
 river Dacor, is Dacre castle, noted in later ages for giving 
 title to the family of the Barons de Dacre, and mentioned 
 by Bede for having a monastery in his time, as also by 
 Malmsbury for being the place where Constantine, king of 
 the Scots, and Eugenius, king of Cumberland, put them- 
 selves and their kingdom under the protection of King 
 Athelstan." And in Gibbon's note, " Here is a castle stand- 
 ing, which formerly has been a magnificent building, and 
 a seat of the family." In this family it continued until the 
 reign of Henry vii., when it passed to the Fynes, and is at 
 present the property of — Hassel, Esq., of Dalemain. 
 
 YANWATH, WESTMORELAND. 
 
 Yanwath hall, Westmoreland, is of two very distinct pe- 
 riods, the original structure is believed to have been built 
 by John de Sutton, who married Margaret the heiress of 
 the family of De Somerie in 1322. The heirs of this union 
 became Barons Dudley, and in the reign of Henry viii., 
 Thomas, the eldest son by the second wife of Edmund 
 lord Dudley, settled at Yanwath, and married Sarah, the 
 daughter and coheiress of Sir Lancelot Threlkeld of Yan- 
 wath, an ancient family of Cumberland and Westmoreland. 
 From the architectural character there can be little doubt 
 that the house was in a great degree rebuilt and enlarged at
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 A. Fircplaca, 
 B. B. B. Xyockers. 
 
 C. C. Seats id the windows, 
 D Draiu. 
 
 A. NesLill. Jcl 
 
 -'.I'" O. Jc»ui, f. 
 
 PLAN OF THE UPPER STORY OF THE TOWER. 
 
 A. Passage. 
 
 B. Gateway, 
 
 C. Small watch tower, called tbe Horse leads 
 
 D. Modem gateway. 
 
 Jt'Ulll.lfcl It ■ 
 
 GRODND PLAN, 
 
 TANWATH HALL. WESTMORELAND.
 
 WESTMORELAND, — YANWATII. 217 
 
 this period ; and the wealth of this Thomas lord Dudley, 
 points him out as the most likely person to have incurred 
 this expense. 
 
 Yanwath hall lies between two and three miles south of 
 Penrith, and is situated on the Westmoreland side of the 
 river Eamont, a few miles after it has left the lake of UUs- 
 water. A wooded bank at the back of the house, slopes 
 precipitously to the river, and the tower commands an ex- 
 tensive view over the surrounding country. The Lancaster 
 and Carlisle railway passes close to the house. 
 
 The house forms three sides of a quadrangle, the fourth 
 havinor none of the orisfinal build ino-s remainino^. A large 
 square tower occupies the south-east angle, and a small 
 battlemented watch-tower at the opposite angle overlooks 
 the river. The south side of the quadrangle is occupied by 
 the dwelling house, consisting chiefly of a hall and kitchen, 
 with other rooms. The east and north sides are now chiefly 
 used as stables, but have probably been originally used for 
 other purposes, and appear from the doorways and other 
 details to be of the same date as the tower, thousrh with 
 various later alterations. 
 
 The tower consists of three stories, the original entrance 
 to which is, as is usual with these border towers, at one 
 angle, and leading by a newel staircase to all the stories, 
 and to the roof; the original date of the tovver is the four- 
 teenth century, though with many alterations of the six- 
 teenth. The lower story remains almost in its original 
 state ; the walls are extremely thick, and the room is barrel- 
 vaulted, lighted at each end by a small window widely 
 splayed internally, one of which is original. It has no ex- 
 ternal entrance. The next story consists only of a single 
 room, the Elizabethan ceiling of which deserves atten- 
 tion, but its original character has been entirely oblite- 
 rated. The only entrance to it originally was by the newel, 
 
 rf
 
 218 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTUIIE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 but in the alterations in tlie sixteenth century a flight of 
 stone steps was carried up from the hall. It is lighted on 
 the south, west, and north aisles by square transomed five- 
 liMit windows inserted in the sixteenth century, and has a 
 cornice and wainscoting of the same period with the arms 
 of Edw. VI. sculptured over the fire-place. A door at the 
 south-west angle leads into a small bed-room, which still 
 contains a bedstead. 
 
 The upper story is likewise now only a single room, but 
 it has on the w^est side one of the original windows, now 
 blocked up ; this is ogee-headed, of a single light, and has 
 very good mouldings. Near this, in a small closet, is an 
 oblique projecting drain. There are remains of painting of 
 the sixteenth century on the wall. 
 
 The tower is battlemented, and has a small watch-turret 
 at each angle ; these have each a flight of steps leading to 
 the battlements, and a small 
 room below. The chimney 
 is octagonal, rising from a 
 square, with lateral open- 
 ings for the smoke. The 
 roof is leaded, and there . ■ ^- 
 
 are water-spouts projecting '"^ , j-jr I '] 
 
 from and ornamented with 
 
 the mouldings of the cor- S;..toa the tower. TaD,^aU.HaU. 
 
 nice, which have a very good efl'ect. 
 
 The hall, which occupies the chief part of the building, 
 which adjoins to the east side of the tower, was originally 
 of large dimensions, but a small parlour has now been 
 taken out of it, and the timber roof concealed by a plaster 
 ceilinG;. It seems to have been either rebuilt or consi- 
 derably modified in the fifteenth century, as the windows 
 and roof are of the period. The bay window of this date 
 on the south side, which originally marked the dais, is
 
 J
 
 WESTMORELAND, — YANWATH. 219 
 
 now made to light the parlour ; it is a good specimen of 
 a plain bay-window of the period, with some peculiarity in 
 the tracery. The roof is of four bays, with arched braces, 
 and well moulded. The original open fire-place still re- 
 mains. At the end of the hall is a passage leading through 
 into the court-yard; the doorway is round-headed, with 
 mouldings of a decorated character, though peculiar, which 
 makes it difficult to say whether it is genuine fourteenth- 
 century work, or an imitation at the time when the altera- 
 tions were made. The door itself is very good, being 
 panelled in tracery in the upper part, and the lower having 
 the linen pattern. There is a small window (now blocked) 
 over the door of early character. 
 
 On the opposite side of the court-yard is a square win- 
 dow retaining still its original iron grating, and does not 
 appear to have been ever glazed. The walls did till lately, 
 or do yet retain traces of painting. 
 
 At the north-east angle, where the buildings of the same 
 date as the tower still remain, the thick wall is carried up 
 above the roof, and battlemented on both sides, so as to 
 leave just room for a warder to walk to and fro. This 
 communicates by a staircase with the room beneath, and 
 overlooks the river below, and at the same time guards the 
 back entrance to the court-yard. In Nicholson and Burns's 
 AVestmoreland and Cumberland, it is stated that " over the 
 gate hath been a chapel ; " the room with the grated win- 
 dow before mentioned is also traditionally said to have been 
 a chapel, but as these buildings are now used as stables, it 
 is not possible to say whether there has ever been a chapel 
 here or not.
 
 220 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 BROUGHAM CASTLE, WESTMORELAND. 
 
 The keeps or donjons of the Norman castles were built 
 in such a solid and imperishable manner, that they have 
 still remained when the rest of the edifice has been swept 
 away, and when in later times it has been deemed necessary 
 to remodel or rebuild the rest, the keep has still been re- 
 tained, and merely altered to suit the requirements of an 
 age less rude than that in which it was built. This, which 
 is far from an uncommon circumstance, is the case at 
 Brougham, the present remains consisting of a Norman 
 keep surrounded by buildings of a later period. 
 
 The keep, which is of the usual Norman form, square, 
 with slightly projecting turrets (if they may be so called) 
 at the angles, has some of its original windows, &c., re- 
 maining, which are of plain character. The exterior does 
 not exhibit much alteration except at the upper part, and 
 at the south-east angle, where a space has been corbelled 
 out to allow the formation of a small oratory, but in the 
 interior there is scarcely any part of the original design 
 visible. The lower story has been groined, the ribs 
 springing from corbels in the form of heads, and the vault 
 has been supported by a small central pillar, the base of 
 which still remains. 
 
 The entrance to the upper rooms was by a staircase in 
 the north-east angle, which communicated with passages in 
 the wall, and in the upper part this passage, which is well 
 built and very curious, communicates with the small ora- 
 tory in the south-east angle before mentioned. This is a 
 very small room, but is beautifully groined, has a window 
 to the east, and contains a piscina, &c., and has had an 
 opening from the principal apartment. The style of this 
 little chapel, as well as of the whole of the interior, is that 
 of the time of Edw. i.
 
 WESTMORELAND, — BROUGHAM CASTLE. 221 
 
 On the north side of the keep is a very curious arrange- 
 ment, namely, two distinct gateway towers, which are con- 
 nected by an intervening building. The inner tower abuts 
 on the north-west angle of the keep, and the outer one on 
 the north-east. These gateway towers are shewn in the 
 accompanying engraving ; the outer one has diagonal tur- 
 rets at the outer angles. On the top of the building, 
 and over the gateway, are three corbels, which seem to 
 have been intended for machicolations, and the same occur 
 in the additions to the keep. 
 
 Over the archway is a stone which formerly belonged to 
 the building, and which has been built into the wall at the 
 time of the late repairs. On this stone are the words tljUS 
 tnatiC XOQtV, This is supposed to refer to Roger de Clifford, 
 who died in the reign of Edw. i., and who made great altera- 
 tions and additions to the castle ; indeed, to him may be at- 
 tributed the principal part of the buildings now remaining, 
 the keep being the only Norman work at present existing. 
 
 The court-yard is enclosed with a wall, at the south-west 
 angle of which is a tower, from which a covered passage in 
 the thickness of the wall leads to the offices on the south 
 side of the court-yard. On this side also is the chapel, 
 which is in ruins ; it has lost its roof and floor, but its 
 piscina and sedilia still remain ; the former is quatrefoiled, 
 imder a pointed arch ; the latter have three pointed arches, 
 trefoiled, with the spandrels filled with shallow sunk trefoils. 
 The east window, except the jambs and part of the sill, is 
 destroyed, but one of the side windows remains perfect. It 
 is trefoil-headed, and widely splayed inside. There was 
 a room under the chapel, and the corbels of the floor still 
 remain ; the rest of the south side appears to have been 
 occupied with offices, and the hall seems to have been on 
 the east side, but the outer walls alone are left, so that it 
 is difficult to make out the plan of this part.
 
 222 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Brougham castle is situated at the confluence of the 
 Lowther with the Eamont, about 1| miles from Penrith, 
 on the Appleby road, and forms a fine object from the 
 bridge. On the opposite side of the river is the old castle 
 mill, and which taken in combination with the castle forms 
 a highly picturesque scene. 
 
 BROUGHAM HALL. 
 
 This house is situated about half a mile from the castle, 
 in a splendid situation, on the brow of a hill, commanding 
 one of the finest views in England. It has for the most 
 part been rebuilt, but still retains some ancient portions ; 
 one wall is of the twelfth century, another of the fourteenth, 
 and the entrance gate-house is of the time of Edward i., 
 with some good corbel-heads and battlements. We are 
 indebted to William Brougham, Esq., for the following in- 
 teresting account of his family, and their seats. 
 
 The earliest mention I find of Brougham is in the Itinerary of 
 Antoninus. In the 5th Journey. 
 
 "Iter V. a Londinis Luguvalliura ad Tallium," (i.e. London to 
 Carlisle). After noting the different Stations on the Roman road to 
 Bowes, the Itinerary proceeds ; 
 
 Lavatris (Bowes.) 
 
 Verteris M.P. xiii. . . (Brough.) 
 Brocavo M.P. xx. . . . (Brougham.) 
 Luguvallio M.P, XXII. . (Carlisle.) 
 
 Camden in his Britannia, (ed. 1600, p. 689,) describing the road 
 from Appleby to Penrith, says ; 
 
 " Fertur hinc Ituua (River Eden) non procul ab ETowgill via verb militaris 
 recta in occasum .^Iquinoctialem ducit per Whinfield at Brovoniacum xx 
 iiiiliaribus Italicis xvii Anglicis a Verteris ut posuit Antoninus, locatum, cui 
 etiam Brocovum, uti Broconiacum in notitiarum libro nominatur, qui nume- 
 rum defensorum hie sua habuisse stativa docet. IIujus aedificia, et dignita-
 
 .::^ ^^'
 
 WESTMORELAND, — BROUGHAM HALL. 223 
 
 tem licet absumpserit Vetustas, nomen tamcn fcrc inviolatum supcrest 
 Brougham enim vocamus." 
 
 It appears very clear that Horsley's derivation of the name in his 
 Britannia llomana, namely, that Eurgham, the old name, is derived 
 from two Saxon words, Burgh a castle, and ham a tovrn or hamlet, is 
 wrong ; the oldest spelling we have in any authentic record is in the 
 Pipe Eoll, 22 Hen, n., of the fine of 80 marks imposed upon Udard 
 de Broham; the same spelling being used in his licence to go to the 
 Holy Laud, and in the name of his son Grilbert in the Oblata lloll, 
 2nd John ; and Broham is manifestly the Latin word Broeovum. 
 The name Burgham does not occur in any record till after this date, 
 although it appears in a deed of the time of King John, and again in 
 2 E. II., and several others. Thus the name is strictly Roman and 
 not Saxon; and was taken from the first of the family having settled 
 at the site of the Roman station. How Broham, or Bruham, got 
 converted into Burgham I cannot explain. 
 
 The altars, monumental stones, and otlier remains found close to 
 the present court-yard, only nearer the chapel, prove that the station 
 was on that spot, and not, as has been stated by some antiquaries, 
 at the castle. 
 
 That the family lived there before the Conquest is proved by the 
 fact of the earliest recorded tenure having been by drengagc, a 
 tenure by military service, but differing from knighfs service, inas- 
 much as those only held their lands by Drengage who had possessed 
 them before the Conquest, and were continued in tliem by the Con- 
 queror, after submitting to him. Spelman, after giving his authority 
 for this, proceeds thus ; 
 
 " Sunt igitur Drenches, Vassalli quidem militares vel (ut nostri forenscs 
 loquuntur) Tenentes per servitium militare. Ex Dictis autem notaadum est, 
 eos omnes, eorumve antecessores, qui e Drengorum classe erant, vel per 
 Drengagium tenuere, sua incoluisse patrimonia, Ante adventum Xormanno- 
 rum '." 
 
 Drengs and Theins, were tenants in capite, and did knight's ser- 
 vice in the king's army, according to the quantity of their lands. If 
 they did not go in person, they sent knights and men at arms to do 
 the service, or they made fine with the king " ut remaneant, " ne 
 transfretent," or "quia non abierunt cum rege." This fine or scu- 
 tage (servitium scuti) was always by tenants in capite paid directly 
 to the king, through the sheriff of the county ; whereas, if the tenant 
 i Spel. Gloss., p. ISG, ed. 1661.
 
 224 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : POURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 lield of a superior lord or baron, the fine was paid to him and not to 
 the king''. 
 
 Hence, when we find in tlie Oblata Roll of the 2nd of King John, 
 now in the Tower of London, M. 5, the name of Gilbert de BroTiam, 
 among the Drengi of Westmoreland, who made fine with King John, 
 that they might not go witli him into Normandy, it proves not only 
 tliat Gilbert held in capite, but that in the time of John he continued 
 to hold his estate by the same service of Drengage as his ancestors 
 had done before the Conquest, and that they had consequently been 
 in possession before the Conquest. 
 
 The record in question contains seventeen names, described as 
 "Decem et Septem Drengi de Westmorland;" they are all distin- 
 guished persons, as Walter de Harcla, ancestor of Harcla created 
 earl of Carlisle 15 Ed. ii. ; Tailboys, baron of Kendal; John de 
 Morville, brother of Hugh, baron of Westmorland, one of the four 
 knights who slew Thomas a Beckett. It is a remarkable fact, that of 
 the seventeen Drengi mentioned in this record, Gilbert de Broham is 
 the only one now represented in the male line ; all the others are 
 extinct, or have passed by females into totally different families. 
 
 This Gilbert in tlie 4th of John granted to Robert de Yipont, by 
 the concurrence, and probably hy force of the king, his lands in tlie 
 forest of Whinfell, half the town of Burgham, the advowson of the 
 rectory, the castle mill, the single tower, which then formed the 
 •whole of the castle, and which now exists, although altered soon 
 afterwards either by Yipont or his immediate successor, John de 
 Yipont, who married Sibilla Ferrers, but he (Gilbert) retained the 
 whole of the manor, which has continued in his descendants to the 
 present day ; and it is a singular fact, that the castle, although thus 
 severed from the rest of the estate, stands within the manor of 
 Brougham. 
 
 The consideration for which Gilbert conveyed away so much of his 
 estate, was that the remainder should be freed from the service of 
 Drengage to him and his successors for ever. 
 
 The deed by whicli this was effected was enrolled in Chancery, and 
 is now deposited in the Rolls chapel. 
 
 A p irtion of the estate is held by the tenure of carnage, supposed 
 by many to have been a corn rent, because in modern times it is com- 
 muted for a small payment in money. The real service was, however, 
 that of blowing a horn to give notice of the arrival of the enemy, in 
 
 ^ Madox, Hist, of tbe Exchequer, i. C59— C75.
 
 WESTMORELAND, — BROUGHAM HALL. 225 
 
 that country generally the Scotch '. This was a signal for lighting up 
 Penrith beacon, which communicated by a line of similar signals with 
 Appleby, and so into Yorkshire on one side, and into Lancashire on 
 the other, and thus roused all the neighbouring barons. 
 
 The original horn by which this service was performed is now pre- 
 served at Brougham. 
 
 The earliest existing part of the house at Brougham is the wall, in 
 which is a Norman arch and recess; part of the zig-zag ornament has 
 been restored, and the columns repaired, but the whole of the cable- 
 moulding is in its original state. Next to this in date is the old 
 gateway, especially the mouldings on the north end of it ; the 
 whole is in its original stute, except that some of the battlements 
 have been replaced, having been brought down some years ago in 
 a great snow storm, owing to the weight of ivy. The oak gates, 
 6 inches thick, are origiual, as also the crook and band hinges. The 
 knocker is modern, i.e. 1600, J-^- being engraved upon it. 
 
 In the first year of Edward ii. licences were granted to 
 Willelmus de Dacre and Ricardus de Brun, to crenellate 
 their honses, both described as situated at Dummaloch in 
 the marches of Cumberland, (Dummaloch in Marchibus). 
 There seems good reason to believe that these two houses 
 are Dacre castle and Brougham hall, which are within a 
 few miles of each other, and both near to a hill still called 
 Dummaloch. Brougham castle at that period belonged to 
 the Cliflfords. 
 
 § 3. — YORKSHIRE, LANCASHIRE, AND CHESHIRE. 
 
 Yorkshire is more celebrated for the ruins of its mag- 
 nificent abbeys than for its houses : nevertheless it contains 
 many fine and valuable remains, in general strongly fortified, 
 but not always. At Markenfield hall, for instance, the for- 
 tifications are comparatively slight, compared to those of 
 
 ' This tenure makes it probable that ing country, whereas Brougham castle 
 
 Brougham hall was the original seat of is built in a hollow on the bank of a 
 
 the family, its situation commanding a river to defend an important pass, 
 very extensive view over the neighbour-
 
 22n DOMESTIC ARCniTECTURE : FOURTEENTn CENTURY. 
 
 Bolton, ^liddleliam, or Wressle. The city of York still re- 
 tains some houses, or portions of houses, of the fourteenth 
 centurv, though much has been destroyed of late years. 
 They are chiefly of wood, and the overhanging upper stories 
 are carried upon spurs which have been richly carved, espe- 
 cially those on each side the doorway'. The gate-houses, 
 or bars as they are locally called, are chiefly of the fourteenth 
 century. Monk bar is the best ; it has good corner tur- 
 rets, and stone figures on the parapets, as at Alnwick and 
 Naworth : this seems to have been a common fashion in 
 the north of England. 
 
 The houses of Lancashire and Cheshire are chiefly of 
 timber. It is believed that amongst them are several re- 
 mains as early as the fourteenth century ; but the only one 
 we have been able to find which has any character clearly 
 of that period is Baggily hall, Cheshire. The hall at 
 Smithill's, near Bolton, Lancashire, bears a very close re- 
 semblance to it, but is a later imitation of it. The greater 
 part of the fine and very picturesque houses of these coun- 
 ties are of the Elizabethan period, though they often have 
 very much the look of the fourteenth century; the use of 
 pierced quatrefoils and trefoils in timber work, was con- 
 tinued to a very late period both externally and internally. 
 This kind of what may be called reticulated work is some- 
 times of the fifteenth century, much more frequently of the 
 sixteenth. Dalton tower, Lancashire, belongs rather to the 
 class of the more northern Pele-towers. 
 
 ' This peculiarity brings to mind the have quite a different character from 
 
 local character which may be observed those in the other. It would seem that 
 
 in a very remarkable manner in travel- the builders of houses did not travel or 
 
 ling from one town to another on the collect new ideas so much as the eccle- 
 
 continent, where, even at the distance of siastical architects. 
 a few miles, all the houses in on 3 town
 
 YORKSHIRE, — BOLTON CASTLE. 227 
 
 BOLTON CASTLE -i. 
 
 " Richard, Lord Scrope, was Chancelor of Eiujland in Richard the 2 Dayea. 
 This Richard made out of the Grownd the Castle of Bolton of 4 greate stronge 
 Towres and of good lodgings. It was a making xviii. Yeres, and the Charges 
 of the Bujldinge came by Ycre to 1000 Marks ''. 
 
 Bolton village and Castell is 4 miles from Middleham. The Castle standeth 
 on a Roke Syde ; and all the substaunce of the Lodgyngs in it be includyd in 
 4 principal! Towres, Yt was an IS Ycres in buildynge, and the Expends of 
 every Yere came to 1000 marks. It was finished or King Richard the 2 dyed. 
 
 One thinge I muche noted in the liaulle of Bolton, how chimneys were 
 conveyed by Tunnells made on the syds of the Wauls betwixt the lights iu 
 the llauU ; and by this meanes, and by no Covers ', is the smoke of the Harth 
 in the Ilawle wonder strangly convayed. 
 
 Most parte of the Tymber that was occupied in buyldinge of this Castell 
 was fett out of the Forest of Engleby in Cumberland, and Richard Lord 
 Scrope for conveyance of it, had layde by the way dy vers drawghts of oxen 
 to carry it from place to place till it came to Bolton. 
 
 Theire is a very faiyre Cloke at Bolton cum motu soils et lunw, and othar 
 Conclusyons. 
 
 Ther is a Parke waullyd withe Stone at Bolton "■." 
 
 We have here quoted the whole of what Leland says of 
 Bolton, because one passage may perhaps throw light upon 
 another. The one relating to the chimneys has been very 
 frequently quoted, and supposed to prove that chimneys 
 were not in use before this time, but a more careful exami- 
 nation of the passage, and a comparison of it with the 
 existing remains, shew that this is altogether a mistake. 
 We know that chimneys were in connnon use from the 
 twelfth century downwards, and Leland does not speak of 
 the chinnieys themselves as new things, but only that they 
 were made on the sides of the walls betwixt the windows of 
 the hall, and that the smoke was wonder strangely conveyed 
 from the Harth, which was of course in the centre of the 
 
 J A licence to crenellate this castle was the fourth volume of Britton's Archi- 
 
 granted in the 21st Edw. i., to Robert teclural Anti(|uities. 
 
 de Percy, but the work does not appear '' Leland's Itin., vol. viii. fol. So. 
 
 to have been gone on with at that time, ' Probably a misprint for lovers, or 
 
 or it has been subsequently rebuilt. louvres. 
 
 There are two views of this castle in '" vol. viii. fol. QG, b.
 
 228 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 liall. The walls of this hall arc standing, and there are no 
 chimneys or fire-places to it, either between the windows or 
 any where else; the wood-work or lath and plaster work 
 has all been destroyed ; \ve see by the passage relating to the 
 clock, that some ingenious hand was employed at Bolton, 
 and it seems probable that he had introduced some curi- 
 ous contrivance for conveying the smoke from the central 
 hearth, probably in a kind of pipes or chimneys of lath 
 and plaster, with a hood suspended over the fire, these 
 pipes being carried to the wall between the windows, and 
 now destroyed. The occasional use of lath and plaster for 
 fire-])laces and chimneys has been shewn in our first volume, 
 and yet Leland might well consider it as a wonder strange 
 contrivance. This seems the most likely mode of reconcil- 
 ing Leland's usually accurate description with the existing 
 remains, and the known practice of the period. In other 
 respects Leland's description is accurate as usual; of the 
 four large square towers at the corners three remain per- 
 fect, the fourth has fallen down from neglect ; the rest of 
 the walls are nearly perfect; the buildings enclosing a 
 quadrangle, or court-yard, and parts of them, are inhabited 
 by cottagers, who have been allowed to take out some of 
 the old mullioned windows, and put in modern cottage 
 casements in their places, which give a very neglected and 
 poverty stricken appearance to those parts of the castle. 
 It is altogether, perhaps, the most perfect house of its 
 period remaining in England, and it is much to be re- 
 gretted that the poverty of the proprietor would not allow 
 a little more care to be bestowed upon it. Besides the 
 great hall in the north part there is a smnller hall, or ban- 
 queting room, in the south front, the kitchen and offices of 
 which remain almost perfect; near the fire-place is a sink, or 
 water-drain, of plain character, but original, and the leaden 
 pipe which conveyed water to this, and which was also
 
 YORKSHIRE, — BOLTON CASTLE. 229 
 
 original, was sold a few years since for seven shillings, by 
 order of the steward for the benefit of the estate. Many 
 antiquaries would chcerfLilly have given three times tlie 
 sum to have preserved it. The only entrance to this house, 
 or castle, is at the east end, through a well-protected gate- 
 way, and it is said that each of the small doors leading 
 from the court-yard into the buildings was protected by a 
 portcullis, so that if an enemy did force an entrance into 
 the court-yard he would not be much advanced, and would 
 be exposed to a murderous cross fire from all the four sides. 
 This unusual precaution may have been considered neces- 
 sary from the circumstance of there being no moat, which 
 probably the steepness of the hill rendered impracticable. 
 The chapel is outside the walls, now the parish church ; it 
 is close to the north side of the castle, and protected by it 
 on one side, and by the steep rock at the back on the 
 other. There was probably a small oratory within the 
 walls, but there is no appearance of any other chapel, the 
 room now so called was evidently the great hall. Possibly, 
 however, there was a chapel at one end of the hall, as 
 mentioned at Maxstoke and in other instances, though 
 it cannot now be traced. 
 
 The ground rooms throughout the castle were vaulted 
 with plain barrel vaults running transversely to the length 
 of the building ; in some parts the two lower stories arc 
 vaulted, this is the case in the tower, and in some other 
 parts also ; the upper rooms had wooden floors, and the 
 roofs were nearly flat. Besides the four large square towers 
 there is a small square tower, or turret, in the centre of the 
 north front, and another in the centre of the south front ; 
 the latter is filled entirely with gardcrobes, one on each 
 floor, which have passages leading to them from each of the 
 rooms ; these passages are formed in the thickness of the 
 walls, and are lighted by loopholes. The ground room of
 
 230 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the north tower is the dungeon, with u barrel vault, the only 
 entrance being by a trap door from a similar room over it, 
 which has loopholes only ; above this is a guard room, with 
 a fire-place and windows. The eastern half of the upper 
 stories in both fronts is divided into small chambers, each 
 of which is provided with a fire-place, and with a garde- 
 robe, or has a passage leading to one. The western half 
 in both fronts is a hall, the larger and more important 
 one being in the north front. This hall occupies the same 
 height as the two upper stories in the eastern part, and was 
 open to the roof, which was nearly flat ; it has on each side 
 three tall windows of a single light, divided by a transom, 
 with foliated heads and hood-moulds, of late Decorated 
 character ; at the west end of the hall are two small win- 
 dows under the range of the others, evidently to give light 
 to the passage or entry behind the screen at each end. The 
 entrance is by a good-sized newel staircase at the inner angle 
 of the tower, and the staircase also led to the offices, which 
 were partly in the tower, and partly in the west front, in 
 which, from a large chimney remaining, was probably the 
 kitchen. The arrangement of the smaller hall, or banquet- 
 ing room, in the south front, is precisely the same, except 
 that the two western windows are elongated by lowering 
 the sills, instead of having separate windows to the screens, 
 as in the larger hall ; on this side the kitchen and offices 
 are more perfect. Several of the smaller doorways have 
 the " shouldered arches " " of the Carnarvon form ; through- 
 out this castle there are no seats in the sills of the windows, 
 an unusual circumstance. We have been thus minute in 
 our description of Holton castle because it was clearly a 
 baronial residence, and not merely a military fortress, and 
 
 " Tliis name has been proposed by the convenient name. It is cominonly called 
 duchess of Nortluiinbcrland for this pe- the square-headed trefoil arch, but this 
 cuiiar lorni, which has long wanted a is a clumsy mode of describing it.
 
 ^^^i
 
 YORKSIIIRR, MIDDLEHAM CASTLE, MARKENFIRLD HALL. 231 
 
 it is one of the most perfect houses of the period that \vc 
 have remaining, having suffered from poverty and neglect 
 only, and not from violence, Raby castle, which is of 
 about the same period, has been so much altered to suit 
 modern convenience that it is not so easy to make out the 
 original arrangement. 
 
 MIDDLEHAM CASTLE, YORKSHIRE °, 
 
 This is a curious and interesting ruin, consisting of a 
 large Norman keep, enclosed within a Decorated castle ; it 
 has evidently been destroyed or much damaged by gun- 
 powder, and has not suffered from neglect only, like the 
 neighbouring castle of Bolton. The keep has square corner 
 turrets, with very little projection, and other turrets of 
 bolder projection in the centre of two of the sides, also a 
 barbican and entrance gate-tower connected with the ori- 
 ginal work. The Decorated castle surrounds this keep so 
 closely as to leave only a narrow bailey, or court-yard, little 
 more than a passage, between the keep and the inner walls 
 of the buildings which surround it. 
 
 The Decorated part of the castle is in a still more ruinous 
 state than the Xorman keep ; no arrangements can be made 
 out except the entrance gate-house, which is more perfect ; 
 there is a groined vault over the passage, with clumsy ribs, 
 the arches are segmental, the windows are either trefoil- 
 headed, or of the Carnarvon form, and some are square. 
 
 Middleham is said to have been built by the Randolphs, 
 and sold to the great earl of Warwick. 
 
 MARKENFIELD HALL, YORKSHIRE. 
 
 This very interesting house is about two miles west of 
 Ripon. It was originally the seat of a family who derived 
 
 •• There are two engravings of this castle in Britten's Arcliiieclural Antiquities, 
 vol. iv.
 
 232 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 their name from the place, and one of whose descendants 
 was still living there in the time of Leland °. In plan it 
 closely resembles Aydon castle, and is in a tolerably perfect 
 condition. The principal rooms are, as in the style of the 
 present century, up stairs. The windows are square-headed, 
 of two lights, with a transom ; Mr. Twopeny remarks, they 
 were evidently made so " from necessity ; the floor above, 
 or the roof, not allowing space for an arch. AVliere there 
 is space the windows are arched." The square-headed 
 windows have precisely the same mouldings as those which 
 are arched, and are evidently of the same period. A large 
 irregular court formed partly by the house and partly by 
 stables, and other out-buildings surrounded by a moat com- 
 pletes the plan. There is a good Decorated arched win- 
 dow of three lights, which belongs to the chapel looking 
 to the moat. The merlons of the embattled parapet are 
 crenellated with moulded copings. The turret stair is a 
 good example of the date, and still retains its original 
 pyramidal roof or cap. The hall is lighted by four De- 
 corated windows, with pointed arches ; two towards the 
 court-yard, and two towards the moat. 
 
 Taken altogether, ]\Iarkeufield hall bears a greater re- 
 semblance to the generality of south country than northern 
 manor-houses. The introduction of large Decorated win- 
 dows of two, and one of three lights, the latter towards 
 the moat, is not characteristic of a dwelling house, built 
 with a studious view to defence. In respect of plan, 
 Markenfield has some likeness to the mansion at AVood- 
 land Mere, Wiltshire, which is partly of this century ; in 
 
 " It approaches, in parts, to tlie date of and theyr wyves." — Iiinerary, vol. viii. 
 
 Belsay. Leland in his Itinerary observes, folios 68 a, 69 a. 
 
 " Markenfelde dwellith at Markenfelde, The house is now the property of the 
 
 and his manor place berithe his name." Lord Grantley, having been purchased 
 
 He noticed also in Ripon minister, "two by his ancestor Sir Fletcher Norton, 
 tombes withe ymagcs of the Markenfelds
 
 YORKSIIIRF., MARKENFIELD HALL. 233 
 
 the latter, the chief entrance to the older portion of the 
 building was clearly by an external staircase. 
 
 The licence to crenellate this house was obtained in 1310, 
 and it was probably commenced about that time p. 
 
 The original Decorated house is in the form of the letter 
 L, with the hall in one part and the chapel in the other, 
 both on the first floor, with other rooms under them, one 
 of which, under the chapel, appears to have been the 
 kitchen. The windows of the hall are of two lights, with 
 a quatrefoil in the head, and a transom. The entrance was 
 by a doorway in one corner, from an external stone stair- 
 case, of which the foundations remain, and the weather 
 moulding of the roof over it. This doorway was at one 
 end of the screens, and there are some traces of another 
 staircase at the back, and a hatch in the lower part of a 
 window opening on to it. One window in the gable at 
 this end of the hall is at a higher level than the rest, having 
 been over the music gallery ; but the wall at this end has 
 been partly rebuilt. The roof has been of open timber- 
 work, of which the corbels remain ; the present roof is 
 modern. At the opposite end is another doorway, lead- 
 ing from the dais to the chapel. The chapel has a good 
 east window of three lights, with geometrical tracery ; the 
 western front was divided by a floor into two stories, but 
 this is believed to have been an alteration of the fifteenth 
 century, and has been removed in the recent restorations. 
 There is a piscina and locker on the south side of the altar, 
 of the Perpendicular style, belonging to the alterations in 
 the fifteenth century. There is also a doorway on the 
 south side of the chapel opening into another room, ap- 
 parently the priest's chamber, with a room over it, and a 
 newel staircase leading to it, which also descends to the 
 
 P Rot. Pat. 3 Edw. ir. ni. 18. "Quod lare mansutn smim de Mcvkingfield in 
 Joliannes de Merkingfield possit kerne- Com. Ebor." 
 
 Hh
 
 234 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 lower rooms. At the east end of this hall, behind the dais, 
 is the solar ; it has a Decorated fire-place, and a window 
 with a seat in the sill ; it appears to have been originally 
 of the same height as the hall and chapel, but divided also 
 into two stories in the fifteenth century ; from this room 
 is a doorway to the garderobc, which is of considerable 
 size, of two stories, with the pit under it, and is lighted by 
 loopholes only. The space under the solar is divided into 
 two rooms by an original wall, and these two rooms have 
 vaults, with plain ribs and corbels, part of the original 
 work. The hall and chapel are both finished externally by 
 a good battlement, with oillets. The other buildings are 
 of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the later kit- 
 chen blocks up one of the original windows. Considerable 
 alterations were made at these periods. 
 
 YORKSHIRE, SPOFFGRTH. 
 
 A few miles from Harrogate, are the ruins of the an- 
 cient seat of the Percys at Spoff'orth. The licence to crenel- 
 late or fortify this mansion was obtained in the second 
 year of Edward ii., a.d. 1309. The plan is the usual one 
 of the period, a parallelogram, forty-five yards long from 
 north to south, and seventeen broad ; the hall in the centre. 
 This castle has sufi'ered severely in the civil wars ; soon after 
 it was built it was defaced by the earl of AVarwick and 
 lord JMontacute after the battle of Towton, in which the 
 earl of Northumberland and his brother Sir Richard Percy 
 were slain, fighting against Edward iv. After this it was 
 repaired, and was finally dismantled in the time of the 
 Commonwealth. The ruins evidently belong to three 
 periods -. the lower room under the hall is of transition 
 Norman work of the end of the twelfth century; the win- 
 daws are square externally, but have trefoil heads inter-
 
 LANCASHIRK, DALTON CASTLE. 235 
 
 nally. At each end is a plain round-headed Norman door- 
 way, the one at the south end, and a window, now open 
 into another biiikling, which has been added in the four- 
 teenth century : this building contains the kitchen, and a 
 vauhed chamber or cellar between it and the hall ; over 
 this cellar is the solar, in the south-west corner of which 
 is a good garderobe. 
 
 The hall was evidently rebuilt at the same time that the 
 kitchen and other apartments were added, but was again 
 destroyed and again rebuilt in the fifteenth century. The 
 whole of the buildings now remaining have formed only 
 one side of a quadrangle, the other three sides of which 
 have been destroyed, but may still be traced by the frag- 
 ments that remain. 
 
 LANCASHIRE, DALTON CASTLE. 
 
 The building called Dalton castle stands at the top of 
 the street of that small town, and is stated to have been 
 built by an abbot of Furness to serve as a court-house. It 
 is a curious example of civil if not strictly domestic archi- 
 tecture. It is of oblong form and of two stories, the lower 
 contahiing very small and few apertures for light, and pro- 
 bably intended to serve as a prison. It has two doorways, 
 one of which has an arcb, nearly, if not quite, circular. The 
 upper story has at one end a four-light window, with a 
 segmental arch, and good two-light windows in the sides. 
 These have flowing Decorated tracery very well worked. 
 The building finishes in a plain massive parapet, at each 
 angle of which is a small seated figure of a knight in the 
 costume of the reign of Edward the Third. The roof is 
 nearly, if not quite, flat.
 
 23G DOMESTIC ARCHITECTDRE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 CHKSIIIIIK, I5AGGILY HALL. 
 
 This is believed to be the most ancient of the timber 
 houses of Lancashire and Cheshire, and the remains of it 
 are in a very dihipidated state. The only part of the old 
 house now remaining is the hall, and this has been shortened 
 by a modern erection at the end where the dais was, but 
 the opposite end, with the doorways to the offices, and the 
 framing of the roof, and great part of the sides, are perfect, 
 and form an interesting relic of the timber-work of the 
 fourteenth century, which was long imitated, often so closely 
 that it is difficult to distinguish the later work from the 
 original. 
 
 The roof is carried upon wooden arches and pillars, 
 standing a few feet from the side walls, with the space be- 
 tween filled up with open trefoils ; the end wall is also 
 composed of open timber framing in trefoils and quatre- 
 foils, the interstices filled with plaster. The windows are 
 plain, square, with wooden muUions, and the openings not 
 now foliated, but the mouldings are of the Decorated style, 
 and the doorway has a good bold moulding over it, cut 
 in oak. 
 
 Only one arch remains perfect, this is the one nearest 
 the servants' end of the hall, and under which the front of 
 the screen was placed, the minstrels' gallery having filled 
 up the space from this to the end wall. 
 
 Baggily hall is situated about three miles from Stock- 
 port, in Cheshire, but on the borders of Lancashire. It 
 is thus mentioned in a ballad printed in Percy's Reliques, 
 entitled " Scottish Feilde," in two fitts, containing a very 
 circumstantial narrative of the battle of Flodden, fought 
 Sept. 9, 1513, at which the author, who was a native of 
 Cheshire, seems to have been present. 
 
 At Bagily that bearue 
 His hiding place had ;
 
 DOMESTIC AUCIllTKCTUttE: I'OURTEICNTIl CENTURY. 
 
 T ■; .; ■^mi/T(i^^^^^i^^.< '-\';^ii:t 
 
 PART OF THE ARCHBISHOP'S PALACE, 
 
 AT SOUTHWELL, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
 
 CHESHIRE, BAGGILY HALL. 237 
 
 And his ancestors of old time 
 Have yearded "» there longe, 
 Before William Conquerour 
 This country did inhabitt. 
 
 The village of Baggily, or Baguleigh, had belonged to the 
 ancient family of Legh for two centuries before the battle 
 of Modden. 
 
 § 4. DKRBY, NOTTINGHAM, AND LINCOLN. 
 
 The only specimen of the Domestic buildings of the four- 
 teenth century which has been noticed in Derbyshire is the 
 hall and back gate-house of Haddon. In Nottinghamshire 
 we have the early parts of the palace at Southwell, a small 
 part of the castle at Newark, and a gate-house at Worksop. 
 At Staunton, an inscription on a tombstone in the church 
 states that the rector, who died in 134G, built the rectory 
 house. The appearance of the present building seems to 
 indicate that it is original, the walls being extremely thick, 
 the roof massive and low, the windows original and pointed ^ 
 
 PALACE OF THE ARCHBISHOPS OF YORK AT SOUTHWELL, NOTTS. 
 
 These interesting ruins evidently belong to two distinct 
 periods; the walls and buttresses, and the lower parts of the 
 chimneys, are of the fourteenth century ; the windows are 
 all insertions of the fifteenth; the fire-places, and in most 
 instances the upper parts of the chimneys, also belong to 
 the later period ; there are a considerable number of these 
 chimneys, the one engraved is believed to be original, in 
 the lower part the roll moulding is evidently Decorated 
 
 1 Yearded, i. e., buried, earthed, at Bannockbourn, says, " Nae man wot 
 
 earded. It is common to pronounce where they yearded him." 
 
 "earth" in some parts of England ' For tliis notice we are indebted to 
 
 "yearth," particularly in the north. — Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., of 
 
 Pltscottio, speaking of James iir. slaiu Leeds castle, Kent.
 
 238 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 work. The garden wall is battlemented, and has turrets at 
 intervals, calculated for defence. In one of these turrets, 
 at the south-east corner of the garden, the most distant 
 from the house, is a series of garderobes or closets very 
 cleverly arranged to make the most of the space. A good 
 bold roll-moulding is carried as a string along the walls, 
 shewing them to belong to the original period. It appears 
 from Dugdale that it was built by Archbishop Thoresby 
 about 13G0, and much altered by Cardinal Wolsey. A por- 
 tion of the ruins has been fitted up as a modern house, 
 and its ancient character destroyed, but a considerable part 
 remains as a picturesque ruin. 
 
 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
 
 In Lincolnshire the remains of this period are more 
 numerous and important, although that county is not very 
 rich in Domestic work : in the city of Lincoln the gate- 
 houses of the close were erected by the dean and chapter 
 in the early part of this century, immediately after the 
 grants from Edward i. and ii. for enlarging their bounda- 
 ries, and for enclosing and fortifying them. The Chequer 
 or exchequer-gate, with its shops in the side passage, 
 and the Potter-gate remain ; several residentiary houses 
 were erected at the same period, and are partially remain- 
 ing, though much altered and disfigured ; in one of these 
 is the beautiful sideboard of which we have given an en- 
 graving. The Cantilupe chantry-house in the minster-yard 
 was built soon afterwards. UtRngton castle is of very 
 similar character to Norborough, in Northamptonshire ; at 
 Key me, near Sleaford, is a stone tower of this century. 
 Somerton castle, described and engraved in our first 
 volume, is of the time of Edward i., and belongs as much 
 to this century as to the last ; it was probably not com-
 
 DOMKSTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOUUTEENTll CENTURY. 
 
 CHANTRY HOUSE. IN THE MINSTEK YARD. 
 LINCOLN.
 
 LINCOLN, CANTILUPE CHANTRY HOUSE. 239 
 
 pletcd until after 1 300. It bears considerable resemblance 
 to Woodcroft. 
 
 CANTILUPE CHANTRY HOUSE, LINCOLN. 
 
 Close to the entrance into the Bishop's palace, on the 
 south side of the minster yard, stands the Cantihipe chantry 
 house. This was formerly the residence of the clergy who 
 celebrated at the altar of St. Nicholas in the cathedral ; 
 where Nicholas lord Cantihipe founded a chantry, with an 
 endowment for the maintenance of three priests, in the year 
 1355. An enlargement of this foundation was made by 
 the lady Joanna, widow of Lord Cantilupe, for a warden 
 and seven chaplains: this was done in 1366. The house, 
 or college, as it used to be called \ was probably erected at 
 the latter period, by the lady Cantilupe ". 
 
 The walls are substantially built of squared stone, and 
 remain entire, forming two fronts, or ranges of building, 
 one facing the south, in length about 53 feet, the other, to- 
 w\ards the east, only 40 feet. The outside was of a plain 
 character, excepting only the north end. Here was the 
 principal entrance, of which the arched door-case remains 
 entire, though blocked up, and the ancient door was de- 
 stroyed not many years since. It was neatly formed of 
 strong oak planks, rivetted with bolts, and had a little 
 wicket in the middle. In the centre is an oriel, or pro- 
 jecting window, of very uncommon form, which gives light 
 to an upper chamber, and a view of the south porch of the 
 minster. Unfortunately this curious w^indow was muti- 
 lated about two centuries ago, when a square wooden frame 
 was inserted in place of the two muUions, and the tracery, 
 which originally completed the design. The lower part is 
 
 * Leland says it was corruptly called buried in tlie south aisle of tlie pres- 
 Negem College. Itin., vol. viii. p. 3. bytcry, where the altar of St. Nicholas 
 
 " The founder and his lady were stood, under the eastern window.
 
 240 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: EOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 supported by grotesque heads of stone, projecting very 
 boldly; and tlic top is finished by a graduated coping, with 
 a small embattled cornice. On each side of the window is 
 a large shield of arms ; that on the dexter side bearing the 
 arms of the Cantilupe family, the other those of Zouche. 
 In the gable above the window is a niche, in which is a 
 small figure of Christ seated, about two feet high. The 
 right hand seems to have been held up, as in the act of 
 benediction, but is broken off, as the left hand is also. On 
 the head is the crown of thorns, and the breast is exposed 
 to shew the wound in the right side. The gable end shews 
 the original pitch of the roof, which was covered with lead, 
 and rose to about two-fifths of the breadth of the building. 
 The coping-stones of the gable ends are very neatly wrought 
 with over-lapping joints, and at the top is a foliated finial. 
 The sides of the roofs had no gutters or parapets, but only 
 dripping-eaves. The ancient windows of the south and east 
 sides have all been either blocked up or destroyed, but many 
 of them may still be discovered. Those in the lower rooms 
 were of a square form, four feet high in the clear, and 
 scarcely three feet wide, divided into two lights by a plain 
 muUion. They had no hood-moulds, or other ornaments, 
 but all the angles were chamfered- The upper chambers 
 had also windows v;ith two lights each ; but these were 
 more than a foot higher than those in the lower story, and 
 had neat tracery at the top. All the w^indows were grated 
 with iron bars. The inside of the house has been so much 
 altered that nothing of its ancient style can be traced. The 
 south range contained a hall and parlour, as is stated in 
 the survey of 1G49. There are cellars under this part of 
 the house ; and, from the greater height of the western 
 gable, it seems that there was another story extending over 
 some part of that side of the building, though it has nil 
 been taken down excepting the gable.
 
 LINCOLN, — IIF.CESS IN TIIK PRTORY. 241 
 
 RECESS IN THE PKIOllY, LINCOLN. 
 
 This curious recess remains in a house now called " The 
 Priory," in the close of Lincoln cathedral. It never was a 
 convent or religious house, but only one of the mansions 
 built by the dean and chapter for the use of the canons in 
 residence. It stands within an angle formed by the close 
 Avails, which were built and fortified with towers, gates, 
 and battlements, by licence from King Edward i., in ths 
 early part of the fourteenth century. The north side of 
 the house is formed by a strong tower, three stories high ; 
 formerly covered by a flat roof of lead, with embattled pa- 
 rapets. The hall and other buildings adjoined to the south 
 side of the tower, as we find by a survey made in 1G49, by 
 commissioners appointed by Parliament, after the cathedral 
 had been dissolved, and the property of the chapter con- 
 fiscated. The premises were held at that time by Edward 
 Whichcott, Esq. 
 
 " The front of the said house, with the east side or range of building, con- 
 sistcth of a faire hall, 10 feet long and 23 broad, with a buttery and cellar at 
 the lower end of the said hall "." 
 
 This agrees very nearly with the present buildings, 
 although the hall and other apartments appear to have 
 been taken down and rebuilt a short time after this 
 survey upon the old site. The ground floor of the tower 
 was used for a cellar and buttery ; and this recess at 
 the lower end of the hall served as a side-board or table 
 for holding cups, dishes, and other utensils for the dining- 
 tables. An arched door adjoins to it, opening into the 
 tower, and the hoaks for the hinges of the battery-hatch, 
 or half door, remain in the stone jambs of this door- 
 way. The walls being now covered with plaster, we can- 
 not examine the front of the recess so exactly as could be 
 wished, but nothing seems to have been altered or muti- 
 
 * Extracted from the original in the registry of the dean and chapter. 
 
 I 1
 
 212 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOUIITEEVTII CENTURY. 
 
 lated, and tlie ornamental tracery is very perfect, only 
 clogged with repeated washes of lime and yellow ochre. 
 An arched recess, with a stone tal)le within it, for a similar 
 purpose to this, remains in the ruins of the bishop's 
 palace ". 
 
 PARSONAGE HOUSE, MARS.ET DEEPING, LINCOLNSHIRE. 
 
 In its perfect state this must have been a very interesting 
 specimen of the Domestic architecture of the middle of the 
 fourteenth century, or rather earlier. At 
 the present time the hall alone, repre- 
 sented in the annexed engraving, re- 
 mains ; but this, though tolerably per- 
 fect, is very much disguised by modern 
 partitions, dividing it into separate 
 apartments, both above and below. In 
 its arrangement and proportions this 
 hall exactly corresponds with the one 
 at Northborough, distant scarcely two 
 miles, having two square-headed win- 
 dows filled with pecuhar and beautiful 
 tracery on each side. Of these, two 
 only remain, the other two have dis- 
 appeared. A passage at the back of the screen, at 
 the end of the room, with a door at each end, the one 
 opening to the front and the other to the back, and a 
 door at the upper end, opening into a small projecting 
 building, corresponding w'ith the one described at !N"or- 
 borough, and which like that contained no doubt the stair 
 of communication with the upper rooms. The screen has 
 long disappeared ; but this projecting building was only 
 taken down a few years back, when considerable alter- 
 ations and additions were made to adapt the house to the 
 
 * This is represented in the Lincoln volume published by the Archaeological 
 Institute. 
 
 VTmdcw. Mu-ket Deep nj.
 
 LINCOLNSHIRE, MARKET DEEPING. 243 
 
 requirements of a modern residence. As far liowevcr as 
 was practicable, whatever remained of genuine old work 
 was preserved, and such fragments of tracericd windows as 
 were met with were placed in tlie new walls. The wall at 
 the end of the hall next the offices was then taken down, 
 and the doors of communication with the kitchen and 
 butteries consequently uo longer exist. 
 
 One peculiar value of this example consists in its retain- 
 ing its original roof, whilst that at Northborough has en- 
 tirely disappeared, thus furnishing a tolerably certain ex- 
 hibition of what the latter must have been in its perfect 
 state. 
 
 It is to be feared that there is no documentary evidence 
 to assist in making out the history of this place, but the 
 local tradition is that it was an appendage to the abbey at 
 Crowland, and that at the dissolution of that monastery 
 it was assigned as the parsonage house, being close to the 
 church, for which purpose it continues to be used at the 
 present time. 
 
 § 5. STAFFORD, LEICESTER, AND RUTLAND. 
 
 In the counties of Stafford, Leicester, and Rutland 
 scarcely any domestic buildings of this period have been 
 noticed ; some portions of the ruins of Tutbury and Dudley 
 castles, in Staffordshire, may belong to this century. Of 
 the royal palace, or rather manor-house, at Lichfield, there 
 are no remains. In the 10th of Edward in. a licence was 
 granted to the bishop of Lincoln to crenellate his manor- 
 house at Lyddington in Rutlandshire; part of this mansion 
 was converted into a hospital in 1G02, by William Cecil, 
 lord Burleigh, and some portions of the old buildings still 
 exist. 
 
 At Ketton, Rutland, a Decorated house (rather large for 
 the period) was pulled down in 1S30; it retained several
 
 241 DOMMSTIC ARCIIITECTURK : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 good single windows, some buttresses, and other features; 
 it liad ])i'cn applied to farm uses for some time before it 
 was pulled down. 
 
 ^ G. AVAllWICKSHIBE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, AND 
 
 nUNTINGDONSUlRE. 
 
 In Warwickshire we have Maxstokc castle, and portions 
 of Kcnilworth and Warwick castles. 
 
 KENTLWORTH CASTLE. 
 
 Kcnilworth castle is of three distinct periods ; the Nor- 
 man square keep has windows inserted in the time of 
 Elizabeth; there is also a smaller round tower of the Nor- 
 man period, and part of the walls of enclosure also belong 
 to it. These are the work of Geoffrey de Clinton in the 
 time of Henry ii. Of the great works recorded to have 
 been carried on here in the thirteenth century, about the 
 24th of Henry in., very little now remains : they appear 
 to have been of wood. The ruins of the great hall ^ and 
 some other buildings at the west end of the inner court, 
 still called Lancaster's buildings, are rather of the Per- 
 pendicular than the Decorated style, but they are of the 
 fourteenth century, rather late in the reign of Edward in., 
 part of the work of John of Gaunt, who came into pos- 
 session of it by his marriage with Blanche the heiress of 
 the duke of Lancaster. The gate-house is a fine specimen 
 of the Elizabethan style, and there are various alterations 
 and insertions of the same time, made by Robert Dudley, 
 carl of Leicester. 
 
 WARWICK CASTLE. 
 
 AVarwick castle, though of early foundation, was almost 
 entirely rebuilt in the fourteenth century by Thomas Beau- 
 
 '' There is a good engravinp; of the tural Antiquities, vol. iv., with two otiier 
 ruins of the hall in Uritton's Architcc- gtiural views, and a plan.
 
 WARWICK CASTLE. 245 
 
 cliamj), earl of Warwick, about the 45tli of Edward iir., 
 and liis successor Ricliard. The greater part of the pre- 
 sent fa})ric belongs to this period, but the state apartments 
 and the hall have been so much altered for the purposes of 
 modern convenience, that they have lost nearly all original 
 character. The substructure, however, remains perfect 
 under the whole extent of the castle, with its series of 
 vaults, divided by modern partitions: they seem to have 
 been originally, as now, the servants' apartments, the 
 kitchen having been in one part of them, though not the 
 same as that now in use : a considerable part seems to 
 have been open as a kind of vestibule, or lower hall, pro- 
 bably for the guards, as there are several plain fire-places 
 in the wall. The vaults are groined, and have plain mas- 
 sive ribs springing from short octagonal pillars, for the 
 most part without any moulding or ornament of any kind, 
 but a few of the pillars have moulded capitals, which are 
 of rude clumsy mouldings, agreeing very well with the 
 end of Edward in., or beginning of Richard ii. 
 
 The few original windows are single lights, and there is 
 a trefoil-headed doorway, which might have belonged to an 
 earlier period, but they seem to be all part of the same 
 work. The chapel is on a level with the state apartments, 
 and near the hall, it has been restored, but seems to have 
 been part of the same work with the rest. 
 
 One of the corner towers, called Ca)sar's tower "", is very 
 perfect, and very fine ; in the substructure is the dungeon 
 or prison ; the machicoulis round this tower, near the top, 
 are very perfect, and very good, still carrying the covered 
 })assage or alure for the use of the soldiers in case of attack, 
 which is so conunonly wanting in English castles, that the 
 real use of machicolations is seldom understood, they are in 
 
 ' There is a good view of this tower, and anolher general view of the castle in 
 Brittou's Arch. Aiitiij., vol. iv.
 
 240 DOMKSTIC ARCHITKCTUllE : FOUIITKENTII CKNTUKY. 
 
 general a series of corbels for the purpose of carrying a gal- 
 lery of this kind, which was often of wood. The windows 
 of this tower have pointed heads sHghtly ogeed, and tre- 
 foiled. Another tower, called Guy's tower, is of later 
 character, having square-headed windows, but may be of 
 the time of Richard ii., as it is said to be part of the work 
 of Eichard Beauchamp. The entrance gate-house and the 
 barbican are very perfect, with double gates and double 
 portcullis, one of which is still in use every night, and has 
 a wicket in it. 
 
 MAXSTOKE CASTLE, WARWICKSHIRE. 
 
 This is a fine example of a fortified house of about the 
 middle of the fourteenth century ; the outer walls, with the 
 four corner towers and the gate-house, are quite perfect, with 
 the moat, and a bridge over it, which appear also to be 
 original. The space within the walls consists of a court- 
 yard, with the present dwelling-house in one corner, chiefly 
 of timber- work, rebuilt in the seventeenth century, and re- 
 mains of other half-timber buildings, which have been de- 
 stroyed by fire. From the number of chimneys in the 
 outer wall, and the absence of any marks of partition walls 
 of stone, it is probable that a great part of the habitable 
 buildings were originally of timber. A portion of the pre- 
 sent house is however original, and the arrangement of the 
 hall, chapel, and kitchen is preserved. The hall is on the 
 first floor, with low rooms under it, one of which is vaulted, 
 and is connected by a doorway with the ground room, in 
 one of the corner towers ; this room has a good groined 
 vault, with ribs meeting in the centre, the upper rooms are 
 modernized. At the opposite end of the hall is the chapel, 
 which has been the whole height of the house, separated 
 from both the hall and the room under it, either by screens 
 w ith shutters, or by partitions with openings in them ; this
 
 WARWICKSIIIRK, MAXSTOKE. 247 
 
 j)art is now modern, and tlie chapel itself divided by a floor, 
 but the original arraugenieiit can be clearly made out; and 
 the large west window of the chapel remains perfect, with 
 late Decorated tracery. The kitchen is on the opposite 
 side of the chapel, so that the passage from the kitchen to 
 the hall must have been through the chapel ; and as the 
 kitchen is on the ground floor, there was a low flight of 
 steps of very gradual and easy ascent, leading across the 
 west end of the chapel to the hall, and the sill of the win- 
 dow, instead of being horizontal as usual, is sloping to re- 
 ceive these steps, which passed close within it. The fire- 
 places of the kitchen remain nearly perfect. There is an- 
 other passage from the kitchen in the opposite direction, 
 carried in the thickness of the wall to another corner tower; 
 these towers are octagonal, and have good battlements and 
 chimneys. 
 
 The gate-house is very perfect and a fine example, the 
 entrance passage has a good groined vault, with ribs and 
 bosses ; the wooden doors are of the fifteenth century, 
 richly carved, and partly covered with thin plates of iron *, 
 The walls of the gate-house and the corner turrets are per- 
 fect, the only modern parts being the wooden floors by 
 which it is divided into stories. The groove of the port- 
 cullis shews that these plated doors were not the only 
 protection. This house is called a castle, and is well cal- 
 culated for defence, but it was evidently built for a 
 dwelling-house, and not merely for a military fortress, 
 although externally it has a very formidable castellated 
 appearance ^ and some of the ruined buildings in the 
 
 " These gates were erected by Hum- who was one of the coheiresses of Tliomas 
 
 plirey, earl of Stafford, afierwards duke of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester. The 
 
 of Buckingham, in the time of Henry iv. Stafford knot, and the burning nave also 
 
 Among the ornaments tipon them are liis occur. 
 
 arms, his own coat impaled with that of '' Tiiere is a view of tlie exterior in 
 
 liis wife, a Nevii, and supported by two the Beauties of England, vol. xv. p. 316. 
 antelopes, assumed in right of his motlier,
 
 213 DOMESTIC ARCIIITKCTUIIE : rOUIlTEENTII CENTURY. 
 
 court are said to liave been casernes, or l)arracks for sol- 
 diers; it i)rol)al)ly served botli purpo>es. Tliis fine struc- 
 ture was cliiefly erected by AVilliam De Clinton, earl of 
 Huntingdon in the reign of Edward in.*', and continued to 
 be the chief seat of the family of Clinton until the reign of 
 Henry iv., when it passed in exchange for certain manors 
 in Northamptonshire, to Humphrey, earl of Stafford, after- 
 wards duke of Buckingham. From the Staffords it passed 
 to the Comptons, and of them it was purchased in the reign 
 of Elizabeth, by the lord keeper, Egerton, by whom it was 
 again sold to Thomas Dilke, esq,, in whose family it still 
 remains. 
 
 At Coventry are several wooden windows with Decorated 
 tracery, built into the walls of an inn, evidently removed 
 from some other building, and almost unique in England. 
 There are two or three other windows and other small 
 portions of houses which may be of this century ; but the 
 buildings of Coventry are chiefly of later date. St. Mary's 
 hall is a very fine exanq)le of a guild-hall of the fifteenth 
 century. There are also two almshouses and a number of 
 very good timber buildings of the fifteenth and sixteenth 
 centuries. 
 
 At Caludon, near Coventry, and formerly considered as 
 a member of that city, are the remains of a manor-house, 
 consistino; of little more than a large fraoiment of the 
 wall of one side of the hall, this was apparently large and 
 lofty, raised above the ground on a low story ; two of the 
 hall windows remain, they have ogee heads, are two lights 
 wide, and have plain transoms. Of the lower story three 
 windows remain, with scmicirctdar heads, two lights wide, 
 and with plain transoms ; all of Decorated date. In the 
 33rd of Edward i. John de Segrave obtained licence to 
 crenellate this house, and surround it with a moat. It was 
 
 '^ The licence to crenellate il was granted in the 19th Edward iii.
 
 NORTJIAMPTONSIIIRE, WOODCllOFT. 249 
 
 ill this liouse that Thomas Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, was 
 lodged previous to the intended combat between himself 
 and the duke of Hereford in the time of Richard n. 
 
 At Temple Balsall the hall of the Templars still exists 
 though enclosed in later brick-work. It is of considerable 
 size, of timber, divided into nave and aisles by massive 
 wooden pillars. 
 
 Northamptonshire, so justly celebrated for its fine churches, 
 is rich also in domestic remains : of the fourteenth century 
 we have Norborough, Woodcroft, Barnack, and Long- 
 thorpe. 
 
 In Huntingdon no remains of this period have been 
 observed. 
 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, WOODCROFT. 
 
 Woodcroft manor-house stands in the parish of Etton'^, 
 and county of Northampton, nearly a mile distant from the 
 church, and about six miles from Peterborough. It has 
 been already mentioned in our first volume, but the im- 
 portance of this interesting example seems to require some 
 further account of it ; and the style belongs rather to the 
 fourteenth than the thirteenth century. It was evidently 
 erected late in the reign of Edw. i. or early in that of 
 Edw. II., and in its appearance is very unlike any house 
 in existence in this country of the same period. 
 
 The probable history of the place is as follows. 
 
 Herbert and Roger de Wodecroft held property in 
 
 ^ Bridges tlius describes this house; and stone windows and staircases within 
 
 " In the parish of Eton is "Woodcroft the iioiise, and a round bastion towards 
 
 house, an old manor-place, and from the norih end, are of remarkable and 
 
 the remains of antiquity, apparently in ancient workmanship. Over tlie porch 
 
 former times a place of strength. It is or gateway is a chamber formerly the 
 
 surrounded with a large water, except on chapel : in tlie wall is a bason lor holy 
 
 the western side, where the draw-bridge water, a long stone seat, and a large 
 
 is supposed to iiave been. The doors window, now in part filled up, and made 
 
 and lon|> passages through the gateway, smaller. The walls are about four feet 
 
 with two large aiches and seats of stone, thick." 
 
 K k
 
 250 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Wodccroft in the time of Edw. i. aiul ii., and Lawrence 
 de Preston held the fourtli part of a knight's fee of the 
 abbot of Pcterl)oroug]i and Wodccroft, in tlie 20th year of 
 Edw. I. About tliis time John de Calceto, a native of the 
 district of Caux, in Normandy, was abbot of P«terborougli, 
 and appears to have been a great patron of building, as he 
 is recorded to have erected the beautiful infirmary church 
 at Peterborough, and no doubt the entrance gate to the 
 bishop's palace also, which is evidently of the same date, 
 and has some peculiarities of style which give it a very 
 foreign appearance. The reasonable inference to be drawn 
 from these facts as regards Woodcroft manor-house is, that 
 it was erected cither by one of the Wodecrofts, or by 
 Preston under the guidance of Abbot de Calceto or some 
 architect brought with him from Normandy, and this sup- 
 position, if correct, will account for its foreign character 
 above alluded to. 
 
 It may here be remarked, that what remains of the par- 
 sonage house at Market Deeping in the same neighbour- 
 hood partakes the same character; but unfortunately it has 
 recently undergone such extensive alterations that little of 
 the original work remains. Woodcroft house in its perfect 
 state consisted in all probability of a quadrangle surrounded 
 by a moat, enclosing an area of about 110 feet square. This 
 moat is wide and tolerably perfect, except on the entrance 
 side, where a portion has been filled up to form an api)roach 
 to the remains of the buildino;, now used as a farm-house. 
 These remains consist of a parallelogram of about 100 feet 
 long by 24 wide, originally terminated at each end by a 
 gable, with an attached circular tower, about 15 feet di- 
 ameter, (of these only one remains, the foundations of the 
 other were removed a few years back). In the centre of 
 the parallelogram rises a square tower, under which is the 
 arched entrance into the interior, and at the back a square
 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, WOODCROFT. 251 
 
 projection, containing a staircase; with the exception of the 
 side walls of the square tower, there are no remaining sub- 
 divisions of the internal space. It appears to have been 
 divided into two stories, a basement lighted by small 
 square-headed windows, and a principal story apparently 
 open to and including the roof lighted by the narrow 
 windows with the square-headed-trefoil peculiar to this 
 period, each divided into two lights by a transom. The 
 space thus lighted, probably on one side of the gateway, 
 was used as the hall, what the corresponding space on the 
 other side was used for it is now difficult to say. Over the 
 gateway is a room said to have been used for a chapel ; it 
 was lighted at the back by one large square-headed win- 
 dow, now built up. This window was probably originally 
 subdivided into smaller lights corresponding in st)le with 
 the other windows, as the bases of two shafts or mullions 
 corresponding in style are lying on the ground at the en- 
 trance gate. A stair of communication led to this room from 
 the basement, and was continued to the roof above. The 
 round tower remaining is divided in its height into three 
 stories, a basement lighted as before described, with small 
 square windows ; the upper windows corresponding with 
 those of the body of the building except that they have no 
 transom. The basement has this peculiarity, that it has no 
 original communication with the rest of the house, and was 
 therefore in all probability used as a prison with a commu- 
 nication from above. Tiie square central tower has also this 
 peculiarity, that it has no back wall, i.e., the lateral walls 
 terminate at the ridge of the roof of the main building. 
 The external walls are from 2 ft. to 2 ft. 6 in. thick, with 
 well-finished ashlar facing. The mouldings are executed in 
 the best style, and are characteristic of the period, parti- 
 cularly those at the summit of the square central tower, 
 which are peculiarly bold and effective. No part of tho
 
 252 DOMESTIC ARCIIITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 building appears to have been embattled, nor is tlicrc any 
 provision for a portcullis. 
 
 This house is now attached to a farm the property of 
 Earl Fitzwilliam, and derives an additional interest from 
 having been the scene of the tragical termination of the 
 life of Dr. Hudson, so admirably parodied in Walter 
 Scott's novel of Woodstock, under the fictitious name of 
 Dr. Rocliffe. 
 
 NORBOROUGH. 
 
 Norborough is a small village about seven miles from 
 Peterborough, and in the county of Northampton. Accord- 
 ing to Bridges the name was sometimes written Norborough, 
 and anciently Northburgh. Nothing appears to be recorded 
 respecting this house, called the old manor-house, excepting 
 that it was formerly considerably more extensive than at 
 present, a considerable part having been pulled down in 
 the latter part of the last century ; and that the wife of 
 Oliver Cromwell died in it, and his son-in-law John Clay- 
 pole resided here. The manor-house stands at a short 
 distance to the west of the church. The most interesting 
 parts, and those intended to be used as illustrations of our 
 subject, belong evidently to the middle of the fourteenth 
 century, and the following documentary facts may assist to 
 elucidate its history. 
 
 Brian de la Mare, who appears to have been the pos- 
 sessor of property in Norborough, held the office of forester 
 of Kesteven, an adjoining district of Lincolnshire, in the 
 third year of Henry in.; GeofiVey de la Mare his descendant 
 accounted for one knight's fee in Norborough, Woodcroft, 
 and Maxey, 20th of Edw. in., and married the daughter 
 of Geoffrey le Scrope, one of the king's judges. The his- 
 tory of this man, the last of his family, as recorded by
 
 NORTHAMPTON'S II I UK, NORBOROUGII. 253 
 
 Bridges, is very sinp;iil;ir, and it is pro1)able tliat he licld 
 tlic forcstersliip of Kcsteven, tliough tliis does not certainly 
 appear by any document yet discovered. It is to this 
 Geoffrey dc la Mare tliat the erection of the nianor-liouse 
 at Norborongh may in all probability be ascribed. 
 
 "This Geoffrey laiil claim to the con^tableship of the abbey of Peterborough, 
 of which Brian do la Mare, his great grandfather, died possessed in fee in the 
 reign of Henry iii., and brought his action against the abbat for the recovery 
 of it. By virtue of this office, he claimed the privilege of commanding the 
 men with which the convent furnished the king's army in war, being sup- 
 plied for that purpose, with horses, armour, and whatever else was needful 
 for him<?elf and one knight; of setting the first dish on the table before the 
 abbat at the installation dinner of every new abbat, and of taking to his own 
 use all the gold and silver vessels that should be then placed on the abbat's 
 table ; with the liberty of sojourning in the abbey as long as he pleased, with 
 three esquires, six grooms, five horses, one great horse for the saddle, and two 
 greyhounds ; and of being found, at the cost and charges of the abbey, in 
 bread, wine, beer, flesh, fish, hay and oats, and all other necessaries ; with the 
 allowance of two robes from the abbat's wardrobe, or four pounds in lieu of 
 them. Afterwards an agreement was entered into, by which the said Geoffrey 
 de la Mare, in consideration of sixty marks sterling^, quitted his pretensions 
 to the said constableship, at the same time renouncing all right to materials 
 from the convent's woods at Peychirche, either for repairs, or firing, at his 
 manors of Makeseye, Wodecroft, and Northburg '." " In the thirty-second 
 year of Edward I. this Geoffrey, who had procured a charter for a market 
 and fair at Northburgh, on the complaint of the convent, that the same was 
 prejudicial to the town of Peterborough, gave up his charter to the abbat and 
 his successors for ever ; and in return the convent granted that he should 
 take to himself the fines of two free tenants, and of one bondman, arising 
 from a transgression of the assize of beer, within the hundred of Langdyke «." 
 
 " Geoffrey de la Mere died in 1327, and was buried amongst his ancestors, 
 in St. IMary's chapel, in Peterborough. He married three wives, having by 
 one of the two former two daughters, and putting away the third wife, Mar- 
 garet, then big with child at Peterborough, where the child being born was 
 called Geoffrey, after his father. His sisters afterwards asserted that he was 
 illegitimate, that Margaret his mother was only their father's concubine, and 
 
 « Equal to about 600/. of modern cur- Tliese extracts afford sucli a curious 
 
 rt>ncy. insight into the manners of the age, 
 
 ' MS. Cott. Vesp. E. xxii. p. 1. a, b, that our readers will thank us for tran- 
 
 quoted by Bridges, vol. ii. p. 627. scribing them, though only inclden- 
 
 t MS. Cott. Vesp. E. xxii. fo. 76, b, tally connected with our immediate 
 
 quoted by Bridges from Gunton's Pcttr- object, 
 boro'.
 
 251; DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 that he had no hereditary right to his father's lands. On this occasion abbot 
 Adam de Boothbie, as guardian to the child, defended the cause for three 
 years, and compelled the sisters to drop the suit. But his father having held 
 lands in Essex of John Bohun, earl of Hereford and Essex, that nobleman 
 demanded Geoffrey from the abbot, and by force got him into his possession. 
 The abbot pursuing the matter at law, the dispute was compromised by his 
 paying the earl one hundred pounds, who, still keeping the minor, the king-, 
 by writ, commanded the sheriff to seize and bring him Ijefore the judge, at 
 York, to be there awarded to his right guardian. At length the earl freely 
 gave him up to the abbot, and on his death-bed commanded his executors to 
 restore the hundred pounds to the monastery of Peterborough, After this 
 the abbot married this Geoffrey to the daughter of Geoffrey le Scrope, one of 
 the king's chief justices. 
 
 " It is this Geoffrey de la Mare who is believed to have been the builder of 
 Norborough manor-house, and the south aisle of the church," 
 
 The only portions of the original buildings now remain- 
 ing consist of the gate-house and hall, forming opposite 
 sides of a court, with some portions of buildings adjoining 
 the hall. They are constructed of stone, partly ashlar and 
 partly rubble, with finished dressings. In its complete 
 state it probably consisted of a quadrangle surrounded by 
 a moat, but the moat has disappeared altogether. The 
 gate-house, which has lost its top, has one fine bold 
 moulded arch to the front, and a corresponding one to the 
 back, with an intermediate large and small arch, dividing 
 the depth into two unequal parts ; these divisions were 
 originally arched over with ribbed groins resting on moulded 
 corbels, but these vaultings have been destroyed. On the 
 left hand side is a door leading to a small stair also de- 
 stroyed, and from this another door leads into a small 
 room, used in all probability as a guard room. There is 
 no provision for a portcullis, resembling in this respect its 
 elder neighbour at Woodcroft. Immediately facing this 
 gate-house, and at a distance of about fifty feet, stand the 
 hall and adjoining buildings ; the former a room of 36 by 
 24 feet, lighted by square-headed transomed windows, two 
 on each side, separated from each other by a buttress.
 
 DOMKSTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 COURT. 
 
 G^lTEI^FAY. 
 
 4,_f •" '," y " "^^t 
 
 PLAN. 
 
 NORBOROUGH. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, — NOEBOROUGH. 255 
 
 At the end is the usual arrangement of a screen, now 
 modernized, forming a passage at the back, with an ex- 
 ternal door at each end and a gallery above, and three 
 doors opening from this passage into the offices. These 
 doors have pointed ogee arches, finished externally with rich 
 crockets, and with ball-flower ornaments in the hollow 
 mouldings, the whole executed in the best style of the 
 period. There appears to be no provision for a fire, and 
 the original fittings, including the timbers of the roof, are 
 entirely destroyed to convert the space into a modern resi- 
 dence. At the north-west angle of the hall, and commu- 
 nicating with it by a door, is a small space which probably 
 contained the stair of communication with the upper rooms 
 of the adjoining buildings now destroyed, as an arched 
 door on a higher level than the floor of the hall, and which 
 could only be reached by a stair, now remains built up in 
 the wall. This space has been lighted by narrow loops. 
 At the west end of the hall is a long cross building en- 
 tered by the three doorways already described. This build- 
 ing in all probability contained a portion of the butteries, 
 kitchens, and other offices ; but the whole arrangement of 
 the interior, and the external details, are so completely ob- 
 literated, that it might be doubted whether it formed part 
 of the original buildings, were it not for the finish of the 
 northern gable with its beautiful finial. To the north, and 
 opening into the hall, is a porch erected about the time of 
 Henry the Seventh. Externally, the details of the hall are 
 extremely beautiful. Under the eaves is a continued ball- 
 flower ornament in a deep hollow moulding. The western 
 gable is enriched with crockets, and terminated by a small 
 chimney of exquisite design and execution, nor are the 
 tracery and mouldings of the windows and doorways in any 
 respect inferior to the other parts. In connection with the 
 gate-house is a range of buildings erected about the time of
 
 250 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Charles the First, for stables, &c. ; at whicli time it is pro- 
 bable the greater part of the original buildings were de- 
 stroyed, the hall divided into floors, and the dormer win- 
 dows in the roof inserted to give light to the upper rooms. 
 Having described this most interesting specimen of early 
 domestic work, it may not be irrelevant to the subject to 
 notice a portion of the adjoining church, erected evidently 
 at the same period, and whose history is in all probability 
 intinuitely connected with it. This consists of a south 
 aisle or transept of most beautiful design and execution, 
 with rich traceried windows, ball-flower ornamented mould- 
 ings, and all the peculiar characteristics of the period. It 
 appears to have been erected as a family burial place, as 
 there is a spacious \ault underneath, and under the large 
 south window are two arched recesses, evidently intended 
 to contain effigies, but these effigies no longer occupy their 
 })laces. It is, however, a most extraoidinary circumstance, 
 that in the churchyard of the adjoining parish of Clinton 
 arc two mutilated stone effigies most distinctly of the time 
 of Edw. III., a knight and a ladv, the knic:ht Avearino:, in 
 addition to the usual a])})en(lnges of a sword, &c., a bugle- 
 horn suspended from his side, the badge of a forester. 
 Now as there does not appear to have ever been a family 
 of the slightest im})ortance connected with Clinton to 
 whom these effigies can have belonged, and as the badge 
 above described connects them with the De la Mares, the 
 foresters of Kisteven and owners of Norborough, the con- 
 clusion is almost irresistible that they occupied the arches 
 under the south window of that church, and represent 
 Geoffrey de la Mare and his wile, the daughter of Ceoff'rey 
 le Seropc, the last of their race, and the builders of the 
 manor-house and chapelat Norborough. To exj)lain the 
 singular circumstance of the iemo\al of these effigies it must 
 be borne in mind that Kurboiough became the property and
 
 WORCESTERSHIRE. 257 
 
 residence of the Claypoles, whose connexion witli Cromwell 
 miglit, on the restoration of monarchy and the zeal of re- 
 turning loyalty, have induced the inhabitants of the village 
 to expel them from a supposed connexion with that ob- 
 noxious individual ; but how they came to be received at 
 the adjoining village is more difficult to account for. One 
 thing however is quite clear, that they were not considered 
 sufficiently popular to be received into the church, other- 
 wise they would not have been consigned to the church- 
 yard, Avhere they have long been exposed to injury and 
 insult. 
 
 Norborough is now the property of Earl Fitzvvilliam. 
 
 There is a good chimney in a barn near Aldwinkle. It 
 rises out of a gable, and is stumj)y in proportion, but well 
 moulded and battlemented. In the gable are two circular 
 openings, one on each side of the chimney. 
 
 ^ 7. WORCESTERSHIRE AND GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 
 
 In Worcestershire very few remains of Domestic build- 
 ings of the fourteenth century have been observed, but 
 it is probable that, when more carefully examined, many 
 more will be found. In the city of Worcester itself the 
 Guesten Hall is still in existence, though much mutilated 
 and divided by modern })artitions. It has a wooden gable- 
 end, the frame-work of which was very well arranged with 
 a good deal of cusping. The side walls are of stone, and 
 the windows arranged as at Mayfield, under arches thrown 
 across from buttress to buttress. An engraving of this hall 
 as restored by A. E. Perkuis, was executed at the expense 
 of the late Canon Digby. 
 
 At Bredon there is a magnificent barn of this age, which 
 has over one of the transepts a room with an original chim- 
 ney of good character, and very perfect. It is perforated 
 
 l1
 
 258 DOMESTIC AUCIIITECTUUK : rOURTKENTII CENTURY. 
 
 and gabled on each side, and lias a small conical ter- 
 mination. 
 
 At King's Norton, on one side of the chnrchyard, stands 
 a small bnilding, partly of wood, and partly stone, much 
 patched and altered by repairs, but one gable contains a 
 three-light window of oak, with tracery which has the ap- 
 pearance of being of the latter part of the fourteenth century. 
 
 The fine timber hall of the abbot at Malvern has been 
 wantonly destroyed within the last few years ; fortunately 
 careful drawings of it have been preserved by Mr. Blore, 
 of which engravings arc here given by his kind ])ermission. 
 
 At Broadway there is a house of this period, the property 
 of the eminent antiquary and collector of manuscripts, Sir 
 Thomas Phillips, which deserves a careful examination. 
 
 Of Dudley castle and priory some portions are believed 
 to be of this period. Weoblas hall and Eirt's Morton hall 
 are also alleged to belong to this age. 
 
 GLOUCESTERSHl RE. 
 
 At Standish, adjoining the churchyard, is a dwelling of 
 some extent, part of which is of early Decorated character, 
 and the greater part may be, though altered very consider- 
 ably in late Perpendicular and in modern times. A good 
 portion of the gateway remains, much ruined. Adjacent to 
 this dwelling, but outside the gateway, is a late Perpendi- 
 cular building, of })lain character, in good preservation. 
 
 The Grange, in the parish of Tetbury, (a farm-house,) 
 has the dairy formed of [)art of the chapel, which is of the 
 ])ecoratcd style. The walls have been lowered and the 
 window-heads destroj'cd : the east wall plastered, and its 
 construction hid; there was a two-light window in each 
 side wall : the piscina remains, and has a ])lain trefoiled 
 head, broken ; the rest of the house is of the time of 
 James i. or Elizabeth.
 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRK. 250 
 
 Beverstoiie castle, a fortified mansion of tlie Berkeleys, 
 is now a mere ruin, quadrangular in plan, with a tower 
 at each angle ; one of the towers and the chapel only re- 
 main ; it is mounded by a moat. 
 
 Berkeley castle is of various periods, partly Norman ; 
 the exterior is line, but the interior much altered to adapt 
 it for modern uses. The hall is perfect, and a very tine 
 one of the fourteenth century. 
 
 In a street on the west side of the city of Gloucester is 
 a small detached house of this century. It seems to be 
 nearly (if not quite) entire, and consists of a parallelogram 
 of two stories, the lower is vaulted, partly sunk in the 
 ground, and lighted by plain small pointed windows. The 
 upper story has windows of two lights of late Decorated 
 character. This story was entered by an external door 
 reached by a short flight of steps. 
 
 At Stanley Pontlarge there are remains of a manor- 
 house, now a farm-house, rather late Decorated work, with 
 a square-headed window of unusual form, which has been 
 engraved from a drawing by Mr. Petit, in the sixth volume 
 of the Archseological Journal. In a farm-house at Bishop's 
 Cleeve is a fine chimney of the time of Edward i., con- 
 sisting of a tall octagonal shaft, springing from a square 
 base, and crowned with a small obtuse spire, and openings 
 like spire lights, with other openings, trefoil-headed, at the 
 top of the shaft, below the cornice of the spire. At Eve- 
 sham a small part of the buildings of the abbey remain, 
 in which there is a fine tall chimney with an embattled top 
 and trefoil-headed openings, rather late in this century. 
 
 St. Briavel's castle was begun in the time of Henry i., 
 by Milo Eitz-Walter, earl of Hereford, the present struc- 
 ture is chiefly of transitional Norman character, and a fine 
 specimen of a fortified mansion of that period. There are 
 numerous fire-places, one to almost every room, and on one
 
 2C0 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOrRTEENTII CENTURY. 
 
 of the gables is a remarkably good chimney of the early 
 part of the fourteenth century. 
 
 § 8. OXFORDSHIRE, BrCKlNGHAMSHlRE, AND 
 
 BERKSHIRE. 
 
 In Oxfordshire, besides some slight remains of Bamptoii 
 castle, ^ve have Broughton and Siiirburn, and some other 
 slight remains. 
 
 BAMPTON CASTLE, OXlH^RDSniRE. 
 
 There appears to have been a house or castle on the site 
 from a remote period, and the notice in the Domesday 
 Survey would lead to the inference that Bampton was a 
 place of much greater importance at that time than at 
 present. In 104G bishop Leofric gave his lands in Bamp- 
 ton, or Bemtune, to the then newly founded see of Exeter, 
 and the bishopric of Exeter still holds the same property. 
 But the castle was rebuilt in the time of Edward ii., by 
 Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, whose beautiful 
 tomb in Westminster abbey is well known to the anti- 
 quarian w^orld, especially since the publication of the ad- 
 mirable engraving of it in Mr. Blore's Sepulchral ^[onu- 
 ments. In the 8th of Edward ii., a.d, 1315, he obtained 
 the licence to kernellate, or fortify, his house at Bampton, 
 and there is no doubt that the gate-house and walls which 
 remain belong to this period. It is mentioned again in 
 the Patent Kolls, 5th and 16th Edward iii. ; but these 
 entries relate only to the succession of the manor. The 
 house appears to have remained in a tolerably perfect state 
 up to the time of the Commonwealth, as Antony a Wood, 
 who visited it about that period, describes it as a quad- 
 rangular buildins; moated round, with towers at each cor- 
 ner, and a gate-house of tower-like character on the west 
 and east sides. lie gives a rude sketch of it, which was
 
 3;
 
 OXFORDSHIRE, — BROUGIITON CASTLK. 201 
 
 engraved by Michael Burghers, and published in Hearnc's 
 Life of Wood. Skelton, in his Antiquities of Oxfordshire, 
 gives a small engraving of the back of the gate-house as it 
 now stands. 
 
 BROUGHTON CASTLE, OXFORDSHIRE. 
 
 Broughton castle (or Broughton house, as it was formerly 
 called) lies about three miles from Banbury on the road to 
 Shipston on Stour, in a hollow formed by gentle wooded 
 hills. The house and grounds are completely enclosed by 
 a remarkably fine wide moat, the only entrance being by a 
 bridge and gateway on the south side. Near this, and em- 
 bowered in trees, stands the church, a fine Decorated build- 
 ing, with a spire, and containing several rich monuments. 
 
 At first sight the house appears to be a fine Elizabethan 
 mansion, the whole of the west frout, and the greater part 
 of the south being of that style, while the east, which is 
 not so conspicuous, is almost wholly of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, and it is this part which we have here to describe. 
 
 The family of De Broughton were settled here, and had 
 a grant of free warren, iu the time of Edw. i., and as the 
 style of the building perfectly agrees with this date, to 
 them must be attributed the erection of the original build- 
 ing. It does not appear how long the De Broughtons held 
 it, but it seems in the 13th of Edw. ii. to have been con- 
 firmed to Robert de Holland, and in the 7th of Edw. iv., 
 1467, a licence to crenellate or fortify {'' kernellare'') the 
 mansion of his manor of Broughton was granted to Thomas 
 Wickham. To this period may therefore be referred the 
 outer works, the offices adjoining the gate-house, the upper 
 story of the gateway, &c. 
 
 The estate passed soon after by marriage into the family 
 of Fenys or Eiennes, who were settled here in 1451, and 
 who in the 2nd year of Mary, 1554, altered or rebuilt a
 
 2G3 DOMESTIC ARCTITTECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTUllY. 
 
 great portion of the house, and in tlie possession of whose 
 representative, the lord Say and Sele, it still remains. 
 
 By a careful examination the original plan of the build- 
 ing may be made out with tolerable accuracy, and is shewu 
 in the accompanying engraving by black lines. It will be 
 seen that the principal additions have been the west front, 
 the projecting bays on the north front, and the staircases 
 at the back. The eastern portion remains almost in its 
 original state. 
 
 It is evident from the buttresses remaining on the north 
 side, and portions of window labels and door jambs on the 
 south, that the hall still retains its original plan and pro- 
 portions, the alterations being the addition of two large 
 bay windows on the north side, in one of which also is the 
 principal entrance ; and two staircases and other offices on 
 the south. The western end, where probably was originally 
 the kitchen, was at the same time converted into two mag- 
 nificent rooms, a dining and a drawing room, with pro- 
 jecting bay windows, and having internally rich renaissance 
 fire-places, door-cases, cornices, and ceilings, and in the 
 dining room a curious internal porch. The alterations 
 seem to have been conversions, not additions, except the 
 bay window, the original wall appearing to have had the 
 same extent westward as at present. It is not possible to 
 say whether the projection on the north side marked E. E. 
 on the plan is part of the original design, or an addition 
 of this period, but probably the latter. 
 
 At the opposite end of the hall we find a groined pas- 
 sage leading from the south-east angle, eastward to the 
 stairs of the chapel, and to the present kitchen and other 
 offices, and northward to the entrance of a winding, or 
 newel staircase, which communicated with all the stories of 
 the house. Out of the southern part of this passage are 
 three arches or doorways opening into a room, Avitli a j)lain
 
 DOMESTIC Alien ITKCTURli: I'OUilTEENTlI CLNTURY. 
 
 CBOl^i^D iida-^OE LEiiDING FliOil TEE E^LL TO THE CHAPEL. 
 
 BROUGHTON CASTLE, OSFORDSHIRE.
 
 OXFOllDSIIIIlK, BROUailTON CASTLE. 2G3 
 
 quadripartite groined roof of three bays, which readies to 
 the north front, where it is lighted by two windows, and it 
 lias had originally a doorway into the passage leading to 
 the staircase before mentioned. Adjoining it is another 
 groined room of small size, which opens into the same 
 ])assage. The other rooms which communicate with it 
 are a small tower at the south-cast angle, and two other 
 groined rooms, one of which is under the chapel, and has 
 some good bosses at the intersection of the ribs. The 
 chapel, which is on the upper floor, is approached from the 
 passage by a long flight of stone steps. It is of small 
 dimensions, being only 17 ft. 7 in. by 10 ft. 9 in., but lofty, 
 and occupying the height of two of the other stories^. The 
 east end is ahuost entirely occupied by a large three-light 
 window, with geometrical tracery, having a large circle en- 
 closing three smaller cinquefoiled ones in the centre, and a 
 trefoil in the head of each side light '. 
 
 Under the window is the original altar-slab ; it is of 
 stone, and supported on three stone brackets. The floor 
 of the chapel is paved with encaustic tiles, among which 
 are many good and valuable patterns. At the west end is 
 a door communicating with the principal rooms, and im- 
 mediately within the entrance from the steps is a doorway 
 now blocked up, which communicated with a staircase lead- 
 ing to the up{)er rooms, and outside the entrance door on 
 the top of the flight of steps is the entrance to another 
 newel staircase also leading into the upper rooms, and from 
 
 »' See the description of The Cliapel, 2. Or, a cross engrailed sable, Brough- 
 
 p. 79. '»"• 
 
 * In tlie three circles the following In the church is a nionunient to one 
 
 arms in stained glass still remain: of the De Broughtons, and he bears 
 
 1. Ermine, a fesse counter conipony these arms on his shield, 
 
 azure and or. 3. Or, a lion rampant, vert. 
 
 The Ardens, the Dauntres, and Cham- Tliis is borne by the families of Rob- 
 
 bors, bear Ermine, a fesse compony, but sart, Bartram, and Sutton. There are 
 
 this is counter compony. some small portions in the other lights.
 
 2C4 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 this is a grated opening looking into the chapel. The room 
 above is large, and is lighted by two large square-headed 
 windows, with Perpendicular tracery. From this room a 
 square opening 10 inches from the floor, and 3 ft. G in. high, 
 has been left into the chapel (but now blocked up). This 
 room communicates on the opposite side with another small 
 room, having a geometrical pointed window of similar cha- 
 racter to the chapel window, and through this with the 
 small tower before mentioned. 
 
 The small size of the chapel rendering it impossible for it 
 to accommodate more than the officiating priests, it seems 
 more than probable that the 
 large upper room was intended 
 for the use of the rest of the 
 establishment, who would, by 
 means of the opening, hear the 
 service which was being per- 
 formed in the chapel. The 
 grated opening on the stairs 
 might be intended for a pur- 
 pose similar to that of the 
 hagioscope. The small room 
 adjoining the large one has the 
 appearance of a priest's room, 
 but there is another room ad- 
 joining the chapel, and on the 
 same floor, and having the re- 
 mains of a groined roof, which 
 seems more likely to have been 
 used for that purpose. The 
 situation of all these apartments will be best understood 
 by a reference to the annexed section. 
 
 Immediately over the large room just mentioned are two 
 apartments in the roof (which is plain, with curved braces) 
 
 Futrance to ihe Chapel.
 
 OXFORDSHIRE, — BROUCHTON CASTLE. 205 
 
 having a door opening on to the leads within the parapet ; 
 there is an octagonal chimney at the south end, but that at 
 the north is later ; the room is lighted by a single window. 
 This is called the guard room, and there is another and 
 larger apartment occupying the whole roof of the east part 
 of the building, which is called the barracks, and the door 
 of which opens on to the same leads. It is very probable 
 they were both originally intended for the purposes which 
 their names indicate, and much more so that they were 
 actually used for this purpose when the castle was gar- 
 risoned in the civil wars. 
 
 The small tower at the angle is occupied by garderobes 
 or closets to the different stories, and has very good cruci- 
 form loopholes on three sides. This tower is shewn in the 
 south-east view. In this view are also seen two large ori- 
 ginal windows, the easternmost of which in the building is 
 mutilated, but is here restored from the existing remains ; 
 the other gives light to a room which reaches through the 
 entire width of the building, and is lighted by another win- 
 dow in the north front. This room lies over the groined 
 apartment before mentioned. In this view is also shewn a 
 singular projecting garderobe closet, with its drain. 
 
 Eastward of this part of the building, and reaching to 
 the moat, is another erection partly of the fifteenth century 
 and partly later, and comprising the kitchen and other 
 offices. This seems to have been connected by a wall with 
 the offices adjoining the gate-house. These offices are of 
 fifteenth-century work, and have originally had a passage 
 communicating with a staircase leading to the upper story 
 of the gate-house. The gate-house itself is of two different 
 dates, the lower story from its mouldings, and the corbels 
 remaining within the archway, being clearly of the four- 
 teenth century, while the upper story is as clearly of that 
 of the fifteenth. 
 
 M m
 
 200 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 A portion of the ancient wall, with its battlements ex- 
 tending from the west side of the gate-honse almost to the 
 north- west angle of the honse, still remains, and being 
 almost covered with ivy adds greatly to the picturesque 
 apj)carance of the gate-honse and bridge. 
 
 Taken altogether Broughton castle is a most interesting 
 building, whether we regard the original portion or the 
 more modern additions. The arrangement of the eastern 
 portion being almost in its original state renders this part 
 particularly valuable. The greatest peculiarity of this part 
 consists in the beautiful groined passage which leads in one 
 direction to the chapel, and in the other to the principal 
 staircase, which, before the present staircases were made, 
 must have been the only means of access to the solar, and 
 other principal apartments, and this end having evidently 
 been the portion of the building appropriated to the state 
 apartments, that circumstance fully accounts for the rich- 
 ness of the groined passage. The whole arrangement of this 
 part is therefore worth a careful study. 
 
 The principal parts erected in the fifteenth century, when 
 the licence to crenellate was obtained, must have been the 
 walls within the moat, wliich originally surrounded the whole 
 place, and of which portions yet remain ; the offices ad- 
 joining the gate-house; the upper story of the gate-house, 
 the embattled portion of the building which now contains 
 the kitchen, the guard-room, and the windows of the room 
 over the chapel. 
 
 The three different periods may then be thus defined, the 
 fourteenth century as the work of the De Broughtons, the fif- 
 teenth of the AViekhams, and the sixteenth of the Fienneses. 
 
 Seen from the north-west Broughton castle presents the 
 appearance of a fine Elizabethan mansion, (though built a 
 few years before the commencement of her reign ;) with 
 large bay windows transomed and divided into many lights,
 
 OXFORDSHIRE, — WOODSTOCK. 207 
 
 and with its gables and chimneys, it harmonizes finely with 
 the trees and water with which it is surrounded. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, OXFORDSHIRE. 
 
 There is an old house in the lower part of the town 
 which is commonly said to have been })art of the palace, 
 but neither its situation nor its appearance agree with this 
 vague tradition. It is situated in that part of the towu 
 called Old Woodstock, but the site of the palace was within 
 the boundary of the park : part of this house, however, is 
 of the fourteenth century, and it has retained one of its old 
 fire-places, with a plain segmental arch, and the mouldings 
 over it, and its chimney, which is a very elegant one, having 
 a spiral termination and openings for the smoke on the 
 sides. 
 
 Of Shirburn castle the external walls are perfect, with 
 the moat and draw-bridges. It is a quadrangular build- 
 ing with a round tower at each corner, and battlements, 
 but the windows are modern, and the interior much mo- 
 dernized. Some of the ground rooms have groined vaults, 
 one of them is called the ancient entrance hall and seems 
 to have been a kind of vestibule ''. 
 
 The licence to crenellate this mansion was granted in 
 the 51st of Edw^ard iii. to Warine de I'lsle, but the style of 
 the architecture seems to indicate that the work, though 
 commenced soon after the licence was obtained, was not 
 completed before the 15th century. This is now the scat 
 of the earl of ]\Iacclesfield. 
 
 At Wroxton abbey the east window of the chapel and 
 some other fragments of this period have been preserved. 
 
 In a house at Shutford there is a Decorated doorway. 
 
 At Rotherfield Greys a brick tower and some other por- 
 tions belong to the early part of this century, if not earlier. 
 
 '' There are engravings of this and of the exterior in Skelton's Oxfordshire.
 
 268 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The following licences to crenellate houses in this county 
 were also granted in the 14th century. 
 
 11th Edward ii. at Kersington ? probably Garsington, 
 where there are some portions of an old manor-house. 
 
 12th Edward ii. at Chiselliampton — the house has been 
 rebuilt. 
 
 1 Edward iii. at Stanton lEarcourt, — no part of the work 
 of that period now remains. 
 
 4th Edward iii. at Wickham — there is probably a mis- 
 take of the county for Berkshire, as there is no such place 
 in Oxfordshire, 
 
 12 Edward iii. at Watlington ; of this there are no re- 
 mains, and the same year at Cublesdon? probably Cud- 
 desdon, which has been rebuilt, but evidently on an old site. 
 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, MARLOW. 
 
 At Great Marlow the old parsonage house has remains 
 of a good hall of the time of Edward in., with two win- 
 dows, one on each side, tolerably perfect, each with its little 
 gable like a dormer in the roof, the side walls being very 
 low, the window itself square-headed, with flowing tracery 
 and a segmental inner arch ; the roof has arched tie-beams, 
 with king-posts and braces ; one bay of it only is perfect ; 
 the hall being divided by modern partitions. The arrange- 
 ment of these windows is similar to those of Stokesay, and 
 shews what Sutton Courtenay must have been. 
 
 Another fine hall remains near the bridge, though in a 
 very mutilated state, it is of earlier character, in the style 
 of the early part of Edward i., belonging rather to the 
 thirteenth than the fourteenth century. It has lancet win- 
 dows, blocked up, and part of the corbel-table is perfect. 
 The walls are of chalk and flint, but much mutilated ; one 
 of the lancet windows retains its moulded dripstone. The 
 finest part is the roof, which is nearly perfect, and very
 
 BUCKINGHAMSniRE. 2G9 
 
 good, though plain, the timbers are arched, and have arched 
 braces, the wall-plate is merely chamfered and recessed, the 
 end collar-beam crosses a lancet window in the gable, but 
 all seems to be original. 
 
 BURNHAM ABBEY, BUCKS. 
 
 The ruins of Biirnham abbey are situated near the bank 
 of the Thames, about two miles below Maidenhead. They 
 consist of part of the domestic buildings, the chapel and 
 refectory having been destroyed, partly within a few years. 
 The portions which remain are very substantially built of 
 flint, with stone dressings : the windows are all lancet- 
 shaped but small, and evidently belonging to habitable 
 rooms, though it is now scarcely possible to make out their 
 exact use. There are also two good doorways, with moulded 
 dripstones ; all the details are of the character usual in the 
 early part of the reign of Edward i. The abbey was founded 
 in 1265, by Richard, king of the Romans, but the parts 
 which remain are probably not those which were first built. 
 
 CRESLOW MANOR-HOUSE, BUCKS. 
 
 This has been a fine manor-house of the time of Edw. in., 
 with a large central hall of timber, of which a portion re- 
 mains, now divided into modern apartments, and two wings 
 or towers of stone, one of which has been destroyed, the 
 other remains tolerably perfect, with the ground rooms 
 vaulted as usual. The chapel is a detached building, and 
 of earlier date. The house was surrounded by a moat, but 
 seems to have been only slightly fortified. 
 
 BERKSHIRE, — DONYNGTON CASTLE. 
 
 Of this castle nothing now remains but the gateway, 
 flanked by its two round lofty towers. It was built in the 
 year 1386, as we find an entry in the Patent Rolls in the
 
 270 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 9th year of Richard ii. that a licence' was given to Ricus 
 Abbcrbury to build a castle in Donyngton. 
 
 About ten years after its erection the poet Chaucer re- 
 tired here, in the seventieth year of his age, having pur- 
 chased it from the son of the founder. 
 
 After Chaucer's death it came into the hands of "William 
 de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, next it descended to his son, 
 by whom it was forfeited to the crown. 
 
 In the civil wars it was a post of great consequence, and 
 was twice besieged, the last time three of its towers were 
 destroyed. After the wars were at an end the ruinous 
 parts were taken down, leaving only the gateway and part 
 of the east w^all, which now remain. 
 
 WINDSOR CASTLE, BERKSHIRE. 
 
 So large a proportion of this magnificent palace is modern 
 work, and even of the older part so small a portion can with 
 any probability be assigned to the time of Edward iii., and 
 the work of William of Wykeham, that it hardly falls within 
 the scope of this work. It may, however, be interesting to 
 mention that two or three of the towers are his work ; one 
 is known by the name of Wykeham's tower, and bears the 
 inscription " this made Wykeham." Another, called the 
 powder magazine, and used for that purpose, is of the same 
 character, and these agree so well with his towers at Win- 
 chester and New College, that there is little doubt they are 
 his work ; there is a marked peculiarity in nearly all his 
 towers in the manner in which a corner turret grows out of 
 the body of the tower, and does not rise from the ground. 
 The small wooden cloister is believed to be also part of 
 his work ; the accompanying engraving will shew that its 
 character agrees with his time. The larger stone cloister 
 connected with St. George's chapel is also considered by 
 
 ' Rot. Pat. 9 Ric. ii. " Quod Kicus Abbcrbury possit coustruere castrum iu solo 
 de Donyngton in com' Berk,"
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 t-. 
 
 SO0TH VIEW, 
 
 SUTTON COURTENAY. BERKSHIRE.
 
 BERKSHIRE. 271 
 
 Mr. Blorc as part of Wykeham's work"", and it agrees 
 with his other cloisters at Winchester and New college. 
 
 o 
 BISHAM ABBEY, BERKSHIRE. 
 
 The present mansion formed part of the buildings of the 
 abbey, probably the abbot's house ; the walls and roofs are 
 ancient, though the appearance of the house has been much 
 altered, chiefly in the time of Henry viii. or Queen ]\Iary, 
 when her sister, the princess Elizabeth, was confined here. 
 The entrance porch is of the time of Edward i., and has 
 a groined vault, with moulded ribs, and shafts with capi- 
 tals. The doorway under the porch is of the same period, 
 and the wooden door has the old iron-work upon it. The 
 entrance hall has been entirely refitted in the time of 
 Henry viii., and has a good music gallery of that period ; 
 the roof is high pitched, and appears to be ancient, but is 
 plastered over. Behind the music gallery are the kitchen 
 and offices, which have been much altered, and over them 
 is a long chamber or solar, said to have been the chapel, 
 having at the end, near the entrance porch, a fine window 
 resembling a chapel window, of two lights, with a foliated 
 circle in the head, in the style of the latter part of the 
 thirteenth century, it also has the original open timber roof 
 of the same period. 
 
 Over another wing of the house is a very fine timber 
 roof also of the time of Edward i., with tie-beams and king- 
 posts, arched braces and moulded wall-plates ; this roof is 
 concealed by a floor and ceiling, forming chambers in the 
 roof, which are called the secret chambers, and are only 
 accessible by means of a ladder. The walls are original, 
 but have had bay windows thrown out in the time of 
 Henry viii., and the suite of rooms is entirely of that 
 period. 
 
 ™ See Arch. Journal, vol. iii.
 
 272 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 HURLEY PRIORY, BERKSUIRE. 
 
 There are some remains of the Domestic buildings of this 
 small priory, originally Norman, but altered in the time of 
 Edward ii. ; these form two sides of a small quadrangle, one 
 side of which is formed by the church, and which has had 
 a wooden cloister ; in the wing opposite the church there is 
 an upper room, apparently the dormitory, having a range 
 of single light trefoil-headed windows ^ towards the quad- 
 rangle, and larger windows of two lights on the opposite 
 side. The ground floor has been altered and turned into 
 a stable in the time of James i., the handsome wooden 
 fittings of a stable of that period are perfect and curious. 
 The church is Norman, and has recently been well restored. 
 
 SUTTON COURTENAY, BERKSHIRE. 
 
 A house of about the middle of the fourteenth century, 
 or the reign of Edward the Third ; the hall is nearly per- 
 fect, it measures 40 ft. by 23 ft. 10 in.; its original open 
 timber roof remains, it is very lofty, canted, and supported 
 by king-posts, with struts resting on wooden arches which 
 rise from stone corbels, most of which are carved into heads, 
 and one of these has the wimple ; the arches and purlins 
 are well moulded, with the quarter round and fillet. There 
 are two windows on each side, which have originally been 
 lofty, with pointed heads carried up through the roof in the 
 manner of dormers, these have been altered, having been 
 cut off at the transoms ; the alteration of the roof conse- 
 quent upon this is very perceptible, the dormers over the 
 heads of the windows having been removed, and on the 
 outside these windows being thus made square-headed, 
 
 " The dimensions of tliese windows springing of the arch. The size of the 
 are rather peculiar, 2 ft. 5\ in. wide by room is about 20 ft. 6 in. by 6(J ft. 
 2 ft. 34 in. from the sill to the line of the
 
 BERKSHIRE, — SUTTON COURTENAY. 
 
 273 
 
 Jiave wooden labels put over them ; and a modern paraix't 
 of lath and plaster has been added ° : the lights below the 
 transoms have never had glass fixed in them, but must 
 have been closed with casements or shutters. This hall i.s 
 now called the chapel, which it clearly was not, thoucrh 
 it may have 
 been occa- 
 sionally ap- 
 plied to that 
 use. 
 
 It is very re- 
 markable that 
 under one of 
 the windows 
 of this hall is 
 a low side 
 window, the 
 first that has 
 been noticed 
 in Domestic 
 
 work p : this is nearly perfect on the inside, and has good 
 Decorated tracery : the hooks for hanging the shutter also 
 remain, but on the outside it is plastered over. At the 
 north end of the hall is the passage called the Screens, with 
 a doorway at each end according to the usual arrangement : 
 the framing of this passage is original, and the bays of the 
 roof are made to agree with this arrangement. 
 
 The two winss of this house have been more or less 
 altered, one more than the other, being now used as the 
 
 Low side Windo'^v 
 
 ° These windows have been restored 
 ill the woodcut annexed. 
 
 I" There is a low side window in the 
 hall at Cheethain's hospital, Manchester; 
 it is there called the Dole window, which 
 may probably be the true explanation of 
 
 N 11 
 
 its use; this hall belongs to the build- 
 ings of the monastery, converted to its 
 present purpose after the Reformation, 
 but nearly the whole of the monastic 
 buildings remain perfect.
 
 274 DOMESTIC ARCIIITKCTURK : rOURTKKNTII CKNTURY. 
 
 dwelling lionsc ; the south wing is more perfect, and in this 
 is tlie solar, which was probably about 35 feet by 17, and 
 the original open timber roof, which still extends the whole 
 length of this wing, though part of it has been ceiled, and 
 parted off into different rooms. This solar is lighted by 
 two lofty Decorated windows of two lights, with transoms, 
 the one on the north side square-headed, that on the east 
 pointed. In the room on the ground-floor there are re- 
 mains of a fire-place ; there are the corbels of one in the 
 upper room, through the back of which at present an en- 
 trance is made by a ladder from the hall ; one of these 
 corbels rises from a ball-flower, the other from a twisted 
 stem ; the chimney belonging to the lower fire-place still 
 remains, and is an octagonal shaft battlemented. The 
 original entrance to the solar is by an external covered 
 staircase, opposite to a door at the north-east angle of the 
 hall. The building is of stone, with the exception of the 
 upper part of the east wing, which is of wood. The win- 
 dows both of the hall and of the solar are widely splayed, 
 and have a hollow moulding running round the angle of 
 the splay. The north wing does not extend back beyond 
 the width of the hall. There are other buildings con- 
 nected with this wing, and forming part of the present 
 mansion, but these are of subsequent periods : there are 
 also offices to the east, completing the quadrangle, which 
 appear to have been erected in the fifteenth or sixteenth 
 century, when some other alterations were made in the 
 buildinty. 
 
 This house is commonly known by the name of the ab- 
 bey, and was the manor-house of the abbey manor, and the 
 occasional residence of the abbots, answering the purpose 
 of a grange, though of rather a better description than 
 usual.
 
 BERKSIIIRK, ETC. 275 
 
 CUMNOR HALL, BERKSHIRE. 
 
 Ciiranor Hall was very similar to Sutton Courtenay; it 
 was pullod down about 1820 and the materials were used 
 in rebuilding Wytliam church, where some of the old win- 
 dows and a doorway may still be seen ; these Averc en- 
 graved in the Gents. Mag. for Sept. 1821. There now 
 remain on the original site only the foundations and a frag- 
 ment of one of the walls. The site is on the south side 
 of the churchyard of Curanor church. 
 
 Some portion of the ruins of Abingdon abbey are of 
 this date. 
 
 There is a remarkably fine barn of this century at Great 
 Coxwell. 
 
 BRIMPTON, BERKSHIRE. 
 
 The chapel at Brimpton, Berkshire, stands in a farm- 
 yard not much more than a hundred yards from the church, 
 and attached to a house round which still remain })ortions 
 of the moat, there can be no doubt that this was a do- 
 mestic chapel. Its foundation was very early, but in its 
 present state most of its features are of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. It has north and south doors, a quatrefoil west win- 
 dow, a three-light east window, and one of two lights on 
 the south side, and a lancet on the north. 
 
 § 9. BEDFORDSHIRE, HERTFORDSHIRE, AND MIDDLESEX. 
 
 In Bedfordshire no remains of Domestic work of this 
 ])eriod have been observed, beyond mere foundations ; and 
 at Stevington a large plain barn of this date. 
 
 There were licences to crenellate houses at Stevington, 
 9 E. I. and Bletsoe 1 E. iii., but both have been destroyed. 
 
 In Hertfordshire also no remains have been noticed of 
 buildings of the fourteenth century. The elaborate history
 
 270 DOMESTIC ARCIIITKCTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 of this county by Chauncy is remarkably deficient in all 
 that relates to buildings. The only licence to crcnellate 
 a house in the county within our period, is Bigrave, 10 
 Rio. II., which is destroyed. 
 
 Of Middlesex the same must be said, the crypt of 
 Gerrard's Hall has already been noticed at p. 103. The 
 College hall at Westminster is a fine example of a Domestic 
 hall, probably of the time of Richard ii., but belonging 
 rather to the Perpendicular than the Decorated style. No 
 other Domestic buildings of this period are known in the 
 metropolis, or in the county ; it seems indeed probable 
 that in these wealthy districts the old-fashioned and often 
 inconvenient houses of our ancestors have given place al- 
 most universally to later improvements. 
 
 There were licences to crcnellate or fortify four houses in 
 London in this century. In Distaff lane 5 E. ii. Silver- 
 street 4 E. II. Fleet street HE. ii., and Bernard castle 
 1.2 E. III. Also the Savoy 21 E. i. Puttney's house 
 15 E. II., and Islington 9 E. iii. No remains exist of any 
 of these, but the fact of their being fortified, especially 
 those within the metropolis, is a curious indication of the 
 state of the times. 
 
 § 10. NORFOLK, SUFFOLK, CAMBRIDGESHIRE, AND ESSEX. 
 
 Notwithstanding the abundance of old houses in Nor- 
 folk and Suffolk, it does not appear that any of them 
 belong to the fourteenth century ; there is a long interval 
 between the Norman keeps of the twelfth century and the 
 splendid brick mansions of the time of Henry the Seventh 
 and Eighth. There were licences to crcnellate houses dur- 
 ing this period at Blackworth, Claxton, Eggfield, North 
 Elmham, Evesham, Gaywood, Hales, Hautboys, Linge, 
 Melton, Sculton, and Great Yarmouth, but in none of 
 these places are any buildings of this date known to be
 
 THE EASTERN COUNTIES. 277 
 
 now existing ; except the last, where the liall of the priory 
 with good windows and a doorway of this period still 
 exists, adjoining to the churcliyard, but in a very dihi[)i- 
 dated state. 
 
 In Suffolk there were licences to crenellate houses at 
 Bungay, ]\Ietinghani, St. Mary Bures, and Iladleigh, but 
 no remains of these are known to exist. The very re- 
 markable keep at Orford belongs to an earlier period. 
 
 In Cambridgeshire no remains of purely Domestic archi- 
 tecture of this period are known to exist, but of the Do- 
 mestic parts of the priory at Ely there are considerable 
 remains and of a very valuable kind. Prior Crawden's 
 house and chapel are well known, and considerable parts 
 of the canons' houses belong to the same period ; the 
 ground floor of these houses is vaulted, and in one of them, 
 now occupied by Dr. Mill, is perhaps the most mag- 
 nificent example of a fourteenth -century fire-place in Eng- 
 land. Its detail is very elaborate and it has four beau- 
 tiful brackets, which appear to have been intended for 
 candlesticks. The whole is richly carved, and has a good 
 deal of elaborate battlementing, and a steep slope finishes 
 the upper part. 
 
 There were licences to crenellate houses at Cheveley, in 
 the 15th Ed. ii., and at Ditton 4 Ed. i., but both have 
 been destroyed. 
 
 In Essex no remains of this period have been noticed. 
 
 § 11. KENT, SURREY, AND SUSSEX. 
 
 Kent is remarkably rich in Domestic buildings of this 
 period, and possesses some of the finest specimens that we 
 have remaining. The building materials, and with them 
 the style, differ in different parts of the county, but in 
 general, stone is scarce, and the most common material is
 
 278 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 cither timber or flint with stone dressings. The houses in 
 this county Imve in general been strongly fortified, but this 
 is not invariably the case, at Charing, Great Chart, and 
 Battle hall, Leeds, the fortification seems to have been very 
 slight. 
 
 PEN8HURST, KENT. 
 
 At the time of the Domesday Survey this place was the 
 residence of a family of the same name ; but the earliest 
 architectural remains in the present building are not older 
 than the twelfth century, and consist of a crypt, now used 
 as a cellar, to which there is a descent from the upper end 
 of the hall. 
 
 The first licence to crenellate or fortify this house was 
 granted in the 15th Edward ii., its then owner was 
 Sir John de Polteney. The estate reverted to the crown 
 in the time of Henry the Sixth, who granted it to 
 the duke of Buckingham. It was again forfeited in the 
 reign of Henry the Eighth, and subsequently given by 
 Edward the Sixth to the Sidneys. 
 
 The plan of the building is an irregular square; and at 
 a short distance from the main building on the south-east 
 front stands a large square tower, which appears to be of 
 the fourteenth century, and probably formed one of the 
 chain of outworks constructed in the time of Richard the 
 Second. The principal entrance is on the north front. 
 
 This is a very extensive range of building, partaking 
 more of the character of a palace than of an ordinary house, 
 and is a splendid specimen of the nobleman's mansion of the 
 middle ages. It is of several different dates and styles, siu:- 
 rounding an irregular court or quadrangle. The hall is the 
 most perfect and valuable part, of the fourteenth century ''. 
 
 1 A licence to crenellate it was ob- Pulteney possit kernellarc niansum ma- 
 tained in the 15ih of Edward ii. Hot. nerii sui de Pensliurst." 
 Tat. 15 Kd. II. "Quod Joli;iiuies de
 
 KENT, — PENSIIURST. 279 
 
 It lias two windows on each side, each of two lights, 
 with a quatrefoil in the head, and transoms ; on the 
 north side there has been a third window long blocked 
 up, as other buildings are added on at this corner'; 
 this is at one end of the dais, which is raised one step ; 
 at the opposite end of this is an open archway, opening 
 into an octagonal staircase, which leads up to the other 
 original apartments ; by the side of this arch is a small 
 door into the cellar, which is vaulted, and has a range of 
 arches down the centre; it is of earlier character than the 
 hall, and said to be of the time of Henry ii. At the 0])po- 
 site end of the hall is the screen, of later date, with the min- 
 strels' gallery, it is of rich wood-work, panelled and carved ; 
 among the ornaments is the bear and ragged staff, fre- 
 quently repeated. Behind the screen are three doorways, 
 the central one led into the kitchen, which has been de- 
 stroyed, the other two into the buttery and the servants' 
 room. There however remains a large mass of building of 
 two stories of the same date as the hall itself. The roof 
 of the hall is fine timber-work, open to the ridge, with 
 collar-beams and king-posts, well moulded, and grotesque 
 full length figures for corbels, carved in wood. At each 
 end of the hall are three smaller windows in the gables, so 
 placed as to fit the roof, the collar-beam passing between 
 them. The lower windows are of four wide lights, w'ith geo- 
 metrical tracery ; the upper ones, each of two narrow lights 
 with the king-post passing between them, clearly shewing 
 that the roof is original, and that the whole forms one design. 
 The floor is paved wuth tiles, with a hearth marked out by 
 stone-work in the centre, on which stand the dogs. The 
 
 ' Tlie conjecture mentioned at p. 42, no instance of the use of a bay window 
 
 that tliere was originally a hay window at the end of the dais has been noticed 
 
 at this corner of the hall, is not borne earlier than the fifteenth century, 
 out by a subsequent cxaniiniition, and
 
 2S() DOMKSTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 side tables are on the principle of boards and trestles, the 
 latter having very solid legs, the feet of a cruciform plan, so 
 that they would bear any weight and could hardly be up- 
 set ; the benches correspond, and have spreading feet ; the 
 high table is different, being a regularly framed table, with 
 bulbous legs, but probably none of this furniture is earlier 
 than the time of Elizabeth or James i. There are as usual 
 two principal doorways, one at each end of the passage be- 
 hind the screen, one into the servants' court at the back, 
 the other from the principal court ; this is protected by a 
 handsome groined porch, with a tower over it. In this 
 tower is a square window, with good Decorated tracery ; 
 it has a battlement and cornice corresponding with those 
 of the hall itself, and joining on to it. Over the heads 
 of the hall windows are plain bold arches from buttress 
 to buttress, the wall beneath them being recessed con- 
 siderably; these were probably to add strength to the 
 buttresses, and enable them to bear the thrust of the 
 roof, which is very wide. 
 
 At the top of a short flight of stairs in the octangular 
 tower before mentioned is a door leadhior into a long room, 
 which runs transversely to the hall, over the cellar ; this is 
 fitted up in the Elizabethan style, but the walls and lancet 
 windows are evidently older, not later than the fourteenth 
 century, and probably earlier; it has very much the ap- 
 l)earance from its position, and the manner in which the 
 two gable-ends and the roof stand out from the rest of the 
 buildings, of having been originally the chapel, an arrange- 
 ment probably altered in the time of Elizabeth, when an- 
 other chapel was formed in the centre of the principal front; 
 where the grand staircase is now placed. The windows of 
 this part are very lofty, including two stories, with a piece 
 of panelling in the middle, where the floor interferes with 
 the glazing. Part of the wall of enceinte, with the gate-
 
 
 f^: 
 
 - ■*'jt<i;^»«i«itt<.*
 
 KENT, NURSTED. 281 
 
 house, remains on the south side of the house, and other 
 portions on the east. 
 
 NURSTED COURT, KENT. 
 
 Nursted is a small village in Kent, not far distant from 
 Gravesend, and the manor-house, called Nursted court, 
 stands isolated at a short distance from the village. It 
 was evidently erected about the middle of the fourteenth 
 century ; but no historical document has been met with to 
 fix with certainty the exact date of its erection. There is, 
 however, reason to believe that it was originally a house of 
 considerable importance, and that, like most other houses 
 of the same period, it combined defensive provisions along 
 with the usual domestic arrangements. At the time of its 
 supposed erection it belonged to a family of the name of 
 Gravesend, who, in all probability, took their name from 
 the adjoining place, at which time two of the family in 
 succession appear to have held the distinguished rank of 
 bishops of London, by one of whom the subject of this 
 illustration was in all probability erected. As before stated, 
 this was in all probability in its perfect state a house of 
 considerable importance ; but at the time the drawings 
 were made, all that remained consisted of the hall, with 
 two small adjoining rooms, and a fragment of a strong 
 tower attached to the end of the hall. The annexed 
 views will give such a perfect idea both of the external 
 design and internal arrangement, that it is unnecessary 
 to go into any very detailed description beyond stating 
 that the walls are constructed of flint, with Caen stone 
 dressings to the quoins, windows, and doors : that the 
 interior, including the columns, arches, &c., is entirely 
 of timber, and the fragment of the tower consists of 
 alternate layers of flint and stone, with stone quoins. The 
 workmanship throughout is of the best description. The 
 
 o
 
 282 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: rOURTEENTII CENTURY. 
 
 mouldings of the arches and other parts well proportioned, 
 and the foliage of the capitals and the terminations of the 
 purlins beautifully designed and varied in detail. The labels 
 of the windows and doors are terminated uniformly with 
 the buckle-head, of which there is a great variety. The 
 external dimensions are 79 ft. by 34 ft. 9 in. The two 
 small rooms with an intermediate passage leading to an 
 external door is an arrangement by no means usual, and 
 it is difficult to decide what could have been the appro- 
 priation of these two rooms, as they are too small for re- 
 tiring rooms connected with a hall of such dimensions. 
 
 Since the drawings were taken from which the accom- 
 panying plates have been engraved, the whole of this very 
 interesting specimen has either been taken down, or so 
 completely changed to adapt it to a modern residence, as 
 to have entirely destroyed its value. We are therefore par- 
 ticularly fortunate in being able to present our readers with 
 this highly valuable and peculiar specimen of the Domestic 
 architecture of the period which forms the subject of the 
 present volume. 
 
 THE MOTE, IGHTHAM, KENT. 
 
 This is one of the most perfect examples of the com- 
 bination of domestic convenience with the necessary pre- 
 parations for defence, in England. It stands about two 
 miles south of the village of Ightham, in a deep hollow, 
 and is concealed by woods. The water of a rivulet flows 
 into the moat by which the house is surrounded, and from 
 which it takes its name. It is conjectured that the build- 
 ing was originally erected on a small island, or eyte, which 
 probably gave name to the whole parish, as Eyteham, or 
 Ightham, the hamlet of the eyte '. 
 
 ■ "We find Ivo de Ilaut possessed of 4.1 Edward in. Sir Henry de Haut, 
 the mote in the reign of Henry ii.; (liis son Sir Edmund died before him.)
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ''^11 L. 
 
 XdK' 'Bhre, del.' 
 
 JSle Sh.^ fr 
 
 ZmT'^Ml
 
 KENT, TUE MOTE, IGIITIIAM. 
 
 283 
 
 The house is of three distinct periods, the earliest of the 
 time of Edward ii., the second of Henry vii. and the be- 
 ginning of Henry viii., the third of Ehzabeth and James i. 
 Of the first period, the principal part remaining is the hall, 
 ^vhich has been shortened in the Elizabethan period, so that 
 it is only about two-thirds of its original length ; what re- 
 mains of it is valuable, chiefly for the stone arch across to 
 carry the roof, resembling Mayfield, in the place of wooden 
 principals ; it has good mouldings of the Decorated style, 
 and the other principals, which are of wood, are of nearly 
 the same dimensions, and have the same mouldings on 
 them. The doorways are also original, with good hood- 
 moulds and corbel-heads, but the fire-place and the win- 
 dows belono: to the later alterations of the time of 
 Henry yiii., except one which is blocked up by modern 
 offices. The roof was originally covered with oak shingles, 
 a small portion of which remains, but covered over by 
 a later roof, and made into a ceiling'. Other parts of 
 
 He was succeeded by Nicholas de Haut, 
 wlio, in 19 Richard ii., was sheriif, and 
 kept his shrievalty at Wadenhall, He 
 had two sons, William of Bishoptown, 
 and Richard, who succeeded to the mote 
 property, and in 18 and 22 Edward iv. 
 was sheriff, and kept his shrievalties at 
 the mote. He espoused the cause of the 
 earl of Richmond, was attainted, and his 
 estates confiscated. 3 Richard iii. they 
 were granted to Robert Brackenbury, 
 who lost his life at the battle of Bosworth 
 field, when the mote was restored to 
 Richard Haut. He sold it to Sir Ricliard 
 Clement, who kept his shrievalty at the 
 mote, 23 Henry viii. 
 
 " He had uo legitimate issue, and was 
 buried in the church at Ightham. His 
 brother John Clement, and his sister, 
 who had married Sir Ed. Palmer of 
 Aiigmering in Sussex, became coheirs, 
 but the former succeeded lo the entire 
 
 fee-simple of the estate. He died with- 
 out male issue, leaving an only daughter 
 and heir, Anne, who carried the mote 
 in marriage lo Hugh Pakenham, and he, 
 in the reign of Edward vi., joining with 
 Sir Wm. Sidney, who had married his 
 only daughter, Anne, passed it away to 
 Sir John Allen. His son was Sir Chris- 
 topher Allen, and his son Charles sold 
 it to Sir Wm. Selby at the end of the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth. He was 
 younger brother of Sir John Selby, of 
 Branxton, in co. Northumberland. He 
 died unmarried, Jan. 1, 1611. He bore 
 barry of 12 pieces. The property has 
 ever since been in the possession of the 
 Selbys, and is now tiie property of 
 Prideaux John Selby, of Twisell house, 
 in CO. Northumberland." — From Has- 
 ted's History of Kent. 
 
 ' The opinion that this hall has been 
 shortened, is not borne out by examina-
 
 284 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the building l)elong to the same period, but much mixed 
 up with tlie later work. One room deserves more specific 
 mention, it has a groined vault, and a window looking to 
 the moat; it is square-headed of two lights, with cinquefoiled 
 ogee cusping ; over this room is another chamber called the 
 old chapel, which has a good doorway and a cinquefoiled 
 niche, and a window of three lights, of which only the 
 mullions remain. The plan of the house is a quadrangle, 
 with the moat washing the external walls. The gateway 
 tower, with the gateway itself, and the wooden doors to it, 
 and the whole of that side of the quadrangle, are of the 
 time of Henry viii. ; in part of this front is the chapel, 
 upstairs, with a wooden barrel ceiling, which has preserved 
 its original painting, w'ith numerous badges of Henry viii. ; 
 the pulpit and benches, with their poppies, are also in their 
 original state. It is altogether a very perfect and interest- 
 ing example of a Domestic chapel of that period. The 
 Elizabethan work is almost entirely of timber, and the two 
 gables inserted into the hall have good barge-boards. On 
 the outside of the moat opposite to the entrance another 
 large quadrangle has been added in the Elizabethan period, 
 entirely of timber-work, for stables, and there is said to 
 have been room for three hundred horses. 
 
 At Goudhurst in Kent is a very remarkable doorway to 
 a cottage, of oak cinquefoiled, with two quatrefoiled circles 
 in each spandrel, and the whole well moulded. 
 
 LEEDS CASTLE. 
 
 This is more of a fortress than a house. It is a very 
 valuable specimen of the military architecture of the four- 
 teenth century : and though a considerable part of the 
 
 tion; the Elizabethan work joins on to position is not consistent with the idea 
 
 the upper end of the hall and the louvre that the hall has been shortened, neither 
 
 is not in the centre, but the doorway at is it shorter than many other halls, 
 the end of the dais is original, and its
 
 KENT, LEEDS. 285 
 
 present buildings are modern, the original plan of the for- 
 tifications can be distinctly made out. The castle stands 
 on throe islands in the midst of a small lake, or reach, 
 in the river, which is used as a moat, and the sluices 
 enabled the owner of the castle to inundate a considerable 
 extent of the neighbouring country. On the first island 
 are the remains of the barbican, and adjoining to it the 
 castle mill ; on the second island is the gate-house, the 
 outer bailey surrounded by a wall of enceinte, and at the 
 further end one wing of the castle ; on the third island the 
 remainder of the castle, with a small inner court. The 
 walls are washed by the river, and there is a curious original 
 boat-house under a part of the castle. Each island was 
 connected with the other by a draw-bridge only, so that 
 each could be defended separately. The buildings are of 
 several periods, but a considerable part belongs to the 
 fourteenth century. The internal arrangements have been 
 too far altered to be very distinctly made out, but there are 
 some good windows to the chapel, with geometrical tracery 
 of the form usual in Kent, of similar character to the 
 chancel at Chartham. The jambs of these windows are 
 however earlier than the tracery, which was restored after 
 the windows had been blown in by a hurricane in the 7th 
 Edward ii. a.d. 1314". 
 
 BATTLE HALL, LEEDS. 
 
 At about a quarter of a mile from Leeds castle is another 
 house, now merely a farm-house, but which must have been 
 
 ■ For these particulars we are in- among the Public Records at Carlton 
 
 debted to the courtesy of the present ride. This date is important as fixing 
 
 owner of the property, Chas. Wykeham the age of the class of windows to which 
 
 Martin, Esq., who has a careful transcript this specimen belongs, which is of simi- 
 
 of the deed in which these windows are lar character to Chartham, Penshurst, 
 
 mentioned, from the " Inquisiliones ad Mayfield, &,c., ofteu called the Kentish 
 
 quod damnum 7 E.I I. n. lorn," preserved tracery.
 
 286 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 originally one of some importance. The hall and one wing 
 of the house are of the fourteenth century, but much 
 altered in the time of Henry viii. In the hall, close to 
 the screen, is the very beautiful stone cistern and lavatory, 
 of which we have given an engraving at p. 46. 
 
 This house, notwithstanding its name, appears to have 
 been very slightly fortified. 
 
 In the village of Leeds there is also a small house or 
 cottage, a part of which has rather the appearance of work 
 of the fourteenth century, but is probably early in the 
 fifteenth. The lower part is of stone, and has windows 
 of the Perpendicular style, the upper part is of wood, and 
 in this there is some open panelling of flowing tracery 
 pattern : there is also a battlemented wooden string of 
 rather early appearance : the roof is perfect, and has tie- 
 beams, and king-posts with moulded capitals, and braces 
 spreading from it. 
 
 CHARING. 
 
 The remains of the palace of the archbishop of Canter- 
 bury at Charing belong to the early part of this century. 
 They are extensive but disjointed and ruinous, consisting 
 of flint walls, with stone dressings, now converted into a 
 farm-house and barn, with part of the entrance gate-house. 
 One of the chapel windows, with geometrical tracery, is 
 tolerably perfect, and the gate- house has the segmental 
 arches of the doorways, but the work is plain and poor. 
 
 GREAT CHART, KENT. 
 
 The manor-house, called the Court Lodge, near the 
 church, although much masked by modern additions, and 
 in parts greatly altered'', contains a fourteenth century 
 house apparently entire as to plan. It is not very regu- 
 larly built, but consisted of a hall in the centre and two 
 
 ' The house was tlioroughly repaired and much altered about the year 1816.
 
 287 
 
 wings ; on the north side some of the windows of the 
 hall remain, though much concealed by a lean-to. They 
 were divided by shafts into two lights, and the tracery 
 seems to be of geometrical character. The wings are more 
 clearly seen, their lower stories have merely loops, their 
 upper, small trefoil-headed windows, sometimes of one, 
 sometimes of two lights. 
 
 SALMSTONES, NEAR MARGATE, KENT. 
 
 This was a country residence of the abbots of St. Augus- 
 tine's, Canterbury, and remains in a tolerably perfect state, 
 though reduced to the humble condition of a farm-house, 
 and much damaged by time, neglect, and ill-usage. It is 
 of the age of Edw. ii., and consists of a hall and chapel in 
 two wings connected by a transverse building. The win- 
 dows of the hall and chapel retain their original forms and 
 tracery, and the original roofs remain in part ; the roof of 
 the chapel is a king-post, open to the rafters, very much 
 like that at Charney in Berkshire ; the whole of this work 
 is good Decorated. On the north side of the chapel is 
 a building now known as the infirmary ; this is also Deco- 
 rated work, with some tolerable two-light windows ; from 
 the court-yard on the east side of the chapel there is an 
 entrance leading to a small crypt, which has a very plain 
 arched roof: the entrance has stone ribs, and the eroininij 
 filled with square blocks of chalk, as at St. Augustine's, 
 Canterbury. 
 
 Nash court in the same neighbourhood retains portions 
 of the original work, or did so very recently. 
 
 The beautiful abbey gate-house of St. Augustine's, Can- 
 terbury, has been already mentioned ; it belongs to the 
 fortifications begun in 2 E. ii., and is one of the most 
 elaborately ornamented specimens of the Decorated style 
 that we have remaining.
 
 288 DOMESTIC AT^rniTECTURE: FOrRTEENTII CENTURY. 
 
 At Wingham there is a good timber-house of the time 
 of Edward in., and in many parts of this county timber- 
 houses of good character and of early appearance are very 
 common ; they are for the most part of the fifteenth and 
 sixteenth centuries, but it is probable that a more care- 
 ful examination may discover other examples of the four- 
 teenth. 
 
 MoNKTON COURT, about six miles from Margate, is still 
 more altered than Salinstones ; it has been converted into 
 two farm-houses ; it stands on the north side of the church. 
 In making some alterations lately for the dean and chapter 
 of Canterbury, two good windows were discovered in the 
 north side, early Decorated ; one of two lights, the other 
 single, with an ogee head ; a plain doorway was also found 
 in the south wall, and in a place once known as the monks' 
 dormitory, but now a mere loft, is a plain original roof. 
 
 Sandwich — a house in Vicarage lane has a plain De- 
 corated doorway. St. Bartholomew's hospital, just out of 
 Sandwich, has traces of Decorated work. So also has 
 St. Thomas's hospital, in Sandwich. 
 
 A large stone house, close to Aldington church, much 
 altered and modernized, has two large two-light windows 
 of this period. 
 
 At Thorne, near Ramsgate, a good Decorated house, or 
 rather considerable remains of one, for parts are gone ; the 
 principal floor on a lower story partly in the ground ; it 
 has some good two-light windows. 
 
 In addition to these examples there were licences to 
 crenellate houses in this county during this century at 
 AUington, Canterbury, Colinebrigges, ? Couling, Longfield, 
 Maidstone, Penigham, ? Oakesden, ? and Westerhanger, ? 
 of which no remains have been observed.
 
 SURREY, SUSSEX. 289 
 
 SURREY. 
 
 The county of Surrey, like the otlier mctropoHtan coun- 
 ties, is too wealthy and flourishing to have preserved many 
 of its ancient Domestic buildings, which are generally found 
 only in poor districts or in decayed and deserted towns. 
 There are however still some remains of Winchester house, 
 in Southwark, though built in and concealed by modern 
 brick warehouses : the beautiful circular window in the 
 gable of a hall of the time of Edward iii. is believed to be 
 still in existence, though entirely hid. A recent work on 
 the antiquities of London assumes that Chaucer's Pilgrim's 
 Inn, in Southwark, is still in existence, and describes the 
 existing structure as of that period. It is, however, of the 
 time of Charles ii. at the earliest, and has no medieval 
 character about it. The original inn was destroyed in the 
 great fire in Southwark, as mentioned by Aubrey, who 
 was living at the time. Some portions of Farnham castle 
 may possibly be of this period, and the same at Guildford ; 
 and at Croydon some part of the archbishop's palace may 
 be of the end of this century. At Buckworth there are 
 some remains of the castle, for which a licence to crenellatc 
 was obtained in the 3rd of Richard ii., 1377. 
 
 SUSSEX. 
 
 Sussex is not so rich in Domestic work of this period as 
 might have been expected from its history and comparative 
 poverty. The most important structure of our period is 
 Mayfield. Bodiham castle is a fine ruin, but belongs rather 
 to the next century, at least in style, though the licence to 
 crenellate it was obtained in the 9th of Richard ii. Some 
 parts of the bishop's palace at Chichester are believed to be 
 of this century. Battle abbey belongs chiefly to the next ; 
 but the gate-house is a very fine specimen of this period, 
 
 pp
 
 290 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 and was probably sugi^ested by that of St. Augustine's, 
 Canterbury. Pctworth has been rebuilt. The remains of 
 Lewes castle belong to the time of one of the Edwards ; 
 the gate-house is tolerably perfect, with its two flanking 
 towers ; the inner archway is segmental, but of the same 
 period, to which also belong the remains of the keep. The 
 medieval castle within the Roman walls at Pevensey is also 
 Edwardian. Winchelsea has been sufficiently described in 
 an earlier part of this volume, in the chapter on Towns, pp. 
 158 — 1G3. There are still some ruins of Amberley castle, 
 built by William Rede, bishop of Chichester, who obtained 
 the licence to crenellate it in 1 Ric. ii. 
 
 At Crowhurst, adjoining the churchyard, are the re- 
 mains of a house of early Decorated date, transition from 
 Early English ; it must have been a very good specimen — 
 but is now a total ruin consisting only of walls ; one gable 
 retains a well-moulded two-light window, which has lost 
 its tracery and mullion ; the principal floor was raised on 
 a low story. 
 
 THE ARCBHISHOP's PALACE, AT MAYFIELD IN SUSSEX. 
 
 Of this the hall is the most important, and by far the 
 most beautiful existing portion. It is of four bays, each 
 bay divided internally by a fine stone arch. The internal 
 dimensions are very grand, G9 ft. 5 in. by 39 ft. 3 in. The 
 entrance porch (12 ft. G in. by 19 ft. 10 in. inside) is on the 
 south side of the hall, in the westernmost bay. At the 
 west end of the hall are three doorways opening into 
 the kitchen apartments, of which, however, but little now 
 remains. At the south-west angle of the hall is a small 
 staircase leading to a room over the porch. There are 
 several remains of rooms at this end of the hall, but in 
 a ruinous state.
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
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 SUSSKX, — MAYFIELD. 291 
 
 In the south-east angle of the hall is a curions arranjrc- 
 ment of doors. One of good size in the east wall, which 
 led from the dais into the honse, the other much smaller, 
 in the south wall, but connected with the first in design, 
 and which opened into a passage cut in the thickness of 
 the south wall, nicely groined, and lighted by small lancet 
 windows, and leading to the cellars. 
 
 The proportions, as well as all the details of the hall, are 
 of the finest possible character. The windows are of two 
 lights, transomed, with cinquefoiled arches under the tran- 
 soms. The tracery has two trefoiled arches, with a large 
 ogee trefoil delicately sub-cusped with roses at the points 
 of the larger cusps. There is no groove for the glass in the 
 mullions, but hooks remain everywhere in the inside jambs, 
 from which it appears that the glass must have been all in 
 casements opening from the inside. The inside arches of 
 these windows have labels, internal jamb-shafts, with well- 
 carved capitals, and the usual arrangement of seats. The 
 sills are curiously contrived with a sunk channel below the 
 glass, apparently to prevent the rain from driving in. 
 Externally the wiiulows have no labels, but above them 
 are arches of segmental construction like those in the 
 hall at Penshurst, projecting about 9 in. and carrying the 
 parapet, and springing on each side from the pedimented 
 heads of the buttresses. The whole design is singular, but 
 beautiful, and has been followed to some extent in the new 
 library of St. Augustine's college at Canterbury. The great 
 size of the buttresses, 3 ft. 10 in. by 7 ft. G in., is necessary 
 in order to resist the thrust of the great arches across the 
 hall. These arches are well moulded, and spring from very 
 finely carved corbels. Their purpose seems clearly to have 
 been the support of the roof, in which they took the place 
 of principals. In the walls above the arches there are cor- 
 bels, which evidently supported arched pieces under the
 
 202 DOMKSTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEKNTII CENTURY. 
 
 purlins, and whicli probably supported also queen-posts, as 
 we should call them. In tlic centre of the uj)pcr end of the 
 hall is the mark of an old seat of state which once stood 
 there. All that now remains is some very beautiful stone 
 diapering resembling the diapering in the choir of Canter- 
 bury cathedral, erected by Prior Henry de Estria in 1 304-5 ^ 
 This seems to have been contained under a stone canopy, 
 now destroyed. In the gable over this is a window now 
 blocked up, the outline of which is a spherical triangle, 
 with a good inner arch. 
 
 The porch already mentioned is very well groined, and 
 has a trefoiled side window, and very good doorways. The 
 present buildings east of the hall have but very small traces 
 of fourteenth-century work. The best is a fine fire-place, 
 with shafts in the jambs, and of considerable size. The 
 whole house is very interesting, and probably of the six- 
 teenth century, with earlier portions, and in one of the 
 rooms upstairs are the arms of Archbishop Warham. 
 
 It is to be lamented that the timber roof should have 
 been destroyed, for it was probably unique. 
 
 The original building on this site is supposed, Imt on 
 slender authority, to have been constructed by St. Dunstan, 
 who died in 988 : it is certain, on the authority of Eadmer, 
 that that prelate erected a wooden church at Mayfield. The 
 few existing remains belong chiefly to the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, and a later period. 
 
 Mayfield seems to have been an ordinary and favourite 
 residence of the archbishops of Canterbury, several of whom 
 died there in the fourteenth century; as Simon Alepham in 
 1333, John Stratford in 1318, and Simon Islip inl3GG. Pro- 
 vincial councils were held there in 1332 and in 13G2. 
 
 The manor and house, to which a park was then attached, 
 
 y For an engraving of a piece of this diaper sec Willis's History of Canterbury 
 Caihedral.
 
 ^.«^-
 
 WILTSHIRE. 203 
 
 were surrendered by Archbishop Cranmcr to Henry the 
 Eighth, who, ill 1545, granted the estate to Sir Henry 
 North, by whom it was sohl to Sir John Greshani. It de- 
 scended to his next brotlier Sir Thomas, the founder of the 
 Royal Exchange, who entertained Queen Elizabeth there on 
 several occasions. After passing through various hands it 
 is now the property of the Kirby family. 
 
 "In the early part of the last century this building was in a tolerably per- 
 fect state; but about that time the roof and floors were taken down, and 
 much of the stone and other materials was employed in erecting several houses 
 in the neighbourhood. The lofty stone arches, however, were left standing 
 because they were judged inadequate in value to the trouble and expense of 
 throwing them down. The east end has been long converted into a farm- 
 house. On the stone mantelpiece of another apartment, called the kitchen 
 chamber, is engraved the date 1371 ; and on the dexter side of the door of 
 the ante-room adjoining is the coat of the see of Canterbury. The arches of 
 the great hall yet remain. Its dimensions within are 68 ft. by 38 ft. In 
 each of the side walls are three very lofty windows, and space for a fourth ; 
 and in the centre of the upper end was a seat for a throne, the stone fret- 
 work of whose back is yet to be seen in the wall. The gatehouse, or porter's 
 lodge, continues entire, and with the gateway built up forms a dwelling 
 house '." 
 
 § 12. — WILTSHIRE AND HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Wiltshire is particularly rich in the remains of anti([uity, 
 but very few of them belong to the period with which we 
 are concerned. The most important are the manor-house 
 at Stanton St. Quentin, and Place House, near Tisbury ; 
 some parts of the ruins of Wardour castle and Farley castle 
 are probably of this century ; the manor-houses of south 
 Wraxall and Woodlands, near Mere, are commonly attri- 
 buted to this century, and may perhaps be of the time of 
 Richard ii., but in style they belong rather to the fifteenth. 
 There is a fine barn of the fourteenth century at Bradford, 
 and part of the farm-house adjoining, called Barton, with a 
 
 * Grose's AiUlquitics, vol. v. p. 178, and vol. viii. p. 131.
 
 2t)l' DOMESTIC ARCIIITKCTUIIK : FOURTF.F.NTII CENTURY. 
 
 small l)ridgo, belong to the same work. Of the once 
 niinuTous monastic establishments the remains are very 
 small, and few of them belong to this period. Of Laycock 
 abbey the kitchen and the chapter-house are of the thir- 
 teenth century, and the cloister of the fifteenth. At Malmes- 
 bury scarcely any thing but the church remains, and of th;it 
 a part only. Bradenstoke, or Broad-stoke, priory, near the 
 hamlet of Clack, has retained part of its Domestic buildings, 
 especially the refectory, with a fine timber roof, enriched 
 with the ball-flower ornament, but this hall is divided into 
 several apartments, and the whole is turned into a farm- 
 house, and is in a very bad state of repair. 
 
 At Salisbury there is a timber-house with barge-boards 
 of this century. At All Cannings the ancient manor-house 
 is novv a farm-house ; there was a licence to crenellate a 
 house here in 11 Edward iii., and part of the present house 
 may belong to that work. 
 
 STANTON ST. QUENTIN, WILTS. 
 
 The remaining portion of the manor-house of Stanton 
 St. Qucntin is in plan a parallelogram, measuring about 
 55 feet by 34 ; this is divided into two parts by a wall run- 
 ning longitudinally, and finishes at the ends in two gables. 
 The interior having been subdivided in modern times, it 
 would be difficult to give any satisfactory account of the 
 original arrangement. There are two stories, of which the 
 upper is the princi})al, but the lower is also adapted for 
 human occupation. The windows are chiefly of two lights 
 and squnre-headed ; those in the upper story have the lights 
 trefoilcd, those in the lower plain. Judging from the cha- 
 racter of the mouldings, this house would appear to have 
 been built in the earlier half of the fourteenth century. It 
 originally had a square tower attached to the south-east 
 angle, and a print will be found in Britton and Brayley's
 
 WILTSHIRE, HAMPSHIRE. 295 
 
 Beauties of England and Wales, in which it is represented 
 in this state. This tower contained two rooms communi- 
 cating by a newel stair in a turret at an angle ; the lower 
 room was vaulted and lit only by loops, the upper had 
 oriel windows in two if not three of the sides. The plan 
 of the house at Longthorpe, near Peterborough, (engraved 
 in the first volume of this work,) probably originally much 
 resembled that of this house and of Nursted court, and the 
 one enables us to supply the defective parts of the other. 
 Aubrey says of this house, that the hall was on the upper 
 floor, with an ascent outwards, and that in the hall and 
 parlour were two protuberant chimneys ; he also says that 
 an old building with leads and battlements " was perhaps 
 an oratory ; " this may probably refer to the tower. 
 
 HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Hampshire appears to contain scarcely any remains of 
 the Domestic buildings of this period ; there is a timber 
 hall of the time of Edward ii., in the close at AVinchester, 
 (now the dean's stables) ; and at Beaulieu, the residence 
 of the abbot remains in a tolerably perfect state, surrounded 
 with its walls, corridors, angle turrets, and moat. The 
 residence itself has lost most of its original windows, but 
 two or three remain, and the entrance hall, with its richly 
 groined vault, is a fine specimen of the period. At Bishop's 
 Waltham portions may possibly be of this date, but the 
 greater part is either of a more ancient or more recent 
 period, probably early Perpendicular. The Water-gate at 
 Southampton is also of this period. WilHam of Wykeham's 
 college, though belonging in date to the end of this cen- 
 tury, is so completely in the style of the fifteenth, that it 
 scarcely comes within the scope of the present volume.
 
 290 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 § 13. SOMERSETSHIRE AND DORSETSHIRE. 
 
 Somersetshire is one of the richest counties in the Do- 
 mestic architecture of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries : 
 it is not always easy to distinguish between the two in this 
 part of England, as the usual characteristics of the four- 
 teenth here continued in use in the fifteenth ; but there is 
 no doubt that many valuable specimens of the fourteenth 
 century are to be found in this county, and it is probable 
 that several more will hereafter be noticed in addition 
 to those we have described. The houses in this peace- 
 ful county are in general very slightly fortified. Nunney 
 castle is, however, an exception ; it is a small but strong 
 fortress ; on the other hand. Mere and IMartock, Clevedon 
 court, and Lyte's Carey house seem scarcely calculated for 
 defence beyond merely keeping off robbers. From the 
 beautiful quality of the stone, most of the buildings in this 
 county are in fine preservation, excepting where they have 
 been wilfully destroyed. 
 
 NUNNEY CASTLE, SOMERSETSHIRE. 
 
 This is a good example of a tower-built house or castle ; 
 the plan is oblong, with a large turret at each corner ; these 
 have a very bold projection, and so nearly meet at the two 
 ends of the house that there is barely room for a single 
 ■window two feet wide between them : the plan is very 
 similar to that of Langley castle in Northumberland, but 
 this is surrounded by a moat, while that seems to have 
 depended on its own strength alone. The walls are here 
 nearly perfect, but the roof and floors are entirely gone : 
 it has never been vaulted, not even the lower story, as
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 A UA 
 
 A. Boors now blocked up. 
 
 B. Windows now blocked up. 
 
 C. Original place of the Screen. 
 
 D. Porch. 
 
 f lA _ .gp • -^O, 
 
 lO SO 
 
 PLAN OF THE DPPKR STORY. 
 
 ift. 
 
 GROUND PLAN, 
 
 MEARE. SOMERSETSHIRE.
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE, MEARE. 297 
 
 shewn by the putlog-holes in the walls : the central part 
 of the house has been divided into four stories by wooden 
 floors : the rooms on the ground floor were about ten feet 
 high, those on the front floor somewhat more lofty, and the 
 two upper stories not so high; a parapet above the upper 
 story seems to shew that the roof was flat. There are win- 
 dows and fire-places in all the four stories ; one room on 
 the ground floor Avas evidently the kitchen, and has two 
 large fire-places close together. 
 
 The turrets are large, round externally, but flattened on 
 the side next the building ; three of them were divided into 
 stories like the rest of the house, the fourth was the stair- 
 case, which appears to have been of wood only. There is a 
 small door on the ground floor, with an inner porch, but 
 the principal entrance appears to have been on the first 
 floor. Externally there are bold machicolations, which 
 have evidently carried a wooden gallery outside the parapet. 
 The windows in the turrets are small single lights, square- 
 headed ; those in the body of the house protected by the 
 projection of the turrets, are of two lights, with pointed 
 arches, and tracery of early Perpendicular character. The 
 moat almost washes the foot of the walls. 
 
 MEARE, SOMERSBTSHIRE. 
 
 The manor-house, which formerly belonged to the abbey 
 of Glastonbury, has been in great part preserved, and aff"ords 
 a good example of a country house of about the middle of 
 the fourteenth century. Two sides of a quadrangle remain ; 
 there have probably been three, but clearly not four ; the 
 other two sides have been enclosed by a wall about twelve 
 feet high. The eastern wing has been destroyed ; the west- 
 ern one, containing the hall, is nearly perfect ; the hall is 
 on the first floor; the space under it is divided into three 
 
 aq
 
 298 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : EOURTEENTII CENTURY. 
 
 rooms, till) end one of which has a plain segmental barrel- 
 vault, and serves as a cellar ; the second is a store room ; 
 and in the third there is a fire-place, immediately under 
 that of the hall. The southern part of the house is so 
 much altered by modern partitions, and the insertion of 
 square-headed windows and doors, that the original arrange- 
 ment can hardly be made out. There is a good entrance 
 porch of two stories, with the figure of an abbot on the 
 point of the gable. The exterior is disguised by roughcast, 
 but it has good Decorated buttresses. The kitchen, in 
 which there is a plain large fire-place, is in the southern 
 part of the house, and is entered immediately from the 
 porch ; it would appear that this wing consisted chiefly 
 of the offices and servants' apartments. 
 
 The hall is about 60 feet long by 22 wide. At the north 
 end is a good Decorated window of two lights, with a tran- 
 som, and a foliated inner arch, an elegant piece of work of 
 a character not unusual in churches in the neighbourhood ; 
 this window does not stand in the centre, but rather on 
 one side to allow room for a garderobe turret, the lower 
 part of which remains, and the doorway which opened into 
 the upper closet; this doorway has a plain segmental head, 
 and is in the end wall ; there are two other doorways near 
 to it in the side walls, one at each end of the screens, or 
 passage under the music gallery, and it is probable that 
 there were two staircases, one for the principal entrance, 
 the other leading from the side door down to the kitchen, 
 the walls being roughcast over ; the marks are concealed, 
 which makes these arrangements not very clear. On the 
 west side of the hall is another window, and a good fire- 
 place, W'ith sculptured corbels, and on the east side two 
 more windows ; all the windows are alike, with the foliated 
 heads, and the one at the north end has the w^ooden shut- 
 ters remaining in the lower part, with a projection in the
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE, — MEARE. 299 
 
 mullion for the bolt, shewing that the lower part has never 
 been glazed ; we have had occasion to observe before, that 
 it was usual at this period to glaze the upper part of tlie 
 windows only. Tlie fire-place is a good example of its 
 period, the manner in which the central part of the pro- 
 jecting hood is supported by joggling the stones is worthy 
 of notice. Nearly opposite to this fire-place is a sort of 
 shelf or bracket, on which are the bases of five small shafts, 
 as if there had been four small niches. 
 
 A line of wall extended from the house towards the 
 west, and in this is a doorway, with good mouldings ; this 
 wall appears to have connected the house with the barton, 
 or farm-yard ; the barn, pigeon-house, and stables were 
 pulled down in 1837, and there now only remain one or 
 two archways. 
 
 Adam de Sodbury, wdio became abbot in 1322, and died 
 in 1335, obtained the appropriation to the abbey of the 
 rectory of Mere, and Johannes Glastoniensis relates of 
 him, (p. 237,) that 
 
 " Capellas et cameras apud Mere, Pulton et Domerham fecit construi spe- 
 ciosas cum aliis sumptuosis sedificiis. Ecclesiam parochialem de ]\Iere fecit 
 dedicari et curiam ibidem lapideo opere communiri cum vinariorum delectu." 
 
 No material alterations appear to have been made in the 
 house until the time of Henry viii., when abbot Richard 
 Beere made considerable additions to it, but these have 
 almost entirely disappeared. In 1517 he made a peram- 
 bulation of the estates of the abbey, and caused a terrier 
 to be compiled containing the results of the survey "". 
 
 Another siurvey was made by order of the crown in 1539, 
 
 ' The following is extracted. "Est spissitudine murorum lapidibus fortiter 
 
 ibidem perpulchrum et ampluni mane- circumvallatum, contiiiens infra muros 
 
 rium anticjuitus fundatum et per Do- praedictos ill acras i perticam. Iltin 
 
 niinuin Abbatem nunc cum novis ca- Grangea cum bartona ibidem et donuis 
 
 meris ornatum cum stagnis piscinis et exterior vocato If'odehouse in australi 
 
 pomeriis infra procinctum ejusdem ma- parte manerii praedicti coiuinens iii per- 
 
 nerii muratum ex magna altitudine et ticas dimidiam. Insuper gardinum et
 
 300 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 after the dissolution, Ijy "Richard Pollard and Thomas 
 Moyle esquires gencrall surveyors of the king's highness 
 landcs ; " this supplies some deficiencies and mentions the 
 house with more particularity. 
 
 *'the scite of the manour. 
 
 " The scite of the said manour is of an auncycnt buylding having a faire 
 large hall, th' one halfe whereof is coTcred with leade and the other with 
 slate, with vni faire chambers, a proper chapell, with a kytchyn buttery and 
 pantrye, and all other houses of ofEce very necessary. 
 
 " Finally the house is fitt for a man of worship, but thayer thereof is not 
 very holsome saving to such as have contynued long therein. 
 
 " Whereuuto are appertayning iii fayre orchardes, well replenyshed with 
 fruitful trees, with iii large pondes in them conteyned, full of all manner 
 of fysshe which is not here put in value until the king's highness pleasure 
 be knowne." 
 
 No details are given in this survey as to the outbuildings, 
 but the mere is mentioned as follows : 
 
 " FYSSHINGS. 
 
 "Also there is appertayning to the saide manor one fysshing called the 
 Mere which is in circuit five myles." 
 
 THE FISH-HOUSE, MEARE. 
 
 About two hundred yards to the east of the manor-house 
 is a singular curiosity, a cottage of the time of Edward iii. ; 
 the architectural details are so exactly like those of the 
 manor-house that there is no doubt it was built at the same 
 time as an appendage to it. It is known by the name of 
 the Fish-house, and as it stood on the bank of the mere, or 
 small lake, there is no doubt that it was the residence of 
 the fisherman of the abbey, an officer of some importance. 
 This small house is remarkably perfect ; the plan is a 
 parallelogram about 32 ft. long by 16 ft. wide ; it is of two 
 stories, the ground floor is divided into three rooms, the 
 
 pomerium in orientali dicti manerii i ac. existimafur hie quia columbellas inde 
 
 III pertic. et la Eotehaye cum virgulto provenientes expenduntur in familia 
 
 ibidem continens iiii ac. i pertic. Est Domini, tamen reddere solebat xx s. per 
 
 ibidem domus columbarum quae non annum."
 
 e< 
 
 v?3BSSt?!W 
 
 u
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE, MEARE, MARTOCK. 301 
 
 central one as large as the other two, and in this is a fire- 
 place divided into three parts, from one of wliich a small 
 oven opens ; this was clearly the kitchen. These rooms are 
 about seven feet high ; the floor of the upper rooms forms 
 the roof of these, and is carried on stone corbels. In the 
 western room is a doorway which opened into a small pro- 
 jecting building, now destroyed, probably a gardcrobe. 
 The upper floor is divided into two rooms ; the roof is of 
 good open timber, of the same age as the house, of good 
 simple design without ornament ; it is open to the ridge, 
 and covered with thatch ^. The entrance to the upper 
 floor is by an external stone staircase, or rather a flight 
 of stone steps. 
 
 The chancel of the church is of the same character with 
 these houses, which is late in the Decorated style. The 
 nave has been rebuilt in the sixteenth century, and is late 
 poor Perpendicular work, but has some remarkably good 
 iron- work. 
 
 MARTOCK, SOMERSETSHIRE. 
 
 Near the church are the remains of a fine manor-house, 
 now divided into different tenements, but which may still 
 be made out, and is tolerably perfect. The hall is now 
 called the old school-room, having been long used for that 
 purpose ; it has good windows of two lights, with trefoiled 
 heads, and a transom ; the inner arch cinquefoiled, and 
 seats in the sills ; the end window has the same foliated 
 inner, or scoinson arch, but has a quatrefoil in the head. 
 The roof is of plain open timber, with good principals and 
 braces of the same period. Projecting from the side walls 
 
 •> This has long been suffered to go to tion of the owner, Sir Charles Taylor, 
 
 decay, and the floor has consequently Bart., being called to it by the editor of 
 
 suffered much from the wet, and the this volume, in the autumn of 18.52, he 
 
 whole cottage was in danger of falling has very liberally ordered the necessary 
 
 down from neglect. But on the atten- repairs.
 
 302 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 are good stone brackets, with quatrefoils and foliage under 
 tliem, and shields, on which there have been coats of arms. 
 At the lower end of the hall the servants' passage remains, 
 though separated off' by a modern partition : beyond this 
 are two small rooms or offices. Over these is the solar, 
 placed, as usual, transversely to the hall, with a good 
 Decorated window at each end, of two lights trefoiled, with 
 a quatrefoil in the head of plate tracery ; this solar is di- 
 vided into several small modern rooms. The kitchen is 
 almost a detached building, connected at one corner only 
 with the solar and offices, and standing at right angles to 
 them, forming another side of the servants' court ; it retains 
 its roof of plain open timber, and its fire-place, and the 
 hatch, by the side of the door, opening into the court; 
 there may possibly have been a covered passage from this 
 point to the back door of the hall. 
 
 COMPTON DUNDRUM, SOMERSETSHIRE. 
 
 In this village are the remains of a manor-house, or 
 grange, of the fourteenth century, but in a very bad state, 
 and now divided into several cottages; the barn retains 
 some of the original timbers, and in one of the outbuildings 
 is a very remarkable small window, it is round, and filled 
 with a kind of flowing tracery arranged like the spokes of 
 a wheel, but all curved ; there are ten small openings, and 
 the form of these is more like French flamboyant work, 
 but the mouldings are of good English Decorated. 
 
 LYTe's CAREY HOUSE, SOMERSETSHIRE. 
 
 The chapel, which forms one wing of the house, is of the 
 time of Edward in., and a very perfect specimen, so far as 
 the walls and roof make the chapel, but all the fittings are 
 gone, and the piscina mutilated. The east window is of 
 three ligiits, with reticulated tracery; the side windows 
 square-headed, with similar tracery, and the doorway has a
 
 A- -
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE,— DORSETSHIRE. 303 
 
 good canopy. The rest of the house, which is extremely 
 picturesque, is of the time of Henry viii. 
 
 CREWKERNE. 
 
 At Crevvkerne, Somersetshire, was, just west of the church- 
 yard, a house of early Decorated date, with Perpendicular 
 additions, it has lately been pulled down. The original part 
 consisted apparently of two parallelograms, with an adjunct 
 at the east end of one of them, apparently the chapel : 
 some of the windows were of two lights, with plain tran- 
 soms; as the ground on which this stood sloped rapidly 
 down towards the west, there was a lower story in that 
 part with good buttresses against the walls. 
 
 CLE VE DON COURT. 
 
 Clevedon court has a fine front, chiefly of this period, 
 with a porch and room over it, and a square-headed win- 
 dow with reticulated tracery. The interior of the house 
 has been altered to suit modern conveniences, and though 
 the walls and probably the roof of the hall still exist, it has 
 been so much divided by modern partitions and floors that 
 nothing can now be said of the original arrangements. 
 
 At Chapel Cleeve is part of a house of this period, with 
 a good dormer window in the roof, and a hatch by the 
 side of the door, like that at Martock, but the house has 
 been much altered. 
 
 The fine barns of Somersetshire have already been 
 noticed, at p. 151. 
 
 DORSETSHIRE. 
 
 In Dorsetshire no remains of this period have been ob- 
 served, except the town-hall at Weymouth, which still 
 exists though in a very dilapidated state. 
 
 Cranbourne castle was originally of this period, but con- 
 verted into a residence in the time of Queen Elizabeth.
 
 304 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 § 14. DEVONSHIRE AND CORNWALL. 
 
 Although the county of Devon has been thoroughly 
 examined of late years by the members of the Diocesan 
 Architectural Society, they appear to have confined their 
 attention too exclusively to the Ecclesiastical architecture, 
 and we have no account of the remains of medieval Do- 
 mestic buildings, beyond the scanty notices of Lysons, 
 which are far from satisfactory. Part of the bishop's 
 palace at Exeter was built by Bishop Quivil in the time of 
 Edward i. : Dartington hall appears to have been built in 
 the reign of Richard n., whose cognizance appears on the 
 porch, but in style it belongs rather to the fifteenth century. 
 There were licences granted in the reigns of the three 
 Edwards to crenellate houses at Bere Eerres, Buckland 
 (abbey), Byr, Exeter (palace), Hemyock, Medebury, Samp- 
 ford, Peverill, Tamar, Torriton, and Geditton ; we must 
 leave it for the local antiquaries to examine the remains 
 at these places, and see whether any portions of the work 
 of this period still exist. 
 
 CORNWALL. 
 
 Of Cornwall our notices are equally scanty ; there were 
 licences to crenellate houses during our period, at Byename, 
 Ivor, Tregvvell, and Tutbury, but we have not been able to 
 ascertain that any portions of them remain. 
 
 INCEWORTH. 
 
 At Inceworth is a Domestic chapel of the time of 
 Edward i. It is of lofty proportions, having an under- 
 croft now used as a stable, and is entered by an ex- 
 ternal staircase, and a door on the south side. The floor, 
 if not original, is at least in the old position, as the door 
 and windows sufficiently prove. The internal dimensions 
 are about sixteen feet by thirty-nine ; and there seems to
 
 CORNWALL. 305 
 
 have been a chamber or sacristy on the north side, witli 
 an opening through the wall looking towards the altar; 
 in the south wall there are two lancet windows, wuth 
 trefoil heads, and one on the north, another at the west 
 end, with a quatrefoil window in the gable over it; the 
 east window is of two lights trefoiled, with a quatrefoil 
 over, but without any enclosing arch, and another quatre- 
 foil opening in the gable. 
 
 CORNWALL, EARTH. 
 
 There is another chapel in a farm within two or three 
 miles of the former, in a retired nook at Earth on the St. 
 Germain's river. The chapel is reached by a flight of steps 
 from the outside, just as at Inceworth. The east window is of 
 three lights, and the head straight-sided instead of arched, 
 and filled with peculiar tracery. There is a window of one 
 light in the north wall, and another below it opening into 
 the undercroft. There are still some remains of good dis- 
 temper diaper on the walls, and there is a piscina, though 
 the chapel has long been used as a loft. There is no vil- 
 lage near, and the farm-house to which it belongs has 
 a few, but very few, marks of antiquity. 
 
 § 15. THE MARCHES OF WALES. 
 
 SHROPSHIRE, HEREFORDSHIRE, AND MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
 
 The marches of Wales were long in the same unsettled 
 state as the borders of Scotland, and though in the four- 
 teenth century the country was gradually settling down 
 into a more peaceful state, most of the buildings of this 
 district are of a semi-military character, and have large 
 outer baileys or court-yards enclosed by a strong wall, cor- 
 responding to the barmkins for cattle in the north. 
 
 Ludlow castle is a magnificent structure, of which a con- 
 
 R r
 
 30G DOMESTIC AUCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 siderable part belongs to the fourteenth century, thougl 
 part is earlier. The hall and the state apartments are fin( 
 Decorated work; the windows of the hall are long, narrowj 
 trefoil-headed, with transoms ; those in the external wall 
 are single lights, but those in the inner wall are of tw( 
 lights, with seats in the sill : one has an Elizabethan fire- 
 place introduced under it, with two chimneys, one on each' 
 side of the window. This hall is on the first floor, and the 
 entrance to it is by a flight of stone steps from the court- 
 yard, through a good Decorated doorway. In the state 
 apartments for prisoners of rank there are several fire- 
 places, one of which is of particularly good character ; the 
 chimneys are later: there are some fine corbel-heads, with 
 the costume very characteristic of the fourteenth century. 
 The chapel is a small round church of the twelfth century, 
 with a good Norman doorway : it stands detached in the 
 court-yard. 
 
 Acton Burnel and Stoke-Say have been described and 
 engraved in our first volume. 
 
 There are many old timber houses in Shrewsbury, but 
 they are not earlier than the fifteenth century, excepting 
 part of Vaughan's-place, and a house in the High-street, 
 the lower story of which is half under ground, and vaulted 
 in the manner usual in the fourteenth. Of the castle 
 there are some of the walls remaining, which belong to 
 the time of Edward ii., the licence to crenellate it being 
 in the nineteenth of that reign. 
 
 Of the abbeys of Buildwas, Wenlock, and Halcs-Owen, 
 there are some remains, more or less important, but none 
 that belong to the Domestic buildings of the fourteenth 
 century. The massive towers of Whittington castle belong 
 to an earlier period. Some fragments of Middle castle seem 
 to be of the time of Edward in., part of the work of the 
 lords Le Strange. Some small portion of the domestic
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 TIMBER HODSE AT 
 
 WEOBLEY, HEREFORDSHIRE.
 
 SHROPSHIRE. HEREFORDSHIRE. 307 
 
 buildings of Lilleslmll abbey, now incorporated in a farm- 
 house, may belong to this period. 
 
 The refectory and some other parts of Ilaughmond 
 abbey remain in a tolerably perfect state, and are fine 
 Decorated work. The side windows are very elegant, of 
 two lights, trefoiled, with a trefoil in the head, and good 
 mouldings, early in the style. The end window has lost 
 its tracery, but the moulded jambs remain, and a stair- 
 turret on each side with pyramidal tops. The chapter- 
 house also has a good flat wooden ceiling, with mouldings 
 of the fourteenth century. 
 
 HEREFORDSHIRE. 
 
 The ruins of Goodrich castle are of various periods. The 
 keep is of the twelfth, and other parts of the thirteenth 
 century, but part of them are of the time of Edward the 
 First, including the hall with remains of a fire-place, the 
 windows of which are trefoil-headed lancets, with tran- 
 soms and seats, the solar, and the kitchen, and the 
 gate-house, with the porter's lodge, in which there is a 
 good fire-place. Near this are the remains of Flanesford 
 priory, the refectory of which has long been used as a barn. 
 The small decayed town of Weobley contains a number 
 of ancient timber houses, with rich barge-boards and panel- 
 ling with flowing tracery patterns. The one of which we 
 give engravings and two or three others are believed to be 
 of the fourteenth century, though the greater part arc of 
 the fifteenth and sixteenth. The sites of castles in this 
 county are very numerous, but the remains of them in 
 general are slight. Licences to crenellate were obtained 
 for four of them in the time of the Edwards, Asperton, 
 Eaton, Moccas, and Wall ; three of these api)ear to have 
 been entirely destroyed ; and of the fourth, Eaton, some 
 fragments only remain, now forming part of a farm-house.
 
 808 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
 
 There are some ruins of Monmouth castle, but tliey 
 chiefly belong to an earlier period than the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, while the remains of the priory are later. The re- 
 mains of White castle, near Lanlilo, belong to an earlier 
 date ; this was connected W'ith the neighbouring castles of 
 Scenfreth and Grosmont, of which there are also some re- 
 mains ; they all belonged to the same proprietor, and are 
 probably nearly of the same age, but Grosmont rather the 
 latest of the three, that is, of the time of Henry iii. or 
 Edward i. ; and there is a fine chimney of that period, of 
 which we have given an engraving at page 90. Of Aber- 
 gavenny castle, there are some shght remains. Raglan 
 castle belongs to the fifteenth century ; Penhow and Pen- 
 coed, and Lanvair, to the twelfth. 
 
 CHEPSTOW CASTLE, MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
 
 This castle is very finely situated on a steep narrow bank 
 or rock overhanging the river Wye, the plan is of irregular 
 form, as the outer wall follows the line of the edge of the 
 cliff, so that the space enclosed is a long narrow strip, wider 
 in some parts than in others, with an entrance gateway at 
 each end. The principal entrance is from the town, and is 
 defended by two fine towers ; near the entrance is the ban- 
 queting room, or smaller hall, now in ruins, but with the 
 walls for the most part standing, with windows of the early 
 Decorated style, about the time of Edward ii. At the lower 
 end of this hall are the doorways of the pantry and buttery, 
 (which now form part of the keeper's house,) and between 
 them a third doorway leading down by a straight steep 
 flight of stone stairs into the kitchen, which is also in ruins, 
 with the other offices attached to it; and under some of 
 these chambers are vaulted store-rooms, or cellars, with
 
 MONMOUTHSHIRE, CHErSTOW. 309 
 
 windows opening to the river, and the landing-place where 
 provisions and fuel could be hoisted up from boats. Tiiis 
 range of buildings is situated in the outer bailey. 
 
 The lord's oratory is built in the angle formed by one 
 of the round towers of the entrance gate-house and the 
 wall of the castle; it has for its chief feature a large single- 
 lif^ht window, occupying nearly the whole of that side of 
 the chamber, richly decorated with a rose ornament, carried 
 round the arch and jambs, but unfortunately the tracery 
 no longer remains. It was probably beneath this window 
 that the altar stood ; but there are two other windows, and, 
 as if to economise space, into the sills of them are worked 
 two seats: to the right hand of the large window is a 
 pretty little piscina. Nor should we omit to mention, that 
 opposite to the east window, and on the left hand of the 
 doorway on entering, is a small fire-place, perfect, with the 
 chimney in good preservation. This oratory is now in a 
 dilapidated state, as the floor and roof have been destroyed. 
 
 Passing through a doorway in the partition wall into the 
 inner bailey, or court, we arrive at the great hall, which 
 has a fine range of early Decorated windows of the time 
 of Edward i. ; it has had rooms under it, but the floor is 
 destroyed. The walls of the lower part, and the two end 
 walls are Norman, but the character has been entirely 
 changed, and the side walls partly rebuilt. At the upper 
 end of this hall one bay has been partitioned off" by a very 
 rich screen of Early English work, of which some fragments 
 only remain ; but these shew the springing of the arches, 
 and the exuberance of the dog-tooth ornament ; the win- 
 dow of this bay is quite difi'erent from the rest, and has no 
 seats in the sill, as all the others have. This bay has evi- 
 dently been the whole height of the building, and was with- 
 out doubt the chapel, and separated from the hall by a 
 stone screen, which seems to have been double like the
 
 310 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 rood-loft in a church, and had a kind of gallery over it, but 
 quite distinct from the minstrels' gallery, which was at the 
 lower end of the hall, as shewn by the arrangement of the 
 doors and windows. Beyond the great hall is another 
 bailey, or court-yard, from which there is a postern, or side 
 entrance, and beyond this is the back gate-house. 
 
 CALDECOT CASTLE, MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
 
 This was the seat of the Bohuns, earls of Hereford, and 
 hereditary constables of England ; hence Camden calls it 
 the shell of the castle belonging to the constables of Eng- 
 land. The large remains of strongly built walls mark it as 
 a fortress of some distinction, of the time of Edward the 
 Second. Although only the external walls with the gate- 
 ways and towers remain, they are so perfect that there 
 seems little difficulty in forming a correct notion of the 
 internal arrangements. The plan is that of an irregular 
 oblong, forming some seven or eight angles, at each of 
 which stands a tower. The length is one hundred feet, 
 the breadth varies from seventy to forty. 
 
 The most prominent feature is the west front, the ma- 
 sonry of which should be noticed for its extraordinary fine- 
 ness, and the machicolations on each side, of a richness 
 rarely to be met with in this country. Here is the prin- 
 cipal entrance gateway, with large vaulted rooms on each 
 side : opposite to it, and across the court-yard, stands the 
 postern gate, also containing some curious rooms and pas- 
 sages in the thickness of the walls ; in fact, throughout, 
 nearly every wall seems perforated in the centre, either by 
 passages, chimneys, or closets. 
 
 The series of two light w'indows on the right hand side 
 of the principal gateway mark with certainty the situation 
 of the hall. The end window is of different tracery, and 
 without the seat in the sill, and seems to be the window of
 
 MONMOUTHSHIRE, — CALDECOT. 311 
 
 the screens at the end of the hall. Next to this we have 
 a large round tower, with the remains of the largest fire- 
 place in the whole castle, this was probably the kitchen. 
 The solars and private apartments were at the other end of 
 the hall, over the western gateway, and were approached by 
 a large stone staircase with a finely sculptured vault to it. 
 
 The outer side of the hall is the only one which remains, 
 the inner one is destroyed : this might possibly have been 
 of stone, but as there are no foundations of it, and all the 
 other buildings were evidently of wood, the probability is 
 that the inner wall of the hall was the same. The floor 
 of the hall was some six feet above the level of the present 
 ground, and there remain a scries of recesses in the wall 
 beneath, which served for receiving the barrels, as this 
 lower chamber Avas originally the cellar. 
 
 In walking round the interior of the court, which is of 
 extremely large dimensions, one cannot help being struck 
 by seeing the numerous fire-places recessed in the wall ; 
 and on examination, in some places it is possible to detect 
 the holes for the beams which formed the partitions, for, 
 as before stated, all the inner buildings were of wood. In 
 the towers, too, there appears to have been a fire-place to 
 each story, and some of them well carved. 
 
 The tower at the north-eastern angle is perhaps the most 
 perfect one ; and besides the remarkable arrangements of 
 chimneys, in the sill of one of the windows is a curious 
 circular hole communicating with the dungeon beneath it, 
 and near it a door, with steps, but which nnist have ori- 
 ginally been half in one story and half in the one beneath 
 it, as the corbels for the beams running round would pass 
 across the centre. It seems to have been some mode of 
 secret communication, and those who are well acquainted 
 with medieval contrivances for dungeons, &c., would do 
 well to examine this tower carefully.
 
 312 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The moat remains perfect all the way round, and it is 
 only on the southern side that the walls have been de- 
 stroyed, all the other portions remain perfect, and well 
 worthy of a visit. 
 
 § 16. NORTH AND SOUTH WALES. 
 
 The castles built by Edward i. in Wales, or rather begun 
 by him and completed by his successors, are so numerous 
 and important that they afford ample materials for a sepa- 
 rate work, which has in fact long been promised by Mr. 
 Hartshorne, and the admirable manner in which he has 
 elucidated the history of Carnarvon makes us hope that 
 he may be enabled to complete his work. Conway^ and 
 Beaumaris are so much connected with it, that the same 
 labour which was necessary for the one must have gone far 
 to complete the other two. 
 
 The following general description of the Edwardian 
 castles, with especial reference to those in Wales, is from 
 the pen of Mr. G. T. Clark, in the first volume of the 
 Archa3ological Journal, and is generally considered the best 
 summary of the subject : — 
 
 " In the Edwardian castle, the solid keep becomes de- 
 veloped into an open quadrangle, defended at the sides 
 and angles by gate-houses and towers, and containing the 
 hall and state apartments ranged along one side of the 
 court. The term keep is no longer applicable, and around 
 this inner ward, or bailey, two or three lines of defence are 
 disposed concentrically. Such castles frequently enclose 
 many acres, and present an imposing appearance ". 
 
 " The parts of a perfect Edwardian castle are: — The inner 
 
 *> See the Survey of Conway castle, acres. The Tower of London, within 
 P* 2L the walls, twelve. Windsor and Caer- 
 
 •= Bernard's castle includes seven phijly still more.
 
 WALES, EDWARDIAN CASTLES. 313 
 
 bailey, the ivalls of the enceinte, single, double, or triple. 
 The middle and outer baileys contained between the walls. 
 The gate-houses and posterns. The ditch. The inner bailey 
 contained the hall, often of great size, the chapel, the better 
 class of apartments, and an open court. The offices usually 
 were placed in the middle bailey, on the outside of the wall 
 of the hall. The outer bailey contained stabling, at Caer- 
 philly a mill, at Portchester and Dover a monastery, and 
 often a moderate sized mound of earth or cavalier to carry 
 a large engine. The icalls were strengthened by "nuu'al," 
 or towers projecting inwards, but flush with the face of the 
 wall, and "buttress-towers" projecting outwards beyond it. 
 These towers were sometimes circular, as at Conway and 
 Caerphilly ; sometimes square or oblong, as at Dover and 
 Portchester ; sometimes multangular, as at Caernarvon and 
 Cardiff. The Beauchamp tower at Warwick is a fine exam- 
 ple of a multangular tower, as is Guy's tower of one formed 
 of portions of circles. Such towers were all capable of being 
 defended independently of the castle, and usually opened 
 into the court and upon the walls by portals, regularly de- 
 fended by gates and a portcullis. The fine bold drum- 
 towers that flank the outer gateway of so many castles, as 
 Chepstow, Beaumaris, &c., are Edwardian. Circular and 
 octagonal towers of this age frequently spring from a square 
 plan or base, the angles of which gradually rise as a half 
 pyramid cut obliquely until they die away into the upper 
 figure of the tower towards the level of the first story. 
 These towers are common in Wales, as at Marten's tower, 
 Chepstow; Castel Coch, near Cardiff"; Carew castle, near 
 Pembroke ; Newport, Monmouthshire, &c. This descrip- 
 tion of tower also occurs next the Constable's gate at Dover. 
 "The gate-houses are distinct works, covering the en- 
 trance : they contain gates, one or two portcullises, holes 
 for stockades of timber, and loops raking the passage. 
 
 s s
 
 31 t DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Overhanging the arch at each end are funnels for pouring 
 down hot matter upon the assaihmts, and above are ovens 
 and flues for lieating it. Tiie Constable's gate, at Dover, 
 is very early Edwardian ; the gate of Caernarvon, 1283, 
 and that of Lancaster, half a century later, are fine ex- 
 amples, and both the latter have statues over the gateway. 
 
 " The drawbridge dropped from the front of the gate ; 
 when the ditch was broad, a pier was erected in it, and the 
 space spanned by two bridges, as at Ilolt and Caerphilly. 
 The barbican was an outwork, or tete du pont, on the out- 
 side the counterscarp of the ditch. It seems to have been 
 commonly of timber, so that when deserted, as it was in- 
 tended to be, at a certain period of the siege, it might be 
 burnt, and thus afford no cover to the assailants. The bar- 
 bican of the tower of London is of stone, and evidently in- 
 tended to be defended throughout a siege. There is a very 
 complete stone barbican at Chepstow. Another descrip- 
 tion of barbican was attached to gates, viz., a narrow pas- 
 sage between walls in advance of the main gate, with an 
 outer gate of entrance, as at Warwick and Alnwick and 
 the Bars at York. 
 
 " The posterns were either small doors in the wall, or 
 if for cavalry were provided with smaller gate-houses and 
 drawbridges. 
 
 " The ditch was usually wet. At Caerphilly, Kcnilworth, 
 Berkhampstead, Framlingham, and Leeds castle, Kent; 
 a lake was formed by damming up the outlet of a meadow. 
 
 " Tiie top of the wall was defended by a parapet, notched 
 into a battlement; each notch is an emhrasure, and the in- 
 termediate piece of wall is a merlon. The coping of the 
 merlon sometimes bears stone figures, as of armed men at 
 Chepstow and Alnwick, at Caernarvon of eagles. Some- 
 times the merlon is pierced by a cruciform loop, terminat- 
 ing in four round holes or oillcts.
 
 WALES, EDWARDIAN CASTLES. 315 
 
 "In many cases a bold corbel-table is thrown out from 
 the wall, and the parapet placed upon it, so as to leave an 
 open space between the back of the parapet and tlic face 
 of the wall. This space is divided by the corbels into 
 holes called machicolations, which overlook the outside of 
 the wall, as at Hexham and Warwick, or later at Raglan, 
 and later still at Thornbury. If the parapet be not ad- 
 vanced by more than its own thickness, of course no hole is 
 formed ; this is called a false machicolation, and is used to 
 give breadth to the top of the wall. It is common to all 
 periods, being found upon Norman walls as well as upon 
 those of late Perpendicular date, as Coity and Newport. 
 
 " Some of the smaller Edwardian castles in Wales are 
 very curious ; that of Morlais, near Merthyr, has a circular 
 keep of two stories, of which the lower is internally a poly- 
 gon of twelve sides, with a vault springing from a central 
 pier. The up-filling of the vault is a light calcareous tufa. 
 This castle contains with its enclosure a singular pit, 
 twenty-five feet square, and excavated upwards of seventy 
 feet deep in the mountain limestone rock. It was pro- 
 bably intended as a well, though a clumsy one. The ruins 
 of a somewhat similar castle remain at Dinas, near Crick- 
 howel. The upper story of the tower of Morlais, as of 
 Castle Coch, contains a number of large fire-places ; some- 
 thing of the same sort is seen at Coningsborough, with 
 the addition of an oven. 
 
 " The Edwardian castles are frequently quite original '' ; 
 they occur also as additions encircling a Norman keep, as 
 
 ■* Among the castles either originally ris, 1295; Caerphilly, Harlech, Mor- 
 
 constructed, or thoroughly re-edified in lais, the same reign ; Queenboroiigh, 
 
 this style, are Cilgarran, 1272; Flint 13C1; Cowling and Raby, 1378; Bolton 
 
 and Rhuddlan, 1275; Hawarden and castle, and the west gate of Canterbury, 
 
 Denbigh about the same time ; Cacr- in the same reign ; most of Dudley and 
 
 narvon, ll'SS ; Conway, modified in Warwick arc a little earlier, 
 plan by its ])Oiiiii)n, TiSl; Bcauma-
 
 31 G DOMESTIC AUCrilTECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 at Dover, Portchcster, Bamboroiigli, Corfe, Goodrich, Lan- 
 caster, Middlcham, Carlisle, and Rochester. Edward i. 
 completed the tower-ditch of London. The existing walls 
 of towers are commonly Edwardian, though on an older 
 foundation, as York, Canterbury, Chester, Chepstow, and 
 their various bars and gates. 
 
 "The Norman and Edwardian, the solid and concentric, 
 may be regarded as the two great types of English castles, 
 of which other military buildings are only modifications." 
 
 St. Donat's and Coity belong chiefly to the twelfth cen- 
 tury. The ruins of Margam abbey, with its beautiful chap- 
 ter-house, are of the time of Edward the Third. Morlais 
 castle was built by Gilbert, earl of Gloucester, in the time 
 of Edward i,, and was the cause of a dispute with Bohun, 
 earl of Hereford; there are now, however, but small re- 
 mains of it. 
 
 Denbigh castle was built by Henry Lacy, earl of Lin- 
 coln, and Ruthven castle by Reginald, lord Grey, both in 
 the time of Edward i., but their remains are not important. 
 A part of the domestic buildings of Valle Crucis abbey 
 have been converted into a farm-house. 
 
 The castles of Flint and Harlech also belong to the 
 time of Edward i. 
 
 The ruins of Caermarthen and Kidwelly are chiefly 
 Norman. Of Llanstaff'en there arc considerable remains 
 of the time of Edward i. Newcastle-Emlyn belongs rather 
 to that of Henry in. 
 
 Of Neath abbey the ruins are considerable, and very 
 picturesque. The priory is of the fifteenth or sixteenth 
 century, but the vaulted substructure called the chapter- 
 house appears to be only one of the series of store rooms 
 under the dormitory, as was customary in the fourteenth 
 century.
 
 WALKS, PEMBROKESHIRE. 317 
 
 PEMBROKESHIRE. 
 
 Picton castle is chiefly Norman work. Carcw castle is 
 a magnificent ruiu of various periods, but chiefly later 
 work. 
 
 Lawhaden castle was another residence of the bishops of 
 St. David's, and is a fine and extensive ruin ; it is believed 
 to have been built by Bishop Becke in the time of Edw. i. 
 Haverfordwest has a fine Norman keep. Roche castle is a 
 tower-built house of the same style. Newport castle is an 
 interesting ruin, chiefly of the twelfth century. Kilgeran 
 castle is another ruin also of the twelfth century. The 
 palace at St. David's being one of the finest examples of 
 the fourteenth century, calls for a more detailed account. 
 
 This county is remarkably rich in Domestic buildings of 
 early character. Mr. Freeman has described them in the 
 Archa3ologia Cambrensis, and, with his kind permission, 
 we quote a few of his accurate observations. 
 
 " Remains of Domestic architecture on a small scale are 
 very common ; we often see doorways retaining the same 
 rough pointed arches as are usual in some other parts of 
 South Wales ; but there are two peculiarities which seem 
 nearly distinctive of Pembrokeshire. One is the very cha- 
 racteristic round chimney, the other is the frequent use of 
 vaulting. The latter at once connects the Domestic with 
 the Ecclesiastical architecture, which also resemble each 
 other in a sort of general picturesque character which is 
 much easier to recognise than to define. The churches, 
 the houses, and even the castles, seem made for one an- 
 other, and often group admirably together. The chimneys 
 are of course much more important features in the small 
 houses than in the castles and palaces ; but they are by no 
 means excluded from the latter; in the internal view of 
 Manorbeer castle they are very numerous and striking;
 
 318 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 indeed that castle most remarkably displays its relationship 
 to the smaller Domestic remains of the district. 
 
 *' The vaults are a very interesting study, as so strikingly 
 shewing the connection between the ecclesiastical and the 
 secular architecture of the district, and the strong localism 
 of both. There is, however, this difference to be observed, 
 that, while those in the churches are pointed, those in the 
 castles and houses are usually round, or, sometimes, when 
 the span is very great, as in the crypt under the college 
 chapel at St. David's, elliptical. The cause of this difference 
 doubtless is, that, as they, for the most part, form crypts 
 with another building over them, a high pitch would have 
 interfered with the requirements of the whole structure. 
 They are by no means confined to large and splendid edi- 
 fices, as they may be seen on a very humble scale in a 
 house between Penally and Manorbeer, and in the build- 
 ing which has lately been so barbarously destroyed at 
 St. David's ^ This last mentioned city affords an excellent 
 series, as crypts of this kind forming extensive ranges are 
 found under both the palace and the college — the cathedral 
 forms an unfortunate exception. In those of the palace 
 are some remarkable seams not easily to be accounted for, 
 looking as if ribs had been knocked away, which however 
 cannot have been the case. • On the other hand, at Carew 
 castle this process has clearly taken place, as some portions 
 of the ribs still remain ; and an extremely fine example of 
 a ribbed barrel-vault still remains in excellent preservation 
 in the crypts of the ancient castle at Stackpole, the only 
 portion now existing, and which at present form the cellars 
 of Earl Cawdor's mansion ; a purpose for which, according 
 to modern notions, they are far better adapted than to be 
 employed as human habitations, which was clearly the case 
 with some of those at St. David's. The ribs remind one 
 
 • See Archaeologia Caiiibrciibis, ISol, p. I(i9.
 
 WALES, PEMBROKESniRE. 319 
 
 somewhat of the transept at Manorbeer, but they are not 
 set nearly so close together. Like so many other local 
 peculiarities, this does not seem to belong to any particular 
 style or epoch ; those to which the characters of contem- 
 porary portions or other circumstances allow us to fix a 
 date appear to range from Romanesque to Perpendicular." 
 
 Among the castles within the district we are at present 
 examining, the vast pile at Pembroke claims beyond all 
 comparison the first place, and the second we may wuth 
 equal confidence assign to Carew. Manorbeer is exceed- 
 ingly striking from its position and grouping, and its gate- 
 way with massive flanking towers is very grand, but, as a 
 whole, its architecture is of a very inferior character to 
 either of the other two. Llawhaden, the Caput Baronice 
 of the bishopric of St. David's, has been a magnificent 
 structure, and well deserves a thorough examination and 
 description ; but it is in a state infinitely less perfect. The 
 most remarkable feature is the gateway, placed betvA'een 
 two round flanking towers, with spur buttresses; the actual 
 gate has been double, one arch over another, but the lower 
 one has been broken down, not unfortunately for the 
 general efi'ect, as there is something very striking in the 
 bold round arch thrown across at so great a height. 
 There are some large octagonal towers in this castle, a 
 feature not common in its neighbours, and a range of long 
 trefoil-headed lancets. At Upton castle there remains a 
 gateway somewhat resembling that at Llawhaden on a 
 smaller scale ; though far more injured in detail, owing to 
 the castle being still inhabited ; it retains the double arch, 
 and so may help to suggest the original appearance of its 
 more stately fellow. 
 
 The massive tower which forms the ancient rectory- 
 house at Nangle is an example of military architecture on 
 the smallest scale. With this we may class the building,
 
 320 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 whether a separate dwelling, or in any way connected with 
 the conventual establishment, which crowns the ascent 
 leading from Pembroke to Monkton priory. The tower re- 
 maining at Pater has more of picturesque outline, and a 
 vault, not of the common form, but groined with heavy 
 ribs, as in the small chapels in Gumfreston and Cheriton 
 churches. 
 
 Pembroke castle. — "This magnificent fortress may 
 fairly take its place among the noblest military structures 
 in the kingdom, and its historic interest, as the seat of the 
 famous earldom to which it gave its name, is fully in keep- 
 ing with its architectural merit. The grouping of the 
 whole, when seen at high tide from the bridge or from the 
 high ground on the opposite side, is inexpressibly grand ; 
 the natural position, the rock washed by the winding inlets 
 of the haven, the castle itself growing out of the rock so 
 that it is hard to define the exact boundaries of art and 
 nature ; the windows of the hall and the entrance to the 
 cavern below, uniting to produce the appearance of an 
 enormous water-gate, and the vast round tower forming 
 the crown of the whole, combine to make a most indelible 
 impression on the mind, and at once suggest a comparison, 
 invidious enough in an sesthetical view, with the works of 
 modern defensive art at Pater." 
 
 "The immediate approach from the town, owing in part 
 to more recent mutilations, is perhaps hardly worthy of 
 the general majesty of the structure; consequently the 
 most effective view of the great gateway is to be had from 
 the interior. The grandeur of its general effect is pro- 
 duced by its unusual height, and the comparative slen- 
 derness of its round flanking towers. Crossing a large 
 court, we come to the next important portion of the build- 
 ing, the great hall, a magnificent specimen of a fully de- 
 veloped form of Early English. It provokes a compari-
 
 WALES, — PEMBROKE. 321 
 
 son with Clicpstow, the present form of vvhicli is of the 
 same style, but it is considerably smaller, and differs in 
 being a complete structure of its own date, while Chepstow 
 is so remarkable a recasting of a Romanesque building. 
 The windows are of the same incipient geometrical charac- 
 ter, but differ in their details ; those at Chepstow having 
 only a quatrefoil pierced in the head, while at Pembroke 
 there is a sexfoiled circle, the rear arches also are more 
 pointed than at Chepstow ; their mouldings have remark- 
 ably little depth or projection. 
 
 " This hall, like that at Chepstow, is commonly shewn as 
 the chapel, but no one who has the least experience of the 
 difference between Ecclesiastical and Domestic architecture 
 can doubt for a moment of its belonging to the latter class. 
 But in this, as in several other castles, there is no building 
 at once proclaiming its sacred character, as at Kidwelly and 
 Oystermouth ; the chapel has to be looked for, and some- 
 times is by no means easy to find. 
 
 " The noble round tower is the remaining architectural 
 object in Pembroke castle. This is a stately pile remark- 
 ably combining elevation and massiveness, so that its effect 
 is one of vast general bulk. It stands at the point farthest 
 from the gateway, near the conventional west end of what 
 we have supposed to be the chapel. The chief architectural 
 features of the tower are two remarkable couplets of win- 
 dows. One consists of two pointed lights under an obtuse 
 arch, the other of two round ones under one much more 
 acute; the former has tooth moulding round the inner 
 jamb. In neither is the head pierced, but a small human 
 head is inserted in each." 
 
 There is a house at Pembroke called the Great Hall, or 
 Charity Hall (?). The general form of this building is that 
 of a T, the western side, which looks into the street, is re- 
 presented in the accompanying engraving. It contains three 
 
 T t
 
 322 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 stories, the lowest of wliicli is vaulted, under the western 
 parts of the building, with a groining with bold square ribs, 
 and under the eastern end with a plain vault. In this vaulted 
 story there is at the eastern end a very large fire-place and 
 chimney. Another fire-place is over this, in the first floor. 
 No internal means of access from the ground floor to the 
 one above is now apparent. A turnpike stair leads from 
 the first to the second story. The rooms are low and small, 
 but it is not clear that the partitions are all original. The 
 windows are small, and covered by segmental arches. No 
 tracery exists in them, and it is probable that no stone 
 tracery ever did, as the stone is very little fitted for such 
 work. It is, however, not unlikely that they originally 
 contained wooden tracery, as they resemble in shape and 
 size some windows at Tenby which contain wooden tracery 
 apparently of the fourteenth century. In consequence of 
 the absence of mouldings or ornament it is difficult to de- 
 cide with confidence as to the date of this house, but it 
 would seem most probably to belong to this century. 
 
 CAREW CASTLE. 
 
 "The second among the castellated buildin2:s of the dis- 
 trict is certainly that of Carew. It is much smaller than 
 Pembroke ; in one sense it is much more of a whole, in 
 another much less so. From its great inferiority in point 
 of size the portions are more united together into one mass, 
 and do not stand out as distinct architectural objects like 
 the hall and round tower at Pembroke. On the other hand, 
 the latter castle is pretty much the work of one period and 
 contains no striking architectural contrasts : while Carew 
 presents a most remarkable instance of the latter. Part of 
 the fabric presents the genuine type of the medieval fortress, 
 which seldom appears in greater dignity than in the western
 
 WALES, CAREW, LAMPIIEY. 323 
 
 front of this castle, flanked as it is by two massive round 
 towers with immense spur buttresses, recalling some of the 
 best parts of Chepstow. But turn round the corner to the 
 north, and the feudal age with its defensive architecture 
 has quite vanished ; here we have the facade of a splendid 
 mansion of the Elizabethan age, with the accustomed ranges 
 of large windows, and two large semicircular oriels running 
 up the whole height." 
 
 Intermediate in date and character between these two 
 parts of the building which afford so striking a contrast is 
 the inner face of the west side, which was recast by the 
 famous Sir Rhys ap Thomas in a rich style of late Per- 
 pendicular, forming a transition between the purely military 
 and the purely domestic portions of the edifice. Here is 
 the great hall, chiefly remarkable for the lofty porch which 
 forms its entrance. On the east side of the castle, the 
 most remarkable portion is the chapel ^. This stands like 
 that at Kidwelly in the upper part of an apsidal tower, but 
 it is by no means treated with the same skill which so 
 conspicuously distinguished the architect of that admir- 
 able structure. The vaulting is awkwardly treated, being 
 adapted for a flat end rather than an apse. There is a fire- 
 place in the chapel, and to the north is an apartment ap- 
 parently forming a sacristy and residence for the chaplain. 
 Near the entrance to the-ehapel- stands the celebrated cross. 
 
 LAMPHEY PALACE. 
 
 The remains of the country mansion of the bishops of 
 St. David's (built, like their palace at that place, by Bishoj) 
 Gower^) consist chiefly of two detached buddings very 
 
 ' Some doubt has been raised as to ISol, p. 322. 
 the destination of this apartment, but « Mr. Freeman considers it as of ear- 
 there seems in this case no good ground Her date, but the weitjht of authority 
 to question the tradition which calls it seems to be against liim. 
 the chapel. See Arch. Camb., Oct.
 
 324 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 massively constructed. They are very mucli ruined, most 
 of the free-stone used about tlie doors, windows, (fee, hav- 
 ing been carried off. Each contains two stories, the lower 
 vaulted, the upper appears to have formed a large hall 
 lighted by large windows; a battlemented parapet is car- 
 ried round the roof, and in some parts the same peculiar 
 arching below the parapet which occurs at St. David's and 
 in Swansea castle is to be seen. At an angle of each is 
 a small tower, in one square, in the other circular, which 
 add to the castellated effect of the building. 
 
 This building, anciently one of the principal residences 
 of the bishops of St. David's, is a no less valuable example 
 of domestic architecture than Pembroke is of military. This 
 palace is exceedingly striking in itself, and the more so 
 when compared with its neighbour at Pembroke, and per- 
 haps most of all with the other e})iscopal residence at 
 Llawhaden. There is no mistaking the difference between 
 the castle and the palace, between the abode of war and 
 the abode of peace. 
 
 The design of the palace is very irregular ; it does not 
 form any marked quadrangle, but consists of two principal 
 masses of building lying a little detached from each other 
 from east to west, together wdth some smaller outlying 
 portions. The eastern mass, which apparently contained 
 the principal domestic apartments, has the arched parapet 
 round the greater portion of it, but it is not continued 
 round its semicircular west end, one of the most military 
 portions of the building. The rooms here are raised on a 
 crypt, and lighted by the very characteristic trefoil lancets. 
 The other mass contains the hall ; in its original state it 
 must have been a good deal like that of Pembroke castle, 
 but it has been greatly disfigured by the insertion of square- 
 headed Perpendicular windows. The arched parapet does 
 not occur here, but a battlement with loopholes is carried
 
 WALES, LAJIPIIEY, BRECON. 325 
 
 round in front of the gables. Of the detached buildings 
 the most important is the chapel, which stands near the 
 east end of the hall. It is a Perpendicular structure, pro- 
 bably the work of Bishop Vaughan, raised on a small 
 cloister ; it has a somewhat higher gable than might have 
 been looked for, but the windows are four-centred, with 
 tracery of the same character as the east window in the 
 choir clerestory of the cathedral. 
 
 BRECON. 
 
 The building usually called the Palace adjoins the re- 
 mains of the convent of St. Nicholas, afterwards Christ's 
 college. It has been supposed to have been the refec- 
 tory of that establishment, but as its plan seems rather 
 that of a house, it may, perhaps, w^ith more probability be 
 supposed to have been the residence of the prior. It ap- 
 ])ears to be nearly entire, though there are traces of other 
 i)uildings having been at one time attached. AVhat exists 
 may be described as consisting of three portions ; one run- 
 ning north and south, and ending in a gable at each end, 
 measuring about 45 feet by 20 ; a second running east and 
 west, attached to the first at the west, and terminating in 
 a three-sided apse at the east end, measuring about 50 feet 
 by 24 ; and a smaller portion attached to the re-entering 
 angle formed by the two first on their south side, measur- 
 ing about 36 feet by 17. Of these the first is much the 
 most lofty; its interior is divided into small rooms, and en- 
 tirely modernized, but the ancient oaken roof remains; this 
 has the principals cut into foliations, and the wall-plate 
 shews a moulding of early Decorated character. Only small 
 parts of it can be seen at once, but it seems to be a very 
 good example of an 0j)en roof of the fourteenth century. 
 The room it covered was no doubt the chief apartment of
 
 326 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 the house, and extended through the entire length. "Whether 
 the whole space from the ground upwards was occupied Ijy 
 this room, or whether there were two stories it would now 
 be difRcult to decide. In the northern gable there remains 
 an elegant foliated trefoil window, and in the southern a 
 large pointed window blocked up. The second portion is 
 now occupied by a tanner, and nothing of its original des- 
 tination can be traced, the apsidal termination and its 
 easterly direction seem to make it probable that it formed 
 the chapel. The windows are square-headed, but contain 
 no tracery. The third portion seems to have contained 
 offices ; it has some small loop windows, and a large 
 chimney projecting from the wall. This building, it would 
 seem, may be safely assigned to the earlier part of the four- 
 teenth century. 
 
 bishop's palace at ST. David's, south wales. 
 
 In an ordinance of Henry de Gower, bishop of St. David's, 
 which received the assent of the chapter on the 27 th of May, 
 1342, complaint is made of the many superfluous and ruin- 
 ous buildings belonging to the bishop, and the following 
 houses only are declared to be necessary, and ordered to be 
 kept in good repair, viz., in the deanery of Pebidiawg, the 
 palace of St. David's, and the manor of Trevine ; in the 
 deanery of Roos, the castle of Llawhaden ; in that of Pem- 
 broke, or Castlemartin, the manor of Lamphey; in the 
 deanery of Gower, the manor of Llanddewi ; in that of 
 Brecon, the manor of Llanthew; and in that of Sub-Aeron, 
 the manor of Llandygwydd''. This probably marks the 
 time when the bishop, according to Leland, erected the 
 episcopal palace at St. David's, and extensively repaired the 
 
 '' Liber Slalutorum Ecclesia Calk. Menev. transcript., anno Dni cio iolxxxv^,, penes 
 Capituluin Meneveusc, p. 24.
 
 WALES, — ST. David's. 327 
 
 manor of Lamphey '. The former, indeed, is assigned to 
 him upon the surer evidence of an inscription upon his 
 tomb, which was extant in the sixteenth century''. But 
 the authority of Leland is sufficiently confirmed by testi- 
 mony which we may fairly consider as independent, as the 
 three edifices ascribed by him to Gower, St. David's, Lam- 
 phey, and Swansea castle, have a common and distinctive 
 feature in the very remarkable parapet which we shall de- 
 scribe presently. It may be added, in partial confirmation 
 of this, that while the building at St. David's, with one or 
 two unimportant exceptions, and, so far as we are aware, 
 that at Swansea, belong to the early part of the fourteenth 
 century ; Lamphey, only a portion of which is assigned to 
 Gower, belongs partly to an earlier, and partly to a later 
 date. 
 
 The palace of St. David's, as it is far the most important 
 of the buildino;s referred to, so is it amonir the most re- 
 markable Domestic remains existing in this country. Its 
 importance arises not more from its being of one date, than 
 from its extreme magnificence both of outline and detail. 
 The general effect of the building can be best understood 
 from a description of its very complicated ground-plan. 
 The principal buildings are of the same height, and occupy 
 the eastern and southern sides respectively of a large 
 quadrangle. The southern range is occupied by a large 
 hall, bearing, by an apparent anachronism, the name of 
 King John, and by a solar at the western extremity, which 
 now forms part of the hall, the dividing wall having been 
 broken down. The eastern range contains a smaller hall 
 and solar, and at its southern extremity a large kitchen, 
 
 ' " Heiiricus Gower episcopus Mene- vensis. Hie etiam aedificavit castellum 
 
 vensis fuit cancellarius Angl. Hie in Swanseye in solo patrimonii sui." 
 
 aedificavit mag. palatium episcopi Me- Lelaml, Collectanea, p. 415. 
 neviae, et bonam partem aedificiorum '' Browne Willis, St. David's, p. 71. 
 
 apud Lantfey, raaner : episcopi Mene-
 
 328 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 which appears to have served for both the suites of apart- 
 rnents. These ranges arc not actually contiguous, but are 
 connected by a prolongation of the north wall of King 
 John's hall, which is continued at the same height for 
 some distance as a mere screen, and finally as the gable- 
 end of the eastern range. This screen is carried by a 
 semicircular arch across a kind of corridor, forming an 
 aisle attached on one side to the gable-end of King John's 
 hall, and on the other to the interior wall of the eastern 
 range. Adjoining the latter on the west, is a large porch, 
 having a chamber over it, w^hich forms the entrance from 
 the quadrangle to the greater hall. A chapel with a belfry- 
 spire is attached to the northern face of the same range of 
 building, communicating with the solar. A small erection 
 of two stories, having somewhat the air of a tower, projects 
 from the southern or outer side, and communicates in like 
 manner with the solar. The western side of the quadrangle 
 is occupied by a lower range of buildings extending to the 
 chapel just mentioned, and now mainly destroyed. A low 
 building projecting externally from the eastern range, a 
 smaller chapel attached to its northern extremity, and com- 
 municating with the lesser solar, and a gate-house placed 
 immediately to the west of the latter, and opposite the 
 porch of King John's hall, complete the ground-plan. So 
 far as it can be made out, with the exception of the gate- 
 house, and a part of the smaller chapel, the north side of 
 the quadrangle seems to have been completely open. The 
 whole of these buildings, of course excepting the gate-house, 
 are raised uj)on crypts, having plain round or segmental 
 barrel vaulting, and lighted by trefoiled loops. The exist- 
 ence of tirc-places in some of them proves them to have 
 been inhabited. 
 
 The most remarkable point of detail is the parapet, to 
 which allusion has been made already. " This consists of
 
 WALES, — ST. David's. 329 
 
 a series of open arches, resting on octagonal sliafts corbelled 
 off a little way down the wall ; over the arcade is a corbel- 
 table, over which again is a battlement with loopholes, and 
 extremely narrow embrasures. The arcade remains perfect 
 throughout the greater part of the palace, but the battle- 
 ment remains only in a few places. The same ornament 
 is also carried round the ends of the different portions, the 
 gables, which are stepped, rising behind the flat parapets ; 
 here however the arches are necessarily blank. Great variety 
 and richness is given to the shafts and arches in the more 
 adorned parts of the structure, by the employment of stones 
 of different colours, placed alternately in the voussoirs of 
 the arches and in the spandrils above them, and even by 
 rows of four-leaved flowers set along; both shafts and arches. 
 Great variety may also be observed in the capitals and cor- 
 bels, as well as in the width of the arches and height of the 
 shafts in different parts of the buildiug V It may be ob- 
 served that the arches are both better proportioned and 
 more ornate in the great hall and the adjoining apartments 
 than in the eastern range, and are rudest and least finished 
 in the structure attached to the external face of the latter. 
 This parapet, which is terminated at the angles of the prin- 
 cipal buildings by small turrets, combined the ordinary 
 arrangement of a battlement with that of a drip roof. 
 The roof, which was high pitched throughout, was carried 
 down through the open arches, on the sides of which it has 
 left its marks. Its total destruction has added considerably 
 to the effect of the arcade, which now forms a finish to the 
 wall, and produces a much greater variety of light and 
 shade than could have been perceptible when the roof was 
 in existence. The same ornament, as we have seen, occurs 
 
 ' Jones and Freeman's Historj' and tlie palace, and a general criticism on 
 Antiquities of St. David's, p. 191, where the works of Bishop Gower. 
 will be found a minute description of 
 
 U U
 
 330 DOMESTIC ARCIIITECTURK : FOrRTEKNTH CENTURY. 
 
 at Swansea castle, and at Laniphey : in the former place 
 the arches closely resemble those at St. David's, but are a 
 little plainer ; but at Lamphcy they are extremely obtuse, 
 and do not rise from shafts, while the work there is alto- 
 gether of a much poorer character"*. 
 
 Next to the parapet the most important features are the 
 doorways leading to the two halls, the belfry of the greater 
 chapel, and the rose window in King John's hall. The 
 latter, which is placed undei- the eastern gable, though by 
 no means unique, is extremely beautiful. Its tracery " forma 
 a complete wheel, with spokes radiating from a central qua- 
 trefoiled circle, and having trefoiled arches between their 
 extremities; the four-leaved flower occurs in the inner order 
 of the arch "." The doorway of the porch leading to the 
 greater wall is highly enriched, and of an unusual form, 
 the arch being struck from six centres. It is consequently 
 of a quasi-ogee form, and is surmounted by a finial. The 
 jambs and arch are highly ornate, being decorated with a 
 vine-leaf moulding, and enriched with floriated capitals. 
 The other hall is approached through a porch, being merely 
 a bay cut off from the corridor or aisle already described. 
 The doorway of this porch is of a shape scarcely less un- 
 common than the other, as its arch forms a semi-octagon, 
 like that of the entrance to the hall of Berkeley castle, and 
 a much smaller specimen, the work of Gower, in the cathe- 
 dral °. It had shafts with floriated capitals, now almost 
 destroyed, and the arch was probably foliated. 
 
 The principal chapel is the model of a domestic oratory, 
 and while it sufficiently harmonizes with the general de- 
 sign, distinctly proclaims its own object. Its east window 
 must have been a striking composition, of three lights, with 
 a niche for an image on either side. This, however, is 
 
 " See Arclia;oloj;i;i Cambrensis, New ° See p. 38. 
 
 Scries, vol. ii. p. o21 ; vol. iii. p. li)D. " lliit. of St. David's, p. 78.
 
 WALES, — ST. David's. 331 
 
 almost wholly destroyed. There is a piscina in the iisu.-d 
 place, ogee-crockctcd, between pinnacles. But the most 
 remarkable object in the chaj)cl is the belfry, which rises 
 from its western wall, where it is placed not in the centre 
 but on the north-western angle, l)cing carried pnrtly by 
 the northern wall, and partly by an arch springing from a 
 corbel. It is surmounted by an octagonal broach-spire. 
 
 We cannot complete this description without noticing 
 two well-wrought Decorated chimney-pieces in the apart- 
 ments on the west side of the quadrangle. They project 
 in the form of a pent-house, carried by brackets, and on 
 each side of both are brackets for lights, one of which has 
 a rose sculptured on the lower part ^. 
 
 The ruin of this magnificent structure is due to Bishop 
 Barlow, who occupied the see from 1536 to 1547, and was 
 afterwards celebrated as being the principal bishop who offi- 
 ciated at the consecration of Archbishop Parker. Browne 
 Willis informs us that the " damage he did to the episcopal 
 palace of Saint David's by uncovering the roof for the lucre 
 of the lead, was so considerable * * * that twelve years' 
 revenue of the bishoprick would not then have sufficed to 
 repair it as he found it '^." A portion, however, of the palace 
 was under cover for nearly a century after this time, as we 
 find a chapter held in it in the year 1633 '. 
 
 P A similar chimney-piece occurs in i Browne Willis, p. 120. 
 
 the old chapter-house. Ibid., p. 74. ' Cliapter Register, D., p. 113.
 
 332 DOMESTIC ARCrilTECTURE : rOURTKKNTII CENTURY. 
 
 This description of Laiigley castle was accidentally omit- 
 ted in the account of Northumberland. 
 
 LANGLET CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 This is a very fine example of a tower-built house of the 
 latter half of the fourteenth century. The central space 
 is oblong, about 80 feet long by 24 wide internally : this 
 space has not been vaulted, but was divided by floors 
 into four stories ; the putlog-holes for the beams and the 
 corbels of the wooden ceilings remain. One window at 
 the west end retains its tracery of late flowing character, 
 inclined to Flamboyant ; the other windows have all lost 
 their tracery excepting fragments. At each corner of this 
 building is a large square tower, or turret, and on the 
 north side, attached to the north-west turret, is another 
 square building, containing a large round staircase, and a 
 scries of small vaulted rooms on the west side of it, be- 
 tween the staircase and the corner turret. The entrance is 
 by a doorway and passage at the foot of the stairs, and 
 there is no other entrance, nor any other staircase, through- 
 out the building ; the entrance is protected by a portcullis 
 only : there is a series of doorways from the staircase to 
 the principal apartments, and small ones to the side cham- 
 bers : the doorway on the first floor has Decorated mould- 
 ings and shafts with foliaged capitals ; the other doorways 
 are all plain. There are three fire-places on each floor, but 
 the internal partitions, having been of wood, are entirely 
 destroyed, and the exact arrangement cannot now be made 
 out, especially as the inner surface of the walls has been 
 stripped of its ashlaring. In the south-west tower there is 
 a series of garderobes, four arches for seats recessed in the 
 south wall on each floor, each row behind the one below 
 it, with flues exactly like chimney flues, to the pit be-
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 LANGLET CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 A. Doorway, tbe only external entrance. C. Garderobo Tower. 
 
 B. Vaulted Chamber, or Stable? F F. Fire-placeo. 
 
 GROUND PLAN, 
 
 LANGLET CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND.
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, LANGLEY CASTLE. 333 
 
 low, through which a stream of water was turned. A 
 similar arrangement may be seen at Wells, and in many 
 other places, but here it is remarkably perfect ; whether 
 these seats were enclosed in wooden closets or not it is 
 difficult now to decide, but there is no appearance of it ; 
 the chambers into which they open were about twelve feet 
 square, with a doorway on each floor from the principal 
 apartment. On the ground floor, which has been vaulted, 
 and has oillets for defence, there are two garderobe closets 
 in the thickness of the wall, slightly projecting externally 
 in the south angles, with vaulted roofs. Tlie three other 
 towers had the two lower rooms vaulted, and without fire- 
 places ; the two upper stories had wooden floors, and had 
 fire-places. 
 
 The windows of the towers are either mere loops, or are 
 square-headed, those of the other part of the building pro- 
 tected by the towers have been of two lights, with tracery. 
 At the two ends the towers are flush with the face of the 
 building, the junction marked only by tall buttresses, at 
 the top of each of which was a small turret corbelled out 
 in a very bold manner, of which fragments only remain ; 
 enough to shew that these turrets were higher than the 
 battlements. The chimneys are carried up in the thick- 
 ness of the wall, and terminate in the merlons of the bat- 
 tlement. There is the corbel of a garderobe projecting 
 from one of the upper stories. The vaulted chamber on 
 the ground floor of the building adjoining the entrance, 
 opens externally, and has no internal communication with 
 the house ; it was probably a stable ?. 
 
 The whole building is of one period, and externally is in 
 fine preservation, with good ashlar masonry. There is no 
 appearance of any moat or external defence ; the builders 
 seem to have relied on the strength of the building itself. 
 It was the capital seat of the barony of Tyndale, and came
 
 334 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 by marriage to the Botleby's and Lucy's ; and again, byj 
 the marriage of Maud, heiress of Antony, lord Lucy, and' 
 widow of Gilbert de Urafranville, to Henry Percy, earl of 
 Northumberland in 1383, which marriage united the large 
 possessions of the Umfranville's and Lucy's in the Percy I 
 family, and by this lord Percy the castle was rebuilt. Itl 
 remained the property of the Percy family until 1567; 
 it afterwards came to the Ratcliffe's of Diiston, and was 
 forfeited by James the last earl of Derwentwater in 1745. 
 It is now the property of Greenwich Hospital, and much 
 neglected by the trustees of that establishment. The in- 
 terior has evidently been destroyed by fire.
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 FOREIGN EXAMPLES. 
 
 Houses of the fourteenth century are remaining in 
 France at the following places. 
 
 Provins. In the upper town within the ancient walls 
 are remains of several houses of this period with extensive 
 vaulted chambers under them for warehouses or cellars. 
 
 Rouen, a part of the building containing the library on 
 the north side of the cathedral. 
 
 Poitiers, the remains of the palace of justice, or law courts, 
 formerly the palace of the counts of Poitiers, are partly of 
 this period ; the great hall is a fine room of the thirteenth 
 century, though the extreme shallowness of the work gives 
 it an earlier appearance ; the windows at one end are cased 
 by Flamboyant work in a very singular manner. 
 
 Bayeux, several small houses near the cathedral. 
 
 Soissons, the front of a house, with an arcade of large 
 arches on the ground floor, and a gallery over them, 
 
 Noyon, remains of the chapter-house. 
 
 Paris, remains of the abbey of S. Genevieve, now the 
 college of Henry iv. Remains of the college of Beauvais. 
 Part of the palace of justice, the buildings between the 
 royal court, and the prefecture of police. 
 
 Poissy, near Paris, some slight remains of the abbey, 
 and some other Domestic buildings.
 
 33G DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Conlmier-le-sco, near Cliatillon-sur-seine, two very curious 
 houses of tliis period, with gables projecting into tlie street, 
 the first story hanging over, with a balcony. 
 
 Laon, remains of the bishop's palace. 
 
 Mont S. Michel, near Avranches, part of the buildings of 
 the monastery are of this period ; the great hall of the 
 knights, and the refectory of the monks belong to the 
 previous century ; the buildings of this monastery are in a 
 very perfect state ; their arrangement is very singular and 
 interesting, the cloister is on the top of the great hall. 
 
 Riom, near Clermont-Ferran, a house of the fourteenth 
 century. 
 
 Mont-Ferran, a house of this century. 
 
 Limoges, fragments of houses. 
 
 S. Yriex, near Limoges, a fine house of this period, with 
 an arcade below, and rows of windows in the two upper 
 stories, having good early geometrical tracery. (See the 
 engraving.) In England this style of tracery, which Pro- 
 fessor Willis has named Plate tracery, would indicate the 
 first half of the thirteenth century, but in this part of 
 France its use appears to have been continued for a long 
 period, even into the fourteenth century. 
 
 The church of Beaumont is a good example of the forti- 
 fied churches, having the guard chambers above the chapels 
 with their machicoulis, and the doorways so placed as to be 
 defended by the towers, in which there are loopholes or 
 eylets for arrows ; even if the doors were forced the church 
 might still be defended for some time, the vaults being 
 paved over and the rooms above them well calculated for 
 defence ; the church is provided with a well and other con- 
 veniences in case of its having to sustain a siege. 
 
 'J'he town of Cahors in the mountainous part of Guienne, 
 has preserved a great part of its fortifications, consisting 
 of the wall with a parapet, and square towers at intervals,
 
 DOMIiSTIC ARCIIlTKCTUllE : FOUKTEENTH CENTUllY. 
 
 HOUSE NEAR THE CHDRCH, 
 
 CA7LUS— GUIENNE
 
 FOREIGN EXAMPLKS, — FHANCE. 337 
 
 and a number of houses of the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- 
 turies, though generally nuich mutilated, some of these con- 
 tain curious and valuable details. The most important is the 
 house of the family of Ense, commonly called the Pope's 
 palace, but really built by the brother of Pope John xxr., 
 between 1320 and 1334, but never quite finished. It has 
 a fine and lofty tower with some of the original windows ; 
 these are small of two lights, divided by a shaft with a good 
 capital of foliage and a square abacus. Other windows on 
 the east side of the palace are large and have good Deco- 
 rated tracery ; in the entrance passage is a good corbel of 
 a lion's head, with the springing of a vault and well-moulded 
 ribs, but the whole of this fine palace is in a very neglected 
 and ruinous state*. (See the engraving.) 
 
 At Cahors also is a remarkably perfect bridge of the 
 fourteenth century with three towers and part of a fourth, 
 which seems to have been a sort of barbican not so Infill 
 as the others ; the arches are pointed, except the one under 
 the barbican next the town, which is round. There is a 
 pai-sage through the piers a little above the water \ This 
 bridge was built at the expense of the town, begun in 
 1265 and finished in 1380, as appears from the archives of 
 the town ''. We have no bridge of this period remaining 
 in England with its towers, although we have abundant 
 evidence that we formerly had many, and there is no doubt 
 that they were very similar to this, so that it may be con- 
 sidered as a valuable example for the illustration of English 
 history. 
 
 ViLLEFRANCHE d'aveyron is auothcr of the bastides of 
 the same regular plan, as before described, with a central 
 
 * Closely adjoining the palace is the a fine brick briiige of the fourteenth 
 
 church of St. Bartlioloniew, built at the century. 
 
 same time, and apparently intended to "= For these dates I am indebted to 
 
 serve as a chapel to it. AI. Plunarvergne, professor of history in 
 
 *• This is also the case at Montauban, the college of Cahors. 
 
 X X
 
 338 DOMESTIC AllCniTKCTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 market-place surrounded by arcades, some of the arches of 
 tliese with tlicir buttresses are of tlie fourteeutli century, 
 but the greater part of tlie houses are of the sixteenth or 
 later, with some good examples of the period of Renais- 
 sance ; at one corner of the market-place is the church, 
 which is a fine one of the early Flamboyant style "^e 
 
 Caylus d'aveyron is a small town, containing a num- 
 ber of houses of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 
 the greater part modernized by having new windows in- 
 serted and other alterations, but some remain nearly per- 
 fect, particularly one opposite the church ^ of the early part 
 of the fourteenth century, with the arches on the ground 
 floor and one of the upper windows perfect ; in this house 
 is a very good stone lavatory of the same period, with the 
 spout for water built into the wall on the first floor, and 
 part of the original construction. 
 
 In another house adjoining is a similar lavatory, perhaps 
 a little earlier but less perfect. 
 
 St. Antonin. This small toAvn contains several houses of 
 the fourteenth century, but all more or less mutilated ; in 
 
 ^ In the outskirts of tlie town is tlie and the refectory, it is more lofty and 
 Carthusian monastery, which was turned much riclier than the other, with a fine 
 into a puhlic liospital after the revolu- vault and very good windows, the tracery 
 tion of 1790, and lias thereby been pre- of some of which is quite Geometrical, 
 served nearly intact. The church, the wliile that of others is quite Flamboyant, 
 refectory, and the two cloisiers, (accord- side by sile, with tlie same late mould- 
 ing to the u.-ual plan of the Carthu- ings. On the side next the church the 
 sians,) are Flamboyant work of the fif- cloister is double and very elegant, this 
 teenth and sixteenth centuries, the other part forming the mortuary chapel, a 
 buildings have been mostly modernized. common arrangement in French clois- 
 Tlie church contains some fine wooden ters; close to tlie door of the refectory is 
 stalls with canopies, and the wooden a good lavatory. There are two other 
 doors are finely carved with the figure small clia-ids of the same character, 
 of a monk on the lower panel of each tlieir vaults have good corbels, chiefly of 
 door. The refectory has a good vault foliage, and fine bosses, some of which 
 and a rich pulpit quite perfect. One of are enriched with shields of arms, others 
 the cloisters is carried all round a large with fol ajje. 
 
 cemetery; it is narrow, low, and pLiin,^ • The church is a poor one, partly 
 but is vaulted. The other cloister en- of the thirteenth and fourteenth ecu- 
 closes a small space between the church turies.
 
 DOMESTIC ARCIIITECTURK : FOURTEKNTH CENTURY. 
 
 FRENCH EXAMPLES. 
 
 HOUSE OF TBE CHIEF HUNTSMAN, 
 
 CORDES, LANQUEDOC
 
 FOREIGN EXAMPLES, FRANCE. 339 
 
 almost every instance the windows have been removed, and 
 later ones inserted in their place. The town-hall belongs 
 to an earlier period, it has lately been carefully restored by 
 M. VioUet-le-Duc, and is extremely picturesque and in- 
 teresting. This was not one of the bastides, and its streets 
 arc narrow and irregular, but it contains a great number of 
 houses of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, though 
 nuich nuitilated. Others are of the fifteenth and sixteenth, 
 some of which contain some very rich fire-places of the 
 Flamboyant and Renaissance styles, one in particular is of 
 the richest Flamboyant work. 
 
 A few miles from this is the very curious little town of 
 CoRDKS \ situated on the peak of a sugar-loaf hill, which 
 rises so abruptly from the valley that the road would be 
 quite impracticable if it did not wind gradually round the 
 hill. The gates are of the twelfth and thirteenth cen- 
 turies, but very plain ; the original town is small and quite 
 at the top of the hill, the suburbs have gradually spread 
 downwards, till some straggling houses have nearly reached 
 the bottom ^. In the old town the street is straight and 
 open, and here are some of the most perfect houses in 
 France of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, several 
 of them in very good preservation and very rich work, 
 some with towers, some without them. 
 
 One remarkably fine house at Cordes has the front orna- 
 mented with a string of small figures, representing a hunt ; 
 this is said to have been the house of the chief huntsman 
 of the count of Toulouse. (See the engraving.) 
 
 ' The stranger visiting Cordes should of the old town is a very tidy little inn 
 
 beware of the temi>tation of the liotel with civil people, where he will be well 
 
 in the outskirts of the town, at the treated, and there is a splendid view over 
 
 foot of the mound, where he will be the adjacent country from the windows, 
 certain to be cheated, and will still « It takes nearly an hour to wind up 
 
 have the steepest part of the hill to the liill, and in parts the ascent is so 
 
 climb; there is a carriage way winding abrupt that it is extremely fatiguing to 
 
 around quite to the top, and in the heart walk up at all.
 
 310 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTKKNTII CENTURY. 
 
 At RoDEZ, MuNDE, and Langognk, are many houses of 
 early date, but so much mutilated as to be with difficulty 
 recognised ; the plan of this latter town is singularly irre- 
 gular, having been built round the walls of the monastery, 
 which occupies the heart of it with the church near the 
 centre. 
 
 At Cluny there are a number of early houses, some of 
 w^hich, belonging to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 
 have been already mentioned in our first volume, but the 
 abbot's house, or as some call it, the strangers' hall, is a 
 fine rich example of the fourteenth, with an arcade below, 
 and a gallery above. 
 
 Farther to the south the town of Carcassonne was re- 
 built by the officers of St. Louis in the second half of the four- 
 teenth century, after its destruction in the crusade against 
 the Albigeois. It still retains almost entire the character 
 which it received at that j)eriod ; the walls and drawbridges 
 are perfect. The houses are mostly later, but there are ex- 
 tensive remains of a large house of the fourteenth century, 
 though in a very mutilated state. 
 
 Montreale, near Avallon, remains of houses. 
 Perpiguan, se\eral houses of this period. 
 Flavigny, near Dijon, small vilhige houses of this period. 
 In almost all the small towns in the neighbourhood of 
 Perigueux, and also in nearly all those on the banks of the 
 Garonne, there are numerous houses belonging to the four- 
 teenth century ; but as almost all these places were ruined, 
 and the houses devastated during the wars of relio;ion in the 
 sixteenth century, they are now either mere ruined shells 
 of houses, or have been fitted up in modern times, and 
 retain little of their ancient character; modern windows 
 especially have generally been inserted. 
 
 At Caudebec in Normandy is a good house of this cen- 
 tury, with the original shop, a small doorway on the first
 
 I 
 
 FOREIGN liXAMPLKS, — FRANCE. 
 
 3tl 
 
 town- 
 
 floor, as may frequently be ob?erv3(l in French 
 
 lionses, as if the 
 
 approach to this 
 
 })art of the honse 
 
 had been by a 
 
 step hidder; tlie 
 
 uindows are of 
 
 two lights, with 
 
 trefoils in the 
 
 head, a form 
 
 which continued 
 
 in use in France 
 
 from the thir- 
 teenth to the fif- 
 teenth centuries. 
 
 The house fol- 
 lows the line of 
 
 a bend in the 
 
 street. 
 
 In general there are many traces of houses of thi^ period 
 
 in all those parts of France which were then in a state of 
 peace, but in those parts which were continually the seat 
 of civil war, at one time occupied by the French and at 
 another by the English, neither party had much leisure for 
 building any thing but castles and fortifications. 
 
 The houses of the fourteenth century in France differ 
 very little from those of the thirteenth ; in many cases it is 
 difficult to decide to which century a particular house may 
 belong ; but in general the architectural details become 
 gradually more finished, the tracery of the windows more 
 developed, more cut through, and more decorated. An 
 arrangement which seems to have been adopted more par- 
 ticularly in the fourteenth century in private houses, is to 
 have a sort of gallery or central hall on the first floor, lighted 
 
 House, Caudebec.
 
 342 DOMESTIC AKCIIITECTUKE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 by large windows, often on both sides, and forming a kind 
 of clearstory. (See the engraving of the honse at Cluny.) 
 
 It was during the fourteenth century that the custom of 
 turning the gable end of the house towards the street 
 began to be introduced. Previous to that time the facade 
 was parallel to the street, and was terminated square, the 
 caves of the roof having often a very bold projection, quite 
 overhanging, and casting a shadow on the front, as at 
 Cordes. The gables turned to the street had the advan- 
 tage of allowing more light to be received in all the stories. 
 This custom was generally adopted in the fifteenth and six- 
 teenth centuries, and discontinued again in the seventeenth. 
 
 During the fourteenth century also the turrets corbelled 
 out on the angles of the houses began to appear, especially 
 at the corners of streets ; this fashion was only suitable for 
 large and important houses, and is rarely found in any 
 others; it was continued throughout the fifteenth and six- 
 teenth centuries. 
 
 It was also during the fourteenth century that high- 
 pitched roofs were commonly introduced on houses, in the 
 place of the flat ones, which had continued in use down to 
 the end of the thirteenth in a large part of France, on 
 private dwelling houses. 
 
 Wood played an important part in the construction of 
 houses of this period, the timbers of the roof were left 
 visible on the exterior as well as the interior. Large 
 dormer windows were introduced in the roof, covered 
 with slates or tiles, or with lead. At Autun there is still 
 remaining a house of the fourteenth century, with large 
 dormer windows of carved wood- work. 
 
 The different stories are more lofty at this period than 
 in the preceding century. Chimneys and fire-places are 
 more common, the shops are more open and higher. 
 Benches are frequently found on each side of the door of
 
 FOREIGN EXAMPLES, — FRANCE. 343 
 
 the house, on the public road, and even sometimes occupy 
 part of the foot pavement. Porches towards the street are 
 more rare than in the thirteenth century. The windows 
 are larger and nearer together ^ 
 
 Country houses of this period are extremely rare in 
 France. During nearly the whole of this century the coun- 
 try was overrun either by the English and French armies, 
 or by the free compauies; and every house that was not 
 strongly fortified was sacked aud burnt, so that what re- 
 mains there are of this period partake more of the character 
 of fortresses than of dwelling-houses. This is the case even 
 with Blanquefort, the usual residence of Edward the Black 
 Prince, a few miles from Bordeaux. It is, however, an in- 
 teresting ruin, and contains some vaulted chambers, in one 
 of which is the lion of England on a corbel of the vault. 
 
 In some secluded situations it is possible that a few 
 dwelling houses of a more peaceful character may be found. 
 The barony of Douvres, a few miles from Caen, near the 
 sea coast, appears to be one of this kind; the only defences 
 seem to have been a small stream and a moat, with a com- 
 mon rubble wall ; the entrance gateway is more like that to 
 a farm than to a nobleman's house ; it is however double, 
 and supported by strong buttresses, the mouldings seem to 
 indicate the end of the thirteenth or beginning of the four- 
 teenth century. Within the enclosure are three detached 
 buildings, the principal one, which is two stories high be- 
 sides the ground floor, was probably the dwelling house, 
 the second the hall, and the third offices ; the windows are 
 mostly square-headed, but one has a circle in the head and 
 another is divided by a shaft with a capital, instead of a 
 plain mullion. The doorway is plain, with a segmental 
 
 '' I am indebted chiefly to my friend confirmed by my own observation, and 
 M. ViolIet-le-Duc for this outline of the in some cases I have added a few par- 
 French architecture of the fourteenth ticulars which liad escapedhim, or wliich 
 century in towns; it is, however, fully were more striking to an English eye.
 
 34-1 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURK: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 head ; over it is a projection supported on an elegant cor- 
 bel. The second building contains a large fire-place, with 
 a segmental arch, the doorway is round-headed, and some 
 corbels seem to have belonged to an earlier building. 
 
 The manor-house of Cully, near Bayeaux, has been 
 already mentioned ; it is situated at about a mile to the 
 north of Brctteville, on the road to the castle of Creuilly, 
 and is a very remarkable example of a manor-house of the 
 fourteenth century in France not fortified, or so slightly as 
 hardly to deserve the name. The entrance gateway is 
 little more than an ornamental gateway to a farm-yard, 
 such as are not uncommon in this district; in th i case it 
 was the entrance to the court-yard, and is a little more 
 ornamented, and more capable of defence. This court-yard 
 is of considerable size, on the right hand is the chapel, 
 which is much mutilated, and converted into a stable, but 
 has some good Decorated windows ; it has evidently been 
 a detached building, though now connected with sheds and 
 other stabling; on the left hand are the offices, connected 
 with the house itself, which, being still inhabited, has been 
 much altered, especially within, but still retains some good 
 features of the fourteenth century. At the back of the 
 liouse is a series of fish-ponds, which seem to have been 
 in a kind of park, such as we read of in the romances of 
 the period. The whole is at present occupied as a farm- 
 house and homestead. 
 
 There are comparatively few buildings to be found in 
 France of the latter part of the fourteenth and early part 
 of the fifteenth centuries, owing doubtless to the disturbed 
 state of the country, the continual wars, and the conse- 
 quent poverty of the nation ; but of the latter part of the 
 fifteenth century, the buildings are numerous, and the 
 houses of the sixteenth century in the style of the Re- 
 naissance are very numerous and often very fine.
 
 FOREIGN EXAMPLES, FLANDERS. "^ 345 
 
 In Flanders, houses of the fourteenth century arc not 
 very common ; but some brick houses with stone dressings 
 in the Bidder street, at Bruges, appear to belong to this 
 period. One of these of moderate size is in very good pre- 
 servation, the door is small and placed on one side, and 
 has a trefoiled head. Almost the whole of the front is 
 filled with long panels pierced with square apertures for 
 the windows of the three upper stories; the spaces inter- 
 vening between the windows of each story are occupied by 
 blank trefoil and quatrefoil panels. The gable is cut into 
 "corbie-steps." 
 
 At Ghent, the house called Utenhovensteen, in the Friday 
 place, is of this century ; the lower story is vaulted, the 
 principal entrance is on the first floor by a flight of stone 
 steps ; there are two ranges of pointed windows, and turrets 
 at the angles. 
 
 In Ypres are two very beautiful fragments of houses of 
 this century closely resembling in style the celebrated town- 
 hall. Each had three stories ; in the one best preserved 
 the central story has been modernized, the ground and the 
 second floor remainin": in their oriojinal state. The Q-round 
 floor had a door in the middle and two windows of good 
 size on each side, all these have what have been called 
 shouldered arches ; remarkably large stones are used in 
 the construction of this part. The upper story has three 
 windows remaining (of the original five), which are of two 
 lights trefoiled, the upper part filled with geometrical 
 tracery. The second story had windows of the same na- 
 ture, as appears from some small remains. The building 
 was finished by an ornamental parapet, and had turrets 
 corbelled out from the angles. The roof is extremely high 
 and steep, and its side walls cut into steps. 
 
 For further information see the valuable work of M. 
 Schayes, " ITistoire de I'Architecture ou Belgique."
 
 I 
 
 346 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 In some German cities examples of houses dating from 
 this century will be found. 
 
 At Treves there are many ; generally, however, the lower 
 story has been modernized, and the rows of small trefoil- 
 headed windows, and the ornamented corbels of the chim- 
 neys, are the only indications of the age of the building. 
 
 At Nuremburg almost every thing at first sight looks 
 very late in date, but there is very much to be found if it 
 is looked for carefully. 
 
 St. Sebald's parsonage house has a magnificent oriel 
 window rising from a multangular shaft ; it has five sides 
 W'ith a fine traceried three-light window in each side, pin- 
 nacles at the angles, a carved cornice, and a steep roof 
 covered with ornamental tiles; below the windows are 
 five subjects finely carved, and the corbelling out from the 
 shaft is exceedingly elaborated. There is no other point of 
 interest about the house. 
 
 The parsonage of St. Lawrence, as does the church, at- 
 tempts to vie with that of St. Sebald, not so successfully 
 however* The bay window here is similar in idea, but 
 much less elaborate, and as it has all been restored and 
 nearly rebuilt, it has lost much of its interest. 
 
 At the corner of the street opposite St. Lawrence's 
 church is a most curious house of the fourteenth century 
 called the Nassauer-haus. It is a large square of great 
 height, with magnificent angle pinnacles, a very rich parapet, 
 a very steep tiled roof, hipped all ways, and therefore coming 
 almost to a point; in one face of the building is a most 
 beautiful oriel, well proj)ortioned and very delicately orna- 
 mented ; this is the only window that appears to be ori- 
 ginal. The angle turrets have great tiled roofs, and the 
 height is very imposing ; the height to the bottom of the
 
 FOREIGN EXAMPLES, GERMANY. 347 
 
 turrets is equal to five stories in lieight of an ordinary 
 house by its side. 
 
 Tlie Ratli-haus has a very long hall of this date, though 
 the greater part of the building is later. It has ten two- 
 light windows at the side, of varied geometrical tracery, 
 and at the end two similar windows, with a narrow and 
 lofty oriel between them. The effect is unusual and good. 
 
 The fountain in the market place, known every where, 
 but not the less to be mentioned, since it is a civic erec- 
 tion, and in nowise ecclesiastical, as our crosses generally 
 are, is divided into three stages, and has a number of 
 fine effigies of kings and others, and is in good preserva- 
 tion. The iron railing round the fountain is original. It 
 is of considerable height and stands upon a stone base, 
 projecting from which are stone pedestals, on which the 
 townspeople place their buckets whilst they fill them, by 
 depressing the end of a pipe hung on a pivot. This is the 
 original plan, and a very sensible scheme it is. The foun- 
 tain owes its very perfect state, doubtless, to the protection 
 of the railing. 
 
 Ratisbon contains much more to repay a careful investi- 
 gation than even Nuremburg. The finest specimen of the 
 fourteenth-century work is the Rath-haus. Of this the 
 front is simple, but very beautiful. It is of three stories, 
 the lower only used for cellars, and not lighted. The next 
 stage has in the centre a beautiful oriel rising from a plain 
 buttress, pinnacled at the angles, and has crocketed gables 
 on each side. It is square in plan. On each side of it are 
 four two-light windows, they are square-headed, with tre- 
 foiled lights, and the windows are arranged in pairs to- 
 gether. Above these are two windows of two lights, with 
 arched heads and good early tracery. At the end of the 
 hall are two similar three-light windows. The gables are 
 stepped, and appear to be original. The entrance porch
 
 348 DOMESTIC ARCIIITKCTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 and staircase are at one angle. The outer door very 
 elaborate, with an arched head under a crocketcd canopy. 
 'J'he feature most worthy of notice inside is the spandrel 
 above the stairs. It is filled in with the most elaborate 
 geometrical tracery, and has a good effect. The detail is 
 all very rich. In another part of the same building is 
 a very good two-light window, with trefoiled heads to each 
 division, and square openings to the lights. The spandrels 
 having a small sunk trefoil. 
 
 In the oldest portion of the town, particularly in a street 
 running parallel with the Danube for some extent, almost 
 every house seems to be of extreme antiquity. Many of 
 them seem to be of the twelfth century, and they are 
 all very similar in their design and detail. They are of 
 great height, and their facades have generally at each end 
 an immense stepped gable, with a battlemented parapet 
 between, or else each end has a tower battlemented, or 
 capped with a steep pyramidal roof. The lower story 
 seems to be always used as a cellar, and has nothing but a 
 very rude gateway. Above this are several rows of win- 
 dows. The windows on each tier being generally similar. 
 The detail of the windows is very good. They are of two, 
 three, and four lights, almost invariably supported on de- 
 tached shafts, with finely carved capitals, the abaci and bases 
 are all square; the heads of the lights arched and trefoiled, 
 and there is always a weather-mould over the window, but 
 not returning down the sides, as is common with us. In 
 some of the windows the central light is the highest, and 
 in these cases they have crocketed canopies over them. In 
 all cases there is some kind of dripstone. The towers at 
 the angles frequently rise as much as seven stories in 
 height, and the design of the windows in each stage is 
 almost always varied. Windows with arched heads over 
 square openings are of frequent occurrence. There are a
 
 FOREIGN EXAMPLES, — GERMANY. 349 
 
 variety of singular designs for Domestic windows dispersed 
 about the town, and frequently of most unusual shapes. 
 The buildings seem to range from the twelfth centnry to 
 the end of the fourteenth, and to have been all intended as 
 houses fitted for defence. This the history of Ratisbon 
 would quite lead one to expect. 
 
 More houses, however, of this century exist in the 
 Hanseatic cities on tne Baltic than elsewhere in Ger- 
 many ; they are entirely of brick, without any stone dress- 
 ings, the ornamental parts being formed of moulded and 
 glazed brick-work, and, as their style is very peculiar, it 
 is not easy to ascertain their date quite satisfactorily. 
 Some are, however, assigned by the German architects to 
 the latter part of this century, and many others exist which 
 there is every reason to conclude are of earlier date. Ros- 
 tock, Wismar, Stralsund, Greifswald, Anclam, &c., aflford 
 numerous examples, often occurring in groups of threes 
 and fours. It is, however, seldom that the lower part is 
 in an unaltered state. In the largest houses a common 
 plan appears to have been to make an entrance largo 
 enough to admit a cart, from this a large passage or hall 
 runs quite through the house, giving access to a small 
 court at the back. The rooms at the sides are now gene- 
 rally shops or sitting rooms, but probably originally store- 
 houses for wood, &c. The living rooms of the family were 
 chiefly on the first floor, and the whole upper part of the 
 house served for granaries or warehouses. This forms in 
 most cases a vast gable towards the street, and contains se- 
 veral rows of arcades, with shafts and tracery in glazed brick. 
 
 The castle of the Teutonic knights at Marienburg on 
 the Nogat affords very curious examples of Domestic archi- 
 tecture in brick, partly of the thirteenth (as is said) and 
 partly of the fourteenth century. The residence of the 
 grand-master is one of the most remarkable parts.
 
 350 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 AVe are indebted to M. Verdier of Paris, for the follow- 
 ing notices of Domestic architecture in Italy ''. 
 
 Pisa. — Nearly the whole of the old town still consists 
 of buildings of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries ; the 
 custom-house is an ancient palace of the thirteenth. 
 
 Lucca. — The palace of the Gninigi family is of the 
 thirteenth, and some other houses adjoining to it are of 
 the same style. The Quorquonia or poor-house, is said to 
 have been the country seat of the same family; and the 
 palace of the Benettoni near to that of the Guinigi, with 
 a fine tower ^. 
 
 Siena. — The palace of the Buonsignori is of the end 
 of the thirteenth century ; the palace of the Piccolomini 
 is also of the thirteenth ; there is also a house of the 
 thirteenth in the street of St. Peter, and a number of 
 other houses of the thirteenth and fourteenth. The public 
 palace was begun in the fourteenth, and the hospital has 
 portions of the thirteenth. 
 
 ViTERBO. — There are here a considerable number of 
 houses of the twelfth century ; aii;ongst others, that which 
 is called the Palaretto, and one called the Vellegrino. A 
 very elegant Gothic fountain of the thirteenth in the place 
 or square of Cartano, and two or three other fountains of 
 the thirteenth. 
 
 Orvieto. — The palace of the Podestat is of the twelfth 
 
 » Engravings of many of tliese build- intended for habitation and stiite, and 
 
 ings will be found in the valuable work also for defence. In the Scaligerian 
 
 on the Domestic and Civil Architecture castles defence is the first object, and 
 
 of Italy, now publishing in Paris by magnificence the second; but in these, 
 
 M. Verdier. pence takes precedence of war, but it 
 
 '' " These palaces belong to a class of is an armed peace." — Mumy's Hand- 
 buildings peculiar to Tuscany, palaces book of Northern Italy,
 
 FOREIGN EXAMPLES, — ITALY. 351 
 
 century ; there is a large building of the thirteenth op- 
 posite the cathedral ; the bishop's palace has fragments of 
 the twelfth and thirteenth ; and there are a great number 
 of houses of the twelfth. 
 
 At Florence, the public palace (Palazzo Vecchio) was 
 built by Arnolfo in 1278, but much altered in subsequent 
 times. 
 
 Bologna contains numerous houses of the fourteenth 
 and fifteenth centuries, built of brick, with ornaments of 
 terra cotta : the most remarkable is the Loggia dei Mcr- 
 canti, which is of moulded brick. It was begun in 1291, 
 finished in the fourteenth century, and restored by the 
 Bentivoglio family during their political ascendancy. The 
 Palazzo maggiore del Pubhlico was also begun at the end 
 of the thirteenth century, and has some portions of the 
 fourteenth, but has been much altered. 
 
 Padua. — The arcades on which the houses are supported 
 are of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, over a great 
 part of the town. The Palazzo della Ragione is said to 
 have been built by Pietro Cozzo between 1172 and 1219, 
 and a new roof added in 1306 by Prate Giovanni. It is 
 a very large hall, standing entirely upon open arches. The 
 length is about 240 feet by 80 wide, and as much in 
 height, and it is ornamented by various paintings, said to 
 have been designed by Giotto. 
 
 Verona. — A house of the twelfth or beginning of the 
 thirteenth century, with the ancient staircase, near the 
 tombs of the Scaligers, and there are numerous fragments 
 of the fourteenth and fifteenth. A clock tower at one end 
 of the piazza is said to have been built by Cansignorio, 
 the ninth ruler of the Scaliger family, in 13C8, and the 
 exchange or Casa dei Mercanti, is said to have been built 
 for that purpose by Albert Scaliger in 1301. 
 
 ViCENZA. — A house in the principal street is of the
 
 352 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 fourteenth century, and there is another house with a 
 curious staircase. " The Palazzo della Tlagione is an an- 
 cient Gothic buiUhng surrounded with loggie by Palladio." 
 
 Venice. — There are here a great number of palaces of 
 the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries in all 
 parts of the town. The Fondaco del Torchi (or factory of 
 the Turks) has a facade of the twelfth century along the 
 grand canal, but in a ruinous state. The palace of the 
 Poscari is of the fourteenth. The Ca' d' Oro on the grand 
 canal is a very curious structure of the fifteenth century, 
 although of a corrupt style, having a mixture of oriental 
 details and osree arches. The Casa Ferro is a beautiful 
 specimen of the Venetian Gothic style. 
 
 Mantua. — The Castello de Corte, the palace and fortress 
 of the Gonzagas, was built between 1393 and 1406. " It 
 is a vast pile, flanked by deeply machicolated and noble 
 towers, but battered and decayed." Adjoining to this is 
 the immense edifice begun in 1302 by Guido Buonacolsi, 
 but little remains besides the front, with its Gothic win- 
 dows and battlements. The Palazzo della Racjione ^vas 
 begun in 1198 and completed about 1250. 
 
 CoMO. — The town-hall is of the thirteenth century. 
 
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 8
 
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