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 COLLECTIONS 
 
 Georgia Historical Society 
 
 Vol. VII 
 
 PART III 
 
 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA, 
 
 IN AMERICA, AND OF ITS DEFEAT ON ST. SIMONS ISLAND 
 
 BY 
 GENERAL JAMES OGLETHORPE 
 
 / ) 
 
 Published by 
 
 The Georgia Historical Society 
 
 Savannah, Ga. 
 
 Savannah, Ga. 
 
 Savannah Morning Nevrs 
 
 1913
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The translation that follows was made from manuscripts 
 in the library of Mr. W. J. DeRenne, copied from the origi- 
 nal documents preserved in the Archives of the Indies at 
 Seville. Each of these manuscripts bears a heading giving 
 the provenance of its original, and each is further certified 
 as being a true copy. Heading and certificate are reproduc- 
 ed with the first document of the translation, but it has not 
 been thought worth while to repeat them with the remain- 
 der. 
 
 The papers of this collection fall more or less naturally 
 into groups : — Letters and orders, diaries, reports and re- 
 turns. The list of sea- and shore-signals, and one set of 
 naval instructions, have with the returns been placed last 
 as being somewhat detached, logically, from the substance 
 of the other papers. They have their significance and in- 
 terest, however, in that they reveal the extreme care be- 
 stowed on the expedition. It will be noticed that the list 
 of signals and the set of naval instructions relate to an 
 earlier expedition, planned but not carried out. 
 
 The sketches of guns and mortars are due to Lieutenant 
 J. W. Lang, 9th Regiment of Infantry, United States Army. 
 They are reproduced from illustrations in the catalogue of 
 the Artillery Museum at Madrid. 
 
 The Treaty of Vienna, November 18, 1738, gave Spain 
 but a short respite from war. Claims and counterclaims 
 arising chiefly out of colonial questions, led to much diplo- 
 matic parleying with England, and in January, 1739, she 
 saw herself obliged to pay that country an indemnity of 
 £95,000. On the presentation of a demand for a counter- 
 indemnity, England threatened war; on August 20th au- 
 thorized reprisals, and finally on October 30, 1739, declared 
 war. It is of this war, terminated b}^ the Treaty of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, October 18, 1748, that the events of the following 
 pages form a part. 
 
 War or no war, the Spanish had long been contemplating 
 an expedition against the English Colony of Georgia. 
 They kept such an expedition on the stocks, as it were, to
 
 be launched when opportune; and finally did launch it in 
 June of 1742 to overwhelm the English King's new Colony 
 "in the place called Georgia." To the King of Spain, and to 
 his subjects in Cuba and Florida, the chief object was puni- 
 tive: the insolent and perfidious English were to be chas- 
 tised and the chastisement was to be extermination. There 
 was no notion of conquest; once the object attained and the 
 English swept ofif the face of the earth, troops and ships 
 were to return to their respective garrisons in St. Augus- 
 tine and Havana. So much stress, indeed, w^as laid on this 
 withdrawal as to justify the belief that its accomplishment 
 was' almost as much a matter of concern as the advance it- 
 self. This concern undeniably affected the morale of the 
 commanding general, if not of the entire expedition. 
 
 In forming an estimate of the events dealt with in the 
 following pages, it is needful to place one's self in a proper 
 point of view. If w-e place ourselves abroad, the events are 
 inconspicuous ; if we recross the Atlantic, they loom large. 
 In reality, we must not regard the attempt of Spain on 
 New Georgia as an affair between small numbers in a dis- 
 tant and unimportant land; it was Spain and England striv- 
 ing for mastery in a vast continent, and although Spain, as 
 already said, had no notion of conquest, to England, that is 
 to Oglethorpe, the notion of permanency was ever present 
 and fundamentally real. To him the question was whether 
 his beloved Georgia should be a Spanish waste, or a living, 
 free, English colony, a potential State. How he answered 
 this question we all know: he brought to naught as grave 
 a danger as ever threatened the Colonies, and he did it 
 alone. 
 
 The point of view must needs then be local, but with a 
 national outlook ; it follows that the papers in this collec- 
 tion acquire a double interest. And this interest grows 
 with the conviction, begot of an examination of the records, 
 that Oglethorpe- by all the rules of the game, should have 
 been jjeaten. He was out-manned, out-shipped, and out- 
 gunned. But he was a soldier, and knew his business; al- 
 though men, and ships, and guns are necessary, alone they 
 are not suflficient. They must first be welded into a homo- 
 geneous instrument and then intelligently used, before pos- 
 itive results can be expected. This homogeneity was lack- 
 ing to his adversaries, a fact that he must have been ac- 
 quainted with ; moreover, they had not had time to know 
 their commander, Montiano, nor he his troops. And lastly, 
 it is in the highest degree probable that Oglethorpe had 
 measured his antagonist.
 
 That Montiano had failed to take his own measure, is 
 proved by his pitiable report to his King. Without in the 
 least intending- it, in complete unconsciousness, he strips 
 his own inefficiency bare for our inspection and examina- 
 tion. Psychologically, conditions were against the Span- 
 iards from the outset, but this must not in the least be taken 
 to detract from Oglethorpe : he had to reckon on the one 
 hand with a force much greater than any he could muster, 
 and on the other hand, with certain possibilities in his favor; 
 but in respect of these he might very easily have been in 
 error. 
 
 The Spaniards sailed into St. Simons gallantly enough, 
 and landed their men between the forts and the town of 
 Frederica. No resistance was offered. Bearing in mind 
 that a landing under fire is, for the landing party, a delicate 
 operation, we may well ask why Oglethorpe should have 
 neglected this opportunity to do his adversary a serious 
 harm. But a little reflection will show that this case really 
 ofifered no opportunity. As soon as it became evident that 
 the run-past of the ships was, or would be, successful, the 
 evacuation of the forts was imposed. To leave troops in 
 the forts, even if they could have held out, was foll}^ so 
 clear that we need waste no time over the matter. But 
 once withdrawn, where should they go? Should they pro- 
 ceed to resist this disembarkation, either alone, or in junc 
 tion with other forces brought down for the purpose? 
 
 But Oglethorpe could not tell where the Spaniards would 
 land : it was not inconceivable that they would deliver their 
 first attack on the town itself. If, however, they should 
 choose to land between the town and the forts, then it was 
 the part of wisdom to leave them to follow this course ; for 
 once ashore, they would have miles of swamp to cross be- 
 fore reaching him, and his inferiority in numbers would be 
 more than compensated by the advantage of positions se- 
 lected in advance. If he had attempted to oppose this land- 
 ing, he would have had the morasses at his back, and so in 
 case of check, have converted an admirable natural defence 
 into a most serious obstacle to successful withdrawal. 
 Moreover, so few were his men that he could not afiford 
 to divide them ; and lastly, and quite apart from any other 
 consideration, he had no guns to oppose to the Spanish 
 naval artillery, against which any musketry fire that he 
 could bring to bear, ineffective in those days beyond two 
 hundred yards, would have been powerless. 
 
 The issue proved the wisdom of his dispositions. The 
 first attempt of the Spaniards to push their way through the 
 morasses was also their last, nor did they later make any
 
 effort of any other sort. This failure to undertake any- 
 thing more must be regarded as discreditable to the "glory 
 and reputation of the arms of the King," particularly if the 
 Spanish account of losses be correct. That it is not, we 
 know from other sources. Indeed, so great were Montia- 
 no's losses, and among his best troops, so sudden and un- 
 expected his check, so uncompromising his defeat, that the 
 matter was really then and there settled. In plain English, 
 he had no stomach for further business. After that disas- 
 trous beating when his grenadiers fell only to incarnadine the 
 waters of the swamp in which they were entrapped, he sent 
 out only Indians to see '"if they could find some other road 
 to Frederica". Meanwhile his rations were being reduced, 
 he had not got his guns ashore, and rumors unnerved him. 
 In these straits he fell to calling councils of war and so was 
 lost. That he had made only one genuine effort to reach 
 his objective, that in spite of the failure of this effort, he 
 still outnumbered Oglethorpe, that in any case his fleet was 
 substantially intact, these things made no impression on 
 him. His one concern was to withdraw. And yet so blind 
 was he to his own shortcomings that he attributes his fail- 
 ure to the Almighty and actually asks his King to approve 
 his conduct of affairs and to bestow honors upon him. To 
 be sure, he had razed a few earthworks evacuated by their 
 garrisons, carried off a few guns spiked by the enem}^ 
 burned a few houses abandoned by the inhabitants. And 
 here we may now well leave him, recounting his victories 
 over inanimate things, and glossing his failure, for this fail- 
 ure made the State of Georgia possible. 
 
 C. DeW. W. 
 West Point, New York, October 19, 1912.
 
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 GENERAL ARCHIVES OF THE INDIES: AUDIENCE OF 
 SAN DOMINGO, LOUISIANA AND FLORIDA. 
 
 Report Upon the Expulsion of the English from the Territories 
 They Have Usurped in Florida, and Survey of Limits and 
 Incidences. From 1738 to 1743; Case 87, Drawer 1, File 3. 
 
 Affidavit of Juan Castelnau, a Prisoner in Georgia. 
 
 Havana, July 24, 1739.* 
 Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas transmits 
 the depositions made by Juan Castelnau, a native of Los 
 Pasages in Guipuzcoa, on the present state of the Settle- 
 ments of New Georgia, where he was held a prisoner for 18 
 months, and of its fortifications, forces and establishments. 
 
 Sir: Juan Castelnau, who says he is a native of Los Pas- 
 ages in Guipuzcoa, having come from Cartagena in this dis- 
 patch boat now on her way to those kingdoms [i. e. Castile 
 and Leon, or Spain] with the order and permission consist- 
 ing in a decree petitioned for by him of Lieutenant General 
 Don Bias de Lesso, I have taken the declarations that follow 
 to substantiate the reasons he gave to obtain the said per- 
 mission. As I find from them that he has told the truth, and 
 given an exact account and trustworthy news of the state of 
 the towns of New Georgia, its fortifications, forces and es- 
 tablishments, both as these were at the time of the expedi- 
 tion intended and planned for the past year of 1738, and 
 as they were after the arrival of the Commanding General 
 Don Diego Ogletop,** I have thought it proper to send your 
 Lordship the testimony of his declarations, to the end that 
 His Majesty may be thoroughly informed of past and pres- 
 ent conditions, because it agrees with all the inquiries and 
 news which I had made and acquired for the expedition, 
 and with those of the Governor of Saint Augustine in 
 
 • It should he recollected that these dates are Gregorian; those of the 
 contemporaneous English accounts are Julian. The difference, as Is well 
 known, was at this epoch, eleven days. 
 
 •* Oglethorpe's name has In all cases, been left exactly as the Spaniards 
 •wrote it.
 
 8 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 Florida, made after the return of Don Diego Ogletorp to 
 those Colonies. 
 
 God keep vour Lordship many years. 
 
 Havana, July 24, 1739. 
 Your most obedient servant kisses your hand. 
 Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas. 
 
 To Sefior Don Joseph de la Quintana. 
 
 DECLARATION. 
 
 In the ciiy of Havana, on the 18th day of July, 1739, Don 
 Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas, Field Marshal of 
 the Armies of His Majesty, his Governor and Captain Gen- 
 eral over the said city and of the Island of Cuba, said: — 
 That the day before yesterday, the 16th of the current 
 month, there came into this port [Havanal from that of 
 Cartagena of the Indies, the dispatch frigate on her way to 
 the kingdom of Castile and aboard of her, Juan Castelnau, 
 a native of Los Pasages in the Province of Guipuzcoa, who 
 was for 18 months a prisoner in New Georgia and other 
 settlements, which the English have occupied ; and that up- 
 on his lil)eration, he succeeded in passing through Virginia 
 and other parts to the' city of Santo Domingo in the island 
 of Hispaniola, and thence to Cartagena aforesaid. Here 
 he presented himself to His Excellency Don Bias de Leso,* 
 Lieutenant General of His Majesty's fleets, Commander of 
 the Galleons there stationed, and of all the naval forces in 
 America, who upon request ordered him to proceed here 
 in the dispatch frigate. In order now to possess ourselves 
 of all that he has seen, surveyed, and understood, let him 
 appear forlhwitlT. and under oath, clearly and distinctly 
 set forth the matter, according to the questions that may 
 be made to him. And by these presents, I so provide, com- 
 mand and sign. 
 
 Guemes. 
 
 Before me, Miguel de Ayala, 
 
 Chief Clerk, State and War. 
 
 • I.^ao. or I.czo. la mentioned by Altamira (Hlstorla de Espana, Vol. IV., 
 p 1S4) »■ one of tho celebrated Spanish seamen of the time.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 9 
 
 Declaration of Juan Casfelnau. 
 
 His Lordship, the Governor and Captain General imme- 
 diately caused Juan Castelnau, a native of Los Pasages, to 
 appear before him, who being- sworn before God and on the 
 Cross according to law, promised in consequence to tell the 
 truth, whereupon the following questions were put to him; 
 
 Asked why he had come to this place in the dispatch 
 boat that had anchored in its port, the 16th instant, on its 
 way from Cartagena to Spain, he said, that finding himself 
 in Cartegena, he had asked permission of His Excellency 
 Don Bias de Leso, Lieutenant General of the Fleets of His 
 Majest}^, Commander of the Galleons in that port, and of 
 all the naval forces in America, to go to Havana and make 
 report to His Lordship of the state of the Colonics of New 
 Georgia in which the English had kept him a prisoner for 
 18 months, as appears from the petition which he presented 
 to the said Don Bias de Leso and from his decree in evi- 
 dence. Asked why and when he had been apprehended by 
 the English of the Colonies of New Georgia, where he de- 
 clared he had been, he answered that it was because they 
 took him for a spy of Spain, and that it was in the beginning 
 of the year 1737 on passing from Florida to Carolina, when 
 he was examined by two tribunals ; that after two months 
 of confinement on account of said suspicion, the tribunals 
 finding him guiltless, had enlarged him. 
 
 Asked how he had passed from Florida to Carolina, and 
 for what reason he was in Florida, he said he had gone 
 from Pensacola, where he had assisted the paymaster of 
 that post, to Florida with the idea of crossing Carolina on 
 his v/ay to Europe in order to return to his own country, 
 and that to that end he had received authority from the 
 Governor of Saint Augustine in Florida, who was then Don 
 Francisco del Moral Sanchez, to make a journey through 
 Carolina. 
 
 Asked where he had been after being set at liberty in 
 Carolina, as declared by him, and for how long, he answer- 
 ed that returning to Florida for the purpose of seeing if he 
 could not earn some money on account of having spent and 
 consumed that which he had before while a prisoner in 
 Carolina, he had embarked in a pirogue at Port Royal and 
 arrived at Savannah, a town which they said was the cap- 
 ital of New Georgia, through fear of falling in with the 
 English commanding officers of the other ports. He put 
 to sea with the master of the said pirogue, and bad weather
 
 10 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 coming on, they were driven in and compelled to save their 
 lives by going ashore on an island called Emilia, whence 
 a guard of four Englishmen there stationed took him to 
 Saint Simon's. Here had his residence a commanding of- 
 ficer called Captain Gasquin, who, after enquiring into the 
 reasons which had brought him thither put him aboard the 
 manual or coast guard vessel of the place, invariably forbid- 
 ding him to communicate with whatever Spanish vessel 
 might be in those waters, until the Commander Don Diego 
 Obletor having arrived from London, he recovered his 
 liberty. 
 
 Asked in what manner he had proceeded from those parts 
 to Cartagena, he said that Don Diego Obletor had assisted 
 him to embark in a ship sailing to Virginia, whence he had 
 gone by land to Mallorca.* Here he embarked in a bilan- 
 der bound for the French coast of San Domingo, and having 
 arrived, he betook himself to the city, and made report to 
 the President of all that had befallen him ; and the Presi- 
 dent after taking his declaration, had sent him on to Car- 
 tagena, to Don Bias de Leso. 
 
 Asked if he had been able to learn anything of the posts 
 occupied by the English in those parts, of what strength 
 they were and how fortified before the coming out of the 
 Commander Don Diego Obletor, he answered that he had, 
 that the established posts were Savannah or New Georgia,** 
 containing some 200 houses of wood, very far each from the 
 other, for which reason they take up much room ; the town 
 situated on a bank of the river of the same name, on a bluff 
 forty feet high with a battery of 10 pieces, about 8-pound- 
 ers, without any garrison whatever, the service of the bat- 
 tery being undertaken by the citizens themselves ; that only 
 the area surrounding the battery is inclosed by a stockade 
 of pine logs about 18 feet high and one foot thick, and that 
 the rest of the settlement is open : that at the mouth of the 
 river stood a tower of wood constructed both as a lookout 
 
 • Evidently New York; elsewhere In these papers we have Xoyorca: the 
 scribe could readily write Mnllnrrn, with which name he was acquainted, for 
 Noyorca, of which he had probably never heard before. 
 
 •• It will be remarked that to the affiant. Savannah and New Georgrla 
 mean the same thinp. Similarly. In the papers that follow, Florida Is fre- 
 quently used where we should v.Tlte Paint Auprustlne. ."Sometimes the con- 
 text enables us to dlstingnish between the chief town and the Colony, some- 
 times It does nrit. Thus, when Horcasltas tells Mnntlano "to raze and destroy 
 Carolina and its plantations," he may mean Charleston and surrounding: 
 plantations, or the Colony, though the former Is perhaps the more likely. 
 Where no doubt can exist, the name of the town has been given In the trans- 
 lation. In other cases the MS. has been followed.
 
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 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA U 
 
 and as a beacon for that port, which the English call Tebi, 
 and we Cruces. And farther to the south lies the Island 
 of Saint Simon, before reaching which there is another fort 
 facing the Island of Santa Cathalina which they call Darien, 
 garrisoned by about thirty Scotchmen, and mounting six 
 guns of the same calibre. That in the aforementioned is- 
 land [of Saint Simon] there is a town called Frederica sit- 
 uated on the bank of the river Saint Simon, and said to 
 contain thirty or forty houses or huts of boards and palm 
 leaves, with another battery also of ten guns of the said* 
 caliber, without any troops for its service, the citizens act- 
 ing as guard. South of this town, say a league and a half, 
 is a careening ground with three or four houses of boards, 
 and on the point on the south of the island they have con- 
 structed a battery of sixteen guns of the same calibre to 
 sweep the entrance of the Harbor of Gualquini, which the 
 English call Fort Frederica, beneath whose guns lay the 
 manual in which he was a prisoner. Continuing further 
 south, on the Point of Bejecez, on the Isle of Whales stands 
 a fort which they called Saint Andrew with sixteen or 
 twenty men commanded by Captain Makay, mounting ten 
 guns of the same calibre. Still farther south yet is the Is- 
 land of Emilia which we Spaniards call San Pedro, where 
 they keep four men as a lookout, and have one gun and a 
 stone mortar. That these were at the time in question the 
 settlements, fortifications and forces which they had. He 
 was further of the opinion that all the settlers to be found 
 might number three hundred men, all of whom were capa- 
 ble of bearing arms. 
 
 Asked on what date he set forth from those Colonies to 
 go to Virginia, when the Commander Don Diego Obletor 
 arrived, and what troops he brought with him, he answered, 
 that he himself set out on Nov. 4, 1738, of the past year, and 
 that the Commander Don Diego Obletor arrived in the pre- 
 ceding September of the same year with five transports and 
 one vessel mounting more than twenty-two guns, and said 
 to be a warship called the Blandfort, and that in the said 
 transports he had brought over about five hundred men 
 and more according to appearances, said to be regular 
 troops ; that in the month of July of said year, Lieutenant 
 Colonel Cocran had arrived from Gibraltar with three hun- 
 dred men drawn from its garrison, that after the arrival 
 
 • 1. e. said of the battery at Savannah.
 
 12 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 of the Commander Oblctor there came an English packet 
 boat loaded solely with artillery and implements of war; 
 that the troops mentioned were distributed, six hundred 
 men in the Isle of Saint Simon in Fort Frederica, and two 
 hundred in Saint Andrew ; and that at the same time when 
 the five hundred came with the Commander Obletor, came 
 also two hundred women with them, the purpose being to 
 compel the soldiers to marry them. 
 
 Asked if after the arrival of all these people, and while 
 he A'as still in those parts, he had seen or learned whether 
 they were making new fortifications or occupying other 
 posts or laying out new settlements, or whether he detect- 
 ed any especial design of the Commander Obletor, he said 
 that he saw them tracing out under the direction of a French 
 engineer they had brought out, a castle in the fort at Fred- 
 erica, and for this purpose had collected a supply of bricks 
 and timber in the same Isle of Saint Simon between the 
 town and the careening ground ; that with the same engin- 
 eer they were taking soundings on the bar and in the chan- 
 nel ; that they were building two other small forts to com- 
 mand the land approaches from Florida to Georgia so as to 
 guard against any surprise by Spanish Indians ; that each 
 one was occupied by a corporal and 20 settlers, that one of 
 these [forts] was called Fort Augustus, but he had forgot- 
 ten the name of the other ; that they had not laid out any 
 new settlements; that he had [not]* detected any especial 
 design on the part of Commander Obletor, but that he had 
 heard the officers say that the design in view was to take 
 possession of Saint Augustine in Florida, and had remarked 
 that in case the outl)reak of war was doubtful they had 
 made certain arrangements looking to this end. 
 
 Asked what number of Indians they had under allegiance 
 in those parts, where they were situated, and to what use 
 they were put, he said it seemed to him there were about 
 200 kept in two towns, one immediately adjacent to New 
 Georgia, in which they had set up a school for the children, 
 and the other must be at Darien ; that they were to be used 
 to commit hostilities on the Spaniards and that he had 
 strong proof of this; for while he, the declarant, was there, 
 the Governor of Saint Augustine in Florida had the year 
 before in 1738 written to Captain Gasquin for satisfaction 
 by punishing some Indians guilty of homicide, and that 
 
 • The context shows that the negative particle has been through error 
 omitted.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 13 
 
 he had seen the same Indians on their return from this af- 
 fair regaled by him with aguardiente and other things, and 
 told that whenever they brought in Spanish scalps they 
 would be rewarded, and that he had this from a nephew of 
 his. 
 
 Asked if a town of Esquisaros which is called Surisbu,* 
 on the bank of the Savannah, adjoining Port Royal due 
 west, is well advanced, and populous, he said that this town 
 is now abandoned and demolished, and that its inhabitants 
 had gone, part to Port Royal, and others to New Georgia, 
 and that only a few plantations had been left. 
 
 Asked the population of Port Royal, what fortifications 
 it had, if the anchoring ground is good, and whence come 
 the ships that may anchor there, he said that Port Royal 
 might contain 40 or 50 houses, but that the country is well 
 filled with plantations as far as Saint George, worked by 
 many negroes ; that there is a fort called Vinfort at half a 
 league from Port Royal to guard the entrance of the port, 
 square of trace, with 4 curtains and bastions, made of tim- 
 ber, earth and oyster shell, and that he had heard they were 
 adding some sort of outwork; that the anchoring ground 
 of the Port is the best of the entire Province of Carolina, 
 but that in the entrance there is not sufficient depth for ves- 
 sels of greater burden than that corresponding to 24 or 30 
 guns at the most. 
 
 Asked what harvests they had in New Georgia, and what 
 products were most highly prized, he said that corn, rice, 
 beans, squashes and other vegetables were planted; that the 
 product most prized was silk, that consequently they had 
 planted mulberry trees, and that they continually displayed 
 more and more ardor in this matter. 
 
 Asked what kind of boats they had and how many in 
 those rivers, for communicating one port with another, he 
 said that each port had a pirogue with a swivel-gunf in the 
 bow; and that besides, they had two or three canoes, in 
 which they carried supplies back and forth, but that 4 or 5 
 individuals had their own boats. 
 
 Asked what was the purpose of the packet boat under 
 the orders of Captain Gasquin, and what port it served 
 
 • Purysburg. 
 
 t Pedrero in MS.. This word means (a) swivel-gun; (b) small gun; 
 (c) stone-mortar. Usually there Is nothing- In the texts that follow to 
 Indicate which is meant. The word Is frequently used, and except that the 
 meaning "swivel-gun" is probably correct aboard ship, ashore the context 
 throws no light on the point.
 
 U THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 with the greatest frequency, he said that while he was there,- 
 it set out thrice to cruise along the coasts of the jurisdiction, 
 and that during the winter it lay in the port of Gualquini 
 in the river of Saint Simon, and added that he had seen as 
 many as twenty pounds of silk made there and of good qual- 
 ity. He afifirms that his declaration made under oath is the 
 truth ; that he is forty years of age ; and signed his declara- 
 tion, to which His Lordship appended his flourish. 
 
 Juan Castelnau. 
 Before me, Miguel de Ayala, 
 
 Chief Clerk, State and War, 
 
 Petition of Juan Castelnau. 
 Memorial. 
 
 Most Excellent Sir: Juan Castelnau, a native of los Pas- 
 ajes in the Province of Guipuzcoa, kneeling in full devotion 
 at the feet of your Lordship, says that he was captured in 
 New Georgia, where the English held him a prisoner for 
 18 months, and proceeded to the Island of San Domingo in 
 an English sloop, in order to describe to His Majesty's rep- 
 resentatives the state and conditions of the English in that 
 Colony. After having made the proper declaration before 
 the President of San Domingo, he was sent to this port 
 [Cartagena] in a bilander chartered for the purpose by the 
 said President, in order to inform your Lordship of all mat- 
 ters (as he has done). Desiring now to go on to Havana 
 to inform his Lordship the Governor of that position, should 
 it be necessary, of the state of the Colonies of New Georgia, 
 and to repair his needs by the help of a few friends whom 
 he has in that city, he humbly supplicates your Lord- 
 ship to grrnt him authority to take passage in this dispatch 
 boat for the said city of Havana ; and to order its Captain 
 to transport him without any cost whatever, a favor he 
 hopes to receive from the compassion of your Lordship. 
 
 Cartagena, June 22, 1739. 
 
 Juan Castelnau.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA IS 
 
 Official 
 
 Decree. Cartagena, June 23, 1739. 
 
 Seeing that all the allegations of this person, as set forth 
 in this petition, are true, he is granted permission to go in 
 this dispatch boat to the port of Havana, in case it be im- 
 portant to advise the Governor of that position of all that 
 this person has seen and declared. And the Captain of this 
 dispatch boat virill transport him without any cost to the 
 said port of Havana. 
 
 Leso, 
 
 A true copy of the originals in my keeping, to which I 
 refer. By oral order of the Governor and Captain General 
 of this Fortress and Island, I give these presents for de- 
 livery to his Lordship, written on eight sheets with this 
 one, at Havana, July 21, 1739. I afftx my seal [there is a 
 seal] in witness of the truth. 
 
 Miguel de Ayala. 
 
 We certify that Don Miguel de Ayala, by whom these 
 affidavits are sealed and signed, is, by royal appointment, a 
 Chief Clerk, State and War, in this city of Havana and 
 Island of Cuba, is faithful, loyal and trustworthy, and as 
 such practices his profession, and receives full faith and 
 credit. 
 
 Havana, July 21, 1739. 
 
 Christoval Leal, Notar}' Public (his flourish).* 
 Antonio Ponce de Leon, Royal Notary (his flourish). 
 Tomas de Salas y Castro, Royal Notary (his flourish). 
 
 True copy of the original preserved in these General 
 Archives of the Indies, Case 87, Drawer 1, File 3. 
 Seville, July 6, 1906. 
 
 (Signed) Pedro Torres Lanzas. 
 
 Head Keeper of Archives. 
 
 • The rubrica, or flourish is what gives validity to a Spanish signature. 
 In some cases, the rubrica is used alone, without the name of its maker.
 
 16 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 LETTER OF MONTIANO TO THE KING ENCLOSING A 
 
 MAP AND GIVING INFORMATION IN RESPECT 
 
 OF FLORIDA AND ADJACENT 
 
 COUNTRIES. 
 
 Brief ] 
 
 St. Augustine, August 20, 1739. 
 
 The Governor, Don Manuel de Montiano, says : 
 
 That in order more clearly to justify the right of Your 
 Majesty to the colonies occupied by the English, it has 
 seemed proper to him to enclose a map of these colonies, 
 based on the information received from different persons 
 well acquainted with the country and who have a thorough 
 knowledge of the bars, ports, rivers and roads therein, hav- 
 ing trafficked over them, so that having a better knowl- 
 edge of these territories and of their situation, the proper 
 measures may be taken. 
 
 He says further that as appears from these maps, the 
 English have occupied the best bars and the deepest ports 
 capable of sheltering sea-going ships of large size; such as 
 the bar of St. Helens ; that of Santa Cruz ; that of St. Simon ; 
 that of Gualquini; that of the [Bay of] Whales and others 
 of less depth, a thing which Your Majesty does not pos- 
 sess on this entire coast running north and south because 
 the bar of St. Augustine has a depth of only seventeen 
 palms. 
 
 He also declares that the River St. Isabel is navigable 
 to within two days' journey /6i the towns of the Uchee In- 
 dians in the provinces of Apalache and that the English 
 having craftily occupied them, may now come down as far 
 as the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and occupy on it some 
 port, such as that of St. Joseph, Pensacola or others. The 
 consequences of this action would be most fatal to the com- 
 merce of our galleons and fleets ; and he proposes, in order 
 to prevent this, the occupation of the said Bay of St. Joseph, 
 and that a strenuous eflfort be made to bring about the 
 evacuation by the English of all the territory from New 
 Georgia toward the south with the Bar of St. Helens; and 
 that whatever territories be left them, limits should be 
 marked out on a line running southeast and northwest, 
 taking from them as many as possible of the towns of the
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 17 
 
 Uchee Indians and as much as possible of the coast of the 
 Gulf of Mexico. This done, we should succeed in depriv- 
 ing them of all hope for their projects and in holding our- 
 selves ports on that coast, in which our ships and fleets 
 could shelter themselves whenever accident or misfortune 
 should overtake them. 
 
 [The Letter] 
 Sir:— 
 
 As a result of the remission to Your Majesty of the docu- 
 ments which I have been able to find in the archives of this 
 place [St. Augustine], justifying the right and title of Your 
 Majesty to the colonies illegally occupied by the English, 
 it has appeared to me proper to add a map of these Colo- 
 nies, based on the information brought in by different peo- 
 ple well acquainted with the country and thoroughly in- 
 formed in respect of the bars, harbors, rivers and roads by 
 reason of having trafficked over them, so that having a full 
 knowledge of those territories and their situation, Your 
 Majesty may take such measures as may seem suitable. 
 And as I conceive it to be a part of my duty to present to 
 Your Majesty whatever I take to be beneficial to the royal 
 service and to the protection of the royal dominions, I beg 
 leave to set forth to Your Majest}^ that according to the 
 map, the English have occupied the best harbors and the 
 deepest ports, able to shelter vessels of deep draft, such as 
 the Bar of St. Helens, that of Santa Cruz, that of St. Si- 
 mon, that of Gualquini, that of the Bay of Whales, and 
 others of less depth ; and that Your Majesty, in all the royal 
 possessions of this coast from north to south, owns nothing 
 like these, because this port of St. Augustine has a depth 
 of only seventeen palms. At the same time, I must in- 
 form Your Majesty that the River St. Isabel is a naviga- 
 ble one to within two days' journey of the Uchee Indians 
 in the province of Apalache; and that the English have 
 occupied them by craft and cunning, so that they can de- 
 scend to the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and occupy on 
 them some port like that of St. Joseph, Pensacola or oth- 
 ers, the consequences of which would be most serious for 
 the commerce of the galleons and the fleets of Your Majes- 
 ty. In order that this may not happen, I make bold to pro- 
 pose to Your Majesty the proprietjr of occupying the said 
 Bay of St. Joseph and that the whole effort of Your Majesty 
 should be bent on dislodging the English from New 
 Georgia toward the south, including the Bar of St. Helens
 
 IS THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 and that whatever territories be left to them, their limits 
 should be marked out along a line southeast northwest, 
 taking from them as many as possible of the Uchee towns 
 and those of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, This would 
 result in depriving them of all hope of carrying out their 
 prjjccts on the Gulf of Mexico and in furnish'ng Your 
 Majesty harbors on the said coast in which ships, in case 
 of misfortune, may take shelter. 
 
 God keep the Catholic Royal Person of Your Majesty, 
 many happy years, as demanded by Christendom. 
 St. Augustine in Florida, Aug. 20, 1739. 
 
 (Sgd) Don Manuel de Montiano. 
 (A Flourish) 
 [ Answer ] 
 In a letter of the 20th of August, Your Lordship has en- 
 closed in greater justification of the right of His Majesty to 
 the Colonies occupied by the English in those provinces, 
 a map of these Colonies, based on the information given 
 to Your Lordship by different persons well acquanited with 
 the country and having full knowledge of the bars, ports, 
 rivers and roads, by reason of having trafficked over them 
 to the end that having a full knowledge of circumstances, 
 suital)le measures might be taken. These matters, having 
 been laid before His Majesty, he is informed of the subject 
 and of the especial exposition which Your Lordship makes 
 at the same time, to the effect that it would be proper to 
 occupy the Bay of St. Joseph and apply all our energies 
 to dislodge the English from New Georgia toward the south, 
 including the Bar of St Helens and that whatever terri- 
 tories be left to them, the limits should be a line running 
 southeast and northwest taking from them as many of the 
 towns of the Uchee Indians and as much of the coast of the 
 Gulf of Mexico as is possible, which would result in rob- 
 bing them of all hope of success for their projects and in 
 giving us ports on that coast in which, in case of accident 
 or misfortune, our war ships might take shelter. 
 
 His Majesty therefore directs me to say to you that he 
 will keep in mind all the facts presented for the betterment 
 of the royal service, and that he is much pleased with the 
 zeal with which you have acquired these facts and com- 
 municated them. 
 
 May God keep Your Lordship many vears. 
 
 Madrid, May 24, 1740. 
 To Don Manuel de Montiano.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 19 
 
 Endorsement. 
 
 To Don Manuel De Montiano. 
 
 Issued in duplicate and triplicate, advising him of the 
 receipt of his report conveying information relating to the 
 English colonies and the districts which the English of 
 Georgia should evacuate.
 
 20 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 THE KING ORDERS THE DISPATCH OF AN EXPEDITION 
 AGAINST GEORGIA. 
 
 The King has entrusted to Don Juan Francisco de Gue- 
 mes y Horcasitas an expedition of importance the nature 
 of which he will communicate to Your Lordship as directed. 
 Toward the execution and success of this affair, it is 
 proper that Your Lordship, after leaving in a state of de- 
 fense that [St. Augustine] fortress, should strive with all 
 available forces, and communicate all the information and 
 advice expected, in order that action may be concordant 
 and efficacious. His Majesty commands me to communi- 
 cate to Your Lordship this decision for your information, 
 and in order that the aforementioned Governor of Ha- 
 bana may advise you with the punctuality demanded by 
 the royal service. I\iay God keep Your Lordship many 
 years. 
 
 Madrid, 31 October, 1741. 
 To Don Manuel de Montiano. 
 
 [No signature] * 
 
 The King having resolved upon an expedition from that 
 Island [Cuba] against the enemy, and having decided that 
 its Governor General, Lieutenant Don Juan Francisco de 
 Guemes y Horcasitas should organize it according to the 
 orders sent him, and deeming it proper that whatever be- 
 tide, the troops to be selected for the said expedition shall 
 have their place taken by detachments from the squadron 
 under the orders of Your Excellency, in such numbers as 
 shall not interfere with its navigation, or other functions. 
 His Majesty commands mc to say to Your Excellency that 
 you are to furnish these detachments and that if any naval 
 officers should wish to go as volunteers on this expedi- 
 tion, you are not to hinder them. You are to help the 
 aforesaid Governor to the limit of your powers and of the 
 necessities of the case, in order to bring about the end con- 
 fided to him, by reason of the great interest taken in this 
 
 • We know, however, from Montlano's answer, that this and the following 
 Ifttera were all Bent by the Minister Don Jose de CamplUo.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 21 
 
 matter by the royal service. God keep Your Excellency 
 many years. 
 
 Madrid, 31st October, 1741. 
 To Don Rodrigo de Torres. 
 
 [ No signature ] 
 
 With regard to the resolution of His Majesty to set on 
 foot from the Island [Cuba] operations against the enemy, 
 and to the order sent to Lieutenant General Don Juan de 
 Guemes y Horcasitas, Governor of Havana, to carry them 
 out, His Majesty bids me charge you, that in case of your 
 selection to take command, you are to accept- and execute 
 that duty, in full confidence, because of your zeal and re- 
 cord of services, that you will ably discharge this trust in 
 all that relates to the ro3^al service. 
 
 God keep Your Lordship many years. 
 
 Madrid, 31st October, 1741 
 To Don Antonio de Salas. 
 
 [ No signature ] 
 
 Your Excellency is informed in respect of the motives 
 which induced His Majesty in the year 1737 to resolve up- 
 on the extirpation of the English from the new colony of 
 Georgia and from the territories of Florida which they have 
 usurped, as well as of the orders sent out to this end, and 
 of all dispositions made for their execution, until a suspen- 
 sion was commanded. 
 
 I bring these past matters to the recollection of Your 
 Excellency, because we are now in a state of open war, 
 and under no necessity to practice the caution which in the 
 former conjuncture of affairs compelled us to give pause. 
 His Majest};- considers the time opportune to accomplish 
 the destruction of Carolina and of its dependencies, thus 
 compensating ourselves for the ancient perfidies of which 
 the English have made the colony the seat, as well as for 
 the present hostilities, by inflicting a damage that will ruin 
 and terrify them, seeing the affection in which they hold 
 that country, and the benefit they derive from its commerce. 
 Accordingly His Majesty has directed the organization of 
 an expedition from that Island [Cuba] to be composed of 
 some regular troops and of as much militia as may be nec- 
 essary, and that it pass over to the aforementioned province
 
 22 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 of Carolina with its appurtenant territories, and devastate 
 it by sacking and Burning all the towns, posts, plantations 
 and settlements of the enemy, for the purpose of this inva- 
 sion must be solely to press hostilities until the effort shall 
 have gone home, and success be achieved. It will help 
 you to know that the English Colonies in America are so 
 weakened by the men and supplies drawn off to lay siege 
 before Cartagena that their relief from England has been 
 under discussion. 
 
 It is the intention of His Majesty that in carrying out 
 this expedition, regular troops be used in such numbers as 
 are indispensable, having due regard to the defense of that 
 Island [Cuba] ; and that deficiencies be made up with mili- 
 tia and natives in such strength as to secure favorable re- 
 sults, imitating the course we followed when we recovered 
 Pensacola from the power of the French. 
 
 In order that the number of regular troops to be selected 
 by Your Excellency for this purpose may not be seriously 
 reduced, you may avail yourself in any emergency that may 
 arise, of those in the squadron under the command of Lieu- 
 tenant General Don Rodrigo de Torres, provided that he 
 be not reduced to the inability of taking the seas, or of per- 
 forming any other operations expected of him. To this 
 end, I am inclosing an order which Your Excellency will 
 hand him, directing him to further this enterprise to the 
 utmost, in order to bring it to a happy issue. Although 
 Your Excellency has a personal knowledge of that coun- 
 try, of its nature and conditions, through previous recon- 
 naissances and surveys made in view of practical possi- 
 bilities, yet His Majesty desires that you communicate 
 and entrust to Don Manuel de Montiano, Governor of 
 Florida, the decision taken, propounding to him the meas- 
 ures to be adopted to carry it out, and directing him to con- 
 cur with all the forces which the state of defense of his 
 post will allow. Your Excellency is to advise whether 
 the enterprise is to be carried on at one point, or at sev- 
 eral points (which here is thought to be the proper course), 
 and to inform him in respect of said points. It is further 
 His Majesty's wish that he give you all the information 
 in his possession, and should go on informing himself as 
 to the state of the English inhabitants of Carolina, and any 
 other matters, knowledge of which might be of import to 
 Your Excellency. I am inclosing a letter for that Gover- 
 nor, in which vou will find his instructions.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 23 
 
 Other directions and details are omitted, because it is 
 known that Your Excellency has all the knowledge and 
 light that could be desired to bring so grave a matter to a 
 successful end. Hence, and because His Majesty is con- 
 vinced of your zeal, activity and experience, he intrusts 
 this expedition to your care, directing you to order what- 
 ever may forward it, with the determination that springs 
 from your sense of duty and loyalty to the royal service, 
 and without the loss of a moment of time. In respect of 
 expenses, dispositions, and methods, Your Excellency has 
 plenary powers to confer and treat of ways and means with 
 officers and persons who may profit by your advice to 
 spread the desolation and secure the advantages that we 
 expect in respect of that province. And in order that 
 the great volume of preparations may not pass to the knowl- 
 edge of the English, His Majesty orders that you take your 
 measures in secret, alleging pretexts to dissimulate and 
 conceal the end in view, so as to deceive the public. For 
 otherwise we expose and risk this blow, which is to sur- 
 prise the enemy without giving him any opportunity to 
 prepare himself by arming and fortifying and so oppose a 
 greater resistance and opposition to our efforts. 
 
 His Majesty leaves to the judgment of Your Excellency 
 the selection of the officer or officers to command this ex- 
 pedition : you are authorized to take those most satisfac- 
 tory to you, and of best known and approved conduct: but 
 in the belief that Brigadier Don Antonio de Salas, who is 
 detained out there [in Cuba] is well fitted for this service, 
 I send Your Excellency the inclosed letter in order that 
 you may give it to him, if you should see fit to employ him 
 for the command (in which case you will be required to 
 furnish him the pay corresponding to his duty, or with such 
 as you may judge proper). If you do not appoint him, you 
 will withhold this letter. 
 
 If a few naval officers should wish to go as volunteers, 
 you will approve it, assuring them that His Majesty will 
 not lose sight of their resolution and spirit, but will assist 
 them in whatever may be for their comfort, and Your Ex- 
 cellency will divulge this in ample time, so that the sug- 
 gestion may appear attractive. 
 
 It is by His Majesty's command that I communicate 
 these matters to Your Excellency, so that as soon as you 
 shall have received this letter, you may apply yourself to 
 their accomplishment, and take all other steps that may
 
 24 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 lead to the success of an enterprise which His Majesty de- 
 sires shall be promptly carried out and which it is confi- 
 dently expected will produce the results expected, as is 
 plain from the fervor and zeal which you have ever shown 
 in His Majesty's service. I should say to Your Excellency 
 that after the enemy's country shall have been laid waste, 
 the troops and militia must withdraw to that Island [Cuba], 
 and a report be made of events, 
 
 God keep Your Excellency manv years. 
 
 'Madrid, Oct. 31, 1741. 
 
 To Don Juan Franc- de Guemes y Horcasitas.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 25 
 
 MONTIANO ACKNOWLEDGES THE RECEIPT OF ORDERS 
 RELATING TO THE EXPEDITION AGAINST GEOR- 
 GIA, AND REPORTS HIS ACTION. 
 
 St. Augustine, in Florida 
 
 12 March, 1742. 
 The Governor, Don Manuel de Montiano, agreeably to 
 the advice, that he must assist with all the forces possi- 
 ble in bringing to a happy issue an expedition against Car- 
 olina entrusted to the Governor of Habana,* reports that 
 he has sent to the said Governor a return of the garrison 
 of that post [Saint Augustine] for the selection of the 
 troops not necessary to its defense, to serve in said expe- 
 dition, and anticipating a happy issue. 
 
 Sir:— 
 
 In a letter of the 31st of October of the past year, you 
 did me the honor to say that the King had entrusted to 
 Don Juan Francisco Guemes y Horcasitas, an expedition 
 of importance which he would communicate to me as di- 
 rected, and that toward the execution and success of this 
 affair, I should, after leaving this post [Saint Augustine] 
 in a state of defense, strive with all available forces, com- 
 municating all the information and advice expected, in or- 
 der that action might be concordant and efficacious. And 
 that His Majesty had commanded Your Lordship to con- 
 vey this decision for my information to the end that the 
 aforementioned Governor might treat with me with the 
 punctuality called for by the royal service. 
 
 With regard to this determination, I have to inform Your 
 Lordship, that as soon as I was informed of it, I set to 
 work to acquire as much information as was possible ; and, 
 without losing a moment of time, nor engaging in any other 
 matter, I passed my reports on to the Lieutenant Gen- 
 eral, Governor of Havana, offering my recommendations 
 charged rather with hopes than with certainties. But it 
 is impossible for me to say how contented I am with the 
 
 • Navarra, in the MS. (itself a copy of the original in the Archives at 
 Seville).
 
 26 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 great administration of that Governor General, who will 
 so adjust his measures to action, as morally to persuade 
 me that the favorable results expected are in my opinion 
 almost inevitable. 
 
 In respect of other matters, I venture to suggest to Your 
 Lordship, that, according to my comprehension of the 
 case, the design of the King will be the antidote, the whole- 
 some medicine, that will restore to health this debilitated 
 and deserted Province, of good consideration ; for Caro- 
 lina once ruined and destroyed, the extermination of her 
 colonial dependencies will follow, and all the slaves now 
 under her heavy yoke will pass over to us. This is what 
 they most desire : as they are numerous, we shall be able 
 to make here many settlements, and turn their people to 
 account in war. And what is more, it will follow that the 
 Indians, no longer having any one to instigate or protect 
 them, will continue always with us in a state of tranquil 
 peace; these Provinces will grow and people themselves, 
 since they are all as it were paramos,* and families from 
 Galicia and the Canaries will be able to establish them- 
 selves in quiet. 
 
 I am sending to the aforesaid Lieutenant General, Gov- 
 ernor of Havana, a return of the troops of this post, and I 
 leave to his judgment the selection he may, with due re- 
 gard to the defense of this place, see fit to make for the con- 
 templated expedition. This is all I have to lay of this mat- 
 ter before Your Lordship for the information of His Ma- 
 jesty. 
 
 That God keep Your Lordship many years, is my desire. 
 Saint Augustine in Florida, 12 March 1742. 
 
 Sir: I kiss your hand, being your most grateful ser- 
 vant. 
 
 Don Manuel de Montiano 
 
 [A flourish follows.] 
 
 To Senor Don Jos6 de Campillo.** 
 
 •A paramo Ib a hlph. bloak plateau; the word Is South American. Pre- 
 cisely what plains Montiano had In mind, of course, we do not know. In all 
 probability he uses the word In a loose way. 
 
 •• One of the ministers of Philip V., remembered as tbe author of a book, 
 "f/uevo tMema de golAemo cconnmico para la Amf^ica," published posthum- 
 ously In 17s'j. In this work. Campillo criticised the system of colonial ad- 
 mlnlftrntlon and proposed certain reforms, arraying himself against the mili- 
 tary system of conquest followed In America. He argued that this system, 
 houevtr nt-KMsary at first, was now out of date, and pleaded for economical 
 liberty.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 27 
 
 THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CUBA INFORMS THE 
 GOVERNOR OF FLORIDA WHAT TROOPS AND SHIPS 
 WILL BE SENT FROM HAVANA, FOR THE EXPEDI- 
 TION AGAINST GEORGIA, AND MAKES VARIOUS SUG- 
 GESTIONS. 
 
 Sir, — 
 
 Among the obstacles and difficulties arising in carrying 
 out the will of His Majesty, and communicated by me to 
 Your Lordship under date of February 3rd, past, the most 
 serious was the possibility that, and doubt whether, the 
 English, strengthened by the fresh re-enforcement of 4,000 
 men which arrived in Jamaica toward the end of January 
 of the present year, would enter the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 attempt to attack this Havana or some other position of 
 the Islands. But this fear has vanished,* as you may 
 see from the enclosed paper sent m.e by the Governor of 
 [Santiago de] Cuba, and from the letter of Don Sebastiiln de 
 Eslava,** Viceroy of Santa F^,t_ a copy of which I enclose. 
 The occasion seemed to me therefore opportune to profit 
 by this fortunate conjuncture of affairs, without however 
 being able to furnish the 3,000 men nor the means which 
 your Lordship warned me would be necessary to strike the 
 blow directed by His Majesty. For I have neither the 
 former, nor the frigates suitable to make it attainable in 
 the way that I should prefer, nor any ships of war § to take 
 the place of these frigates, inasmuch as these ships must 
 fulfill their principal purpose.? 
 
 • The allusion is to the failure of the English troops, some 5,000 in all, 
 to capture Santiago. A squadron under Admiral Vernon and General Went- 
 worth had landed in Guantanamo Bay; after four months' effort, the enter- 
 prise was abandoned, with a loss by the English of over 2,000 men from the 
 effects of the climate. 
 
 •• This officer conducted the defense of Cartagena against Admiral Ver- 
 non, who failed in his attempt to capture the place. 
 
 t New Granada, in .South America, sometimes, as here, called Santa Fe. 
 the Colombia of to-day. It was one of the Spanish vice-royalties, and occa- 
 sionally called the reino (Kingdom) of Santa Fe. 
 
 §In the Spanish navy of the XVIII century "the principal type of war- 
 vessel was the navio [line-of-battle-ship] assisted by the fragata 
 
 [frigate] as scout or despatch vessel." 
 
 "Brigantines were also used on despatch duty, and packet boats \fiaqtie- 
 boteay "Galleys were falling Into disuse." "The armament of ships of 
 war consisted of bronze and wrought-iron guns of calibre varying from 36 
 to 4 (weight in pounds of the projectile). The average range was about 3,000 
 meters." 
 
 Altamira y Crevea, Historla de Espana, IV, 189-190. 
 
 X A British fleet was still In West India waters.
 
 28 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 Wherefore I judged that 1,000 regulars and 800 militia 
 would suffice, and under this hypothesis was elaborating 
 this plan, when there arrived here an Englishman, the Cap- 
 lain of the frigate captured by Fandiuo, and a man of 
 "lear mind and straightforward disposition. I tested and 
 compared his representations with those of Simonin, who, 
 as Your Lordship knows, is thoioughly acquainted with 
 that port and its bar [Frederica], and with the number of 
 whites living in Carolina, and found that his information 
 differed materially from that which Your Lordship had 
 sent me. 
 
 As a result of this investigation and of my inability to 
 make a greater effort than the one decided upon, I con- 
 voked a secret council of war of whose decision you will be 
 informed by the copy that I am remitting. It is impossi- 
 ble to assemble a greater number of men; and even if it 
 were, we could not transport them, for what has already 
 beer done under this head is due to the assistance of Lieu- 
 tenant General Don Rodrigo de Torres. 
 
 I am sending Your Lordship a boat with this news under 
 the seal of inviolable secrecy, so that you may be inform- 
 ed of the determination we have taken, and show the great- 
 est activity in equipping the expedition, to the end that it 
 shall with the greatest promptitude set sail to anchor on 
 that bar [Saint Simon's], and proceed without the slightest 
 delay to the extinction of that country [Georgia]. To carry 
 out these orders Your Lordship will take from your 
 own post 400 regular troops, 300 of your garrison, the 100 
 who were sent from this place under the command of Don 
 Gregorio de Aldana, and also the 100 of the militia of Pardo, 
 who were sent to you at the same time. From this place 
 will proceed in 30 transports composed of frigates and 
 bilanders. 1,300 men, 600 regulars, 700 militia, composing 
 the 1,800 without counting the seamen; among the trans- 
 ports goes separately the vessel for the 500 men who are 
 immediately to embark at Saint Augustine and besides, two 
 large barges well armed with swivel guns Of these ves- 
 sels as many as possible will proceed with guns mounted, 
 to say nothing of a French frigate of 24 guns, which hap- 
 pened to be in this port, and which we took for this expe- 
 dition, of the packet boat "Diligent," and of the galley. I 
 regard this force as sufficient to attain the end sought with 
 happiness and without risk.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 29 
 
 All the stores and water required, go in the said ves- 
 sels; it will not be necessary to draw even a single ration 
 from your post. The proper ammunition, arms and im- 
 plements likewise will be sent. Your Lordship will ver- 
 ify the return of property of the Agent of the Exchequer, 
 who is to go in charge of issues and administration. Such 
 being the dispositions taken here, Your Lordship will 
 have equipped the six galliots, the launches, and the 
 pirogues of your garrison, as well as any other vessel that 
 may prove useful ; the troops must be ready to embark at 
 once, without the slightest hindrance. For delay would 
 be prejudicial, since the urgency of the whole affair (whose 
 success I believe to be easy) consists in this that the 
 enemy shall neither perceive, nor be warned of, our inten- 
 tions. 
 
 For all reasons, it has seemed to me that your appoint- 
 ment to the command of this expedition will insure its 
 success, for with the knowledge of Your Lordship, your 
 devotion to the throne, your deeds and your experience, 
 go the satisfaction and glory of His Majesty, and the sat- 
 isfaction of all of us who are interested in his service, re- 
 joicing over the void caused by the forces of Admiral Ver- 
 non, because of the task upon which these are engaged. 
 
 Colonel Don Francisco Rubiani, Lieutenant Colonel and 
 Commandant of the Regiment of Dragoons of Italica will 
 go hence in command of all that set out. From your own 
 post you will arrange for the services of Don Antonio Sal- 
 gado as Lieutenant Colonel. Lieutenant Colonel Don Mig- 
 uel de Rivas may be left behind to command the place. 
 
 The Engineer of the Second Grade, Don Antonio de 
 Arredondo, also accompanies the expedition, as being one 
 who knows those parts as far as Port Royal, and has ex- 
 act and detailed information in respect of everything else. 
 He may be employed by Your Lordship on any duty you 
 may be pleased to order for the best interest of the under- 
 taking, and can take charge of the details of operations. 
 The Engineer Don Pedro Ruiz Olano may also go. Should 
 Don Pedro de Estrada, a man who has given such good 
 proofs of spirit and gallantry, be in Saint Augustine, it 
 would be eminently agreeable that he should fit out his 
 bilander and accompany the expedition in any capacity your 
 Lordship may think proper. 
 
 I remain convinced not only of the partial but of the en- 
 tire success of our enterprise, because of Your Lordship's
 
 30 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 known leadership. And I am expecting at tke very least 
 that the forces furnished will without the slightest let or 
 hindrance forthwith destroy all the plantations as far as 
 Port Royal. For as Your Lordship knows, it is His Majes- 
 ty's desire that the sudden blow struck should, as far as 
 its force will reach, and events permit, lay waste Carolina 
 and its dependencies. But this course must be consistent 
 with the information your Lordship may obtain from pris- 
 oners, and with other measures to be suggested by your 
 ripe judgment looking to the secure withdrawal of our 
 forces through the interior channels between the Keys. It 
 is of the greatest consequence and importance to raze and 
 destroy Carolina and its plantations. This result can be 
 better secured bv first getting rid of the regiment of Ogle- 
 thorpe, which might proceed to the defense of some other 
 point where hostilities had broken out, if not first attacked 
 where they are now in Gualquini and Saint Simon, as pro- 
 jected. It is entirely probable and credible that surprised 
 by this blow, they will abandon everything and flee to the 
 woods, and thus give us greater freedom to draw full profit 
 from this idea and its opportunity so favorable to us. And if 
 it were possible to find means to notify the negroes in good 
 time to follow the cause which Your Lordship says they de- 
 sire, this would be an opportune disposition for the com- 
 plete success of our plans. 
 
 The expedition over with the happy issue desired, Your 
 Lordship will take steps for the immediate return, with 
 the least possible expenditure of time, of the troops and 
 militia about to set forth and also of the detachment which 
 I sent on some time ago under the command of Don 
 (jregorio Aldana, sending them in detachments in the ves- 
 sels which Your Lordship will judge best fitted for the navi- 
 gation of the Canal. I beg leave to remind Your Lordship 
 that I have only 400 men left for the service of this place. 
 
 Whatever I may have forgotten or omitted, I beg Your 
 Lordship's attention and perspicuity to supply, as of one on 
 the sjjot. It is my desire to overlook not even the most 
 trifling circumstance which might forward the happy 
 issue I am anticipating. May Your Lordship have no other 
 care than to secure and bring victory, unless it be to 
 employ mc in any relation in which I may satisfy Your 
 Lordship. 
 
 God keep Your Lordship many years. 
 
 Havana, May 14, 1742.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 31 
 
 Postscript in margin. 
 
 1 warn Your Lordship that this expedition will sail hence 
 the 2nd or 4th of the next month, according to the effort 
 made to complete its equipment, so as to take advantage 
 of the fine weather, and that you must have made all your 
 preparations, and warned some of the monks of the mis- 
 sions in those parts to go along as missionaries. 
 Your most affectionate, faithful servant 
 Who kisses your hand. 
 Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas. 
 To Don Manuel de Montiano
 
 32 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CUBA APPOINTS THE 
 GOVERNOR OF FLORIDA COMMANDER OF THE EX- 
 PEDITION AGAINST GEORGIA, AND ISSUES HIS OR- 
 DERS FOR THE CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS. 
 
 Copy. 
 
 Sir, — Having received orders from His Majesty, to send 
 an expedition from this island against the English, his 
 enemy, to punish them for the insults committed against his 
 subjects, by the subjects of Great Britain in Carolina and 
 by those recently and unlawfully settled in His Majesty's 
 territories in a place called Georgia, and impressed by its 
 importance to His Majesty's service and by the pernicious 
 results of having tolerated the aforesaid insults, I have 
 made up a command of all the land and naval forces I can 
 possibly assemble, to accomplish these very just and very 
 important ends, according to the wish of the king. 
 
 In consequence of this and of the faculty he has bestow- 
 ed upon me, to select as the commanding officer of this 
 expedition, one who possesses the requisite character and 
 qualities, I am led to designate you as the Commanding 
 General of all these forces, as much by the confidence I 
 have in your fitness and experience as because of the 
 knowledge which you possess of those places. I am also guid- 
 ed by your affection for His Majesty and your zeal for his 
 service, as shown in your letter of the 3rd of March of the 
 present year. 
 
 For the troops which are to be under your orders, I an- 
 ticipate the greatest success, and I am directing 3rou accord- 
 ing to what I believed was best adapted to secure a 
 happy termination, in conformity with the resolution of 
 the board, a copy of which I have sent you, enjoining upon 
 Your Lordship the least possible effusion of the blood of 
 His Majesty's troops and subjects, and to insure in any 
 event a withdrawal. The number of regular troops will 
 be 1,000, with proper number of officers, and of militia 800, 
 composed of whites, mulattoes and negroes, also properly 
 officered. These troops you will assign as will seem best 
 to you.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 33 
 
 The naval forces which it has been possible to assemble 
 are reduced to one frigate of 24 guns, to a packet boat of 
 14, one galley, and the six galliots which you have with 
 you ; two schooners, two bilanders, and two barges and pi- 
 rogues under oars, which will be used to convoy the trans- 
 ports, guard and cover the coasts and inlets, and to man- 
 age and carry on within the interior channels the move- 
 ment and landing of troops during the operations. All 
 these elements (excepting the troops to embark at Saint 
 Augustine, and the schooner and pirogues to join there) 
 will leave this port [Havana] under the command of Colo- 
 nel Don Francisco Rubiani, Lieutenant Colonel, Gover- 
 nor, and Commanding Officer of the Regiment of Dragoons 
 of Italica, who is to arrive off your bar, and deliver this 
 letter to Your Lordship. He will be under your orders as 
 second in command and join his forces with the troops and 
 vessels, which are to be ready in the post for the campaign. 
 
 As the fundamental condition of the most rapid and easy 
 outcome of the expedition, and of the reduction of risks, 
 consists in making withdravv^al sure, in whatever misfor- 
 tune, I regard as indispensable the invasion before any- 
 thing else is attempted, of the Island of Saint Simon, first 
 occupying the northern entrance so as to close the pass to 
 the enemy, and intercept any relief he might receive from 
 that direction ; the landing is to take place from three ves- 
 sels at one and the same time on the beach facing east. 
 
 This first step having been, thanks to the Divine Grace, 
 and to Your Lordship's wise management, successfully 
 taken. Your Lordship will next adopt such measures as 
 are suggested by the information you may have or obtain, 
 to proceed northward by interior channels, devastating, 
 laying waste, sacking and burning whatever settlements, 
 plantations, and towns there may be as far as Port Royal 
 inclusive, razing its fort, and taking possession of the en- 
 tire country ; for Your Lordship is informed of the fact 
 that those parts hold no hostile troops able to resist those 
 under your command. The necessity of gaining time when- 
 ever possible, without any delay must ever be kept in mind, 
 so as to give no opportunity for resistance to form. Our 
 operations must, under His Majesty's commands, be re- 
 duced to a sudden stroke, and for this reason the greatest 
 celerity is imperative. 
 
 After taking possession of Port Royal, it will be proper 
 to send out negroes of all languages (some of which sort
 
 34 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 accompany the militia of this place for this very purpose) 
 to convoke the slaves of the English in the plantations 
 round about, and ofifer them, in the name of our King, lib- 
 erty, if they will deliver themselves up of their own accord, 
 and to say that lands will be assigned them in the terri- 
 tories of Florida, which they may cultivate and use for 
 themselves as owners, under the direction and laws of the 
 Kingdom of Spain. In proportion as you receive and ob- 
 tain (and this I believe will be the case) trusthworthy and 
 favorable information forwarding the conquest and increas- 
 ing the damage done the enemy, you will act accordingly, 
 never losing sight of the importance of making sure of 
 your withdrawal, in order not to lose the fruit of our opera- 
 tions. 
 
 All the neutral and friendly vessels met on the way, you 
 may detain, requiring them to follow the convoy, until 
 there shall be no disadvantage in allowing them to pro- 
 ceed on their course. To the person who goes as agent 
 in charge of all matters relating to the Royal Exchequer, 
 in respect of the good and economical administration of 
 warlike stores and implements, you will afford all neces- 
 sary help, shov/ing him and requiring him to show the 
 greatest attention, corresponding to the confidence I have 
 reposed in him, and maintaining the best of relations with 
 him, in order that the service may thus be punctually and 
 easily performed. 
 
 All the effects found and taken by our troops you will 
 collect and keep in a secure place under the supervision 
 of the agent of the Royal Exchequer, who will be required 
 to make an inventory for the distribution in equal parts 
 among soldiers, militia and sailors. 
 
 As regards prisoners, in respect of whose classes and 
 numbers no decision can be reached in advance. Your 
 Lordship will take such measures as seem most suitable ; 
 just as in all the other cases that come up, you will make 
 such decisions as most redound to the advantage of the 
 King's service, and to the glory and reputation of his arms. 
 
 The expedition having been concluded with the happy 
 issue that wc have a right to expect. Your Lordship will 
 direct that the troops and militia of this place [Havana] re- 
 turn to it without the slightest delay, in the vessels that 
 can make the best way through the channel,* seeing that 
 
 • The Florida Channel.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 35 
 
 now the southwest winds will prevail; all the ships will 
 take the same course, even at the cost of increased labor 
 and of a longer voyage, because thus we avoid encounters 
 which otherwise might have injurious consequences for 
 us. 
 
 The Second Engineer, Don Antonio de Arredondo, goes 
 informed with regard to all I have been able to anticipate 
 and advance for the success and safety of this important 
 operation. He will communicate with you, so that you 
 may select what may appear to you best fitted for the happy 
 issue of our plans, the glory and satisfaction of our royal 
 master, and of his royal intentions. I am inclosing to 
 your Lordship a full copy of the orders under which I have 
 been acting, and of which I beg that you will acquire full 
 understanding. 
 
 Commending myself to your Lordship in the sincerest 
 affection, I pray Our Lord to keep you many years. 
 
 Havana, June 2, 1742. Your most affectionate faithful 
 servant, who kisses your hand. 
 
 Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas. 
 To Don Manuel de Montiano.
 
 36 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL, ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 Illustrations of Spanish Guns. 
 
 PEDRERO. 
 40 cm. Cal., 21 cm. long. 
 1709 A. D. 6031 Artillery Museum. 
 Madrid. 
 
 5477 Cannon. 
 
 310 cm. long, 15.2 cm. Calibre 
 
 XVIII Century. 
 Artillery Museum, Madrid.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 
 
 37 
 
 Length 
 
 BOMBARD — mounted and assembled. 
 
 Cana 255 cm. 
 
 Recamara 81 " J Made 1518 A. D. 
 No. 3301 in Artillery Museum, Madrid. 
 This piece has 2 recamaras — used alternately. 
 
 
 .Uj yu ni l l lll ii i Ml ill l illil ll iii r il i a t M, 
 
 3356 Artillery Museum, 
 
 Madrid. 
 PEDRERO. 
 
 144 cm. long, 16.5 cm. Calibre. 
 
 Made 1679.
 
 38 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 5489. Museum of Artillery, Madrid. 
 MORTAR 
 1773 A. D. 
 
 Can fi> 
 
 Recamara 
 
 il''!'l!!il;:i"l'i]^^JS^, 
 
 BOMBARD Complete No. 6587 Artillery Museum 
 
 240 cm. long XV Century. Madrid. 
 
 3570 Artillery ^luseum, Madrid. 
 FALCONET XV Century. 
 
 105 cm. long, 6.7 cm. Calibre.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 39 
 
 ORDERS TO THE COMMANDING OFFICER OF THE 
 FLEET. 
 
 Orders to be obeyed by the commander of the Fleet, and 
 instructions for his guidance, with the understanding that he 
 is in all matters to be under the orders of the general 
 selected to command the expedition which is to dislodge the 
 foreigners that have settled and established themselves in 
 the dominions of the King in the Provinces of Florida. 
 
 1. He will leave the post of Havana, if the v/eather per- 
 mit, on the day appointed, with all the vessels of war and 
 transports after having made all necessary arrangements 
 to keep his ships together in good order during the journey, 
 and established signals for prompt comprehension and cor- 
 rect action in any case that may come up. He will like- 
 wise have drawn up the special orders to be observed with 
 all the precision and clarity possible by the respective com- 
 manders of the vessels under his command 
 
 2. He will proceed directly to Saint Augustine in 
 Florida, without anchoring anywhere, unless driven to it 
 by inevitable necessity. 
 
 3. When in sight of the Bar of Saint Augustine he will 
 approach as closely as possible, and anchor with his entire 
 fleet on the bar. 
 
 4. As soon as the tide serves, he will order the trans- 
 ports to enter the harbor, and anchor in front of the castle. 
 
 5. As soon as the said tide nears the flood, he will de- 
 termine whether the depth on the bar will permit the en- 
 trance of the vessels under his command, without lighten- 
 ing, and if so, these will enter, and proceed to anchor in 
 front of the Hermitage of Our Lady de la Leche. Should 
 lightening prove necessary, all will execute it at the same 
 time with the greatest dispatch, transporting in launches 
 and boats the weight that may be necessary. But this is 
 to be done only in case it is impossible, by reason of storms, 
 to remain at anchor outside. 
 
 6. He will remain in port (or wherever el^^e he may 
 think proper) until the commanding general gives orders
 
 40 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 to begin operations and put to sea with his entire fleet, 
 which he will obey without loss of time. 
 
 7. He will convoy the flotilla of small vessels that are 
 to cross the bar of the Saint John's River, until he sights 
 its inlets on an east and west line, when he will either lie-to, 
 or if the weather permit, anchor; the first is the better 
 course, if it should be necessary to go outside under the 
 threat of the east wind, dangerous on this coast; the sec- 
 ond, in order to avoid drifting with the currents. Circum- 
 stances must determine which of these two courses ap- 
 pears to him the better, without losing sight of the fact 
 that he must endeavor as far as possible to keep the coast 
 in view during the entire course of the expedition so as 
 distinctly to observe the signals made from it, or to re- 
 ceive information sent out to him, since the happy issue of 
 the enterprise depends partly if not entirely on the unity 
 and joint effort of the two fleets. 
 
 8. He will lie-to or remain at anchor, as may be deter- 
 mined, off the inlets, until he shall have received from the 
 beach a signal to proceed on his course. 
 
 9. He will continue on his way, observing both by day 
 and by night the signals made to him from land, so that on 
 receiving information of the point at which the interior 
 flotilla happens to be resting, he will again anchor or lie-to, 
 until again ordered to proceed. For, as the interior flotilla 
 can proceed only when the tide is favorable, at intervals 
 of six hours and a few minutes, it is incumbent on the sea 
 fleet so to adjust its progress, as to be but a short distance 
 away, and so avoid slipping on and then being discovered 
 by the foreigners of Fort Frederica or Gualquini before 
 the interior flotilla shall have come up and taken its dis- 
 position for attack. 
 
 10. Should some accident prevent people coming down 
 to the shore to make signals, he will proceed along the 
 coast under shortened sail ; and, after taking into account 
 the change of tides, and whatever may further the advance, 
 will estimate approximately where the interior flotilla 
 must be, giving due regard to the increase of distance 
 caused by the windings of the interior channels, and by the 
 fact that on some nights it will perhaps be impossible to 
 sail and take advantage of the tide on account of a few 
 narrow passes impossible to navigate save by day. 
 
 11. He will also consider a possible delay due to the 
 capture of the Fort of Vegcses on the channel of the Island
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 41 
 
 of Whales, this in order that both fleets may always be ap- 
 proximately on the same parallel. And if all the precau- 
 tions mentioned should remain without the result expected, 
 after having maturely weighed the aforesaid contingencies, 
 and adjusted his course accordingly, he will set his course 
 directly for the entrance of Gualquini, where he will an- 
 chor on the bar with his entire squadron in from four and 
 a half to six fathoms, so as to bring the point of the north 
 of the Island of Saint Simon to bear N. N. W., and that of 
 the north of the bar of Whales to bear S. W. y^ S. If 
 while on this position, the sea should rise and, unable to 
 ride it out, he should fear that his cables would not hold, 
 he may go in nearer to shelter himself, setting his course 
 N, W. y^ W., and proceeding some four miles in four fath- 
 oms of water, so that the said point of the Island of Saint 
 Simon shall bear N., that of Whales S. S. W., and the Castle 
 of Frederica W. N. W., this being recognizable by the red- 
 dish color of the mound of earth at the shoulder of the 
 bastion. If however, he can maintain himself without the 
 said risk in the said six fathoms, he will do so, in order to 
 be in a better position to land, on account of the surf on 
 the shoals at the entrance. 
 
 12. He will maintain himself thus at anchor, with the 
 English flag flying, unless signalled to get under way and 
 capture the port. This the commanding general will or- 
 der to take place on the beach of the south point at the 
 place marked R,* whenever the opportune occasion shall 
 arise, as determined by his readiness to surprise or attack 
 the fort which the foreign settlers have built on the island 
 in question. This in turn will depend on the time of junc- 
 tion of the two fleets, provided always that not the slight- 
 est movement shall take place until the proper signal is 
 made. 
 
 13. As soon as he shall see the said signal, he will order 
 the landing body assigned to this duty with its officers to 
 embark in launches, and direct it to go ashore on the 
 nearest beach of the Island of Saint Simon outside of the 
 surf of the north shoals, near the point Q. 
 
 14. The said landing shall be so ordered that the troops 
 shall set foot ashore a short time before dawn, neither 
 sooner nor later. To this end he shall measure the time he 
 may consider necessary, having the day before marked the 
 
 * The chart to which reference is made here and elsewhere In these 
 orders, has apparently not come down to us.
 
 42 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 shoals and indicated the nearest point for the execution of 
 the plan, and approximately observed the distance between 
 shipside and shore. Although announcing that one and 
 the same signal will be made of the arrival of the interior 
 flotilla in the Bay of Gualquini, of the disembarkation of 
 the troops and of their getting under way to enter the port, 
 yet, even though the said signal be made at the hour of 
 prayers, or later, or at any other hour, he will not on that 
 account undertake any movement before the time already 
 mentioned of the break of day, unless the signal should be 
 made to undertake everything at the moment when it is 
 set, no matter what the hour, because it is possible that this 
 course might be advantageous; and in this case he will 
 without the slightest delay set about the disembarkation, 
 and get under way to capture the port provided that this 
 operation take place by daylight. 
 
 15. As soon as the launches carrying the troops shall 
 have sheered off, the commander will, if the tide be falling, 
 stand by with his anchors apeak ; if not falling, he will 
 hoist sail ; if the wind does not serve, he will begin to tow, 
 or do whatever he thinks best. With the bilanders lead- 
 ing ahead by the hawse he will set out to capture the port, 
 using his best endeavor to have the landing troops very 
 early in the morning surprise the look-out of the foreign- 
 ers, marked O on the chart. He will also cause the fleet 
 to take the port as early as possible, so that the enemy 
 seeing himself attacked on all sides without hope of relief 
 shall at once surrender without resistance. 
 
 16. This bar of Gualquini lies in north latitude 31" 18', 
 with 6 to 43/2 fathoms at the point mentioned above. To 
 enter the port, set the course N. W. ^4 W., and continue on 
 it in ^1/2 and 5 fathoms till 3>4 are reached; shift to N. W. 
 ^ N., when the bar will be found, with V/2 fathoms at half 
 tide. From this point with course N. W. J4 W., easing to 
 N. W., 5, 6, and 7 fathoms will be found, deepening until 
 a line north and south through the fort of the strangers is 
 crossed, where 14 fathoms will be obtained, shallowing as 
 shown on the chart. 
 
 17. Having taken the position mentioned with his squad- 
 ron, if the foreigners open fire on him with their artillery, 
 he will return it, as will also all the boats under his com- 
 mand, signal having been previously made to form in line 
 and to fire on the enemy in the aforesaid case. But if they 
 do not open fire upon his ships, he will in no wise fire him-
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 43 
 
 self, but will merely order his vessels to anchor in good or- 
 der in the part marked thus Y, provided that if he should be 
 compelled to fire against the hostile fort, he will endeavor 
 to dismount and disable its guns. He will direct that in 
 going about, so as to use both broadsides, all vessels must 
 have their launches and boats ahead by the hawse, to pre- 
 vent drifting with the current, in order that they may with 
 the greatest promptitude forge ahead or in any other direc- 
 tion which may appear to him suitable. It is indispensable 
 that each vessel go about in the proper place in which it 
 may find itself, the vanguard and rear guard standing on 
 opposite tacks. For if the said maneuver is not executed 
 in this form and the ships lose their positions, it will be 
 impossible to make head against the current so as to pre- 
 sent the other broadside to the enemy. 
 
 18. From the conditions already laid down, it is evi- 
 dent that the ships should lie-to when delivering their fire, 
 keeping up against wind and current in such manner as to 
 secure, without undue drifting, a good position for the pur- 
 pose in hand. 
 
 19. It is possible that in this port of Gualquini we shall 
 find at anchor a packet boat or war vessel which they own. 
 If this shall not have surrendered when he arrives with his 
 squadron, he will take possession of it, either by capitula- 
 tion or by force, if it resists ; he must send it to the bottom 
 without giving quarter to anybody ; but if it surrenders vol- 
 untarily, he will give it the best treatment possible. 
 
 20. If while at anchor outside on the bar with the En- 
 glish flag flying, as already arranged, there should come out, 
 as is usual, a boat to reconnoiter or to bring a pilot, he will 
 cause it to be captured with the boats and launches which 
 he will have overboard and ready from the moment he shall 
 have anchored. 
 
 21. Should he be forced by any wind to remove from 
 the coast and for this reason be unable to see all the sig- 
 nals, then, as soon as the wind shall have ceased, he will 
 return to the coast, and depending on the length of time 
 that he will have been absent, he will examine the state in 
 which he finds the interior flotilla. As a measure of pru- 
 dence, and according to the conclusions arrived at, he will 
 see to it that no matter what cause, contingency, delay, or 
 weather shall have come up, the flotilla shall cross over to 
 the Bay of Gualquini and take whatever action has been 
 decided upon.
 
 44 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 22. Whenever he encounters vessels, he will cause them 
 to be searched as he may think proper; but no matter of 
 what nation they may be, he will, for the purpose of em- 
 barrassing the enemy, take possession of them, either peace- 
 fully or by force, and of all the commercial vessels belong- 
 ing to these new colonies, from which are to be evicted the 
 intruding settlers as having furtively and illegally settled 
 upon them. But if these vessels should be registered from 
 Noyorca* and bound to St. Augustine with stores for its 
 garrison, or else returning from the said place to their own 
 country or coming from any other country, in respect of 
 which the reason given above does not hold good, he will 
 not capture them, but will compel and order them to con- 
 tinue their voyage under his convoy. He will take these 
 precautions to make sure of the first class of vessels, and to 
 detain the second, until the commanding general may have 
 taken cognizance of the case and ordered that there is no 
 objection to giving them their liberty. 
 
 23. The bilanders and other smaller vessels under his 
 command will proceed nearer to the coast than the larger 
 ships, in order that they may the more clearly and prompt- 
 ly pick up the signals made from it and communicate them 
 to the flagship, according to the directions which the com- 
 mander of the fleet shall have given to this end before leav- 
 ing port. 
 
 24. As soon as this operation shall have been concluded, 
 he will leave the port of Gualquini with his squadron and 
 landing body and proceed directly to the Bay of Saint 
 Simon, at whose entrance he will anchor on the bar in 
 proper order and with the same precautions which he ob- 
 served in that of Gualquini. Here he will remain until the 
 commanding general orders him by pre-arranged signal 
 to put to sea, so that if the signal should be set to disem- 
 bark his people, he will answer by executing the order and 
 sending his launches to the beach on the south point of the 
 entrance. In this case, he will order the captains of the 
 bilanders to sail into the harbor and join hands with the in- 
 terior flotilla, with orders to fire on the redoubt of the for- 
 eigners, if this should open. If on the contrary, it should 
 not. he will keep his station with his ships without under- 
 taking any movement whatever as much to avoid risking 
 his ships in entering and leaving the harbor as because it 
 
 *Sew York, probably.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 45 
 
 has been considered unnecessary to employ so great a force 
 in the reduction of the redoubt and its garrison, and princi- 
 pally to prevent hostile vessels from going south and thus 
 possibly embarrassing the withdrawal of our own vessels 
 through the interior channels. To this end, he will con- 
 stantly maintain in the tops a good guard of men of the 
 utmost trustworthiness, who will attentively keep a good 
 lookout in all directions. 
 
 25. As soon as he shall have seen the bilanders leaving 
 the said port and a signal to make sail and continue the 
 voyage, he will obey it, setting his course with his entire 
 squadron direct for the bar of Las Cruces [Tybee Bar] ; and 
 without waiting for any other order or signal, he will enter 
 the bay. 
 
 26. The mouth of Las Cruces, he will recognize by 
 means of a lofty, wooden tower, which the foreigners have 
 built on the north point; on the south, they have a small 
 redoubt. 
 
 27. On coming within sight of the said bar, he will hoist 
 the English ensign and will keep it flying until he shall 
 have entered and placed himself in a position to prevent 
 communication of this event to other parts. He will then 
 hoist the Spanish ensign and at the same time will send an 
 officer ashore under a white flag with orders to inform the 
 commanding officer of the fort, that if he does not surren- 
 der without resistance or delay, he will be put to the sword 
 with his entire garrison without exception, and to tell him 
 at the same time that the remaining forts and settlements of 
 the south have been depopulated and ruined and that 
 a strong fleet is coming by the interior channels to destroy 
 and reduce to naught those which may have remained. 
 
 28. The officer designated for this duty will carefully 
 observe the disposition and force of the redoubt and the 
 strength of its garrison in order that in case of refusing to 
 surrender and offering resistance, the most convenient and 
 best measures may be taken to capture it. He will with- 
 draw to his ship, as soon as he has executed his commis- 
 sion. 
 
 29. While all this is going on, he [the Naval Comman- 
 der] will anchor in the middle of the channel, posting the 
 vessels under his order, so as to occupy both mouths of
 
 46 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 the Tamaja,* these being- the same which on joining form 
 the Savannah River. In this way, all the approaches will 
 be covered and the communications of the enemy embar- 
 rassed. 
 
 30. If the commanding officer of the said fort should 
 surrender without resistance, the garrison will be distrib- 
 uted among tlie vessels of the fleet, orders being given to 
 treat them well. The guns, munitions and stores found 
 will be collected and orders given to burn to the ground all 
 the houses and to ruin and destroy whatever may be found. 
 The same orders will be issued with regard to the tower 
 mentioned. 
 
 31. If the commanding officer, in contempt of the cour- 
 teous and peaceful proposition made to him, should decide 
 to defend himself, the naval commander will make the best 
 disposition to invest the place. He will disembark troops 
 in sufficient number, having regard to the report on the 
 garrison of the fort and its situation made by the officer 
 he sent ashore, to secure success without risk, because if 
 he considers that the operation is somewhat difficult he 
 must not expose himself, but instead will send with the 
 greatest dispatch one or two launches, well armed and 
 manned, to the south through the channels, with an offi- 
 cer to report everything accurately to the general ; and, 
 in addition, the conclusion he had come to in respect of what 
 is needed to attack and conquer the said fort and settle- 
 ment. The officer will be enjoined to travel night and day 
 until he shall have met the interior flotilla. He must be 
 furnished with the countersign and parole because it is 
 considered important that this information should reach 
 the general as soon as possible. 
 
 32. Even should the commanding general of the fort 
 surrender without resistance, the two launches will be 
 sent to report this result to the commanding general with 
 all the incidents which mav liavo occurred, and with an ac- 
 count of the state in which it was found. 
 
 33. Since it is possi))le in the said port to find a few ves- 
 sels from Europe, bringing stores and people, for the sup- 
 port of these settlements, he will take as many as he shall 
 
 • This word Buffffpsts the Altamaha: but as this stream has no connection 
 with thp FRvnnnah, It Is not impossible that the scribe has wiltton T for Y, 
 ■ n<l tlint the word Is really Yama.la, i. e.. Yamanraw. If this emendation be 
 arTcptablc, then the author of these orders probably has some local con- 
 flvuratlon In mind.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 47 
 
 have found, using them for the service and re-enforcement 
 of his squadron. He will take the most exact precautions 
 for safety until the general shall have joined and given 
 directions, the expedition being concluded, for its orderly 
 and well-arranged withdrawal. 
 
 There is no doubt that in all relations the general will 
 labor, in accordance with the zeal and experience he is 
 known to have, for the complete success of the royal ser- 
 vice, and the glory and reputation of the king's arms. In 
 respect of accidents which cannot be anticipated, I have 
 confidence that his experience and prudence will lead him to 
 display the same zeal in prosperity as in adversity, and a 
 perfect constancy, such that neither will success produce the 
 slightest carelessness nor misfortune abate his courage, 
 keeping in mind, as he will, that all of us depend upon the 
 Divine Omnipotence to which must be attributed both 
 prosperity and adversity, while displaying on his own part 
 the diligence, activity and strength that are required to 
 achieve success in anything upon which we have set oifr 
 hearts.
 
 48 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 LETTER OF THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CUBA TO 
 THE KING'S MINISTER, ANNOUNCING THE FAILURE 
 OF THE EXPEDITION AGAINST GEORGIA, AND EN- 
 CLOSING TWO JOURNALS OF EVENTS. 
 
 Sir, — 
 
 Hoping as I have been from day to day to receive from 
 Florida tlie happy new^s I had promised myself of the suc- 
 cessful results achieved by the expedition against the En- 
 glish Colonies in the North, I had kept back the dispatch 
 boat under the command of Don Juan Baptista Goicochea, 
 which had entered this port from Vera Cruz on its way 
 back to Spain, so as more promptly to communicate this 
 news. 
 
 Accordingly, on the eighth instant, through the fortu- 
 nate arrival, after 42 days' journey, of a boat which was 
 sent to me, I learned that the first convoy of small vessels 
 had on the 9th of June safely reached the Bar of Saint 
 Augustine, as did on the 15th of the same month, that of 
 the larger ones, which left this port under the orders of 
 the Naval Lieutenant, Don Antonio Castaueda. At Ra- 
 tones Inlet, the messenger was pursued by an English 
 sloop, which was trying to capture him, and so he was 
 compelled to run aground, but succeeded in saving all his 
 people and the dispatches which later he managed to send 
 on to me in a coast fishing boat. 
 
 Just when I thought that the expedition was at least well 
 advanced, if not as completely successful as we had reason 
 to expect, the Governor of Florida tells me in letters that 
 I received, dated the 26th, and postdated the 28th and 29th 
 of the same month of June, that partly on account of the 
 bad weather and partly on account of the necessity of water- 
 ing the boats, and of other inconveniences arising out of 
 the (lifTiculties and dangers of navigation over that bar 
 (the P»ar of St. Augustine], he had been as yet unable to 
 embark the troops which were to set out from that garrison 
 to join hands with those froiu this particular place and with 
 the militia which has been selected for the purpose. Upon 
 this aforementioned day, the 29th, he was still at
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 49 
 
 St. Augustine with all the troops on board ready to put to 
 sea to carry out the orders with which he was charged. The 
 Engineer of the Second Class,* Don Antonio de Arredondo 
 reports the same thing to me, sending me the journal which 
 accompanies this letter and includes the 23d of the said 
 June. From this journal, Your Excellency will take note 
 of the encounter between some of the small vessels of the 
 first convoy, on the coast of Florida between the Bar of 
 Mosquitos and that of Matanzas. It would seem that the 
 English had gone in a boat and launch to capture a small 
 sloop from the presidio of Florida, which was carrying the 
 detachment of artillerymen from the garrison of this place 
 [Havana] as well as to capture another launch from this 
 port. As they boarded these vessels to loot them, our peo- 
 ple who had jumped ashore, fired upon them from the sand 
 dunes, and compelled them to surrender to the number of 
 sixteen, among them a lieutenant of the frigate. In this 
 affair, we had the misfortune to lose the sub-lieutenant of 
 artillery and the corporal of the detachment. 
 
 Notwithstanding Arredondo's assertion, under date of 
 19th, in his journal, that from a few prisoners returned by 
 Don Diego Oglesor, Governor of Georgia, to the coasts of 
 Florida, it was learned they had discovered nothing of our 
 plans, yet I feared that they had been warned by the delay, 
 so far of 14 days, off the bar of Saint Augustine, of a fleet 
 so numerous as ours and that it was not impossible that 
 they might be on their guard, and so hinder us ; and all this 
 in spite of the effort I had made in advance, to advise the 
 Governor of Florida through an officer (as I informed Your 
 Excellency in a letter of June 8, of which I inclose a dupli- 
 cate), who arrived more than 20 days before the arrival 
 of the convov of larger vessels under the command of Don 
 Antonio de Castaneda. 
 
 Having received this news, and fearing that through the 
 delay they had already made they might suffer, if supplies 
 should be lacking, and in order to forestall anv accident due 
 to necessity or want, I at once prepared a brigantine and a 
 sloop to send a month's supplies in addition to those of three 
 months and a half that they took out with them. These 
 boats left this port with the stores on the 15th inst. On 
 
 • Ingeniero en seffiindo, it was not until 1756 that engineers held mili- 
 tary rank in the Spanish army. Elsewhere In these papers, Arredondo !■ 
 given the first grade, ingeiierto enjefe.
 
 50 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 the following day there returned to it a sloop, one of those 
 that had set out with the expedition, and in it came Naval 
 Lieutenant the Marquess de Casinas and the captain of the 
 militia battalion of this place, Don Laureano Chacon, with 
 his company. From these officers I learned that the issue of 
 the expedition had not corresponded to our well-founded 
 hopes and to the measures that had been taken for its suc- 
 cess, and that all the vessels in different divisions had strug- 
 gled to regain Florida and this place Havana, without any 
 other result than that of having attacked Gualquini with 
 success, capturing its forts, artillery, mortars, munitions and 
 implements ; and that this outcome was due to the bad 
 weather which had delayed and disordered the execution 
 of our plans, to say nothing of hindrances later encountered 
 and felt. 
 
 I have up to the present day no other information than 
 that given me b}^ the aforesaid officers, and that which is 
 contained in more or less detail in the private diary kept by 
 the Marquess de Casinas of daily events, and brought off 
 by him and given to me. 
 
 Seeing now that the w^hole expedition had begun to re- 
 treat and that they had sighted land six leagues farther to 
 the south of Saint Augustine, these officers judged it proper 
 to set their course for this port and assured me that the 
 other boats were doing the same thing. 
 
 Such being the news in hand, it has appeared to me proper 
 no longer to delay the dispatch boat under the command of 
 Don Juan Baptista Goicochea. As soon as I shall have re- 
 ceived the information to be given me by the Governor of 
 Florida, it will be dispatched in another boat which I am 
 holding ready for the purpose. I shall then explain with 
 greater particularity all that has happened and the reasons 
 that prevailed against continuing the expedition and in 
 favor of forming the resolution to retreat. 
 
 As I had already made up my mind, from the condi- 
 tion in which I considered the enemy to be and from the 
 superiority of our forces, that at the very latest, his towns, 
 plantations and settlements would be attacked and des- 
 troyed as far as Port Royal ; and as I had even flattered 
 myself that these favorable results might be obtained as 
 far as Carolina [Charleston] I have been profoundly aston- 
 ished at the frustration of hopes so well founded of serving 
 the king advantageously and maintaining the glory of his 
 arms ; and that the labor and zeal inspired by my devotion,
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 51 
 
 and by my interest in our success should have come to 
 naught. But although not successful everywhere, yet 
 according to the relation of the Marquess de Casinas, the 
 destruction of the forts and settlement of Gualquini and 
 that of Bejeces was accomplished. That many stores and 
 implements should have been destroyed, and the harbor 
 gallantly forced in the face of all its fire, both by sea and 
 land, with such intrepidity, as reported by those to whom 
 I have talked on the subject, is due to Don Antonio 
 Castaiieda. 
 
 The King and Your Excellency do not need to be inform- 
 ed how deeply I am mortified that this expedition has not 
 been carried out to the complete satisfaction of His Majes- 
 ty's desires ; and that on my part nothing was omitted that 
 could have the least bearing on its happiest issue. Until 
 all the vessels with the troops and militia shall have re- 
 turned, I shall take all the precautions that are due. 
 
 Praying Your Excellency to report to His Majesty the re- 
 sults so far of this operation, may God keep Your Excel- 
 lency many years. 
 
 Havana, August 18, 1742. 
 
 Excellent Sir: 
 
 Your most humble, grateful servant kisses your hand. 
 Don Juan Francisco, 
 
 Guemes y Horcasitas. 
 (A Flourish.) 
 To His Excellency Don Joseph de Campillo. 
 
 [Letter acknowledging receipt of that of Guemes, with 
 papers.] 
 
 With the letter of Your Excellency of the 18th of August, 
 have been received the accompanying reports and diary, 
 treating of the management and progress of the expedition 
 which left your port against Carolina. We have also the 
 news reported to Your Excellency, through Naval Lieuten- 
 ant Don Carlos Riggio (who has arrived at that place 
 [Havana] ) by the Governor of Florida, and also that for- 
 warded by Your Excellency in a letter of the 20th, to the 
 eflfect that on that day Don Antonio Castaneda returned to 
 that port [Havana] with the greater part of the convoy and 
 troops. The King, having acquainted himself with your 
 report upon the measures and arrangements you made for
 
 52 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 this expedition, and also with your reflections upon its is- 
 sue, and the reasons why it did not come up to the expecta- 
 tions produced by the forces and arrangements with which 
 it was undertaken, desires me to express to Your Excel- 
 lency his satisfaction with everything done by Your Excel- 
 lency, a satisfaction in exact agreement with the confidence 
 he was gracious enough to repose in your zeal and efficiency. 
 He considers as entirely sound the remarks you make 
 upon the unhappy issue of events. His Majesty under- 
 stands that this is to be traced to the poor direction, lack 
 of diligence and inefficiency of the one who should have 
 made extraordinary efforts to profit by the advantages that 
 placed success within his grasp. 
 May God keep you many years. 
 
 San Ildefonso, October 28, 1742. 
 To Don Juan Francisco Guemes y Horcasitas.* 
 
 JOURNAL KEPT BY DON ANTONIO DE ARREDONDO, 
 CHIEF ENGINEER OF THE PRESENT EXPEDITION. 
 
 June 5, 1742. 
 
 At sunrise the signal was made to put to sea and execut- 
 ed by the entire convoy, as it was ready to sail. At twelve 
 o'clock, we sallied from the Morro, at which time we haul- 
 ed up our launches and boats ; steady drizzle. 
 
 June 6th. 
 
 From yesterday noon until today at the same hour : at 
 one o'clock in the afternoon we ran into a rain squall with- 
 out wind, which lasted until 5. We stood all night under 
 foresail and mizzen sail until 5 o'clock in the morning. At 
 noon, we took the sun, but as there were great differences 
 in the observations, we took the mean to fix the course 
 which W2s northeast by north. 
 
 June 7th. 
 
 From yesterday until today : at sunset, all the elements 
 of the convoy kept together. At nine in the evening, great 
 signs of a squall which burst upon us with thunder, light- 
 ning and rain, lasting until one o'clock in the night. At 
 sunrise two vessels were missing. At noon, we took the 
 
 • Not Blifnfrt but probably written by Oamplllo. In the MS. this letter 
 follow* Arredondo's diary. We have put It where !t belongs, immediately 
 after the letter which It acknowledges.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 53 
 
 sun and found our latitude to 24° 40', and our longitude 
 295° 16'. At this hour the two boats which had been miss- 
 ing rejoined us. 
 
 June 8th. 
 
 From yesterday until today: at one o'clock in the after- 
 noon, we sighted Dong Key, its northeast head bearing 
 north five and a half decrees toward the east and the south- 
 west point, west. At sunset all the vessels were together. 
 At midday the sun gave us 25° 3' latitude and longitude 
 295° 40', all the vessels being together. 
 
 June 9th. 
 
 At three of the afternoon, signal was made to crowd on 
 all sail which was kept up till four. At six land was dis- 
 covered from the top and recognized by the pilot as Bis- 
 cayne Key which bore west by north at a distance of five 
 leagues. At six in the morning, the top announced that 
 only twenty-two vessels were in sight : at seven, land was 
 visible and after examination by the pilot he declared that 
 it was the shore of Jega, bearing west by northwest. At 
 8 a sloop signalled that she wished to speak to us, and ob- 
 serving that her bowsprit had been injured, the Honduran 
 was sent to find out what was the matter, and returned say- 
 ing, that it was the royal sloop "St. Joseph," and that the 
 night before, on going about, the guard schooner had foul- 
 ed her, and thus had damaged her bowsprit, but that she 
 was not making any water nor had suffered any other dam- 
 age. At noon we took the sun and found ourselves in 26° 
 54' latitude and 295° 25' longitude. On this day a sloop 
 of the convoy was missing. 
 
 June 10th. 
 
 From yesterday until today: at 4 of the afternoon, we 
 sighted main land, being the palm grove of Ays, according 
 to the pilot. At 5, signal was set to go about, which was 
 executed by the entire convoy, the course being set S. E., 
 with the wind E. N. E. At sunset the top announced that 
 only twenty-two vessels were in sight. At this hour we 
 had lost the land. The whole night remained calm. At 
 sunrise we saw the same vessels as those of yesterday after- 
 noon and found at noon our latitude to be 28° 28' and lon- 
 gitude 292° 15'.
 
 54 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 June 11th. 
 
 From yesterday until today: at 1:30 of the afternoon 
 signal was made to put about, which was done, and the 
 course set W. 54 N. W., the wind being north and light. At 
 sunset all the boats visible this morning were still in sight. 
 The whole night a moderate wind blew out of the south- 
 west. At sunrise twenty-one vessels were seen. At noon, 
 we took soundings and found ourselves in twenty-two 
 fathoms, bottom reddish gravel and dark colored sand. 
 At ten, we tacked to the S. S. W., wind west, and at noon 
 our latitude was 30° 1' and longitude 295° 10'. 
 
 June 12th. 
 
 From yesterday until today : at 2 :30 of the afternoon 
 sounded in twenty-six fathoms; found the bottom the same, 
 for which reason we decided to cast anchor because the 
 currents were carrying us to leeward. Signal to this effect 
 was made and obeyed. At sunset only eighteen vessels 
 were seen because apparently the currents had prevented 
 their keeping together, and at the same time it was con- 
 jectured that they were invisible because the horizon was 
 overcast. The entire night was calm, with the wind to the 
 southwest, but we found the currents extremely strong; 
 at 5:30 of the morning, signal was made to hoist sail, which 
 was done with the wind to the northwest, course S. W. 
 Only fifteen vessels were visible, being those only that had 
 anchored. At noon, our observation gave us 29° 42' lati- 
 tude, and longitude 245° 4'.* 
 
 June 13th. 
 
 From yesterday until today: at one of the afternoon, we 
 set our course W. S. W., with the wind north, northwest, 
 eastern horizon heavily submerged. At three of the after- 
 noon we saw land but could not make out what it was, 
 bearing W. Y^ S. W., at a distance of three leagues. At 
 sunset signal to go about and set the course east, wind 
 north, northeast. At this hour only fourteen vessels were 
 in sight. The eastern horizon was strongly overcast, with 
 more or less indications of weather. At ten at night the wind 
 freshened from the north into a squall so that we stood un- 
 der foresail and mizzensail. At three in the morning signal 
 was made to change our course to the E. S. E. and S. E., 
 with the wind northeast, this on account of having sounded 
 and found only twelve fathoms and a half. The night con- 
 
 • So In original, probably Copyist's error for 295' 4'.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 55 
 
 tinued calm with some swell until half past four, when the 
 wind settled in the south and southeast with many squalls 
 and showers. At this hour we set our course to the E, and 
 E. yi N. E. At sunrise, the sun being invisible, the top 
 announced that fifteen vessels were in sight. Afterwards 
 two others, small ones, were discovered and a frigate to 
 the windward which made a signal of recognition which 
 was answered, and we found it to be the Sacra Familia, so 
 that we were now eighteen, all told. At ten we sounded 
 in fifteen fathoms and the skies having cleared and the rain 
 stopped, signal was made to head south, the wind being 
 east-southeast. At midday we took the sun and found our 
 position to be latitude 29° 28', and longitude 297° 7'. 
 
 June 14th. 
 From yesterday till today ; at six of the afternoon, sig- 
 nal made to set the course N. E. by N., with the wind east- 
 southeast. At this hour there was a flurry of rain. At 
 sunset seventeen vessels were in sight, the two small ones 
 that were seen this morning having been unable to come 
 up. The night continued calm, and the currents proving 
 more powerful than the wind, we cast anchor in twelve 
 and a half fathoms of water at half past one in the morning. 
 At six, signal to make sail was set, which we all did, with 
 the course S. S. W. ; wind east-southeast, which all six- 
 teen vessels executed. At 8 :00 land was seen at a distance 
 of four leagues and a half, continuous coast. At midday 
 the sun gave us 29° latitude and at the same time we recog- 
 nized that we were ofif the bar of Mosquito Inlet, for which 
 reason we set our course N. N. W. 
 
 June 15th. 
 From yesterday till today : at six of the afternoon, the 
 packet boat "Diligent" was signalled to come up within 
 speaking distance and ordered to press all sail and hasten 
 to reconnoiter the bar of Matanzas and inform us by can- 
 non shot and to hoist a signal lantern for our guidance ; and 
 that as soon as she should be ofT the bar of Saint Augus- 
 tine, she should anchor, and from time to time make a 
 smoke signal. We continued with the rest of the vessels 
 on the same course and at one o'clock in the morning an- 
 chored east and west on a line with the tower of St. Anas- 
 tasia in twelve fathoms of water. As soon as it dawned 
 we discovered at anchor the seven vessels which had been 
 missing. They had succeeded in getting in two days
 
 56 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 before, so that we were finally all reunited. At 8:00 there 
 came alongside a boat from the garrison to take ashore the 
 second in command, Don Francisco Rubiani and myself. 
 The officer who came off told us that on the 5th, the first 
 division of small vessels that had set out from Havana on 
 the first day, having run into an English frigate, our gal- 
 ley called upon her to show her colors and as ehe failed to 
 do so, we cleared for action and opened fire on her with 
 our guns, to which the frigate made no answer, and under 
 her courses alone, advanced upon our galley, and prepared 
 to attack her. But this design was perceived, and the wind 
 being fresh, the galley rejoined the convoy under a signal 
 to press on all sail ; but her commanding ofificer seeing that 
 the Saint Augustine sloop, in which were embarked the 
 sub-lieutenant and the artillerymen of Havana, was far 
 astern, gave orders to stick close to the sloop and resist 
 the launch and boat of the hostile frigate, which she had 
 just put overboard and was directed to cut ofif two schoon- 
 ers which were somewhat delayed behind the remainder 
 of the convoy. As the wind continued to freshen, the gal- 
 ley sent a boat with the ensign and ten men of his garri- 
 son to re-enforce the aforesaid schooners. In fact, the 
 launches of the Englishman had come alongside to board, 
 but were by the help of the officer and ten men just men- 
 tioned, formally beaten off in the three attempts that they 
 made. In this affair we suffered no damage, except that 
 Don Francisco Alolina, the lieutenant of the militia of Gua- 
 nabacoa, was wounded in the thigh. The hostile ship, see- 
 ing that her launches had not succeeded in their attempt, 
 now directed them to attack the Saint Augustine bilander 
 and the launch from the convoy sent by the commanding 
 officer of the galley to support the vessels that were far 
 astern. Although the utmost defense possible had been 
 made, they were unable to resist the fire of the ship which 
 was at anchor in three fathoms of water, and so ran ashore, 
 the sub-lieutenant, Don Domingo de la Cruz, having been 
 killed in the action by a gun-shot, as well as the corporal, 
 Manuel del Pino, by another. When they saw our people 
 had got ashore, the enemy leaving their boat, swarmed 
 over the bilander in order to loot the cargo which they 
 supposed she carried. From the shore, we "opened fire on 
 them, encouraged by seeing that the English boat had sunk 
 in the siirf on the shore, and assisted by two Indians who 
 happened to be fishing, and who had come up at the sound
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 57 
 
 of the guns. We succeeded in overcoming our adversaries 
 who, after a moment or two of struggle, asked for quarter. 
 Of the English in the boat, six were wounded and nine un- 
 hurt. The ship when it saw her people captured set sail. 
 The dragoons who went to the help of the bilander were 
 clever enough on going ashore to take their arms with 
 them and from the shore diverted the hostile launches, 
 so as to permit the artillerj-^men also to go ashore. With- 
 out this, the affair would not have succeeded. The prison- 
 ers have been brought to this place and among them, the 
 officer in command, who is a brother of Captain Makay. 
 From these we learned all about the fight and that the ship 
 is one of the men-of-war of Carolina. I have had word 
 of mouth with one of them but have learned nothing more 
 than what we already know. In respect of the condition 
 of affairs in Saint Augustine, I also learned that the day; 
 before our arrival a schooner had allowed itself to be sight- 
 ed on the north and that she had changed her course as 
 soon as she had seen the seven vessels at anchor. At one 
 o'clock of the afternoon, the second in command, Don Fran- 
 cisco de la Peiia and I went ashore, and we passed the rest 
 of the day informing ourselves of the state of the prepara- 
 tions of this place. 
 
 June 16th. 
 
 Today we convened the pilots, white as well as Indian, 
 and examined them carefully in regard to everything we 
 should know for the purpose of our expedition. Later we 
 held council, the commanding officers and the naval en- 
 sign, Don Francisco de la PeSa, in which we agreed upon 
 the method of attacking the north and south entrances of 
 St. Simon's in order to cut off the communication between 
 the various stations of the enemy, deciding to detach th'-ee 
 •galliots with their canoes to the more northerly entrance 
 and two to enter by the Bar of Whales ; these two to post 
 themselves within the river between the Fort of St. An- 
 drew and Frederica. Today we had squalls from the nctrth- 
 east and more or less water was sent on board, in spite of 
 the fact that all the launches were busy unloading stores. 
 
 June 17th. 
 
 Another council was held between the commanding of- 
 ficers and Don Francisco de la Peua, in which was discuss- 
 ed the question of the point at which we should disembark
 
 5S THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 to invade the Isle of St, Simon ; and after various reflect- 
 ions upon the matter, and weighing all the circumstances 
 with the greatest attention, it was unanimously agreed that 
 the disembarkation should take place on the east coast at 
 the most sheltered point of the shoals north of the Bar of 
 Gualquini and that from this point a cordon should be form- 
 ed with part of the troops to reach as far as the careening 
 ground in order to maintain free communication within 
 the river with our ships and to receive supplies and what- 
 ever else might be needful from that point in full security. 
 It was further agreed that the ships and the remaining 
 vessels should enter in good order and force the hostile 
 battery, and should string themselves across the river of 
 the harbor in the formation to be prescribed by the senior 
 naval officer, Don Antonio Castafieda, and that afterward 
 operations should conform to the turn of events. 
 
 I caused lists to be given to me of the troops, the con- 
 victs, the Indians and the negroes of the garrison, the first 
 being composed of five pickets of the re-enforcement and 
 of one of the garrison, well equipped ; of ninety convicts, 
 of fifty-five Indians and of fifteen negroes, all armed. Then 
 I promptly made the lists of distribution of all these classes 
 according to the capacity and quality of the vessels and 
 they were so allotted. 
 
 We continued today sending as much water as we could 
 on board, having regard to the necessities of the vessels 
 and especially those of the royal frigates. Today we had 
 squalls from the northeast and some of them gave us real 
 concern, by preventing communication and because our 
 vessels were so completely exposed out beyond the bar. 
 Our arrangements were thus delayed. 
 
 Today we saw a schooner off in the north and the com- 
 manding officer Don Antonio Castafieda, made signal to the 
 Honduran ship to chase her, and after some time, she de- 
 clared herself to be English and put her boat overboard 
 and sent it to us with the French captain who was captur- 
 ed on this bar at the beginning of March of this year, with 
 three Spanish prisoners and a negro of Espinosa's. Don 
 Dicgo Ogletorp was returning these people with a letter 
 to the Governor of St. Augustine, with directions to leave 
 these prisoners at that place. I learned from the French 
 captain that the schooner in which he had come is the same 
 that was seen on the fourteenth ; that on account of the bad 
 weather she had not approached the shore to carry out the
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 59 
 
 order of Oglettorp and that having recognized our sloop, 
 the English captain had taken the resolution to leave 
 aboard of her both the French captain and the prisoners. 
 These declared that they had been kept confined and de- 
 prived of all communication. The French captain, a rea- 
 sonably just, fair man, had been kept on board of the bi- 
 lander which, from the description he gave, is the one from 
 this place which they captured after it had come to anchor 
 in the river of St. Simon. He was not permitted to set foot 
 on shore more than twice, when he was taken before a 
 Board, presided over by a Doctor, to make a declaration in 
 respect of certain efifects and bilanders. These he lost, for 
 the verdict was adverse although it was established that he 
 had come to bring supplies to the garrison. In spite of the 
 closeness of the confinement in which he was kept, they 
 nevertheless treated him with the greatest distrust as 
 though he had been an enemy. He understood that Oglet- 
 torp had not the forces to resist ours because, all told, they 
 have not more than six hundred English, divided between 
 troops and farmers, and that these are distributed in differ- 
 ent posts. He relates further that the battery of the city or 
 town of Frederica is dismounted and he reports the deep 
 poverty in which they are living, without fresh meat, the sol- 
 diers without money and without any relief, except that a 
 French officer has a few sheep and cattle. The negro of 
 Espinosa, however, enjoyed a little liberty and says that a 
 storm and heavy rains have gradually destroyed the battery 
 at the entrance of Gualquini, so that he saw it, at least so he 
 says, fallen over on one side. On asking the French captain 
 what opinion Oglettorp's people had formed on seeing our 
 seven vessels anchored in front of the bar, he said, that 
 they thought it was the privateer, Estrada (who has as yet 
 not come in from his cruise), with a few prizes; and that 
 the captain of the English man-of-war, whom a few days 
 before he had met, had told them of the combat which he 
 had had with our galley and the boats of the first division, 
 and that he had given them an account of the prisoners 
 which the Spaniards had taken from them at the Bar of 
 Mosquitos, telling them that they had come with stores 
 for the garrison escorted by the galley; so that it seems 
 they have not perceived the purpose for which our expedi- 
 tion is intended. The letter of Oglettorp to the Governor 
 reduces itself to communicating to him the fact that he 
 is returning the prisoners aforementioned, claiming credit
 
 60 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 for having- rescued them from the power of the Indians 
 who had captured them ; and to saying- that the others which 
 he holds in his power must, by order of the king, his mas- 
 ter, be sent to London, Don Romualdo Morales being of the 
 number ; and makes frivolous excuses for not having before 
 given an answer to our Governor. 
 
 June 18th. 
 
 We drew up plans of battle, divided the troops into col- 
 umns, and selected the reserve ; the three naval lieutenants, 
 Don Vicentte Quintta, Don Carlos Regio, and the Mar- 
 quess de Casinas, were appointed to take over as many 
 other pickets* belonging to the Captains Don Bernardo 
 Quena and Don Gregorio Bermejo, on duty as regimental 
 staft captains,** and that of Don Francisco Palafox, chos- 
 en as aide-de-camp by the commanding general. Ballast 
 was sent out to the frigate, Escalera, assigned to the fleet 
 by direction of the commanding general and in agreement 
 with his royal officers and the agents of the Royal Ex- 
 chequer. Besides we continued to send out water and I 
 made a distribution of cartridges, at the rate of twenty 
 rounds for the disembarkation, and ordered them to be 
 distributed to each vessel by the adjutants.! I also ordered 
 the issue of 183 muskets and bayonets to the militia but 
 these orders could not all be carried out because there was 
 not time during this day on account of the great distance to 
 be covered and because the tide did not serve. The supply 
 of water has continued and the ballast for the frigate of 
 Escalera. I ordered the negro of Espinosa to be held a 
 prisoner with directions that he should be allowed to speak 
 to no one because I suspected some knavery. 
 
 • The plqiiete at the beginning of the XVIII century, was a provisional 
 and umporary company forming up on the left, and made up of men drawn 
 from all the companies. Later in the text It has Its regular meaningr of 
 picket, I. e. guard. 
 
 •• Sargenios inaiores, for mayores. In modern form]. The anrgento 
 mayor was charRcd with duties of administration, accountability, inspection 
 and discipline. He took rank after the captains, but they nevertheless were 
 under his onlerB In mattf-rs relating to his office. The title is rather that of 
 an office than of a grade. There is no English equivalent. 
 
 t Ayjtdant^, In nil probability the assistants of the sarffentos mayores, 
 who were called (ujiirlniiles. The term used in the translation "adjutant," 
 muBt not he taken to mean what we actually understand by it In the military 
 •ervlce, but Is used in a more general way. Strictly speaking we have no 
 English equivalent for avidante, any more than we have for itargento mayor.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 61 
 
 June 19th. 
 
 I have drawn up the order of disembarkation and the 
 stores have been transported to the frigate of Escalera for 
 the troops which are embarking, namely, the detachment 
 of Don Gregorio Aldana. The schooner, Guaraia, has suc- 
 ceeded in entering this port. It has on board a part of the 
 supply of stores for the schooners and other vessels of 
 the garrison [of Saint Augustine]. The baggage of the 
 oflficers of the pickets has been ordered on board, and the 
 supply of water and ballast to the boats has continued with 
 the greatest energy, each of these being about completed. 
 
 Today we saw a schooner to which chase was given, by 
 order of the senior naval officer, by the bilander of Fide 
 and the Honduran. They did not succeed in overtaking 
 it, but we have formed the opinion that it is the same one 
 which brought the Frenchman and prisoners sent by Ogle- 
 torp and that it has come to spy us out and observe our 
 movements. 
 
 June 20th. 
 
 While we were completing the distribution of stores, I 
 passed the day writing to the Captain General of Havana, 
 giving his Excellency an account of all that had passed up 
 to the present day. Orders have been given for the em- 
 barkation tomorrow afternoon of the troops of the garri- 
 son, and that they should set out at the first tide and come 
 to anchor near the flagship, in order that each may receive 
 its sailing instructions from the naval commander and 
 that there may be nothing more to do than to put to sea. 
 Today we saw a brigantine which we have decided must 
 be that of Estrada, because it seems suspicious that so large 
 a vessel ofif this bar could have disappeared. We are copy- 
 ing out the order of disembarkation in order that each one 
 of the vessels may have its own copy. 
 
 June 21st. 
 
 Yesterday we finished supplying the vessels of the garri- 
 son with their proper stores. The watering of the ships, 
 too, has been finished. At dawn, we saw a brigantine 
 which we decided to be the same as that seen yesterday ; 
 and in fact, at one o'clock of the afternoon it anchored ofif 
 our bar, and we discovered it to be that of Estrada. At six of 
 the afternoon the ship's writer came ashore with a letter 
 from the said Estrada, giving us an account of what had 
 happened on his cruise. He reports having captured a
 
 62 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 schooner of rice which has already arrived here and a packet 
 boat, and reports further having been attacked by a 
 Carolina war vessel on the third instant at about six of 
 the afternoon, when the combat opened; that it lasted un- 
 til midnight and that each damaged the other more or less, 
 with the loss on the part of the Spaniards of one man killed 
 and four wounded; among them, the captain in the hand^ 
 the lieutenant in the head, and two sailors. As for the loss 
 of the English, he knew nothing. He judges merely that 
 the damage must have been great because the fire of all 
 sorts which he opened on him was incessant, and because 
 the Englishman, dropping astern, was the first to cease 
 the combat, so that this action may be compared to that 
 which Don Pedro Goycochea had with the English frigate 
 between the islands of San Domingo and Porto Rico, be- 
 cause the circumstances were almost the same. He also 
 says that he has learned from prisoners that two hundred 
 sailors have been sent from Boston to re-enforce the fleet 
 of Admiral Vernon which it is known was occupied, ac- 
 cording to current reports, before Cartagena; and that it 
 was common rumor that additional forces were to come 
 out to join those of Oglettorp and that if these should 
 arrive, he would doubtless use them before St. Augustine ; 
 that Carolina was not of a mind to give the help which 
 Oglettorp was seeking, unless there should be some order 
 from the King to that efTect, and the command of the 
 expedition committed to some other chief. 
 
 The brigantine comes in short of meat and for that rea- 
 son cannot form part of the convoy ; only as soon as it shall 
 have entered, we shall try to shift its arms and equipment 
 to the guard schooner, and if Captain Estrada shall have re- 
 covered from his wound, we shall give him the command 
 of her. This night we had squalls, winds and showers. 
 
 June 22nd. 
 
 Frequent rains, squalls and thunderstorms have today 
 impeded the embarkation of the troops, nor was Estrada's 
 brigantine able to come in; and as the horizons indicated 
 foul weather, all the pilots were assembled and gave their 
 opinion that the vessels should not set out, but should re- 
 main until tomorrow when the embarkation would take 
 place and the ships put forth, but only if the weather 
 should be good. 
 
 In a gazette from Boston, brought by Estrada, there is 
 a ridiculous article as follows: It says that a gentleman.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 63 
 
 of Georgia, who had arrived in Boston on the 26th of 
 March, had given trustworthy news that General Oglet- 
 torp with eight hundred men had gone to lay siege to St. 
 Augustine, that among these men he had three hundred 
 Indians who had resolved to burn the place; and he added 
 that the motive of Ogleltorp's expedition was that he had 
 got news that the Spaniards were weak and in great need 
 of stores, caused by the presence of Admiral Vernon's 
 fleet in the waters of Cuba. 
 
 June 23rd. 
 Although we had thought that today we could set forth, 
 the morning dawned with a strong wind from the north- 
 east, accompanied by squalls and showers, and the water 
 on the bar had become so rough that it was impossible to 
 cross it ; notwithstanding which two attempts were made, 
 in order to bring in the brigantine of Estrada, which is 
 causing us concern, on account of its bad condition. It 
 fired a few guns of distress but it was not possible to 
 reach it. At ten of the morning, we had the unhappy 
 news that Father Domingo, chaplain of the packet boat 
 "Diligente," and a sailor of its crew, who were going on 
 board, had been drowned at the exit of the bar, but that 
 fortunately the vicar general of the expedition had mirac- 
 ulously saved his life by happily seizing hold of the launch 
 and keeping himself on it until she came ashore. We have 
 also seen ashore on the beach a boat without knowing 
 which boat it is, nor how many people have been drowned. 
 This afternoon it became calm so that the Commanding 
 General assembled the commanding officers and naval 
 officers and the pilots of the garrison, and requested that 
 each should give his opinion in respect of our sallying 
 forth, as it was important that our trip should be short, 
 and clear that the inconveniences of delay would be se- 
 rious ; in general, each person should give reasons for and 
 against. The pilots were unanimous in declaring that it 
 was not possible to cross the bar as long as the sea was 
 still up, ao-itated as it was by the squalls and wind that 
 had prevailed. After various reflections on the subject, 
 and after taking into account the fact that the small boats, 
 which were to follow the fleet without losing land from 
 view were absolutely necessary to the success of our op- 
 erations, and therefore should not expose themselves to 
 separation from the convoy, on account of the contrary 
 winds that had been blowing, and the great variation of
 
 64 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 the weather, and considering further that the journey 
 from this point to the hostile coast was so short, it was de- 
 cided to be absolutely necessary that we should set out in 
 settled weather. Accordingly, all minds were of the opin- 
 ion that we should wait until things were safe and that if 
 the wind should shift tomorrow we should go out. With 
 this opinion, the order was given that at the beat of the 
 drum everyone should go on board his ship. 
 
 [End of Arredondo's Journal.]
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 65 
 
 DETAILS OF WHAT OCCURRED IN THE PRESENT EX- 
 PEDITION, ENTRUSTED TO THE CARE OF BRIGA- 
 DIER DON MANUEL DE MONTIANO, FROM THE 15TH 
 DAY OF JUNE, ON WHICH THE CONVOY ARRIVED 
 FROM HAVANA AT ST. AUGUSTINE, THE WHOLE BE- 
 ING CONTAINED IN A JOURNAL, KEPT BY THE MAR- 
 QUESS OF CASINAS, ETC. 
 
 Colonel Don Francisco Rubiani and the Engineer-in- 
 Chief, Don Antonio Arredondo, were immediately put 
 ashore and set to work to draw up the plan of battle, giv- 
 ing at the same time directions to provide the vessels with 
 water. As, on account of the distance and difficulty of 
 crossing the bar, the dispatch desirable in this case is al- 
 most impossible, our departure has been greatly delayed. 
 Moreover, we wished to wait in order to determine the 
 effects of the moon, in respect of which, an unfavorable 
 forecast had been made. 
 
 The intervening time was spent, however, in inspecting 
 all the tools and implements and ammunition brought by 
 the vessels of the convoy for the purpose of adding to them, 
 if necessary, from those in the garrison, and so it was dis- 
 covered that the nine hundred water jars were defective, 
 which it was decided to repair along with the smaller ves- 
 sels of all the ships. On the 26th the pickets of this garri- 
 son embarked, 600 strong, after the Lord Bishop had preach- 
 ed them a sermon. On the 28th the commanding officers 
 went on board, but a strong wind having come out of the 
 west-northwest, and maintained itself until the 30th, the 
 smaller boats, such as launches, pirogues and galliots, 
 which carried water for only four days, were compelled 
 to return to shore to renew their supply. This de- 
 layed our departure, which finally took place the first of 
 July at 7 :00 in the morning, with wind east-southeast. We 
 had determined in orders and arranged that the disembar- 
 kation should take place outside of the Port of Gualquini, 
 and beyond the range of its guns, but in consequence of the
 
 66 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 representations made by Don Antonio Castaneda and of the 
 excellent reasons he gave in favor of the advantage of forc- 
 ing the port, orders were given to this end. The convoy 
 was composed of fifty-two vessels, which remained together 
 only the following day, because the wind coming on from 
 the west-northwest, with considerable force and raising 
 a considerable sea, four galliots and the pirogues were 
 compelled to seek the shelter of the coast as best they 
 could ; and as the wind held with great tenacity in the west, 
 north and the northwest, and as there were frequent 
 squalls, it resulted that various vessels were separated 
 from the convoy ; of these, two pirogues filled with In- 
 dians and convicts succeeded in returning and were taken 
 in tow; one by the pink, San Lorenzo, and the other by 
 the frigate of Flecha. 
 
 On the 9th, having made land at sunset and the wind 
 having fallen, we cast anchor in fourteen fathoms of water 
 at which time we heard two cannon shots and at the change 
 of countersign, two more, which helped us set our course 
 for the nearest jioint to the Port of Gualquini, otherwise 
 known as St. Simon. 
 
 At half past four of the afternoon on the 10th, we an- 
 chored in ten fathoms about two leagues from the coast 
 and about three to the north of the port. All the vessels 
 had arrived so short of water that in some of them only a 
 pint could be given out : there being none among the thir- 
 ty-three which had succeeded in anchoring in these waters 
 which could give any help unless it Avas the flagship and 
 the packet boat, which was ordered to make a return of its 
 water supply with orders to give none out. Water was 
 issued every day by the flagship in half rations. 
 
 The enemy made a show at various times of sallying 
 forth from the port as far as the range of the guns of their 
 castle. Five bilanders would come out and anchor and 
 then return after a short time. In these attempts or ob- 
 servations they passed the entire afternoon as well as in 
 firing various guns, which we inferred was for the purpose 
 of testing their batteries. We, ourselves, did nothing else 
 but send out Don Antonio Arredondo in the boat of the 
 flagship to reconnoiter the shore and make soundings in 
 order to determine if our vessels could get closer in shore, 
 and thus facilitate the disembarkation, in case we should 
 find it convenient to attempt it here. Having noticed be- 
 fore sunset that a launch had set out from the port and was
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 67 
 
 pressing forward under sail and oar in the direction of our 
 flagship, she ran up the English ensign and pennants, the 
 other vessels of the convoy doing the same thing, but 
 nothing came of it, for in a short time the aforesaid launch 
 retired. At 8:00 in the evening, the launch of the packet 
 boat having met the boat of the flagship which had sallied 
 forth for the purpose of sounding, they fired on each other 
 until a mutual recognition caused the fire to be stopped, 
 fortunately without any damage having occurred on either 
 side. During this night, we heard from time to time a few 
 hostile cannon shots of the enemy. 
 
 On the 11th, the galley joined and a bilander, one of 
 those which had fallen out of the convoy, as well as a 
 barge. The wind continuing fresh from the W. W. S. W. 
 and S. W. with frequent squalls and high seas, prevented 
 our entrance. Our desire to execute this movement in- 
 creased with the complaints of the lack of water. This 
 want was met in the manner already given, for no water 
 could be got from the shore, as the enemy observed our 
 every movement, and we should have exposed ourselves 
 to loss. This day nothing special occurred, unless it was 
 the usual gun shots at the change of countersign and guard 
 mounting: there were some others too during the course 
 of the day. 
 
 On the 12th, the day dawned fair and so the command- 
 ing general set the signal to begin the disembarkation. 
 With this end in view, a few boats with troops on board 
 set out to take a position astern of the flagship, when 
 there came up a squall so violent that it was only with 
 much labor and difficulty that the vessels were able to re- 
 sume their positions. We now recognized that any wind 
 from the outside, even one blowing only a short time, rais- 
 ed a great sea and surf; that we were compelled to keep our 
 vessels at a great distance from shore because there was 
 not sufficient water closer in for the larger ones ; further, 
 that the absence of the launches, boats and pirogues from 
 the garrison of St. Augustine as well as of the four gal- 
 liots which the weather had separated from us, made an or- 
 derly landing impossible. Therefore, Don Antonio Cas- 
 taiieda announced it as his opinion that the port should be 
 forced, adding to the excellent reasons already given, the 
 no less excellent consideration that our vessels were in 
 strong peril and exposed to some fatal damage, in conse- 
 quence of the severity of the season which gave us no hope
 
 68 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 of anything but bad weather. In consequence, it was de- 
 termined to force the port and to wait for this purpose 
 for suitable weather. The winds continued west-south- 
 west and west, with great strength and tenacity, raising 
 a heavy sea and accompanied by squalls until the fifteenth, 
 when we hoisted anchor to challenge the fort. The wind 
 having fallen, we anchored closer in, having gained some- 
 thing like two leagues. Until that particular day, noth- 
 ing special occurred unless it was the continued clamor 
 for water, a need that was met by the flagship and the 
 packet boat. The enemy continued his practice of firing 
 his guns at the change of the countersign, when they 
 mounted the guard, except the fourteenth day, when from 
 ten in the evening until eleven, many flashes were seen on 
 the beach and from eleven till twelve many cannon shots 
 were heard, as many as fifty having been counted. Con- 
 siderable doubt existed as to what could have occasioned 
 so unusual a thing, but according to the best of our infer- 
 ences, we decided that it must be our four galliots cannon- 
 ading Fort San Pedro. 
 
 JOURNAL FROM THE DAY WHEN THE PORT OF GUAL- 
 
 QUINT, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS ST. SIMON, WAS 
 FORCED. 
 
 July 16th. 
 
 At seven in the morning, the entire convoy hoisted an- 
 chor, and as there was not water enough, anchored at the 
 entrance of the port at a distance of a league and a half to 
 wait until the tide should rise and thus make the entrance 
 surer. The galley and two galliots accordingly were or- 
 dered to sound the channel and while so employed were 
 fired on by the enemy. This fire they returned without 
 having received any damage. They then withdrew, having 
 been recalled by the commanding general at three in the 
 afternoon, because now wc had had two days of a growing 
 tide with a fresh wind astern and a smooth sea. We sailed 
 straight into the harbor, following the pre-arranged order, 
 and using as buoys the galley and the galliots which had 
 been sent forward for this purpose. These, as soon as the 
 flagship had passed them, used all diligence to get in closer
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 69 
 
 and open fire under the gfuns of the fort, and of a man- 
 of-war schooner, and of four bilanders which were eche- 
 loned out from it. From this time, the enemy began to 
 answer, maintaining the fire with the greatest intensity 
 from the time the flagship entered until the last vessel 
 passed. This vessel was the pink of ParreSo, which unfor- 
 tunately had gone aground under the fire of the enemy, 
 who continued to fire incessantly during the time of one 
 sand glass; but the tide rising, the boat got off, having lost 
 only one man killed and three wounded and received much 
 damage in its hull and two cannon shots between wind and 
 water. The whole convoy was at anchor inside the har- 
 bor at half after five of the afternoon, and it was discov- 
 ered that the total damage received in the rest of it was 
 confined to the pink of Acosta, three men killed and one 
 wounded; to the pink hospital, Lieut. De Berroa wounded; 
 in the bilander, one wounded ; in the galley, three. In a 
 few vessels some of the foremen had been cut down and 
 the bilander of Don Pedro de La Madrid had had its mast 
 shot away. As we feared that the enemy might during 
 this night bring up some guns, and after constructing a 
 battery on the shore opposite the point where the vessels 
 were anchored, do them some damage, we decided to land 
 the troops immediately, to which end the commanding 
 general at six o'clock set a signal. It being now after sun- 
 set, as many as eighteen boats, most of them very small, 
 now pushed ofif from the flagship. Some of these contain- 
 ed only six men each, because the sea and wind being con- 
 trary allowed no more.* The three barges, however, 
 brought oflF the companies of grenadiers, but these came 
 last of all on account of the struggle against contrary winds 
 and tides, landing three hours after every one else. This 
 first landing of 500 men was commanded by Lieutenant 
 Colonel Don Antonio Salgado. There was no resistance, 
 but on account of the night there was some disorder which 
 may always be expected on such occasions. Fifty men, 
 all told, had disembarked by seven in the evening, the rest 
 having come on immediately afterward, except the men in 
 the launches. After setting foot ashore, the troops formed 
 up in three ranks, throwing out advanced sentinels and' 
 
 • These words are followed In the MS. by the expression "en los corto 
 buqaes". The meaning of this compound word is unknown; the word Itself 
 c*Q be found In no Spanish dictionary. In copying It, the scribe has m«d» 
 an erasure, as though he were not sure himself of the original.
 
 70 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 posting a few pickets in advantageous positions. The 
 movement was supported by the galley, galliots and packet 
 boat, which before the boats took on the men, swept the 
 shore and beach with their fire, and the immediate point, 
 where the landing was to be, maintaining the fire until 
 the men had gone ashore. At ten o'clock came the com- 
 panies of grenadiers; and at half past eleven the command- 
 ing general, Don Manuel Montiano; the second in com- 
 mand, Don Francisco Rubiani ; and the Chief of Staff and 
 Engineer-in-Chief- Don Antonio Arredondo. At this time 
 there must have been ashore about a thousand men who, 
 as they continued to arrive, formed up, as already stated. 
 Between ten and twelve, we saw a few fires started by the 
 enemy, which as far as we could make out, seemed to be 
 three bilanders and something else larger. From the great 
 blaze which arose, we thought this last must be some pow- 
 der magazine which they had blown up. At this hour, 
 came the Indians who had been sent out to reconnoiter. 
 These declared that they had entered a few houses at some 
 distance from the fort but had found them unoccupied; 
 they brought back with them a few trifles, such as dishes 
 and fruit. Nothing especial occurred this night, nor did 
 we undertake any movement, nor did we observe anything 
 else on the part of the enemy, than what has already been 
 set forth. This disembarkation continued until daylight. 
 
 July 17th. 
 
 At two, we sent out the Indians again. They returned at 
 four, with the news that the enemy had abandoned the fort 
 and bringing back with them a few weapons and some mer- 
 chandise from a bilander, which the enemy had left loaded 
 with supplies of some value. The companies of grenadiers 
 were now sent out to occupy the said fort, and at six o'clock 
 the entire body took up the march along the beach where 
 we recognized the three bilanders that had been burnt, 
 whose cargo must have consisted of flour and meat, be- 
 cause we found many barrels on the beach. These stores 
 however profited but few, for in their keen desire to find 
 stuff of any value whatever, the Indians had spoiled them; 
 recognizing that the same thing had happened to the armed 
 bilander at the hands of the said Indians as well as of 
 the sailors who had sacked it, an ofificer was detached with 
 a guard to preserve whatever he could, and orders were 
 given to the agent of the exchequer to make an inventory
 
 
 
 -JK *-" S « "■ «. at . J» . »« 
 -"• - All*" - ^ * " *« » 
 
 
 Plar^oMa. da,, dad,:- 
 
 
 
 "f. \S-S^i'' 
 
 ill:?j¥;■;.:i•^':■e^>r^ 
 
 f^-: 
 
 
 JfH^.; 
 
 
 
 I.cijcihi— 
 
 
 Clianiifl IcatliiiK o\ 
 
 cr the bar: 
 
 
 C 
 
 iii depth in fnilion 
 
 2* dimiu- 
 
 iihes to 3 at hall 
 
 idc. 
 
 ScitU-mcnl forlilit-'i 
 
 by a bai- 
 
 ury of 16 guns. S 
 
 - pounders. 
 
 and 11 houses of boards ami 
 
 palms, called Fort 
 
 Frederica. 
 
 The RivL-r of S; 
 
 m Simon 
 
 leading to the to\s 
 
 n of Frcd- 
 
 Careening ground 
 
 
 •* Road joining 
 
 lu- scltlc 
 
 men! and carceni 
 
 e ground. 
 
 Tidal inlets. 
 
 
 River leadiii« t.. 
 
 h. n.ir i.i 
 
 Whales. 
 
 
 island of Sp;.rr,.» 
 
 11,.!-.., 
 
 of WhnU-s. 
 
 
 Sawmill of the 
 
 1 ■.Ji-I, 
 
 • The letter i; il.. 
 
 '<iend of till' Scale— 
 
 1 plicate. Havana. M.iy 15, 173;.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 71 
 
 of whatever should be found. Similarly, on finding that 
 the schooner and man-of-war had succeeded in escaping 
 during the night, the naval commander, Don Antonio Cas- 
 taSeda placed the captain of the galley, Don Domingo de la 
 Cron, under arrest, for having failed to execute the order 
 given him to approach the man-of-war as soon as the land- 
 ing should have taken place, and fire upon him during the 
 rest of the night in order to prevent his escape. We found 
 on the beach an Englishman badly wounded in the back by 
 a gunshot, who said that he was the captain of the bilander 
 that had a cargo. He declared that Obletorp had retired 
 to Frederica with five hundred men and that he himself 
 could give no account of Frederica because he had never 
 been there, since it was only a few days since he anchored 
 in Gualquini. This prisoner was sent on board the hospital 
 ship to be cured. 
 
 The troops had now got up to the fort and orders were 
 given to reach the northern entrance by marching under 
 the cover of some tall and thick live oaks found here and 
 also of the plantations or settlements of neat houses which 
 surround the neighborhood. The soldiers were forbid- 
 den under pain of death to go more than two hundred paces 
 beyond their posts. Inside the fort, we found another 
 Englishman, a sailor, who could give no more account of 
 things than the wounded man. We also found another 
 man dead, killed by our Indians, who, according to their 
 custom, had scalped him. These declared that they had 
 done this because he had resisted them with his sword. 
 The fort is made wholly of earth, composed of four cur- 
 tains, with a salient in the midst of each. It has a ditch 
 and a good stockade with a glacis, and on the glacis, joined 
 to the stockade, a parapet of barrels filled with earth.. 
 There were besides a few huts and some large magazines, 
 one of which had been blown up, for we came. upon three 
 burnt eighteen-pounders, imperfectly spiked, whose car- 
 riages were of such especial construction and so well de- 
 signed that two men sufficed to maneuver them; one of 
 these had been dismounted by a cannon shot from one of 
 our vessels. We also found six six-pounders, five of 
 which had been imperfectly spiked, and one left unspiked ; 
 and inside of a budge-barrel 190 loaded handgrenades, and 
 a number of musket balls ; among the remains of the mag- 
 azines that had been burnt, we found various kinds of iron 
 wares, shovels, picks and some barrel hoops.
 
 72 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 From the fort to a block house, which is at the entrance 
 of the harbor, there is a level stretch of country, more or 
 less elevated, which commands and looks out on the beach, 
 and the rim or entrance of the woods. This stretch could 
 contain eight or ten thousand men. Here we found six 
 lines of houses in the form of a camp ; among these were 
 sixty distant only one pace from one another. These we 
 were able to save, because we succeeded in preventing dis- 
 order on the part of the soldiers who, without having re- 
 ceived orders to that effect, had set fire to sixty other 
 houses along the lines just spoken of and to four magazines 
 of supplies. The block house is made of earth with a body 
 of oyster shell, whitewashed and resembling stone work. 
 It is composed of two curtains, and of an arc of circle on 
 the side which overlooks the entrance of the port. In it 
 we found a shell mortar, nine burnt-out handgrenades, a 
 magazine and some huts, in whose remains we found a 
 few grenades, bullets and other ammunition. Beyond this 
 house, at a short distance and in front of it, had been con- 
 structed a battery. This battery overlooked the entrance 
 of the port and mounted six guns, left unspiked, four six- 
 pounders and two four-pounders. In the sack of the 
 houses, of the camp and of the plantations, there had been 
 some disorder, as is usually the case on these occasions, in 
 consequence of which we lost some cattle and goats and 
 considerable quantities of rich wines, oils, beer, fine but- 
 ter, cheeses and other delicacies, to say nothing of a great 
 supply of hard tack, salt meat and flour. These, which 
 had been all burnt, might have been very useful for our 
 maintenance. We continued our march to the terrain be- 
 tween the two forts where we took up a formation in the 
 shape of a hammer, sending from this point two guards, 
 one to each fort ; and having announced to the troops that 
 whenever there was a call-to-arms, the site just mentioned 
 should be the assembling point, orders were given to re- 
 turn to the sixty houses which we had found in the camp. 
 
 July 18th. 
 
 At six in the morning, Don Sebastian SAnchez, with one 
 of the companies of the garrison of St. Augustine and a 
 picket of forty men was sent out to reconnoiter the road 
 to the careening ground, as he was considered well fitted 
 for this duty. Similarly Don Nicholas Herniindez with 
 twenty-five men of his company and the forty Indian
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 73 
 
 scouts,* was dispatched alon^ the road through tlK; coun- 
 try to Frederica, the purpose being to select, according 
 to the information they should bring back, the best direc- 
 tion in which to attack that town. 
 
 At 8 o'clock we found a dragoon dead at the edge of the 
 woods, and some other people who were accustomed to use 
 in these parts, brought the news of having found one of 
 our Indians dead. As some hostile Indians also brought in 
 this news, and we ourselves heard shots fired in the wood, 
 the troops stood to arms and orders were given to send 
 out two pickets as outposts. At ten o'clock, came a sol- 
 dier sent by Don Sebastian Sdnchez with the report that 
 he had found a very narrow trail, and that Don Antonio 
 Barba, who was in command of the reconnoitering party 
 had succeeded in going, say two leagues, and that nearly 
 the entire trail was nothing but a path passing through 
 thick woods, leading at intervals into a few savannahs or 
 clearings of a swampy nature, and going across on a cause- 
 way made of brush wood no wider than the trail ; that 
 thus, no formation whatever was possible nor any manner 
 of march than single file because any one leaving the 
 brush wood would be mired ; and he reported further that 
 two miquelets** and a corporal with two Indians whom they 
 had found and carried on with them, and four grenadiers, 
 had noticed on the path something novel, consisting of a 
 cut-log stockade, and also here and there some brush wood 
 arranged like a parapet, none of which they had observed 
 before. He, therefore, halted to reconnoiter the place, and 
 at the same time they began to fire on him from the right 
 and the left without his being able to see anything more 
 than the flash of discharge. This fire he undertook to re- 
 turn for more than one hour without knowing whom he 
 was engaged with because of the thickness of the forest. 
 He continued firing until he had used up all his ammunition 
 and then retired in good order, so as not to have his retreat 
 cut off, seeing that the ground gave all the advantage to 
 the enemy. In this action, the two companies lost seven 
 men killed and eleven wounded; among the killed, the 
 ensign of the company of Havana, Don Miguel Bucardi. 
 Themilitia suffered no loss, because they formed the rear 
 guard, which was not reached by the fire of the enemy. 
 
 • Desplayadores, the word is not found In the dictionaries. 
 
 ♦* According to Spanish authorities, the miquelet Is the ancestor of the 
 modern scout.
 
 74 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 On receiving this news, the troops stood to arms and con- 
 tinued from this night to sleep on them in hammer-like for- 
 mation. Two other advance outposts were turned out and 
 their reserves indicated for each one. 
 
 On this day, we noticed a few pirogues going about with 
 people of the island on board. They were waiting to pass 
 through the channel that goes to Frederica. We sent out 
 a little boat with six sailors through this channel to get 
 water, but they were all killed by hostile Indians. 
 
 July 19th. 
 
 At six, the Indians were sent out to reconnoiter the for- 
 est and to see if they could find some other road through 
 it to Frederica. At 9 :00 we sent out a small boat with 
 eight men to obtain water in a lagoon at a short distance 
 from the shore and on the edge of the woods and not more 
 than half a cannon shot from our camp. Two of these 
 men were killed by hostile Indians and the remainder fled 
 precipitately to our camp. The sailors who were on the 
 shore withdrew when they heard the shots so close, where- 
 upon we beat to arms and sent out two pickets, one of 
 grenadiers along the beach, and the other through the 
 woods. We also gave an order to the galley to come up 
 close and fire on them. But all these orders were at once 
 cancelled because the Indians had already withdrawn. At 
 12:00 our people returned without having discovered any 
 other road than the narrow one, and without having seen 
 any enemy. Having heard that pirogues of the Island 
 of Frederica had been seen plying back and forth, Indians 
 were sent out, who returned saying that there were no 
 people in it, and that they had burnt houses which they 
 had entered and took to be hospitals, because there were 
 many beds and mattresses and a few saddles which they 
 brought back. During the entire day eight or ten re- 
 turned, miquelets, and a few wounded from the picket 
 of Sdnchez, besides a few disabled by the rough character 
 of the woods ; and also a few Indians who had been missing, 
 but not one of whom had suflfered any harm because they 
 returned in complete health. All announced that they 
 had seen Captain SAnchez beaten with blows and taken 
 prisoner: that they knew nothing of the captain of the 
 miquelets, Hernandez.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 75 
 
 July 20th. 
 
 At 2:00 in the morning, the captain of miquelets, Don 
 Nicholas Herndndez, came to our camp ; confirming the in- 
 formation just given, he declared that he had tried to 
 escape from the enemy by leaving the trail and hiding in the 
 woods, but that in a short time he ran into two men who 
 made him prisoner, but that he had succeeded in freeing 
 himself from them because he recognized that they were 
 somewhat careless, and the hope inspired by this, gave 
 such an impulse to his valor that he succeeded in carrying 
 out the extreme resolution of killing them both. At 6:00 
 we sent out the Indians to reconnoiter the woods and to 
 find some other road to Frederica. We began to demolish 
 the forts and to carry their guns on board, and considering 
 the serious inconveniences resulting from not having com- 
 pleted our water supply through the risk to which it ex- 
 posed our people, and that we had no buckets in the neigh- 
 borhood of the camp or the castles, for which reason we 
 had lost eight men, we determined to make a sufficient 
 number to give a supply to all in the ditch of the fort; and 
 so we have begun to complete our water supply. 
 
 At 8:00 o'clock, there took place a junta, at which were 
 present Don Antonio de Castaneda, the captains of the 
 grenadiers and of miquelets, to consider certain facts, such 
 as the position of the trail and the difficulties of the for- 
 ests. In view of the fact that they had decided, and 
 especially the captain of miquelets, who understands wood- 
 craft, that another road ought to be found, before un- 
 dertaking to attack Frederica, and as all agreed that none 
 other had been found, except the narrow one, and that an 
 attack along this line was impracticable, it was decided 
 to send the galley and the galliots on a reconnaissance 
 through the channel that leads to Frederica, to see how 
 much depth of water it held, and to find a point more suit- 
 ed for the disembarkation, and further that the engineer 
 from St. Augustine should go out on this business. 
 
 At two of the afternoon there arrived at this port a 
 schooner and one launch with one hundred men of the 
 pickets of St. Augustine. These had been separated from 
 the convoy by bad weather. As many as fifteen vessels 
 had come together; among them, the four galliots under 
 the command of the naval ensign, Don Francisco Pineda. 
 He had arrived within sight of this port, and not meeting 
 any of our vessels, which had within twenty-four hours
 
 76 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 been sent off by the staff officer who happened to be in 
 command of that post,* he had considered it proper to main- 
 tain himself in those waters and await news of the arrival 
 of our convoy at Gualquini. On seeing that this news was 
 delayed, he determined to send on the vessels already men- 
 tioned,** to notify the commanding general of all these 
 matters, and that in passing he had engaged Fort San 
 Pedro for one hour ; and that one of his galliots had been 
 attacked by four large pirogues filled with troops, one of 
 which he had sunk near the shore where her people suc- 
 ceeded in saving themselves. 
 
 At 4:00 of the afternoon the entire body of troops formed 
 up for a review which was over at 6 :00, when we posted 
 anew the usual guards in the form which has always pre- 
 vailed, namely, that of a hammer. At prayers we saw out 
 on the beach in the neighborhood of the fort a few Indians, 
 wherefore we strengthened its guard and marched out 
 the supports to re-enforce the outposts; our Indians sallied 
 to explore but returned in two hours without having met 
 anybody. During this night, there were two false alarms 
 so that the entire body remained under arms. 
 
 July 21st. 
 
 At 5 :00 in the morning, we began to entrench the out- 
 posts with barrels of earth on account of the repeated false 
 alarms which kept the troops continuously anxious and 
 because our camp had no protection whatever nor artil- 
 lery. This had not been put ashore because we were await- 
 ing from one day to another the arrangements to be made 
 to march on Frederica. At 6:00 we sent out the Indians 
 to explore the forests and at the same time we sent out a 
 launch toward the Bar of Whales, ordering the naval ensign 
 Don Francisco de Pineda to proceed by the interior chan- 
 nel, sounding the passes as far as that port. The com- 
 manding general had approved his conduct in the operations 
 which he reported having undertaken with the convoy 
 under his orders. 
 
 • What po8t Is meant, there Is no means of determlnlnsr. The original 
 passaKP Is more or less obscun' In its referencf-s. The vessels inentioned 
 are those reported, ante under date of the 3d, aa belngr compelled to soell 
 •helter under the coast. 
 
 •• The schooner and launch.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 71 
 
 At 4:00 in the afternoon, the galley and the galliots re- 
 turned from a reconnaissance of the passes leading to Fred- 
 erica. These had gone out in the morning under the or- 
 ders of Naval Lieutenant Don Adrian Cantein. He de- 
 clared that the channel contained enough water for all the 
 boats, but that at a little more than half tide, the least depth 
 he had found was 20 spans, the three vessels entering on 
 the same front ; that on arriving within cannon shot of 
 Frederica they opened on him, apparently with four guns, 
 eight-pounders, and fired 18 shots, all of which passed over 
 his head, and four bombs so well aimed that they fell very 
 close ; that there is a stretch to be reached only by passing 
 within cannon range, but that beyond they would be shel- 
 tered from fire, in a stretch of pine woods, clear, open, and 
 level, large enough for the formation of a far greater num- 
 ber of troops than ours ; but that he was in doubt whether 
 the beach was firm enough for a landing because grass 
 land was seen everywhere, and that because in this, quak- 
 ing grass is usually found ; that he was unable to examine 
 into this matter because he noticed that a number of troops 
 had passed in pirogues to the shore of the island and that 
 they could have done him much harm by musketry fire, 
 especially as he had received orders not to open fire him- 
 self. Our Indians returned without finding anything in 
 the woods, having been unable to catch a prisoner or a de- 
 serter who could give us any light or any help toward 
 forming any plans for the attack on Frederica with the 
 accuracy that is desirable. 
 
 July 22nd. 
 
 Our Indians sallied forth at 6 :00 in the morning to re- 
 connoiter the woods, according to daily custom. As doubt 
 exists in our minds in respect of the firmness of the ground 
 for the landing in the channels, we determined again to 
 send out the galley and two galliots for the determination 
 of this matter. The commanding general turned this mat- 
 ter over to the senior naval officer, Don Antonio Castafieda 
 for the next day. 
 
 During the morning there came in a miquelet, whose 
 declaration confirms the others: thirty-six men being 
 missing so far of the two pickets o£ Sanchez and Hernan- 
 dez. This man told us that he had come along the beach, 
 outside of the port, and that at a short distance from the 
 entrance he found a trench with three loaded six-pounder
 
 78 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 guns ready to spike and that he thought this battery had 
 been put up through fear lest we should disembark out- 
 side. This day we had no false alarm, nor did anything 
 special occur. The Indians returned like all the rest with- 
 out having accomplished anything whatever, but we should 
 not be astonished that they should refuse to expose them- 
 selves, seeing that they are rich, for a few have more than 
 six hundred dollars worth of loot. These are the only 
 people who have succeeded in getting anything, being the 
 first ones to engage in loot. 
 
 July 23d. 
 
 The junta or council appointed for the day did not take 
 place because Don Antonio Castaneda was sick and it was 
 put off until the following day. Today there was nothing 
 ^especial. We continued demolishing the forts. 
 
 July 24th. 
 At 2:00 in the morning we were informed by our out- 
 posts that they had heard four shots and at once we heard 
 in our camp the noise of drums, for which reason our peo- 
 ple stood to arms and we re-enforced the outposts. At 
 3:00 there came into our camp a deserter, a prisoner, of the 
 French nation, who declared that Obletorpe had been 
 marching the entire night with 500 men with the design of 
 surprising us, and that having heard the shots which put 
 our camp on its guard, he thought that he was discovered 
 and therefore withdrew, beating his drums. During this 
 time, the deserter succeeded in making his escape. He 
 also told how he had been compelled to take arms and 
 that the five hundred men were made up of two hundred 
 regular troops, two hundred militia, fifty Indians and fifty 
 sailors; that he believed that the entire force in Frederica 
 amounted to from nine hundred to one thousand men, and 
 that help was expected from Boston, from which news 
 had been received; that he [Oglethorpe] had sent all the 
 women fifty leagues inland, and that in the affair with our 
 two pickets, he had taken about twelve prisoners, among 
 them. Captain Silnchez. At 8:00 in the morning, this 
 prisoner was sent on board the Penelope. At the same 
 time Don Antonio Arredondo held a conference with Don 
 Antonio Castaneda on this news and to propose action that 
 could be most rapidl)'^ taken, after all our vessels should 
 have taken on their water.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 79 
 
 Between 12 :00 o'clock and 1 :00 of this day, one or our 
 outposts reported that five vessels had been seen to the 
 north, apparently headed for the port. In a short time, 
 we could make them out and having taken account of their 
 build, seeing- that they were only two or three leagues 
 off, we saw that one was a frigate of thirty guns, and that 
 there were two packet boats, a brigantine and a sloop. 
 This, together with the occurrence of the morning (al- 
 though this, like the arrival of the French prisoner and his 
 declarations, was considered an artifice), caused us to fear 
 not so much what was involved, nor the vessels in sight, 
 as the vessels which might follow in greater force. These 
 reflections were held to justify our resolution to withdraw, 
 which was forthwith carried out in the best form and order 
 possible. After having collected everything in the camp 
 without leaving anything that had been disembarked, the 
 commanding officers were taken in the galliots to the 
 Island, named after the castle, facing Gualquini, the 
 Penelope having been the first to cross after collecting 
 her crew ; the plan was to journey to the interior chan- 
 nels over the bars of San Pedro and San Juan to Florida, 
 demolishing on the way the forts of Bajeses and San 
 Pedro. Orders were consequently given the troops 
 to disembark and march two leagues in order to ar- 
 rive in front of the castle or fort of Bajeses, and to all 
 the small boats to pass through the said channels as soon 
 as the tide should permit, in order to cross over the troops 
 to the said fort which was situated on another island in 
 front; but because the orders were misunderstood, some 
 confusion resulted, for some entire pickets and a few scat- 
 tered men not having come up with any boats, followed the 
 convoy of CasteSeda. About fifteen hundred men remain- 
 ed this night on the island in question. 
 
 The naval commander Don Antonio Castaneda ordered 
 the galley to approach the shore and endeavor, if it could 
 do so without exposing its crew, to put its small boat over- 
 board for the purpose of spiking the two guns lying on the 
 shore and to burn certain houses if it were decided there 
 were no enemies in the camp. This was done, for we saw 
 them burning, as we did some hostile boats which could 
 not be manned. Don Adrian Cantein carried these orders 
 out. At the same time this commander made his disposi- 
 tions for receiving the enemy, drawing up his strong ves- 
 sels in line and withdrawing more to the interior of the
 
 80 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 port those that were unarmed. He had determined to set 
 out with the tide on the following day if the weather per- 
 mitted, to attack the enemy's ships outside in case they had 
 not first come in themselves. At sunset we saw them 
 standing for the outside and it was in this state that we 
 left the houses of Gualquini at the time of our withdrawal. 
 
 July 24th. 
 
 At 3 :00 in the morning, the troops took up the march and 
 continued along the beach until 7 o'clock, when we began to 
 make out a few of our vessels, for which reason we halted 
 in order to wait for all of them, because now we could see 
 that they were at anchor solely to wait for the slight tide. 
 At about four of the afternoon a schooner having come up, 
 the company of grenadiers of the battalion of Havana went 
 on board of her with the Indians in order to cross over to 
 the fort of Bajeses which was considered to be abandoned 
 by the enemy, so that having taken possession of it, all 
 disorder should be prevented, and the place preserved with 
 its magazmes until the entire body of troops could be 
 brought up, and other directions should be given. At 
 about 6 :00 of the evening, the vessels which had been at 
 anchor moved up, excepting those of Truxillo, Oyarbidos, 
 and Camejo. These, on account of their size, and of the 
 stores they had aboard, the last one carrying the guns and 
 mortars of the enemy, drew too much water, for which 
 reason they were compelled to take up their course out- 
 side. This was verified by the adjutant Don Albaro, who 
 on account of the anxiety caused by this matter, was sent 
 out to determine the reason why the said boats held back. 
 He returned with the information that he had seen them 
 all put out with the vessels under the command of Don 
 Antonio Castafieda, the last one being the packet boat of 
 the king, for v^^hich reason and because it had seen a few 
 hostile people on the beach, it fired a few shots. We began 
 to embark the troops, but could not finish because night hact 
 fallen. 
 
 July 26th. 
 
 We continued embarking the troops until 6:00 in the 
 morning, when they were all on board. W^e waited at this 
 hour until the four galliots, under command of Naval En- 
 sign Don Francisco de Pineda, should join the whole col- 
 lection of our vessels ; and having noticed the absence of
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 81 
 
 the remainder of his convoy, we learned that they had with- 
 drawn with the troops they had on board to Florida, by an 
 order which they had to this purpose from the general and 
 which was dispatched in his own launch from Gualquini. 
 Proceeding thus to the Fort of Bajeses, we arrived at 8:00 
 in the morning and anchored, and at one and the same time 
 all the troops began to go ashore in as good order as was 
 permitted by the nature of the ground. We found the fort 
 abandoned and containing only a few things, such as a 
 four-pounder gun spiked, two swivel guns unspiked, fifty 
 handgrenades, six empty jars and number of iron hoops. 
 The fort is situated upon an eminence which commands 
 the entire beach and has no other fortification than that 
 afforded by a dense girdle of lofty and large pines and the 
 superiority of its position. Within this enclosure was a 
 house of limited accommodation and in an angle an under- 
 ground room which appeared to be a powder magazine ; 
 about one hundred paces beyond this circle were three 
 houses at a short distance one from the other, the largest 
 of which, from its construction seemed to be a storehouse ; 
 the next one was a stable because it was surrounded by a 
 fence inside of which we found fifty to sixty horses. These 
 at first we thought we would take on to Florida with us, 
 but as we had no means of doing so, an order was given 
 that they should be immediately killed in order that our 
 enemies might have a taste of the same treatment to which 
 they had subjected us in Florida. At this very moment, 
 however, this order was suspended until we should begin 
 our march. The third house was immediately at the land- 
 ing which showed that it was either a tavern or a low eat- 
 ing house. Our commanding officers took for their head- 
 quarters the house in the fort, leaving the others for the 
 other officers. The troops went into camp at a distance 
 of about two hundred paces from the fort in an open pine 
 grove on level ground and more or less shady on account 
 of the thick pines growing there. There seemed to be an 
 abundance of water with which the men refreshed them- 
 selves ; they managed to resist the scarcity of food from 
 which they suffered on this day until the afternoon, for it 
 occurred to some of the men to obtain relief by killing a 
 few horses and eating their flesh. In the afternoon an issue 
 was ordered of a little rice and of one hard tack apiece 
 and at the same time a return was asked of the stores which 
 were actually on board in the boats with us. This was
 
 82 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 all the more easy to make from the fact that the stores on 
 hand permitted us to subsist for the space of eight days 
 and no more, because the boats that carried the reserve 
 stores were no longer within reach. This being the state 
 of affairs, orders were given to man the boats in propor- 
 tion to their burden and naturally the issue of rations fol- 
 lowed suit. 
 
 July 27th. 
 
 At 4 :00 of the afternoon we remarked in the direction of 
 the entrance of the Bay of Whales, three pirogues and one 
 launch or canoe, passing from one side to the other as 
 though they were carrying troops ; for which reason Don 
 Antonio Arredondo proposed that the galliots should go 
 out to stop them, and that the Indians should be put ashore 
 to cut off the advance of any people who might be coming 
 to the help of those who were in the fort of San Pedro ; for, 
 according to the information received from the galliots, it 
 was known that the said castle was garrisoned, since it 
 had fired on them the night before. But the General would 
 not consent to this and therefore this action was not taken, 
 but instead the order was given at about 5 :00 in the after- 
 noon for the troops to go on board. This operation was 
 begun and carried on until three or four pickets had em- 
 barked ; when the order was suspended and another one 
 issued that everybody should march and take up a forma- 
 tion near the fort, where we remained all night. 
 
 July 28th. 
 
 At dawn, the pirogues or schooners which had brought 
 about the resolution to embark on the day before, again be- 
 gan to reconnoiter and for the same cause on this day we 
 hastened a fresh embarkation, so that at about 9 :00 o'clock 
 we were all on board. At this hour we provided for the 
 security of our vessels by the following disposition: the 
 sloops and large schooners were to sail outside under the 
 orders of Lieutenant Colonel Don Antonio de Salgado; and 
 the galliots, with the remaining vessels and a number of the 
 little boats, should proceed by interior channels to the Bar 
 of the St. Johns River. With these were to go the Com- 
 manding General, Don Francisco Rubiani, and the Chief- 
 of-Staff and Engineer-in-Chicf, Don Antonio Arredondo, 
 because it had been provided in advance that horses from 
 Florida should join the detachment at the mouth of the
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 83 
 
 St. Johns River and in this way facilitate the return of the 
 said gentlemen and officers to the garrison of St. Augustine, 
 Florida. The time now having come to separate the ves- 
 sels into these two classes, Don Antonio Salgado pointed 
 out that inasmuch as his vessels were of no military- 
 strength, it would be proper that the galliots should con- 
 voy him out beyond the bar of the Bay of Whales but this 
 suggestion raised considerable opposition, in which Don 
 Antonio Arredondo took the lead, showing over and over 
 again what inconvenience this course would cause the 
 General, who, his mind now being made up, ordered the 
 galliots to proceed to the point mentioned in accordance 
 with the plan of embarkation, and that he was only waiting 
 on them before setting out himself, and so Don Antonio 
 Salgado put out with his convoy and succeeded in crossing 
 the bar without having met the hostile vessels, of which 
 he was so fearful, and the galliots returned to join the gen- 
 tral. The wind fell at half past six and the convoy anchored 
 about a league outside the bar, 
 
 July 29th. 
 
 At four o'clock in the morning, we hoisted anchor, the 
 land breeze blowing, and at 9 :00 o'clock, found ourselves 
 in front of the entrance of the Bar of San Pedro and about 
 two leagues off; at 10 :00 having gone about one league more 
 from the said mouth and at a distance slightly more than 
 three from the fort, we began to hear a few cannon shots 
 and remarked that these were answered by a few vessels 
 which we could not see because they were hidden by the 
 land. The number of rounds rose to more than seventy 
 and we heard besides a few discharges of musketry, lasting 
 for an hour. We then saw a few boats coming out, which 
 from their bearing left no doubt in our minds that they 
 were the convoy of our general. Nothing unusual occurred 
 in the journey to the Bar of the St. Johns where we 
 anchored because the wind had fallen. 
 
 July 30th. 
 
 At 2:00 o'clock in the morning we hoisted anchor with 
 the wind fresh from the east-northeast. At noon we found 
 out that we had slipped by St. Augustine six leagues and 
 were now, thanks to a heavy squall, separated from the 
 convoy. The currents too were now carrying us with 
 great force to the south, so that it would have caused us
 
 84 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 much effort to return to the said bar. Moreover, it was 
 agreed by the captain and officers of this sloop, whose name 
 was El Canto, that it was perfectly clear that the weather 
 was such as would greatly help us to continue our voyage 
 to the Port of Havana. This course, too, would be useful 
 to the service of the King, because the general and other 
 officers of high rank had been heard to say with respect to 
 the remaining vessels that it would be of advantage to 
 send them on as rapidly as possible on account of the disad- 
 vantage that would result from any other course, because 
 St. Augustine with so many people within its limits would 
 be called upon to make a great expenditure of stores and 
 that it would be impossible to revictual it, considering that 
 it would be necessary in the weather prevailing to send 
 stores for thirty days. And even if the vessels should find 
 it impossible to make the journey, a report would be given 
 to the Governor of Havana so that he could himself issue 
 the necessary orders in the case. Having considered all 
 these things, and the fact that the campaign was over, and 
 that we had a sufficiency of stores on board for returning 
 the troops with which we had come out, we unanimously 
 agreed upon the said resolution of returning straight to 
 Havana. On this day we saw a sloop astern following in 
 our wake, for which reason we thought it must belong to 
 the convoy. 
 
 July 31st. 
 
 At 12 :00 o'clock, noon, we arrived off the Bar of Mosquito 
 Inlet and skirting the coast with but little wind, we 
 anchored at night because it had fallen calm. 
 
 August 1st. 
 
 At 4:00 o'clock we hoisted anchor, with the wind to the 
 east-southeast. Upon its veering to the southeast and 
 falling almost a dead calm, we anchored at 6:00 o'clock 
 in the afternoon at about six leagues from the Canaveral 
 Channel. 
 
 August 2nd. 
 
 At 2:00 o'clock we set out with the wind northeast and 
 light. We passed the Canaveral Channel at noon and the 
 wind falling, we anchored, having rounded the Real de la 
 Almiranta de Chebes and being about two leagues to the 
 windward of the River of Ys.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 85 
 
 August 3(1. 
 
 At 4:00 we set out with the wind east-northeast and at 
 9 :00 o'clock rounded Casacho and anchored at 6 :00 by 
 reason of a calm. 
 
 August 4th. 
 At 4:00 o'clock we set out with the wind east-northeast 
 and at 12:00 rounded Ropa tendida. At about 6:00 of the 
 afternoon the wind shifted to the east-southeast, and so 
 stood fresh all night but we made no progress because of 
 the force of the currents and so anchored. 
 
 August 5th. 
 At 7:00 we turned the Inlet of Sober and at 6:00 in the 
 afternoon were off Sega, having kept the wind all day east- 
 southeast. At 6:00 o'clock in the morning we descried a 
 frigate off our bow at a distance of three leagues, and, like 
 us, at anchor through lack of wind. At 11 :00 we hoisted an- 
 chor with the wind east-northeast and fresh, and corning 
 up at 2 :00 o'clock in the afternoon to within less than one 
 league we showed this frigate our colors, confirming it by 
 a gun shoi, in the belief that she must belong to our con- 
 voy because she had followed the same course as we, close 
 in shore. It appeared to us to be the Httle frigate of the 
 company commanded by Pablo Rodriguez, but as she 
 refused to show us her colors we continued on our voyage, 
 leaving her at sunset astern. 
 
 August 6th. 
 At dawn, it was calm ; we had not gained more than one 
 league during the past night on account of the great 
 strength of the currents. We remained at anchor this en- 
 tire day and night through lack of wind. We employed a 
 part of this day in taking on water from a lagoon close by. 
 
 August 7th. 
 The calms and contrary winds continuing we remained 
 at anchor this entire day and night. 
 
 August 8th. 
 At 3 :00 we hoisted our anchor with the wind east-north- 
 east which we kept until night when, because it fell off, we 
 anchored at the Banda del S. R. of the Rio Seco, one 
 league.
 
 86 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 August 9th. 
 
 At 2:00 in the morning we hoisted our anchor with the 
 wind northeast and at 6 :00 passed Ratones inlet ; and at 10 
 anchored at the inlet to the north of Biscayne Key. 
 
 August 10th. 
 
 At 5 :00 of the morning we hoisted anchor with the wind 
 east. We passed Biscayne Key, the Candiles de la Parida,. 
 the Candiles de las Mdscaras, the shoal de las Mdscaras, 
 the first Canaleja of Long Key, the Playuelas, the shoal of 
 las Tetas with its inlets, Escribano Key, and anchored near 
 Melchior Rodriguez at 10 of the night. 
 
 August 11th. 
 
 At 5:00 o'clock we hoisted anchor with the wind east,. 
 passed Tabanos Key, the inlets of Guimero, Old MatacumbL 
 and Young Matacumbi, Biboras Key, Bascas Key, and at 
 10 of the night anchored in Bahia Honda. 
 
 August 12th. 
 
 At 5 we hoisted anchor, wind east ; passed Caguamas 
 Point, and Boca chica, and anchored at 4 of the afternoon 
 in Key West. 
 
 August 13th. 
 
 We stayed here all day, anchored at night because of 
 squalls. 
 
 August 14th. 
 
 Hoisted at 2 of the morning, and anchored about a half 
 league out in Key West Channel. Hoisted anchor at 5:30, 
 wind N. N. E. and put out through the small channel of 
 Key West. Proceeding thus, at 10 the wind shifted to the 
 north, at 5 :30 to N. E., at 8 of the morning to E. W. and so 
 held until 12 when it veered to the S. S. O. where it held all 
 day, our course being S, E. 
 
 August 15th. 
 
 At six we made out the range of Camarioca ; when about 
 6 leagues to leeward of them, the wind shifted to the E. S. 
 E., and with our head to the south, at 5 of the afternoon we 
 reached Bacuniaga, 5 leagues to leeward of Matanzas.
 
 i 
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 87 
 
 August 16th. 
 
 Dawn found us in Jaruco Inlet, 8 leagues to leeward of 
 Havana, in which harbor we anchored at 2 :30 of the after- 
 noon. 
 
 [ End of Casinas' Journal.]
 
 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 MONTIANO'S OWN REPORT. 
 
 Sir, — 
 
 I transmit the report herewith, to the end that your Lord- 
 ship place it in the hands of the Royal and Supreme Coun- 
 cil of these Indies for their information. 
 
 Your Lordship holds me in faithful unalterable affection, 
 always at your command, and praying Our Lord to keep 
 Your Lordship many years. 
 
 Saint Augustine, in Florida, 3 August, 1742. 
 
 Don Manuel de Montiano, your most obedient servant, 
 kisses your Lordship's hand. 
 
 To 
 
 Don Fernando Trivino. 
 
 Letter of Montiano to the King. 
 
 Sir:— 
 
 In a letter of October 31st of the past year, Don Jos6 del 
 Campillo advised me that Your Majesty had resolved upon 
 the formation in Havana of an expedition to lay waste Caro- 
 lina and its dependencies, and that he was communicating 
 this news to me by command of Your Majesty, to the end 
 that I might give Lieutenant General Don Juan Francisco 
 de Guemes y Horcasitas, Governor of Havana, all the infor- 
 mation that I might have and that might conduce to the 
 happy issue of these royal instructions. These, I obeyed 
 with all the promptness demanded, and posted the results 
 to the aforesaid Lieutenant General Governor of Havana, 
 offering myself for any duty in the Royal Service that he 
 might see fit to give me. In consequence he informed me 
 in a letter of May 14, brought by an officer of that garrison 
 [Havana] in a small boat, that he had selected me for the 
 command of the expedition, sending me at the same time 
 the particular charges and directions for the best advantage 
 of Your Majesty's Service. He informed me that the
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 89 
 
 expedition was ready to put to sea, and that, although a 
 secret council he had called of the senior officers of both 
 Services in Havana, as w^ell as of those of the squadron under 
 the orders of Lieutenant General Don Rodrigo de Torres, 
 had declared impracticable the royal intention and will of 
 Your Majesty through lack of sufficient naval forces, yet it 
 was agreed that at the right time some operation should 
 be set afoot against Georgia, to indemnify us in part for 
 the insults and perfidies attempted and committed to the 
 injury of these Provinces, and of Your Majesty's indispen- 
 sable right to them. 
 
 The convoy of ten small vessels manned by a few mili- 
 tiamen and escorted by a galley, sent in advance by the 
 aforesaid Lieutenant General, fell in on June 6th with an 
 English coastguard man-of-war of 24 guns, which with 
 its artillery, launch, and boats, attacked a few of our 
 vessels beforementioned. And as our galley could not go 
 to the help of all of these, they presently found themselves 
 in danger so great, that two of them were compelled to run 
 ashore, one of them having lost a lieutenant of artillery and 
 a corporal killed, and had a lieutenant of militia wounded. 
 One of their boats tried to board a sloop of ours aground, 
 but our troops that were on shore began to fire and so 
 forced the crew of the English boat to ask for quarter. 
 We thus captured one officer and 18 sailors. 
 
 On the 15th of the aforesaid month the entire expedition 
 arrived safely off this bar [that of Saint Augustine] under 
 the command of Colonel Don Francisco Rubiani. But on ac- 
 count of the scarcity of water, and because of the fierce 
 squalls and strong winds which did us some damage, and 
 wrecked a launch, drowning a chaplain and some sailors, I 
 was unable to leave this port [Saint Augustine] before the 
 23rd of the month ; and as on that very day the wind blew 
 hard out of the northeast, I delayed my departure until July 
 1st, when I put to sea with all the vessels of the Expedition. 
 I laid my course for Georgia, and reached its neighborhod 
 on the 2d, when a furious storm beyond any human power 
 to resist, overtook us from the southwest and scattered 
 us all. We remained dispersed many days. The greater 
 part of the fleet having reassembled (except 4 galliots, 4 
 pirogues, 2 schooners, 2 launches and 1 small boat), we 
 anchored on the 10th in sight of the port of Gualquini, where 
 we remained, unable to close in by reason of the contrary 
 winds, until the 16th, when we gloriously forced the port.
 
 90 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 with no greater loss than 5 men, against resistance by sea 
 and land in succession. 
 
 At the entrance of the harbor was constructed a fort of 
 sod with brick parapets, in the shape of a horseshoe, con- 
 taining a bronze shell mortar, and five for smaller shells.* 
 It had in its neighborhood a large trench mounting 3 guns 
 to sweep the entrance. At a distance of two musket shots, 
 and to the west, was another fort, of square trace, with four 
 bastions, one in the middle of each curtain, constructed of 
 heavy timbers and of earth, and having a ditch one toise** 
 and a half wide and four feet deep. On its parapet were a 
 few rows of barrels filled with earth, and planted with 
 thorns, to serve as a parapet. Along the interior ran a 
 stockaded covered way to prevent a surprise, on which 
 were mounted 7 guns, 3 of them 18-pounders and six gren- 
 ade-mortars. Between the first and this second fort they 
 had constructed a strong trench mounting 5 guns: to the 
 west of these works was yet another large trench of circular 
 form, whose purpose it was to annoy us by musketry. 
 
 Within this harbor between the forts mentioned were sta- 
 tioned a 24-gun frigate, a schooner of 14, then a bilander 
 of 10 guns. Behind these came a line of eight bilanders and 
 schooners well manned to defend the entrance with mus- 
 ketry; but in spite of all this, we took possession of the 
 Port and anchored at five of the afternoon. 
 
 I immediately gave orders for the disembarkation of the 
 entire body, in order to allow the enemy no opportunity to 
 recover from the dismay into which our triumph had thrown 
 him. This operation was successfully accomplished with- 
 out resistance. At dawn, I set out with the entire force, 
 my intention being to advance on the first fort. I first 
 sent out some Indians to approach and reconnoiter the state 
 of affairs and movements of the enemy; these having re- 
 turned and reported having seen no one, the Chief of Staff, 
 Don Antonio de Arredondo, moved forward to verify the 
 information, having with him two companies of Grenadiers 
 which I ordered out to ensure the greater thoroughness of 
 the reconnaissance, and to determine whether the enemy had 
 really retired. When this was confirmed, I continued my 
 
 • Gratvadaa reales, emaller than the homban, but projectiles of the same 
 fort. 
 
 •• The toesa (tuesa In MS.), a measure of length about 6.4 feet.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 9r 
 
 march to his works which I at once occupied, posting the 
 necessary guards, and a few pickets on what appeared to be 
 avenues of approach, in order to check any attack they 
 might make. 
 
 The Indians and grenadiers brought in two prisoners, 
 who confirmed the flight of General Oglethorpe to the town 
 of Frederica, distant slightly more than two leagues from 
 the forts of Gualquini. Although I might have overtaken 
 him, this step did not appear to be prudent, so long as I 
 was ignorant of the road and of the ground over which one 
 should march with full knowledge. Accordingly, as it 
 seemed to me advantageous to advance on Frederica along, 
 two lines -at the same time, I dispatched the captain of one 
 of the pickets of this post [Saint Augustine], Don Sebastian 
 Sdnchez with 50 men, as being acquainted with these parts, 
 to reconnoiter the road leading to the careening ground, at 
 which point it seemed to me that it might be more advan- 
 tageous to disembark the artillery. 
 
 At the same time I sent the Captain of Miquelets, Don 
 Nicholas Herndndez, with 25 of his men and 40 Indians, to 
 examine the road that leads directly to Frederica, It fell 
 out that Don Sebastian Siinchez lost the trail he was to 
 follow, and joined the Hernandez party. These two con- 
 tinued as far as the town, in whose vicinity they were 
 attacked by a body of English and Indians in a very narrow 
 defile of the woods. This accident brought on inevitable 
 disorder, in which we suffered the loss of the two captains 
 and 11 men captured, 10 men wounded, and 12 killed. 
 When news of this reached me, I detached three companies 
 of grenadiers to support our troops and cover their re- 
 treat; but before the companies of grenadiers could reach 
 the site of the action, they were attacked themselves by. 
 another ambuscade surrounding a swamp, over which the 
 path gave passage only in single file. The Captains of 
 Grenadiers, realizing, if they continued their efiforts, that 
 no advantage was to be gained save the sacrifice of their 
 troops, through the impossibility of seeing who was firing 
 on them, or of taking up any formation by reason of the 
 nature of the ground, prudently resolved to withdraw in as 
 good order as possible, with the loss of Don Miguel Bucareli 
 and 6 grenadiers, who were killed. 
 
 The Captain of Miquelets, Don Nicholas Herndndez, tak- 
 ing advantage of the fact that he had been very insecurely 
 tied by the two soldiers who were taking him along^
 
 92 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 succeeded in breaking- loose, which the soldiers observed ; on 
 their endeavoring to make him secure by tying his arms, 
 he gave them no chance, for like a man of valor and spirit, 
 he rushed upon one of them and took away his sword, and 
 with it, its owner's life, and then slew the other, thus earn- 
 ing his liberty and returning to our camp four days later. 
 This Captain and some of his soldiers, although born woods- 
 men {hombres de monte), were so exhausted by the difficul- 
 ties of the undefbrush, that they thought they would give 
 up the ghost before coming out on the road. 
 
 I now took these matters under serious consideration, as 
 well as the report of the Captains of Grenadiers and our 
 Indians, to the effect that the forest was impenetrable be- 
 cause of its impassable undergrowth, besides being full of 
 swamps and lagoons. Furthermore, the representations of 
 Don Antonio de la Atora, agent of the Exchequer, in re- 
 spect of the consumption of stores, and that those to be 
 consumed on our withdrawal should receive first thought, 
 there being barely enough in hand to last to the end of 
 August, gave me pause. 
 
 The tempestuous weather of August and September was 
 also a fact of no mean weight. I was moreover compelled 
 to take into account the naval forces then off the coast of 
 Carolina, superior to ours. Our prisoners declared that it 
 was commonly known that General Oglethorpe was expect- 
 ing them. Our delays caused by bad Aveather, the action 
 between the man-of-war and our galley and small convoy, 
 and the fact that we had maintained ourselves on his 
 coasts, must have convinced the General of our inten- 
 tion to attack him, and thus have given him time to prepare 
 his defense. The failure of thirteen vessels, among them 
 four galliots carrying some troops and all the sappers, to 
 rejoin the convoy, had caused us supreme embarrassment, 
 for without these men and the row boats, no operation 
 was possible ashore or on the rivers within a radius of some- 
 what more than two leagues. Lastly, I could not overlook 
 the special injunctions of Lieutenant General Don Francisco 
 de Guemes y Horcasitas to consider the most important 
 matter of assuring the withdrawal of the troops, having re- 
 gard to the notable reduction that had taken place in the 
 garrisons of both Havana and Saint Augustine. 
 
 Having therefore maturely considered all these matters, I 
 called a council of war composed of the senior officers of 
 the army, and having laid before them the reasons which
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 93 
 
 had led me to assemble then, I asked them to advise what 
 we should do in the situation that faced us. They answer- 
 ed that there was in their opinion nothing else better than 
 to reconnoiter the river leading to the town of Frederica, 
 and see if there were not some place where the men and 
 artillery could be conveniently disembarked, in order to 
 batter the fort and town ; that while this was in hand, the 
 vessels could continue taking on water, for it was to be 
 recollected that even if favorable terrain could be found 
 for the disembarkation, nothing should be undertaken that 
 would demand more than six days for its execution. The 
 fact that we had supplies for no later than the end of Au- 
 gust was of such gravity that we ought to think of nothing 
 else but to withdraw to our respective garrisons, and thus 
 avoid the dangers threatened by delay. In consequence 
 of this advice, the Engineer Don Pedro Ruis de Olano went 
 out with the galley and the two galliots to make the recon- 
 naissance agreed upon, and got within musket shot of Fred- 
 erica, without finding any place suitable to a disembarka- 
 tion, because the bank of the river is a marsh throughout 
 its length, and overgrown with grass ; he was unable to 
 determine whether it was quaking grass or water swamp, 
 and it was only within cannon range that he thought there 
 might be a clear place where he thought a landing might 
 be possible. But on taking into account the well-recogniz- 
 ed risk of exposing the men to much loss, especially as he 
 had been unable to determine whether there was a battery 
 or entrenchment or not, I resolved that it would be disad- 
 vantageous to undertake an operation so palpably danger- 
 ous. Nevertheless, I withheld my decision so far as to call 
 a second council, principally because at dawn of this day 
 a deserter came into camp, and declared that General Ogle- 
 thorpe had been marching: the entire night with 500 men 
 to surprise us before dawn. In answer to questions intend- 
 ed to inform me as to the condition and forces of Ogle- 
 thorpe* he said they numbered one thousand, half of them 
 regular troops of his own regiment, and the remainder set- 
 tlers and Indians, that the town of Frederica was defended 
 by a battery that commanded the river, and mounting small 
 guns, some 18-pounders, and mortars of both and large 
 calibre; and that on the bank of the river near the town 
 there was a trench in which he could place his men under 
 cover, and prevent our landing. He continued that another 
 channel through which our vessels could easily pass was
 
 94 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 defended by a garrisoned mortar battery. He added that 
 the General was placing his chief trust in the thickness of 
 the woods and the morasses. He also declared that he 
 was expecting both men and ships, that the people of Caro- 
 lina would not be long in appearing, likewise Virginians 
 and Philadelphians, in as much as he had sent letters in all 
 directions by reason of the suspicions excited by the affair 
 of the galley and small convoy oflf Cape Canaveral, and 
 confirmed by our long stay on his coasts. 
 
 A few hours after the arrival of the deserter, and just as 
 the second council was about to sit, the outposts on the 
 shore, and the men in the tops, announced that three cruis- 
 ers, one bilander and a schooner were approaching the 
 port. This information compelled me to adjourn the coun- 
 cil, and to hold one composed only of Colonel Don Fran- 
 cisco Rubiani, of Lieutenant Colonel Don Antonio Sal- 
 gado, and of the Chief of Staflf Don Antonio de Arredon- 
 do. These all agreed that we should bend all our ener- 
 gies to retreat, that our fear lest Oglethorpe should at- 
 tack by land while his ships did the same by sea was 
 normal. I consequently ordered that all the troops should 
 cross over to the island in front, in order to give our ships 
 time to prepare, unencumbered, for the defense; and that 
 the smaller vessels should, while I was marching ashore 
 with the troops, enter the River of Whales, and await me on 
 the bar of the same name, where I intended to embark and 
 go on to the capture and demolition of Fort Saint Andrew. 
 This was all done ; the fort I found unoccupied, it had one 
 gun, a 4-pounder, three stone mortars, a few implements, 
 and a number of horses, which we killed. From this point, 
 in order to improve the time while the smaller vessels were 
 completing the task of bringing up the stores that were 
 lacking, I arranged to detach 200 men ashore to occupy 
 Fort San Pedro, which the night before had fired on the 
 four galliots, launches and pirogues separated from us by 
 the storm, and which had now rejoined; but as I was with- 
 out supplies, inasmuch as the vessels that had them on 
 board, were going outside straight to Florida, I thought 
 the most rapid transportation possible of the troops to 
 Saint Augustine, preferable to a delay without provisions. 
 
 I consequently commanded all the vessels to pass out by 
 the Bar of Whales, while I with the 4 galliots, launches and 
 pirogues took the inside of the river, in order to reconnoiter 
 the aforesaid Fort San Pedro, and to attend to anything
 
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 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 95 
 
 that might come up. This done, and notwithstanding the 
 fire which they opened, and which I ordered the 4 gaUiots 
 to return, I continued on my way and reached the River 
 Saint John, where I went ashore and thence on August 1st, 
 to this fortress [Saint Augustine] where I found all the 
 troops carried by the vessels that had gone outside. 
 
 During the time in which I abode in camp at Gualquini, 
 notwithstanding the lack of sappers, I took such measures, 
 that the troops and militia in detachments destroyed and 
 razed the castles [i. e., forts] and batteries; that the artil- 
 lery, mortars, and implements were carried aboard ; that 
 the houses in the country were burned to the number of 
 thirty, and the planted fields laid waste; and so finished 
 this business on the last day as regards the remainder of 
 the settlement, say seventy houses in seven streets, that not 
 a sign or vestige remained, to show that the place had ever 
 been settled. 
 
 And I did the same sort of thing with the enemy's ves- 
 sels, excepting two bilanders, which I manned, and put into 
 our armada, and the war ship, which on the very night we 
 forced the pass, under favor of the darkness, and of a storm, 
 succeeding in escaping, in spite of the efforts of Don 
 Antonio Castaiieda to prevent its flight. 
 
 I consider that the damage done the English will amount 
 to between 250,000 and 300,000 pesos. On the day when 
 I went by land to the Island of Vejeces, the land wind that 
 was blowing drove off the hostile vessels from the coast, 
 and also took ours out, for it was the intention, suggested. by 
 me, of Don Antonio de Castaiieda, commander of the Fleet, 
 to attack the enemy. As he was unable to find them how- 
 ever, he set his course for Havana. 
 
 All the officers, both senior and junior, of regular troops 
 and militia; Don Antonio de Castaueda, and the naval vol- 
 unteers, have given proof of special zeal and devotion to 
 the service of Your ■Majest}'' ; and particularly Colonel Don 
 Francisco Rubiani, Lieutenant Colonel Don Antonio Saiga- 
 do, and the Engineer of the Second Class, Don Antonio de 
 Arredondo, who discharged the functions of Chief of Staff 
 with incessant toil. For these reasons I recommend them 
 to the notice of Your Majesty as worthy of distinction. 
 
 I do not know, Sir, whether my conduct of affairs will 
 meet with the roval approbation of Your IMajesty, seeing 
 that my entire effort has been to discharge the trust com- 
 mitted to my care with no other end than the ruin of the
 
 96 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 enemies of the Crown, and the honor and glory of the arms 
 of Your Majesty. These might have been better advanced 
 had not the All Powerful, who disposes of all things, brought 
 to naught the plan I had in mind, of sending 3 galliots under 
 the orders of the Naval Lieutenant Don Adrian Cantein to 
 the river of Saint Simon, and two to the river of Whales 
 under the command of the Ensign Don Francisco Pineda, 
 for the purpose of cutting the enemy's communications and 
 prevent succor reaching him from the north, agreeably with 
 the instructions of Lieutenant General Don Juan Francisco 
 de Guemes y Horcasitas. 
 
 Nevertheless, I expect of the royal magnimity of Your 
 Majesty, that it will deign to regard itself as having been 
 well served in the operations under question, and that I 
 shall have the satisfaction of receiving honors from Your 
 Majesty, whose Catholic royal person I pray our Lord to 
 preserve as many happy years, as Christendom may need. 
 Saint Augustine, in Florida. August 3, 1742. 
 Don Manuel de Montiano. 
 
 (flourish.)
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 97 
 
 ORDERS FOR THE CONDUCT OF THE TROOPS IN THE 
 
 EXPEDITION TO BE UNDERTAKEN AGAINST 
 
 THE ENGLISH. 
 
 Orders to be observed by the officers of the troops des- 
 tined for the expedition to be undertaken for the expulsion 
 of the foreigners that have intruded upon the territories 
 of His Majesty in the provinces of Saint Augustine in 
 Florida, under command of Colonel Don Juan Bautista de 
 Echevarria, appointed as commanding general for its 
 duration, in respect not only of regular operations, but also 
 of the orderly conduct of the march. 
 
 1. They will obey with the greatest punctuality and ac- 
 curacy all and any orders whether written or oral, all apply- 
 ing the most particular attention to discipline, and to the 
 good condition of the unit committed to their care. When- 
 ever the case calls for it, they will display the constancy and 
 fortitude, corresponding to their obligations and to the 
 honor and glory of the arms of the King. 
 
 2. All the small vessels told off to the expedition which 
 is to pass through the channels, will proceed with the troops 
 and officers assigned to each under the orders of the com- 
 manding general ; the total number will be divided into four 
 parts or squadrons each with its designated chief. 
 
 3. Whenever the commanding general shall hoist a sig- 
 nal, the chiefs of squadrons will at once hoist the same by 
 way of answer ; as soon as the signal is hauled down, the 
 others will follow suit successively, to show that the signal 
 has been understood. 
 
 4. When the formation is single line abreast, the post 
 of each chief of squadron will be in front of his squadron; 
 in forming four lines in four ranks, on the right ; in column 
 of four or more abreast, at the head, and on the right, of 
 the first file of his squadron ; in forming single line abreast 
 with the four squadrons, he will occupy the proper post by 
 the side of the last vessel of the squadron he is following, 
 keeping the remainder of his vessels on his left flank, all 
 of which will proceed to their proper places in succession 
 on the flank of their commander, and preserving in all
 
 98 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 movements their place and distance, whether under way, 
 at anchor, or moored. 
 
 5. Every commanding officer of a vessel must observe 
 with care all the signals whether day or night, made by his 
 immediate chief, and included in the list which each for 
 better understanding will have wath him : he will without 
 delay execute the import of said signals. 
 
 6. Each commanding officer of a vessel will divide his 
 crew into two watches, which will be on both by day and 
 by night; the watch will be relieved every four hours; dog 
 watches will be stood between 4 and 8 of the evening, in 
 order to share fatigue and rest. Two sentries will be left- 
 continuously posted, one in the bow, the other in the stern, 
 with orders to keep a sharp lookout in all directions, for 
 people ashore, signal fires or boats ; they shall carefully ob- 
 serve the signals made by their immediate commander, and 
 communicate them at once to the sergeant or corporal of 
 the guard, and the latter to his officer, for suitable action. 
 
 7. Each commanding officer of a vessel will give severe 
 orders to maintain the deepest silence by night and by day, 
 and that no one discharge a fire arm without orders; in no 
 case w'ill anyone be allowed to smoke* by night. 
 
 8. Each time that a signal is made to go ashore to cook, 
 the master of the vessel will take ofif only the number ab- 
 solutely necessary for the purpose, that is, will detail a num- 
 ber sufficient to act as guard. No one else will be allowed 
 ashore. As soon as the food is cooked, he will order it 
 carried on boaid, in order that all may eat. He will do the 
 same in respect of going ashore for water; and see to it that 
 his people do not mingle with those of other boats, and 
 that the business in hand shall be carried on as near his 
 boat as possible, in order that his people may promptly go 
 on board, should necessity require it. 
 
 9. The armed party that goes ashore to act as guard, will 
 post itself as strongly as possible covering the watering or 
 cooking party, in such a way as to command the approaches 
 and so prevent any sudden attack. 
 
 10. Whenever the flagship signals to head inshore and 
 disembark for any purpose, each commander of a vessel 
 will so order the landing that as it progresses, his men 
 shall, if the nature of the ground permit, form four in front 
 and three deep ; and if it should not permit, eight or more in 
 
 • Chupar tcjioco, a quaint expression, literally to "suck tobacco."
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 99 
 
 front, according to circumstances, marching at the same 
 time on one line to occupy sufficient ground for the forma- 
 tion of the entire body under his orders. This movement 
 concluded, he will halt and await orders. 
 
 11. Each commanding officer of a vessel will at dawn 
 cause his sails to be furled and remain under bare poles ; he 
 will send a man aloft to look around for signs or people 
 ashore, signal fires or boats; and will communicate his dis- 
 coveries by proper signal. 
 
 12. Only the commanding general will fly by day a blue 
 pennant, which he will cause to be lowered whenever he 
 wishes to make a signal. 
 
 13. Whenever the commanding general shall set a signal 
 he will keep it flying until he is satisfied that the squadron 
 commanders understand it. This will be signified to him 
 by their using the same signal in answer; when the com- 
 manding general hauls down his signal, the squadron com- 
 manders will do the same, it being understood that no one 
 shall fly a flag, unless ordered, or necessary for signalling 
 as prearranged. 
 
 14. Whenever the commanding general shall make the 
 signal for general disembarkation, each commanding officer 
 of a vessel shall at once obey it, leaving on board only two 
 soldiers as a guard, and the sailors, ordering them under 
 no circumstances to leave the position in which ordered to 
 remain. 
 
 15. Each commander of a vessel on discovering any peo- 
 ple ashore, boats, or fires will at once inform his squadron 
 commander by suitable signal, and keep his signal up until 
 said commander answers by the same: in all cases this pro- 
 cedure will indicate that signals have been understood. 
 
 16. Each squadron commander, on receiving a signal 
 from any vessel of his squadron, will determine its meaning, 
 and then answering with the same, will keep it flying until 
 the commanding general shall have made suitable acknowl- 
 edgement. 
 
 17. The commanding general on receiving a signal from 
 a squadron commander will acknowledge with the same, 
 after he has made out the cause, and will give such orders 
 as he deems proper. 
 
 18. The commanding general will, whenever the nature 
 of the channels to be navigated permit it, adopt the forma- 
 tion in column four abreast, or anchor in this order, as best 
 lending itself with least confusion to all other maneuvers
 
 wo THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 demanded by circumstances. He will order the galliots to 
 precede the entire fleet, the other boats to follow in order, 
 so as to be on hand for such action as offers. 
 
 19. Each commanding officer of a vessel, besides ob- 
 serving orders given, shall constantly maintain himself near 
 the flagship, so as to hear promptly whenever hailed by it 
 either by voice or speaking trumpet to draw near in order 
 to receive orders. These will be at once executed. To this 
 end, each commanding officer will take turn on guard; so 
 that if nothing material comes up, the captain of the guard- 
 boat will at 11 of the morning, the hour at which the orders 
 must be given, go on board the flagship to receive the coun- 
 tersign and parole, and will then proceed to communicate 
 it to all the squadron commanders and captains, so that if 
 at night some vessel not of the convoy, or some hostile ves- 
 sel should be met, that fact may be recognized by its fail- 
 ure to give the countersign and parole when challenged. 
 Should this happen and be verified, suitable action will be 
 taken. If the guard boat should, when needed, be on duty 
 elsewhere, the next boat on the roster will come up when 
 hailed by the flagship, so that the commanding general may 
 always have some one to distribute any orders he may wish 
 to give. 
 
 Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 101 
 
 Havana, March, 1738. 
 LIST OF NAVAL SIGNALS, AND VARIOUS DIRECTIONS, 
 FOR THE EXPEDITION AGAINST GEORGIA. 
 
 Signals to be made by night by the Commanding General and obey- 
 ed by Commanding Officers of Squadron and Ships. 
 
 A light astern and one in 1. Hoist anchor and get 
 the bow. under way forming front 
 
 with the entire fleet. 
 
 Two lights astern. 2. Hoist anchor and get 
 
 under way each squadron in 
 four ranks. 
 
 Light astern. 3. Hoist anchor and get 
 
 under way in column of four 
 abreast. 
 
 Light in the foretop for the 4. Hoist anchor and sail 
 first and light in the bow in column, two abreast, or in 
 for the second. single file, bow and stern. 
 
 Light astern and one in the 5. Anchor with the fleet 
 bow. in a single line. 
 
 Two lights astern. 6. Anchor each squadron 
 
 in four ranks. 
 
 Light astern. 7. Anchor in column, four 
 
 abreast. 
 
 Light in the foretop for the 8. Anchor in column, two 
 first case, and one in the abreast, or in single file, bow 
 bow for the second. and stern.
 
 102 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 Lig-ht to port and another to 
 starboard. 
 
 9. Go ashore and cook. 
 
 The same signal aloft, add- 
 ing another light in the 
 bow. 
 
 10. Each man to go aboard 
 his ship. 
 
 Light in the main top, anoth- 11. Everybody to go 
 er in the foretop and one ashore. 
 on the bow. 
 
 Light in the main top, anoth- 
 er in the foretop. 
 
 12. The people of the first 
 and second squadrons, and 
 no more, to go ashore 
 reckoning the command- 
 ing general's as the first. 
 
 Light in the foretop and 
 another in the bow. 
 
 13. The people of the sec- 
 ond and third squadrons 
 to go ashore. 
 
 Light at half mainmast and 
 another at half foremast. 
 
 14. People of the third and 
 fourth squadrons to go 
 ashore. 
 
 Light at half mainmast. 
 
 15. Half the people of each 
 boat to go ashore. 
 
 Light at half foremast. 
 
 16. A fourth of the people 
 of each boat to go ashore. 
 
 Three gun flashes if to the 
 westward and two if to 
 eastward. 
 
 17. To give notice that 
 there are people or a noise 
 ashore. 
 
 To show a light three times 19. To give notice of one or 
 at the bow, giving sufii- of many boats, 
 cient time between appear- 
 ances to allow them to be 
 distinctly counted.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 
 
 103 
 
 Light in the bow. 20. Whenever the com- 
 
 manding officer of a vessel 
 g-ives notice that he needs 
 something-, or reports 
 something unforeseen or 
 unprovided for aboard his 
 ship. 
 
 Light astern and three gun, 21. To give notice that a 
 flashes. hostile ship has been en- 
 
 countered and captured. 
 
 Light astern and four gun 
 flashes. 
 
 22. To give news that a 
 hostile ship has been en- 
 countered and has escap- 
 ed. 
 
 23. All the ships will go to 
 quarters. 
 
 24. All the vessels will fire 
 their swivel-guns against 
 their antagonists whether 
 ashore or afloat. 
 
 25. All the vessels will open 
 with their swivel-guns 
 and small arms. 
 
 A swivel-gun shot and a 
 light in the main top. 
 
 A light in the main top and 
 three rounds from a swiv- 
 el-gun shots. 
 
 Light in the main top and 
 three swivel-gun shots. 
 
 Note- 
 It should be noticed that this order deals only with ves- 
 sels having the enemy in their front or on their flanks and 
 not embarrassed by such others of their own ships as might 
 be ahead; because if it should be impossible, as it may, for 
 all our ships to extend their front against th*b enemy and 
 thus perhaps be unable to fire all at the same time- as intend- 
 ed by this order, then only those will open that have a clear 
 field of fire in front, or are so situated that they can fire 
 without embarrassing one another, so that the fire may be 
 opportune and useful and all confusion and danger avoided, 
 for these could easily occur in our own fleet unless these 
 precautions were taken. 
 
 Two lights on the mainmast, 
 one about a yard below the 
 other. 
 
 2. To go about whether un- 
 der sail or under oars.
 
 104 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 Note- 
 It should be noticed that this maneuver must be carried 
 out so that the vessels of the second file shall go about after 
 having occupied the place in which the flagship or its file 
 and vanguard went about; the third file will do the same 
 where the second went about; the fourth where the third 
 and the movement will be carried out in this fashion until 
 the rear guard is reached ; one succeeding the other in the 
 same order and distance so that after all the vessels shall 
 have tacked, the fleet will remain in the same formation as 
 before. 
 
 Day Signals to be made by the Commanding General and obeyed by 
 the Commanding Officers of Squadron and Ships. 
 
 The Spanish ensign in the 
 bow and the pennant of 
 Spain in the mainmast. 
 
 1. Hoist anchor and get 
 under way forming front 
 with the whole fleet. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow 
 and the same pennant in 
 the foretop. 
 
 2. Hoist anchor and get 
 under way in column, four 
 
 abreast. 
 
 Standard of Spain in the bow 
 and the pennant at half 
 mainmast. 
 
 3. Hoist anchor and get 
 under way in column, four 
 
 abreast. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow 
 and the pennant at half 
 foremast in the first case; 
 and in the second the en- 
 sign of Spain in the fore 
 top. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow 
 and pennant of Spain in the 
 maintop. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow 
 and the same pennant in 
 the foretop. 
 
 4. Hoist anchor and get 
 under way in column, two 
 abreast, or in single file,^ 
 bow to stern. 
 
 5, Anchor in single line of 
 the whole fleet. 
 
 6. Anchor, each squadron 
 in four ranks.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 
 
 105 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow 
 and the pennant at half 
 mainmast. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow 
 and pennant at half fore- 
 mast for the first case ; and 
 for the second, ensign of 
 Spain in the foretop. 
 
 7. Anchor in column, four 
 abreast. 
 
 ^. Anchor in column, two 
 abreast, or in single file, 
 bow to stern. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the main- 9. Go ashore to cook, 
 top. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in stops in 10. Each man to return to 
 
 the bow and blue pennant his ship. 
 in the maintop. 
 
 Blue pennant in the foretop. 11. Go ashore for water. 
 
 The same blue pennant at 12. Each man to return to 
 
 half mainmast. his ship. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow 
 and red pennant in the 
 maintop. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the main- 14. 
 top and pennant of Spain 
 in the foretop. 
 
 13. All ships will display 
 their ensigns in the bow. 
 
 Everybody ashore. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the main- 
 top and blue pennant in the 
 foretop. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the main- 
 top and blue pennant in the 
 foretop. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the fore- 
 top and Spanish pennant 
 in the maintop. 
 
 15. The people of the first 
 and second squadrons, and 
 no more, to go ashore, 
 reckoning the command- 
 ing general's as the first; 
 the people of the remain- 
 ing squadrons not to stir. 
 
 16. The people of the sec- 
 ond and third squadrons, 
 and no more, to go ashore. 
 
 17. The people of the third 
 and fourth squadrons, and 
 no more, to go ashore.
 
 106 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 Ensign of Spain at half main- 
 mast and Spanish pennant 
 at half foremast. 
 
 18. Half the people of each 
 ship, and no more, to go 
 ashore. 
 
 Ensign of Spain at half main- 
 mast. 
 
 The ensign of Spain in stops 
 at the stern and the bow 
 set or pointing to the place 
 where the people were 
 seen, and so kept until the 
 flagship answers with the 
 same signal which will be, 
 when it will have picked 
 up the said people. 
 
 Spanish ensign in stops in 
 the maintop and the bow 
 pointing where fire was 
 seen and to remain in this 
 fashion until the flagship 
 answers wtih the same sig- 
 nal. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in stops in 
 the bow, this pointing 
 where the ships were seen 
 and the said stopped flag 
 hoisted and lowered as 
 many times as there were 
 boats seen, with a suffi- 
 cient interval to give op- 
 portunity to distinguish 
 them. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow, 
 hoisted and lowered three 
 times and the commanding 
 officer of the squadron will 
 answer in the same way in- 
 forming the commanding 
 general, who will take the 
 proper action. 
 
 19. A quarter of the people 
 on each ship, and no more, 
 ashore. 
 
 20. To give notice of hav- 
 ing seen people ashore. 
 
 21. To give notice of some 
 fire ashore. 
 
 22. To give notice of one or 
 of many vessels seen. 
 
 23. Whenever the com- 
 manding officer of a vessel 
 gives notice that he needs 
 something or reports some- 
 thing unforeseen or unpro- 
 vided for aboard his ship.
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 107 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow 24. All ships whether under 
 and red pennant in the sail or at anchor will go to 
 foretop. quarters. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow 25. All vessels to open fire 
 and the red pennant in the with their swivel-guns on 
 maintop. their antagonists whether 
 
 afloat or ashore. 
 
 Ensign of Spain in the bow, 26. All vessels will open fire 
 red pennant in the maintop with their swivel-guns and 
 and another Spanish pen- muskets at one and the 
 nant in the foretop. same time. 
 
 Note — 
 
 It should be noticed that this order deals onl}^ with ves- 
 sels having the enemy in their front or on their flanks and 
 not embarrassed by such others of their own ships as might 
 be ahead ; because if it should be impossible, as it may, for 
 all our ships to extend their front against the enemy and 
 thus perhaps be unable to fire all at the same time, as in- 
 tended by this order, then only those will open that have 
 a clear field of fire in front, or are so situated that they 
 can fire without embarrassing one another, so that the fire 
 may be opportune and useful and all confusion and danger 
 avoided, for these could easily occur in our own fleet unless 
 these precautions were taken. 
 
 Spanish pennant in the main- 27. To go about whether 
 top. under sail or under oars. 
 
 Note- 
 It should be noticed that this maneuver must be carried 
 out so that the vessels of the second file shall go about after 
 having occupied the place in which the flagship or its file 
 and vanguard went about : the third file will do the same 
 where the second went about ; the fourth where the third ; 
 and the movement will be carried out in this fashion until 
 the rear guard is reached; one succeeding the other in the 
 same order and distance so that after all the vessels shall 
 have tacked, the fleet will remain in the same formation 
 as before.
 
 108 THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 Day and Night Signals which the Commanding General of the Ex- 
 pedition will Order to be made on the Coast and in the Places 
 Indicated, to Maintain the Union and Co-operation Required 
 and Provided for in the Instructions on the Journey and During 
 the Operations of Both Fleets. 
 
 A fire on the beach. 
 
 1. In order that the com- 
 manding officer of the sea 
 squadron may know where 
 the interior flotilla happens 
 to be, let him either lie-to 
 or anchor. 
 
 Two fires on the beach, a 
 quarter of a mile apart. 
 
 2, The said commanding 
 officer will put to sea and 
 continue his voyage. 
 
 One fire in the place indicat- 
 ed and eight or ten flashes 
 of powder at intervals. 
 
 3. Order the disembarka- 
 tion of the troops designat- 
 ed upon the beach of the 
 Island of St. Simon, get 
 under way and capture the 
 port of Gualquini, accord- 
 ing to previous instruct- 
 ions. 
 
 Two fires on the same beach 
 already mentioned, the 
 same flashes and a few 
 musket shots at the same 
 time. 
 
 4. Order the disembarka- 
 tion of the troops on the 
 beach of the said island, 
 get under way, capture the 
 port as soon as this signal 
 is received, without wait- 
 ing for any other.
 
 jj 
 
 i 
 
 SUPPLIES 
 
 sngth of 3 in. rope 
 
 ,«ii f* 1-1 _ 
 
 10 Bolts 
 
 O T 1_ C 
 
 \
 
 Ketum which gives Ships of War, Transports, Staff Officers, Troops, Militia, Rations, Ammunition, Arms and Tools, for the River Service and to leave in reserve in Florida, destined for the Expedition which is directed horn the port of Havana for 
 operations in the Royal Service in the Provinces of Florida; as follows: 
 
 "1"i 
 
 (•MkMN^ • 
 
 
 "Tjr
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 109 
 
 Three fires on the beach at 5. The armed bilandcrs to 
 a distance of a quarter of get under way, enter the 
 a mile, one from the other. Bay of St. Simon so as to 
 
 co-operate with the disem- 
 barkation of the troops, 
 told off for this purpose, 
 on the beach of the south 
 point; the ships to remain 
 at anchor outside, as al- 
 ready decided. 
 
 Signals of Recognition by Day or Night. 
 
 Whenever the commanding general sends a boat or 
 launch to speak to the commanding officer of the sea squad- 
 ron, if it should be day, he will carry a Spanish flag in his 
 bow and fire a blank cartridge from his swivel-gun. To 
 this, answer will be made with a Spanish flag in the stern, 
 by clewing up the mainsail and foresail, lowering and hoist- 
 ing the main topsails, and by bracing the foretopsail, lying- 
 to and waiting. If it should be night, he will show a light 
 in his bow and fire three blank rounds from a swivel-gun 
 and the answering signal will be a light in the stern, another 
 in the bow, and lying-to to wait. 
 
 Whenever the commanding officer of the sea squadron 
 shall send a boat or launch to speak to the commanding gen- 
 eral- if it be day, he will carry the Spanish ensign in his 
 bow and when near enough, will fire five musket shots. 
 The answering signal will be to lower the distinguishing 
 pennant, to place the ensign in the bow and five mus- 
 ket shots. If it be by night, he will show a light in his 
 bow, and challenged "Who goes there?" will answer "Phil- 
 lip the Fifth and Havana." The answering signal will be 
 a light in the stern, and as many other musket rounds, and 
 on receiving the same challenge, the answer, "Spain and 
 Cuba."
 
 no THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 NOTE ON THE BATTLE GROUND OF BLOODY MARSH. 
 By Otis Ashmore. 
 
 The battle in which Oglethorpe defeated Montiano on 
 St. Simon's Island is known locally as the Battle of Bloody 
 Marsh and the exact site of this engagement has long been 
 in much doubt. 
 
 In the summer of 1912, accompanied by Lawton B. 
 Evans, C. B. Gibson, Col. Charles M. Snelling, and L. B. 
 Robeson, I made a visit to St. Simon Island for the pur- 
 pose of identifying if possible the exact location of the 
 battlefield. Every account of the battle had been carefully 
 studied, including that of Montiano himself, from transla- 
 tions furnished by Lieut. Col. C. DeW. Willcox, U. S. A., 
 professor at the United States Military Academy. 
 
 In the light of all these accounts, and after going over the 
 ground very carefully, there seems to be no doubt that this 
 memorable battle was fought at a point upon the margin 
 of the marsh about two miles from the south end of the 
 island, and about one mile from the hotel, where the road 
 from Gascoigne's Bluff enters the road to Frederica. This 
 spot agrees perfectly with the account of Capt Thomas 
 Spalding,* which for many obvious reasons is by far the 
 clearest and the most trustworthy. A sketch of the island 
 and of the battle ground itself, made at the time of my 
 visit, will make more clear Spalding's graphic account, and 
 will show all the stragetic points in the campaign more 
 satisfactorily than any verbal description could do. 
 
 It is, perhaps, needless to say that with the exception 
 of the causeway, which still exists, and the crescent shaped 
 woodland so well described by Spalding, not a vestige of 
 this tragic episode remains. No trace of the road around 
 the crescent could be found, as this circuitous pathway has 
 long since been abandoned for the more direct road across it. 
 
 • See account of thia battle by Capt. Thomas Spalding In Vol. I. Ga. 
 Hist. Society Collections.
 
 •^J* ^ ""^ '♦ 
 
 ^ ^mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
 
 - fi 
 
 
 
 i - '\ 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 1-' 
 
 ''^'^"' :^<^f,' ■^\^^^^)if^'^-^'^-^ 'V^^ ^ t^v*^ 
 
 -j^TTte CJroomo or 3i^ooY Marsh
 
 - ci 'i ,-■ 
 
 . I 
 
 
 1 ..' "'' 
 
 ;~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 .' J3 ;^ O C t W 
 
 
 
 ----\ • MA KC,H 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ! , f ■- _ . - 
 
 
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 ;' . "-^~ 
 
 
 ' )• ■ 
 
 
 Battle Groumd OF Bioooy M>(Rsh 
 
 
 
 j '' A' B T«e. Amku%£Ai>E- 
 
 J 
 
 
 Sl, Simons Island and Fred
 
 ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 111 
 
 The traditions of the people living upon the island all 
 agree that the marsh just east of the causeway is the true- 
 battle ground of Bloody Marsh. 
 
 There is scarcely a doubt that the ambuscade was laid 
 at the two points of the crescent woodland where the road 
 from Gascoigne's Blufif enters the main road to Frederica. 
 and that the Spaniards were entrapped in the curved 
 roadway around this crescent. In their confusion the 
 Spaniards attempted to retreat along the road over the 
 causeway, but when they were met by the claymores of the 
 Highlanders, they were forced into the marsh just east 
 of the causeway where much of the execution took place.
 
 rv 
 
 ( 
 
 JDeturn Kvhich embraces the ship.s, tlieir names, tljeir Captains, the number of the crew & troops; the kinds of 242,200 ordinaiv rations; the 180, yoo rations 
 -*-^ foi io5 days; the 45, 200 foi 5oo zecruits that ought to be taken cottesponding to 85 lation days, and likewise 14, 532 tations for sick and wounded; 
 Artillery; Stores; Ammunition, and other utensils, &c. 
 
 NAMES OF SHIPS 
 
 NAMES OF THE 
 CAPTAINS 
 
 Hundred weights of Kinds of Rations 
 
 PounHs of I FDod tor Sick a 
 Tallow , 
 
 Fat I I 
 
 Cnndles Chickens 
 
 Hundredwelehts of 
 
 with 
 Iroc Hoops 
 
 S» Theresa 
 
 La Prudente Sara 
 
 S" Malheo 
 
 La PIcchH 
 
 La Sacta Familta 
 
 So Antny las Animi 
 
 San Joseph 
 
 SI" Yaabel 
 
 ; Sloops 
 
 San Joseph 
 
 Divina Pastora 
 
 Sd Judas Thadeo 
 
 LaKossa 
 
 S" Joseph y Las Anima! 
 
 Sn Joseph, alias Fscalen 
 
 Ijr« S^^de la Merced 
 
 El Canto 
 
 L« Gran Bestia 
 
 La Rebccft 
 
 La Soledad y la Rosa 
 
 Schooners 
 
 " Urrutia 
 Manuel de Viera 
 Xplov' Pabou 
 Pablo Kodriguei: 
 
 Pedro Garaicoecba 
 
 Domingo de la Cn 
 
 Pedro Trustillo 
 Miguel Fonaris 
 Joachin PSrez 
 Pedro la Madrid 
 Marcos Torres 
 Francisco Gonzales 
 Juan Fran" Oynrvit 
 Diego de Moya 
 Pedro Loreoso 
 Francisco Camejo 
 Pedro Romero 
 Manuel AUemle 
 
 Animas 
 
 
 Raphael Francisco 
 
 La Candtlaria 
 
 
 Marcos Fernfindez 
 
 1^9 Dolores 
 
 
 Ignacio Amaro 
 
 San Raphael 
 
 
 Francisco Gil 
 
 San Antonio 
 
 
 
 La SantisBinw 
 
 Trinidad 
 
 Juan Palomares 
 
 N S'" de los Dolores 
 
 Estcvan G.-.mcz 
 
 Round Pnnips 
 
 Sctsot 
 Weights up 
 :o 6 pouna! 
 
 FUNNELS 
 ^n I Wooden 
 
 BRONZE CANNON , GUN CARRIAGES 
 oponuders I 16 pounders Decorated Spare (in 
 
 CANNON HALLS i AMMUNITION 
 
 p-- I p.- Grape Shot | Same for I Canvas I 
 
 ppoundcn, .epoSen. _/" Sjivel Cove, for 
 
 , Powder } Leather Combat 
 
 Flaiks with I Cartridge | Vats for 
 
 wholes Cssea ; pitch 
 
 UTENSILS FOR SERVING CANNON 
 
 Lanyards ^,^1/5 Ramro'^" 
 
 BOXES OF 
 Hand , „ , 
 
 HUNDREDWEIGHTS OF 
 Iron Tallow 
 
 Pnlleva ^'B^"" Ilavon. 
 
 ARMS ENUMERATED 
 ilccs I Shovels Spades 
 
 
 Boards ko» 
 
 For Artillen 
 
 BOARDS 
 
 I Pish for 
 nary MastM of 
 
 Material 
 for 
 Wads 
 
 ■■""»"■» I tzrJ°^. irJ,',,. I »»' I »"■ 
 
 LAMPS 
 Lights 
 
 FOR USING PITCH 
 
 I „ , ' Small Dags Majagua Undressed . 
 
 1 Hemp ^;'S^ of Rough , Yarn -''hwpsV-ns , Caidrons Udles 
 
 Buckets Kaclctof Stove Boxes . 
 
 with Iron Prying Panti Majagna Linen with 
 Hoops Knpe Tin 
 
 ^ads of Wheel - „, p,„, 
 
 ipe Yarn i Mallets ^^"' *^*K' 
 
 CENDIARY MATERIAL 
 
 FUSEGUARDS YARDS OF 
 
 _ I Helmets I ., . . , 
 
 , Ht.vy 
 Needles 
 
 Hawsers 
 
 
 Till 
 
 Packing 
 
 Rawhide Thin I 
 
 RBSSRVB SDPPLY OP 
 cl..t. j Ramrod, I ISS.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 Preface 3 
 
 Affidavit of Juan Castelnau, a prisoner in Georgia. ... 7 
 
 Letter of Montiano to the King 16 
 
 The King orders the dispatch of an expedition against 
 
 Georgia 20 
 
 Montiano acknowledges the receipt of orders for the 
 
 expedition 25 
 
 The Governor General of Cuba gives the Governor of 
 
 Florida information with respect to the expedition 27 
 The Governor General of Cuba appoints Montiano to 
 
 the command of the expedition and gives orders. . 32 
 
 Orders to the Commanding Officer of the Fleet 39 
 
 The Governor General of Cuba reports the failure of 
 
 the expedition and sends journals of events 48 
 
 Arredondo's Journal 52 
 
 Casinas's Journal 65 
 
 Montiano's own report 88 
 
 Orders for an expedition against the English 97 
 
 List of signals, etc., for the expedition against Georgia 101 
 Return of the troops, crews and stores, ship by ship, 
 
 facing 108 
 
 Note on the Battle Ground of Bloody Marsh 110 
 
 Return of ships, troops and stores of the expedition 
 
 facinsr 112 
 
 LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Portrait of Oglethorpe Frontispiece 
 
 Map of the Atlantic Coast from St. Augustine 
 
 to Charleston , , = . = facing page 7 
 
 De Brahm's Plans, Sections and Elevations 
 
 of Works projected for the Colony of 
 
 Georgia facing page 11 
 
 Illustrations of Spanish Guns pages 36-38 
 
 Map of Jekyll Sound facing page 66 
 
 Arredondo's Map of the Entrance to Gual- 
 
 quini facing page 71 
 
 Plan of Fort Saint Andrew facing page 94 
 
 Map of St Simon and Frederica facing page 110
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
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 RETO MAR 011998 
 
 NOTIS JAN 30 1993 
 
 RETD FEB 20199^' 
 
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