0mmm»>»»>m0mmmmtf»»mfi)mmmmmm * mt M t mmH»mAmt t fti i mM>Ai0,r m mmttrt mtiv,!,- ■,•; ; ,i ir, i ,vwiwnwtr<^ i '/ r' s- SOME OBSERVATIONS lU'ON TIIK CIVILIZATION OV TIIK WESTERN BARBARIANS, PAETICULARLY OF THE ENGLISH; MADE DURING A RESIDENCE OF SOME YEARS IN THO.SE PARTS, ^By AH-CHIN-LE, Mandarin of the First Clasi<, Member of the Enh'fjhtened and Exalted Calao. Translated fvtxm the ^iJiinese into English, Ey JOim YESTEE SMYTHE, Esquire, OF SHANGHAI ; AND NOW FIRST PUBLISIIEI) Ol'T OF CHINA AND IN OTHER THAN CHINESE. LONDON: PUBLISHED FOR THE PROPRIETOR. 1870. LOKDO^f : UARRETT, SONS AND CO., PKliVTEKS, SEETHING LANE. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. This Translation of the Work of Ah-CIiin-Ie is trust- worthy as to the meaning of the Text — though the literal translation has not been, in many cases, attempted. Preserving the Spirit of the Author, the Translator has desired to be intelligible in good, readable English. Where it is impossible to give the precise thought of a mind so differently cultured, the nearest English is given. It is hoped that the inherent difficulty of the task may excuse errors of grammar and style. The Translator has been so absorbed in his Author, that he fears he may have often slipped in his Syntax, and been rude in his manner. However, with whatever faults, he hands the volume to his Countrymen— think- ing that they may be as much interested in it as he has been; and may derive as much amusement. If it do not commend itself for its Wisdom, it may, at least, for its novelty — that is, as a genuine expression of intel- ligent Chinese opinion, concerning the " Civilization of the Western Barbarians, and particularly of the English" The Author's own Preface explains the Origin of the Work, and its claims to consideration. The Eetreat, Shanghai, China, 1875. J. Y. S. AUTHORS PREFACE. Aii-uiiiN-LE, IMandariii, and ineinber of the exalted Calao, to the Illustrious Wo-sung, Mandarin, First class, President of the most Serene, the grand Council, Calao ; virtue, health, and the highest place in the Hall of your Sublime Ancestors .' Trained from my youth for many years in the school of the Foreigners [Fo-kien],' so as to be versed in the languages of the chief Bar- barians of the West, and particularly of the English, afterwards perfected in the latter at our port of Shanghai, and sent by your Illustrious command upon a private mission with the Imperial Embassy to the outside Barbarians of the far West to cm^ously seek into the state of those Peoples, and report upon the same to your Illustrious mind — that being so informed exactly, your Wisdom might, in those matters apper- taining to the Western Barbarians, enlighten the Son of Heaven (our Celestial and Imperial Majesty [Bang- ztse] most renow^ned and exalted) when, in Council, things touching those outer l.arbarians should be con- sidered : these, my poor words, in so far as to your Illustrious Wisdom it has been thought proper to make general, are now produced : that the happy subjects of our Central, Flowery Kingdom, may understand more perfectly the condition of those outside Bsu'barians, re- vi author's preface. specting wlioni so very little is known, and may the more cautiously guard the Sacred Institutions [Kam- phfe] of our Celestial Land — wise, peaceful, pow^erful, and teeming with an industrious and contented people, before the Western Barbarians had so much as the rudiments of learning. Ah-chin prostrates his poor body before your Illus- trious Benevolence, and craves forbearance that these, his unworthy Observations, are not better ordered — the circumstances of travel, fatigue, agitation of mind, hurry and confusion, have been unfavourable for that due ordering of the same which a respect for your Illustrious Wisdom required — in this particular the precise Eeport, submitted to the Exalted, the Ccdao, through the hands of your Illustrious Greatness, is more perfect. These are minutes, rather, jotted down and fastened for better reordering, if, at another time, it should be judged fit. May the Sovereign Lord of Heaven [Chang-ti] keep your Illustrious mind and body ! AH-CHm-LE. Note. — These Ohservations now following were made in England, and refer chiefly to the English Barbarians, who pride themselves upon being the most powerful and most enlightened of all the outer Barbarians, and, in fact, of any People in the whole, immense World. Ah-Chin. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE I. — OP THE RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS OF THE ENGLISH 1 II. — OP THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE ENGLISH 45 III.— SOME PARTICULARS OF THE INTERNAL ADMINISTRA- TION 7(] IV. — UPON EDUCATION : A FEW REFLECTIONS 98 V. — OF THE LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH .. ... 109 VI. — OP THEIR TRADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT 131 VII. — SOME REMARKS UPON MARRIAGES, BIRTHS, AND BURIALS [hI-DI] 150 VIII. — OP ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SOME WORDS ABOUT SCIENCE [kno-TE] 170 IX.— OF AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES 195 X. — OF EMPLOYMENTS OP THE PEOPLE, AND ASPECTS OP DAILY LIFE 214 XI. — OP THE HIGH-CASTES : SOME PARTICULARS OF THEIR DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 223 XII. — OF THE APPEARANCE OP THE COUNTRY, THE CLIMATE, AND OTHER THINGS ..." 246 XIII. — LONDON 257 XIV. — SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 278 OBSERVATIONS. chaptj:k I. OF THE KELIGIOX AND SUPERSTITIONS OF THE ENGLISH. The worship of tlie supreme Lord of Heaven [Clian^u,- ti], is not unknown to these Barbarians, though degraded « (J by many Superstitions. / The purity of the divine and original Worship (as with the vulgar in our Celestial Kingdom) is too simple. About 500 or GOO years after our Confutze, in the time of the Romans, there appeared in an obscure province of their Empire a new Sect of devotees, who asserted that they had among them a Son of Heaven. This Son they called Christ ; and those who adopted this new deity were ^called Christians. This was nearly 2000 years [met-li-ze] ago. The Sect increased and spread. One of the Emperors of the West adopted the new god, and enforced the M'orship of him upon the subjects of the Empire. All the Western Barbarians derive their knowledo-e from the liomans ; whose power, indeed, they over- turned, but whose civilization they imitated. Particu- larly, the Bonzes (Priests) of the new Superstition, joined to the Chiefs of new powers (which arose upon the ruins of the Eoman Empire), preserved some re- mains of the ancient Learning, and enforced the new B . 2 llELIGIOX AND SUPERSTITIONS tSuperstitioii. What little of letters remained was almost entirely witli tlie Bonzes. This event was much the same as the introduction from the Hindoos into our Central Kingdom of the worship of tlie Hindoo god, Fo; and, curiously, these events happened at ahout the same time. It is to be observed that in our Illustrious Kingdom there is a tendency to superstitious observances. We have several Sects [])lio-ti] ; but our Literati merely tolerate and do not worship. A simple and pure homage to the Sovereign Lord of Heaven [Hoang-chan-ti] is an act of the Wise : and even the Sects make their Spirits sub- ordinate to Him. The Western Barbarians, however, dishonour the true worship by strange " rites " — even by incredible superstitions, when the intellectual culture is considered. It is not long since, in the monstrous ere- dulity of the people, directed by the Bonzes, it was believed that the Devil (Chief of the Evil Demons) would enter into an individual — generally some old, ugly, and friendless woman — and, l)ij Jicr, turn the milk sour, drive the cattle mad, torture children, shrivel up the limbs, blast with the Uvil Uz/c ; and even plague with disease and with horrible death ! And these wretched women, and sometimes men, themselves often fancying that the Devil was really in them, were seized upon, dragged through mud and mire, fearfully maltreated, and put to death by the horrible torments of fire, upon this wild accusation : and this terrible scene was not caused by a maddened rabble of the common sort, but under the lead of the Bonzes, and according to the Laws of the Land The great, central figure of idolatry is the Pope, who OF THE ENGLISir. sits entlironed in Eome ; aud is, generally, a very old man, not always remarkable for wisdom nor -virtue. He •claims to l)e the sole vicegerent of the Christ-god, and only visible divine Head — all who do not worship lum are really not true worshippers. Yet, there are many Sects of this Siq^erstition; and in England, the .Sovereign is held to be the true Pope and Head ! The Englisli Pope now worshipped is therefore a wonian^ — the Queen ! .Such a thing seemed to me to be too wild — a phantasy —I could not comprehend. I knew that this Sect — the Roman — had long ago followers in our Flowery Jvinu'dom; and our annals show was tolerated: not, how- <3ver, for the Superstition, but for the Bonzes, who were masters of some useful knowledge. Personally, I never knew any native devotees of the Superstition — in fact it has steadily diminished in repute, and its few and scat- tered adherents are very obscure. So I was, and am still, puzzled Ijy this extraordinary Sect. I have read the Creed; a sort of verbal incantation, made by de- votees in the temples. One day, I begged of a good-natured, large-bellied, Priest to explain to me ; and ventured to ask him if the Creed was really an Article of Belief, or only a formal find meaninsj'less Invocation — like some of the mum- meries [phin-zi] of our Superstitious Sects. He looked surprised ; but when he saw that he was thus accosted by a " Heatlien Chinee " (as these Barbarians always <iontemptuously call the inhabitants of our Central Land), he merely said : " Why, ycu have in China our Missionaries to enlighten your darkness; have you never met them ?" " jSTo ; I have heard of them at Shanghai ; r.ELIGIOX AND SUPEllSTITIOXS but tliey do not speak our tongue, nor do we understand tliem ; and their teachings, even if nnderstood, would attract no attention from the Literati, who wouhl con- sider them as nnworthy of notice as any other Super- stition." " How so ? our Religion is no Superstition ;. it is the true and only true Religion, revealed by God himself to his chosen people, and miraculously preserved for all believers." " I how before your Illustrious mind and body ; but Ave have, and ha^'e had from time imme- morial, just such pretensions; they are as old as history." " I will not aroue ; but look at the excellency of our divine religion ! " " Where shall I look ? If you mean the excellency of certain moral principles, there is no- thing peculiar to your Sect in them. They have been taught in our schools for thousands of years — they arc excellent ; they show the divine in man — man is of the. divine ; morality comes of that." " Rut look at your frightful vices ; at your Pagan worship — see the effects of idolatry ! " " I bow to your Illustrious mind." I saw my effort to obtain any reasonal^le explanation was fruitless ; I made my ol)eisance and left. What an illus- tration of ignorant and superstitious conceit ! A^ice, thousands of miles beyond sea, so dreadful ; the vice at hand, defiling -every corner, unseen ! The only true Religion of this Priest will not see, or, seeing, he Avill not believe that it is Vice — or, at any rate, idolatrous — pagan Vice ! I could not believe, at first, that the Superstition was more than a Form, kept up merely for the advantage of the Priests. The sharp intellects of the Barbarians, applied so fruitfully to useful arts, seemed stultified, if I held to their actual belief. I OF THE ENGLISH. 5 •doubted the honesty of tlie Priests ; I knew the Lad character of many of the IJonzes of our Superstitious Sects. Now, Letter acquainted ^\'ith the imperfect civi- lization of thic people, I am not moved by these ignorant and bigoted displays. Poverty, vice, and drunkenness ; crimes of violence and fraud, are ril'e amonfr the Bar- l)arians. The Temples, ordered and maintained by the Quccn-Pope, are, for the most part — especially in great cities — empty. The Sects of the Low-Caste people, despised by the High-Caste, are far more zealous wor- shippers, though not better Christianx. The funds raised to support the great Temples and the Priests, are nearly idl absorbed Ijy them, and the Temples left ruinous. The lowest Castes do not worship, but curse the. Sove- reign I/Ord. Yet, our Illustrious Kingdom is called Pagan — Heatlicii — words implying every degradation ; and our people fit only to be turned over to the endless torments of Evil Spirits I Like our Confutze, the principles of morality and general benevolence are taught in the sayings ascribed to Christ. Yet figliting in the most brutal manner is allowed in the Schools, altliough the teachings of Christ, commanding Charity and Peace, are conned over in the daily lessons ; and horri]3le Wars for tlie subjugation of other Peoples, incessantly waged ! Still, if we may be- lieve these Barbarians, all true religion and virtue are possessed only by them ! The education of the people has been disregarded; and now, when the wisest of their great men has, with great difticulty, caused a decree to issue for the teaching of the neglected masses, at least, in some rudimental learning, the purpose is likely to (■) IIELKIIOX AND SUl'EltSTmONS fail. The Priests demand that the Superstition shall be taught, and those of one Sect insist that they shall lead ; denouncing a differing Sect. Each Seet denounces every other : and, so far is the contention carried, that the teaching of the people is lost sight of; tlie special Super- stition of a Sect being held Ijy its adherents far more important than merely " Secular " teacliing ! It must !»e understood, that though, commonly, there is but little real reverence for the Supreme Lord, and less bene- volence, yet, such is the hold which the Bonzes have got of the imagination (by means of the devil and hell, ■which are greatly feared), that they are a 'poicer. Their demands, therefore, as to the education of the people,, will be respected ; and the matter be left, largely, in their hands. This, owing to the l)itterness existing among the Bonzes of the Sects, will cause the whole attempt to fail — to fail, as a general measure. The Lowest orders, for whom the design was chiefly devised, do not hold the Bonzes in esteem, and will not be so readily led by them, even were the Priests themselves in accord. The Sects and the Priests not only fight upon this subject ; they are usually at strife upon any matter wherein their cooperation is desired. One leading- rule of the Saercd Writings commands. Peace. In respect of all who differ from them, these Sects say that the true meaning is, War ! Each Sect dislikes and de- nounces every other ; and the members of all damn to- everlastino- torments the whole human race but them- selves ! This place of eternal torture in " fire and brim- stone " [Zan-tan-li] is called Hell [Tha-dee] ! o In the ceaseless conflicts of the Sects, the most dread- OF THE KXdijsir. 7 ful Climes liavc Ijceu committed. The chief events re- corded in the jinnals of the Western Barbarians for many ages, and even to this time, have been only bloody wars, massacres, and vile intrigues, springing out of these contlicts : liorrible crimes, again and again re- peated, and under circumstances too dreadful for belief. And when I have looked into the causes of these shocking events, there seemed to be no more involved than the manner of interpreting some obscure word or phrase in the Sacred Writings; which to a wise man would be unimportant, however interpreted, or if never interpreted at all 1 At this moment, the best intellects among the English (who boast that they are superior to all other Bar- barians), are hotly disputing as to the proper mode of wearing vestments, of holding or of not holding candles, of standing and posturing, and other nuitters equally important, when the I'riests officiate in the Temples. Tlie most trivial thing in the Snpcrstition is esteemed of such consequence, that an error respecting it may be fatal to the " soul " [pan-tzi] in the future life ! Some of the most learned fear the words and " missives " of the poor old man, who sits in Eome (already referred to), and is worshipped by most Christians out of England (and by very many in it) as the only delegate of the Christ-god. They fear this Pope — fear that by his con- nection with the Evil One he will ^^ 'play the devil" among them. And though of precisely the same Christ- god Superstition, merely because of a difference of opinion as to the visible " Head " of that Superstition, really believe that this poor old man (calknl by the larger por- 8 RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS tioii of Cliristiaiis, with profound worship, Pope, Holy Fatlicr) may, by his wicked devices, allure into his worship, and hring under his power, the English Bar- barians ; to the everlasting destruction of their souls ! This notion of an Evil-one, universal among all the Barbarians, I never well comprehended. AVe have in our Flowery Kingdom Sects which believe in good and bad Sjnrits ; although our Literati smile at such things ; that is, in the vulgar forms. But the Christians assert that the Devil is too strong with men for the Supreme Lord — and the English Sect say that the Pope is a very child of the Devil I To be sure, their Sect is the i'eeblest of all, and merely separated from the great Pope-sect upon ])oints not touching the superstition itself, and really on selfish and" personal grounds. They know that the ]'*ope justly claims a direct and regular succession from the Christ-God; that he and his ad- herents, forming the vast majority of Qiristians (as all the sects call themselves) are believers with themselves in all the mahi '' dogmas " [ka-nti] of the Siiperstition ; yet, none the less, they are the children of the Evil-one, and fit for Hell. And not the vulgar only, but the learned actually have a horror that the Pope may be again worshipped in England. A calamity too terrible for contemplation I The I'ope-worshipping Sect repay this hate with an equal abhorrence, and send the English heretics to the awful Hell, with the same satisfaction. All the Western Barbarians worship this new Christ- God, but, like our devoters of Fo, divided into many Sects, as I have already intimated. The benignant Fo, OF TIIH ENGLISH. 9 teaches liis idolatrous devotees liow to differ without liate. Tiwl, these Christians are always at strife, bitter and irreconcilahle ; not as to essentials, even within the Superstition itself, (to say nothing of genuine morality), hut as to things trivial and absurd. One will say, " Be l.taptised or be damned to the eternal Hell ! " But smother says, " Baptism is only a symbol, one may be ■saved without it." Then, " What is baptism ? " Some say " Tlie Priest must immerse in water;" but another, "JSTo, the Priest must sprinkle the face only." Yet another, " Water is itself nothing, Priest nothing, unless before either, the baptism of the ' Holy Spirit ' have occurred." To perfect the "rite," all say that the Priest nmst offer proper " Incantations," and generally in the Temples before the Idol. The contestants damn each other to everlasting torments for not being truh/ liaptised. All the Sects say, " You must l)elieve in Christ or be damned ; " but do not agree as to what this Belief is, and go on damning each the other for not having truly believed. It is impossible, however, to make intelligible the countless vagaries of the Sects. They all fight under the same Christ-God, whom they all address, among other titles, as the " Prince of Peace " [Tchu-]-»e]. They all profess to follow His precepts, one of which is to love all men, even enemies (not friends, one of these 'angry disputants once said). Tliese revered Precepts are written in the Sacred Boolcs, and all the Sects swear their oaths upon these, and resort to them for the un- changeable rules of belief and practice. They all 10 ItELIGIOX AND SUPEliSTlTIOXS declare tliat the Sacred Writings are so plain that a man, " thougli a fool, may understand," and so clear, " that lie Avho runs may read." Yet, they curse each other to the eternal torments for interpreting errone- ously. The truth is, that tlic Boolcs are inost obscure, and differences of interpretation are inseperable from their use ; the terrible thing is, that Superstition has made these differences so important. The Sacred IVritinr/s are contradictory, and teeming with things indiffereut, meaningless, or trivial. Written at widely different periods, by many hands, long ages ago, in an obscure and barbarous dialect, for different objects, their true meanings cannot always be rendered. But few, even of the Priest-class, can read them at all in th& original. Tliey are mainly Eecords of the Laws, cus- toms and wars of an obscure and terrible race, here and there interspersed with Invocations to the Crods of that race, and witli their Proverbs, or words of wisdom. This trilje, called Jews, revolted from their masters, the- Egyptians, and fled into a desert region lying west from the Hindoos. The man who led them in this revolt was- learned in the laws and customs of Egypt, and upon these he founded his own system. He declared himself to be directly called by Jah (Jehovah) to be their High Priest and Judge — that they were to obey him who received from Jah immediate instructions — that, in fact, to dis- obey him was to disobey Jah. That he was to lead them forth to found a nev/ State, and tliat the power to- announce the Avill of Jah alone resided with him and his successors, in this High Priesthood, and that they could onlv be successful over their enemies and prosper,. UK THE KNGI.ISU. IL l)y ail implicit obedience to Jali, l>y tlio mouth of tlio irigli Priest. This event took place in our dynasty, Slianf/; and onr annals, referring to the Western JJarbarians of the an- cient times, make mention of some thinus — obscure movements of tribes, and of tlie great works performed by the P^gvptians ; and of a servile race, ccuideraned to toil on these structures : and, possibly, this revolt of the Jews may have been contained in these references. However, the whole matter would have been lost ages ago, nor have left a trace, but for the singular circum- stance that the ancient records of these Jews have in a. good measure escaped destruction. This happened not by any chance ; but from the fact that the High Priest, pretending to be the very mouth of Jah, made all his utterances Sacred; and the Priesthood, inscribing and preserving the Jewish " Pites," worship .and institutes of all kinds, guarded these Avritings Mith extreme care ; which the reverence of the Superstitious people en- hanced. Thus these Institutes of the Je^vs, declared to be by the Priests the very will of Jah, came to be " I£ol]/ " [Kan-ti] — inviolable ! ISTow, the Barbarians re- gard this preservation of the Jewish Eecords as an evidence of their divinity, and a clear warning to man not to disregard them ; and when they assert (as, by the High Priest, they constantly do), " Thus saith the Lord- God-Jah," they accept the declaration, and bow before it, as the very word of Jehovali ! But we know that similar " Sacred Writings " are connnon in the East, and that these pretensions of the Priests are as universal as Superstition itself; in fact, form the chief features in it. 12 IlELIGIOX AND SUPEItSTITlOXS The new Christ-God was a Jew ; aud, though, sin- gularly enough, in the words ascribed to him, in those parts of the Sacred Writings assigned to him and his immediate followers, there are hitter denunciations of the spirit aud of the letter of much in the old, Priest- made part; and he distinctly says that his office is to give new and reformed rules; none the less, his imme- diate followers, being Jews, naturally looked upon him us Great High-Priest, speaking as did their ancient High- Pridst (High-Priest and Christ-God) — the very " mouth- piece " []\[u-te-pi] of Jehovah ! Adding to the High- Priest a Mcssiahsliip ; for they believed him to be the mysterious Messiah of their Sacred Writings, foretold by their wise *Sct'/w long ages before! The great High- Priest wlio should deliver them from all their enemies, and lead them to a universal dominion ! A^ery few of the Jews themselves, however, adhered to this opinion : in fact, Christ was put to a shameful death by them as an Impostcr [Kon-ti-fe]. And by the Jews, in general, he was and is still considered to be a misguided fanatic. The liomans at this time held the Jewish province, and continued to do so. ]\Ieantime, the folio Avers of the Christ-God, as I have said, spread by degrees, after his death, into other Koman provinces. New Superstitions were often greedily received; the "Western Barbarians had always readily adojDted new gods, and new Super- stitions. This idolatry was, however, held in contempt by the learned ; 1 )ut it slowly spread among the lower orders, and penetrated to Eome itself.' The Eoman soldiery, in some instances, made it con- spicuous; and, after some generations, a Eoman Emperor, OF THE KXGLI.^IT. 1,*^ tliiukiiig ]\v saw some miraculous evidence of its divine force (in the workings of his own dark imagination), forced this new Superstition upon his Empire. That Em})ire embraced the Western world. The Barbarians who succeeded to them adopted, largely, their laws ; their worship, and their religious rites. Thus, these AVestern liarbarians are Glirisiixms ; and, though they detest the Jews none the less, hold to their " Sacred Writings " as the A^ery words of Jah — whom they also worship ; This they do because they follow the few Jews who accepted Christ as Jehovah, rather than the whole iKO'jjIc who rejected him ! — follow the few who- accepted Christ as the Messiah-God promised in the " Sacred Writings ;" and hold with them that these are the only Bexdation of the will of Jehovah to man ! By Jehovah meaning the only Supreme Lord of Heaven ! The remarkable thing is that this enormous pretension is not ascrilied to Christ, but is ol)Scurely announced in certain writings of the early Christian Jews. Thus these Western Barbarians, scoffing the name of Jew, accept of his ancient and ferocious god, and adopt the barbarous rites of a blood-thirsty and obscure tribe of the desert, make the records kept by the Priests of the tribe Sacred, and curse to Hell the whole Jewish race for not accepting the interpretation of a fctr of tlicir nuiiibcr — the few, and only a few, worshipping Christ as the true Christ-God. That is, these Barbarians better rmder- stand the subject than the people into whose hands the matter was entrusted by Divine wdsdom. When one considers, then, the foundation of the great worship of the West, one wonders not at the Sects and 14 RELIGION AND SUPEHSTITIONS strife, rounded in dark and cruel institutes of imorant ^intitjuity, the attempt to engraft a better system failed, because in this attempt the Priests were still Jews, who, adoring- Christ, adored liim as Jehovah and a Jewish High-Priest. What follows becomes more intelligible, but not less astonishing. The new worship has its divine Rcvdation from Jah, interpreted by its Priests, who introduce Christ as their great High-Priest, and the Clirist-Jeliovah of the ncAV worship. All are damned to the everlasting Hell who do not believe these Priests, worship this new god, and accept as the very Divine Wori^, these Jewish ■writings. This superstition suited the dark imaginations of the Barbarians, and was, in truth, not unlike their own, and may have had a com- mon origin. The intellectual activity of succeeding ages has been mainly devoted to these Sacred Writings ; and the dis- putes, as to the meaning, never-ending. Every word has been criticised. Sects have lieen formed upon a syllable — appearing and disappearing. Now one would madly starve, another feast. 8ome fanatics would live in caves, some on inaccessible mountains ; some tor- tured themselves, and held women to be unclean unless they inarried Christ. Some would only shout their in- vocations, others would only commune with the god inside. Some would kneel, others vjould stand. Some- times a sect more wild than usual would organise vast bands of warriors, all wearing a symbol to show that they were Christians — usually a cross (because the Jews put Christ to death by lianging him upon a cross) ; and, |)laciiig Priests at tlic head, would rush to distant })arts to OF THE KXGLTSir. 15 root out ji(i(j(Aiis. Tliese dreadful slaugliters of distant ti'ibes were called Crossades (from the symbol refcirred to). ♦Some Sects destroyed society by another fanaticism ; they forced men to live in caves or in dark stone cham- bers, sliut off from all cheerful life, and from all inter- course with women ; where they should constantly make invocations, lash themselves wath thongs, and half-starve themselves ; having skulls to hold before them, and awful 23aintings of Hell and devils to horrify them, — if per- chance they may propitiate the Christ-God, Jah. AVomen also being driven into similar, horrid imprisonment in stone vaults, where the whole life is spent in inA'oca- tions and sufferings, without so nnich as seeing any man. These and numberless other things grow out of the interpretations, ever-changing, of the Sacred Writings ; Avhich, to the dark imaginings of Priests and devotees, seem ever to give such utterances as fit to their feelings. To the Priests they are an unfailing arsenal of power. For many ages nearly all the Books W'ritten — mainly l)y Priests — were in respect of the Sacred Writings; called commentaries, homilies, disputations, doctrines, invoca- tions, sermons ; endless in name, and nameless. This Literature is less in repute than formerly, and immense collections of huge writings are now rotting away in the dismal alcoves of Libraries [Buk-sti], as great stone buildings for keeping Books are called. This lAtcrature is rarely looked at now, excepting by the Priests and antiquaries [ol-olphoo] ; much of it is obso- lete in form, or in the Pioman— not now so much in vogue as formerly. A large portion of the writings, and IG EELIGIOX AND SUPERSTITIONS a larger portion of the "speeches" [phi-lu-tin], however, are devoted to the same subject ; but the style is modern, and less obscure, though not less deformed by a dark and irrational superstition. To my poor mind, Avere all these innumerable pro- ductions of gloomy and bewildered intellects — misled and crazed by a monstrous Idolatry — swept for ever away, nothing would be lost — nothing, unless the most astonishing monument ever builded by man. However, it is doubtful whether to lose even this is not better than to have anything left of so monstrous a Pretension. Wliilst thus the Barbarian hrain wasted itself in this wretched work, and piled up its ponderous tomes of use- less, and worse than useless, Literature — holding know- ledge in general as vain, and Science, when, in Priestly interpretation, not according to the barbarous SacrciJ Writings, as a thing to be accursed — activity of body, during the same ages, did its dreadful work. Directed Ity the Priests, one Sect denounced another as damnable, and the stronger attempted to destroy the weaker by " fire and sword." New contentions would arise, to lie crushed out by bloody execution ; only to spring uj) again, to be again extirpated. Every Sect as it appeared would fight for supremacy. All worshipped the Christ- God, and sought the same Sacred Writings ; and all invoked His aid, and pointed to those Writings for their authority — to exterminate a weaker /Seci; to deliver over whole provinces to rapine, slaughter, burning, destruc- tion ; cities in conflagration ; women, children, as well as men, not merely slain, but put to death with tortures unspeakable ; massacres, by treachery and surprise, of OF TIIK ENGLISH. 17 • thousand^ and tens of thousands ! To such work was the activity of hody largely directed by Priests and the savage chiefs. For ages these atrocities were perpe- trated. History has no parallel of horror ; human nature seemed to have become possessed by the Devil of the Superstition, and exceeded its diabolism [pau-di- ki]. In the name of Christ, lire, slaughter, and rapine, spread over the whole immense world. Wherever the Priests of this dark superstition Ijecame powerful, every- thing which op])Osed them perished. It was a cardinal principle that men could be saved from the dreadful Hell only by the aid of the Priests, and by accepting of their interpretation of the Sacred Writings. The system erected by the Priests was called the Church, and none could be saved unless they were in the pale of Hobi Church — unless they, in the manner directed by the Priests, performed all the rites of worship. These not merely were directed to the worship of the Sacred Writings, the Christ-God and Jah, but to the mother of God and to the Pope. In England, by and by, the Priests threw off the Eoman Pope, and set ^^p the Eng- lish Sovereign, for the time being, as Pope, and put men and women to death by fire and torture for still prefer- ring the older Idol. Nor is this madness, this fanatical fury, wholly ex- pended. Education has not yet raised these Western tribes into the enjoyment of a rational w^orship — of a rational morality — of a life, calm, tolerant, and benefi- cent. They have never attained the civilisation of our Central Kino-dom, and to the wisdom of our illuminated Confutse. c :j.8 RELIGION AND SUPEKSTITION.S . There is morality to be found among tliem, and a few worship, purely and simply, the God of Heaven, and look with untroubled hearts upon the senseless super- stitions. The masses are, however, still held in them ; and the High Castes either hold to the prevailing idola- tries, or pretend to do so. This old Jewish Worship, with its rites and pretensions, fastened upon tribes by Priests and the Eoman power, is still dominant in the West. In England to-day it is the same superstition, only the Queen is Pope, instead of the Man at Eome. For this the English are damned, as worthy of Hell-fire, by Ptoman Pope worshippers ; and the English return the curse. A constant Bufjhear [Do-uki] to the English mind is, that the more powerful Roman Pope may get into England again ; then, what horrors ! Xor does this frightful chimera alone alarm the lower people ; the most learned Englishmen, and their wisest, exert their minds in writing and in preaching against this terrible thing. To me this seemed strange — incredible. The English Barbarians are, in general, sharp enough ; they are learned in many things ; they can see the absurdity of Eastern superstitions ; they denounce the Ptoman- Pope worship as worthy of hell; but they worship a <^ueen-pope at home, and the same Christ-Jah-god and "sacred writings" which the Eomans worship. They believe, as do the Ptoman-pope worshippers, that all who do not worship the sacred writings and the Christ- Jah-god., and accept of the Priest- C/Mrrc7?, will inevitably burn for ever in fires of Hell ; yet, because of the separation as to Pope worship, each regards the other OF THE ENGLISH. 19 .^cd with a hatred ouly appeased by sending each the other to the dreadful Hell ' How incredible that the human niiud — the active and skilled human mind — should alarm itself and others for fear of the worship of a Pope — a man : and really think the condition of the human soul would be hopelessly wretched — if it mis- took the right object of w^orship — the idol of Eome, or the idol of England ! Tlie intellect truly employed would be directed to the overthrow of tlic suj^erstition and its objects of idolatry altogether. The Eoman or the English Pope — the Eoman or the English sect — what matter ? Both alike indifferent and worthless to an intelligent worshipper of the Supee^me Lokd of Heaven (Hoang-chan-ti). His worship is elevating, supporting a clean morality, tolerant, benevolent — a morality found Avherever man is found ; debased, more or less, as man be debased, or as he may be sunken in vicious or cruel superstitions. To restore a pure worship is to help on a better civilisation among the Barbarians. Nor would a respect for the morality ascribed to Christ do other than help in the same way. The misfortune is, that that morality has been overlaid with Jewish and Priestly additions and inventions. There are some of the English literati who dare to teach a purer worship, discarding the superstition in its grosser pretensions ; but they are not listened to. It is difficult to understand what is accepted as true by the differing Scets — but their differences may be dis- regarded — and I will refer to what all the Sects of the Great Superstition subscribe to, aside from the matter" of Pope. 20 IIELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS One, only God : in three parts — each part a very God! 1. The Judge and destroyer of mankiucT ; for all are damned to Hell ! This is the Jewish Jali. 2. The Sou, begotten of Jah upon an immaculate virgin. Sent to mediate with Jah and appease His fierce anger, so that some may escape Hell — that is, those few who have " heliered in" and vjor- shi]323ed the Son, the Father, and other things. For as to what is to be believed, form the points of endless contention, as I have hinted. 3. llie Holy Ghost, or Comforter, whose function I have never comprehended. It appears to be a divine Ejflucnce, entering into the devotee, to warm, exalt, and enlighten him ; especially to comfort him and to support him in his dire conflicts with " the flesh, hell, and the devil " (as the Superstition reads). It is an "awfiil mystery" in the rites, and has crazed many -a worshipper ; for those who fancy themselves to be in the possession of this Effluence feel like gods, and conduct themselves as scarcely accountable to mortal control ; though others feel an absorption, as they say, into the divine nature — a notion like that of some of the fanatics of the Hindoos and of the East. As* powerful, indeed more powerful over men, is the terrible Satan- — Devil, Evil One. There are many names and shapes. This monster was once (according to the superstition) chained down in hell-fire, for having raised a rebellion against Jah, who, however, let him loose again, and gave him wings to fly from his fiery prison to OF Till-: EXGLISII. 21 tlic world, where lie slionld Avage war with -lah, in a I'overt way, l)y his craft diawiii^- away niankind from Jail to his worship and to his designs ; that, however, he should never prevail to overthrow Jali, and the only result would he to increase the numljer of the countless devils of low degree already in Hell, hy adding to them nearly the whole human race ! — for to that torment all go who do not worship in spirit and in truth, according to the superstition. This a^^•ful strife between Satan and Jail always proceeds. The Priests say that, for " some wise purpose," Jah suffers Satan to succeed in Iiis snares ; and his victims continually fall into the everlasting place of Fire, prepared for the devil and his victims. The Priests say that this Avholesale destruc- tion of mankind was a thing predetermined by Jah, and that he created |the Devil to accomplish the work ; but they do not explain why the torments should be everlasting; as men are themselves short-lived, one would think a reasonalJe superstitition might have limited the fire-torture to, say, twice the length of mortal life • (3ur Literati will readily recognise some parts of this horrible superstition — perhaps the main features, as 'Oriental — going back to the dimmest dawn of tradition, and to the early and grotesque forms of the liuman imagination, dark and uninstructed. The Hell, however, is a terrific expansion of the horrible, suited to these Strange Barl)arians. Besides these great deities, there are Arch-angels, Angels, Saints male and female. Spirits good and bad — the latter Imps of Satan (whatever the word may 22 IIELIGIOX AND SUPEKSTITIOIsS mean), who eutev into human Ijeings, and take on the human form : in this disguise, called Crhosts, Wizards, Bogies, Witches. However, good people can tell these devilish Imps, and avoid them (so they be good, that is,. true worshippers of the Idols of the Superstition) ; for the smell of brimstone sticks to them, and the tail and cleft- hoof — inseparable from devil-imps — will always show somewhere to ilie good. But, if unawares the Imps catch them, they are only to say Christ, or Jelwvali, or call on some Saint, and the Imp will at once vanish like a vapor! It will be seen that this Superstition is as populous with gods and spirits as are any in the East, and some of the forms more frightful and ridiculous. There are dissentients — some, who, not dissenting to the chief gods, yet conjecture tliat the good and bad spirits merely symbolize good and bad propensities in Inunan nature. But real objectors are few and timid, afraid of punishment — if not here, then after death. For the Superstition so long rooted has engrafted its terrors in the very Ijlood, and men are born with the Horror in them ; they can never free themselves from it. A ,few, however, do dissent ; but, like our Literati^ they do not care to oppose vulgar ignorance openly, nor is it safe ; they feel a contempt, but repress its too- marked expression. " Why render themselves uselessly odious ? " they say. The Priests, very likely, often disbelieve much of what they say ; but not unlikely their emoluments (livings) have some effect upon their conduct,, though not upon their private convictions. In our Flowery Land there is a maxim : " A common man's Itrain is in his bellv." OF Till-: 1'L\c;msii. 23 I have had a High Bonze say to me, when I have suggested some ohjeetions, " Oh, we do not know any- thing about such things ; the morality is good, and we need a devil for women, children, and the common people : it is safer to let things alone." " But," I have rejoined, " is it quite well, in the long run, to teach falsely ? " " I do not say it is well to teach falsely. I said, I do not know — who does ? Men more learned than I believe strongly, men wiser than I have " gone to the stake and perished by slow torture of fire," made martyrs (we have no such word) of themselves, rather than deny these things. They were probably right. I simply take things as they are." " But," I replied, " surely misguided fanaticism, of which the world is full, is proof of nothing whatever, unless of the sincerity of the madman — not always of that." " My dear Ah-Chiu, you are ver}' quick, and no fool (I beg pardon), but you do not understand it. The Superstitious parts are mere forms; and as to the Jiorrors, as you call them, I think them iudispensalile ; they are better than the Police." (The Police are the officers who arrest offenders in the streets and public places.) The Bonzes who talk in this way are, usually, what are derisively termed " hunting and fishing " Bonzes, not remarkable for strictness of conduct, though quite as likely to stick to the Temples, like our Bonzes ; they are not likely to pull down the roof which shelters them. The Superstition is less revered than formerly, and its wilder parts arc less obtrusive. Its pretensions are not 24 RELIGION AND SUPEKSTITIONS moderated iu terms, but the practice is more moderate. Sects do not put each other to death, at present, though so much of the oki bitterness remains that no one can say what horrors might follow upon unexpected changes. Gradually wise men endeavour to drop out of sight the Jewish and Priestly creations, and, incidcating morality, take the Christ-God as symbol of Charity, and his moral precepts as the basis of a moral Philosophy ; or (to be less offensive to the Superstition) Christian Pltilosnphy. In this way they seize hold of M'hat is true in the Great Idolatry, and endeavour to ignore the grosser parts altogether. Tliey hope to bring al)out a rational w^orship without violence, liy a gradual disuse and forgetfulness of the irrational, and are willing to yield something to ignorance, if they can by that means, in the end, en- lighten it. They allow to Christ an exalted character, large in the divine faculty, and divine as man is divine in possessing that faculty — to say, tlic moral. In this, much as we see in our exalted Confutzc, wdio lived and taught long before the period ascriljed to Christ, and from whom the Western tril jes, doubtless, received their moral notions. The religion of wise men is the same at all times and everywhere. Wherever some intellectual culture exists, men will be found who understand and practise the rules of morality; and wherever this is general, there is the higher civilisation. This higher civilisation, resting upon a general morality among a people, has for its base a rational recognition of the Sovereign Lord and man's dependency and accountability to Him; Father of men; and Himself the source of this morality. He, OF THE ENGLISH. 25 in this faculty, reveals Himself, and shows to man his sole claim to a divine relationship. This higher civilisation does not mistake intellectual achievement as its title to enlightenment. The sharp and active brain is quite consistent with the base and low ; and may be indifferent to superstitions and de- grading idolatries. But the moral faculty, active and large, at once refines and exalts the intellect; then men are truly trlse, and degrading superstitions die. The object, then, to which the true worshipper aims, everywhere, is to bring man out of a debased into an enlightened recognition of the Supreme Lord and of this simple relationship ; to teach tluit the human race form one family, united indissolubly to each other, and to the Supreme Lord, by the divine moral faculty, to Avhich the intellect is subordinate; that by this they may be all truly enlightened, and worship simply and truly, with grateful and serene trust, the Supreme Lord and Father of all. This Avorship can never be other than beneficent. It is only the expression of gratitude ; the desire for Ijetter wisdom, for still larger charity, a Avell-doing and serene life, at peace with itself and all beside. To a civilisation resting upon this simple and direct worship and morality, few barbarians have any percep- tion ; their pride and gross superstitions have made it impossible. The temples are often very grand and beautiful, built ■of hewn stone, with lofty domes, towers, bells, and spires. The priests are very numerous, and divided into many ranks. The lowest are the curates, who do 2<J EELIG.ION AND SUPERSTITIONS the " dirti/ " Avork, as the English phrase it. They are hut little better than beggars, though mentally often superior to those who half-starve them, whilst the higher ranks (by whom they are hired) live luxuriously. The Sacred Writings say that Christ was Himself a mendicant, and that his first followers were but little better; that he denounced, in bitter terms, all pride and luxury; that the true object of life was not to think of oneself, but of others ; to give to the poor, help the distressed, and the like. In truth, this benevolence and the moral precepts of Christ (as I have already said) are its salt [pho-zi]. I have, in the temples, heard a High-Caste Priest elo- quently exalt this benevolence, and pointing out the divine cliarity of the Master (as Christ is often called), —heard him say, " My brethren, give to the poor, help the suffering, do good whenever you can, give your all to Christ." I have said, " This is excellent ; I will talk with thi& benevolent Bonze." On one occasion I did so. The High-Caste had dined; I was ushered into his presence; the fruits and the wine were still before him. I ap- proached and bowed low before him, and dared to ask, " Is your illustrious body well ?" He slightly nodded, and waved me to a seat. I expressed my admiration of his benevolent morality, as shown in his exalted invocation in the Temple. " Oh, that was of course ; we do not rely upon morality." I begged pardon, but did not understand. He added : " Morals are well, in their way. Charity is a good thing, if the purpose be sancti- fied ; but nobody is saved by his goodness." He saw OF TIIH ENGLISH. 27 my bewilderment. " Oh, I deplore yonr darkness ; I grieve over the errors, too fatal, even in our Christian land." I could only bow. He continued : " When will the darkness of superstition give way, in the East, to our glorious religion ? When will the worship of Christ spread over the whole benighted Avorld ?" I ventured to hint that I had called to speak my thought of his noble benevolence. - " Oh, yes, we must give. But the true worship — knowdedge of, and belief in, the Ecdccmcr — ah ! that is the only means of salvation ; those are the vital things." I said, " The poor are everywhere, and need help." He looked at me suspiciously for a moment, and then brightened ; he saw I had not come to ask for anything, " Yes ; the Scriptures say, ' The poor ye will always have with ye,' and we cannot alter it." " I am told that your Low-Caste Priests are good men, and do nearly all the work. I know one of these who is very kind. Your benevolence is like our Con- futze, who had a tender regard for the poor and dis- tressed." " Ah, our divine Master taught charity; but one must go higher than that." " Pardon my poor mind, but do you not really give to the poor, in your temples, as your exalted Wisdom taught?" "Ah-Chin, you mistake; but one must overlook your darkness of mind — no ofience — Society takes all I can spare, and I give to Curates from my revenue." " Society ? I do not com- prehend." " Well, no ; you know nothing of the inces- sant calls. We must visit and receive visits ; keep up equipages, servants; then there are always poor rela- tions, and the poor Curates (these are the 'poor relations' 28 RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS ■of our order)." " But the Curates are poorly paid, I am told, and deserving." " The Curates are well enough ; lint more fuss is made than need be. I was a Curate, All-Chin, myself." " Your illustrious did not need aid, perhaps ?" " Well, yes ; I got Curate-fare — cold shoul- ders of mutton, and otlier colder shoulders." I saw that there was something which I was not to understand. "" Pardon, l)ut the Society is not to he put before the Christ-God ?" " I beg, sir, you sjjeak not in that way. I pardon much to your darkness. Do not again profane ■our blessed and holy religion." This alarmed me ; I did not know what portended. I bowed very low, and humbly craved permission to take my leave. I really feared punishment — perhaps of the Ca)iguc, or pan-tsee. I afterwards knew, no more than the reproof of the High-Bonze was imminent ; though, liad the common people caught a j5a(/«;«, Chinee who had dared to speak, in their notion, disrespectfully of their Idols, he would Ije fortunate to have no worse treatment than a (lucking in a Jiorsc-jJond [phu-it-mu- <lsi-wo]. What but slow progress is to l)e expected when a people — even the Literati — are so superstitious ? for the errors there, make obstacles everywhere. It is but just now that nearly the whole population of the province of Ireland (one-third of the kingdom) have been re- lieved from maintaining the English Idolatry, though they detested it. The intolerance of the devotees prevents better men from reforming abuses, even in the Temples. If a Priest dare to moderate the excessive absurdities of the OF THE ENGLISH. 20 Superstition, he at once endangers his Living, and is likely to be degraded and driven forth to neglect and poverty. I, myself, knew a Wise Priest of rank, who very innocently published some comments upon the Sacred Writings, wherein he showed that the statements as they stood were simply impossible. Now, as I have said, the Sacred Writings are worshipped ; and to doulit that they are the words of Jali is horrible— formerly punished by death, now by degradation, excommtmi- cation, and loss of revenue. This poor man did not express any doubt; he merely pointed out an error, which might be there somehoiu, and which he thought, in Ms simplicity, should be removed or explained. But the Ca'7ion [ban-gwo] of the Superstition allowed of no comment of that sort as to the "Word of Jehovah ! and cursed out of the Temples, with his Priest-robe torn off, and his money stript from him, the daring Uasphemcr [zw-an] must go ! This is an astonishing Canon ; for if one allows that four thousand years ago Jehovah spoke words which were then inscribed — if one allows that the Jewish Priests kept annals and chronicles, and down through different ages preserved and added to their histories — if one allows that the followers of Christ after his death recorded some things concerning his life and his- teachings, and that other followers wrote letters upon these matters — yet, one must also allow that all these, writings were written at different periods, for different purposes, and in different and scattered records ; all iu' obscure and unknown tongues; that they have been 30 IIELIGION AND SUPEKSTITIOXS copied, re-copied, translated — that there are various versions — that, in respect of their meaning, and even of their right to be called a part of the Word, the highest and l)est cannot agree ! Yet, through all the changes of great periods of time — through darkness, and wars, and every sort of ignorant credulity — through everything! coery vjord of this luige collection of Ob- scure and Ancient Literature, and of an Obscure and Barbarous People, remains exactly as originally delivered by Jah .'" " Oh, certainly," says his devotee, " because He has preserved them" " Yes ; but when a statement is absolutely impossible — as where ' the water covered the whole earth.' " " Oh, the Word does not deal with Science." I think not ; Jah was not a god of science — he was, in fact, just as ignorant as the Jew-Priests who pretended to speak his Word ! Yet this inconceivable Canon goes further, and de- clares that this Word is the absolute, and only, and perfect Revelation of the Deity to man ; that it contains the only teuth, and is the only way by which man, lender damnation already, can have any hope, however small, of escaping the everlasting fire of hell! Upon this Canon all the Sects of the Western Barbarians erect their Idolatries—WiQj call tliem Churches; but, as we have seen, they are for ever lighting as to the meaning of these very Sacred Writings ! Another Canon is, that Christ is the very God (Jah), and that the Holy Ghost is also the very God. And to deny this Canon is to go to Hell ! Nor does it at all matter that one has never heard of this, nor that he could have never heard. The whole race of man before OF THE ENGLISH. 31 Christ was born, to this very hoiir, are either burning, and will surely burn, in everlasting fires of Hell, unless they have hc/lcrrd in this Canon ! And Jah contrived that all this should be exactly so ; though he did also plan from all time that his Son, Christ, should go down to the world and get himself put to death : and thus the gTeat Jah, appeased by the sight of his Son dying on a cross, should be so far softened that some would escape Hell ! Only a very few ; because no one could escape unless he knew, and believed, and accepted, and 'was horn into the very blood of this son ! A mystery so incomprehensible, that Christians do not pretend to solve it, and are always trembling for fear that they may not have been lorn again ! ]Srow, under these circumstances, as Jah cruelly ne- glected to let the Heathen know that they could be saved — (indeed, they suspect no danger) — the good- hearted devotees of the Barbarians employ Bonzes to go over the great Seas to the Heathen, to carry them the fllad tidings ! These delegates from the Barbarians are called Missionaries, and the Temples and devotees are full of prayers and invocations for the Salvation of the Heathen ! by which is meant the worship of the Bar- barians duly adopted in our Central Kingdom, and in other regions of the wide world not under the sway of these Idolaters ! But our Flowery Kingdom, from so long ago as dy- nasty Whcy-Sonej, has known of these missionaries ; and we know of some now amongst us. They are harmless enough, and quite fully understand how to adapt them- selves to circumstances, and draw the money necessary 32 RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS to their support. The Bonzes of the Iioman Sect arc the wisest, and care for notliing very idolatrous ; if a convert will go so far as to be baptised [Wa-shti] the\' are quite content. They seek to be useful, and keep the obnoxious features of the Superstition out of sight. There are also some Jews in our Central Kingdom. They have been known in some provinces from a time long before the supposed birth of Christ. Another Sect of the region of the Western Barbarians (in the Eastern parts), who worship a god named Mo- hammed — a Sect merely an offshoot of the Jews, from wdiom they adopted the most part of their superstition, and equally fierce and intolerant — penetrated into our Flowery Land soon after its rise. It was about six hundred years ago that they established a slight hold amongst us, and are still to be found — never here in their weakness exhibiting any of the savagery of streugtli. In a large portion of the Western regions they were for ages as cruel and destructive as the Christians, and, in fact, waged wars with them for absolute mastery, during which all the horrors usual to those dreadful Barbarians terrified and maddened mankind. Finally, these two Sects, Christian and Mohammedan (so styled), divided the whole region of the Western Barbarians among themselves ! and from that time have been less quarrel- some with each other, than have the Sects of the two great divisions in their intestine conflicts. Thus, it win be acknowledged that the Barbarians are well disposed sometimes towards us, — or at any rate the devotees of their Superstition are, — and we must gratefully thank them for their sincere anxiety for the OF THE ENGLISH. 33 salvation of our souls; for our hocUrs that is another matter. They think lis ignorant, even of the ordinarj- rules of morality. They do not know that before Greece or Rome had appeared in history, our worship of tlic Sovereign Lord and our moral precepts were established, purely, simply, and that our annals show that the Grecian and lloman culture largely borrowed from ours, tliough not the Superstitions. These were derived, pro- bably, from some source common to the Western Bar- barians, likely Egyptian, and though modified by habits of tribes, retained more or less of those original traits Avhich appear in all. The Temples are numerous, though often quite de- serted except by the Bonzes and their servants. The same revenues are taken by the Bonze whether there be any worshippers or not, and sometimes the prayers are said or sung to empty forms (seats) — not more empty than the prayers. Next in rank to Curates come Eectors, who enjoy good Livings [mo-tsi], and have fine houses and gardens. The other higher ranks, are Arch-Bishops, Bishops, called Lords [tchou], who live in stone palaces, and have great revenues ; but Society robs them of the larger portion of this revenue, — a barbarous injustice, — leaving the poor Lords quite destitute. I was told this; but I never happened to meet with a starved Bishop. These jTc/ioii-Bonzes intermarry with the High-Castes, perform the marriage ceremony for them, wait upon the Queen with invocations to the gods — baptize royal in- fants; that is, sprinkle them when eight days old, in the Temples with invocations, with many ceremonies, D 34 RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS after which they are safe from the devil and the dread- ful Hell ; these are the chief duties of their exalted office. As great lay-lords (that is Lords not of the soul but of the clay — lay), they sit in the great Law-making Council; where their function is, to see to it that no law be made which in any way can injure the temples, or their own revenues and powers. One does not see that they are remarkable for the practice of the virtues which they teach; nor that they are meek and lowly followers of the Lamb (Christ-god) ; or that they very often " wash the feet of the disciples " — although they are commanded in the Sacred Writings to do these things ; and also to succour the distressed, give to the poor, and other like acts of charity. I should have been pleased to see a Bishop kneeling and washing the feet of some devotee I but I never did. They discharge those duties which they owe to Society with honoural)le punctuality : keep- ing up neat equipages, sleek horses, and pious servants ; and wearing the garb of their order with a scrupulous exactness, even to the shoe-buckles. They quote the example of the Christ-god, who, when on the world, made from common water good wine ; and are very choice respecting this article. As to charity, they are so rol.)bed l)y Society, that, what with gifts for the Heathen, and poor relations (for whom they are also expected to get good Livings in the Temples), they have but little to spare. Then, too, "Charity begins at home" (the Sacred Writings declare), and he who does not take care of himself, and those who are dependent upon him, "is worse than a Heathen" (This is again from the Sacred words). For those poor and benighted creatures, OF Tin: ENGLISH. o5 sunk in dreadful idolatries, indeed, something must be put into tlie Missionary box ! Tlui difl'erent Sects quarrel as to particular modes iA Worsliip in the Temples. Some will have candles lighted, to please the idols ; others say, they do not need candles, and are offended by the smell. Some say. You should make Invocations kneeling ; others say, standing. Some say, one should face to the East, others say, to the !N"orth. Some say, you should pray aloud ; others say, silent prayers are more acceptable. And very sharp quar- rels and new Sects arise upon these matters. None are allowed to worship in Temples but devotees of the High- Caste Sect. All others must worship in Temples not digni- fied hy a loftier name than Conventicle, Cliayel, or the like. I will state, brielly, what is the ceremony of Idolatry in the great Queen-pope Sect. She is worshipped in the Invocations, and receives, with her children, a place in the prayers. When the great bells sound from the high, stone towers, the High-Castes go, richly dressed, into the Temples, uncover and bow the heads to the Idol, in silence — making Invocations, silently. By the com- mand of the Jewish Sacred Writings the Seventh day (so, continuously, for ever) is devoted to the grand Wor- ship in the Temples. This is a marked thing among the Western Barbarians — this devotion of one day in every seven to the Worship of Jah — as ordered in the Sacred Word. It is declared to be Jah's day — Hol^-daj. And it is so sacred, that there is danger of Hell to him who " Does any work or play Upon the sacred day," 3C> EELIGIOX AND SUPERSTITIONS as the mongrel verse-makers of the Siqjcrstitmi have it ! And the Priests vehemently denounce all who do not worship upon that day. Some object to so great strictness; and the quarrel, as usual, is hitter between the strict and the not-so-strict Holy-day worshippers. Those not- so-strict think that the poor, who work six days, should be allowed to go to the places of amuse- ment on the seventh, and enjoy harmless recreations. The strict say they should be punished for desecrating the day by their neglect of w^orship ; yet the poor can- not go in dirt and rags to the Temples. The High- Castes go there in rich attire, and would lie incommoded by the poor — indeed, the High and Low Castes never mingle, not even in their worship. In truth, not many of any rank attend upon the Priests in worship. The devotees are mostly old women and older men, a few young people attracted by opposite attraction of sex, children and servants ; a few pau]ier children may be huddled into a dark corner for fear of offendino; the idols. o The Priests face the Idol, and make Incantations, which are repeated, age after age, without any altera- tion ; no Priest dare to make any the least change ; the wrath of the gods would follow. One peculiarity is, that the most abject confessions are made, by Priests and devotees, of heinous offences — making eternal punishment fitly their due. They beg for pardon and that salvation (meaning deliverance from the awful Hell) may be granted, not for any good in them, but whoUy for the sake of the Son — the Christ. Ui' THE ENGLISH. 37 On my first attendance in ii Temple, when T heard these I'eart'ul confessions and looked ni)on llu; line women, the ■carefully dressed Avorshippers, I thouglit, " How dreadful, tliese Hio'h-Castes such wretches — incredible ! " I after\vards discovered that the sins [ly-ie], the (ilfences confessed, were merely cedes last leal (we have no term like it) ; nobody ever really confesses any wrong which he may liave committed. The grand act of worship is, however, the Creed (here again in our llowery Land we have no term) — an In- vocation and lOeclaration wherein all sw^'ar, under the awful penalty of eternal burnings in Hell and torments of Satan for ever, that they believe and worship all points of the Hu2)erstUioii with tliankful hearts and undoubting minds. Eepeating after the Priest, all standing, facing the Idol, uncovered, with eyes down- cast and deep abasement. The Incantations do not differ from the Invocations, only they are <lroued out in songs, more dismally, perhaps. The burden of both is to deliver the true w'orshippers from "the wiles of the flesh and the devil"; to overthrow, if possible, this awful demon, and to save sinners, of whom the worshippers declare themselves, in a hundred differeiit ways, to be chief, " oniserablc ojfenders " [ka-nt-hu-mbi]. These, and lofty exaltation of the Christ-God and of the Father Jah, who, wdien He had given his word that nothing could save man from Hell, graciously allowed the Jews to crucify the Son, that in the Son's sufferings He, Jah, might let off some of the sufferings of mankind. I'ossibly some of the present worshippers might be among the lucky saved. o 8 EELIGIOX AND SUrEliSTITIOMS ^j For this salvation endless praises arc to be Sung in the Temples below ; and f» »r ever and for ever in the great Heavens, throngh the infinite eternal worlds without end. A Hymn of Praise in which all join ends the act of worship. The Priest llcsscs the people and invokes the mercy of the gods ; and the}', making due obeisance to the idols, retire in silence or to the music of the great organs. () A special act of worshij), or Incantation, is always made to the Triune-god, that is, the Threc-in-one, called Holy Trinity {Threcnity). To omit this would, in the pinion of devotees, be so terrible a, thing that no one would dare to stay a moment, fearing that, Kke Korah in the Sacred Writings, the very world would open itself and swallow them up. This thrcc-in-one seems like a Hindoo god. The Bonzes attend upon the sick and the dying, moderating their fears of damnation by insisting upon the most abject devotion to the Superstition, and inti- mating that, if they heartily grieve over their offences, and with undoubting minds believe in all the points of the Creed, then they may receive the Sacraments — that is, Sacred Meats ; v/hich having received, the devil and Hell may be set at defiance. These Sacred Meats are symbols of the very hodij and hlood of Christ — a shock- ing rite, borrowed wholly from the old, savage Jews, who held that a Sacrifice must be offered up to appease the wrathful Jah on almost any occasion, and who sometimes even devoted human victims. The Bonzes, in general, perform the Marriage Cere- OF THE ENGLISH. 39 monies, which they will have to he a Sacred rite in their Superstition, though some Sects think otherwise. How- ever, the High-Castes do not consider a Marriage without a Bonze safe ; some evil to the children, or other calamity, might ensue. Thus the r>onzes, for their services in this matter, obtain consideration and good fees [tin-tin]. After all, however, with the lowest Caste the Super- stition is not much more than a Friyht ; its morality does not touch them, nor those things which refine. They have only a dim and low idea of the Sovereign Lord — debased, in so much notion as they do have, by the Jewish debasement. The devil-and-Hell part is familiar to them, and, in truth, fits well to the origin of the Barbarous tribes, and to their rude and savage cha- racter. As I have said, the Upper Castes consider this portion of their Superstition the really valuable part, in practical use. All evidence in the Courts, and every sanction, touching important interests or statements, rest upon this hold upon the fears of the common people. " Oh " (as an Englishman once said to me), " we must keep the devil and his liot place in our ser- vice, I tell you, Ah-Chin; or we should have 'the devil to pay' in good earnest !" It is very difficult to change the Superstitions of a people, because rooted in their fears ; and, in a matter wherein the imagination has chief power, and nothing can be known, even honest men of wisdom fear radical changes ; they prefer to bear inconveniences, and dread the effect of neio doctrines npon ignorant masses. Priests, and the varied interests, and large establish- ments and revenues — in fact, a great portion of the 40 EELIGIOX AND SUPERSTITIONS whole community — are concerned in maintaining the Superstition, on selfish grounds, or think that their own interests are involved. The higher orders regard the EdaUished condition of things in Worship and in the State as too Sacred to be touched. They denounce all who endeavour, in any faint degree, to suggest reforms, as " infidel " [un-ti-dsi] — a term of deepest reproach — agitators, who covertly would overthrow " our Temples, our Idols, and the Queen-Pope herself." But they cannot wholly suppress the Thinkers ; [kog- ti-te] (as the reformers are called) ; and these honestly tliink that some revision may be made with safety and advantage. They are sneered at l)y the larger part of the literati, and by all the priests, as Tinkers. A tinker is one who mends and patches, not a real artisan ; and the majority will have it that nothing in England requires mending or patching. Tliey are also stigma- tised, sarcastically, as members of a Mutnal Admiration Society. A society where the members laud everything written or said by any other member ; and where, as the members think, all true wisdom alone illuminates the surrounding darkness. I suspect this society is a riiith [pho-gti] ; that the true sense of the sarcasm is, that the Thinkers overrate the value of their pub- lished thoughts, and that wisdom will not die with them. Certainly, some of the thoughts which I have seen in books, though not so gross and hateful as the Idolatry, are quite as useless. Only one thing I do respect them for — they do not subscribe to the pre- tensions of the priest; and are really influencing the people by giving them hints of value. They do act OF THE ENGLISH. 41 upon the upper classes, at least, with a reforming iiffect. I have not referred to obscure sects, of which there are many. Some of these shout and howl ; some keep absolute silence ; some lash themselves into a sort of "|)hrensy, and fall dowu in fits, fancying that they are possessed by the Holy Spirit. Some will only be hajj- tiscd by going into a river, and there, under the Incan- tations of the Priest, be violently plunged all over in the water, both women and men. Still, all of these, iind many others, hold to the Sacred Writings and the otlier Idolatries : the main points are alike in all. The Eoman Pope has many devotees among the English Barbarians ; and was, not long ago, the Great iind only Head. But a vile and cruel king, who wished to enjoy a woman and divorce his wife, with whom he had lived for many years, and by whom he had children, <[uarreled with the lioman Pope, because he would not suffer this bad thing to be done; and the English Barbarians, who disliked a foreign Pope, and the tierce chiefs about this king, even some of the priests of English birth, urged him to proclaim himself to be Pope in England, and to seize upon the revenues which the Pope had received from the English, and all the lands and properties of great value, which beforetime had been given to the Temples and to the Priests. This was done ; this king seized upon the wealth, and threw dowu the worship of the Eoman Pope in England, and declared himself to be the new o-od in England — the Pope ! And the English Barbarians worshipped, and have continued to Avorship, this new Pope accordingly. 42 KELIGION AND SUPEUSTITIONS And some who could not honestly worship the new idol, and dared to adhere to the Eoman, were burnt to dcatli .' Indeed this new idolatry was not introduced into England without terrible consequences. Massacres, l)urnings, imprisonments, wars, horrible crimes — perse- cutions, destruction of families, robbing, plundering — not even to this day have all the evil consequences ceased ; though tliis bad ruler made this change in this particular of the great Superstition more than 300 years ago. Tims, our Central Kingdom may see how powerfully Idolatry and Superstition are entrenched among the English Barbarians. A System interwoven with the very texture of their civilization ; supporting, and, in turn, supported by the State ; mixed up with customs and traditions, and endeared by its connection with family interests ; rich in its possessions ; powerful in all the Halls of Learning, and in its influence upon the fortunes and dignities of men ; boasted of for its learnino- for its history, and for its refining and reforming teachings - the English Church (as those Barbarians call their grand Idolatry) seems likely to stand for many generations. Yet agencies are, slowly, at work, which will remove the dark and horrible, and leave the simple and true. The Benevolence of the Sovereign Lord of Heaven never tires ; and the pure worship and less corrupted morality will make way. I hope I may be pardoned for the time which I have given to this subject ; it is one worthy of deep attention. Besides, a little study of the literature and manners of the Western tribes, fastened upon my mind the impres- sion that their History was mainly an account of the OF THE EXGLISir. 43 rise and progress of the Clirist-god Superstition ; and that, liereafter, whoever shall have the pleasing task of writing of their better civilization, will find it to be his main purpose to show the decline and extinction of that Superstition. To wise men who worship the Supreme Lord only, and accept of His simple .and direct Morality, there is, in all the broad and immense world, but a single- family, ruled by Him. When this family recognises and wor- ships Him, in direct and true sincerity, and practises the few and perfectly simple rules of His benevolent ]\Iorality, then it is an enlightened, civilized family. ® The Western Barbarians do not understand nor prac- tise this Benevolent IMorality ; until they do, their civili- zation Avill not be really better than a Barbarism. We are not to suppose that a perfect morality will ever obtain, because man, being two-fold in his nature — divine and bestial — will now be ruled by the one, and now by the other part. The oliject of all education (discipline) is, therefore, to teach man how he may order these two parts. There is no antagonism [ha-tsi] be- tween them, only it is indispensable that the divine part should rule. That this may be, the intellect must be cultivated, not in difficulties, but in habits of thinking, of looking, or seeking out ; of seeing the beauty, the order, the gran- deur of the whole divine world. Thus employed it delights in itself ; it feels the Mind like a bright thing, flying out to the great seas, and upwards to the ever- lasting stars. It loves to hear, to see, to look at and into everything. It can never cease to employ this 44 EELIGIQX AND SUPEHSTITIOXS. delightful mind, tlius stimulated in early youth, to exert itself; but it must be exerted innocently, benevolently. That the subordination of mind and the animal may be secured, the Supreme, the Moral faculty must, from the earliest years, be touched by wise fingers. Ah, liow it responds, this divine part; how it, in the pure and warm glow of unselfish youth, recognises and worships with filial love its Father, the Sovereign Lord ! — perceives the moral order and harmony, and loves to be orderh' and obedient — early perceives that the true business of life is to preserve this order, and enjoy this peace. Thus Man, a rnoral-mindcd animal, is first of all to be taught to understand his own nature, and to develop his distinguishing faculty. This done, the bestial part rises not above its office. It, too, performs its proper and useful end ; and man is not a divided, but a whole and happy being. All education, therefore, rightly considered, aims to this Integrity [Kom-fu] of a man — -this secured, there are no limits to the mere objects of study or of ex- amination. Our Literati, directed many thousands of moons ago, by our exalted Confutze and Menzie,Avho, themselves were imbued with the' ancient Wisdom, are familiar with these simple things. The Western Barbarians, mainly devoted first of all to the bestial part ; to the enjoyment of the appetites and the passions ; simk in gross Superstitions, only by a few minds begin dimly to see. HISTORY AND GEOGEAPHV. 45 CHAPTER II. OF THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE ENGLISH, Before commenting upon the Government, it is useful to speak of the geography and history of the English Barbarians. The Kingdom consists of the following : England with Wales and Scotland, forming one large island ; Ireland, separated by a channel of the seas, lying West ; and several small groups of islets, scattered about the Coasts. It lies Westerly from the great, main Land of the Bar- barians, from which it is separated by a narrow course of the seas. England and the Main Land form the region designated Europe. The whole Kingdom sur- passes not in area or population some of our Celestial provinces : the extent being in the English square miles some 110 thousand [Si-re], and in people some 32 mil- lions [Ken-ty]. In such narrow limits there are no rivers — only small streams, which, near the sea, owing to the flux and reflux of the great waters, become broad and deep. In our Science and in our Annals tlie whole region and people are known as one only — but the different petty tribes are distinguished in our waters by the forms and colours of the flags, shown upon the masts of the 46 HISTORY AXD GEOGKAPHY Barbarian vessels. The English are less in people and in lands than many others ; but by their fierceness in war, and the multitude of their big ships, they esteem themselves to be the most powerful of all. The first account of them is recorded by one of the Eomans, who, in our dynasty, Han, crossed the narrow sea from a Eoman province, and entered into the island. It was then a Wilderness, and among the forests lived a few savages, clothed in skins. Sometime after, the Eomans conquered the country, and established a Eoman province — their dominion lasting four hundred [qua- cet] years — contemporaneous with our dynasty, Hcw- lian. During the dynasties, Han and Hciuhan, the various tribes surrounding the Eoman provinces, grown more populous and better acquainted with the Military art, crowded, more and more, upon the Eomans ; and, gra- dually, destroyed their power. They were forced to leave England. On their departure, and for several ages after, down to our dynasty, Song, the history of the Country is merely a tale of ceaseless struggles among the different savage tribes from the ]\Iain Land, to plunder and sub- due it. The civilization disappeared. Nearly all signs of the Eoman occupancy became obliterated ; and the knowledge of letters would have l3een lost, l)ut that the Priests who accompanied some of the savage chiefs had among them some of the Eoman learning. These Priests and chiefs had adopted the worship of the new Christ-god. At length, one of these invading tribes liaviiig hiirly OF THE ENGLISH. 47 mastered the country, and establislied a show of regular authority, the germs ol' knowledge began to grow. The victorious trilie had lands also on the main jjarts ; herce and warlike, it endeavoured to extend its power ; and repeatedly made assaults upon others of the 1 bar- barians of those chief parts. In these, the remains of the Roman civilization were considerable, and the know- ledge of letters more common. The position of the English, and their need of connnii- nication, made vessels indispensable ; and they learned to build and to sail many ships. However, but little progress in civilization was made till our dynasty, Mliif); when the Sovereign, then a Woman, called by the liar- barians, Queen, sent the first Eml)assy to our Central Kingdom — bearing gifts, and humbly approaching our Illustrious, ])egging permission to trade at one of our ports on the sea. From that time to the present, the annals of these Barbarians are but little more than records of plundering expeditions into distant regions ; of their fierce slaughters ; their cunning or bold stratagems to extend trade, and establish dominion for the sake of trade and plunder. To obtain trade, by means fair or foul ; to get strong- holds abroad and subjugate others — these have been the great objects of the rulers and the people. By their ships, manned with the most ignorant and debased, taught only in the work of sailing and fighting; .stimulated by love of plunder, in which the meanest have a share ; the very name of these Barbarians has become terrible in all the distant seas. They first appeared within the waters of our Central 48 HISTOllY AND GEOGRAPHY Kingdom, in the dynasty Tsioig, but did not venture then to assault our unoffending people ; and only, by cunning and with low prostrations and humility, sought to traffic, in such way as should be acceptable to our Illustrious. Further time was looked to and greater force l)efore showing their fierceness ! They have since seized nearly all the maritime parts of the Hindoos, and, penetrating the country with savage bands, have slaughtered the inoffensive people, and robbed the treasuries of Princes and the Temples of immense riches. They have, finally, subjugated the chief provinces of the Hindoos, and yearly bear away from them the ancient revenues. Throwing off disguise, in our celestial seas, these Barbarians at length discovered their true character. To save our people from the effects of a dreadful poison, to which the lower orders had become habituated, our Illustrious prohibited the importation of this thing, called by the English, Opium (Zle-psi). But these dis- regarded the just request; wished to pour upon us enormous amounts for the sake of the gains which the bad traffic yielded, and which was monopolised by them; and, when nothing else would serve, assaulted our unoffending people, fell with fire and sword upon our province of Quang-tun, and, rushing upon other maritime parts with their great ships, armed with pro- digious cannon, threatened to burn and destroy. In our peaceful Kingdom we had no need of such things ; Ave had no means to meet these destructive engines, contrived by Christ-god worshippers ; and our Illus- trious, to save further dreadful mischiefs to our un- OF THE ENGLISH. 41) protected people, granted trade to these selfish and cruel Barbarians ! Yet this benevolence of our Illustrious only served to encourage additional demands ; and w(! all remember how, coming Avith more ships, swifter with steam, and greater guns and men, these impious defiers of the Sovereign and Heavenly Justice have more recently fallen upon the Northern provinces, and slaughtered and robbed our people, our palaces, and even the precincts of our Illustrious himself ! Who, awaiting and appealing to the Sovereign Lord of Heaven, doubts not the due chastisement of crime, which, in due time, shall heavily fall ! <3 Meantime, in all other parts of the great Outer Seas, these English ^dsited the coasts with their fire-ships, and compelled the natives to trade, either by fraud or by open war. In the great Sea towards the sunset, they, in this way, settled upon many Lands; and, in the course of some generations, their settlements in those regions, wishing to trade with others beside the English (which these would not allow) revolted ; drove away the armed bands which ^vere sent to subdue them, and formed a new power. In this way, about 100 years ago, the Barbarian?, called American [Mel-i-kan], arose. Their ships arc known in our Central Kingdom by a flag, named " Starry," because of the Stars [Zen-ti] which are painted upon it. These people are ardent for trade, but not so mad and reckless ; and not aggressive in their intercourse with others. They are not so domi- neering and haughty — humbly submitting themselves, in general, to the Son of Lleaven, making tribute, and 50 HISTOKY AND GEOGKAPIIY seeking his Illustrious protection to their trade and to their ships in our Central Waters. During these events, the English Barbarians also sent their poor people and criminals into the Lands of the far South Seas, to make new places for their poor to toil in, to get rid of them, and to make safe, distant places, to keep their criminals in ; subduing the tribes in those parts — thus making more trade. And in this way, and with their many big ships and cannons, they boast that they will bring the wdiole immense world, either to be tributaries, or to be completely subjective. And they please their devotees, because they say that this subjugation will " Convert " all the Pagans to the worship of the gods of their Superstition — and this great boon will abundantly compensate for all the wrongs and atrocities committed ! In fact, they impiously pre- tend that they are commanded to subjugate the Heathen World, that it may be saved from the dreadful HeU ! The domestic events have not been important ; though the Barbarians themselves think eveiything to be im- portant which happens amongst them. They fancy that " Civilization and Progress " (famous words with them) depend upon the petty disputes arising — sometimes as to their Superstition, and sometimes as to some trifling- thing in their Customs. One of the main events, is the story of a son of one of their Sovereigns, who drove his father out of the Kingdom, and reestablished the Government in such manner, that, ever after, when the matter is referred to, one shall say Glorious [Twang-ba]. As well as I can understand, the things done were, that whereas, before, the Sovereign had been allowed to wor- OF THE ENGLISH. 51 «hip the Pope, if lie wished (but in secret), afterwards he should not, but Ic the English Pope, solely. And, instead of a native dynasty, a foreign, and very base and stupid one, hateful to the English, was fastened upon them. These events, an outside observer sees, were fol- lowed by long-continued discontents, and civil war — wherein innocent persons suffered in their persons and their property; and very many were exiled, and very many were brutally massacred and put to death — not because of any other offence than adhering to the ancient Laws, and to the Sovereign whom this base son had dethroned ! Yet, of this event, when one speaks of it, one shall say, Glorious ! The form of government has not changed; but the power has, during these periods, past into the hands of the Aristocracy [Fo-hi]. In the time of the Queen, who sent the humble petition to our Illustrious, the Englisli Sovereign was Master — being Pope and liuler ; that is, JHigh Priest and Sovereign. But the people, increasing and growing richer in ships and merchandize, began to feel the intermeddhng of the Euler. I'reviously, the people had been too poor and too few to be accounted anything ; and gTew up into an improved condition without notice. They now disliked to be taxed, and Ijegan a struggle with the Sovereign to limit his power in this thing — for they said, " If he can take a penny (a small coin), at his own goodwill and pleasure, he can take alL" Now this is an absurdity — yet, it looked sound; and, at any rate, became the ground of the tight between the well-to-do peophi (the Middle-Caste), and the Pailer, This would make his will absolute; the 52 IIISTOEY AND GEOGEAPIIY other would make its will absolute ! Tlie Sovereic:n who first liad this opposition seems to have been a fool, and the next, a knave — but neither had sufficient sense to arm soldiers enough to compel obedience, as was done on the ]\Iain Land — conse(|uently, after a good deal of wretched fighting between the Sovereign helped by nearly all the High-Caste, and the next Caste in the Aristocracy and well-to-do people, these last succeeded, and put the Sovereign to death. As is always the case, during a civil war, fanaticism arose. It based itself upon two points — the right of the people to rule, and the right of the gods of the Superstition, without any Pope, to be worshipped. This was a departure from the original dispute only in part ; because some had vehe- mently denied the whole notion of Pope-worshipping ; and as the Sovereign was English Pope, this pretension embittered the strife. ISTow, the Aristocracy (High- Caste) upheld the Pope ; but the Second-Caste and the people, opposed ; and these, at length, for the time, carried all l)efore them ; destroyed the King, overthreA\' his worship as Pope; and established the gods of the Superstition, with such severity of worship (especially as to the rites and as to the Seventh-day), that. Society completely changed. Even the name of the State was changed ! The point, of the Bute of the fcoiile, was in this vindicated ; for the name of tlie State was— Cc»??i- nionwealth ; and of the Ptuler — Protector. ISTow, this so 'radical change was not real. It was the expression of that extreme agony into which Civil War hurries. The strong passions sway^the strongest rule. And the very able military man wlio organized the troops into the OF THE ENGLISH. 5o ways of an invincible army, thougli of the Aristocratic, Itigli-Caste connection, happened to have adopted the most severe notions of the great Superstition ; looked upon Christ-god merely as the Jah of the Jews ; wished to make the Sacral Writinys the law of the Land ; and to get himself proclaimed to l)e the Higli Priest and ruler of this new Jewish State ! This remarkable man, witli liis invincible troops, could not absolutely do this — but he did completely overawe and rule the State, causing liimself to be declared Protector of the. Commonwealth I Witii the death of this strong man, there being no successor to his ability, repression soon relaxed ; the Aristocracy came out of their seclusion ; the gloom of fanatical worship brightened in the natural love of rational life. Sociciij rebounded irom the low depres- sion ; ancient feelings, habits, sports, reasserted them- selves. Communities do not radically change, at once — such a thing to be beneficial, must l^e cautious. A tree, though misshapen, may not be plucked up by the roots violentlv, and forced into uncongenial soil ; to im- prove its beauty and use, a different method must be sought : only, if the tree l)e actually dying, possibly, a €omplete and radical change may save it — at any rate it is the sole chance ! Tlie troops, wholly devoted to their late great General, found no one on wliom they could rely; and another portion of the Army in tlie far North, was induced iictively to assist the Aristocracy. These, joined by the middle classes, M'ho had wearied of the too gloomy Avorship and severe rites, hastened to recall a Son of him whom they had not long before put to death, and 54 IIISTOEY AND GEOGRAPHY place him upon the Throne. They declared him to be Sovereign-pope : they restored the old form and name of government; and rescinded nearly everything done by the Commonwealth. In this Restoration (as the English call it) is another event, considered by them, of great importance. In this Eestoration (a natural effect of the fanaticism largely charged to the greater ignorance of the lower castes) the High-Castes again became predominant. They again took influence and power everyAvhere, and retained the fruits of the civil struggle in their hands. They had aided the resistance to the arbitrary will of the Sovereign ; and they now grasped and enjoyed the power wrested from him. They, alone, could impose taxes. ~Eo Sovereign would again dare to tax the people (that is, the High-Castes) without their consent. But tlicij would levy and raise taxes- when they pleased. Thus holding the Purse of the State they had become supreme. On the death of this Eestored one (who turned out to be so base that the common people often deplored the loss of the late great General), a brother reigned. This man, as I have said (wishing to Avorship the Eome- pope) Avas driven out by his son, forming the epoch. Glorious. The present Queen is of the dynasty then established; and during this period the absorption of power by the High-Caste has gone on. Taught by the- Slaughter of the late King, his successor feared; and the new dynasty was compelled by the Aristocracy to submit to those limitations of power, which effectually placed authority in their hands. To secure this autho- rity, the Sovereign was not allowed any money to keep OF THE ENGLISH. 55 troops ; and, if, on any pretence, troops were raised, they were immediately refused pay, and forced to Le disbanded upon the least suspicion that they would be used to strengthen the Sovereign. The aristocracy had continued to strip him also of all private revenue ; and had, in fact, reduced him to a dependency upon them for his daily subsistence [l>ran-te]. Thus, the High-Caste, acting by the forms of the Grand Council, seized power. It is proper to explain the substance and form of this Council. It is divided into two parts — Uiipcr House, and Lower House. The JJpj)er are the Lords [Cheang] of Lands and Lords of the Temples — (High-State Sect.) The Lower are lords, brothers, sons, nejihews, rela- tions, and devoted servants of the Upper ; and are far more numerous. No rule can be made, nor law, without both these bodies consent to it. This they do by asking each one his opinion, and a majority decides. Everything of importance must originate in the Lower House, and first be settled there. Then, the will of the Lower House is communicated to the Upper House, and it is ordered to ratify it. The members do so, and the Sove- reign (or somebody requested thereto by him) approves (as the English politely phrase it) ; and the thing, so approved, is a new Law. ISTow, no Sovereign dares not a])inovc — it might cost him his head. The last one, many years ago, who thought he might risk it, soon gave up the attempt, and died in a madhouse. 56 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY It will be seen, that the power in the Lower House will necessarily fall into the hands of any one who can obtain adherents enonoli to his opinions to secure a majority of members. The most ready debater [Qu- iztsi], the coolest and self-possessed, who has made himself master of the wishes of the majority ; or, who, to these things, or with only a part of them, has great wealth and influence — one, in fine, who knows and divines what is wanted, and has the ability to lead ; — directs and orders the measures which are to be adopted. This man, who controls the Lower House, governs the State. He nominates those who shall assist him in the government, Ijeing the same who aid him in managing the House. Thus, the Lower House governs by its delegates. All these men, who are really a Committee [ty-gi-te] of the House for the ruling of the Kingdom, act in the name of the Sovereign, and receive the ancient titles of office from him. The ancient forms are preserved ; and these men, obeying the House, profess to obey the Sovereign — in fact, the Sovereign is pretended to be the source of honour and of authority ; and the very Laws which have been made against his wish are declared to be his Laws I Thus, both the Sovereign and the people are amused. The one, by the respect shown to him, the emoluments and influence of his high office, and of his Pope-ship; the others, by some semblance of political [in-tri-gsi] power. This consists in calling together a few of the people of second and lower caste, to choose a new mem- ber for the Lower House — but this is (juite a comedy, OF THE ENGLISH. o7 [sluuu-li] for the most jiart. It gives tlie ignorant Bar- barians a notion of seli-im]iortance, and tickles them witli the fancy that they really have a part in tlie government of the State. Whilst these changes in the ordering of things at liome were in progress, the usual fierce and bloody ex- peditions of these Barbarians had not been suspended. The Americans had succeeded in establishing tlieir independent power, but not till they had waged a second war with their late masters, scarcely less important to them than the first. Tor the Englisli, still looking upon them with disdain, insisted upon the right to stop any of the vessels of the Americans upon the high seas, and to seize and carry away to their own ships any one whom they pleased. They would do this, and force the victims of their insolent cruelty to fight for them in their horrible war-ships. The American Barbarians resisted this outrage ; and, forced to fight a bloody war, vindicated their just cause; so that never since have the English, or any other Bar- barians, dared to board or outrage the ships or the sailors [mer-tsi] of tlie Americans. This stul)born and brutal barbarity, love of plunder and traffic, have involved the English during the pre- sent dynasty in numberless wars beyond seas. They have internally avoided great commotion, although the low castes have occasionally perished in surprising numbers by famine and disease. In Ireland the de- population has exceeded anything recorded. The poor people of the Northern parts also, driven away from tlieir homes, have nearly disappeared, unless in the 58 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY armed bands sent over the sea. With these, the poor and despised Irish are in great numbers also ; and, indeed, the strength and ferocity of the armed bands depend upon these, the most degraded and lowest caste of the Barbarians. In this way, the most turbulent and ignorant have been drawn off, trained to use of arms, and used to spread and maintain the terror and power of the English. Many of the low- castes liave been shipped away in great ships to distant parts to form new settlements, and to add to those already begun. By these means, and from the increase of riches from trade, and frofii plunder of remote regions giving employment to the low orders, great disorders have been avoided. The plunder of the vast treasures of the Princes of the Hindoos, and the trade which has been forced upon them, and upon others, have contributed to this end. The result of increased wealth has been, however, mostly to the gain of the High- Castes ; who, holding the Lands, have found in the enormous increase of value in these an additional strength. Tlie numbers of the rich have increased ; and these always look to the Castes above, and draw away as far as possible from those below. The poor remained uneducated, and fell more completely under control. If one of their order benefited himself, he had no ambition higher than a desire to stand well with those above him. Thus Wealth, always joining itself to the Higher Castes, made the power of the Aristocracy [Fo-hi] quite complete, and tlie obedience of the com- mon people assured. Of this High-Caste the Sovereign is merely the ornamental top. The learning of the Eomans made but little advance, I OV THE ENGLISH. 59 until very lately. The great Schools had some of the nigh-Caste within their walls ; the mass of the people remained ignorant, fierce, and brutal. The laws con- tinued to be in a most dreadful state ; the prisons, foul dens of disease, cruelty and crime ; the administration of Law, and disposal of offenders, savage and barbarous in the extreme. The learning took mostly a fantastic [pa-ntsi] form — pedantic, busied with the mere shells of words, and names of things. It Inisied itself chiefly with the old languages of the liomans and the Greeks. A man Avho could repeat aloud from memory the modes of a Greek word was a man of profound learning. Of our Central Kingdom, of the wisdom and knowledge of the great East, they knew nothing ; but nursed an intolerable con- ceit in admiration of the trivialities of their own igno- ranee, and by disdaining to understand a civilization of which they knew nothing — branding it as idolatrous, dark, Pagan ! Still, gradually, intercourse and larger acquaintance with the main parts, revived the love of Eoman art ; and the Eoman civilization once more revived. Eoman architecture, sculpture, learning, laws appeared. The style of public buildings, houses of the High-Castes, Bridges, took on the Eoman forms. The Literati be- came more numerous ; and, with the increasing riches, larger numbers became instructed. A long, bloody and disastrous War, which ended only a few years ago, moderated the intolerant selfishness of the Barbarians. It left them so crushed down under the weight of innu- merable taxes, that it began to be seen that these inter- 60 IIISTOEY AND GEOGRAPHY iiiinaLle Wars beyond Seas, were not paid for by the gains of trade, nor by acquisitions of territory. This moderation was strengthened Ijy the lietter and in- creasing knowledge : and Wars are not, in general, so eagerly waged. The oldest child of a Eiiler succeeds— male first, and failing him, a female. Tlie direct descent from the eldest always succeeds, to the exclusion of the j^ounger. It is justly claimed that this is an element of sta- bility; though it contains a foolish omission. For there is no recognized authority which can set aside an heir in the direct Line for however good cause. Thus the danger of a violent succession is always imminent — and of this the English history has many examples. In our Elowery Land, this danger is averted by the wise cus- toms of the great Calao. In my lleport, I have explained at length the rules which govern in transactions with foreign tribes ; and showm the maxims needful for our Illustrious, in all negotiations and dealings witli the Western Barbarians. As trade (particularly by the English) is the grand ob- ject, I have pointed out how to deal in this matter, in such way as to yield no more than is convenient, nor sooner than is expedient. The Committee who govern, preserving ancient forms, administer tln-ough them, in the name of the Sovereign. These forms assume three great divisions, one of them being two-fold : spiritucd, referring to the great Super- stition ; and the other tem.poral ; this is quite nominal, for the " temporalities " always touch matters spiritual in some wav. UF THE ENGLISH. 61 The First is the Executive. The Second is the Parliament. The Third is the Judiciah The Executive— that is that wliich executes — has two parts. Spiritual, (the ghostly, the unlaiown,) per- forming all things concerning the Sovereign-Pope, the Temples, the worship, the Bonzes. Temporal, ordering the military forces by land and by sea, seeing that the laws are obeyed, and ruling the Hindoos and other distant peoples and settlements. Also arranging all matters with other Christ-god Barbarians, and with all foreign peoples. The Law-making, called Parliament, or place of talk- ing [Ba-ble]. This is the Grand Council already re- ferred to, divided into the Upper and the Lower House, together really forming one, where all Eules and Laws are made. Here rests the Supreme Authority ; and this body is controlled by the Committee, as before explained. The Upper House is composed of Lords, wdio sit there in right of birth, except the S]jiriiiial Lords, who are the great Bonzes (called Bishops) of the Superstition. For- merly, this Upper was, next after the Sovereign, most powerful, and often over-ruled, and even dethroned him. But the greater intelligence has reduced its influence, and made innoxious its mischievousness. Even its aristocraticalness could not blind the Lower House to an Imbecility inherent in its very constitution. Born Law-makers ! The proportion of idiots, worn-out and selfish Tou^s (we have no similar Avord), narrow caste- bound egotists, at last, wearied even its congeners, and they left to the Lords [Tchou] the ancient Eorms, but 62 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY deprived them of all real power. This might not have happened, l)ut that from the very nature of things the numbe]' of Peers (as a Lord is called, who has the here- ditary law-making right) who are active and young is inconsiderable; and, for the most part, these prefer out-door sports, pleasures of wealth and travel, to sitting among tlie elders to be snuhhcd for youthful inexperience. The result is that all warmth, life, and interest, all generous disinterestedness, are unknown hy these venerable egotists. They are sufficiently amused with hereditary titles, Avitli the respect shown to their rank, and with the playing at Law-making. They are too conceited to see that they are " puppets," and too small to desj)ise the Jwnours which conceal their insignificance. Are they not exalted above and separated from the " common-herd " 1 [kou-tong]. C> They are completely engrossed with the trivialities of their rank (High-Caste). They wait upon the Sovereign like menials, tricked out in furs, feathers, and robes, and jewelled chains, stars and garters, sparkling in gems, silk hose, and the very shoes resplendent with precious stones ! On great occasions they are allowed (and this permission must come from the Sovereign) to place upon the head a golden and jewelled " circlet," named coronet. With this head-gear glittering about their brows, they receive the respectful reverence of the people, and feel a greater exaltation than the gods. " Ah," as the Barbarians say, " who would not be a Lord ! " A special Superstition attaches itself to this head- ornament. That worn by the Euler is called a Croum. When he places it on in public, the trumpets give a OF THE ENGLISH. Go mighty sound, all the people how in hiimhle lioniage, and Nature is supposed to arrest the wheels of her majestic course to join in the rapturous shouts of de- light ! The act is rooted in the Superstition, and one of its most cherished tilings. The highest ambition of a subject is to be permitted to take Bank and wear this haublc. There is no mean service to the Ruler, no intrigue, no sacrifice which may not be done or suffered to get this privilege — the right to shine in this coronet. And such an ambition is so honourable, that success condones every contemptible thing by which it is secured. Men are blinded by the glare, and overlook the mean being below : in his Coronet he is unimpeached and unimpeachable ! Nor is this' ambition confined to the Lords temporal ; the High-Caste Bonzes will not be remiss in those duties to the Sovereign and to his family, in those to " Society" and to the exalted Lords, upon whom they have to attend on all occasions of baptising and marrying and feasting, to give the Ucssings [fihu-lsi] of the gods of the Superstition — in nothing remiss Avhich shall help them to secure the peculiar licad-guw given to those of their order whom the Sovereign raises to the lordly rank called Bishops. It is called a mitre. Ages ago, in the obscure days of the Superstition, poor and miserable, the chief Bonzes were distinguished by a head-covering like two bits of board, united or mitred together, typi- cal of the two-fold nature of their office. Thus arose the Mitre, now a resplendent and costly bauble, more lofty than the coronets, and showing the superiority of spiritual (priestly) dignity ! * 64 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 111 these coveted distinctions, the Sovereign finds the source of nearly all the power really enjoyed ; and by an artful use and distribution of coronets and mitres, often covertly manages the machiner}^ of government to his own wishes. An unscrupulous and able man may make himself respected ! I forgot to say that another jewelled symbol of priestcraft is bestowed with the mitre, so comical that one might suspect it originated in the love of coarse humour common to the Barbarians — but its true origin was in the same early and poor days of the Superstition, when the highest Bonze w^as only a "Keeper of the Sheep ; " that is, his duty^was to keep the poor devotees together and save them'from the idolatrous jja/zaws. The Christ was said to have called his despised followers " Sheep without a shepherd," and to have requested the chief of his followers " to feed his sheep." Thus it came about that these chief men took a staff, crooked at one end (similar to that used by a veritable shepherd), as typical of their duty. "With the mitre is, therefore, handed a costly Crosier — crooked and crossed stafi" — to enable the Lord Bishop to jJM^^ in the wandering sheep, or to catcii hold of any which may have slipt down into deep holes, or other rough places ! " Fancy a Lord Bishop catching sheep!" — said a jocose Barbarian to me once. The crowning of a new liuler is a grand ceremony, in wdiich all the w^earers of the little crowns {coronets and mitres) attend ; and no IJuler is a Euler unless he bo CROWNED, with all the superstitious rites. To this 1 may refer elsewhere. At present, I may mention that the history of all the Barbarians, and notably that of OF THE ENGLISH. 65 the English, is a story very ofteu of the wars, assassina- tions, plots, and cruel deeds done to seize the Grown : for whoever could contrive to clap this thing upon his head was at once King ! In the eyes of the supersti- tious invested with a sort of divinity ! This feeling is Avell expressed by their greatest poet: "What a divinity doth hcchjc a King ! " This is, doth encompass and protect a King. When the Law-making Houses meet, the custom is for the Sovereign to attend in all his State, and 02)cn the Houses. That is, to swing open the grand doors of the Upper House for the Lords, and especially for the Lower members ; who, on this occasion, are admitted to enter in and listen to the Gracious Speech. The rush of the Low-meml^ers is frightful, for the Doors are only opened for a very short time. The speech itself is nothing — merely some polite phrases as to the health and happiness of " our beloved Lords and gentlemen " (as the form is), and some Incantation to the gods of the Superstition, " on the prosperity and successful trade of our subjects." The great Lords sit like gods, effulgent, exalted; whilst the Low-members crowd like school- boys, and as rudely as school-boys, below. This is another thing by which the childish Lords are amused with a notion of power. The present Sovereign rarely opens the Houses, but delegates some great Lords to do it for her. And the ceremony is far less. - The Crown and the Crown Jewels are, therefore, so rarely seen, that the divinity of the Ituler is in danger ; for the Superstitious reverence and pope-worship attaches to the Crown. These Crown E D G6 HISTGEY AND GEOGEAPHY Baubles are, by the present Euler, kept imprisoned and guarded in a huge stone castle, so strong that no force but of nature can throw it down, and are cautiously shown to the admiring and dazzled few who are allowed by the guards to see them, at " a penny a-peep " (as an American Barbarian said in my ear, on the day of my seeing them). In this he referred to the fee [tin] which is exacted before admission, and which (I was told) went to the privy-purse of the Queen to buy pins. The Barbarians boast that these glittering fjcicgaws cost more than all the Halls of Learning ! The Judicial is the remaining great division of administration. In this the Laws are explained and applied. No law is, by this department, ever made. It has no such function. None the less, it really makes new laws, and unmakes the Statute Law (that is, the Law enacted by the gi-eat Council of Law-makers) just as it pleases. In fact the chief business of this depart- ment is to unmake the Laws, and the chief business of the Council is to make them over again. And between the two, of the making of Law there is no end, nor any possible understanding. Were not the Barbarian body and mind very tough, they would infallibly perish beneath the weight of this inscrutable and ponderous contrivance. No one is benefited by it, but the in- numerable officers who manage it, and the Lawyers, who fatten upon the fees [tin-tin] which it wrings from all the unfortunates who have to attend upon it. These Lawyers form a special and veiy exclusive Caste ; often at dispute among themselves upon points of personal concern, and as to the emoluments and offices which apper- OF THE EXGLISir. G7 tain to the Caste, "but always united (and so-called Brothers) as to everything outside, by which they can' more effectually conceal and mystify tlie nature of tlieir order, and the more adroitly plunder tlie uninitiated. This is the Caste which opposes every inquiry into al luses and every attempt to ref(jrni the administrati( m ; which shouts the loudest praises to the Superstition, puts in force all the terrors of the Caste and of the Law (as by them expounded) to destroy any one who does not adore the glorious event, and declare the Constitution and the Laws, the Crown and the Altar (meaning the Superstition), the most perfect of all human wisdom — indeed, Dicinc. I have explained the Glorious event. To the Lawyer-Caste glorious in fees and means of plunder; in abuse's wdiich, had the reforms introduced before that event been perfected, would have been swept away ; reforms which that event postponed, and the subsequent wars and civil dissensions made not only impossible, but still more difficult in the future. In another place I propose to refer to this department — the Judicial — when speaking of tlic Courts of Justice Avherein the Laws are expounded and applied : because, as in these the daily course of the life of a people may be studied, I wish to look curiously into them. It will be readily seen, however, that for a stranger to find, beneath the thick and manifold wrappings and pon- derous obscurities of the Lawyer-Caste, where Justice, lies smothered, is no easy task. The present Ituler is of the so-called ^/o/it)^^* dynasty, and is more wise and virtuous than lier ancestors, who were remarkable for obstinacy, meanness, stupidity, and 68 HISTORY AXD GEOGRAPHY debauclierv. If one had a virtue, it was so misdirected hy narrowness of mind as to be worse than vice. The best man of them was the most mischievous Sovereign and the wisest thing done by any of the dynasty was to keep away from England. When they did nothing they did well ; their activity was disastrous. The Queen now reigning is esteemed by the Aris- tocracy because she leaves them to do as they please, and gratifies them l)y bestowing upon them and their devoted supporters coronets. She only demands for her- self and her numerous children am2)lc 2Jrorisio')is ; if in o these she be gratified, she cares not to vex herself or her Lords by any disputes. She is very benevolent, filling the great palaces with 2^oor relations, where they are supported — not by her. On the marriage of one of her royal children her munificence is unequalled ; but she asks her devoted Lords to tax her subjects to pay for it ! Her allowances are, with wise iwlicy, made very ample, that a splendid Court may be kept up, to give places to the aristocracy, and to gratify the love of display. In this the Lords are generous ; it costs them nothing, the taxes upon the people cover the expenses. There are murmurs that the crown is never shown ; that Eoyalty is hidden from view, and that the reverence of the peoi)le wanes ; that the allowances designed and hereto- fore used to maintain a grand Court of respeet and honour are misdirected, and get into the ijrivate pocket of Royalty for merely personal objects. But he who should dare openly to say this, unless of a very High Caste, would assuredly have his ears cropped [ku-tof.] . The reign has not been without bloody wars ; one of OF THE ENOLISir. GO wliicli was to uphold a sick Turk (an outside Barba- rian, who liates the very name of Christians, and calls them dogs), and whom tlie English Barbarians them- selves despise. Yet, they rushed with great ships and armed bands to attack another Christ-god tribe, who threatened the sick Turkish chief; because, as they thought, their trade was best secured by helping the Turk I This foolish war cost thousands of the lives of the English sailors and armed bands, but what is far more consequential to the Ijarbariaus, many millions [li-re] of gold. It ended in nothing at all ; for the great tribe which h^st in the war some ships and some forts, taken Ijy the English, have now rebuilt them more strongly than before, and again threaten the sick Turk more than ever I When the American Barbarians had a domestic contention- — some of them wishing to deliver a poor people held in slavery, by a custom in some of their provinces, from the cruel wrong — the English Barbarians sided with those who wished to keep the slaves. They •did this notwithstanding that always before they had almost quarrelled with the American tribes for allowing this very thing ! jSTow, however, because they did not like to have that people great in ships, and because they thought it would be safer for them and better for their trade, to have the American tribes broken to pieces, insidiously aided those who fought to hold the slaves, in every way they could without open war. But the slave-holding tribes were overpowered, and the slaves set free. Presently, the American Barbarians demanded that they should be repaid some of the monies which 70 HISTORY AND GEOGRAI'IIY this treaclieroiis conduct had cost thein — the lives could not be repaid. The English Barbarians, fearing the American tribes — very valiant, and having many ships — finally submitted to pay a heavy penalty for their wrong doing 1 Lately, also, the English Barbarians have stood silent and seen another tribe on the Main Land (which aided them just before in the War for the Turk, and, in fact,, saved them from being shamefully beaten) completely overthrown and mercilessly sacked l)y another tribe — when a kindly word would have saved great suffering. But it does not displease the English Barliarians to see another tribe weakened — and their trade was not touched in this war — in fact, perhaps they had more to gain by pleasing the strong tribe which came out victorious. The English themselves complain that, lately, they have not distinguished themselves by their usual glorious expeditions ; that their war-ships and their fierce war- riors are getting out of use, and that the late Committee of Government, made the name of England inglorious. This feeling at length got possession of the Lower House, and a new Committee apjaeared. These say that the attempt to carry on affairs with other tribes, upon the moral rules of the Christ-god worship, although the tribes are devotees, is absurd. That the late Com- mittee, who had some slight notion of correct moral precepts, and thought possibly one might venture to trust the Sovereign Lord of Heaven, ^xero, pcace-at-any- priec men, milksops (a term of reproach equivalent to milkmaids) [kin-e-suk], and that, in their hands, the OF THE ENfiLTSIT. 71 English Lion had been muzzled — made an object of con- tempt ! (This bloodthirsty beast is the admired syndjol of English power.) This new Committee are pledged to seize the very first occasion which may offer to exhibit the .BritlsJi Lion (as he is styled) with his mnzzle off, his claws sharpened, and his frame well fed and strong. T'hc taxes are raised and the most exact attention is devoted to all needful things to perfect this beast to the standard of his ancient might. And the present Government — Covimittcc — watch with keen eyes for that opportunity, when they shall suddenly let spring this monster ! It is supposed that the angry grovi [heuien-ro] will suffi- ciently alarm ; if not, the terrific roar [Zuung-luu] cannot fail ! The only drawback to this ferocious pastime will be found in those members of the Lower House, who, themselves bearing a good weight of taxes without the emoluments of office, may oppose the majority and reduce the arrogancy of its temper. Xone the less, in the present brutal conceit of the Lower House and of the lower orders, a war may at any moment break out, if for no other purpose than to show other Barbarians that the British Lion is still a Lion in full vigour! The idea of a dull, toothless, blind old brute, which even a jackass (as one of the Barbarian fables has it) may kick with impunity, is too intolerable ! The morality of the present Eoyal Court is said to be admirable — when you can once find the Eoyal resi- dence. But this is quite a myth. There is, in this reign, no Eoyal Court, only a domestic circle — a Eoyal 72 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Family — not kept up with so much spleudour as some of the homes of the High-Caste. It is said that no suitor of an improper moral colour may approach any Princess, unless he be a cousin of the Queen, when the blood sanctifies the taint, and all is clean. If a real cousin be not of these suitors, one as nearly related among the poverty-stricken princes of the Barbarians from the Main Land as can be had, is selected. He must profess to worship the great Superstition of the English Sect, and detest the Eoman Pope — at least, in public. His poverty is no objection — that is more than counterbalanced by the Illustrious obscurity of his race — that is, some family which ages ago contrived to live by plunder, and by making itself safe within the walls of stone castles, among steep rocks and hills. A family whose descendants feel more pride in these, now, old and ruinous wrecks of former insolence, than in any other possession — and whose alliance is acceptable to the English Queen ! The poverty of these petty chiefs is, however, removed ; nor do they marry a I'rincess of the English Queen unless they be paid for it. It is not the Queen who pays ; the occasion is seized upon to obtain that jJ^'ovision to which I have referred. And the paltry chief, and his new, royal bride, know poverty no more; they, and their children, and chil- dren's children, are provided for by the Lower House, wlio tax the people for this privilege, so much valued by them ! — this privilege of succouring and enriching the worn out, useless and decaying chiefs of foreign Bar- barians, who have any, the remotest, trace of kinship to the Eoyal House of England ! OF THE ENGLISH. 73 The more considerable events, therefore, in the present reign, as the Barbarians think, have reference to these marriages of Eoyal Princesses, births, christenings (baj)- tizings), deaths, and the like among them. The Low- House readily takes these opportunities to profess its homage and devotion. The Queen follows the Sacred Writings with great exactness, which commands " take €are of those of your own blood " — indeed, her devotion to this precept is, perhaps, more noticeable than her devotion in general. Her Illustrious presence is rarely known among the people. When she does appear, she is hardly more than respectfully and silently worshipped. She does not at- tract the love of the people — though she is (as a sly Barbarian youth of the Low-Castes once said to me, sarcastically), very dear [chean]. (A pun [phu-nsi] on the word ; which may mean beloved, or venj costly). "When, as rarely happens, to honour some Show wherein the Itoyal presence may bring money to a •Charity, the Queen appears, surrounded by Eoyal guards, and in State, there is always to be seen a gigantic ser- vant, dressed in the scarlet of the Eoyal household, seated immediately behind the Sacred Person, to watch over and rescue her from any danger. His body and mighty strength are always ready to be interposed ! This favourite servant, it is said, assists her Illustrious, when, among the hills of the Far North, she visits the great, high rocks, and climbs the sides of mountains — his strength is so ready, trusty, and invaluable ! To her, and to her subjects, a great loss was inflicted when Death destroyed the youthful Consort of the 74 HISTORY AXD GEOGEAPHY Queen, when she v/as still young. He was one of ancient family among the petty Barbarian chiefs to whom I have referred ; was near in blood to the Queen, and by her greatly beloved, it is said. He was never allowed any power in the State, and was a subject of the Queen, though her husband. It is whispered that he did not quietly submit to this condition of things — but it would not be worth the notice of a wise man to attend to this gossip. I could never learn that he was of any use ; but, none the less, the Barbarians exalt him very highly, and have built lofty monuments to his honour. I said use — I forgot — he gave a very numerous brood of princes and princesses to the English Barbarians. Of these they are very proud — not because they do, or can ever do, anything useful, but because it adds to the number of the High-Castes, and around them very many poor members of that caste can cluster, and live upon the cast-off clothes and other second-hand things of these exalted I On the whole, we may desire the long continuance of Her Illustrious' reign. If her will were law, dis- tant plunderings would cease ; and her intluence is better than may generally be looked for. She cannot prevent, but she may moderate those expeditions despatched to subjugate the Heathen, extend trade, and bring under the dominion and worship of the Christ- god distant tribes. Great guns, fire-arms, gunpowder, and a poisonous liquor called Paim, would, perhaps, under other sovereigns, even more frequently be sent to prepare the way for the Prince of Peace (as the Christ- god is often styled). OF THE ENGLISH ' 75 Some respect for Justice and some regard to tlie rights of others have been shown under the influence of this Ilhistrious; but, as we have seen, this, the most honourable distinction of the present reign, is likely to be oblite- rated. The old predatory instinct of the English Bar- barians again comes uppermost, and though caution and fear of taxes may make the Committee of Crovernment tardy and unwilling to attack (unless some weak tribe, M'here victory would be sure and its glory conspicuous), yet, such is the prevailing temper, that hlood-lcttiw) seems needful to cool those fierce and haughty Bar- barians. A ferocious war may be looked for ; nor is it by any means incredible that the war-ships of these Christ-god worshippers and their murdering bands should again be directed against our peaceful Central Kingdom ! 76 S0:\1E PARTICULARS OF THE CHAPTER III. SOME PARTICULARS OF THE INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION. The whole country is divided into districts, in general governed, like our Provinces, in the Sovereign's name, by viceroys and governors. The heir to the Crown, if he be the son of the reign- ing Ruler, is Prince of Wales — a title bestowed upon his eldest son by an ancient king ; and which, at the time, gave the administration of that Province to this sou. The eldest son of the Queen now enjoys with this title also that of Duke, of Cornwall. These lofty de- signations confer no power, although they carry with them high distinction and great revenues. The Aristocracy in the case of the heir, as in that of the Sovereign, watch jealously anything which looks like intellect. They do not stint personal respect and ample revenues, Ijut take care that upon coming to the Crown, the new Sovereign shall be a " puppet." He is, whilst heir, not allowed to take any kind of share in government, but is surrounded liy flatterers, unkeys [pluc-ngi], idle young people of both sexes, and, from mere want of useful business, falls into every sort of sport and pleasure. He must, indeed, be strong in morality and in character, if, upon coming to his high office, he be not reduced to the selfish imbecile and INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION. "77 puppet, desired by the Higli-Caste. Lucky if he have not become absolutely contemptible by his vices ! Ireland is governed by a High Viceroy, whose chief employment is to amuse the Irish with shows — the real power being in the liands of the General of the armed bands. Anciently, the Provinces were administered by Vice-roys, who possessed authority; but the pettiness of the Island and swiftness of communication have now concentrated all actual administration at the Capital city. The Provincial governors, however, keep up some show of the ancient order, and, nominally, command the Provincial Militia. This is a merely nominal force, composed of butcher-boys, farmer-lads and the like, who do not know how to handle ix fire-arm, nor how to fight, unless in the Barbarian pastime of the Ring : a combat wherein the young Barbarians, two being pitted against each other, try each to hit the other a terrible blow directly in the eye. This, done with the hand doubled up, nearly destroys that organ. He is victor who succeeds in hitting both eyes of his antagonist, and fairly blinding him ! This, a common and admired sport, is greatly esteemed by the English Barbarians, and considered an admirable training. It develops the ferocity and brutality required to make good soldiers (plunderers), and the powers of endurance indispensable in the distant forays. Even in the Halls of Learning, it is thought to be a manly science, fitting the young Aristocracy to match any man in personal conflict, and enabling him to be self-possessed and ready to fight his way through the world. As, in general, the lowest orders are badly fed and reduced in strength, and. 78 SOME PARTICULARS OF THE tliougli well used to brutal figlits, yet are not trained to the Science, the young Aristocrat is expected "to pummel the brute" upon the slightest occasion of dis- respect. The provincial Magistracy are mainly employed in keeping the Lower-Castes in order, and especially in punishing trespasses upon the lands, or upon the con- venience of the Higher-Castes. The most common form of trespass is that called PocicMng. The High- Castes own all the lands, and the Low-Castes, who till the soil, are the ancient slaves — slaves no longer under any law, but nearly as much so by custom. Very poor, but little better than beggars, and really beggars in large numbers, and hungry, the temptation to knock over the alDundant nearly tame creatures (birds, fowls, hares, and the like) everywhere around them in the fields and copses, is too strong to be resisted. To do this is to be a Pociclier — a criminal most detested by the High-Caste ; for he presumes to think, in some cases, that the right in these free creatures is not absolutely vested in the High-Castes. Yet this sort of property is most rigidly preserved, by the penalties of severe punishment, to the use of the High-Caste — for his sport in the shooting of them, rather than for food. The Poacher, who is merely tempted by hunger, and who abjectly begs pity and promises reformation, escapes in some instances lightly; but he who presumes to C|uestion the right to this wholesale appropriation feels the full wrath of the Law. Petty civil and criminal offences may be tried by the Provincial Magistracy; subject, however, in cases INTERXAL AU.MINIST15ATI0X. 79.' involving any interests of importance, to revision at the Capital. There is a sort of Provincial (and yet Metropolitan) Court called Coiivocation [Kal-ti-se]. In this, things touching the Christ-god Superstition are determined.. If a Bonze has not worn, or has worn improperly, his neck-tie, or his surplice [ro-bsi] ; if the table before the Altar (Idol) has been placed out of square ; for things of this sort — or if a Bonze be accused of departing from the ordered rendering of some word in the Sacred Writings, or of having said something contrary to the orders of Convocation or of the rites — for these and other things respecting the great Idolatry, Convocation sits. It is composed of High Bonzes and a few dele- gates of High-Caste devotees, whose duty is merely to ratify the decisions of the High Bonzes — these regulate everything. This High and Lofty Court was anciently styled Star Chamhcr, because exalted above mere mortal interests, and oidy concerned with the preservation of the Idolatry. Formerly it worshipped the Sovereign as Pope of the Superstition more devotedly than is the fashion at present, and burnt peojile to death for refusing to do so. Now it refrains from this severity, and is content (or tries to Tte) with depriving a Bonze who doubts, of his living, and all honours and emoluments. It still convenes in the old hall of its former glory. A venerable moss-covered pile, vast and gloomy, with lofty towers and turrets of rock, with hewn cells and deep dungeons. Here may be seen, fixed to the rock, the rings and chains, worn and rusty with age, where 80 SOME PARTICULARS OF THE the victims of superstition sufiered beneath the decrees of this ancient Court. Slow and proud, along the dark stone corridors, and beneath the dusky arches of this great prison-palace, the High Bonzes and the devotees walk in state. Ushered with pompous ceremonial, and with the OTand incantations to the gods and devils of the Superstition, into the lofty and obscure hall of the Star-Chamber, the Convocation sits. In deep alcoves around are stored the ponderous volumes, contain- ing all the mysteries and terrors of the Superstition. In these are the horrid imaginings of fanatical Priests and devotees ; the dogmas qm^ canons of the Superstition; the dreadful arsenal, whence were drawn those frightful weapons of superstitious terror, whence issued the chains and bolts, and scourges, the faggots and the flames. One hears the groans of the tortured, the steps of the jailers, the clashing of the chains, when, in these long and re- sounding aisles and arches, the winds moan, the distant footsteps fall, or the old casements in the ruinous towers shake and rattle. Xor is the arsenal wholly useless now ; the weapons are not all rusty ; anathemas may yet be found to terrify, and restraints to punish. Heresy [pho-phi], as any doubt concerning the Queen-pope and the Superstition is called, drives the culprit from Society, deprives the Bonze of all preferment, of liis employment, and turns him igno- miniously adrift, to live or to starve. Convocation watches over the Sacred Writings, to see that no change, not so much as of a syllable, be made ; not trusting to Jah, who may have himself, perhaps, £jrown indifferent to the matter. A curious thing. INTEUNAL ADMINISTRATION. 81 showing how irrationally men will act in respect of an irrational system. For the notion is that this Word of Jah (the Sacred Writings), being his Revelation (^Word), have always been by Him exactly pi'eserved. through all the ages and the changes of languages, and of transcription, and of everything to this liour. Why is it to be svipposed, then, that He will suddenly lose his power to preserve, or will be indifferent to preserve ? Punishments in the ordinary Courts are not very re- markable, only there is one so characteristic of the English, so comically barbarous, that I will try to de- scribe it. The offender is stripped naked to the waist, tied up with his hands widely extended, and with his face to a strong post ; then a man takes a large strong cat, kept hungry and savage for the purpose, and placing the creature at the back of the neck, draws it forcibly down the naked back. Of course the cat holds on with teeth and claws. This is repeated till the culprit faints, when the cat is removed. The back of the man is washed with vinegar and salt, and he revives, perhaps to undergo the infliction again. This astonishing mode of correcting offenders is called Jlogging with the cat. I may also make a remark upon another feature of criminal punishment. The crime of treason, not only insures the death, but the horrid mutilation of the culprit ; and, not satisfied with this, reaches to the innocent wife and children. All the estates, titles, honours, properties of the offender are sequestrated to the State, and his blood is attainted; that is, made incapable of giving honour and employment to his ofF- G 82 SOME PARTICULARS OF THE spring ! Thus the iunocent are disgraced, and reduced, not merely to beggary, but, as far as possible, placed in a condition of hopeless misery ! The Idolatry and Sacred Writings are, no doubt, responsible for this impolitic injustice and cruelty. For Jah is constantly made by the Priests to say, that he visits the sins of the father upon his child even to the tenth generation ! A natural development of the moral sense would fall short of this vindictiveness ; and in this false and horrible wrath, taught in their Sacred Writings, the fierce Barbarians are encouraged to outdo themselves ! The greatest of all the Courts, and which chiefly controls the others, is the High and Mighty Court of Chancery. It has many names — as Court of Equity, of the King's Conscience, and others — assuming as many styles and jurisdictions as the ancient Proteus of Egypt; who, as the Priests said, could take any form, or no form, be fire, or cloud, or invisible air. So this Court, feared by the Barbarians with a paralyzing dread, takes on any shape ! It stands for the King's conscience — which, as the conscience of a Pope-king, must be a doubly divine thing. For, as remarked else- where, "■Divinity doth hedge a King!" We, I think, should fear that this conscience would be as uncertain as the man. Its function is, therefore, to decide witlt Equity ; to relieve against the inexorable hardness of the ancient rules ; and give relief in cases of mistake, accident, and fraud. This looks admirable, but it is all aharti (phu-dgi). Not the least attention is really paid to equity, but INTERNAL ADMIXISTRATIOX. 83 only to the decrees of tlu' Court as recorded. A Suitor petitions for redress. The ])etition is not examined to he determined iipon the matters therein stated. First — The Petition must be in all respects in due form, according: to the recorded rules. Second — The matter •of it must be such as the Court will consider, and sucli iis may come before the Court. Tliird — Are the Parties in the Jurisdiction, and are all the parties who may be interested, duly notified and present ; or, if not present, £LCC0unted for. Fourth — Are the matters for the Court only, or must it be assisted by some ])etty judges to ascertain the facts. Fifth — The petition being at last before the Judge, he may not look into it, unless the Lawyers look into it with him ; and, then, no opinion (decree) can be given until the Records are fully examined, to discover if anything of the sort has hccn relieved. If a similar case be found, then the petitioner is called upon to prove his case as stated in his petition ; and, if he fail to prove his exact case (though he may make a stronger show for relief), he is ordered out of Court, and condemned to heavy costs (tin-tin). If the case be proved, then the Judge reserves Ids judgment. For he must very carefully compare all the cases, examine all the voluminous Records, besides examining the innumerable Papers which have grown up around the Petition during all the proceedings (often spreading over many years), before he dare to order the recording of his dcerec. For, this done, he has added another Case to the King's conscience ; that is, to the highest form of Law and of human Justice ! He dare not do this unless justified by the Records ; 84 SOME PAT.TICULAES OF THE interminable, stretching backwards to the first King who pretended to have a conscience ; obscure, contra- dictory — he dare not unless justified by the Eecords — Precedents. If he mistake, grossly, he will be certain to be called to account by the La%vyer-Caste, who make a business of seeking for discrepancies ; in fact, he is bewildered — not by the case ; that is simple, or was originally, simple enough ; but, by the arguments of the Lawj^ers, the documents overlying and enveloping the case, and hy the difficulty of deciding according to the Precedents. Could he merely announce his oivn judg- ment, there is no difficultv — but that is the last thins: to be thought of — in truth, if reduced to that, he is bound to refuse any relief, however clear it is that eqiiity requires it ! Thus the Judge, old and wearied; a man tottering- over his grave, feeble, irresolute, takes the course which may be looked for — and postpones, and postpones; other ike cases accumulate on his hands ; he dismisses some, " reserves " others, refers to another judge what he can decently, decides none ! Or only those which are petty, or those which are really unopposed, or those exciting no interest. Meantime, the parties to the Petition are dead, or absconded, or beggared. Years have elapsed; all parties are worn out or impoverished by the enormous expenses — at length, there is no one to pay Lawj'ers and the Com-t Officers — the thing lapses — dies. Term after Term (as Sessions of the Court are called), the Case is called. Some poor wretch struggles still to save something of the property tied up in the Court by the Case — he tries INTERNAL ADMINISTIJATION. 85 to call up from the mass of dusty and forgotten Records, a reminiscence of the lost Petition. In vain — the thing is a wreck, and has wrecked its builders ! The Case lies forgotten amid the interminable pro- cesses, affidavits, answers, pleas, replications, rejoinders, motions, applications, notices, subpcenas, summonses, commissions, bills of amendments, and of supplement ; documents of all sorts, making up the Case, mouldering away in the stone alcoves of the huge Eecords ; as the poor victims of it lie mouldering in similar forgetfulness ! Not, however, without profit to the Lawyer-Caste ; for some miscreant of this profession, perchance, discovering the Case, in his searches after means of spoil, sees how he may gain by it. He knows of an estate remotely touched by the matter of the old and forgotten Petition, and he knows quite well that there is really nothing affecting the property ; yet, he sees fees and spoil. It is merely to frighten the possessor of the estate by an intimation of a defect of title, and refer to this old Case, never decided. The handit [khe-te] sets in motion the machinery of the High Court of Chancery. One of its officers summonses the poor man to come into that Court, and ansAver to the allegations touching his right to possess the house in which, perhaps, he has lived for twenty years ! and lived without objection from any source ! Now it does not matter at all that there is no sort of ground for this attack ; the moment it is made, the title of the poor unoffending man to his own house is ruined — almost as completely as if by the sentence of the Court he had been deprived of it. The robber who 86 SOME PARTICULARS OF THE attacks wishes merely to force the owner of the house to buy him off. To secure this spoil he records his sum- mons in the Court, and from that moment no one will huy the house, nor will any one lend any money upon the security of it until that record be removed. If the victim of this oppression be in debt, or have but little money, or but little more than his house, or if he have borrowed money upon his house — in fact, unless he be a man quite rich, he is inevitably ruined ! He is ruined, because the lawyer has, h;/ the Becorcl, practically deprived him of liis estate. And this is done by a Petition to the Court, making allegations artfully and untrue. Yet, as they are not supported by any sort of evidence, and are merely bare insinuations often of any- body — it does not the least matter — is it not incon- ceivable that such a thing should be allowed ? That merely upon the Bccord of a Petition, without any evidence, without any character, without any surety for its truth, without any, the least, inquiry, or any, the smallest deposit in Court to cover the expenses to which the summoned party may be put, should it ap- pear he has been wrongfully summoned — this great injustice may be perpetrated, and perpetrated without risk of any punishment ! " But surely the Court will immediately dismiss this iniquitous case ?" !N"ot at all ; the Court cannot be reached; all the endless proceedings and delays already mentioned intervene. The fees and expenses are enormous — the decision far off. The vic- tim cannot get a hearing. He borrows monev and em- ploys lawyers — in vain. He can do no more — he is bankrupt. The lawyer who has ruined him gets. INTERNAL ADMIN ISTUATION. 87 nothing in such a case, because the victim prefers poverty to gratifying the rol)ber. He gets nothing, because he has no real case, and drops it as soon as he sees he can make nothing out of it. Should the party be very rich upon whom the robbery is attempted, he may light it out and finally clear his property, and get a decree for some costs (only a portion) against the other party. But this decree is worthless ; the party has no property and cannot pay. He has fought for luck, having nothing to lose, but all to gain. Usually, however, as the Lawyer well knows, the party attacked will hurry to buy off the suit ! In this way, old Causes are Mines, Avhich the Lawyer- Caste work to their own peculiar advantage. They have every facility, both from their experience and from the usages of the Caste. The very Judges of the Courts are of the same Caste, and give every assistance in matters of forms, continnances, motions, dilatory pro- ceedings, and the countless processes by which Lawyers make fees and their clients are robbed. Thus the Court of Equity, with a mocking irony, becomes a Court of Iniquity ! and the very tribunal designed to do more perfect Justice is perverted to the most scandalous use — made an engine the most oppres- sive and destructive ever contrived for the misery of Society, short of one invented to destroy it wholly ! The Court was originally organised by Priests who had acquired the Eoman learning, or some tincture of it, and endeavoured to strengthen their own Class, and to soften the barbarous harshness of the common Law, by erecting this Court. The laws of the Barbarians 88 SOME PAllTICULAES OF THE were savage, in civil as well as in criminal things ; and the Priests, more cnltured, endeavoured to soften and temper this harshness, or, at any rate, to get more com- plete control by it. They formed it, and administered it at first, and for a' long time. But the Lawyer-Caste have now its administration, and they have not so much respect for the opinions of the general public as had the Priests, and have made the Court a hyc-icord and a shame [Kri-mi] ! The expenses and fees are beyond belief. A Lawyer who gets one good Chancery Case into his hands, lives upon it luxuriously. I was once shown a Bill of Costs, as these items of fees are styled. I observed that one would be charged for a thins; done and for the same thing not done — in other words, for the doing and for the not-doing. Thus, if one requests a thing be done, the Lawyer will charge for " receiving instructions," " for reducing the same to writing," " for instructing a clerk," and the like — then, having sent away the clerk on another matter, he will charo-e for taking new instructions and ooino- over the same ground again. Thus, actually charging for the delay and obstruction caused in the affair. Again, if you ask a Lawyer something, he w411 pre- sently say, " I must take counsel," meaning he wishes to ask another Lawyer. When the Bill is examined you will find, say, " for being asked and not knowing, 6s. 8d. ; for taking your instructions to counsel, 6s. 8d.; for attending upon counsel, £1 Is. ; for fair copy made for him, £2 2s. ;" and so on. Your simply unanswered question has thus served the following purposes : — If it INTKUNAL ADMIKISTIIATION. 89 had been answered at once the fee wouhl have Ijeon, say, Gs. 8d. ; hut as it was not, hut carried elsewhere, it has given the first Lawyer five times more of fees, and his brother in the Caste also a handsome sum ! One may judge how ignorant the first Lawyer will be likely to be, and how often he finds it convenient to help his higher Caste brother, especially when in helping him he so greatly helps himself! We have some cunning rogues in our Central Kingdom, but such astuteness as this is beyond them ! I once visited this tribunal of Chancery to witness the proceedings — but they are so dull and prolix as to drive one away as soon as possible. The presiding Judge, and all the High-Caste Lawyers, wear wigs and gowns. The lower Lawyers, who are called Solicitors, sit in a sort of well, below and at the feet of the High, and have no badge of distinction. In fact, they are not respected, and only tolerated Ijy the higwigs (as the High Lawyers are often called) as the jackals who pro- vide them with prey. They immediately act in matters with the victims of the Court, and do all the dirty work, extracting the fees, and the like — the High Lawyers taking the most of the plunder, although, for decency sake, they will not see the victims of their rapacity if they can help it. The ivigs spoken of are very absurd, and make the wearers seem to be engaged in masquerading, or fooling. (We have no term corresponding to the former.) The lappets of thick hair come down over the ears of the Judge, to enable him (as it occurred to me) to take his naiJ [qu-iz] with less danger of being disturbed. 1)0 SOME PAETICULARS OF THE ^0 one can be a Judge, nor a High-Caste Lawyer, wlio does not wear the wig. It has a funny aj^pendage he- liind, like a pig's tail, exactly fitting to fall upon the small of the neck ; and is itself a curiously curled " frizzle " of horsehair, selected for uniformity oi' whitish colour. There is something cabalistic in this thing, which is carefully hidden . froni the outside world. If a Judge take it off, all business immediately stops, A Lawyer instantly loses his power of speech if his wig fall off. It was told me in confidence, that the tail (like that of swine) had a peculiar significance, to say ; the utter selfishness of the Caste and greed — another whispered a darker thing, referred to the Devil of the Superstition : that, anciently, this Caste struck a bargain with the Demon, and he made it obligatory upon the Lawyers always to wear this chief sign of diabolism ! This may be merely the chaff [pti-ni] of these Bar- barians. At anv rate, something; occidt is attached to the thing ; and a curious respect is shown to it, mixed of fear and contempt, even by outsiders. The Judge sits so highly exalted, as to be out of the way of hearing the passages occurring among the Law- yers. He is generally half- blind, half-deaf; quite worn out with age, and the ceaseless wretchedness of his Court and the Lawyers, and incapable of vigorously dealing with anything. In this Court the most im- becile is most fit ; for nothing is expected but imbe- cility (so far as the public is concerned), and fees for Officers and Lawyers. When a Case is on, the Lawyers begin to talk, and to INTKUNAL ADiMINISTUATION. 91 read from the big books, on one side, and tlien on the other. Neither tries to get at the trutli, but each in turn does his best to mislead the Judge. Both read from the interminable and conflicting Eecords, and both find ample records which lit the precise Case, which each contends for. The poor old Judge, now and again, takes a note of these quotations from the Big Books of records — for he is to decide not upon the equity but upon the records, as we have seen. By the time he has found his spectacles [Qu-iei] he has forgotten the Book, the number, the Eecorder's name, and the many other things, needful to find where the record is, and when he is again told, lifting up his wig-pallet, he only hears imperfectly, and mistakes. So, when, perhaps a long time after, he tries to make up a decree to fit the Case, the record to which he turns refers to nothino; in the world like what was intended ! Hour after hour, and sometimes day after day, these speeches of the Lawyers go on. For the longer the talk the larger the fees — nobody thinks of Justice ! The old Judge understands the trick of the farce going on, per- fectly well ; in his younger days he was famous for his skill in all the arts of the High-Caste Lawyers, and obtained his present position on that account, and be- cause others wanted to get a formidable rival out of the way; he "understands how very little (but fees) is in- volved in the endless talk and reading, and begins to nod — even, the gods would nod. The Lawyer observes, stops a bit ; the unexpected silence awakens the wearied old man — he opens his watery, blinking eyes, fumbles his papers, or takes a pinch of snuff, and says : " Go on. 92 SOME PARTICULAKS OF THE "brother Bounce, I'm with you " — meaning lie is attending to him; and soon falls asleep again. Perhaps one of the talking Lawyers is of the High Q.C. I am told that such is the dread of this Lawyer- Caste, that the Sovereign constantly flatters the tribe, and gives to them the fattest [phig-sti] offices. All Judges and the Keeper of the Sovereign's Conscience — this Court — and a great many other most important pdaces, and exaltation to the Highest Caste of Lords [Tchou], falls to them by established rule — in truth, the Caste is chief in the Law-making Houses, and, conse- quently, in Government itself. The Q.C. is, however, a thing done to many who cannot, as yet, get fees from the public treasure, that they may get them from out- siders more amply. The right to 8,ttach these symbols to the name of Lawyer also gives him a sillc yoion (during the present reign) worked by the sacred hands of Eoyalty itself! The honoured wearer of this is a Q.C. — that is. Queen's Champion — and binds all its wearers to defend the Sacred Head (Pope) of the Super- stition from the machinations of the Evil One, and those of their own order who, sold to the Devil, may possibly be put up by him to plot mischief, not only against the general outside world, l)ut against " Crown and Altar ! " Perhaps, after days of this weary work, one of the Lawyers suddenly discovers that somebody, or some- thing required in the intricate and dubious ])rocesses, is wanting ; or in some document some erasure is de- tected ; or something to hany a point upon is seized hold of- — and at once a wrangle between the Lawyers INTEIINAL ADMINISTRATION. 93 ensues. The Judge fairly awakes ; the whole case hrcaks down [kei-tz-se] ; and everybody, but the poor victims in the case, anticipate more fees. The victims, however, who have already beggared themselves in it, suddenly despair ; perhaps the case never again comes on, and the property involved in it wastes away in dark obscurity beneath the gnawing rats, which infest the Court. Sometimes (as I was told) some poor man, or woman, who had scraped together the last farthings to pay the Lawyers (for they will in no wise act unless paid beforehand, feeling that such service as they render is not likely to be gratefully recompensed, and it being the severest rule of the order never to show any pity for outsiders), being in Court when they see all hope destroyed, and themselves and their children beggared, have fallen down and been carried out of Court with reason for ever gone ; or with such a deadly blow that never more do they revive, but soon die, and are buried at the public charge ! You will see wretched creatures trying to look decent in well-brushed rags, darned and patched, with shoes through which the toes protrude, but over which the blacking [di-yte] is carefully smeared — you will see these victims of the Court, like ghosts, flitting about the passages, and watching for the entry of the Jndge. One will attempt to address him — but he is con- veniently deaf. He knows the victim is there, and though a party may speak, has the right to speak for himself, and the Judge is bound to hear, yet, such a thing is unknown. The mysteries of the Court deny 94 SOME PARTICULARS OF THE to any sane man the attempt. These poor creatures are insane — or, what answers just as well, have been branded by the Lawyers as Insane. So the miserable wretch, trembling, raises his voice, ''My Lucl " (meaning my Lord), "My Lud;" here the Court-officer cries out Silence ; or, if the man be, for the first time, attempting to call attention to his case, by the time he has got so far as to fairly say " ]My Lud ! " what Avith the jeering looks of the Lawyers, his own ignorance of the mys- teries, and his wretchedness, he either completely breaks down — or if the Judge, seeing a new face, asks him to "go on" — almost at once perceives that the man is only a " poor ruined suitor," and is entirely out of order, and cannot be heard ! He says : " You must sit dowm. Case Hoggs v. Piggs is in order. Mr. Clerk call Hogs and Piggs." Thus " My Lud " will be as far as any " poor ruined suitor will ever get !" Besides the numerous, worse than useless, idlers (Lawyers) who fatten upon the industry of others, and the loss inflicted by their voracity and by the other expenses, this Court devastates upon a scale beyond belief. I was told by an English Barbarian that he once tried to obtain one thousand of money from the Court, which the lawyers said there would be no diffi- culty in getting, as it was clearly his ; it would be only a matter of form, possibly some delay. "Well," said he to me, " I instructed my lawyer to go to the Court and get the money. He demanded fifty pounds to cover fees [tin]. To make a short story, he went to tlie Court, hut I never got any money ! After I had actualh- paid in fees more than half of the one thousand, the int]:knal administkation. 95 obstacles had grown to be so insurmountable that J merely dropped the matter." " But," 1 said, " the thousand — who has that V "Oh, it is in the Court of Chancery !" Another honest Barbarian told me that he had spent all liis life (he was sixty) studying and endeavouring to awaken attention to the abuses of tliis Court — but in vain. The attempt seemed hopeless. The Court was entrenched in the very frame of the body politic, and nothing but reconstruction would answer ; and that re- construction is probably only possible after first demolishing ! This man said that a prodigious sum — sixty mil- lions of English money — was directly locked up ; and that of property of all sorts, subject to the clutch or injured by the processes of the Court it was incal- culable, and, very likely, would represent a tenth of all the valuables in the whole Kingdom I In my walks and in my travels, sometimes in the city, I would notice many houses, with windows smashed out, the walls tottering, the doors hanging loosely, or wholly gone, the approaches filthy, the whole place a nuisance, injuring and depopulating all about it, or fill- ing the ever-spreading mischief with the vilest popula- tion. I have asked an explanation — " Oh, it is in Chancery." In the midst of a village, suddenly one comes upon a vacant space ; it is an abomination ; everything near catches the infection, all that portion of an otherwise pretty place becomes a oiuisance. The character of the village at length suffers ; it becomes known as a place ruined by the Court of Chanceiy. In 9G SOME PARTICULAES OF THE fine, whenever one sees a wrecked building, or any property marked by neglect and verging to total destruc- tion, the explanation is : " It is in Chancery." And the same thing is often said of ruined men and women : " Oh, they have lost everything in the Court of Chancery ! " To such an extent is the destruction of the Court carried, that the Law-making Houses are forced to in- terfere, or perhaps the Officers of Health. These may abate a nuisance, and sometimes mere filth and inde- cencies are removed. But nobody will improve a pro- perty to which he cannot have a certain and quiet pos- session. Therefore, when the evil becomes intolerable, the Law-making Houses make a Law by which a pro- perty of this sort is sold, under their guarantee that the buyer shall have perfect possession. This is a thing next to an impossibility ; and nothing less than a great public evil too great to be endured, v/ill eVer induce the Lawyers who control the Houses to interfere with the legitimate work of the Court. It is wonderful that the English Barbarians submit to this Court; but one must consider that, after all, it is not so inconsistent with Barbarian habits as it at first sight looks. Plunder is natural to all the tribes, and es- pecially to the English. As nearly all plunder, the thing is normal. Lawyers must live ; and the common English Barbarian makes a business to keep out of their hands. The Higher Castes enjoy so large a share of the gains, and are, in fact, so largely interested in pre- serving the Court, that they do not care to move. Then, to other causes, must be added the stolid conceit of the INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION. 97 English Barbarians, who really think everything Encjlish so much better than what can be found else- where, that, in respect of this very Court, admitting some abuses, yet, after all, " Where else can you find such Judges — men who cannot be bribed ?" On the whole, therefore, with that conceited stolidity of character, more remarkable in the English than in any other Barbarians, they come to regard even the worst of their institutions as better than the best of the rest of the world ! 11 98 UPON EDUCATION: CHAPTER IV. UPON EDUCATION : A FEW EEFLECTIONS. In our Illustrious and Central Kingdom, from times long before the Barbarians beyond the great Seas existed, or, at any rate, had any name or place in the earliest records, it has been the established rule that Learning (Li-te-su) should be the fountain of honour — that there is no nobility of birth. Under the Illus- trious, the Son of Heaven, all were equal subjects — children — and that which made one more distinguished than another was Wisdom. This Wisdom, a knowledge of men and things ; of the proper maxims [ri-te-es] of morality and government, and their proper application to human affairs. The Central idea was to Icnow oneself, and thus to know others — to add to this, technical knowledge, and the knowledge of our Illustrious annals and customs. The mandarins, great officers of our Illustrious, have no rights of birth. According to their class in the Schools of Examination, they are selected to advise, to administer, to govern in the Provinces, and order the forces for the keeping of due order. They rank in the degree of the excellency of their registration in the great Schools of Examination. A FEW REFLECTIONS. 99 But it is very different with the Western Barbarians, where hirili gives a right to exalted place in Govern- ment ! Power, among the Englisli, is wholly in the hands of this hereditary class — called Nobility — else- where called Aristocracy [Fo-lii]. Thus, learning has been unimportant, unless as a sort of accomplishment ; and been mostly confined to Priests. With them, it was a means of increased influence, and added to the effect of the Superstitious pretensions. Porce and fraud being the main agents of Government and sources of dis- tinction, learning was not merely disregarded, but held in contempt by the High-Caste. AVhat learning there was (chiefly confined to the Priests j, busied itself with the Superstition, and with the ancient tongues ; because with these Superstition had its literary roots. Still, some grew more inquisitive, especially outside the Priestly order, and learning made some progress. Gradually, there emerged from the Halls of Learning, rules, which (countenanced by some Sovereigns), began to influence Society. For Sovereigns, and the High- Caste, had begun, in some measure, to affect a liking for learning — confined, however, almost wholly to the narrow range referred to. These rules were in fact DEGREES ; which conferred upon the possessor a Literary distinction. The Halls of Learning, which had been in good measure established by Sovereigns, out of plunder, upon the orders of Priests (who would obtain tlie money through the Pailer's dread of the devil, when appre- hending or near to death) ; these, alone, could confer the degrees. No power accompanied them. They, merely, 100 UPON EDUCATION: became requisite to any one ^vho wished to enter upon, what is called, the Learned professions. These are of the Superstition, of the Lmv, and of Medicine. Soon, in these employments, the degrees became quite Cabalistic; and made these callings mysteries to the rest of the world. What was intended to be evidence of fitness, was soon perverted to be a form of initiation into an exclu- sive Society ; whose members insisted, not upon fitness, but upon compliance with arbitrary rules. This was made especially the case with the Law, and with Medi- cine. The degree was supposed to refer to proper qualifications for the practice of Law, and knowledge of Medicine, with its proper use in the healing art. It did nothing of the sort. It gave a presumption (but by no means a true one) that its holder knew something of the ancient Eoman and Greek languages : not any pre- sumption that, in the case of Medicine, there was any knowledge of the articles of Medicine, nor of their proper ^^se ; or of the human body to which they were to be administered. Xor any, that in the Law, there was any knowledge of the Statutes, laws and customs of the Eealm, nor even of its Commpn annals ! Medicine and Law suffered from this Sham; because men natu- rally used what little they did know; and, as to the Eoman tongue, some, and the Greek, less, were in their heads ; and the whole practice of Medicine and Law was in their ignorant hands ; what could follow, but to muddle these with the useless obscurity and jargon of tlie unknown forms ! The Priests had also thrown around the Superstition A FEW REFLECTIONS. 101 the same jargon, and kept up the requisition for a degree — as if any true morality and worship were neces- sarily connected with a literature, denounced by them- selves as impure and pagan ! Notwithstanding these ignorant and selfish abuses, it was impossible to make the acquisition of even such narrow learning wholly useless. It was narrow, and even hurtful, by being perverted to selfish ends, and preventing honest and independent research. Still, it did work upon some minds to better use ; and it gradually evolved a better learning, when the Ancient Literature really worked in free and broader channels. The High-Castes are less indifferent to literary attainments; and learning, in a more comprehensive sense, is becoming more esteemed. It is no longer limited to verbal knowledge ; to ancient, dead forms — though these are still so paramount that, if a man were to be the wisest and most learned of mankind, and was deficient in these, he could not receive a Degree — he would be unlearned ! Useful, true and honest knowledge, outside the great Halls of Learning, is making some advance ; though in them, the old, pedantic, and superstitious notions yet prevail. The new Literati, founders of a larger and truer teaching, endeavour with difficulty to get some respect and honour to attach to the degrees which they timidly register. The High-Caste, in general, disregard this better knowledge, and adhere to the old Superstitions and traditions — regarding that man only as learned who has the ancient badge ; though, to any useful purpose, a fool. The High-Caste also stupidly support the old pre- 102 UPON EDUCATION : paratoiy scliools ; and will not, if they can help it, suffer any of the Lower-Caste to enter them. In these, the barbarous customs continue ; if one goes into them, he is at once carried backwards into the dark ages (as even the Barbarians call them) ; ages, when the Priests had all the Learning — wretched as it was — and when the Siqwrstition coloured and directed everything. Here, the dead tongues are the chief studies, Avith some- thing of the ancient 2'}uzzles as to Lines and Points — for the most part useless — with a style of administration fitted to the savage brutality of those times. The only part of the training cared for by the youths, is that which developes the forces of the body. The disgusting Jiing Fight, referred to elsewhere, is a common pastime ; and the lad is a milksop [kou-ad] who really avoids the rude crowd, and wishes to study. To be respected he must fight his way, and be feared. If, by chance, some lad of the Lower-Caste be entered, by the foolish wish of the father to bring the son into the j^olisJicd circle of the High-Caste, he will be ijolished off (as these young Barbarians say), in a manner never dreamed of. The poor lad will be beaten, humiliated, and driven from the School ; unless, indeed, he be strong enough to bully and beat his tormentors ! Yery comically, in one part of these brutal fights, when one has got his antagonist completely in his power, and can bruise him as he pleases, the position is called hcing in Chancery ! One of the fittest illus- trations possible, of the universality of the judgment which places that Court among things the most re- pulsive ! A FEW HEFLECTIONS. 103 The younger in these schools are the ^^lavcs, for the time being, to the older and stronger ; in fact, the whole .effect of the training is really to make these youths selfish, quick of quarrel, hardy of body, and barbarous ; to prepare them for the lives of predatory exploit, upon which fortune and all the best honours depend — learning being subordinate, and disregarded, unless it further the main purpose. Force is still the god of these Barbarians, and Jah is worshipped because he, in this, fits them. The intellect is improved only that Force may be developed and dis- ciplined to its most effective use. One sees this everywhere. To invent the most de- structive engines of war for the wholesale slaughter of the human species, to add to the swiftness of move- ment, to the durability and weight of action, to the means of assault and of defence, to bend the mind to uses based upon the idea that the normal condition of man is that of a tiger with man's intellect, to make the beast something inexpressibly dreadful ! The greater portion of the people remain sunk in the grossest ignorance — scarcely knowing (the most of them) much even of the Superstition, other than crude notions of Hell and the Devil. In this, probably, they are not much to be pitied; though in losing the precepts of Christ, and seeing around them the conduct of Christ- god worshippers, they are to be commiserated. They look with the contempt of ignorance upon foreigners, and call the people of distant seas Heathen, only fit for the Hell ! As I have said, in another place, some attempts are being made to give this degraded popu- 104 UPON EDUCATION : lace, at least, the rudiments of learning. The task is hard, and made nearly impracticable by the stolid indif- ference of the Low-Castes, and their positive hostility to anything which interferes with their habits. They are very English, not different from their betters, and resent any sort of change as an interference with their indivi- dual freedom of action. To make these degraded beings slaves, you must not seize the individual — you must act upon them as a class — and they resent the attempt to teach them. Compulsion will be resorted to. The English Barbarians have a proverb [li-tze], "One may lead a horse to the water, but who can make him drink ? " These people may be forced to the springs of learning, but who shall make them drink — unless hecr .? (This is the common drink, verv muddlinf;; ; used to an astonishing quantity.) The women are not admitted to the Halls of Learn- ing, though they are to be seen everywhere. Men do not wish them to be educated in those things admired by men — it would, as they think, make brutes of them. In this they are right ; yet there is no consistency of idea in the general treatment of the sex, as will easily be gathered from these observations. A learned woman — that is, one who has acquired the sort of education recognised by the Literati — is disliked by her own sex as well as by the men. The men will not marry her, unless she can buy a husband. This she may be able to do if she have money in abundance. The things which may make them attractive and entertaining to the men, and be likely to secure a desir- able husband, are the only things cared for. Some I A FEW EEFLECTIONS. 105 music, some drawing, a little acquaintance with the language of the chief tribe on the main parts, reading and writing, are the intellectual studies. But the en- grossing pursuits are tliose which are supposed to add to female attractiveness. To dress, so as to enhance the delight of form ; to cover, and yet to show with added suggestion ; to move with grace ; to carry the head ; to use with tender, or arch, or modest, or haughty expression, the eyes ; to turn the feet and arrange the limbs ; to make the shoulders beautiful, and the neck and bust charming ; to torture the hair and ornament the whole body ; the ear-tips, the fingers, the eyebrows and lashes — to do these, and innumerable other things by which the sex shall be made irresistible [Kou-ket], these are the real cares. Dancing [ma-d-Avo] is among the most admired of all accomplishments, and the game of Waltzing its most perfect development. In this art of dancing both sexes take part, and I may merely say to our Flowery Land, that we have nothing like it, and what little we have in any degree to represent it is ■confined to licensed girls, without, even with them, per- mitting men to take part ! In this dancing the utmost female art (blandishment) is permitted, and it is the one by which, and in the intricacies of which the male is most surely expected to be ensnared ! Women are, also, particularly among the High-Caste, taught in riding on horses, in driving them attached to carriages ; in running and walking ; and even in swim- ming. Also in rowing in boats, in the use of bows and arrows, and many other things, which are very strange to us. But the sex like passionately the outdoor sports 106 UPOX EDUCATION: of men ; and, in truth, show the barbarous instinct quite as clearly as do the males. They are attached to dogs, cats, and other creatures, which they fondle and clandh in the most disonstino- manner. The Avomen of the Low-Castes, to the best of their abilit}^, follow the example of their superiors ; and make such copy as they can. They imitate the dress, the gait, the airs and graces of the High-Caste, often with a ludicrous effect ! When they dance, they may not dance with the elegant abandon [lan-gu-tze] of the lazy and rich, but they can contrive to be quite as effective ! The male of the Low-Caste feels but cannot escape the snare ! Accomplishments, directed to the one object of finding a desirable man, who will take them at the least cost off the hands of their relatives, are the things which occupy the time of women ; the lower orders, in so far as pos- sible, giving to the poor imitations that time which ought to go to useful objects. A poor and obscure girl prefers to be something like a lady (that is, a bad copy in dress and bearing), than to be really instructed in letters : because she sees herself more admired by the male, and more likely to dispose of herself to a husband. The great pursuit among High-Caste families is man — a man who may be bought, and whom it is desirable to buy, to be a husband for a daughter, or relative. All domestic art and diplomacy are bent to this end ; and, as men do not like learned women, whom they nick- name strong-minded, women do not wish to be learned. If from exceptional circumstances a young woman be well educated, and wish to marry, she carefully conceals A FEW REFLECTIONS. 107 her knowledge, and displays licr a(3complisliments, and all " the power of her charms " (as the Ennlish poets have it). An educated female had Letter appear to be an accomplished fool, than a wise and learned woman — if she wish to buy a husband. For she must have a large sum, indeed, if she be known to be learned ! — a Bhtc-stochiny [Zu-re-to]. There are some women who have acquired knowledge, and look with disdain upon the arts, airs, and graces of their " weak Sisters." They appear in public Halls of debate (as talking-places are called) ; and, mixing with men, assume an equality of mental force and culture. They interest themselves like men, in all matters of general concern. They take in hand, or endeavour to take in hand, the care of Women; and demand an en- larged sphere for her action, and a reformed and proper recognition of her rights. Hence, these women are called, besides strong-minded. Women's rights women. They are nearly always old, ugly, and wholly and hope- lessly incapacitated from longer pursuing men ; even, in their inordinate vanity, that pursuit is abandoned. There are some trifling exceptions — of women who like to astonish, and of others who, in tallcing, find a means of living — to whom all personal comeliness is not yet a tradition. But for these, the Women's rights movement would dwindle away ; these sometimes com- manding an influence either of money or family, draw into their circle a few men — remarkable, in general, for eccentricity of some kind, or led very often completely by a woman of the order. The whole thing is inexplicable to our social usages ; 108 UPON EDUCATION. but is not an excrescence — only a natural outgrowth upon a diseased system. The position of women in the Barbarian Society is a feature very striking and very anomalous, and may receive attention in another place. On the whole, one may see that education in its true and exalted sense is scarcely comprehended among the Barbarians. The moral function and the mind sub- ordinate to that, and the body — its passions, its greed, its lirutality, wholly subordinate to the morally trained mind — education, grounded upon this central idea, has but feeble recognition. LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. 109 CHAPTER V. OF THE LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. There are innumerable books ; and the conceit of these Barbarians attaches to them as to everything in their Enlightened World, (Litz-i-ten). Nothing outside of the Christ-god worshippers is allowed to be en- lightened — all else is darkness. This is true as to their opinion, strange as it looks ; and all the Literature in every part of it shows this. The attainments and the experience of all to whom this worship is unknown, receive no other than a curious attention from a few of the literati. But we know that this conceit is absurd ; ignorant and superstitious Barbarians really think that, without the adoption of their Jali-Christ-Jeiv super- stition, with all the Canons, no true morality, no real civilisation, exists, nor can exist ! This I must premise ; because we may dismiss at once the larger portion of the Barbarian Literature, inasmuch as it relates to the great Superstition. It is everywhere, striking into and permeating everything, to be sure ; but I refer to works avowedly devoted to it. It makes the Books largely unreadable to one having no sympathy with the author ; and it requires patience and a long use to get over the disgust caused by the offensive pretensions and ignorant references. 110 J.ITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. The Poetry of a people is generally placed first among the Barbarian Literati ; and of this form the Western tribes are very fond. The English boast that in this they excel all others ; though, for that matter, the same boast is made in everything. The larger part of the Poetry may be called trash, (ru-b-isti). Iterations and reiterations of the same con- ceits, the same shallow sentiments, the same metaphors, mostly of an amatory and indelicate sort. Poems, often tedious, verbose, strangely mixed with matters of the Superstition and of the ancient (Roman) myths ; laudatory performances, leslobbcrlng (spr-au-fo) great men with empty compliments, or giving lying exaltation to the fancied virtues of the eminently bad ; dull and long-winded reflections from minds too obscure to reflect anything, unless with an added obscurity ; an enormous Waste (Ban-s-he) which the English them- selves never traverse. Poetry with the Barbarians is far more esteemed than with us, although in our annals are found evidences of its immemorial existence. As with us, it takes many forms, and is reduced to an art. The two greatest names are Milton and Shakespeare. The first of these is esteemed as the most sublime of all poets, ancient or modern — but it is needful to fix the quality, the essence of the sublime ! Of the gloomy grandeur of the man, and of his power of suggesting the vast and the intangible, there can be no doubt. Nor is he want- ing in a mournful sweetness — the plaint of a beneficent being who feels an eternal despair ! Nor can it be otherwise, for the grand imagination of Milton is LITEIlATUllE OF THE ENGLISH. Ill wholly occupied with the devils of the Barbarian Superstition ! With its terrible images — with the Hell in which they and lost men for ever burn in eternal iires, and yet are never consumed ! He introduces the reader (in his great Poem) to Paradise [Kar-din], where man once lived in perfect wisdom and happiness- — and here the Poet is full of that sad, that tender, that inex- pressible, sweet despair ! From this Paradise (as said elsewhere) man w^as enticed by Satan, who had been set free from Hell for the very purpose ; and then follow all the surprising pictures, vast, terrible, indescribable — only possible to a mind fully possessed by all the horrors of the Jew Jah-god Idolatry. Shakespeare, with a healthier mind, one not distorted by the Superstition, and with a human, natural vigour and feeling, writes in a manner to interest man. On the whole, the English Barbarians place him far above all others of any time or place — call him the Divine Shakespeare I This is very easy wdth a people who know nothing of the poetry of the great East, nor of that of our Flowery Kingdom — in truth, have but a slight acquaintance with the writers of the other Bar- barians ! Disregarding this foolish conceit, we may admit that this man shows a broad and comprehensive intellect — he is one who knows something of himself, and that self is a manly self. And he simply exhibits himself in those creations of his fancy, wherein a great variety of men and women show the passions, follies, and chang- ing interests of life. He has the power of vividly see- ing and of clearly showing what in his mind he sees, 112 LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. and in language often lo^v and uncouth, but frequently in fine and lofty tones. His certain knowledge of himself gives pithy form to his wit; and his expressions are the direct utterances of one who sees, not of one who does not nor cannot see. His, on the whole, was a very large and true manhood, which, in spite of un- favourable influences and some tarnish, manifested itself, and occasionally in grand and beautiful forms. In very garbage there are sparkling gems. He often offends decency, but is less indecent than his time — and when he is simply himself, the natural morality of a large man becomes conspicuous. Some of his minor things, based on the affectations of liis period, and formed on bad models, which he weakly copies, are not without marks of his rich fancy, yet are so indecent that in our Flowery Land they would be suppressed. None the less, you will find these objectionable verses in the hands of the youth of both sexes. This degradation of the moral sense is very common. It finds form in the versification of those poets whom the English style Amatory — chiefly with them, but more repulsively with the play-^vriters. Examples of this indelicacy and coarseness are lying about any- where. It seems to us verv strange : for to w^hat good ? ]^o doubt, poetry very properly deals with human emotions and interests ; but why should the poet dare to print what he would not dare to utter, unless amonir the shameless ! O Some of these trivialities are not wanting in sweet- ness and tenderness — and some have a very refined feeling. The great blemish is falseness. LITEKATURE OF THE ENGLISH. 11 o The "Western Barbarians addict themselves always to a false and affected mode whenever they address them- selves to the female : and the style is absurd. It is borrowed from the obsolete manners of ages ago, when it was the fashion [phan-ti-te] to pretend the most exalted reverence for the sex. They were addressed as goddesses, and there was a whole armoury of weapons of Love, from which these fantastic poets armed their divinities, and pretended to be pierced through and through, wounded, bleeding, at their feet ! Dying, transfixed, and rolling their languishing eyes in death, imploring the goddesses to save them, even if by one glance of their bright eyes ! The amount of this non- sense is perfectly astonishing ! I give a fair specimen here from a much admired writer of this class : — " Sweet Phillis, idol of my heart, Oh, turn to me those tender e3-es ! Transfix my breast with Cupid's dart, But listen to my dying sighs ! " I cling, imploring, to your knees ; Oh, cruel goddess, turn to me ! One kiss the burning pain will ease — Thy lips give Immortalitj^ ! " The Elegiac [mo-un-fu] is, perhaps, the most cultured among the refined poets. The most distinguished of the English living writers of verse is very elegant in this form. He cannot emancipate himself from the habits of his people — for the wretched he can find no solace but in the Superstitions of the Christ-god wor- ship. He demands a Sacrifice (^uite inhuman, when he 114 LITERATURE OF THE EXGLISH. suggests the only remedy for human grief. Possibly, he finds in this, a meaning of a different kind from what the language (used in the Superstition) itself im- plies. He may see a meaning common to aR sorrowful and thoughtful men — Self- Sacrifice, demanded by the highest perception of justice, and, therefore, inevitable. In this department some of the minor poets sing very sweetly, tenderly — with a nice refinement. Generally, however, there is a sort of despair wailing in an under- tone of pathos. It would seem to arise from the gloomy spirit of the Barbarian nature, intensified by the terrible Superstition. The comic poets are coarse, trivial, and not much esteemed. There is humour, but it is of the barbarous and unclean. It is frequently strangely fantastic, and delights in laughing at the terrific in the " Sacred Writings" or at the Priests, in a covert manner ; often in travesties of the prayers, rites, and other Iwly things, which no one would dare openly to ridicule. Poetry is not much read, unless by young girls and lads, who, in the season of the sentiments, find food to feed their desires, or to print their tender epistles and speeches, in the Sentimental Authors. Very rarely is there anything striking or true ; and the mass of Verses, after receiving the 'pakl-for attention of the daily writers, sleep a sleep of oblivion. The Prose writings are innumerable — largely, ho\\'- ever, mere re-hashes [mi-pi-stu] of existing works. It is a trade to make these new forms of old books — cutting- down, working over, and revising. History, accounts of bloody fights, forays, commotions, massacres, and LITEKATURE OF THE ENGLISH. ITS "bumings, now by one CJhrist-god tribe and now by tinother ; Biography, Travels, Lives of Great men (never lieard of out of some Barbarian tribe) ; these are many, <\nd read by the Literati. A few books, rarely read, devoted to Science and to Art, are printed, commonly to the ruin of the printers. fl Of romances and novels there are no ends. Witli these and the newspapers the English Barbarians almost entirely occupy themselves, when they do read. The novels pretend to portray life, in its usual vicissitudes and with a natural show of the feelings. But the feel- ing depicted is that of Love, and the Life, the life of a, Lover. In this curious creature, unknown in our Central Kingdom, the English young people of both sexes delight. I cannot describe him ; he has no ex- istence outside of a diseased brain. The great Shake- .speare describes him, " Sighing like a furnace, with a woful ballad made to his mistress' eyebrow!" whicli will do as well as a more extended notice. There are Metapliysical works. We have no term to represent it. It is a book which dimly suggests ^jAa/^- toms — things unseen, and not to be seen — mere words without bodies. Usually, making the matters of the common Worship still more inscrutable. Close to these, and blended often in a confused mix- ture with them — a compound defying all reasonable analysis — come the Philosophical. This term is a grand one with the Barbarians, and embraces aU knowledge. The Philosophical Avriters pretend to the most exalted insight and outsight — they measure the whole infinite and finite, mind, matter, and tlie very natui'e of moral 116 LITEEATUKE OF THE ENGLISH. and divine things. The Philosopher loves Wisdom, and "Wisdom loves and teaches him ! Each philosopher, however, knowing everything, knows some things better than others ; and usually ex- hibits to the world that eccentricity by which he is known. He parades this on all public occasions of the Literati; and feels happy and serene mounted on his Hohby -horse (again we have nothing to fit this word) — he appropriates the name of the ridden Hobby. Thus, some time since, one of these discovered and tauijht that man was an Ape — an Ape of high form. This discovery was not very Avell received ; however, he was afterwards honoured by a title derived from his ancestor, and styled the Simian philosopher. In the old Eoman, Simia means Ape. He is vulgarly and better known, however, as the Hobby-horse philosopher, from his own name, Hobbs ! Just now, this speculation has revived again, with but slight change. One Darwin dreams of immortality from the usefulness of his theory. In this, man no doubt is found in the Simia, but he f^cisses through that type; it is well enough to find there the immediate origin, but the true germ lies further back among the tadpoles ! I do not know what tadpoles are, and did not think it worth while to inquire. This philosophy, called Darwinian, is greatly admired for its profundity — especially by the select circle of Mutual Admiring Thinkers — but is strongly denounced by the Bonzes, and by the Halls of Learning and Lite- rati of the Superstition. It makes man no immortal being at all, these say ; and dethrones all the gods. € LITEKATUKE OF THE ENGLISH. 117 In our Flowery Laud we may smile iit these specu- lations and eccentricities — for such and similar vagaries are as old as Literature ; and the special notion of Darwin, as to the Origin of Species, has not even the •attraction of novelty. The speculation of evolution, by which all visible forms are developed from a form less perfect below it, and this from another below that, and so on, down to the beginning, is a clumsy mode of stating that original forms were few, and contained wrapped up in them, many — and that possibly there may have been primarily only one, containing all ! The Sovereign Lord Himself ! In truth, it is the immemorial out of nothing idea ; for when a creator of worlds, in the shape of man, has got to a single form containing all, he has yet to account for that Single Form. The few, most advanced of the Barbarian Philosophers, •cut adrift entirely from the Superstition. They copy largely from the Greeks, Ilomans, and ancient peoples, who said, on such subjects, over and over again what these modern imitators say — and said it better. In Physics these moderns think themselves wiser. They may be, in the use of some things, but are not in the nature. Our Sect called Taos-se resemble these specu- lative writers in many things : the English may not •directly teach the Metempsychosis; l)ut in effect it is the same. Evolution may hold to an original germ which is fixed and indestructible ; yet what matters if to the observer this germ takes on every possible shape! The Metempsychosis does not contradict the notion of an original germ — it is entirely consistent with it. This specidative inquiry into the nature of things is as old 118 LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. as man, wlio, even before lie knows liow to formulate his thoughts, has the deej) shadows of them. The Old Greeks introduced the Literature of these fancies to the Western Barbarians, though themselves were no more than bright and beautiful dreamers of old dreams. The human intellect will always, as it has always, search into the unsearchable, applying to it whatever of sharp- ness, of imagination, of culture, it may have. There will be the inquiry, but never the answer. The mind itself finds its advantage ; nor could the Sovereign Lord have designed otherwise, else the intellect would not persist in a vain task. Nevertheless, wise men rest satisfied with the inttdtions of the moral and intellectual nature. The origin and essence of the Sovereim Lord and of the visible world cannot be known. The source, the purpose, the end, and the nature of Things are beyond the scope of man. He may ask, and he may find delight in the asking ; for new ranges and glimpses of the infinite may flash upon him. But when he thinks he Iniows — that he has discovered — he is a fool ! Another department of what is called Philosojjhij deals with the mind, as the part just referred to more particularly affects to deal with matter. And writers upon the mind, when they speak of the moral function, call that by another name. Thus we have the Intel- lectual and Mo red philosophers, with their many books. Yery commonly this division is not sustained, and moral and merely mental evolutions run together. Indeed, there are those who deride this division, and assert that the moral has no real existence ; that the mind itself is but matter instinct of life, and has no LITEKATUKE OF THE ENGLISH. 119 existence independent of material organisms. They say- that man is an animal endowed with Life, and tliat this occult and hidden force is indivisible. That divisions of the faculties may be convenient to give exactness to mental movements, but are otherwise fanciful. They deny a " Moral faculty," asserting that it is only a peculiar refinement of the liiQ-instinct ; that the wish to do honestly is no more than this, and, educated to enlarged views, expands into all that man conceives of Justice. That you may just as easily train one to do dishonestly ; and then an honest act gives pain. This proves the very proposition denied — the faculty may be misinformed — the pain demonstrates the existence of the faculty. An animal has the Life-Instinct or mind, if you will ; but who imagines that the animal is ever pained by any remorse ! To this, these philosophers reply that the pain does not really exist only as the remains of a secondary instinct, remembering consciously or unconsciously the penalty awaiting disohediencc. The animal, they say, may be so trained that it will feel this pain or shame ; and man, for ages disciplined, transmits to his offspring this seconda7'y instinct of inherited fear ; and, licre, is the so-called moral faculty. I may be pardoned in this tedious attempt to give the Flowery Kingdom some insight into the thoughts of the Barbarians on abstract matters, not for their novelty, but as a further illustration of that which is so well understood by our Literati — to say, the cease- less activity of the human mind and its tireless inquiry into the things of the mighty world. A beneficent fact or it would not be. Perverted l)y vain thinkers, who 120 LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. do not think, because egotist ; yet in humble men, con- scious of ignorance, a solace. These reverence the Sovereign Lord, never comprehending other than His infinite Wisdom (and this by delightful flashes), nor His works, nor His methods, nor the use of Man, nor of any the smallest thing, nor the origin, nor the design! Enough that He is, and that by some inscrutable, though certain sense, man, with a grateful joy bounds towards Him, claims to be His, and feels Immortal ! The Barbarian Literati have often rested upon the Greeks as final in Metaphysics. Plato, whom they call Divine, was very generally followed in his notion respecting the eternal and independent existence of spirit and matter. But the newer men insist upon one substance only, and remove the Sovereign Lord so far back into the deeps of an Unknown, that he vanishes, or becomes an unintelligent and unconscious Cause. Here again reproducing the Fate of remote antiquity. One school of Philosophers indulges in a curious form of materializing the mind. Pretending to fix all the mental and moral processes in the very substance of the brain, they declare that by a careful examina- tion of the head, the exact qualities of the individual may be discovered I Some of these pretend to be teachers and Indicators — for fees, giving a precise chart to any one who wishes of the forces of the brain, so that he may order his affairs accordingly. They profess to tell parents in what art or business a child should be placed, and in what manner certain good qualities may be made to grow and bad ones to shrink ! They say that over each thinking part of the LITEKATURE OF THE EXGLLSIL , 121 brain rises a corresponding luniiJ [Ko-be], that these humps contain : some, thoughts of music, some of hate, some of love, some of numbers, some of place, and so on. They make charts showing these bumps and the thoughts which lie beneath them ! These they sell, marking the bumps (after examination) to show the person what he is. If, for instance, his acquisitiveness (thoughts to take things) is a very large bump, he must develop a counteracting bump or he will as- suredly become a thief ! It is not quite clear how this development is to be brought about. Some carry this absurdity so far as to say that a man with bad bumps is not responsible — he ought rather to be regarded as an object to be cared for by the State. Before the bumps of the child be formed and hardened, any form may be given to them, by applying a gentle and con- tinuous pressure. Grovernment, therefore, ought to have all children examined in youth, and apply to the heads the proper moulds ! In this way a perfectly moral society would be assured ! I refer to this nonsense as the only novel speculation among the Western Barbarians. And any one can readily discover in this, old notions moulded into a defined and material shape, to give charlatans [Qu-ak-st] an opportunity to plunder. There are many books of the Moral Philosophers, who make a Science of certain movements of mind, and call it Ethical. But these books are to our habits useless or absurd — sometimes positively hurtful. The idolatries and superstitions colour and distort — distinc- tions are confounded, and a rational morality wanting. 122 LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. A merely Jewish ordinance from the Sacred Writings is made as important as a plain moral precept. The human conscience is overloaded with arbitrary and unreasonable matters taken from the Siqycrstition, and, "bewildered, despairs of well-doing. To offend in some priestly dogma, is more terrible than to break an established law of honesty. Disobedience in the false demoralises the conscience as much as disobedience in the true, when both are received as true. In fact most of the moral books are merely books written to uphold the great Superstition, and the morality is debased by its injurious connection. By what strange perversion could the cultivated mind ever be brought to announce a principle like this, to say ; " Belief alone saves man from eternal Hell ; morality without it is only a snare of the Devil." Belief means an imdoubting acceptance of all the pretensions of the Superstition (as explained elsewhere). What must be the effect of teaching so false and presumptuous an enormitv ? The Sovereim Lord will not deio;n to look with pity. He is a consuming fire ! Heart and hands pure — a life of disinterestedness — worship warm, grate- ful. Nothing worse. First, Believe — in the most monstrous thing which the diseased human imagination ever created — the Jew-Jah theology and worship ! When a system of morals is based upon such a pre- tension, it can only be hurtful ; unless, as is largely the fact, the healthy human instinct unconsciously rejects the error. Still, great harm is done — must be done. And how much of prevailing licentiousness and barba- rism may be placed to account of this false system can- LITEltATUKE OF THE ENGLISH. 123 not be defined. It is the immediate father of Atheism. Men reject the tremendous assumptions and believe nothing. But tender consciences, those in whom the divine faculty is large and clear, in general, directed by a true consciousness, simply disregard the horribly false things and attach themselves to the true. In this, vindicating the nobilitv of nature, which rises to its true recognition of the Sovereign Lord, in spite of sur- rounding errors. But, others, not so strong, delicate in conscience and feeble in mind, become the victims of this dreadful system. Thus it is also the father of Idolatry. Tor these victims, fearful of eternal destruc- tion, place themselves entirely in the hands of the Bonzes, and adore all the gods and observe all the rites. They cannot be sure, of themselves, that they do pro- perly Believe; a thing of a very mysterious nature, con- cerning which (as I have remarked) the contention is ceaseless. Nor can these victims of the Superstition, ardent devotees though they be, always obtain satisfac- tory evidenee that their Salvation is sure. Then follow the self-imposed penances, and the sacrifices imposed by the Bonzes. They are victi^niscd by the Bonzes in an endless variety of ways. Some build Temples ; some go about begging, in mean garbs, to get money for the poor Bonzes ; and the like ; much as we see among our superstitious devotees. Superstition merely reproduces its natural effects, varied according to the circumstances. Still there remain those poor creatures to whom no escape is possible. They struggle in vain with the dark doubts which envelop them. They believe in all the horrors of their worship : that but a few are saved 124 LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. from hell ; that goodness, charity, self-sacrifice, gifts to the Temples, to the poor, even to tlie Bonzes — nothing avails. Unless they have 'believed and been duly ac- cepted and enrolled among the Elcct-fcw, they are merely children of the Devil, awaiting death, when they become his associate in Fires of the tormented, for ever and ever ! These poor wretches feel already all the horrors of the damned. They find no solace in a moral life ; no peace in a grateful heart, turned to a benign, Heavenly Father. To yield to the natural emotions, to indulge in this peace, is vanity — is to be ensnared in the wiles of the enemy of Souls ! They catch sometimes feebly at a hope of Salvation, then fall again into a dreadful despair. At last the feeble mind gives way. They feel themselves already lost; they fancy they have committed the Sin which Jah himself will never pardon — (to use the words of the Sacred Writings) — the sin against the Holy Ghost, for ever unpardonable — they writhe, they cry, they beat their breasts, they fall down in unspeakable agony — " the pains of Hell have got hold of them 1 " This is again from the Sacred looks. The scene closes in death, or worse, in a mad-house; where in chains or under vigilant keepers (to prevent self-destruction or the de- struction of others), these wretches vanish from human hope and sympathy ! The frightful Superstition in these victims has been a recdity ! And no human mind can bear that and live ! I will close these remarks upon the Literature of the English Barbarians, by giving some examples of the different poetic compositions. LITEKATITIJE OF THE EXGLISII. 125 From an Amatory poet, who refers to the conjugal endearments of the Eoman Jupiter and his goddess — Queen Juno, on Mount Ida, where, according to the old traditions of the Greeks, these gods often resorted : — " When Juno makes the bed for Jove, And waits the god with blushing grace — Soft music charms the air above, And breathing fragrance fills the place. Mortals expect the deep repose ; Ocean is calm, the Winds are still, The heavenly rapture overflows, And Nature feels th' ecstatic thrill." I think our poorest poets could have improved upon " makes the bed." In cold England, however, bed- making is important. And for a wife of the Upper Castes to make the bed for her Lord, with her own hands, is to show a great love and devotion. It is laughable to think of the goddess so domestically em- ployed, though the top of Mount Ida must be cold enough ! The poetry of the Idolatry has much of an amatory sort, very curiously mixed with its terrors. I give a rather refined specimen, quite free of the diabolic': — " What grief, what darkness fills my breast, That coldly I have strayed from thee ! Thou art my Love, my Life, my Eest ; All other love doth fade and die. Oh, never may the joys of sense, Entice my ardent soul again ! Thou art my only sweet Defence — To love thee not is endless pain ! " 126 LITERATUEE OF THE ENGLISH, From an unknown writer I extract the following, who refers to a great Sailor of the Western Barbarians. This man, repressing the revolts of his crew, with un- daunted mind, day after day, and night after night, for weeks and weeks, still kept on, steering westerly across the infinite, big seas. Possessed with one great and fixed idea — that Land lie heyond. At length, when all hope had nearly died, far away like a cloud, the great Netc World was discovered ! We know of this in our Annals, in the dynasty Miny. " To be — this marks the nobler man — this Force, This visioncd soul, which sees the shadow cast Of a great Object in its every course, Urging it onward — common men will rest With common things ; such spirits are possessed ^y greater somethings, which will not be hushed "With ' lullabys ' — which are within the breast Like inspirations — sleepless as the rush. Of world-surrounding waves, and which no earth can crush ! " This is a writer who takes the Sea as the scene of his poem. The style is affected ; but much liked. I add below an example of Blank Verse, a form greatly in use : — " The Morn, exultant, on the mountain tops. Leads in the Day — and over all the World Delightful Joy spreads forth his glorious wings !" This appears to be a parody of >Shakespeare, who says beautifully : — " Oh, see where jocund Day stands tip-toe, On the distant, misty mountain tops !" LITEEATUKE OF THE ENGLISH. 127 Very much of the poetry is obscured, and spoilt by the influence of the Superstition ; and very much by arti- ficiality and affectations. And everywhere there are poor or indifferent imitators of the ancient Greeks and Komans ; upon whom the Literati mould their poetic •conceits. Of the Comic and common it is well to read little. Coarseness and indecency seem inseparable from all vulgar humour. The Descriptive, tinged with the melancholy of the Superstition and Barbaric gloom, is often fine and smooth — sometimes tender and elegant. I give an extract from an author of no repute, Imt agreeable ; and the more so to me, because inoffensive. It is not defiled by tlie Idolatry of the Barbarians : — " Spring-time of life, with, open-eyed delight, Wondering at beautiful earth and sky ! Budding in sv/eet expectancy, and bright With smiles and charming grace, and blushingly Unconscious of a Love, just to be born — A trembling Joy, which smiles and tears adorn ! " From the same, written in the open country ; which, though obscure sometimes, flows on finely, eloquently: — " Stretched to the brilliant sky, on all sides clear. Are hills, and dales, and groves, and golden corn — Whilst in the peerless air, all things are near ; And far or near they each and all adorn I Here, let us rest, on this fair, breezy hill. Beneath the shade of this high, spreading beech — And feel and see that we are Natui-e's still : Her Peace and Beauty ever in our reach. 128 LITEP.ATUKE OF THE EXGLISII. Her calm, majestic glory, harvest-crowned, Fills heaven and earth, and blends them into one. How vast and solemn bends the blue profound ; How sweet and strong th' immortal gods move on ! Move on, resistless, yet, with tender grace — Inflexible, yet soft as summer rain — Intangible — as where yon shadows race, With nimble Zephyrs, o'er the waving grain ! Ineffable, though murmurs everywhere. Swell into Anthems of delightful tone ; And smiling hill-tops, and the radiant air, Rest in expressive Silence, all their own ! And there, by Avon's stream, are Warwick's towers ; And, here, is laboiir toiling in the fields : For Lord [Tchou] or serf alike, the patient hours Give back to Nature all which Nature yields. Still human hope aspires and will not die ; Will rear aloft its monumental walls ; Informed by Instinct builds as builds the bee — Mounting secure where stumbling Reason falls ! So Temples rise Immortelles of the race ; Where mouldering with the stones tradition clings — Touching the landscape with ennobling grace. And giving dignity to common things . • • • • • • The day declines, and so my holiday ; Care slumbering by my side awakes again ; Grasps on my hand and leads my steps away — So rudely rules the Martha of my brain ! " The Martha is a scolding, busy liouse-ivifc [bro-mstij, taken from an incident narrated in the Sacred Writings. The writer refers to Temples in a pleasing way, and to the " mouldering stones," where, about the dead, innumerable legends survive. Burials are near to the Temples, and the graves are on Holy ground. His LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. 129 reference is comprehensive — meaning the universal JSoipc of Immortality, symbolized by the lofty Fanes. I give below a few of the absurdities from the Comic, taken from a greatly esteemed author in this Line. " Three wise men of Gotham Went to sea in a bowl [ton-se] ; If the bowl had been stronger, My tale had been longer ! " The meaning of which is, I suppose, that when wise men do foolish things they no more escape the con- sequences of folly than others. " I bet you a crown to a penny, And lay the money down, That I have the funniest horse of any In this or in any town. His tail is where his head should he — ' You bet ! Well, come and see.' And s;irc enough, within his stall. The horse was turned— axidi that was all! " Another, very ridiculous : — " There was a man of our town Who thought himself so wise, He jumped into a bramble bush, And scratched out both his eyes. But when he saw his eyes were out, With all his might and main He jumped into another bush, And scratched them in again ! " This would seem to suggest that a conceited man, having committed an egregious blunder, rashly under- takes to remedy it by one equally unwise. The folly of conceited impidsiveness 1 K 130 LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH. Another, and I have done, " Little Jack Horner Sat in a corner, Eating his Christmas pie; He put in his thumb, And pulled out a plum, Oh, what a good boy am I ! " This is to encourage children with an idea that, if they be good, they shall have plums. It is very sig- nificant of the low culture. As if one were to imagine that the possession of a big plum (riches, or the like) demonstrated the moral excellency of the possessor ! Commentaries and parodies of these Comic trivialities have been written, and, forsooth, their beauties and meanings need exposition ! TRADE, AND REVENUE DP]11IVK1) FUOM IT. 131 CHAPTER VT. OF TRADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. We have ourselves, in our uiaritinie parts, some ex- perience of the English, as traders" [Kie-tee]. Some- thing of their moral character is known, not as traders only, but as representatives of the general civilization of their tribe. It will be a long period before tlie events of the opium war are forgotten — when these selfish and cruel Barbarians came with their big fire- ships and great cannons, and massacred so many of our province, Quantvmg ! Nor will the slaughters of tlie people of our Central Kingdom, and the burnings and plunderings at the Illustrious seat of our Exalted, pass out of mind for many generations. Trade ! yes, Trade is the Moloch [Kau-ni-bli] of the English ; there is no- thing (of character) which they will not sacrifice to this Idol. The god by which they mostly swear, and whose name they apply to themselves, knew nothing of trade, and his words, as recorded in the Sacred Writings, con- demn every practice customary in it. This inconsistency is always found in the devotees of irrational worship ; where formal observances stand for practical virtues. Perhaps dishonesty in trade is no more conspicuous, than immorality everywhere ; only traffic touching on all sides, and affecting nearly every interest, carries with 132 TKADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. it an almost universal debasement. Blind and con- ceited, it is the custom to speak of our Central Kingdom contemptuously, and to brand our people as Heathen thieves [ta-ki]. We have thieves, and punish them. But how strangely to those of our people who know these Barbarians, this charge sounds ! It is notorious that the vile stuff packed up as Tea by our knaves is for the gain of English traders ; and that the horribly obscene pictures of degraded artists find a market with the Bar- barians ! We punish these plunderers when we detect them ; but these Christians who would convert us en- courage this immorality ! The Law-making Houses are continually occupied (and occupied in vain) to find remedies for the almost universal crime of Adulteration [Kon-ti-fyt] of Food. Scarcely an article of food, or of drink, medicine, what not, escapes this dangerous cheat. To make a larger gain some cheap admixture, often poisonous and rarely harmless, is added to nearly every article. It is not easy to understand how general the moral debasement must be, when a thing of this sort, striking at once at health, and even life, is so common as to be scarcely con- temned ! To be cheated is a kind of comedy — one expects to be cheated — cheated in his clothes, his wine, his horses, his dogs, his meat, his drink, his beer, his sugar, his tea. Ids everything ! To have been honestly dealt with is a surprise — a thing to be remarked upon. To have been cheated — a shrug of the shoulder — an exclamation ^-" Of course !" In fact, almost always the cause of a hearty laugh, especially if a sharp trick — or at another's expense ! The very laws of trade are based on dis- TRADE, ANT) REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT, 133 honesty ; and a people will not generally be better than their laws. The High-Caste affecting to despise trade, do, occa- sionally, in the Law-making Houses (as I have said), feebly interfere with the general rascality. Yet, they are so dependent, indirectly or directly, upon trade or its gains, that they will not do anything to hamper it ; and any law which touches the utmost freedom of action in htiying and selling, in their opinion, has this effect. On the whole, they say, better a few rogues flourish, and a few people be poisoned to death, than that commerce, (an euphuism, for rascally traffic) be injured. That man has a fine nature which traffic, in its best ways, cannot tarnish ; and laws should take their colour from the best — not the sordid. The old Romans cul- tivated the land, and looked with contempt upon traffic. When riches and its corruptions lowered manliness, and Commerce spread through the provinces — still, the Roman jurisprudence based itself upon equity — it did not place trade upon a pedestal above Justice ! They made no such Barbarous mistake as to suppose that any business of a people could be more important to its prosperity, than the maintainance of right principle ! The English Barbarians say the interests of the public require a disregard of right ; and their famous legal maxim (in the Roman) is Caveat emptor — the buyer must take care — must sharply watch the seller. This is to say, " The seller is to be expected to cheat ; and, if the buyer be cheated, let him thank his own stupidity!" The old Heathen Romans made no such immoral rule ; they required the most exact good faith upon both 134 TRADE, AND EEVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. sides. The seller could not sell a horse blind of one eye, or incurably, though not always visibly, lame, and to the complaint of the buyer answer, " Oh ! I gave no assurance of soundness." The High-Caste, despising trade of any useful sort, none the less delight in traffic of a high- caste colour. They deal in pictures, equipages, horses, jewels, sculp- tures, books, dogs, nick-nacks of all sorts ; know how to bargain, and understand the tricks, especially in horses, dogs, paintings, and the like, as well as those whom they affect to despise. The English are, doubtless, successful traders and plunderers. They are rough, and brave, and reckless ; and in traffic are as unscrupulous as in predatory ven- tures. Their conquests abroad have been incidental generally, commerce being the immediate object. But they have never scrupled to use force when it has seemed fittest. The plunder of a people has been found easier, and the returns quicker and larger, than the slower gains of traffic. For this .shameful and cruel conduct, the English and other Western Barbarians find ample justification in their Superstition. For they believe that the peoples beyond the seas are Heathen, and under the ban of Jah. Their Sacred Writings so declare ; and that " the Heathen are given to the Saints as a spoil, and their Lands as an Inheritance." N'ow, these Barbarians affirm that they are the Saints ; that the people who do not worship their gods are Heathen ; and that con- sequently they (these Barbarians) have a right to the possessions and lands of these distant and unoffending TRADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM FT. 135 tribes ! And not only this, that these tribes, under the wrath of Jah, and subjects of the Devil and hell, ought to be grateful for the inestimable boon of the Gospel {the Sacred Writings), by which they may learn the way to be saved ; may, in fine, become Christians ! Thus it comes about that the intercourse of the Western Barbarians witli peoples beyond the seas has been aggressive and piratical. From the earlier part of the dynasty Ming, when these Barbarous tribes first visited the great seas and distant regions in the far West and mighty East, the Pope (then worshipped by all the tribes) gave to two of them, very devoted to his worship and powerful in ships, the whole world of Heathen. This meant all the wide world but that small region in Europe wherein the Pope-worshippers lived. To the one tribe, called Portugals, he gave the whole immense East, and to the other, styled Spaniards, the vast regions in the West. Thus the two were possessed, by the gift of their god, of the whole Heathen world — India and our Flowery Kingdom being portions ! In their many ships, these two tribes, sailing East and West, landed upon the distant shores, and seized upon everything which they could. They thought it pleasing to Jah to put to death those who had offended him, and were already under his wrath and con- demnation : the Heathen were justly extirpated, unless they Relieved and worshipped Jah I Not very long after this gift to the two tribes, the English and Dutch, having quarrelled with the Eomish Priests, refused to worship the Pope and denied his authority. The Dutch first, and then the English, 136 TRADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. growing more powerful in sliips, made distant forays for plunder and trade ; and, following the tracks of the Portugals and Spaniards, disregarded their pretended exclusive title to the Heathen. They determined to have a portion of this general transfer of the world to Christians; they were in their own judgment the better, the Reformed Christians, and far better entitled ! Since this enormous Blasphemy [Swa-tze] of the Pope, History, as known to the Barbarians, has been, to a large extent, an account of its consequences. Wars between the contending Christians for the distant pos- sessions, and savage and cruel depopulation, plunder, and subjugation of the unoffending inhabitants. Whole races of men have melted away in the presence of these Christ-god worshippers ; and the horrors of the dreadful Superstition, which in the regions of Europe had made man more like the Devil of his Idolatry than anything hnman, spread, with fire and sword, over the wide world ! In the far West, beneath the setting sun, a beautiful and peaceful people, rich and numerous, suffered cruelties too shocking to tell ; and in the civilised and populous East, the very name of Christian became a synonym of all that is detestable. None the less, the English Barbarians, to this day, acting upon these Christ-god pretensions, will insist that this Trade ami Plunder is the handmaid of En- lightenment, the chief agent in the preparing of the World for a knowledge of the true gods, and the ultimate salvation of the Heathen! Trade is, therefore, a civilising agency and a powerful helper in the redemption of manldnd from the awful TRADE, AKI) IlEVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. 137 Hell.-^A few poor Missionaries are sometimes added to the general eargo of means of conversion. The same ship which transports these Bonzes to convert the benighted 'pagans will, perhaps, have a few volumes of the Sacred Writings, some bad rum, worse muskets (more dangerous to him who shoots than to him to whom the shot is directed), gunpowder, flimsy articles too poor for home trade ; to these, add the licentious and degraded sailors ; and one sees how well the English Barbarians work to introduce their true worship and save the Heathen ! But this is feeble : only a trade-ship. The great fire-ships, with big cannons, full of armed and fierce barbarians, which devastate the populous coasts, and burn and plunder the maritime parts — these are illustrious workers in the spread of the Christ-god Salvation and a lofty Civilization ! Thus the very worship of the Barbarians has helped, by its cruel pretensions, to ingrain a wrong notion — one making them immoral and cruel. Taking the Jah of the old, huckstering Jews, as an object of idolatry, the whole people has, in trade, become Jewish, as in much else. - 1 have referred to petty cheating, and to that whole- sale criminality of adulteration. But fraud is very common, and often on an enormous scale. jSTor is there any remedy. In truth, it is so common, that, as all hope to have a turn at its advantage, none care to punish heavily him, who, by chance, has been too bold. The fraud must take the form of open robbery, or be of such grossness as to be hardly disguised, before the wrong-doer will be arrested. A man may enjoy un- 138 TRADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. molested, and even with respect, a great fortune acquired by notorious trickery. So universal is this toleration of roguery, that the Plays and Pastimes are often enlivened by comical illustrations of the various arts, tricks, and deceptions practised. The charlatans, rogues, cheats, and the like, are shown in the Lawyer, the Doctor, the Bonze (low- caste), and other professions and occupations. Endless are the villanies of the Lawyer — the quaclc pretensions and impositions of the Medical man — the cant, hypocrisy and meanness of the Bonze. Among the professions and trades, the teacher is a / brutal ignoramus, who beats and starves the wretched children under his care ; the nurse quietly drinks her- self drunk and goes to sleep, leaving the sick man to gasp and die for the drink close at hand, but which he cannot reach ; the milkman stops at the pump, and fills up his milk-cans with water; the teaman shows and sells you one sort, but delivers a very difierent ; the grocer says his prayers, hurries to his goods, asks his servant if " the sugar be sanded," " the rum watered," " the tobacco wet down," " the teas mixed," " the small bottles filled," and the like ; the tailor sells you more cloth than he knows will be required for your garments, and cahbagcs the excess ; the cabman who knows you are a stranger demands quadruple fare ; the innkeeper gives you the meanest room, and charges you the price for the best ; and so on through every iDusiness of life. The learned professions take the lead in this exhibi- tion of roguery and immorality. The spectators never tire of these displays of the general rascality. The TRADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. 139 roguish landlord, the villanous horse-dealer, the artful, knavish servant, the Priest of Low Caste, and the Doctor, afford the most common diversion. The Lawyer is generally dicibolic, the Bonze a hypocrite and knave, the medical man an impostor and dealer in medicines of infallible healing power. Much of this may be referred to the love of coarse humour — but its real base is to be found in the degrada- tion of morcds. These representations are ti/jjcs, and would only produce disgust, were not the rascalities represented familiar. The excesses and exaggerations are of the Play — but the types are normal and common. One great trading place is called the Stock Exchange — another, perhaps more important, styled the Merchants' Exchange. These places are established in every large town, and the husincss done in them absorbs the atten- tion of traders and people who have any property, throus;hout the Kino-dom. The dealings [Keet-sees] of the former relate to Certificates and Bonds. These are Pieces of Printed and Coloured Paper, which represent in the words and figures a sum of money invested in a trading concern, or a sum of money which somebody owes and promises to pay. The sum, may be quite a fiction, and is usually either never to be really paid, or paid at some very remote day. However, a small sum is promised to be paid every six moons, or in twelve moons — this is for not paying the big sum. The business of the latter relates to the buying and selling of every sort of merchandise, whether on land, or on vessels at sea. 140 TRADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. Other great trading places deal iu money, or rather in bits of Pi'inted Paper, which promise to pay money to him who has one of these hits. These places get people to sell them these bits at a price, and then resell at a greater price — or they borrow and lend these bits, paying less for the use than they obtain. Very little money is seen — business is in Paper — another of the ingenious tricks of these trading and gambling Bar- barians, perhaps the source of more dishonesty and cheating than almost any other. As the like has no existence in our Flowery Land, it will not easily be comprehended. The chief of these places for dealing in this money- paper is called the Banh. The Government shares in the advantages of this invention. Its object is to bank up, or hoard, all the real money (gold and silver) which it can get iu exchange for the bits of paper. These promise that the Bank will always return the sum of gold which the bit acknowledges to have been received. The man hands the Bank his gold-money to be kept safely till he wishes for it, and the Bank gives him the hit of Paper (which is numbered and recorded in a book). He can carry this in his pocket, but the gold- money would Idc too burdensome and more easily lost. The Government pledges also that the gold shall always be safely kept, to be returned whenever the bits of paper are returned. This Bank-house is immensely strong and large, built of hewn stone, and is guarded by men armed with swords and fire-arms for fear of the savage and ignorant Low-Castes. Ordinarily, only now^ and again, a few persons go to TRADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM TT. 141 the Bank and wish the gold ; hecause if one wishes it, some one of whom he buys, or to whom he owes, will take the money-paper and hand him the difference — consequently, tlie paper goes from hand to hand for a long time. Everybody takes it because it is convenient, and because he thinks the gold attached to it is safe in the Government Bank-house. The confidence in Paper is called Credit. To which I shall more fully refer. Sometimes, when a great many demand the gold, it is suddenly found that the Bank-house has it not ! The promise of hanking up the gold till wanted in exchange for the Paper has hecn hrokm. Down goes Credit — every kind of value shrinks at once ; for the Bank has not the real money, and values have been measured by the paper ! The traders and everybody connected witli them have incurred debts — that is, made paper promises to pay, like those of the Bank, for property valued on the Bank-paper. It is found that this Bank-paper is too much by one-half — the property has been over- valued in proportion. Still the debtors are required to pay^the amount of tlicir paper promises ! It is impossible — ruin and Bankruptcy ensue — the whole trading world is convulsed, and tens of thousands are beggared ! The explanation is that the Bank is allowed by the Government (in consideration of certain advantages to itself) to lend out the gold for usury — tliat is, it lends a thousand pounds of gold to be returned in three moons,, for which use the borrower i)ays twelve or twenty 142 TRADE, AND REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT, pounds ! It makes its gains by thus using the gold which it has promised safely to keep. It is permitted to do this, because the risk of having much gold de- manded at once is small, and from experience the Bank has discovered that if one-third part of its paper- promises of gold is in hand, it will be in little risk of having more demanded ! Backed by the Government, it deliberately, for the sake of gain, runs the risk of being a cheat and robber Then follows a curious contrivance of these dishonest Barbarians. To save its own moneys and advantages in the Bank, and to save loss or ruin to the owners of the establishment, who are very powerful and numerous, composed of members of the High Castes as well as others — in fact, to save the general wreck of the sham paper-money [Credit) upon which values are falsely based, the Government issues a Law, forcing everybody to receive from the Bank its paper precisely as if it were gold ! Thus, having assisted in one fraud, it resorts to another, to remedy in some measure the evils of the first — extending and perpetuating the evil, which a wise man would remove ! Another remarkable thing is the organised Betting. The Houses where this is done are splendid, and the many people supported in them and by the gains, live luxuriously, and are greatly respected. The gains are, in small measure, also shared by those who put in money from which bets may be paid, when the House loses the bet. The betting may be about anything. But the chief TRADE, AND EEVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. 143 Houses arc those where the bets have reference to length of life or injuries, to loss by fire, to loss by sea, and losses by fraud. If a man wish to bet that he will live say seventy moons, he pays down at once a small sum, and the House accepts the bet — that is, gives him a wriiinr/, iwomising to pay his heirs a very much larger sum if he die before the seventy moons expire. If a man have goods in a shop, he bets, say, one pound to 100 pounds, that they will not be' burned during twelve moons — he pays down the pound and re- ceives a writing (as before) that if the goods be burned during the time, he shall be paid the 100 pounds. So on, as to bets upon goods and upon vessels on the seas, upon buildings of all kinds, upon duration of life, and upon the life of another, upon accidents to body, upon honesty of servants — upon almost anything where the thing bet by the Houses is remote in time. This is the great point ; for these never pay anything down by way of stakes, but always receive in money the stake (bet) of the other party. 3 One may readily see how corrupting all this is in its nature, and how falsely conceived. The rascally trader burns the goods, the possessor of a building burns that, the owner of a ship has her wrecked, to get the sums promised upon these events ; and trade is promoted upon unsound practices. Even life has been taken by a wretched gambler, who has staked money upon the life of another. The tendency is to these crimes. Nor can there be anything but loss to the public at large ; for these expensive Houses and their numerous and richly- living inhabitants are supported by the winnings made, 144 TRADE, AND REVENUE DEKR^ED FROM IT. without rendering any useful service. This must be true, even when all bets made by these Houses are paid. But another great mischief follows : they do not pay, and are often only Sivindles [Kea-ties] on a great scale ! There are those which pay — that is, have so far paid — but as there are bets for enormous amounts far in the future, no one can say that final payments are certain. The great object of all the Houses is to secure as large sums in cash as possible upon events a long way off. The more remote the event upon which the bet is laid, the larger the sum demanded from the individual who bets. He pays — the House merely promises to pay, and cannot be called upon to pay for a very long time ! In this way, great sums of money having been got (some bets having been promptly paid to obtain confidence), the House shuts its doors ' The rogues share the plunder and deeamp. Decamp is to run away to distant parts to escape arrest and punish- ment. This is, however, rarely necessary ; for such are the cunning contrivances of the Lawyers, who organise these Betting Houses, that very little risk is run — forms of law, slack enough at best, have been so well adhered to, that the rascals escape, though everybody knows that they have used those forms as a cover to more effectually defraud, and then as a shield to more effec- tually protect ! These things are unknown in our Central Kingdom, and are only possible to a demoralised people. The dealing at the Stock Exchange is mainly only , another form of betting. It is hard of comprehension, unless by the Initiated. It is a distinct trade. Those TRADE, AND EEVENUE DErJYED FROM IT. 145 who deal constitute a secret and exclusive letting Ring, or community. If by chance, when the doors are open, a stranger inadvertently enters, he is greeted with caterwaulings, howlings, " Turn-him-outs," and the like. "Smash his hat!" some one cries; and suddenly the stiff head-covering is violently driven down, completely over the face and ears, tearing the skin off the nose, and reducing the thoughtless and astonished stranger to a state of ridiculous helplessness ! Betting is a passion with the English Barbarians. The women, the children, the servants — everybody bets about any and every thing. Horse races, boat races, swimming races, all sorts of games and sports, attended by both sexes, afford endless occasions for the indulgence of it. Yet, after all, extensive, ruinous, and debasing as are the evils of it in these sports and games, the mischief is vastly greater in the Marts of traffic — in the Stock and Merchants' Exchanges. In these, the dealings are, as I have said, either as to pieces of paper representing values, or as to merchandise in hand or at sea ; and, I may add, as to jneccs of paper, representing this merchandise, called Warrants and Bills of Lading. The betting in the Stock Exchange concerns itself with the Paper of the former class, and the betting of the Merchants' Exchange with the Paper of the second kind. All this grows directly out of the Bank paper and the Credit system, before mentioned. All values are founded upon these nominal promises to pay. But the promises themselves are ever under- going changes, according to the varying circumstances. L 146 TKADE, A^B REVENUE DERIVED FROM IT. The promise to-day looks well — it is estimated at so much ; to-morroio it does not look so well — and it is estimated at less worth. Besides, all the gold and silver in the world could not pay a twentieth part of these promises. Thus the iluctuations are incessant. The bettinfT at the Stock Exchange has reference to these fluctuations. One of the hcttcrs is interested to have a rise, another to have a fall, of value. One agrees to deliver at a future day, at a certain price; all are interested to bring about a change either one way or another. The man who desires a rise may not be scrupulous as to any means which may produce the rise; and he who wishes a fall of price will eagerly second anything which will have that effect. Consider the consequences upon the honesty and good faith of those who enQ,u2;e in this betting ! The Merchants' Exchange is not so devoted to absolute betting ; yet its largest business partakes of that vice. One buys a cargo at sea; another agrees to deliver a cargo three months hence. One sells what he has not, for a future delivery. Another buys what he never intends to receive, deliverable to him in the future. No money is paid, nor received. The buyers and sellers are merely gambling — betting (as in the Stock Exchange) upon the rise or fall of prices I And are interested — the one to advance the price, and the other to lower the price, of the thing dealt in ! Consider the temptation to unftiir practices, th® in- evitable tricks, false rumours, lies, and deviations from honourable conduct involved in such transactions ! Iteflect upon the consequences to the honest trader, TRADE, AND lll^YENUE DEIIIVET) FROM IT. 147 who is, ill I lis very lionesty, all the more easily tricked by the unscrupulous ! The stronghold of these various gambling Establish- ments, and tlie grand feature, in fact, of the English business life, is Chedit — to which I will devote some space. AYe have nothing like it, nor had the ancient Barbarians of the West. It is, perhaps, the most dis- tincuishino- thing in the Barbarian life. As already hinted, Credit means that a Promise shall stand for performance. It had its rise among the Barbarian tribes, not very ■long since, and grew out of their incessant wars. Par- ticularly the English, finding they could not pay the armed bands, contrived to get the gold out of the hands of the people in exchange for the Bank-paper, :and then, forcing the people to still accept the paper for gold, issued paper to such an amount as Government needed ! Erom that period the people, especially the trading classes, making directly or indirectly nearly the whole, found an advantage in resorting to the same fiction — and the Government could do no other tlian give to the trader, who could not pay his promise, the same relief which it took for itself — for the Bank. It allowed him to pay what he could, and go on as before ! No matter that he paid only one-third part — unless he had been guilty of some extreme roguery, he received a dis- charge from all his promises, and could begin to make new ones and go on in trade as before ! In this way, the Barbarian community is one wherein a false principle corrupts all. Boldness, recklessness, cunning, to say nothing of positive criminality, are eu- d 148 TEADE, AND KEVENUE DERR'ED FROM IT. couraged ; honour, delicacy, simple integrity, are driven into obscurity. Let him who would preserve his con- science smooth and clear, a mirror whence divinity be reflected, shun all the marts and ways of trade ! The Eevenues of the Government are derived largely from the dealers in the great Marts, and it is imme- diately interested in the upholding of the Credit of the innumerable paper-promises of all kinds made by these and by the Betting Houses. It is, in fact, the chief supporter of the wlioh sham — it cannot be otherwise, for the English State rests upon it. The promises of the Government to pay gold can never be kept, and it forces an acceptance of a mere fraction, from time to time, as a su^cient redemption of its promises made generations ago ! Other sums are derived from taxes upon the tea, sugar, and other things largely consumed by the lower castes ; whilst rich silks, laces, and costly things used by the High-Castes are not taxed. But then the taxes are levied hy the High-Castes ! A great revenue is collected from the excise, a tax upon the beer, drank in enormous quantities by the lowest Caste. To stimulate the consumption of this article and increase the revenue. Beer-shops are to be seen on every hand, and the drinkers everywhere. Drunkenness, wretchedness, riot, disorder — these flourish as the Beer-shops increase ; these are the associates of those places ! Yet in vain do good Englishmen try to remove these evil clens. What are the efforts of these few in the midst of a general debasement — a debasement wliicli takes, without shame, a share in a traffic so vile ! TliADE, AND llEYENUE DERIVED FKO.M IT. 149 I have spoken freely of the dishonesty of the Bar- barian trade and business — a dishonesty to be expected when one broadly views the whole ground of their Society. Still, natviral equity and its instinct, especially when the mind is more or less cultured, will ahvays prevent absolute dissolution— thieving and roguery will be restrained in tolerable bounds. A man of genuine integrity finds traffic no good moralist in the best of circumstances. He needs the support of the State, or he wiU fight an unequal battle, and be forced by dis- honesty to retire. The ]>arbarians are not yet suffi- ciently enlightened to raise the measure of honesty. The Government and the people are one in this. They do not perceive that the evils under which their in- dustr}^, their peaceful pursuits, and all their interests suffer, are those inseparable from a bad superstition and false principles — these extend everywhere and into •everything. Misleading in Statesmanship [Lan-ta-soa] , in dealings with distant peoples, in due ordering and •educating the people at home — stimulating wild specu- lation and extended confidence (credit) at one time, •only to be followed by disastrous collapse, excessive distrust, and WTetcheduess, soon after ! Giving, in fine, to Barbarian society that aspect of restlessness, that apparent but often vicious activity, that indescribable hurry and confusion, that unhealthy excitement, unknown to an orderly and industrious people, whose order and industry are grounded upon the simple and direct rules ■of reason and truth. 150 EEMAEKS UPOX MAEEIAGES, CHAPTER VII. some eemaeks urox maeeiages, bieths, and bueials,. [hi-dy]. Ix our Flowery Kingdom when a man marries he pays to tlie parents or relatives ; but witli the Barbarians the woman pays to the man. Women are such costly burdens that men demand some compensation for undertaking to keep them ; and the relatives of Avomen are glad to get them off their hands at any price. There are in Endand four OTeat Castes, which con- tain the whole population. The habits of the Castes differ, though you will observe certain characteristic features common to all. In order to understand more clearly the remarks Avhich foUow, it will be convenient to speak of the division of Castes. The first — High-Caste. Those who do nothing useful and pass their time in mere self-indulgence. The second — High-second Caste. Those who do but very little, and come as nearly as possible to the selfish existence of the first. The tliird — Hidi-low. Those who are obliged to work more or less, but are ever longing to attain to theidle s elfishness of those above them. The fourth — Lowest Caste (Villeins). Labourers, not long since serfs, and still so in effect. BIRTHS, AND BURIALS. 151 The fourth Caste is so low domi us to be usually disregarded altogether, in any account of the people, though included in the count taken of the population by Government. They may amount to nearly a half of the whole. They are rarely styled 2^<^ople at all. They are designated by many contemptuous names, of v/liich the more common are my man, navvy, clown, clod-lwpper, loarisli-jpoor ; hoor, rough, hrute, and hcaM are frequent, especially when any of the despised Caste slouch too near, or happen to touch a Higher Caste. When a man of the hiizher orders thinks to take a wife, he sees to it that she will bring him money enough to compensate the cost. He dislikes to part with his easy freedom and yoke to himself a being as selfish, frivolous, and useless as himself. He may be broken in fortune and notorious for im- moralities, yet, connected to the Aristocracy, he knows that he may demand a large sum if he will take for wife a Avoman a little lower in family than himself. She must be of High- Caste, but not of the highest. The woman's relatives say, " Well, he is fast ; but marriage will settle him. His father, you know, is second son to the Earl of Nolands, and his mother was a sixth cousin to the Duke of Albania, who has royal blood in his veins. I think we may make a large allowance for such a desirable match." It does not occur to the speaker, at the moment, that the royal blood coursed through very impure channels in the case cited. It is an object eagerly sought by low rich to buy for their daughters a High-Caste husband; and men of 152 KEMARKS UPON MARRIAGES, this kind, ruined by gambling, loaded witli debt, often degraded by vice, deliberately calculate upon this ambition to repair their fortunes, and get comfortable establishments. The marriage ceremonies do not differ very much from ours, in some things ; but it is very different before the ceremonv. With us, the woman is unknown to the man ; but with the English, the man has every opportunity of seeing her, and knowing her very well indeed. Our notions could not admit of this, but it has a convenience ; it would prevent the disappoint- ment occasionally arising, when, on opening the door of the cliair, our new husband finds a very ugly duck instead of a fine bird, and hastily slams the door in the poor thing's face, and hurries her back to her relatives as a bad bargain ! However, this advantage to the English husband is not so great as it seems ; for the woman is too cunning to discover much till she has secured her game. Unless, therefore, the man be a very cool and practised lover [mu-nse], he is lilcely to be rather astonished when he sees his bride — and he cannot slam the door against her ! The Bonzes, generally, perform the ceremony before the Idol in the Temple. It is deemed to be important to have the marriage invocations pronounced. These are barbarous in the extreme; most indelicately alluding to those things which decorum hides, and calling the gods to aid the conjugal embrace — no wonder that the bride wears a veil ! The great bells ring in the lofty towers, the loud music strikes up, and the marriage procession enters BIRTHS, AND BURIALS. 153 tlie Temple ; and any one may follow who pleases, so he be well dressed. In the great towns, the beggarly rabble — chieHy children and half-grown youths of both sexes, with old women and men — crowd about the Temple gates, but dare not enter. When the corWje leaves, this rabble clusters round the wheels of the <3arriages, turning over and over upon hands and feet, standing on head and liands, rolling and crying out, in the dust or mud of the street, begging for pennies (a small English coin). When these are thrown amongst them, they ridiculously scramble and tumble over each other, seeking amid the dirt for the coins, like so many carrion-birds upon garbage. Arrived at the home of the Bride, a great feast is •eaten, with wine and strong drinks. All make merry ; Avhether because it is so desirable to be rid of a female, ■or because of the liking wliich the Barbarians have for ■eating and drink, I know not. The feasting over, all take leave of the new pair, the bride being addressed by the title of her husband. The Bride is kissed, the husband shaken [qui-ke] by the right hand, and good wishes given. On leaving the portal for the carriage, old shoes [ko-blse] and handfuls of rice are thrown after them; the rabble roosting about the areas and railings rush pell-mell after the old shoes, begin their tumUings about the street, and howl for more pennies. The rice-throwing is no doubt Eastern in origin, and has an obvious meaning ; the old shoes refer to some- thing in the Superstition — probably to appease the evil imps, who delight in mischief and are amused by the absurd squabbles of the beggars. 154 KEMARKS UPON MAEEIAGES, The Honcy-mooii begins at the moment when the pair enter the carriaGje and the old shoes are thrown after them. The horses start, and the newly-married are whirled away into the deeps of an Unknown ! You may, perhaps, catch a glimpse of the bride, wistfully stretching her neck and turning her eyes, dimned with tears, to the door-steps where stand those with whom she has lived — and whom she now, it may be, suddenly finds are very dear to her ! But the husband has grasped the waist of his new possession, and is absorbed in that. He has before been the owner of horses, dogs, and the like, which have worn his collar — ?'7m is another and very different bit of flesh and blood ; none the less, however, branded as his own exclusive possession, and ever after to bear his name ! He understands so well the mere fiction of this ownership, that he is by no means sure that after all he have not made a had hargain — it may prove too costly, and be by no means either useful or obedient ! However, with his arm about his loife, just now he hardly realises these doubts, but feels, or tries to feel, ecstatic — as he ought. The Honey-moon thus begun, ends exactly with one moon. It is a received opinion that the Incantations at the rite exorcise the Evil One for the period abso- lutely, though he may (as the Barbarians express it) " play the very Devil " with them afterwards ! I was told that the Honey-moon was so called because, during the Lloon, the new couple fed wholly on honey and drank weak tea ! There is some mystery attached to it, for my questions were always answered with a doubtful look. I had no opjiortuuity of abso- BIRTHS, AND BURIALS. 155 lutely solving it — though my observation led me to judge that the honey diet did not agree with people — in truth, I wonder at its use. I have seen a bride after her return, thin, pale, peevish, who had left round and rosy ; a bridegroom before the moon jolly [(Jui-ky] and devoted to his bride, return taciturn, careless, for- getful to pick lip a fan, or to place a chair for his wife, and even (on the sly) kick the very poodle which he before-time caressed ! and when the wife poitting has said, " Out again, George," he has replied, lighting a cigar, " Yas, I must meet the fellahs, you know ! " The best hint on this subject which I ever got was from a married Englishmen, who to my query said, "Ah-Chin, my dear fellah, call Honey-moon Matri- monial Discovery, and think about it, ha ! " As the honey-eating and tea-drinking are to go on, whilst the new couple are quite retired by themselves, away from their friends and all usual pastimes and oc- cupations, necessarily they have only each other to look at with attention. The honey-eating is trying enough, and needs, one would think, all the relief of gaiety and occupation possible ! But no, it is only to eat and to closely watch each other ! I wonder no more at the changes which I observed. Nor do I wonder at the improved appearance of the couple when, after a few weeks of rational life in usual pursuits, something like the health and cheerfulness of old returned ! Yet I was informed that very many couples never recover from the Honey-moon (as my informant had it. Matrimonial Discovery), but from bad grew worse. 156 EEMAEKS UPON MARRIAGES, soured and sickened entirely, could not, at length, endure each other, separated by consent, or sought the Divorce Court ! The thing, therefore, seems characteristic of the coarse humour of the Barbarians, who appear to find a comedy in an absurd, irrational trial of respect and affection, dangerously near the tragic at best, and often absolutely so ! Absurd and irrational after marriage — one can conjecture its use before ! However, it is quite of a piece with the general disorder, and want of knowledge and practice of sound principles. When a child is born, the event is duly announced in the public Gazette, and relatives send compliments. When the infant is about eight days old, it is taken to a Temple to be baptised and christened. It is a sin- gular rite, and one of the most astonishing in the Super- stition. The Bonze who officiates before the Idol, takes the little thing upon his arm and sprinMes some water upon its face. At the moment he does this, he makes a curious Invocation to all the tliree-gods-in-onc of the Worship, and pronounces aloud the Christian name of the babe, by which it shall ever after be known. This is called Christening, that is, making a Christian of the infant. The ceremony, it is believed, exorcises the Evil One, and makes it very difficult for him to get hold of the baptised (no matter how diabolically he may act) in after life — the water, duly made holy by the Priest, is a barrier over which Satan, with all his wiles, shall find it well-nigh impossible ever to get — some Bonzes say it is absolutely impossible! Women, as soon as strong enough to attend the BIRTHS, AND BURIALS. 157 Temples, are churched (we have no term of the kind), a rite much like an ordinary tltanks ojferinq, for the happy- deliverance and new birth. The Bonze makes Invoca- tions, and refers to the various superstitions and bar- barous pretensions of the Worship, devotion to which is inculcated under fearful penalties. However, on all occasions in the Temples, these dreadful intimations of Hell and the Devil are most frequent ! When a death occurs, it is also announced in the public Gazette, with honours and titles ; and, if a High- Caste, with a long notice of the chief events of his life, and loud praises of his valour, as where he led, in his youth, a band of fierce Barbarians like himself to the plunder and burning of some distant tribe ! His virtues are also proclaimed — to the astonishment of all who hieio him ! The tombs of the High-Castes are somethiufr like those of our Literati — though, instead of being in the country amid the pleasing scenes of Nature, they are generally in the holi/ grounds of the Temples, and even within the Temples themselves — for the superstitious Barbarians think that, even after death, the body is safer from the Devil thei-e than elsewhere ! But the common people lie hideously huddled together, without distinguishing marks (or with so slight as to be quickly obliterated), and are soon totally neglected and forgotten — happy, indeed, if their despised dust may mingle with hohj earth within the precincts of Temples. The Bonzes pray and sing the usual invocations and prayers over the body of the dead, before it is placed in the tomb — but there is no real respect for the dead — 158 r.EJIAEKS UPON MAErJAGES, it is uot to be looked for in the rough, barbaric nature. In our Floircry Kingdom regard for the dead, respect for their memory, tombs carefully preserved amid the quiet groves of the country, tablets and busts set up in the Halls of Ancestors — these are ordinary things. "With the English, in general, the dead is a hideous object turned over to the undertaker and his minions to be buried out of sight, as soon as decency allows ! With us, the poorest will have the coffin ready, prepared, and carefully honoured and cared for. With the English, the thought of one is repulsive, and he looks upon it with loathing 1 Xo doubt the horrid superstition lias much to do with this feeling. The undertakers (a hateful crew) drape everything in black. They take possession of everything, and turn the whole house into a charnel. They place the defunct (as the Barbarians, with a kind of contempt, call the dead) in a black vehicle, drawn by black horses, and draped with blaclc cloth — black feathers and scarfs, hideously Haunted, with men clothed in black, attend — the dismal Hearse, with its wretched accom- paniments, disappears — but only to disgorge the body. Soon after these A'ultures may be seen returning, seated upon the Hearse, clustering there, like carrion birds, who have gorged themselves ! When they have feasted and drunk at the House of Woe (woe, indeed, whilst detiled by them), and generally spent as nmcli money as is possible — they, at last, disappear — and the family breathe again ! An English Barbarian once told me that these creatures, in tricks of plunder and cheating, surpass the BIRTHS, AND BUEIALS. 159 Lawyers ; in truth, the fashion is to show respect to the dead by a lavish expenditure in hlack clrcqKries, and is almost wholly confined to that. It is an object to speak of the cost as a measure of that respect! The whole thing being a sham, thougli a most disagreeable one, the Undertaker sees well enough that he miHit as ' CD O well pocket a large sum as a small one. A certain sum is to be spent, for respect, not for any tangible thing. The Undertaker takes care to furnish more respect than anything more tangible — and to charge for it ! In fact, the mode of plunder is reduced to a system ; and it just as well satisfies the real purpose — whicli is, to do all that is customary, and to submit to all the customary cheatiuG:. , After the family have really got rid of the Under- taker, then comes the Lawyer, with the Bonze, to read the Will of the deceased. This is a new departure (as the English call it) in the family voyage of life. The Barbarian law is so erratic and confused, tliat no one knows what the dead man may have ordered to be done with his money. His Land goes probably to the eldest son, or nearest male relative ; and, if it be all the property, younger children may Ije left quite beggared. The Will begins with some absurd superstitious formula; and, prepared by a Lawyer, is only intelligible to him. He, therefore, is present to read and to explain. For no one is supposed to comprehend its jargon but the initiated. The Will is read, therefore, to those who only imperfectly catch its meaning ; and when a name is reached, the party listens with an eager attention. He may be one who, by nearness of blood, or by the 160 REMARKS UPOX MARRIAGES, nature of liis relations ■\vitli the deceased, expects to receive a handsome gift. When he, at length, from the mass of verbiage, dimly gathers only a gold ring or a gold-headed urdJcing-sticl; and sees some one, scarcely heard of, carry oft' the goods long Avaited for, he scarcely appreciates the loving token of regard osten- tatiously bestowed upon him ! Xor is his smothered rage extinguished by the satisfactory expression of other relatives, who whisper, " Well, he cringed and fawned to little purpose after all ' " From this Eeading of the Will begins a new era in the family. Quan^els there may have been, but a common centre of influence and interest kept the con- testants in order. But now, nobody satisfied (or only those who expected nothing, and got it), all are in a mood to attack any one, to charge somebody with meanness, with treachery. So bitter animosities spring- up. Lawsuits, hatreds ; families are severed ; old friendships sundered ; the laAv;)'ers stimulate the broils : and, at last, very likely the Will and all the property covered by it get into Chancery ! WTien I have said this, I have said quite clearly, even to the Barbarian mind, that here all are equally wretched and equally impoverished, excepting the Lawyers ! The power of the dead man, by a Will, to cut off a wife or a son with a shilling (as the Barbarians express it), is monstrous. Then the unjust law, by which the next of kin takes all the Lands of a deceased, works endless misery. Think of younger brothers and younger sisters being forced to depend upon the cold charity oi" the oldest, who, by mere accident of birth, takes every . BIRTHS, AND BUIMALS. 161 thing! And not only this, hut some distant onale relative may cut off the very means of suhsistence from females very near, and throw them helpless, and too poor to buy husbands, upon the world ! A disgrace and shame too shocking for belief. Then, too, the wife's relatives may have paid to her husband the very money which, by the Will, is coolly handed to a stranger! Such anomalies are unknown to the customs of any well-ordered and civilised people. The new Widow usually remains shut up in her house, inaccessible to all but her children, her servants, her Bonze, and her Lawyer, for twelve moons exactly. During this time she devotes herself to the prayers and invocations of the rites ; and will not so much as look at a man, unless the exceptions named. She is wholly draped in black ; her children, her servants, even her horses and dogs, are in hlaclc. She entirely quits all the vanities of life ; she only allows her maid to smooth her hair. She suifers her hands and face to be washed, but never paints her cheeks, nor tints her eyelashes. If she go abroad, it is to the Temple to pray, or to the tomb (in some cases) of the " dear departed," covered from head to feet in thick black, followed by a tall footman, all black, bearing the Sacred Bites. If a man come too near, he is waved, with a solemn, gesture of the hand, to remove away : this is the special duty of the Jlunlccy. If, by any chance, the widow in her march happen to lift her thick veil, and catch the eye of a man, — ah! how dolorous must her prayers be ! Precisely at the stroke of time, when twelve moons M 1(32 REMARKS UPON MARRIAGES, liave gone, the widow drops all the Jtabiliments of woe, and is herself again !— that is, a woman in search of a husband ! — 'if she have not, from clear, sheer desperation, and want of anything better to do, already pledged herself to her Priest or to her Lawyer. Now, free and at liberty to choose, she may wish to look further; but it is prol)able that "the inestimable ser- vices" of the Lawyer, in her time of misery, hold her to recompense ; or that the Priest, attentive to the precept of the Sacred Writings (which commands that Widoios shall he eomforted), has so well obeyed, that the Widow, completely solaced l^y the dear, good man, gladly rests with him ! The great l>ook of Rites and Customs regulating the conduct of widows, of widowers- — in fact, the ob- servances of Society generally- — I have never been able to see. It is in the care and under the constant super- vision of a High-Caste of exalted state, from whose authority there is no appeal, styled Missus Grundy. I think a strauQ-er can in no case be allowed to see this Illustrious, nor the Book. Indeed, I was told that no one, not even Eoyalty itself, could inspect the Book, nor challenge this authority. It is hereditary in the mighty Grundy family ; and the head of the House is believed to be infallible in social observances. Another remarkable thing is, there is never a failure in the succession — a Grundy is always on hand ! Now, Missus Grundy speaks with more tolerance as to Widowers : they are not absolutely lialjle to decapi- tation if they marry again iu less than twelve moons. Widowers, for reasons I do not know, are favourites BIRTHS, AND BURIALS. 1G3 with tlie Barbarian females ; and yonug women with money will give all they possess to get a Widower, even when he have many children. It may be because of the love for the " 'prdtij dears,'' as the young ones are called ; l)ut, whatever the cause, the fact is certain. To gratify these gushing females, Missus Grundy allows a Widower to marry in a less time than twelve moons : it is so desirable that the -pretty dears should have the tender care of a new (step) mother ! As the Barbarians have no Halls of Ancestors, wlierc the family preserve w^th dutiful care the records of the virtuous dead — inscribed on tablets of brass or polished stone — and where, arranged in due order, stand the marble busts of those more distinguished — they soon forget the dead. The High-Castes sometimes set up monuments in jjublic places ; in Temples and the Temple-burial grounds ; and inscribe thereon lofty panegyrics, as false in fact as they are bad in style — and no more thought is given to them. In truth, these monuments are al- ways considered to be to the honour of the living — wlio take the occasion to display their own wealth, characters, titles, or taste. The Lower-Castes do but little more than hurry to the grave the dead body, and dismiss the " unpleasant topic " as quickly as possible — imitating as well as they are able the Higli-Caste, by setting up a Sto7ic-slah, carved with a ruder but not truer description. Couplets in verse are often added ; and, as giving an idea of the Immorous and coarse conceit of the Barbarian mind, I will insert some of these Inscriptions. 164 REMARKS UPON MARRIAGES, Often the slabs are flat upon the ground, and the tombs ruinous and neglected ; in fact, very generally the burial-places, though holy, are in a wretched con- dition — tombs fallen, stones and tablets prostrated, graves quite worn away by the careless feet of passers ;, the whole place wearing a sad air of utter neglect and forgetfulness. One discovers a better culture making- some progress, by curiously regarding these stones, in- scribed with memorials of the dead. They have slowly become less uncouth, less barbarous, and less devoted to the wildest vagaries of the Superstition. However, this observation is to be taken in a very general sense. Often, in the country, I have stimibled upon a singu- larly-built old stone Temple — standing quite alone, with the tombs and the tablets of the dead, clustering beneath the shadow of the lofty, square tower of hewn stone. Upon the hill-side, with a loA^ely view of hills, and soft vales, and rich fields of ripening corn, and scattered groves — with green meadows divided by flow- ering shrubs, where the flocks and the cattle fed. Near by, orchards, white and pink in blossoms ; and all the air fragrant with a delicate perfume. At my feet, a few houses nestling among lofty elms — far away to the AYest, the sun shining above with slanting rays across a wide expanse of beauty — sitting upon a stone bench, beneath the ivy-covered Temple-porch, I have looked upwards to the serene sky, and outwards upon the tranquil and lovely scene ; and I have known no Bar- barian rudeness, felt no Barbarian Idolatry. The solemn 1'emple, eloquent in silence, the unbroken rest of the dead, the calm and delightful presence of Nature, these- BlllTllS, AND BUKIALS. 165 were here, these are there ; man unites his grateful worship across the wide world — the Sovereign Lord is worshipped, though darkly, by these Barbarians ! And in this worship (in time to be purified) we are one ! But I must give some specimens of Barbarian Inscrip- tions — by them called UjntapJis, when written to the dead — taken from tablets in places of burial. " Here lies an old maid, Hannah Myers ; She was rather cross, and not over pious ; Who died at the age of threescore and ten, And gave to the grave what she denied to the men !" Another : — " Poor Mary Baines has gone away, 'Er would if 'er could but a couldn't stay ! ^ 'Er 'ad two sore legs, and a baddish cough, But 'er legs it were as carried her off ! " Here is one which refers to certain mineral [zi-kli] waters, prized by the Barbarians for curative pro- perties : — " Here I lies with my four darters, All from drinking 'em Cheltenham Waters ; If we 'ad kept to them Epsom Salts, We wouldn't a laid in these 'ere waults." Here seems to be one, not uncommon, which covertly shows its disdain for the gods of the Su^pcrstition : — *• Here lie I, Martin Elginbrod — Have mercy on my soul, Lord God ! As I would on thine, were I Lord God, And you were Martin Elginbrod !" IGG ki;maeks upon MxVeriages, The followin[r is most al3surd : — " Here lie I, as snug As a bug in a rug ! " And some equally funny relative placed near, but not probably pleased witli liini, adds : — " And here lie I, more snug Than that t'other bug!" A slang term for a low, Ijrutal fellow. The following turns upon the word lie [pha-li], and the word lie [pu-si] : — " Lie long on him, good Earth — For he Iwi long, God knows, on Thee !" This is ridiculous in manner of quoting from the- Sacrcd Writings; and adding, without proper pause, the death of another person : — " He swallowed up death in victory And also Jerusha Jones Aged sixty ! " Here follow references to the Superstitious horrors: — " Whilst sinners [kri-mi] burn in hell, In paradise, with Thee, I dwell !" Another " When the last trump doth sound, No more shall I be bound Within the earth ; My soul shall soar above, To shout redeeming love, Which gave me heavenly birth ! " This I fear will be scarcely intelligible. The last trump r.IRTHR, AND P.UIJTAT.R. 167 refers to a statement in the Sacred IVritinr/s, where it is said that a great Trumpet shall awake the dead, and so on. Probably, the remainder may be guessed by atten- tive readers of these Observations. The next intimates that the couple had been quarrel- some, but had, at last, silenced their l)ickerings in a common grave : " Here lies Tom Bobbin, And bis wife Mary — Cheek bj' jowl, And never weary — No wonder they so well agree : Tim wants no punch, And Moll no tea !" These refer to occupations. By a cook : — To Memory of Mary Lettuce : — " If you want to please your pallet. Cut down a lettuce to make a salad." By a sailor [ma-te-lo] :- " Here lies Tom Bowline, His timbers stove in — Will never put to sea ag'in !" " Below lies Jonathan Saul, Spitalfields weaver — That's all!" Spitalfields is a famous place for silk- weaving [tni-se-ti]. I need not make any criticism upon these things. They would be impossible to our better culture and 168 REMAEKS UPON MAREIAGES, refinement. Our Book of Bites would not suffer such low conceits to see the light if, by any chance, any one should indulge in them privately. It may be said in fairness that these are specimens of the low, and with these there is less indecency than formerly. There are, however, abundant samples even among the Higher Castes, of things in really as bad taste, though in neater language — quite as offensive, but to the feelings of right reason rather than to those of literary delicacy. They refer to the canons of the Idolatry, and seem, to a stranger to that Presumption, quite incredible. However, one must reflect upon the effect of super- stition, long ingrained, and " born and bred " till its enormities are as familiar as the most harmless images ; and its blessings appropriated, and its curses distributed, with an equal equanimity ! I have not referred to the great Pageants when High- Castes are buried who have been famous as Braves, either in distant forays with armed bands upon the Heathen, or among Christian tribes of the Main Land. Or, perhaps, some high chief who has ordered the great Fire-ships in burning and plundering beyond the Seas. I have not referred to these, because they are merely shows, and do not in any sense apply any especial cha- racteristic. One thing I have remarked — there seems to be no respect for the dead, they are immediately forgotten, and the very momcments ordered to be set up probably never appear ; or after so long a period, that a new generation wonders w^ho can be meant by the figure which rises in some public place ! And BIRTHS, AND BURIALS. 169 when these are once placed on their pedestals, neglect falls upon them in a mantle of indescriljable filth. Even royalty cannot have the royal robes of marble so much as washed by the common street hydrant [phi-pi]. It is impossible not to feel that the cold and coarse feelings of the Barbarians are, in respect of the dead, rendered more repulsive by the horrid features of the Idolatry. In this there is so much to brutalise and render callous, that it is only as it is disregarded, that the natural human feelings come into play, and tender- ness and delicacy find expression. 170 ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. CHAPTEE VIII. OF ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SOME WORDS ABOUT SCIENCE., [FvRI-OTE]. Until recently the Barbarians had no proper style of Architecture, unless in Temples, Castles, and Ships. The dwellings, even in cities, were as ugly and incon- venient as it is possible to conceive. When the great Koman civilisation disappeared, the barbarous tribes for many ages so slowly improved, that the aspect of common life remained savage. The Priests of the Superstition, however, saved some tinc- ture of Koman learning, and brought from Eome some of the older knowledge. These, however, directed their minds to the erection of Temples, and edifices designed for the objects of Priestcraft. Then arose those structures, truly wonderful, in stone, which exhibit so clearly the character of the gloomy Superstition : at first lilce those of Eome, but in time added to and changed, till at length the vast Temples, truly gigantic, called Gothic, arose. These are like huge^:>Aa9ztos7/i.s of carved stone, rising into the sky. Huge walls, buttresses, turrets, immense clusters of columns, vaulted and lofty arches, long aisles, lighted by strangely-tinted windows, carved masses of stone in prodigious strength, leaping, flying AET, auchitectuke, and science. 171 upwards, upwards, in grand confusion, and yet upon a strange, wild plan ! — giving expression to an imagina- tion onlv known to these dark and strontr Barbarians. Externally, on all sides these Temples are monstrous idols in stone, stuck most curiously upon corners, high up in niches, on turrets and hattlcmented [trit-ti-sy] walls, over the sculptured, grand portals, everywhere — chiefly diabolic, exceeding all the dreams of a mad and dreadful frenzy, yet borrowed from the Superstition and illustrating it ! Others surmounting these dreadful things, angelic and serene — as if, after all, the human instinct spurned all the low and horrible intimations of things too foul for expression, and yet so frightfully attempted, in ghastly and grinning stone ! The Eoman-Greek types knew notliing of such — how clear and beautiful these stood out, cheerful and clean, in the pure sky I As art found this sort of expression in the structures devoted to the Superstition, so in the buildings for the chiefs of tribes the same spirit directed, though modi- tied by the object. In these art found pleasure, and the barbaric mind delight, to pile up lofty Castles of huge stone — dark, menacing— where all was for strength and to symbolise Force, and nothing for refinement, nor even comfort. These great structures are now, for the most part, crumbling away; not from change of bar- baric spirit in the love of Force, but from the useless- ness of the Gothic forms in the presence of big cannons. The Eoman Architecture, somewhat altered, is gene- rally revived in buildings of importance. Yet the Priests build much as before — dropping off, however, 172 ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. the more hideous of the grinning idols. In this uncon- sciously giving a sign of the decay of the Idolatry itself. For when all its horrors shall have disappeared, the morality and the simple worship of the Lord of Heaven may remain. The improving condition has im- proved dwellings, particularly of the Higher Castes. The i30or still grovel in huts and hovels, often too offensive for the healthy growth of anything but pigs. Among the Low-Castes, in great towns, the filth and stench are quite insupportable. In ships the English Barbarians pride themselves to be foremost. Upon this subject we may fairly give an opinion. There are others quite equal, and those of the Starry Flag often superior. At present the style is changing, and from wood are becoming iron, with such massive sides of thick steel, that no shot hred from any cannon shall be able to break through ' So these English think to sail with these huge iron machines into the waters of any people and force submission. Eor the mighty cannon, shooting out vast fiery balls of steel, are expected to knock to pieces any Castles and utterly burn and destroy any city. And sheltered in these impregnable, swift, floating fortresses of steel, these Barbarians expect absolutely to dominate over all the Seas, and to sink everything which dares to oppose. This supremacy is already vaunted ; and all the taxes which can be got from the people, from the tea and beer which they drink, from the tobacco which they smoke, from the letters and papers which they write and use in affairs, and from a share AIIT, AKCIIITECTUllE, AND SCIENCE. 173 of their daily toil, are devoted (after handing a certain portion to the Queen and the High-Castes for their pleasures) to these big, floating machines of war, to the huge cannons, and to arm and pay the sailors and soldiers, that this domination he absolutely assured ! Still, so far, none of these terrible vessels have proved of any use, as they can neither float nor fight ; or, if they float, turn bottom upwards at a small breath of wind, and, if moved to act in concert, are so unmanage- able as to be only terrible to each other ! The sailors, therefore, dread them as unfit for the sea, and as Iron Coffins to poor Jack, who is forced to go into them ! The introduction of Steam has only rendered the Western Barbarians more conceited and more miserable. On nothing do they pride themselves so much as upon the tremendous Force, which they have acquired in the various Arts, by the use of steam. They, in this, as in other similar inventions, mistake the nature of the thing used and its efiect. They think themselves vjuxr because they move faster — as if the hare be necessarily wittier than the ox ; and more civilised, because more powerful — as if the rhinoceros were to be preferred to the horse. At this moment, the Barbarian tribes of the West are devoting all their energies to this single notion of Supremacy. Eorce is absolutely the most coveted thing — to be strong, the only desirable thing. And the acme of that civilisation of which they boast, glitters only with polished steel, towering high, bristling with terrible weapons of destruction ! There are canals not much used, and not commonly 174 ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCIEXCE. of good deptli and width. The Higli-roads are nearly as good, in some parts, as those in our Flowery Land ; but more frequently quite inferior, being either very dusty or muddy. They have none of the conveniences for the shelter or rest of travellers, provided everywhere Ijy our Illustrious ; nor are the signal towers and fine shade trees, Avhich give such beauty to our roads, to be seen, excepting occasional!}', and quite l)y chance, the latter. The Bridges are insignificant, as a rule, owing to the littleness of the rivers ; but they are handsome and strong, built of stone, in the Eoman style. They span the rivers, the canals, and form viaducts [pa-se-gyt] for roads of Iro)i. Upon these roads, passing sometimes over the dwellings and streets of towns, move rapidly the long chain of carriages, drawn Ijy steam-engines, conveying many people and much merchandise. These iron roads are niimerous, and the works and buildings connected with them very great and costly. The Bar- barians greatly vaunt the usefulness of these roads ; but the rightfulness of their opinion is by no means apparent. They Ijreak up the quiet and the accustomed industries of the people ; excite agitations, produce rest- lessness and expense, accumulate too many here, and depopulate and render meagre thci-c. They crowd the cities with the poor, and leave the rural districts empty ; the towns are overburdened and the fields untilled. Tliey foster the extravagances of the rich and add nothing to the comfort of the common people. It is said that in the saving of time is a saving of money. But it is to be considered that this ease and rapidity AKT, AUCIIITECTUEE, AND SCIENCE. 175 of movement is not always usefully directed. It may be, and it is, largely used only to waste and dissipate money and time. It is said to save material measured in relation to effect. This is not clear ; for, although a ton be moved far quicker to a given point, who shall say that the ton moved by usual means would not, all things estimated, be as economically moved, and with as good result to the common weal ? The real question is not considered, w^hich is — Have Iron-roads added to the useful means of the people ? Consider the cost, and say wdiether such vast expense in other mode or modes of outlay would not have ])roduced means more beneficial. How much more numerous and better roads, vehicles, buildings for the poor, improved culture, tools, larger areas of recovered lands, new fertilisers, new and nume- rous schools — innumerable details of improvement — had the intellect, time and money directed to these roads been directed to the many needs of a people ! The good, then, is rather the good which activity of brain and outlay of money naturally effect — possibly that activity and expense have not been most usefully^ employed in Iron-roads — indeed, very probably not to the good effect of a more naturally ordered expenditure. But the English, seeing the effect of a prodigious activity and employment of money spread over many years, place it to the credit of a thing — Steam ; never consider- ing at all whether the thing lias been necessarily the cause, or only the accident. To what effect, during the same time, might that same energy and money have been applied ! The new power stimulated energy, and 176 ART, AKCHITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. possibly misled it. It may be said that steam did its service by giving this stimulus. Probably not so. The question is, Has Steam after all misled — fallen short, in fact, of those effects which the usual and less novel forces would have jiroduced ? This is an unanswered «|uestion. In the industrial arts the English, are not remarkable. They are good in fire-arras and curious in weapons, as may be expected. They are expert in making barrels and vessels to hold liquors from wood; need, which they call the mother of invention, made this art a necessity ; such is the prodigious quantity of hccr which they consume. In dress-fabrics, in tools, in furniture, in metals, they show no more skill than our artisans, and in many articles not so much. We have arts, use- ful and beautiful, unknown to the Barbarians ; they have things of mere show and luxury for which we have no use. In what is called Fine Art — that is Painting and Sculpture, particularly — we have but little to com- pare. By Fine Art is meant what is impossible to us ; it is for the most part intolerable to us. Think of the Illustrious of our Flowery Kingdom crowding into Halls, ghttering with gilt and showy colours, to see there, arranged upon the walls and standing upon marl»le tables, great pictures of women and of men, often naked or nearly naked — wholly nude figures, mostly of women, in all attitudes, carved from marl)le, or made of a fine baked clay ! Not only so ; but the illustrious mothers, wives, daughters, and female friends, accompanying the men to the spectacle ! The young man and the young woman together gazing upon ART, AUCIIITECTUUE, AND SCIENCE. 177 tlie nude and flesh-tinted voluptuous female, glowing in the picture ! No ; we give no such encouragement to fine Art ! Yet our painters compare favourably with those of the Barbarians, in sucli proper use of the Art as is allowed by us. For the same reason, as Sculpture with us is only permitted where useful or innocent, it does not reach after such effects as with the Barbarians ; where a naked figure of a young woman, done in marble to the luxurious taste of a wealthy High-Caste, will command a great sum. None the less, our Artists can execute with fidelity, as our Ancestral Halls will show. Copying from the ancient Romans, in their most wanton and luxurious period, the kind of painting and sculpture referred to is most highly esteemed by the Christ-god worshippers ! Many of the Eoman works have been discovered, and serve as models ; thus the ancients are imitated in their vicious taste, thou<ih condemned as very children of the devil ! With the decay of the darker terrors of the Super- stition, the mind, rebounding from asceticism, swung to the other extreme. A rational morality and worship would have preserved a due medium. But with ancient letters revived a love for ancient art ; and the in- decencies from that source were condoned to the excel- lency of the work — or pretended to be. The Priests took no care to repress this outburst of voluptuousness ; in truth, moulded its nude forms to the embellishment of Temples ; and, holding the warm fancies of its devotees, strengthened their influence by a new device. This zeal for the voluptuous in Art and reproduction N 178 ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. of Roman types, began by the Eoman Pope, spread everywhere. Thus the Superstition itself sanctions this taste, which to us appears so unseemly and immoral. In Parks and Gardens the English Barbarians are not surpassed. We have no equals in horticulture ; Ijut in gardens the English are fine artists, and in parks have caught the true instinct of Nature. When in these, I have felt conscious of a fine civilisation. The lovely parterres of blooming shrubs ; the grand vases, rich in brilliant colours of delightful flowers ; roses, festooned, trailed in arches over smooth walks ; green spaces, where the sunlight lay warm and cheerful ; noble avenues of lofty trees ; sweet arbours, embowered in blossoms and verdant vines; shady walks, meandering among the trees ; groves of evergreens, musical with cascades, gleaming in marble basins ; and fountains, ornamented and sculptured in shining stone. Little lakes, where the breezes awoke the sleepy waves and chased them to the shore, and where the aquatic birds of many forms delighted to sport ! The whole place eloquent and still in beanty ! Here, no force, nor bar- baric rudeness, nor worship of brutal strength, nor of hideous forms, nor of lighted altars ! . Here, the English Barbarian M^as a civilised man, and here I could love him ! ^>^-^6 " Ah, when 'shall he, so strong, see his true strength, and know hew to use it ! Arm no more — teach the other Barbarians the proper nse of Force ! Dreaming no harm to others, fearing no harm to himself, and using the revenues jof his great tribe to render it invin- eil.'le in virtue — how then invinciljle in all ! AKT, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCJENCE. 179 One day one of the High-Caste took me under hi.-^ TUustrioiis protection, and conveyed me to his grand House, built of hewn stone in the ancient Eoman method. It stood among fine trees, a long and glisten- ing fagade [phr-not] of white and ornamental marble. He presented me to his illustrious wife, who graciously saved me from the too great embarrassment of her pre- sence ; for, as I shall hereafter explain, the custom of the Barbarians in this respect shocks all our notions. Hanging upon the gilded walls were the costly works of painters— among them naked women, coloured and tinted, in most voluptuous forms, smiling down upon us — upon sculptured pedestals, stood white statues, in rich marbles, of exquisite maidens, nude, and attractive in every graceful attitude and personal charm ! All this was surprising, if not pleasing — but when this Lord [Tchou] took me into the gardens and Park, there, indeed, all was calm — the agitation of my spirit sub- sided ! Walking wi'th him, he took me by the arm, and said, "Ah, my dear Chin-le, how little we know of each other ; you do not understand hoio many things can be with us, nor can we understand many of your customs ; but heir we are not unlike — in this art we meet on common ground." I expressed my grateful sense of his goodness, assented to his happy reference, and then ventured to observe, " Your illustrious treats me like a relation— a brother." - "In what respect — 1 do not know." " Ah, you presented me to the exalted, the lady [da-mtsi]— with us that is to say, this is a son. or a brother" He smiled. " Well, perhaps you are 180 ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. right. I rather think you are, in respect of women, though her Ladyship would not assent." I delicately hinted my embarrassment. " The pictures, the ." He laughed good-humouredly, and replied, " Doubtless to eyes unused, such things look dazzling, and so on, but it is really only a matter of habit," But then, I suggested, " Is not Art misdirected when so employed." " Well, possibly ; but an elegant thing, a beautiful thing — why not give an expression to that beauty which is the most interesting, the most charming ? " " Does not that imply a purity above experience and above nature ? " "I see ; you lead into an ethical maze — look there ? " I followed his hand, and the noble Park extended on all sides ; yet, I said to myself, in our Flowery Kingdom, if a point be douhtful in morals we lean against the doubt. But is there any doubt as to these nudities t However, turning with admiration to the well-trained flowers, the spread- ing lawns of soft verdure, the beautiful vases of brilliant shrubs, the fine trees, with here and there a modest statue, or a marble fountain, I exclaimed, " How per- fectly satisfactory and pleasing are these effects of an elevated Art, where nothing is suggested but what calms, cheers, refines, and makes generous ! " " Ah-Chin, my dear fellow, your enthusiasm is ad- mirable ; but we need more than the serene, the cheerful, and the generous ! " As he said this he smiled at my look of bewilderment — for I was puzzled. Since then I have understood better. Art among the Barbarians must be suited to the restless eagerness of their nature, which demands excitement. And the ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SeilENCE. ]81 passions which ought to be severely repressed, Art, in a hundred ways, finds itself best rewarded to covertly gratify. Thus, all the strong emotions are most coveted, either as shown on the canvas or in the marble. Male figures, nude, writhing, wrestling, and in attitudes of force, or expressing hate, or pain, or fierce contention, or, if in repose, lapsing into the languor of desire. Female figures, for the most part, so managed as to stimulate those feelings, or to suggest those incidents which a wise man likes to ignore ; or in such methods as to suggest emotions of shame, of terror, of suffering, or of crime — often debasing or evil in tendency, and rarely to any good purpose. Pictures of bloody fights, of burning cities, of great ships sinking, or Mowing up with all on board ; of wretches tearing or cutting at each other, or struggling in blood and fury amid the waves. Statues distorted by agony, or paralysed by terror — in such. Barbarian Art greatly delights. In this, as in the sculpture of the Temples, showing, in another form, its fierceness and love of strong excitement. In the cities, there are occasionally statues to men who have been famous ; and, in some of the great Temples, Sculptures of High-Castes are sometimes set up. They are, as a rule, strange exhibitions. Many of the great pieces consist of a crowd of figures in marble — an astonishing jumble. There are figures blowing great horns ; other impossible ones representing huge human birds hovering about ; chiefly, however, naked women, with wings awkwardly fastened behind the shoulders, transporting the dead; and others (again 182 AllT, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. females) with rings of leaves held in their hands over the head of the dead or dying man ! All this is done, or attempted to be done, in marble ; and involved in it will be a great ship burning, or great guns being fired, and men and women being killed by hundreds ; or other dreadful scenes wherein the great man took fearful part ! Memorials or huge paintings, in honour of persons famous in fight and plunder, are thus exhibited in the Temples and public Halls. They are, in general, very astonishing ! In the street corners are sometimes placed, on pedestals of huge stone, carved effigies of a King, or of a Queen, or of some High-Caste man. Of some Brave, who has cut off more heads than usual, or who has seized more plunder, or carried fire and sword over the lands of distant tribes. He is sometimes on horse- back ; sometimes naked, with shield and sword, and very terrible ; sometimes so far aloft, on top of a high stone column, that nothing can be descried but a cocked hat and a pigmy figure under it. Earely there may be a statue to some High-Caste, who has been distinguished for wringing more taxes from the common people, and, by this means, keeping large armed bands at work abroad — to the glory of the English name ! more rarely a statue to the memory of any one renowned for a life useful to mankind. As works of Art, these tilings are not to be criticised. They are works of money — that is, paid for by weight ; merely meant to compliment a party or faction in the State, and not to honour, particularly, the subject of the Work, or to give a noble expression of human ART, ARCIIITECTUKE, AND RCIF.Nf'E. . ISo genius or skill. No purpose, perhaps, in the sordid workman other than to pocket the large sum for the big show ! Nothing wherein a grand imagination, in- spired by a fine enthusiasm and full of a noble con- ception, glows and breathes in the stone, and makes it imperishable ! Whether an unconscious disgust leave these pulilic statues and monuments alone in their ugliness, I know- not ; but they are totally neglected, begrimed, covered with filth — often made the roosting-places of the un- washed street Arabs (beggar boys) and loafers [na-sthi]. Even the statues of living Sovereigns are so totally forgotten and deserted, that the nose of Majesty may l)e a small pyramid of dirt, and the ermine robes more defiled and foul than the rags of the street mendicant ! The Western Barbarians are very fond of Science [kno-tu-ze] — (this is the nearest word in our language, though quite defective) — and consider themselves in this to be far superior to the ancients and to all the peoples beyond the great Seas. I have never been able to comprehend, nor do I think the Barbarians themselves comprehend very accurately, the meaning of the word. They will say of a man who is almost a fool, " Ah ! but he is very scientific." Of another, constantly blundering, and who has been famous for prodigies of mistake, '' His science is astonishing." A builder of a great ship, or of a great bridge, sees his ship upset or his bridge fall down ; none the less, he demonstrates to his admiring countrymen that, upon scientific principles, 184 . ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. the ship should have stood upright and the bridge been as stable as rock ! A doctor kills his patient [vi-zton] scientifically ; a dentist cracks the jaw in extracting a tooth ; a surgeon breaks the leg which he cannot set : Science is satisfied — " all was scientifically done ! " A man spends his life in looking at the stars ; he is a man of wonderful science. Another keeps a List of fair and rainy days during twelve moons ; his scientific attainments are respected and his observations recorded, as if the fate of the harvests were involved. You will hear of a man of marvellous science, before whom ordinary scientific men stand uncovered in silence ; he has discovered a new kind of tadpole, and added another to the already interminable terms of natural Science. I have heard one of these learned professors [pho-phe- sti] say wisely, " He is a benefactor of the race who makes two blades of grass to grow where one grew before ; " " but," he added, " he is a greater who teaches mankind how to do this." In this way, wishing to show that an idiot might chance to find a way to double his growth of grass, but would be incapable of discover- ing the cause ; so that, probably, the accident would die with the finder. A wise man would, at once, look for the reason, and finding that, be able to secure the benefit for all time. This knowledge of cause is the kind called Science. The explanation is familiar to us. In our Flowery Kingdom, the master teaches the rules, and the artificer puts them in practice. We call him an Artisan who ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCIEXCE. 185 has knowledge of an Art : we call liini who knows how thhiQ-s outiht to be done, and who examines into things so as to comprehend the best modes of doing, simply a teacher, or master. We do not see that his know- ledge, without actual performance, makes him a great man— a man of Science (as the Barbarians have it). Indeed, if a man do a thing merely mechanically, as a horse turns a mill, no doubt he is an ignorant artisan. Still, this stupidity does not exalt, in any degree, the nature of the knowledge of a brighter man : this one is only an intelligent artisan. On the whole, then, it seemed to me that the Barbarians, for the most part very ignorant, were easily imposed upon by those who, having leisure, mastered the multiform terms (or some of them) used by the teachers of Natural History in its various departments. These, too, idle and with some ambition to be known, easily fancied that the dry knowledge of words ivas knowledge ; and discovering with surprise at first, but soon with great complacency, how very little one need to know to be ranked with men of Science, at length prided themselves upon the very trivialities which otherwise would have been un- valued. In fact, finally imposed upon themselves as they imposed upon others, and really believed those trifles to he important, because confined to those who paraded them as Scientific. These busy, idle triflers in words become the men of Science. ^^<-<i^ M^^- This is very laughable, and shows how mankind, everywhere, constantly repeat the same follies. In our Illustrious annals men like these have appeared and disappeared ; founded schools, been admired, had dis- 186 AET, ARCHITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. ciples, tlien passed into oblivion ; their works, often voluminous, never met with ; or occasionally dug out of mouldy bins and reproduced in some parts to show up the pretensions of a neiv charlatan — to show how much better the same things were explained, or the same terms used by an old and forgotten author, 5,000 moons ago ! These men, as with us, constantly overrate the value of their labours ; the world really can get on without them. Getting together in Congresses [Bed-la-rai], they pay (or affect) great respect to each other, and put on an air of abstraction ; they are supposed to be ponder- ing upon the care of men and things, and feel the weight of responsibility. Other men may be trivial; but to those upon whom rests the due ordering of Nature, Care should be a genius and Dignity a presence. In these Meetings, nothing is worthy of debate unless it be Scientific. A plain paper, directed to a simple, useful object, and stating in ordinary and intel- licrible lancfuasre the rules useful to the end, is not satisfactory. There should be something novel and obscure, or it is unlikely to come within the desired category. In truth, high and mighty principles on which man and the gods exist and move and flourish, or upon a disregard of which decay and dissolution follow — these are alone the proper objects of philo- sophers and men of Science ; and involved in the profound investigation of principles, the Congress dis- appears from the common eye, and is lost even to itself ! ART, ARCIllTECTUi;!'], AND SCIENCE. 187 On the whole, the value of these scientific men to the world did not seem to me to l)e considerable. I mean as scientifie men — without any of the pretension or cant [Bo-zhe] of their class, individuals may be useful, and would be more useful without the false glamour of class- vanity./ A man of brain and who really thinks and examines, if he have anything to say will say it, and it will be judged by its merit. ) But when men having time and not knowing what to do with them- selves, and having some knowledge of words and but little brains, see an opening for imhecility, and are received and praised and dubbed Scientific, because they devote time and waste a large quantity of paper to give the world their thoughts — it is doubtful whether the more harm or the more good be done. To be sure, the idle and empty man may be rendered supremely happy in his vanity, and may have been saved from some per- sonal degradation or vicious inclination — but the world could have been well spared his Catalogue of the Parasites on the Lobster, or his Notes on the Habits of the Bam Swallow, or his Suggestions as to the proper use of smoke, or his Hints upon the hybernation of Eels. No great harm is done, for nobody reads these things but the men of Science, who are obliged to keep up to the work of busy idleness, in reading for debate with each other and at the Congress. This body professes to teach the proper rules for physical improvement, and its members are natural philosophers. They do not, however, confine themselves to the investigation of natural phenomena — they range over the whole broad field of speculation as well, de- 188 ART, AlICHITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. manding to know the cause of all tilings, and the very- essence, object, and end. ( Those who take upon them- selves this wider inquiry^ assume a dignity far above the mere Scientists — these deal with mere visible forms ; but those with the laws which underlie the forms, and Math tlie source of Law, its origin, its object, and its end ! These are Philosophers ! and when a man is a man of Science and a philosopher, then no more is, possible to human exaltation !/ I have sufficiently referred^'^to the worhs of these in anotlier place. They cannot be wholly useless, if there really be a brain, honest and strong, at work. For to such patiently, humbly, earnestly, full of grateful re- cognition and conscious of the limitations of knowledge and of inquiry ; seeking and looking out, with sad eyes, upon the vast world ; to such, some new evidence of the grand order, some new and brilliant ray of divine illumination may come — not to show cause nor purpose, but to delight and tranquillise, to give new assurance of the Beneficent and Infinite Wisdom ! The English Barbarians have true men of Science. They are those to whom the people are indebted for nearly all of the useful discoveries and inventions. Men, who, engaged in some pursuit, apply a patient investigation and thoughtful experiments to see if they cannot improve the existing means to ends. In these investigations, they discover a new source or a new way of power ; and, in the experiments, new applications and uses of it. When these men fall into the hands of the Scientists and Philosophers, and, leaving their work- shops, shine toith the gods, at the Congresses- — they ART, ARClIITIXTlKi:, \\U SGlKNfK. 180 usually end in that (jlamoiir — their light is no longer an illumination ! Of the musical Art, some things may be said. There is a wonderful variety of instruments — not many at all like ours. Some of the stringed are similar to our Che. There is one, so enormous a structure, as to equal a house in size. It is made by a wonderful combination of hollow, metal pipes, ranging in size from a flute to a big cannon ; and in height from a span to the lower mast of a ship. Its sounds are many, single in melody, or astonishing in a wild, clanging harmony (the Barbarians think) ; but to me, discord. All the combined noises are terrific ; and surpass what the eflect would be of our Che, YuJmien, and Pieu-hing all sounding at once ! In SinQ'ino- the men often roar like bulls, and the women scream, making hideous contortions. A hand- some woman does not like to sing. There is a Theatre — play — where all the parts, men and women, are sung. The passions of love, hate, jealousy, and so on, are sung and screamed at each other by the players in the most absurd manner. The woman will sing and shriek out the most astonishing yymnasts of voice, the man shouting and bellowing back, and then both together bellow and scream ; the woman, at last, falls into the arms of the man, or the man throws himself in a passion at the feet of the woman — both sinfriufT and screaming all the while — and the cur- tain drops ! Then arise the noisy plaudits of the spec- tators — demanding a repetition ' The barbaric music is, for the most part, like them- 190 ART, ARCHITECTUJIE, AND SCIENCE. selves, rude and noisy. There are some exceptions — and in simple melody often sweet and tender. The Jlute and the liorn are pleasing — the former is much like our Cheng. Occasionally, one or two thousand singers, and as many performers on instruments come together, and give a grand Musical Treat. Judge what this must be, wdien you add to this vast combination also the pro- digious House of Noise (called Organ) ! Oratory is an Art much admired among the Western tribes, and the English think themselves to be preemi- nent. I can hardly judge ; one needs to be a perfect master of a tongue to follow a speaker as he ought to be followed. Barbarous races commonly produce effective Orators ; the imagination is vivid, the passions strong, and there is enough culture to make the forms of speech at least tolerable. In the Law-making Houses speeches (orations) are often delivered. For the most part dull in manner, insignificant in thought, poor in illustration, very in- effective. The members go to sleep, or withdraw, or rudely interrupt — sometimes coughing down tlie speaker. Very rarely are to be seen any Hashes of eloquence, to be felt any thrill of its power. Unfortunately the same conceit, here as elsewhere, leads many to believe them- selves to be Orators to whom the ability to speak properly is denied by nature. Yet these insist upon " airing their eloquence " (as it is styled) on every occa- sion possible. Generally these men have some subject, nick-named by the other members as a Hobby, which must be spoken to whether the House will hear or not. ART, AKCIIITECTURE, AND SCIENCE. 191 Then occurs one of those scenes so characteristic. The Hobby-man rises and tries to speak. He waxes elo- quent (at least, he intends to be) on his favourite topic — perhaps the Pope at Eome ; or the rights of women ; or the imrificaiion of mud-streams ; or the poor man's heer; no matter what, when the other members deter- mined to drown the speaker, break tlu'ough all the rules of the House, the orders of the Head officer, and more, all the ordinary decencies, and caterwaul, and cough and howl, till, from mere impossibility of- hearing his own voice, the poor, squelched orator sinks into his seat. Now, the House prides itself upon the liberty of speech and of debate ; it is one of the palladia of English Freedom ; and this is a forcible illustration of the liberty. Anything obnoxious to the majority, or even to a noisy minority, may be silenced — such is the freedom of debate ! The English Barbarians especially boast that the Great Council (Law-Houses) is not only the foremost of all national councils, whether ancient or modern, in character and in wisdom, but also in dignity, and the extreme care with which is guarded that most inestimable of all Institutions, the Sacred liberty of Speech ! There is a kind of oratory, sonietimes contemptuously called Pulpit-oratory by the English, which may be referred to, because it forms a considerable part of the literary entertainment. Once a week, on the Holy day, ten thousand speeches or more are uttered by the Bonzes from a high place (called Pidfpit) within the Temples. Erom the place of delivery the name men- 192 ART, AliCHlTECTURE, AND SCIENCE. tioued is given to tliis kind of speech-making. The speech is known by one name — Sermon. These sermons form a part of the rites in the Temples, and are there- fore numberless and never ceasing. As ought to be expected, they are as dull as such a formal thing must be. Some Bonze, new to his office, may attempt to give a little life to the performance. But the High- Caste do not like to be disturbed by any novelties ; they prefer comfortably to sleep in the soft seats with high-backed supports, where their fathers have slept, Holy-day after Holy-day, for generations before them. They will not have the Bonze, therefore, thunder the terrors of Jah in their ears, nor affright their wives and children by painting Hell and the Devil. Eloquence, therefore, in the Temples, if it exist, must be content to glide softly over " green pastures," murmuring drowsily with " meandering streams." / The lower-sects are not so disposed to neglect their ' duty. With these the Bonze is expected to be " in- stant, in season and out of season," in the work of Jah. His terrors and the awful Hell ; the wiles of Satan ; the agony of the damned ; the danger of neglecting repen- tance ; the need of Salvation ; the glorious Gospel ; the blessedness of the redeemed ; the worthlessness of good works ; the absolute loss, here and hereafter, of failing to Believe ; all these canons are vomited forth from the pulpit with an energy, and, sometimes, when directed to unbelievers, with a vindictive ferocity, startling and overpowering. The hearers do not sleep; even the • boldest tremble, and the timid and weak sometimes go into convulsions of fear. AKT, AECniTECTUPtE, AND SCIENCE. 103 There are itinerant Orators, wlio go about tlie country- making speeches (and trying to make money) upon all sorts of subjects. They are rarely effective, though occasionally, when they happen to seize upon a popular fancy, or to stir up some popular feeling, they gain a certain attention from the Lower-Castes. Whenever effective, it is by blending some of the strong points of the Idolatry with the prevailing agitation. If there be some matter concerning which the populace presume to have any opinion, then the itinerant speaker has his chance ; and he is doubly influential if he mix in his discourse a good proportion of matter taken from the Sacred Writings and the Canons — this he distributes, to damn opposers and to reward adherents, with a com- bined Priestly and Lay vivacity and force ! We have, and have always had, ample specimens of these self-elected teachers and speakers ; and they receive with us, in general, about the same neglectful consideration accorded to them by the Barbarians. On a review, it must be admitted that the Western tribes are ingenious in domestic arts, and not wanting in invention. In the fine Arts they are sometimes effective, though immoral — merely imitating the ancient Eoman-Greeks, whom they call Masters. Their archi- tecture, w^hen worth attention, is Eoman. But they have produced one novelty, the GotJdc—a. wonderful outgrowth of the Barbaric mind, formed by its great Superstition. In painting, when confined to natural scenery and objects, they are sometimes very pleasing and correct. But in this department, where they are not immoral, they are often repulsive, seeking for 194 AliT, AECHITECTURE, AKD SCIENCE. startling effects, cauglit from tlie strongest passions. True Art elevates, refines, and pleases. It never lends itself to deformity, to the bad passions, to baseness. And it cannot sully itself by tampering with impure things. It recognises the twofold nature of man, and .addresses itself to his moral instinct and love of divine beauty. AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. 195 CHAPTEE IX. OF AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. When the lowest-caste takes a Iwliday, decent people keep away from the place of resort, as they woukl from pestilence. The coarseness, indecency, and unclean- liness are too revolting. Not that they really differ in the ways of enjoying themselves ; but from their personal brutishness. The remarks following refer to those above them, and to the great body of the 'pwpl% when at spectacles and public resorts. To me, unaccustomed to it, the presence of women everywhere perplexed and surprised. In days of sports, eating, drinking beer, gin, and other drinks, romping of the sexes, and an incessant restlessness, are very notice- able. In the open grounds, all kinds of sports and games are going on ; women and men dance, whirl about upon seats, rush after and chase each other, swing in swings, all in a wild revelry ! There will be games where the woman is now pursued, and now the man ; and now shouting, screaming, giggling, struggling and kissing, men and women rush after each other, catch each other ; and then, reforming in ranks, go through the same wild pranks again. 196 AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. The chief out-door sports are horse-racing, boat-racing, hunting upon horseback, bats and balls, foot-races, and the like. In-door : the theatres, the dancing-halls, the circus, and a great variety of shows and spectacles. "Women attend upon all, and take a part in all — or nearly all. In the theatre, the circus, the dances, and many other places and things, they take the most con- spicuous parts. Horse-racing is esteemed as the greatest of all spec- tacles ; and ranks as worthy of a national support. The Highest-Castes — even the Sovereign — attend. The Law-making Houses, the Great Officers of Adminis- tration, and the High-Bonzes, leave the duties of their ' exalted rank, and postpone the making and ordering of the Laws, to attend the Races. The Illustrious wives, daughters, and female relatives — even royalty — hasten to them, and esteem them as the best of all sports. Every Caste — thieves, beggars, jugglers, the very scmn of the cities ; loafers, vagrants — rich, poor ; men, women, children — every description of person, rush or crawl to the Races. Every sort of vehicle, every mode of con- veyance is used : on horseback, on foot ; in any way, the enormous multitudes crowd to the Races — it is the English Saturnalia (as an ancient Eoman festival, noted for its licentiousness, was called) — I have heard the \fOxdi punned [jo-akd] Satan-aiVye, by jesters — meaning the Devil is in it. Not a bad notion, having reference to the evil effects of the sport. On l3oth sides of the space where the horses are to run, immense numbers of carriages of all descriptions, booths, stands and seats, are arranged, where the vast AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SrECTACLES. 197 crowds stand, or sit, pushing, elbowing ; whilst the horses are trotted out, and the race is duly prepared. At length, a great many horses, ridden by little men, looking like Apes, rush off at a signal ; spurred, whipped, urged by the riders into madness, with eyes bloodshot, and nostrils distended, and every cord and muscle starting out and straining — whilst the multitudes of men and women stand up, shouting, leaping, screaming with excitement — sweep like a whirlwind along the course, and pass the goal ! And thousands of gold are lost and won ! By as little as a head, or a neck, one of the horses is declared to be winner ! The name of the horse is sent all over the Barbarian world, and the event is watched for by millions — because bets are made, not only upon the ground, but in every part. I can hardly explain to the people of our Central Kingdom, the excitement and the confusion of this scene. The most illustrious men and women are pre- sent ; the great Bonzes are there — all classes, the lowest and highest, jumbled together, if not in contact, all carried away by the same wild passion. About the splendid equipages of the rich, mere human vermin crawl and fioht for the crumbs and bones which fall, or are thrown from the feasting women and men, carousing in the carriages. In these, beautiful women laugh and bet with the men, drink the wines, and exchange a hundred smiles and jokes. Betting books are opened, and the women take bets and plunge into the vortex of the phrensy. The race is over, and thousands are impo- verished, many utterly ruined. With us the Theatre is merely a public, out-door 198 AMUSEiiEXTS, ga:mes, a]s'd spectacles: spectacle, of no importance, amusing the ordinary crowd, and free from immorality. Women take no part in the representations — boys, dressed as females, playing for women. But with the Barbarians the Theatre is an orfjanisation of crovernment, and receives the highest support. Women act, and are more popular ^\dth the spectators than the men. The first in estimation is the Opera. In this repre- sentation, as I have said in another place, the action goes on, all in Singing. To me nothing could be more ludicrous, more in defiance of all reason and nature. The most terrible emotions — fear, hate, envy, as well as the tender ; love, affection, friendship — all sung, and not merely sung, but bellowed, screamed, shrieked, in every contortion of throat and mouth ! In the Tragic performance the fierceness of the Bar- barians delights in dreadful murders, plots, assassina- tions ; in things which tear and lacerate himian feelings, and bring despair and death ! The Comic is as coarse in loose huffoonery [Kro-sen- to-se] as the tragic is for an extreme of agony, based upon crime and baseness. / But the most astonishing of all the representations upon the Stage is the Ballet. I should not dare nor desire to refer to this, were it not to illustrate a point in the Barbarian character, only too prominent ; and to give further cause to the people of our Flowery Land to be thankful to the Sovereign Lord, that He has not permitted such mark of degeneracy to stain us. / The Ballet is supervised by a very High-Caste Lord. It is composed of a band of young women, selected for AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. 199 beauty of form and of limb, i They appear in public nearly naked, or so clothed in tightest hose [ki-i-e] and draped in thinnest diaphanous fabric, that what is con- cealed is half disclosed and more piquant than if left uncovered. ) Troops of these appear — dazzling in white or pink — upon the stage-floor. Before they show them- selves to the public, however, they parade, one by one (as I was truly informed), before the High-Caste Super- visor of the Ballet, who, with his assistants, duly examines the legs, arms, busts, and drapery, to see if all be in due order. The drapery is carefully measured to see if it be of the required length, and, if too short, must be extended to the knees. Xot to cover anything, but to satisfy a pretence. For these transparent fabrics, aside from that quality, are so contrived that they float off from the body and limbs with every movement — and the motions studied are those which produce this effect — t^virling around rapidly being a chief feat. AVhen the High-Caste is satisfied that there be nothing to offend the most delicate, and that all the demands of a pure Christ-god morality are satisfied, he sends the young girls to the stage, and they appear in the Ballet. This is a dance — why should I say more. But con- sider this dance is before the hio-hest and best — in an immense and brilliantly lighted, lofty house. There are vast crowds, seated upon a level with, or just below the stage — in rows, one row above another, forming a grand liaK-circle, from the floor to the dome ; so high, that the faces cannot be distingaiished. Then the rich and glit- tering decorations; the paintings, the sculptures, the music ! 200 AMUSEMENTS, GA51ES, AND SPECTACLES. The music of innumerable instruments strikes up. In come the troops of half-naked girls ; their busts, their legs exposed. In they come, leaping, dancing, twirling, v/hirling, flying! They twirl around on the toes like tops. They spin on a single toe, sticking out the other leg — and, in this attitude, revolve about ! They retreat, advance, stoop, go backward, forward; twisting, twirling, throwing themselves, their arms, and particularly their legs, into all possible positions ; whirling about on one leg and extending the other, being the most admired feat ! This is (very faint) the Ballet ! f Mothers, wives, husbands, daughters, sons, lovers, maidens, look upon this spectacle — and pray for the benicfhted Heathen ! Englishmen often remarked to me, jocosely, "Ah- Chin — no like the Ballet — why, the Theatre nowadays stands on Legs !" It is a fact that, in those times which the Barbarians call clarTc, when ignorance and brutality marked the whole aspect of common life, the instinct of decency prevented women from appearing on the Stage at all. It is quite a modern invention. The Circus is another favourite show. In this, women appear, ride the horses, fly in the air, walk upon ropes tightly drawn above the spectators, and form a main feature. They make the same study of exposing them- selves, and are undressed like the women in the Balld. They give to the performance the same kind of stimulus, to which is added the further excitement of danger. For in leaping, flying through the air, vaulting, and walking upon the tight-rope high above the spectators ; AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SrECTACLES. 201 the probability of a broken back, or neck, gives a new sensation. In the warm weather, the English Barbarians find great amusement in crowding to the Sea. Here, little houses placed on wheels are trundled into the waves. From these, women, men, and children wade, and plash and dive into the water. The women, and even children, often swim very well — the men nearly all. The two sexes bathe quite near, or together, in fuU sight of the people on the shore. Here, on the sands, thousands are walking, sitting, and lounging about, amusing them- selves in the idlest sports. The men in the water are, Avith the exception of a mere loin-cloth, naked. The women, though tolerably covered, yet so carelessly that, with the motions of the bath and waves, they are suf- ficiently exposed ! In these sea-bathing places you wiU see Barbarian life in all its rudeness, and love of bois- terous fun and frolic. The men, and women, and chil- dren, abandon themselves to eating, drinking, bathing in the sea-water ; to sports and games ; to dancing, sight-seeing, and match-making. The last is the pursuit of husband-catching, which the free-and-easy life at the sea-side greatly facilitates. Boat-races — sailing boats, and boats rowed or paddled — take place at these sea-side places, and are greatly ad- mired. They are unobjectionable, and natural to a maritime tribe. A strange feature is to see women go fearlessly into boats, and, hustled with the men, enjoy the excitement of the wind and wave, to witness these races, or merely for the frolic — but women are everywhere ! 202 AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. The Cattle Shows are characteristic. Here, fat cattle, sheep, fat swine, fine horses, poultry, tools used in til- lage, fruit and vegetables, are shown ; and the best receive prizes. Only a few of the High-Castes attend these, and then merely as a form. The real support comes from the farmers ; and from the Loioer-Castcs. These crowd to the show, paying at the doors, merely for frolic and fun. Open to late hours at night, with music, lights, and places for eating and drinking, the mixed crowd of men and Avomen delight in the hustling, crowding. The usual beer and other drinks are ready; the usual giggling of women, surging, and elbowing, and pushing about ! One wonders much, whether the fat animals are not more respectable than the animals which croAvd about them ! But I can hardly fairly judge of the real cliaracter of the crowds, for they are too novel and too offensive to the habits of our Flowery Land. It is certain, however, that the Barbaric element always perverts the most useful things ; and a Cattle Show must be debased and turned aside from its proper ob- jects. What have the Avomen and men, who push and surge about the brutes, of interest in the thing ? Nothing. They may know and care for sheep, when roasted, or for fat swine, Avhen in the shape of a rasher [fri-ie-tz]. The most curious, and, perhaps, most important of out-door scenes is the Hustings. "When there is a vacant place in the Lower-Law-House (of the great Council), the Sovereign commands a new member to be chosen by those who have the right, in the town entitled to send. A sort of stage is put up in the market-place, and here those meet who are to be hustled for. Hustings AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES, 203 comes from this word, and means to shake, tofjether in confusion. There are some who wish to send A., others who wish to send B. Accordingly, these are seized hy their struggling supporters ; each side endeavouring to put upon the stage its man, and each trying to put off the man of the other side ! One may judge of the hustling. Each candidate submits to every sort of in- dignity. The hustlers (voters, generally called) are chiefly of the Lower (not Lowest) Caste, and enjoy this privilege mightily. Beyond the immediate actors are the associates of the two parties — not having a right to hustle; but, none the less, aiding in the general struggle, by pelting with rotten eggs, garbage, or other harmless (sometimes not harmless) nastiness [phu-fo], the man whom they dislike. Finally, one of the men is got upon the stage; entitled to be the new member for having had the larger number of indignities put upon him, and come out a-top ! These are — to have the head-covering driven violently down over the face — to be befouled with stinking eggs and garbage, and all the time to say, ''Free and independent voters" accompanied by bows and grimaces, intended for smiles ! If the Lower-House, however, find on examination that some one has hustled twice — that is, thrown two missiles, then the scene must be reenacted ! For it is thought to be too dangerous to allow of this unfairness. If one could do this on the one side, then it would be done on the other ; and in the excitement, things harder than mud would be thrown, to the danger of life! As to the outside throwers, the police take care that they do not exceed mud, filth, rotten eggs, and vegetables ! 204 AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. "When the new member is chosen, he is called upon by his supporters to thank them in a speech. He rises to do this, and, bowing, says, " I am powerless to express my grateful sense of the honour. Free and independent voters " — at this moment a half-drunken supporter of the defeated man gives the signal. The rotten egg has fairly hit the new member in the face ; the crowd on the one side and on the other rush in 2)ell-mell ; the stage is broken down; stones, sticks, clubs, brickbats, are used and fly about freely ; noses bleed ; heads are cracked ; oaths and yells arise ! The new member, sur- rounded by his supporters, finally conquers ; and, placed in a chair, is lifted by strong arms to the shoulders of sturdy men, who bear him to his illustrious house, where his exalted wife and noble friends receive him with delight. The tumultuous crowd are feasted by the Servants ; and, finally, yelling and shouting for my . Lord — the new member — ^lie appears at a lofty window above them, thanks them once more, and disappears. The rabble leave the place, the gates are closed, and my lord and lady can congratulate themselves and be congratulated that the farce is over. Power and in- fluence remain with them — the indignities are all vjashed off — it is merely English humour. In these Hustings the Illustrious wives and daughters, as well as all male relatives, take part, and are obliged to take their share of the indignities. The dirty child of a low-caste (who happens to have a right to hustle) will be taken upon the silken lap of my Lady, and feel boldly in my Lady's pocket for pennies ; and the daughter of my Lady sits down upon the stool and AJIUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. 205 feeds the hungry old hag of aged poverty. The old hag being ill, and mother to the hustler. In this way, and on these rather infrequent occasions, the bold Englishman of Low-Caste vindicates his manhood and shows his power in the State. But it is a mere form. The High-Castes understand the Barbaric temper, and consider this mode of amusing it the cheapest and least inconvenient. There is a struggle sometimes for the new membership between individuals, but these are always of the High- Caste connection and order. Actual power does not exist in the hustling rabble — that is in the Hio;h-Caste. Nevertheless, sometimes the Hustlers can determine which of two shall be sent ; and, therefore, it is neces- sary, when more than one desires to go, to submit to the hustling. Nearly all the worst indignities are omitted when only one person is named. In this case, all the hustlers being of a mind, they do not inflict more than the accustomed indignities, which are moderate in com- parison; though one would think sufficiently humi- liating. In the civic processions, which occur wdien a new magistrate is appointed to a city, one observes liov/ the old barbaric features still predominate. Like children those things are most esteemed which grown people disdain or laugh at. Eude force and the emblems of it ; men absurdly accoutred in old, fantastic arms and armour ; banners which once marshalled trained men to war; gilt and golden vehicles, conveying priests and officials ; these carrying glittering baubles in their hand ; loud music and bands of curiously dressed braves; these things delight the multitude, which comes s^varnl- 206 AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. iug out from every hole and corner of tlie city. Such crowds of Loth sexes, with children even in arms ! Nowhere out of these Barbaric and populous tribes can such a spectacle be seen. The vast throngs rush and push about, and woe to that decent man who gets entangled among them ! Often the selfish, reckless hordes, rushing through some street with a new purpose, overwhelm and crush every moving thing in the way. Women, children, strong men, are often thrown down, maimed ; even killed outright ! Thieves, beggars, the indescribable scum of degraded humanity, mixed with the crowd (in its own character but little removed from lowest debasement), give it an air of unspeakable dis- gust ! Of these Civic Spectacles, a Coronation is supreme. This only takes place when a new Sovereign is crowned. Xo one is admitted to the actual Ceremony but the highest of the High-Castes. The common people, who bear nearly all the taxes to pay for the enormous cost, must be content to get such glimpses of the passing pageant, as is possible to them, at the risk of limb and of life. The Avhole thing is so guarded by armed bands, on horseback and on foot, with fire-arms ready, and swords drawn, that it is only by rushing close to the horsemen, and pressing upon the foot-braves, that any glimpse can be got by the common multitude ; and for these mere glances — uncl^r the bellies of horses, or between their legs, or through some iron railings, or the like — ^the devoted barbarians will risk their lives. Such is the admiration which this great show attracts ! It is thus admired, not only because of the awfulness AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. 207 of the Ckown, Lilt also because the Idolatry plays so large a part in it. The new King is always crowned by a Highest Bonze, in his costly priestly robes, and anointed with hohj oil ; whilst the Sacred Writings and Incantations are duly read and uttered ! The worship of Christ-Jah and the other gods, are all pledged, to- gether with all the Canons and beliefs, including the Divine Eevelation of the Jewish Sacred Writings; in fact, the ceremony, in the Priestly part, is Jew through- out ! The scene is characteristically barbaric. Force, and glittering display ; all the jewels, the gewgaws, the golden rods, orbs, bowls, sticks ; the spears, swords, steel armour, helmets ; the robes, furs, silks, velvets ; jewelled garters for the legs; ornamented chains in gold, for the neck ; coronets, for the hereditary noUes [Hi-fi] ;• wjJ^Ji^ cassocks, gowns, mitres, staffs ; scarlet and crimson cloths, cloaks, and waving plumes of the great braves ; men in steel, on horseback — all these things, and a thousand more ! With the grand women, and the High Lords ! aU are present. All is show and glitter ; and childish ! In the midst, out there rides a man, all covered with steel armour, with a long and flashing spear, who, sitting proudly on his horse, looks defiance '. A trumpet sounds ; another dashes forward, and pro- claims the new Monarch; then the first, with a loud voice, defies to mortal combat any one who dares to challenge the right of the proclaimed Sovereign — and, thereupon, throws down a glove [kang]. If any one should pick up the glove, it would imply an acceptance of the challenge. No one takes up the glove. The 208 AMUSEMENTS, GA]\IES, AND SrECTACLES. trumpets sound, tlie music strikes up in a liundred places ; the vast multitude cry and shout, " Long live tlie renowned, the exalted, the Illustrious /" — and the new- crowned man is King ! In this barbaric display, the money expended is enormous in amount. The jewels and mere inanities are so costly that, put to proper use, poverty would scarcely exist. Nor is this all ; the High-Caste get all the honours and emoluments, though they bear but a small part of the expense. Many of this Caste hold hereditary offices connected with this Show, from which they derive revenue and high honour! One may be hereditary sivord-hearer, another cu^p-hearer, another toicel-holder, another hottle-ivashcr. Nor is this sort of sinecure {name for frivolous, useless Service) confined to males ; females may be hereditary [ folders of the Queens night-cap, washers of the hahy-linen, keepers of the roles, maids of the hcd-ehamler, and so on ! Still, such is the ignorance and debasement of the common people, and even of the better classes, that, although they pay for these expensive whimsicalities and bar- barisms, and never by any chance share in the personal benefits, they admire them ; and believe them to be, in some mysterious way, connected with their glorious con- stitvMon and privileges ! I scarcely like to speak of the displays by the braves. These are those on horseback, those on foot, those with horses, and cannons mounted on wheels ; and some who march partly, and partly ride. Our Floiuery Kingdom knows these armed bands, and how rude and disorderly they are. How they plunder and kill the defenceless, AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. 209 and burn and destroy ! How fierce they are, and liow reckless of order, even to their own chiefs ! But I will refer to the main display of these armed bands. Once or twice in twelve moons, all the bands being assembled, are divided into two parts. Each part has a great Chief at the head, with horsemen, footmen, and those with the wheeled-cannon. One of these Divisions is sent to a distance, and the other is kept at hand. Then the one near is com- manded to act as if the distant force was an enemy, who, having landed, was marching into the country to subdue it. In this way, it is intended to teach the armed bands to march, countermarch, hide, seek, ad- vance, retreat, get into ambuscade, get out of it, rush up hills, rush down hills, cross rivers, make bridges, con- struct roads ; pretend to blow up and to construct earth- forts ; pretend to charge, to fire, to shoot, to rush with horses, to swiftly move and fire the cannons, each against the other ; to skirmish in small squads [kong], and fight in large bands — in fine, to carry on a Military campaign (as the Barbarians term this prodigious nonsense). Some one said to me, "A very sham pain." It seemed to me no sham to the soldiers — so far as toil is concerned. Now, in carrying out this tomfoolery [hen-di-ho-ty], bands of armed men may be seen scattered over a wide range of country. Smoke of fire-arms and reports of the cannons may be seen and heard, in different parts — and a quiet traveller may be surprised to see suddenly a band of men, armed, rapidly approaching, with the bright steel glistening in the sun ; and, levelling these steel-spears affixed to the fire-arms, see them rush, pell- 210 AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. mell, upon a row of bushes, firing and shouting — then, suddenly recoiling, rush back and hurry to shelter be- hind some other roiv ! Then cannon will bang, and smoke will rise from among trees near the place; and the horses will be seen advancing rapidly, dragging after them the cannon, which, being planted on a hill, fire and bang away ; then, all at once, some great braves, with feathers flying, and swords flashing, will rush directly upon the cannon, even right into the mouths ! Then pell-mell other horsemen, cutting and slashing with long swords, and firing off little fire-arms, will be seen ; and soon long lines of foot-braves will appear among the trees and bushes, and some will rush upon the others, and others rush upon them, firing and bang- ing away, in a manner very surprising ; and this is a sham-fight. Sometimes the braves get so excited that they really do fight in good earnest. As there is nothing but powder in the fire-arms, the danger is in the swords and spears, which are sometimes so used in the heat and excitement that many braves are really hurt. When all is over the head braves of the two forces make Reports of the doings of their respective divisions, complimenting the braves and the head men upon their discipline and order. On one occasion the Eoyal Prince and his attendants rode directly upon the mouths of a battery of cannon. Now the whole idea of the Sham is that everybody is to conduct himself precisely as if the doings were real. Any head-brave who forgets this is disorderly and liable to punishment. What would have been the fate of the Eoyal party had the cannon which they rode directly AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. 211 Upon, been charged with balls as well as powder ! It is not to be found, however, that the Great Brave in his lleport referred to this extraordinary exploit of the Eoyal Prince. With an enemy, real, deadly, strong, advancing into the country, then indeed the braves would have work which would stir all their wits and nerve all their strength. Marches in rain and mud ; toilsome nights ; work in the ditches ; cold and biting winds ; M^akeful and wearisome watchings ; all endured manfully, and hardly noticed because it is real. Even a pauper dis- dains make-believe toil, and takes the pittance tendered for it as an insult. To the common man all this labour and exposure is very hard and very real — all the more so, because it is mere noise and smoke. No wonder that he is careless and indifferent ; no wonder that he curses the nonsense which wearies him without giving him any satisfaction. Show him true, honest need ; where the enemy of his tribe lurks, and he is alert, active ; calls up aU his intelligence, looks to his arms, looks about him, and feels no fatigue. But this — he loses discipline, and is really demoralised by a Sham. StiU the Barbarians greatly admire all this noise and blustering; and the Head-Braves fancy that the bands are improved in order and in knowledge of arms ; tliat they would really understand how to meet a genuine enemy more skilfully, by having made-helieve to fight a friend. All human experience shows the opposite of this to be true ; for the sham is certain to entail some of its mischief and injure the very qualities which it is supposed to improve. In the nature of things this 212 AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. affair cannot be good. The object is a sham — every- thing, therefore, about it is sham. The fight is a sham, and the fighter is a sham-brave, and, therefore, worth- less. Who doubts that he is injured by this pitiful work ? When these armed bands march in the displays made on public occasions, then, knowing that they are doing true work with a true object, they enter into it with spirit. Every man feels himself to be a part of a fine whole, and interests himself to do his best. These displays of the numerous armed men, marching with banners, bright swords and spears, with cannon, great troops of horses, long columns of glittering steel flashing in the sun, with brilliant coverings and gay colours, and the loud clanging music— these attract great multi- tudes. Whilst the High-Caste Braves, on grand horses, clothed in bright armour and steel, prance about and order the bands of braves. All are quiet and orderly, and preserve due restraint. One would not know that these are the same turbulent, untrained, reckless, and cruel plunderers and murderers, who devastate the homes of peaceful people beyond the seas. I did not see the big fire-ships, for it was not per- mitted to me. Or rather it would have been very un- comfortable indeed, for the rude and insolent Bar- barians in the ships know nothing of ordinary polite- ness and civility. They jeer my illustrious country and people, and mock at us with the brutality of con- ceited and barbaric ignorance. I was told that the big ships perform a great many movements, firing off the great cannons, and moving about each other, and AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, AND SPECTACLES. 213 pretending to fight — in this way to teach the head officers and the men how to manage the vessels, and how to fire the enormous guns, and how to shoot the big balls and fire-bombs, and other horrible things, in the most destructive way. Sometimes an old vessel is allowed to float on the waves, and the fire-ships shoot off the cannon balls against the hull, to see how soon they can destroy, burn, or sink it. Sometimes they send against it a curious machine filled with gun- powder, which, sinking under the old hull, suddenly blows up, raising the great mass entirely out of the sea, and utterly destroying it ! So ingenious are these fierce tribes of the West in all contrivances for the destruction of mankind ! 214 EMPLOYMENTS OF THE PEOPLE, CHAPTEE X. OF THE EMPLOYMENTS OF THE PEOPLE, AND ASPECTS OF DAILY LIFE. I HAve spoken quite at length of the English Bar- barians as traders — these form a large portion of the whole. Below these are the lowest caste, workers, beggars, and thieves. The tillers of the land make a great part of the workers ; then those who toil in the mines, shops, and great factories ; lastly, mere day- labourers of all sorts. The tillers of land are wretchedly poor. In the years of their strength they just keep from starvation, living in hovels hardly fit for a brute, and not so good as the Master's dog-kennel. When strength goes they become idle, paupers, and die in the poor-house [do-zen-di]. The mine-workers delve in the dark bowels of the earth for coal, iron, copper, tin, and other minerals. No beast works in more dirt, nor under more brutal circum- stances. Out of the light of day, far below, in pitchy blackness, illumined only by the faint light of a lamp fastened to his head, the serf toils — exposed to death from suffocation, by the falling-in of earth, from great out- bursts of water, from accidents of many kinds, and from the fearful explosions! He gets more money — but in the AND ASPECTS OF DAILY LIFE. 215 light of day, when he has cleansed himself from some of his weight of filth, the gin and beer shop give him the readiest and only resource ! The lives of these toilers and of their families are scarcely imaginable. An explosion sometimes destroys nearly a whole village ! The vast numbers, men, women, and children, who labour in shops and factories of all kinds, present a very uniform appearance of misery and degradation. They swarm in the great towns, amid the d6hris [kon] of coal and iron works, and in the purlieus of the places of labour — dirty, noisome, barbarous. No High- Caste, unless by mistake, ever goes among them; and even the lower avoid them. Worked by their task-masters all the day, from early morning till late at night, for such pittance as may keep them at work, what can be expected ? Young girls aud lads work together ; there is no decency (there hardly can be), connections are formed, children come ; but who is to care for them ? What can describe truly the actual state of things ? Ci When work is over, weary, without respect from others, and feeling none, therefore, for themselves ; no decent home, wife and children draggled and wretched like themselves, wdiere else to go but to the warm and brilliant-lighted drink-places ? Here is warmth, shelter, comforting drink. Is it surprising that these, the only homes, take nearly all earnings ; and that the small remainder gives to the bare rooms, ragged garments, and squalid wives and children, that aspect of misery and brutishness ? Whole quarters of towns are given up to this degradation. The portals of Temples, the porti- coes of grand edifices, the very steps of public charities, 216 EMPLOYMENTS OF THE PEOPLE, are crowded with these victims of ignorance and selfish- ness — a selfishness pecuKar to the cold nature of these Barbarians, and which receives its finest and most exquisite polish among the High-Caste. I speak of the steps of Charity Halls, where relief is supposed to be given to the starving ; but on the very steps misery may find its last, wretched repose. It seems to be accepted as inherent in the nature of things that this abounding debasement and wretched- ness, wherein crime breeds by an inexorable law, must he. The crime must be watched and kept within bounds, and guards must carefully repress the disorders of this foul shame, but the thing itself is inherent and ineradicable. It may be so to the barbaric nature. The ordinary labourers of all descriptions, in the street, in the shipping-docks, in waiting upon the arti- ficers, in the digging, toiling, manual employments, differ not much from their congeners [re-la-tsi] in the factories and mines. Their habits are the same. All are alike really serfs, taking no notice of the refinements and the enjoyments of the higher-castes, and being every- where rigidly avoided by them. On a sunny day, if you walk in a public garden, you will see some of these miserable beings lying about on the grass, stretched out in the sun, asleep. By no chance will they occupy any ])lace which is usually used by the upper castes, nor will any of these, by any chance (short of dire need), ever speak to or notice one of these low creatures. Sometimes an open green space will present an appear- ance like a battle-field after a combat. These serfs scattered around, here one or two perfectly still, there AND ASPECTS OF DAILY LIFE. 217 some just turning or raised upon elbow ; sometimes an old crone resting upon a recumbent man ; most, perfectly still and flat, give an aspect of dead and dying strewn over the field. Occasionally men and women will be cuddled close together for warmth ; in truth, this grassy, sunny couch, is to them a luxury. The aspect of these day-labourers as they lounge, or slouch [gr-utn] idly about the streets, is repulsive and curious. They seem unable to stand up. Whether from the nature of their toil, or from mere shiftlessness, I know not. But they never do stand erect, and slouch along from one beer-shop corner to another, till they can lean or lie down. They cluster about the corners by beer and gin shops, rarely molesting any one, but frequently noisy and quarrelsome among themselves. They carry their strong passions and strong drink to their wretched haunts where crime and violence are rife. Women and children of this class are also at these drinking places, and give a feature to the degra- dation of unusual repulsiveness. These beer and gin shops, in low quarters of a town, are prolific of riot and crime, but abounding everywhere, in parts more decent, the police [ta-pki] are forced to be more watchful. A striking illustration of the callousness of the High-Caste is, that they derive their own revenues largely from this very degradation of the serfs — for an immense tax is paid by them upon the beer and gin which they consume — and this tax enures wholly to the benefit of the High-Caste. In the Law-making House, therefore, whenever some good man wishes to moderate this ex- cessive evil of drink and drunkenness; pointing out 218 EMPLOYMENTS OF THE TEOPLE, how Crime takes root and flourishes, and vice spreads from these drinking-places ; how the whole community suffers ; he is laughed at and pointed at, and made odious to these miserable creatures, as one who would deprive the jioor man of his Beer ! In this connection of the serf with the rich man's revenue, it is convenient to say " the iwor man ; " on ordinary occasions, the " drunken least" or the " hrute" would be more likely. There are parts of great towns where decent people never go unless by sheer need, and where in the night they would not go unless accompanied by a policeman. Nothing can describe the aspect of the dark courts and streets, of the mean and filthy buildings, shops, and dens ! Nastiness, foul smells, dirty shambles and garbage ; doors and windows smashed and stuffed with rags ; gutters festering with impurities ; and the human vermin swarming like maggots in rotten flesh ! Upon this foundation the palaces of the rich and the vast stone Temples rest ; one wonders that they do not sink into it. It is a great boast of the English Baifbarians that " a slave cannot breathe in England." At first, when I heard this, I supposed that it meant that he would die under the conditions of life awaiting him — he would not be able to breathe — and therefore slaves were unable to live in the land. But the boast merely means that it is not permitted to add black slaves from abroad ; they cannot live in England ; nor do I think they could. I do not comprehend the boast, unless on the ground that it would be an expensive as well as useless cruelty to land even blacks, merely to have the trouble and cost of burying their carcases. AND ASPECTS OF DAILY LIFE. 219 I have called these low-castes Serfs, disregarding the hoshiCYioji fiction which calls them/r^e. Not long since they were slaves under precise law ; now they arc so by universal custom. When they were legal slaves they had some care and protection ; there was a tie exist- ing between master and servant; hearty service and affectionate concern rendered the relation not merely supportable, but positively advantageous. The tie is severed ; there is neither hearty service nor affectionate concern. The master possesses everything as before, but he is no longer obliged to maintain his labourers. These are numerous ; they must work or starve. Whilst they work they get enough perhaps to live ; no longer able to work, mere pauper-life in poorhouses and the pauper's grave await them. Nor do the masters even pay for these ; they have cunningly contrived to have the expense borne by all who have anything to be taxed. Thus the severance of the ancient tie has only enriched the High-Castes and freed them from all obligation to care for the labourer, and sunk him into a condition of hopeless and debasing poverty. The freedom is all on the strong side ; the slavery more abject and less softened by humane sentiments. Now there are a few, who have some dim perceptions of these so obvious features to a disinterested spec- tator. They see that it is a poor compensation to the wretched misery which holds thousands hopelessly in its grasp, to point out an occasional accident of escape — where some one, more gifted and more fortunate than his fellows, happens to rise into comfort and slight esteem ! These noble men, the harbingers of light, who 220 EMPLOYMENTS OF THE PEOPLE, try to see and to act honestly, in spite of early prejudice and habit, perceive that there is no hope for these serfs, unless they can be moved with a higher interest. They think they discover a chance to move them by offering them knowledge, without, or nearly without, cost. But it is doubtful if they be not too low, too brutal, to care for knowing anything. Then, " they must be forced to send the children, to be taught — ihcy must he vjliipped to School." This is resented as an outrage on the freedom of the serf — as an invasion of his family rights — as a positive, additional, tax and burden. For he gets some- thing from the petty work, or from the begging or thieving of the cliildren, and now the Master takes that ! Yet, probably, this is one needful thing — to take the children into the hands of the State, in every case where the natural guardian is unfit to properly care for them. But the State cannot half take them. It cannot take anything of the present pittance, and claim to have compensated by giving words instead. It is cruel to say to him who starves in body, " Starve — I feed the mind !" A poor parent cannot receive even knowledge in exchange for bread. And it cannot be asked of him, in his low estate, to exchange the little added support of the child's wage for the, to him, useless words of knowledge. In the face of want one cares only for bread ! Therefore, the State which teaches must also feed the poor — or see to it that the honest poor be first fed. If the parent can only feed by the help of the child, the State must not arbitrarily assume to be Master and Judge — saying, "Come to school — and starve, if must be." The High-Caste, secretly, clog and obstruct all at- AND ASPECTS OF DAILY LIFE. 221 tempts to raise the low. Learning belongs to the master — ignorance to the serf. It is enough for him to obey and work. There will always be poor, and vicious poor. It is better to merely watch and guard against an Evil, for which there is no remedy. To give instruc- tion to the low-orders, is to arm demagogues with a dangerous weapon. " ' A little knowledge is a dangerous thing ' — it only enables the multitude to see just what it suits the purpose of the Agitator to show ! Tliere is nothincr but evil in these grand measures. All must be left to individual effort ; and to the Priests. These must work as comes in their way ; instructing those who wish, and encouraging those who dutifully obey, and attend to the labours imposed upon them by divine Providence " (Meaning, that Jah has ordained, from all time, that some must be " Hevjers of wood and drawers of water " — a quotation from the Sacred Writings). In this manner, the High-Caste, when it condescends to the subject at all, dismisses it. Indeed, this Caste, the Master-Caste, really feels no other concern in the low orders, but a concern for their peaceful subjection. To this point they direct so much care, as to have al- ways trained bands of braves, and strong, picked, well- ordered men, called Police, ready at hand. So, in case the wretched, degraded, and despised serfs and thieves, should dare to raise any stir, disturbing the ease and enjoyment of the luxurious High-Caste, they may be shot down without mercy ! Necessarily, the elevation of the low-classes will be very gradual. Many of the Priests, wishing to enlarge and maintain the influence of the Superstition, actively 222 ASPECTS OF DAILY LIFE. exert themselves among the honest and industrious poor. And some of these Bonzes are as benevolent as the traditions of their Caste and of their Idolatry will permit. It is doubtful if the present condition of the masses of the English Barbarians be so manly and independent as ages ago — when they were sufficiently intelligent to move in their own cause, and were really of some im- portance in the State. Unfortunately, they did remove from their necks the pressure of immediate, personal service, only to accumidate upon them, as a Class, the whole weight of the landed and trading interests. As a whole, therefore, they are more servile, more abject, and more dependent ; and the few individuals who may raise themselves above the level of their class cannot even flatter themselves in this to have gained. There never was a time when these individuals did not exist — it is not clear that their numbers have increased. DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 223 CHAPTER XI. OF THE HIGH CASTES: SOME PARTICULAES OF THEIR DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. In tliis chapter I shall try to show some of the pecu- liarities of the opposite extreme of Barbarian life. From ignorant poverty, verging upon crime, crime and vice ; we are taken to luxury, also verging upon crime, crime and vice — though under very different forms. The All- wise and Sovereign Lord knows how to judge each class of offenders ! The High-Caste is very exclusive — it wiU not, if it can avoid it, notice one of a lower order ; and never will do so unless it has some selfish end in view. This cold- bloodedness characterizes all Castes. When the Bar- barians, therefore, chance to meet, and being of near Castes, cannot be distinguished by dress, they never touch or address each other — but stare rudely up and down the person, to see if it will be safe to be civil, the one to the other. In general, however, the two Higher-Castes present so many features in common, that a spectator mg-y re- gard them as one. Both look upon all useful occu- pation as shameful ; and whilst it is hard to call up a blush for anything mean, detection in any honest work covers with confusion ! 2.24 HIGH CASTES : The women of tliis Caste appear everywhere in public, with the same boldness as men. They dress in laces, silks, satins, velvets ; richest furs, feathers, shawls, and scarfs. Are so addicted to these things, and to costly jewels, and ornaments of gold, precious stones, and the like, that a fortune is often carried upon and about a fine Lady. {Lady is for the female like Lord for a male). In truth, a Lady only lives for two purposes — to dress, and to marry. I ought to add another, but whether it be subordinate or chief I know not ; in fact, I hardly know w^hat it is. We have no very near word. It is a something of which you hear constantly — to flirt. To dress, it is necessary to shop [keat-hi]. This, is to buy the innumerable articles which make up a fine Lady's wardrobe and personal appointments. Heaven and earth, ^ and aU. the lands beyond the great seas, are ransacked to gratify the insatiate demands of Barbarian High- Caste women. The finest paints for the cheeks and eyelids, the most precious stones for the ears, the neck, the wrists, the fingers ; the most delicate perfumes, the pure gold, the richest furs and feathers, spices, oils ; the laces, scarfs, silks, embroideries; — an endless variety. Shopping is, therefore, the serious occupation (subsidiary to husband-catching and flirting) of ladies. Many ruin themselves, or their fathers, their husbands, or relatives, in this expensive luxury of idle vanity. High-Caste women show themselves in public, sometimes on foot, but, more generally, lolling, with poodles in lap, within open, grand carriages, drawn by great, high-stepping horses. (Poodles are nasty dogs). They attend the Tem- ples, waited upon by solemn servants, clothed in showy DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 225 colours, and bearing ostentatiously the Sacral books. They are conspicuous, when at the Temple, for audibly accompanying the Priest in the Invocations and Con- fessions : " miserable offenders " seeming to be a phrase rolled like a sweet morsel, and having a savour of re- pentance and humility, very edifying ! The men do not . appear very numerously with the women — leaving them to do as they please. The men going off to their own exclusive pleasures : gambling, betting, racing, boating, hunting, and other things equally useful and improving. All through the night, which is the time of High- Caste revelry, the streets where the great live resound with the noise of the carriages, constantly busy with the- transporting of the High-Castes to and from the Theatres, the Dances, the places of Amusements, the Dinners, the Parties, Ptouts, and visits. To mark the difference of the Upper from the Lower, time itself is reversed ; night is taken for life and sport, and the day for rest, gossip [Quen], and shopping. In nothing could the difference be more striking. The luxurious- ness of mere self-indulgence, which takes no heed of the usual order of nature, and does not suspect that day has any better use ! When in the country, there is the same round of busy nothings. Visits, feasting, drinking — dancing, routs, and parties. Women taking the lead everywhere and in everything. Here, as in town, the business of life with women is to flirt, to marry, to dress — the last should be first. The men add to the follies of women some things more robust, but not more useful. Betting, horse- Q 226 HIGH CASTES: racing, riding over country with dogs, pursuing timid creatures — or gambling, drinking, and feasting. When I first arrived in England, I was amazed, and supposed all women were shameless [ba-tsi] that I saw, whenever I went in public. In our Flowery Land this class [ba-tsi], under the strictest survey and care of the magistrates, are barely tolerated, and forced to the most scrupulous decorum of dress and conduct. With us no modest woman of any rank ever appears in public. Therefore my surprise and astonishment may be imagined. Afterwards these were moderated, and I could make allowances for the force of custom. None the less the custom is remarkable, and will receive attention elsewhere. The mode of dress is simply wonderful. It is ever changing and ever indelicate and monstrous— especially for women. When I first saw one of these with a liuge hunch on the top of her back, I thought the person was afHicted with an enormous tumour; but when I observed the same thing on all hands, I saw my mistake. The great hunch was no more than a machine placed on top of the seat, under the outer garments. The effect is something amazing. The women in walking also wear the robe drawn as tightly as possible back and over the hips, so as to display the whole form from head to foot in front, and also in rear, excepting at the back-seat where the protuberance is. Here the clothes are clustered, and hang down in a trail upon the ground ! The feet are thrust into very high-heeled shoes, or boots; so, in walking, the woman stoops mincingly forward with short, unsteady steps, as DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 227 if pinched at the toes, rattling her heels upon the pave- ment, and tossing her back-gear and headdress, and showing off to an astonished observer (unused to the apparition) something to be remembered ! Oh every little occasion taking up her trail, and discovering legs and ankles. At home, when receiving male and female friends to dinner, the women do as they please — also in dances, routs, and the like. I was invited, soon after my arrival, to dine. I had looked at a Book of rites and ceremonies for the great, and hoped to get on tolerably well. On arriving, my first mistake was to address the servant as Illustrious, taking him for the master. In many houses the servant, dressed like the master (being much more of a man in appearance), may well be taken for him ; but in some houses the servants are made to wear badges and colours of their station. "Women are very choice about these men-servants, and will not have one unless he have very large, well-formed eahes [fa-tze]. I have heard that the rogues supply this requirement by adding so much fine hay to the leg as will give due swell and figure ! Upon being shown up to the room, where I was to address myself first to the Ladi/ — the Illustrious wife — I made my next blunder. The lady was large, full of flesh, rather red, with bright eyes. Another lady, just moving away, trailed her long robe suddenly before me — my foot caught and held her. She turned her wdiite shoidders upon me, frowned — at the moment I stumbled, and recovered myself awkwardly, with open hands full upon the ample bosom of the Illustrious I 228 HIGH CASTES: Ah, my confusion! I could not recover my composure. I could see nothing but necks, shoulders, backs, bosoms of women, and eyes flashing at me— heads, and feathers and jewels — lights, noise, confusion ! I got away — never knew how. Women, when undressed in this indelicate way, are said to be in full dress. I think this is a sly sarcasm of the men. The men, however, dress in a manner not at all better. When in full dress, they jmt on a ridicu- lous close garment, slit up behind, and very scant, with two tails, which pretend to cover the hinder parts. The troiosers (an " unmentionable " article for the legs), no more than the tender garment worn by .us, is the only covering for the legs and lower part of the body ! Imagine the indelicacy! In this style of fitll dress, the women and men of the High-Caste Barbarians meet and mingle together everywhere, and at all feasts, revelries, and dances. In the shows within-doors the same mode prevails. At the public spectacles, in full view of thousands, ladies sit exposed to the gaze of men, who often level at them the magnifying glasses taken for the purpose ! Critically examining the exhibition before them from a distance of twenty feet [tu-fai]. The dress of women on horseback is as foUows : — The head is covered with a man's head-gear, round, hard, high, black in colour, with a narrow rim. The bust and body are just as tightly fitted as possible, the hips and figure exposed in exact shape (how much made up no one can more than conjecture), and the legs covered by the dress falling over them long and full. The DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 229 woman sits on a side-saddle, one leg well up over a horn of the saddle near the front top, and the other supported with the foot in a steel rest. She is lifted by a male servant, relative, or friend, into her perch. And when she, with the little whip in hand, takes up the long strips of leather by whch she guides the horse, and starts off, there is a show the most curious ! Up and down, with every motion of the horse, she hobs [Ko-bys], exposing, to any one looking after her, the most precise model of herself ! but in an attitude and costume so remarkable, that I never saw even the ac- customed Barbarians disregard an opportunity to see this slioio, however indifferent they may usually be. Nor do I think that the Barbarian women esteem any exhibition of themselves superior to this. In the country you will see several apparitions of this kind, urging their flying horses after men and dogs, all chasing pell-mell some poor hare, which, running for cover, is pursued by a crowd of men and women on horseback, with dogs, yelping, barking, men blowing horns and shouting ; the women on the horses leaping over fences, ditches, and urging their horses as wildly, boldly as the men — and sometimes in all respects as skilfully and well ! This Sport is considered by the Barbarians to be very manly — nor do they consider a broken back, or even neck, as any objection to it ! The Boict is a favourite amusement with the High- Castes. So named from the confusion of armed men when routed — put to flight. It is to get together just as many people of both sexes as possible. With no sort of regard to the size of the house, but only to show 230 HIGH CASTES : how many of the High-Caste will respond to the invitation. In full undress the ladies and gentlemen (Barbarian style for any High-Caste man) crowd into the honse. Every stairway, every hall, room, chamber is filled. Eefreshments are provided, but the flux and reflux of the people render all eating and drinking very diflicult. The women flash in jewels, pendants in the ears, sparkling brilliants on arms, busts, ornaments of flowers and gems in the hair, jewelled fans in hand, perfumed laces and scarfs, tinted, and flushed, and adorned, ex- posed to bewilder and intoxicate the men — in fine, in the pursuit of husbands, or bent upon flirtations ! These entertainments are designed for the very purpose of ex- citement and match-making. " Society is kept alive — life is made endurable by these things," the High-Caste women say. They have no other business but to attend to such matters ; and to them Society looks to save it from dissolution and despair ! In the Bout all is confusion and opportunity. The young people, the old people, the highest and the lowest (permissible), are thrown promiscuously together. AVomen and men mingle, jostle, jamb, crowd, wriggle, and writhe together as best they can. The young lady suddenly finds herself quite in the arms of the young man who has saved her from a fall ; and he, in turn, " hegs pardon " of some woman, into whose lap he has almost been thrown by a sudden press. Acquaintances may be made, Jli7-tations begun, ending in something or nothing. But Society has had its ex- citement, and its members their chances for mere idle DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 231 display, gossip, sensual gratification, or the more serious business of High-life — fortune-hunting by men and husband-catching by women ! The Waltz and Dance are, however, the great game (for they are really one) of Barbarian life. Every Caste, according to its ability, dances — the low imitating, to their best, all the " airs and graces," dress and jiirtations of their superiors. In the Waltz, when the music strikes up, the man takes the woman about the waist, standing with the other dancers in the middle of the floor, and she leans upon his shoulder interlocking the fingers of her disengaged hand in his. In this close position, they begin to wheel around, around ; one couple follows another about the clear space left for them, till many couples are seen twirlino;, whirlino- about, around to the sound of the music — ever in this wild, whirling sort of a gallop, fol- lowing one after another, rapidly! The long trails of the woman are held up, the embroidered skirts fly out, the silken shoes and hose flash ; she is held close and more closely in the supporting arm, her cheek almost touches, her bust, neck, and face glow with excitement, the eyes and jewels sparkle, the man and woman whirl about, till intoxicated, dazed, and nearly exhausted, she sinks upon his arm and motions for rest, and he half supports and half leads her to some soft bench or chair! Such briefly is the Waltz. The dance is the same thing nearly, only more variety of movement is intro- duced. The whole object is to bring the sexes together, and keep Society alive, as before. Flirtation and match- making being main elements of social life. The manners of the High-Caste are not really more 232 HIGH CASTES : refined than elsewhere ; only there is a cool tone. Xothing must surprise, nothing confuse, nothing abash. A blush must be as rare as a laugh. A young woman seeing a young man gazing at her with bold admiration, must coolly look him down — if she please. His is an action of mere rudeness, or should be, when directed to a virtuous woman : but no, " a man may gaze upon what is everywhere exhibited for his admiration — may he not ? " And yet, with strange inconsistency, a woman has a right to complain if a man, captivated by the very means designed, too rudely express his pleasure. And one man is required to chastise another for the rudeness to his relative, though he know that, in the nature of things, the female should expect what she encounters — and more, the complexity is further in- volved, that though one man must call another to account for this sort of rudeness, yet every man indulges in it ! Young people, in public, of the two sexes, without shame appear in close intimacy — and will look upon statues and paintings of naked women and men, talk- ing and criticizing, examining the works and looking at them in company, without confusion, or appearance of there being any indelicacy. As if, in fact, in the bosoms of the High-Caste there did not exist any of the pas- sions of ordinary mortals ! There are very numerous galleries of Art, where statues, paintings, pictures, models, and the like, are shown, which are always crowded by High- Caste women, children, and men. And shop-windows are made attractive by displays of pictures of nude, or half- DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 266 nude, women and men, who act in the Plays, or who are notorious in Spectacles. This sort of indecency- prevails ; and strikes one, not used to it, with an unpleasant surprise. He knows not what to think of its significance — have all his ideas of decency been indecent ? I am not able to say much of the interior life of the family. I was told that a happy family was rare — quite an exception. It is only whei^e the loife rules that any peace is secured. The wife is allowed to do, gene- rally, in Society and at home, as she will. The husband goes off to his pastimes and pursuits. Children whilst young are committed to the care of servants, and when older sent away to be educated and trained by hire- lings. The daughters, when grown, often move the jealousy of the mother by attracting more attention from men — they are often snubbed and made to dress unbecomingly, so that the mother may shine. Marriage among the High-Caste is an arrangement for an establishment ; and to secure the succession of family name and title. To these ends great care is given to the money question. The man demands money for taking the wife. Domestic happiness is hardly thought of; unless, occasionally, by very young people, and they are laughed out of their ridiculous romance. In the marriage ceremony, the wife, in the presence of the Idols, and following the Invocations of the Priest, solemnly promises to obey the husband. But this is regarded as a mere form. Any husband who under- takes to enforce obedience, finds himself branded by & 234 HIGH-CASTES : Society, as a " brute ! " Mach of the infelicity in mar- riage rests upon this false basis. For, with the virile instinct, man naturally expects obedience ; yet has, in his unmarried days, fallen in with the false notion of woman's superiority in delicacy and moral virtue. This peculiar affectation colours all Barbarian intercourse with the sex. It has its root in the SujJerstition, pos- sibly ; where an immaculate virgin gives birth to a Son of god-Jah ! who is the Christ-god. Thus, woman came to be mother of God ! From this, very likely, followed all the false worship and gallantry of the barbarians ; who still, keeping up this mode of treating women as superior in excellency, could scarcely deny to them a superior place in the family. Assumed to be absolutely chaste and pure, they are to be implicitly trusted — nor to tlum is there impropriety ! Hence follows the /z7ie Art exhibitions — the undress dress ; the waltz ; the mixed crowds — the everything, where women, according to the ordinary feelings of cultivated men, should not be, or be in a very different way. But the man before marriage, and afterwards, too, (excepting to his own wife), pretends to look upon woman as a divinity — as something far above him in moral goodness ! After marriage, it is difficult to dethrone this divinity — the man has not a divinity at the head of his family; but all his friends (male friends) pretend to think so ; Society says so ; and he is liimself compelled to 'pretend to the same thing. Under these circumstances he will never be likely to get much obedience. None the less, a struggle commences ; the man persistent, strong ; the woman unyielding, crafty ; DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 235 the family divided ; the chihlren demoralized ; a false and wretched farce of conjugal Play, so badly acted as to deceive not even Society ! and finally ending in the Divorce Court. This is the tribunal where Causes Matrimonial are settled; and, if one may judge from its Reports in the Gazette, conjugal contention is exceedingly common. For the public cases must be few, compared with those where publicity is avoided by private arrangement. Doubtless, a fine man and an excellent woman may unite, and live happily together, in spite of the unfa- vourable conditions. But, more commonly, the high- minded man, really believing in the superior purity of the sex, and her greater moral delicacy, finds his Ideal to be too high ; and without absolute cause to quarrel ; in fact, seeing that his Ideal was itself only an error of the prevailing delusion ; ever after struggles to bring him- self into harmony with the existing fact — to love and respect a woman and only a woman, with a woman's vanity, love of excitement, frivolity and caprice — a very weary work. The woman, too, still flattered, and exact- ing the devotion which her lover (now her husband) gave to her in his davs of delusion, thinks herself treated with coldness ; and, gradually, by her unreasonable complaints, estranges altogether the husband, whom she, too, tries to forget, in the admiration, flatteries, and excitements of Society ! The affectation and falsity, therefore, respecting woman, tends to a fundamental error in the relation of the sexes and the ordering of the family. It is a strange and almost fatal error to give this exaltation to 236 . HIGH-CASTES: woman, No doubt, a real trust and respect tend to secure, in some degree, the virtues accorded ; and this true respect of an honest man, who places his wife, or his relative, before himself in purity, challenges the best of nature in the female. But man has reversed the true order, and run counter to the true instinct of the race (quite as strong in the female as in himself), when he thus puts woman before him, in anything. "What authority is there for this reversal of the natural order ? Why is woman more moral, more chaste ? There is notliing in the nature of things, why the man, here, as in all things, should not be, as he is, the supe- rior — the master. In morals he should be her guide, her teacher, her best support. That Society is, indeed, unsound, wherein the man may be low and sensual, and fancy, or pretend to fancy, that the woman is better than himself — it is a delusion. Man gives the real character to any Society — the woman will not be, can- not be better than the man. The English Barbarians, in spite of the absurd falsity of their customs, must have some tolerably happy families. The innate per- ception of the eternal fitness of things will cause many couples to arrive at a proper method. The wife, with- out exactly admitting it, even to herself, submits to her husband ; and the husband, without exactly command- ing (except in rare instances), feels that he is really the head of the house — and the family gets on pretty smoothly, because living in the natural order. But, in general, the struggle for mastery destroys either the existence of the family, or all attempts at affectionate ways of living. To avoid public scandal, the members DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 237 do not actually separate ; but all harmony and true domestic life are lost — and life is a dismal and disor- derly rout. The exaltation of the sex and the complete freedom allowed to them belong to a state of society, if any such there be, where man is still morG excellent. There, indeed, a bright and beautiful ideal is made real, and men and women know how to love and to obey ; and love is as true as the respect and the obedience. The Barbarians, full of immorality, of rudeness, of strong passions, of selfishness, controlled by a false conception founded in their Idolatry, act, in respect of their women, as if purity, cultivation, generosity, and the highest morality, everywhere existed ! This, so false, is well-nigh fatal to them. Yet, it is only an illustration of the uncultivated and confused state of mind, even in the highest, that so simple a thing as the natural order o-overning the relation of sex and family is not comprehended ; and that their Society is saved from absolute wreck only by the strong and controlling instinct of nature, which, in spite of obstacles, does brino- the female into subjection to the male — at least to an extent sufficient to make life possible ! None the less the disorder of households is dreadful. Sons and daughters, as they grow strong, assert them- selves [Quan-hang-ho]. They act and speak (and in this follow the wife and mother) as if the sole business of the father was to give the means of selfish, idle indulgence. This would not be so unjust among the Hish-Caste, but it descends to all grades, and the middle orders are content to see the father toil at his 238 HIGH CASTES: business till overworked, or ruined altogether, in his efforts to supply these daily exactions. No doubt he himself is a victim to the whole vicious falseness — yet tlie cold-bloodedness of this conduct on the part of children and wives is remarkable. " Obedience," or " gratitude ! " — Words sneered at, laughed at ! The daughters, directed by Mamma [na-ni-go], are taught to dress, to look modest, to practise all those arts by which they may attract the male and secure hus- bands, and are exhibited in public places and in Society accordingly. The sons are sent off to be taught. In the Halls of Learning they acquire but little of the knowledge paid for in the Lists, but a great deal of that which does not appear there. A youth may have entered, at least, honest, moral, and generous — he still leaves unlearned, but dishonest, corrupt, selfish — he has acquired that knowledge most sought for (even by his parents), a knowledge of the World [Quang] ! In truth, the youth instinctively feels that it is better for his success in life to know the World than to know Letters. He acts upon this feeling, which thrives in the demoralised atmosphere which he breathes. Father is called Governor, and is regarded as a sort of creature to be made the most of ! The money allowed (perhaps too ample for really useful purposes) is spent in things foolish and hurtful. Money and time are wasted. The latter is valueless, to be sure, to these youths anywhere — but the money may be v/rung from relatives, who put themselves on short diet to enable the son or brother (who is defrauding them) to appear well in DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 239 Society ! To perfect himself in the learning which he feels to be effective, he devises nevj methods of wring- ing more money from the Governor, who begins to pro- test. To drink, smoke, lounge about with easy and cool impudence ; to stare into the face of women ; to bet, cfamble ; to sret in debt, and curse the creditors who presume to ask for pay ; to make, or pretend to make, love ; and generally to lay broad and deep that moral and cultivated elegance, to take on that exquisite polish [gla-mshi], which shall dazzle society ; shall attract the silly butterflies (women) who have influence or money ; shall, in fine, shine in the Grand Council, or at the head of armed bands, or to the illumination of the Courts of Law ! Noble ambition, based upon manly principles ! With the Barbarians to be a moral and wise man is to be a milksop [Kou-bab] ; to be a polished man of the World — admirable ! The English Barbarians who are fathers, generally consider it rather a joke to have their sons trick them and poke fun at the " Governor," only it must be marked with some pretence of deference. If the " young fellows " do not positively disgrace the family — that is, marry some poor creature whom they have first de- bauched ; or actually forge, or rob, or descend to im- proper friendships with inferior Castes — the parents esteem themselves to be fortunate. If he have ac- quired no knowledge of letters, nor of anything but vices, yet he is a ''fine, manly fellovj, who will make his mark in the world." That is, he is a tall, strong, active Barbarian — ^just fit for the armed bands ! The infelicities and disorders of family life, which 240 HIGH CASTES : only prefigure the inevitable confusion and evils of the whole Society, are more intolerable among the Middle Castes. In the Highest, secured revenues enable the wife and the husband each to see as little of each other as they please ; and so long as the husband is not stirred up by Mrs. Grundy (who is not severe with this Caste) he cares but little what his wife may do. He goes about his sports and his pleasures as he pleases ; and his wife, not wishing to be looked after, does not look after him. On this free-and-easy footing, with no want of money {Mrs. Grundy s decorum being observed), they get on well enough, and may even form quite a friend- ship for each other. But it is not possible to establish this condition in a family of small income — and here it is that the wretchedness of false principles has full scope. The husband and father, honest and good, finds himself mated to a woman, weak and vain, with children moulded by her. He, misled by false notions and igno- rance, took to his heart one whom he fully trusted as simply true and modest ; he took her for herself and without money, and flattered himself that she would be a helper and solace. She and her children have made him a miserable slave, who finds no quiet unless he satisfy all their clamorous demands — to shine in Society ! If a good man, he tries to obey and live, even under exactions beyond his utmost efforts ; for he has learned to see that his wife, though weak, is no worse than the Society which she loves, and which he also cannot escape ; he is merely in a false position, and must largely thank himself for having heedlessly entered upon it ! DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 241 But this kind of man is not universal, and one may judge what follows, where there is a man who will not yield, or yields only because he no longer cares for any- thing but his personal ease and indulgence — seeking for pleasure, though unlawful, abroad, as the only re- compense attainable for the loss of happiness at home ! Such a man feels that life is insupportable, where he makes so wretched an object — to be merely the mute beast of burden for the family, without receiving so much tenderness and consideration as is accorded to the dogs lolling in the lazy laps of the females of the house ! He seeks, therefore, abroad for some means of enjoyment, though illicit ! This sort of picture is to be seen everywhere in the Barbarian Ziteratm^e, and is constantly shown in all its minute and miserable exhibition at the Courts of Divorce. Adultery, which in our Flowery Land is punished by death, is not so much as a crime amonsf the Enolish Barbarians. And, as it is the chief cause for which the bond of marriage may be wholly severed, one may judge whether the Court do not encourage the immo- rality. For when parties wish to live apart, here is a way to secure it, lying directly in the path of desire and opportunity. Then, too, the seduction of a maiden, which with us may be punished even to death, receives no sort of reprobation in the Court, and scarcely in Society. If the ruined girl be of low caste, her rela- tives feel no disgrace if the seducer be a High-Caste — rather an honour ; receive from him some paltry sum (not so much as he lavishes upon some favourite dogs), R 242 HIGH CASTES : and buy with the money a husband for her from her own Caste ! With us a guilty intrigue is almost unknown ; with the Barbarians it is almost a pursuit. None the less, there is too much vigour in the organism ; too much moral, intellectual, and physical strength, to suffer total decay. As is always the case, where the mind is active, even Idolatry itself has inter- mixed a pure morality, and the Barbarian nature, still unformed, untrained ; still rude and stirred by passion and by force ; wrestles with the divine instinct, and, unconsciously, often moulds to its light. Away from the glitter and sham (sometimes in it, but not of it), there are quiet families which live lives of honour. The father works honestly and cheerfully ; the wife, in her house, finds the beginning and end of her aims, of her love, and her duty. The husband- father is head; on him rests all responsibility, and to him belong obedience. This is not exacted ; it is not questioned. It is founded in love and respect; love and loving obedience spontaneously arising from uu- corrupted natures. His whole being responds with unmeasured joy. Whatever is pure, high, tender; all are for these — his wife, his family ; so true, so trusting, so helpful, so delightful. He feels no hardship ; there can be no sacrifice, for these; all that is done is in harmony with himself. Everyivliere he is in accord. The very ills and misfortunes of life touch him not, for he is living in the divine order. And from such a man, the inside-life being serene, outer ills fall away. He is so clear and simple; so DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 243 toJiole that nature smiles for him, even in pain and sorrow; he lives in the presence and calm of the Sovereign Lord. These families are the Salt which saves. Among the Barbarians they are generally obscure, and as wholly unconscious of the service which they render as are the glittering inanities which ignore them. This should be reversed, and the Inanities sink into obscurity. I will now say a word or two as to the personal appearance and demeanour of the Barbarians. There is no standard of best-looking, and each tribe will judge from its best type. In general the eyes are too promi- nent and open ; the nose large and irregular ; the teeth bad or false ; the height indifferent ; the figure either too lean or too fat. The hair all colours ; red and liaht most common. The women are so made up, judging from the articles openly exposed for sale, that one cannot speak of them with any certainty. The hair, teeth, complexion, bust, outline of form, are all false or artistically got up. The eyes are too bold and open. The feet long, and hands large. Too tall, and either too meagre or too stout. The youth are sometimes pretty. The women are often brilliant under gaslight (a bright, artificial light). I have spoken of dress, but I may mention that the women, not content with every sort of made-up thing to add to their attractions, pile upon their heads an enormity of false curls, bands of hair, laces, and high sort of head-ornaments; it is truly amazing. Some of these gewgaws are hung upon big pig-tails of false hair, and some are stuck higli a-top. ]N"othing really can be more absurd, unless the false, 244 HIGH CASTES: mincing steps, and protruding back. Some women are beautiful; but to my unaccustomed looks, even the brilliant eyes could not blind me to so immodest an exhibition — or, to me, not modest — so instinctively do we demand that especial quality in the sex, as the crowning grace of true beauty. One thing of a personal kind in the habits of all, high and low, I remarked, which would be intolerable to us. A lady or a gentleman, whilst conversing with you, or at the table of feasting, will suddenly apply a handkerchief [miin-shi] to nose, and blow that organ in the most astounding manner; and this may be con- tinued for some minutes, even accompanied by hauks and sjjits, and closed by many nice attentions to the orifices not worth while to describe. Surely this strange thing disconcerted me very greatly at first, nor do I understand how any people above savages could do it. A fine lady will interrupt herself in the very midst of speech, or of eating, with spasmodic effort, to clear her head; emptying into her fine pocket-handkerchief the obnoxious matter, and then returning the article to her silken pocket. However, we should not expect refinement in a Society where the women may boldly mount a horse- back, and follow men and dogs over ditch and wall, urging her steed with the best, to come in to the death of the poor hunted creature. And this, a noble sport, fit for a lady ! Nor this only, but will crowd to public spectacles, and be hustled and crowded promiscuously, forgetful of all delicate reserve. These habits are only to be criticised because of the boasted preeminence DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 245 claimed in all such matters. But what would be thought of our Literati piling into the mouth huge morsels of flesh, or of guzzling [kun-ki] (with a gulping noise in the throat), great swallows of a hot, greasy liquid, be- smearing the lips and beard. The Barbarians know nothing of our delicate mode of eating, where all is silence and decorum whilst in the act. Another most unaccountable thing to a stranger is the robbery allowed by the servants of the High-Caste. If you accept of the hospitality of a great man, you must submit to be plundered by his servants ; and, as a stranger cannot know the limits imposed upon this rapacity, it goes far to destroy all the pretence of graciousness in one's reception. When you have eaten at my Lord's table, to think you are to be Jieeced [pe-ekd] by my Lord's flunki ! I was once invited by a High-Caste to come to his house in the country and shoot game. I accepted, and soon went into the copses to hunt for birds for the table. A servant accompanied me by command of his master, to show me the grounds and to wait upon me. He was very civil. The next day, upon my leaving, this man, decked in the livery [bung-shi] of his Lord, closely eyed and stuck to me, till, at length, I perceived he wanted something. Only partially aware of the Bar- barian custom, and blushing at the idea oi feeing [tin-ti] or giving anything in return for hospitality, I awkwardly fumbled in my purse and handed to him a half-crown. He contemptuously looked at the silver piece, then at me ; and remarked that the " gentlemen of my Lord did not receive gratuities of that colour." Meaning that gold was only fit for such an exalted minion. 246 OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE COtTNTEY, CHAPTEE XII. OF THE APPEAKANCE OF THE COUNTRY — AND OTHER THINGS. The country is so small, that, riding in the swift steam- chariots, it is traversed in an incredibly short time. In those parts not disfigured by the smoke vomited out from the huge fire-chimneys of factories, mines, and the like, nor by the nearness of great towns, the country presents a green and cultivated look ; nearly as well tilled as our provinces, Quang-tun and Chiang-su. The villages, Temples with lofty towers, great Houses of the High-Castes, here and there ; trees, gardens, smooth fields of fine verdure, over wliich cattle and sheep are feeding ; rising hills and sheltered valleys, rich with copses, orchards, and groves — all seen in moving views — give an aspect of peace, comfort, and wealth. You do not see the poverty, nor, too closely, observe the dwell- ings of the poor. In winter it is cold, and the whole appearance changes. Far to the North, the sun gives but little light — and, like the climate of our provinces by the great Northern Wall, the cold is severe, and the gloom deeper. Ice is formed upon the streams and canals, and snow frequently covers the ground. AND OTHER THINGS. 247 In approaching great towns, you often catch glimpses of the crowded, wretched streets, where misery only thrives. In some places, in the winter cold, smoke and iarkness, life becomes intolerable to many. Out of doors you can hardly find your way, and thieves and beggars emerge from covert to ply their trades. In the nght, at such times, it is only possible to move by the glire of many torches ; and people are often robbed, or bevildered and lost. At this season of darkness many go mad. There is a strong vein of liorror in the Bavarian imagination, derived from their ferocious ancestors, from their old idolatries, and deepened by the new. In the gloom, the misery, the wretchedness — someimes in sheer disgust of life — ^many rush upon self-dstruction — throwing themselves under the wheels of th< steam-chariots, and from the bridges into the canals and rivers. Many persons are thrown down, maimd or kiUed in the highways, by horses or by vehicle moving along. Yet, in the grim humour of these )arbarians, this is the very time when the High-Cistes begin their revelries, and the Low-Castes most iilulge in drink and riot. In tivelling through the country, you wiU occasion- ally ndce, seated upon an eminence, some strong Castle, r Place, of hewn stone, belonging to a High- Caste, t will be approached through long avenues of lofty tres, and stand pre-eminent among fine groves, surrounod by broad lands. These wide Parks contain many tLusands of acres [met-si], left untilled and unprodudve ; merely with their green slopes and spaces, iierspersed with trees, to give grandeur to the 248 OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE COUNTRY, Castle and its Lord. Still, if you look closely, you will discover near by, the squalid huts where huddle the Serfs, who are starving in the midst of this rich pro- fusion — Serfs, who never have an inch [toe] of land of their own, and to whose wornout carcases is begrudgei a pauper grave ! / The inequality between Castes is quite as conspi- cuous in country as in tov/n. One is born to in abundance, the other to hunger; one to a life of self-indulgence, the other to one of enforced and hM- worked self-sacrifice. The one, at last, is covered fy a tomb, embazoned with Honour ; the other is cast into an obscure corner of despised dead, to rot in forgcful- ness — though, often, judged upon a true measi/e of merit, the resting-places should be exchanged— am the idle and vicious Zor^ [chiang-se] descend intoagno- minious neglect ! I You will see deer, pheasants, partridges, hare, and the like, almost tame, in the meadows and copse ; but the tillers of the soil must not touch them, plough starving — they are carefully ]}rescrved for th Lord [Tchou]. Not that he needs them, or cares fo them for food — sometimes he likes to shoot them w idle diversion ! I You will notice sturdy tramps (beggars) rejing, or lazily slouching along by the Avays, with heav^ staves in their hands ; and, if you suddenly come upp these in a secluded place, very likely you will be acpsted — " Master, I be'se hungry — will ye give me tupence ?" You do not like the bearing of the man — ail would not notice him. But you observe his face^nd the AND OTHER THINGS. 249 clutch of his thick stick — and you hurry to hand him a sixpence, and get away ! These scamps prowl about, idle, ready for mischief, scornful of honest work — the terror of women and children who meet them, unex- pectedly, without protection. Sometimes the Iron-roads for Steam-chariots are car- ried over the housetops, in entering towns ; sometimes, through long tunnels under the houses, or under hills — and the works in connection with these roads are sur- prising. The Barbarians of the Low-Castes are forced to incessant labours, to prevent starvation. These must be greatly directed to mines of iron, coal, copper, and tin ; and to various things made from these, and from wool and cotton. For the fruits of the land cannot feed the population. The amount of food which must be brought from beyond seas is very great — and to pay for this, the products of industry must be given. Now, other Barbarian tribes make these things also, and, having them, do not require the English ; in fact, in more distant parts, undersell them. From this cause, many are unemployed and turned adrift — they have no land to till; they beg, steal, and starve. Should this inability of the English Barbarians increase, there would be no sufticient employment for the Low-Castes — there would not be the means of paying for the food required — and depopulation must ensue ! The wealth of the High-Caste must shrink — the English tribe must decline in strength ! Many of the High-Caste, already anticipating danger to themselves — fearing not merely loss of revenue, but the savage ferocity of starving multitudes — promote 250 OF THE APPEAEANCE OF THE COUNTRY, schemes by which large numbers of the poor are shipped off far beyond the great Seas (so that they never shall return) — to starve, or live, as may chance. " England is well rid of them !" they say. In the neighbouring island, Ireland, an actual star- vation of the people in vast numbers happened a short time since. As in England, the poor serfs, tilling the soil and owning none ; at the lest, toiling for the Higji- Castes for such pittance as would buy the cheapest food — potatoes ; when these failed, could buy nothing — all else too dear. These failed, the serfs died by thou- sands and tens of thousands. Not because Ireland was destitute of food ; such was the abundance that ample stores were actually sold for other and distant tribes ! but because, in the midst of plenty, the starving were powerless to touch it ; it was out of their reach — out of the reach of paupers ! The potatoes were not — and they must die. The annals of no people record such a de- population of a fertile land, in the midst of peace and plenty — there is no parallel ! A people dying, not from idleness, nor unwillingness to work ; not from want of food at hand ; not from the ravages of war, nor pesti- lence ; but from sheer poverty ! Yet, the English Bar- barians boast that no people are so rich, so generous ! In our own annals are recorded great sufferings from floods, failures of crops, and natural causes ; where our vast populations have been for a time deficient in food ; but we have nothing to compare with this Barbarian horror ! The Thames is the only considerable river. This flows through the greatest of aU the cities of the West AND OTHER THINGS. 251 —London, It is an insignificant stream — much less than even the Quang-tun, in our chief Southern pro- vince. As it flows through the great city it is, in some pLaces, confined by high hewn-stone terraces [kar-tra]. These are truly great works, and useful, worthy of a strong people. On the river bank is the vast Hall of the Grand Council; with its lofty towers, turrets, clocks, and many bells. The architecture is not like anything known to us — it is the Gothic, which I have mentioned elsewhere. Why this style, so characteristic and fit in the Temples, is used in this grand Hall, I know not ; but probably because this barbarous form was that of the old Hall, destroyed by fire some time since. And the barbaric stolidity sticks to its habit, however incon- venient and unfit. Not far away, may be seen the Dome and Towers of a fine Roman-Grecian Temple, clear and defined, giving expression to an orderly and trained mind, severe in dignity and beauty. But the Gothic, expressing, or trying to express, something very different ; and, rising in the Temples of a gloomy, dark Superstition, to a horrible and unformed shape ! With that the disorderly brain burdened itself and the river bank — a pile at once wonderful and abortive ! London is very large, perhaps equal to some of our greatest cities. For the most part very dirty and grim, and badly built. The river shows its great trade — not inland, but from abroad. You can discern, rising above the buildings, the many tall masts of the ships like forests dried up. And you will observe the numerous vessels with high chimneys ; these are the vessels moved 252 OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE COUNTRY, by stemn — and the incredible number of small craft. At one point you will remark the tall white towers and the high prison walls of stone, erected by the Bar- barian chief from the Main Land who subdued the English tribes in our dynasty Sonff, and made this huge Castle a stronghold and prison. Lower down rises, close by the shore, one of the best in style of all the Barbarian monuments. It is a fine Palace in carved stone, built, after the Eoman forms, to perpetuate the remembrance of Victories gained over distant tribes. Within are gTeat Paintings of these Victories. Terrible scenes of devastation and cruelty ; bloody fights and dreadful conflagrations, by sea and land ; rapine, massacre, unbridled fury ! These are the most admired of all things by the Barbarians — by the Low-Castes, who are almost entirely the victims, as much as by the High, The sight of these kindles their passion for bloody force. They Hoorah ! with an in- describable yell [zuug] whenever they wish to show their frantic delight at any exhibition of brutal ferocity. This yell is greatly gloried in, and vaunted to be far more terrible than that of any other tribe — that by it alone, when raised upon the air by fierce bands, English Barbarians have routed armed hosts ! When one is in the narrow seas of the English, very many vessels may be seen, and near the coasts fleets of fishing craft. The fishermen live in great poverty, in miserable villages by the seaside. They use lines and snares, sometimes like ours, but are not so ingenious in catching the sea-creatures as are our fishermen. They have never trained birds to the work. Their huts AND OTHER THINGS. 253 are noisome, and their habits and dress unclean. They wear a curious cover upon the head, like a basin, with a long wide flap behind. This is all besmeared with a thick, black oil — and their clothing is stiff and nasty with the same unctuous stuff. The oil is to exclude the sea-spray and wet. Their speech is nearly unintel- ligible to the Literati, though comprehended by their own Caste; they are of the lowest — serfs. Multitudes of these rude and unlettered Barbarians perish amid the waves in the storms of winter — being forced to imperil their lives that they may live at all. They are quite a feature in some parts, with their awkward uncouthness. They are addicted to the grossest superstitions of the Superstition. They have many legends about the dark devil-god, and swear by him mostly. They seem to think to cheat him — though they cautiously observe those things which may entrap them, and nothing would tempt them to put to sea on the devil's day — Friday. To do so, would be to go to the devil's Locker (as they call it) at once ! This class is similar to the sailor [mat-le-si] known in our ports, and the character may therefore be fairly judged. The fisherman, in fact, often changes into the ships and goes upon distant voyages. There are no mountains, only pretty high hills, in the English provinces. The loftiest are in the far Northern parts, where are also some small lakes. In the winter these loftier ridges of land are sometimes white with snow. The inhabitants are savages, having their legs naked and bodies wrapped about in loose robes and skins, secured by a belt, into which a knife is stuck. 254 OF THE APPEAEANCE OF THE COUNTRY, and to whicli a long leather poucli is hung. In this pouch they place some dry corn [matze], which, with strong wine in a bottle suspended from the neck, enables them to live for days. Thus equipped, they descend to the valleys, and drive off to tlieir haunts in the rocky hills the cattle of the more civilised people of the plains. The English Barbarians have never conquered these fierce tribes of the Northern hills, but have con- trived gradually to destroy and to remove them. So that, at present, what few remain are quite tamed. A great many, in times past, were cunningly betrayed to the English and put to the sword ; but, in latter days, the head-cliiefs have been bought by the English, and used to entice their ignorant but devoted serfs to enter into the armed bands to be sent beyond seas. By these methods, those distant Northern parts have been, in good degree, depopulated and made quiet. The Low-Castes furnish the fierce savages so well known in our Celestial Waters as those who live in the great fire-ships. Now, wdien the English tribe, being in need of many men for these ships (just about to go away to plunder and tofight), determines to have them, this follows : — Strong, brutal men, are paid to watch for the poor of the Low-Caste, and seize them. These cruel wretches are armed with clubs and swords and small firearms. They are sent into the places where the poor and friend- less abound, to seize any man whom they think they can carry off without much fuss [pung]. The poor cower and hide away ; but these savage bands hunt AND OTHER THINGS. 255 them out, and bear off from wife and children, it may be, or from any chance of succour, some unfriended man to their dreadful dens. Here they are beaten, or put in irons, or otherwise maltreated ; or they may have been brutally knocked down when captured. When gangs [twi-sz] are collected, the victims are forced on board the fire-ships to work in the dark, filthy holes, till, completely cowed, they are made to fire the great cannons, and to learn the art of sailing and figliting ! Many of these slaves of selfish, cruel force, never see their own land again, but are killed in fight, or by acci- dent, or by disease. Multitudes sometimes perish by a single disaster. These are, however, fortunate. They have escaped the brutal whipping, the loathsome diseases, the vile contagions, the inexpressible horrors of a continued captivity ! By these press-gangs (so-called) the fire-ships are often supplied with victims snatched from the unpro- tected Low-Castes ; and the Upper enjoy the idle and luxurious security which they rob from the blood and limbs of the friendless and obscure. This unjust custom, frightful in every aspect, receives the approbation and applause of the Barbarians very generally, who say, " Let the fellows thank their stars that they can receive the Queen's money and fight for her ! Then look at the chance for prize !" By prize, they mean some pitiful fraction of the plunder taken. The stars are referred to, because the Barbarians fancy that everybody is born under the influence of some star ! 256 OF THE APPEAEANCE OF THE COUNTRY. I once noticed a painting, wherein a young man and maiden were represented as just leaving a Temple, where they had been married. Both were nicely dressed, young and handsome, with roses and nosegays [bong-no]. They were walking arm-in-arm, happily engrossed in each other, when, from an alley, out springs a black- whiskered hully [kob-bo] with drawn cutlass, followed by a band of half-drunken, armed wretches, wearing the sea-garb of the Queen ; he grasps the young man roughly by the collar — the picture attempts to show the indignant surprise of the man, the clinging tender- ness, fear, and horror of the maid ! But more striking to an observing stranger than even these, is the merely passing curiosity of the people moving about ! The scene to them is not so novel. It is merely a press-gang doing its lawful work — if, by chance, a wrong sort of man be seized, it is none of the affair of these indifferent passers. Probably, the picture means to excite some compas- sionate interest by showing how very hard the press- gang system may work ! It would be vain to call the least attention to the matter, if the victim were merely a common labourer ; even the accessories of wife and children would not raise the scene into one of compassion. Nor does the representation, for one moment, cause any reflection upon a system wherein hullies [kob-toe] are employed to waylay and carry off unbefriended and unoffending men, at so much per head ! For, besides the regular pay, a reward is given for each victim captured ! LONDON. 257 CHAPTEE XIII. LONDON. London is the capital city of the British Empire. This is the style assumed by the English when they speak of their whole power. It is a curiously con- structed empire — in some respects like that of the old liomans, who, however, obtained their domination more directly by valour and wisdom — whereas the English rather by cunning, accident, and fraud. I say accident, because the immense regions possessed by virtue of discovery come under the term ; and the vastest of all their distant provinces, that of India, was obtained chiefly by fraud, assisted by force. I say citriously con- structed, because these Christians are content to wrincr from Heathen subjects their last bit of revenue utterly indifferent to the idolatries and to the miseries of the people. If the Taxes come in and the wretched Hindoos starve, the main thing is to make the money and support ' our magnificent Empire ' (as the English have it). So the wildest excesses may go on, and the native chiefs, who are mere creatures of their distant masters, may oppress the poor inhabitants ; still, now and ever, the Master demands money ; this secures the yoke upon the neck of the subjugated, and enables the English to make the vast Hindoo world a held where golden s 258 LONDON. harvests are to be reaped. Boasting of liberty at home, there, a tyranny most odious is practised without pity. Then, the distant settlements where the poor English Barbarians go, to cultivate the lands and to trade and plunder, are held in subjection chiefly to give places, with large revenues attached, to members of the Aris- tocracy, who must be provided for in some way, as they can do nothing for themselves. So this arrangement is very satisfactory, because the stupid Englishman abroad is just as devoted to the Upper-Caste and to the Super- stition as at home, and feels honoured to have a " scion of nobility " foisted upon him ; and is amply repaid all the cost by the privilege of " cooling his heels " in an ante-room of the great man, when he holds his little Court. The result is, that back upon London flows all the wealth which the English Barbarians can contrive to get. Having these distant regions, and a greater trade across sea, London has become the greatest mart of all the Western tribes. It is, perhaps, as large and popu- lous as our Pekin. It is the centre of Authority and of business ; not only so, but is the Metropolis of all the Christ- worshipping Tribes — or, as the Barbarians phrase it, of Christendom. The population is 3,500,000, or thereabouts. The bulk of this multitude is poor, and a large fraction paupers. Yet the English boast that " it is the richest city in the world !" Most of the streets, courts, and buildings are very mean. In the winter, nothing can equal the repulsive- ness of the place. To the squalor of beggary, the LONDON. 259 meanness of abject poverty, add the darkness and smoke ; and the conditions seem unfit for human life. The rich shut themselves within their houses, drop the heavy draperies over windows, stir up the fires, light the flaring flames of the curious gas-lights, eat, drink, and sleep — shutting out from sight and sound that hideous outside. This is the time when the wretched in mind and body find existence too great a burden, and cast it off with a shriek and a rush — plunging into the river or canal, or dashing beneath the wheels of the swift steam-chariots. At all street-corners one notices the gin and beer shops. These are the homes of the poor, who find in them the warmth and comfort which are wanting in their domestic haunts. These shops are closed at mid- night, when the half or wholly drunken loiterers must straggle off into those holes and corners which arc their homes. Probably there is no feature in barbaric life so curious and so characteristic as this — this Gin-house of the poor. The Government licenses these places, and derives a great income. The Upper-Castes fatten upon this very thing. What can be said of it — what done with it ? Another remarkable object in the London streets is the Street Arab. This is the name given to it by the Barbarians. But the Arab of Asia (if my reading be correct) is nothing like this creature. The London Arab is of the degraded and thieving class — the very sediment — but not yet fully weighted ! In years a youth, but in feeling a ravening, sharp, adroit animal, quick- ened by the exercise of every instinct, and cool and 200 LONDON. expert from constant habit. He dodges in and out from under the heads of horses and the wheels of vehicles ; mounts a lamp-post, or anything by which he may get a sight ; seizes the bundle which you may have in hand ; touches his uncombed front locks of hair, "Please, Sir, le' me carry it, Sir;" and trots be- fore you, happy if he get twopence. Nobody knows where he sleeps, or eats, nor how he lives, at all. I liave suddenly come upon two or more of them, wdien resting upon an iron grating. Their naked feet and heads, their thin limbs hung about with dirty rags, and tlieir teeth chattering with cold — but never a word of complaint — no seeming thought of anything hard or uncommon. These iron bars cover, sometimes, an area below, into which the warm, moist air of kitchens comes, and rises through the gratings, loaded with the smell of cookery. Upon these bars will huddle together these half-naked and starved outcasts, happy in the partial Avarmth, and a hope of food — for, if only a bone, or a bit of that steaming soup could by any chance be theirs ! Poor girls, of this wretchedness born, shivering upon the wintry swept corners, timidly offer you matches [kin-fue], "Please, Sir, buy "—and will run along by your side, if you give them a half-glance, begging you for pity to buy. Human misery linds no greater examples, nor any form of degradation deeper depths, than the lowest class of London — nor of London only, but of all the great tov/ns. This degradation takes on every shape of misery and shame. Crime of every kind breeds in it— disease, despair, and death ! Is it inseparable from human ex- LONDON. L'Gl istence — must excellence in humanity be only for the few? London has for Misery its Charities — for Crime its vast Stone prisons. The latter are more accessible, and, for the offences of mere poverty, quite as desirable. Pauperism detests the alms-house — it hates subordina- tion ; and will, sometimes, starve before it seeks the bread of scornful wealth. Extreme indigence hardens — softness is turned to stone — human instinct feels wronged. " I wish work and pay, not idleness and pauper-bread." The cruel thing with the poor is, that dit first, there is not debasement. Work is sought — but, continued inability to find work and honest bread, leads in the bad demon — which loves not, cares not, feels not — renders inhuman. In walking the streets one feels the cold nature of the English Barbarians — one sees its exhibition every- where. It is intensified by Caste divisions : there is no real sympathy. An Englishman shows in the streets, and in all public places, the indifference of a brute. ISTothing moves him, nothing makes him laugh, smile, or give any sign of emotion. In sports, nominally sportive, there is nothing of gaiety — only with the Low-Castes very coarse and rough brutishness ; and with the Upper a repulsive cynicism. This mood gives to the life of the streets no pleasing animation — only, at best, mere animal movement, as if each beast was intent upon his own particular hunger. At the Play there is no show ot genuine enjoyment — and the dance (somebody said to me once) might be a dance of Death, so far as any lively pleasure appears. 262 LONDON. The Hansom Cab — of whicli there are thousands — is a singular and characteristic thing. It is a vehicle of two wheels, drawn by one horse, and carries two pas- sengers. The Barbarians, intent upon gain, allow the driver to urge his horse at speed through the crowded streets, giving no other warning than lii-hi ! Every- body must look out at his own peril ; for life and limb are unimportant compared with speed in business. One would not credit this — but as I have been nearly run over by these drivers more than once, not hearing the lii-lii I I can vouch for the existence of these privileged vehicles. The use of them is based upon the same rule, which allows of so many other things, to us inhuman or unjust — to say — that ' the convenience of trade ' is paramount to trifling risks of life, limb, or soundness of abstract morality. Another public chariot for passengers is the Omnihis. These are very numerous on the great thoroughfares. It is drawn by two horses, and will hold twelve or more inside and fourteen outside, upon the top. These are licensed by the law, and convey people a long distance for a small sum. The name is from the Eoman, and means a bus (kiss) for all — a ridiculous term for which I can give no explanation, unless, as women and men ride in them promiscuously, some of the sly and coarse humour of the Barbarians may be meant. I refer, how- ever, to the carriage, to give an illustration of street life, and of the English bearishness [che-liftze]. I have seen women and children waiting at a corner in the mud and rain, for the 'Biis, and when it has stopped, I have seen men rudely elbow themselves to the front LONDON. 26 o and enter upon the unoccupied seats, leaving the women to the inclemency of winter, or to the rain and sleet. And these not the Roughs, but gentlemen. This, too, one would scarcely believe, if one did not see. The police [ki-ti] of London is noted for its stupidity ; its members are the perpetual hutt [la-phe] of farces and plays in the Theatres. Yet the liberty and the good name of the citizens are at their mercy. If a stranger be hustled and mobbed, it will be well for him to get out of the affair without any call for the police, for if one of these should come up, he will be as likely to pounce upon the innocent and injured as upon the wrong-doer. And he likes to make his arrest appear guilty before the magistrate — he is not mistaken. In selecting policemen, rather strength of body than any moral or mental qualification is looked for. And the theory seems to be that one cannot afford to pay for intelligent men, where merely the liberty and good name of the individual is concerned. Here again, " better that the particular person should suffer than that too much money should be paid;" especially as the Police are not likely to be hard upon the upper-Castes. To these they can be conveniently deaf, dumb, and blind. One wonders, looking along the interminable extent of mean streets, to see the endless shops. It looks as if everybody had something to sell ; and where the buyers can be who knows ? You may watch some of these places for hours, and you will not see a soul enter or depart. Look in, and very likely some old man or woman is drowsing away, if in summer time, behind a 264 LONDON. paltry litter of old stuffs, the whole not worth a year's living ; or, if in winter, half-perishing with cold, waiting for customers who never come. And these waifs [dri- tze] of a forgotten trade linger on, in old age, eating hungrily the husks of former traffic, which new ways have destroyed. London is an enormous shop with a West End of dwellings ; these, however, not by any means shopless. It is a marvel. Thousands and thou- sands of mean shops, yet supporting the tens of thou- sands which live by them. One asks how any fair profit can do this. You will see a display of rusty goods, of tawdry ornaments, of dirty books, of mere rubbish ; and if you venture inside you will hurry out again. The creatures inside are as unattractive as the wares. Do you believe these are places of honest dealing ? But in what are called respectable tradesmen's houses, profits must be little short of plunder — the busi- ness is so small. Yet the English Barbarians, of certain classes, seem to take to this mode of living upon the community with a hawk-like keenness. The difference between the price of an article of food, whether bought first hands, or after it has passed through these inter- mediaries, is a difference as of one-half to the whole — that is, the price is doubled ! These petty tradesmen glean their livings from the poor, who cannot help themselves ; but, in truth, the common feeling is on all hands, " Let us plunder, and be plundered." It is merely a question of securing a good share. London, therefore, not wanting in a certain air of LONDON. 265 greatness in some parts, really expresses very clearly the traits of the English Barbarians. It is gloomy, morose, huckstering, repulsive. Huge it is, like the English barbaric power ; but incoherent, uninformed, unlovely, w^ithout the beauty of refinement. Still, in the purpose of the Sovereign Lord, one may guess the use of this great centre of barbaric influence — it is to beat down the distant and worse tribes beyond the great seas. As one sort of predatory creature de- vours another, so these Barbarians destroy worse types of men than themselves, and prepare the way for human advancement. Whether, however, they shall themselves ever emerge into a noble life, is a curious inquiry. The West Eiid is that part where the High-Castes reside when in the Metropolis. It is the seat of Palaces, of Courts, of better built streets, and of the best Parks and ornamental grounds. Here the Theatres and revelries are ; the great dinners, the Eouts, the Dances, and the stir of High life. Here, in the Parks, the grand dames air themselves, their poodles, and ser- vants. Here, on horseback, they astonish onlookers by the display of figure, and, on foot, by a show of head- dress and draperies, and bright eyes and fashionable forms. Luxury, idleness, show, frivolity, mock the wretchedness which despairs and dies, or robs and cheats in not distant back slums [gna-zti]. Still, along these costly rows of equipages and richly-attired women and men, on whose persons may be single gems which would give bread to thousands, one looks in vain for what would give a human and pleasing touch. If you 266 LONDON. see a lovely face, it might as well be at a funeral. The whole spectacle is cold and lifeless ; the horses only have animation, and they are kept down to the tamest possible step. The world cannot show finer animals, nor wealthier owners, nor more luxurious idlers, nor more unattractive human beings. Joy is unknown, and any touch of natural sentiment, along the long line of devotees of wearisome Time-killers, may be looked for in vain. When I first walked about the streets, I found myseK the victim of Barbarian insolence. My dress attracted rude notice, and I soon adopted the common garb. This, however, only partially removed observation — for my features were different. However, a longer use accustomed me to rudeness, and enabled me to let it pass unnoticed. One part of the town, particularly, appeared to be infested with women, who accosted me and insisted upon walking with me. I could not for some time understand this ; but since, I have been in- formed. The neighbourhood of the Theatres — in fact, many parts of the West End — are the haunts of these poor creatures, many of whom seem to be but little more than children. On one occasion a well-dressed young girl, as I was leaving the Play, smilingly spoke to me, and asked the time ! I took out my watch, which was worn in my fob, and holding it up to the gaslight to see the hour, it was snatched from my hand. I merely caught sight of a person vanishing round a corner. The girl exclaimed, " Wliat a pity," and put her hand gently on my arm. I, however, moved away quickly ; but all trace of watch and robber was gone, and LONDON. 267 the young woman too ! This would not happen to me now. I did not then know of the state of things in the centre of Christendom ! Of course I was robbed on several occasions, and in many ways, and shortly found that I must look upon everybody as a rascal, as the English do. But perhaps there is nothing in London so exaspera- ting as the Lodying-house hee-per. This is a creature not unknown to other regions, but reserved for its most perfect and exquisite finish for the Metropolis of the World (as the English like to call London). This being starves you, freezes you, cheats you, waits upon you, steals from you, lies to you, flatters you, and backbites you ; reads your private papers, has keys for all your boxes and drawers, and a complete inventory of all your effects. She chooses from your handkerchiefs, smoothes her hair with your brushes, scents it with your perfumes, " makes herself beautiful " at your toilet. She examines your boots, and finds a pair which you " will never miss," for her James. She brushes your trowsers, and takes care of any loose change. She waits at your table, counts the oranges, and thinks she will try one. When you ask for that pie, she has given it to the dog — " I thought you were done with it. Sir." She cracks a window pane, and charges it to you in the bill. She eats your bread, drinks your beer, tastes your wine ; and charges you a shilling for a pinch of salt. She demands pay for coals you have not burned, and for gas you have not used. She gives you sheets that are worn out, and makes you pay the price of new when you stick your 268 LONDON. toes through them. She demands the loash for cover- ings which you have not soiled, and for tidys that were never tidy. She has a lot of cracked cheap glasses and crockery, which she makes you pay " for cracking, Sir " — as she has already made others many times before. In truth, these are invaluable to her — " she get new ones, not she " ! (as she says to her drudge of all work). You pay for clean table-linen and towels weekly (and weakly) — but if you ask for a fresh table-cloth, " I have a friend to dine "■ — you get it, and a charge for it extra. If you intimate that you could not have had " so much butter " — you are reminded that you are speaking to a lady, who has been accustomed to have gentleinen in her rooms ! You sleep on " hobbles," and are blotched in a curious manner. You hint to the servant that you have seen something as well as felt ; but " nothing of that sort was ever in my house." At last, when you find it quite impossible to satisfy the ever-increasing rapacity, you " think you will leave." You are very forcibly reminded that you are bound to " a month's notice. Sir." And, happy to get off any way, this you waive and pay for. Nor do you flinch when, on exhibiting the final account, " my lady " has recorded a list of casualties, very start- ling : — (Mental notes : — ) Towel-horse broken Chair-back ditto Door-plate cracked . . . Table-cover stained Carpet ditto Walls injured by boxes always broken. ditto. ditto. old. old, worthless. old knocks. LONDON. 269 Candlestick broken . . . servant. Postages, and servant for letters (paid). Blacking, salt, and pepper (omitted and always charged). Wash of coverings, toilets, and counterpanes. You glance at the foot, pay it. You think all is done. But " my lady " expects a " slight gratuity. Sir ; not for myself, of course, but for Nancy ! " I should add that tliis harpy is a devotee, and is as punctual at prayers as at prey ! One, however, soon finds a change of place is no change of fate. The pickings and stealings may take a little different form, but the result is the same. The only thing is, to get for your money cleanliness and comfort ; estimate the whole cost, and consider the plunder a part of it — for you will not escape. The Lodging House is only typical. All are preyed upon and prey upon. It is the rule of barbaric life, and Caste makes it inevitable. The low think it no robbery to get a share of the plunder enjoyed by the rich. There is, in the general state of things, a rough instinct of justice in it — only innocent people also suffer. If you live in one of the huge buildings called Hotels, you are no better off. Here, every mouthful is counted ; you cannot breathe (so to say) without paying for it. If a waiter look at you, he will expect a gratuity [ti-tiri]. After you have paid everything which an experienced and greedy ingenuity can think of, as you are about to leave, the servants will obsequiously open and stand at doors, hold and brush your hat (already brushed bare), catch up some trifle, and generally get in your way, to 270 LONDON. force gratuities out of your good-nature. If you, at length, reach the vehicle called for you, before you can open the door of it, up will start, as from the ground, a miserable creature, who intercepts your motion, adroitly opening the door for you, and then, when you are seated, stands staring directly into your face, with his hand still on the door-handle, awaiting a gratuity. You have buttoned up your coat, your gloves are on, it is cold ; but you cannot refuse the demand. You are finally off ; you arrive at your new quarters. Before you can wink, up starts a first cousin [tw-in-ti] of him who has just stared at you, wlio, in his turn, seizes hold of the door-handle, and shows in every motion that he has seized you too, at least to the extent of sixpence. You step out ; he touches his hair (he has no hat) ; you try not to see him ; but impossible — the pennies must come. But why attempt to delineate these endless methods of prey. The poor w^retches who live by these miserable shifts are innumerable and everywhere. One does not begrudge the ^?e?i/iics, but detests the nuisance, and the debasement which it demonstrates. London is an undesirable place of residence, unless for the rich, and to them only for a few months in the year. But it is full of objects of study to him who cares to know anything of barbaric life, or who wishes to investi- gate the records and literature of the Western tribes. All great cities are much alike ; it is the different aspect of human life wdiich is the noticeable thing. Unless, on the whole, a great city exhibits humanity in a pleasing condition, it is a failure, however rich it may LONDON. 271 be. London, which was described one hundred and fifty years ago as a " Province of Houses," certainly contains an immense population bare of attractive fea- tures. No doubt much must be put down to climate and fuel. The former is foggy, cold, dark, and disheartening for the larger part of the year ; and the latter, by its foul gas [ptrut] and smoke, makes the fog and cloudy air so obscure as to give an unearthly gloom. The poor feel not only the gnawing of hunger but the nipping frost, unrelieved by any smiles in earth or sky. The mud of the streets is like a nasty grease, and one walks or crosses the ways in terror of befoulment. The clothes and the face are exposed not only to this, but also to the defiling smoke which drops a steady drizzle [kri-tze] of black atoms upon everything. Poor shivering creatures — men, women, and children — are at street crossings and other places, incessantly sweeping away so much of the mud as may enable pedestrians to pass with less weight of nastiness to boots or skirts. These, often very old, or lame, or half- starved and ragged, piteously expect a penny. I have often watched the little girl or boy, or old tottering man, and seen the hurrying passers, on and on, the stream ceaseless, yet have rarely seen a single penny given. I have sometimes put in my outside pocket some copper coins to have at hand ; and when I have given to one of these sweepers, the thanking look was well worth the petty trouble ; it also showed clearly that the gift was not too common. How these victims of poverty live, where they cover their misery from the wintry cold, I cannot guess. I used to notice one very 272 LONDON. old and almost imbecile who swept at a place where I crossed frequently. He would stand motionless under a thick, scrubby tree which stood just at the corner of the streets, clinging to its shelter, slight as it was, for protection from wind and rain, and barely touching his head with his finger with a bow when people passed. Occasionally, slowly, and with limbs stiff and back hardly bent to toil, grubbing across the way with his muddy broom, but never giving other sign of vitality. I missed his silent figure one day ; another wretch had stepped into his heritage, [qua-ti] and stood beneath the scrubby tree — the old, silent, patient sufferer had found a pauper's grave at last. Akin to these (indeed cousins-german) are the old creatures who sit at street corners, or by the way-sides, selling trifles, which nobody buys. Through the long, cold days, huddled into a heap, and looking like a pile of rags with a red face a-top, motionless, will one of these sit, bleering and winking with rheumy eyes at the juiceless fruit, or handful of nuts, or ancient cakes, or nasty sweets, displayed upon her little board. If by chance you happen to curiously turn your eyes upon this strange object, some start of vitality appears, but vanishes as you pass on. Who buys, who eats ; what can possibly come of this strange traffic ? Yet you will see these human things, day after day, sitting, one would think, despairingly, awaiting the buyers who never come. How fine a thing it would be for the idle rich, who like a new sensation, to go about the streets, accompanied by a servant, and buy of these patient crones [ko-tse] a good part of their daily store ! LONDON. 273 When I first walked about the great places of the city, I was surprised to see very many miseraT)le men punished (as I supposed) by the Camjue. They had suspended to their necks two boards, one in front and one behind. Upon these were curious devices. Horses, women, great fires burning, ships blowing up, and the like. Perpetually walking to and fro, just to the measured distance, and never once sittincc down, never once speaking, nor being spoken to, these crea- tures, thus accoutred, walked dismally right in the garbage of the gutters. No one, by any chance, ever noticed them, nor by any chance did they ever do other than, with slow and limping gait, keep up the march of doleful dismalness ! For long I puzzled over these ragged apparitions ; after many moons I found that they were merely stalking advertisements ! [muun-shi]. I might give many other illustrations of life in London, differing from what is known to us. The human dregs are truly dreadful. Their haunts are indescribable. Many settle upon the oozy and slimy river bank, when the tide is out, seeking anything which perchance may have been washed up. "Wading in a filth which covers the feet and befouls the whole tattered creature, this being, nicknamed mud-larh [pho-ul-sti], bcomes an out- cast to all decency. Others prowl about the ash-heaps, and sift and pick over any heaps of rubbish, carefully gathering from garbage, bones, rags, anything which can give the merest pittance. It must be certain that human degradation can go no deeper when to debasing and starving poverty is added drunkenness, loathsome brutality, violence, and crime. T 274 LONDON. PossiLly the greatest city of the Barbarians is not worse than the worst of some portions of a great city with lis ; nor should I refer emphatically to the wretch- edness of London were it not for the boastful ignorance manifested l»y Barbarian writers and literati. These always' speak of the preeminence of English civilization — of the grand and humanizing inHuence of their true religion — of the wealth, the liberty, and the happiness of the people ! Xo other tribe is so humane, so just, so brave, so wise, so free, so prosperous, so contented and happy ! In the face of these declarations, which are to be met with on all sides, London is a marvel ! Nor London only, other cities are more marvellous ; one wonders what the standard must be, by which is tested this boasted preeminence. If by other Western Barbarian life, and compared to that, truly superior, then what must be the condition at large of the Western tribes ? There is a nuisance common enough with us about the streets ; and in London it takes every shape. I mean street nmsic. Besides the troops, which infest public places, startling you with a crashing outburst of noise from many brass instruments, there are mendi- cants, of all ages and both sexes. The halt, the blind, come singing in the most doleful manner, unaccom- panied ; and others making the night hideous with squeaking wind-pipes, or noisy things of some sort. After annoying you for a long time, one of these will perhaps boldly knock at your door, and demand a .gra- tuity. Some of these creatures blacken themselves, and appear in the courts and squares singing and playing LONDOX. 275 not too decently. Some poor woman, witli babes in a kind of l)asket pushed along on wheels, will try to gain sympathy and pennies by screaming out some woful strain which nobody comprehends, and \yhich grates upon the ear like rasping iron. Sometimes a miserable wretch, shivering with cold, will stand before the bright, warm doors of a drinking place, and sing his feeble note of woe. The most dreadful objects will be those horribly deformed, wlio, crooked and distorted out of human shape contrive to get along in some strange device of wagon, pushed by their own stumps of hands or feet. Generally these affect to play upon some- thing, no matter what, and drag on an existence too Avretched to think of. But why dM'ell upon these lowest strata of human <?xistence. It shows out on all liands^ Amonir the gilded idlers of the West End, on the very porticoes of grand Temples. Luxury and pride drive, with mien unconscious of human want and woe ; unconscious of " the common lot " awaiting all ; almost over the very bodies of these to whom life is so deep a darkness. London in its sparkling splendours laughs and makes merry. Within its great Parks, in the summer months, musical birds make the air melodious, and llowerinfr shrubs, and line trees and verdure, give beauty and rest to thousands of the poor — but not to the lowest. These slink away into the fouler haunts, or spread themselves over the green country, seeking new sources of pitiful gain ! In the mid-summer the best of London looks almost cheerful ; and a sky more pure, and a sun-light which, though not brilliant, is soft and warm, render 276 LONDON. life tolerable to the poor. For the rich and idle, they go out of the City and leave it, as they say, empty — for those who remain are nohodics [cham-tsi]. Yes, the millions left to toil are nothing. Still, the magnificence of the High-Caste flowers immediately upon that toiling mass — from it grows all the spreading splendour which regards it not. The glowing flame cares nothing for the black coal; nor is the money soiled which passes through the hands of despised indigence. London gay and brilliant, glows and glitters upon its dung-heap — as a luminous vapour flashes and flits over a putrescent carcass. Perhaps one should not be too critical, nor expect other than these inconsistencies in humanity. Misery will be largely its 02071 cause. Great populations do not herd together without shocking inequalities of con- dition ; yet, the reflection will arise, Is not the hoast of refinement and civilization too much for patience — would not humility be better ? The boast means self-content • — humility would mean a steady work for improvement. One sees not, nor really cares to see ; the other sees and feels, and wishes to remove what gives a sense of humi- liation and of pain. Splendid London may disregard the blackness of the East End (as the poorest quarter is called), and think itself a good Christian to shun it as a place of horror ; but, to my j^agan wisdom, it seems indispensable to devote that money and energy to the civilization of the English Barbarians, which is now sent to " the heoiir/hted heathen." These, no doubt, have the poor and the degraded, the black spots of moral imbecility ; nor would one LONDON. 277 object to any really benevolent enterprise, though not too rational. ]3ut the missionary [kan-te] spirit rises so distinctly from an ignorant self-sufficiency and blind- ness, a merely superstitious notion of a thing to be done as any rite or ceremony is to be done — for the good of tJic doer — that it is impossible to have much respect for it. Then, too, the whole thing shapes into a machine, by the working of which men are to live and get honours and places. If a truly grand benevolence moved the people, it would be impossible to overlook the Heathen at home. 278 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. CHAPTER XIY. SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. It is the business of a wise man (as our illnstrious ConfiUzi and Mcnzi say) to seek the conditions of the visible forms of things — whether the things be those which we see, or only those which take form in the mind. The conditions are what the Barbarians call laws. We see that the use of a certain earth will enrich some soils, and impoverish others ; we examine into the cause ; we try to discover the conditions which make this difference. We know that, generally and broadly, the elements are the same, but they are dif- ferently combined. The Western Barbarians are of the same race with ourselves — inherently the general nature is the same. What difference of combination of similar elements has produced results so dissimilar ? In the mighty East, where civilization goes back into the most distant and dim antiquity, the laws which imderlie organized governments and customs, and Avhich give form and life to communities, are very different, and sometimes antagonistic. It is certain, therefore, tliat man, really the same everywhere, has, in the course of ages, evolved from his own and surrounding nature very different forms of social life in the East and in the o SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 27'J West. Man and nature radically tho same, have, in different conditions, grown and put forth very dissi- milar shapes of growth. Tlie tree and the fruit are rooted in similar soil, have grown in similar air, sun, and rain. Even the trees are not wholly unlike, nor the fruit ; yet, most unlike, when duly considered ; and, when regarded with a view to usefulness and to perpe- tuation, one may demand the axe, and the other only the nice pruning-knife [quin-tse]. But a difference so great implies a different seed-germ — not necessarily ; for, from the same germ, one may have a Litter, even a poisonous fruit, which finer culture can make sweet and healthful. If we assume, then, the same germ, M'hence so great diversity ? In my poor mind, when, among the Bar- barians, sad and bewildered by the disorder, confusion, and complexity, this question tediously presented itself — "Is man a creature of chance — is there no perfect rule?" I would say, "Is his [/rov4h fortuitous like plants, beginning with similar germs and yet dissimilar — so, growing according to the hidden differences and the differing circumstances ? Is there no common standard — no fixed measure — no absolute truth ?" But, in my poor thought, I also said, " The Sovereign Lord lives in his children, and moral truth (divine illumina- tion) must be. It is simjyly tnic, and can he, no other. Human forms of social being must be measured by it ; and, however complexed and confused, are so measured, and will not long exist if radically inconsistent. Yet these forms may be bad without being wholly rootless, and grow deformed, strange, and noxious. 280 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. In looking upon the disorderly and complex features of Barbarian life, two things prominently strike my poor mind. One is, a restless activity, accompanied with love of personal distinction and admiration of strength. The other, is the singular j;ostY/o?i of 'women. To the former, may be charged the selfish greed, the callous indifference, the delight in forays and plunder. To the latter, that aspect of dissolute disorder, that curious complexity of ideas and principles, which render the whole Barbarian Society a marvel — I liked to have said a disgust — to one unaccustomed to it. The position of women, as it affects the family, no doubt has an all-pervading influence — if that position be wrong, we have, at once, a grand source of evil. How far the yrcat Su{pcrstition, super-imposed upon the olden Idolatry (dark and cruel) may ha,ve deepened the shades of Barbaric nature, and strengthened its old admiration of force and rapine, may be only surmised. Certain it is that the Jewish Jali is not unlike the Odin of these tribes ; and (as I have said) the gentle Christ- god, himself a Jew worshipper of Jah, has been received only as subordinate ; in fact, a Sacrifice by Jail made to himself to appease himself! A character, in fine, not strong enough for these fierce tribes. We have the government and the family resting upon a different basis in the West from what they rest upon in the East. In the AVest, it is difficult to say if there be any ride upon which either securely reposes. In the East, the rule is as clear, and as clearly recognized, and as undoubtedly obeyed, as any rule can be. The exist- ence of the Sovereign Lord is not more certainly SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 281 iidmittecl, and liis authority not more implicitly sub- mitted to. This is the rule of Obedience. But aside from principles which control comprehen- sive forms, like the Family and Government, there are secondary growths, usages (perhaps not referable to any marked rule), which have had powerful influence. For instance, the mode of trying persons suspected of Crime, appears to my poor mind to be very fantastic and irra- tional. The Barbarians, however, boast of the supe- riority of their way over all other tribes, ancient or modern. When a crime has been committed, and some one, sus- pected, has been arrested, he is brought before a Judge, whose duty it is to see if there be good reasons for the arrest. The very first thing, we should think, would be to ask the accused to give any explanation he may wish. Not at all ; he is told to say 'nothing ; for if he do it will be recorded and may go to his hurt. How to his hurt unless he be guilty ? Now it may be that the accused could, at once, explain everything — but no — the officers who have made the arrest wish to work out a theory of their own ; and the Judge, listening to these officers, who are uneducated, rude, and often at work for a large prize, commits the accused to prison to be tried over again, really, at a fviture day, by some other Judge. Meantime everybody who, upon the theory of the officers, is imagined to know anything, is ordered to give security that they will appear at the next trial, and say what they know. And if a witness cannot give this security (frequently the case with the poor), he is also thrust into prison. In 282 SOME GEXf:RAL OBSEIIVATIOXS. this manner persons, who have been so nnfortunate as to he fixed upon by these ignorant officers, are treated like the accused, and put to great inconvenience and sometimes suffering, either in themselves, or their families, or affairs. This goes on — the next trial is postponed, delay after delay, whilst the officers are working out their theory; and finally the accused is discharged and tlie witnesses also, the whole disgraceful proceeding being a hhmder, in which innocent people have been j^unished as crwiinal, and the Criminal has escaped ! A natural and simple examination of the accused, when first brought before the Judge, would •have saved all this loss, suffering, and shame ! Such an absurdity can only be to the advantage of the guiltv ! A man may be caught under circumstances of guilt so certain that there is no rational hypothesis of innocence. Yet, with the very blood and property of the murdered perhaps upon him, surprised, red-handed in the very act, he will be treated as if he were merely susjycct; loill he cautioned to say nothing; will have every chance and opportunity to escape by reason of the unaccountable mode of procedure. For he is still innocent. Such is the hypothesis ; and disregarding the obvious and simple way of asking for an explanation consistent with innocence (when guilt would be doubly manifest), the other ridiculous hypothesis is maintained, if possible, and the whole community and many innocent people are afflicted and tortured with the most minute and painful investigations (having perhaps no sort of rela- tion to the matter), to see if some doubt may not arise SOAIK GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 283 somehoiv, not as to the guilt, but as to some parts of the case as imagined to be ! Thus, theories of guilt are to be established when the fact is imtent, if one will simply look at the proofs immediately at hand ! In this "case just supposed, too, there is no trial at all of the man so clearly seen to be guilty. Twelve men are convened by a sort of inferior Judge, first to see how the dead man came to be dead — it is certain as anything can well be ! Yet this kind of Court must go through the long, tedious, and painful inquiry, lioio the man died. Witnesses are dragged from home, from their pursuits, ruined may be ; the whole community horrified, and the twelve men kept from home and lousi- ness, and shocked by the most disgusting examinations of the dead ! This whole process seems rather designed to give fees and business to the petty Judge and officers who compose this singular tribunal. But when this sham Court has got through, the ac- cused meantime, and the witnesses, are still awaiting the real inquiry, which may be put off for many weeks. When, after tedious delays, twenty-four petty judges, assisted by an officer, having made up their minds to formally charge the accused with the crime, he is brought before a Judge, who is now for the first time to really try the man, another curious thing occurs. The Judge is not trusted alone to proceed — he must have twelve little Judges, and several Lawyers, to assist him. The little judges are the Jury, not selected for knowledge nor excellency, but any twelve men who can be readily got. Generally they are very poor re- 284 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. presentatives of even tlie average wisdom and morality. They know nothing of law, nor of the Court, nor are they in the least competent to undergo the complex, tedious, and artificial trial to which they are about to be put, as well as the accused. However, the business of these twelve is not to look directly at the man and at the clear evidence against him — which might be within even their competency — but they are sworn upon the Sacred Writings and hy Jah (under severe penalties) to try the accused according to the Law and the evidence. Now, the Lawyers and the Judge deter- mine as to the law, and the twelve men must obey them as to that — the twelve, however, are to determine as to the evidence. This means — they are to see and hear the witnesses, examine the objects of proof (which may take many days) ; keep all the statements, con- flicting, confused, or other; hear all that the Lawyers may say ; watch the demeanour of the witnesses, and of the accused — and they must take the Case as presented and offered to them, however absurd much of it may be — and, finally, after all, they are not to take tliis Evi- dence (as it is called) to judge it for themselves — no, they must take it under the direction of the Judge. They are sworn to try according to the Law and the evidence ; but evidence means legal evidence ! and the Judge (aided by the Lawyers) directs the twelve men as to what is evidence. Under these conditions, one may judge as to the usefulness of this Jury — unless as a contrivance for the torturing of the innocent and the clearing of the guilty ! I was present and examined this matter — for from SOME GENERAL ODSEllVATIONS. 285 the common boast of this excellent Jury-mode of trial, I wished to see with my own mind. At length, the twelve men being confined, so that they cannot escape, in a sort of box ; the Judge and the Lawyers being in their places, attired in the absurd wigs and black gowns [phe-ty-kos] (somebody once whis- pered in my ear," black-guards) [kon-di-to-ri] ; the ac- cused is ordered to stand up. The charge of murder is read ; — confused by so much barbarous jargon, that no one but the Judge and the Lawyers understand it — in fact, oftentimes do not understand it — and the criminal often escapes trial because the 2J?-ojjcr jargon has not been used. This mixed tongue is the only one allowed in these trials, and must be taken from the fountain of Wisdom (as the Law book is called containing it). The speech is uncertain, only known to the Lawyers ; and a mistake spoils the whole charge. Well, after more or less wrangling among the Lawyers, the charge finally stands. I must explain ; there are tico sides of Lawyers — one (hired to do so), by every means in its power tries to get the accused discharged, and is helped to do this by all the machinery of the trial — the other merely watches the proceedings, and sees that they are not too absolutely controlled by the other side. The latter, also, open and state the matter, and conduct it; but neither side works simply to obtain the truth. On the side of the accused, if guilty, the truth is not wanted ; and, on the other side, there is no interest in the matter which greatly moves. But the interest for the accused may be not merely to gratify, in some cases, powerful relatives, but to obtain as large a sum of money as th 286 SOME GENERAL OBSERYATIOXS. Lawyers can get— which, where life is at stake, may be all the accused has now, or may, if discharged, acquire. In fact, in cases of robbery, the Lawyers for the accused may have received their compensation from the very plunder ! The accused says to the charge either Guilty or Not Guilty ! This is a mere form. Then the names of the twelve men are called over, to see that none have got away— for it is a hateful and disgusting business often, wherein they instinctively feel they really have no function — and yet enforced upon them, often to their actual great loss and suffering. • jSTow the scene fairly opens. The twelve little judges in their box ; the big one sitting aloft, with pig-tail-ear- llapper wig ; the Lawyers in pig-tail wigs and gowns ; the officers of the Court; the witnesses, cowering and afraid ; the accused in his high, strong cage (or box) ; and the spectators, friends, relatives, associates of the witnesses and of the accused — women and men — crowd- ing in the dark corners of the Hall of trial. The Lawyers call and examine the witnesses. These are not permitted to tell the truth in their own way at all. They are sworn upon the Sacred Writings, upon pain of penalties of the Law, and the dreadful fear of the awful Jah and Hell, to speak the truth, the whole truth, and nothing hit the truth ! Now, the truth which they are to speak must be that sort of truth which the Lawyers and the Judge determine upon to hear— not by any means that truth which the witness, in his sim- plicity, is about to utter ! Here, then, an honest and conscientious witness is likely to be at once bewildered • !SO:*IE CENEKAL OBSERVATIONS. 287 but a callous, sell-possessed one, who does not intend to say one word more than he can help, finds himself doing exactly what the Lawyers and the Court under- stand by the oath — that is, to speak for the one side or the other ; not for truth ! Consider the position of a witness, perhaps a timid woman, or an inexperienced person, never before called upon to take the awful oath, never before in such a place ! Confronted, made lb stand up, thrust without respect, sometimes rudety and with positive disrespect ; treated, in fact, as if a party to the crime, though per- fectly ignorant of anything excepting of some chance ■lijih required in the theory of the charge — thrust forward into the gaze of the Judge, of the whole assembly. Every eye is fastened upon the trembling witness. She is ordered in a rough tone to hold up her hand, to take the oath, to Jciss the Sacred Writings ! What with the crowd, the novel and painful position, by this time the poor woman, when asked a question, can scarcely speak. The old, half-deaf Judge, turns his awful be- wigged head to her, raises his ear-flapper and says, " Speak louder, witness ; I can't hear you." An officer bawls out. "Silence!" and, not unlikely, the poor witness fairly collapses, faints, and she is allowed to be seated. The Lawyers examine the witnesses, and if one begins to say something very damaging, if possible, will inter- rupt liim; or, by and by, will insinuate some vile charge against him, to destroy his character with the hearers — not that there be any truth in the insinua- tion, but merely to effect the purpose of a vile minion paid to defend, perhaps, a notorious offender ! 288 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. Thus the trial proceeds ; every effort is made on the side of the aecused (which is the active side) to mis- lead, to confuse, to bewilder. The Law, read from big books, is constantly referred to, now to stop a witness in what he is about to say ; now to get something already said scratched off from the minds of the twelve men ; and now to take the opinion of the Judges as to whether this or that should, or should not, be heard by the Jury. All these things go on day after day, not at all because there is any doubt as to the guilt of the ac- cused, but because by these confused and interminable proceedings, the Lawyers who act for him expect to get him discharged — and discharged, declared by the twelve men to be not guilty ! This is the great point ; for, if this occur, it does not matter at all that the accused himself confess to the crime, on no account can he ever be arrested again for the oftence ! " But how, when the proofs of guilt are present and so certain, can the Lawyers expect to get the twelve men to go against their very senses ? " To answer this is to show the nature of the Jury system very plainly. When all the wranglings and speeches and Law- readings of the Lawyers have at last ended ; when the Judge — who has in the course of the trial already loaded the twelve with all sorts of instructions as to what they are to keep iu mind as legal evidence, and what they are to leave out of mind — has made a long and confused speech (often interrupted by the Lawyers) re- capitulating those parts of the conflicting mass of evidence which, and only which, is evidence, and has SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 289 told tliem the manner in wliicli this evidence must be applied to the charge ; has finally told them that the ■crime charged must be the precise crime laid down in the Law-books by that name, and none other; and that having found beyond all doubt that that crime, upon the legal evidence, has been committed, then has the accused committed the crime so defined, and so proved ? To be certain of this, the accused must not only be found to have done it, but he must have known that he was doing it — that is, he must have been sound in mind. And if in any of these particulars there be any doubt, the accused must be acquitted ; and further, every one of the twelve must agree — if any one with- hold his assent, then the prisoner cannot be declared to be guilty ! With all these clear and simple directions (!) as to how they are to use their minds, an officer leads the twelve into a strong-room, and fastens them in ! to con- sider their verdict (as it is called). Xot to consider simply and directly upon the plain evidence of their senses, and according to reason ordinarily used, but to consider their Verdict — -a technical, artificial affair, made by the Lawyers, and only fit for their minds — if even thei/ could do anything satisfactory to an honest man with it ! The twelve are locked in and guarded by an officer ; deprived of food, of rest, of any recreation ; perhaps already exhausted from the hair-splitting [di-do-tzi] and intricate directions and proceedings. They are Sworn to give their verdict according to the Laio (first) and the Evidence (second). The evidence, however, being u 290 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. all law. Then, too, tliey are to say either Gailty, or not guilty ; and no more. Now, the Lawyer's expectation may become verified. There is no sort of doubt in any of the twelve that the accused is a horrid wretch, and that he is guilty. But one man has got hold of an idea, based upon something said by the Judge, or perhaps only the suggestion of his own mind ; and think of the vanity, the stupidity, the dishonesty, the mere indifference, the obstinacy, the excessive timidity, the weakness, which is likely to be in each of the twelve ; one man has got his opinion — it is a matter of conscience. The one man is sufti- cient. Nothing can move him. Hour after hour passes. Nin-ht comes on — hunger knocks at the stomach ; home is wanted ; business is exacting ; illness oppresses some, lassitude and sheer exhaustion overpower others — the one persists, only more obstinate by opposition — "The man no doubt is guilty, but I doubt if he be guilty according to law ! " They cannot agree upon a verdict. The Judge and everybody else long since have gone to their homes and pleasures. They (the twelve) cannot escape unless they agree. To be sure, they may report to the Judge late on the next day that they cannot agree — only, how- ever, to receive new directions (!), and be sent back again and kept till they shall agree I Human nature gives way. The one, strong and resolute, overpowers the eleven — or, rather, there ha^^e been only a part who would not have given over long a<TO. The fine maxim of English law — " It is letter that a tlwusand guilty eseain than that one innocent suffer'' — SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 291 turns the scale. There is a doiibl — or something wliich looks like it — " let tlie accused have the lieueiit of it ! " Now, in this scene, I am taking it for granted that the twelve are really not dishonest — not one of them. But suppose one is, in secret, the determined friend of the accused ! Thus, the Verdict of the Jury (not the direct and honest opinion of twelve men in a rational and ordinary use of their minds) is recorded in the Court — Xut guilty. And a murderer is at once discharged ; perhaps escorted with applause from the place by associates of his evil courses. Restored to the community which doubts not his guilt, and which has been horrified, agi- tated, and oppressed by its frightful details ! It will be noticed how admirably everything, in this system, works to procure the escaj^e of the guilty ; but it must not be overlooked that it falls with crushing weisjlit upon the innocent. Simple and direct inquiry Avould generally clear him at once. But no — the theory in tlie minds of the officers is, that this innoccncy is a fraud ; and the whole machinery works just as irrationally as before ; because, the clear evidences of innocency are disregarded — the prisoner's guilt is unreasonably as- sumed (contrary to the reverse legal maxim) hy ilic officers ; and the whole crushing blow of this assumed guilt falls upon the innocent. He is thrust into prison ; torn from family, friends, human sympathy ; his actual trial is put off week after week, aye, month after month, whilst the officers hunt for what does not exist outside of their imaginations ; and, finally, from sheer shamc', the poor victim is discharged before an actual trial — 292 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. discharged, it may be ruined and for ever tainted with the foul and unjust suspicion. Or, perhaps, finally tried, escapes after a long, tedious and confused scene ; where the officers, anxious to convict one whom they have so long assumed to he guilty, contrive to throw just enough of suspicion upon the victim to render his life ever after insupportable ! However, he finally goes at large — ruined by enormous expenses, health shattered by confinement in prison, and tainted in character. The victim of an absurd system — for the verdict is, for him, irrational and cruel. If, in the other case, not guilty did not mean what the words imply- — so, in this, the Jury give a no more meaning Verdict. I^o expression of any actual opinion. ISTo sympathy, no regret ; nothing to reinstate the unfortunate victim of official stolidity and conceit. Nothing whatever ; not so much as any compensation for loss of time and money. Meantime, during this pursuit of the innocent, the real criminal has got safely away. ]N'ow, this strange Jury system, boasted of as the Palladium of Liberty by the English Barbarians, strikes my poor mind as som^ething very cumbersome, irra- tional, and hurtful. The criminal class may well esteem it, for it seems exactly contrived to set the criminal at liberty, and to vex, terrify, annoy, and con- fuse everybody else. Witnesses themselves often fare more hardly than the actual criminal ! and Society is shocked by needless and reiterated exposures of every particular of dreadful things to no rational purpose — unless to give fees to Lawyers and a host of busy offi- cials, who live and fatten in these horrors. SOME GENERAL OBSEIIVATIONS. f293 One might suspect that the whole machiuery was contrived by the Lawyers (called eriviinal) to effect their purpose— that is, to protect their friends and sup- porters ; the numerous men, women, and half-grown youths swarming every where, and known as the criminal class. Another unjust custom is Avhen a man offends a Judge, he is not at once brought before him for reproof and proper correction. No ; for his disrespect he is compelled to pay a Jlne [tsig] in money which may beggar his innocent family, or prevent his creditors from obtaining their dues ; or, unable to pay, must lie in prison till it he j^nid, or until released by the angry Judge. Thus making the innocent to suffer ! How much better in our Flowery Land, where dis- respectful conduct is at once reprimanded and, if the disrespect be marked, punished on the spot, in the pre- sence of the magistrate, and under his paternal direction. These may serve to illustrate usages not readily I'eferable to any principle. They are rooted in old cus- toms, when general ignorance and universal poverty made the mass one, and when simplicity and direct- ness were natural. They are retained now in an artifi- cial and totally different state of society, for no better reason than the Enoiish Barbarians have for other abuses and enormities — they su2:)port the fungi which cliny to them ! And the upper classes find their interests con- cerned in maintaining things as they are. The lower classes, too ignorant to see, are made to believe that nothing in human Wisdom and experience excels these 294 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. very Laws and customs ! The Barbarian stolidity, too, in the well-to-do classes, supports these singular views as to the perfection of the Laws and system of adminis- tration. These classes constantly mistake this stolidity for solidity of character. When an evil is unmistak- able, none the less, instead of removing it, they say, " Better bear those ills we have than fly to others we know not of ! " (Quoting from their great Shakespeare.) But they do not stop to consider if it must necessarily follow that when one quits one ill he flies to another. As if one with a sore finger should refuse to apply any remedy to the finger for fear he might thereupon find a sore upon his leg ! Perplexed with these anomalous conditions, and by the stupid conceit and selfish indifference — the callous- ness and greed of the English Barbarians — I have won- dered if, after all, these men were not of a different kind [sty-pho]. Possibly, the Sovereign Lord and Father of men, for wise purposes, may have created different sorts of men. Animals of the same type differ in swiftness, in strength, in intelligence. The Western Barbarians, though of the same type, may be inferior to our Illus- trious people in the moral and mental functions. For some purpose in Eternal Wisdom, the Almighty Lord has given them strength of body, energy, and an intel- lect sharp in matters of the instinct — which refers to the needs and passions of the body — thus, calculating, inge- nious in contrivance, and inordinately selfish ; but has not given them a large moral faculty, nor a broad and comprehensive mind. Tlicy arc, tlicrcforc, incapable of improvement heyond a limited range. SOME GENEKAL OBSEIIVATIO^'S. li'Jl) The Idolatry, and its horrible grotesqiieness — the iii- ■efficacy of the good in the character of the Christ-god, to influence the least abatement in the passion for Force ; the cold-l)looded abuses, and the confusion of error and truth, may be thus accounted for. This, however, suggests a continuance of the evils \vliich_have fallen upon others. The All-wise sees where chastisement is due — and allows the Western Bar- barians their time. The offences of the East need chas- tisement. The quickness, strength, and greed of the Barbarians, unchecked by moral considerations, make tliem the scourge of other distant peoples not possessing these qualities. The scourge is needed, otherwise it would not be permitted. There is a sufficiency of morality to prevent dissolution ; and the Western tribes will no doubt fulfil their appointed task. Still, in their present forms, rooted in a lower type of man, they must disappear ; not lost, but absorbed and blended in a better and nobler race. In the East, I sus- pect this liiglicst type has always existed. Here, from immemorial ages and ages [tang-se-yan-se] the simple worship of the Sovereign Lord, and the divine faculty in man, have found their best expression, and taken a fixed and steadfast root in Government and in Society ! I may be mistaken, and it is possible that the Western tribes may be capable of attaining to this settled order — but it must be after very long moons and thousands of moons [lir-re-ty-sin], during which they shall have overturned and reformed existing laws and customs. I may refer shortly to some of the more striking of these, so curiously and radically different from 296 SOME GENEItAL OBSERVATIONS. our notions in the Central Kingdom, and so erroneously conceived in respect of tlie DiviXE Order. First. — As to the character and worship of the Sovereign Lord of Heaven, and Father of men. Concerning the errors in regard to the true character and proper recognition of the Heavenly Lord, I need scarcely say more. There are wise barbarians who do not differ from my poor thought as to the need of an entire reformation upon this Avhole matter, which underlies nearly all genuine improvement in morals, in government, and in " Society." Second. — As to Government. This must be seen to exist in the eternal order and nature of things, and not at all in any Contract [Kong-phu], " social " or other. Therefore whatever name be given to its Head, the Function is as inviolable as is the Divinity from which it comes. If this Head, however, be incapable of pro- perly representing the divine function, it does not therefore fail, but the nearest fit, in the established order acts. The Book of Eites and the great Council of the Illustrious, with us, see to this proper and orderly succession. No one is born to be absolutely Head — the Book of Eites and the Illustrious Calao, in our system, may see to it that the Head be fit for the due and divine order. Therefore, no one is born by right of birth to govern, nor to make, nor to administer, laws. Wisdom and knowledge only, may entitle their possessors to take rank among those to whom govern- ment and administration shall be committed ; and these may be changed, degraded, exalted, and removed as they conduct themselves, and not according to any SOME GENEIIAL OBSERVATIONS, 297 family, nor hereditary distinction. Nor arc Places created for the aggrandisement of any, continued f(jr the benetit of families, nor, in any case, made heredi- tary. Places are for the whole, and those who fill them are placed there, in trust, for the good of the whole, and must properly discharge the trust. They are never for the individual — always for the State. Third. — As to the family. The Family being the Prototype [mo-dsi] of Government, should show the Divine order. It must be one ; not a divided, unin- telligent accident [phatsi]. It must have a clear faculty, and understand its true and vital significance — for the community is but an aggregation of families, and as these are so is the State. Then, to have dis- order there is to have disorder throughout ! There must, therefore, be in the Family, obedience to its head, order, and good conduct. If there be insubordination, disorder, immorality, disrespect, and disobedience to the natural head, then that is a disorderly family, and those wdio are guilty of the disobedience, disrespect, and dis- order are criminals, to be corrected, restrained, and reformed. "Woman, upon this right conception of the family, finds her proper and her honoured place. She is sub- ordinate, but not in any humiliating sense ; she is sub- ordinate, because, in the very nature of her function as woman in the economy of nature, she cannot be other- wise — she is timid, defenceless, dependent. She has a right to the tender care and protection of her male rela- tives ; and she, on her part, is bound to be obedient, submissive, orderly ; and, upon these, affection follows. 298 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS, Her clnldren are "bound to respect and to obey her, and slie is bound to have a care for tliem, and to respect and obey ber husband as the unquestioned centre of regard and authority. The father (and husband) is the Head of the family ; there is no divided nor disputed power. Upon him rests the responsibility of due order and proper position. Erom her nature and duties, the woman lives retired within her house. If she go abroad, it will be only from necessity, and then in the most quiet, modest, and uuobstrusive way. She lives for her relatives, her family ; not to attract the admiration of others, nor with the faintest idea that she may shine ahroad — to be so charged would be to be charged as shameless. Only by this degraded class, who are barely tolerated without the city, and under the rigid supervision of the officers of order and decorum — could siich a purpose be supposed to be thought of ? She dresses with neatness, according to the estal;)lished order, but always with such modesty that nothing is ofi'ensive to the chastest eye. She under- stands the range of her activity and of her aifections. It is within the circle of family and relatives. All her accomplishments are to make her home pleasing. Duties and places are settled. She lives for those to whom she belongs, and who also belong to her. Her smiles are for her husband, and for her children, and her re- lations. She has no thought of going abroad to shine, nor to waste the time and money which belong to her family upon strangers. She never dreams that she has any mission which calls her away from her home. She has no call to " clothe the ragged," wash other people's SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 299 dirty children, reform evil-doers, " convert the hcatlien" > nor support " Society ! " (These are some of the phrases which you will hear among the Barbarian women). Where women have not husbands, none the less they have relatives, and their home is with them. They have a right to this home, and are bound to do their duty in it, submissively, usefully, and quietly. If the Western Barljariaus would see to it that all women, married or unmarried, were duly cared for in homes of relatives, as of right, and that they also made themselves welcome there by their usefulness and obe- dience, they would find an end of that agitation as to Women's Bights existing among them. Eights would be as indisputable as duties — and the first of these would be a quiet, modest, and rational obedience to their natural protectors, who, in turn, would be bound to respect and protect them. And if by any strange chance a woman was absolutely without relatives (a thing nearly impossible in our Floivcry Laoid), then the State shoidd see to it that she had a suitable home. The education of woman, in a well-ordered Society, is also fixed and clear. It has immediate relation to her position and her duties. She is from the first never disturbed in the natural order. She sees her relatives always quiet, modest, ohcdient. She never tliinks this state of things to be wrong. She perceives the manner of female life ; its seclusion, its devotion to the family, its purpose, and <ind. There is no complexity about it, no outside glitter, no field for show, no seeking for excitement and dis- play. All her duties are at home — her happiness is o 00 SOME GENERAL OBSEEYATIOXS. there ; there she is to be attractive, and there she is to attract — the love and respect of her husband, the regard of her relatives, the affection and ohedience of her children I So, her education needs no straining after effect. It looks directly to her duties, to her natural function and place; and to those accomplishments, of mind and of person, which shall enable her to be happy with books, with music, and the like ; and shall add to the pleasures of her home. All these things are common-place with us — so simple as to appear trivial. Our Illustrious wives and mothers could not understand the reasons for their elaboration — they haA^e never seen the women of the Western Bar- barians ! The position of women in the Social system of the West, on the whole, is the most remarkable thing in it. I have made sufficiently suggestive remarks in the progress of these Observations; and only now have to add a word or two upon the general effect. It gives a wonderful life, restlessness, and colour to the whole aspect of Barbarian life. Think of all the women in our Illustrious Land, at once leaving their homes, the seclusion of their orderly houses and lives, and rushing everywhere with the men, over the Land ! And, not only so, dressed in splendid gaiety of colour, and adorned with gems and feathers, crowding into all places of amusement and of travel ! Nor this only, but showing themselves, in public places, with men, where paintings and sculjDture, and things here only seen by men alone, are exhibited ! SOME GENEKAL OBSERVATIONS. 301 And, often, so dressed as to cause even the man to blush ! Why, the face of social life is completely altered. Instead of gravity, dignity, and an undivided attention to the duties of daily life, everything is rendered restless, confused; there seems to he no natural order, nor scarcely natural (cultured) decorum. But we must not he misled. Nature is too strong to he pushed aside — and with cultivation, even though im- perfect, the moral instinct lives and saves. Habit, too, " is a second nature ;" (as our divine Confutzi says) ; and what would be so overwhelming, if at once done, being usual, necessarily lias been subordinated to some rule — and made, at least, tolerable. And now, in drawing these Ohservations to an end, perhaps, I may add, in respect of my poor and unworthy thouo-hts, that if I have said amiss, and which offends, I beg our Illustrious will pardon. To our Literati, ex- alted in wisdom, there is but little to which they may curiously look — but to our 'people, if any there be with whom some discontent may have been caused by too close intimacy with Missionaries in our ports ; by these let my poor Olservations be studiously pondered — that they may j)raise the Sovereign Lord of Heaven, who has o-iven them to live in the Central and Illus- trious Kingdom ; where a true morality and a true worship are known ; and where due order and peace, resting upon the unchangeable Heavenly order and peace, are established ! Here, are no brutal worship of Force, and admiration (jf bloody plunders. Content to the due ordering of 302 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. affairs, aud with peace within, our Ilhistrious llealm seeks no aggrandisement, dreams of no conquests ; and wishes to do nothing hut good. It lias no fears for its own position, nor jealousy of others. It is simply calm, strong, wise, and self-poised. It demands no more from- others abroad than that it may peacefully live ; and l>c treated u-ith that respect tchich if accords to those who- 'practise moderation and virtue. r I N I ^. Baurett, Sons & Co., Printers, 21, Seething Lane, London, E.G.. I 1 THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482 3 1205 00145 0970 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 330 662 8 /