"' i r '"' ; ' ' " IB ilff^^^Bimgp THE HISTORY OF NATIONS HENRY CABOT LODGE, PkD,LL.D. EDITOR-IN CHIEF GENERAL INDEX Edited by J.ELLIS BURDICK Vol ume xxv. The H .W. Snow and Son Company C h i c a <3 o Copyright, 1907, by JOHN D. MORRIS & COMPANY Copyright, 1910 THE H. W. SNOW & SON COMPANY PREFACE Man may not live as long in years nowadays as he did in olden times, but he lives more. Machines must do more work and with less of human direction than ever before. The traveler must go on an express; he cannot bear the delays of the local. The popularity of Dickens has waned because of his verbosity ; a novel to be interesting to the busy man of to-day must be terse. When he buys ah en- cyclopaedia we are speaking of the average man and not of the stu- dent he does not invest in an old fashioned one with its dry dis- cussions, however authoritative it may be, but in one of the modern works with its concise information. The reference work that is com- plete in itself, that has everything just where the user expects to find it, is the one demanded now. To make such a practical reference book has been the object of the editor and the publishers in preparing this General Index Volume. We have also had in view the important object that of rounding out, uniting, and enhancing the value of volumes one to twenty- four of " The History of Nations." The fact that each nation or epoch is treated by a recognized authority on that subject makes each par- ticular volume of unquestioned value, equipped as it is with its own index, but the value of the work as a whole becomes incalculable with the crowning addition of a General Index. For who can decide whether he will find the best account of the " Battle of Issus " in volume one Ancient Empires, or in volume two Greece, or in volume five India and Persia ? And it is also quite possible that a reader will forget that he is sure to find an account of the explorations of the French in America in the volume on Colonies of the World as well as in the History of the United States. The important convenience of the index in each volume is therefore admirably supplemented by this encyclopaedic General Index. In the first section of this volume is the General Index. All the entries contained in the various volume indexes are compiled here but wherever there are references to the same event in two or more volumes they are combined. The references to persons are PREFACE given an encyclopaedic value by the inclusion of birth and death dates and by such designations as British statesmen, German sol- diers, American naval officers, French heroines, etc. ; by defining treaties, edicts, and laws; and by defining and giving the causes, principal events, and results of wars. In addition to the main entries, there are about 300 biographies of noted persons, each in its alphabetical place, about one hundred special topics, such as Agriculture, Archaeology, Architecture, Bat- tles and Sieges, Political Parties, and Religion, thus enabling one who is desirous of studying any of these subjects to find quickly all the references ; then there are about 2500 cross-references. Many of these cross-references are such as are necessitated by variation in spelling among authorities, but more are sobriquets such as " Cor- poral, The Little: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte "; under " Napoleon " will be found not only the sobriquet quoted but also ten other well- known ones. Part II is a General World Chronology and here the reader can fix in memory the great events and crises of world history. This section is designated to be used in connection with the General Index and the various volumes, thus enabling the student to acquire a knowledge of history in its broadest aspects. The third section is something never before included in an index to any historical work and yet there has been a need for a long time for just such a classified and chronologically arranged Bibliography of Historical Novels. Please see the Introduction on page 819. Sections four and five are of obvious importance, being respectively an Index of the Authors and Titles quoted in the twenty-five volumes, and an Index of the Artists, Illustrations, and Maps in volumes one to twenty-four. Artists or authors as the case may be are printed in bold type and their works in ordinary type. Philadelphia, Penna. CONTENTS GENERAL INDEX I WORLD CHRONOLOGY 787 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTORIAL NOVELS 817 Egypt 821 Babylonia and Assyria 821 Persia 822 Arabia 822 Israel 822 Greece 824 Rome, Roman Empire, and Italy 825 India 830 Japan 832 Spain and Portugal 833 France 834 England 844 Wales 868 Ireland 868 Scotland 871 The Netherlands 875 Switzerland 877 Russia 877 Poland 878 Turkey 879 Scandinavia 880 Austria-Hungary 881 Germany 882 Africa 885 Canada 886 Australia and New Zealand 888 South America 888 Mexico and Central America 889 West Indies 889 Discovery of America 890 The United States 890 INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES .901 INDEX OF ARTISTS, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND MAPS . . 1055 GENERAL INDEX GENERAL INDEX TO THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Aachen: see Aix-la-Chapelle Aagard, Denmark: defeat of rebels at (1446). 16, 130 Aagesen (Aageson), Svend, Scandi- navian writer (12th century): com- piles a history of Denmark, 16, 7 Aahmes (Amasis) I, King of Egypt, ca. 1700 B. C: reign of, 1, 21 Aahmes (Amasis) II, King of Egypt, 570-526 B. C: reign of, 1, 32 Aali (Ali) Pasha (1815-1871), Grand Vizier of Turkey: services of, 14, 439. 442; recommends the Pact of Halippa, 467; death of, 473 Aarau, Diet of (1797), 13, 509 Aarau, Peace of (1712), a treaty con- cluded between the Protestant and Catholic states of Switzerland, 13, 480 Aaron: see Harun Aaron, Saint (died ca. 300 A. D.): martyred, 11, 14 Aarsens (Aarssens), Cornelius van, father of succeeding: Spanish at- tempt to bribe, 13, 186 Aarsens, Francis van (1 572-1641), Dutch diplomatist and politician: plots destruction of Barneveldt, 13, 196 Aasa, daughter of Ingjald Illraada: death of, 16, 36 Aasund on the Aase Sound, Denmark: battle of (1520), 16, 141, 148 Abascal y Sousa, Jos6 Fernando, Marques de la Concordia (1743- 1821), Spanish general and states- man: honored, 11, 228 Abaza (d. 1634), Turkish governor of Merasch: revolt of, 14, 214; submis- sion of, 220 Abazuza, Spain: battle of (1873), 8, 514 Abba Garima, Abyssinia: battle of (1896), 19, 248 Abbas (I) the Great (1 557-1628), Shah of Persia, 1586-1628: reign of, 5, 343 Abbas II (1632-1666), Shah of Persia, 1642-1666: reign of, 5, 347 Abbas III (d. 1736), Shah of Persia, 1733-1736: reign of, 5. 35i Abbas I (d. 1854), Ruler of Egypt, 1848-1854: reign of, I, 38 Abbas (II) Hilmi (b. 1874), Khedive of Egypt, 1892 : accession of, I, 40; reign of, 19, 273 Abbas (566-652 A. D.) uncle of Mo- hammed: at the battle of Honain, 1, 232; granted a pension, 257 Abbas Mirza (ca. 1783-1833), Persian prince: his campaign against the Georgians, 5, 358; his campaign against the Russians, 5, 359,. 15, 283 Abbasid (Abbasside) Dynasty, caliphs of Bagdad, 750-1258: rise of, 1, 339; condition of Persia under, 5, 326 Abbeville, Treaty of (1259), a treaty concluded between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France, 9. 83 Abbott, James (1807-1896), Anglo- 4 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Indian statesman: associated with the Lawrences in India, 5, 223 Abbott, Josiah G., American poli- tician: member of the Electoral Commission (1876), 24, 913 note Abdalkerim (9th century), Moorish general: campaign against Alfonso the Chaste, 8, 73 Abdalla ben Abdelmelic (8th cen- tury), Moorish general: his cam- paign against the Gauls, 8, 72 Abdalla ben Abderalman (8th cen- tury), Moorish prince: revolts against Alhakena, 8, 72; revolts against Abderahman II, 73 Abdalla ben Balkin (nth century), King of Granada: dethroned, 8, 89 Abdalla ben Humusgui (12th cen- tury), Moorish military officer: de- feats the Almohades, 8, 95 Abdalla ben Malchi (9th century), Moorish general: his campaign against Alfonso the Chaste, 8, 73 Abdalla ben Mohammed (d. 912 A. D.), Caliph of Cordova, 888-912 A. D.: reign of, 8, 75 Abdalla ben Mohammed el Zagal, King of Granada, 1483-1491: reign of, 8, 121 Abdalla or Abdallah: see also Abdul- lah Abdallah (8th century) uncle of Saf- fah: defeats the Caliph Merwan, . 341 Abdallah Abu Mohammed, surnamed Aladel (d. 1225), Mohammedan ruler: reign of, 8, 102 Abdallah ben Jaafer (7th century), Mohammedan general: at the battle of Abyla, 1, 277 Abdallah ben Musa (8th century), Arabian general: succeeds his father, 1, 318 Abdallah ben Said (7th century), Arabian general: attempts the con- quest of Africa, 1, 300 Abdallah ben Zobeir (7th century), Arabian general: bis campaigns in Africa, 1, 306 Abdalmalek (Abd-el-Malek, Abd-el- Malik, Abdelmelic or Abdul-Malik), Caliph of the East, 685-705 A. D.: plans conquest of Africa, 1, 306; reign of, 329 Abdalmalek: see also Abdelmelic Abd al Mumin: see Abdelmumen Abd al Muttalib (Abd el Mottalib or Abdul Muttalib) (d. 578 A. D.), grandfather of Mohammed the Prophet: sketch of, 1, 205 Abd ar-Rahman: see Abderahman Abdelasis: see Abdul- Aziz Abdel Kader (Abd-el-Kader or Abdul Kadir) (1807-1883), Arab chief: ac- count of, 14, 466 Abdelbar (15th century), hagib of Granada: revolt of, 8, 119 Abd-el-Malek or Abd-el-Malik: see Abdalmalek Abdelmelic (Abdalmalek, Abd-el- Malek, Abd-el-Malik, or Abdul- Malik) (8th century), governor of Seville: crushes rebellion of Yussuf, 8, 69 Abdelmelic (Abdalmalek, Abd-el- Malek, Abd-el-Malik, or Abdul- Malik) ben Cotan (Khotan), Emir of Cordova, 733-736 A. D.: reign of, 8, 65 Abdelmelic ben Giafar, surnamed Amad Dola (12th century), King of Granada: reign of, 8, 91 Abdelmelic ben Mohammed (d. 1006), Moorish statesman: made regent of Cordova, 8, 79 Abd el Motlalib: see Abd al Mutlalib Abdelmumen (Abdul Mumin or Abd al Mumin) (1101-1163), Caliph of Morocco, 1130-1163: reign of, 8, 95 Abdera, in ancient geography, a city of Thrace: founded, 2, 82 Abderahman (Abdar-Rahman, Abdul- Rahman, Abd er-Rahman, Abd al- Rahman or Abdurrahanan) (I) ben Moawiyah (731-788 A. D.). Caliph of Cordova 756-788 A. D.: founds dynasty of Omayyads in Spain, 1, 342; his conquests in Catalonia, 8, 219; death of, 1, 338 Abderahman (II) ben Alhakem, Caliph of Cordova, 821-852 A. D.: reign of, 8, 73 Abderahman (III) ben Mohammed (891-961 A. D.), Caliph of Cordova, GENERAL INDEX 912-961 A. D.: reign- of, I, 343, 8, 76; campaign against Ordofio II of Leon, 8, 135; invades Navarre (921 A. D.), 198 Abderahman (IV) Almortadi, Caliph of Cordova, 1018-1023: proclaimed king, 8, 81 Abderahman (V) ben Hixem (His- ham), Caliph of Cordova, 1023: reign of, 8, 81 Abderahman ben Abdalla, Emir of Cordova, 722-724 and 729-731, some- times called Caliph of Cordova: made emir, 8, 63; at war with the Franks, 1, 335. 8, 64, 9, 37, 18, 73 Abderahman ben Abdalla, surnamed Almudafar (ca. 900 A. D.), Moorish prince: crushes rebellion of his brothers, 8, 76 Abderahman ben Mohammed (ca. 1000 A. D.), Moorish general: made hagib of Cordova, 8, 79 Abderahman ben Ocba (8th century), Emir of Cordova: at siege of Cor- dova, 8, 66; at battle of Calatrava, 66; made Caliph of Cordova, 8, 67 Abdicated Monarchs: A. D. 305. Diocletian and Maximian, 3 526, 4. ii5, 9, 13 855. Lothar I, Holy Roman Em- peror, 18, 95 ca. 877. Seiwa, Emperor of Japan, 7. 46 910. Alfonso (III) the Great, King of Asturias and Leon, 8, 134 1031, Hixem III, Caliph of Cordova, 8, 83 1 106. Henry IV, Holy Roman Em- peror, 18, 137 1 142. Sutoku, Emperor of Japan, 7, 56 1173. Vladislav II, King of Bo- hemia, 17, 67 1 180. Takakura, Emperor of Japan, 7, 59 ca. 1219. Juntoku, Emperor of Ja- pan, 7, 71 ca. 1219. Tsuchimikado, Emperor of Japan, 7, 71 ca. 1222. Gotoba, Emperor of Ja- pan, 7, 72 1246. Gosaga, Emperor of Japan, 7, 83 1302. Mohammed (III) Abu Ab- dalla, 8, in 1313. Nassir ben Ferag, King of Granada, 8, in 1319. Hanazono, Emperor of Ja- pan, 7, 83 1399. Richard II, King of Eng- land, 11, 186 1444. Murad (Amurath) II, Sultan of Turkey, 14, 64 1445. Murad (Amurath) II, Sultan of Turkey, 14, 68 1495. Alfonso II, King of Naples, 8, 269 1512. Bayezid II, Sultan of Turkey, 14, "7 1527. Gustavus (I) Vasa, King of Sweden, 16, 158 1 554-1 556. Charles V, Holy Ro- man Emperor, 4, 307, 8, 351, 9, 147. 13, 59. 18, 259, 33, 118 1598. Philip II, King of Spain, 8, 363 1601. Sigismund Batory, King of Poland, 17, 223 1654. Christina, Queen of Sweden, 16, 206 1659. Richard Cromwell, II, 373 1668. Alfonso VI, King of Portu- gal, 8, 468 1688. James II, King of England (by flight), 11, 431, . U2, 359. 23, 157 1707. Sigismund (II) Augustus, King of Poland, 15, 46, 65, 16, 219 1724. Philip V, King of Spain, 8, 408, 23, 191 1762. Peter III, Emperor of Rus- sia, 15. 157 1796. Ch'ienlung, Emperor of China, 6, 115 1802. Charles Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, 9, 307 1806. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 9, 327, 17. 204 1807. Charles III, King of Spain, and Ferdinand, heir apparent, 8, 527 1808. Charles IV, King of Spain, 8, 487. 9, 332, 10, 475. ". 230 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 1809. Gustavus (IV) Adolphus, King of Sweden, 10, 481, 16, 252 1810. Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, 13, 268 1814. Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, 4, 349, 8 532, 9, 349, 10, 494, . 566, 15, 262, 17, 311, 18, 388 1815. Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, signs second abdication, 4, 350, 8, 532, 9, 365, 10, 502, 11, 568, 17, 314, 18, 390 1821. Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia, 4, 355, 9, 377 1825. Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, abdicates crown of Portugal, 8, 535, 21, 167 1840. William (I) Frederick, King of Holland, 13, 313 1840. Maria Christina, queen re- gent of Spain, 9, 418 1848. Louis Philippe, King of France, 9, 434 1848. Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 17, 371, 18, 402 1886. Alexander, Prince of Bul- garia, 15, 343 Abd-Melkarth (Abd-milkot), King of Sidon, 7th century B. C. : defeated by Esarhaddon, 1, 124 Abdul Hamid I (1725-1789), Sultan of Turkey, 1774-1789: reign of, 14, 337; death of, 355 Abdul Hamid II (b. 1842), Sultan of Turkey, 1876 : reign of, 478; character of, 489 Abdul Hamid (Karazaridzi) (16th century), Turkish military chief: revolt of, 14, 208 Abdul Kadir: see Abdel Kader Abdul Karim (19th century), Groom of the Imperial Chamber: gives les- sons in Hindustani to Queen Vic- toria, 5, 287 Abdul Medjid (Abd al Medjid, Abdel Medjid, or Abdul Mejid) (1823- 1861) Sultan of Turkey, 1839-1861 : accession of, 14, 437; reign of, 14, 439, 15, 292; reforms of, 14, 96; death of, 14, 472 Abdul Mumin: see Abdelmumen Abdul Muttalib: see Abd al Muttalib Abdul Rahman: see Abderahman Abdul-Aziz (Abdelasis or Abd al- Aziz) (1830-1876), Sultan of Tur- key, 1861-1876: reign of, 14, 472; deposition and death of, 475 Abdul-Aziz (Abdelasis or Abd al- Aziz) ben Muza (Musa) (8th cen- tury), Moorish general: his cam- paigns in Spain, 1, 316, 8, 51; suc- ceeds to the command in Spain, 1, 318, 8, 63; death of, 1, 318, 8, 63 Abdul-Kerim Pasha (1811-1885), Turkish general: wins battle of Djunis, 17, 419 Abdullah (early 19th century), Pasha of Syria: Mehemet AH overthrows, 15, 289 Abdullah Ibn Saud (d. 1819), last Emir of the Wahabites: death of, 14, 409 Abdul-Malik: see Abdalmalek Abdur Rahman: see also Abderahman Abdur Rahman Khan (ca. 1830-1901), Amir of Afghanistan, 1880-1901: proclaimed Amir, 5, 258; death of, 287 Abel, (d. 1252), King of Denmark, 1250-1252: invested with Slesvig, 16, 91, 266; reign of, 92 Aben Aboo, see Diego Lopez ben Aboo Aben Alafia, Emir of Meguinez, early 10th century: captures Fez, 8, 76 Aben Alhamar: see Mohammed I, King of Granada Aben Dylnun, King of Toledo, nth century: besieges Cordova, 8, 86 Abe-no-Hirafu (7th century), Jap- anese general: his campaigns in the north, 7, 27 Abe-no-Masahiro (19th century), Jap- anese statesman: urges signing of treaty with America, 7, 157 Abe-no-Nakamaro (8th century), Jap- anese scholar: sketch of, 7, 35 Abensberg, Lower Bavaria, Ger- many: battle of (1809), 9, 335 Aberastein, Dr. (d. 1868), Spanish- American statesman: leads revolt, 21, 129 Abercrombie, James (1706-1781), Brit- ish soldier: given command of Brit- ish forces in America, 11, 500, 23, 184; in expedition against Ticon- deroga, 189 GENERAL INDEX Abercrombie (Abercromby), Sir Ralph (1734-1801), British soldier: his expedition against the Dutch, 13, 267; his expedition to Egypt, II, 551 Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860), British states- man: his foreign policy, II, 603; his policy toward Russia, 14, 447; his ministry, 15, 305, 317; his ministry resigns, 14, 458 Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton, Earl of (b. 1847), British statesman: refuses to use his power for party purposes, ao, 172 Aberdeen, University of: founded, 13, 301 Abgarus (Abgar) of Edessa (1st cen- tury B. C.) Arab prince: betrays the Roman army (53 B. C). 3, 3*3 Abimilki, King of Tyre, ca. 1100 B. C. : besieged by Zimrida of Tyre, 1, 122 Abo, Finland, Russia: taken by the Russians (1713), 15, 64 Abo, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between Russia and Sweden (1743), 15, 152, 16, 228 Abolition Movement in the United States: sentiment of the South, 23, 450; opposition to nomination of Clay for Presidency, 24, 520; op- position to Mexican War, 548; gen- eral treatment, 571; Webster op- poses methods of societies, 606; in- fluence of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," 638; joint movement charged to speeches of Seward and Lincoln, 671; abolition secured by purchase in the District of Columbia (1862), 766; abolition secured in Territories (1862), 766; platform of Baltimore convention (1859), 800; responsible for John Brown's Raid, 674 Abolition Party in the United States: organized, 24, 580; demands eman- cipation of slaves in seceded States, 742 Abolitionist Party in the United States: joins Free Soil Party, 24, 559 Aboukir (Abukir), Egypt: battle of (1799). 9. 310, 10, 400, 14. 383. ao, 141 Aboukir Bay, north of Egypt: battle of (1708). Hi 549 Abraham, Plains or Heights of, near Quebec, Canada: battles of (1759), 11, 500, ao, 118, 23, 195; (i860), 33, 197 Abramzoom, surnamed Leckerbeetjc (d. 1601), Flemish hero: story of, 13. 176 Abrantes, Portugal: battle of (1176), 8, 08 Absalom (10th century B. C), Is- raelite prince and son of David: re- bellion of, 1, 386 Absalom (Axel Hvide) (1128-1201), Danish prelate, Archbishop of Lund: sketch of, 16, 7, 81; makes a gift of the site for Copenhagen, 69; death of, 85 Abu Abdalla (d. 1302), Hagib of Gra- nada: murdered, 8, in Abu Abdalla ben Muley (Boabdil), King of Granada, 1483-1492: revolt of, 8, 121, 23, 29 Abu Abdalla Mohammed ben Hud, King of Andulusia, 13th century: re- volts against Moors, 8, 102 Abu Amram (12th century), Almor- avide general: his campaigns in An- dalusia, 8, 97 Abu Ayub (Job) (d. 668 A. D.), Arab general: career of, 1, 328 Abu Bekir (12th century). Moorish general: sent against Mohammed ben Abdalla, 8, 94 Abu Bekr (Aboo Bekr, Abou Bekr, or Abu-Bakr) (573-634 A. D.), Ara- bian caliph: publishes the Koran, 1, 211; accepts the doctrine of Moham- med, 218; chosen as Mohammed's successor, 236: distribution of his wealth, 256; reign of, 1, 266, 5, 322 Abu Giafer (nth century), King of Saragossa: forms alliance with Yus- sef, 8, 90; defeated by Alfonso I of Aragon, 91 Abu Mohammed el Baxir (early 12th century), Arab sheik: his campaign against AH ben Yussef, 8, 04 Abu Moslem (Abu Muslim) (8th THE HISTORY OF NATIONS century), Arab general: places the Ablasids on the throne of Damas- cus, i, 339 Abu Obaidah (7th century), Arab gen- eral: commands army for conquest of Syria, I, 267; saves Damascenes from massacre, 274; at the battle of Yermuk, 281; at the siege of Jeru- salem, 282; death of, 288 Abu Said (14th century), King of Granada: leads conspiracy in favor of Ismail (1358), 8, 116; usurps throne of Granada, 116 Abu Said (early 15th century), King of Fez: accession of, 8, 117 Abu Said (9th century), religious fanatic: power of, 1, 361 Abu Sufyan (9th century), Arab prince, head of the republic of Mecca: opposes Mohammed, 1, 221; warns Mecca of the power of Mo- hammed, 226; gives Mohammed the keys of Mecca, 231 Abu Tahir (9th century), religious fanatic: power of, 1, 361 Abu Talib (ca. 600 A. D.), uncle of Mohammed, the Prophet: guardian of Mohammed, 1, 206; preaches against Mohammed, 220 Abukir: see Aboukir Abul Cassem (15th century), Moorish statesman, hagib of Granada: nego- tiates the surrender of Granada, 8, 124 Abul Fazl (d. 1602), Mogul histori- ographer: sketch of, 5, 114 Abul Hassan (13th century), Moor- ish general, wali of Carmona: at war with the Christians, 8, 106, 114 Abul Melic Abdelwahid, King of Mauritania and Spain, 1223-1224; reign of, 8, 102 Abyberg, Colonel, Swiss military offi- cer: his campaign in the Revolution of 1830, 13, 541 Abydos, in ancient geography, a town in Mysia, Asia Minor: battle of (411 B. C), 2, 364 Abyla, Syria: battle of (ca. 635 A. D.), 1, 277 Abyssinia, a country of Africa: Semites' occupation of, 1, 187; de- scription of, 19, 247 Acadia, a former French colony in America: named, 20, 81; granted to De Monts, 82; ceded to England, 20, 85, 107, 23, 162; becomes Nova Scotia, 23, 161; boundary dispute, 163, 167; in Treaty of Ryswick, 160; inhabitants expelled, 179; inhabi- tants rejected by New England colonies, 181; see also Nova Scotia Acapulco, a sea-port in Mexico: founded, 20, 51; captured by the Dutch, 22, 162; importance of, 192; siege of (1813), 244 Acarnania, an ancient division of Greece: geogrpahy of, 2, 10; cam- paigns of Demosthenes in, 300; con- quered by Agesilaus, 402; joins jEtolian League, 516 Accessory Transit Company: opens route across Nicaragua, 24, 626 Accounting Law, a law regulating railways in Switzerland (1895), 13, 576 Aceval, Emilio, President of Paraguay, 1898-1902: administration, 21, 260 Acha, Jose Maria (1805-1868), Bo- livian revolutionist, President of Bolivia, 1861-1865: member of Coun- cil of State of Bolivia, 21, 188; made president of Bolivia, 189; wounded and deposed, 190 Achbar ben Nafi al-Fahri: see Okbah Achaean League (281-146 B. C), a re- ligious confederation in Achaia, con- sisting of twelve cities: revival of, 2, 516; Philip V of Macedon allied with, 517; expiration of, 520; faults of, 3, 138; joins Rome, 140; declares war against Sparta (146 B. C), 166 Achaeans, a tribe of Southern Thes- saly: found Sybaris, 3, 26 Achaemenes, Cyrus, an Egyptian satrap, ca. 480 B. C. : made satrap, i, 32 Achaeus, Greek mythical character: founds Hellenic clan, 2, 24 Achaeus (2nd century B. C), a Greek slave: general in the slave revolt, 3, 173 Achaia, in southern Thessaly: geogra- phy of, 2, 17; revives Achaean League, 516; created French princi- pality, 536; province of, formed, 3, GENERAL INDEX 9 166; surrenders to Mithradates, 217; inhabitants of,' their Homeric importance, a, 32; inhabitants con- quered by Dorians, 48; claimed as leaders of Dorian invasion, 49; mi- gration to Asia Minor, 53; colonies sent to Italy, 84; join Theban alli- ance, 445; and Sparta, 446 Achiki (3rd century A. D.), a Korean scholar: introduces Chinese learning into Japan, 7, 13 Achilles, Greek legendary warrior: home of, a, 9; in Homeric poems, 29. 33 Achilles, The English: see Talbot, John, Earl of Shrewsbury Achish (nth century B. C), King of Gath: aids David, 1, 383 Achmet II (1642-1695), Sultan of Turkey, 1691-1695: recognizes Bocs- kai as voievode of Transylvania, 17, 224 Aclea (Ockley), Surrey, England: battle of (851 A. D.), II, 42 Acosta, Joaquin (1795-1852), Colom- bian soldier and historian: leads revolution in Colombia, 21, 90 Acragus: sec Agrigentum Acre, Asiatic Turkey: sieges of (1191), 11, 113, 17, 92; taken by Ibrahim Pasha (1831), 15, 289; (1832), 14, 433; (1840), 437 Act of Explanation, passed by Irish Parliament (1665), by which Irish settlers agreed to give up one-third of their possessions, 12, 129 Act of Renunciation, passed by Eng- lish Parliament (1783) that Ireland was to be bound only by the laws made by the king and the Irish Par- liament, 12, 189 Act of Repeal, passed by English Parliament (1782), interpreted to mean great concessions to Ireland, 12, 188 Act Rescissory, passed by English Parliament (1660), rescinding many concessions to Scotland, 12, 344 Act of Settlement, passed by Irish Parliament (1661), giving new set- tlers, as a body, a title to their hold- ings, 12, 129 Act of Union (1815), 16, 261 Act of 1660, passed by English Parlia- ment, providing that no goods should be imported into the colonies or exported therefrom except in English or colonial built and owned vessels, 23, 202 Act of 1700, passed by English Par- liament, against Catholics, 23, 148 Act of 1744, an act of the English Par- liament, against Moravian preach- ing, 33, 148 Act of 1870, passed by Congress of United States to refund national debt in bonds bearing five, four and one-half and four per cent, interest, 24.898 Actium, Acarnania, Greece: battle of (30 B. C), a, 522, 4, 26 Aculco, Mexico: battle of (1810), ^, 238 Adad-nihan (ca. 800 B. C), King of Assyria: attacks Damascus (805 B. C), 1, 392 Adad-nirari II, King of Assyria, 911- 891 B. C: reign of, 1, 79 Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, 811- 783 B. C: reign of. 1, 81 Adair, Sir Robert (1 763-1855), an Eng- lish diplomat and writer: concludes Treaty of the Dardanelles (1809), 14, 405 Adalberon (d. 988), Bishop of Laon: crowns Hugh Capet, 9, 59 Adalbert, Archbishop of Bremen (d. 1072), a German prelate: his rela- tions with Svend Estridsen, 16, 69; appointed, 18, 130; his relations with Henry IV of Germany. 132 Adalbert, Saint (955-997 A. D.), Bishop of Prague, a Bohemian prelate: his work in Hungary, 17, 46; career of, 63 Adalbert (1018-1056), Margrave of Babenbcrg: reign of, 17, 89 Adam of Bremen (d. 1076), German ecclesiastical historian: quoted, 16, 31. 58; his description of Scandi- navia, 61 Adam of Sternberg: sec Sternberg, Adam of Adamites, The, a sect which origi- nated in North Africa in the 2nd century A. D. and pretended to 10 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS have attained to primitive innocence of Adam; it reappeared in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe: cam- paign against (1420), 18, 208 Adams, Major (ca. 1750), British military officer: his campaign against Mir Kasim, 5, 187 Adams, Charles Francis (1807-1886), American statesman and diplo- matist: presides over convention at Buffalo, 24, 558; protests against building of the "Alabama," 881; re- tires from ministry to England, 882; in Geneva commission, 885; joins liberal movement, 890; candi- date for Presidential nomination (1872), 891 Adams, John, second President of the United States: born at Braintree, Mass., October 19, 1735, O.S.; graduated from Harvard College, I 755! studied law and was admitted to the bar, 1758; delegate to the first Continental Congress, 1774; member of the committee for pre- paring a declaration of independ- ence, 1776; was commissioner to France, 1778; with Benjamin Frank- lin and John Jay, negotiated the treaty with England, 1782; minister to the court of St. James, 1785- 1788; Vice-President of the United States, 1 789-1 796; President, 1796- 1800; died, July 4, 1826 Hears Otis's speech against gen- eral search warrants, 23, 205; de- fends soldiers accused of Boston massacre, 217; delegate to first Con- tinental Congress, 223; delegate to second Continental Congress, 229; nominates Washington as com- mander in chief of army, 230; draws up Massachusetts constitution, 239; member of committee to draft a declaration of independence, 240; appointed member of peace com- mission, 286; sent as minister to England, 310; attempts to secure loans for the government, 313; minister abroad, 324; elected Vice President, 340, 357; elected Presi- dent, 370; Federalist nominee for President, 381; epitomized, 475 Adams, John Quincy (called Old Man Eloquent) (1767-1848), Presi- dent of the United States, 1825- 1829: urges renewal of fishery priv- ileges, 23, 429; appointed on peace commission, 429; Secretary of State, 43s; signs treaty for Florida purchase, 444; protests to Russia, 447; candidate for Presidency, 460; defends Jackson from court-mar- tial, 462, 492; elected President, 463; difficulties of his administra- tion, 466; sketch of, 467; negotiates commercial treaties, 471; political persecution of, during administra- tion, 473; character of, 474, 475; re- fuses to attend Jackson's inaugura- tion, 481; leader of the Democratic- Republican party, 24, 519; cham- pion of the abolitionists, 578; at- tempts to remove the " gag rule," 579 Adams, Samuel, orator and patriot: born at Boston, Mass., September 27, 1722; graduated from Harvard College, 1740; entered mercantile life but was unsuccessful and soon abandoned it; was chosen to repre- sent Boston in the General Court of Massachusetts, 1765; was a mem- ber of the first Continental Con- gress, 1774; was excepted from the general pardon offered by England, 1775; signed the Declaration of In- dependence, 1776; member of Mas- sachusetts ratifying convention, 1788; lieutenant governor of Mas- sachusetts, 1789-1794; governor, 1794-1797; died at Boston, October 2, 1803 Uses his eloquence in favor of re- bellion, 23, 215; outwits the gov- ernor of Massachusetts, 222; dele- gate to first Continental Congress, 223; Gage attempts to arrest, 226; delegate to second Continental Con- gress, 229; excepted from amnesty offered by Gage, 231; entertains idea of separation from England, 2 37', opposes Constitutional Con- vention, 324; not in favor of the Constitution, 336; defeated for Congress, 342, 343 GENERAL INDEX 11 Adams, William (d. 1620), English navigator: settles in Japan, 7, 135 Adda, river in Italy: battle of the (1705). 9, 222 Adda, Africa: sold to the English, 19. 36 Addington, Henry, Viscount Sid- mouth (1757-1844), English politi- cian: becomes premier, II, 551; en- ters Pitt's ministry, 556; in All the Talents Ministry, 558 Addiscombe, England: military school maintained at, 5, 202 Addison, Joseph (1672-1719), English essayist, poet, statesman: sketch of, 11, 461 Addled Parliament, The (1614), 11, 3ii Adeimantus (5th century B. C). Corinthian admiral, 2, 199 Adelaide (nth century), Princess of Susa and Turin: marries Otho of Savoy, 4, 272 Adelaide (19th century), queen of Victor Emmanuel II: death of, 4, 370 Adelaide: see also Adelheid Adelaide, South Australia: named, 20, 190; settled, 193 Adelechus (8th century), son of Disiderius: at the battle of Sacra di San Michele, 4, 74 Adelheid (Adelaide), Saint (931-999 A. D.). daughter of Rudolph II of Burgundy and wife (1) of Lothar of Burgundy and (2) of Otto the Great: sketch of, 13, 344, 18, III, 116, 118 Adelwald, King of Lombards, 615- 624: reign of, 4, 168 Aden, Arabia: sketch of, 5, 18; siege of (ca. 1515), 8, 329; captured by Turks (ca. 1546), 14, 164; history of, 20, 252 Adgar (12th century), Archbishop of Lund: installed, 16, 75 Adherbal (d. 112 B. C), King of Nu- midia: reign of, 3, 188 Adige, river of Italy: battles of the (1706), 4, 329; (1809), 10, 479 Adil Shahi Dynasty, Persian dynasty, 1489: founded, 5, 106 Adlercreutz (Adlerkreuz), Count Karl Johan (1757-1815), Swedish general: his campaign against Russia, 15, 216, 16, 251; forces the abdication of Gustavus, 252 Adlerspaare, .Count George (1760- 1835), Swedish author, statesman and general: forces the abdication of Gustavus, 16, 251 Admiral, L' (18th century), French patriot: attempts to kill Collot- d'Herbois, 10, 300 Adolf (13th century), Count -Duke of Holstein: compelled to relin- quish his duchy, 16, 85 Adolf I (Adolph or Adolphus) 16th century), Duke of Holstein-Got- torp; founds the Gottorp line, 16, 267; refuses the Danish crown, 132; death of, 135 Adolf VII (15th century), Duke of Slesvig- Holstein: his struggles to secure Slesvig, 16, 127, 266 Adolf of Nassau (1 252-1298), Holy Roman Emperor, 1292-1298: acces- sion of, 13, 363; reign of, 18, 183 Adolph: see Ataulf and Ataulphus Adolph Frederick (1710-1771), King of Sweden, 1751-1771: chosen king, i5> 152; reign of, 16, 228; death of, 229 Adolphus: see also Adolf Adolphus (15th century), Duke of Guelders: usurps duchy, 13, 45 Adolphus of Nassau (d. 1568), brother of William the Silent: his campaigns in the revolution, 13, 109 Adonijah (nth century B. C), son of David: claims throne of Israel, 1, 386; death of, 387 Adorno (15th century), Genoese commander: aids Mustapha, 14, 58 Adorno, Antoniotto, Doge of Genoa (14th century): places Genoa under the protection of France, 4, 244 Adowa, Abyssinia: battle of (1806), 4, 404, ao, 300 Adrian I (d. 795 A. D), Pope, 772- 795: asks aid of Charlemagne, 9, 411, 18, 79 Adrian II, Pope, 867-872: honors Saints Cyril and Methodius, 17, 32 Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear) 12 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS (1100-1159), Pope, 1154-1159 (the English Pope): quarrels with Fred- erick Barbarossa, 4, 192; presents Ireland to Henry II of England, II, 107, 12, 48; in Scandinavia, 16, 79, 101; policy, 18, 148, 150; death, 151 Adrian VI (1459-1523), Pope, 1522- 1523: acts as agent for Charles V in Spain, 8, 339; made regent of Castile, 346; invested with pontif- ical crown, 8, 350, 9, 138, 11, 243; orders a court of inquisition in Sweden, 16, 155; pontificate of, 18, 245 Adrian, Patriarch of Moscow (18th century) : death of, 15, 73 Adrian (76-138 A. D.), Roman Em- peror 1 17-138 A. D.: condition of Spain under, 8, 26; taken by the Russians (1878), 15, 336 Adrianople, Turkey: battles of (323 A. D.), 4, 119; (378 A. D.), 2, 529, 4, 133, 18, 34; captured by Murad (1361), 14, 29; treaties of (1713), 15, 61; (1829), 2, 545, 14, 431, 15, 287, 17, 326 Adriatic, The Queen of the: see Venice Adulterine Castles, castles without li- cense of King: destruction of, iiy 96 JEdni, a Celtic tribe: at war with the Arverni, 18, 10 Aega (7th century), Merovingian statesman: made mayor of the pal- ace, 9, 33 .ffigidius, Roman commander, 457- 461; made master of the militia in Gaul, 9, 17 .SSgina, island of Greece: geography of, 2, 16 .ffiginetans: at war with Athens, 2, 154; second war with Athens, 173; at battle of Salamis, 202; third war with Athens, 240; conquered, 245; expelled from their island, 281; re- stored by Lysander, 380 iEgospotami, Thrace: battle of (405 B. C), 2, 375 .ffiguse: battle of (241 B. C), 3, 105 Aelfric (nth century), Archbishop of York: mission of, 16, 32 iElgifa (nth century): her influence in Norway, 16, 57 2Elia Capitolina, Roman colony: founded on the site of Jerusalem, 4, 92 Aella (d. 867), King of Northumbria: his relations with the Danes, 16, 20 Aemilanus, Saint: see Milan, Saint iEmilianus (d. 253), Roman emperor: reign of, 4, 109 Aemilius, Lucius (3rd century B. C.) Roman consul: commands cam- paign against Tarentum, 3, 75 iEneas Sylvius: see Pius II (iEneas Sylvius), Pope Aeolian Colonization: in earliest au- thentic history, 2, 31 Aeolus: mythical founder of Hellenic clan, 2, 24 Aequi, tribe of Latium: wars with Rome, 3, 22 Aerschot, Duke of (ca. 1850) : mem- ber of Belgian provisional govern- ment, 13, 297 Aeschines (389-314 B. C.)> Athenian orator: ambassador to Philip, 2, 467; impeached, 470; stirs up Locrian war, 475 Aethaling-Aelfred (nth century), Anglo-Saxon prince: murder of, 16, 32 JEthefrith, King of Northumbrians, 593-617: his struggle with the Kymry, II, 31 iEthelbald, King of the Mercians, 716- 757; conquers Wessex, 11, 39; reign of, 42 .ZEthelberht, King of England, 860- 866; son of ^Ethelwulf; reign, 11, 27, 42 jEthelings, chiefs of royal blood: power of, 11, 39 iEthelred, of Mercia, 9th century: ap- pointed ealdorman, 11, 44 ^thelred I, King of Wessex, 866-871 : his struggles with the Danes, 11, 42 .ffithelred (II), the Unready, King of England, 968-1016: reign of, 11, 56; death of, 59 iEthelric, King of Bernicia, 588-593: GENERAL INDEX 13 combines Deira and Bcrnicia, form- ing North-humberland, II, 30 iEthelstan (895-940), King of West Saxons and Mercia, 925-940: reign of, II, 46; his relations with Nor- way, 16, 52 jEthelwold, Bishop of Winchester (10th cent.): his career, n, 50 jEthelwulf (d. 858). King of England: his struggles with the Northmen, 11, 42 Aetius, Roman general (5th century): supports the government of Placida, 4, 147; death, 148; career of, 9, 16; Britons appeal to, 11, 17; his campaign against Attila, 18, 41 Actolia, Greece: geography of, a, 10; Demosthenes' campaign in, 300; under Macedonian supremacy, 513; revives Aetolian League, 516 Aetclian League: revival of, 2, 516; end of, 518; faults of, 3, 138; joins Rome in third Macedonian War, 149 Aetolians: in the great migrations, 2, 48; migration to Asia Minor, 52 Afensberg, Germany: battle of (1809), 17. 298 AfFre, Denis Auguste (1793-1848), Archbishop of Paris: death of, 9, 437 Afghan Frontier Commission: ap- pointed (1884), 3, 265 Afghan War, a war between the British and the Afghans (1878- 1879): causes, 5, 256; peace signed at Gaudamak (1879) 257; results, 257 Afranius, Roman general (d. 46 B. C): campaigns in Spain, 8, 22; de- feated by Caesar, 3, 340; flies to Macedonia, 343; at the Corcyra council of war, 350; arrival in Africa, 359; death, 359 Africa: Phoenicians circumnavigate, I, 31; Phoenicians settle along the coast, 121; Saracens conquer, 1, 300, 14, 4; Greek colonization in, 2, 86; province of, formed, 3, 165; ceded to Genseric, 4, 147 Africa, History of: North Africa from the ancients to the Arabs, 19, 3; the Portuguese in Africa, 15; the beginning of rivalry, 27; stagnation and slavery, 35; the position in 1815, 42; sixty years of preparation, 47; preliminaries to partition, 58; Eng- land, France, and Portugal in Africa, 71; Germany enters the field, 86; Germany in the Cam- eroons and the Gulf of Guinea, 105; the Berlin Conference and the Congo Free State, 114; German East Africa, 127; the struggle for the Niger, 147; German progress in West Africa, 172; British East Africa, 182; the Italian sphere and the islands, 207; British Central and South Africa, 214; Africa since 1895, 245; the economic value of Africa, 286 African Company of Merchants: chartered (1750), 19, 37 African Company, Royal: see Royal African Company African Exploration Fund of the Royal Geographical Society: estab- li>hed (1877), 19, 62 African Lakes .Company: formed (1878), 19, 235 African Lakes Corporation: formed (1878), 19. 235 African Trans-Continental Company: formed (1893), 19, 229 Africanus of New Rome, The: see Belisarius Afrikander Bund, a South African as- sociation: rise of, 20, 232 Aftonbladet, a Swedish political news- paper: founded, 16, 259 Aga Mohammed, Shah of Persia. 1794-1797: destroys Tiflis (1793). 15. 213 Agacucho, South America: battle of (1824). 8, 519 Agamemnon, legendary king of Mycenae: in Homeric poems, 2, 29, 33 Agaperus II, Pope, 946-955 A. D.: in- tervenes in struggle between Louis IV and his rebellious nobles, 9, 56 Agathocles (361-289 B. C), tyrant of Syracuse, 317-289 B. C: reign of, J, 515 14 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Agatoes, The, a South American tribe: destroy themselves, 21, 50 Agesandridas (5th century), Spartan admiral, a, 361, 363 gesilaus (d. 360 B. C), King of Sparta, 399-361 B. C: accession of, a, 392; at Aulis, 393; his successes in Asia, 394; returns to Europe, 399; at battle of Coronea, 401; cam- paigns of, near Corinth, 402; sup- ports Phoebidas, 422; invades Boeo- tia, 429; defends Sparta, 441; his last campaigns against Epaminon- das, 448; expedition to Egypt and death, 452 Agesipolis, King of Sparta, 395-379 B. C: accession of, 2, 398; death of, 423 Agha Mohammed, Shah of Persia: 1794-1797: revolt of, 5, 355; reign of, 356 Aghrim, Ireland: battle of (1692), 9, 218 Agila (d. 554 A. D.), King of the Goths: reign of, 8, 40 Agilulph, Duke of Turin and King of Lombardy, 590-615 A. D. : reign of, 4, 166 Agincourt, France: battle of (1415), 9, in, 11, 198 Aginnum (Agen), France: battle of (107 B. C), 13, 329 Agis II, King of Sparta, 426-399 B. C: invades Argolis, 2, 324; wins battle of Mantinea, 326; besieges Athens, 377; death of, 391 Agis III, King of Sparta, 338-330 B. C: defeated by Philip, 2, 479; in arms against Alexander, 491; slain in battle, 507 Agis IV, King of Sparta, 244-240 B. C: reign of, 2, 517 Agnadel (Agnadello), Italy: battle of (1508), 4, 292, 9, 134 Agnes (d. 1077), wife of Henry III: regent for her son, 18, 131 Agnes of Brandenburg,. Queen of Denmark, 13th century: regency of, 16, no Agolas: explores the Parana, 21, 25 Agora, The, section of Athens, Greece: in Homeric times, 2, 64 Agosta, sea-port of Sicily: battle of (1675), 9, 212 Agra, British India: captured by Lake (1802), 5, 201 Agram, Austria-Hungary: popular uprising in (1848), 17, 361 Agramont, Nicolas, English pirate of the 17th century: captures Vera Cruz, 22, 178 Agreda, Colonel (19th century): leads revolution in Bolivia, 21, 187 Agricola (37-93 A. D.), Roman sol- dier and statesman: his campaigns in Britain, 4, 83; becomes governor of Britain, II, 10; leads invasion of Romans into Scotland, 12, 249 Agriculture: AFRICA, CENTRAL: products of Nigeria, 19, 156; general conditions, 304; in Congo under the Arabs, 310 AFRICA, EAST: German planta- tions, 19, 139; coffee plantations, 144 AFRICA, SOUTH: culture of coffee, 19, 236, 242; general treat- ment of, 242, 308; products of Cape Colony, 20, 62; cultivation of sugar in Natal, 225 AFRICA, NORTH: under the Car- thaginian settlements, 19, 5; the cotton crop in Egypt, 269; general treatment of, 308 AFRICA, WEST: products of, 19, 179 AUSTRALIA: in Sydney under convicts, 20, 182 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: vines, 17, 59 BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA: status of, 1, 113 CHINA: crops are raised on the oases of the desert of Gobi, 6, 218; description of the " Garden of China," 242 CYPRESS, ISLAND OF: products of, 20, 254 EAST INDIES: cultivation of the clove in the Island of Ambryna, 20, 57; cultivation of the nutmeg in the Banda Islands, 57; cultivation of sugar in Ceylon, Mauritius, and Java, 237; culture of coffee in Java, GENERAL INDEX 15 288; the culture system, 289; the culture system in' Java, 293; aboli- tion of the culture system in Java, *94 ENGLAND: decline of villein serv- ice, II, 116; increase in the growing of corn, 298; improvements in farm- ing methods, 532; agricultural dis- tress, 569 FRANCE: influence of Greeks, 9, 4; under old regime, 10, 9; modern conditions, 9, 489 GERMANY: among the early tribes, 18, 7; introduction of the vine, 29; after Thirty Years' War, 295; under Frederick the Great, 33J GREECE: in Thessaly, a, 9; in the Boeotian plain, 12; in the Pelopon- nesus, 17; modern conditions, 2, 547, 551 ICELAND: hay raised by the early settlers, 16, 299 INDIA: general description of, 5, 12; in Lower Bengal, 16; modern conditions, 386 IRELAND: at the beginning of the 17th century, 12, 100; failure of the potato crop, 11, 605, 607, 12, 226, *o, 345 ISRAELITES: learn the arts of husbandry, 1, 397 JAPAN: general conditions, 7, xiv; encouraged by the Emperor Yosh- imune, 144; present conditions, 242 MALTA, ISLAND OF: products of, 20, 254 MEXICO: under Cortez, 22, 72, failure of crops (1749), 197; neglect of, 413; in Yucatan, 419, 425; the cultivation of tobacco, 420 NEW ZEALAND: cultivation of flax, 20, 211 NORTH AMERICA: by the In- dians, 23, 11; English colonies, 20, 85; products of Virginia, 20, 24, 23, 61; colony of Georgia, 23, 82; New England colonies, 101, 133; Middle colonies, 136; southern colonies, *3, 136 PERSIA: conditions under Khusru, 5. 320 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: culture system, 20, 313; products of, 320; encouragement of, 380 ROME: condition during revolution period, 3, 246 RUSSIA: Greek colonists make the lower valleys of the Dnieper and the Bug the great wheat field of the world, 2, 81 SCANDINAVIA: account by Phy- theas, 16, 5 SCOTLAND: work of the High- land Society, 12, 374 SOUTH AMERICA: conditions under Spanish rule, 21, 46; in Ar- gentina, 258; in Bolivia, 186, 243; in Brazil, 20, 69, 21, 165, 179, 180, 249; in Chili, 21, 43, 230; in Colombia, 301; in Ecuador, 107, 117; in the Guianas under the Dutch, 20, 88; in Paraguay, 21, 49, 151; in Peru, 213. 243; >n Uruguay, 140; present conditions, 269 SPAIN: under the Romans, 8, 5, 30 SWEDEN: in Johan Ill's reign, 16, 166 SWITZERLAND: in the 18th cen- tury, 13, 493; at the beginning of the 19th century, 522 UNITED STATES (see also NORTH AMERICA), condition of, after the War of 1812, 23, 438; cot- ton-growing in the South, 450, 726; comparison between the North and the South, 561 WEST INDIES: under the Span- iards, 20, 66; products of. 242; in Barbados under the English, 67; in Cuba, 22, 487; products of Jamaica, 20, 71; decrease of sugar crop in Jamaica, 241; products of Porto Rico, 325; in Santo Domingo under the French, 72; products of Trin- idad, 247; decline and rise of the sugar crop in the French West Indies, 270 Agrigentum, Sicily: founded, 2, 84, 3, 28; tyrants of, 2, 216; resists Giles of Syracuse, 217; taken by Hiero, 219; by Carthagenians, 410; surren- dered to Rome, 3, 125; seized by the slaves, 173 Agrippa I, Herod, King of Judea, 16 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS (u B. C.-44 A. D.): made king of the Jews, 1, 410; reign of, 4, 59 Agrippa II, King of Judaea, 27-93 A. D.: attempts to restore order in Je- rusalem, 1, 410 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius (63-12 B. C), Roman commander, leading statesman of reign of Augustus: puts down the insurrection of Ful- via, 4, 19; defeats Sextus Pompeius, 21; loyal to Augustus, 38; marries daughter of Augustus, 40; death, 42 Agrippa Postumus (12 B. C.-14 A. D.): disgraced and secluded, 4, 44; death, 47 Agrippina, wife of Claudius Germani- cus (13 B. C.-33 A. D.): grand- daughter of Augustus, 4, 40; con- spiracies against, 50; banished, 51; death, 53 Agrippina Julia, wife of Claudius I, (15-60 A. D.) : marries Claudius, 4, 60; intrigues of, 60; murders Claud- ius, 61; plots against Nero, 62; death, 64 Agron, King of the Illyrians, 2nd cen- tury B. C: pays tribute to Rome, 17, 11 Agua Santa, Peru, South America: battle of (1842), 21, 197 Aguado, Juan, a Spaniard who ac- companied Columbus on his second voyage: appointed to investigate Columbus's colony in Hayti, 21, 11 Aguayo, Marques San Miguel de, Spaniard of the eighteenth cen- tury: appointed governor of Florida and Texas, 22, 189 Agueda, Casto: leads insurrection, 21, 190 Aguero y Velasco, Francisco: death of, (1826), 22, 451 Aguesseau, Henri Francois d' (1668- 1751), a French jurist: opposes Law's schemes, 9, 230; given the direction of Law's bank, 233 Aguila, Don Juan del, Spanish com- mander (ca. 1600) : brings aid to the Irish, 12, 101 Aguilar, Marcos de, Spanish sailor (ca. 1500) : joins Cortez, 22, 13 Aguinaldo, Emilio (1868 ), Phil- ippine insurgent leader: leads up- rising (1896) 20, 314; leads Fili- pinos (1898), 20, 315, 24, 1037; cap- tured, 20, 317, 24, 1043 Aguirre, Anastasio, President of Uru- guay, 1865: administration of, 21, 142 Aguirre, Lopez de, (1508-1561) a Spanish adventurer: explorations of, 21, 29 Augustin I, Emperor of Mexico: see Iturbide Ahab, King of Israel, 918-896 B. C: concludes peace with Judah, 1, 390 Ahala, Roman dictator (4th century) : defeats Celtic horde, 3, 64 Ahaz, King of Judah, 735-715 B. C: seeks aid of Assyria, 1, 393; reign of, 396 Ahaziah, King of Judah, 844-843 B. C: death of, 1, 392 Ahenobarbus, Cnaeus Domitius (1st century B. C), Roman statesman and commander: nominee of An- tonius, 4, 24 Ahenobarbus, Cnaeus Domitius (1st century A. D.), a member of a plebeian family of Rome to which the Emperor Nero belonged: mar- riage of, 4, 50 Ahluta, Empress of China, 1872-1875: marriage of, 6, 230; death of, 237; funeral of, 241 Ahmad Khan, Persian ruler, 1282- 1284: reign of, 5, 335 Ahmad Khan, Afghan chieftain (ca. 1750) : separates Afghanistan from Persia, 5, 354 Ahmad Shah Durani (1 724-1 773), Afghan leader, King of Afghan- istan, 1747-1773: invades India, 5, 127; sketch of, 216 Ahmadnagar, Bombey, British India: labor troubles of, 5, 78; captured by Wellesley (1803), 201 Ahmadu, native African chief (ca. 1850): sketch of, 19, 148; concludes treaty with the French, 149 Ahmed I (1589-1617), Sultan of Tur- key, 1603-1617: reign of, 14, 209; death of, 212 Ahmed II (1642-1695), Sultan of GENERAL INDEX 17 Turkey, 1691-1695: reign of, 14, 260; death of, 261 Ahmed III (1673-1736), Sultan of Turkey, 1703-1730: reign of, 14, 273; declares war with Russia, 15, 58; Poniatowski influences, 16, 221; driven from his throne, 14, 293, 13, 116 Ahmed (ca. 1500), son of Bayzid II: intrigues for the succession, 14, 115; resists sovereignty of the Sultan, 120 Ahmed Arabi, military adventurer in Egypt (ca. 1880): rebellion of, 19, 267 Ahmed Feozy, Turkish Pasha (ca. 1840) : treachery of, 14, 436 Ahmed-ibu-Tulun, Egyptian viceroy (ca. 870 A. D.): makes himself sul- tan of Egypt, I, 35 Ahmed Kediik, Turkish captain (ca. 1475): subjugates the Crimea, 14, 84; his campaign in Italy, 86, 113 Ahmed Kiuprili: see Kiuprili Ahmed Ahmed Pasha (ca. 1525), governor of Egypt: revolt of, 14, 150 Ai, Judean city: conquered by He- brews 1, 377 Ai, King of Egypt (ca. 1380 B. C): reign of, I, 25 Aidan, Saint (d. 651 A. D.), English bishop: his efforts to convert the men of Northumberland, II, 35, 12, 36; labors among the Britains, ", 253 Aidian, (ca. 1400), Seljukian prince: reinstated by Timur, 14, 52 Aiguillon, Armand Vignerot Duples- sis Richelieu, Duke of, (1720-1782), French politician, minister of for- eign affairs under Louis XV, 1771 1774: his government of Brittany, 9, 248; reforms of, 249 Aigun, Manchuria, Chinese Empire: occupied by Russia, 7, 285 Ailly, Pierre d\ (1350-1420), French cardinal and theologian: believes Indian ocean to be an inland sea, 33. 23 Airds Moss, Ayrshire, Scotland: battle of (1669), 12, 348 Aisne, river in Northern France: bat- tle of the (57 B. C), 9. 8 Aistulf, King of the Longobards, 749-756 A. D.: at war with the Pope, 18, 76 Ait, coast of the Red Sea: purchased by a Frenchman, 19, 56 Aitchison, Sir Charles Umphcrston (1832-1896), English soldier in Indian campaigns: sketch of, 5, 263; head of civil service inquiry commission, 267 Aix: see Aquai Scxtiae Aix-la-Chapelle, Prussia: made cap- ital of Frankish empire, 9, 44; Charlemagne removes court to, 18, 86; taken by Lothar of France, 116; taken by the French, 356 Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, (1818) a congress of the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, min- isters from Great Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, dic- tated suppression of liberal ideas in politics and religion: Russia's part in, 15, 266 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaties of: concluded (1668) between the League (of Hol- land, Sweden and England) and France, 8, 381, 9, 209, II, 393, 13, 478, 18, 300; concluded (1748) as a general peace between the powers of Europe England, France, Aus- tria, Prussia, Russia, etc., and end- ing the war of the Austrian succes- sion, 4, 336, 5, 179, 8, 412. 9, 240. 11, 488, 13, 256, 15, 141, 17. 242, 18, 332, 20, 85, 107, 23, 166, 167 Aiznadin, Arabia: battle of (7th cen- tury A. D.), 1, 270 Ajit Singh, Prince of Rajputana (1715): asserts his independence of Mogul empire, 5, 126 Akamatsu Mitsusuke, ruler in Japan, ca. 1440: rebellion of, 7, 95 Akbah: see Okbah Akbar the Great (1 542-1605). Mogul Emperor in India, 1556-1605: birth of, 5, no; reign of, no; contem- porary of Suleiman, 14, 145 Akbar, son of Aurangzeb (ca. 1680): rebellion of, 5, 122 Ake, Yucatan, Mexico: battle of (1527), 22, 424 Akechi Mitsuhide (ca. 1580): re- 18 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS warded with lands of Buddhist priests, 7, ill; kills Oda Nobunaza, 112 Akerman, Treaty of (1826), con- cluded between Russia and Tur- key: account of, 14, 422; as cause for Russo-Turkish war (1828-1829), 426; confirmed by Treaty of Ad- rianople (1830), 14, 432, 15, 274 Akhalzikh, Caucasus, Russia: siege of (1828), 15, 281 Akhoris (Hakar), King of Egypt, 4th century B. C. : reign of, 1, 33 Akiamos, King of Lydia (prehis- toric) : reign of, 1, 144 Akira, Prince (19th century): made gijo, 7, 167 Akita, fortress in Japan: built, 7, 27 Akkadia, one of four cities of Nim- rod's empire: philological connec- tion with China, 6, 4 Akulcho, a Turkish fortress: taken by Grabe, 15, 298 Akwei, Chinese general (18th cen- tury) : ordered to avenge defeat in- flicted by Burmese, 6, 93; his cam- paign against the Miaotzu, 95 Ala, Samuel, King of Hungary, 1038: reign of, 17, 50 Ala-ad-din Mohammed (13th cen- tury), Persian ruler: provokes quarrel with the Mongols, 5, 334 Alabama (means "here we rest"), one of Southern States: admitted, 23, 442, 452; Georgia cedes to the United States her claims to lands in, 469; unrepresented in Second Democratic national convention, 509; separated from Georgia, 24, 567; delegates withdraw from Dem- ocratic convention, 679; secedes, 689; Confederates seize Fort Mor- gan, 691; surrender of Confederate forces in, 814; end of carpet bag rule, 873; negro franchise, 873; yel- low fever epidemic, 923 Alabama Affair, The (1861), 11, 622; (1872), 13, 563 Alabama Claims: controversy, 24 881; settlement of, 883 Alabama Indians: location, 23, 8 Alaeddin, son of Othman I (14th cen- tury) : becomes vizier of Orkhan, 14, 19 Alaeddin, Sultan of Iconium (ca. 1300) : aided by Erto-ghrul, 14, 9 Alais, Peace of (1629), a treaty be- tween Louis XIV and the Protes- tants of France, 9, 187 Alalia, Corsica: Phocaeans colonize (541 B. C), 2, 125 Alamance, North Carolina: battle of (1771), 23, 217 Alamo, The, Spanish mission, Mex- ico: siege of (1836), 24, 533 Aland Islands, Finland: conquest of the (1714), 15, 64 Alarcon, Spanish fortress: battle of (ii95), 8, 99, 147, 204, 237 Alarcon, Francisco (ca. 1540), a Span- ish explorer: explorations of, 22, 112; founds Bejar, 189 Alaric I, King of the Visigoths: born about 350 A. D.; invaded Thrace, Macedonia, and- other provinces, 395 A. D.; took Athens and entered the Peloponnesus, 396 A. D.; from which he was driven by Stilicho in 397 A. D.; invaded northern Italy, 402 A. D.; but was defeated at Polentia and Verona; invaded Italy a second time, 408 A. D.; and in- vested Rome but was induced to retire; returned in 410 A. D., cap- tured and pillaged Rome; died at Cosenza, 410 A. D. Invades Greece, 2, 530; intrusted with the protection of the person of Gratian, 4, 134; invades Greece, 137; invades Italy, 138; besieges Rome, 140; career of, 18, 35 Alaric II (d. 507 A. D.), King of the Visigoths, 484-507 A. D.: defeat and death of, 9, 20, 18, 47 Alaric (son of Euric), King of the Goths, 483-506 A. D.: reign of, 8, 38 Alasco, John (1499-1560), a Polish theologian: teachings of, 11, 268 Alaska, North America: history of, 305; ceded by Russia, 24, 878; seal fisheries of, 979 Alaskan Boundary Dispute, 20, 307, 24, 1054 GENERAL INDEX 19 Alatorre (19th century), a Mexican general: at the battle of Tecoac, aa, 406 Ala-ud-din, King of Delhi, ca. 1300: career of, 5, 99 Alba, Italy: center of the Latin League, 3, 9; conquered and de- stroyed, 20; battle of, 59 Albagui, Austrian general (16th cen- tury): attempts to reconcile the Moriscos with Philip II of Spain, 8. 371 Alban (d. 303 A. D.), an English mar- tyr: death, II, 14 Albanian League, (ca. 1880), 14, 492 Albany, New York: founded, ao, 64; settled by Dutch, 33, 102; named, 104; Lincoln makes speech at, 24, 706; meeting of the Democracy, 816; popular respect to Lincoln's remains, 827; Roosevelt resists po- litical corruption in, 1068 Albany, Western Australia: founded, ao, 187 Albany, John Stuart, Duke of (1481- 1536): regent of Scotland, ia, 301 Albany, Robert, Duke of (1 340-1 420) regent of Scotland, 1389; rules Scot land, ia, 287; death of, 291 Albany Regency, a clique of New York politicians (1820-1854): in politics, 23, 511 Albazin, China: destruction of fort at, 6, 67 Albemarle, North Carolina: founded, (1653), 33, 73 Albemarle, Duke of (Earl of Claren- don) (17th century): made Caro- lina proprietor, 33, 73 Albermarle, George Keppel, Earl of (1709-1891), an English general and writer: his expedition against Ha- vana, ao, 118 Alberoni, Guilio (1664-1752), an Italian statesman and cardinal: sketch of, 4. 338; negotiates marriage of Philip V of Spain, 8, 404; intrigues of, 8, 405, 15, 66; Goetz makes an alliance with, 16, 223 Albert I (1250-1308), Holy Roman Emperor. 1 298-1308: reign, 17, 101; death of, 13, 364 Albert II (I397-M39). Holy Roman Emperor, (I King of Hungary. V Duke of Austria): his reign as duke of Austria, 17, 105; conspiracy of, 18, 198; his reign as king of Bo- hemia, 17, 142; his reign as king of Hungary, 157 Albert I (1 250-1 308), King of Ger- many, 1298-1308: receives Styria, 18, 181; accession of, 183 Albert II (1298-1358), King of Ger- many: his campaigns against the Hussites, 18, 208, 210; reign of, 17, 101. 18, 212 Albert I, King of Hungary: see Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor Albert of Mecklenburg (d. 1412), King of Sweden, 1363-1395: chosen king, 16, 108; joins alliance against Denmark, 116; claims the Danish throne, 119; defeated by Margaret, 121 Albert (III) with the Plaited Hair (1365-1395), Duke of Austria: reign of, 17, 105 Albert IV (1377- 1404), Duke of Aus- tria, 1395-1404: reign of, 17, 105 Albert V, Duke of Austria: see Al- bert II, Holy Roman Emperor Albert VI (15th century), Duke of Austria: his quarrels with Frederick III of Germany, 18, 215 Albert (1559-1621), Archduke of Aus- tria: made regent of Portugal, 8, 453; appointed governor-general of the Netherlands, 13, 162; Philip II of Spain cedes the Low Countries to, 8, 363, 13, 164; marries Isabella of Spain, 13, 165 Albert (18th century), Archduke of Austria: his campaign in the Franco-Austrian War, 9. 279 Albert (1817-1895), Archduke of Aus- tria: at battle of Custozza (1866), 17. 392 Albert the Younger (late 14th cen- tury), Duke of Mecklenburg: his claim on the Danish throne, 16, 118, 119 Albert of Orlamunde (early 13th cen- tury), Duke of North Albingia: sketch of, 16, 85; his efforts to res- cue Valdemar Sejr, 88 Albert VI (1424-1463), Duke of 20 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Styria: disputes the possession of Austrian domains, 17, 108 Albert (1738-1822), Prince of Saxe- Teschen: recalled from Belgium, 13, 260 Albert, Count of Austria, 1018-1056: assisted by Conrad II in his war with Stephen of Hungary, 18, 126 Albert the Bear (ca. 1106-1170), Count of Brandenburg: career of, 18, 143, 149, 152 Albert, surnamed Alcibiades (1522- 1555), Margrave of Brandenburg: defeat of, 18, 258 Albert (1490-1568), Margrave of Brandenburg- Ansbach: sketch of, 15, 378 Albert the Degenerate (d. 1314), Landgrave of Thuringia and Count of Meissen: sells Thuringia and Meissen, 18, 183 Albert (1490-1545), Archbishop of Mayence: controls the sale of in- dulgences in Germany, 18, 236 Albert of Saxe Meissen (late 15th century), an Austrian general: his campaign in the Netherlands, 13, 50; appointed stadtholder of Fries- land, 51 Albert of Saxony (18th century): marries Maria Christina of Aus- tria, 17, 245 Albert Achilles (14 14-1486), Elector of Brandenburg: wars of, 18, 214 Albert Francis Augustus Charles Emmanuel, better known as Prince Albert, Prince Consort of England: born at Rosenau, near Colburg, August 26, 1819; married Victoria, Queen of England, February 10, 1840, and soon after became field marshal in the British army; re- ceived the title of Prince Consort in 1857; died in London, December 14, 1861 Marries Queen Victoria, 11, 598; death of, 622 Albert Nyanza, a lake in Central Africa: discovered (1864), 19, 54 Albert Victor (1864-1892), Prince of Wales: visits India, 5, 273 Alberta, Province of, Canada: created and admitted to the Canadian union (1882), 20, 170 Albertus Magnus, (1205-1280), Bishop of Ratisbon: account of, 18, 178 Albigenses, War of the, a war be- tween Church of Rome and anti- sacerdotal sects in France (12th and 13th centuries): cause, 9, 77; battle of Muret (1213), 78; treaty of Paris (1229), 79; results, 79 Albinus, procurator of Judaea, 62-64 A. D.: government of, 1, 410 Albinus, Clodius (d. 197 A. D.), Ro- man general: proclaimed emperor by his troops (193 A. D.), 4, 100; death, 101 Albinus, Spurius (4th century B. C.)> a Roman consul: campaign against Jugurtha, 3, 189 Albizi, Rinaldo degl' (15th century), leader of the government of Flor- ence, 4, 268 Al Bochari (6th century A. D.) : con- secrates the Sunna, 1, 212 Alboin (d. 573), King of Lombards, 530-573: conquers northern Italy, 4, 163; defeats the Gepidae, 17, 17; establishes his kingdom, 18, 51 Albret, Alain d' (15th century), Lord of Beam: joins nobles against Anne of Beaujeu, 9, 129 Albret, Constable d' (ca. 1415) : at bat- tle of Agincourt, 9, in Albuquerque, Brazil: taken by the Paraguayans (1864), 21, 157 Albuquerque, Don (14th century), a Spanish minister: career of, 8, 162 Albuquerque, Alfonso de (1452-1515), a Portugese navigator: his voyage to India, 5, 148, 8, 327; made vice- roy of India, 5, 149, 8, 329; his ad- ministration in India, 20, 41; esti- mate of, 46; founds the Portu- guese empire in the East, 23, 25 Albuquerque, Francisco de (ca. 1500), a Portuguese navigator: voyage to India, 8, 327 Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la Cueva, Duke of (17th century): made viceroy of New Spain, 16, 170; his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 186 GENERAL INDEX 31 Alcazar Seguer (Alcazar-Scgucr), Spain: siege of (1457). * 35; bat- tle of (1578). 445 Alcacar do Sal, Portugal: sieges of (i 158), 8, 275; (1217), 278 Alcaeus, (7th century B. C): Lisbian poet, a, 115 Alcala de Henares, University of: founded, 8, 342 Alcassim ben Hamad (nth century), a Mohammedan ruler: at war with Solyman, 8, 80; seizes throne of Cordova, 81 Alcibiades, an Athenian politician and general: born at Athens about 450 B. C; educated in the house of Pericles; was a pupil and companion of Socrates; began his political ca- reer in 421 B. C. ; commanded expe- dition against Syracuse, 415 B. C; was accused of sacrilege and con- demned to death but escaped to Sparta, 415 B. C, where he aided in operations against Athens; be- came an object of suspicion in Sparta and fled from there to the Persian camp, 412 B. C; com- manded the Athenian fleet at the battles of Abydos (411 B. C.) and of Cyzicus (410 B. C); returned in triumph to Athens, 407 B. C. ; was again exiled 406 B. C; sought ref- uge in Phrygia where he was assas- sinated 404 B. C. Character of, 2, 322; tricks thw Spartan ambassadors, 323; advo- cates the Sicilian expedition, 329; ac- cused of sacrilege, 331; flies to Sparta, 335; goes to Asia, 352; joins Tissaphernes, 354; conspires with Athenian oligarchs, 355; recalled from exile, 359; his naval victories, 364-366; enters Athens in triumph, 367; banished, 370; murdered, 384 Alcock, Sir Rutherford, (1800-1897), English diplomatist: consul to China, 6. 145 Alcohol: trade in, made a state mo- nopoly in Switzerland, 13, 578; agi- tation against the sale of, in Africa, 19, 254; tax on, abolished in the United States, 24, 1083 Alcolea Bridge, Cordova, Spain: bat- tle of (1868), 8, 508 Alcoraz, Spain: battle of (1006), 8, 232 Alcorto, Josl Figueros: succeeds to the presidency of Argentina (1906), ai, 257 Alcuin (735-804 A. D.), English pre- late and scholar: at the court of Charlemagne, 18, 86 Aldfrid, King of Northumbria, 685- 705: educated in Ireland, 12, 34 Aledran, Spanish captain (ca. 840 A. D.), count of Barcelona: reign of, 8, 222 Alegre, Manuel M., contemporary Mexican writer: sketch of, 22, 420 Alemanni, a German race of Suevic origin dating from 3rd century A. D.: origin and location of, 18, 27; plunder Roman territory, and are repulsed, 17, 15, 18, 29; de- feated by the Franks (496 A. D.), 18, 47 Alembert, Jean Baptiste le Rond d'. (1717-1783), noted French mathe- matician, philosopher and author: invited to Russia, 15, 197 Alencon, Francois, Duke of (1554- 1584) brother of Henry III of France: joins Protestants, 9, 159, 13. 131: his campaign against the Protestants (1577), 160; plans mar- riage with Elizabeth of England, 11, 287, 292; death of, 9, 161, 11, 293 Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey: surrenders to the Saracens (638 A. D.), I> 284, 369; battle of (1516). 14, 129 Alesia, central Gaul ( France): siege of (52 B. C). 3. 306, 9. 11 Alessandria, northern Italy: building and growth of, 4, 195, 18, 152; rev- olution of the Carbonari. 4, 355 Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Tus- cany, P-I537: made Duke, 4, 306 Aletes, (7th century B. C): King of Corinth, 2, 92 Aleutian Islands, north Pacific Ocean: Russian rights in, 24, 980; inhab- itants of, 23, 17 Alexander II, Pope 1061-1073: op- 22 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS poses Henry IV of Germany, 18, 132 Alexander III, Pope 1159-1181: at- tempts to reconcile Henry II of England and Thomas a Becket, iz, 102; his quarrel with Frederick Bar- barossa, 18, 151, 153 Alexander IV, Pope 1254-1261: sup- ports claims of Alfonso X to the imperial dignity, 8, 153; attempts to secure freedom of Boniface, Count of Savoy, 4, 274; issues a bull against Alfonso III of Portugal, 8, 282; Erlandsen appeals to, 16, 96 Alexander V, Pope 1409-1410: chosen Pontiff, 17, 122, 18, 201 Alexander VI, Pope 1492-1503: worldly tendency of, 4, 285; issues the Bulls of Demarcation, 5, 146, 23, 32; refuses to sanction the Kuttenberg Agreement and the Compactato, 17, 148; his connection with the custody of Prince Djem, 14, 112; grants bull to Ferdinand and Isabella, 21, 14; conflict with Savonarola, 4, 282; grants divorce to Louis XII of France from Jeanne, 9, 132; grants bull to king of Portugal giving him authority in the East, 5, 148, 21, 13 Alexander II, King of Egypt: see Ptolemy XII Alexander I, King of Macedonia, ca. 500-480 B. C: reign of, 2, 184; at Athens, 207 Alexander (III) the Great, King of Macedonia: born at Pella, Mace- donia, 356 B. C; was a pupil of Aristotle; regent of Macedonia, 340 B. C; won the battle of Chaeroneia, 338 B. C; succeeded to the throne, 336 B. C. ; subjugated Thrace and Ulyria, 335 B. C; destroyed Thebes and all other opposition in Greece, 335 B. C.; gained the battles of Granicus (334 B. C.) and of Issus (333 B. C); captured Tyre and Gaza, 332 B. C; occupied Egypt and founded Alexandria, 332 B. C.; defeated the Persians at Ar- bela, 331 B. C; conquered the east- ern provinces of Persia, 330-327 B. C; invaded India, 326 B. C; re- turned to Persia, 325-324 B. C.; died at Babylon, 323 B. C. At Chaeroneia, 2, 477; his char- acter, 483; quarrels with his father, 481; receives Celtic deputies, 17, 10; campaigns in the north, 2, 485; con- quers Thebes, 486; wins battle of the Granicus, 489; conquers Asia Minor, 1, 403, 2, 490; wins Issus, 492; besieges Tyre, 1, 125, 2, 493; in Egypt, 1, 33, 2, 495, 19, 9; wins Arbela, 2, 496; conquers Babylon, 497; invades the Persian Empire, 1, 168; burns Persepolis, 2, 498; in- vades the Eastern satrapies, 499; significance of his conquest of western Asia, 14, 3; slays Cleitus, 2, 499; slays Philotas, 501; in India, 2, 501, 5, 67; his return march, 2, 502; plans of, 503; death of, 505 Alexander (1461-1506), King of Po- land and Lithuania: his wars with Ivan the Great, 15, 13; reign of, 379 Alexander I (1777-1825), Emperor of Russia 1801-1825; birth of, 15, 175; at Potemkin's reception, 185; ac- cession of, 9, 318, 15, 209; intrigues of, 18, 364; his treaty with Eng- land, 16, 256; his relations with Napoleon, 15, 213; his meeting with Napoleon at Tilsit, 18, 373; signs Peace of Tilsit, 8, 485, 14, 403; asks aid of England against France, 11, 559; supports Prussia against France, 14, 396; his relations with Sweden, 16, 251, 254; opposes Na- poleon, 18, 379; his reactionary pol- icy, 15, 264; his relations with the Eastern Question, 17, 324; death of, 15, 269, 17, 325; succeeded by Nich- olas I, 14, 422 Alexander (II) Nikolaievitch Ro- manov, surnamed the Liberator, Emperor of Russia: born April 29, 1818; his education was entrusted almost entirely to native Russians; succeeded to the throne, March 2, 1855; emancipated the serfs, 1861; crushed the Polish rebellion, 1863; adopted a reactionary policy, 1870; carried on war with Turkey, 1877- 1878; the Nihilists made five at- GENERAL INDEX M tempts on his life, the last one of which succeeded and he died at St. Petersburg, March ij, 1887 Accession of, II, 617, 14, 458; reign of, 15, 321; liberal policy of, 14. 4731 influence of his policy, 8, 404; in Russo-Turkish War, 14, 482; assassination of, 15. 339 Alexander III (1845-1894), Emperor of Russia 1883-1894: reign of, 15, 341; death of, 14, 495. *5. 344 Alexander I, King of Scotland 1 107- 1124: reign of, 12, 261 Alexander II (1198-1249), King of Scotland 1214-1249: reign of, 12, 267 Alexander III (1241-1286), King of Scotland 1249-1286: reign of, 12, 268; defeats the Norwegians, 16, 100; death of, 11, 146 Alexander (late 18th century), Arch- duke of Austria, son of Leopold 11, Holy Roman Emperor: made count palatine, 17, 331 Alexander (1857-1893), Prince of Bat- tenberg: account of, 14, 492; de- feats Servians at Slivinitza, 404; deposition of, 15, 342 Alexander I, Prince of Bulgaria: see Alexander, Prince of Battenberg Alexander (early 19th century), a Georgian prince: revolt of, 5, 358 Alexander (early 18th century), Prince of Imeretia: at the battle of Narva, is, 39 Alexander, Lord: see Scanderbeg Alexander, Lord of the Isles (early 15th century), a Scottish chief: at war with James, 12, 291 Alexander: see Paris Alexander, The English: see Hen-y V, King of England Alexander, Barton Stone (1819-1878), an American military engineer and officer: in the Mexican War, 22, 349 Alexander, William (1567?- 1640), Earl of Stirling: plans settlement of Nova Scotia, 12, 334, 20, 83 Alexander Balas, King of Syria, ca. 150 B. C: rebels against Deme- trius I of Syria. I, 406 Alexander Jannaeus (ca. 104-28 B. C), High Priest of Jerusalem: reign of, 1. 407. 3. 273 Alexander Karageorgevitch ( 1806- 1885), Prince of Servia: becomes prince of Servia, 14, 443; deposed. 465 Alexander Nevski, Saint (1219-1263), Grand Prince of Novgarod: defeats the Swedes, 15, 10 Alexander of Pherae (4th century B. C.), a Greek tyrant: his wars with Thebes, 2, 443, 444; murdered, 448 Alexander the Molossian (d. 332 B. C.), uncle of Alexander the Great: his campaign in southern Italy, 3, 68 Alexander I Land, a region in the South Polar lands: discussed, 16, 333 Alexandria (Uchh), Egypt: founded, I. 33, 2, 495, 5, 69; influence of, 3, 137; Greek prominence in, 2, 513; sends embassy to Rome (273 B. C.) 3, 85; insurrection of, 3. 352; captured by the Persians (619 A. D.), 1, 35, 294; captured by the Arabs (641 A. D.), 1, 35, 2, 533; becomes mart of Indian trade, 5, 140; surrenders to Napoleon, (1798), 1, 37. 14. 380; siege of, 9. 317, 11, 551; bombarded by English (1882), 1, 40, 14, 496, 19, 267; fate of library at, 1. 296 Alexandria, Virginia: colonial gov- ernors meet at (1755), 23, 176; plun- dered by British, 427; Federal troops take possession, 24, 731 Alexandro-eschata, Asia: founded, 2, 500 Alexei: see Alexis Alexiev, Russian admiral: made vice- roy of the far East (1903), 6, 311; concludes treaty with Tsang-chi, 7, 286; his power in Korea, 15, 349; and the far east, 359 Alexis (ca. 1629-1676), Czar of Mus- covy 1645-1676: reign of, 15, 21 Alexis (19th century), a Russian prince: visits Japan. 7, 191 Alexis Comnenus (1048-11 18), Byzan- tine Emperor, 1081-1118: his treat- ment of the Crusaders, 9, 70; visited by Sigurd. 16, 97 24 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Alexis Mikhaiovich (1629-1676), Em- peror of Russia: disclaims respon- sibility over the Cossacks, 14, 229 Alexis Nikolaivitch (1904 ), Tsar- evitch of Russia: birth of, 15, 360 Alexis Petrovitch (1690-1718), a Rus- sian prince: birth of, 15, 30, 31; career of, 74 Alexis of Palermo (ca. 1650) : at- tempts to free Sicily from Spanish rule, 4, 323 Alfaro, Eloy: his administration as ruler of Ecuador (1895-1901), 31, 244 Alfarrobeira, Spain: battle of (ca. 1450), 8, 313 Alfieri, Vittorio (1 749-1803), cele- brated Italian dramatist: sketch of, 4, 338 Alfonso I, King of Aragon 1104- 1134: defeats Abu Giafar, 8, 91; his campaigns against Moors, 95; at war with Leon and Castile, 144; accession to throne of Navarre, 201; accession to throne of Aragon, 233; death of, 145 Alfonso II (1152-1196), King of Ara- gon 1163-1196: reign of, 8, 236 Alfonso (Alphonso) III (1265-1291), King of Aragon 1285-1291: recog- nized as king, 9, 86; reign of, 8, 246; gives up claims to Sicily, 4, 258; his Neopolitan war, 263 Alfonso IV ( 1 299-1 336), King of Ara- gon 1327-1336: reign of, 8, 249 Alfonso (V) the Wise (1385-1458), King of Aragon: attempts to recon- cile Juan I of Navarre and his son, 8, 214; reign of, 262 Alfonso (I) the Catholic, King of Asturias and Leon 739-756: reign of, 8, 131 Alfonso (II) the Chaste, King of Asturias and Leon 791-842: revolt of, 8, 72; reign of, 132 Alfonso (III) the Great, King of Asturias and Leon 866-910: at war with Mohammed I, 8, 74; reign of, 134 Alfonso (IV) the Monk, King of Asturias and Leon 924-932: reign 01, 8, 136 Alfonso V, King of Asturias and Leon 999-1028: reign of, 8, 138; death of, 272 Alfonso VIII (also reckoned as IX) (1155-1214), King of Castile 1158- 1214: at battle of Alarcon, 8, 99; reign of, 146 Alfonso IX, King of Leon 1 188-1230: reign of, 8, 147; marries Teresa of Portugal, 277 Alfonso (VI) the Valiant (1030- 1109), King of Leon and Castile: at war with the Mohammedans, 8, 87; accession to throne of Leon, 142; accession to throne of Castile, 143; his conquests in Portugal, 272 Alfonso VII, King of Leon and Cas- tile: see Alfonso I, King of Aragon Alfonso VIII (Alfonso Raymond) (1106-1157), King of Leon and Cas- tile 1126-1157: his campaigns against the Saracens, 8, 96; reduces Baeza, 97; made lord of Galicia, 143; his invasions of Navarre, 202; forms alliance with Raymundo of Aragon, 236; reign of, 145 Alfonso (X) el Sabio (1221-1284), King of Leon and Castile 1252- 1282: reign of, 8, 108, 152; elected king of Germany, 18, 171 Alfonso XI (d. 1350), King of Leon and Castile 1312-1350: besieges Gibraltar, 8, 112; campaign of, against Moors, 115; reign of, 158; at war with Alfonso IV of Portu- gal, 284 Alfonso I, King of Naples: see Al- fonso V, King of Aragon Alfonso II (1448-1495), King of Na- ples 1494-1495: reign of, 8, 209; at war with Charles VIII of France, 9, 130; abdication of, 131 Alfonso I (1110-1185), King of Portu- gal 1139-1185: reign of, as Count of Portugal, 8, 273; accession of, 97; reign of, 274 Alfonso II ( 1 185-1223), King of Portugal 1211-1223: reign of, 8, 278 Alfonso III (1210-1279), King of Portugal 1248-1279: made regent, 8, 280; reign of, 281 Alfonso (IV) the Brave (1290-1357), GENERAL INDEX M King of Portugal 1325-1357: rebel- lion of, 8, 283; reign of, 284 Alfonso V (1432-1481), King of Portugal 1438-1481: aids Castilian rebellion, 8, 184; reign of, 310 Alfonso VI (1643-1683), King of Portugal 1656-1667: reign of, 8, 464 Alfonso XII (King of Hulan) (1857- 1885), King of Spain 1875-1885: birth of, 8, 506; reign of, 514 Alfonso XIII (1886 ), King of Spain: reign of, 8, 517, 521 Alfonso (d. 1400), Prince of Portugal, son of Joam II; marries Isabella of Castile, 8, 324; death of, 324 Alfonso, Count of Portugal: see Al- fonso I, King of Portugal Alfonso Henriques (early 14th cen- tury), an illegitimate brother of Alfonso IV of Portugal: takes up arms against Alfonso IV, 8, 284 Alfred (iElfred, Aelfred, Alured or Alvred) the Great, King of the West Saxons: born in Berkshire, 848 or 849 A. D.; succeeded to the throne, 871 A. D.; attacked and routed the Danes at Eddington in 878 A. D.; he improved the Eng- lish navy, rebuilt cities and forts, established schools, compiled a code of laws, and reformed the adminis- tration of justice; he was a scholar as well as a patron of learning and translated several works from Latin into Anglo-Saxon; he was recog- nized as king over all England about 893 A. D.; he defeated the Northmen who had again invaded the kingdom in 894 A. D.; died at Winchester, October 28, 901 A. D. Reign of, II, 43; his translation of Orosius, 16, 7, 299; his treaty with Guthrum, 15; death of, II, 45 Alfredo, Joao, Brazilian patriot (1800): overthrow of his ministry, ai, 252 Algeciras: see Algeziras Algeciras Conference (1905-1906), an international conference held in Spain to settle the supremacy of France or Spain in Morocco, 16, 290, 19, 246 Alger, Russell Alexander 11836 ), American politician and general: candidate for Presidential nomina- tion, 34, 965; criticised for use of " embalmed beef," 1034 Algeria, northern Africa: conquered by France, 19, 47; under French rule, 19, 262, 20, 280 Algeziras, Spain: siege of (1342-1343), 8, 115, 209 Algiers, sea-port in northern Africa: taken by Khaireddin Barbarossa, 14, 161; taken by the French (1830), 432; treaty with the United States, 33. 364, 394 Algiers, Louisiana: fired by Confed- erates, 34, 751 Algonquian Indians, North America: independent of other families, 23, 7; translation of Bible into their language, 97; hostility of, toward Iroquois, 175; join in conspiracy of Pontiac, 199 Algonquin Indians: see Algonquian Algotsson, Bengal (ca. 1350), Scandi- navian courtier: Erik demands exile of, 16, 108 Alhakem (I) ben Abdelemlic, Caliph of Cordova 796-821 A. D.: reign of, 8, 72 Alhakem (II) ben Abderahman, Caliph of Cordova 961-976 A. D.: reign of, 8, 78 Alhambra, The, citadel and palace founded in the 13th century above the city of Granada, Spain, by the Moorish kings: building of, 8, no; captured by the Christians, 150 Alhange, Spain: siege of (917 A. D.), 8, 135 Alhaur ben Abderahman, Arab sheik (ca. 700 A. D.): made emir of Spain, 8, 63 Ali (600-661 A. D.), son of Abu Talib. an adopted son of Mohammed: ac- cepts doctrine of Mohammed, 1, 218; called the Lion of God, 229; sketch of, 240; acknowledges Abu Bekr as Mohammed's successor, 242; made caliph, 243, 245; reign of, 5. 326 Ali Beg Widaitsh (ca. 1800), Turkish 26 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Janissary: allies with Dahis of Bel- grade, 14, 388, 390 AH ben Hamad, Arab Governor in Africa, ca. 1000 A. D.: at war with Solyman, 8, 80; proclaimed king of Mohammedan Spain, 81 Ali ben Yussef (1084-1144), Almo- ravid ruler in Spain 1107-1144: reign of, 8, 91 Ali Bey (ca. 1728-1773), Mameluke chief, sultan of Egypt, 1768-1773: reign of, 1, 37; promotes rebellion in Africa against Portugal, 19, 39 Ali Damad, Grand Vizier (ca. 1700) : campaign of, 18, 319 Ali Kumurgi: see Ali Damad Ali Moldowandji, Grand Vizier of Turkey (ca. 1750) : succeeds Emin Mohammed, 14, 324 Ali Murad, shah of Persia, ca. 1750: reign of, 5, 355 Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier of Turkey: see Aali Pasha Ali Pasha, Turkish general (ca. 1339) : campaign in Bulgaria, 14, 34 Ali Pasha (1741-1822), Turkish gen- eral: became pasha of Janina (1788), 2, 541; wins cities from the French (1798), 14, 384; sketch of, 414, 415; rebellion of, 15, 218 Ali Vardi (ca. 1750), nawab of Ben- gal: defeats the Bhonslas, 5, 133; usurps the throne, 182 Alibaud, Louis (1810-1836), French fanatic: attempts to assassinate Louis Philippe, 9, 409 Alicante, eastern Spain: siege of (1691), 8, 384 Alice (Alice of Hesse), Empress of Russia, 1894-1906: marriage of, 15, 345 Alien Act, authorizing President for period of two years to expel from country any dangerous alien (1800): Federalists enact, 23, 377 Aligarh, British India: battle of (1803), 201 Alikun, Chinese general (ca. 1770), 6, 93 Aliso, ancient Germany: founded, 18, 14 Aliwal, British India: battle of (1846), 5, 221 Aljubarota, Portugal: battle of (1385), 8, 174, 299 Alkassim ben Abdalla, Arab chief (ca. 900 A. D.): rebellions of, 8, 76 Alkimus, high priest of Judah (ca. 160 B. C.): reign of, 1, 406 Alkmaar, North Holland: battle of (1799), 10, 407; siege of (1573), 13, 114 " All of Oregon or none," election cry (1846), 24, 543 Allatoona, northern Georgia: John- ston falls back to, 24, 794 Allegheny River, chief stream of Ohio River: bounds French claims, 23, 168 Allemanni: see Alemanni Allen, Charles Herbert (1848 ), American banker: first United States governor of Porto Rico, 24, 1041 Allen, Ethan, an American general: born at Litchfield, Conn., January io 1737; became owner of iron- works at Salisbury, Conn., and in 1766 removed to Vermont; here he became a leader in the popular re- sistance to the province of New York; the latter declared him an outlaw and offered a reward of $150 for his arrest; he favored the outbreak of the Revolution; sur- prised and captured Fort Ticonder- oga, May 10, 1775, with a force of only eighty-three men; attacked Montreal Sept. 25, 1775 with a small force but was captured and sent to England; he was treated with great fcruelty and not exchanged until 1778; he died near Burlington, Vt., February 12, 1789 Captures Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 23, 228 Allen, William (1 532-1 594), English cardinal and controversialist: founds seminary for Catholic missionaries to England, ix, 291 Allende (San Miguel el Grande), Mexico: founded, 22, 117 Allende, Ignacio ( 1 779-181 1), Mexican patriot and captain in the Spanish army: in the rebellion of Hidalgo, 22, 238 GENERAL INDEX n Allia, small river in Latiuin. Italy: battle of the (390 B.C.), 3. 59 Allobroges, a Celtic people of south- eastern Gaul: attack Hannibal (218 B. C), 3, 115 Alma, river in the Crimea, Russia: battle of the (1854), 9, 446, II, 615, 14. 455, 13, 312 Almagro, Diego de (1475-1538), a Spanish soldier, one of the conquer- ors of Peru: career of, 21, 18; death of, 24 Almamon (786-833 A. D.), Caliph of Bagdad 813-833: extravagance of, I, 343; aids literature and learning, 345; foreign relations of, 352 Almamun Abu Ali, Mohammedan ruler (ca. 1200) : reign of, 8, 102 Almansor: see Mohammed ben Ab- dalla Almanza, Spain: battle of (1707), 8, 398, 9, 233. 13, 251 Almanza, Martin Enriquez de, Span- ish official (ca. 1550): his adminis- tration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 128; made viceroy of Peru, 131 Almeida, Francisco d', (ca. 1450- 1510), Portuguese commander: made viceroy of the Indies, 5, 148, 8, 328, 20, 41 Almenara, Spain: battle of (17 10), 8, 399 Almeria, Spain: siege of (1146), 8, 236 Almohades, a Mohammedan dynasty in northern Africa and Spain, gain- ing power about the middle of the twelfth century: established in Spain, 8, 97 Almonacid, Spain: battle of (1809), 9, 337 Almondhir ben Mohammed (ca. 880 A. D.): campaigns of, against Omar, 8, 75; reign of, 75 Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno (1812- 1869), Mexican general: member of provisional government, 22, 387 Almoravides, Don Garcia de, Spanish rebel (ca. 1250): rebellion of, 8, 208 Almos, King of Croatia: accession of (1000), 17, 51; dethroned, 52; blinded, 53 Almunecar, Spain: battles of (755 A. D.), 8, 68; (1014), 80 Alne, England: battle of the (1093), 12, 258 Alnwick, England: battle of (1174), 11. 108 Alomaeonidae, a noble family of Athens, which came from Messenia about 1 100 B. C: curse of the, 2, 100 Alonzo, Mariano Roque (ca. 1850), a consul of Paraguay: granted executive power in Paraguay, 21, 155 Alonzo, Severo (ca. 1890), South American statesman: president of Bolivia, 21, 243 Aloros of Babylon, mythical king of Babylonia: reign of, I, 73 Alost, Belgium: siege of (1576), 13, 121 Alp Arslau (1029-1072), the Conquer- ing Lion, king of Seljuks, 1063-1073: reign of, 5, 320; Seljukian power under, 14, 10 Alphabet: invention of the Phoeni- cians, I, 121, 2, 27 Alphonso: see Alfonso Al Raxid ben Mohammed (nth cen- tury), a Mohammedan prince: ad- vises alliance with Alfonso VI of Leon, 8, 89 Alsace, a former government of east- ern France: given to Burgundy, 13, 405 Alsace-Lorraine, an imperial territory of German empire: description of, 426 note Alsatia: occupied by Marshal Horn, 18, 285 Alsina, Valentin (ca. 1850), South American soldier: appointed cap- tain-general of Buenos Ayres, 21, 128 Altamirano, Eulogio (ca. 1870), Chil- ean statesman: Minister of the In- terior and of Foreign Affairs, 21, 227 Altamsh (d. 1236), King of Delhi: reign of, 5, 97 Alten, Count d' (1764-1840), a Han- overian commander: policy of, in Belgium, 13, 260 Altgeld, John P., Governor of Illinois (ca. 1894): pardons anarchists, 24, 28 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 962; protests against Cleveland's sending troops to Chicago, 1003 Althorp, Lord: see Spencer, John Charles, Earl Spencer Altman (ca. 1870), a Norwegian ex- plorer: explorations of, 16, 315 Altmark, Truce of (1629), a truce be- tween Sweden and Poland, 16, 189 Alton, Illinois: abolition riot, 24, 575 Altranstadt, Treaty of, a treaty be- tween Charles XII of Sweden and Emperor Joseph I (1706), 15, 46, 16, 219 Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of (1508-1582), Spanish gen- eral: campaigns in Italy, 8, 354; in the Low Countries, 359; governor of the Netherlands, II, 285; his campaign in Italy, 13, 70; in the Netherlands, 104; sketch of, 106; death of, 115 Alvara Nunez de Lara, Count (d. 1219) : regent of Castile, 8, 149 Alvarado, Pedro de (1485-1541), Span- ish cavalier and explorer: returns to Cuba with report of Mexican dis- coveries, 22, 5; joins Cortez, 10; commands in the City of Mexico, 31; at the siege of Mexico, 52; his expeditions against the Zapotecs, and against Guatemala, 66, 429; conquers Salvador, 439 Alvarez, Juan (1 780-1 867), a Mexican general: elected president, 22, 382 Alvaro de Luna (ca. 1425), a Spanish noble: made constable, 8, 176; fate of, 179 Alvear, Gaspar, Governor of Durango (ca. 1620) : crushes Indian insurrec- tion, 22, 152 Alverstone, Lord (1842 ), a chief justice of England: in Alaskan boundary commission, 24, 1055 Alves, Francisco Rodriguez, president of Brazil 1902-1906: election, 21, 255 Alviano, Bartholomew (1455-1515), general of Republic of Venice: de- fends Venice, 4, 292 Alvinczy (Alvinzi), Joseph, Baron von Barberek (1735-1810), an Austrian general: his campaigns against Na- poleon, 9, 301; defeated at Areola and Rivoli, 17, 282; sketch of, 332 Alxaman (8th century A. D.), a Mo- hammedan general: his campaign against the Christians, 8, 129 Alyattes III (610-568 B. C), King of Lydia: reign of, 1, 145, 2, 116 Amadas, Philip (16th century), an English explorer: explores Virginia, 23, 53 Amadeus I (1845-1890), King of Spain, 1871-1873: reign of, 8, 512 Amadeus I (ca. 1048), Count of Sa- voy: reign of, 4, 272 Amadeus II, Count of Savoy 1060: reign of, 4, 272 Amadeus III (1103-1146), Count of Savoy: reign of, 4, 273 Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy 1233- 1253: reign of, 4, 273 Amadeus (V) the Great, Count of Savoy 1285-1323: reign of, 4, 274 Amadeus VI, surnamed Count Verde, Count of Savoy, 1343-1383: reign of, 4. 275 Amadeus VII, surnamed Count Rosso, Count of Savoy 1383-1391: reign of, 4, 277 Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy: see Felix V, Pope Amager, an island of Denmark: sketch of the peasants of, 16, 190 Amakusa, Japan: battle of (1638), 7, 137 Amalaric (ca. 520 A. D.), Gothic king: establishes his court in Spain, 8, 39; marries Clotilda, 40; reign of, 9, 25, 18, 48; under guardianship of Theo- doric, 47 Amalasontha (ca. 525 A. D.), Mother of Athalaric: career of, 4, 159; re- gency of, 18, 48 Amalasunta: see Amalasontha Amaral, Signor (ca. 1850), governor of Macao, China: murdered at Ma- cao, 6, 146 Amasis: see Aahmes Amassia, Asia Minor: annexed by Bayezid, 14, 38 Amat, Antonio (ca. 1760), a Spanish viceroy to South America: sketch of, 21, 50 GENERAL INDEX 29 Amaziah, King of Judah 797-792 B. C: reign of, I, 395 Amazon, A New Peruvian Route to the Plain of the, ai, 305 Amazon River, principal river in South America: mouth of, discov- ered (1500), ai, 15; explored, 25; opened to the commerce of the world (1867), 178 Ambato, Compact of, a constitution for Ecuador: concluded (1835), ai, 108; abolished, 109 Ambiorix (1st century B. C). King of the Eburones: leader of Gallic re- bellion, 3, 305; at war with Rome, 9, 9 Amboise, Conspiracy of (1560), a conspiracy of Huguenots to seize Francis II, 9, 151 Amboise, Convention of (1563), a treaty between French Catholics and Huguenots, 9, 154 Amboyna, one of Molucca Islands: captured by the Dutch (1603), 13, 168; massacre of (1623), 5, 154, 162, 13, 221, ao, 143; annexed to British empire, 5, 205, 20, 59 Ambracia, Greece: at war with Ath- ens, a, 300; garrisoned by Philip, 480; rebels against Alexander, 485 Ambrister (ca. 1800), a British settler in America: executed, 33, 444 Ambrones, a German tribe: location of, 17, 11 Ambrose, St. (340-397 A. D.), Bishop of Milan 374-397: receives the sub- mission of Theodosius the Great, a, 528; his influence over Gratian, 4, 132; his services to Valentinian, 134 Ameinias of Pallene (ca. 480 B. C), an Athenian Trierarch, a, 203 Amelon, King of Babylonia (antedi- luvian): reign of, 1, 73 Amendments: see Constitution Amen-em-hat I (ca. 2000 B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 18, 19 Amenophis (Amen-hotep) II, King of Knypt, 1447 B. C. : reign of, I, 23 Amenophis III, King of Egypt, 15th century B. C: reign of, 1, 24 Amenophis IV (Khu-en-Aten), King of Egypt ca. 1400 B. C. : reign of, I, 24; loses Palestine, 375 Ament, Dr American missionary, 1900: in China, 6, 300 America: first use of the name, aj, 35 America, North: see North America America, South: sec South America America, The Demosthenes of: see Webster, Daniel America, The Fabius of: see Wash- ington, George America, The Gibraltar of: see Que- bec America, The Wolf of: see Montgom- ery, Richard American Anti-Slavery Society (1833): organized, 34, 574 American Colonization Society : founded (1817), 24. 571 American Party, The: see Know- Nothing Party American System: origin, 33, 354 Amerigo Vespucci: see Vespucci, Amerigo Ames, Fisher (1758-1808), an Ameri- can statesman: in first Congress, 33, 342 Ames, Oakes (1804-1873), Represent- ative from Massachusetts: censured by Congress, 34, 896 Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron (1 717-1797), an English soldier: his expedition against Louisburg, ao, 117, 33, 188; made commander-in-chief of British forces in America, 192; captures Crown Point and Ticonderoga, 193; captures Montreal, 197 Amherst, William Pitt Amherst, Ba- ron ( 1 773-1857): his governor-gen- eralship of India, 5, 209; sent as ambassador to Peking, 6, 120 Amiens, France: taken by the Span- ish, 13, 164 Amiens, Mise of, award pronounced by Louis IX (1264), 11, 140 Amiens, Treaty of, a treaty between Great Britain on one side and France, Spain and Batavian Repub- lic on the other (1802), 5, 197. 8. 483. 9. 3i8, 10, 444, 11. 552, 13, 267, 5 1 8, 33. 396, 405 Aminadab, Israel: shelters the ark, 1, 381 Amiot, Father (1718-1794), French 30 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Jesuit missionary and Orientalist: expelled from Peking, 6, 117 Amirantes, the islands in the Indian Ocean: belonging to England, 19 213, 20, 263 Amlaff, English earl of eleventh cen- tury: at battle of Clontarf, 12, 42 Ammon, northern Africa: oracle of, visited by Alexander, 2, 495 Amon, King of Judah, 642-640 B. C: reign of, 1, 398 Amorium, Phrygia, Asia: battle and siege of, 1, 358 Amoy, China: capture of, 6, 138; af- fair at, 7, 283 Amozoque, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 327 Amphichus, early Greek colonist: es- tablishes Greek settlement in Chios, 2, 55 Amphictyon: mythical Greek hero, 2, 24 Amphictyonic Council, in Greek his- tory, a league of peoples inhabiting neighboring territories or drawn to- gether by community of origin or interests, for mutual protection and the guardianship in common of a central sanctuary and its rites: de- clares war on Phocis, 2, 460; on the Amphissians, 475 Amphipolis, Macedonia: founded, 2, 258; revolts from Athens, 314; bat- tle of, 316; taken by Philip of Mace- don, 458 Ampthill, Arthur Villiers Russell, Ba ron (living), English diplomat: acting governor-general of India, 5 302 Ampudia, Pedro de, Mexican general in command of army at beginning of Mexican War (1848): his cam paign against the United States, 22 284 Amr ben Leis, Mohammedan ruler 878-900 A. D.: reign of, 5, 328 Amraphel: see Hammurabi Amru ben el Ass (Amrou Ben el As or Amr iben al Assi), an Arabian warrior: born about 600 A. D.; at first he opposed Mohammed but af- terwards became a zealous prose- lyte; aided in the conquest of Syria; conquered Egypt, of which he be- came emir, and took Alexandria, 640 A. D. and Tripoli, 643 A. D.; opposed Ali; died while governor of Egypt, 664 A. D. Conquers Egypt, 1, 35, 290, 291; joins Mohammed, 231; attempted assassination of, 247; at siege of Damascus, 272; refuses to recognize Ali as kalif, 5, 326; invades Egypt, 19, 11 Amstalden, Peter (ca. 1450), Dutch rebel: leads revolt, 13, 411 Amsterdam, north Holland, Nether- lands: siege of (1570), 8, 360 Amsterdam, Bank of, Dutch national bank: established, 13, 195 Amundsen, Ronald, Norwegian ex- plorer of late 19th century: explo- rations of, 16, 329 Amurath: see Murad Amursana, Mongol chief (ca. 1750) : aids Davatsi, 6, 85; death of, 86 Amusements: in the colonies, 23, 155 Amyntas I (d. 498 B. C), King of Macedonia: submits to Persia, 2, 133 Amyntas II, King of Macedonia, 394- 370 B. C: reign of, 2, 456 Amyrtaeos, Egyptian ruler: leader of revolts (463 B. C.) I , 3% Ana, daughter of Philip III of Spain: marries Louis XIII of France (1612), 8, 375 Anabaptists, Christians who hold bap- tism in infancy to be invalid, and require adults who have received it to be baptized on joining their com- munion: influence of, in the Nether- lands, 13, 57; sketch of, 13, 91, 436, 18, 242, 250 Anaclete II, anti-Pope in opposition to Innocent II, 1130-1138: pontifi- cate of, 18, 143 Anacreon of Teos (563-478 B. C), famous Greek lyric poet, 2, 115 Anagni, Treaty of, concluded (1295) between France and Aragon, 9, 86 Anan ben David (ca. 750 A. D.), a Babylonian Jew: founds sect of the Karaites, 1, 415 Anapa, Caucasus, Russia: fall of (1828), 15, 280 GENERAL INDEX 81 Anarchy: dangers of, discussed in Roosevelt's message,' 24, 1050 Anastasius I (430-518 A. D.), Byzan- tine Emperor, 491-518: relations with Clovis, 18, 47 Anastasius II (Artemius) (d. ca. 719 A. D.) Byzantine Emperor, 713-716 A. D.: prepares Constantinople for siege, 1, 329 Anastro, Gaspar, Spanish merchant of Antwerp: instigates the assassina- tion of William of Orange (1582), 13, 138 Anatolia, Asiatic Turkey: stronghold of modern Turks, 14, 24 Anaxagoras (500-428 B. C). Greek philosopher, native of Ionia: ac- cused of impiety, a, 272 Anaya, Pedro Mart a (1795- 1854), a Mexican general: elected provisional president of Mexico, aa, 320; elected president of Mexico, 374 Anbar, Asia: conquered by the Sara- cens, 1, 259 Ancenis, Treaty of, signed between Charles of France and Charles of Burgundy (1468), 9, 123 Anchorena, South American patriot of early 19th century: made Minister of Finance, ai, 122 Anciens, Council of the, held legisla- tive power in France (1795), 10, 301 Anco, Italy: battle of (1815), 17, 314 Ancon, Treaty of (1884), concluded between Chili and Peru, ai, 238 264 Ancona, eastern Italy: founded, 3, 57; siege of (1166), 18, 152; occupied by the French (1832), 17, 327 Ancre, Marshal d': see Concini, Con- cino, Marquis of Ancre Andaman Islands, a group of islands belonging to Great Britain, in east- ern part of Bay of Bengal: descrip- tion of, 5i 17. ao, 253 Andeca, King of the Sucvi, ca. 580 A. D.: consigned to a monastery, 8, 42 Andeiro, Joam Fernando, Spanish courtier of the late 14th century: sketch of, 8, 293 Andenarde: see Ondenarde Anderida, Roman encampment in England: captured by Saxons, 11, 18 Andermatt, General, Swiss soldier (ca. 1800): besieges Zurich, 13, 518 Andernach, Prussia: battles of (876 A. D.), 18, 96; (939 A. D.), no Anderson, an English explorer (ca. 1850): finds relics of the Franklin expedition, 16, 310 Anderson, Joseph (1757-1837), an American politician: as delegate to Panama Congress, 23, 468 Anderson, Karl Johan (1827-1867), a Swedish explorer in Africa: explora- tions of, 19, 52 Anderson, Lars: see Andreae, Lauren- tius Anderson, Robert ( 1805-187 1), an American general: transfers his force from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, 24, 703; refuses to return to Fort Moultrie, 704: refuses to surrender fort, 705; at bombard- ment of Fort Sumter, 710; surren- ders Fort Sumter, 712; sent to or- ganize Kentucky troops, 722 Ando Nobumasa (d. 1861), a Japanese Rojiu: assassination of, 7, 161 Andocedes, an Athenian orator (ca. 415 B. C): sketch of, a, 334 Andrada e Silva, Bonifacio Jose de (1765-1838), a Brazilian statesman and mineralogist: guardian of Pedro II of Brazil, ai, 169 Andrade, South American statesman: President of Venezuela (1898), ai, 246 Andrade, Pavia d\ a Portuguese ex- plorer (ca. 1889): his work in Af- rica, 19, 225 Andrassy, Hungarian political leader (ca. 1905): in Dr. Wekerlcs min- istry, 17, 447 Andrassy, Julius, Count (1823-1890), a Hungarian statesman: at Berlin Congress, 14, 487; attempts to ob- tain foreign aid for the Magyars, 17. 372; made premier of Hungary, 397; made minister of foreign af- fairs, 411 Andrassy Note, The, a declaration drawn up by Austria, Russia and 32 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Germany and presented to the Porte (1875), 17, 419 Andre, a member of French Assembly (1791): leader of the Center, 10, 139 Andre, John (1751-1780), a British officer in Revolutionary War: cap- ture and death of, 23, 276 Andreae, Jacob (1528-1590), a German Protestant theologian: influence of, 16, 197 Andreae, Laurentius (Lars Ander- son) (1480-1552), a Swedish re- former: made chancellor, 16, 155 Andreas Suneson, Archbishop of Lund (ca. 1219) : at the battle of Wolmar, 16, 86 Andree, Karl Theodor (1808-1875), a German geographer and journalist: attempts to find the North Pole, 16, 327 Andres, a South American insurgent leader (18th century): leads Indian rebellion, 21, 52 Andrew I, King of Hungary 1046- 1060: reign of, 17, 50 Andrew II, King of Hungary 1025- 1036: reign of, 17, 55 Andrew III, King of Hungary 1290- 1301: reign of, 17, 60 Andrew (d. 1345), King of Naples: life of, 4, 260; marries Joan of Na- ples, 17, 151 Andrew of Austria (ca. 1595), Car- dinal: placed at the head of the temporary government of the Neth- erlands, 13, 165 Andrieux, Francois Guillaume Jean Stanislas (1759-1833), a French dramatist: opposes Napoleon, 9, 319 Androcles (d. 411 B. C), an Athenian demagogue: assassinated, 2, 357 Andronicus, one of 70 disciples of Christ: regarded as first bishop of Sirmium, 17, 14 Andronicus (III) Palaeologus (1296- 1341), Byzantine Emperor, 1328- 1341: his relations with Ottomans, 14, 24 Andros, island of Greece: colonization from, 2, 80 Andros, Sir Edmund (1637-1714), an English colonial governor of New York and New England: assails Connecticut independence, 23, 93; governor of New England, 100; vig- orous rule of, 105; extent of his power, 116 Andrussoff, Treaty of: see Andrus- sovo Andrussovo, Treaty of, a treaty be- tween Russia and Poland (1667), 14, 244, 15, 22, 380 Andulsian Pirates, The, a band of Arabian pirates (813 A. D.), I, 352 Ane, legendary King of Sweden: le- gend of, 16, 37 Angelico, Fra (1387-1455), an Italian painter: his effect on the Renais- sance, 4, 283 Angelo, Michael: see Buonarotti Angelo of the Reformation, The Mi- chael: see Luther, Martin Angermannus, Abraham, primate of Sweden (ca. 1592): his relations with Sigismund, 16, 168 Angers, France: taken by Cathe- lineau (1793), 10, 270 Angles, a Teutonic tribe: invade Britain (5th century A. D.), 11, 19, 12, 250; location of, 18, 6 Anglicans: see Episcopalians Anglo-American Arctic Expedition (1906), 16, 338 Anglo-Belgian Agreement (1894), agreement between Great Britain and King Leopold of Belgium, 19, 202 Anglo-French Agreements: (1888), 19, 209; (1889), 150; (1890), 163, 212; (1904), 19, 246, 20, 279, 280, 281 Anglo-German Agreements: (1886), 19, 182; (1888), 163; (1890), 165, 173, 177, 181, 188; (1893), 166; (1900), 7, 285 Anglo-German Company: formed (1892), 19, 176 Anglo-Italian Agreement (1891), 19, 209 Anglo- Japanese Alliance (1902), 7, 231, 289; (1905), 11, 642 Anglo-Portuguese Agreements (1890), between England and Portugal, to fix the eastern limits of the South African Company's claims, 19, 230, 231, 241 Anglo-Russian Railway Agreement GENERAL INDEX SS (1899), between England and Rus- sia to restrict England's railway rights in China, 7, 279 Anglo-Saxon Race, the English race, originating from the Teutonic stock of England: prejudice of, towards Negro race, 24, 874 Anglo-Venezuelan Boundary Dispute (1840-1897), over boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela, 31, 263 Angola, Portugal: present condition of, 19, 249; under Portuguese rule, 20, 298 Angora, Asia Minor, Turkey: battle of (1402), 14, 37, 48 Angostura, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 306 Angouleme, Louis Antoine de Bour- bon, Duke of (1775-1844), of the French royal family: campaign in Spain, 8, 495, 9, 380 Angra Pequena, southwestern Africa: claimed by the Dutch, 19, 38; an- nexed to Germany, 104 Angus, Archibald Douglas, Earl of (1449-15 14), Scottish nobleman: plots against the favorites of James III of Scotland, 12, 297 Angus, Archibald Douglas, Earl of, ( i48g?-i557), Scottish nobleman: guardian of James V, 12, 303 Anhaya, Pedro de (ca. 1500), Portu- guese warrior: his campaigns in Africa, 19, 21 Anicius, Lucius, (ca. 17 B. C). Roman praetor: captures Scodra, 3, 150 Aniello of Amain, Thomas: see Ma- saniello Anjou, Arctic explorer of early 19th century: explorations of, 16, 317 Anjou, Francis, Duke of (late 16th century): schemes for the throne of the Netherlands, 8, 361; offered sovereignty of the United Prov- inces, 13, 134; death of, 140 Anjou, Henry, Duke of: see Henry III, King of France Anjou, Louis, Duke of: see Louis I, King of Naples Anjou, Philip, Duke of: see Philip V, King of Spain Anjou, Rene, Duke of (early 15th cen- tury): claims throne of Naples, 8, 264 Ankerstrom. Johan Jacob, (1762- 1792), Swedish soldier: assassinates Gustavus III of Sweden, 15, 189, 16, 249 Anna Feodorovna (early 19th cen- tury), Grand Duchess of Russia, wife of Grand Duke Constantine: divorce of, 15, 271 Anna Leopoldovna (1718-1746), Grand Duchess of Russia: marriage of, 15, 109; regency of, 128; banish- ment of, 136 Anna Petrovna (1708-1728), Grand Duchess of Russia: marriage of, 15, 80; banished from Russia, 96 " Annals of the Four Masters," an old Irish chronicle, 12, 7 Annapolis, Maryland, U. S. A.: inter- state commission at, 23, 322 Annapolis (Port Royal), Nova Scotia: settled, 20, 83, 23, 50; named, 23, 161 Annates, Acts of, religious acts in England: (1532), II, 250; 0534), 252 Anne (1665-1714), Queen of Great Britain, 1702-1714: reign of, 1 1, 453; joins William III, 430; prom- ises aid to the Dutch Republic, 13, 248; concludes treaty with Spain, 22, 187; death of, 11, 466 Anne (nth century). Queen of France: marries Henry I of France, 9. 68 Anne (d. 1759), daughter of George II of England: marries the Prince of Orange, 13. 254 Anne of Austria (1601-1666), Queen of France: marries Louis XIII of France, 9, 179; made regent of France, 9, 199, 13, 214 Anne of Austria (late 16th century), Queen of Spain: marries Philip II of Spain, 13, 112 Anne of Beaujeu (ca. 1462-1522), Re- gent of France: regency of, o, 126 Anne of Bohemia (Good Queen Anne), (1366-1394), Queen of Eng- land, wife of Richard II: marries 34 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Richard II of England, n, 180, 17, 117 Anne of Brittany (1476-15 14), Queen of France: aided by England, IX, 225; marries Charles VIII of France, 9, 129, II, 226; marries Louis XII of France, 9, 132; sketch of, 18, 219 Anne of Cleves (1515-1557), Queen of England: marries Henry VIII of England, II, 260 Anne of Denmark (1574-1619), Queen of England; marries James VI of Scotland, 12, 326; Christian IV vis- its, 16, 199 Anne of Hungary (1 503-1 547), wife of Ferdinand I of Austria: betroth- ed to Ferdinand of Austria, 17, 168, 175; marries Ferdinand I of Aus- tria, 176 Anne Ivanovna, (1693-1740), Empress of Russia, 1730-1740: reign of, 15, 103; marries Frederick William of Courland, 57; renews war with Tur- key, 14, 300; form alliance with Germany, 18, 324; adopts Oriental project, 14, 313 Annesley Case, The (1719), a prop- erty law-suit in Ireland, 12, 171 Annobon, south Atlantic Ocean: ceded to Spain (1778), 19, 213; un- der Spanish rule, 20, 299 Annunzio, Gabriele d' (1864 ), Italian poet and novelist: sketch of, 4, 410 Anscarius (801-865 A. D.), Frankish missionary to Denmark: sketch of 16, 26, 58 Anselm, Saint (1033-1109), celebrated divine, founder of scholastic theol- ogy, Archbishop of Canterbury: addresses letter to Humbert II of Savoy, 4, 273; made Archbishop, II, 84; resists William Rutus, 85; recalled to England, 88; his quarrel with Henry I, 89 Anshan Chan, Manchuria, China: cap- tured by Japanese, 7, 310 Anson, George, Baron Anson of So- berton, English admiral: born at Colwich in Staffordshire, April 23, 1697; became a post-captain in the royal navy in 1724; was appointed commander of an expedition to the South Sea in 1740; circumnavigated the globe and returned to England, 1744, with several Spanish prizes, to the value of 500,0001.; defeated a French fleet, May, 1747, and for this service was rewarded with the title of Baron Anson of Soberton; he was First Lord of the Admiralty, I7SI-I7S6, and admiral of the fleet, 1761; died at Moor Park, Hertfort- shire, June 6, 1762 His attempt to conquer Peru and Chili, 20, 119; attempts to intercept Spanish treasure ship, 22, 195 Anstruther, R. A., English captain of early 19th century: in China, 6, 136 Antalcidas, Peace of (387 B. C), con- cluded between Athens and Sparta, 1, 168, 2, 404 Antequera, Malaga, Spain: battle of (1273), 8, no Anthemius, Emperor of the West 467- 473 A. D.: reign of, 4, 150 Anthony of Bourbon (ca. 1550), King of Navarre: opposes policy of Cath- erine de' Medici, 9, 149; death of, 154 Anthony Ulrich (ca. 1700), Prince of Brunswick-Beveren: marries Anna Leopoldovna, 15, 109; arrest of, 126; made general-in-chief, 128; banish- ment of, 136 Anthracite Coal Strike: account of (1902), 24, 105 1 Anthropomorphism, the representa- tion of the deity under a human form, or with human attributes and affections: in Greek mythology, 2, 40 Antiboul, Girondist deputy: death of (i # 793), 10, 279 Anti-Corn Law League, an associa- tion formed (1839) with headquar- ters at Manchester, to further the repeal of the British corn-laws: formed, 11, 600; growth of, 605 Anti Costi, British America: settle- ment of, 23, 48 Antietam, Battle of: account of, 24, 765; effect on emancipation, 766; followed by Emancipation Procla- mation, 767 GENERAL INDEX 85 Anti-Federal Party, in United States history the party which opposed the adoption and ratification of the Constitution, and which, failing in this, strongly favored the strict con- struction of the Constitution: origin of, 23, 335; becomes Republican party, 356 Antigonus, (1st century B. C). a prince of Jerusalem: revolt of, I, 408 Antigonus (382-301 B. C), Mace- donian general: his share in Alexan- der's empire, a, 512 Antigonus Gonatas (310-239 B. C.) King of Macedon, 277-239 B. C: seizes Macedonian throne, a, 515 Antilles, The Queen of the: see Cuba Anti-Masonic Party, in American politics a political party which op- posed the alleged influence of free- masonry in civil affairs (1826): origin of, 23, 408; holds first con- vention for presidential nomination, 408; carry Vermont, 499 Antin, Duke of (1665-1736), French courtier: president of the council of home affairs, 9, 227 Antinomians, (1630) in Massachusetts, followers of Mrs. Hutchinson, 23, 95 Antioch, Asia Minor: Greek culture in. 2, 513; made capital of Roman province, 526, 533; captured by Sar- acens, 1, 285; captured by forces of eastern Empire, 368; siege of (543 A. D.), 5. 319 Antiochus (II) Theos (d. 246 B. C), King of Syria 261-246 B. C. : con- cludes treaty with Asoka, 5, 71 Antiochus (III) the Great (238-187 B. C), King of Syria 223-187 B. C: invades Egypt, 1, 34; defeated by Romans, 2, 518; forms an alliance with Philip of Macedon, 3, 139; war with Rome, 143; death, 145 Antiochus (IV) Epiphanes (d. 164 B. C), King of Syria 175-164 B. C: invades Egypt, 1, 34, 404; at war with Judah, 405; submits to Roman interference, 3, 151 Antiochus (XIII) Asiaticus, King of Syria, 1st century B. C: deposed, 3. 274 Antiochus (ca. 400 B. G), Athenian admiral: in the war with Syracuse, a, 369 Antioquia, Republic of Colombia: re- bels against Spanish authority, ai, 56 Antipas, (d. 4 B. C), son of Herod the Great: reign of, 1, 409 Antipater, (d. 319 B. C), a Mace- donian general: general of Alexan- der, 2, 488; in Lamian war, 512; his share of Alexander's empire, 512; invades Aetolia, 513 Antipater the Idumaean (d. 43 B. C): procurator of Judea, 1, 408 Antiphilus (ca. 323 B. C): Greek commander, 2, 512 Antiphon, (480-411 B. C), an Athen- ian orator and politician: heads conspiracy in Athens, a, 356; exe- cuted, 362 Antiqua, island in the British West Indies: English policy concerning, ao, 100; made the seat of govern- ment for the Leeward Islands, 245 Antistius, (ca. 25 B. C), a Roman lieutenant: his campaigns in Spain, 8, 24 Anti-Trust Act (1890), provides that every contract or combination in the form of a trust shall be deemed il- legal, and punishable by fine or im- prisonment: account of, 24, 971 Antofagasta, South America: advent of Chilian emigrants in, 21, 234; oc- cupied by Chili (1879), 234 Antoku (d. 1185), Emperor of Japan: reign of, 7, 59; death of, 62 Antonio, (d. 1595), King of Portugal: claims throne, 8, 448; proclaimed king, 450 Antonines, Age of the, the rcipns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, 4, 94 Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Anto- ninus) (86-161 A. D.), Emperor of Rome 138-161 A. D.: adopted by Hadrian, 4, 93; reign of, 94; death, 96; condition of Spain under, 8, 26 Antoninus, Wall of: built, 4. 95 36 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Antonius, Gaius (ist century B. C), a Roman politician: Caesar prose- cutes, 3, 266; elected consul, 281; at battle of Dolabella, 343 Antonius, Marcus (143-87 B. C), a Roman orator and soldier: com- missioned to clear the seas of pir- ates, 3, 260; death, 223, 260 Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony), the Triumvir, Roman general: born in 83 B. C; given command of the cavalry of Gabinius in Syria and Egypt, 57 B. C; elected quaestor, 52 B. C, and served in several cam- paigns in Gaul; elected tribune of the people; became such a strong partisan of Caesar that he was ex- pelled from Rome and fled to Caesar's camp, 49 B. C; he was at the battle of Pharsalia, 48 B. C; be- came master of the horse to Caesar, 47 B. C. ; on the death of Caesar, he delivered an eloquent funeral ora- tion and so aroused the popular in- dignation that the conspirators were obliged to flee from Rome; lost the battle of Mutina, 43 B. C; with Octavius and Lepidus, he formed the triumvirate, 43 B. C; at his in- stigation, Cicero was proscribed and killed, 43 B. C; by his skill, Cassius and Brutus were defeated at the bat- tle of Philippi, 42 B. C; this victory made the triumvirs master of the world and Antonius received as his share, the Asiatic provinces and Egypt; he was so captivated with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, that he neglected public affairs; quarrelled with Octavius in 41 B. C, but they were reconciled the following year and Antonius married Octavia, the sister of Octavius; he soon divorced her and returned to Cleopatra; then follo".ved a conflict with Octavius in which Antonius lost the battle of Actium; he fled to Alexandria and there committed suicide, August, 30 B. C. His campaign against recruiting officers of Pompeius, 3, 337; joins Caesar in Greece, 346; puts down in- surrection of Dolabella, 365; offers the crown to Caesar, 3, 369, 4, 3; takes action against the murderers of Caesar, 4, 6; oration of, at Cae- sar's funeral, 7; tyranny of, 8; at- tacks Cicero in the Senate, 11; takes up arms, 12; in the field, 13; joins second triumvirate, 14; at battle of Philippi, 18; returns to Italy, 19; relations with Cleopatra, 19; mar- ries Octavia, 20; defeats Sextus Pompeius, 21; campaign of, in the East (36 B. C.) 22; life of, in Egypt, 23; war of, with Octavius, 25; death of, 27 Antrim, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 213 An-tung, Korea: occupied by the Japanese, 7, 267 Antwerp, Belgium: battle of (1830), 13, 297; sieges of (1584-1585), 147; (1832) 9, 403, 13, 302; cathedral of, pillaged, 13, 95; attacked by French (1S83), 139 Anund, King of Sweden, 1024-1055: reign of, 16, 60 Anville, Due d' (d. 1746); death of r 23, 166 Aoki, Viscount (ca. 1880), Japanese statesman: becomes minister of for- eign affairs, 7, 190 Aoki Kanaiye (15th century), a Japa- nese artist: skill of, 7, 107 Apache Indians, a tribe of North American Indians: seize herds of the Navajos, 23, 11 Apafy, Michael, Prince of Transyl- vania (ca. 1650): accession of, 17, 228 Apennines, mountain system of Italy: boundary of Italy, 3, 3 Aphrodite, in Greek mythology, the goddess of love and wedlock, identi- fied by the Romans with Venus: adopted from Phoenicians, 3, 28; confused attributes of, 39; worship- ped at Cnidus, 52 Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de (1754-1835), Spanish naval officer and adminis- trator: his administration as vice- roy, 22, 251 Apollo, in Greek and Roman mythol- ogy, one of the great Olympian gods, leader of the Muses, patron of GENERAL INDEX 37 the arts: his oracle at Delphi, 2, 12; in Greek theology, 40; Pythian Games in honor of, 42; Dorian conception of, 50; worshipped by Doric Hexapolis, 56; honored by Croesus, 118; his temple at Megara, rebuilt by Hadrian, 523 Apollonia, Illyria, Greece: founded, 3. *7 Apollonius of Tyana (4 B. C.-07 A. D.) : a Pythagorean philosopher and reputed magician, 4, 84 Apologetical Declaration (1683), defi- ance as a result of Scottish feuds, 1 a. 349 Aponte, Jose Antonio (ca. 1800), Cu- ban rebel: leads revolt, 22, 451 Apostle of England, The: see Lati- mer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester Apostle of France, The: see Denis, Saint Apostle of Hungary, The: see Stephen (I), Saint, King of Hungary Apostle of Infidelity, The: see Vol- taire Apostle of Liberty, The: see Jeffer- son, Thomas Apostle of Massacre, The: see Marat, Jean P. Apostle of Presbytery, The: see Knox, John Apostle of the English People, The: see Augustine, Saint Apostle of the Gauls, The: see Denis Saint Apostle of the Germans, The: see Boniface, Saint Apostle of the Goths, The: see Ul- filas. Saint Apostle of the Highlanders, The: see Colomb, Saint Apostle of the Indians, The: see Eliot, John Apostle of the Irish, The: see Patrick Saint Apostle of the Scottish Reformers The: see Knox, John Apostolic Kings: see the kings of Hungary under their respective names Appeals, Act of (1533), obtained from Parliament by Henry VIII, declar- ing that the king held the supreme authority in England, 11, 250 Appleton, Captain (ca. 1650), English naval officer: in the war with the Dutch, 13, 230 Appomattox Court House, Virginia: Lee and Grant meet to arrange terms of surrender, 24, 812 Apponyi, Count (late 19th century), Hungarian statesman: withdraws his support from the Liberals, 17, 440; opposes army changes, 444; in Dr. Wekerle's ministry, 447 Appuleian Laws, popular measures in Rome (1st century, B. C): passed, 3, 200; canceled, 202 Apraxin, Feodor (1671-1728), Russian admiral: at Nappo, 15, 64; accom- panies Peter to Persia, 79; services of, 90; in the supreme privy coun- cil, 95 ; supports Anne, 106 Apraxin, Stephen (d. 1758), Russian general: estimate of, 15, 145; cam- paign of, 146; treason of, 147 Apries (Uah-ab-ra, Hophia), King of Egypt 590-570 B. C: reign of, 1, 32 Apulia, eastern Italy: in Rome's hands, 3, 70 Aquae Sextiae (Aix), France: founded, 3, 192; battle of (102 B. C), 3. 194. 17, 11, 18, 4 Aquidaban, Paraguay: battle of the (1870), 3i, 160 Aquidneck: see Rhode Island Aquileia, Austria- Hungary: founded, 3. 133. 17, "I battle of (113 B. C), 3, 193; under Roman occupation, 17, 12; sieges of (108 A. D.), 18, 26; (238 A. D.), 4. 108; (340 A. D.), 123; (394 A. D.), 18, 35; (452 A. D.), 42 Aquileia, Council of (381 A. D.): con- demns Arianism, 17, 15 Aquillius, Manius (1st century B. C.)i Roman consul: quells slave revolt in Sicily, 3, 187; encourages upris- ing of Bithynian king, 215 Aquilonia, Italy: battle of (293 B. C), 3. 72 Aquitania, division of Gaul: conquered by Ca:sar, 3, 304 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Arabi Bey, Pasha (1837 ), an Egyptian officer and revolutionary leader: insurrection of, 1, 39, 11, 634 Arabia, Asia: early history of the Arabian peninsula, 1, 183; Arabia be- fore the coming of Mohammed, 189; Mohammed, the Prophet of Islam, 205; the union of Arabia under Mo- hammed, 222; Mohammed's suc- cessors and the spread of Islam, 242; the Moslem conquest of Per- sia and Syria, 259; the Saracens in Egypt and Africa, 290; the Saracens in Europe, 310; fall of the Moslem empire, 337; rise of the Arabs, 14, 3, 4; importance of holy cities of, 135; conquered by the Turks, 136, 164; disorders in, 195, 292, 19, 121 Arad, Diet of (1132): account of, 17, 53 Aragis (8th cent. A. D\), Duke of Benevento: submits to Charle- magne, 18, 82 Arago, Dominique Frangois (1786- 1853), French physicist and astron- omer: member of the provisional government, 9, 435 Aragon, Kingdom of, Spain: history of, 8, 230 Arai Hakuseki (ca. 1700), Japanese scholar: sketch of, 7, 142 Arakhu (500 B. C.) Armenian prince: revolt of, 1, 95 Araki Matayemon (ca. 1700), Japanese fighter: slays Kawai, 7, 152 Araktcheiev, Count Alexei (1769- 1834), a Russian general and min- ister of war: account of, 15, 202; his influence under Alexander, 263 Aram-Naharaim : see Mesopotamia Aranda, Diego di (ca. 1490) : placed over a colony in Hayti, 21, 8 Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca y Bolea Conde de (1718-1799), a Spanish statesman and diplomat: adminis- tration of, 8, 420 Aranjo, Buenaventura, (ca. 1845), a Mexican naval captain: at the battle of Cerro Gordo, 22, 325 Aranjuez, Revolution of, an uprising of South American states against their mother countries (ca. 1810), 21, 54 Aransio (Orange), France: battle of (105 B. C), 3, 193; founded, 392 Aratus of Sicyon (271-213 B. C), a Greek statesman and general: joins the Achaean League, 2, 516; dispute with Sparta, 3, 138 Araucania, South America: dispute over possession of, 21, 227 Arbedo, Switzerland: battle of (1422), 13, 395 Arbela, Assyria: captured by Cyrus (546 B. C), 1, 94; battle of (331 B. C.), 1, 169, 2, 496 Arbia River, Italy: battle of the (ca. 1260), 4, 215 Arbogast (d. 394 A. D.), a Frankish general in the Roman service: his influence in the Western Empire, 135; death, 4, 135; career of, 18, 34 Arboleda, Julio (1817-1862), a Colum- bian poet and revolutionist: his ad- ministration as president of the Grenadine Confederation, 21, 86; death of, 87 Arbuthnot (d. 1818), a British settler in Florida: executed, 23, 444 Arbuthnot (ca. 1807), British minister to Turkey, 14, 397 Arcadia, Greece: geography of, 2, 18; autochthonous claims of, 26 Arcadian League: founded (5th cen- tury B. C), 2, 439 Arcadians: revolts of, 2, 237; found League, 439; join Epaminondas, 440; found Megalopolis, 440; at war with Elis, 446; fall into disunion, 453; oppose Alexander, 486 Arcadius (383-408 A. D.), Emperor of the East 395-408 A. D. : asso- ciated with Theodosius in the Em- pire of the East, 4, 137; accession of, 17, 16; reign of, 18, 35 Arce, Aniceto (ca. 1884), South Amer- ican statesman: president of Bo- livia, 21, 243 Archaeology: AUSTRO-HUNGARY: cut flints, bronze articles, iron utensils, 17, 10 DENMARK: under Frederick V, 16, 240 GENERAL INDEX 39 ENGLAND: flints and stone imple- ments, ii, 3; Stonehehge, 5 GREECE: general discussion of, a, 20, 22, 49; The Laocoon, the Apollo Belvedere and the torso of Her- cules, 4, 283 INDIA: discoveries under Lord Curzon, 5, 280 IRELAND: Cross of Cong, Ardagh Chalice, and the Tara Brooch, 12, 9; gold torque near Tara, 14 MEXICO: the "cross," 22, 82; ruined buildings, section of " Wall of the Serpents," Rock of Famine, 83; National Museum, 94; the Aztec Calendar Stone, 95 NORTH AMERICA: Indian relics, 23, 6, 10 SCANDINAVIA: discoveries in, 16, 5 SWITZERLAND: flint imple- ments, bones of mammalia, 13, 327 Archdale, John (ca. 1695) : governor of the Carolinas, 23, 74 Archelaus (1st century B. C), son of Herod the Great: reign of, 1, 409 Archelaus, a Greek general (ca. 85 B. C): at Chieronea, 3, 218 Archias of Thebea (d. 397 B. C), a polemarch of Sparta: murdered, 2, 424 Archibald, Adams G. (1814-1892), a Canadian politician and jurist: at the Quebec convention, 20, 165 Archibald Bell-the-Cat: see Angus Archibald Douglas, Earl of Archidamus, King of Sparta, 469-427 B. C. : reign of, 2, 270; invades Attica, 278, 282; besieges Platxa, 288 Archidamus III, King of Sparta 361- 338 B. C: attempts to aid Taren- tum, 3, 68 Archimedes (287-212 B. C). the most celebrated geometrician of antiquity 3, 124 Archinard, Colonel, a French com mander in Africa (ca. 1890): his campaigns in Africa, 19, 151 Architecture: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: Gothic style, 17, 61: in the 12th and 13th centuries, 86; under Rudolph IV, 104; under Charles IV, 116; rococo style, 261; buildings of Vienna, 416 BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA: description of, 1, 102 CHINA: the Great Wall, 6, 11; the Hanlin College, 27 DENMARK: buildings by Chris- tian IV, 16, 200; under Queen Sophia, 238 ENGLAND: Westminster Abbey under Edward the Confessor, 11, 64; under William the Conqueror, castles and Tower of London, 73; Norman churches, 76; Gothic archi- tecture, 118; early English architec- ture, 141; perpendicular style, 163; overelaboration, 231; in Elizabeth's reign, 298-299; Italian style, 419; under Queen Anne, 467 FRANCE: under Philip (II) Au- gustus, 9, 79, 83; under Henry IV, the Place Royale, the Pont Neuf, and facade of Hotel de Ville, 174; Palace of Versailles under Louis XV, 10, 8 GERMANY: effect of Roman influ- ence, 18, 55; Cathedral of Speyer, 142; cathedrals, 175 GREECE: Temple of Apollo, a, 12; fortifications, 226; Long Walls of Athens, 242; public buildings under Pericles the Odeum, Corn Hall and the Deigma, 254; the Propylaea and the Parthenon, 255; temple of Hera, 298; under Hadrian, temple of Olympian Zeus and temple of Apollo, 523; under Marcus Aurelius, temple of Eleusis, 523; under He- rodes Atticus, the stadium and the- atre at Regilla, a theatre at Corinth, an aqueduct at Olympia, 523; un- der Justinian, church at St. So- phia, 532 HOLLAND AND BELGIUM: 13th and 14th centuries, 13, 62 INDIA: Kutab Mosque, Kutab Minar. 3, 96; Kafur's Mosque, 100; Mausoleum of Emperor Jahangir, 114: Mausoleum of the Taj Mahal, Moti Masjid Mosque, 119; Jama Masjid Mosque, Palace of Delhi, and Fort Agra, 120 IRELAND: dwelling houses, ia. 9: 40 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS churches, 33; under King Brian, 41; Anglo-Norman, 47 ITALY: architecture of Pisa, 4, 236; the cathedral at Pisa, St. Marks, the Duomo, 284; basilica by Bramante and mausoleum by Mi- chael Angelo Buonarotti at Rome, 297; cupola of St. Peter's by Mi- chael Angelo Buonarotti, 298 JAPAN: influence of Buddhism, 7, 18, 33; Kyoto, the capital, 39; Bud- dhist temples, Daurin-ji and Hojo- ji, 41; Kinkaku-ji, and Shokoku-ji, 93; Ginkaku-ji, 96; Castle at Ad- suchi, 111; Mausoleum at Nikko, 7, 127 MEXICO: palace of Montezuma, 22, 25; the Teocalli, 27; under the Aztecs, 77; by the Mayas, 82; pal- ace of Chapultepec, 214 NORTH AMERICA: colony of New York, 23, 132; New England and southern colonies, 155 PERSIA: main treatment, I, 178; palace of Mashita, 5, 323; palace of Chehel Sitton, 345 PORTUGAL: Church and Convent of Mafra by Joam V, 8, 471 ROME: aqueducts, the Marcia and the Calida, 3, 245; under Gaius Ju- lius Csesar Caligula, the temple of Augustus, the theatre of Pompey and the aqueduct of Aqua Claudia, 4, 56; Column of Trajan, Trajan's Forum, Arch of Trajan and Trajan's Mole, 88; under Hadrian, the temple of Venus and Roma, Hadrian's Moles, restoration of the Pantheon, the temple of Augustus and baths of Agrippina, 92; under Antoninus, the completion of Hadrian's temple, the amphitheatre at Nismes, and the aqueduct of the Pont du Gard, 95; under Aurelian, extension of walls of Rome, 111; see also ITALY RUSSIA: under Peter the Great, 15,87 SCOTLAND: imitation of French style, 12, 308 SOUTH AMERICA: by the Qui- chuas, 21, xvi; Buenos Ayres, 135; Brazil, 165; Falls of Iguazy, under the Jesuits, 317 SPAIN: palace of the Alhambra, 8, no; palace of the Escurial, 373 SWITZERLAND: churches, 13, 356; Gothic and Renaissance style, 429, 455; late Renaissance style, 481, 482; baroque and antique style, 495 TURKEY: under Suleiman the Great, 14, 147, 187 Archon, Office of: created at Athens, 2, 98; made subject to lot, 175; opened to Zeugitae, 252 Arcis-sur-Aube, France: battle of (1814), 9, 347 Areola, Italy: battle of (1796), 9, 301, 17, 282 Arcona, Denmark: assault of (1169), 16, 82 Arcos, Count, Viceroy of Naples, 1646- 1647: taxes fruit in Naples, 4, 323 Arcot, British India: siege of (1751), 5, 180 Arctinus, a Greek poet (ca. 776 B. C.) : and cyclic poems, 2, 31 Ardahan, Russia: siege of (1877), 15, 335 Ardar, colony in Africa: under Span- ish rule, 20, 299 Ardaric, Germanic king (ca. 455 A. D.) : unites the German tribes, 18, 43 Ardashir (Artaxerxes) I (211-ca. 241 A. D.), King of Persia: reign of, 1, 167; son of Xerxes, 2, 231; Athens seeks peace with, 250; founds dy- nasty, 5, 315 Ardorn (d. 1015), King of Italy: reign of, 4, 183 Ardres, France: taken by the Spanish, 13, 163 Arduin, King of Lombardy (Marquis of Ivrea), 1002-1013: career of, 18, 121 Ardys II, King of Lydia (7th century, B. C.) : becomes a vassal of Sar- danapallos, 1, 145, 2, 116 Areche, Jose (18th century), Mexican government official: investigates the executive conduct of the Marques de Cruillas, 22, 203 Areche, Jose Antonio de (ca. 1750), Peruvian official: orders the execu- tion of the cacique, Condorquanqui, 31, SI GENERAL INDEX 41 Arelat: see Burgundy Arelate (Aries), Roman -colony on the Danube: founded, 3, 392 Aremberg (Arenberg), John of Ligne, Count of (1525-1568), Spanish otii- cer: death of, 13, 109 Arenas, Antonio (ca. 1850), Peruvian patriot: candidate for the presi- dency (1872), ai, 210 Areopagus: council of Athens, a, 98; cedes political duties to Boule, 106; humbled by Pericles and Ephialtes, 239 Arequipa, Peru: battles of (1845), ai, 109; (1867), 209 Aretas (1st century B. C), king of the Nabateans: refuses to acknowl- edge supremacy of Rome, 3, 274; besieges Jerusalem, 274 Argaum, India: battle of (1803), 5, 136 Argeians, Homeric Greeks: in Egypt- ian inscriptions, a, 33 Argenson, Marc Rene Voyer, Count d' (1652-1721), French politician: made chancellor, 9, 230 Argentine Republic, South America: from 1820 to 1876, ai, 118; from 1876 to 1906, 256 Arghun, Persian ruler 1284-1291: reign of, 5, 335 Arginusae, islands off the coast of Asia Minor: battle of (406 B. C.)t 2, 372 Argo, legendary ship which bore the Argonauts, a, 9 Argolis, Peloponnesus, Greece: geog- raphy of, a, 16 Argonne, France: campaign of the (1792), 10, 209 Argos, Argolis, Greece: situation of, a, 10; in Dorian legend, 48; in Poloponnesus, 58; struggle with Sparta, 74; resists Sparta, 76; reduc- tion of, 77; wars with Sparta, 156, ^37, 323. 398: allied to Epaminon- das, 440; allied with Philip of Mace- don, 470 Argun, Mongolia, China: occupied by Russia, 7, 285 "Argus," American frigate: captured by "Pelican" (1813), 23, 424 Argyle, Archibald Campbell, Earl of (d. 1513): commissioned to keep or- der in the west, ia, 299 Argyle, Archibald Campbell, Duke of (1598-1661): death of, ia. 345 Argyle, Archibald Campbell, Earl of (1620-1685): execution of, IX, 422, 12. 349. 350 Argyle, John Campbell, Duke of (The Good Duke of Argyle) (1678-1743), Scottish general and statesman: crushes rebellion of Mar (1716), IX, 470, 1 a, 362 Argyle, The Good Duke of: see Ar- gyle, John Campbell, Duke of Ariarathes, King of Cappadocia, 1st century B. C. : murdered, 3, 215 Arica, port in Peru: declared a com- mon port for Bolivia and Peru, 21, 188; taken by the Chilians (1880), 237; given to Chili (1883), 238; taken by the Congressionalists (1891), 239 Aricia, Italy: siege of (506 B. C), 3. 56; loses its independence, 67 Ariminum, Italy: battle of (236 B. C). 3, 109; captured by Cinna Marius, 223 Ariminum, Council of: proclaims the Arian heresy and makes it the pre- dominant faith, 4, 126 Ariobarzanes I, King of Cappadocia (beginning of 1st century B. C.) : elected king, 3, 215 Ariobarzanes III, King of Cappadocia, 51-42 B. C: receives lesser Armenia, 3. 354 Ariobarzanes (4th century B. C), Persian satrap: last hero of Persia, a, 498 Ariobarzanes, son of Mithradates: in- vades Cappadocia (89 B. C). 3. 215 Arion, Baltasar de Zuniga, Duke of (early 18th century), Mexican vice- roy: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 188 Ariosto, Ludovico (1474-1533), Italian poet : sketch of, 4, 319 Ariovistus (ca. 60 B. C), German chief: aids the Sequani, 3. 300, 18. 10; defeated by C;esar, 3. 302, 9, 8, 18, 12 Arismendi, General (ca. 1875), leader in Guiana: leads rebellion, ai, 101 42 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Arista, Mariano (1802-1855), Mexican general: demands that Taylor with- draw from disputed territory, 24, 546; court-martialed, 547 Aristagoras (d. 497 B. C): tyrant of Miletus, 2, 133; slain, 136 Aristeides (d. 468 B. C.) Athenian statesman and general: rise of, 2, 159; ostracized, 176; at Salamis, 201; heads Athenian squadron, 222; starts the Confederacy of Delos, 227; his political reforms, 230 Aristeus (5th century B. C.) Corinth- ian general at Potidaea, 2, 269; slain, 284 Aristides (2nd century A. D.), Chris- tian scholar: attempts to convert Hadrian to Christianity, 4, 92 Aristcbulus, high priest of Jerusalem, 103-102 B. C: reign of, I, 407 Aristobulus II, King of Judaea, ca. 70 B. C: civil war with his brother, 3, 274 Aristocracy: in Homeric Greece, 2, 36; in America, 23, 131; in the South, 24, 586 Aristodemus (8th century B. C), Do- rian hero: legend of, 2, 48, 61; national hero of Messenia, 72; of Cumae, 95 Aristomenis (7th century B. C), Mes- senian national hero: in Second Messenian War, 2, 74 Aristophanes of the Revolution, The: see Desmoulins, Camille Aristoteles (ca. 650 B. C): made Libyan king, 2, 87 Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) most famous Greek philosopher, founder of Peri- patetic school: tutor of Alexander, 2, 484; believes the earth to be a sphere, 23, 22 Aristozeiton (ca. 500 B. C), Athenian patriot: attacks Peisistratidae at Athens, 2, 112 Arisugawa, Prince (ca. 1850), of the Japanese noble family: made com- mander-in-chief of army, 7, 169; commissioned to quell rebellion of Saigo, 179 Arms (256-336 A. D.), celebrated pres- byter of Alexandria, the founder of Arianism: Constantius accepts doc- trine of, 4, 125; his doctrines con- demned at the councils of Sirmium and Aquileia, 17, 15 Arivald, King of the Lombards, 625 A. D.: reign of, 4, 168 Arizona, one of the United States: bought by the United States, 22, 381; added to the United States, 24, 552; Gadsden Treaty, 641; refused admission, 1054; admission to the Union considered, 1083 "Ark," an English vessel: brings set- tlers to Maryland, 23, 70 Arkansas (means " a bow of smoky waters ") one of the United States, called the Bear State: territorial government, 23, 453; delegates withdraw from Democratic conven- tion, 24, 679; joins Confederacy, 720; reconstructed, 833; Brooks and Baxter struggle in, 872; end of car- petbag rule, 873; Presidential elec- tion of 1904, 1072 Arkansas River, Arkansas: Florida boundary, 23, 445 Arkinholm, Scotland: battle of (1454), 13, 295 Arklow, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 212 Arkwright, Sir Richard (1732-1792), an English inventor: inventions of, , 533 Aries, France: sieges of (731 A. D.), 1, 335; (506 A. D.), 9, 20 Aries: see Arelate Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of (1618-1685), an English politician: sketch of, 11, 393; receives grant of Virginia with Culpepper, 23, 64 Arlington Heights, Virginia: Federal troops recapture, 24, 731 Armada, The Invincible, a Spanish fleet sent against England 1588: de- struction of, 8, 364, 11, 295, 13, 153, 23. 54; effect of defeat on Dutch navigation, 23, 101 Armagnac, Bernard VII, Count of (d. 1418), an Italian leader, Consta- ble of France: at war with the Duke of Burgundy, 9, no; made regent of France, 112; leader of feu- dal party in France, II, 194; death of, 11, 199 GENERAL INDEX 43 Arraais: see Hor-m-heb Armand (ca. 1830), a French editor: opposes the decrees of July 25, 1830, 9. 300 Armendariz, Miguel Diaz de (ca. 1540): commissioned to enforce the aborigine laws in the West Indies, 22, no Armenia, Asia: Turkish conquests in, 14, 158; description of, 497 Armfeldt, Baron Karl (1 666-1 736), a Swedish general: campaign of, 15. 64 Arminius, chief of the tribe of the Cherusci: born in 18 B. C; he led the Cherusci as auxiliaries of the Roman legions in Germany and so learned the Roman language, was admitted to the freedom of the city and enrolled among the equites; led a successful revolt of his coun- trymen in 9 A. D.; defended his country against Germanicus, 14 A. D.; defeated by Germanicus, 16 A. D.; assassinated as the result of a conspiracy, at A. D. Defeats Maroboduus, 17, 13; de- feats Varus, 4, 44* 18, 17; power weakened, 4, 47 Arminius, Jacob (Jakobus Harmen- sen) (1560-1609), a Dutch theolo- gian: leads Arminian movement in theology, 13, 193 Arms, Armour: GENERAL: invention of gun-pow- der, 4, 255 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: ancient weapons, 17, 26, 42; introduction of breech-loading rifle, 403 BOHEMIA: introduction of "thun- der-guns," 18, 207 CHINA: in the 19th century, 6, 208, 246, 254 EGYPT: saber and bow, 14, 132 ENGLAND: weapons of Neolithic age, bronze weapons, 11, 4, 5; two- handed axe, 66; bow and arrow, 158, 161 GERMANY: in the 17th century, 14, 239, 18, 281; modern equipment, 18, 229; artillery under Maximilian, 231 GREECE: under Iphicrates, 3, 402 INDIA: among the non-Aryans, 5, 25; improved rifle, 250 IRELAND: among the early tribes, 12, 20 JAPAN: firearms, 7, 104; sword, 147, 182; under the Edo government, 151 MEXICO: under Montezuma, 22, 25; Aztec weapons, 87 NORMANDY: lance, bow and ar- row, ix, 66 NORTH AMERICA: Indian weap- ons, 23, 14, 15 SOUTH AMERICA: at the out- break of the revolution, 21, 57; na- tive weapons in the Plain of the Amazon, 311 SPANISH PENINSULA: in early times, 8, 5 TURKEY: artillery, 14, 77, 94. 176; in the 16th century, 144; in the 17th century, 239; neglect of improve- ments, 299; European artillery, 379 Arms, The Assize of (1181), issued by Henry II, 11, 108 Arms Act (1843), forbade possession of arms except by license, ix, 604 Armstead, Lewis Addison (1817- 1863), a Confederate general: wounded in Pickett's charge, 24, 782 Armstrong, John (ca. 1525), a Scottish freebooter: death of, 12, 303 Armstrong, John (1 725-1 795), an American general: captures Kittan- ning, 23, 184; in expedition against Fort Du Cjuesne, 190 Army: AFRICA (SOUTH BRITISH): Boer method of warfare, 19, 282 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: the Mag- yar State, 17, 42; military service, 49; military reforms under Maria Theresa, 17, 262, 18, 347 CARTHAGE: military system, 3, 97 CHINA: reform of, 6, 254, 290; for- eign troops, 306 DENMARK: compulsory military service, 16, 235 ENGLAND: war-band, 11. 33. 5H military organization by Aelfred the Great, 44; feudal system under Wil- 44 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Ham the Conqueror, 74; scutage in lieu of service, 99; Assize of Arms, 108;' mercenaries, 128; in the 16th century, 296, 297; archers, 158, 160, 161, 198; army raised by Charles I, 337; the New Model Army, 351; cavalry, 356; Pride's Purge, 360; the Long Parliament and the militia, 366; Richard Cromwell and the mili- tia, 373; the Rump and the militia, 374; disbandment, 381; the Mutiny Act, 435; European method in Brit- ish Africa, 19, 282; method with In- dians, 23, 178 FRANCE: under Philip (II) Augus- tus, 9, 79; free archers, 117; army of the First Republic, 285; military ap- pendages under Louis XVIII, 357; discontent under Louis XVIII, 358, 359; garde mobile, 457; compulsory service, 471; reorganization, 474; under the Old Regime, 10, 7; in the Revolution, 54, 91; military organ- ization, 164, 165; during the Reign of Terror, 273; levy, 341; "amalga- mation," 343; military conscription under the Directory, 402; Napo- leon's tactics, 383, 479, 484; Legion of Honor under Napoleon, 449; cavalry, 11, 158, 161, 198 GAUL: military system, 3, 298, 9, 7 GERMANY: Roman conscriptions, 18, 24; under Charlemagne, 83, 87; military system of Henry the Fow- ler, 106; diet refuses military force, 228; under Frederick the Great, 334, 344 GREECE: Spartan system, 2, 68; under Xerxes, 181; system of Epa- minondas, 433; reorganization by Philip II, 458; modern regulations, 550 HUNGARY: under Mathias Hun- yady, 17, 162; defective military sys- tem, 187; see also AUSTRIA-HUN- GARY INDIA: reform in military system, 5, 272, 280 IRELAND: Anglo-Norman method, 11, 47; Irish military method, 12, 47; quartering, 19, 63; service in America, 181; volunteers, 182, 192 ITALY: military system of cities, 4, 251; new military school, 253 JAPAN: in the Hei-an Epoch, 7, 51; under the Kamakura govern- ment, 77, 78; military nobles, 109; military classes, 127, 147; qualities of her soldiers, 281; European sys- tem, 6, 246 MEXICO: military system, 22, 88; under Don Manuel Flores, 215 NORTH AMERICA: Indian method, 23, 178; Colonies, Conti- nental Army, 230, 231, 233; colonial militia, 234, 247 PARTHIAN EMPIRE: system of, 3, 323 PERSIA: reform in military sys- tem, 5, 343 POLAND: under Stephen Batory, King of Poland, 17, 221 PORTUGAL: under Joam IV, 8, 462; reforms in, 526; disbanded, 528; qualities of soldiers, 533 PRUSSIA: military reorganization, 10, 487 ROME: system, 3, 18, 324; military reorganization by Gaius Marius, 196; decay of military discipline, 209; decay of militia, 261; Caesar's army, 334; decay of military sys- tem, 373; military reorganization by Caesar, 374 RUSSIA: early military customs, 15, 7; Western influence, 14; revolt of the strelitz, 26; reorganization of military system, 41; improvement of military system by Miinnich, 113; attempt to reorganize the Cossacks, 166; insurrection of Cossacks under Pugatchev, 168; reorganization of troops by Potemkin, 183; condition of forces in the retreat from Mos- cow, 250, 254; military colonies, 263 SCOTLAND: foot-men, 12, 280 SOUTH AMERICA: in Bolivia, 21, 186; in Brazil, 253; in Ecuador, 107; in Paraguay, 152 SPAIN: under the Goths, 8, 55; se- dition, 13, 116, 117, 118; decline of, 8, 428; increase of, 429; mutinous, 491; discontent in, 516 SWEDEN: military service by GENERAL INDEX i:> nobles, 16, 105; mutiny, 248; under Bernadottc, 254 SYRIA and EGYPT: the Mame- lukes, 14, 127 TURKEY: standing army under Alaeddin, 14, 18; organization of the Janissaries, 19, 93, 251; military system, 22; under Murad (Amurath) I, 30; superiority in the 15th century, 94; turbulence of Janissaries, 120, 150, 203, 212; character of soldiers, 183; mutiny of the Spahis, 216: in- fantry, 262; mutiny of the Janis- saries, 293; attempt to reform army by Capudan Pasha Hassan, 342; military system, 370; European sys- tem, 378, 402, 409, 418, 441; rebel- lious Janissaries, 387, 304, 399, 402; destruction of the Janissaries, 417; desertion, 436; admission of Chris- tians, 471; efficiency of, 477 UNITED STATES: reduction of, *3 393'. reorganization, 41K; condi- tion at the outbreak of the War of 1812, 419; school for soldiers, 433; under Roosevelt, 24, 1073 Army of God and the Holy Church ( 1 2 1 5 ) , 11, 126 Army of the Cumberland: commanded by Slocum, 24, 804 Army of the Potomac: commanded by McClellan, 24, 757; demoralized by change of commanders, 778; strength of, when Grant assumed command, 787 Army of the Tennessee: commanded by Howard, 24, 804 Army of Virginia: under Pope's com- mand, 24, 762 Araaud, Vincent (ca. 1730), French official at Malta: befriends Tofal Osman, 14, 296 Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769-1860), Ger- man poet and writer: writes pa- triotic hymns, 17, 295; his efforts to liberate Germany, 18, 375, 281, 394 Arnfast, Bishop of Aarhus (ca. 1260), Scandinavian divine: sketch of, 16, 96 Arnheim, Baron Johann Georg von (1581-1641), German diplomat and general: in the Thirty Years' War, 18, 285 Arnold, Benedict (1741-1801), Ameri- can Revolutionary general and trai- tor: treason of, 11, 519, 23, 275; joins American troops at Boston, 23, 228; estimate of, 234; in expe- dition against Canada, 234; relieves Fort Stanwix, 254; quarrels with Gates, 255; defeats British at Free- man's farm, 255; at battle of Bemis Heights, 255; in English service, 277; devastates Connecticut, 285 Arnold of Brescia (1100-1155), Italian religious reformer and political agi- tator: doctrines of, 4, 221, 18, 146; death of, 148 Arnoul (ca. 1470), Duke of Guelders: sells his duchy to Charles the Rash of Burgundy, 13, 45 Arnulf (850-899 A. D.), Holy Roman Emperor: defeats the Normans (891), 13, 21, 16, 23; receives duchy of Carinthia, 18, 97; becomes kin of Germany, 98; crowned emperor, 100 Arnulf the Bad, Duke of Bavaria (ca. 900 A. D.): purchases peace with the Hungarians (907), 18, 100; de- fies Conrad, 104; acknowledges Henry I of Germany, 105; allied with Henry the Fowler, 17, 62 Arnulf (580-640 A. D), Bishop of Metz 611: rebellion of, 9, 31; edu- cates Dagobert, 18, 65 Arnulf of Pannonia (ca. 875 A. D.): his struggle with Svatopluk, 17, 35 Aroer: sec Karkar Aroostook War, collision between the settlers of Maine and New Brunswick (1842), 24, 530 Arpad, Syria: siege of (740 B. C), 1, 393 Arpad, Magyar chieftain (d. 907 A. D.): death of, 17, 43 Arques, France: battle of (1589), 9, 167 Arran, Earls of: see Boyd and Ham- ilton Arrangoiz, General (ca. 1850). Mexi- can general: concludes an armistice with General Scott, 22. 352 46 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Arras, France: sieges of (1640), 9, 194; (1654), 206 Arras, Treaties of: concluded between Charles VII of France and Philip of Burgundy (1435), 9, *}7, 13, 4*i concluded between Louis XI of France and the states of Flanders and Maximilian I (1482), 9, 125, II, 219 Arredondo (ca. 1870), South Ameri- can insurrectionist: joins insurrec- tion of Mitre, ai, 135 Arretium, ancient Etruria, Italy: bat- tle of (285 B. C), 3, 75 Arrow, The, English ship: seizure of (1856), by the Chinese, 6, 158 Arrow, The Pointed: see Jackson, Andrew Arroyo Grande, Uruguay, South America: battle of (1842), 31, 139 Arroyo Hondo, New Mexico: massa- cre of (1847), 22, 305 Arruntius, Lucius (d. 37 A. D.), Ro- man consul 6 A. D.: death of, 4, S3 Arsames (ca. 333 B. C), Persian sa- trap: 2, 491 Arschot: see Aerschot Arses, King of Persia, 339 B. C: reign of, i, 168 Arsilla, Africa: siege of (1471), 8, 316 Arsites (ca. 334 B. C), Persian satrap: commands against Alexander, 2, 488 Art (Painting and Sculpture): ASSYRIA and BABYLONIA: de- scription of, I, 103 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: in the 13th century, 17, 86; first school of art in Bohemia, 116; under Charles VI, 192; destruction by Joseph II, 268; in the 19th century, 415 BELGIUM: Flemish school, 13, 220 CHINA: in the 17th century, 6, 39 ENGLAND: Van Dyck and Lely, II, 418; under Queen Anne, 466 GREECE: works of Pheidias, 3, 255 HOLLAND and BELGIUM: John of Bruges, 13, 63 INDIA: traces of the Greeks, 5, 71 IRELAND: description of, 12, 8; the Cross of Cong, 47 ITALY: "David" by Donatello, 4, 284; Doors of Baptistry at Flor- ence by Lorenzo Ghiberti, 284; bronze statue of Julius II by Mi- chael Angelo Buonarotti, 297; pic- tures on walls and roof of Sistine Chapel at Rome by Michael Angelo Buonarotti, 297; the Transfiguration by Raphael Sanctius, 299; Leonardo da Vinci, 298; Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, 411; Daedalus and Icarus, Cupid and Psyche, group of Her- cules and Lycas, Theseus with the Centaur by Canova, 411; Nicola of Pisa, Cimabue, Giotto Fra Angelico, Botticelli, Benozzo Gozzoli, Ghir- landaio, Petro Perugino, Francia, Lorenzo Corta, Michael Angelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Gior- gione, Titian and Correggio, 413 JAPAN: in the 6th century A. D., 7, 18; statue of Buddha, 32, 125; in the Nara Epoch, 33; forging, 81; Japanese artists, 106; metal work, 107; lacquer work, 107 LYDIA: description of, 1, 149 PERSIA: description of, 1, 177; un- der the Sassanian Dynasty, 5, 323 SCANDINAVIA: Fogelberg, 16, 264 SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil, 21, 165; Ecuador, 106; Paraguay, 20, 96 SWITZERLAND: arts at St. Gall, *3, 343; carvings and painted glass, 429, 451, 454, 455 Artabazus, a Persian general (ca. 480 B. C): satrap, 2, 205, 211 Artaphernes (ca. 500 B. C), Satrap of Lydia, 2, 133, 158 Artaphernes the Younger (ca. 490 B. C), 2, 163 Artavelde, Jacob van, Flemish dema- gogue: born at Ghent, 1285; became a rich brewer and by his eloquence and talents acquired influence and popularity; formed an alliance with Edward III of England, 1335; be- came president of Flanders about 1337; induced the Flemings to recognize Edward III as king of France, 1340; he was killed by the populace, July 9, 1345 Leads insurrection of Ghent, 9, 33, 13, 33, 17, 158; death of, 34 GENERAL INDEX 47 Artaveldc, Philip van .(1340-1382), a Flemish popular leader: leads insur- rection in Ghent, 13, 34; death of, 35 Artaxerxes I: see Ardashir Artaxerxes (II) Mnemon (405-361 B. C), King of Persia: reign of, 1, 167; succeeds Darius, a, 388; claims the cities of Asia, 405 Artaxerxes (III) Okhos, King of Per- sia, 361-338 B. C: his conquest of Egypt, I, 33 Arteaga (ca. i860), a Mexican gen- eral: in the Reform War, aa, 383 Artemis, a Greek mythological god- dess: confused attributes of, a, 39; worshipped at Ephesus, 52 Artemisia (ca. 480 B. C.), Queen of Halecarnassus: advises Darius, a, 202 Artemisium, Greece: battle of (480 B. C.), a, 189 Artemius: see Anastasius Arteta, South American statesman: president of Ecuador (1867-1868), ai, 116 Arthur, King, legendary King of Brit- ain: legend of, 11, 24 Arthur, Port: see Port Arthur Arthur, Prince (1 187-1203), count of Brittany: claims throne of England, 9, 76, 11, 121; murdered, 11, 122 Arthur, Prince of Wales, 1486-1502: marriage and death, 11, 229 Arthur, Chester A. (1830-1886), Presi- dent of the United States, Sept. 19, 1881-1885: nominated Vice Presi- dent, 34, 929; accession to Presi- dency, 935; reconstructs cabinet, 936; candidate for President (1884), 042; vetoes Chinese bill, 958; con- cludes treaty with Nicaragua, 959 Articles of Confederation, the first in- strument of government of the United States: adopted (1777), 33, 298; rejected, 321; defects of, 325 Artigas, Jos* (1755-1851), a South American revolutionary general: ac- knowledged as head of the Banda Oriental, ai, 70; death of, 119 Artois, Count de: see Charles X, King of France Artois, Robert, Count d' (1250-1302), French soldier: his campaign in Na- varre, 8, 208 Artour, General, a French general (ca. 1635): sent to the assistance of Piedmont, 4, 322 Arundel, Earl of (d. ca. 1395): wins naval victory, 11, 181; takes arms against Richard, 181; executed, 184 Arundel, Thomas (1353-1413), Arch- bishop of Canterbury: banished, 11, 184 Arverni, a Gallic tribe: league of, 3. 298; joins Gallic rebellion, 306; at war with the /Edni, 18, 10 Aryans, members of Indo-European race: in India, 5, 36; exodus of the, ao, 5 Arzema, queen of Persia: deposed, 1, 259 Asan, Korea: battle of (1804), 6, 266 A sana Naganori (ca. 1700), a Japanese feudal chief: story of, 7, 152 Asano Naganori (ca. 1700), a Japanese ese leader: at battle of Sekigahara, 7. 123 Asbjorn Estridsen (ca. 1050), a Dan- ish naval commander: invades Eng- land, 16, 68 Ascension Island, Atlantic Ocean: oc- cupied by Great Britain, 19, 213; sketch of, 20, 263 Asculum, Italy: massacre of all resi- dent Romans, 3, 206 Asellio (1st century B. C), urban pretor: murdered, 3, 209 Asfeld, Marquis d' U667-1743), French general: his campaign in Germany, 9. 236 Ashanti, West Africa: annexed by England (1901), 19, 159 Ashbourne Acts (1885, 1888), attempt to settle land question in Ireland, 1 a, 242 Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Lord (1774-1848), English merchant and statesman: negotiates settlement of Northeast Boundary Dispute, 24, 531; refuses to negotiate settlement of Northwest Boundary Dispute, 542 Ashburton Treaty, concluded (1842) between United States and Great Britain, 24. 531 48 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Ashikaga Mochiuji, Japanese adminis- trator (1425): revolt of, 7, 95 Ashikaga Motouji, son of Takauji (ca. 1400): at Kamakura, 7, 92; joins re- bellion of Ouchi Yoshihiro, 95 Ashikaga Takauji (d. 1357), Japanese lord: his campaign in Kyoto, 7, 86; sketch of, 87; death of, 91 Ashikaga Yoshiaki (ca. 1570), sho- gunate of, 7, 101; opposes growing influence of Oda Nobunaga, in Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Shogun of Ja- pan 1357-1368: reign of, 7, 91 Ashikaga Yoshihisa, son of Yoshi- masa: birth of (ca. 1460), 7, 97 Ashikaga Yoshikazu (ca. 1440), Sho- gun of Japan: reign of, 7, 96 Ashikaga, Yoshimasa (ca. 1450), Sho- gun of Japan: shogunate of, 7, 96 Ashikaga Yoshimi (ca. 1460), Japan- ese priest: assumes the duties of a regent, 7, 97 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (ca. 1409) : re- gency of, in Japan, 7, 91, 92; his re- lations with China, 102 Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese sho- gun (1400): reign of, 7, 92; severs official intercourse between Japan and China, 103 Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shogun (1428): reign of, 7, 95; reopens offi- cial intercourse with China, 103 Ashikaga Yoshiteru (d. 1565) : assassi- nated, 7, 100 Ashley, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord: see Shaftsbury, Charles Ash- ley Cooper, Earl of Ashraf, Afghan chief, ruler of Persia 1725-1729: reign of, 5, 350 Ashtaroth, Canaanite goddess: Phoe- nician model for Aphrodite, 2, 28 Ashur-bani-pal (Asurbanipal, Assur- banipal, or Sardanapalus), King of Assyria 668-626 B. C: made two successful expeditions against Egypt, 670-650 B. C; protected and promoted Assyrian art; collected all the cuneiform literature then in ex- istence and deposited the tablets in the royal library of the palace Reign of, 1, 90; captures Tyre, 125; relations of, with Gyges of Lydia, 145; Greek story of, 2, 120 Ashur-bel-nisheshu, King of Assyria, 1480 B. C: concludes treaty with Babylonia, 1, 78 Ashur-dan I, King of Assyria 1208- 1150 B. C. : conquest of Babylonia, 1, 78 Ashur-dan II, King of Assyria 930-911 B. C. : reign of, 1, 79 Ashur-danin-apal, prince of Assyria (ca. 800 B. C.): rebellion of, 1, 81 Ashur-etil-ilani, King of Assyria, ca. 626 B. C. : reign of, 1, 91 Ashur-nazir-pal III, King of Assyria 885-860 B. C. : reign of, 1, 79; in- vades Phoenicia, 123 Ashur-nirari, King of Assyria 754- 745 B. C; reign of, I, 82 Ashur-resh-ishi, King of Assyria, ca. 1 100 B. C. : defeats Nebuchadrez- zar, 1, 78 Asia: Greek prosperity in, 2, 513; an- cient connection with America, 23, 3 Asia Minor, Peninsula of western Asia: connection with Greece, 2, 20, 22, 23; piratical tribes of, harass Egypt, 25; Greek colonization in, 51; geography of, 52; assigned to Antigonous after death of Alexan- der, 512; becomes an integral part of Europe, 14, 3 Asiatic Squadron, under Dewey (1898): at Hong Kong, 24, 1028 Asiatic Trading Company (1750), in India: protected by Frederick the Great, 5, 174 Asiaticus (ca. 70 A. D.), Roman freed- man: becomes a power in Rome, 4, 72 Askalon, Asia: stormed and sacked, 1, 27 Askalonians: see Philistines Aslanduz, Persia: battle of (1810), 5, 359 Asoka, King of Magadha 260-223 B. C: accepts Buddhism, 5, 60; con- cludes treaty with Antiochus II, 71 Aspasia (ca. 440 B. C), celebrated Milesian woman of great talents and beauty: account of, 2, 273 Aspern, Lower Austria: battle of (1809), 9, 335, 10, 479, 17, 298, 18, 377 GENERAL INDEX 49 Assada, Madagascar: founded, 5, 164 Assada Merchants: see Courten's As- sociation Assassinations: B. C 611. Psammetichus I of Egypt, a, 94 514. Hipparchus, a, 111 411. Phrynicus, tragic poet, a, 360 404. Alcibiades, a, 384 379. Leontiades, a, 424 379. Polemarchs, a, 424 370. Jason of Pherae, a, 438 367. Euphron of Sicyon, a, 453 362. Alexander of Pherae, a, 488 ca. 360. Timophanes of Corinth, a 453 359. Alexander II, a, 457 353. Dion, a, 416 336. Philip II, a, 481 332. Alexander the Molossian, 3, 68 330. Darius III, a, 409 329. Parmenio, a, 500 317. Philip Arrhidaeus, a, 511 311. Roxana and Alexander, a, 511 308. Cleopatra, a, 511 294. Alexander, a, 514 280. Selencis, a, 515 221. Hasdrubal, 8, 14 140. Viriatus, 8, 19 no. Massiva, 3, 189 91. Marcus Livius Drusus, 3, 204 87. Quintus Rufus, 3, 212 78. Quintus Ofella, 3, 239 72. Quintus Sertorius, 8, 21 52. Publius Clodius Pulchcr, 3, 320 48. Gnaeus Pompeius, 3, 351 44. Gaius Julius Caesar, 4, 6 43. Decimus, 4, 14 43. Marcus Tullius Cicero, 4, 15 A. D. 14. Agrippa Postumus, 4, 47 40. Caligula, 4, 58 60. Agrippina, 4, 64 69. Servius Sulpicius Galba, 4, 70, 69. Vitellius Aulus, 4, 74 96. Domitian, 4, 85 192. Lucius Aurclius Commodus, 4 99 217. Caracalla, 4, 102 353. Gallus Ilostilius, 4, 109 253. Aemilianus, 4, 110 267. Posthumus, Emperor of Rome, 9, 13 .75. Claudius Lucius Domit'us Aurelian, 4, 1 1 1 282. M. Aurelus Probus, a, 626 350. Constans I, 4, 123 392. Valentinian II, 4, 135 395. Rufinus, 4, 137 408. Stilicho and family, 18, 36 414. Ataulphus, 8, 36 415. Sigeric, King of the Goths, 8, 36 452. Thorismund, King of the Goths, 8, 38 454. Aetius, Roman general, 18, 43 455. Valentinian III, 4, 149 466. Theodoric II, King of the Goths, 8, 38 509. Ragnachor, chief of Ther- ouanne, and his brother Rig- nomere, 9, 21 509. Sigibert, King of the Ripua- rians, 9, 21 532. Sons of Clodomir, King of Orleans, 9, 25 535. Amalasontha, 4, 159 550. Thendisel, 8, 40 554. Agilan, King of the Goths, 8, 40 575. Sigibert I, King of Austrasia, 9, 27, 18, 62 584. Chilperic I, Prankish king, 9, 28, 18, 63 613. Brunhilda, 9, 31 628. Sigibert, King of Burgundy, 9. 31 ca. 642. Iruka, 7, 20 ca. 642. Prince Yamashiro, 7. 20 656. Othman, Mohammedan kalif, 5, 326 661. AH, Mohammedan kalif, 5, 326 673. Chilperic II, Prankish king, and family, 9, 34 678. Dagobert II, Frankish king, 9. 35 681. Ebroin, mayor of the Palace, 9. 35 714. Grimoald, mayor of Neustria, 9. 36 715. Abderlasis-ben-Muza, 8, 63 50 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 768. Waifar, King of Aquitaine, 9, 4i 844. Bernardo, Count of Barcelona, 8, 222 859. Zeid ben Cassim, 8, 75 946. Eadmund, King of the West Saxons, XI, 47 976. Mahon, King of Munster, II, 40 979. Eadward the Martyr, King of the West Saxons, II, 56 ca. 1000. Hugh of Beauvais, 9, 67 1017. Ali-ben-Hamad, 8, 81 1026. Don Garcia, 8, 139 1070. Eadwine, II, 73 1072. Alfonso (II) the Brave, King of Leon and Castile, 8, 143 1076. Sancho III, King of Na- varre, 8, 201 1086. Knud IV, King of Denmark, and his brother, Benedict, 16, 73 1093. Omar, King of Badajoz and two sons, 8, 90 1093. Duncan II, King of Scotland, 12, 259 1 100. William II, King of England, 11,87 1134. Niels I, King of Denmark, 16, 77 1 170. Thomas a Becket, 9, 74, II, 106 1 186. Hugh de Lacy, 12, 55 ca. 1200. Hiki Yoshikazu, 7, 69 1203. Prince Arthur of England, 9 76, 11, 122 1219. Sanetomo, 7, 69 1233. Conrad of Marburg, 18, 163 1234. Richard Marshal, 12, 57 1286. Erik (V) dipping, King of Denmark, 16, no 1288. Don Lope, 8, 157 1290. Ladislas IV, King of Hun- gary, 17, 59 1306. The Red Comyn, 12, 277 1306. Vacslav V, King of Bohemia 17, 81 1307. Hermann Gesler, 13, 368 1308. Albert I, Holy Roman Em- peror, 17, 101, 18, 185 1320. Andrew, son of Charles Rob- ert of Anjou, 17, 152 1325. Ismail ben Ferag, King of Granada, 8, in 1327. Edward II, King of England, 11, 155 1332. Mohammed (IV) ben Ismail, 8, 113 ca. 1339. Prince Morinaga, 7, 87 1340. Gerhard III (Black Geert), Count of Holstein, 16, 114 1345. Andrew, King of Naples, 4, 260 1349. Constable of France, 8, 210 1352. Yussef Abdul Hegiag ben Is- mail, King of Granada, 8, 115 1355- Donna Inez de Castro, 8, 288 1357. Lord of Conflans, marshal of Champagne, and Robert of Cler- mont, marshal of Normandy, 9, 100 1358. Don Juan, infante of Aragon, 8, 164 1360. Ismail ben Yussef, 8, 116 1361. Blanche de Bourbon, 8, 165 1366. Archbishop of Santiago, 8, 167 1381. Wat Tyler, II, 175 1382. Joanna I, Queen of Naples, 4, 261 J 383. Joam Fernando Anderio, 8, 297 1384. Louis de Male, Count of Flanders, 13, 35 1386. Charles III of Durazzo, King of Naples, 4, 261 1389. Murad (Amurath) I, 14, 36 1407. Louis of Orleans, 9, no 1412. Giovanni Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, 4, 250 1419. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, 9, 113, 13, 39, 18, 39 1419. Louis, Duke of Orleans, 13, 39 1436. James I, King of Scotland, 12, 292 1450. Bailiff of Schwyz, 13, 366 1450. William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, 11, 209 1456. Count of Cilly, 17, 161 1469. Don Pedro de Peralta, 8, 214 1471. Henry VI, King of England, II, 217 1476. Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 4, 265 1478. Julian de' Medici, 4, 268 GENERAL INDEX 51 1483. Diego, Prince of Viseo, 8, 321 1483. Princes in the Tower, II, 231 1487. Bemohi, King of the Jalofs, 8. 3*3 1488. James III, King of Scotland, ia, 208 1515. Yahia ben Tafut, 8, 335 1524. Cristoval de Olid, 22, 430 1534. Archbishop of Dublin, 11, 79 1536. Ibrahim, Grand Vizier of Turkey, 14, 167 1541. Friar Martinuzzi, 17, 219 154 1. Francisco Pizarro, ao, 45, 21, 26 1541. Vincent de Valverde, 21, 27 1557- Joam III, King of Portugal, 8, 439 1560. Pedro de Ursua, 21, 29 1561. Mustapha, son of Suleiman the Great, 14, 169 1562. Francis of Guise, 9, 154 1565. Shogun Yoshiteru, 7, 100 1566. David Rizzio, 11, 282, 12, 316 1507. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, 11, 282, 12, 316 1567. Matthew, Earl of Tyrone, 12, 87 1568. Miguel de Rojas, 8, 369 1569. Louis of Conde, 9, 156 1570. Albaqui, 8, 371 1570. James Stuart, Earl of Mur- ray, 12, 321 1578. Juan de Escovedo, 8, 373 1582. Oda Nobunaga, 7, 112 1582. Akcchi Mitsuhide, 7, 112 1584. William (I) the Silent, of Nassau, Prince of Orange, 11,293, 13, 142 1588. Cardinal of Guise, 9, 164 1588. Duke of Guise, 9, 164 1589. Henry III, King of France, 9. 165 1602. Abu Fazl, 5, 117 1610. Henry IV, King of France, 9. 176, 13, 192, 18, 266 1617. Concini, Marquis of Ancrc, 9. 180 1622. Othman II, Sultan of Tur- key, 14, 213 1632. Charles IV, Duke of Lor- raine, 9, 189 1632. Hahz Pasha, Grand Vizier of Turkey, 14, 218 1634. Albrecht Eusebius von Wal- lenstein, Duke of Friedland, Mechlenberg and Sagan, 17, 211, 18,287 1639. George Jenatsch, 13, 463 1702. Yoshinaka, 7, 152 1730. Patrona Khalil, leader of Janissary rebellion, 14, 295 1748. Nizan-ul-Mulk, 3. 331 1762. Peter III, Emperor of Rus- sia, is, 158 1764. Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia, 15, 163 1789. Jacques de Flesselles, 10, 67 1792. Gustavus III, King of Swe- den, 15, 189, 16, 249 1793. Lepelletier-Saint-Fargeau, 10, 240 '793- Jean Paul Marat, 9, 285, 10, 268 1797. Agha Mohammed, 5, 358 1798. General Duphot, 10, 399 1798. Riberjot Bonnier and Jean Derby, French plenipotentiaries, 10, 401 1800. General Kleber, 10, 440 1801. Paul I of Russia, 9, 318, 15, 203 1806. Dessalincs, Emperor of Hay- ti, 20, 141 1808. Selim II, Sultan of Turkey, 14, 401 1819. August von Kotzebue, 18, 394 1820. Duke of Berry, 9, 372 1822. Ali Pasha, vizier of Janina, a, 54i 1827. Dorrego Manuel, president of Buenos Ayres, 21, 123 1829. Alexander Sergevitch Gri- boiedov, 15, 283 1834. Hamsad Bey, 15, 298 1835. Quiroga, 21, 124 1848. Rossi, Count of Pellegrino, 4, 364 1848. General Auerswald and Prince Lichnowsky, 18, 400 1854. Ferdinand Charles III, Duke of Parma, 4, 369 1863. Hcrmani, 15, 328 52 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 1865. Abraham Lincoln, 24, 826 1868. Venancio Flores, ai, 146 1870. General Prim, 8, 512 1870. Justo Jose de Urquiza, ax, 133 1872. Jose Balta, ax, 210 1875. Gabriel Garcia Moreno, 21, 116, 244 1875. Suzini, ai, 136 1876. Hussein Avni, 14, 475 1881. Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 13, 589, 15, 339 1881. James Abram Garfield, 24, 934 1882. Lord Frederick Cavendish, 12, 239 1882. Burke, 12, 239 1897. Juan Idiarte Borda, 21, 259 1899. D. Ulysses Hereux, 22, 503 1900. Baron von Kettler, 6, 282, 7, 281 1900. Sugiyama, chancellor of Japanese legation, 6, 300, 7, 281 1900. Francis James, 6, 302 1900. Humbert I, King of Italy, 4, 405 1901. Toru Hoshi, 7, 229 1901. William McKinley, 24, 1049 1902. Elizabeth of Bavaria, Em- press of Austria, 17, 456 1905. Delyanni, 2, 549 1906. Spiaguine, 15, 356 1906. Sergius, Grand Duke of Rus- sia, 15, 364 1906. Von Plehve, Governor of Finland, 15, 360 Assassins, military and religious order in Syria, founded in Persia (1090): organization of, 5, 332 Assaye, British India: battle of (1803), 5, 136, 201 Assemblies, American Colonial: rise of, in executive and legislative power, 23, 107; general treatment, 120; powers, 121 Assembly, The Spartan, 2, 64 Asshur (A-sur, A-usar, Kilah-Sher- ghat), ancient capital of Assyria: location of, 1, 64; revolt of, 82 Asshurbanapal: see Ashur-bani-pal Assiento Treaty (1713), a treaty be- tween England and Spain, 11, 464 Assietta, Col of, Italy: battle of, (1743), 4, 333 Assignats, French Revolutionary bonds: sale of, 10, 372 Assinie, Africa: claimed by France, 19, 49 Association of Merchant Adventurers: founded (1580), 16, 301 Assuan (Suan Syene), Upper Egypt: location of, 1, 7 Assumption, capital of Paraguay: founded (1536), 20, 92; taken by allied forces of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentine (1869), 21, 159 Assumption, Treaty of (181 1), a treaty between Paraguay and Buenos Ayres, 21, 147 Assurbanipal: see Ashur-bani-pal Assyria: see Babylonia and Assyria Assyria, Province of, a Roman prov- ince: founded (115 A. D.), 4, 89 Astolphus, King of Italy 749-756 A. D. : reign of, 4, 172; at war with Pope Zacharias, 9, 40 Astor, John Jacob, a German-Ameri- can merchant: born at Waldorf, near Heidelberg, in Germany, July !7> 1763; he emigrated to the United States in 1783 and invested his capi- tal in furs which he sold in Lon- don at great profit; he next settled in New York City and speculated in New York realty and, during the war of 1812, in government securi- ties in addition to a continued trade in furs; at his death in New York City, March 29, 1848, his fortune was estimated at $20,000,000; he left $400,000 to establish the Astor Library One of three early millionaires, 2 3, 479! founds Astoria, 24, 542 Astrabad, Persia: ceded to Russia (1722), is, 79 Astrakhan, Russia: siege of, 14, 193; conquest of (1554), 15, 15 Astronomy: among the Egyptians, X, 52; among the Babylonians and As- syrians, 109; among the Saracens, 347 Astrowno, Russia: battle of (1812), 10, 485 GENERAL INDEX W Asturians, a Celtic tribe, in Spain: de- scription of, 8, 7 Astyages (Istuvegu), King of the Medes 584-549 B. C: reign of, 1, 159 Astyochus (fifth century B. C): Spar- tan admiral, a, 352 Asuncion: sec Assumption A-sur: see Asshur Asykhis: see Shepses-ka-f Atacama, Desert of, Chili: desired by Chili, ai, 233 Atace (ca. 410 A. D.), chief of the Alaus: leads the invasion of the Alaus into Spain, 8, 35 Atahualpa, Inca of Peru, 1495-1533: career of, 21, 19; death of, 20 Ataide, Luis de (d. 1580), Portuguese noble: viceroy of the Indies, 5, 151, 8, 458 Ataide, Nuno Fernandos de (d. ca. 1515), a Portuguese general: cam- paigns in Africa, 8, 334; death of, 335 Ataide, Pedro de (ca. 1483): attempts to assassinate Joam II of Portugal, 8, 321 Atapuerca, Spain: battle of (1054), 8, 200 Atarbas (ca. 250 B. C), a Phoenician admiral: at the battle of Drepana, 3. 103 Ataulf (Adolph) (d. 415 A. D.), King of the Visigoths 410-415 A. D.: founds the kingdom of the Visi- goths in Spain, 4, 145; leads Gothic invasion of Spain, 8, 36; establishes Visigoths in southern Gaul, 18, 37; death of, 39 Atbara, Africa: battles of the (1898), 11, 638; (1896), 19, 272 Athalaric (517-534), Gothic king: reign of, 4, 159, 9, 25; succeeds Thcodoric II, 8, 39 Athaliah (d. 837 B. C), widow of Jchoram of Judah: seizes govern- ment of Judah, 1, 395 Athanagild (d. 567 A. D.), king of the Goths 554-567 A. D.: reign of, 8, 40, 50 Athanaric (d. 381 A. D.), Visigothic king: defeated by the Huns, 18, 33 Athapascan Indians, a tribe of North American Indians: independent of other families, aj, 7; location, 7 Atharva-Veda, the fourth of the Vedas: rise of, 5, 42 Athemy, Ireland: battle of (1316), ia, 60 Athena, a Greek mythological god- dess: in Greek theology, a, 40; Lycurgus enjoins worship of, 63 Athenion (ca. 100 B. C), a Sicilian insurrectionist: leader of revolt in Sicily, 3, 187 Athens (City of the Violet Crown), Greece: at war with Persia, 1, 166; Long Walls rebuilt, 167; Homeric insignificance of, a, 33; early his- tory of, 97; government of, 98; social order in, 09; war with Me- gara, 102; social order in time of Solon, 105; republic restored, 113; aids the Ionians, 134; wars with Cleomenes, 141; with Aegina and Thebes, 143; reforms of Cleisthenes in, 145; defeats the Persians at Marathon, 168; second war with Aegina, 173; occupied by Xerxes, 198; evacuated by the Persians, 206; Mardonius completes destruction of, 208; reforms of Aristeides, 230: building up of her empire, 232; heads Confederacy of Delos, 238; at war with Corinth and Aegina, 242; with Bceotia, 243; her successes, 244, 246; loses Bceotia and Euboea, 247; at war with Sparta, 248; makes the Thirty Years' peace, 249; un- der Pericles, 251; colonies of, 258; assists Corcyra, 267; engages in Pcloponnesian war, 272; resources compared with Sparta's, 275; plague at, 282; debates in Ecclesia at, 294, 296; rejects overtures of Sparta, 303; accepts temporary peace, 315; makes peace with Sparta, 317; al- lied to Argos and Elis, 321; sends expedition to Sicily, 328; decline of, 349; continues the war, 351; oligar- chic conspiracy at. 355, 357; con- spiracy of the Four Hundred at, 358; reject terms with Sparta, 365: distress at, 371; trial of the generals at, 373; besieged by Agis and Lysan- dcr, 376; surrenders, 378; causes of 54 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS her downfall, 379; under the thirty ty- rants, 383, 385; delivered by Thrasy- bulus, 386; joins Boeotian League, 397; her walls rebuilt by Conon, 402; naval efforts of, 404; in peace of Antalcidas, 405; again allied to Thebes, 428; forms second naval league against Sparta, 429; makes peace with Sparta, 432; joins Sparta against Thebes, 442; attacks Cor- inth, 446; joins in the peace of 362 B. C., 451; engages in the Social War, 454; troubles with Philip of Macedon, 459, 461; makes peace with Philip, 467; second struggle with Philip, 472; war declared, 474; allied with Thebes, 475; submits to Philip, 478; beaten at Chaeroneia, 478; submits to Alexander, 486; in division of Alexander's empire, 512; Romans attracted to, 513, 521; joins Achaean League, 516; siege of (87 B. C), 2, 522, 3, 217; adorned by Hadrian, 2, 523; Frankish dukedom of, 536; captured by Turks (1456), 536; modern capital of Greece, 548; University of, 549; taken by Bayesid (i397) *4> 455 captured by Turks (1826), 417 Athlone, Ireland: sieges of (1690), 12, 144 Athos, Mount, Macedonia, Greece: Xerxes cuts a canal through, 2, 183 Atlanta, Georgia: objective point of Sherman's march, 24, 786; Sher- man's advance on, 794; siege of, 797; political effect of fall of, 801; In- ternational Cotton Exposition held at (1881), 940 Atlanta Exposition, The (1895), 24, 1010 Atlantic Ocean: first regular naviga- tion of, 3, 295; called the Sea of Darkness, 23, 23 Atristain, Miguel (ca. 1850), a Mex- ican politician: signs Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 22, 377 Attalus I (d. 197 B. C), King of Per- gamus 241-197: becomes king, 3, 138; applies to Rome for aid against Antiochus, 143; recompensed by Rome after war with Antiochus, 145; made emperor by Alaric, 4, 141 Attalus, (d. 336 B. C.) a Macedonian general: general of Philip, 2, 481; slain, 485 Attempts on the English Throne: 1066. William of Normandy, 9, 68, xi, 66 1139. Matilda, II, 95 1216. Louis (VIII) the Lion, King of France, II, 128 1399. Henry of Lancaster, 11, 185 1450. Jack Cade, II, 209 1460. Henry, Duke of York, II, 212 1471. Edward IV, II, 217 1485. Henry Tudor, Earl of Rich- mond, 11, 222 1487. Lambert Simnel supported by Lord Lovel, and the Earl of Lincoln, 11, 224 1496. James IV, King of Scotland, in support of Perkin Warbeck, II, 228 1568. Dukes of Northumberland and Westmoreland in support of Mary Queen of Scots, 11, 283 1587. Philip II, King of Spain, 11, 295, 13, 153 1685. James Fitzroy, Duke of Monmouth, 11, 422 Attica, Greece: compared with Boeo- tia, 2, 13; geography of, 2, 14; autochthonous claims of, 26; early history of, 97 Atticus, Titus Pomponius (109-32 B. C.) a Roman scholar: life of, 3, 381 Attila, surnamed the Scourge of God, and the Sword of Mars, King of the Huns 434-453 A. D.; ruled with his brother Bleda, 434-445 A. D. when his brother either died or was assassinated, after which he reigned alone; he invaded the Empire of the East, 447 A. D.; in 451 A. D., he invaded Gaul and besieged Orleans, but was defeated at Chalons-sur- Marne by the Roman army under Aetius, and the Visigoths under Theodoric; the following year, 452 A. D., he led an army into northern Italy, which he ravaged, and threat- ened Rome; after an interview with Pope Leo I, Attila granted the Romans a truce and retired to GENERAL INDEX 55 Pannomia where he died, 453 A. D.; he was buried at night and the prisoners who dug the grave were executed in order that his burial place might never be known Defeated by Aetius, a, 530; sketch of, 4, 147; career of, 17, 16, 18, 40; invasion of Spain, 8, 38; leads Hun invasion, 9, 17 Attiret, Jean Denis (1702-1768) a French painter and Jesuit mis- sionary in China, 6, 88 Aubiers, France: battle of (i793) *o 249 Aubusson, Pierre d' (1423- 1503) Grand Master of Knights of St. John: account of, 14. 109 Auckland, George Eden, Earl of (1784-1849), his governor-general- ship of India, 5, 215 Auckland, New Zealand: made cap- ital, 20, 212 Audience Question, The, in Chinese history: raised, 6, 80, 231, 232; am- bassadors received within the pal- ace, 258, 259, 260; direct access to emperor granted, 286; see also K'ot'ow, The Audubon Park, New Orleans: Cotton Centennial held in, 24, 940 Auer, Hans (ca. 1430), a Swiss poet: sketch of, 13. 427 Auersperg, Prince Adolf Wilhelm Daniel (1821-1885), an Austrian statesman: his campaign against Vienna, 17, 376 Auersperg, Prince Karl Wilhelm (1814-1890), an Austrian statesman: made premier of Austria, 17, 402 Auerstadt, Prussia: battle of (1806), 9, 328, 16, 251, 18, 372 Auerswald, Hans Adolf Erdmann von (1792-1848), a Prussian gen- eral: death of, 18, 400 Augereau, Pierre Franjois Charles, Duke of Castiglione ( 1 757-1816), a French general: his campaigns under the directory, 9, 298; given command of the military division of Paris, 304; made marshal of the empire, 322; enters Paris at the head of the troops, 10, 391; arrests Pichegru, 391 Aughrim, Ireland: battles of (1602), 12, 104; (1691), 152 Augsburg, Germany: battles of (910 A. D.), 17, 43; (955 A. D), 17. 44. 188, 18, 112; submits to the em- peror, 255; receives Gustavus Adol- phus, 282; taken by Bavaria, 371 Augsburg, Diets of: (i53<>) 8 248; (1555) 9. 147 Augsburg, Leagues of: (1686) a treaty between Holland, the Emperor, the Kings of Sweden and Spain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the Palatinate against France, 13. 243; (1688) a treaty between the Emperor, Spain, Holland, and Sa- voy against France, 9, 217 Augsburg, Peace of, a treaty between the Lutheran and Catholic estates of Germany (1555) 9, 146, 17, 197, 18, 259 Augsburg Confession of Faith, the Lutheran creed (1530), recognized as the cult of Sweden, 16, 168, 18, 248 Augsburg Interim, The, a provisional arrangement to settle religious dif- ferences (1548) 18, 257 Augus, Irish chief (ca. 500 A. D.). leads colonists to Scotland, 12, 38 August (1526-1586), Elector of Sax- ony 1553-1586: favors Jacob Andrae, 16, 197 Augusta, Georgia: important trading post, 23, 81; captured by British, 272; recaptured by Americans, 272; Confederates seize arsenal, 24, 691; threatened by Sherman, 807 Augustine (Austin), Saint, a Benedic- tine Monk, called the Apostle of England: he was first connected with a monastery in Rome but was sent by Pope Gregory I to convert the Anglo-Saxons in 596 A. D.; he succeeded in converting King .F.thclberht, whose wife Bertha was already a Christian; he became the first Archbishop of Canterbury about 600 A. D.; died at Canterbury, May 26, 607 A. D. Issues his " City of God," 4, 143; sent to England, 1 1, 28; becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, 29 56 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Augustus I, King of Poland: see Sig- ismund (II) Augustus Augustus (II) the Strong (1670-1733), King of Poland and Elector of Saxony: reign of, 15, 383, 18, 317; his relations with Patkul, 15, 38, 46; in the Great Northern War, 16, 214, 221; deposition of, 217; his treaty with Charles XII of Sweden, 15, 46; makes an alliance with Rus- sia, 55; protected in Saxony, 63, 65; regains his throne, 16, 226; Peter supports, 15, 81; death of, 9, 235, 15, 117 Augustus III (1696-1763), King of Poland and Elector of Saxony: Russia supports his claims, 15, 109; elected to the throne, 118; accession of, 9> 235; reign of, 15, 381, 18, 306, 323; claims imperial crown, 9, 236; claims part of the Austrian dominions, 17, 240; death of, 15 172, 18, 345 Augustus (early 19th century) Duke of Leuchtenberg: marries Maria II of Portugal, 8, 537 Augustus Caesar, called in his youth Caius Octavius and after he became the heir of Julius Caesar, known as Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Roman emperor, 27 B. C.-14 A. D., called Father of His Country: born at Velitrae, in Latium, Septem ber 23, 63 B. C; he assumed the " toga virilis " when sixteen years of age and was adopted as a son by Julius Caesar; he accompanied Caesar in his expedition to Spain, 45 B. C; he became a pupil of Apollo- dorus of Pergamus under whom he was studying at the time of Caesar's assassination, 44 B. C; he hastened to Rome but Marcus Antonius re- fused to give him the papers and property of the late dictator; he gained the favor of the Senate which gave him an army and he defeated the forces of Antonius near Mutina, 43 B. C; he then marched to Rome, was elected consul, August, 43 B. C, and formed a tri- umvirate with Antonius and Lep- idus; took part in the conscription of 43 B. C. and in the victory over Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, 42 B. C; carried on the Perusian War, 41-40 B. C; became more closely allied with Antonius who married Octavia, the sister of Octavianus, 40 B. C; defeated Sextus Pompey, 36 B. C; defeated Antonius and Cleopatra in the battle of Actium, 31 B. C, and became sole master of the Roman world; he was elected consul several times, made Princeps Senatus, 28 B. C, and given the title of Augustus in 27; his reign was re- markably pacific and Roman liter- ature reached its highest point; he died at Nola, August 19, 14 A. D. In the second triumvirate, 4, 10; marriage of, 14; at battle of Philippi, 18; returns to Italy, 19; rules at Rome, 20; besieges Messana, 21; re- turns to Rome after his Sicilian cam- paign, 22; declares war on Egypt, 24; founds the empire, 29; given title of Augustus, 31; his success among the peoples of the Adriatic, 17, 12; his campaign in Gaul, 4, 42; con- dition of Gaul under, 9, 11; con- dition of Germany under, 18, 14; mourns for the legions of Varus, 19; Greece separated from Mace- donia under, 2, 521; condition of Spain under, 8, 24; adopts Tiberius as his heir, 4, 43; death, 45; sum- mary of his reign, 46 Aulis, Bceotia, Greece: Greek colo- nization, 2, 53 Aulus Plautius (1st century A. D.), Roman consul: invades Britain, 11, 8 Aumale, France: battle of (1592), 9, 168 Aumale, Charles de Lorraine, Duke of, (1556-1631), French commander: supports claims of Philip II of Spain to the crown of France, 9, 170 Aumale, Mademoiselle d' (ca. 1660), of a French noble family: marries Alfonso VI of Portugal, 467; marries Pedro II of Portugal, 8, 468 Aumont, Jacques, Duke d' (d. 1799), GENERAL INDEX 57 French officer: offered the com- mand of the militia, 10, 62 Aungier, Gerald (d. 1677), English of- ficial: governor of Bombay, 5, 167 Aurai, France: battle of (1365), 9, 103 Aurangzeb (1618-1707), Mogul Em- peror 1658-1707: usurps throne, 5, 120: reign of, 121 Aurelian (212-275 A. D.), Emperor of Rome 270-275: reign of, 2, 525, 4, no; makes treaty with Goths, 18, 29 Aurelio (Aurelius), King of Asturias and Leon (ca. 770 A. D.) : reign of, 8, 131 Aurelius, Marcus: sec Marcus Au- relius Aurelle de Paladines (1804- 1877), French general: in the Franco- Prussian War, 18, 425 Aurogallus (1480-1543), Bohemian scholar: assists Luther, 18, 244 A-usar: see Asshur Ausculum, Italy: battle of (279 B. C), 3, 78 Ausones (ca. 8th century B. C.) in Italy: in possession of Campania, 3, 7 Ausonia, The Ferocious Beast of: see Caracalla. Roman Emperor Aussig, Bohemia: siege of (1426), 17, 134 Austerlitz, Moravia, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1805), 4, 347, 8, 484, 9, 326, 10, 465, 11, 557, 13, 267, 16, 251, 17, 294, 18, 367 Austin, Moses (1764-1821), American pioneer: contracts for colonization of Texas, 22, 279; receives grant of land in Texas, 24, 532 Austin, Stephen F. (1793-1836), founder of State of Texas: con- tracts for colonization of Texas, 22, 279 Australia: discovered, 5, 154; sketch of the history of, IX, 629: surveyed and named, 20, 124; settlement of, 132 Australian Agricultural Company: or- ganized in England before 1850, 20, 186 Australian Colonies Act, passed be- fore 1850 regulating constitutions of colonies, 20, 194 Australian Constitution Act, passed by English Parliament (1900), 20, 207 Australian Government Act (1850), establishing Victoria as a separate colony, 20, 198 Austria, The Fabius of: see Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria, Count von Austria, The Ireland of: see Hungary Austria-Hungary, History of: the monarchy: its character and com- ponent parts, 17, 3; primitive times, the Roman occupation and the Ger- man invasions, 10: the Slavs, 18; Moravia and the Slav apostles, 29; the founding of the Magyar state, 41; Hungary under the successors of St. Stephen, 50; Bohemia and the Premyslidcs, 62; early history of the Austrian group the house of Bab- enburg, 17, 88, 18, 116, 149; the Aus- trian group under the first Haps- burgs, 17, 99, 18, 181, 263; Bohemia under the house of Luxemburg, 17, 113; Austria in the Holy Alliance, 14, 41; Bohemia and the Hussite Wars, 17, 125; Bohemia under Podiebrad and the Jagellons, 142; Hungary under the house of Anjou and the elective monarchy, 151; Hunyady and the Hungarian wars with the Turks, 159; the Austrian emperors, 173; Bohemia: her first Hapsburg kings, 194; invaded by Suleiman the Great, 14, 152, 175; Mnrad III at war with, 202; cam- paigns of Ahmed Kiuprili in, 236; the Thirty Years' War and the overthrow of Bohemia, 17, 204: Hungary divided, 216; Hungary freed from the Turks and recon- ciled to Austria, 227; Austria under Ferdinand II of Germany, 18, 270: Austria the principal power in Ger- many, 298; campaigns of Damad Ali in Austria, 14, 286; Austria in Treaty of Passarowitz, 291; inter- vention in Russo-Turkish war, 307; attacks Turkey, 310; Maria Theresa, '7. 239; the internal history of 58 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Austria under Maria Theresa, 251; signs secret convention with Tur- key (1771), *4, 332; Joseph II, 17, 264, 18, 349; Francis II and the wars against the revolution, 279; plan, of the campaign against, 10, 380; at war with France, 14, 406, 17, 290, 319; in agreement of the Dar- danelles, 14, 437; Hungary and the Slav countries, 17, 330; Ferdinand I Austria on the eve of revolution, 345; the revolutionary movement, 361; the Hungarian revolution, 368; the Revolution in Vienna, 374; early years of the reign of Francis Joseph the period of reaction, 378; at- tempts at constitutional government the expulsion of Austria from Germany, 386; the establishment of dualism, 397; parliamentary strug- gle for federalism, 408; acquisition and incorporation of Bosnia and Herzegovnia, 421; recent history, 432; her relation to the Eastern Question, 14, 7; concludes treaty with Japan, 7, 189; hostile to Russia, 14, 487; in relation to mod- ern Greece, 2, 548; arbitration treaty of United States with (1904), 24, 1076 Austrian Lloyd, a navigation com- pany at Trieste: established (1835), 17, 329 Austro-Prussian War, a war between Austria and Prussia (1866): causes, 9 455; principal battles, Sadowa, 9, 455, Austozza, 17, 392, Lissa, 392; peace treaty, Treaty of Prague, 392; results, 392 Autharis (d. 590 A. D.) King of Italy 585-590 A. D. : reign, 4, 165; marries Theodolina, 18, 54 Autun, France: battle of (532 A. D.), 13, 337 Autun, Bishop of: see Tallyrand Peri- gord Auvergne, Charles de Valois, Count of (ca. 1600), son of Charles IX; leader of discontented nobles, 9, 172; joins conspiracy of Entragues 174 Auxerre, France: battle of (843 A. D.) 9, 50 Avars, an Asiatic tribe allied to the Huns: invasion of, 14, 4, 17, 15; become masters of the Danubian territory, 17, 17; at war with the Slavs, 19; attack Constantinople, 21; disappear from history, 37; harass the Longobards, 18, 51; their rela- tions with Sigibert, 61; their wars with Charlemagne, 83 Avein (Avennes), Belgium: battle of (1635), 9, 191, 13, 212 Aveiro, Joam Alfonso de (ca. 1485), a Portuguese explorer: explorations of, 8, 323 Avellane, Admiral (ca. 1893), a Rus- sian admiral: his visit to France, 15, 344 Avellaneda, Nicolas (1836-1885), a statesman of Argentine Republic: elected president of Argentina, 21, 135; his administration, 256 Avenches, Switzerland: battles of (ca. 1190), 13, 349; (1802), 518 Avendaiio, Colonel (d. ca. 1825), a Paraguaian conspirator: leads in- surrection, 21, 149 Avennes: see Avein Aversa, Italy: founded, 4, 185 Avesnes, John d', Count of Hainault, ca. 1299: becomes Count of Hol- land, 13, 36 Avesta, the Bible of Zoroastrianism: publication of, I, 163 Avila, d' (ca. 1800), a Spanish ad- miral: at battle of the Bay of Gi- braltar, 13, 183 Avila, Alonzo de (1485-1537), a Span- ish soldier and adventurer: joins Cortez, 22, 10; sent as ambassador to Spain, 63; alleged conspiracy of, 120 Avila, Gil Gonzalez de (1 577-1658), a Spanish biographer and antiquary: alleged conspiracy of, 22, 120 Avila, Pedro Arias de (1442-1531), a Spanish soldier and administrator: orders execution of Balboa, 21, 17; his explorations in Central America, 22, 436; puts Balboa to death, 23, 37 Avila, Sanchez d* (1523-1583), a Spanish general: his campaign in the Netherlands, 13, 117 GENERAL INDEX 59 Avitiabile, General, a Neapolitan com- mander: trains the Sikh army, 5, 221 Avitus, Marcus Maecilius (400-457 A. D.), an emperor of Western Roman Empire: reign of, 4, 149 Awada-no-Mahito (8th century A. D.), a Japanese scholar: scholarship of, 7, 34 Axayacatl, a Mexican palace: siege of, 32, 34 Axel Hoide: see Absalon Ayacucho, Peru: battle of (1825), 21, 73 Ayerst, Lieutenant (d. 1897), an Eng- lish officer in Bombay: murder of, 3. 283 Ayesha (611-678 A. D), wife of Mo- hammed: her influence over Mo- hammed, I, 240; joins rebellion of Telha and Zobeir, 245; takes ac- count of the patrimony of Abu Bekr, 256 Ayllon, Vasquez de (d. 1526) a Span- ish explorer: attempts to conquer and settle Carolina and Virginia, 33, 38; death, 38 Ayscue, Sir George (17th century), an English admiral: at battle of Plym- outh, 13, 230 Ayub ben Habib (ca. 710 A. D.): be- comes emir of Spain, 8, 63 Ayub Kahn (ca. 1880), native Indian chief, son of Shere AH: at war with the British, 3, 258 Ayumen: see Tjumen Azad Khan (ca. 1750), an Afghan chief: reign of, 5, 355 Azamor, Africa: siege of (1513), 8, 333 Azamza, Miguel Jose de (1746-1826), a Spanish statesman: his adminis- tration as viceroy of New Spain, aa, 225 Azariah: see Uzziah Azcarraga, General, member of Span- ish cabinet 1904: ministry of, 8, 521 Azincourt: see Agincourt Azio ben Abdelmelic (d. 1240), wali of Lorca: refuses to acknowledge supremacy of Castile, 8, 104 Aziru, prince of Arvad: at war with Rib-Addi, 1, 122 Azores, Atlantic Ocean, west of Por- tugal: sketch of, 19, 213; under Portuguese rule, 20, 299 Azov, Russia: sieges of (1641), 14, 228; (1695-1696), 14, 266, 13, 32; (1736), 15, 121; threatened by Rus- sia, 14, 302 Aztec Calendar Stone, Mexico: de- scription of, 22, 95 Aztecs: conditions at the time of the arrival of Cortez, 22, 15; history of, 75; sketch of, 33, 6; turn against Cortez, 39 Azumi-no-Hirafu (ca. 650 A. D.), a Japanese naval commander: his campaign in Korea, 7, 26 Azzo VII, Marquis of Esti, king of Ferrara 1208: elected, 4, 200 B Baal I, King of Tyre (ca. 670 B. C.) : reign of, I, 124 Baalbec, Syria: description of, I, 279; conquered by the Saracens, 279 Baardsson, Skule, Jarl of Norway, Scandinavian noble (ca. 1240) : de- feat of, 16, 99 Baasha ben Abijah (ca. 950 B. C): usurps throne of Israel, 1, 389 Bab: see Sad (Mirza) Ali Mohammed Babaeska, Turkey: battle of (1807), 14, 399 Babahoyo, Ecuador, South America: battle of (i860), 21, in Babar the Mogul (1483-1530), founder of Mogul empire in India: invades India, 5, 109 Babcock, Orville E. (1835-1884), American general: sent to San Do- mingo, 22, 503, 24, 879; member of the "Whiskey Ring," 24, 895 Babington, Anthony (1561-1586), Eng- lish Roman Catholic conspirator: plots against Elizabeth, II, 294 Babis, The, Persian sect of Moham- medans (1843): founded, 5, 362 Baboeuf Conspiracy, The, organized against the French Directory (1796): organized, 10, 376; betrayed by Grisel, 377; trial and death of the accomplices in, 378 Babylon, capital of Babylonia: loca- tion of, 1, 66; captured by the As- syrians (ca. 1280 B. C), 78; de- stroyed (689 B. C), 88; enriched by Nebuchadrezzar, 92; siege of (521 B. C), 1, 95, 163, 2, 126; Alexander the Great enters, 1, 169, 2, 497; re- volts against Darius, 2, 129 Babylon, The Modern: see London, England Babylonia: relation of civilization to Greece, 2, 21; its affinities with China, 6, 4 Babylonia and Assyria, History of: geography and ethnology, 1, 63; chronology and history, 69; religion and mythology, 96; arts and general culture, 102 " Babylonian Captivity," that period in the history of the Papacy in the 14th century when the Popes ex- iled from Italy, lived at Avignon under P'rench influences, 9, 88 Bach, Alexander von (181 3-1893), Austrian statesman: becomes min- ister of the interior, 17, 380; dis- missed, 386 Bachelor, The Boy: see Wolsey, Thomas Bachelors, Knights: see Knights Bachelors of England Back, Sir George (1796-1878), English admiral and Arctic explorer: ex- plorations of, 16, 308 Back Lane Parliament (1792), Cath- olic delegates of Ireland: sketch of, 12, 200 Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam and Viscount Saint Albans, an English philosopher and statesman: born in London, January 22, 1561; studied at Cambridge, 1573-1575, and at Gray's Inn, 1575; was attached to the embassy in France, 1576-1579; was admitted to the bar, 1582; elected member of Parliament, 1584; became counselor-extraordinary to the queen, 1590; became a friend of the Earl of Essex, 1591; was a can- didate for the office of solicitor- general, 1594, but was unsuccessful; was active in his efforts to secure the conviction of the Earl of Essex for treason, 1601; was knighted, 1603; made solicitor-general, 1607, and attorney-general and a member of the privy council, 1613; appointed 60 GENERAL INDEX 61 keeper of the Great Seal, 1617; made Lord High Chancellor of England, 1618; created Baron Verulam and given a seat in the House of Peers, 1618; published his greatest work, "Novum Organum," 1620; was cre- ated Viscount Saint Albans, 1621; was tried for bribery, 1621; con- demned, fined and removed from office; died at Highgate, London, April 9, 1626 Sketch of, II, 302; advises James I, 310: fall of, 315 Bacon, Nathaniel (1642-1676), Anglo- American lawyer: leads rebellion, 23. 65 Bacon, Sir Nicholas (1509-1579), Eng- lish statesman: character of, II, 316 Bacon, Roger (1214-1294), celebrated English philosopher: his definition of plantation, 20, 17; believes In- dian Ocean to be inclosed, 23, 23 Bacon's Rebellion: see Bacon, Na- thaniel Bacsanyi, Janos (1763-1845), Hun- garian poet and journalist: trans- lates Napoleon's proclamation to Hungary, 17, 335 Bactria, Asia: conquered by Alexan- der, 2, 499 Badajoz, Portugal: siege of (1811), 9, 338, 11, 565 Badajoz Conference (1524), in the struggle between Spain and Portu- gal over the Indies, 5, 146 Baden, southern Germany: siege of (1400), 13, 397; peasant war in, 18, 243; enters the Confederation of the Rhine, 371; becomes part of the em- pire, 427 Baden, Peace of, concluded between the states of the Swiss League (1165), 13. 470 Baden Conference, The (1834), called to place restrictions on the spiritual jurisdiction of the Papal Court, 13, 543 Badeni, Count Casimir (ca. 1890), of Polish noble family: his administra- tion as premier of Austria, 17, 433: resignation of, 435 Badger, George Edmund (1795- 1866), American politician: opposes Chase's speech on compromise measures, 24, 607 Badger State, The: see Wisconsin Badillo (ca. 1850), Mexican general: at the battle of Cerro Gordo, 22. 325 "Badly Established Peace, The" (1568), concluded between Catholics and Protestants in France, 9, 156 Baebian Law (192 B. G), enacted that four praetors and six praetors should be chosen alternately in Rome: violated, 3, 136 Baecula, Spain: battle of, 3, 127 Baeda (673-735 A. D.), English monk and ecclesiastical writer: first Eng- lish historian, 11, 39 Baeterrae (Beziers), France: founded, 3. 392 Baez, Buenaventura (1810-1884), statesman of San Domingo: presi- dent of Paraguay, 21, 260; his ad- ministration as president of San Domingo, 22, 503; concludes treaty for annexation of San Domingo, 24, 879 Baezaz, southern Spain: siege of (1146), 8. 97, 236 Baffin, William (d. 1622), English navigator and explorer: searches for Northwest Passage, 5, 156, 16, 304, 305 Bagamoyo, East Africa: growth of, 19. M3 Bagdad, Asiatic Turkey: founded, 1. 342; college founded, 346; sieges of (1638), 14, 221; (1733). 5. 351. 14, 295; conquered by Suleiman the Great, 158; adorned by Suleiman. 188 Bagenal (Bagnal), Sir Henry (d. 1578), Anglo-Irish soldier: his en- mity toward Hugh O'Neill, 12, 95; his campaign against The O'Neill, 96 Bagley (d. 1896), an American en- sign in Spanish-American war: death of, 22, 459 Bagot, Sir Charles (1781-1843), an F.nslish diplotnat: governor of Can- ada, 20, 158 62 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bagovut, General (ca. 1812), a Rus- sian general: his campaign against France, 15, 222 Bagration, Prince Peter (1765-1812), a Russian general: his campaign against France, 15, 219 Bahadur (1642-1712), Mogul emperor 1707-1712: reign of, 5, 125 Bahadur, Sayyid Ahmad Khan: see Sayyid Ahmad Khan Bahadur Bahadur, Sir Jang: see Jang Bahadur, Sir Bahamas, West Indies: government of, 20, 246 Baharites, first Mameluke sovereign (13th century) of Egypt, 14, 128 Bahia, South America: captured by the Dutch (1624), 21, 33 Bahia Honda, Cuba: battle of (1851), 22, 450; granted to the United States, 479 Bahmani, Kingdom of: rise of, 5, 105 Bahrein Island, near Arabia: sketch of, 20, 253 Baiburt, Turkey: battle of (1829), 15, 287 Baikie, William Balfour (1825-1864), an English surgeon and explorer: explorations of, 19, 50 Bailen: see Baylen Bailleul, Bernard de (ca. 1130), a Norman baron: renounces alle- giance to David I of Scotland, 12, 264 Bailleul, Jacques Charles (1762-1843), a French advocate: his account of the state of the Luxembourg when the directors first entered, 10, 370 Baillie, William (d. 1782), an English soldier: defeated by Harder Ali, 5, 193 Bailly, Jean Sylvain (1736-1193), a French astronomer and politician: president of the States-General, 9, 262; appointed mayor of Paris, 264; death of, 287; elected member of the States-General, 10, 39; presides over the assembly, 51; appointed mayor of Paris, 71; presents Louis XVI with the keys of Paris, 72 Bainbridge, William (1 774-1833), an American naval officer: commands frigate Constitution, 23, 422; among naval heroes of War of 1812, 433 Baines, Thomas (1822-1875), an Eng- lish artist and African explorer: explorations of, 19, 52 Bainuter, King of Egypt, ca. 3300 B. C. : determines that women may inherit Egyptian throne, 1, 15 Bairactar (1755-1808), Pasha of Rust- chuk: becomes grand vizier, 14, 401 Bairam Khan, regent during minor- ity of Akbar: regency of, 5, 111 Baird, Sir David (1757-1829), a Brit- ish general: his campaign against Napoleon, 5, 197 Bajan (ca. 590 A. D.), chagan of the Avars: leads campaigns against the Slavs, 17, 19 Bajazit: see Bayezid Baji Rao I, Maratha peshwa 1740: reign of, 5, 132 Baji Rao II, Maratha peshwa 1795: reign of, 5, 136; leads revolt of the Marathas, 208 Bak-en-ran-ef : see Bocchoris Balcchiserai, Russia: sacked by the Turks (1736), 14, 305; Russians in, 350 Baker, Major (ca. 1689), an Irish sol- dier: leader of the defense of Derry, 12, 135 Baker, Edward D. (1811-1861), an American politician and soldier: killed in Battle of Ball's Bluff, 24, 757 Baker, Sir Samuel White (1821-1893), an English traveller: explorations of, 19, 54; arouses an interest in Africa, 59 Baker Pasha (1825-1887), an English soldier: his campaign in the Soudan, 1, 40 Bakhti yar Khilji (ca. 1190), a Mo- hammedan general: conquests of, 5, 95 Bakracz, Cardinal (ca. 1515): his mis- sion to Hungary, 17, 168 Baku, Russia: Russia takes possession of (1722), 15, 79 Bakunin, Michael (1814-1876), a Rus- sian socialist and agitator: preaches Nihilism, 15, 332 GENERAL INDEX 63 Balaji Baji Rao, third Maratha pcsh- wa, 1740: reign of, 5, 133 Balaji Vishwanath, a Brahman min- ister: made peshwa, 5, 132 Balaklava, Russia: battle of (1854), 9, 447 Balance of Power, American: Calhoun pleads for, 34, 604 Balawat, Asia: location of, 1, 64 Balban (d. 1287), King of Delhi, 1265- 1287: reign of, 5, 98 Balbinus, Decimus Caelius (d. 238), Emperor of Rome, 238: reign of, 4. 108 Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, a Spanish soldier and explorer: born at Xeres de los Cabelleros, 1475; emigrated to Hayti about 1500; accompanied Enciso in an expedition to Darien, 1510; quarreled with Enciso and ob- tained the chief command of the party; discovered the Pacific Ocean, September 25, 1513, and took pos- session of it in the name of his sovereign; was superseded by Pe- drarias d'Avila, 1 5 14, and punished by a fine for his insubordination; served as a deputy under Pedrarias, who accused him of treasonable de- signs and had him executed, 1517 Discovers Pacific Ocean, ao, 44, 2i, 16, 23, 37; discoveries of, 22, 436; death, 23, yj Balbus, Lucius Cornelius (1st century B. C), a Roman politician: acts as Caesar's representative, 3, 370 Balearic, Juan Ramon ( 1773-1833), an Argentine general: made Minister of War, 21, 122 Baldwin (I) Bras-de-fer (d. 879 A. D.), Count of Flanders: marries Judith, 13, 20 Baldwin (IV) of the Comely Beard (ca. 1000 A. D.), Count of Flanders: joins league against the emperor, 13. 22 Baldwin V (d. 1067). Count of Flan- ders: guardian of Philip I of France, 9, 68; aids William the Conqueror, 13. 25; revolt of. 18, 130 Baldwin, Archbishop of Treves (ca. 1310): intriRuc of, 18, 185 Baldwin, Abraham (1754-1807), an American politician: in first con- gress, 23, 342 Bale: see Basel Baleg ben Bakir (ca. 735 A. D.), an Egyptian commander: expelled from Africa, 8, 65; his campaigns in Spain, 66 Balfour Act (1891), 12, 242 note Baligny, Marquis de (ca. 1595): gov- ernor of Cambray, 13, 162 Baliol, John (1249-1315), King of Scotland: made king, 9, 87; homage to Edward I, 11, 147; renounces his homage, 148 Balkan, The, southeastern peninsula of Europe, 14, 62 Ball, John (d. 1381), an English priest: imprisoned, II, 174 Ballard (d. 1586), an English priest: plots against Elizabeth, II, 294 Balleny (ca. 1838), an English ex- plorer: explorations of, 16, 334 Balliol, Edward (d. 1363) : claims Scottish throne, II, 157, 12, 285 Balliol, John de: see Baliol, John Ballivian, Adolfo (1831-1874): presi- dent of Bolivia, ai, 191 Ballivian, Jose (1804-1852), president of Bolivia 1841-1847: made vice- president of Bolivia, ai, 187 Balloch, Donald (ca. 1430), Lord of the Isles, a leader of a Scottish clan: defeats Scots, ia, 292 Ballot Act, in English history an act which made it impossible to know how any man's vote was given: passed (1872), II, 627 Ball's Bluff, Virginia: battle of (1861), 24. 757 Ballynahinch, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 213 Balmaceda, Jose Manuel (1838-1891). a Chilean statesman: president of Chile, 21, 238, 24, 978; death of, SI, 239 Balogh, Janos (19th century), Hun- garian statesman: in the diet of 183 1, 17. 339 Balta, Russia: siege of (1768), 14, 3^1 Balta, Jos* (1816-1872), Peruvian sol- dier and statesman: heads conspir- acy, ai, 208; becomes president of Peru, 209; assassinated, 210 64 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Baltadji Mohammed Pasha (d. 1712), Turkish statesman and general, vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 279 Balthasar, Franz Urs (ca. 1750), Swiss patriotic writer: sketch of, 13, 490 Baltic Provinces, The, collective name for three governments of Russia bordering on the Baltic: Russia withdraws from, 15, 17; Swedes driven out of, 42; serfs emancipated in, 264; attempts to Russianize, 342; lost to Germany, 18, 262; taken by Peter the Great, 317 Baltimore, Maryland: British attack, 23, 427; population in time of Jackson, 479; first national conven- tion for nominating president, 498; Democratic convention (1840), 24, 522; Democratic and Whig conven- tions (1844), 536; Democratic con- vention (1848), 555; Democratic convention (1852), 619; Whig con- vention (1852), 620; convention of Constitutional Union Party, 680; Democratic convention (i860), 682; Sixth Massachusetts attacked by mob, 715; bridges destroyed, 716; placed under military government, 716; Lincoln nominated by conven- tion at, 800; Lincoln's body carried through, 827; Democratic conven- tion (1872), 892 "Baltimore," American vessel: in Valparaiso, 21, 240, 24, 978 Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, Lord (1605-1675), English nobleman: first proprietor of Maryland, 23, 69; pro- prietor of Delaware, 108; boundary dispute with Penn, no, 112 Baltimore, George Calvert (1580- 1632), founder of Maryland: sketch of, 23, 68 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: first spike driven, 23, 480 Baluchistan: see Gedrosia Baluchistan, British, Asia: organized 1887, 5, 266 Balza, Colonel (ca. i860), Bolivian general: aids rebellion of Fernan- dez, 21, 189 Bambarras, natives of Africa: sketch of, 19, 148 Bamberg, Bavaria: taken by Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, 18, 285 Bancal-des-Issarts (1750-1826), French magistrate: appointed deputy to the Versailles assembly, 10, 69 Bancroft, George (1800-1891), Amer- ican historian, statesman and diplo- mat: in American literature, 23, 481 Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1832 ), American historian: quoted on origin of American Indians, 23, 3 Band of the Mad Life (1477), Swiss patriotic club: founded, 13, 410 Banda, British India: taken by the English (1810), 20, 143 Banda, Sikh leader (ca. 1750): fate of, 5, 126 Banddin, Count (ca. 1880), German scholar: founds the Society for Ger- man colonization, 19, 129 Bande (1830), French editor: opposes the decrees of July 25, 1830, 9, 390 Baneces: see Paneces Baner, Johan: see Banner, Johan Banffy, Count, of noble Austria-Hun- garian family of late 19th century: made premier of Hungary, 17, 439; resigns, 440 Bankhead, Henry C, American col- onel: in the Mexican War, 22, 321 Bankipur (Banky-bazaar), India: founded, 5, 172; siege of (1733), 174 Banks, Banking: ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: estab- lishment of new national, 21, 257; failure of local, 257 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: establish- ment of National Bank of Austria, 17, 328; failure of joint-stock banks, 413; establishment of National Bank of Hungary, 441 BABYLONIA and ASSYRIA: Egibi banking firm, 1, 72 CHINA: failures of 1887, 6, 255 DENMARK: national, 16, 263 ENGLAND: Bank of England founded, 11, 441; cashing of checks in six-pences, 487; shortage of gold, 546; resumption of payment in gold, 57i FRANCE: Law's plans, 9, 229; Bank of Discount, 10, 27; Necker's policy, 29; Calonne's policy, 31; GENERAL INDEX 65 Caisse Patriotique, io7; issue of paper currency, 165; Bank of France, 448 INDIA: paper currency, 3. 243 ITALY: bank scandals, 4, 401 JAPAN: financial embarrassment, 7, 182; Hypothe Banks, 243 THE NETHERLANDS: Bank of Amsterdam, 13, 195 ' NORWAY: establishment of banks, 16, 262 PERSIA: introduction of bank- notes, 5, 335; establishment of an imperial bank, 364 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Postal Savings, 20, 378 ROME: money lending, 3. 387, 389 SWITZERLAND: Savings Banks, 13. 522 UNITED STATES: Bank of North America, 23. 293; founding of na- tional banks, 352: re-charter of Na- tional Bank (1816), 438; establish- ment of State banks, 23, 439. 24, 1092; Jackson's hostility to a na- tional bank, 500; suspension of specie payments, 23, 512, 24, 1092; proposed reestablishment of na- tional bank, 24, 527; national sys- tem of banking, 820; resumption of specie payments, 899, 923 Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss (1816- 1894), American politician and gen- eral: commands Union forces in the Shenandoah valley, 24, 7591 takes Port Hudson, 778 Banner (Baner, Banier), Johan (The Lion of Sweden) (1596^1641), Swed- ish general: campaigns of, 16, 186, 17. 212, 18, 280, 289 Bannockburn, Scotland: battle of (1314), 11. 153. "2. 59, 280 Banquet of October First, The, 10, 92 Bantam, Java: captured by the Dutch (1682), 5. 167 Ban try Bay Expedition (i79) from France to Ireland, 1 1, 546 Baptista, Mariano (19th century) South American patriot: president of Bolivia, 21, 243 Baptists, a religious sect who insist on total immersion for baptism: perse- cuted in New England, 23, 147; per- secuted in Virginia, 149; divide into Northern and Southern wings, 24, 604 Bar, Confederation of (1768), a union of Polish patriots, formed at Bar (Russia) against the Russian influ- ence, 15. 174. 384 Bar-Cochebas (ca. 100 A. D.), Hebrew leader: heads rebellion of Jews, 4, 92 Baracoa, Cuba: settled, 22, 447 Barante, Aimable Guillaume Prosper Brugiere, Baron de (1782-1866), French statesman and historian: leader of the doctrinaires, 9, 372 Baratieri (late 19th century), Italian commander: his campaigns in Abyssinia, 4, 404. *9. 249 Barba, Pedro (ca. 1500), Spanish of- ficer: ordered to arrest Cortez, 22, n Barbadoes, British West Indies: oc- cupied by the English, 20, 67; growth of, 70; English policy con- cerning, 101; hurricane of 1831, 237 Barbara, wife of Sigismund (ca. 1400) : conspiracy of, 18, 211 Barbaresque Regencies in Turkey: growth of, 14. 252; relation to Tur- key, 365 "Barbarian": as distinct from Hel- lene, 2, 25, 33 Barbarian Invasions: see Invasions, Barbarian Barbarossa, Khair-ed-Din (d. 1546). Bey of Algiers 1518: his conquest of Tunis. 9, 142; account of, 14, 161 Barbaroux, Charles Jean Marie (1767- 1794), a Girondist orator: incites in- surrection in the departments, 9, 284; death of, 10, 279 Barbary States, Africa: Charles V's war with the, 18. 251: troubles with the United States, 23, 321; levy blackmail, 393 Barte-Marbois, Francois, Marquis de (1745-1837), a French statesman: made president of the ancients, 9, 303; made minister of justice, 367; elected president of the elder coun- cil, 10, 386 Barber, General a general in Irish 66 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Rebellion: in Rebellion of 1798, 12, 213 Barbes, Armand (1809-1870), a French revolutionist: leader of the Society of the Seasons, 9, 417; opposes the provisional government, 436; trial of, 438 Barbiano, Alberic di (d. 1409), an Italian general: reforms military organization of Italy, 4, 253; at bat- tle of Brescia (1401), 18, 199 Barbo, Pietro: see Paul II Barbosa, Ruy (ca. 1889), a Brazilian journalist: leads Republican party, 21, 252; member of provisional gov- ernment, 253 Barbour, David Miller (ca. 1890) : finance member of the governor- general's council, 5, 247 Barbour, John (1316-1395), Archdea- con of Aberdeen: quoted on Robert Bruce, 12, 278 Barbuk, Sultan of Egypt 1382: reign of, I, 36 Barcelona, Spain: opened to Syrian vessels, 1, 316; captured by Chris- tians (801 A. D.), 8, 219; sieges of (1691), 384; (1694), 384; (1705), 8, 395, 9, 222, 11, 456; (1714), 8, 402 Barcelona, Treaty of (1493), a treaty between Charles VIII of France and Spain, 9, 129 Barcides (ca. 225 B. C), Spanish kingdom: kingdom of, founded, 3, 112 Barclay, Commodore, an English commodore in War of 1812: com- mands British fleet, 23, 423 Barclay de Tolly, Prince Michael An- dreas (1761-1818), a Russian field marshal: his campaign against France, 15, 219 Bardes of Persia (ca. 525 B. C), brother of Cambyses: slain by Cambyses, 2, 128 Barebone's Parliament (1653), 11, 366 Baredo (d. 1878), South American statesman: president of Paraguay, 21, 260 Barentin, Keeper of Seals of France, 1789: makes speech at the opening of the States-General, 10, 43; op- poses influence of Necker, 50 Barents, William (d. 1597), a Dutch Arctic navigator: explorations of, 5, 154, 16, 302 Bariatinski (ca. 1730), a Russian noble: supports Anne, 15, 106 Barid Shahi Dynasty, India: founded, 5, 106 Baring, Evelyn, Earl Cromer (1841 ), an English financier: sketch of, 5, 260; his work in Egypt, 11, 638 Baring, Thomas George, Baron Northbrook: see Northbrook, Thomas George Baring, Baron Barker, Wharton (1846 ), Ameri- can statesman: nominated for Presi- dent, 24, 1038 Barlaimont (Barlaymont), Charles, Count de (d. 1379), a Dutch states- man: sketch of, 13, 76; takes the new oath of allegiance, 102; opposes Alva's taxation, no; member of governing council of the Nether- lands, 120 Barlow, Arthur (1550-1620), an Eng- lish navigator: explores Virginia, 23, 53 Barlow, Sir George Hilaro (1762- 1847) : his governor-generalship of India, 5, 204 Barnave, Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie (1761-1793), a French revo- lutionist: death of, 9, 287; leader of national party, 10, 81; opposes the granting of the veto power to the king, 119; directs the Jacobin Club, 128; escorts Louis XVI back to Paris, 138; his speech in the as- sembly on the question of the king's trial, 140 Barnburners, the radical Democrats in 1848: sketch of, 24, 555; hold con- vention at Utica, 559; Barnet (Chipping Barnet), England: battle of (147O, 217 Barneveldt, John of Olden (iS47- 1619), a Dutch statesman: opposes Leicester, 13, 151, 152; his antipathy toward Maurice of Saxony, 176; his mission to England, 178; favors peace with Spain, 185; joins the Arminians, 194; arrest and death of, 199 GENERAL INDEX 67 Barnwell, John (ca. 1671-1724), an American colonial soldier: in war with Tuscaroras, 23, 75 Barons, Revolts of the, in Knylish his- tory: (1075), 11, 78; (1087), 8a; (1172-1174), 108; (1215), 126 Barradas, Isidro (1 775-1841), a Span- ish general: commands expedition against Mexico, 22, 270 Barragan, Miguel (1789-1836), a Mex- ican general: receives surrender of Spanish, 22, 270; made vice-presi- dent, 272 Barras, Paul Jean Francois Nicolas, Count of (1755-1829), a French rev- olutionist: made commander-in- chief of convention forces, 9, 295; appointed member of the directory, 296; appointed commander of the armed force under the directory, 10. 357; chosen a member of the directory, 361; harangues Bona- parte on his return to Paris, 397; his dissolute course of life, 401 ; his change of party, 406; treats with the pretender, 406; resigns, 412 Barraza, Juan (ca. 1645), a Mexican soldier: his campaigns in Indian re- bellions, 22, 168, 169 Barraza, Nicholas (ca. 1675), a Mexi- can commander: crushes the Indian rebellions, 22, 174 Barri, Isaac (1726-1802), British of- ficer and politician: at siege of Que- bec, 23, 194 Barrere de Vieuzac, Bertrand (1755- 1841), French Jacobin demagogue: made member of the committee of safety, 9, 285; elected member of the States-General, 10, 39; proposes liberal measures in the convention, 273; character and principles of, 300; arrest and trial of, 333 Barreto, Francisco (d. 1574), Portu- guese soldier: viceroyal of the Indies, 8, 437; explorations of, 19, 23 Barricades, Battle of the (Paris): (1588), 9. 163 Barricades, King of the: see Louis Philippe, King of France Barrier, Treaty of the (1715), con- cluded between the states of Hol- land and Charles VI of Germany: 13. 252 Barrington, Sir Jonah (1760-1834), an Irish judge: opposes Union, 12, 215 Barrington, Samuel (1729-1800), Eng- lish admiral: captures the Island of Guadaloupe, 20. 118 Barrios, Justo Rufino (1834-1886), statesman of Guatemala: career of, 22, 438 Barroccio (ca. 1550), celebrated Ital- ian engineer: his services to the Spanish in the Netherlands, 13. 147 Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odillon (1791-1873), French advocate and statesman: opposes abolition of capital punishment, 9, 396; leads op- position to Guizot's ministry, 424; opposes Guizot's foreign policy, 430; placed at the head of first re- publican cabinet, 438 Barrow, Henry (d. 1593), English re- ligious reformer: hanged, II, 301 Barrow, Sir John (1764-1848), Eng- lish writer and traveller: influences Parliament to offer a reward for polar discoveries, 16, 306 Barry, Jeanne Becu, Counjtess of ( 1 746-1 793), French court lady: her relations with Louis XV, 9, 248 Bart (Barth or Baert), Jean du (1651- 1702), French naval hero: destroys English commerce, 9, 219; sketch of, 13, 245; defeat of, 18, 307 Bartenstein, Treaty of, concluded be- tween England, Austria, Russia and Sweden against Napoleon (1807), 16, 251 Barth, Heinrich (1821-1865), German traveller: explorations of, 19, 50, 147 Barthe, Felix (1795-1863). French jurist and statesman: made minis- ter of justice, 9, 399; in Soult's min- istry, 402; given portfolio of justice in Mole's cabinet, 412 Barthelemy, Francois. Marquis de (1747-1830), French diplomat and politician: banished and proscribed, 9. 305; replaces Le Tourneur in the directory, 10, 386 Barthelsen, Ivar (ca. 1550). Scandina- vian pastor: persecution of, 16. iff 68 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Barton, Andrew (d. 151 1), Scottish naval commander: sketch of, 12, 299 Barwalde, Treaty of, concluded be- tween France and Gustavus Adol- phus of Sweden (1631), 16, 181 Bascany (ca. 1800), Austria-Hun- garian Liberalist: imprisonment of, 17, 332 Basel (Bale), Switzerland: battle of (57 B. C), 18, 11; a member of the Union of Rhenish Cities, 18, 175; insurrection in (1798), 13, 509; missionary society of, 19, 92; Uni- versity of, 13, 428 Basel, Council of, great reforming council to unite the Greek and Latin churches (1431-1449), 17, 136, 18, 210 Basel, Treaties of: (1) concluded be- tween Germany and Switzerland, (1499), 13, 419. 17, 173, 18, 227; (2) concluded between France and Prussia and Spain (1795), 8, 482, 9, 293, 10, 347, 18, 357 Baselland (ca. 1850), Swiss patriot: assumes the leadership of the Dem- ocrats, 13, 565 Bashi-bazouks, Turkish volunteers and auxiliaries serving without pay or uniform: description of, 15, 333 note Bashpa's Alphabet (ca. 1350), Mon- golian alphabet, 6, 25 Basle: see Basel Bassano, Italy: battle of (1796), 9, 300 Bassano, Hugues Bernard Maret, Duke of (1763-1839), French statesman and diplomat: his min- istry, 9, 407; negotiates with Aus- tria, 17, 307; issues proclamation to Hungary, 335 Bassein, British Burma: sacked by the Marathas (1739), 5, 152 Bassein, Treaty of, concluded be- tween the Maratha states of India and England (1802), 5, 136, 200 Bassianus: see Elagabalus Bassora, Arabia: founded, 1, 201, 5, 322; battle of, x, 246 Bassus, Lucilius (1st century A. D.), Roman general: his campaign against the Jews, 1, 412 Basta, George (1550-1607), German general: governs Transylvania, 17, 223 Bastidas, Rodrigo de (16th century), Spanish explorer: discoveries of, 21, 16 Bastile, state prison in Paris: siege of (1789), 9, 264, 10, 63 Bastwick, John (1593-1654), English physician and theologian: tried be- fore the Star Chamber, 11, 333 Basutoland, South Africa: annexed by Great Britain, 19, 51, 81, 216; sketch of, 20, 259 Batabano, Cuba: founded, 22, 447 Batavi, Germanic tribe: location of, 18, 6; join Gauls in revolt against Rome, 23; subdued by Cerealis, 24; relation of, to the Franks, 28 Batavia, Java: founded, 20, 57; mas- sacre of the Chinese (1740), 113; taken by the English (181 1), 144, 288 Batavian Republic, formed by France out of the Netherlands, 10, 347, 13, 266, 18, 357 Bates Case (English History), ton- nage and poundage upheld by courts (1608), 11, 309 Bates, Edward (1793-1869), American statesman and jurist: candidate for Presidential nomination (i860), 24, 680; Attorney-General, 708 Batetela Mutiny, The (1897), in Africa, 19, 254 Bath, William Pulteney, Earl of: see Pulteney, William, Earl of Bath Bathory, Stephen (1522-1586), King of Poland 1575-1586: relations with Russians, 15, 17; organizes Cossack regiments, 25; reign of, 382; acces- sions of, 17, 220; his reign in Tran- sylvania, 223 Bathsheba, wife of David: wins crown for Solomon, 1, 386 Batis (ca. 330 B. C), Persian gover- nor: slain by Alexander, 2, 495 Batiuchkov, Constantine Nikolaivitch (1787-1855), a Russian poet and critic: sketch of, 15, 269 <;i:\ krai. i n or. x 69 Batlle, Lorenxo (1812 ), president of Uruguay 1868-1872: his adminis- tration as president of Uruguay, 21, 146 Batlle y Ordonez, Juan, president of Uruguay 1903 : elected presi- dent of Uruguay, ai, 259 Baton Rouge, Louisiana: confederates sieze arsenal, 24, 691 Batory (ca. 1475), a Bohemian lieu- tenant: his campaign against the Turks, 17, 163 Batory, Andrew (ca. 1597), a cardinal in Transylvania: advises against the ceding of Transylvania to Aus- tria, 17, 223 Batory, Gabriel, Prince of Transyl- vania 1608: elected, 17, 224 Batory, Sigismund (ca. 1575), Prince of Transylvania: career of, 17, 223 Batory, Stephen: see Bathory Batootah (ca. 1330), Arabian traveler: at the court of Mohammed Tug- lak, 5, 141 Battalion of Patriots in French his- tory: enrollment of the, 10, 357 Batthyany, Count Louis (1809-1849), a Hungarian statesman: chancellor of Hungary, 17, 254; forms Hun- garian ministry, 368; resigns his government office, 370; made min- ister of foreign affairs in Hungary, 372; death of, 373 Battin, Turkey: Turkish defeat at (1810), 14, 406 Battle of the British Soldiers, The: see Inkerman, Battle of (1854) Battle of the Fifth of November, The: see Inkerman, Battle of (1854) Battle of the Giants, The: see Mar- ignano. Battle of (1515) Battle of the Kings and Nations, The: see Leipsic, Battle of (181 3) Battle of Nations, The: sec Leipsic, Battle of (1813) Battle of the Peoples, The: see Leip- sic, Battle of (1813) Battle of the Spurs, The: sec Court- rai: Battle of (130a); also see Guine- gate: Battle of (1513) Battle of Three Emperors, The: see Austerlitz: Battle of (1805) Battle Which Lasted a Week, The: see Tours: Battle of (732 A. D.) Battles and Sieges: B. C. ca. 1575. Avarias and Sherohan, 1, 21 ca. 1550. Megiddo, 1, 23 ca. 1300. Shcchem, 1, 380 ca. 1259. Askalon, 1, 29 1250. Gibeon, 1, 377 ca. 950. Jerusalem, 1, 30 854. Karkar (Aroer), 1, 80, 84, 123, 300 842. Shenir, 1, 81 842. Damascus, I, 81, 392 840. Cadiz, 8, 13 805. Damascus, 1, 393 ca. 800. Dur-Papsukul, 1, 81 740. Arpad, I, 393 734. Damascus, I, 83 729. Durilu, 1, 84 724-722. Samaria, 1, 394 701. Tyre, I, 124 ca. 701. Raphia, 1, 84. ca. 701. Jerusalem, 1, 397 691. Khalub, 1, 88 670. Tyre, 1, 90 645. Eira, a, 75 639. Sippara, 1, 401 608-606 Nineveh, I, 399 608. Megiddo, 1, 399 606. Carchemish (Jcrablus), I, 32, 92, 399 598-585. Tyre, I, 125 598. Jerusalem, 1, 399 587-586. Jerusalem, I, 92, 400 570. Momemphis, I, 32 547. Halys, I, 146 546. Sardis, I, 145 540. Cumae, a, 218, 219 538. Babylon, a, 126 506. Aricia, 3, 56 506. Cumae (Kyme), 3, 57 499. Lake Regillus, 3, 62 499. Clazomenae, a, 135 406. Lade, a, 137 490. Marathon, I, 166 485- Camarina, a, 217 480. Thermopylae Pass, a, 190 480. Salamis, a, 202 480. Artemisium, a, 189 479. Thebes, a, 211 70 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 390. 479- Plataea, 1, 166, 2, 209 376. 479- Mycale, 2, 212 376. 478. Byzantium, 3, 222 376. 474- Cumae, 2, 219 371- 468. Tegia, 3, 237 369. 467. Eurymedon, 2, 234 367- 463. Papremis, 1, 32 367. 457- Tanagra, 2, 244 365- 457- Naupactus, 2, 246 362. 454- Oenophyta, 2, 245 358. 447- Caroneia, 2, 248 358. 445- Byzantium, 2, 260, 26: 358. ca. 445. Samos, 2, 260 357- 439- Eretria, 2, 361 345- 433- Sybata, 2, 268 343- 429. Plataea, 2, 288 341. 429. Phormio, 2, 290 341- 429. Naupactus, 2, 290 340. 428. Mitylene, 2, 291 340. 427-425. Plataea, 2, 297 339- 425. Pylos, 2, 302 338. 425. Sphacteria, 2, 303 338. 424. Delium, 2, 311 334- 424. Capua, 3, 65 2, 422. Amphipolis, 2, 317 333- 418. Mantinea, 2, 326 332. 415. Cumae, 2, 414 332- 414. Syracuse, 2, 337 331. 411. Samos, 2, 357 331. 410. Cyzicus, 2, 365 331. 410. Catana, 2, 408 330. 409. Ephesus, 2, 367 327. 409. Chalcedon, 2, 367 327. 409. Acragas, 2, 410 327- 408. Byzantium, 2, 367 326. 408. Natium, 2, 369 321. 408. Himera, 2, 409 319. 406. Mitylene, 2, 371 311. 406. Arginusae, 2, 372 310. 405. Athens, 2, 376 305. 405. Aegospotami, 2, 375 299. 404. Catana, 2, 413 295- 404. Athens, 2, 377 285. 404. Aegospotami, 2, 377 283. 401. Cunaxa, 1, 167, 2, 389 282. 399- Cyme, 2, 391 280. 397- Corinth, 2, 446 280. 395- Haliartus, 2, 398 280. 394- Cnidus, 2, 401 279. 394- Coroneia, 2, 400 275. 392. Cadmeia, 2, 422 275- 391- Clusium, 3, 59 265. Allia, 3, 59 Thespiae, 2, 430 Naxos, 2, 430 Corcyra, 2, 430 Leuctra, 2, 436 Epidaurus, 2, 443 Lilybaeum, 2, 415 Alba, 3, 59 357. Chios, 2, 454 Mantinea, 2, 449 Pyrgi, 3, 57 Pydna, 2, 459 Potidaea, 2, 459 Chios, 2, 454 Sora, 3, 65 Pelusium (Furmah), 1, 33 Perinthus, 2, 473 340. Byzantium, 2, 473 Trifanum, 3, 67 Perinthus, 2, 473 Crimesus, 2, 417 Thebes, 2, 478 Chaeroneia, 2, 477 Graneikos (Granicus), 1, 168, 488 ISSOS (ISSUS), I, l68, 2, 492 Tyre, 1, 125, 168, 2, 494 331. Gaza, 2, 495 Gaugamela, 1, 169 Arbela, 1, 169, 2, 496 Babylon, 2, 497 Persepolis, 2, 498 Sangala, 5, 68 Palaepolis, 3, 69 Jehlam, 5, 67 Multan, 5, 69 Caudine Pass, 3, 69 Luceria, 3, 70 Nuceria, 3, 82 Vadimonian Lake, 3, 71 Bovianum, 3, 71 Sentinum, 3, 72 Sentinum, 3, 72 Arretium, 3, 75 Lake Vadimo, 3, 75 Populonia, 3, 75 Thurii, 3, 74 Heraclea, 1, 352 Siris, 3, 77 Ausculum, 3, 78 Messana, 3, 99 Beneventum, 2, 516, 3, 80 Messano, 3, 100 GENERAL INDEX 71 Battles, cont 260. Mylae, 3, 101 256. Ecnomus, 3, 101 252. Lilybaeum, 3, 103 252, Drcpana, 3, 103 252. Panormus, 3, 103 249. Lilybaeum, 3, 103 241. Acgusa, 3, 105 236. Ariminum, 3, 109 235. Saguntum, 8, 15 225. Tclamon, 3, 109 224. Telamon, 3, 109 222. Milan, 3, 109 219. Saguntum, 3, 114 218. Vercellac, 3, 116 218. Trebia, 3, 117 217. Raphia, 1, 404 217. Lake Trasimcne, 3, 118 216. Cannae, 3, 120 215. Nola, 3, 123 212. Syracuse, 3, 124 208. Nola, 3, 128 208. Baecula, 3, 127 208. Metaurus, 3, 128 208. Grumentum, 3, 128 207. Metaurus, 3, 128 206. Carthagena, 8, 18 ca. 205. Raphia, I, 34 204. Great Plains, 3, 130 203. Milan, 3, 130 202. Zama, 3, 130 200. Cremona, 3, 133 198. Paneas, 1, 404 197- Cynoscephalae, 2, 518, 3, 141 192. Thermopylae, 3, 144 192. Thapsus, 3, 144 190. Magnesia, 3, 144 171. Larissa, 3, 149 168. Scodra, 3, 150 168. Pydna, a, 519, 3, 150 166. Bethhoron, 1, 406 162. Jerusalem, 1, 406 149. Carthage, 3, 164 147. Corinth, 2, 520 146. Leucopetra, 3, 166 144-133- Numantia, 8, 19 134-132. Tauromenium, 3, 173 134. Agrigentum, 3, 173 113. Aquileia, 3, 193 113. Norcia, 17. 11, 18, 4 112. Cirta, 3, 188 109. Suthul, 3, 189 107. Aginnum, 13, 329 105. Arausio, 3, 193 102-10!. Vercellae, 3, 195 102. Aix (Aquae Sextiae), 3, 194. 17, 11, 18, 4 101. Vercellae (Vercelli), 3. 195. 17, 11, 18, s 87. Rome, 3, 222 87. Athens, 3, 217 86. Orchomcnus, 3, 218 86. Chacronca, 3, 218 86. Athens, a, 522 85. Orchomenus, 3, 218 83. Sacriportus, 3, 227 83. Capua, 3, 226 82. Sacriportus, 3, 227 82. Praeneste, 3, 227 79. Isaura, 3, 260 77. Xucar, 8, 21 72. Mount Garganus, 3, 262 71. Cydonia, 3, 260 68. Cydonia, 3, 260 61. Lerida, 8, 22 58. Bibracte, 13, 329 57. Basel (Bale), 18, 11 57. Aisne, 9, 8 54. Seleucia, 3. 322 54. Ichnae, 3, 323 53. Carrhae, 3. 324 52. Alesia, 3, 306, 9, 11 52. Gergovia (Clermont), 9, 10 51-46. Uxellodunum, 3, 308 49- Utica, 3, 342 49. Sardinia, 3, 342 48. Pharsalus, 3, 348, 350 48. Gomphi, 3, 348 48. Ziela, 3, 354 48. Nicopolis, 3, 354 46. Thapsus, 3, 358 44. Mutina, 4, 13 42. Philippi, 1, 408, 4, 18 37. Naulochus, 4, 21 31. Actium, 1, 35, a, 255, 4, 25 A. D. 9. Winficld, 18, 19 65. Bethhoron, I, 410 67. Gaumala, 1, 411 67. Tarichaca, I, 411 67. Tiberias, l, 411 67. Jotapata, I, 411 69-70. Jerusalem, 4, 79 69. Redriacum. 4, 71, 72 69. Bozerg, 13. 33 1 70. Jerusalem, I, 411, 4, 79 72 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 73. Masada, I, 412 78. Adrianople, 2. 529, 545 101. Sarmizegethusa, 17, 13 101. Temisvar, 17, 13 161. Elegia, 4, 96 180. Aquileia, 18, 26 197. Lugdunum, 4, 101 218. Hovmuz, 5, 315 238. Aquileia, 4, 108 249. Verona, 4, 109 260. Odessa, 4, no 269. Naissus, 4, no 305. Noviomagus, 4, 117 312. Milvian Bridge, 4, 118 312. Turin, 4, 118 312. Verona, 4, 118 319. Mardia, 4, 119 323. Adrianople, 4, 119 323. Byzantium, 4, 120 340. Aquileia, 4, 123 353. Mursa, 4, 124 359. Strasburg (Strassburg), 9, 14 363. Samrah, 5, 318 378. Adrianople, 4, 133, 18, 34 389. Siscia, 4, 135 394. Aquileia, 18, 35 403. Pollentia, 4, 138, 18, 35 403. Verona, 4, 138 406. Fiesole (Faesulae), 4, 138, 18, 38 408. Rome, 4, 140, 18, 36 438. Xenil, 8, 37 ca. 450. Tara, 12, 38 451. Chalons-sur-Marne, 2, 530, 4, 148, 8, 38, 14, 4 451. Mery-sur-Seine, 9, 17 451. Orleans, 18, 41 452. Aquileia, 18, 42 486. Soissons, 18, 46 489. Verona, 4, 156 ca. 490. Mount Badon, 11, 18 493-495- Ravenna, 3, 532, 4, 156 496. Tolbiac, 9, 19 506. Aries, 9, 20 506. Carcassonne, 8, 39, 9, 20 507. Poitiers, 8, 39, 9, 20 507. Vougle, 9, 20 529. Daras, 2, 532 532. Autun, 13, 337 534. Pappua, 18, 49 543- Antioch, 5, 319 568-572. Pavia, 18, 51 571. Bedford, II, 24 572. Daras, 5, 319 584. Faddiley, II, 25 ca. 585. Wanborough, 11, 25 ca. 600. Etampes, 9, 30 ca. 600. Sens, 9, 30 612. Tolbiac, 9, 31 613. Chester, II, 31 615. Damascus, 5, 320 615. Jerusalem, 5, 320 619. Alexandria, 1, 35 625. Mount Ohua, I, 227 627. Nineveh, 5, 321 628. Khaibar, 1, 229 629. Muta, 1, 234 630. Honain, 1, 232 630. Tayef, 1, 232 630. Wogastiburg, 17, 20 ca. 632. Abyla, 1, 277 633. Bosra, 1, 268 633. Damascus, 1, 269 633. Heathfield, 11, 34 636. Cadesia (Kadesia), I, 260, 5, 322 636. Yermuk, 1, 281 637. Ctesiphon, 1, 261 637. Jerusalem, 1, 282 639. Pelusium (Furmah), 1, 35, 291 641. Alexandria, 1, 35 641. Nehavend, I, 263, 5, 323 642. Maserfield, 11, 35 655. Winaed, II, 35 ca. 656. Siffin, 1, 246 ca. 658. Bassora, 1, 246 668-673. Constantinople, 1, 327 687. Testry (Testri), 9, 35, 18, 69 699. Utica, 1, 307 702. Kish, 1, 87 711. Cordova, 1, 314, 8, 50 713. Carmona, 8, 51 713. Merida, 8, 51 713. Seville, 8, 51 713. Toledo, 8, 51 714. Cologne, 18, 71 717. Vine, 9, 36 718. Constantinople, 1, 330, 2, 533 720. Soissons, 9, 36 721. Toulouse, 1, 335 726. Xeres, 1, 312 ca. 731. Aries, 1, 335 732. Tours (Poitiers), 1, 338, 8, 65, 9, 37, 14, 4, 18, 73 736. Cordova, 8, 65 GENERAL INDEX 73 Battles, cont 736. Calatrava, 8, 66 736. Merida, 8, 66 736. Toledo, 8, 66 750. Bravalla, 16, 18 ca. 750. Kerbela, I, 249 754- Pa via, 18, 77, 79 755. Almunecar, 8, 68 755. Cordova, 8, 68 756. Mortara, 4, 174 756. Sacra di San Michele, 4, 174 758. Lorca, 8, 69 777. Pampeluna, 8, 70 777. Sargossa, 8, 70 778. Roncesvalles, 18, 81 783. Detmold, 18, 82 783. Paderbom, 18, 82 793. Obrin, 9. 43 801. Barcelona, 8, 219 804. Tortosa, 8, 220 838. Amorium, I, 358 841. Fontenoy, 18, 92 843. Auxerre, 9, 50 843. Fontenay, 9, 50 851. Aclea (Ockley), 11, 42 851. Canterbury, 11, 42 854-859. Toledo, 8, 74 862. Constantinople, 14, 5 872. Hafurstfjord, 16, 41 876. Andernach, 18, 96 885-886. Paris, 16, 23, 18, 97 891. Louvaine, 16, 23, 18, 98 901. Zamora, 8, 134 907. Pamplona, 8, 197 907. Presburg, 17, 43 910. Augsburg, 17, 43 ca. 912. Wels, 17, 43 913. The Inn, 18, 104 917. Alhange, 8, 135 918. San Pedro de Gormaz, 8, 135 918. Talavera, 8, 135 921. Val de Junquera, 8, 135, 198 927. Brunanburh, 11, 46 930. "Mecca, 1, 362 933. Merseburg, 9, 55 937. Brunanburh, 12, 255 939. Andernach, 18, no 939. Breisach (Brisach or Alt- Breisach), 18, 110 939. Simancas, 8, 136 955- Augsburg, 17, 44, 188, 18, 112 955- Sechfeld (Lech), 17, 88, 18, 112 962. Candia, I, 367 962. Rome, 18, 114 963. Mopsuestia and Tarsus, I, 368, 369 964. Antioch and Aleppo, I, 369 965. Mopsuestia, 1, 368 975. Sulcoit, 12, 40 978. Paris, 18, 116 979. Tara, 12, 41 982. Monterrosa, 8, 137 983. Tyrisval, 16, 58 985. Verdun, 9, 59 1000. Svold, 16, 56 1000. Veszprim, 17, 47 1006. Pavia, 18, 121 1008. Peshawar, 5, 92 1013. Stongarde, 13, 23 1014. Almunecar, 8, 80 1014. Clontarf, 12, 42 1015. Seville, 8, 80 1018. Carham, 12, 256 1027. Viseu, 8, 139, 272 1035. Tafalla, 8, 231 1037. The Carrion, 8, 140 1047. Val-es-dunes, II, 62 1052. Carmona, 8, 86 1054. Atapuerca, 8, 200 1054. Burgos, 8, 141 1055. Cea, 8, 141 1057. Lamego, 8, 142 1057. Viseu, 8, 142, 272 1058. Coimbra, 8, 142 1060. Cordova, 8, 86 1064. Nissa River, 16, 67 1066. Stamford Bridge, 11, 66 1066. Hastings (Senlac), 9, 68, II, 66 1068. Pisuerga, 8, 142 1070. Manzikert, 5, 330 1072. Santarem, 8, 143 1075. Unstrut, 17, 00 1083. Toledo, 8, 143 1084. Rome, 18, 136 1086. Zalaca, 8, 88 1088. Rochester, II, 82 1089. Cordova, 8, 225 1089. Monzon, 8, 232 1091. Urgel, 8, 384 1093. Alne, 12, 258 1096. Alcoraz, 8, 232 1009. Jerusalem, 18, 138 1 102. Bridgenorth. 11, 89 1 106. Tinchebrai, 11, 89 74 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 1106. Ucles, 8, 91 IIII. Sepulveda, 8, 144 1 1 18. Sargossa, 8, 92, 233 1119. Brenneville, 9, 72 1 120. Daroca, 8, 233 1130. Bordeaux, 8, 234 1133. Mequinencia, 8, 234 1134. Fodervig, 16, 76 1 134. Fraza, 8, 234 1138. Northallerton, 12, 26 1 138. Ourique, 8, 96, 274 1138. The Standard, II, 93, 12, 264 1140. Weinsberg, 17, 91, 18, 144 1141. Lincoln, II, 95 1141. Zara, 17, 54 1 142. Tremecen, 8, 96 1145. Oran, 8, 96 1145. Cordova, 8, 97 1145. Morocco, 8, 97 1 146. Almeria, 8, 236 1146. Baeza, 8, 97, 236 1 147. Lisbon, 8, 471 1 147. Tortosa, 8, 236 1155. Tortona, 18, 148 1157. Viborg, 16, 80 1158. Alcagar do Sal, 8, 275 1158. Crema, 4, 193 1158. Milan, 18, 150 1160. Crema, 18, 150 1162. Milan, 4, 193, 18, 151 1 162. Rome, 4, 194 1166. Ancona, 18, 152 1 169. Wexford, 12, 49 1170. Waterford, 12, 50 1 174. Alnwick, ix, 108 1 176. Alrantes, 8, 98 1 176. Caenza, 8, 98 1 176. Legnano, 4, 195, 18, 152 1 176. Toledo, 8, 98 1 183. Dannoura, 7, 62 1 183. Seta, 7, 62 1 184. Santarem, 8, 98 1 186. Ichinatani, 7, 62 1 186. Sanuki, 7, 62 1187. Jerusalem, 18, 155 1187. Tiberias, 9, 75 1 187. Tyre, 11, no 1 190. Grivdelwald, 13, 349 1191. Acre, 17, 92 1191. Naples, 18, 156 1191. Thaneswar, 5, 94 1 192. Acre, 11, 113 1 194. Delhi, 5, 95 1 194. St. Jean d'Acre, 9, 75 1 195. Alarcon, 8, 99, 147, 204, 237 1206. Montalvan, 8, 237 121 1. Salvatierre, 8, 100 1212. Calatrava, 8, 100 1212. Malagon, 8, 100 1212. Tolosa, 8, 101, 148, 204, 238 1213. Moscow, 6, 18 1213. Murat (Muret), 8, 238, 9, 78 1214. Bouvines, 9, 77, 11, 126, 13, 29 1216. Dover, 11, 130 1216. Toulouse, 9, 78 1217. Alcagar do Sal, 8, 278 1219. Damietta, 1, 36 1219. Wolmar, 16, 86 1225. Sidonia, 8, 102 1227. Bornhoved, 16, 89 1228-1230. Jaen, 8, 150 1228. Palmera, 8, 240 1233. Buriana, 8, 241 1234. Moncada, 8, 241 1235. Iviqa, 8, 241 1237. Carte Nuova (Cortenuovo), 4, 204, 18, 164 1238. Brescia, 4, 204 1238. Gaza, 8, 205 1238. Valencia, 8, 242 1240. Faenza, 13, 358 1240. Neva, 15, 10 1241. Grobnik, 17, 58 1241. Liegnitz, 15, 376 1242. Bridge of Taillebourg, 9, 81 1242. Saintes, 9, 81 1245. Jaen, 8, 105 1246. Carmona, 8, 106 1246. Leitha, 17, 59, 94 1247. Seville, 8, 106 1249. Damietta, 9, 81 1249. Mansurah (Mansourah), 1, 36, 9, 81 1253. Morava, 17, 73 1256. Bagdad, 5, 334 1256. Cressennbriinn, 17, 73 1260. Downpatrick, 12, 58 1261. Callan, 12, 58 1264. Lewes, 11, 140 1265. Evesham, 11, 141 1266. Benevento, 18, 169 1266. Grandella, 9, 84 1268. Arbia River, 4, 215 1268. Tagliacozzo, 4, 215, 18, 170 1273. Antequera, 8, no 1274. Hakozaki, 7, 74 GENERAL INDEX 75 Battle*, cont. 1376. Vienna, 14, 6, 18, 180 1378. Marchegg (March), 17, 76, 18, 181 1281. Dazaifu, 7, 75 1383. Gcrona, 8, 246 1383. Rosas (Rhodia), 8, 246 1384. Mcloria, 4, 336 1388. Berne, 13, 361 1389. Schoosshalde, 13, 361 1396. Deogiri, 5, 99 1396. Dunbar, II, 148 1397. Stirling, II, 150, 13, 275 1398. Dornbuhl, 13, 363 1398. Falkirk, 11, 150, la, 276 1298. Syracuse, 8, 248 1300. Pintimbur, 5, 99 1301. Kayounhissar (Baphoeum), 14. 17 1302. Courtray (Courtrai), 9, 87, I3,3i 1303- Chitor, 5. 99 1303. Zeriksee, 9, 87 1304. Mons-en-Puclle, 9, 187 1306. Deogiri, 5, 100 1307. Horazdovce, 17, 113 1307. Keutenberg, 17, 113 1314. Bannockburn, II, 153, ia, 59, 280 1314. Stirling, ia, 279 1315. Morgarten, 18, 187 1316. Athenry, ia, 60 1318. Faughart, ia, 61 1319. Chapter of Mitton, ia, 282 1319. Granada, 8, 159 1322. Boroughbridge, II, 154 1322. Miihldorf, 17, 191, 18, 187 1326. Cagliari, 8, 249 1328. Casscl, 9, 93. 11, 158, 13, 32 1329. Gibraltar, 8, 112 1331. Koya, 7. 85 1331. Mount Kasagi, 7, 84 U3I- Yoshino, 7, 85 1333- Berwick, II, 157, ia, 285 1333- Halidon Hill, ia. 285 1333- Mount Kongo, 7, 86 1335- Mikawa. 7. 88 U35- Surtiga. 7. 88 1335- Tadaranohama, 7, 88 1336. Buonas, 13. 373 1339- Laupen, 13, 374 1339- Shijonawatc, 7, 91 1340. Ecluse, 9, 93 1340. Salado, 8, 286 340. Slys (Slui*). 11, 160, 13. 33 340. Tarifa, 8, 113 342-1343 Algeziras, 8, 115, 209 346. Calais, 9, 95 346. Cressy (Crcc,y). 9. 94. ", 161, 7. 115 346. KeviU's Cross, II, 161 347. Xativa, 8, 353 348. Calais, II, 162, 13, 34 351. Zurich, 13, 376 351. Tatwil. 13, 376 352. Rautifeld, 13, 376 352. Zurich, 13, 377 354. Zurich, 13, 378 356. Gallipoli, 14, 27 356. Poictiers (Poitiers), 9, 98, II, 164 361. Adrianople, 14, 39 363. Liitzen, 17, 3ii 363. Maritza, 14, 30 364. Cochcrel, 9, 103 364. Evreux, 9, 103 365. Aurai, 9, 103 365. Enkohing, 16, 108 366. Gallipoli, 4, 276 366. Iron Gates, 17, 152 367. Logrofio, 8, 167 367. Navarette, 9, 104 369. Montiel, 9, 104 375. Fraubrunnen, 13. 379 378-1379- Venice, 4, 240 381. Cape St. Vincent, 8, 173 382. Roscbek (Rosebeke), 9, 107, "3. 35 385. Aljubarota, 8, 174. 299 386. Sempach, 13, 381, 17, 106, 18, 197 387. Iconium, 14, 31 388. Doffingen, 13, 384. 18, 197 388. Nafcls, 13. 382, 18, 197 388. Yisp, 13. 393 388. Worms, 18, 197 389. Kosovo, 14, 39, 34 389. Leahy, 16, 131 389. Wilna, 18, 199 396. Nicopolis, 9. 109, 13. 37. M. 37. 17. 155 396. Orsovo, 14, 40 397- Kells. ia. 68 308. Delhi, 3. 104 400. Baden. 13. 397 400. North Inch of Perth, ia, 387 401. Brescia. 18, 199 402. Angora, 14, 37, 48 76 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 1402. Homildon, II, 193 1403. Vogelinseck, 13, 390 1405. Carmarthen, II, 194 1405. Stoss, 13, 390 1407. Bramham Moor, II, 194 1410. Tannenberg, 15, 378, 18, 199 141 1. Harlaw, 12, 289 1415. Agincourt (Azincourt), 9, ill, 11, 198 1415. Ceuta, 8, 301, 19, 15 1415. Harfleur, 9, 111, 11, 197 1417. Caen, 11, 199 1419. Tsushima, 7, 103 1419. Rouen, 11, 199 1419. Ulrich, 13, 393 1420. Prague, 17, 129 1420. Raby, 18, 208 1421. Immeroad, 16, 126 1421. Saatz, 17, 131 142 1. Meaux, 11, 200 1422. Arbedo, 13, 395 1422. Constantinople, 14, 58 1422. Sazava, 17, 132 1423. Crevant-sur-Yonne, 9, 114 1424. Verneiul, 9, 114, 11, 202, 13, 289 1426. Aussig, 17, 134 1428-1429. Orleans, 9, 114, 11, 203 1429. Herrings, 9, 114 1429. Patay, 9, 116, 11, 204 1431. Thauss, 18, 210 1434. Lipany, 17, 138 1434. Pilsen, 17, 137 1435. Gaeta, 8, 265 1437. Tangier, 8, 306 1439. Etzel, 13, 399 1440. Etzel, 13, 399 1442. Hermanstadt, 14, 61, 17, 157 1442. Iron Gates, 17, 157 1442. Vasog, 14, 61 1443. Freienbach, 13, 400 1443. Hirzel, 13, 400 1443. St. Jakob, 13, 400 1444. Brugg, 13, 401 1444. Farnsburg, 13, 401 1444. Greifensee, 13, 401 1444. St. Jacques (St. Jacob), 9, 118, 18, 213 1444. Varna, 14, 65, 17, 158 1444. Zurich, 13, 401 1445. Birs, 13, 402 1445. Muttenz, 13, 402 1445. Olmedo, 8, 178 1445. Pratteln, 13, 402 1445. St. Jakob an der Birs, 13, 402 1446. Ragatz, 13, 402 1448. Kosovo, 17, 159 1449. Alfarrabeira, 8, 313 1451. Budweiss, 17, 144 1453. Constantinople, 2, 536, 14, 75, 82 1453. Corfu, 2, 536 1453. Formigny, 9, 118 1454. Arkinholm, 12, 295 1455. St. Albans, 11, 211 1456. Belgrade, 14, 82 1456. Kaffa, 14, 84 1456. Krushevats, 17, 160 1457. Alcaqar Seguer (Alcazar-Se- guer), 8, 315 1460. Northampton, 11, 211 1460. Roxburgh, 12, 296 1460. Wakefield, 11, 212 1461. Mortimer's Cross, 11, 212 1461. St. Albans, 11, 212 1461. Ferry Bridge, 11, 213 1461. Towton, 11, 213 1464. Arsilla, 8, 316 1464. Ceuta, 8, 316 1465. Montlhery, 9, 122 1468. Waldshut, 13, 404 1469. Olmedo, 8, 182 1470. Stamford (Losecoat Field), 11, 216 1471. Barnet (Chipping Barnet), 11, 217 1471. Brunkebjerg, 16, 134 1471. Paralada, 8, 267 1472. Beauvais, 13, 45 1473. Perpignan, 8, 267 1474. Hericourt, 13, 407 1474-1475. Neuss, 13, 46, 406, 18, 217 1475. Sion, 13, 407 1476. Grandson (Granson), 9, 124, 13, 47, 407, 408, 18, 217 1476. Morat, 9, 124, 13, 47, 408, 18, 218 1477. Nancy, 13, 409, 18, 218 1478. Bellinzona (Bellenz), 13, 414 1478. Giornico, 13, 414 1479. Guinegate, 9, 125, 13, 50 1479. Kenyer-Meso, 17, 164 1480. Oka, 15, 13 1480. Rhodes, Island of, 14, 85 1485. Bosworth, 11, 222 GENERAL INDEX 77 Battles, cont. 1487. Stoke, 11, 225 1488. Malaga, 8, 122 1488. St. Aubin du Cormier, 9, 128 1488. Sauchieburn, 2, 298 1490. Vienna, 18, 219 1492. Boulogne, 9, 129 1495- Fomovo, 4, 290, 9, 131 1495. Parma, 18, 227 1496. Knockdoe, 12, 76 1497. Samarkand, 5, 109 1499. Bruderholz, 13, 418 1499. Frastenz, 13, 418 1499. Hard (Fussach), 13, 418 1499. Schwaderloo, 13, 418 1499 Trieson, 13, 418 1499. Calven, 13, 419 1499. Dorneck (Dornach), 13, 419 1500. Hemmingstedt, 16, 139 1503. Cerignoleo, 9, 133 1503. Seminara, 9, 133 1504. Garigliano, 9, 133 1508. Agnadel, 9, 134 1508. Chaul, 5, 148 1509. Aden, 8, 329 1509. Agnadello, 4, 292 1509. Diu, 5, 148 1569. Oran, 8, 192 1510. Goa, 5, 149 151 1. Malacca, 20, 42 1512. Ravenna, 4, 293, 9, 134 15 13. Azamor, 8, 333 1513. Dijon, 9, 135 1 5 13. Flodden, II, 236, 12, 300 1513. Novara, 4, 293, 9, 135, 13, 421 1513. Guinegate, called the Battle of the Spurs, 9, 135, II, 236, 13, 54 1513. Temesvar, 17, 168 1514. Chalderan, 5, 341, 14, 125 1515. Marignano, 4, 394, 9, 136, 13, 422 1515. Villafranca, 4, 294 1516. Aleppo, 14, 129 1516. St. Jean Pied de Port, 8, 340 1519. Cholula, 22, 20 1519. The Grijalava, 22, 13 1519. Rio de Tabasco, 22, 13 1520. Aasund, 16, 141, 148 1521. Brunnbak, 16. 153 1521. Chalco, 22, 46 1521. Cuernavaca (Guauhnahuac), 22, 47 1521. City of Mexico, 23, 39 1 52 1. Logiofto, 8, 349 1521. Mczieres, 9, 138 1521. Mohacs (Mohatz), 17, 168, 169 1521. Vesteraas, 16, 153 1521. Xochimilco, 22, 48 1522. Bicocca (Bicoque), 4, 301, 9, 138 1522. Novara, 4, 301 1524. Jedburgh, 12, 302 1524. Guetzalunango, 22, 429 1525. Muhlhausen, 18, 243 1525. Pa via, 4, 302, 8, 350, 9, 139, II, 241, 13, 56, 439, 18, 245 1526. Buda, 17, 169 1526. Mohacs (Mohatz), 17, 150 1526. Panipat, 5, 109 1527. Ake, 22, 424 1527. Fatehpur Sikri, 5, 109 1527. Florence, 4, 306 1527. Rome, 4, 304, 9, 140, 18, 246 1528. Chichen-Otza, 22, 424 1528. Landriano, 9, 141 1529. Diu, 8, 434 1529. Nice, 4, 305 1529. Vienna, 14, 152 1531. Kappel, 13, 444 1531. Gubel, 13, 445 1532. Vienna, 18, 250 1535- Berne, 13, 447 1535. Gadalebi, 8, 437 1537- Champoton, 22, 425 1537- Diu, 8, 435 1537. Santiago de Cuba, 22, 449 1537. Siena, 4, 307 1538. Diu, 3, 150 1538. Prevesa, 14, 163 1540. Buda, 17, 217 1542. Solway Moss, 12, 304 1542. Tihoo, 22, 425 1544. Boulogne, 11, 261 1544. Cerisoles, 9, 143 1545. Kalinjar, 5. "0 1546. Diu, 5, 151 1546. Quito, 21, 27 1547. Guarina, 21, 27 1547. Muhlberg, 9, 145, 17, 196, 18, 255 1547. Pinkie Cleugh (Pinkey or Pinkie), II, 265, 12, 306 1548. Constance, 13, 460 IS50-I55I- Magdeburg. 18. 256 1552. Metz, 9, 146, 18, 258 1552. Renti, 9, 147 78 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 1554. Astrakhan, 14, 193 I5S4-I5S5- Sienna, 9, 147 1556. Sirhind, 5, no 1556. Panipat, 5, ill 1557- St. Quentin, 4, 307, 8, 354, 355, 11, 272, 13, 70 1558. Calais, 9, 148, 11, 275, 13, 70 1558. Gravelines, 9, 148, 13, 70 1560. Famagosta, 4, 309 1560. Nicosia, 4, 309 1560. Okehazama, 7, no 1561. Daman, 5, 151 1562. Dreux, 9, 154, 13, 460 1562. Jarnac, 13, 460 1562. Rouen, 9, 154 1562. St. Denis, 13, 460 1565. Malta, 8, 355 1565. St. Elmo, 14, 173 1565. Talikot, 5, 90, 107, 151 1566. Sziget, 14, 175, 17, 219 1567. Bois-le-duc, 13, 101 1567. Osterweel, 13, 102 1567. Gotha, 18, 262 1567. St. Denis, 9, 155 1567. Valenciennes, 13, 100 1568. Amsterdam, 8, 360 1568. Hiligerbee, 13, 109 1568. Jemmingen, 13, 109 1568. Langside, 12, 319 1569. Jarnac, 9, 156 1569. Roche-Abeille, 9, 156 1569. Valor, 8, 370 1569. Varberg, 16, 162 1570. Moncontour, 9, 156 1571. Lepanto, 2, 537, 4, 368, 8 355, 14, 5, 196 1572. Briel, 13, 113 1572. Edinburgh, 12, 322 1572. Haarlem, 13, 113 1572. Malawa, 5, 113 1572. Mons, 13, 113 1572. Mechlin, 13, 114 1572. Sancerre, 9, 158 1572. Rochelle, 9, 158 1572. Tergoes, 13, 114 1572. Waerden, 13, 114 1573- Alkmaar, 13, 114 1573- Bergen-op-Zoom, 13, 116 1573. Eikyo, 7, 118 1573- Orissa, 5, 113 1573. Zuyder Zee, 13, 114 1574. Leyden, 13, 118 1574. Mookerheyder, 13, 1 17 1575. Zuriczee, 13, 120 1576. Alost, 13, 121 1578. Alcacar Seguer (Alcazar-Se- guer), 8, 445 1578. Gemblours, 13, 130 1578. Malacca, 5, 152 1578. Reminants, 13, 130 1579. Maestricht, 13, 133 1580. Cahors, 9, 161 1580. Smerwick, 11, 291, 12, 90 1581. Tournay, 13, 137 1582. Yamazaki, 7, 112 1 584-1 585. Antwerp, 13, 147 1585. Herat, 5, 343 1586. Grave, 13, 151 1586. Wernsfeld, 13, 151 1586. Zutphen, 13, 151 1587. Courtras, 9, 162 1588. Barricades, 9, 163 1588. Gravelines, II, 297 1589. Arques, 9, 167 1589. Nimeguen, 13, 155 1589. La Noue, 9, 165 1589-1590. Paris, 13, 156 1590. Dreux, 9, 167 1590. Flour, 9, 168 1590. Yori, 13, 156 1591. Rouen, 13, 158 1592. Aumale, 9, 168 1592. Corunna, II, 298 1592. Fusan, 7, 117 1592. Kegushagushu, 7, 117 1592. Sisek, 17, 223 1594. Groningen, 13, 161 1594. Kandahar, 5, 113 1595- Fontaine-Franqaise, 9, 170 1596. Cadiz, 11, 298, 13, 163 1596. Calais, 13, 163 1596. Cerestes, 14, 206, 239 1596. Hulst, 13, 163 1597- Portmore, 12, 96 1597- Turnhout, 13, 164 1598. Blackwater, 11, 303 1598. Shinsai, 7, 121 1598. Stangebro, 16, 170 1598. Yellow Ford, 12, 96 1600. Nieuport, 13, 172 1600. Sekigahara, 7, 124 1601. Bois-le-duc, 13, 176 1601. Kanisza, 17, 223 1601. Kassa (Kaschau), 17, 224 GENERAL INDEX 79 Battles, cont. 1601-1604. Ostend, 13, 177 1601. Kinsale, 8, 375, ia, 101 1603. Kinsale, ia, ioa 1602. Aughrim, 1 a, 104 1602. Geneva, 13, 459 1603. Hegushagu, 7, 119 1603. Hekitei-kan, 7, 119 1603. Kaineifu, 7, 118 1603. Shisen, 7, 121 1603. Goa, 5, 152 1604. Glen Fruin, ia, 333 1604. Dover, 13, 180 1604. Ruhrart, 13, 179 1607. Gibraltar, 13. 183 1610. Julicrs, 9, 177 161 1. Calmar, 16, 176 1612. Swally, 5. 160 1614. Budweiss, 17, 202 1614. Osaka, 7, 126 1615. Malacca, 5, 152 1619. Vienna, 18, 269 1620. Pont-de-Ce, 9. 181 1620. Prague (called the Battle of White Mountain or White Hill), 9, 189, 11, 313, 17, 206, 226, 18, 270 1620. Tirano, 13, 463 1621. Egncn, 6, 179 1621. Montauban, 9, 181 1621. Rochelle, 9, 181 1622. Bergcn-op-Zoom, 13, 204 if. j j. Wimpfen, 18, 272 1623. Stadtlohn, 18, 273 1624. San Salvador, 8, 460 1625. Breda, 13, 207 1625. Hamelin, 18, 274 1626. Dessau, 18, 275 1626. Lutter, 18, 275 1627-1628. Rochelle, 9, 185, II, 322, 13. 209 1628. Havana, 13, 209 1628. Malacca, 5. 152 1628. Stralsund, 18, 276 1629. Hugli, 5. ISO 1629. Stuhm, 16, 180 1630. Rivoli, 4, 319 163 1. Breitenfcld. 16, 181, 18, 280 1631. Lech, 9. 190 1631. Leipzig, 9. 100. 18, 280 1631. Magdeburg, 18, 279 1632. Castclnaudary. 9, 188 1632. Klus, 13, 464 1632. Leek, 16, 181, 18, 282 1632. Lutzcn, 9, 190, 13, 215, 16, 182, 18, 284 1632. Prague, 18, 283 1634. Nordlingen, 9, 190, 13, 211, 16, 186, 18, 288 1635. Avcnncs (Avein), 9, 191, 13, 212 1635. Louvain, 13, 212 1635. Morbegno, 9, 191 1635. Val de Presle, 9, 192 1636. Maggiore, 9, 192 1636. Wittstock, 16, 186 1637. Breda, 13, 212 1637-1638. Breisach (Brisach or Alt-Breisach), 18, 289 1638. Amakusa, 7, 137 1638. Bagdad, 14, 221 1639. Bridge of Dee, I a, 338 1639. Goa, 3, 152 1639. Prague, 18, 291 1639. La Rotta, 9, 193 1639. North Foreland (called the Battle of the Downs), 11, 387, 13, 213 1639. Thionvillc, 9, 193 1639. Trot of Turriff, 1 a, 337 1640. Arras, 9, 194 1640. Casale, 4, 322, 9, 193 1640. Newburn on the Tyne, 11, 337, 12, 339 1640. Turin, 4, 323 164 1. Azov, 14, 228 1641. Kcmpcn, 9, 194 1641. Wolfenbuttel, 9, 194 1642. Breitenfeld, 16, 187 i(>4J. Hanne Court, 13, 214 1642. Lerida, 9, 194 1642. Perpignan, 9, 194 1642. Edgchill, 11, 344 if 14 3. Gloucester, 11, 345 1643. Peking, 6, 51 1643. Hulst, 13, 214 1643. Tuttlingcn, 9, 119 1643. Rocroi (Rocroy), 9, 199, 13, 214 1643. Newbury, II, 345 1643. Reading, II, 345 if>4.V Winceby, II, 348 1644. Freiburg, 9, 199 1644. Cropredy, II, 349 80 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 1644. Marston Moor, 11, 348, 12, 339 1644. Tippermuir, 12, 340 1644. Newbury, II, 350 1644. Newcastle, 12, 339 1645. Naseby, II, 353 1645. Leicester, 11, 353 1645. Oxford, 11, 353 1645. Philiphaugh, 11, 354, 13, 340 1645. Nordlingen, 9, 199 1645. Jaukowitz, 16, 187 1645. Tabor, 18, 291 1645. Donauwoerth, 18, 292 1646. Benburb, 12, 121 1646. Newark, 11, 355, 12, 340 1646. Lerida, 9, 199 1646. Stow-on-the-Wold, II, 355 1646. Venlo, 13, 217 1647. Knocknanuss, 12, 123 1647. Sommerhausen, 9, 200 1648. Colchester, 11, 360 1648. Lens, 9, 200 1648. Preston, 12, 341 1649. Drogheda, 11, 363 1649. Dublin, 12, 123 1649. Wexford, 12, 124 1650. Dunbar, 11, 364, 12, 343 1650. Rethel, 9, 203 165 1. Worcester, 11, 364, 12, 343 1652. Limerick, 12, 126 1652. Dover, 13, 229 1652. Plymouth, 13, 230 1653. Bleneau, 9, 204 1653. Saint- Antoine, 9, 205 1653. Scheveling, 13, 230 1653. Geslikon, 13, 473 1653. Herzogenbuchsee, 13, 473 1653. Wohlenswil, 13, 473 1654. Arras, 9, 206 1654. Jamaica, 11, 370 1655. Lochaber, 12, 291 1655. Lock Garry, 12, 344 1656. Rapperswil, 13, 476 1656. Vilmergen, 13, 476 1656. Warsaw, 16, 207, 18, 300 1657. Villaviciosa, 8, 466 1657. Santa Cruz, 11, 371 1658. Copenhagen, 13, 231, 16, 209 1658. Jaffnapatam, 5, 155 1658. Dunes, 9, 206, 11, 372 1659. Elvas, 8, 465 1659. Cochin, 8, 470 1659. Winnington Bridge, 11, 374 1664. Kormend, 17, 228 1664. Saint-Gothard, 9, 208, 14, 238, 241, 17, 228 1664. Villaviciosa, 8, 379 1665. Lowestaft, 11, 386 1666. Zuyder Zee, 11, 387 1669. Airds Moss, 12, 348 1669. Bothwell Bridge, 12, 348 1669. Candia, 14, 243 1672. Kaminiets, 14, 245 1672. Lemberg, 14, 245 1672. Solebay (Southwold), 9, 210, 13, 236 1673. Texel, 11, 399 1674. Naarden, 13, 239 1674. Senef (Seneffe), 9, 211, 13, 240 1674. Ensheim, 9, 211 1674 Miilhausen, 9, 211 1674. Colmar, 9, 211 1674. Turkheim, 9, 211 1675. Salzbach, 9, 211 1675. Consarbriick, 9, 212 1675. Fehrbellin, 16, 211, 18, 301 1675. Lemberg, 14, 245 1675. Maestricht, 13, 240 1676. Agosta, 9, 212 1676. Stromboli, 9, 212 1676. Lund, 16, 212 1677. Valenciennes, 13, 240 1677. St. Omer, 13, 241 1677. Cassel, 9, 212, 13, 241 1678. Mons, 13, 241 1679. Bothwell Bridge, 11, 409 1680. St. Sacrament, 20, 95 1680. Santa Fe, 22, 176 1682. Bantam, 5, 167 1 683-1684. Genoa, 9, 213 1683. Vienna, 14, 248, 15, 382, 18, 303 1683. Mohacs (Mohatz), 17, 230 1683. Presburg, 17, 230 1683. Vera Cruz, 22, 178 1687. Erlam, 14, 255 1687. Munkacs (Munkatz or Mo- hacs), 17, 230, 18, 303 1688. Belgrade, 14, 256, 18, 304 1689. Killiecrankie, 11, 436, 12, 352 1689. Beachy Head, 1 1, 438 1689. Derry, 12, 134 1689. Newtonbutler, 12, 140 1689. Dunkeld, 12, 353 1690. Cork, 12, 149 1690. Fleurus, 9, 218, 13, 245 GENERAL INDEX 81 Battles, cont. 1704- 1690. StafTarde, 4, 326, 9, 218 1704- 169a Mons, 13, 245 1704. 1690. Limerick, II, 438, 1 J, 144 1704. 1690. Athlone, 12, 144 1704- 1690. Spey, ia, 353 1704. 1690. Nish, 14, 259 1705. 1 691. Athlone, 13, 150 1705. 1691. Aughrim, 9, 218, 12, 152 1705. 1691. Belgrade, 14, 260 1705. 1691. Boyne, 9, 218, II, 438, 13, 1705. 141 1705. 1691. Salankeman, 14, 260 1 705- 1 1691. Leuze, 9, 218 1706. 1 691-1 693. Limerick, 13, 153 1706. 1691. Barcelona, 8, 384 1706. 1691. Alicante, 8, 384 1706. 1693. Stcinkirk, 9, 318, 11, 440 456, 1692. Namur, 13, 345 1707. 1692. La Hoguc, 9, 219, 11, 440, 251 13, 245 1708. 1693- Marsaglia, 4, 326 18, 1693- Neerwinden (Landen), 9, 1708. 219, II, 440, 13, 245 1708. 1694. Barcelona, 8, 384 1708. 1694. Huy, 13. 345 170a 1695. Brussels, 13, 345 1708. 1695. Kizi-Kermen, 15, 33 1708. 1696. Azov, 14, 326, 302, 15, 32 1708. 1697. Zenta, 13, 246, 14, 263, 17, 1708. 231. 18, 304 1709. 1697. Pondicherri, 9, 219 220, 1700. Tonningen, 16, 214 1709. 1700. Riga, 16, 215 13, 1700. Narva, 15, 38, 16, 216, 18, 1710. 317 1710. 1700. Purtsi, 15, 39 1710. 1701. Chiari, 9, 220 1710. 1 701. Rapino, 15, 42 1710-1 1702. Lazzara, 8, 390 171 1. 1702. Cadiz, 8, 391 1711. 1702. Ehrestfer, 15, 42 1712. 1702. Hummelsdorf, 15, 43 1712. 1702. Riga, 15, 43 1712. 1702. Klissovo, 15, 80, 16, 216 1713. 1702. Vigo, 9, 221 1714. 1702. Freidlingen, 9, 221 i7'5- 1703. Luzara, 9, 220 I7I5- 1703. Nienschantz, 15, 91 1 7 16. 1704. Donauwerth, 9, 221 1716. 1704. Gibraltar, 8, 394, 9, 221, 1 1, 319 456 1716. 1704. Blenheim, 9, 221, II, 455, 13, 1717. 250 . 18, 313 1717- Malaga, 9, 331 Verrua, 4. 327 Turin, 4, 327 Salvatierrc, 8, 393 Monscato, 8, 393 Punitz, 16, 317 Barcelona, 8, 395, 9, 333 Adda, 9, 233 The Adige, 4, 339 The Mincio, 4, 339 The Po, 4, 329 St. Sacrament, 30. 95 706. Turin, 4, 329, 9, 333 Mondovi, 9, 308 Calcinato, 9, 333 Franstadt, 16, 317 Ramillies, 8, 397, 9, 222, 11, 13, 250, 16, 218, 18, 314 Almanza, 8, 398, 9, 223, 13. Oudenarde, II, 459, 13, 250, 314 Lille, II, 459, 18, 314 Mohilev, 15, 40 Dobroe, 15, 47 Golovchino, 15, 47 Liesnoe, 15, 49 Batumi. 15, 50 Holovin, 16, 219 Trencsin, 17, 233 Pultava, 14, 275, 15. 51, 16, 18, 317 Malplaquet, 9, 223, II, 459, 250, 18, 314 Almenara, 8, 399 Brihuega, 8, 399 Saragossa, 8, 399, 9, 223 Yillaviciosa, 9, 224, 13, 251 711. Riga, 15, 55 Bouchain, 13, 251 Pruth, 15, 59 Denain, 9, 224, 11, 463 Vilmcrgcn, 13. 480 Kalisch, 15, 256 Abo, 15, 64 Barcelona, 8, 402 Corinth, 14, 286 Stralsund, 15, 63 SherirTmuir, 11, 470 Peterwardein, 17, 235, 18, Temesvar, 14, 289 Belgrade, 14. 289, 18, 320 Ispahan, 5, 349 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 1718. Frederikshald, 15, 66, 16, 223 1719. Glenshiel, 12, 365 1721. Grengam, 15, 67 1725. Damghan, 5, 350 1733- Bankipur (Banky-bazaar), 5, 174 1733- Bagdad, 5, 35*, 14, 295 1733. Samrah, 5, 351 1734. Dantzig (Danzig, Dantzic), 9, 235, 15, 119 1734. Parma, 9, 236 1734. Guastalla, 9, 236 1736. Azov, 15, 121 1736. Perekop, 15, 122 1736. Delhi, 5, 127 1736-1737. Kandahar, 5, 352 1737- Ochakov, 14, 308, 15, 123 1737. Nish, 14, 310 1738. Kamal, 5, 353 1739. Bassein, 5, 152 1739. Chotim, 14, 314 1739. Krotzka, 14, 314 1739. Belgrade, 15, 123 J 739- Stavuchani, 15, 124 1740. Breslau, 18, 329, 337 1741. Molwitz, 9, 237, 17, 240, 18, 329 1741. Wilmanstrand (Vilman- strand), 15, 131, 16, 228 1743. Col of Assietta, 4, 334 1743. Dettingen, 9, 239, 13, 255, 18, 330 1744. Toulon, 9, 238 1745. Tournay, 9, 239 1745. Fontenoy, 9, 239, 11, 487, 13, 255 1745. Hohenfriedberg, 18, 331 1745. Preston Pans, 11, 487, 12, 367 1745. Soor, 18, 331 1745. Kesselsdorf, 18, 331 1746. Falkirk, 11, 488 1746. Stirling, 12, 367 1746. Culloden Moor, 11, 488, 12, 368 1746. Saint Thome, 5, 170 1746. Madras, 5, 179 1747. Rocoux, 9, 240 1747. Lawfeld, 9, 240 1747. Cape Finisterre, 9, 240 1747. Belle-Isle, 9, 240 1748. Maestricht, 9, 240 1748. Pondicherri, 5, 179, 20, IIS 1750. Largos, 11, 501 1750. Trichinopoly, 9, 242 1751. Arcot, 5, 180 1755- Fort Gaspereau, 23, 180 1756. Calcutta, 5, 182 1756. Port Mahon, 9, 244, 11, 496 1756. Lobositz, 9, 244, 15, 145, 18, 335 1757. Hastenbeck, 9, 245, 11, 499 1757. Prague, 9, 245, 18, 335 I757- Kolin, 9, 245, 17, 244, 18, 335 1757. Rossbach, 9, 245, 11, 499, 17, 244, 18, 336 1757. Leuthen, 9, 245, II, 499, 17, 244, 18, 337 I 757- Chandernagore, 9, 246 1757- Great Meadows, 23, 172 1757. Memel, 15, 146 1757- Gross-Jagerndorf, 15, 147 1757. Plassey, 5, 183, II, 502, 23, 187 1758. Crevelt, 9, 245 1758. Sonderhausen, 9, 245 1758. Lutterberg, 9, 245 1758. Hochkirch, 18, 339 1758. Kiistrin, 15, 148 1758. Olmiitz, 17, 70, 18, 338 1758. Zorndorf, 9, 245, 15, 148, 18, 338 1758. Fort Frontenac, 23, 190 1759. Bergen, 9, 245 1759. Minden, 9, 245, 11, 501, 18, 339 1759. Kunersdorf, 15, 148, 18, 339 1759- Quebec (Heights of Abra- ham), 9, 246, 11, 500, 20, 118, 23, 193 1759. Cape St. Vincent, 9, 246 1759. Havre, 11, 501 1759- Quiberon, 11, 501 1759- Guadeloupe, 20, 118 1759. Dresden, 18, 340 1759. Chinsurah, 5, 155 1760. Wandiwash, 5, 180, II, 502, 20, 119 1760. Landshut, 18, 340 1760. Korbach, 9, 246 1760. Rhumberg, 9, 246 1760. Liegnitz, 9, 246, 18, 340 1760. Berlin, 18, 341 1760. Senegal, 9, 246 GENERAL INDEX 88 Battles, cont. 1780 1760. Torgau, 9, 346, 18, 341 178a 1761. Pondicherri (Pondicherry), 1780. 8. 170, 9. 246 1780. 1761. Panipat, 5. 128. *33 1781. 1762. Freilburg, 18, 343 1781. 1762. Manila, 5. 181 381 1763. Patna, 5, 187 1781. 1763. Gheria, 5. 187 1781. 1763. Udhunala, 5, 187 1781. 1764. Baxar, 8. 126, 128, 135, 187 1781. 1768. Balta, 14, 321 1781. 1770. Tripolitza, 14, 327 1781. 1770. Lemnos, 14, 328 1782. 1770. Bender, 14, 329 1782. 1770. Kagul, 15, 177 1783. 1770. Napoli di Romani, 15, 179 1787. 1771. Tenesmi, 13, 178 1788. 1771. Mitylene, 15, 180 1788. 1771. Lemnos, 15, 180 1789. 1771. Alamance, 33, 217 1789. 1773. Orenburg, 15, 168 1789. 1774. Kozlidje, 14, 338 1789. 1774. Kazan, 15, 170 1789. 1774. Tsaritsin, 15, 170 1789. 1775. Lexington, II, 515, 30, 127, 1789. 23, 226 1789. 1775. Concord, 11, 515, 23, 227 1789. 1775. Ticonderoga, II, 515 1789. 1775. Bunker Hill, II, 516, 23, 232 1789. 1776. Moore's Creek, 23, 236 1790. 1776. Charleston, 23, 236 1790. 1776. Long Island, 23, 243 1700. 1776. Harlem Heights, 23. 243 1790. 1776. White Plains, 23, 244 1700. 1776. Trenton, 11, 516, 23, 248 1792. 1777. Princeton, 11, 516, 23, 249 1792. 1777. Hubbardton, 23, 252 356 1777. Oriskany, 23, 254 1792. 1777. Bennington, 23, 253 1792. 1777. Brandy wine, II, 517, 23, 259 356 1777. Germantown, 23, 260 1792. 1777. Freeman's Farm, 23, 255 356 1777. Bemis Heights, 23, 255 1792. 1777- Saratoga, 9, 254, II, 517, 12, 1792. 181, 30, 128, 23, 255 280, 1778. Monmouth, 23, 263 1792. 1778. Pondicherry, 9, 256 1793. 1779. Briar Creek, 33, 272 1793. 1779. Gibraltar, 8, 417 1793. 1780. Ninety-Six, 23, 274 1793. 1780. Gwalior, 5, 193 1793. 1780. Hanging Rock, 23. 274 1793. Camden, 23, 274 Santee, 33, 378 King's Mountain, 33, 279 Sorata, 21, 52 Cowpcns, 33, 381 Guilford Court House, 33, Dogger Bank, 13, 358 Hobkirk's Hill, 33, 383 Eutaw Springs, 33, 282 Yorktown, 9, 256, 23, 285 Perambakam, 5, 193 Madras, 5, 193 St. Lucia, 9, 256 Gibraltar, 9, 256, II, 523 Gondclour, 9, 257 Kinburn, 15, 184 Mehadia, 14, 354 Ochakov, 14, 354 Bastile, 9, 264, 10, 63 Turnhout, 13, 261 Burges, 13, 261 Ypres, 13, 261 Ostend, 13, 261 Fokshani, 15, 185 Rimnik, 15, 185 Galatz, 15, 185 Hogland, 15, 187 Rochensalm, 15, 188 Belgrade, 18, 351 Orsova, 14, 357 Giurgevo, 14, 357 Ismail, 14, 359 Seskar, 15, 188 Shiraz, 5, 356 Magdeburg, 9, 275 Longwy, 9, 276, 10, 205. 18, Olmutz, 9, 276 Verdun, 9, 276, 10, 205, 18, Valmy, 9, 277, 10, 210, 18, Lille, 10, 212 Jcmappcs, 9. 279, 13, 263, 17, 18, 356 Dubienka, 18, 358 Dantzic, 13, 189 Mans, 10, 248 note Aix-la-Chapelle, 10. 246 St. Vincent. 10, 249 Beaupreau, 10. 249 Aubicrs, 10. 249 84 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 1793. Cholet, 10, 248 note, 249, 276 l 793- Neerwinden, 9, 283, 10, 249, 13, 263, 17, 281, 18, 357 1793- Chatillon, 10, 276 1793- Granville, 10, 276 1793. Mons, 10, 276 1793- Savenay, 10, 276 1793. Hondtschoote, 10, 276 1793. Dunkirk, 9, 286 1793. Yser, 9, 286 1793. Wattignies, 10, 277 1793- Toulon, 10, 275 1794. Landrecies, 9, 289 1794. Cambrai, 9, 289 1794. Mouscron, 9, 289 1794. Turcoin, 9, 290 1794. First of June, II, 543 1794. To u may, 9, 290 1794. Ypres, 9, 290 1794. Hooghlede, 9, 290, 10, 345 1794. Fleurus or Charier oi, 9, 290, 10, 345, 11, 543, 13, 264, 17, 281, 18, 357 1794. Macieiowice, 9, 290, 15, 190 1794. Nimeguen on the Waal, 9, 290 1794- Praga, 18, 358 1794. Kirman, 5, 356 1795. Luxemburg, 9, 293 1795. Belle-Isle, 9, 294 1795. Saint-Sebastian, 10, 347 x 795- Fontarabia, 10, 347 1795- The Diamond, 12, 205 1795. Dusseldorf, 18, 359 1795. Mannheim, 18, 359 1796. Montenotte, 9, 298, 17, 282 1796. Millesimo, 9, 298, 17, 282 1796. Diego, 9, 298 1796. Lodi Bridge, 9, 298 1796. Milan, 18, 360 1796. Rastatt, 9, 299 1796. Lonato, 9, 299 1796. Castiglione (Castiglione delle Stiviere), 9, 299 1796. Neresheim, 9, 300 1796. Roveredo, 9, 300 1796. Bassano, 9, 300 1796. Legnano, 9, 300 1796. Biberach, 9, 301 1796. Wurzburg, 9, 300 1796. Caldiero, 9, 301 1796. Arcole (Areola), 9, 301, 17, 282 1796. Tashilumbo, 6, 101 1797. Rivoli, 9, 302, 17, 282 1797. Cape St. Vincent, 8, 483, 11, 547 1797. Favorite, 9, 302 1797. Castel-Bolognese, 9, 302 1797. Mantua, 4, 344 1797. Venice, 17, 283 1797. Camperdown, 11, 548, 12, 208, 13, 266 1798. Oulart Hill, 12, 210 1798. Three Rocks, 12, 211 1798. Gorey or New Ross, 12, 211 1798. Newtownbarry, 12, 211 1798. Antrim, 12, 213 1798. Arklow, 12, 212 1798. Saintfield, 12, 213 1798. Ballynahinch, 12, 213 1798. Vinegar Hill, 12, 212 1798. Lough Swilly, 12, 214 1798. Chebreiss, 9, 309 1798. Pyramids, 1, 37, 8, 483, 9, 309, 10, 409, 11, 549, 14, 380 1798. Aboukir Bay or The Nile, 1, 37, 8, 483, 527, 10, 409, n, 549, 14, 380, 20, 141 1798. Meueneck, 13, 511 1798. Granholz, 13, 511 1798. Wollerau, 13, 514 1798. Pfaffikon, 13, 514 1799. Ostrach, 10, 403 1799. Stockach, 9, 308, 10, 403 1799. Verona, 10, 403 1799. Legnano, 10, 403 1799. Magnano, 9, 308 1799. St. Jean d'Acre, 9, 309, 10, 409, 14, 381 1799. Gaza, 9, 309, 14, 382 1799. Jaffa, 9, 309, 14, 382 1799. Mount Thabor, 14, 382 1799. Cassano, 10, 403 1799. Seringapatam, 5, 200, 20, 144 1799. Zurich, 9, 310, 10, 407, 13, 516, 18, 362 1799. Trebbia, 9, 309, 10, 403 1799. Aboukir, 9, 310, 10, 409, 14, 383, 20, 141 1799. Novi, 9, 310, 10, 408 1799. Zip, 10, 403 1799. Berghem (Bergen or Bergen- op-Zoom), 9, 310, 10, 407, 13, 267 1799. Alkmaar, 10, 407 1799. Castricum, 10, 407 GENERAL INDEX 85 Battle*, cont. 1799. Genoa, 9, 316, 18, 363 1800. Heliopolis, 9, 318, 10, 440, 14. 384 1800. Montebello, 9, 316, 10, 439 1800. Marengo, 4, 345, 9, 317, 10. 439, 17, 285, 18, 364 1800. Grand Champ, 10, 441 1800. Hochstadt, 10, 442 1800. Neuburg, 9, 317 1800. Hohenlinden, 9, 317, 10, 442, 17, 285, 18, 364 1800. Salzburg, 9, 317 1800. Schwanstadt, 9, 317 1800. Erivan, 5, 358 1800. Malta, IX, 551 1801. Canopa, 9, 318 1801. Copenhagen, 8, 529, II, 552, 16, 255 1802. Macao, 6, 119 1802. Rengg, 13, 518 1802. Zurich, 13, 518 1802. Morat (Murten), 13, 518 1803. Cairo, I, 37 1803. Ahlmadnagar, 5, 201 1803. Assaye, 5, 136, 201 1803. Argaum, 5, 136 1803. Aligarth, 5, 201 1803. Laswari, 5, 136, 201 1803. Delhi, 5, 136, 201 1804. Dig, s. 136 1805. Bhartpur, 5, 201 1805. Ferrol, 9, 325 1805. Elchingen, 9, 326 1805. Giinzburg, 9, 326 1805. Wertingen, 9, 326, 10, 464 1805. Hasslach, 9, 326 1805. Ulm, 4, 347, 10, 464, ". 557. 17, 293 1805. Caldiero, 9, 326 1805. Cape Finisterre or Bay of Biscay, 8, 484. 9, 326, ". 556 1805. Trafalgar Bay, 8, 484, 9, 326, 10, 463, II, 557. *3. 406 1805. Vienna, 10, 464, 18, 367 1805. Austerlitz (called the Battle of the Three Emperors), 4, 347, 8, 484, 9, 326, 10, 465, II, 557, 13. 267, 16, 251, 17, 294, 18, 367 1806. Auerstadt, 9, 328, 16, 251, 18, 372 1806. Jena, 8, 484, 9, 328, io, 470, 16, 251, 18, 372 1806. Berlin. 10, 470 1806. Pultusk, 9, 329 1807. Colberg, 18, 372 1807. Eylau, 9, 330, IO, 470, 15. 215. ". 373 1807. Dantzig (Danzig, Dantzic). 9. 330 1807. Gudstadt, 9, 331 1807. Spandcn, 9, 331 1807. Hilsburg, 9, 331 1807. Freidland, 9, 331, 10, 470, II, 559, 18, 373 1807. Babaeska, 14, 399 1808. Medina de Rio-Secco, 9, 333 1808. Baylen, 10, 477 1808. Vimeiro, 8, 486, 9, 333, 11, 562 1808. Cintra, 10, 477 1808-1809. Saragossa, 8, 489, 10, 477 1808. Gerona, io, 477 1808. Burgos, 9, 334 1808. Espinosa, 9, 334 1808. Ormais, 15, 216 1808. Lokalar, 15, 216 1808. Tudela, 9. 334 1809. Corunna, 8, 486, 9, 334, 11. 563 1809. Thann, 9, 335 1809. Abensberg, 9, 335. 17, 298 1809. Landshut, 17, 298 1809. Adigc, 10, 479 1809. Eckmiihl, 9, 335, 10, 479, 17, 298, 18, 376 1809. Ratisbon, 9, 335, 17, 298, 18, 376 1809. Ciudad-Real, 9, 337 1809. Madelin, 9, 337 1809. Oporto, 9, 337 1809. Piave, 9, 336 1809. Tarwitz, 9, 336 1809. Goritz, 9, 336 1809. Raab, 9, 336 1809. Bernburg, 18, 376 1809. Stralsund, 18, 376 1809. Vienna, 18, 377 1809. Essling (Esslingen), 9. 335, io, 479, 17. 298, 18. 377 1809. Aspcrn. 9, 335. 10. 470, 17. 298, 18, 377 1809. Wagram, 9, 336, 10, 480, 17, 299. 8. 377 1809. Flushing, 9, 336 86 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 1809. Talavera, 8, 486, 530, 9, 337, "i 563 1809. Almonacid, 9, 337 1809. Ocana, 9, 337 1810. Granada, 9, 337 1810. Cadiz, 9, 337 1810. Busaco, 8, 486, 9, 338 1810. Torres Vedras, 9, 338 1810. Coimbra, 8, 530 1810. Aslanduz, 5, 359 1810. Guadeloupe, 20, 143 1810. Las Cruces, 22, 237 1810. Aculco, 22, 238 1810. Marfil, 22, 238 181 1. Badajoz, 9, 338 181 1. Fuentes d' Onora, 9, 339 1811. Calderon Bridge, 22, 239 181 1. Tippecanoe, 23, 416, 24, 525 1812. Vilna (Wilna), 9, 341, 15, 221 1812. Salamanca, 8, 486, 530, 9, 343, II, 565 1812. Astrowno, 10, 485 1812. Mohilev, 10, 485 1812. Maiden, 23, 420 1812. Detroit, 20, 154, 23, 420 1812 (August). Krasnoe or Smolensk, 9, 341, 10, 485, 15, 227 1812. Mozhaisk, 15, 227 1812. Borodino, 9, 341, 10, 485, 15, 225, 227, 1 8, 380 1812. Queenston, 20, 154, 23, 421 1812. Polotsk, 10, 485 1812. Maloyaroslavets, 15, 244 1812. Viazma, 15, 246 1812. Vop, 15, 248 1812. Yakubovo, 15, 250 1812 (November). Krasnoe, 15, 250 1812. Witepsk, 10, 485 1812. Niagara, 20, 154 1812. Beresina, 9, 342, 15, 253, 18, 380 1812. Cuautla de Amilpas, 22, 243 1813. Ogendsburg, 23, 421 1813. Mockern, 18, 382 1813. Liitzen, 9, 343, 10, 402, 13, 272, 15, 261, 18, 382 1813. Bautzen, 9, 343, 10, 488, 13, 272, 15, 261 1813. Fort Meigs, 23, 425 1813. Fort George, 23, 425 1813. Dresden, 9, 343, 10, 488, 15, 261 1813. Kulm, 9, 343, 10, 488, 18, 384 1813. Grosbeeren, 9, 343, 18, 383 1813. Vittoria, 8, 486, 488, 9, 344 1813. Katzbach, 9, 343, 18, 383 1813. St. Sabastian, 8, 531 1813. Nivelle, 8, 531 1813. Orthes, 8, 531 1813. Dennewitz, 9, 343, 18, 384 1813. Thames, 24, 525 1813. Leipsic (Leipzig or Leipzic), called the Battle of the Nations, 4, 349, 8, 486, 9, 343, 10, 488, 11, 566, 13, 272, 524, 15, 261, 17, 308, 18, 384 813. Ragusa, 17, 309 813. Hanau, 9, 343, 10, 489, 17, 310, 18, 385 813. La Grita, 21, 61 813. Merida, 21, 61 813. Acapulco, 22, 244 814. Brienne, 9, 345 814. La Rothiere, 9, 345 814. Champ-Aubert, 9, 346, 10, 491 814. Montmirail, 9, 346, 15, 261 814. Chateau-Thierry, 9, 346, 10, 491 814. Vauchamps, 9, 346, 10, 491 814. Guignes, 9, 346 814. Mormont, 9, 346 814. Nangis, 9, 346, 15, 261 814. Villeneuve, 9, 346 814. Montereau, 9, 346, 10, 491, 18, 387 814. Arcis-sur-Aube, 9, 347 814. Orthez, 9, 348 814. Craonne (Craon), 10, 492, 15, 262 814. Laon, 9, 347, 15, 262 814. Fere Champenoise, 9, 348 814. Paris, 9, 348, 18, 387 814. Toulouse, 8, 486, 532, 9, 350 814. Chippewa, 23, 425 814. Lundy's Lane, 23, 426 814. Plattsburg, 20, 154, 23, 426 814. La Puerta, 21, 63 814. Uriqua, 21, 63 815. Rimini, 17, 314 815. Anco, 17, 314 815. Tolentino, 9, 362, 17, 314 815. Huningen, 13, 527 815. Ligny, 9, 362, 8, 487, 532, 10, 501, 11, 568, 13, 287, 18, 389 GENERAL INDEX 87 Battles, cont 1832. 1815. Quatre Bras, 8, 487. 532. 9 1832. 362, 11, 568, 13, 287, 18, 389 183a. 1815. Frasnes, 13, 287 1832. 1815. Waterloo, 4, 350, 8, 487, 532 1832. 9, 362, 10, 501, II, 508, 13, 288 1833. 17, 314, 18, 300, 23, 405 1833. 1815. Cartagena, 31, 64 1833. 1816. Puento, 21, 65 1835. 1817. Nagpur, 5, 209 1835. 1817. Mebidpur, 5. 209 1835. 1817. Chacabuco, 21, 72 1835. 1817. Soto la Marina, 22, 249 1835. 1817. Sombrero, 22, 250 1836. 1817. Remedios, 22, 250 1836. 1818. Maypo, 21, 72 1836. 1819 Sagamoso, 21, 68 1837. 1819 Boyaca, 21, 68 1837. 1820. Cepeda, 21, 71 413 1822. Pinchincha, 91, 73 1837. 1824. Junin, 21, 7i 1837. 1824- Agacucho (Ayacucho), 8, 1837. 519, 21, 73 1837. 1825. Tusmula, 21, 182 1837. 1825. Potosi, 21, 182 1S39 1826. Napoli di Romania, 2, 544 292 1826. Missoloughi, 14, 417 1839. 1827. Navarino, 2, 545, 9, 387, 11, 1839. 582, 14, 425. 13. 276, 17, 326 1S39. 1827. Bhartpur (.Bhartporc), 5, 212 1S40. 1827. Zizan, 3, 359 1840. 1827. Ganjeh, 5, 359 1841. 1827. Ituzaingo, 21, 121 1841. 1828. Braila, 14, 427. 3. 279 1841. 1828. Varna, 14, 427, 15, 280 1841. 1828. Kars, 15. 281 1842. 1828. Akhalzikh, 15. 281 1842. 1829. Pravadi, 15, 284 1842. 1829. Kulevtcho, 14, 428, 15, 285 1842. 1829. Baiburt, 15, 287 1842. 1829. Tarqui, 21, 193 1843. 1829. Larcay, 21, 216 1843. 1830. Antwerp, 13. 297 1843. 1830. Algiers, 14, 432 1843. 1831. Liestal, 13, 537 1843. 1831. Grochow, is. 294 1844. 1831. Ostrolenka, 15, 295 1844. 1831. Louvain, 13, 301 1845. 1831. Acre, 1, 38 1846. 1831. Newtonbarry, 12, 224 1846. 1832. Gelterkinden, 13, 537 1846. 1832. Ems, 14, 434 1846. Beylan, 14, 434 Konieh, 9, 403, 434. 8, 290 Antwerp, 9, 403, 13, 302 Carrie kshock, 12, 224 Tolomi, 22, 271 Oporto, 8, 536 Prattcin, 13, 541 Jauja, 21, 195 Luchana, 8, 497 Bilbao, 8, 497 Valparaiso, 21, 217 Gonzales, 24, 532 Bejar, 24, 533 Constantinc, 9, 411 San Jacinto, 22, 281, 24, 534 Goliad, 24, 533 Constantinc, 9, 413 Fort Saint Jean d Ulloa, 9, Herat, 5, 216, 361 St. Denis, 20, 156 St. Charles, 20, 156 St. Eustache, 20, 156 Napierville, 20, 156 Nezib, 9, 419, 14, 436, 15, Gliazni, 5, 217 Nisibin, I, 38 Jungay, 21, 195 Beirut, 14, 437 Acre, 14, 437 Jalalabad, 5, 218 Amoy, 6, 138 Skandersborg, 16, 114 Ingavi, 21, 187 Chenhai, 6, 138 Chinkiang, 6, 140 Arroyo Grande, 21, 139 San Lucia, 21, 170 Agua Santa, 21, 197 Maharajpur, 5, 219 Panniar, 5, 219 Kerbela, 3, 361 Leogone, 22, 498 Pestal, 22, 498 I sly, 9, 423 Trientbach, 13, 549 Arequipa, 21, 199 Mudki, 5, 221 Ftrozshah. 5. 221 Aliwal, 5, 221 Sobraon, 3. 221 88 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 1853. 1846. Palo Alto, 22, 289, 24, 547 1853. 1846. Resaca de la Palma, 22, 290, 1854. M, 547 1854. 1846. Monterey, 22, 291, 24, 548 1854. 1846. San Raphael, 22, 296 1854. 1846. Mesa, 22, 300 15, 1846. Bracito, 22, 304 1854. 1847. San Gabrielle, 22, 300 1854. 1847. Cafiado, 22, 305 15, 1847. El Embudo, 22, 305 1854-1 1847. Angostura, 22, 306 455, 1847. Buena Vista, 22, 309, 24, 548 1855. 1847. Sacramento, 22, 304 1855. 1847. Vera Cruz, 22, 322, 24, 549 1856. 1847. Cerro Gordo, 22, 325, 24, 549 1857. 1847. Amozoque, 22, 327 1857. 1847. San Antonio Abad, 22, 348 1857. 1847. Churubusco, 22, 349, 24, 550 1857. 1847. Contreras, 22, 345, 24, 550 1859. 1847. Molino del Rey, 22, 363, 34, 1859. 550 1859. 1847. Chapultepec, 22, 366, 24, 550 1859. 1847. Puebla, 22, 372 1859. 1847. Fribourg, 13, 352 385, 1847. Gislikon, 13, 552 1859. 1847. Lucerne, 13, 552 1859. 1847. Peschiera, 4, 358 1859. 1848. Miani, 5, 219 385, 1848. Zanzan, 5, 362 1859. 1848. Eckernforde, 18, 400 i860. 1848. Vienna, 18, 401 i860. 1848. Comorn, 18, 402 i860. 1848. Santa Cruz de Rosales, 22 i860. 378 i860. 1849. Chilianwala, 5, 226 1861. 1849. Gujarat, 5, 226 1861. 1849. Novara, 4, 359, *7, 373, 18 1861. 402 1861. 1849. Rome, 4, 367, 9, 439 1861. 1849. Ullerup, 16, 271 1861. 1849. Dybbel, 16, 271 1861. 1849. Fredericia, 16, 271 1861. I849- Schassburg, 15, 301 1861. 1849. Komorn, 15, 302 755 1849. Tur, 15, 302 1861. 1849. Miskolcz, 15, 302 1862. l8SO. Isted, 16, 272 1862. l850. Midsunde, 16, 272 24, l8SO. Frederickstad, 16, 272 1862. 185 1. Bahia Honda, 22, 450 1862. l8S2. Monte Caseros, 21, 127 1862. 1853. Isakcha, 15, 305 1862. Otenitza, 15, 307 Sinope, 11, 615, 15, 307 Citate, 15, 308 Silistria, II, 615 Bomarsund, 15, 309 Alma, 9, 446, 11, 615, 14, 455, 312 Balaklava, 9, 447 Inkerman, 9, 447, 11, 616, 316 855. Sebastopol, 9, 447, 14, 15, 3H Eupatoria, 14, 458 Tchernaya, 9, 448, 15, 321 Bushiro, 5, 363 Caunpur, 5, 236 Delhi, 5, 237 Lucknow, 5, 237 Kush-ab, 5, 363 Fassineto, 4, 373 Montebello, 4, 373, 9, 450 Palestro, 4, 373, 9, 45 1 San Martino, 4, 373 Magenta, 4, 373, 9, 451, 17, 1 8, 405 Marignano, 4, 373 Melegnano, 9, 451 Solferino, 4, 373, 9, 451, 17, 18, 405 Cepeda, 21, 129 Palermo, 4, 378 Castelfidardo, 4, 382 Babahoyo, 21, in Penuelos, 21, 219 Calpulalpano, 22, 383 Pabon, 21, 130 Fort Sumter, 24, 705 Philippi, 24, 732 Rich Mountain, 24, 733 Laurel Hill, 24, 733 Carrick's Ford, 24, 733 Bull Run, 24, 734 Wilson's Creek, 24, 739 Merrimac and Congress, 24, Ball's Bluff, 24, 757 Fort Donelson, 24, 744 Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing, 747 Leesburg, 24, 757 Yorktown, 24, 758 Seven Pines, 24, 758 Mechanicsville, 24, 761 GENERAL INDEX 89 Battles, cont. 1866, 1862. Gaines' Mills, 24, 761 1866. 1862. Savage Station, 34, 761 1866. 1862. Frazier's Farm, 34, 761 1866. 186a. Seven Days, 34, 761 1866. 1862. Culpeper Court House or 1866. Cedar Run, 34, 763 390, 1862. Groveton, 24, 763 41X 1862. Bull Run, 34, 763 1867. 1862. South Mountain, 24, 765 1867. 1862. Antietam, 34, 765 1867. 1862. Corinth, 24, 774 1868. 1862. Perryville, 24, 773 1868. 1862. Fredericksburg, 34, 769 1868. 1862. Holly Springs, 34, 775 1868. 1862. Keenshan (Quinsan), 6, 201 1868. 1862. Soochow, 6, 204 1868. 1863. Kagoshima, 7, 164 1869. 1863. Cuaspud, 31, 88, 112 1870. 1863. Pucbla, 33, 387 1870. 1863. Chancellorsville, 34, 771 463, 1863. Murfreesborough, 34. 774 1870. 1863. Raymond, 34, 776 1870. 1863. Champion Hill, 34, 777 1870. 1863. Gettysburg, 34, 778 1870. 1863. Vicksburg, 34, 777 1870. 1863. Chickamauga, 34, 783 1870. 1863. Lookout Mountain, 34, 785 464, 1863. Knoxville, 34, 785 1870. 1864. Ocversee, 18, 408 1870. 1864. Diippel, 18, 408 1870. 1864. Dybbel, 16. 274 1870. 1864. The Wilderness, 34, 787 1870. 1864. Yellow Tavern, 34, 788 1870. 1864. Cold Harbor, 34, 789 1870. 1864. Kenesaw, 34, 795 1870. 1864. Monocacy, 34. 792 1870. 1864. Peach Tree Creek, 34, 797 1870. 1864. Petersburg, Va., 34, 791 187 1. 1864. Mobile Bay, 34, 798 1871. 1864. Winchester, or Opequan, 34, 1871. 792 1873. 1864. Fisher's Hill, 34, 792 1875- 1864. Cedar Creek or Run, 34, 793 1876. 1864. Spring Hill, 34, 803 1876. 1864. Franklin, 34, 803 1876. 1864. Nashville, 34, 803 1876. 1865. Fort Fisher, 34, 808 1876. 1865. Five Forks, 34, 810 1876. 1866. Curupayti, 31, 145 1876. 1866. Villafranca, 4, 390 1877. 1866. Custozza. 4. 390, 17, 392 1877. 1866. Sissa, 17, 392 1877- Nachod, 18, 411 Langensalza, 18, 410 Trautenaw, 18, 41 1 Skalitz, 18, 411 Gitchin, 18, 411 Koniggratz or Sadowa, 4, 9, 455, 16. 276, 17, 392, 18, Monte Rotondo, 4, 392 Arequipa, 31, 209 Puebla, 33, 398 Toba, 7, 168 Fushimi, 7, 168 Nikko, 7, 170 Utsunomiya, 7, 170 Alcolea Bridge, 8, 508 V ill eta, 31, 159 Caraguatay, 31, 159 Aquidaban, 31, 160 Saarbriicken (Saarbriick), 9, 18, 421 Weissenburg, 18, 421 Woerth, 9, 464, 18, 421 Courcelles, 9, 464, 18, 421 Strasburg (Strassburg), 9, 464 Metz, 9, 464, 18, 422 Vionville or Mars-la-Tour, 9, 18, 421 Gravelotte, 9, 464, 18, 422 Beaumont, 9, 464, 18, 423 Bugancy, 9, 464 Stenay, 9, 464 Douzy, 9, 464 Sedan, 9, 464, 18, 423 Spicheren, 18, 421 Toul, 18, 424 Orleans, 18, 425 Beaune la Roland, 18, 425 Le Mans, 18, 425 Belfort, 18, 425 Paris, 9, 468, 18, 425 Abazuza, 8, 514 Lucar, 8, 515 Kumamota Castle, 7, 180 Enotake, 7, 181 Tawara-saka, 7, 180 Kagoshima, 7, 182 Shiroyama, 7, 182 Djunis, 14, 478, 17. 419 Tecoac, 33, 406 Plevna, 14, 482, 15. 334. 33& Kizil-Tepc, 15. 335 Shipka Pass, 14, 481, 15, 334 90 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Battles, cont. 1877. Lovtcha, 14, 482 1877. Bayezid, 15, 35 1877. Ardahan, 15, 335 1877. Zevin, 15, 335 1877. Kars, 15, 335 1877. Gorni Dubinck, 15, 336 1878. Philippopolis, 14, 486 1878. Adrianople, 14, 486, 15, 336 1878. Gradac, 17, 423 1879. Maiwand, 5, 258 1879. Isandlana, 20, 229 1879. Calama, 21, 234 1879. Cape Agamos, 21, 235 1879. Dolores, 21, 235 1879. Tarapaca, 21, 236 1880. Kandahar, 5, 253 1880. Tacna, 21, 237 1880. Bronkhorst Spruit, 20, 230 1881. Geok Tepe, 5, 3&7 1881. Ingago, 20, 230 1881. Laing's Neck, 20, 230 1881. Majuba Hill, 11, 634, 20, 230 1882. Alexandria, 1, 40 1882. Tel-el-Kebir, 1, 40, 5, 259, 11, 634, 14, 497, 19, 267 1885. Khartoum, 1, 40, 11, 635 1885. Slivinitza, 14, 494, 10, 343 1890. Sego, 19, 151 1891. Valparaiso, 21, 239 1894. Phung-do Island, 6, 266, 7, 262 1894. Asan or Long-hwan, 6, 266, 7, 262 1894. Pingyang, 6, 266, 7, 265 1894. Chiulien-cheng, 7, 267 1894. Ta-tung-kau, 7, 268 1894. Ta-ku-shan, 7, 268 1894. Siu-yen, 7, 268 1894. Tomu-cheng, 7, 268 1894. Hai-cheng, 7, 268 1894. Kang-wa-seh, 7, 268 1894. Sai-Ma-tsi, 7, 268 1894. Kin-chow, 7, 268 1894. Ta-lien-wan, 7, 268 1894. Port Arthur, 7, 268 1894. Mo-tien-ling, 7, 269 1894. Wei-hai-Wei, 7, 270 1894. Yalu, 6, 268, 7, 309 1895. Chitral, 5, 278 1895. Niu-chwang, 7, 272 1896. Adowa, 4, 404, 20, 300 1896. Abba Garima, 19, 248 1898. Mantanzas, 24, 1028 1898. Manila Bay, 8, 520, 20, 315, 22, 458, 24, 1028 1898. Cabanas, 22, 459 1898. Guantanamo Bay, 22, 459 1898. Las Quasimas, 22, 459, 24, 1029 San Juan Hill, 22, 459, 24, 1029 1898. El Caney, 22, 459, 24, 1029 1898. Santiago de Cuba, 8, 520, 20, 329, 22, 460, 24, 1030 1898. Omdurman, 1, 40, 11, 638 1898. Atbara, 11, 638, 19, 272 1900. Peking, 6, 283, 301, 302, 7, 280, 11, 639 1900. Maf eking, 11, 641, 20, 233 1900. Kimberley, 11, 641, 20, 233 1900. Ladysmith, 11, 641, 20, 233 1900. Magersfontein, 11, 641 1900. Colenso, 11, 641 1900. Paardeberg, 11, 641, 20, 233 1904. Guru, 5, 298 1904. Karo-la, 5, 298 1904. Chemulpo, 7, 303, 15, 361 1904. Port Arthur, 7, 304, 306, 311 1904. Yellow Sea, 7, 309 1904. Feng-hwang-cheng, 7, 309 1904. Sai-ma-tsi, 7, 310 1904. Mo-tien-ling, 7, 310 1904. Chiao-tow, 7, 310 1904. Yu-shu-lin-tsu, 7, 310 1904. Yang-tsu-ling, 7, 310 1904. Pu-lan-tien, 7, 310 1904. Kinchow, 7, 310 1904. Nanshan Hills, 7, 310 1904. Telissu, 7, 310 1904. Huing-yo-cheng, 7, 310 1904. Kai-ping, 7, 310 1904. Taping-ling, 7, 310 1904. Tashi-chiao, 7, 310 1904. Tomu-cheng, 7, 310 1904. Siu-yen, 7, 310 1904. Feng-shui (Wafangao Pass), 7, 310 1904. Anshan-chan, 7, 310 1904. Liaoyang, 6, 314, 7, 310, 15, 362 1904. Bentsiaputse, 7, 311 1904. Sha River, 7, 311 1905. Hokau-tai, 7, 312 1905. Moukden, 6, 314, 7, 312, 15. 363 1905. Tie-ling, 7, 313 1905. Japan Sea, 7, 316, 15, 364 (. I.NERAL INDEX 91 Baturin, Russia: siege of (1708), 15. 50; given to Menshikov, <> Baudin des Ardennes, Charles (1784- 1854), a French naval officer: his expedition against Mexico, 9, 413, as, 274 Bauer. General (ca. 1770), a Russian general: at the battle of the Kagul, 13. 177 Bauer, Sten (ca. 1590). a Swedish councilor: punishment of, 16, 166 Baum, Priedrich (d. 1777), a Hessian colonel: defeated at Bennington, 23, 253 Baumgartner, Jakob (1797- 1869), a Swiss historian: demands revision of constitution, 13, 536 Bautzin, Saxony: battle of (1813), 9, 343, 10, 488, 13, 272, 13. 261 Bavaria, Germany: erected into a kingdom, 10, 466; settled by the Vandals, 17, 14; united to Austria, 91; incorporated with Frankish king- dom, 18, 83; under Henry the Lion, 144; given to Otto of Wittelsbach, 153; champion of the Popes, 261; recognized as a kingdom, 367; be- comes part of the empire, 437 Bavaria, Duke of (ca. 1622), comman- der of imperial army: crushes re- bellions of the Count of Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick, 13, 204 Baxar, India: battle of (1764), 5, 126, 128, 135, 187 Baxter, Elisha (19th century), Amer- ican politician: governor of Ar- kansas (1875), 24, 872, note Baxter, Richard (1615-1691), an Eng- lish non-conformist: imprisoned, 1 1, 421 Bay of Biscay, Spain: battle of (1805), 11. 556 Bay Psalm Book, first book printed in America: printed 1640, 23, 143 Bay State, Old: see Massachusetts Bayard, James Asheton (1767-1815), an American statesman: appointed peace commissioner, 23. 429 Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Chevalier de (ca. 1475-1524), a French nation- al hero: his campaign in Italy. 9, 136; saves Mezieres, 138 Bayard, Thomas Francis (1828-1898), an American statesman: in congress (1869), 24, 861: member of the electoral commission, 913 note; his influence over Democrats, 914: Secretary of State, 950 note: in Samoan dispute, 977; first Ameri- can ambassador, 979 Bayard-Chamberlain Treaty, a treaty which decided the fishery arrange- ments between England and the United States (1887). 24, 961 Bayeux Tapestry, a piece of French tapestry embroidered with scenes of the Norman Conquest: descrip- tions of, 11, 67, 13. 25 Bayezid, Asiatic Turkey: taken by the Russians (1828), 15, 282; (1877), 335 Bayezid (Bajazet) I (1347-1403), Sul- tan of Turkey, 1380-1403: account of, 14, 31: at the battle of Kosovo, 35; accession of, 36; crosses the Balkan, 9, 109, 14, 62; assumes title of Sultan, 14, 38: attacks Egypt, 1, 36; defeated by Timur, 5. 338; death of, 14, 50; his tomb desecrated by Mohammed I of Turkey, 55 Bayezid (Bajazet) II (1447-1512), Sul- tan of Turkey, 1481-1512: accession of, 17, 164: reign of 14, 107; de- feats Hungarians, 17, 167; death of. 14. "7 Bayezid Pasha (early 15th century), Turkish general: account of, 14, 56, 58 Baylen (Bailen), a town in Spain: battle of (1808), io, 477 Bayley, Sir Stewart Colvin (1836- 1890), lieutenant-governor of India 1882-1887: sketch of. 5, 262 Bayley, William Butter worth (1782- 1860) acting governor-general of India. 5. 212 Bayol, Dr. (ca. 1880). a French ex- plorer in Africa: concludes treaty with the Almamy of Futa Jallon. 19. 150 Bayou State, The: sec Mississippi Bayrcuth, Margravine of (h. 1709). her description of Catherine, 13. 68 Bazaine, Francois Achille ( 181 1-1888). 92 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS a French marshal: his campaign in Mexico, 9, 453; in the Franco-Prus- sian war, 9, 463, 18, 421 Beachy Head, France: battle of (1689), ii, 438 Beaconsfield, Lord: see Disraeli, Ben- jamin Bear State, The: see Arkansas Beast of Ansonia, The Ferocious: see Caracalla, Roman emperor Beaton, David (1494-1546), a Scotch prelate: murder of, 12, 307 Beaton, James (d. 1539), Archbishop of St. Andrews: leads French party in Scotland, 12, 302 Beatrix (ca. 1150), Princess of Bur- gundy: wife of Frederick Barba- rossa, 18, 149 Beatrix (ca. 1050), Countess of Tus- cany: marries Godfrey of Lorraine, 18, 130 Beatrix de Guzman (ca. 1250), a Cas- tilian princess: marries Alfonso III of Portugal, 8, 281 Beatrix of Portugal (ca. 1385): mar- ries Juan I of Castile, 8, 173, 291; proclaimed queen of Portugal, 295 Beauchesne-Gouin (18th century), a French explorer in South America: explorations of, 31, 34 Beaufort, Due de: see Vendome, Fran- cois de Beaufort, Henry (d. 1447), Bishop of Winchester: feud with Duke of Gloucester, XI, 202; becomes car- dinal, 202; advocates peace with France, 205; death, 207 Beaufort, John, Duke of Somerset (ca. 1443), English soldier: succeeds to the command in France, 11, 206; death, 207 Beauharnais, Alexandre (d. 1793), a French general: death of, 9, 287, 10, 279 Beauharnais, Eugene de (1781-1824), French soldier and statesman: made viceroy of Italy, 9, 324, xo, 462, 18, 371; his campaign against Russia, 15, 226; his campaign in Italy, 17, 299; defeated in Italy, 311; cam- paigns of, 18, 376, 382 Beauharnais, Stephanie de (ca. 1800): marriage of, 18, 371 Beaulieu, Jean Pierre, Baron de (1725-1819), an Austrian general: his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 298; made minister of finance, 10, 176 Beaumarchais, Eustace de (1278): governor of Navarre, 8, 207 Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de (1732-1799), a French writer: aids Americans, 23, 265; death, 266 Beaumont, France: battle of (1870), 9, 414, 18, 423 Beaumont, Christophe de (ca. 1750), Archbishop of Paris: intolerance of, 9, 241 Beaune la Roland, France: battle of (1870), 18, 425 Beaupreau, France: battle of (i793), 10, 249 Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, an American general: born near New Orleans, May 28, 1818; gradu- ated from West Point, 1838, and appointed lieutenant of engineers; served with distinction in the Mex- ican War; made captain of engi- neers, 1853; was in charge of the defenses of New Orleans, 1853- 1860; appointed superintendent of the Academy at West Point, No- vember, i860, but resigned February 20, 1861, and was brigadier-general in the Confederate army; directed the operations against Fort Sumter, 1861; won the battle of Bull Run, 1861, for which he was made gen- eral; was at the battle of Shiloh, 1861; defended Corinth, April 7 to May 20, 1862; commanded the de- fense of the Southern coast against Admiral Dupont's attack, April 7, 1863; commanded in Virginia, 1864; opposed Sherman's march to the sea, 1864; surrendered with John- ston, 1865; president of the New Orleans and Jackson Railroad, 1865-1870; offered the chief com- mand of the Roumanian army, 1866, and of the army of the Khedive of Egypt, 1869, both of which he declined; became adjutant-general of Louisiana, 1878; died in New Orleans, February 20, 1893 GENERAL INDEX In the Mexican War, 22, 326; at bombardment of Fort Sumter, 24, 710; issues proclamation to Vir- ginians, 731; at battle of Bull Run, 734; advises against attack on Washington, 736; at battle of Pitts- burg Landing, 747; fails to follow up victory at Pittsburg Landing, 748; succeeded by Bragg, 774 Beauvais, France: siege of (1472), 13, 45 Beauvais (d. 1793), a Girondist dep- uty: death of, 10, 279 Bebel, Ferdinand August (1840 ), a German socialist: his work among the Austrian Socialists, 17, 438; supports Fejervary, 17, 446; leads the Social Democrats, 18, 438 Beccaria (ca. 1550), a Swiss preacher: preaches in Locarno, 13, 456 Beccariai Cesar e Bonesano, Marquis of (18th century), an Italian author: sketch of, 4, 339 Bechuanaland Protectorate, Africa: sketch of, 19, 214, 20, 259 Beck, James Burnie, a Kentucky sen- ator: elected senator, 24, 916 Becker (d. 1843), editor of Vienna " Radical": death of, 17, 376 Becket: see Thomas a Becket Beda, Abbot of St. Gall (673-735 A. D.), the first English historian: sketch of, 13, 506 Bedeau, Marie Alphonse (ca. 1850), a republican general of France: ar- rest of, 9, 441 Beder, Arabia: battle of, 1, 226 Bedford, England: battle of (571 A. D.), II, 24 Bedford (ca. 1787), member of Con- stitutional Convention from Dela- ware, 23, 326 Bedford, Dukes of: see Russell Bedford, John, Duke of (1389-1435): regent of France, 9, 113; career of, II, 201 Bedmar, Marquis of (1572-1655), a Spanish diplomat: conspires against Venice, 4, 315 Bedocdard, Sultan of Egypt 1261: his conquests in Palestine, 9, 84 Bedoya, Diaz de (ca. 1870), member of provisional government of Par- aguay, 21, 159 Bedriacum, Italy: first battle of (69 A. D.), 4, 71; second battle of (69 A. D.), 72 Bee, Bernard E. (1823-1861), a Con- federate general: at battle of Bull Run, 24, 735 Beecher, Henry Ward, an American divine and author: born at Litch- field, Conn., June 24, 1813; gradu- ated from Amherst College, 1834; studied theology under his father's direction at Lane Seminary; was pastor at Lawrenceberg, Del., 1837- 1839; at Indianapolis, Ind., 1839- 1847; and of the Plymouth Congre- gational Church in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1847-1887; editor of the " Independ- ent," 1 861-1863; delivered addresses in Great Britain on Civil War top- ics, 1863; founded the " Christian Union" and was its editor, 1870- 1881; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 8, 1887 Member of American Anti-Slav- ery Society, 24, 574; opposes Lin- coln, 709; opposes election of Blaine (1884), 946 Behar, British India: conquered by Bakhtiyar Khilji (1190), 5, 95 Behring Sea, North America: seal fisheries dispute, 24, 979; British vessels seized in, 980; Russian seiz- ure of American vessels, 1055; terms of settlement of dispute, 981 Beirut, Turkey: siege of, 14, 437 Bejar, Spain: founded, 22, 189; battle of (1835), 24, 533 Bekovich, Prince (d. 1717), a Russian general: sketch of, 15, 77 Bela I (d. 1063), King of Hungary, 1061-1063: career of, 17, 50 Bela (II) the Blind, King of Hun- gary, 1131-1141: reign of, 17, 53 Bela III, King of Hungary, 1174- 1196: reign of, 17, 54 Bela IV, King of Hungary, 1235- 1270: reign of, 17, 57 Bel-bani (Bel-kapkapu), King of As- syria, ca. 1300 B. C: founds king- dom, 1, 78 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Belcredi, Richard, Count von (1823- ), an Austrian politician: made premier, 17, 389 Beldenak, Jens, Bishop of Odense (ca. 1520), Scandinavian divine: pro- vokes the blood bath of Stockholm, 16, 149; at Brunnbak, 153 Belfort, France: siege of (1871), 18, 425 Belgae, Celtic tribe of Northern Gaul: league of, 3, 298; at war with Romans, 3, 302, 13, 5; revolt of, 9, 8; invade Britain, II, 6 Belgian Katanga Company, in Africa: formed (1890), 19, 240 Belgium, called the Cockpit of Eu- rope, History of: see Holland and Belgium, History of Belgrade, called The White City, cap- ital of Servia: destroyed by the Venetians and Turks, 17, 54; sieges of (1440), 157; (1456), 14, 82, 17, 160; (1521), 14, 147; (1688), 14, 256, 17, 231, 18, 304; (1691), 14, 260; (1717), 14, 289, 17, 235, 18, 320; (1739), 15, 123; (1789), I7 271, 18, 351 Belgrade, Peace of, concluded be- tween Turkey, Austria and Russia (1739), 14, 315, 374, 15, 124, 17, 192, 235 Belgrano, Manuel (ca. 1800), Brazil- ian rebel: leads revolutionary move- ment, 21, 57 Belisarius (505-565 A. D.), general of the Byzantine Empire: conquest of Italy, 2, 532, 4, 159; his cam- paigns against Totila, 4, 161; his campaigns against the Persians, 5, 319; captures the Balearic Isles, 8, 3; career of, 18, 49 Belknap, William Worth (1829-1890), American politician and general: impeached, 24, 895 Bell, The Dinner: see Burke, Ed- mund Bell, King, sovereign in Guinea (1884): negotiates for European protection, 19, in Bell, Henry (1767-1830), Scottish engi neer and mechanic: makes first English steamboat, 11, 590 Bell, John (1797-1869), American statesman: opposes Kansas-Ne- braska Bill, 24, 637; nominated for President by Constitutional Union Party, 680; joins secessionists, 719 Bellanaboy: see Yellow Ford Belle-Isle, in the bay of Biscay: bat- tles of (1747), 9, 240; (1795), 294 Belleisle, Charles Louis Auguste Fou- quet, Duke of (1684-1761), French marshal and politician: in the War of the Austrian Succession, 9, 240; plans division of the Austrian state, 17, 239 Bellevue, Germany: surrender at, 18, 424 Bellingshausen, Russian Antarctic ex- plorer, 1819-1821: explorations of, 16, 333 Bellinzona (Bellenz), Switzerland: siege of (1478), 13, 414 Bellomont, Earl of, Governor of New York, 1698-1701: administration of, 23, 106; extent of his power, 116 Bellovaci, tribe of the Belgian Gauls: Caesar's campaign against, 3, 308 Bellows, Henry Whitney (1814-1882), American Unitarian divine: presi- dent of the Sanitary Commission, 24, 825 Bell-the-Cat: see Angus, Archibald Douglas, Earl of Belluno, Claude Perrin Victor, Duke of (1764-1841), French marshal: made minister of war, 9, 378 Belshazzar: see Nabonidos Belshazzar's Feast, in American poli- tics (1884), 24, 947 Belton, Mexican general (1847): in the Mexican War, 22, 348 Belzu, Manuel Isidoro, Bolivian revo- lutionist: president of Bolivia (1848- 1855), 21, 188; death of, 190 Bern, Joseph (1795-1850), Polish gen- eral: in the Hungarian insurrection, 15, 301, 17, 371, 18, 401; escapes to Turkey, 15, 303, 17, 372; death of, 17, 373 Bembo, Cardinal Pietro (1470-1547), Italian cardinal: labors for restora- tion of letters, 4, 299 Bemis Heights, New York: battle of (1777), 23, 255 Bemohi, king of the Jalofs, Africa GENERAL INDEX 95 (1480): forms alliance with Joam II of Portugal, 8, 323 Benavides, Manuel (ca. 1530), Spanish courtier: nominated as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 106 Benbow, John (1650-1702), English admiral: his campaign against the French, 13, 250 Benburb, Ireland: battle of (1646), 12, 121 Benczur (19th century), Hungarian painter: sketch of, 17, 416 Bend State, The Big: see Tennessee Bender, Russia: siege of (1770), 14, 329; Charles XII of Sweden at, 15, 54, 58; taken by the Russians (1789), 185 Bender, Baron Blasius von (1713- 1798), Austrian general: his cam- paign in Belgium, 13, 262 Bendin, Father (ca. 1650), Jesuit priest: his work among the Indians, 22, 168 Benedek, Ludwig von (1804-1881), Austrian general: his campaign in Cracow, 17, 347; at the battle of Sadowa, 17, 392, 18, 410 Benedetti, Count Vincent (1817-1900), French diplomat: ambassador to Berlin, 9, 462; negotiations of, 18, 416 Benedict VIII (d. 1024), Pope, 1012- 1024: implores assistance of Henry II, 18, 122 Benedict IX, Pope, 1034-1044, called the Boy Pope: his relations with the Emperor Vacslav, 17, 118; bans Archbishop Heribert of Milan, 18, 127 Benedict XII, Pope, 1334-1342: his re- lations with Lewis of Bavaria, 18, 189 Benedict XIII, anti-Pope, 1394-1424: struggle with Boniface IX, 9, 109; at Avignon, 198; deposed, 201; in Spain, 204 Benedict (ca. 1090), Scandinavian chief: death of, 16, 73 Benedict of Nursia (480-543 A. D.), Italian ecclesiast: organizes the Benedictine Rule, II, 29 Benedictines, Order of, a religious or- der: founded (529) in Campania, 11, 29; increase of wealth and influence, 91; in Switzerland, 13, 355 Beneski, Charles de (ca. 1800), Polish spy: visits Mexico, 22, 258 Beneventum or Benevento, Italy: Pyrrhus defeated at, 2, 516, 3, 80; battles of (275 B. C), 3, 80; (1266), 18, 169 Benezet, Anthony (1713-1784), Fran- co-American philanthropist: arouses Quakers against slavery, 23, 130 Bengal, British India: separated from Madras, 5, 165 Bengal Company of Embden: organ- ized (ca. 1750), 5, 174 Bengal Rent Act (1885), regulating rights of tenants against Bengal landlords, 5, 260 Bengal Tenancy Acts, securing land rights of peasantry of Bengal: (1859), 244; (1885), 244 Bengtsson, Jons (141 7-1467), Arch- bishop of Upsala: rebellion of, 16, 133 Beni Kainoka, Jewish tribe in Arabia: defeated by Mohammed, 1, 228 Beni Nadir, Jewish tribe in Arabia: at war with Mohammed, 1, 229 Benjamin, Judah Philip (1811-1884), American politician: Confederate Attorney-General, 24, 694 Benkendorf, Count Alexander (1782- 1844), Russian general and diplo- mat: in Moscow, 15, 242; his cam- paign against Persia, 283 Bennet, Henry, Earl of Arlington: see Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of Bennigsen, Rudolf von (1824 ), German statesman: leads the Na- tional Liberals, 18, 446 note Benningsen (Bennigsen), Count Levin August Theophile (1745-1826), Rus- sian commander: implicated in the assassination of Paul, 15, 209; his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 329, 15, 228; his efforts to save Moscow, 15, 241; before Napoleon, 246 Bennington, Vermont: battle of (1777), 23, 253 Bent, Charles, New Mexican governor (1847): death of, 22, 305 96 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bentham, Jeremy (i 748-1 832), Eng- lish jurist and philosopher: sketch of, 11, 578 Bentinck, General (ca. 1850), English soldier: in the Crimean War, 15, 3ii Bentinck, Lord George (1802-1848), English political leader: defeats Peel ministry, 11, 606 Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish (1774-1839), English soldier and diplomat: removed from governor- ship of Madras, 5, 204; governor- general of India, 212; impeached, II, 450; becomes Prime Minister, 525; second ministry of, 559; death of, 563 Benton, Thomas Hart, an American statesman: born near Hillsborough, N. C, March 14, 1782; moved to Tennessee, where he studied law and began to practice in Nashville about 1810; served as a colonel un- der General Jackson in the War of 1812; became a resident of St. Louis, Mo., 1815; a member of United States Senate, 1820-1851; a Member of the House of Representatives, 1853-1855; died in Washington, D. C, April 10, 1858 Quoted on J. Q. Adams's adminis- tration, 23, 466; opposed to Panama Congress, 469; attacks United States Bank, 502; quoted on the distribu- tion of public moneys, 505; quoted on settlement of Northwest Bound- ary Dispute, 24, 544; opposes Mex- ican War, 554; altercation with Senator Foote, 608; votes against Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 637 Bentsiaputse, Japan: captured by the Russians, 7, 311 Benyovski (Benyowsky, Beniowski), Count Mauric August (1741-1786), Hungarian nobleman and adven- turer: attempts to establish French influence in Madagascar, 19, 212 Beorhtic (ca. 750 A. D.), Saxon chief: his contest with Ecgberht for West Saxon crown, 11, 40 Bera, Count of Barcelona, ca. 801 A. D.: reign of, 8, 219 Berangaria, Queen of Denmark, ca. 1200, wife of Valdemar: the jew- els of, 16, 88; sketch of, 90 Berbera, eastern Africa: held by Eng- land, 19, 85 Berbers, race of people of Hamitic family, scattered over North Africa and the Sahara, 18, 49 Berbice, British Guiana: taken by the English, 20, 143 Berchthold (II) of Zaringen, Duke of Suabia, ca. 1050: made duke, 13, 347 Berchthold IV, Duke of Suabia, ca. 1 177: reign of, 13, 349 Berchthold V, Duke of Suabia, ca. 1 190: reign of, 13, 349 Berebistas, King of the Dacians, 40-20 B. C: sketch of, 17, 12 Berednikov (ca. 1750), Russian gov- ernor: Mirovish surrenders to, 15, 163 Berengaria (d. 1244), Queen of Cas- tile: marries Alfonso IX of Leon, 8, 148; regent of Castile, 149 Berengaria of Navarre (d. 1230) : mar- ries Richard I of England, 8, 203 Berengario I (d. 1035), Count of Barcelona: reign of, 8, 226 Berengario (ca. 1100), brother of Ray- mundo III of Barcelona: attempts to gain the fief of Barcelona, 8, 226 Berenger I, King of Italy, 888-924 A. D.: reign of, 4, 180, 18, 98, 99 Berenger (Berengar) II, King of Italy, 950-961 A. D.: reign of, 4, 181; demands hand of Adelheid, 18, 111; banished, 114 Berenger (ca. 1760), French minister to Russia: takes charge of embassy, 15, 158 Beresford, John (1773-1862), Primate of Ireland: retired, 12, 203 Beresina, Russia: battle of the (1812), 9, 342, 15, 253, 18, 380 Berezowski (ca. 1850), a Polish fa- natic: his attempt to assassinate the tsar, 15, 339 Berg, Count of (ca. 1630), German commander: his campaign in the Netherlands, 13, 210 GENERAL INDEX 97 Berg, Christian Paulsen (1829-1891), Danish statesman: leads the liber- als, 16, 289 Berg, Count Friedrich Wilhelm Rem- bert (ca. 1850), Russian noble: made dictator in Poland, 15, 329 Bergen, Norway: captured by the Hansers, 16, 127 Bergen, Prussia: battles of (1759). 9> 245; (1799), 10, 407 Bergen, Marquis of (ca. 1550), Dutch noble: his mission to Madrid, 13, 90, 93; flees to Germany, 103 Bergen-op-Zoom, Netherlands: battles of (1573), 13, 116; (1622), 204; (1709), 267 Bergerac, Peace of (1577), a treaty between the Huguenots and Cath- olics, 9, 160 Bergh, Count van den (ca. 1580), brother of William I of Orange: joins the Spanish, 13, 141 Berghama (Pergamus), Turkey: an- nexed by Orkhan, 14, 23 Berghem, France: battle of (i799), 9 310 Bering, Vitus (1680-1741), a Danish navigator in the Russian service: commissioned by Peter, 15, 82; his second expedition, 114; explorations of, 16, 305; see also Behring Sea Berislavl: see Kizi-Kermen Berkeley, Ernest (ca. 1890), an Eng- lishman in African service: becomes administrator of British East Africa, 19, 204 Berkeley, Sir John (1663-1697), an English naval officer: made Carolina proprietor, 23, 73; proprietor of New Jersey, 108; sells interest to Quakers, 109 Berkeley, Sir William (d. 1677): gov- ernor of Virginia, 23, 63; Charles I restores, 64; Charles II recalls, 66; opposed to printing presses, 43 Berkuk (ca. 1382), first of Circassian Mamelukes in Egypt, 14, 128 Berlin, Germany: siege of (1760), 15, 149, 18, 341; Napoleon in (1806), 10, 470, 18, 373; rising in (1848), 18, 398; Samoan commission meets at, 24, 977 Berlin, Congress of, a congress con- sisting of representatives of the German Empire, Austria, France, England, Italy, Russia and Turkey (1878), 14, 487, 17, 420 Berlin, Treaties of: a treaty between Maria Theresa and Frederick II of Prussia (1742), 17, 241; a treaty be- tween the German Empire, Aus- tria, France, England, Italy, Russia and Turkey (1878), 5, 256, XI, 632, 14, 488, 491, 498, 15, 338, 17, 421 Berlin, University of: founded (1810), 10, 487 Berlin Conference, The, a conference of European powers and the United States to settle questions of parti- tions in Africa (1884-1885), 13, 311, 19, 78, 114 Berlin Decrees, The, decrees issued by Napoleon I to prohibit com- merce with Great Britain (1806), 8, 484, 9, 329, 10, 473, 11, 560, 13, 268, 15, 216, 20, 142, 23, 407 Bermudas, The (The Gibraltar of the West Indies), a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean: history of, 20, 249 Bermudez, Gonzalo (ca. 980 A. D.), Spanish rebel: encourages Mo- hammedan invasion, 8, 138 Bermudez, Morales (1836-1894), President of Peru, 1890: his admin- istration as president of Peru, 21, 242 Bermudez, Pedro Pablo (1 798-1852), a Peruvian general: candidate for presidential honors, 21, 194 Bermudo (Veremundo) I, King of As- turias and Leon, 788-791 A. D. : reign of, 8, 132; at war with Ferdi- nand of Castile, 200 Bermudo (Veremundo) II, King of Asturias and Leon, 982-999: reign of, 8, 137 Bermudo (Veremundo) III, King of Asturias and Leon, 1028-1037: reign of, 8, 139 Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules: see Charles XIV, King of Sweden Bernard, King of Italy, ca. 812-ca. 818: accession of, 9, 44; reign of, 4, 177; conspiracy of, 18, 90; death of, 9, 47 98 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bernard, King of Lombardy: see Bernard, King of Italy Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac: see Armagnac, Bernard VII, Count of Bernard (Bernhard) (1604-1639), Duke of Saxe-Weimar, a comman- der in the Thirty Years' War: joins Gustavus Adolphus, 18, 281; his campaigns in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 190; succeeds to command of army, 13, 215, 18, 284; his alli- ance with Louis XIII of France, 289; death of, 290 Bernard, Saint (1091-1153), Abbot of Clairvaux, a French ecclesiastic: preaches the Second Crusade, 9, 73, 18, 145 Bernard (early 19th century), a French soldier: conspiracy of, 9, 375 Bernard, Atto (early 12th century), Viscount de Beziers: usurps the fief of Carcassonne, 8, 227 Bernard, Sir Charles Edward (1837- 1901), an English civil service offi- cial: sketch of, 5, 264; made chief commissioner in Burma, 266 Bernard, Martin (b. 1808), a French radical politician: leader of the So- ciety of the Seasons, 9, 417 Bernard, Montague (1820-1882), an English lawyer: in Joint High Com- mission, 24, 883 Bernard, Simon (19th century), a French conspirator: trial of, 9, 450 Bernardo, Count of Barcelona (ca. 820) : reign of, 8, 220 Bernburg, Germany: siege of (1809), 18, 376 Berne, Switzerland: sieges of (1288), 13, 361; (i53S), 447; at war with French, 510; Diet of (1847), 551 Bernhard, Duke of Weimar (1604- 1639), a German general: his cam- paign in Switzerland, 13, 464; at the battle of Liitzen, 16, 184; power of, 18, 130 Bernicia, England: founding of, II, 25 Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo (1598- 1680), an Italian architect, sculptor and painter: work of, 4, 411 Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782), a noted mathematician and physicist: sketch of, 13, 482 Bernoulli, Jacob (1654-1705), a pro- fessor of mathematics in the Uni- versity of Basel: sketch of, 13, 482; services of, 15, 195 Bernoulli, Johann (1667-1748), a Swiss mathematician and physicist: sketch of, 13, 482; services of, 15, 195 Bernstorf, Count Andreas Peter (1735-1797), a Danish statesman: recall of, 16, 254 Bernstorf, Count Christian Gunther (1769-1835), a Danish statesman: negotiates the Peace of Vienna, 16, 275 Bernstorff, Count Johan Hartwig Ernst von (1712-1772), a Danish statesman: diplomacy of, 15, 207; exile of, 16, 241 Berosos (ca. 300 B. C), Babylonian priest and historian: source of Babylonian and Assyrian history, 1, 69 Berro, Bernardo Prudencio (1800- 1868), Uruguayan politician and journalist: elected president of Uru- guay, 21, 141 Berry, Charles of France, Duke of (1446-1477): at head of the League of the Public Good, 9, 122; death of, 124 Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duke of (1778-1820): assassination of, 9, 372 Berry, Jean of France, Duke of (1340- 1416): claims regency for Charles VI of France, 9, 106; dismissed from government of Languedoc, 108 Berryer, Pierre Antoine (1790-1868), French advocate and political ora- tor: enters parliamentary life, 9, 389; arrest of, 441 Berserkers, Scandinavian warriors : legend of the, 16, 18 Berszenyi, Daniel (1776-1836), Hun- garian poet: aids Hungarian lan- guage, 17, 333 Bertha, Queen of Burgundy (ca. 900 A. D.) : sketch of, 13, 344 Bertha, Queen of Kent (ca. 560 A. D.): marries ^Ethelberht, 11, 27 GENERAL INDEX 99 Bertha, widow of Eudes I of Bois (ca. 900 A. D.) : marries Robert II of France, 9, 67 Bertha, wife of Henry IV (ca. 1060) : sketch of, 18, 132 Bertha, daughter of Count Florent of Holland (ca. 1100): marries Philip I of France, 9, 71 Berthair, mayor of the palace (ca. 700 A. D.) : reign of, 9, 35 Berthelier, Philibert (1470-15 19), Ge- nevan leader: sketch of, 13, 447 Berthier (ca. 1780), French official: death of, 10, 73 Berthier, Alexandre (1753-1815), mar- shal of French Empire: his cam- paign in Italy, 9, 307; made marshal of the empire, 322; invested with the principality of Neufchatel, 10, 468; at the Beresina, 15, 253 Berthold (1442-1504), Archbishop of Mayence: at Diet of Worms, 18, 226 Berthold (ca. 900 A. D.), Count of Suabia: at the battle of the Inn, 18, 104 Bertie, Robert, Earl of Lindsey (1572- "1642), English admiral: his expedi- tion to Rochelle, II, 325 Bertola (ca. 1700), Italian engineer: at siege of Turin (1704), 4, 328 Berton, Jean Baptiste (1 769-1 822), French general of brigade: insti- gates a Bonapartist plot, 9, 378 Bertrade: see Bertha Bertram de la Cueva (ca. 1500), Span- ish general: his campaign against the French, 8, 349 Berwick, England: captured by the English (1294), 12, 274; sieges of (1314), 282; (1333), II, 157, 12, 285 Berwick, James Fitzjames, Duke of (1670-1734), English soldier: com- mands French army in Spain, 8, 393; invades Spain, 8, 406, 9, 223, 231; his campaign in Germany, 9, 235_ Berwick, Treaty of (1638), concluded between England and Scotland, II, 336, 12, 338 Berzelius, Johan Jacob, Baron (1779- 1848), Swedish chemist: sketch of, 16, 264 Besborodko, Count Alexander (1742- I 799). Russian statesman: negoti- ates the Treaty of Jassy, 15, 187 Besner, Baron de (ca. 1750), French statesman: attempts to found col- ony in Guiana, 20, 121 Bessarabia, southwestern Russia: an- nexed to Russia, 17, 306 Bessenyi, George (d. 1810), Hunga- rian poet: serves in the guard of Maria Theresa, 17, 273 Bessieres, Jean Baptiste (1768-1813), French marshal: made marshal of the empire, 9, 322 Bessos (ca. 300 B. C), satrap of Bac- triana: murders Darius III, 1, 169; Persian usurper, 2, 499 Bestuzhev, Count Alexis Petrovitch (1693-1766), Russian statesman: ministry of, 16, 228; resident at the court in Courland, 15, 104, 107; tes- tifies against Biron, 128; his rela- tions with England and Prussia, 138, 142, 146; banishment of, 148 Bestuzhev-Riumin, Michael (ca. 1800), Russian conspirator: in the plot of the Dekabrists, 15, 273 Beszeredy (ca. 1800), Hungarian pa- triot: in the diet of 1836, 17, 352 Bethel, Palestine: conquered by He- brews, 1, 377 Bethencourt, Jean de (d. 1425), French adventurer: his conquest of the Canaries, 21, 3 Bethhoron, Palestine: battles of (166 B. C), 1, 406; (65 A. D.), 410 Bethlen, Gabriel, Prince of Transyl- vania (1580-1629), Magyar general and ruler: invades Hungary, 17, 205; leads Transylvanians, 224; re- volt of, 18, 267; makes peace with Ferdinand II of Germany, 273; elected prince, 17, 225; claims throne of Hungary, 226; death of, 226 Bethmont, Eugene (1804-1860), French lawyer: member of the pro- visional government, 9, 435 Bethune, Sir Henry (ca. 1800), Eng- lish minister to Persia: establishes English influence in Persia, 5, 360 Betrand du Guesclin (1320-1380), French commander: joins conspi- 100 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS racy against Pedro the Cruel, 8, 166 Betski (ca. 1800), Russian educator: the labors of, 15, 195 Better Government of India, Act for the: see Government of India, Act for the Better Beugnot, Jacques Claude (1761-1835), French statesman: made minister of police, 9, 356 Beuren, Count of: see Philip William, Prince of Orange Beurnonville, Pierre Riel de (1752- 1821), French general and politician: his campaigns in the Franco-Aus- trian War, 9, 276; member of pro- visional government, 349 Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand, .Baron von (1809-1886), Saxon and Austrian statesman and diplomat: arranges the dual agreement between Austria and Hungary, 17, 397; relieved of his duties, 411; reforms of, 18, 415 Beverley Minster, Yorkshire, Eng- land: built (1220), 11, 141 Beverly, Robert (1675-1716), Ameri- can historian: writings of, 23, 143 Beybars, Sultan of Egypt, 1260-1277: reign of, 1, 36 Beylan, Asiatic Turkey: battle of (1832), 14, 434 Beyrout, Asiatic Turkey: bombarded (1840), 9, 419 Beza, Theodore (ca. 1530), Swiss scholar: teaches in the University of Lausanne, 13, 448 Beziers: see Baeterrae Bhakta-Mala, Hindu religious book, compiled ca. 1600: description of, 5, 80 Bhartpur (Bhurtpore), British India: sieges of (1805), 5, 201; (1827), 212 Bhils, natives of Central British India: description of, 5, 28 Bhilsa, India: plundered by Ala-ud- din, 5, 99 Bhurtpore: see Bhartpur Bhutan War, between England and Himalayan state of Bhutan, ended by treaty (1865), 5, 247 Biacnabate, Treaty of, concluded be- tween Spain and the Philippines (1897), 20, 314 Bianchi, political faction which arose in Tuscany about 1300: rise of, 4, 212 Bibaculus, Marcus Furius (b. 103 B. C), Latin poet: orations of, 3, 319 Biberach, Wiirtemberg: battle of (1796), 9, 3d Bibikov, Alexander (ca. 1770), Rus- sian general: in the Pugatchev in- surrection, 15, 168 Bible, The: translated into English, II, 257; translated into German, 13, 453J the New Testament translated into Slav, 17, 32; translated into Gothic, 18, 32; translated by Luther, 18, 244, 251; accepted as law in Salem colony, 23, 89; constitution of New Haven colony, 92; trans- lated into Algonquin, 97, 143; slav- ery contrary to, 130; supports slav- ery, 24, 591; its place among Lin- coln's books, 665; supplied to sol- diers by Christian Commission, 825 Bibracte, ancient Gaul: battle of (58 B. C), 13, 329 Bibulus, Lucius Calpurnius (d. 48 B. C), a Roman politician: given com- mand of army in the East, 3, 325; executes all Caesarian prisoners, 344; destroys part of Caesar's fleet, 345 Bicocca, Italy: battles of (1522), 4, 301; (1849), 359 Bicoque, France: battle of (1522), 9, 138 Bidaossa, Treaty of: see Pyrenees, Peace of the Biedermann, J. C. (ca. 1850), a Swiss theologian: sketch of, 13, 584 Bielayev (ca. 1812), a Russian peas- ant: the plan of, 15, 244 Bienville, Celeron de (ca. 1750), a French officer in Canada: sent to es- tablish French claims, 23, 169 Big Bend State: see Tennessee Big Black Bridge, Mississippi: con- federate defeat at, 24, 777 Big Sunflower River, Mississippi: in Vicksburg campaign, 24, 776 Bigod, Hugh (d. 1266), English justi- cian: offends barons, 11, 139 Bigod, Roger (1 245-1306), Earl of GENERAL INDEX 101 Norfolk: leads baronial opposition to Edward I, II, 149. Bikker, Cornelius, burgomaster of Amsterdam 1650: sketch of, 13, 226 Bikorski, a Russian mayor, 1812: burns the bridge over the Luzha, 15, 244 Bilbao, Spain: siege of (1835), 8, 497 Bill of Rights: added to Constitution (1789), 23, 338 Billaud-Varennes, Jean Nicolas (1756- 1819), a French revolutionist: made member of the committee of safety, 9, 285; leader of the commune, io, 203; attacks Robespierre, 310; trial of, 333 Billault, Auguste Adolph Marie (1805- 1863), a French jurist and states- man: opposes Guizot's foreign pol- icy, 9. 430; death of, 454 "Billion Dollar Congress," The, 24, 975 Billy, Silly: see William IV, King of England Biloxx, Louisiana: French claim, 23, 168 Biloxi Indians, a North American .tribe: location, 23, 8 Binger, Louis Gustave (1856 ), a French officer and African explorer: his work in Africa, 19, 150 Bingham, Sir Richard (1528-1599), an English soldier: cruelty of, 12, 95 Binothris: see Bainuter Biographical Sketches: Aitchison, Sir Charles Umpherston, 5, 263 Alcibiades, 2, 322 Alexander the Great, 2, 483, 484 Amherst, William Pitt, 5, 209 Ashley, Sir Eden, 5, 263 Auckland, George Eden, Earl of, 5, 215 Baring Evelyn, Earl Cromer, 5, 260 Barlow, Sir George Hilaro, 5, 204 Bayley, Sir Stewart Colvin, 5, 262 Bayley, William Butterworth, 5, 212 Bentinck, William Cavendish, 5, 212 Bernard, Sir Charles Edward, 5, 264 Blood, Bindon, 5, 279 Bolivar, Simon, 31, 58 Buddha, 5, 56 Caesar, Caius Julius, 3, 362 Campbell, Colin, Baron Clyde, 5, 237 Campbell, Sir George, 5, 252 Canning, Charles John, Earl Can- ning, 5, 230 Cleveland, Grover, 24, 944 Clive, Robert, 5, 179 Columbus, Christopher, 23, 26 Colvin, Sir Auckland, 5, 261 Cortez, Hernando, 22, 5 Couper, George Ebenezer Wilson, 5, 263 Curzon of Kedleston, George Na- thaniel Curzon, Baron, 5, 279 Dalhousie, James Andrew Brown Ramsey, Earl of, 5, 222 David ben Jesse, 1, 383 Davis, Robert Henry, 5, 252 Deane, Sir Harold Arthur, 5, 286 Demosthenes, 2, 465 Denison, Sir William Thomas, 5, 245 Duff, Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant, 5, 263 Dufferin, Frederick Temple Hamil- ton-Temple-Blackwood, Marquis of, 5, 264 Egerton, Robert Eyles, 5, 263 Elgin, James Bruce, Earl of, 5, 244 Elgin, Victor Alexander Bruce, Earl of, 5, 274 Ellenborough, Edward Law, Baron, 5, 218 Elles, Sir Edmond Roche, 5, 279 Ellis, Sir Barrow Hilbert, 5, 251 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 5, 205 Elphinstone, William George Keith, 5, 218 Esarhaddon, 1, 88 Fergusson, James, 5, 263 Fitzgerald, Sir William Robert Sey- mour Vesey, 5, 252 Gibbs, James, 5, 262 Grey, Sir William, 5, 252 Hardinge, Sir Henry, 5, 219 Harrison, William Henry, 24, 524 Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Has- tings, Marquis of, 5, 206 Hodson, William Stephen Raikes, 5, 238 Hope, Sir Theodore Cracraft, 5, 262 102 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Hudson, Sir John, 5, 258 Hume, Allan Octavian, 5, 270 Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine, 5, 262 Iturbide, Agustin de, 22, 259 Jackson, Andrew, 23, 477 Jang, Sir Salar, 5, 235 Juarez, Benito Pablo, 22, 404 Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, Vis- count Kitchener, 5, 305 Laing, Samuel, 5, 244 Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquis of, 5, 268 Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery, 5, 221 Lawrence, Sir John Laird Mair, 5, 222 Lawrence, Sir Walter Roper, 5, 277 Lincoln, Abraham, 24, 665 Lyall, Sir Alfred Comyn, 5, 263 Lyall, Sir James Broadwood, 5, 264 Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer, Earl of, 5, 254 Macnaghten, Sir William Hay, 5, 218 Macpherson, John, 5, 195 Maine, Henry James Sumner, 5, 245 Malcolm, John, 5, 206 Massey, William Nathaniel, 5, 247 Mayo, Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of, 5, 248 Menes, 1, 14, 15 Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, 5, 205 Minto, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmound Elliot, Earl of, 5, 309 Mohammed, 1, 206, 241 Montgomery, Robert, 5, 222 Morris, Sir John Henry, 5, 252 Muir, Sir William, 5, 252 Napier, Sir Charles James, 5, 219 Napier, Francis, Baron Ettrick of Ettrick, 5, 252 Nicholson, John, 5, 235 Norman, Sir Henry Wylie, 5, 251 Northbrook, Thomas George Bar- ing, Baron, 5, 253 O'Shaughnessy, William Brooke, 5, 225 Palmer, Sir Arthur Power, 5, 279 Phayre, Sir Arthur Purves, 5, 243 Ramses II, I, 26, 27 Ramses III, 1, 28, 29 Ranjit Singh, 5, 220 Ridgeway, Sir Joseph West, 5, 265 Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Earl of, 5, 258 Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, Earl Roberts of Kandahar, Pretoria, and Waterford, 5, 257 Robespierre, 10, 218, 219 Rocafuerte, Vicente, 21, 108 Rose, Sir Hugh Henry, 5, 238 Saint Patrick, 12, 27 Sandenan, Sir Robert Groves, 5, 266 Sargon, 1, 84 Saul ben Kish, 1, 381, 384 Sennacherib, 1, 87 Shalmeneser II, 1, 80, 81 Smith, Harry, 5, 221 Smith, Thomas, 5, 158 Solomon, 1, 386 Stephen, James Fitzjames, 5, 251 Stokes, Whitley, 5, 262 Strachey, Richard, 5, 246 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 3, 241 Taylor, Zachary, 24, 592 Temple, Richard, Baron Temple, 5, 251 Thompson, Sir Augustus Rivers, 5, 262 Tiglaht-Pileser III, 1, 82 Trevelyan, Charles Edward, 5, 247 Van Buren, Martin, 23, 511 Wedderburn, Sir William, 5, 270 White, Sir George Stuart, 5, 278 Wilson, Henry Joseph, 5, 275 Wilson, James, 5, 243 Wood, Sir Charles, 5, 225 Birchlegs (Birke-benerne), a faction in Scandinavia 12th century: the party of the, 16, 98 Bird, George Corrie, an English gen- eral in India (ca. 1895) : his cam- paign against the Waziris, 5, 278 Birger, King of Sweden, 1284-1321: reign of, 16, 106 Birger Brosa, Jarl of the Swedes and the Goths (ca. 1250) : career of, 16, 103 GENERAL INDEX 103 Birke-benerne: see Birchlegs Birmingham Political Union: demands Parliamentary reform, n, 586 Birney, James Gillespie (1792-1857), an American politician: nominated for President, 24, 559, 580 Biron, Armand Louis, Duke of (1747- I 793) a marshal of France: ordered to advance upon Mons, 10, 173; re- treat of, 173; death of, 9, 287 Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Due de (1562-1602), an admiral and marshal of France: leader of discontented nobles, 9, 172; death of, 173 Biron, Ernst Johan von (1690-1772), Duke of Courland, favorite of Em- press Anne of Russia: presented to Anne, 15, 104; sketch of, 107; made Duke of Courland, 120; interferes in Turkish negotiations, 123; regent of Russia, 126; fall of, 127; recall of, 153 Biron, Hedwig-Elizabeth (ca. 1725): her account of her father's arrest, 15, 127 Biron, Peter, Duke of Courland, ca. 1770: rule of, 15, 192 Birs, Switzerland: battle of (1445), 13, 402 Biscoe, an English explorer and dis- coverer of Enderby Land, and of Adelaide Island: explorations of, 16, 334 Bishops' War, a war waged by Charles I against Scotland (1638): account of, 11, 336; results, 336 Bismarck, Count Herbert (1849-1904), a Prussian diplomat, son of Prince Otto Bismarck: his negotiations with England, 19, 98; his mission to London, 103 Bismarck Archipelago, Pacific Ocean: annexed to Germany, 20, 302 Bismarcksburg, Africa: founded (1885), 19, 180 Bismarck-Schoenhausen, Otto Ed- uard Leopold, Prince von, a Prus- sian statesman, called The Iron Chancellor: born on the estate of Schoenhausen, near Stendal, in Prussian Saxony, April 1, 1815; was educated at the boarding-school of Herr Plamann in Berlin, a gymna- sium where he was under the in- fluence of Dr. Prevost and Dr. Bon- nell, and at the Universities of Got- tingen and Berlin; after passing the necessary examination for the prac- tice of law, he retired to his estates; was a member of the Prussian House of Burgesses, 1847-185 1; ap- pointed a representative to the Ger- manic Diet at Frankfort, 1851; made ambassador to Russia, 1859; am- bassador to France, 1862; given the portfolio of foreign affairs and made president of the cabinet, 1862; was the leading spirit in the Slesvig- Holstein controversy, 1864-1866; be- came chancellor of the North Ger- man Confederation, 1867; made chancellor of the empire and given the rank of prince, 1871; favored the National Liberty Party, 1871-1878; after 1878, inaugurated many eco- nomic reforms; resigned, March 18, 1890; died, July 30, 1898 Growth of the influence of, 13, 308; his attitude toward the Eastern question, 14, 487; in the Slesvig- Holstein controversy, 16, 274; abil- ity of, 17, 390; at the battle of Sadowa, 392; at the head of the Prussian government, 18, 407; pol- icy of, 408 note; guides Prussian policy, 412; becomes chancellor, 413; in the negotiations with France, 417; his estimate of Portugal as a colonial power, 19, 78; influenced by German African traders, 79; rules German empire, 87; determines to create a colonial empire, 93; nego- tiates with the British Foreign Of- fice, 95, 103; his Franco- African pol- icy, no; his attitude in regard to the Cameroons, 112; his schemes for East Africa, 131 Bissell, Wilson Shannon (1847-1903), American statesman: Postmaster- General (1893), 24, 993 note Bitchu-no-Kami : see Hotta Masaatsu Bithynia, Province of, Asia Minor: founded, 3, 275 Bituriges, a Gallic tribe: Caesar's cam- paign against, 3, 308 Bixio (ca. i860), one of Garibaldi's 104 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS officers: joins Garibaldi in Sicilian campaign, 4, 378 Bjarne (ca. 1000), an Icelander who explored Greenland: voyage of, 16, 48 Bjelke, Count (ca. 1792), a Swedish conspirator: plots to assassinate Gustavus, 16, 249 , Bjelke, Gunilla (ca. 1585), daughter of Johan Bjelke, a Swedish councillor: marriage of, 16, 165 Bjelke, Thur (ca. 1590), a Swedish councillor: punishment of, 16, 166 Bjelkov (nineteenth century), an ivory hunter in Polar regions: explora- tions of, 16, 306 Bjorling (ca. 1890), a Swedish natural- ist and explorer in the Polar re- gions: explorations of, 16, 324 Bjorn I (Jernside) (d. 804 A. D.), King of Sweden: the legend of, 16, 20 Bjorn II, King of Sweden, 9th cen- tury: his appeal for missionaries, 16, 26; mentioned by Anscarius, 58 Bjornson, Bjornstjerne (1832 ), a Norwegian poet and dramatist: fights for Norway's independence, 16, 287 Blacas, Count of, a French courtier 1814: made minister of the king's household, 9, 356 Black, Jeremiah Sullivan (1810-1883), an American jurist and statesman: advises Buchanan concerning garri- soning of Southern forts, 24, 696 Black Bartholomew's Day: see St. Bartholomew, Massacre of Black Charles: see Napier, Sir Charles Black Death: in England (1348), 11, 163; (1361), 169; in Greenland, 16, 48; in Norway and Sweden, 108 Black Dick: see Howe, Richard, Earl Black Douglas, The: see Douglas Black Eagle, The: see Logan, John A. Black Eagle, Insurrection of, an up- rising in Cuba (1830), 22, 451 Black Hawk War, a rebellion of the Sac and Fox Indians led by Black Hawk (1833), 23, 506 Black Hole of Calcutta, a garrison strong-room in Calcutta 18 ft. square into which 146 British pris- oners were thrust (1756): story of, 5, 182 Black King, The: see Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor Black Prince: see Edward, Prince of England Black Rock, Ireland: taken by the British (1814), 30, 154 "Black Warrior" Affair, the seizure of the " Black Warrior," an Ameri- can merchant vessel by the Spanish (1854), 24, 642 Blackadder, Robert, Bishop of St. An- drews: consecrated (1492), 12, 300 Blackstone, Sir William (1 723-1 780), an English jurist: his writings source of American Constitution, 23, 330 Blackwater, Ireland: battle of (1598), , 303 Blacons, Marquis des, deputy of Dau- phine 1789: pronounces renunciation of privileges of Dauphine, 10, 75 Bladensburg, Maryland: American rout at, 23, 426 Blagovestchensh, Russia: massacre at, 6, 309, 311; bombarded, 7, 284 Blaine, James Gillespie, an American statesman: born in West Brown- ville, Penna., January 31, 1830; grad- uated at Washington College, 1847; member of the House of Represent- atives, 1862-1876; Speaker, 1869- 1875; accused of receiving bribes from railroads, 1876; United States Senator, 1876-1881; Secretary of State, March 4-December 19, 1881 and 1889-1892; candidate for Presi- dent, 1884; published "Twenty Years of Congress," 1884-1886; died January 27, 1893 Denounces Republican attitude toward negro suffrage, 24, 858; member of Congress (1869), 862; quoted on removal of Sumner, 880; nominated for President (1876), 906; (1880), 926; (1884), 942, 943, 947; (1892), 989; opposed to Hayes, 915; elected senator, 916; quoted on Lamar's tribute to Sumner, 917; compared with Conkling, 926; in Garfield's cabinet, 932; his eulogy on Garfield, 934; succeeded by Fre- GENERAL INDEX 105 linghuysen, 936; declines nomina- tion (1888), 965; Speaker of House, 969; in Mafia dispute, 976; in Chilian dispute, 978; effort to abrogate Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1058 Blair, Francis Preston (1821-1875), an American politician: opposes Eman- cipation Proclamation, 24, 767; leader of Missouri Unionists, 721; in Hampton Roads Conference, 809; nominated Vice President, 860 Blair, James (1656-1743), an Ameri- * can clergyman and educator: estab- lishes College of William and Mary, 23, 141 Blair, Montgomery (1813-1883), an American politician and lawgiver: appointed Postmaster-general, 24, 708 Blake, Joseph (ca. 1687), nephew of Admiral Robert Blake: governor of South Carolina, 23, 77 Blake, Robert, an English naval offi- cer: born at Bridgewater, Somerset- shire, England, August, 1598 or 1599; elected to Parliament, 1640; in the civil war, he joined the par- liamentary forces and won distinc- tion by his defense of Taunton, 1644-1645; appointed "general of the sea," 1649; made warden of the Cinque ports, 1651; became chief admiral, 1652; served in the war with the Dutch, 1652-1653; commanded in the Mediterranean, 1654-1666; destroyed the Spanish plate-fleet at Vera Cruz, 1667; died at sea near Plymouth, England, August 17, 1657 Commands fleet against the Dutch, 11, 365; commands expedi- tion against Tunis and Algiers, 370; at the battle of Dover, 13, 229; in the war with the Dutch, 230; death of, 11, 371 Blakeney, William (1 672-1 761), a Brit- ish military commander: defends St. Philip, 9, 244 Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis (1811-1882), a French politician, political writer and socialist: leads revolt, 9, 437 Blanca, Florida: see Florida-Blanca Blanche, Queen of Navarre, ca. 1400: regent for Jeanne, 8, 207; reign of, 212; made regent of Sicily, 259; marries Juan II of Aragon, 261; ac- cession to throne of Navarre, 263 Blanche de Bourbon (ca. 1350) : mar- ries Pedro the Cruel, 8, 161; im- prisonment of, 163; death of, 165 Blanche of Castile (1 187-1252): made regent for Louis IX of France, 9, 80; death of, 82 Blanche of Navarre (ca. 1350) : mar- ries Philip VI of France, 9, 95 Blancmenil, Nicholas Potier de No- vion de (1618-1693), a French mag- istrate and artisan of the Fronde: arrested, 9, 201 Blanco, Antonio Guzman (1828-1899), Venezuelan soldier and statesman: candidate for president of Vene- zuela, 21, 96; made vice-president of Venezuela, 98; his mission to Europe, 100; opens the Congress of 1866, 102; leads insurrection, 103; presidency of, 104; his administra- tion and power in Venezuela, 245; demands that British evacuate dis- puted territory, 263 Blanco y Arenas, Ramon (1832-1906), Spanish general: sent to Cuba, 22, 458 Bland, Richard P. (1835-1899), Amer- ican legislator: candidate for Presi- dential nomination, 24, 1014 Bland-Allison Law, passed 1878 re- monetizing the silver dollar: passed, 24, 922; repealed, 974 Blanka, Queen of Sweden and Nor- way, ca. 1330: sketch of, 16, 107; death of, 117 Blanketeers, March of the (1816), body of half-starved Manchester operatives who walked to London to petition for legislative remedy against capitalistic oppression, 11, Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881), French socialist and political agi- tator: leader of the Society of the Seasons, 9, 417; opposes the pro- visional government, 436 Blantyre, Africa: description of, 19, 242 106 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bleda (d. 445 A. D.), brother of At- tila: death of, 18, 40 Bleneau, France: battle of (1653), 9, 204 Blenheim, Bavaria: battle of (1704), 9, 22T, 11, 455, 13, 250, 18, 313 Blennerhassett, Harman (1765-1831), an Englishman of Irish descent: in Burr's conspiracy, 23, 404 Blind General, The: see Zisca, John of Blockades: B. C. 670. Tyre, I, 90 ca. 645. Eira, 2, 75 454. Aegina, 2, 245 ca. 445. Samos, 2, 260 435. Epidamnus, 2, 265 433. Potidaea, 2, 269, 271, 284 429. Plata ea, 2, 288, 297 428. Mitylene, 2, 291, 293 425. Pylos, 2, 301, 302 425. Sphacteria, 2, 305, 306, 307 406. Mitylene, 2, 371, 372 404. Peiraeus, 2, 277 ca. 254. Lilybaeum, 3, 103 ca. 214. Syracuse, 3, 124 ca. 147. Carthage, 3, 165 83. Capua, 3, 226 52. Alesia, 3, 307 A. D. ca. 1509. Ormuz, 8, 329 1590. Paris, 9, 167 1705. Gibraltar, 8, 394 1706. The capital of Catalonia, 8, 396 1713. The capital of Catalonia, 8, 402 1743. Prague, 9, 238 1744. Toulon, 9, 238 1757. Pirna, 9, 245 1793- All French ports, IO, 271 1794. Landrecies, 9, 289 1794. Luxemburg and Mayence, 9, 290 1796. Mantua, 9, 299, 300 1798. Malta, 20, 253 1 8oi. Tripoli, 23, 393 1804. Brest and Ferrol, 9, 324 1804-1807. Buenos Ayres, 21, 57 1804-1807. Montevideo, 21, 57 1806-1807. Orders in Council, 11, 560, 10, 473, 23, 407 1806. Berlin Decree, 9, 329, 10, 473, 11, 560, 13, 269, 18, 378, 23, 407 1807. Milan Decree, 8, 485, 10, 473, 11, 560, 13, 269, 18, 378, 23, 407 1829. Shumla, 15, 286 1838. Buenos Ayres, 21, 125 1838. Vera Cruz, 22, 274 1841. Canton, 6, 134 1842. Montevideo, 21, 139 1845. Buenos Ayres, 21, 126 1858. Ports of Ecuador, 21, no 1861. Southern ports of the United States, 11, 622, 24, 723 1865. Coquimbo, 21, 221 1865. Herradura, 21, 221 1865. Tome, 21, 221 1865. Talcahuano, 21, 221 1865. Caldera, 21, 221, 222 1865. Valparaiso, 21, 221, 222, 224 1879. Iquique, 2.1, 235 1898. Santiago, 22, 459 1898. Cienfuegos, 24, 1027 1898. North coast of Cuba, 24, 1027 1902. La Guayra, 21, 246 1904. Port Arthur, 7, 307 Bloemfontein, Orange Free State: founded, 20, 226; occupied by the British (1900), 233 Blois, Charles de (d. 1364), Duke of Brittany: presides over thv. Estates (1356), 9, 99; death of, 103 Blois, Treaty of, concluded between Louis XII of France and Charles of Austria (1504). 9> 133 Blood, Bindon (1842 ), English soldier: sketch of, 5, 279 Blood, Council of: see Troubles, Council of Blood Bath, The (1520), in Scandi- navia, 16, 150 Blood Revenge: among the Indians, 33, 13 Blood-Wedding, The: see St. Barthol- omew, Massacre of Bloody Assizes, The (1685), popular name for trials for participation in Monmouth's rising, II, 423 Blount, James H. (1836-1903), Ameri- can politician: special commissioner to Hawaii, 24, 998 Blucher, Gebhard Leberecht von, (1742-1819), famous Prussian field- GENERAL INDEX 107 marshal: his campaigns against Na- poleon, 9, 346, 13, 287,- 15, 262, 18, 372, 383, 384, 387; his campaign in Belgium, 9, 362; at the battle of Waterloo, 10, 501, 17, 314 Bludov, Count (ca. i77S) Russian noble: quoted, 15, 182 Blue Hen State, The: see Delaware Blue Hills State: see Massachusetts Blue Laws of Connecticut, passed for the strict regulation of the morals of the people, 23, 154 Blue Lodges, pledged to counteract the efforts of the abolitionists in Kansas, 24, 648 Blue Ridge: in Shenandoah valley, 24. 793 Bluestring, Robin: see Walpole, Sir Robert Blum, Robert (1807-1848), German political agitator and writer: his mission to Austria, 17, 376; death of, 18, 401 Bluntschli, Johann Caspar (1808- 1881), Swiss political economist and statesman: sketch of, 13, 584 Boabdil: see Abu Abdalla ben Mulez Boadicea (Voadica), a British queen: after the death of her husband, Prasutagus, King of the Iceni, in 60 A. D., she and her subjects join- ed the Trinolantes in a revolt against the Romans; she was defeat- ed in 62 A. D. by Suetonius Pau- linus, and then killed herself Leads revolts in Britain, 4, 76, 11, 10 Board of Foreign Office: see Tsungli Yamen Board of Punishments: see Hsing Pu Board of Trade: see Lords of Trade and Plantations Bobadilla, Francisco de (d. 1502), Spanish officer: sends Columbus in chains to Spain, 21, 12; death of, 13 Bocayura, Quintino (ca. 1890), Brazil- ian Republican editor: leads Re- publican party, 21, 252; member of provisional government, 253 Boccaccio (Boccaccio do Certaldo), , Giovanni, an Italian novelist and poet: born in Paris, 1813; was a merchant in Naples, 1330-1336; studied canon law, 1336-1341; was several times ambassador for the Florentine state and lectured at Florence on the " Divina Comedia," (1373-1374); died December 21, 1375 Sketch of, 4, 28/. Boccanegra, Simon (1300-1363): made the first doge of Genoa, 4, 243 Bocchoris (Bak-en-ran-ef), King of Egypt, ca. 700 B. C: reign of, I, 30 Bocchus, King of Mauretania, ca. no B. C. : joins Rome against Jugur- tha, 3, 188 Bockelson, Johann: see John of Ley- den Bocskai, Stephen (d. 1606), Transyl- vanian noble: leads Transylvanians, 17, 224 Bodleian Library, a library of Oxford university, England: nucleus of, 11, 238 Bodmer, Johann (1698-1783), Swiss critic and poet: sketch of, 13, 489 ' "Body of Liberties," to limit dis- cretionary power of executive: adopted in Salem, 23, 89; recognizes witchcraft as capital offense, 91 Boece, Hector (1465-1536), noted Scotch historian: sketch of, 12, 309 Boeotia, Greece: geography of, 2, 12; settled, 47; loses Plataea, in; joins Cleomenes against Athens, 143; sub- mits to Xerxes, 195; campaign against the Persians in, 206; surren- ders to Mithradates, 3, 217; conquer- ed by Athens, 2, 245; revolts against Athens, 248; joins Sparta in Pelo- ponnesian ar, 262; invaded by the Athenians, 310; invaded by Ly- sander, 398; invaded by Agesilaus, 400; invaded by Phocians, 462; in- vaded by Philip of Macedon, 477 Boeotian League, league of inde- pendent cities in Boeotia, headed by Thebes: formed, 2, 13 note; dis- solved, 419; reconstructed, 437 Boer Wars: I (1880), following proc- lamation of Transvaal Republic, be- tween that country and Great Brit- ain: causes, 13, 318, 20, 229; princi- pal battles, Laing's Neck and Ma- 108 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS juba Hill, 20, 230; peace treaty, 230; results, 230; II (1899-1902), Transvaal and Orange Free State against England: causes, IX, 640, 13, 318, 20, 232; principal sieges, Mafeking, Kimberly and Lady- smith, (1899), 11, 641; results, 11, 641, 20, 233 Boers, South African inhabitants of Dutch descent: history of, 19, 275 Boethius, (475-524 A. D.), Roman philosopher: death, 4, 158, 18, 48 Bogbinder, Hans Metzenheim (ca. 1500), Danish merchant: guardian of Christian, 16, 147 Bogdanovich, Ippolit Feodorovitch (1743-1803), Russian poet: account of, 15, 192 Boges, Persian governor, 468 B. C: sketch of, 2, 228 Bogota, Colombian capital: taken by the revolutionists, 21, 68; descrip- tion of, 92; Colombian congress meets at, 24, 1059 Bohemia, a state of the Austro-Hun- garian monarchy: offers crown to Ferdinand I of Austria, 17, 3; relics of the stone age found in, 10; first settlers in, 18, 6; occupied by the Boii, 17, 11; occupied by the Mar- comanni, 13; settled by the Czechs, 18; early history, 29; invaded by the Franks, 30; becomes tributary to Germany (880), 18, 96; at war with Hungary, 17, 59; under the Premy- slides, 62; under Podiebrad and the Jagellons, 142; her first Hapsburg kings, 194; overthrow of, 204; under Ferdinand II of Germany (1617), 18, 268; invaded by Frederick II of Prussia, 17, 241; under Maria Theresa, 251; under Joseph II of Austria, 274; in the struggle against the French revolution, 286; under Leopold II and Francis II, 340; revolutionary tendencies in, 350; revolution of 1848, 363; opposes the Austrian constitution, 388; under the dual system of government, 401; present political status in, 453 Bohemian Brethren, Union of, a re- ligious sect in Bohemia (i5th-i7th century): rise of, 17, 145; persecut- ed, 197; publish a translation of the Bible, 198; proscribed, 208; reap- pears in Bohemia, 266 Bohmisch-Skalitz: see Skalitz Bohun, Humfrey,. Earl of Hereford (d. 1298) : leads baronial opposition to Edward I, 11, 149 Boies, Horace (1827 ), American lawyer and politician: candidate for Presidential nomination (1896), 24, 1014 Boii, a Celtic people living in Cisal- pine Gaul: join Helvetian migra- tion, 3, 301; occupy Bohemia, 17, 11; defeated by the Scordisci, 12; location of, 18, 6 Boileau (1613-1711), French critic and poet: death of, 10, 279 Boileau (Boisseleau), Captain (ca. 1690), French captain: at siege of Limerick, 12, 146 Boiorix, King of the Cimbri, 1st cen- tury B. C. : leads invasion of Italy, 3, 193 Bois, Peter du (ca. 1380), a popular leader in Ghent: leads insurrection in Ghent, 13, 34 Bois-le-duc, Netherlands: battle of (1567), 13, 101; siege of (1601), 176 Boisot, Louis (d. 1576), a Dutch ad- miral: at battle of Bergen-op-Zoom, 13, 116 Boisrond-Canal, President of Hayti 1876-1880: elected ruler of Hayti, 22, 501 Boissy d'Anglas, Count Frangois An- toine de (1756-1826), a French statesman and publicist: leads con- stitutional party, 9, 358; his coura- geous conduct in the assembly, be- fore the insurgents, 10, 337 Bokelszoon, John (ca. 1530), a tailor of Leyden, and an Anabaptist preacher: teachings of, 13, 57 Boleslav I, Prince of Bohemia, 928- 967: reign of, 17, 63 Boleslav II, Prince of Bohemia, 967- 999: reign of, 17, 63 Boleslav (I) the Brave, King of Po- land, 999-1025: reign of, 15, 374; marriage of, 17, 46; his relations with St. Adalbert, 63; secures inde- pendence for his country, 18, 120; GENERAL INDEX 109 his wars With Henry U, 121; death of, 125 Boleslav (II) the Rash, King of Po- land, 1058-1082: reign of, 15, 375 Boleslav (III) "the Wry-mouthed," King of Poland, 1102-1139: reign of, 15, 375 Boleyn (Bullen), Anne, Queen of England: born in 1507; educated at the French court and became about 1525 one of the maids of honor to the English queen, Catharine of Aragon; became the second wife of Henry VIII of England on or about January 25, 1533; was condemned to death on a charge of adultery and beheaded, May 19, 1536 Influence over Henry, 11, 246; marries Henry VIII of England, 250; death of, 256 Bolingbroke, Viscount: see St. John, Henry Bolivar (Bolivar y Ponte), Simon, surnamed the Liberator, a South American general and patriot: born at Caracas, July 25, 1783; studied in Madrid; joined the revolt of 1810 and served in several battles; ap- pointed dictator, 1813; defeated and driven out of Venezuela, 1814, but rallied near the end of 1816 and gained several victories over the Spanish in 1817: elected president of Colombia, 1819; liberated Peru, 1822; became dictator of Peru, 1823; president of Bolivia, 1825; died in San Pedro near Santa Martha, De- cember 17, 1830 Takes an oath to deliver South America from Spain, 31, 52; sketch of, 58; made captain general of New Granada and Venezuela, 64; made general-in-chief, 67; made dictator in Colombia, 77; estimate of, 78; and Bolivia, 181; death of, 84; South American patriot, 23, 468 Bolivia (Upper Peru): rebels against Spanish authority, 21, 58; over- throws Sucre, 82; creation of, 121; from 1825 to 1876, 181; at war with Chili, 234; from 1876 to 1906, 243 Bolivia-Brazil Boundary Dispute (1903), 21, 265 Bolivian Code, a constitution drawn up by Bolivar for Bolivia in 1825, 21, 184 Bologna, Italy: internal strife, 4, 211 Bologna, University of: founding and growth of, 11, 116 Bolts, William (ca. 1775), an English- man in British East Indian Com- pany: his expedition to Africa, 19, 40 Bomarsund, Russia: siege of (1854), 15, 309 Bomba, King: see Ferdinand II, King of Naples and Sicily Bombay, Africa: founded, 19, 51 Bombay, India: ceded to England, 5, 164, 11, 384 Bomberg (ca. 1566), a Belgian officer: at battle of Bois-le-duc, 13, 101 Bomelins (ca. 1725), a Dutch physi- cian: death of, 15, 85 Bompart, Admiral, commander of French expedition to Ireland 1798: leads French expedition to Ireland, 12, 214 Bonaparte, Charles Louis Napoleon: see Napoleon III, Emperor of the French Bonaparte, Eliza (Marie Anna) (1777- 1820), a sister of Napoleon I: given Tuscany, 4, 348 Bonaparte, Jerome (1784-1860), a brother of Napoleon I: sketch of, 18, 374; receives Westphalia, 10, 471; driven from his capital, 479; his campaign against Russia, 15, 220; leaves Westphalia, 18, 386 Bonaparte, Joseph (1768-1844), the eldest brother of Napoleon I: ne- gotiates Peace of Luneville, 17, 285, 18, 364; made constable of the em- pire, 9, 322; declared King of the Two Sicilies, 10, 467; made King of Naples, 4, 348, 8, 486, 9, 327, 18, 371; appointed King of Spain, 4, 348, 8, 528, 9, 333, 10, 475, 16, 257. 18, 375. 22, 230; given command of Paris, 9, 345 Bonaparte, Louis (1778-1846), a broth- er of Napoleon I: made grand elector, 9, 322; made King of Hol- land, 4, 348, 9, 327, 10, 467, 13, 267, 18, 371 110 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bonaparte, Lucien (1775-1840), a brother of Napoleon I: attempts to defend Napoleon before the coun- cil of five hundred, 9, 310; resigns his insignias of office, io, 415 Bonaparte, Napoleon: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte Bonaparte, Pierre Napoleon, Prince, (1815-1881), a son of Lucien Bona- parte: kills Victor Noir, 9, 460 Bonaparte, The Monogolian: see Ti- mur the Lame Bonchamp, Charles Melchior Artus, Marquis (1 760-1 793), a French gen- eral, leader of the Vendeans; sup- ports insurrection in the Vendee, 9, 293 Bond, Oliver (ca. 1790), a Dublin merchant: member of the United Irishmen, 12, 201; arrest of, 209 Bond, Sir Robert (1857 ), English politician: ministry of, 20, 178 Bondar, a Swedish line of kings (1160- 1250) : line of the, 16, 102 " Bonhomme Richard," a vessel un- der command of John Paul Jones: fight with the " Serapis," 23, 528 Boniface VIII (1228-1303), Pope, 1294-1303: attempts to arrange re- lations between Jayme II of Ara- gon and Charles of Anjou, 8, 247; reconciles Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France, 9, 87; issues the " Clericis laicos," II, 149; his relations with Denmark, 16, 112; favors claims of Charles Rob- ert of Anjou to Hungarian throne, 17, 151; death of, 9, 88 Boniface (Bonifacius) IX (d. 1404), Pope, 1389-1404: foments rebellion in Sicily, 8, 259; his struggle with Benedict XIII, 9, 109; proclaims crusade against Turks, 14, 39; de- poses Wenzel, 18, 198 Boniface (1245-1263), Count of Savoy: reign of, 4, 273 Boniface, Saint (original name was Winfrid or Winfrith), called the Apostle of Germany, an English missionary: born in Kirton, near Exeter, England (680 A. D.); began preaching in Germany, 716 A. D., made a bishop by Pope Gregory II, 723 A. D., and archbishop and primate of all Germany by Pope Gregory III, 732 A. D.; made Arch- bishop of Mainz, 745 A. D.; assas- sinated at Dokkum in West Fries- land, June 5, 755 A. D. His mission to the Friscons, 13, 15; career of, 18, 72 Boniface, Raymond (ca. 1245), a Spanish admiral: at the siege of Seville (1247), 8, 106 Boniface of Savoy (d. 1270), Arch- bishop of Canterbury (1241): char- acter of, II, 137 Bonifacio, Andres, a rebel leader of the Philippines: leads uprising (1896), 20, 314 Bonifacius (Boniface), Count (d. 432 A. D.) : supports the government of Placidia, 4, 147 Bonne of Savoy (ca. 1470), mother of Duke of Milan: regency of, 4, 265 Bonnie Blue Flag, The, the Confeder- ate hymn: sung for the first time, 24, 688 Bonnier, Colonel (ca. 1893), com- mander of French troops: occupies Timbuktu, 19, 152 Bonnivet, Guillaume Gouffier de (1488-1525), a French general: cam- paigns in Italy, 4, 302, 9, 139; in Spain, 8, 349 Bonpland, Aime (1773-1858), a French naturalist and traveler: detained in Paraguay, 21, 147 Bonstetten, Albert von (ca. 1470), dean of a Swiss monastery: sketch of, 13, 428 "Book of Armagh," one of the man- uscript books of Ireland, 12, 8 " Book of Ballymote," an ancient Irish manuscript, 12, 7 " Book of Kells," one of ornamented Irish manuscripts, 12, 8 "Book of Lecan [Leckan]," an an- cient Irish manuscript, 12, 7 "Book of Leinster," an ancient Irish manuscript, 12, 7 Book of Mormons, the code of law for the Mormon sect: created, 24, 982 GENERAL INDEX 111 Book of the Dead, the chief monu- ment of the religious literature of Egypt, i, 54 " Book of the Dun Cow," an ancient Irish manuscript, 12, 6 Bookland: meaning of term, 11, 52 Books, Bookmaking: ARABIA: inscriptions, I, 184; poe- try and poets, 199; translation of the Bible, 204; destruction of the Alex- andrian library, 296; libraries, 346; precepts of the Koran refined, 361 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: translation of the Bible, 17, 198 BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA: History of Babylonia by Berosos, 1, 70; History of Assyria by Megas- thenes, 70; Old Testament, 71; canon of Ptolemy, 71, 72; epic of early Chaldea, 74; writing on clay tablets, 106; epic of Gilgamesh, 108; books on astronomy, no CHINA: destruction of literature, 6, n; reconstruction of literature, 12; compilation of an encyclopedia, 31; dictionary and encyclopedia, 72; book of Celestial Decrees, 150; sale of English books, 289 EGYPT: Papyrus Prisse, I, 16, 53; letters found in the archive cham- ber of Amenophis IV, 24; Phila- delphus, Manetho's Egyptian His- tory, Hebrew Scriptures into Greek, 34; Papyrus Ebers, 52; tales, ro- mances, letters, 54; Book of the Dead, edited Ly Naville in 1886, 54; epic of Pantaur, 56; Papyri, 56; works of Maimonides, 417 ENGLAND: translation by Alfred, ix, 45; translation of the Bible, 173; Caxton and his press, 231; books of devotion, 262; Prayer Book, 266, 268, 275; Marprelate Tracts, 11, 301 GERMANY: translation of the Bi- ble, 18, 32; first printed, 221; trans- lation of the New Testament, 243; Luther's Bible, 251 GREECE: Iliad and Odyssey, 2, 29; "Cyclic" poems, 31; Spartan poet Tyrtaeus, 72 INDIA: the Rig- Veda, 5, 38; the four Vedas, 42; the Mahabharata, 49, 50, 51, 52; the Ramayana, 52, 53; Asoka's authorized version of Bud- dhist books, 61; writings of John Malcolm, 206; statistical survey of India, 250 IRELAND: early manuscripts, 12, 6; decoration of books, 8; early pen- work, 33; Psalter of Tara, 25 ISRAEL AND JUDAH: Book of Genesis, 1, 373; Tell-el-Amarna Tab- lets, 375; Book of Samuel, 382; Book of Deuteronomy discovered, 398; Greek version of the Old Testa- ment, 404; Formation of the Tal- mud, 414 ITALY: works of Muratori, 4, 338 JAPAN: first book of verses, 7, 35 LYDIA: few fragments of books remain, 1, 152 MEXICO: first printed, 22, 108 PERSIA: sacred literature, 1, 172, 173; Herodotos, 179; Ktesias, 179; authorized Bible of Zoroastrianism, 5, 316 PHOENICIA: epic of early Chaldea, 1, 122; scanty quotations from his- tory of Tyre, a few other books, 133, 134 ROME: early Roman men of let- ters, 2, 524 RUSSIA: destruction of books of pedigree, 15, 25; during Queen Anne's reign, 114; Rulhiere's his- tory, 15, 159 SCOTLAND: translation of the Prayer Book, 12, 331 SPAIN: book collecting, 8, 78; printing of " Imago Mundi," 23, 28 SWITZERLAND: translation of the Bible, 13, 453 TURKEY: revival of printing, 14, 377 UNITED STATES: Indian transla- tion of the Bible, 23, 12; first print- ing press (1639), 143; number and kind in the colonies, 144; text-books published in the North, 24, 589; "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 638; Mor- mon publications, 982 Boonsboro, Virginia: battle of (1862), 24, 765 Booth, Sir George (1622-1684), an 112 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS English soldier and politician: leads uprising, n, 374 Booth, John Wilkes (1839-1865), an American actor: assassinates Lin- coln, 24, 826 Bora, Catharine von (1499-1552), a Cistercian nun: marries Luther, 18, 245 Borba, Francisco Coutinho de (ca. 1490), governor of Arsilla: defeats Moors, 8, 324 Borbon, Francisco Xavier de, prose- cutor in Mexico 1794: sketch of, 22, 223 Borchgrevink, C. E., a Norwegian explorer in Polar regions (1898): explorations of, 16, 334 Borda, Juan Idiarte (d. 1897), presi- dent of Uruguay 1894-1897: admin- istration, 21, 259; assassinated, 259 Bordeaux, France: siege of (1130), 8, 234 Bordeaux, Compact of, the pledge of Thiers to make no use of power to favor one party or form of govern- ment (1871), 9, 469 Bordeaux, Treaty of, a treaty between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England (1242), 9, 81 Borello, Count of Barcelona, ca. 967: reign of, 8, 225 Borga, Diet of (1809), a meeting of the estates of the Russian empire, 15, 217 Borges (ca. 1874), an insurrectionist in Argentine Republic: joins insur- rection of Mitre, 21, 135 Borghese, Camillo: see Paul V Borgia, Caesar (1478-1507), Duke of Valentino: power of, 4, 291 Borie, A. E., American Secretary of the Navy: in Grant's Cabinet, 24, 861 Borivoj (9th century), Prince of Bo- hemia: sketch of, 17, 30; baptized by Methodius, 33; reign of, 62 Borlase, Sir John, a lord-justice of Ireland: attempts to crush the Re- bellion of 1641, 12, 115 Bornhauser (ca. 1830), a Swiss pa- triot: urges a revolution in the con- stitution, 13, 533 Bornhoved, Russia: battle of (1227), 16, 89 Borodin, Colonel (ca. 1823), a Russian officer: at the siege of Akhalzikh, 15, 282 Borodino, Russia: battle of (1812), 9, 341, 15, 225, 10, 485, 18, 380 Borough, Thomas, Lord (d. 1597), an English soldier: appointed lord deputy of Ireland, 12, 95 Boroughbridge, England: battle of (1322), 11, 154 Borrero, Antonio (19th century), South American statesman: presi- dent of Ecuador (1875), 21, 244 Borromean League (1586), 13, 458 Borromeo, Carlo (1538-1584), Arch- bishop of Milan: his attempted re- forms in Switzerland, 13, 457 Borselen, Vrank van (15th century), a Dutch stadholder: marries Jacque- line of Holland, 13, 41 Borut (ca. 750 A. D.), Prince of the Slovenes: sketch of, 17, 37 Bosatsu: see Gyogi Boscawen, Edward (1711-1761), Eng- lish admiral: besieges Pondicherri, 5, 179; in the war with France, 9, 243, 11, 501, 20, 117, 23, 188 Bosch, Lieutenant General van den (19th century), governor general of Java: his administration, 20, 292 Bosco (ca. 1866), a commander of royal troops in Italy: Garibaldi de- feats, 4, 378 Bosna-Serai: see Serajevo Bosnia, Turkey: invaded by the Turks (1383), 17, 155; attacked by Baye- zid, 14, 37; reconquered by Turks (1445), 68; made Turkish province (1454), 82; conquered by the Turks (1463), 17, 162; claimed by the emperor, 231; acquisition and incor- poration of, by Austria-Hungary, 421 Boso (ca. 880 A. D.), King of Prov- ence: usurps the throne, 9, 52 Bosquet, Pierre Joseph Franjois (1810-1861), a marshal of France: in Crimean War, 9, 446 Bosra, Arabia: battle of, 1, 268 Bossu, Maximilian, Count (d. 1578), a GENERAL INDEX 113 Dutch admiral: at battle of Zuyder Zee, 13, 114 Boston, capital of Massachusetts, called the City of Notions: settle- ment, 23, 88; officers for 1690-1691, 123; population at outbreak of the Revolution, 127; a school estab- lished, 140; Church of England in, 147; tea thrown into harbor, 219; other colonies send supplies to, 222; siege of, 235; population in time of Jackson, 479; panic of 1837, 512; Garrison mobbed, 24, 574; New England Anti-Slavery Society or- ganized, 574; mob attacks Thomp- son, 575; Fugitive Slave Law dis- obeyed, 615; anti-slavery mass meeting, 636; fire of 1872, 902; Latin School at, 23, 140 Boston Massacre (1770), collision be- tween British soldiers stationed in Boston and a crowd of citizens, II, 515, 23, 217 Boston News Letter, first Colonial newspaper: founded, 23, 144 Boston Port Bill, passed by British Parliament (1774), closing the port of' Boston, 23, 220 Boston Tea Party (1773), a demon- stration against the attempted im- portation of tea into the colonies, 11, 515, 20, 127, 23, 219 Bosworth, England: battle of (1485), 11, 222 Botany Bay, Australia: attempt to form a penal colony at, 20, 182 Bothwell, Adam (1550), English min- ister: marries Mary Queen of Scots and the Earl of Bothwell, 12, 317 Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of (1536-1578), Scottish nobleman: re- lations with Mary Queen of Scots, 11, 282, 12, 316 Bothwell, Bridge of, Scotland: battle of (1669), 11, 409, 12, 348 Botilda, Queen of Denmark, ca. 1100: in the first crusade, 16, 75 Botta, General (ca. 1745), Pavian gen- eral: captures Genoa, 4, 334 Botta d' Adorno, Marquis (ca. 1740), Austrian ambassador to Russia: in- trigues of, 15, 129, 139 Bottomless Pitt, The: see Pitt, Wil- liam (1759-1806) Bouchain, Italy: siege of (1711), 13, 251 Boudinot, Elias (1740-1821), Amer- ican patriot and philanthropist: in first Congress, 23, 342 Boughton, Gabriel (ca. 1650), Eng- lish surgeon: wins concessions for the English from governor of Ben- gal, 5, 164 Bouille, Francois Claude Amour, Marquis de (1739-1800), a French general: duplicity of, 10, 124; es- tablishes a camp at Montmedy for the reception of the king, 137; death of, 125 note Bouillon, Henri de la Tour d'Au- vergne, Duke of (1555-1623), French marshal and diplomat: joins conspiracy of Biron, 9, 173; revolt of, 178; conspires against Richelieu, 194 Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Ma- rie (1837-1891), French soldier and politician: rise of, 9, 484 Boule, council of principal men in the ancient Greek states, having legislative, executive and judicial authority: created by Solon, 2, 106; recast by Cleisthenes, 147; expelled by the Four Hundred, 358; restored, 362; recast by the Thirty Tyrants, 384; in Modern Greece, 548 Boulogne, France: sieges of (1492), 9, 129; (1544). ", 261 Boultiaux (ca. 1900), French aero- naut: associated with the Wellman expedition, 16, 340 Bourne, H. R. Fox (living), English writer: brings charges against the administration in Congo Free State, 19, 256 Boundary Disputes, in America: aris- ing from Louisiana Purchase, 23, 400; in the northwest, 443; between Maine and New Brunswick, 514; western boundary of Texas, 24, 600; between Alaska and Canada, 1054; in South America (1890-1906), 21, 261 Bouquet, Colonel (ca. 1750), Swiss 114 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS officer: in expedition against Fort Du Quesne, 23, 190 Bourbaki, Charles Denis Sauter (1816- 1897), a French general: in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 425 Bourbon, House of, a royal house of France, Spain and Naples: rule in Spain, 8, 386, 22, 185; restoration of, in Spain, 23, 445 Bourbon, Charles, Duke of (1490- 1527), French general: conspires against Francis I of France, 4, 302; marches against Rome, 303 Bourbon, Louis Henry, Duke of (1692-1740), French politician: given the superintendence of Louis XV's education, 9, 230; member of king's council, 234 Bourbon, Island of: see Reunion Bourde (ca. 1900), French statesman: his administration of Tunis affairs, 19, 262 Bourdelot, Pierre Michon (1610-1685), French physician: favorite of Chris- tina, 16, 205 Bourdonnaye, Frangois Regis, Count (1767-1839), French legislator: made member of the council, 9, 388 Bourg, Anne du (1521-1559), French magistrate and Calvinist: persecu- tion of, 9, 149; trial of, 150 Bourg, Antoine du (ca. 1500), French chancellor: influences Francis I of France, 9, 142 Bourges, The King of: see Charles VII, King of France Bourke, Sir Richard (1777-1855), Irish general in British service: his ad- ministration as governor of New South Wales, 20, 185, 189 Bourmont, Louis Auguste Victor, Comte de Ghaisne de (1773-1846), French soldier and politician: made member of the council, 9, 388; his Algerian expedition, 14, 433 Bourn (ca. 1650), English admiral: in the war with Dutch, 13, 230 Bournonville, Prince of (ca. 1650), German general: defeated at battle of Ensheim, 9, 211 Boutwell, George L. (1818 ), American politician: in Grant's Cab- inet, 24, 862 Bouvet, Joachim (1662-1732), French missionary to China, 6, 77 Bouvines, France: battle of (1214), 9, 77, 11, 126, 13, 29 Boves, Jose Tomas (1 770-1814), Span- ish partizan chief: sketch of, 21, 62 Bovianum, Italy: captured by the Romans (305 B. C), 3, 71 Bowdoin, James (1727-1790), Amer- ican politician: calls out the militia in Shays's Rebellion, 23, 316; mem- ber of Massachusetts ratifying con- vention, 336 Bower, Walter (1385-1449), an Eng- lish writer: sketch of, 12, 309 Bowides, a Persian dynasty of 10th and nth centuries: usurp Persian throne, 1, 365 Bowie, James (1790-1836), an Amer- ican soldier: at battle of Mission Conception, 24, 533; death, 534 Bowling Green, Kentucky: Confeder- ates hold, 24, 742; Confederates abandon, 745 Bowring, Sir John (1792-1872), Eng- lish statesman, traveller and lin- guist: minister to China, 6, 157 Boxers, The, Chinese semi-religious, semi-social society: commits out- rages, 6, 280, 296, 298, 311, 318, 7, 279. 15, 354, 24, 1047 Boy Bachelor, The: see Wolsey, Thomas Boy Popes: see John XII and Bene- dict IX Boyaca, Colombia, South America: battle of (1819), 21, 68 Boyd, Earl of Arran (ca. 1450), Scot- tish chief: disgraced, 12, 296 Boyd, John Parker (1 768-1 830), an American general: captures Fort George, 23, 425 Boyer, Jean Pierre (1776-1850), Hay- tian creole: becomes ruler of Hayti, 22, 496 Boyle (ca. 1490), Spanish monk: leads plot against Columbus, 21, 10 Boyne, eastern Ireland: battle of the (1691), 9, 218, 11, 438, 12, 141 Bozerg, ancient Helvetia: battle of (69 A. D.), 13, 33i Bozzaris (Botzaris), Marco, Greek GENERAL INDEX 115 patriot: born at Suli, in Albania, about 1788; enlisted in the French army about 1808, and served in sev- eral campaigns; joined the Greeks against the Turks, 1820; made a general of the army of Western Hellas, 1823; is especially noted for his defense of Missolonghi, 1822- 1823; was killed in action near Car- penisi, August 20, 1823 At Missolonghi, 2, 544 Brabangon, Duke of (ca. 1630), Bel- gian noble: arrested, 13, 211 Brabant, Netherlands: suffers from persecutions, 13, 77 Bracamonte, Gonsalvo de (ca. 1550), Spanish general: his campaign in the Netherlands, 13, 109 Braccio da Montone, Andrea (1368- 1424), celebrated Italian condot- tieri leader: sketch of, 4, 253 Bracito, Mexico: battle of (1846), 22, 304 Braclav, Slovene prince, ca. 900 A. D.: forms alliance with Svatopluk, 17, 35 Braddock, Edward (1695-1755), Brit- ish general: defeat of, 9, 243, 11, 495, 20, 117, 23, 179 Bradford, William (1590-1657), Amer- ican pioneer and historian: elected governor of Plymouth, 23, 85; early colonial author, 142 Bradley, Joseph P. (1813-1892), Amer- ican jurist: member of the Electoral Commission, 24, 913 note Bradstreet, John (1711-1774), English soldier: captures Fort Frontenac, 23, 190 Brady, Thomas Jefferson (ca. 1880), American official: implicated in " starroute " frauds, 24, 936 Bragadino (ca. 1560), Venetian gen- eral: defends Famagosta against Turks, 4, 309 Braganza, House of, reigning family of Portugal: rules in Portugal, 8, 462 Braganza, Alfonso, Duke of (ca. 1450): created duke, 8, 312; leader of discontented nobles, 319 Braganza, Constantino de (ca. 1550), Portuguese noble: viceroy of the Indies, 5, 151, 8, 458 Braganza, Joam, Duke of: see Joam IV, King of Portugal Bragg, Braxton (1815-1876), Amer- ican soldier: at battle of Pittsburg Landing, 24, 747; succeeds Beaure- gard, 772,; operations in East Ten- nessee, 783; blunder at Knoxville, 785; succeeded by Johnston, 786 Bragg, Edward Stuyvesant (1827 ), American congressman: quoted on popularity of Cleveland, 24, 945 Brahe, Count: death of, 16, 228 Brahe, Magnus (ca. 1800), Swedish courtier: favorite of Charles (XIV) John, 16, 259 Brahe, Count Niels (ca. 1630), Swed- ish noble: at the battle of Liitzen (1632), 16, 184 Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601), Danish astronomer: sketch of, 16, 198; en- couraged by Rudolf II of Germany, 18, 263 Brahma Samaj, the theistic church founded by the Hindu religious and social reformer Rammohun Roy at Calcutta in 1830: rise of, 5, 87 Brahmans, Hindu priests: rise of, 5, 43, 76 Brahmaputra, Asia: description of the, 5, 8 Braila, Russia: siege of (1828), 14, 427, 15, 279 Brainard, David Legg (1856 ), American soldier and Arctic ex- plorer: explorations of, 16, 319 Bramham Moor, Wales: battle of (1407), 11, 194 Brancaleone, Dandolo (d. 1258), Ital- ian statesman: destroys fortifica- tions of the nobles, 4, 211; reforms of, 222 Branciforte, Marques de (ca. 1790), Spanish noble: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 223 Brancovan, Prince, Hospodar of Wal- lachia (ca. 1700) : intrigues with Russia, 14, 278, 15, 59; treachery of, 15, 60; death of, 63 Brandenburg, Prussia: conquest of, 116 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 18, 107; given to Lewis, 190; se- cured by Frederick of Hohenzol- lern, 206 Brandenburg, Peace of, concluded be- tween Austria and the Swiss Con- federate League (1552), 13, 377 Brandenburg African Company, to fa- cilitate trade (1681): founded, 19, 31 Brandis, Dietrich (b. 1824), German scholar: father of Indian forestry, 5, 7 Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk: see Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of Brandt, Enevold von (ca. 1760), Scan- dinavian statesman: career of, 16, 241 Brandyse, Jiskra of (ca. 1500), Hun- garian chief: leads Czechs against Hungarians, 17, 159 Brandywine, Pennsylvania: battle of the (1777), 11, 517, 23, 259 Brant, Joseph (1742-1807), a Mohawk chief in the British service: at bat- tle of Oriskany, 23, 254; commands at Cherry Valley massacre, 297 Brasidas (d. 422 B. C), Spartan gen- eral: at Salamis, 2, 290; wounded at Pyls, 302; saves Megara, 310; cap- tures Amphipolis and other places, 313; killed in battle, 317 Brask, Hans, Bishop of Linkoping (ca. 1500), Scandinavian divine: ig- nored by Gustavus Vasa, 16, 155; at the diet of Vesteraas, 157 Bra valla, Denmark: battle of, 16, 18 Bravest of the Brave, The: see Ney, Michel Bravo, Gonsalez (ca. i860), Spanish intriguer: administration of, 8, 508 Bravo, Leonardo (ca. 1800), Mexican leader: death of, 32, 244 note Bravo, Miguel (ca. 1800), Mexican leader: in the Hidalgo rebellion, 22, 243 Bravo, Nicolas (1787-1854), a Mex- ican general: takes Palmar, 22, 244 note; made member of triumvirate, 258; member of provisional govern- ment, 264; declared vice-president of Mexico, 264; leads rebellion (1827), 266 Brazil, a division of South America: discovery of, 5> *47, 8, 326, 459, 20, 43, 21, 15, 23, 43; exploration and colonization of, 21, 29, 32; con- quered by the Dutch, 13, 221; war between the Dutch and Portuguese in, 20, 60; conditions of the natives under Spanish conquest, 91; wins her independence, 8, 519, 534; co- lonial government of, 21, 37; during the revolutions of 1810-1826, 69; annexes Montevideo, 120; empire of, 21, 162; Jesuits expelled from, 98; growth of, 105; condition of the Jews, 424; from 1876 to 1906, 248 Brazil-Argentina Boundary Dispute (1895), 21, 265 Brazil-British Guiana Boundary Dis- pute (1904), 21, 265 Brazza, Count Pierre Savergnan de (1852 ), an Italian count and African explorer: establishes Frerch influence in Central Africa, 19, 50; sketch of, 71 Brazzaville, Africa: founded, 19, 72 Bread Riot, The, a riot in Paris (1789), 10, 93 Breakspear, Nicholas: see Adrian IV, Pope Breckenridce, John (ca. 1800): Jef- ferson's letter to, regarding Louis- iana Purchase, 23, 397 Breckinridge, John Cabell (1821- I 875), an American politician and soldier: nominated for Vice-presi- dent (1857), 24, 653; nominated for President (i860), 682; heavy loss at Stone River, 774 Breda, Netherlands: captured by Maurice of Orange (1590), 13, 156; sieges of (1625), 207; (1637), 212 Breda, Declaration of, a manifesto by Charles II of England issued from Breda (1660), 11, 375 Breda, Treaty of, a treaty concluded at Breda between England, Holland, France and Denmark (1667), 9, 208, 11, 389, 13, 235, 20, 76, 87 Breda Conference, The, a conference between representatives of King of Spain and Prince of Orange (1574), 13, 119 GENERAL INDEX 117 Bredal (ca. 1735), Russian admiral: commands fleet in Black Sea, 14, 309 Bredalbane, John Campbell, Earl of (ca. 1692) : his mission to the Scot- tish chiefs, 12, 353 Brederode, Henry de (1531-1568), Lord of Vianen and Marquis of Utrecht: sketch of, 13, 86; his ban- quet to the confederates, 88; at the Duffle Conference, 93; death of, 102 Breed's Hill, Massachusetts: battle of (1775), 33, 232 Bregenz, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1408), 13, 391 Breisach (Bnsach or Alt-Breisach), Germany: sieges of (939 A. D.), 18, no; (1637-1638), 289 Breitenfeld, Germany: battles of (1631), 16, 181, 18, 280; (1642), 16, 187 Breitfeld, Switzerland: capitulates to the French (1798), 13, 5" Breitinger, Johann (ca. 1700), a pas- tor in Zurich: attacks abuses of aristocracy, 13, 475; sketch of, 489 Brember (d. 1388), mayor of London: hanged, 11, 181 Bremen, a free city of Germany: a member of the Hanseatic League, 18, 174 Bremer, Sir Gordon (ca. 1840), an English admiral: blockades Canton, 6, 134 Brenneville, France: battle of (n 19), 9, 72 Brescia, Italy: founded, 3, 58; siege of (1237), 4, 204; battle of (1401), 18, 199 Breslau, Prussia: taken by Frederick the Great (1740), 18, 329; by the Austrians (1757), 337; by the Prus- sians (1757), 338 Breslau, Treaty of, a preliminary peace signed by representatives of Hungary and Prussia (1742), 11, 48S Brestel (ca. 1865), a member of the Austrian diet: financial reform of, 17, 402 Bretaute (ca. 1601), a Norman sol- dier: story of, 13, 176 Breteuil, Baron de (ca. 1789), a French politician: member of coun- cil, 9, 263; of the ministry, 10, 56; abandons his post, 15, 158; Cather- ine's influence on, 161 Bretigni, Treaty of, a treaty between England and France (1360), 9, 101, xi, 166 Bretislav I, King of Hungary, 1037- 1055: reign of, 17, 64 Bretislav II, King of Hungary, 1092- iiii: reign of, 17, 65 Breton Club, a French political club: formed, 9, 269 Brewster, William (1 560-1644), leader of Presbyterian refugees, 23, 84 Breydel, John, leader of insurrection in Bruges (1302), 13, 31 Breze, Urbain de Maille (ca. 1635), a French marshal: his campaign in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 191, 13, 211 Brezenval, Baron de, commander of the army of Paris 1789: imprison- ment of, 10, 73 Brian Boru (Brian Borohma), an Irish king: born 926; became king of Munster 978(?) A. D., and over- king of all Ireland, 1002; killed at Clontarf, April 23, 1014 Career of, 12, 40 Briannicus, son of Claudius (d. 54 A. D.) : Agrippina plots against, 4, 60; put aside by Nero, 62; death, 63 Briar Creek, Georgia: battle of (1779), 23, 272 Bridge of Taillebourg, France: battle of (1242), 9, 81 Bridgenorth, England: siege of (1102), 11, 89 Bridgeport, Lord (ca. 1790), an Eng- lish admiral: commands fleet against the French, 9, 294, 11, 547 Bridgman, Sir Orlando (d. 1674), an English jurist: directs public opin- ion concerning Charles II, II, 380 Brie, colonel of the Basque regiment in Uruguay 1843: his services in South America, 21, 139 Briel, near Holland: captured by the patriots, 13, 113 Brienne, France: battle of (1814), 9, ' 345 Brienne, fitienne Charles de Lome- 118 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS nie de (1727-1794), French politician and prelate: made minister of finance, 9, 258, 10, 32; takes oath of loyalty to the nation, 10, 113 Brienne, Gauthier de, Duke of Ath- ens (ca. 1355) : leads nobility, 9, 96 Brigand of Tuchino, The, a conspir- ator who tried to usurp the Russian throne 1606: sketch of, 15, 20 Bright, John (1811-1889), an English Liberal statesman: leader of Anti- Corn Law League, 11, 600; opposes China War, 620; pleads for the Manchester Martyrs, 13, 235; op- poses Home Rule Bill, 240 Brigit, Saint (453-523 A. D.), a patron saint of Ireland: sketch of, 12, 32 Brihuega, Spain: battle of (1710), 8, 399 Brindley, James (ca. 1770), an Eng- lish millwright: plans Manchester Canal, 11, 533 Brion, Pedro Luis (1783-1821), an ad- miral of the Colombian navy: aids the revolutionists, 21, 65 Brisach: see Breisach Brisbane, Queensland: founded (1859), 20, 187; growth of, 196 Brisbane, Sir Thomas (1 773-1860), a British general and astronomer: governor of New South Wales, 20, 186 Brissac, Charles de Cosse, Count de (1505-1564), French soldier: cam- paigns in Piedmont, 9, 147 Brissot de Warville, Jean Pierre (I754-I793). a French politician and writer: leads Girondist party, 9, 272; petition drawn up by, demand- ing the dethronement of the king, 10, 142; divides the emigrants into three classes, 157; advocates rigor- ous measures against the emi- grants, 157; his speech respecting abdication, 183; attacked by Robe- spierre and Marat, 254; death of, 279 Bristol, England: stormed (1645), 11, 354 Bristow, Benjamin F. (1832-1896), Secretary of the Treasury 1874: the "Whiskey Ring," 24, 894; candi- date for President (1876), 907 Britain: Caesar visits, 3, 304; invaded and subjugated by Romans, 4, 59, 9, 9; further subjugation of, 75; campaign of the Emperor Hadrian, 92; derivation of name, 11, 5; see also England Britain of the South: see New Zea- land British Bechuanaland: see Bechuana- land Protectorate British Central Africa: sketch of, 19, 214 British Cicero, The: see Pitt, William (1708-1778) British Columbia, Canada: admitted to Canadian union, 20, 168; sketch of, 170 British East Africa Company, Im- perial: founded (1888), 19, 132; leases land, 139; sketch of, 182; chartered, 183 British East India Company: see East India Company, British British Guiana, South America: boundary dispute with Venezuela, 24, 1000 British Honduras: see Honduras, British British Kaffraria, Africa: annexed to the Cape (1865), 20, 224 British National Antarctic Expedition (1901), 16, 334 British North America Act, The (1867), 20, 167 British North Borneo Company: char- tered (1882), 20, 255 British Senate, The Cicero of: see Canning, George British Soldiers, The Battle of the: see Inkerman: battle of (1854) British Solomon, The: see James I, and also Henry VII, Kings of Eng- land British South Africa: sketch of, 19, 214 British South Africa Company: work of, 19, 228, 20, 230 British Sugar Act: see Sugar Act, British " Britons, The Groans of the," the appeal of the Britons to Aetius, 11, 17 GENERAL INDEX 119 Brittany, a division of France: be- comes part of France; II, 226 Brittany, Duke of: see Manclerc, Pierre Briznella, Fra Inigo de (ca. 1608), a Dutch priest: his mission to Philip III of Spain, 13, 187 Broadbottomed Administration, The, the name given to the Pelham ad- ministration (1744-1754), 11, 487 Brocart, a Jesuit missionary in China (ca. 1722), 6, 77 Brock, Aeske (ca. 1448), a Danish general: in the Danish revolt, 16, 130 Brock, Sir Isaac (1769-1812), a British major-general: lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, 20, 154; receives Hull's surrender, 23, 420; death, 421 Broder (ca. 1010), Earl of the Isle of Man: at battle of Clontarf, 12, 42 Brodersen, Abraham (d. 1402), coun- selor of Queen Margaret of Den- mark: execution of, 16, 124 Broglie, Achille Charles Leonce Vic- tor, Due de (1785-1870), a French statesman and peer: leads constitu- tional party, 9, 358; leader of the doctrinaires, 371; minister of public instruction and worship, 396; in Soult's ministry, 402; his ministry, 407 Broglie, Francois Marie, Duke of (1671-1745), a marshal of France: campaigns in Italy, 9, 236 Broglie, Maurice de (ca. 1780), Dutch bishop: defends the rights of the Catholic church, 13, 292 Broglie, Victor Francois, Duke de (1718-1804), marshal of France: made member of the ministry, 9, 263, 10, 56; in the Seven Years' War, 18, 341 Bromsebro, Peace of, a treaty con- cluded between Sweden and Den- mark (1645), 16, 187, 201 Bronkhorst Spruit, South Africa: bat- tle of (1880), 20, 230 Bronze Age, primitive age of man: in Greece, 2, 22; Scandinavia in the, 16, 6 Brooke, Lord (ca. 1600), English ad- ministrator: proprietor of Connecti- cut Colony, 23, 92 Brooke, Sir Charles (1829 ), Eng- lish statesman: rajah of Sarawak, 20, 255 Brooke, Sir James (1803-1868), Eng- lish adventurer: sketch of, 20, 254 Brooke, John R. (1839 ), Ameri- can general: his administration in Cuba, 20, 329, 22, 463, 464; mili- tary governor of Porto Rico, 24, 1036 Brookfield, New England: burned in King Philip's War, 23, 97 Brooklyn, New York: election frauds (1884), 24, 948 "Brooklyn," American war vessel: in battle of Santiago, 24, 1030 Brooks (ca. 1890), English missionary to China, 6, 298 Brooks, James (1810-1873), American politician: censured by Congress, 24, 896 Brooks, Preston Smith (1819-1857), American politician: assaults Sena- tor Sumner, 24, 650 Broom, Dickon ot the: see Richard (I) Coeur de Lion Brotherly Love, City of: see Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania Brothers of the Sword, German asso- ciation (ca. 1200) for the defense of colonies, 18, 113, 261 Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron Brougham and Vaux (1 778-1 868). British statesman, orator, jurist and scientist: made Lord Chancellor, 11, 587; his attitude toward Poland, 15, 296 Broughton, John Cam Hobhouse, Lord (1786-1869), English politician and writer: his account of the revo- lutions (1807-1809), 14, 403 note Broussel (ca. 1650), French councilor: arrested, 9, 201 Brown, Admiral (ca. 1825), English naval commander: aids Argentina against Brazil, 21, 121; aids Uni- tarian party, 123; blockades Monte- video, 125 Brown, Albert Gallatin (1813-1880), 120 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS American Senator: quoted on the necessity of slavery, 24, 591; fa- vors resistance to government, 611 Brown, Benjamin Gratz (1826-1885), American politician and journalist: leader of liberal movement in Mis- souri, 24, 890; nominated for Vice- president (1872), 891 Brown, George (1818-1880), Canadian politician and journalist: at the Que- bec convention, 20, 165 Brown, George, Archbishop of Dublin (ca. 1550), Irish Protestant: at- tempts to spread Reformation, 12, 85 Brown, Jacob (1 775-1828), an Ameri- can general: victory at Ogdensburg, 23, 422; in war of 1812, 424; directs campaign on Niagara frontier, 425 Brown, John (ca. 1850), northern scout in Civil War: aids slaves to escape, 24, 617 Brown, John, of Ossawatomie (1800- 1859), an American abolitionist: at- tacks settlers on the Ossawatomie, 24, 651; anti-slavery leaders in- fluence, 671; raid of, 673; convicted and hanged, 675; public sympathy for, 675 Brown, Count Maximilian Ulysses von ( 1 705-1757), Austrian marshal: in the Seven Years' War, 17, 244 Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island: founded, 23, 140 Browne, John, leader of religious fac- tion in Plymouth colony (1629): sent back to England, 23, 88 Browne, Robert (1 550-1633), English divine: founds the Separatists, II, 300 Browne, Samuel, leader of religious faction in Plymouth colony (1629) : sent back to England, 23, 88 Brownists: see Separatists Brozils (ca. 1870), Bohemian painter: sketch of, 17, 416 Bruce, Count (ca. 1770), Russian sol- dier: at the battle of the Kagul, 15, 177 Bruce, David, King of Scotland: see David II, King of Scotland Bruce, Edward (d. 1318), Scottish ad- venturer: invades Ireland, 12, 59, 282 Bruce, Sir Frederick (1814-1867), English diplomat: arrives at Shang- hai, 6, 169; presents ultimatum, 170 Bruce, Jacques Daniel Villiemovitch (ca. 1700), Russian diplomat: nego- tiations of, 15, 65, 68 Bruce, Peter Henry (1692-1751), Ger- man officer: quoted, 15, 77 Bruce, Robert (1210-1295), Scottish noble: claims the Scottish throne, 12, 271 Bruce, Robert: see Robert I of Scot- land Bruce, William Speirs (1867 ), British Antarctic explorer: explora- tions of, 16, 336 Brudence, James Thomas, Lord Cardi- gan: see Cardigan, James Thomas Brudence, Lord Braderholz, Switzerland: battle of (1499), 13, 418 Brue (ca. 1700), French explorer: his explorations in Africa, 19, 32 Brueys d' Aigalliers, Frangois Paul de (1753-1798), French naval comman- der: commands fleet for Egyptian expedition, 9, 306, 309 Bruges, Belgium: insurrection of (1301), 13, 31; siege of (1789), 261 Bruges, John of: see John of Bruges Bruges, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between Edward of England and Charles V of France (1375), 9, 105 Brugg, Switzerland: siege of (1444), 13, 401 Briihl, Count Henri de (1700-1763), Saxon politician under Augustus III: Bestuzhev's letter to, 15, 146 Bruinsburg, Mississippi: in Vicksburg campaign, 24, 776 Brulart, Charles Alexis: see Sillery, Marquis de Bran, Rudolph (ca. 1350), German leader: usurps governorship of Zurich, 13, 375 Brunanburh, Northumbria, England: battle of (937 A.D.), ix, 46, 12, 255 Brundisium, Italy: founded, 3, 108 Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne (1763- GENERAL INDEX 121 1815), a marshal of France: his campaign in Holland,' 9, 308, 10, 407; made marshal of the empire, 9, 322; joins Napoleon after his re- turn, 10, 501; his campaign in Switzerland, 13, 510; occupies Swed- ish Pomerania, 16, 251 Brunei, a sultanate in Borneo: made a protectorate of Great Britain, 20, 255 Brunhilda (d. 613 A.D.), Austrasian queen: marries Sigibert, 9, 27; sketch of, 18, 62 Brunkebjerg, Sweden: battle of (1471), 16, 134 Brunnbak, Sweden: battle of (1521), 16, 153 Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne (925- 965 A.D.) : vicegerent of Germany, 18, 113 Bruno of Carinthia: see Gregory V Brunswick, Charles William Ferdi- nand, Duke of (1721-1792), Russian field-marshal: his campaigns against . France, 9, 274, 287, 18, 338, 342, 372; his efforts to liberate Germany, 18, 375, 377; death of, 390 Brunswick, Manifesto of, issued to France in the name of the emperor and the king of Prussia (1792), 10, 186, 187 Brusa, Asiatic Turkey: desired by the Turks, 14, 15, 17; made Baye- zid's capital, 45; sacked by Timur, 51 Brussels, Belgium, called Little Paris: siege of (1695), 13, 245 Brussels, The Union of, a compact concluded by the deputies of the various estates of the Netherlands (1577), 13, 126 Brussels Conference, The, a conven- tion of representatives from Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Belgium and Rus- sia (1876), 13, 31 if 19, 62 Bruttians, a tribe of southern Italy: conquests of the, 2, 418 Brutus, Decimus Junius (d. 43 B.C.), a Roman general: raises a fleet for use in Gaul, 3, 303; naval victories in the Civil War, 341; plots against Caesar, 4, 4; repairs to his govern- ment in Cisalpine, II ; besieged by Antonius, 13; death, 14 Brutus, Marcus Junius (85-42 B.C.), a Roman politician and scholar: joins plot against Caesar, 4, 4; calls patriots to arms in Greece and Macedonia, 11; his reception in Greece, 17; at battle of Philippi, 18 Brutus, The Mountain: see Tell, Wil- liam Bryan, William Jennings (i860 ), an American Democratic politician: nominated for President (1896), 24, 1014, 1015; influences Democrats to vote for ratification of treaty with Spain, 1033; nominated for Presi- dent (1900), 1037; protests against gold standard in Democratic plat- form, 1065; his activity in Demo- cratic convention (1904), 1065 Bryant, William Cullen (1 794-1 878), a noted American poet and author: in American literature, 23, 481 Brydon, William (1811-1873), an Eng- lish soldier in India: survives march from Kabul, 5, 218 Bubenberg, Adrian von (ca. 1470), leader of a faction in Burgundy: favors Charles the Bold, 13, 406; defends Morat, 408 Bubonic Plague: sketch of, 5, 282 Bucareli y Ursua, Antonio Marie de (1717-1779), a Spanish general and administrator: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 208; death of, 210 Bucephala, Asia: founded, 5, 68 Buchan (ca. 1690), a Scotch officer: his campaign in Scotland (1690), 12, 353 Buchan, Earl of (ca. 1314), a Scottish nobleman: defeated at Inverary (1314), 12, 278 Buchan, Alexander, Earl of (ca. 1400), brother of King Robert of Scotland: rules Scotland, 12, 287 Buchan, David (1780-1839), a British naval commander and Arctic ex- plorer: explorations of, 16, 306 Buchanan, Franklin (1800- 1874), an American naval officer in the Con- 122 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS federate service: commands frigate "Tennessee," 24, 798; surrenders in Mobile Bay, 798 Buchanan, George (1506-1582), a Scottish historian and scholar: sketch of, 12, 331 Buchanan, James (1791-1868), Presi- dent of the United States, 1857- 1861 : attempts to negotiate with Mexico, 22, 316; candidate for Pres- idential nomination (1852), 24, 619; letter to Pierce on annexation of Cuba, 624; appointed minister to England, 625; Ostend Manifesto, 628; attends English Court in citi- zen's dress, 639; nominated for Presidency, 653; election, 656; ad- ministration, 657; Kansas policy of, 681; under Southern influence, 696; speech to Congress (i860), 697; an- swers to South Carolina commis- sioner, 705 Buchanan, William Insco (1853 ) United States minister to Argentine Republic: arbitrator in Chili- Argen- tine dispute, 31, 261 Bucharest, Roumania: taken by Rus- sians (1828), 15, 278 Bucharest, Treaty of, a treaty between Russia and Turkey (1812): account of, 14, 398, 407, 15, 219; ratified by Treaty of Ackerman, 14, 422 Biichner, Max (1846 ), a noted African traveller: explorations of, 19, 90 Buckeye State, The: see Ohio Buckingham, Marquis of, lord-lieuten- ant of Ireland, 1787-1790: adminis- tration of, 12, 197 Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of (d. 1521), English nobleman: executed, 11, 240 Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of (1592-1628), an English courtier and politician: his cam- paign in France, 9, 185; growth of his influence, 11, 312; attempts to relieve Rochelle, 322; impeached, 322; assassinated, 325; sketch of, 393 Buckingham, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of (1627-1688), an English politician, courtier and writer: ne- gotiates sham treaty with France, 11, 396; ambassador to the Dutch Republic, 13, 239 Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of (ca. 1440-1483), an English politi- cian: aids Richard III to win throne, 11, 220; revolts against Richard III, 221 Buckner, Simon Bolivar (1823 ), an American Confederate soldier: at siege of Fort Donelson, 24, 744; surrenders Fort Donelson, 745; nominated for Vice-President (1896), 1015 Bucquoi, Count of: see Buquoi, Count of Buda (now Budapest), the capital of Hungary: Buda and Pesth con- quered by Suleiman the Great, 14, 152; taken by the Magyars, 15, 300; by the Turks (1526), 17, 169; siege of (1540), 217; taken by the Hun- garians (1848), 372; see also Pesth Buda, Diets of: a diet which laid the basis of representative government in Hungary (1405), 17, 155; a diet which voted subsidies for the war with the Turks (1453), 160 Buddenbrock, General (d. 1742), a Swedish leader against the Rus- sians: execution of, 16, 228 Buddha, the title of Gautama (Gota- ma) or Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism: the date of his birth is variously estimated, 1027 B.C. be- ing accepted in China, 753, 687, and 537 B.C., being mentioned by other Northern Buddhists, and 622 B. C. being the date usually fixed by the Southern Buddhists; he was born in the country and tribe of the Sakhyas at the foot of the Nepa- lese Himalayas; at the age of seven- teen he married his cousin Yasod- hara; immediately after the birth of his son and when he was twenty- nine years old, he assumed the dress of a beggar and attached himself to first one religious teacher and then another; after seven years he be- lieved himself possessed of perfect truth, assumed the title of Buddha, the Enlightened, and began to GENERAL INDEX 123 preach; it is generally agreed he lived to be eighty Rise of, 5, 56; image of, built, 7, 32 Buddhism, the religion founded by Buddha: in India, 5, 56; in Burma, 65, 210; in China, 6, 13, 14, 23; in- troduced into Japan, 7, 14 Buduen, Luis Yero (ca. 1900), Cuban politician: chosen Secretary of the Interior, 22, 468 Budweiss, Bohemia: sieges of (1451), 17, 144; (1614), 202 Buell, Don Carlos (1818-1898), Amer- ican general: commands forces at Louisville, 24, 743; at battle of Pittsburg Landing, 747; sent to Chattanooga, 773; succeeded by Rosecrans, 773 Buena Vista, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 309, 24, 548 Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic: founded, 20, 92, 21, 25; made capi- tal of the viceroyalty of La Plata, 40; rebels against Spanish authority, 57; occupied by the British (1806), 20, 30, 143; blockaded by an Eng- lish squadron (1804-1807), 21, 57; blockaded by French and English fleets (1845), 126; siege of (1852), 128; growth of, under Dr. Obligado, 128; scourged with the cholera (1867), 132; yellow fever epidemic (1871), 134; rises in behalf of the Nationalists, 256 Buenos Ayres, Treaty of, concluded between Brazil, Argentine Confed- eration and Uruguay against Para- guay (1865), 21, 157 Buffalo, New York: taken by the British (1814), 20, 154; Canadian insurrection aided by volunteers in, 2 3. 515; political convention (1848), 3 4, 558; Lincoln makes speech at, 706; popular respect to Lincoln's remains, 827; Cleveland elected mayor, 945; McKinley shot during Exposition at, 1049 Buford, Colonel (ca. 1850), American soldier: attempts to colonize Kan- sas (1856), 24, 647 Bugancy, France: battle of (1870), 464 Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert (1 748-1849), French marshal and military writer: his campaigns in Algiers, 9, 423; in revolution of 1848, 433 Bukharest: see Bucharest Bukowina (Bukovina), Austria-Hun- gary: Rumanian element in, 17, 8; occupied by the Dacians, II J ac- quired by Austria, 249 Bulgak (d. 1838), prelate of Greek Catholic church: death of, 15, 297 Bulgakov (ca. 1780), Russian diplo- mat: treatment of, 15, 184 Bulgaria, principality of Europe: an- nexed to Ottoman Empire, 14, 34, *7> 155; account of troubles in, 14, 476; claimed by the emperor, 17, 231 Bull of Alexander VI: see Demarca- tion, Line of Bull Run, Virginia: battles of (1861), 24, 734; (1862), 763 Buller, Sir Redvers Henry (1839 ), British general: his campaign in South Africa, II, 641; relieves Lady- smith, 20, 233 Bull-fights: in ancient Spain, 8, 5 Bullinger, Henry (1504-1575), Swiss reformer and historian: becomes chief pastor of the church of Zurich, 13, 445 Bulnes, Manuel (1799-1866), a Chilian general and statesman: his adminis- tration as president of Chili, 21, 218 Btilow, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1755- 1816), a Prussian general: cam- paign against French, 10, 501, 18, 383, 390; envoy to the London Con- ference, 13, 300; in the Slesvig- Holstein War, 16, 271 Buluwayo, British South Africa: growth of, 19, 233 Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton (1801- 1872), English diplomat, politician and writer: negotiates Clayton-Bul- wer Treaty, 24, 612 Bulwer-Clayton Treaty: see Clayton- Bulwer Treaty Bunau-Varilla, M. (ca. 1900), South American diplomat: received as minister from Panama, 24, 1060 1U THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bundschuh, The, a league of Southern German peasants who rose against the nobles and clergy (1524), 18, 229 Bunker Hill, Massachusetts: battle of (1775), 11, 516, 23, 232 Buntofden, General (ca. 1800), Prus- sian general: his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 329 Buntzen, Committee of, formed by Conservative party in Switzerland (1840), 13, 547 Bunyan, John, an English writer: born at Elstow, near Bedford, Eng- land, November, 1628 (baptized, No- vember 30) ; learned the tinker's trade; served in the Parliamentary army about 1645; married at the age of twenty; joined the Noncon- formists, 1653; moved to Bedford, 1655, and began to preach; was ar- rested on charge of holding serv- ices, 1660, and confined in Bedford County Jail until 1672; was again imprisoned for six months in 1675 and during this time wrote " Pil- grim's Progress "; died in London, August 31, 1688 Sketch of, 11, 391 Buol-Schauenstein, Karl Ferdinand, Count von (1797-1865), Austrian statesman and diplomat: his nego- tiations in the Crimean War, 17, 383; demands disarmament of Aus- tria, 385 Buonarotti, Michael Angelo, an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect: born at Caprese, Italy, March 6, 14745 went to a grammar school; was ap- prenticed to the painter Ghirlandajo, 1488; became a favorite of Lorenzo de' Medici; came under the influence of Savonarola, 1491; was in Bologna, 1494-1495; was ordered by Pope Julius II to build his mausoleum and later to adorn the Sistine Chapel with frescos; worked on the Vati- can; under Clement VII, he began to build the library and chapel of San Lorenzo at Florence; was ap- pointed architect of Saint Peter's Church, 1546, and devoted the rest of his life to this work; completed the Farnese palace, and erected some .buildings on the Capitoline Hill, Rome; died in Rome, February 18, 1563 His effect on the Renaissance, 4, 284; reaches the height of his fame, 296 Buonas, Switzerland: battle of (1336), 13, 373 Buonhomo (ca. 1580), Italian prelate: his mission to Switzerland, 13, 457 Buquoi (Bucquoi), Count of (ca. 1600), Spanish soldier: his campaign in the Netherlands, 13, 182; his campaign in Bohemia, 17, 203 Burchard Episode, in the Blaine cam- paign (1884), 24, 946 Burdett, Sir Francis (1770-1844), an English politician: his reform pro- posals, 11, 583 Bureau of Indian Affairs: see Indian Affairs, Bureau of Burgesses, House of (Virginia As- sembly) : first legislature in Amer- ica, 23, 62; condition under Berke- ley, 64; first summoned, 120; op- poses Stamp Act, 211; appoints a committee of correspondence, 217 Burgevine (ca. i860), American ad- venturer: in China, 6, 195 Burgh, Hubert de (d. 1243), English statesman: defends Dover Castle, 11, 129; sends out fleet which de- feats French, 130; dismissed from office and arrested, 131 Burgh, Walter Herssey (ca. 1780), Irish politician: proposes the free trade bill, 12, 183 Burgisser, Leodegar, Abbot of Tog- genburg (ca. 1700), Swiss prelate: sketch of, 13, 479 Burgo, Richard de (d. 1243), Irish baron: his campaign against Ed- ward Bruce, 12, 59 Burgo, William de (ca. 1170), English governor in Ireland: appointed vice- roy of Ireland, 12, 53 Burgos, Spain: battles of (1054), 8, 141; (1808), 9, 334 Burgoyne, John (1722-1792), an Eng- lish soldier and dramatist: cam- paigns in Spain, 8, 473; in America, 11, 517; arrives at Boston, 23, 231; GENERAL INDEX 125 captures Ticonderoga, 252; at battle of Saratoga, 12, 181, 20, 128, 23, 255; surrenders, 23, 256 Burgundians (Burgundiones), a Ger- manic tribe: settle in Transylvania and Hungary, 17, 14; location of, 18, 6; migration of, 28; defeated by Clovis, 47 Burgundy, a province of western Eu- rope: incorporated in the Frankish Kingdom, 18, 48; formation of king- dom of the, 98; attached to the em- pire, 126; independent of Germany, 139; account of, 216 Burgundy, House of: power of, 13, 36 Burgundy, John the Fearless, Duke of: see John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy Burgundy, Philip the Bold, Duke of: see Philip the Bold, Duke of Bur- gundy Burial Customs: in ancient Ireland, 12, 10; among Indians, 23, 10 Buriana, Spain: siege of (1233), 8, 241 Buridan of Ypres (d. ca. 1384), a Flemish Knight: at battle of Bou- vines, 13, 29 Burke (d. 1882), an official of Dublin Castle: murder of, 12, 239 Burke, Edmund, a British statesman, orator and writer called the Din- ner Bell: born in Dublin, Ireland, January 1, 1729 (O. S.); graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, 1748; studied law at the Middle Temple, London, 1748-1751; elected to Par- liament, 1766; appointed agent of the Colony of New York, 1771; made his speech on " American Taxation," 1774; the one on " Con- ciliation," 1775; and that "On the Economical Reform," 1780; was a privy-councilor and paymaster-gen- eral, 1782-1783; conducted the im- peachment of Warren Hastings, 1786-1795; received a pension from the king, 1795; died July 9, 1797 Supports repeal of Stamp Act, II, 509, 23, 214; proposes reforms in Parliament, 11, 519; denounces French Revolution, 540; opposes Irish policy of the English Gov- ernment, 12, 181; speech in behalf of rights of colonists, 23, 213 Burke, Mac William (ca. 1540), Earl of Clanrickard: made Earl, 13, 83 Burkhard, Duke of Suabia, 917 A. D.: founds dukedom, 13, 342; acknowl- edges Henry I, 18, 105; his cam- paign in Italy, 114 Burkhard (d. 907 A. D.), Duke of Thuringia: death of, 18, 100 Burlingame, Anson (1820- 1870), an American diplomat and politician: negotiates treaty with China, 6, 221, 24, 919 Burlington, New Jersey: settled, 23, 109 Burma, Asia, part of British Empire: description of, 5, 16, 210; Buddhism in, 65; ceded to England, 6, 252, 20, 251 Burmese War, First, a war between England and Burma (1824-1826): cause, 5, 210; Treaty of Yandabu, 212; results, 212 Burmese War, Second, a war between England and Burma (1852): cause, 5, 226; results, 227 Burnes, Sir Alexander (1805-1841), a British geographer and traveller in Asia: his mission to Afghanistan, 5, 216; assassination of, 217 Burnet, Gilbert (1643-1715), Bishop of Salisbury, an English prelate, historian and theologian: leads English malcontents, 13, 243; quoted, 15, 35 Burnett, David G., an American poli- tician: elected president of Texas (1832), 24, 534 Burnonville, Duke of (ca. 1633), a Bel- gian conspirator: plots for over- throw of Spanish power in Belgium, 13, 211 Burns, Robert (1759-1796), a famous Scottish lyric poet: sketch of, 11, 576 Burnside, Ambrose Everett, an Ameri- can military officer and politician: born in Liberty, Ind., May 23, 1824: graduated at West Point, 1847; served in the war with Mexico as a lieutenant of artillery, 1847-1848; on frontier duty in New Mexico, 1849- 126 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 1850; member of Mexican Boundary Commission, 1851-1852; manufac- turer at Bristol, R. I., of a breech- loading rifle which he had invented, 1853-1858; cashier of land depart- ment Illinois Central Railroad, 1858- 1859; treasurer of the same com- pany, 1860-1861; served as colonel of the Rhode Island volunteers, 1861; appointed brigadier-general U. S. volunteers, 1861; and ma- jor-general, 1862; was in com- mand of the department of North Carolina, 1862; in command of Ninth Army Corps at Newport News and Fredericksburg, 1862; in command of the Army of the Po- tomac, November 7, 1862 to Jan- uary 28, 1863; in command of the department of Ohio, 1863; in com- mand of Ninth Army Corps in Rich- mond campaign, 1864; resigned from volunteer service, April 15, 1865; civil engineer, 1865-1866; president of Cincinnati and Martinville Rail- road Company, 1865, of Rhode Is- land Locomotive Works, 1866, and of the Indianapolis and Vincenne. Railroad Company, 1867; Governor of Rhode Island, 1866-1869; United States senator, 1875-1881; died in Bristol, R. I., September 13, 1881 Succeeds McClellan, 24, 766, 769 sketch of, 769; resigns, 770; at- tacked at Knoxville, 785; orders ar- rest of Vallandigham, 816 Burr, Aaron (1756-1836), an American politician: candidate for Vice-Presi- dent (1792), 23, 357; (1796), 370; (1800), 381; schemes for Presidency 382; nominated governor, 402; duel with Hamilton, 402; conspiracy of 403 Burra-Burra Mines, Australia: discov- ered (1845), 20, 195 Burrhus, Afranius (d. 63 A.D.), a Ro- man officer: maintains claims of Nero to the throne, 4, 62; death, 64 Burrough, Stephen (ca. 1550), English navigator: explorations of, 16, 301 Burton, Henry (1579-1648), English theologian: trial of, 11, 333 Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1821- 1890), noted English explorer and writer: arouses an interest in Africa, 19. 59 Busaco, Portugal: battle of (1810), 8, 486, 9, 338 Busacz, Peace of, concluded between Poland and Turkey (1672), 14, 245 Busby, James (ca. 1825), British ad- ministrator: appointed resident mag- istrate in New Zealand, 20, 211 Bush, Elise (ca. 1650), Russian ex- plorer: explorations of, 16, 305 Bushire, southern Persia: stormed (1856), 5, 363 Bushiri ben Salim (d. 1889), a mulatto Arab of East Africa: leads insurrec- tion, 19, 140; death of, 141 Bussorah: see Bassora Bustamante (ca. i860), statesman of Ecuador: policy of, 21, 115 Bustamante, Anastasio (1780-1853), Mexican politician and soldier: de- clared Vice-President of Mexico, 22, 268; leads revolt, 269; crushes re- bellion in Guanajuato, 380 Bustamante, Carlos Maria (1774- 1848), Mexican statesman and his- torian: work of, 22, 219 Bustos (ca. 1825), politician of Argen- tine Republic: opposes Rivadavia, 21, 121 Butcher, The Bloody: see Cumber- land, Augustus, Duke of Butcher, The Royal: see Henry VIII, King of England Butcher of Vassy, The: see Guise, Frangois, Duke of Butcher's Dog, The: see Wolsey, Thomas Butchery of Eperies (1687), to bring Hungary under submission to Leo- pold of Germany, 17, 230 Bute, John Stuart, Earl of (1713-1792), British statesman: ministry of, n, 505, 15, 149; resigns, 11, 506 Buteniev (ca. 1830), Russian ambassa- dor to Turkey: the sultan appeals to, 15, 290 Butler (ca. 1850), English adventurer: aids Turkey, 15, 309 Butler, Andrew Pickens (1796-1857), GENERAL INDEX 127 an American politician: Sumner criticises, 24, 650 Butler, Benjamin Franklin (1818- 1893), American lawyer, politician and general: at battle of Bull Run, 2 4, 734J takes possession of New Orleans, 752; at Fort Fisher, 808; at trial of President Johnson, 852; nominated for President (1884), 946 Butler, Sir Edmond (ca. 1300), Anglo- Irish nobleman: lord justice of Ire- land, 12, 59 Butler, John (d. 1794), American Tory commander: at massacre of Wyo- ming Valley, 23, 296 Butler, Joseph (1692-1752), English prelate and theologian: publishes his " Analogy," 11, 493 Butler, Matthew Calbraith (1836 ), American general and senator: member of Spanish-American com- mission, 22, 463 Butler, Pierce (1798-1847), American statesman: in first Congress, 23, 343 Butler, Samuel (1612-1680), English poet: sketch of, II, 391 Butler, Simon (ca. 1790), Irish politi- cian: member of the United Irish- men, 12, 201 Butler, Walter (ca. 1780), Tory com- mander: permits massacre of Cherry Valley, 23, 297 Butler, William Orlando (1791-1880), American general and politician: in the Mexican War, 22, 292 Butt, Isaac (1813-1879), Irish lawyer and politician: becomes leader of Constitutional party, 12, 236 Button, Sir Thomas (d. 1634), English navigator: explorations of, 16, 304 Buturlin, General (ca. 1700), Russian commander: at Narva, 15, 39; in the Seven Years' War, 18, 342 Buwayid Dynasty in Persia (ca. 900 A.D.): reign of, 5, 328 Buxhovden, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von (1750-1811), Russian general: his campaign against Russia, 15, 216 Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell (1786- 1845), English philanthropist: agi- tates slavery question, 11, 592 Buzot, Francois Nicolas Leonard (1760-1794), French Girondist: in- cites insurrection in the depart- ments, 9, 284; demands trial of king, 10, 141; death of, 280 Byles, Mather (1 706-1 777), American clergyman and poet: notable divine, 23, 139 Bylot, Robert (ca. 1600), English ex- plorer: explorations of, 16, 304 Byng, John (1704-1757), British ad- miral: defeats Spanish off the Sici- lian coast, 8, 406; in the Seven Years' War, 9, 244; fails to relieve Minorca, 11, 496; his campaign against the French, 13, 250; death of, 11, 498 Byrd, William (1 674-1 744), American lawyer: his diary, 23, 143 Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, an English poet: born in London, Jan- uary 22, 1788; lived in Scotland, 1791-1798; became the sixth Lord Byron, 1798; was educated at Har- row and at Cambridge; traveled in Spain, Portugal, European Turkey and Greece, 1809-1811; married Miss Isabella Millbanke, January 2, 1815, who left him after the birth of a daughter; lived in Italy, 1816-1823, but took an active interest in the Grecian struggles; joined the Greek forces at Cephalonia, 1823; became commander-in-chief of forces at Missolonghi, 1824; died April 19, 1824 At Missolonghi, 2, 542; sketch of, 11, 577 Byzantine Empire, the eastern divi- sion of the Roman Empire, and after 476 A.D. the Roman Empire itself: breaking up of, 2, 535; its struggle against Arab and Turk, 14, 4; see also Rome Byzantium, European Turkey: site fixed by oracle of Delphi, 2, 44; founded, 82; taken by Pausanias, 222; revolts against Athens, and is retaken, 260-261; second revolt from Athens, 363; retaken, 367; joins the Athenian League, 429; engages in the Social War, 454; besieged by Philip, 473; relieved by Phocion, 474; rise of, 513; made capital by Constantine, 526; siege of, 4, 120; see also Constantinople c Caamano, Placido (1838 ), an Ecuadorian statesman: administra- tion of, as ruler of Ecuador, 31, 244 Cabal (d. 1816), a South American pa- triot: death of, 31, 65 Caballero, president of Paraguay, 1881-1886: rule of, 31, 260 Cabanas, Cuba: battle of (1898), 22, 459 Cabanis (ca. 1800), a French senator: opposes Napoleon, 9, 319 Cabinda, West Africa: plundered and destroyed (1723), 19, 36 Cabinet, United States: origin, 23, 345 Caboche, John (ca. 1410), leader of a corps of butchers in the service of John of Burgundy, 9, ill Cabot, George (1751-1823), an Amer- ican politician: member of Massa- chusetts ratifying convention, 23, 336; first Secretary of the Navy, 375; president of the Hartford con- vention, 431 Cabot, John, an Italian merchant and navigator in the English service: date of birth unknown, but he was probably a native of Genoa; became a citizen of Venice, 1476, after a residence of fifteen years; after- wards he moved to Bristol, Eng- land; commanded a fleet of five ves- sels in a search for the Northwest Passage, 1497; nothing is heard of him after 1498, so he is supposed to have died about that time Searches for the Northwest Pas- sage, 5, 156; voyages of, II, 230, 20, 49, 31, 15, 23, 34, 35 Cabot, Sebastian, an English naviga- tor of Italian parentage, son of John Cabot: born in Bristol, Eng- land, 1477; accompanied his father on his voyage to America, 1497; vis- ited the North American coast, 1503; searched for the Northwest Passage, 1517; entered the service of Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 1518; explored the Plata, the Parana, and the Paraguay Rivers, 1526- 1530; returned to England, 1546, when Edward VI granted him a pension; he was influential in pro- moting English commercial enter- prises; died in London, 1557 Searches for the Northwest Pas- sage, 5, 156; his expedition to the Arctic regions, 16, 300; explorations of, 19, 19, 21, 15, 23, 34; later career, 23, 35; enters the Spanish service, 20, 92 Cabral, Costa (ca. 1847), Count of Thomar and president of Portu- guese cabinet: desires the revival of the Oporto charter, 8, 537 Cabral, Pedro Alvares (1460-1526), a Portuguese navigator: his voyage to India, 5, 147; discovers Brazil, 8, 326, 20, 43, 21, 15, 23, 43 Cabrera, Ladislas, leader of the Bo- livian troops: at the battle of Ca- lama, 21, 234 Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez (ca. 1542), a Portuguese explorer: explorations of, 22, 109 Cacina: see Caecina Cade, Jack (d. 1450), leader of a Kent- ish rebellion: rebellion of, 11, 209; death of, 210 Cadereita, Mexico: founded, 22, 163 Cadesia, Asiatic Turkey: battle of (636 A.D.), 1, 260 Cadiz (Gades), Spain: founded, I, 118, 8, 12; first Phoenician colony in Spain, 3, 92; admitted to full 1 For references not under C, look under K. 128 GENERAL INDEX 129 rights of Roman citizenship, 392; captured by the Carthaginians, 8, 13; by the Romans, 18; by the Eng- lish (1596), 11, 298; by the allied forces (1702), 8, 391; by the Eng- lish and Dutch, 13, 163; siege of (1810), 9, 337 Cadmeia, the citadel of Thebes: seized by Phoebidas, 2, 422; recovered, 425 Cadmus, the legendary founder of Thebes: legend, 2, 27 Cadorna, Raffaele (1815-1897), an Italian general: commands forces against Rome, 4, 394 Cadoudal, Georges (1771-1804), a French Chouan partisan and royal- ist conspirator: capitulates, 9, 319; plots against Napoleon's life, 321; principal leader of the Chouans, 10, 375; conspiracy of, 455; execution of, 455 Caecilius, Lucius (d. 285 B.C.), a Ro- man praetor: at battle of Arretium, 3, 75 Caecina Alienus, Aulus (d. 79 A. D.), a Roman general: finds difficulty in obtaining permission to return to Rome, 3, 366; supports claims of Vitellius, 4, 71; his campaign against the Helvetians, 13, 331; in Germany, 18, 20 Caedmon (d. ca. 680 A.D.), an Anglo Saxon poet: his poems, 11, 38 Caedwalla, King of Gwynneld, ca. 628 A. D.: joins Penda, 11, 34; downfall of, 35 Caen, France: siege of (1417), 11, 199 Caenza, Spain: siege of (1176), 8, 98 Caepio, Quintus Servilius (ca. 100 B. C), Roman consul, 106 B. C. : his campaign in Spain (140 B.C.), 3, 162, attempts to transfer the courts back to the senatorial order (106 B.C.), 186; at battle of Arausio, 193; op- poses the passage of the Appuleian laws, 200 Caere, Italy: conquered by Rome, 3, 60 Caesar, Caius Julius, a Roman soldier and ruler, called The Father of his Country: born in Rome, July 12, 100 B.C.; was proscribed for refusing to divorce Cornelia, daughter of Cin- na, 83 B. C, but through the influ- ence of friends was pardoned; served in the army in Asia Minor; returned to Rome and was elected quaestor, 68 B.C.; married Pompeia, 67 B.C., Cornelia having died the year before; made aedile, 65 B. C, and pontifex maximus, 63 B. C; ac- cused of being connected with the Catilinian conspiracy, 63 B. C; made praetor, 62 B. C, and propraetor, 61 B. C, serving in Spain; elected consul, 60 B. C; formed the first triumvirate with Pompeius and Crassus, 60 B.C.; conducted campaigns in Gaul and Britain, 58-49 B.C.; commenced the civil war, 49 B.C.; was dictator, 49- 45 B.C.; defeated Pompeius at Phar- salia, 48 B.C.; under the influence of Cleopatra of Egypt, 48-47 B.C.; defeated Pharnaces, son of Mithra- dates the Great, at Zela, 46 B.C.; defeated the Pompeians in Africa at Thapsus, 46 B.C.; retimed in tri- umph to Rome; reformed the cal- endar, 46 B.C.; offered the crown on February 15, 44 B.C., but refused it; assassinated, March 15, 44 B.C. Commissions Aristobulus to drive partisans of Pompey from Syria, 1, 408; sketch of, 3, 255, 362; prose- cutes Doladella and Antonius, 266; supports measures proposed against the pirates, 270; elected pontifex maximus, 279; restores the memory of Marius to public honor, 279; at- tempts to have conquest of Egypt assigned to himself, 281; responsible for safety of Catilinarian prisoners, 283; opposes execution of prisoners, 284; concerned in conspiracy of Ca- tilina, 285; suspended from office, 287; growth of his power, 288; forms the second coalition, 288; elected consul (59 B.C.), 289; com- pared with Pompeius, 311; in dis- favor at Rome, 313; conference with Crassus and Pompeius (56 B.C.), 315; breach with Pompeius, 325; candidate for consul (48 B. C), 329; recalled by senate, 331; sends his ul- timatum to the senate, 332; crosses the Rubicon, 333; resources of, 334; ISO THE HISTORY OF NATIONS campaigns of, in East, 345; in Egypt, 352; in Gaul, 3, 292, 9, 8, 11, 6, 18, 10; in Britain, II, 7; in Spain, 3, 340, 8, 22; in the Nether- lands, 13, 5; reforms of, 3, 364; powers conferred on, 367; offered the crown, 369; rule of, 370; reor- ganizes the army, 374; his reforms in the financial system, 376; his re- forms in the city of Rome, 378; his social reorganization of Italy, 380; his reforms in debt laws, 386; in- creases the farming class, 387; his reforms in the provinces, 388; re- vises the calendar, 395; death, 4, 3 Caesar, Lucius Julius, Roman consul 90 B. C: author of the Lex Julia, 3, 208; death, 223 Caesarea, Palestine: conquered by Saracens, 1, 286 Caesarea Philippi: see Paneces Cassarion or Caesario (Ptolemy XVI), son of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar: associated with Cleopatra as ruler of Egypt, 1, 34; recognized by An- tonius as son and heir of Julius Caesar, 4, 24 Caesarius (ca. 850 A.D.), son of the Duke of Naples: aids Rome against Saracens, 1, 356 Cagigal, Francisco de (ca. 1750), Spanish courtier: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 200 Cagliari, Sardinia: founded, 3, 92; siege of (1326), 8, 249 Cagui (ca. 1900), Italian explorer: ex- plorations of, 16, 327 Cahera (ca. 1525), German priest: ap- pointed administrator of the church of Tyn, 17, 150 Cahina, queen of the Moors, ca. 700 A. D., united the Moors against the Arabs, 1, 307 Cahokia, a tribe of North American Indians, a branch of the Illinois: in French claims, 23, 168 Cahors, France: taken by Henry of Navarre, 9, 161 Caillie, Rene (1799-1838), French trav- eller in Central Africa: explorations of, 19, 42, 47 "Cain Patrick" (438 A.D.), a code of laws free from pagan customs and ordinances formulated by St. Pat- rick and a Committee: 12, 29 Cainos, Francisco (ca. 1525), Spanish noble: made member of the audien- cia, 22, 107 Cairo, Egypt, called the City of Vic- tory: founded, x, 35; growth of, 36; taken by Selim I of Turkey, 14, 131 Cairoan, Northern Africa; founded, 1, 306 Caisse Patriotique, French national bank: established, 10, 107 Cajetan (Cajetanus), Tommasso di Vio (1469-1534), Italian cardinal and scholar: his relations with Luther, 4, 300, 18, 236 Calah (Nimrud), Assyria: location of, I, 64 Calais, France: sieges of (1346), 9, 95, II, 162, 13, 34; (1558), 9, 148, 11, 275, 13, 70; (1596), 13, 163 Calama, Bolivia: occupied by Chili (1879), 21, 234; battle of (1879), 234 Calat Afiosor (Calatanazar), Spain: battle of (1001), 8, 78 Calatrava, Spain: battle of (736 A.D.), 8, 66; siege of (1212), 100 Calcinato, Italy: battle of (1706), 9, 222 Calcutta, British India: founded, 5, 166 Calcutta, Black Hole of, military jail of Fort William: tragedy of, 5, 182 Caldas, Francisco Jose de (1771-1816), Colombian naturalist: death of, 21, 65 Calder, Sir Robert (1745-1818), British admiral: at battle of Ferrol, 9, 325; at battle of Bay of Biscay, II, 556 Caldera, Chili: declared to be in a state of blockade (1865), 21, 221 Calderan, Persia; battle of, 14, 125 Calderon, Rodrigo (ca. 1600), Spanish adventurer: administration of, 8, 374 Calderon, Bridge of, Mexico: battle of (181 1), 22. 239 Caldiero, Italy: battles of (1796), 9, 301; (1805), 326 Calendars : ASSYRIA: system of eponyms, I, 72 BABYLON: division of time into years, months, days, 1, 72 GENERAL INDEX 131 CHINA: Pere Verbiest's calendar, 6, 62 EGYPT: calendar by astronomy, 1, 52 FRANCE: republican calendar, 9, 288, 10, 281; Gregorian, 9, 327 GREECE: the "Olympiad," 2, 42 INDIA: calendar by astronomy, 5, 47 ITALY: Gregorian calendar, 4, 313 MEXICO: Aztec Calendar Stone, 22, 95 PERSIA: calendar of Omar, 5, 333 ROME: Julian calendar, 3, 395 Calhoun, John Caldwell, an Ameri- can statesman: born in Abbeville District, S. C, March 18, 1782; graduated from Yale College, 1804; studied at the Litchfield (Conn.) Law School and was admitted to the bar, 1807; member of Congress, 1811-1817; Secretary of War, 1817- 1825; Vice-President of the United States, 1825-1832; United States senator, 1832-1843; Secretary of State, 1844-1845; member of the Senate from 1845 to his death in Washington, D. C, March 31, 1850; he was always an advocate of the slavery principles and was the au- thor of the doctrine of nullification In congress, 23, 417; advocates tariff for the South, 438; favors in- ternal improvements, 441; Secre- tary of War, 460; candidate for Vice- President, 461; compared with Clay, 461; feud with Jackson, 462; elected Vice-President, 463; becomes advo- cate of free trade, 472; argues state sovereignty, 473; author of doctrine of nullification, 491; incurs enmity of Jackson, 493; loses renomination for Vice-President, 498; Secretary of State, 24, 535; opposes Mexican War, 548, 554; introduces bill for prohibiting circulation of abolition literature, 577; quoted on necessity for slavery, 591; introduces his fa- mous resolutions, 595; summary of his career, 603; his last speech in Congress, 603; death, 605; refused to recognize anti-slavery senators, 608; advised Mississippi to call a Southern convention, 610 Calib ben Omar (ca. 880 A. D.), Moorish chief: at war with Almond- hir, 8, 75 Calicut, British India: taken by the Dutch, 20, 61; first European fac- tory founded at, 23, 25 California (means hot furnace and called the Golden State), one of the Pacific states of the United States: visited by the followers of Cortez, 22, 62; exploration of, 73, 137; set- tlement of, 183; revolutionary gov- ernment established, 300; Sloat and Stockton ordered to seize, 24, 548; acquisition of, 549; ceded to the United States, 552; discovery of gold, 595; constitution adopted, 598; recommended for admission, 598; admission proposed in compromise of 1850, 601; admission to the Union, 609; Presidential election of 1856; 656; sends aid to the Sanitary Com- mission, 825; question of negro suf- frage, 858; Presidential election of 1868, 861; influx of Chinese labor, 919; Kearneyism, 920; Presidential election of 1880, 931; furnishes arms to Chilian insurgents, 978; Presiden- tial election of 1892, 992 Caligula, Caius (12-41 A.D.), Emperor of Rome, 37-41 A.D.: orders his image set up in temple at Jeru- salem, 1, 410; character of, 4, 53; reign of, 55; death, 58; condition of Spain under, 8, 25 Calixtines, The, a sect of Hussites in Bohemia: sketch of, 18, 207 Calixtus II (d. 1124), Pope, 1119-1124: pontificate of, 18, 141 Calixtus III, anti-Pope, 1164: elected by Frederick Barbarossa, 11, 102 Calixtus III (1378-1458), Pope, 1455- 1458: aids Hunyady, 14, 83 Callan, Ireland: battle of (1261), 12, 58 Callander, James T. (d. 1803), a Scotch editor in America: prose- cuted, 23, 377 Callao, Peru: surrendered to the revo- lutionists, 21, 73; rising in (1835), 132 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 195; breakwater and jetty built, 203; bombarded (1866), 207 Callao, Treaty of, a peace between Spain and Peru (1865), 21, 204, 220 Calleja, Felix Maria (1 750-1 820), a Spanish general: crushes rebellion of Hidalgo, 22, 238; made viceroy of New Spain, 245 Callender, Franklin D. (ca. 1840), an American lieutenant: in the Mexi- can War, 22, 345 Callias, an Athenian ambassador to Sparta, 371 B.C., 2, 250 Callias of Chalcis (ca. 340 B. C), ally of Demosthenes, 2, 473 Callibius (ca. 400 B.C.), a Spartan Harmost: aids "the Thirty" at Athens, 2, 384 Callicratidas (d. 406 B.C.), a Spartan commander: in the Peloponnesian War, 2, 370; killed at Arginusae, 372 Callimachus, an Athenian polemarch: at Marathon (490 B.C.), 2, 166, 168 Callinicus (ca. 670 A.D.), an Egyptian architect: teaches the Greeks to make " Greek fire," 332 Callippus (4th century B.C.), a Greek astronomer: murders Dion, 2, 416 Callixenus (4th century B.C.), a Greek demagogue: impeaches the strategi, 2, 374 Calmar, Sweden: taken by Gustavus Vasa (1523), 16, 154; siege of (1611), 176 Calmar, Union of: a union of the Kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark (1397), 16, 122 Calmar Recess of 1483, a document declaring every man king of his own dependents, 16, 144 Calmar War, The: a war between Sweden and Denmark (1611-1612), 16, 174; results, 176 Calmucks, a branch of the Mongoli- ans: migrate from Russia, 14, 338 Calonne, Charles Alexandre de (1734- 1802), a French politician: made minister of finance, 9, 257, 10, 31; joins royal exiles, 10, ^2. Calpulalpam, Mexico: battle of (i860), 22, 383 Calpurnia, wife of Caesar: gives Cae- sar's will and treasures to Antonius, 4, 6 Calvados, France: insurrection in, 10, 269; suppressed, 274 Calven, Switzerland: battle of the (1499), 13, 419 Calvert, Charles: see Baltimore, Charles Calvert, Lord Calvert, George: see Baltimore, George Calvert, Lord Calvert, Leonard (1606-1647), English colonizer: the first governor of Maryland, 23, 69 Calvin, John (originally, Jean Chauvin or Cauvin or Caulvin), a French Protestant reformer and theolo- gian, called the Reform Pope: born at Moyon, Picardy, France, July 10, 1509; was destined for the priest- hood and studied at Paris, Orleans, and Bourges; met in 1528 Melchior Wolman, a learned German Luth- eran, who taught him Greek and in- troduced him to the Gospel; obliged to flee from Paris, 1533 and 1534, because of his writings; lived in Basel, IS3S-IS36; published his " In- stitutes," 1536; fled to Geneva, 1536; was banished from there, 1538, but returned again, 1541, and was an active worker from then until his death in that city, May 27, 1564 Teachings of, 11, 276; sketch of, 13, 448; death of, 450 Calvinist of Rosny, The Iron: see Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of Calvinists, followers of John Calvin: sketch of, 13, 91; in Denmark, 16, 197; in Germany, 18, 259, 265, 293 Calvinus, Cneius Domitius, Caesar's lieutenant in Pontus, 48 B.C.: at battle of Nicopolis, 3, 354 Calvus, Gaius Licinius (82-47 B.C.), a Roman poet and forensic orator: orations of, 3, 319 Cam, Diogo (15th century), a Portu- guese navigator: explorations of, 19, 18, 23, 25 Cam, Jayme (ca. 1480), a Portuguese explorer: explorations of, 8, 323 GENERAL INDEX 133 Camarina, Sicily: taken by Gelo, 2, 217; restored, 220; taken by the Carthaginians, 412 Cambaceres, Jean Jacques Regis de (1753-1824), a French statesman and jurist: appointed consul, 9, 315 made arch-chancellor of the empire 322 Cambodia, Asia: under French pro- tection, 20, 273 Cambon, Jules (1845 ), a French official: his administration of Tunis affairs, 19, 262; Spanish government makes overtures of peace through, 24, 103 1 Cambon, Pierre Joseph (1754-1820), a French revolutionist: made member of the committee of safety, 9, 285 Cambrai (Cambray), France: sieges of (1581), 13, 136; (i595), 162 (1677), 241; (1794), 9, 289 Cambrai, League of, an alliance be tween Louis XII of France, the em- peror Maximilian I, Ferdinand of Spain and Pope Julius II (1508), 9, 134, 13, 53, 18, 227 Cambray, Peace of, a treaty negoti- ated between Francis I and Charles V (1529), 4, 292, 9, 141, 13, 56, 18 246 Cambrensis, Geraldus (ca. 1180), a Welsh priest: quoted on the Irisl. harpers, 12, 9; secretary to John of England, 54 Cambridge, Massachusetts: first print- ing press in America in, 23, 143 Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, Duke of (1819 ), an English general: in the Crimean War, 15, 311 Cambridge Elm, the tree undei which Washington took command of the Continental troops, 23, 234 Cambyses (Kambyses) II or III King of Persia, 529-522 B. C. : reign of, I, 162; conquers Egypt, I, 32, 2 127; death of, 2, 128 Camden, South Carolina: battle of (1780), 23, 274 Camden, Earl of: see Pratt, Charles Earl of Camden Camden, Marquis of: see Pratt, John Jeffries Camel, Day of the, 1, 246 Cameran (ca. 1654), a Brazilian In- dian: leads rebellion against foreign rule in Brazil, 21, 33 Cameron, James Donald (1833 ), an American politician: member of the Senate, 24, 916; urges Grant for third term, 925 Cameron, Richard (d. 1680), a Scotch Presbyterian minister: leader of the Cameronians, 12, 348 Cameron, Simon (1799-1889), an American politician: in Republican convention, 24, 680; Lincoln's Sec- retary of War, 708; hostile to Hayes, 915 Cameron, Verney Lovett (1844-1894), an English explorer: his exploration of Africa, 19, 59 Cameroons (Kamerun), The, Western Africa: annexed by Germany, 19, 113; made a crown colony, 177; condition of, 179; description of, 20, 300 Camorra, The, Neapolitan secret so- ciety of the criminal poor, 4, 403 Camp Jackson, Missouri: captured by Unionists, 24, 721 Campaigns, Political, in the United States: 1840, 24, 522; 1845, 536; 1852, 621; 1856, 654; i860, 683; 1866 (Con- gressional), 845; 1872, 893; 1884, 946; 1888, 966; 1892, 991; 1896, 1011, 1015; 1900, 1038; 1904, 1071 Campania, Italy: location, 3, 4; in Rome's hands, 70 Campbell, Archibald, Marquis of Ar- gyle: see Argyle, Archibald Camp- bell, Marquis of Campbell, Colin, Baron Clyde (1792- 1863), British field-marshal: his campaign in Oudh, 5, 237, 238; in the Crimean War, 15, 311; his ad- ministration as governor of New Brunswick, 20, 163 Campbell, George Douglas, Duke of Argyll (1823-1900), Scottish states- man and writer: sketch of, 5, 252 Campbell, Josiah A. P. (1830 ), American jurist: mediator between Lincoln and Southern committee, 24, 709; in Hampton Roads Confer- ence, 809 134 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Campbell, William (1745-1781), Amer- ican soldier: captures Augusta, Ga., 23, 272; at battle of King's Moun- tain, 279 Campeche, Mexico: founded, 23, 425 Campeggio, Lorenzo (1472-1539), Ital- ian cardinal: illustrious scholar, 4, 299; papal legate to England, II, 246 Camperdown, Netherlands: battle of (1797), 11, 548, 12, 208, 13, 266 Camperdown, Adam Duncan, Vis- count: see Duncan, Adam, Viscount Camperdown Campero, Narciso (1815 ), Bo- livian soldier and statesman: made president of Bolivia, 21, 236 Campion, Edmund (1540-1581), Eng- lish Jesuit and scholar: executed, 11, 292 Campo Basso, Count of (ca. 1477), Neapolitan military adventurer: treachery of, 13, 48 Campoformio, Treaty of, concluded between France and Austria (1797), 4, 344, 9, 303, 10, 395, 11, 548, 13, 264, 14, 384, 17, 283, 18, 361 Campos, Arsenio Martinez (1834- 1900), Spanish general: Cuban gov- ernor, 22, 455, 24, 1022 Camulodunum, England: founded by Romans, 11, 9; massacre of Romans at, 10; see also Colchester Camus, Armand Gaston (1 740-1 804), French revolutionist: at the meeting of the Assembly (1879), 10, 53; pre- sents the book of the constitution to the national assembly, 151 Canaan, Palestine: origin of the name, I, 117; history of, 374 Canada, confederation of provinces in British North America: union of, *I> 5955 organization of government of, 629; work of the Jesuits in, 20, 97; ceded to England, 20, 120, 23, 198; effect of the American Revolu- tion on, 20, 131; English rule in, 149; trade thrown open to the world, 159; invaded by American troops (1775), 23, 234; fugitive slaves trans- ported to, 24, 672; interferes in seal fisheries regulations, 979; Alaskan boundary dispute, 1054; see also New France Canada, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 305 m Canadian Insurrection: American sym- pathy with, 23, 515 Canadian Pacific Railways, owned by Canada: built, 20, 175 Canal, Leonardo (ca. i860), Colombian leader: surrenders to the revolution- ists, 21, 87 Canales (ca. 1840), Mexican general: leads revolt, 22, 275 Canals : B. C. ca. 2250. Canals made by Hammu- rabi, 1, 77 ca. 680. Several canals, the princi- pal ones were Nohr Malka and one which went from Borseppa to Babylon, 1, 67 ca. 600. Attempted opening of canal between Red Sea and Med- iterranean, 1, 31 480. Canal through isthmus con- necting Acte with Chalcidice, 2, 183 A. D. ca. 7th cent. From the Nile to the Red Sea, 1, 299 ca. 1375. Jumna canal, 5, 104 ca. 1465. From Peking to the Pei- ho, 6, 32 ca. 1722. Ladoga, 15, 88 ca. 1722. Vishnevolotski, 15, 88 1761. From Worsley to Manches- ter, 11, 533 1822. Caledonian, 12, 375 1825. Chesapeake and Delaware, 23, 442 1825. Erie, 23, 479 1826. Proposed Panama, 24, 1055; 1881, work on Panama begun and dropped, 1056; 1904, actual con- struction of Panama begun, 1062, 1084 1832. Gothia Canal, 16, 260 1832. Ohio, 23, 480 1847. Caledonian, 12, 375 1850. Chesapeake and" Ohio, 23, 480 1854. Ganges Canal, 5, 223 GENERAL INDEX 135 1869. Suez Canal, i, 39, 5, 138, 14, 467, 19, 56, 30, 224 1896. Huehuetoca, 22, 145, 149 1905. Work begun on canals in the Punjab, 5, 289 Cananor, British India: taken by the Dutch, 20, 61 Canary Islands, lying north-west of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean: sketch of, 19, 213; present government of 19, 248, 20, 299 Canby, Edward Richard Sprigg (1819- 1873), an American general: sent against Modoc Indians, 24, 904; death of, 905 Cancio, Leopoldo (ca. 1900), Cuban statesman: chosen Secretary of Pub- lic Instruction, 22, 468 Candia: see Crete Candia, capital of Candia (Crete) : sieges (962 A.D), 1, 367; (1669), 4, 325, 14, 242, 243; see also Crete Candia (Crete), War of, between Turkey and Venice (1648-1669): cause, 14, 230; peace treaty and result, 243 Candy, Ceylon: taken by the English (1875), 20, 144 Canidius, lieutenant-general to An- tony at Actium (31 B.C.): submits to Octavius, 4, 26 Cannae, Italy: battle of (216 B. C), 3, 120 Cannibalism: in the Congo Free State, 19, 252 Canning, Charles John, Earl Canning (1812-1862), English statesman: his governor-generalship of India, 5, 230 Canning, George (1770-1827), English statesman and orator, called the Cicero of the British Senate: mem- ber of Portland ministry, II, 559; becomes Foreign Secretary, 573; made Prime Minister, 581, 23, 447; death of, II, 582 Canning, Stratford, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe (1786-1880), English statesman: negotiations of, with Russia, 5, 363; negotiations at Con- stantinople, 11, 614, 14, 439, 443, 449. *5, 303; recalled, 14, 446; in the Crimean War, 15, 304 Cannon, Joseph G. (1836 ), Amer- ican congressman: speaker of the House, 24, 1053; in Republican con- vention (1904), 1062 Canonicus (1565-1647), Indian chief of the Narragansett tribe: grants land to Providence, 23, 94 Canopa, Egypt: battle of (1801), 9, 3i8 Canossa, Castle of, Italy: reconcilia- tion of the Pope and emperor at, 18, 135 Canova, Antonio (1 757-1822), Italian sculptor: sketch of, 4, 411 Canovas del Castillo, Antonio (1828- 1897), Spanish Conservative states- man: assassinated, 24, 1023 Canrobert, Franc, ois Certain (1800- 1895), marshal of France: assists schemes of Napoleon III, 9, 442; in the Franco- Prussian War, 463; commands French forces in Cri- mea, 11, 616 Canseco (ca. i860), Peruvian insur- gent: proclaimed president of Peru, 21, 205 Cantabres, early inhabitants of west- ern Spain: description of, 8, 8 Cantacuzene, (ca. 1300-1383), Byzan- tine Emperor and historian: recog- nizes power of Orkhan, 14, 25 Cantemir, Prince Antioch (1708-1744), Russian poet, diplomat and author: accompanies Peter to Persia, 15, 79; sketch of, 86, 150 Cantemir, Demetrius (1673-1723), Mol- davian historian: forms alliance with Peter the Great, 14, 278, 15, 59, 63 Canterbury, Kent, England: sacked by Northmen, 11, 42 Canterbury, New Zealand: founded, 20, 213 Canterbury, Archbishop of: St. Augus- tine becomes the first, 11, 30; St. Lawrence the second, 30 Cantii, State of, a Roman state in Britain: formed, n, 6 Canto, General (ca. 1890), South American Congressionalist: at the battle of Valparaiso (1891), 21, 239 Canton, China: opposition to foreign- ers in, 6, 126, 142, 147, 157; disputes over opium trade in, 127; opened to 136 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS the British, 145; taken by the Brit- ish, 6, 160, 162, 9, 449; made safe for foreigners, 6, 168 Canton, Ohio: McKinley buried at, 24, 1049 Canulein Law, permitting marriage of patricians with plebeians at Rome: passed (445 B.C.), 3, 47 Canute the Great: see Knud (II) the Great, King of Scandinavia and Britain Cape Agamos, Chili: battle of (1879), 21, 235 Cape Blanco, Africa: rounded, 19, 17 Cape Bojador, Africa: rounded, 19, 17 Cape Breton Island, off the coast of Nova Scotia: settled, 20, 49; named, 81; retained by French, 23, 163; ceded to the English, 20, 87, 23, 198 Cape Charles, Maryland: named, 23, 57 Cape Cod, Massachusetts: named, 23, 54 Cape Colony, South Africa: founded, 20, 62; growth of, 19, 51; captured by the English, 5, 197; finally occu- pied by the English (1806), 19, 38, 20, 139, 143, 221; government of, 220, 223; sketch of its history, 11, 630 Cape Finisterre, Portugal: battles of (1747), 9, 240; (1805), 8, 484, 9, 326 Cape Frangois, Hayti: taken by the French (1801), 20, 140 Cape Henry, Maryland: named, 23, 58 Cape May, New Jersey: named, 23, 102 Cape of Good Hope, Africa: discov- ered, 19, 18; circumnavigated by the Phoenicians, 20, 9; Vasco da Gama doubles the, 20, 39, 23, 25 Cape St. Vincent, Spanish Peninsula: battles of (1381), 8, 173; (1759), 9, 246; (1797), 8, 483, 11, 547 Cape San Juan, Africa: under Spanish rule, 20, 299 Cape to Cairo Railroad, Africa: plans for, 19, 230 Cape Town, capital of Cape Colony: growth of, 20, 218 Cape Verde, Africa: doubled, 19, 17 Cape Verde Islands, off the coast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean: sketch of, 19, 213; under Portuguese rule, 20, 298 Capel, Arthur, Earl of Essex: see Essex, Arthur Capel, Earl of Capet, surname of the kings of France from 987 A.D. : origin of name, 10, 227 note Capistran, St John (1 386-1456), Ital- ian Franciscan monk: aids Hun- yady, 14, 83 Capo d'Istria, Giovanni Anton (1776- 1831), President of Greece: elected, 2, 545 Cappadocia, eastern Asia Minor: as- signed to Eumines, 2, 512 Captain, The Little: see George II, King of England Capua, Italy: captured, 3, 65; reduced to a village, 131; blockaded by Sulla, 226; surrenders to Sulla, 228 Capuchins, a mendicant order of Fran- ciscan monks founded in Italy (1528): established in Switzerland, 13, 457 Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (188-217 A.D.), Emperor of Rome: reign of, 4, 102 Caracas, Venezuela: revolution in (1810), 21, 55; entry of Bolivar into, 61; occupied by the revolu- tionists (1821), yy, insurrection in (1829), 83 Caractacus (ca. 50 A.D.), a British king: carried captive to Rome, 4, 59 Carafa, Father (ca. 1621), an Austrian Jesuit: organizes the counter-refor- mation in Bohemia, 17, 207 Caraffa, Antonio (d. 1693), an Italian general in Austrian service: his ca- reer in Hungary, 17, 230 Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro: see Paul IV Caraguatay, South America: battle of (1869), 21, 159 Caralis: see Cagliari Caramania, Asia Minor: resists Otto- man Turks, 14, 16; submits to Baye- zid, 38; reinstated by Timur, 52; reduced by Bayezid Pasha, 56; in- surrection in, 61, 62; subdued, 84 Carausius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius GENERAL INDEX 137 (d. 293 A.D.), a Roman insurgent: deserts Roman cause, 13, 10 Carbo, Gaius, a Roman consul 120 B.C.: member of the land commis- sion, 3, 178 Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius, Roman con- sul 113 B.C.: at battle of Aquileia, 3, 193 Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius, Roman con- sul 82 B.C.: member of conspiracy against Sulla, 221; consul, 226 Carbonari, a secret society formed in Naples (1808-1815) to oppose the French rule: insurrection of, 4, 352; Ku-Klux-Klan compared to, 24, 871 Carcassonne, France: siege of (506 A.D.), 8, 39, 9, 20 Carceres, President of Peru 1886- 1890: his administration as presi- dent of Peru, 21, 242 Carchemish, ancient capital of the Hittites (Jerablus) : revolts against Assyria (717 B.C.), 1, 84, 142; bat tie of (606 B. C), 32, 92, 399 Cardenas (ca. 1863), a Venezuelan general: refuses to acknowledge Falcon as president of Venezuela 21, 98 Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenel Lord (1797-1868) an English gen eral: leads charge of the Light Brigade, 11, 616, 15, 315 Carduchians, a fierce tribe of Asia Minor, 2, 390 Carew, Sir George (1555-1629), ar English soldier and statesman: mad president of Munster, 12, 100 Carey, William (1761-1834), an Eng lish Orientalist and missionary in India: missionary efforts of, 5, 171; professor of Sanskrit in College of Fort William, 202 Cargill, Donald (1619-1681), a Scotch covenanting preacher: leader of the Cameronians, 12, 348 Carham, Scotland: battle of (1018), 12, 256 Carians, Asia Minor: conquered by Persia, 2, 125; joins Ionian revolt, 135 Caribert, Frankish king, 561 A.D.: reign of, 9, 26 Carignan, Thomas Frangois, Prince of (1596-1656): his campaigns in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 191 Carillo, Martin, a Spanish Licenciado, 1566: appointed jueces perquisidores, 22, 125; sent to New Spain, 161 Carinthia, a division of Austria-Hun- gary: united with Hungary and Bo- hemia, 17, 4; German element in, 6; Taurisci settle in, 11; annexed to Bohemia, 74; surrendered to the em- pire, 75; conquered by the Count of Tyrol, 75; given to Menhard of Tyrol, 100; invaded by Turks, 109; under Napoleon, 300 Carisius (ca. 14 A.D.), a Roman gen- eral in Spain: his campaigns in Spain, 8, 25 Carleton, George (1559-1628), Bishop of Llandaff: ambassador to The Hague, 13, 196 Carleton, Sir Guy (1 724-1 808), a Brit- ish soldier and administrator: at siege of Quebec, 23, 194 Carlisle, England: fortified by William Rufus, 11, 86 Carlisle, John Griffin (1835 ), an American statesman: Speaker of House, 24, 969; Secretary of the Treasury, 993 note Carlists, The, in Spanish history, the partisans of Don Carlos and subse- quent claimants under his title: re- volts of (1833), 8, 497; (1851), 503; (1859), 507; (1873), 513 Carlo Borromeo, Saint (1538-1584), Archbishop of Milan: his reforms in Milan, 4, 312 Carlo Felice (d. 1831), King of Sar- dinia, 1821-1831; accession of, 4, 355 Carlomann, King of Italy, 877-881 A.D.: reign of, 4, 179 Carlos (Charles) I (1863 ), King of Portugal, 1889 ; reign of, 8, 539 Carlos I, King of Spain: see Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Carlos (Charles) II (1661-1700), King of Spain, 1665-1700: accession of, 22, 173; reign of, 8, 380; death of, 9, 220, 13, 246, 18, 311; summary of condition of Spain under, 8, 427 Carlos (Charles) III (1716-1788), King of Spain, 1759-1788: birth of, 8, 405; invested with Naples and Si- 138 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS cily, 4, 332, 8, 409; accession to Spanish throne, 8, 414, 22, 199; ex- pels Jesuits from New Spain, 22, 204; summary of condition of Spain under, 8, 429 Carlos (Charles) IV (1748-1819), King of Spain, 1788-1808: reign of, 8, 481; abdication of, 9, 332, 21, 54, 22, 230 Carlos V, Don (Carlos Marie Jose Isidoro de Bourbon) (1788-1855), a pretender to the throne of Spain, second son of Charles IV; rebellions of, 8, 496, 497 Carlos VII, Don (Carlos Marie de los Dolores Juan Isidoro Jose Fran- cisco) (1848 ), Duke of Madrid, a pretender to the Spanish throne: claims throne, 8, 514 Carlos (1545-1568), a Spanish prince son of Philip II of Spain: fate of 8, 372 Carlos: see also Charles Carlotta (1775-1820), daughter of Car- los III of Spain: marries Joam VI of Portugal, 8, 418; intrigues of, 534 Carlowitz, Peace of, a peace concluded between Austria, Poland, Russia, Venice and Turkey (1699): account of, 2, 539, 14, 268, 377, 17, 231, 18, 304; broken, 14, 287 Carlsbad, Congress of, a congress rep- resenting Austria, Prussia and the minor German states (1819), 18, 394 Carlsbad Decrees, a series of decrees issued by the Congress of Carlsbad concerning the censorship of the press, of the universities, etc., (1819), 17, 322 Carlsen (ca. 1863), a Norwegian ex- plorer in Arctic regions: circumnav- igates the Spitzbergen group, 16, 315 Carlstadt, Andreas Rudolph (1480- 1541), a German reformer: visits Copenhagen, 16, 191; his discussion with Eck, 18, 237; joins Anabap- tists, 242 Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881), a Scotch essayist and historian: sketch of, II, 613 Carmagnola, Francesco Bussone (1390-1432), an Italian condottiere: leads the forces of Venice, 4, 250 Carmancho, a South American gen- eral (ca. 1880) : made general-in- chief of Bolivian forces, 21, 236 Carmarthen, Wales: captured by the French, 11, 194 Carmarthen, Marquis of (1631-1712), an English statesman: his relations with Peter the Great, 15, 33, 71 Carmichael, William (18th century), American statesman: minister to Spain (1773), 23, 268 Carmona, Spain: sieges of (713 A.D.), 8, Si; (1052), 86; (1246), 106 Carnegie Steel Company: strike of employees, 24, 992 Carniola, a division of Austria-Hun- gary: united with Hungary and Bo- hemia, 17, 4; annexed to Bohemia, 74; surrendered to the Empire, 75; invaded by Turks, 109; revolt of the peasants (1515), 173; progress of the Reformation, 178; under Napoleon, 300 Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte (1801-1888), a French politician: made member of the provisional government, 9, 435 Carnot, Lazarre Nicholas Marguerite (1753-1823), a celebrated French statesman, strategist ana scientist: made member of the committee of safety, 9, 285; appointed member of the directory, 296; banished and pro- scribed, 305; leads constitutional party, 358; becomes minister of the interior in Napoleon's council, 361; made member of provisional gov- ernment, 365; appointed minister of war, and major-general of the re- publican armies, 10, 341, 18, 359; replaces Sieyes in the directory, 10, 361; tries to prevent the struggle be- tween the directory and the royal- ists, 388 Carnot, Marie Frangois Sadi (1837- 1894), President of the French Re- public, 1887-1894: election of, 9, 484 Carnutes, ancient tribe of central Gaul: Caesar's campaign against, 3, 308 Caro, Miguel, President of Colombia, GENERAL INDEX 139 1892-1898: administration of, 31, 245 Carobert, King of Hungary, ca. 1300: claims throne of Naples, 4, 260 Carolina: named, 23, 47; chartered by Charles II, 73; significance of his- tory of, 79; slavery conditions in, 20, 75; see also North and South Carolina "Caroline," Canadian insurgent ship: wrecked by Canadian militia, 23, 515 Caroline, Amelia Elizabeth (1768- 1821), Queen of George IV of Eng- land, called the Dreadful Woman and the Kensington Martyr: sketch of, 11, 573 Caroline Islands, archipelago in the Pacific Ocean: purchased by Ger- many, 20, 302 Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway, 1751-1775: sketch of, 16, 241 Caroline Wilhelmina (1683-1737), Queen of George II of England: her influence over George II, T i, 477; death of, 480 Caron, Lieutenant (ca. 1880), French commander: navigates the Niger, 19, 149 Caron, Noel (ca. 1600), Dutch states- man: ambassador to England, 13, 195 Carpenter, Philo (ca. 1850), American abolitionist: aids slaves to escape, 24, 617 Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia: first Continental Congress meets at, 23, 223 Carpet Baggers, name of reproach given by the South to Northerners who went South after the Civil War: description of, 24, 864; gov- ernments of, in election of 1868, 861 Carpini, John de Piano (ca. 1200), Italian Franciscan: missionary to China, 6, 18 Carr, General (ca. 1750), a Scotchman in Russian service: in the Pugatchev insurrection, 15, 168 Carr, Robert, Earl of Somerset (d. 1645), a British politician: rise of, 11, 310; disgraced, 312 Carra, Jean Louis (1 743-1 793), a French revolutionist: death of, 10, 279 Carrard (ca. 1850), Swiss insurrection- ist: leads riot, 13, 563 Carrarra, Francesco da (d. 1393), Pa- duan noble; leader of confederacy against Venice, 4, 239; career of, 250 Carrel, Armand (1800-1836), French journalist and republican leader: op- poses the decrees of July 25, 1830, 9, 390 Carrera, Rafael (1815-1865), a Guate- malan revolutionist: founds Repub- lic of Guatemala, 22, 438 Carrhae, Mesopotamia: battle of (53 B. C), 3, 324 Carrick's Ford, West Virginia: battle of (1861), 24, 733 Carrickshock, Ireland: battle of (1832), 12, 224 Carrier, Jean Baptiste (1756-1794), French revolutionist: impeachment of, 10, 325; trial of, 328 Carrinas (d. 82 B.C.), Roman insur- gent: attempts to succor Rome, 3, 227; death, 228 Carrion, Spain: battle of the (1037), 8, 140 Carrion, Jeronimo, Ecuadorian politi- cian, president of the republic, 1865- 1867: administration of, 21, 114, 115 Carroll, Charles (1 737-1832), an Amer- ican patriot: in first Congress, 23, 343; last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, 480; president of American Coloni- zation Society, 24, 571 Carson, Kit (Christopher) (1809- 1868), American guide and soldier: seeks relief for Kearny, 22, 299 Cartagena, Colombia: founded, 21, 16; sacked by Drake (1580), 30; siege of (1815), 64; occupied by the revolu- tionists (1821), 73 Carteaux, Jean Frangois (1751-1813), French general: pursues the section- ary army to Marseilles, 10, 274 Carteret, Sir George (ca. 1615-1680), English sailor: proprietor of the Carolinas, 23, 73; proprietor of New Jersey, 108 Carteret, John Earl Granville (1690- 140 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 1763), English statesman: his ri- valry with Walpole, XI, 477; sketch of, 485; fall of, 486; attempts to form a ministry, 488 Carthage, northern Africa, called the Queen of the Mediterranean: founded, 1, 124; rise of, 125; sketch of, 3, 89, 20, 15, 21; taken by the Saracens, 1, 306; war with Sicily, 2, 218; second invasion under Han- nibal, 2, 408, 8, 13; wars with Di- onysius, 2, 412; war with Timoleon, 417; war against Syracuse, 515; para- mount in the western Mediterra- nean, treaty with Rome (348 B.C.), 3, 81; treaty with Rome (279 B.C.), 7g; declares war against Rome, 100; revolt of the mercenaries, 106; the second Punic War, 11 1; internal conditions under Roman rule, 162; fate of, 1, 307, 3, 164, 165; restora- tion of, 3, 183; made capital of Van- dal kingdom (429 A.D.), 18, 39 Carthagena, Spain: siege of (208 B.C.), 8, 18 Carthalo (ca. 250 B.C.), Carthaginian general: blockades Roman fleet at Lilybaeum, 3, 104 Carthalo (ca. 150 B.C.), leader of pa- triotic party in Carthage, 3, 163 Carthusian Order, austere religious order, founded 1084 in Chartreuse: in Switzerland, 13, 355 Cartier, George Etienne (1814-1873), French-Canadian lawyer and politi- cian: at the Quebec convention, 20, 165 Cartier, Jacques, a French navigator: born at St. Malo, France, December 31, 1494; made three voyages to Can- ada, 1534, 1535, 1541; ennobled by the King of France for his discover- ies; died after 1552 Voyages of, 20, 49, 81, 23, 46 Cartwright, Edmund (1743-1823), English clergyman and mechani- cian: invents a power-loom, 11, 534 Cartwright, Ralph (ca. 1600), English traveler: opens English trade with Bengal, 5, 163 Cartwright, Thomas (1535-1603), Eng- lish Puritan clergyman and scholar: leader of reform movement, XI, 288 Carvajal, General (ca. 1850), Venezue- lan patriot: leads insurrection, 21, 101 Carvajal, Josef de (ca. 1750), Spanish minister: policy of, 8, 413 Carvajal, Juan (d. 1469), Spanish prel- ate: his mission to Bohemia, 17, 143 Carvalho, Francisco Coelhode (ca. 1625), Spanish governor in South America: repeals the decree allow- ing slave-trade to be carried on con- stantly, 31, 39 Carver, John (1575-1621), American colonist: elected governor by Pil- grims, 23, 84 Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland: see Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount Casa-Fuerte, Juan de Acufia, Marques de (1657-1734), made viceroy of New Spain (1723), 23, 189; death of, 182 Casal, France: siege of (1639), 9> *93 Casale, Italy: battle of (1640), 4, 322 Casa-Mata, Act of, a convention in Mexico pledging the reestablish- ment of the national representative assembly (1823), 22, 258 Casambrot, John, Lord of Beckerzeel, (d. 1568), a Flemish leader: his campaign against the Iconoclasts, 13, 97; arrest of, 105; death of, 108 Casanare, a South American prov- ince: rebels against Spanish author- ity, 31, 56 Casanete, Pedro Portal de (ca. 1647), a Spanish official in America: com- missioned to colonize California, 33, 166 Casca, Publius Servilius (d. ca. 42 B.C.), a Roman tribune: plots against Caesar, 4, 4; stabs Caesar, 5 Casco, New Hampshire: attack on, 21, 158 Casimir (III) the Great (1309-1370), King of Poland, 1333-1370: reign of, 15, 376 Casimir IV (1427-1492), King of Po- land and Lithuania, 1447-1492: reign of, 15, 378 Casimir (ca. 1576), Prince of the Pa- latinate: aids French Protestants, 9, 159 GENERAL INDEX 141 Casket Letters, claimed to have been written by Mary Queen of Scots to Bothwell, 12, 318 Cass, Lewis (1872-1866), an American statesman and soldier: opposes Wil- mot Proviso, 24, 551; nominated for President (1848), 555; (1852), 619; objects to phraseology of Kansas- Nebraska Bill, 635; in Buchanan's Cabinet, 657 Cassander (354-297 B.C.), King of Macedonia, 301-297 B.C.: reign of, 2, 511; death of, 514 Cassano, Bridge of, Italy: battles of (170S), 9, 222; (1799), 10, 403 Cassel, Prussia: battles of (1328), 9, 93, 11, 158, 13, 32; (1677), 9, 212, 13, 241; taken by the Prussians (1866), 18, 410 Cassites (Kasshu), a barbarian tribe: conquer Babylon 1750 B.C.; I, 77 Cassius, Longinus Caius (d. 42 B.C.), a Roman soldier and politician: as- sumes command of army in the East, 3, 325; plots against Caesar, 4, 4; sets out for Syria, 11; his re- ception in Syria, 17; at battle of Philippi, 18; in command in Spain, 8, 23 Cassius, Spurius (d. 466 B.C.), a Ro- man patrician: proposed reforms of, 3, 43 Cassivellaunus (ca. 50 B.C.), a British chief: his campaign against Caesar, 3, 304, 11, 7 Caste: in India, 5, 43, 78 Castel-Bolognese, France: battle of (1797), 9, 302 Castelar, Emilio (1 832-1 899), a Span- ish statesman, orator, and author: president of the republic, 8, 513; sketch of, 518 Castelfidardo, Italy: battle of (1869), 4, 382 Castelli (ca. 1810), a revolutionist of Buenos Ayres: leads revolutionary movement, 21, 57 Castelnaudary, France: battle of (1632), 9, 188 Castiglione (Castiglione delle Sti- viere), Italy: battle of (1796), 9, 299 Castiglione, a Jesuit missionary in China (ca. 1709), 6, 88 Castilla, Francisco de: see Villadarias Castilla, Ramon (1796-1867), a Peru- vian general and statesman: made president of Peru, 31, 198; exiled, 198; raises a rebellion, 198; second administration of, 200; death of, 208 Castillo, Canovas del (d. 1897), Span- ish statesman: prime minister of Spain (1875-1897), 8, 514; death of, 518 Castillo, Manuel, a Venezuelan gen- eral 1813: leads army for the libera- tion of Venezuela, 21, 60 Castle, The Maiden: see Edinburgh Castlemaine, Barbara Villiers, Lady (1640-1709): her influence over Charles II, 11, 389 Castlereagh, Lord: see Stewart, Rob- ert Castricum, France: battle of (1799), 10, 407 Castries, Charles Eugene Gabriel de la Croix, Marquis de (1727-1801), a French marshal: in the Seven Years' War, 9, 246 Castriot, George: see Scanderbeg Castriot, John (d. ca. 1440), Lord of Emalthia: account of, 14, 69 Castro, premier of Portugal, 1904 ; becomes premier, 8, 540 Castro, Cipriano (1855 ), a Vene- zuelan general: his administration as president of Venezuela, 21, 246 Castro, Joao (1500-1548), Portuguese viceroy of the Indies, 1545-1548: administration of, 5, 151, 8, 436; de- feats King of Cambay, 20, 47 Castro, Julian, a Venezuelan states- man: provisional president of Vene- zuela (1858-1860), 21, 96 Castro, Vaca de (1492-1562), a Span- ish jurist; his government in Peru, 21, 26 Caswell, Richard (1729-1789), an American Revolutionary politician: defeats Donald MacDonald, 23, 236 Cat, The: appears in history, 1, 18 Catalan Insurrection, the rebellion of the Catalans under Philip IV of Spain, 8, 378 142 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Catana, Sicily: destroyed by Gelo, 2, 219; joins the Athenians, 234; be- sieged by Syracusans, 408; battle of, 413 Catari (ca. 1810), a South American Indian chief: leads Indian rebellion, 21, 52 Catawba Indians, a tribe in the Caro- linas: location, 23, 8; have survived the surrounding tribes, 17 Catchpoole, British consul to China 1701, 6, 108 Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty of, a treaty between France, England, and Spain (1559), 4, 307, 9, 148, 13, 308, 17, 176 Catesby, Robert (d. 1605), an English Catholic; plots against James I of England, II, 308 Catharine (Catherine) of Aragon (1485-1536), Queen of England: marriages of, 8, 187, 11, 229, 231, 235; Henry VIII desires divorce from, 11, 245 Catharine (Catherine) of Braganza (1638-1705), Queen of England: mar- ries Charles II of England, 8, 465, 11, 384, 19, 34 Cathay, Asia: origin of name, 6, 16; described by early missionaries, 18 Cathcart, Colonel (d. 1788), English ambassador to Peking, 6, no Cathcart, Sir George (1 794-1 854), a British general: made governor of Canada, 20, 158; death of, 15, 316 Cathcart, William Shaw (1755-1843), a British general: at the bombard- ment of Copenhagen, 16, 256 Cathelineau, Jacques (1 759-1 793), a French royalist leader of the Ven- deans: leads insurrection in the Ven- dee, 9, 283 Catherina, Infanta of Portugal: see Catharine of Braganza Catherine, Queen of Navarre,- 1483- 1516: reign of, 8, 215 Catherine I (Martha Skavronskaya) (i679?-I727), Empress of Russia: sketch of, 15, 43; description of, 68; at the battle of the Pruth, 59; secures peace with Turkey, 14, 280; honored by Peter the Great, 282, reign of, 15, 93 Catherine (Catharine) (II) the Great (1729-1796), Empress of Russia, 1762- 1796, called the Messalina of the North: born at Stettlin, Prussia, May 2, 1729; married Peter III of Russia, 1845; caused the assassina- tion of Peter and usurped the throne, 1762; joined in the partitions of Poland in 1772 and 1793; was a liberal patron of learned men; died, November 17, 1796 Sketch of, 15, 139; accession of, 9, 247, 15, 156; reign of, 15, 161; favors an English alliance, 144, 147; Peter's treatment of, 154; her rela- tions with Frederick the Great, 18, 343> 3455 renounces her claim to Holstein, 16, 240, 267; her relations with Poland, 15, 384, 17, 246; her relations with Turkey, 14, 320; re- fuses to aid England against Amer- ican colonies, 23, 237; her alliance with Joseph II of Germany, 18, 351; her relations with Sweden, 16, 248; her relations with the First Coali- tion, 18, 356, 358, 359; aids Georgia against Persia, 5, 357; growth of Russia under, 10, 133; death of, 15, 192 Catherine (Catharine) de' Medici (1519-1589), Queen of France: mar- ries Henry II of France, 9, 142; regent for Francis II of France, 149; regent for Charles IX of France, 152; regent for Henry III of France, 159 Catherine of Brandenburg (early 17th century), Princess-dowager of Tran- sylvania: claims throne of Transyl- vania, 17, 227 Catherine of Valois (1401-1438), Queen of England: marries Henry V, 11, 200 Catholic Association, an association in Ireland to achieve Catholic Emanci- pation: founded (1820), 12, 221 Catholic Emancipation: question of, 11, 581, 12, 199, 219; aftermath of, 224 Catholic League, The, a league estab- lished by Maximilian of Bavaria: formed, 18, 265 GENERAL INDEX liS Catholics in America: arrive in Mary- land, 23, 69; disagreement with Prot- estants of Virginia, 69; persecution of, affects prosperity of Maryland, 72; excluded from Georgia, 81; status in Rhode Island, 94; perse- cuted in New England, 148; disfran- chised in many colonies, 148; charged with inciting people of Pennsylvania to join French, 149; persecuted in Virginia, 149 Catibah (ca. 600 A.D.), Mohammedan chief: his campaign against the Turks, 1, 266 Catilina, Lucius Sergius (108-62 B.C.), Roman politician and conspirator: leader of the discontented party, 3, 280; plans a decisive blow, 281; leaves Rome, 283; defeat and death, 284 Catinat de la Fauconnerie, Nicholas (1637-1712), marshal of France: his campaign in Germany, 9, 217; his campaigns in the War of Spanish Succession, 220 Cato, Gaius, Roman tribune: hinders elections (55 B.C.), 3, 3*8 Cato, Marcus Porcius, surnamed The Censor (234-149 B. C), Roman statesman, general, and writer: quoted on Hamilcar Barca, 3, 112; moving spirit in the patriotic party, 157; desires destruction of Carthage, 163 Cato, Marcus Porcius, surnamed Uti- censis, Roman statesman and Stoic philosopher: born in Rome, 95 B.C.; served in a campaign against Spar- tacus, 72 B.C.; was tribune of the people, 63 B.C.; opposed the trium- virs, Caesar, Pompeius, and Cras- sus, 60 B.C.; chosen praetor, 54 B.C.; joined Pompeius in the civil war begun 49 B.C.; after the battle of Pharsalia, 48 B.C., he escaped to Africa where he was elected com- mander of the forces but resigned the command to Metellus Scipio and retired to Utica; on the capture of this city, he refused to flee but committed suicide, 46 B.C. Sketch of, 3, 278; favors execution of Catilinarian conspirators, 284; elected tribune, 287; sent to Byzan- tium, 290; leader of opposition to monarchy, 327; opposition to Caesar, 330; flees to Macedonia, 343; de- cides to stand by constitutional party, 350; influences choice of Scipio as commander-in-chief, 355; death, 359; estimate of, 361 Catorce Mines, Mexico: discovered, 22, 209 Catullus, Valerius (87-54 B.C.), Ro- man poet: sketch of, 3, 319 Catulus, Gaius Lutatius (ca. 250 B.C.), Roman general: commands fleet for invasion of Africa, 3, 105 Catulus, Quintus Lutatius (152-87 B. C), Roman general: campaign against the Cimbri, 3, 194; death, 223 Catulus, Quintus Lutatius (d. 60 B.C.), Roman politician: opposed to giving command of army in the East to Pompey, 3, 271; charged with em- bezzlement of public moneys, 287 Catuvellauni, State of, a Roman state in Britain: formed, 11, 6 Cauchon, Pierre, Bishop of Beauvais (d. 1443) : condemns Joan of Arc, 9, 116 Caudamo, Manuel, South American revolutionist: president of Peru (1903-1904), 21, 242 Caudine Pass, Italy: battle of (321 B. C), 3, 69 Caulaincourt, Armand Augustin Louis de, Duke of Visenza (1772-1827), French diplomat and general: mem- ber of provisional government, 9, 365; minister of Napoleon, 14, 404, 15, 256 Cauldron of Slaughter, The: see Teu- toberger Forest Caulfield, James, Earl of Charlemont (1728-1799), Irish nobleman: com- mands Northern Volunteers, 12, 182 Caussidiere, Marc (1809-1861), French radical politician: revolt of, 9, 437 Cavagnari, Pierre Louis Napoleon (ca. 1880), English government official in India: concludes treaty with Afghanistan, 5, 257 Cavaignac, Eugene Louis (1802-1857), 144 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS French general: made governor of Algiers, 9, 4355 made minister of war, 437; made president of the provisional government, 437; arrest of, 441 Cavaliers, supporters of Charles I of England, during the Civil War (1641): Parliament (1661), IX, 382; arrival in Virginia, 23, 64 Cavendish, Lord Frederick (1836- 1882), English statesman: murder of, 11, 634, 12, 239 Cavendish, Thomas (1552-1592), Eng- lish navigator and free-booter: cap- tures a Spanish ship, 22, 135; cir- cumnavigates the globe, 5, 157 Cavendish, William, Duke of Devon- shire: see Devonshire, William Cav- endish, Duke of Cavendish, William, Marquis of New- castle: see Newcastle, William Cav- endish, Marquis of Cavite, Luzon, Philippines: captured by Americans, 24, 1029 Cavo, Father (ca. 1800), Mexican Jesuit: work of, 22, 219 Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count di, an Italian statesman: born in Turin, Italy, August 10, 1810; was edu- cated at the military academy at Turin and served in the army until 1831; was elected to the Sardinian parliament, 1848; made minister of commerce, 1850, of finance, 1851, and premier, 1852; joined France and Great Britain in the Crimean War, 1853-1856; concluded a secret treaty against Austria with Napo- leon III of France, 1858; carried on a war against Austria, 1859; re- signed the premiership, 1859, but resumed it again the following year; secretly supported the efforts of Garibaldi, 1861, and after the uni- fication of Italy was made prime minister of the new kingdom; died at Turin, July 6, 1861 Government of, 4, 371; returns to power, 375; policy of, toward Rome, 384; diplomacy of, in Crimean War, 14, 459; at the Congress of Paris (1856), 17, 384 Cawnpur, British India: siege of (1857), 5, 236 Cawston, George (ca. 1880), English financier: sketch of, 19, 222 Caxias, General (ca. 1830), Portuguese governor: crushes the insurrection in San Paulo, 21, 170 Caxton, William (1422-1491), first English printer: sets up his press at Westminster, 11, 231 Cayenne, French Guiana: settled, 20, 87; taken by the English, 143 Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de (1758-1805), French politician and orator: sketch of, 10, 79 Cea, Spain: siege of (1055), 8, 141 Ceara, eastern Brazil: resists the cre- ation of the empire of Brazil, 21, 167 Ceawlin (d. 593 A.D.), West Saxon king: campaigns against the Angles, II, 24; defeated, 25 Ceballos (ca. 1870), Peruvian states- man: made acting president of Peru, 21, 210 Cebu, island in the Philippines: occu- pied by Americans (1899), 20, 317 Cech (ca. 500 A.D.), Slav chief: leads migration of the Czechs, 17, 18 Cecil, Sir Edward (ca. 1600), English admiral: commands expedition against Cadiz, 11, 321 Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury: see Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of Cecil, Robert Arthur Talbot Gas- coyne, Marquis of Salisbury: see Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne, Marquis of Cecil, Sir William (1 520-1 598), Eng- lish statesman: becomes secretary to Elizabeth, 11, 275 Cedar Creek or Run, Virginia: battle of Culpeper Court House at, 24, 763; battle of (1864), 793; political effect of victory of, 801 Celakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav (1799- 1852), Bohemian poet and philolo- gist: sketch of, 17, 343 Celestine III (1106-1198), Pope, 1191- 1198: orders dissolution of marriage of Alfonso IX of Leon and Theresa of Portugal, 8, 147 GENERAL INDEX 145 Cellamare, Prince Antonio Giudice (1657-1733), Spanish general and diplomat: conspires against Duke of Orleans, 9, 230 Cellini, Benvenuto (1500-1571), Italian sculptor and worker in gold and silver: his effect on the Renaissance, 4, 284 Celman, Miguel Juarez (1844 ), Argentine politician of the liberal party: his presidency of Argentina, 31, 256 Celtes, Konrad (1450-1508), German poet and scholar: founds the " So- dalitas Danubiana," 17, 175 Celtiberians, inhabitants of ancient Spain: origin of, 8, 3; description of, 11; war with Rome, 3, 161 Celts, a branch of the Indo-European family: invade Italy, 3, 57; defeated at Telamon, 109; invade Spanish peninsula, 8, 3; description of, 9, 4; invade Britain, 11, 4; and Aus- tria-Hungary, 17, 10; location of, 18, 7 Cemetery Ridge, near Gettysburg: in battle of Gettysburg, 24, 780 Cenabum (Orleans), ancient Gaul: massacre of the Remansat, 3, 306; see also Orleans Cenek of Wartenburg, Burggrave of Prague (ca. 1400): 17, 129 Censorinus, Lucius Marcius (ca. 150 B.C.), Roman consul: orders the de- struction of Carthage, 3, 164; be- sieges Carthage, 164 Censorship, political office at Rome from the fifth century B.C.: office of, established, 3, 48; thrown open to the plebeians, 49 Centena, Diego, leader of the royal- ist forces in Peru 1547: revolt of, 21, 27 Centennial, The, an exposition com- memorating the birth of American independence, held at Philadelphia (1876), 24, 903 Centennial State, The: see Colorado Center, The, a division of the French assembly: origin and use of the term, 10, 82; makes overtures to the court, 139 Centerville, Virginia: Union troops retreat to, 24, 763 Central America, History of: the five republics, 22, 429; revolts against Spanish rule, 24, 1021 Central Pacific Railroad: built, 24, 002 Central Search Association, an Afri- can company: organized (1889), 19, 224 Centrones, a Gallic tribe: treachery toward Hannibal, 3, 115 Century, Progress of a, 24, 1086 Ceorls, a division of the Anglican population of Britain: description of, 11, 20 Cepeda, South America: battles of (1820), 21, 71 (1859), 129 Cephallonia (Cephallenia), Greece: al- lied to Athens, 2, 280 Ceporin (ca. 1525), a teacher in Zurich, 13, 436 Cerealis, Petitius (1st century A.D.), a Roman general: his campaign in Gaul, 18, 24 Cerestes, Turkey: battle of (1596), 14, 206, 239 Cerignoles, Italy: battle of (1503), 9, 133 Cerisoles, Italy: battle of (1544), 9, 143 Cerro Gordo, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 325, 24, 549 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547- 1616), a Spanish poet and novelist: at the battle of Lepanto, 14, 198 Cervera y Topeta, Pascual (1833 ), Spanish rear-admiral: at Santiago, 8, 520, 20, 329, 22, 460, 24, 1029 Cesari, Antonio (1760-1828), an Ital- ian plulologist: sketch of, 4, 409 Cespedes, Carlos Manuel de (1819- 1874), a Cuban revolutionist: leads Cuban insurrection, 20, 327 Cestinos, Luis, governor of Sinaloa (ca. 1640), a Mexican explorer: ex- plores California, 22, 163 Cestius, Gallus (1st century A. D.), Roman governor of Syria: defeated by Jews, 1, 410 Cethegus, Caius Cornelius (1st cen- tury B.C.), a Roman noble: arrested, 3,283 146 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Cetiwayo (d. 1884), King of the Zulus: captured by the English, 20, 229 Ceuta, Spain: surrendered to the Sara- cens, 1, 310; sieges of (1415), 8, 301, 19, 15; (1464), 8, 316 Ceylon, island in the Indian Ocean called the Paradise of the Indies: Buddhism introduced, 5, 61; con- quered by the Dutch, 155; under Dutch rule, 20, 113; surrenders to the British, 139; conquest completed (1815), 144; made a crown colony, 197; history of, 250 Chabrias (d. 357 B. C), an Athenian general: wins battle of Naxos, 2, 430; slain at Chios, 454 Chacabuco, Chili: battle of (1817), 21, 72 Chaerea, Cassius (d. 41 A.D.), a Ro- man tribune: assassinates Caligula, 4, 58 Chaereas (ca. 410 B.C.), a Greek cap- tain: adventures of, 2, 359 Chaeroneia, Greece: battles of (338 B.C.), 2, 477; (86 B.C.), 3, 218 Chaffee, Adna Romanza (1842 ), an American soldier: in Santiago campaign, 24, 1029 Chait Singh, Raja of Benares, ca. 1775: rebellion of, 5, 192 Chaitanya (1485-1527), founder of a sect in Bengal: teachings of, 5, 85 Chalais, Henri de Talleyrand, Count of (1599-1626), a French statesman: conspires against Cardinal Riche- lieu, 9, 184 Chalcedon, Bithynia: taken by Alci- biades, 2, 367 Chalcideus (d. 412 B.C.), a Spartan admiral, 2, 352 Chalcidice, Macedonia: settled, 2, 79; revolts to Brasidas, 309; league of, 420; league dissolved by Sparta, 423; conquered by Philip, 464 Chalcis, Greece: colonial energy of, 2, 79, 83; taken by Athenians, 154; at war with Athens, 163; revolts to Sparta, 361; allied with Athens, 473 Chalco, Mexico: taken by Cortez, 22, 45; siege of (1521), 46 Chalcondyles, Demetrius (1424-15 11), a Greek grammarian and teacher: his estimate of Turkish military strength, 14, 94 Chaldea, Babylon: location of, 1, 67 Chalderan, Persia: battle of (15 14), 5, 341 Chalons, France: battle of (451 A.D.), 2, 530, 4, 148, 8, 38, 9, 17, 14, 4, 18, 41 Chamberlain, Joseph (1836 ), Eng- lish radical politician: demands po- litical rights for English colonists in the Transvaal, n, 640; his tariff projects, 642; opposes Australian Constitution, 20, 207 Chambers's Case (1630), in English history, dispute over levy of ship- money, II, 329 Chambonnas, Scipio (ca. 1790), French minister: made minister of finance, 10, 176 Champ-Aubert, France: battle of (1814), 9, 346, 10, 491 Champ de Mars, Paris: confederation of the kingdom at, 10, 121 Champion Hill, Mississippi: battle of (1863), 24, 777 Championet, Jeane fitienne (1762- 1800), French general: enters Na- ples, 10, 402 Champlain, Samuel de, a French ex- plorer and geographer: born in Brouage, France, 1567; took an ac- tive part in the wars of the League on the side of Henry of Navarre for which he received a pension; commanded a vessel in the Spanish fleet sailing to Mexico, 1599; ex- plored in Canada and New England, 1603-1607; founded Quebec, 1608; discovered Lake Champlain, 1609; appointed lieutenant-governor of New France, 1612; began the fortifi- cations of Quebec, 1620; taken pris- oner to England when Quebec was captured, 1628; released after the treaty of peace in 1632; returned as governor to New France, 1633; died at Quebec, December 25, 1635 Makes a settlement in America, 20, 81; explorations of, 23, 48; de- feats the Iroquois, 50; resentment of Iroquois over his victory, 175 GENERAL INDEX 147 Champlain, Lake, between Vermont and New York: discovered, 23, 50; Nicholson burns fort on, 162 Champoton, Yucatan: battle of (i537)> 22, 425 Chamurli, Servia: battle of (1410), 14, 53 Chancellor, Richard (d. 1556), Eng- lish navigator: his explorations of the Arctic regions, 5, 156, 16, 300 Chancellor, The: see Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von Chancellorsville, Virginia: battle of (1863), 24, 771; Confederate hopes raised by victory at, 778 Chandarnagar, Hindustan: captured by the English (1757), 5, 182, 9, 246 Chand Bibi (ca. 1580), queen of Ah- madnagar: frustrates Akbar's schemes for southern India, 5, 113 Chandler, Zachariah (1813-1879), American politician: refuses to con- cede election to Tilden (1876), 24, 909 Chandra Gupta, East Indian king, 316-292 B. C. : his relations with the Greeks, 5, 69; reign of, 70 Chang, Prince (ca. 1900), Chinese prince, 6, 302 Chang Ch'ien (2nd century B. C), Chinese envoy: visits Central Asia, 6, 13 Ch'ang Chih-tung (ca. 1900), Chinese viceroy: in Boxer movement, 6, 304; ousts Americans from railway con- cessions, 319; attempts to have Manchuria opened to foreign trade, 7, 288 Chang Pak (ca. 1280), Chinese gen- eral in command of Chinese army, 7, 76 Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Theodole (1793-1877), French general: given command of the troops of the sec- ond republic, 9, 436; arrest of, 441 Chang-lo, Thibet: attack on (1904), 5, 298 Channing, William Ellery (1780-1842), an American divine: member of Anti-slavery Society, 24, 574 Chanzy, Antoine Eugene Alfred (1823-1883), French general: in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 425 Chao (ca. 1750), Chinese general: his victories in Central Asia, 6, 86; his death, 87 Chapelier, Isaac Rene Gui (1754-1794), French lawyer: his opinion on the renewal of the assembly, 10, 114; directs the Feuillant Club, 128; death of, 9, 289 Chappe, Claude (1763-1805), French inventor: invents system of tele- graphs, 10, 336 note Chappe, Ignace (b. 1760), French en- gineer: invents system of tele- graphs, 10, 336 note Chapter of Mitton: battle of (13 19), 12, 282 Chapultepec, Mexico: siege of (1847), 22, 366, 24, 550 Charaka (ca. 800 A.D.), Indian physi- cian: fame of, 5, 48 Chararic (ca. 500 A.D.), Salian chief: death of, 9, 21 Charcas, Bolivia: rebels against Span- ish authority (1809), 21, 58 Charcot (ca. 1900), French explorer: explorations of, 16, 336 Chares (ca. 350 B. C), an Athenian general: campaigns of, 2, 454, 474; commands at Chaeroneia, 477 Charette de la Contrie, Francois Athanase (1763-1796), Vendean gen- eral: leads insurrection, 9, 283; arouses royalists in Brittany, 294; taken prisoner, 297 Charibert I (d. 568 A.D.), Frankish king: reign of, 18, 61 Charibert II, Frankish king, ca. 630 A.D.: reign of, 18, 65 Charidemus (ca. 400 B.C.), Greek gen- eral: aids Athens, 2, 466 Charlemagne or Charles (I) the Great, Frankish king and Holy Roman Emperor: born, April 2, 742 (birth place uncertain); became king of the Franks conjointly with his brother Karlmann, 768 A.D.; usurps the entire government on the death of Karlmann, 771 A.D.; at war with the Saxons, 772-804 A.D.; at war with the Lombards, 774-775 A.D.; made an expedition against the Arabs in Spain, 778 A.D.; subdued Bavaria, 788 A.D.; conquered the 148 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Avars, 791-796 A.D.; crowned Ro- man emperor, Christmas Day, 800 A.D.; at war with the Danes, 808- 810 A.D.; died at Aix-la-chapelle, January 28, 814 A.D. Consecrated, 9, 40; reign of, 9, 41, 18, 78; crowned by the Pope, 2, 534, 4, 176; invades Spain, 8, 69, 132; his influence felt in England, II, 40; condition of Switzerland under, I 3> 34; founds the bishopric of Bremen, 16, 25; forms alliance with the Czechs, 17, 30; defeats the Avars, 37; death of, 4, 176 Charlemagne, The Modern: see Na- poleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Charleroi, Belgium: siege of (1794), 9, 290 Charles: see also Carlo, Carlos and Karl Charles (I) the Great, Holy Roman Emperor: see Charlemagne Charles (II) the Bald (823-877), Holy Roman Emperor (I, King of France) : birth of, 18, 90; education of, 8, 221; favored by his father, 9, 48, 18, 91; becomes king of France, 92; reign of, as king of the Franks, 9, 50, 18, 95; crowned Holy Roman Emperor, 4, 179, 9, 51, 18, 96 Charles (III) the Fat (839-888), Holy Roman Emperor (II, King of France) : reign of, 4, 179, 9, 52, 18, 96; intervenes between Svatopluk and Arnulf, 17, 34; causes the as- sassination of Godfrey, Duke of the Normans, 13, 21; his relations with the Northmen, 16, 23 Charles IV (1316-1378), Holy Roman Emperor (I, King of Bohemia) : reign of, as King of Bohemia, 17, 115; proclaimed emperor, 17, 102, 18, 190; reign of, 192; campaigns in Italy, 4, 219; his relations with Aus- tria, 17, 103; condition of Switzer- land under, 13, 378 Charles V (1500-1558), Holy Roman Emperor: birth of, 8, 188; career OI 9. 137; acknowledged as heir of Castile, 8, 191; inaugurated Duke of Brabant and Count of Flanders and of Holland, 13, 54; concludes treaty with Francis I of France, 4, 295; accession to Spanish throne, 8, 339', becomes King of Spain, Sicily, and Naples, 18, 231; joins league for peace, n, 237; accession to the imperial throne, 4, 305, 8, 343, 13, 55, 18, 239; his power and motto, 23, 43; extent of empire of, 14, 145; reign of, as emperor, 17, 176; strug- gle with Francis I of France, 4, 301, 11, 240; marries Isabel of Portugal, 8, 350; alliances with Henry VIII of England, 11, 246, 261; rewards Cortes, 33, 40; condi- tion of Switzerland under, 13, 443; at war with Turkey, 14, 158; de- feated at Algiers, 163; introduces the New Laws, 20, 45; colonial pol- icy of, 50; his relations with Russia, 15, 16; resigns crowns, 8, 351, 13, 59, 18, 259, 22, 118; death of, 8, 352, 13, 60; summary of condition of Spain under, 8, 423 Charles VI (1685-1740), Holy Roman Emperor, 1711-1740: estimate of, 17, 192; campaigns of, 18, 313; at war with Spain, 8, 388; claims throne of Spain, 11, 456; accession to im- perial throne, 8, 400, 9, 224, 11, 463; reign of, 18, 315; reign of, as King of Bohemia, 17, 215; reign of, as King of Hungary, 191, 234; aids Venice against Turkey, 14, 286; sends expeditions to India, 5, 172; Alexis seeks the protection of, 15, 74; power in eastern Europe, 14, 292; in the Polish war, 15, 119; as- sists Russia against Turkey, 122; death of, 9, 236, 13, 254, 14, 317, 15, 133, 23, 163 Charles VII (Charles Albert) (1697- 1745), Holy Roman Emperor, 1742- 1745: claims Austrian throne, 15, 129, 17, 240, 18, 328; claims Bo- hemia, 17, 251; claims imperial crown, 9, 236; accession of, 237, 17, 241, 18, 330; death of, 9, 239 Charles I, King of Bohemia: see Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Charles I (1 600-1 649), King of Eng- land, 1625-1649: plans of marriage with a princess of Spain, 11, 317; visits Spain, 8, 376; marries Hen- GENERAL INDEX 149 rietta Maria of France, II, 318; reign of, 320; attitude toward Vir- ginia, 23, 63; his relations with the Dutch Republic, 13, 209; grants charter to Massachusetts Bay Col- ony, 23, 87; concludes treaty with Joam IV of Portugal, 8, 462 note; condition of Ireland under, 12, in; condition of Scotland under, 335; death of, 11, 361 Charles II (1630-1685), King of Eng- land, 1649-1685, called Old Rowley and the Merry Monarch: reign of, n> 379; proclaimed King of Ireland, II. 363 I*. 123; condition of Ire- land under, 12, 129; proclaimed King of Scotland, 11, 363, 12, 342; effect of his restoration on Ameri- can colonies, 23, 64; marries Catha- rine of Braganza, 19, 34; charters African Company, 31; gives grant of the Carolinas to favorites, 23, 73; grants liberal charter to Rhode Island, 94; vacillating policy of, 104; recalls Berkeley from Virginia, 66; his dislike of Quakers, no; taxes colonies, 20, 89; death of, 11, 416, 13, 242 Charles I, King of France : see Charles (II) the Bald, Holy Roman Em- peror Charles II, King of France: see Charles (III) the Fat, Holy Roman Emperor Charles (III) the Simple (879-929), King of France, 893-929: minority of, 18, 97; reign of, 9, 53, 18, 104; his treaty with Rolf, 16, 15; his relations with Henry I of Germany, 18, 105; marries sister of ^Ethelstan, II, 46 Charles (IV) the Fair (1294-1328), King of France, 1322-1328: reign of, 9, 90; conspires against Lewis of Bavaria, 18, 188 Charles (V) the Wise (1337-1380), King of France, 1364-1380: regent for his father, 9, 99; reign of, 102; sends help to Henry of Trastamara, 11, 167; at war with England, 168; aids Enrique II against Pedro the Cruel, 8, 166; protects the Jews, 1, 419 Charles (VI) the Well-Beloved (1368- 1422), King of France, 1380-1422: reign of, 9, 106; contemporary of Murad I of Turkey, 14, 33; at war with Flanders, 13, 34; perse- cutes the Jews, 1, 419; becomes in- sane, 11, 193; attempts to settle the dispute between the Popes, 18, 198 Charles (VII) the Victorious (1403- 1461), King of France, 1422-1461, called the King of Brouges: char- acter of, 11, 203; claims throne, 9, 114; crowned, 11, 204; reign of, 9, 116; concludes the Peace of Arras, 13, 41; aids Frederick III of Ger- many, 18, 213; his campaigns against the Swiss, 13, 401; concludes treaty with the Swiss, 405 Charles VIII (1470-1498), King of France, 1483-1498: reign of, 9, 126; transfers Prince Djem to custody of the Pope, 14, in; marries Anne of Brittany, 11, 226, 18, 219; claims throne of Naples, 4, 270; invades Italy, 289, 11, 227, 14, 112, 18, 225; concludes treaty with Philip the Handsome, 8, 189; his relations with Ferdinand the Catholic, 190, 268; plans rescue of Constantinople, 14, 144; death of, 11, 229 Charles IX (1550-1574), King of France, 1560-1574: reign of, 9, 152; marries daughter of Maximilian II of Germany, 18, 262; Carolina named for, 23, 47; death of, 11, 290 Charles (X) of Bourbon (16th cen- tury), titular King of France: de- clared king, 9, 166 Charles X (1757-1836), King of France, 1824-1830: elected member of the States-General, 10, 39; op- poses influence of Necker, 50; leaves France, 9, 265, 10, 72; opens correspondence with Lyons, 10, 115; hastens the determination of the cabinets of the coalition, 136; im- peached, 164; attempts invasion of France, 9, 294; returns to France, 9, 350, 18, 388; signs armistice with the allies, 10, 499; his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 360; reign of, 382; abdication and exile of, 9, 392, 21, 169 150 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Charles (I) of Anjou (1220-1285), King of Naples and Sicily: his cru- sade against Manfred, 4, 215; acces- sion of, 9, 84, 18, 169; reign of, 8, 244; quarrel with the kings of Ara- gon, 4, 217 Charles II (1248-1309), King of Na- ples: recognized as king, 9, 86; persecutes the Templars, 89 Charles (III) of Durazzo (d. 1386), King of Naples: seizes the throne of Naples, 4, 261; crowned King of Hungary, 17, 154 Charles (II) le Mauvais (1332-138/), King of Navarre, 1350-1387: reign of, 8, 210; declares war against John of France, 9, 96; taken prisoner by John of France, 97; made cap- tain general of Parisian forces, 101 Charles (III) the Noble (1 360-1425), King of Navarre, 1387-1425: reign of, 8, 212 Charles I (Charles Eitel Frederick Zephirin Louis) (1839 ), King of Rumania, 1881 : account of, 14, 464; accession of, 15, 343 Charles I, King of Spain: see Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Charles II, III, IV, V and VII of Spain: see Carlos II, III, IV, V and VII Charles VIII, King of Sweden: see Karl (VIII) Knudsson, King of Sweden Charles IX (1550-1611), King of Sweden, 1604-1611: invested with Soedermannland and Vermland, 16, 160; helps to depose Erik, 163; fa- vors the Reformers, 165; regent of Sweden, 168, 170; reign of, 171; death of, 174 Charles (X) Gustavus (1622-1660), King of Sweden, 1654-1660: declared heir presumptive, 16, 204; reign of, 207; Casimir, seeks aid against, 15, 380; at war with Denmark, 13, 231; death of, 16, 209 Charles XI (1655-1697), King of Sweden, 1660-1697: accession of, 16, 210; proclaimed absolute king, 213, 243; mediates between Holland and France, 13, 245; his relations with Patkul, 15, 38 Charles XII, King of Sweden, 1697- 1718, called the Madman of the North: born at Stockholm, June 27, 1682; succeeded his father, Charles XI, in 1697; invaded Denmark, May, 1700; concluded a treaty with the Danish king, August, 1700; gained a decisive victory over the Russians at Narva, November, 1700: at war with the Saxons and Poles, 1701- 1706; at war with Russia, 1707-1709; after his defeat at Poltava, July 8, 1709, escaped to Turkey where he remained until 1714; killed at the siege of Frederikshald, November 30, 1718 Accession of, 16, 213; conflicts of, 15, 38, 18, 317; at war with Russia, 14, 274; his relations with Poland, 15, 381; at Bender, 16, 221; terms of Peace of Pruth respecting, 14, 281, 284; returns to the north, 16, 222; forms alliance with Philip V of Spain, 8, 406, 11, 472; death of, 15, 66, 16, 223 Charles XIII (1748-1818), King of Sweden and Norway: regency of, 16, 249; accession of, 252; pro- claimed joint ruler of Sweden and Norway, 261 Charles (XIV) John (1764-1844), (Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte), King of Sweden, 1818-1844: cam- paigns of, 18, 367, 382; ambassador to Vienna, 17, 284; dismissed through Sieyes, 10, 408; made mar- shal of the French empire, 9, 322; his campaign in Jutland, 16, 251, 257; elected heir to Swedish throne, 9, 33$$, 16, 254; commands the army of the Rhine, 9, 308; elected king of Sweden, 10, 481, 15, 218; reign of, 16, 258, 278; growth of Sweden under, 260 Charles (16th century), Archduke of Austria, son of Ferdinand I: given Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, 17, 179; rule of, 180 Charles (Karl) (1771-1847), Archduke of Austria: estimate of, 17, 292; made governor of Austrian Nether- lands, 13, 263; his campaigns against the French, 9, 299, 308, 325, 15, GENERAL INDEX 151 214, 17, 282, 18, 360, 364, 367, 376; takes command of the army of Italy, 17, 293; in the war of the second coalition, 13, 516, 17, 285 Charles (d. 1527), Duke of Bourbon: joins the Emperor Charles V, 9, 139 Charles of Blois (or de Chatillon) (d. 1364), Duke of Brittany: at war with Montfort, 9, 93 Charles the Bold, sometimes called Charles the Rash, Duke of Bur- gundy: born in Dijon, France, No- vember 10, 1433; known as Comte de Charolais until the death of his father, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1467; married Mar- garet, sister of Edward IV of Eng- land, 1468; waged war against Louis XI of France and took him pris- oner, 1468; conquered Lorraine, 1475; besieged Grandson and was defeated at Murat, 1476; killed at the battle of Nancy, January 5, 1477 Accession and marriage of, II, 216; career of, 13, 42, 43, 18, 216; aids Louis XI of France, 9, 119; rebels against Louis XI, 122; his re- lations with the Swiss, 13, 405; quarrels with Frederick III of Ger- many, 406; defeated by the Swiss, .4, 256; death of, 13, 409 Charles of Egmont (Egmond) (1467- 1538), Duke of Guelders, a Dutch prince: career of, 13, 52; his rela- tions with Margaret of Austria, 53; recognized as stadtholder of Gro- ningen, 54; death of, 59 Charles (late 17th century), Duke of Lorraine: at the siege of Vienna, 17, 184 Charles of France (late 10th century), Duke of Lower Lorraine: sketch of, 13, 22; obtains Lower Lorraine, 9, 58; claims throne, 59 Charles (Carlo) III (1486-1553), Duke of Savoy: reign of, 4, 305; at war with Francis I of France, 9, 143; attempts to bring Geneva and Lau- sanne under his sway, 13, 446 Charles (late 18th century), Duke of Zweibriicken: disputes possession of Bavaria, 18, 348 Charles (15th century), Prince of Viana: revolt of, 8, 213 Charles of Maine (late 15th century), nephew of Rene of Anjou: will of, 9, 125 Charles of Valois (1 270-1 325), Count of Maine and Anjou: named as suc- cessor of Pedro III of Aragon, 9, 85; receives Maine and Anjou, 86 Charles, Cape: see Cape Charles Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria: see Charles VII, Holy Roman Em- peror Charles Albert (1798-1849), King of Sardinia, 1831-1849: regent of Sar- dinia, 4, 355; reign of, 357; his re- forms in Piedmont, 9, 426; at war with Austria, 17, 367, 18, 402; ab- dication of, 17, 373 Charles Augustus (1757-1828), Grand- duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: court of, 18, 353 Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir, "The Young Pretender" (1720- 1788), the eldest son of the Cheva- lier de St. George: attempts to win the throne, 11, 487; see also Pre- tender Charles Emmanuel I (1701-1773), (III, Duke of Savoy), King of Sar- dinia, 1730-1773: reign of, 4, 331; forms alliance with France, 9, 235; claims duchy of Milan, 236 Charles Emmanuel II (IV, Duke of Savoy) (1751-1819), King of Sar- dinia, 1796-1802: reign of, 4, 344; abdication of, 9, 307 Charles Emmanuel (I) the Great (1562-1630), Duke of Savoy: reign of, 4, 317; at war with Henry IV of France, 9, 172; aids Protestants of Bohemia, 17, 203; candidate for Bohemian throne, 205 Charles Emmanuel II (1634-1675), Duke of Savoy: reign of, 4, 322 Charles Emmanuel III and IV, Dukes of Savoy: see Charles Emmanuel I and II, Kings of Sardinia Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein- Gottorp: see Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Charles Martel (ca. 690-741), King of the Franks: rise of, 1, 337; defeated 152 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS by Radbod, king of the Friscons, 13, 14; career of, 9, 36, 18, 70; at the battle of Tours, 1, 338, 8, 64, XI, 40, 14, 4; aids Pope, 4, 170 Charles Robert of Anjou, King of Hungary, ca. 1309-1342: crowned, 17, 60; reign of, 151 Charles Theodore (d. 1799), Elector of Bavaria: concludes a treaty with Austria, 17, 250; his struggles for Bavaria, 18, 348 Charleston, South Carolina: perma- nently founded, 23, 76; polling-place of colony, 78; tea stored in damp cellars, 219; siege of (1776), 236; population in time of Jackson, 479; President enforces customs collec- tions at, 494; Ordinance of Nullifi- cation suspended at, 496; abolition literature taken from the mails, 24, 576; Democratic national conven- tion, 678; secession convention, 684; Confederates seize arsenal, 691 ; United States property seized by State authorities, 704; rejoices over surrender of Fort Sumter, 712; threatened by Sherman, 807; evac- uated, 808 Charlestown, Virginia: execution of John Brown at, 24, 675 Charlotte, North Carolina: Confed- erates seize United States mint, 24, 692 Charlotte (ca. 1721), Princess of Wolf- enbiittel: marries Alexis, 15, 74 Charlotte (1796-1817), daughter of George IV of England: marriage of, 11, 573 Charlotte of Bavaria (ca. 1825) Em- press of Austria: crowned queen of Hungary, 17, 338 Charlotte of Montmorency (ca. 1608), Princess of Conde: relations with Henry IV of France, 9, 175 Charlotte of Savoy (ca. 1450), marries Louis XI of France, 9, 119 Charlottetown Conference: a confer- ence held to bring about a union of the maritime provinces of Can- ada (1861), 20, 164 Charminus (ca. 411 B.C.), a Samian general: defeated at Samos, 2, 357 Charnay, a contemporary archaeolo- gist: his work in Mexico, 22, 82 Charnock, Job (ca. 1680), agent of East India Company: obliged to de- sert factory at Kasimbazar, 5, 166 Charon, a Theban citizen: aids con- spiracy against Leontiades, 2, 423 Charruas, The, a tribe of Indians in South America: description of, 21, 138 Charter Colonies, 23, 114 Charter for the Russian Empire, Im- perial, a constitution for Russia formulated in 1818: account of, 15, 266 Charter Oak, a tree famous in Amer- ican legendary history which form- erly stood in Hartford, Connecticut: story of, 23, 100 Charter of 1319: a charter freeing the nobles and clergy in Denmark from taxes, 16, 113 Chartered Company, a British South African mining company: sketch of, 19, 225 Charters, American Colonial: Caro- linas, 23, 74; Connecticut, 100; Geor- gia, 80; Maine, 95; New Hampshire, 96; Maryland, 68; Massachusetts, 86; New Jersey, 109; New York, 105; Pennsylvania, Hi; Plymouth, 83; Rhode Island, 94, 100; Virginia, 56 Charters, English: granted to towns by Henry I, 11, 117 Charton, President of Parliament of Paris 1648: arrest of, ordered, 9, 201 Chartres, France: in French claims, 23, 168 Chase, Salmon Portland, an American statesman and jurist: born in Corn- ish, N. H., January 13, 1808; edu- cated at Bishop Philander Chase's academy in Ohio and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in 1826; taught school in Washing- ton while studying law, 1826-1829; moved to Cincinnati, 1830; made so- licitor for the United States Bank in Cincinnati, 1834; was United States Senator from Ohio, 1849- 1855; Governor of Ohio, 1856-1860; GENERAL INDEX 153 Secretary of the Treasury, 1861- 1864; Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, 1864-1873; presided over the impeachment trial of President Johnson, 1868; died in New York City, May 7, 1873 Member of Buffalo convention (1848), 24, 558; speech on compro- mise measures, 607; writes and signs address against Douglas, 633; answers Douglas's speech (1853), 634; leader of Republican Party, 653; in Republican convention, 680; Secretary of the Treasury, 708; fa- vored for President, 799; opposes Legal Tender Act, 820, 900; estab- lishes national banking system, 820; administers oath of office to Johnson, 830; presides over' trial of President Johnson, 851; aspires to Presidency, 858 Chase, Samuel (1741-1811), an Ameri- can jurist: impeached, 23, 391 Chasse, David Hendrik, Baron (1765- 1849), a Dutch general: at siege of Antwerp, 13, 297, 303 Chasseloup-Laubat, Justin Napoleon Prosper, Comte de (1805-1873), a French politician: ministry of, 9, 459 Chateaubriand, Frangois Rene Au- guste, Vicomte (1 768-1848), a cele- brated French author and states- man: at the Verona Congress, 9, 379; forms a new opposition party, 381 Chateau-Cambresis, Peace of: see Ca- teau-Cambresis, Treaty of and also Unfortunate Peace, The Chateauneuf, Marquis de (ca. 1680) : his embassy to Constantinople, 14, 259 Chateau-Thierry, France: battle of (1814), 9, 346, 10, 491 Chateauvieux Regiment: revolt of, 10, 125 Chatel, John 0575-1594), a French fanatic: attempts to assassinate Henry IV of France, 9, 170 Chatelain (ca. 1830), a French editor: opposes the decrees of July 25, 1830, 9, 390 Chatelet, du, French ambassador to England (ca. 1754) : his quarrel with Chernichev, 15, 144 Chatelet, Duke du, a member of States-General 1789: proposes the redemption of tithes, 10, 74 Chatham, John Pitt, Earl of: see Pitt, John, Earl of Chatham Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of: see Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham Chatillon, France: battle of (1793), 10, 276 Chatillon, Count of (ca. 1635), a French commander of Army of North: campaigns in Thirty Years' War, 9, 191; in Belgium, 13, 211 Chatillon, Odet (ca. 1560), a French diplomat: plots against the Guises, 9, ISO Chattahoochie River, Georgia: Sher- man crosses, 24, 795; Hood crosses en route for Tennessee, 803 Chattanooga, Tennessee: battle of Chickamauga near, 24, 783; effect of Confederate loss of, 785; esti- mated losses in battles around, 785 Chatti, a Germanic tribe: location of, 18, 6; defeated by Drusus, 15; in- vade Gaul, 23; relation of, to Franks, 28 Chaucer, Geoffrey, called the Father of English Poetry: was born in London probably about 1340; re- ceived a liberal education; was in the service of the king and the gov- ernment from 1359 to 1386, being sent on several royal missions to Italy, Flanders, and France; wrote " The Canterbury Tales " after 1380; died in London, October 25, 1400 His "Canterbury Tales," 11, 176, 238 Chauci, a German tribe: location of, 18, 6; invade Rhine country, 23; incorporated with Saxons, 28 Chaul, India: battle of (1508), 5, 148 Chaulnes, Marshal (ca. 1640), a French soldier: his campaigns in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 194 Chaumont, Treaty of, an alliance be- tween Austria, Great Britain, Prus- sia, and Russia against Napoleon I (1814), 9, 347, 17, 3ii 154 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Chazars: see Khazars Chebreiss, France: battle of (1798), 9, 309 Chechela (ca. 1708), a Russian soldier: defends Baturin, 15, 50 Cheeves, Langdon (ca. 1812), a Re- publican leader: in Congress, 23, 417 Chefoo Convention, The: see Chifu Convention Chemishev, Colonel, a guerrilla leader: rescues Benningsen and Narishkin, 15, 246 Chemnitz, Philip (Hippolytus a La- pide) (1605-1678), a German histo- rian and councilor of Christina of Sweden: his pamphlet on the Holy Roman Empire, 17, 182 Chemnitz, Ivan Ivanovitch: see Khemnitzer Chemulpo, Korea: destroyed by Japa- nese, 7, 194; battle of (1904), 7, 303, 15, 361 Chen Kwojui (ca. 1870), a Chinese rebel: directs attack on mission- aries, 6, 225; career of, 227 Cheng, General (ca. 1862), a Chinese commander: at siege of Kunshan, 6, 201 Cheng Chihlung (ca. 1661), Chinese admiral: account of, 6, 57 Cheng Te, General (ca. 1790), a Chi- nese soldier: duplicity of, 6, 100 Chengt'ung (d. 1465), Emperor of China: taken prisoner, 6, 32 Chenier, Marie Joseph de (1764-1811), a French poet: opposes Napoleon, 9, 319; advocates the cause of the proscribed conventionalists, 10, 330 Chennapatam: see Madras Ch'enyuan (ca. 1640), Chinese slave: story of, 6, 52 Chera, Kingdom of, India: description of, 5, 105 Cherasco, Amnesty of (1796), an armistice between Napoleon and Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia, 10, 380 Cherkaski, Prince Alexis Mikhailo- vitch (ca. 1730), a Russian conspir- ator and statesman: conspiracy of, 15, no; a member of Anne's cabi- net, 112; leads revolt against Biron, 126; under Anna Leopoldovna, 128 Chernichev, Russian ambassador to England (ca. 1754): his quarrel with Du Chatelet, 15, 144; plots for Catherine, 155 Chernigov, Russia: under the Varan- gians, 15, 5 Cherokee Indians, tribe of North American Indians: religious beliefs, 23, 8; invent a system of writing, 12; friendly relations with Ogle- thorpe, 81; trouble with Georgia, 486; Jackson's stand against, 487; removed to Indian Territory, 488 Cherry Valley, New York: massacre of, 23, 297 Cherubusco, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 349, 24, 550 Cherusci, an ancient German tribe: location of, 18, 6; extinction of, 23; incorporated with Saxons, 28 "Chesapeake," American frigate: at- tacked by the " Leopard," 23, 409; defeated by the " Shannon," 423 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal: gov- ernment aids, 23, 442 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal: con- structed, 23, 480 Chesney, Sir George Tomkyns (1830- 1895), British officer and author: his plans for frontier defense, 5, 269 Chester, England: captured by the English (613 A.D.), 11, 31; conquest of, by William I (1070), 73 Chester, Pennsylvania: meeting of first Pennsylvania legislature at (1682), 23, in Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of (1694-1773), English cour- tier, orator, and wit: anticipates the French Revolution, 10, 12 Chesme: see Tchesme Chetardie, Joachim Jacques Trotti, Marquis de la (1705-1758), French diplomat: intrigues of, 15, 131, 134, 139, 16, 228 Cheverny (ca. 1700), Bishop of Troyes: made member of the coun- cil of regency, 9, 227 Chevert, Francois (1695-1769), French general: in the War of the Austrian Succession, 9, 237 Chevy Chase, Ballad of: English song GENERAL INDEX 155 recounting incidents of battle of Otterburn, 12, 287; see also Otter- burn Cheyenne Indians, tribe of North American Indians: belong to Al- gonquian stock, 23, 8 Chiaching, Emperor of China, 1522- 1567: reign of, 6, 35 Chiach'ing, Emperor of China, 1796- 1820: accession of, 6, 116; attempts to assassinate, 117; death of, 122; character of, 123 Chiao-tow, Korea: captured by the Japanese, 7, 310 Chiari, northern Italy: battle of (1701), 9, 220 Chibchas, tribe of South American Indians: destruction of, 21, 18 Chicago, Illinois: its rank in Jack- son's time, 23, 479; Republican con- vention meets, 24, 63o; Democratic national convention (1864), 800; popular respect to Lincoln's re- mains, 827; Republican convention (1868), 857; branch of the Whiskey Ring, 894; fire of 1871, 902; riots during railroad strikes, 919; Repub- lican and Democratic conventions (1884), 942; anarchist riot (1887), 961; World's Fair, 981, 1009; Demo- cratic convention (1892), 989; the Pullman car strike, 1002; Democrat- ic convention (1896), 1012; Repub- lican convention (1904), 1062 Chichen-Itza, a ruined city of north- ern Yucatan: battle of (1528), 22, 424 Chichester, Sir Arthur (1563-1625), English soldier and statesman: man- ages the Plantation in Ireland, 12, 109 Chichimecas (Chichimecs), an old term used to designate wild and dangerous tribes of Indians: attack the Spaniards, 22, 137 Chickahominy River, Virginia: opera- tions in civil war near, 24, 758 Chickamauga, Tennessee: battle of (1863), 24, 783; Thomas at, 803 Chickasaw Bluffs or Bayou, near Vicksburg, Mississippi: in French claims, 23, 168; Sherman at, 24, 775 Chickasaw Indians, tribe of North American Indians: location, 23, 8; Tecumseh seeks alliance of, 416; removed to Indian Territory, 488 Chief Justice of the United States: salary, 23, 346; John Jay, the first, 346 Chieh Kwei, Emperor of China, 1739- 1687 B. C: reign of, 6, 6 Ch'ien Men Gate, The, China: de- struction of, 6, 300 Ch'ienlung, Emperor of China, 1735- 1796: accession of, 6, 82; his clem- ency, 83; his war with Burma, 93; greatest of Manchu rulers, 103; abdication of, 115 Chifu (Chefoo) Convention, The ( I 875), settlement between English and Chinese representatives, 6, 241 Chigirin, Russia: defense of, 15, 25 Chihli, China: anti-foreign demonstra- tions in, 6, 278, 299; foreign troops commit outrages in, 306 Ch'ihsiu (ca. 1900), Chinese Boxer: sentenced, 6, 285 Child, Sir John (ca. 1660), English officer: governor of Bombay, 5, 167 Child, Sir Josia (1630-1699), English merchant: controls the company in London, 5, 168 Child of Fortune, The: see Massena, Andre Child of Victory, The Favored: see Massena, Andre Childebert I, Frankish king, 5 11-558 A.D.: reign of, 9, 24, 18, 62 Childebert II, Frankish king, 575-596 A.D.: reign of, 9, 27 Childebert III, Frankish king, 695-711 A.D.: reign of, 9, 35 Childeric I, King of the Franks, 458- 480 A.D. : reign of, 9, 17 Childeric II, King of the Franks, 660- 673 A.D.: reign of, 9, 34, 18, 69 Childeric III, King of the Franks, 742-750 A.D.: reign of, 9, 38, 18, 75 Childs, Thomas (ca. 1850), American colonel: in the Mexican War, 22, 333, 372 Chili, a republic of South America: conquered by the Spaniards, 21, 21, 25; Drake lays waste the coast of, 30; work of the Jesuits in, 20, 97; 156 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS wins her independence from Spain, 8, 519, 31, 57; fro 1825 to 1876, 31, 215; from 1876 to 1906, 233, 238; revolution of 1891, 34, 978; at war with Bolivia, 31, 234 Chilianwala, India: battle of (1849), 5, 226 Chili- Argentine Dispute (1895-1902), over boundaries, 31, 261 Chilkoot Pass, Alaska: awarded to United States in Alaskan boundary dispute, 24, 1054 Chilperic I, Frankish king, 561-584 A. D.: reign of, 9, 26, 18, 61 Chilperic II, Frankish king, 715-720 A.D.: reign of, 18, 71 Ch'in Dynasty, The, ca. 300 B. C. reign of, 6, 10 Ch'in Dynasty, the Western, from 265 A.D., 6, 14 China, History of: early history of the empire, 6, 3; the Yuan and Ming dynasties, 17; rise of the Manchus, 42; the reigns of Yungcheng and Ch'ienlung, 78; the opening of dip- lomatic intercourse with foreign na tions, 107; the reign of Chiach'ing and the first years of his successor 116; foreign relations and the Opiun War with England, 127; the second foreign war, 155; Anglo-French wars, 169; the T'aip'ing Rebellion 193; the Nienfei and Mohammedan Rebellions, 209; the last years of T'ungchih and the accession of Kwanghsii, 223; the war with Japan 6, 265, 7, 16, 26, 191; reforms, reac- tion, and the Boxer Rebellion, 6 275; the coup d'etat of 1898, 289; the Boxer movement, 6, 296, 24 1047; the Russo-Japanese War, 6 308, 7, 276; the present situation, 6 318; immigration to the United States restriction in party plat- forms (1880), 24, 931 China, The Philosopher of: see Con- fucius Chincha Islands, off the coast of Peru: seized by Spain, 21, 203, 220 Chinese Exclusion Act, an act passed by the Congress of the United States (1878): passed, 24, 921; cam- paigns of 1888, 958; reenacted, 6, 320, 24, 1048 Chinese in America: movement against, 24, 919; immigration re- stricted, 931 Ching, Prince (living), a Chinese en- voy: appointed plenipotentiary, 6, 278, 285, 303; accepts terms of peace with powers, 286; his negotiations concerning Manchuria, 7, 289, 295 Ch'ing Dynasty, The, Chinese rulers: established, 6, 49 Chingis Khan or Chinghis Khan: see Genghis Khan Chinhai, China: capture of, 6, 138 Chinkiang, China: capture of, 6, 140 Chin-lien-cheng, China: Japanese take, 15, 361 Chino-Japanese War, a war between China and Japan (1894-1895): causes, 6, 265, 266, 7, 253; battles of Asan (1894), 6, 266; of the Yalu River (1894), 268; Port Arthur (1894), 268; peace treaty, 270; re- sults, 6, 268, 275, 290, 313, 11, 639 Chinsurah, British India: siege of (1759), 5, 155 Chintila, King of the Goths, 7th cen- tury A. D.: reign of, 8, 44 Chios, an island in the /Egean Sea: colonized by Greeks, 2, 55; His- tioeus at, 136; fleet of, at Lade, 137; revolts from Persia, 212; from Ath- ens, 352; from Sparta, 401; beset by the Athenians, 357; joins Athenian naval alliance, 429; engages in the Social War, 454; taken by Memnon, 490; rise of, 513; massacre at, 544 Chios, The Man of: see Homer Chippenham, Peace of, a peace be- tween Alfred and the Danes, 11, 43 Chippewa, Canada: battle of (18 14), 23, 425 Chitor, India: seige of (1303), 5, 99 Chitral, India: seige of (1895), 5, 278 Chitu (ca. 1815), a leader of the Pin- daris in India: leads revolt, 5, 208 Chiulien-cheng, China: captured by the Japanese, 7, 267 Chlodoweg: see Clovis Chlopicki, Joseph (1771-1854), a Po- GENERAL INDEX 157 lish general: in the Polish insurrec- tion, 15, 293 Chlumec, Austria-Hungary: reign of (1126), 17, 66 Choate, Rufus, an American lawyer and statesman: born in Ipswich, now called Essex, Massachusetts, October 1, 1799; as a boy showed unusual natural endowments, was graduated from Dartmouth College, 1819, and, after the study of law at Cambridge, entered the office of the Attorney-General of United States at Washington; practised law in Danvers, Massachusetts; went to Salem, where he was elected, 1832, representative of the Essex South District in Congress; upon remov- ing to Boston he was closely en- gaged in his profession and soon gained a reputation as an eloquent lawyer; became United States Sen- ator, 1841, and made some forcible speeches in the Senate; returned to the practice of his profession, in 1845, and never entered the public service again in spite of solicita- tions; retired from business upon the failure of his health in 1859, and sailed for Europe but died at Hali- fax, Nova Scotia, July 13, 1859 ' Makes campaign speeches (1840), 24, 524; quoted on influence of " Un- cle Tom's Cabin," 638; his influence in election (1856), 657 Choco, South America: rebels against Spanish authority, 31, 56 Chocolate: first used in England, 11, 418 Choctaw Indians, a tribe of North Americans: location, 23, 8; Tecum- seh seeks alliance of, 416; removal to Indian Territory, 488 Choiseul, fitienne Francois, Due de (1719-1785), a French statesman: Louis XV intrigues against policy of, 5, 180; expels Jesuits from France, 8, 419; urges peace with England, 9, 246; disgraced and ban- ished, 249; his policy in Sweden, 16, 229; intrigues against England, 20, 125 Chokier, de (ca. 1830), member of Bel- gium provisional government, 13, 1297 Chola, Kingdom of, India: description of, 5, 105 Cholet, France: battles of (i793) 10, 248 note, 249, 276 Cholula, Mexico: battle of (1519)* 33 > 20 Chom Wei-king (ca. 1600), minister from China: attempts to negotiate peace with Japan, 7, 119 Chorillos, Peru: taken by the Chilians (1881), 3i, 237 Chosroes: see Khusru Chotek, Count (ca. 1848), Burggrave of Bohemia: resigns, 17, 350 Chotek, Count Rudolf (ca. 1740), an Austrian statesman: intrusted with the reform of the finances in the hereditary provinces, 17, 257; policy of, 262; resigns, 274 Chotek, Countess Sophia: marries the Archduke Francis Ferdinand (1900), 17, 456 Chotimir (8th century, A.D.), Prince of the Slovenes: labors for the con- version of his people, 17, 37 Chotin, Russia: fall of (1739), 14, 314. 15, 124; surrender of (1769), 15, 176 Chouannerie, The, a guerrilla warfare in France, 1794-1796: sketch of, 10, 248 note Chouans, royalist insurgents of Brit- tany during the French revolution: plots against Napoleon, 10, 441 Chow Dynasty, The, China, 6, 8 Chow Sin, an early emperor of China, 6, 7 Chramme (ca. 547 A. D.), Frankish prince: rebellion of, 9, 26 Christchurch, New Zealand: founded, 20, 213 Christian I (1426-1481), King of Den- mark, 1448-1481: accession of, 16, 132; his relations with Slesvig-Hol- stein, 266; death of, 136 Christian II (1481-1559), King of Denmark and Norway, 1513-1523, called the Nero of the North: sketch of, 16, no; education of, 147; made Viceroy of Norway, 148; crowned 153 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS King of Sweden, 149; flees from his realm, 154; reign of, 189; deposition and imprisonment of, 192 Christian III (1502-1559), King of Denmark and Norway, 1534-1559, called the Father of the People: re- moves Christian II to Kallundborg, 16, 192; reign of, 194; death of, 195 Christian IV (1577-1648), King of Denmark and Norway, 1588-1648: reign of, 16, 199; his wars against Sweden, 176, 187; takes part in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 190, 16, 180, 201; makes alliance with England, 11, 321; forms union against Fred- erick II of Germany, 18, 273 Christian V (1646-1699), King of Den- mark and Norway, 1670-1699: reign of, 16, 233; death of, 236 Christian VI (1699-1746), King of Denmark and Norway, 1730-1746: reign of, 16, 238 Christian VII (1749-1808), King of Denmark and Norway, 1766-1808: reign of, 16, 240; his relations to Slesvig-Holstein, 267; death of, 257 Christian VIII (1 786-1848), King of Denmark, 1839-1849: reign of, 16, 265 Christian IX (1818-1906), King of Denmark, 1863-1906, called the pa- triarch of Europe: made heir pre- sumptive, 16, 273; in the Schleswig- Holstein controversy, 18, 408; Bis- marck recognizes his claim on Sles- vig-Holstein, 16, 274; party to the Treaty of Vienna (1864), 17, 391; death of, 16, 291 Christian (19th century), Duke of Augustenburg: in the Slesvig-Hol- stein controversy, 16, 268, 272; re- nounces his pretensions, 273 Christian (early 17th century), Prince of Brunswick: struggles against im- perial forces, 13, 204; campaigns of, 18, 271, 273 Christian Augustus (d. 1810), Prince of Augustenburg: proposed as Dan- ish king, 16, 252; death of, 253 Christian Frederick, King of Norway, 1814 : elected king, 16, 260 Christian Alliance, The, a league be- tween Austria and the Catholic states of Switzerland (1529), 13, 442 Christian Commission, The, an or- ganization which looked after the spiritual and mental needs of sol- diers during the Civil War: work of, 24, 825 Christianity: see Religion Christina (1626-1689), Queen of Sweden, 1632-1654, called the Snow Queen: commended to the diet, 16, 180: reign of, 204; abdication of, 206; reclaims the throne, 207 Christina, Fort, on the Delaware: erected by the Swedes (1638), 16, 179 Christophe, Henri (1767-1820), negro insurgent of Hayti: leads resistance to French, 20, 140; insurrection against Dessalines, 22, 493 Christopher I (d. 1259), King of Den- mark, ca. 1250-1259: invested with Laaland and Falster, 16, 91; reign of, 92 Christopher II (1276-1333), King of Denmark, 1319-1333: pawns Danish provinces, 16, 107; accession of, 113; deposition and death of, 113 Christopher (III) of Bavaria (d. 1448), King of Denmark, 1440-1448: re- gency of, 16, 129; accession to Dan- ish throne, 129; chosen King of Sweden and Norway, 130; death of, 132 Christopher (16th century), Count of Oldenburg: in the Count's Feud, 16, 194 Chrobates, Poland: location of the, 15, 372 Chu: see Hungwu Chuai, Emperor of Japan, ca. 200 A. D. : his campaign against the Ku- maso, 7, 12 Chuang, Prince (ca. 1900), Boxer leader: sentence of, 6, 285 Chukyo, Emperor of Japan, ca. 1220: accession of, 7, 71 Chumbi Valley, between India and Tibet: British occupation of, 6, 316, 317 Chumda Sahib (d. 1756), Nabob of the Carnatic: recognized by the French, 9, 242 Chung How (ca. 1870), Chinese of- GENERAL INDEX 159 ficial: appointed to investigate mas- sacre of Christians, 6, 224; sent to Paris, 227 Chung Wang (d. 1862), Chinese prince: in rebellion, 6, 193; his death, 205 Chunghwan (d. ca. 1630), Chinese leader: marches on Peking, 6, 47; executed, 48 Chuquisaca: see Sucre Church, Benjamin (1639-1718), Amer- ican soldier: captures King Philip, 23, 98 Church of England: see Episcopal Church Churches, The City of Forty-times Forty: see Moscow Churchill, Lord Randolph (1849-1895), an English politician: his report concerning Mashonaland, 19, 229 Churubusco: see Cherubusco Cialdini, Enrico (1811-1892), Italian general, politician, and diplomat: in the war against the Papacy, 4, 381; sent against Garibaldi, 387 Cibola, fabled city of Mexico: search for, 22, 112, 23, 41 Cicala, Pasha (ca. 1600), Turkish leader: account of, 14, 206, 207, 208 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman ora- tor, philosopher, and statesman, called the Father of his Country and the Father of Roman Philosophy: born at Arpinum, Italy, January 3, 106 B.C.; belonged by birth to the equestrian order, educated by Ar- chias, the Greek poet and Aelius the grammarian; received toga vir- ilis, in 91 B.C., and thereupon took up the study of law; served in the Social War, 89 B.C.; after which he resumed his studies; became a pleader in the Forum at the age of twenty-five and his first well-known defense was that of Sextus Roscius Amerinus; traveled in the interests of health and learning, 70-77; elected quaestor, 76; conducted prosecution of Verres; elected aedile, 69; be- came praetor, 66, during which time he made his celebrated speech for the Manilian Law; candidate for consulship, 64, and entered upon office January, 63; achieved a repu- tation in suppressing Catalina's conspiracy, 63; upon retiring from office became a private senator in Rome; refused to join the First Triumvirate, 60; on account of a law proposed by Clodius through enmity for Cicero, he retired into Greece, April, 58 B.C.; was recalled to Rome, September, 57; appointed governor of Cilicia, 51-50; fluctu- ated between Caesar and Pompey in their dispute, but finally went over to Caesar; devoted himself to com- position in retirement, took no part in assassination of Caesar, de- nounced actions of Mark Antony in the Philippics; was proscribed by triumvirs and killed by the in- strument of Antony on December 7, 43 B.C. Indicts verses, 3, 266; favors Pompey for command in the East, 271; elected consul, 281; denounces conspiracy of Catilina, 282; attempt to assassinate, 282; banished, 291; recalled, 312; in the service of the regents, 317; joins the murders of Caesar, 4, 6; attacks Antonius in the Senate, 11; attempts to unite all parties against Antonius, 12; publishes his second Philippic, 13; commands in Rome, 13; death, 15 Cicero, Quintus Tullius (102-43 B.C.), Roman commander: in battle with the Gauls, 3, 305 Cicero, The British: see Pitt, William (1708-1778) Cicero of the British Senate, The: see Canning, George Cienfuegos, Cuba: blockaded, 24, 1027 Cilicia, Asia Minor: conquered by the Saracens, 1, 288; first steps toward formation of province, 3, 187; en- larged, 275; inhabitants of, 259 Cimber, Lucius Tullius (ca. 50 B.C.), Roman politician: plots against Caesar, 4, 4 Cimbri, an ancient tribe of Central Europe: defeat the Romans, 3, 192, 17, 11, 18, 4 Cimmerians (Kimmerians, Gimirrai, or Gomer), an early tribe dwelling 160 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS north of the Black Sea: devastate Lydia, I, 144, 2, 116 Cimon (d. 449 B.C.), Athenian com- mander: Athenian general, 2, 222; his victories, 228; his character and policy, 232; victorious at the Eury- medon, 233; aids Sparta, 237; ostra- cized, 240; recalled, 247; last vic- tories of, 247 Cinadon (d. 397 B.C.), Spartan con- spirator; conspiracy of, 2, 398 Cincinnati, Ohio: rank in Jackson's time, 23, 479; Democratic conven- tion (1856), 24, 652; Lincoln makes speech at, 706; Liberal Republican convention, 890; branch of the Whiskey Ring, 894; Republican con- vention (1876), 906; Democratic convention (1880), 930 Cineas (d. 277 B.C.), Thessalian poli- tician: peace envoy to Rome, 3, 77 Cinna, Lucius Cornelius (d. 84 B.C.): elected consul (87 B.C.), 3, 212; leader of movement to recall exiles, 221; besieges Rome, 222; absolute power of, 224; death, 225 "Cinq-cents," Council of the: French council (1795) with initiatory legis- lative power, 10, 352; list of its members condemned to exile by the law of public safety, 392 Cinq-Mars, Henri Coiffier de Ruze, Marquis de (1620-1642), French courtier: conspires against Riche- lieu, 9, 194 Cintra, Portugal: battle of (1808), 10, 477 Cintra, Convention of: a treaty con- cluded between France and Eng- land relative to France (1808), II, 563 Cintra, Pedro de (ca. 1460), Portu- guese navigator: explorations of, 19, 17 Circassians, a tribe inhabiting south- ern Russia: immigration of the, 15, 330; right of dominion over, 14, 292 Cirta, Numidia, Africa: siege of, 3, 188; occupied by Bocchus and Sit- tius, 358 Cisalpine Republic, a state formed in northern Italy (1797): formed by Bonaparte, 10, 384 Cisneros, (ca. 1810), Viceroy of the La Plata provinces: deposed, 21, 57 Cisneros, Ximines, a Spanish cardi- nal: made regent of Spain, 8, 339 Cisplatine Province: see Montevideo Cistercian Monks, Order of, a Catho- lic religious order: founding and rules of, 11, 92; in Switzerland, 13, 355; in Denmark, 16, 81; invited to Sweden, 101 Citate, Roumania: battle of (1854), 15, 308 Cithaeron, Mount, Greece: description of, 2, 11, 12 Cities, The Restorer of: see Sancho (I), King of Portugal Citizen King, The: see Louis Philippi, King of France City, The Eternal: see Rome City, The Fishing: see Sidon City, The Martyr: see Moscow City, The Seven-hilled: see Rome City, The White: see Belgrade City of Brotherly Love, The: see Philadelphia, Pennsylvania City of David, The: see Jerusalem City of Elms, The: see New Haven, Connecticut City of Forty-times Forty Churches, The: see Moscow City of Magnificent Distances, The: see Washington, D. C. City of Masts, The: see London, Eng- land City of Notions, The: see Boston, Massachusetts City of Peace, The: see Jerusalem City of St. Mark, The: see Venice City of the Golden Gate, The: see San Francisco City of the Rocks, The: see Nashville, Tennessee City of the Seven Hills, The: see Rome, and also Constantinople City of the Seventy Isles, The: see Venice City of the Straits, The: see Detroit, Michigan GENERAL INDEX 161 City of Victory, The: see Cairo, Egypt City of the Violated Treaty, The: see Limerick, Ireland City of the Violet Crown, The: see Athens, Greece Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain: captured by Wellington, II, 565 Ciudad-Real, Spain: battle of (1809), 9. 337 Civil Rights Act, in United States history, an act passed by Congress in 1866 conferring upon all persons of color the rights of citizenship: passed, 24, 844 Civil Service, in the United States: under Jefferson, 23, 391; reorgan- ized by Jackson, 483; agitated, 24, 937; under Grant and Hayes, 938; Pendleton Act passed, 938; under Cleveland, 1007 Civil War, American, a civil war in the United States, 1861-1865: causes, 24, 561, 684; comparative resources, 724; Bull Run (i860, 734; (1862), 1763; Mill Spring (1862), 742; Chan- cellorsville (1863), 771; Vicksburg (1863), 777; Gettysburg (1863), 778; Chickamauga (1863), 783; war de- clared at end, 845; results of, polit- ical, 801; to negro race, 874; costs of, 821 Civil War in Rome, a war between Caesar and Pompey, 49-46 B.C.: causes, 3, 330-333; battles of Phar- salus (48 B.C.), 348; Thapsus (46 B.C.), 358; results, 360-362 Civilis, Claudius, a Batavian leader (ca. 70 A.D.) : leads insurrection in Gaul, 4, 76; attempts to expel the Romans, 13, 9 Claiborne, William (1589-1676), an American colonial politician: trouble with Lord Baltimore, 23, 71 Claiborne, William Charles Cole O775-1817), an American politician: governor of Mississippi Territory, 2 3, 395; governor of Louisiana, 399 Clair fait (Clerfayt), Francois Sebas- tian Charles Joseph de Croix, an Austrian general: his campaigns in the Franco-Austrian war, 9, 279 Clair-sur-Epte, Treaty of, a treaty between Charles the Simple and Rolf the Norseman (911 A.D.), 16, 15 Clam Martinitz, imperial adjutant gen- eral of Austria: made member of council of regency, 17, 345; leads Czech party, 403 Clam-Gallas, Eduard, Count (1805- 1891), an Austrian general: cam- paigns of, 18, 410 Claparede, Count (early 19th century), a French general: his campaign against Russia, 15, 226 Clare, Gilbert de, Earl of" Gloucester : see Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Clare, Richard de (Richard Strong- bow), Earl of Pembroke (d. 1 177), an English warrior: his career in Ireland, 12, 49, 52 Claremont, Count of (ca. 1485): claims guardianship of Charles VIII of France, 9, 126 Clarence, George, Duke of (1449- 1478), a brother of Edward IV of England: created duke, 11, 214; marries daughter of Earl of War- wick, 216; flees to France, 216; joins Henry IV, 217 Clarence, Lionel, Duke of (1338-1368): made lord lieutenant of Ireland, 12, 64; death of, 11, 218 Clarendon, Assize of, ordinance of Henry II of England introducing important changes in judicial ad- ministration (1166), 11, 103 Clarendon, Constitutions of, ordi- nances adopted at the council of Clarendon to limit the abuses of the Vatican (1164): adopted, 11, 101; Henry II abandons, 108 Clarendon, Earl of: see Albemarle, Duke of Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of: see Hyde, Edward, Earl of Claren- don Clarendon, George William Frederick, Earl of (1800-1870), an English statesman: concludes treaty with the United States, 24, 882 Clark, Champ (1850 ), an Amer- ican congressman: in Democratic convention (1004), 24, 1064 163 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Clark, George Rogers (1752-1818), an American soldier and frontiersman: conquers Northwest Territory, 23, 317 Clark, William (1770-1838), an Amer- ican soldier and explorer: explora- tions of, 20, 130, 23, 400 Clarke, Sir Alfred (1745-1832), an English soldier: becomes acting governor-general of India, 5, 196 Clarke, John (1609-1676), an English physician and one of the founders of Rhode Island: settles at Aquid- neck, 23, 94; secures new charter for Rhode Island, 94 Clarke, Henry F. (ca. 1847), an Amer- ican colonel in the Mexican war: in the Mexican War, 22, 348 Clarkson, Thomas (1760-1846), an English abolitionist: crusade against slavery, 11, 540, 19, 40, 20, 238 Clary, Aldingen, Count (1844 ), an Austrian statesman: made premier of Austria, 17, 436 Clary, Desiree (ca. 1800), wife of Karl Johann: sketch of, 16, 260 Classes, Act of, an act passed in Scot- land which shut out from holding office all profane persons and ene- mies of the Covenant (1648), 12, 341 Claude (ca. 1500), daughter of Anne of Brittany: marries Francis, Count of Angouleme, 9, 133 Claudius I (Liberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus) (10 B. C.-S4 A. D.), Emperor of Rome, 41-54 A. D.: character, 4, 53; reign of, 58; death, 6l ! H Claudius II (Marcus Aurelius Claud- ius) (214-270 A.D.), Emperor of Rome, 268-270 A. D.: reign of, 4, no; condition of Spain under, 8, 25; sends Aulus Plautius to invade Britain, IX, 8; defeats the barba- rians, 18, 29 Claudius Caecus, Appius (d. ca. 280 B.C.), a Roman statesman: speech against Pyrrhus, 3, 78 Claudius Caudex, Appius, Roman con- sul (294 B.C.) : raises the siege of Messana, 3, 100 Claudius Civilis (1st century A. D.), chief of the Batavi: joins Gauls in revolt against Rome, 18, 23 Claudius Crassus Sabinus Regillensis, Appius, Roman consul, 451 B. C: tyranny of, 3, 45 Claudius Pulcher, Appius, Roman consul, 143 B. C: favors reforms, 3, 175 Claudius Pulcher, Appius, Roman consul, 54 B. C: at the conference of the regents, 3, 315 Claudius Pulcher, Caius Appius (d. 167 B. C.) Roman consul, 177 B. C: in the third Macedonian War, 3, 149 Claudius Pulcher, Publius, Roman con- sul, 249 B. C: at the battle of Dre- pana, 3, 103 Claudius Sabinus Regillensis, Appius (Attus Clausus), the Sabine founder of the Claudia gens, Roman con- sul, 495 B. C: forces law of debt, 3, 40 Clausel, Bertrand (1772-1842), a mar- shal of France: governor-general of Algeria, 9, 411 Claw-men, the poor countryfolk in Switzerland: description of, 13, 544 Clay, Cassius Marcellus (d. 1903), an American soldier and lawyer: joins Liberal movement, 24, 890 Clay, Clement Claiborne (1819-1882), an American politician: farewell speech in the Senate, 24, 699 Clay, Henry, an American orator and statesman, called the Mill-boy of the Slashes: born near Richmond, Virginia, April 12, 1777; received a common school education; became a copying clerk in the court of chan- cery at Richmond; studied law and was admitted to the bar, 1797; re- moved to Kentucky which he rep- resented in the United States Con- gress, 1806-1807 and 1810-1811; was a member of the House of Rep- resentatives, 1811-1821, serving as Speaker, 1811-1814, 1815-1820, and 1823-1825; sent as peace commis- sioner to Ghent, 1814; was the chief author of the Missouri Compromise, 1820; was candidate for the Presi- GENERAL INDEX 163 dency, 1824, 1832, and 1844; Secre- tary of State, 1825-1829; United States Senator, 1831-1842 and 1849- 1852; was the originator of the Com- promise Tariff of 1833; lived in re- tirement at Ashland, 1842-1844; died in Washington, D. C, June 29, 1852 Member of Congress, 23, 417; appointed on peace commission, 429; favors tariff for west, 438; views Texas as part of Louisiana Purchase, 445; sympathy for South American republics, 446; opposes prohibition of slavery in Arkansas, 453; compromise proposed by, 455; champion of protection, 457; sketch of, 461; rivalry with Jackson, 463; offers tariff compromise, 496; nom- inated for President (1831), 498; leader of the Democratic-Repub- lican Party, 24, 519; proposed nom- inee of Whig Party, 520; anger at defeat for nomination, 522; makes campaign speeches (1840), 523; quoted on United States claims to Texas, 532; nominated for Presi- dent (1844), 537; son killed at Buena Vista, 548; opposes Mexican War, 554; candidate for Presidential nomination (1848), 557; president of American Colonization Society, 571; returns to Congress (1850), 600; proposes compromise measures, 601; his speech in Congress (1850), 602; statue of, in New Orleans, 976; interest in an isthmian canal, 1055; death, 620 Clayton, John Middleton (1 796-1 856), an American politician: negotiates Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 34, 613 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, concluded be- tween Great Britain and the United States (1850), 24, 613; secures co- operation of Great Britain, 1056; annulled, 1058 Clazomenae, Ionian city of Asia Minor: taken by the Persians, 2, J 3S; revolts from Athens, 352 Clear the Causeway, Scotland: battle of (1522), 12, 302 Clearchus (d. 401 B.C.), Spartan gen- eral: leads expedition of the Ten Thousand, 2, 389; slain, 389 Clear-grits, extreme Democrats in Canada: policy of, 20, 160 Clearidas (ca. 420 B.C.), Spartan gen- eral: sketch of, 2, 318 Cleburne, Patrick (1828-1864), Irish- American general: death of, 24, 803 Cleippides (ca. 420 B.C.), Athenian general: besieges Mitylene, 2, 291 Cleisthenes (ca. 590 B.C.), Athenian politician: expels Tippias from Ath- ens, 2, 112; leader of Democrats at Athens, 140; exiled, 141; recalled, 141; his constitutional reforms, 144 Cleitus (d. ca. 328 B.C.), Macedonian general: saves Alexander's life, 2, 489; murdered by Alexander, 501 Clemence of Hungary (ca. 1300) : mar- ries Louis X of France, 9, 89 Clemens, Flavius (d. 95 A.D.), Chris- tian martyr: death, 4, 84 Clement II (Suidgar) (d. 1047), Pope, 1046-1047: appointed by Henry III of Germany, 18, 129 Clement III (Guibert) (d. 1100), anti- Pope, 1080: appointed by Henry IV of Germany, 18, 136 Clement III (Paoli Scolari) (d. 1191), Pope, 1187-1191: confirms claim of Scottish clergy to independence, 12, 267 Clement V (Bertrand d'Agoust) (ca. 1264-1314), Pope, 1305-1314: acces- sion of, 9, 88; gives crown of Na- ples to Robert, 4, 260 Clement VI (Pierre Roger) (1292- 1352), Pope, 1342-1352: at war with the emperor, 17, 115; attempts to restore peace between Pedro IV of Aragon and Jayme of Majorca, 8, 254; opposes Louis of Bavaria, 18, 190; acquits Joanna of Naples of the murder of Andrew, 4, 260 Clement VII (Robert of Geneva) (ca. 1342-1394), anti-Pope, 1378: election of, 9, 105 Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici) (ca. I47S-I534), Pope, 1523-1534: acces- sion of, 18, 245; his relations with Charles V of Germany, 246; his re- lations with Frederick J of Den- 164* THE HISTORY OF NATIONS mark, 16, 193; joins the League of Cognac, 4, 303; refuses to sanction divorce of Henry VIII of England, u, 246 Clement VIII (Ippolito Aldobrandini) (1536-1605), Pope, 1592-1605: en- courages peace between France and Spain, 13, 164; absolves Henry IV of France, 9, 170 Clement XI (Giovanni Francesco Al- bani) (1649-1721), Pope, 1700-1721: issues a bull against the emperor, 17, 190 Clement XIV (Giovanni Vincenzo An- tonio Ganganelli) (1705-1774), Pope, 1769-1774, called the Protestant Pope: suppresses the Jesuits, 8, 419, 9, 248, 18, 357; embellishes Rome, 4, 341 Clement, Jacques (ca. 1565-1589), a French monk: assassinates Henry III of France, 9, 165 Cleombrotus I, King of Sparta, 380- 371 B. C. : invades Boeotia, 2, 428; slain at Leuctra, 434 Cleomenes I, King of Sparta, 518-489 B.C., called the Mad King of Lace- daemon: in expeditions against the Athenians, 2, 141; defeats the Ar- gives, 156; at Aegina, 163; death of, 173 Cleomenes III, King of Sparta, 236- 222 B.C.: last of the Spartans, .2, 517 Cleon (d. 422 B.C.), Athenian dema- gogue: accuses Pericles, 2, 283; ad- vocates massacre of Lesbians, 294; his character, 294; opposes peace, 304; at Spacteria, 306; killed at Am- phipolis, 317 Cleon (ca. 100 B.C.), Cilician slave: leader of slave revolt, 3, 173 Cleopatra, last Queen of Egypt, fa- mous for her beauty and dramatic history: born at Alexandria, Egypt, 69 B.C.; joint-ruler with her brother Ptolemy, 51-49, expelled by him, but reinstated in 48 by Caesar; lived with Caesar in Rome, 46-44, to whom she bore a son; returned to Egypt upon Caesar's death; visited Anto- nius at Tarsus, 41, and brought him into subjection to her charms; was put to flight by Octavianus in the naval battle of Actium; unwilling to adorn the triumph of Octavianus and affected by the death of Anto- nius, she poisoned herself at Alex- andria, 30 B. C. Reign of, 1, 34; driven from the throne of Egypt, 3, 351; restored to her throne, 354; her influence over Caesar, 4, 5; her influence over Antonius, 19, 23; at the battle of Actium, 25; death of, 2, 522, 4, 27 Cleopatra (ca. 330 B.C.): wife of Philip of Macedon, 2, 481 Cleopatra, sister of Alexander (d. 308 B.C.): murdered, 2, 511 Cleophon (d. 405 B.C.), Athenian dem- agogue: opposes peace, 2, 366, 374; death of, 378 Clepho, King of Italy, 573-587 A. D.: reign of, 4, 165 Clerfayt: see Clairfait Clergy, The, in America: influence of, in New England, 23, 139; influence of, in the Colonies, 145; of the Southern Colonies, 149; made sub- ject to laws in Virginia, 150; salaries paid in tobacco in Virginia, 150 Clergy, The, in France: oppose the Revolution, 10, 106 Clericals, the Catholic party in Eu- rope: in Belgium, 13, 291; in Ger- many, 18, 439 "Clericis laicos," a Papal Bull: issued by Boniface VIII, 11, 149 Clermont: see Gergovia Clermont, Louis de Bourbon-Conde, Count of ( 1 709-1 770), French prince: in Seven Years' War, 9, 245 Clermont, Robert of (d. 1357), Mar- shal of Normandy: death of, 9, 100 Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislaus, Count of (1747-1792), French Liberal: urges nobles to resume their seats in the assembly, 9, 263; opposes the sending of the deputation to the king, 10, 67; favors the English constitution, 80 Cleruchies, Greek colonies in close connection with the mother city: Athenian system of, 2, 144 note, 249, 258 GENERAL INDEX 165 Cleveland, Ohio: Lincoln makes speech at, 24, 706; Fremont nom- inated by convention at, 799; popu- lar respect to Lincoln's remains, 827; Garfield buried in, 934 Cleveland, Grover, an American states- man: President of the United States, 1885-1889 and 1893-1897; born at Caldwell, N. J., March 18, 1837; studied at Clinton Academy; read law in Buffalo and was admitted to the bar, 1859; was assistant district attorney of Erie County, 1863-1866; was defeated for district attorney, 1865; served as sheriff of Erie County, 1871-1874; was Democratic mayor of Buffalo, 1882; was elected to the Presidency of the United States by the Democratic party, 1884; was defeated for a second term, 1888, but was reelected, by a great majority, 1892; refused to sup- port the Democratic ticket and plat- form, 1896, and retired to his home at Princeton, N. J. Early life, 24, 944; nominated for President (1884), 944; inauguration (1885), 949; Civil Service Reform, 950, 1007; uses his veto power, 952; refuses to sign Chinese Exclusion Act, 958; refuses to submit treaty with Nicaragua to Senate, 959; de- feated on tariff issue, 963; second nomination unanimous, 965; nom- inated for President (1892), 989; second inauguration, 993; recom- mends repeal of Sherman Silver Law, 994; his relations with Ha- waii, 20, 310, 24, 998; with Vene- zuela, 11, 639, 31, 264, 24, 1000; sub- dues strike in Chicago, 1003; finan- cial depression of 1894, 1005; check- mated by Republican Congress, 1007; at the opening of the World's Fair, 1010; his message to Congress concerning Cuban question, 1022: withdraws Nicaraguan treaty, 1056 Cleves, Succession of, dispute occa- sioned by the extinction of the Cleves line in 1609, 18, 266 Clichy, The Club of, French political club (1797), 10, 388 Clients, Roman inhabitants without citizenship who were legally repre- sented by patrons: position of, 3, 11 Cliff-dwellers, American aborigines : description, 23, 11 Clifford, Sir Conyers (ca. 1600), Eng- lish official: made president of Con- naught, 12, 95 Clifford, Nathan (1803-1881), an Amer- ican jurist: plenipotentiary to Mex- ico, 22, 378; member of the Elec- toral Commission, 24, 913 note Climax, Mount, Asia Minor: Alexan- der at, 2, 490 Clinch, Colonel (ca. 1800), American soldier: in East Florida, 23, 444 Clinton, Mississippi: race riot at, 24, 872 note Clinton, De Witt, an American lawyer and statesman, called the Father of the Erie Canal: born at Little Brit- ain, N. Y., March 2, 1769; was grad- uated at Columbia College, 1786; studied law but never gave it much attention as a profession; became private secretary to the Governor of New York, who was also his uncle, George Clinton; was elected a mem- ber of the legislature of New York, 1797; was chosen State Senator, 1798; was elected Senator of the United States, 1802; served as Mayor of New York City, 1803- 1807, 1809-1810, and 1811-1815, and as lieutenant-governor of the State, 1811-1813; was nominated for the Presidency, 1812, but was defeated; advocated the construction of the Erie Canal; was Governor of New York State, 1817-1823 and 1825- 1828; celebrated the opening of the Erie Canal, 1825; wrote some essays on natural history; died at Albany, February II, 1828 Defeated for President, 23, 434; Erie Canal projected by, 479 Clinton, George (d. 1761), English admiral and colonial governor: ap- points Johnson colonel of Six Na- tions, 23, 176 Clinton, George (1739-1812) American statesman and general: Governor of New York, 23, 311; member of 166 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS New York ratification convention, 337; receives Washington in New York, 341; absent from first Con- gress, 343; candidate for Vice-pres- ident (1792), 357; nominated for Vice-president (1805), 401; elected Vice-president, 402; nominated Vice- president (1809), 413 Clinton, Sir Henry (1738-1795), an English general: arrives at Boston, 23, 231; sent to take possession of the Southern Colonies, 236; at bat- tle of Monmouth, 262; succeeds Howe, 262; captures Charleston, 272; sends Arnold to devastate Con- necticut, 285 Clinton, Sir William (ca. 1825), Eng- lish commander: keeps order in Portugal, 8, 535 Clisson, Oliver (d. 1340), noble of Brittany: murder of, 9, 94 Clisson, Oliver de (1 332-1407), French constable: his campaign in Flan- ders, 9, 107; attempted assassination of, 108 Clive, Robert, Baron Clive of Plassey, an English commander and states- man: born of a rather impoverished family at Styche, Shropshire, Eng- land, September 29, 1725; entered the service of the East India Com- pany at Madras as a writer, 1743; received an ensign's commission, when war broke out between the French and British in India and served at the siege of Pondicherry, 1748; captured Arcot, 1750; returned to England for his health, 1753; was sent back as governor of Fort Saint David, 1755; was sent to avenge the outrage of the " Black Hole " of Calcutta, and reduced the Nabob, 1757; won the battle of Plassey, 1757; was appointed gov- ernor of Bengal, 1758; defeated the Dutch armament, 1759; returned to England and was raised to the Irish peerage as Baron Clive of Plassey, 1760; was again governor of Ben- gal, 1764-1767, when he returned to England because of ill-health; was accused of a tyrannical abuse of power but was acquitted after an inquest, 1773; died as a suicide, No- vember 22, 1774 Sketch of, 5, 179; in India, 5, 180, 182, 9, 242, 11, 502; made Governor of Bengal, 5, 185, 187, 11, 525 Cloderic, King of the Ripuarian Franks, ca. 500 A. D.: reign of, 9, 21 Clodius Pulcher, Publius (d. 52 B.C.), Roman demagogue: prisoner among the pirates, 3, 272; proposes the banishment of Cicero, 290; feud with Pompeius, 312; agrees to give no further annoyance to Pompeius, 316; intrudes at festival of the Bona Dea, 384; murdered, 320 Clodoald, Saint (ca. 525 A. D.) : founds monastery, 9, 25 Clodomir, Frankish king 511-524 A.D.: reign of, 9, 24 Clonmel, Ireland: siege of (1650), 12, 125 Clontarf, Ireland: battle of (1014), 12, 42 Clootz, Jean Baptiste du Val de Grace, Baron of (1755-1794) French revolutionary enthusiast: death of, 9, 288 Close, Barry (d. 1813), English sec- retary: resident in Mysore and Poona, 5, 202 Closterseven (Kloster Zeven), Con- vention of (1757), concluded be- tween the Duke of Cumberland and the Due de Richelieu, 11, 499 Clotar (Clotaire) I, (497-561 A.D.), King of the Franks: reign of, 18, 61 Clotar II (584-628 A.D.), King of the Franks: reign of, 13, 14, 18, 64 Clotar III (ca. 650 A. D.), Frankish king: reign of, 18, 71 Clotar IV, King of Austrasia 717-720, A.D.: policy of, 13, 337 Cloth of Gold, Field of, near Calais where Francis I and Henry VIII held their interview (1520), 9, 137, II, 240 Clotilda, Saint (475-545 A.D.) : mar- ries Clovis, 9, 19 Clotilda (d. 531 A. D.): daughter of Clovis: marries Amalaric, 8, 40, 9, 25 GENERAL INDEX 167 Clovis (Chlodwig), King of the Franks, 481-51 1 A.D., and founder of the Merovingian line of Frank- ish kings, called the Constantine of France: born about 465 A.D.; suc- ceeded his father Childeric as king of the Salian Franks, 481; defeated the Romans and Gauls near Sois- sons, 486; married Clotilda, a beau- tiful Christian princess, 493; became a convert to Christianity, 496; fixed his court at Paris, 507; defeated and killed Alaric, King of the Visigoths, near Poitiers, 507, and gained Aqui- taine; left four sons to inherit his kingdom, when he died, 511 In war with the Goths, 8, 39, with the Alemanni, 13, 377; reign of, 9, 18, 18, 46, 59 Clovis II (633-655 A.D.), King of the Franks, 638-655 A. D.: reign of, 9, 33 Clovis III, King of the Franks, 691- 695 A.D.: reign of, 9, 35 Club Monarchique, French Royalist club (1790): sketch of, 10, 128 Cluentius Aulus (ca. 60 B. C), Italian criminal: trial of, 3, 384 Clugny de Nuis, Jean fitienne Ber- nard (d. 1776) : becomes minister of finance, 9, 254, 10, 28 Cluna (living), Antarctic explorer; ex- plorations of, 16, 334 Cluny, Congregation of, an agreement by which several hundred monas- teries in France and Burgundy ac- cepted the " Truce of God," 18, 128 Clusium, Italy: siege of, 3, 59 Clyde, Colin Campbell, Baron: see Campbell, Colin, Baron Clyde Clymer, George (1739-1813), Amer- ican politician: in first Congress, 23, 342 Cnemus (ca. 430 B.C.), Spartan gen- eral, 2, 289 Cnidus, Asia Minor: founded, 2, 56; battle of, 401 Cnut: see Knud II Coahuila, Mexico: united with Texas, 24, 532 Coalitions against France: I. (1792- 1797), 10, 182, 244, 16, 249, 18, 356; II. (1799-1801), 10, 401, 17, 285, 18, 362; III. (1805), 10, 462, 15, 213, 16, 251, 18, 366; IV. (1806- 1807), 10, 469, 15, 215, 16, 251; V. (1809), 10, 476; VI. (1813-1815), 10, 488, 15, 261 Cobb, HoweU (1815-1868), an Amer- ican politician: elected Speaker of House, 24, 599; influence over President, 696; resigns from Cabi- net, 704 Cobb, Thomas R. (d. 1863), an Amer- ican general: death at Marye's Heights, 24, 770 Cobbett, William (1762-1835), an Eng- lish political writer: influence of, ", 572 Cobdam, Lord: see Oldcastle, Sir John Cobden, Richard (1804-1865), an Eng- lish statesman and political econo- mist: arranges commercial treaty be- tween France and England, 9, 451; leader of Anti-Corn Law League, 11, 600; opposes China War, 620 Cobenzl, John Louis Joseph, Count, (1753-1809). an Austrian statesman: negotiates second coalition against France, 17, 285; negotiates the Treaty of Luneville, 17, 285, 18, 364; assumes the direction of for- eign affairs, 287; conducts foreign affairs of Austria, 292 Cobija, South America: defies Mel- garejo (1865), 31, 190; occupied by Chili (1879), 234 Coblentz, Prussia: founded, 18, 15 Coblom (Covelong), India: founded, 5, 172 Coburg (Saxe-Coburg), Friedrich Jo- sias, Prince of (1737-1815), an Aus- trian soldier: his campaign against the French revolutionists, 9, 283; besieges Maubeuge, 287 Cocherel, France: battle of (1364), 9, 103 Cochin, India: siege of (1659), 8, 470; taken by the Dutch, 20, 61; surren- ders to the British, 139 Cochin China, Indo-China: embassies from, 6, 8; conquered, 13; revolu- tion in, 99; formed, 20, 273 168 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Cochrane, Robert (d. 1475), a favorite of James III of Scotland: plots against, 12, 297 Cochrane, Thomas, Earl of Dundon- ald (1775-1860), a Scotch noble and British naval commander: his serv- ices in South America, 21, 72, 166 Cockburn, Six Alexander James Ed- mund (1802-1880), a British jurist: in Geneva commission, 24, 885 Cockpit of Europe, The: see Belgium Cocomes, The, a South American tribe: destroy themselves, 31, 50 Cod, Cape: see Cape Cod Coddington, William (1601-1678), an English colonist in America: settles at Aquidneck, 23, 94; founds New- port, 94 Code Henri, a statute book compiled by Christophe, Emperor of Hayti (181 1), 22, 495 Code Napoleon, a compilation of the laws of France made under the auspices of Napoleon I (1804-1810), 10, 447, 11, 555, 13, 271 Code Noir, an edict of Louis XIV of France (1685), 20, 75 Code Rural, a statute promulgated by Boyer, president of Hayti, 22, 497 Codes of Civil and Criminal Proced- ure, measure for India: passed (1861), 5, 244 " Codex Flatoensis," a compilation containing accounts of early Norse voyages, 23, 19 Codomannus: see Darius III Codrington, Sir Edward (1770-1851), an English admiral: in the Greek War, 2, 545, 15, 276 Codrus (ca. 1068 B.C.), last King of Athens: patriot King of Athens, 2, 98 Coelho, Pedro, a Portuguese noble: death of, 8, 289 Coepio, Quintus (ca. 144 B.C.), Ro- man general: his campaign in Spain, 8, 19 Coeur de Lion: see Richard I, King of England Cceuves, Marquis of (ca. 1624), a French soldier: his campaign in the Valtelline, 9, 183 Coffee: introduced in England, 11, 418; industry in Africa, 19, 144 Coffin, Levi (ca. 1850), an American abolitionist: aids slaves to escape, 24, 617; president of the under- ground railroad, 617 Cogan, Miles de (ca. 1182), an Irish soldier: appointed assistant to De Bingo, 12, 53 Cognac, League of: a league formed between Pope Clement VII and Francis I of France against the Emperor Charles V (1526), 4, 303 Cohabitation Act, an act passed in 1680 ordering the building of towns in Virginia: passed, 23, 155 Cohen, Jacob I., an American Jewish politician: elected member of city council of Baltimore (1824), 1, 426 Coigny, Frangois de (ca. 1735), a French marshal: his campaign in Italy, 9, 236 Coimbra, Spain: siege of (1058), 8, 142; battle of (1810), 530 Coimbra, University of: modernized, 8, 526 Coiner, The False: see Philip III, King of France Coins, Coinage: ARABIA: establishment of a na- tional mint, 1, 329; tribute coin, 352 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: deprecia- tion of coins, 17, 303; coinage of Hungary, 399 BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA: mines of Carchemish, 1, 113 CHILI: gold standard, 21, 242 CHINA: value of currency, 6, 255 ENGLAND: base money, 11, 268; coinage of William III, 444 FRANCE: coinage of Louis IX, 9, 83; debasement, 89; alteration, 95, 96; reminting, 229; value reduced, 235 GERMANY: under Prince Chris- tian of Brunswick, 18, 271 GREECE: coinage of Pheidon, 2, 59; coinage of Solon, 104; first gold coinage, 459; present currency, 2, 549 INDIA: value of a dirham, 5, 91; coinage of 1229, 97; currency of GENERAL INDEX 169 copper coins, 102; depreciation of rupee, 273; the currency question, 383 IRELAND: copper coinage, II, 477; " Wood's Halfpence," 12, 172 ITALY: senatorial coinage, 4, 222 JAPAN: coinage of Hideyoshi, 7, 114; coinage of Tsunayoshi, 143 LYDIA: coinage of Phamphaes, I, 153 MEXICO: coinage of 1536, 22, 108; of 1541, 108; during viceroyalty of Bucareli, 208 PERSIA: value of coins, 1, 165; coinage by Darius, 179; withdrawal of debased coinage, 5, 364 PERU: gold standard, 21, 243 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: before and after the American occupation, 20, 377 PHOENICIA: token money, 1, 135 PORTUGAL: raised value, 8, 295 ROME: sole privilege of coining money, 3, 82; coins of Pompeius, 276; the coinage for Gaul, 309; coinage of Caesar, 369; Roman standard, 395; coinage of Nero, 4, 63 RUSSIA: coinage of Paul I, 15, 172 SCOTLAND: fixed standard, 12, 293; coinage of James IV, 308 SWEDEN: copper basis of coinage, 16, 223 SWITZERLAND: debasement of coinage, 13, 470; uniform system, 55i TURKEY: coinage of Mahmud II, 14, 440 UNITED STATES: uniform sys- tem of coinage, 23, 353; change in mint ratio (1834), 506; dropping of silver dollar (1873), 24, 899; silver dollar remonetized (1878), 922; "Sherman Silver Law" (1890), 974; free silver, 989, 991, ion; repeal of the Sherman Silver Law (1893), 24, 994 Colardeau, Paul, a French mechani- cian: member of the Wellman Ex- pedition, 16, 341 Colberg, Germany: taken by the Rus- sians (1761), 18, 342; siege of (1807), 372 Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619-1683), a French statesman: minister of finance, 9, 207; sketch of, 208; prog- ress of the French West Indies un- der, 20, 72; colonial policy of, 78; organizes the French East India Company, 5, 170; death of, 9, 215 Colchester, England: siege of (1648), 11, 360 Cold Harbor, Virginia: battle of Gaines Mills near (1862), 24, 761; battle of (1864), 789; political ef- fect of last battle, 801 Colebrook, Sir William (ca. 1850), an English official in Canada: his ad- ministration as deputy governor of New Brunswick, 20, 163 Colenso, Africa: battle of (1900), 11, 641 Coles, George (ca. 1865), a Canadian representative: at the Quebec con- vention, 20, 165 Colet, John (1466-15 19), an English theologian and scholar: founds St. Paul's School, 11, 239 Colfax, Schuyler (1823-1885), an American politician: nominated for Vice-president 1868, 24, 857 Colignon (ca. 1598), a French states- man: draws up the Edict of Nantes, 9. 171 Coligny, Gaspard de (15 17-1572), a French general and Huguenot lead- er: his campaign in Artois, 9, 148; plots against the Guises, 150; colo- nial schemes of, 20, 81; sends out a colony, 23, 47; death of, 9, 158 Coligny-Saligny, Jean, Count of (1617- 1686), a French soldier: at battle of Saint-Gothard, 9, 208 Colina, General, a Venezuelan soldier: elected vice-president of Venezuela (1866), 21, 102 Colley, Sir George (d. 1881), a British general in Africa: death of, 20, 230 Colli, Baron (1760-1812), a Piedmon- tese general: commands Piedmon- tese army, 9, 294; commands Aus- trian army, 302 Collin (ca. 1525), a Swiss reformer: 170 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS becomes a teacher in Zurich, 13, 436; translates the Bible into Ger- man, 453; arouses patriotism of peo- ple, 17, 295; occupies Cracow, 347 Collot d' Herbois, Jean Marie (1750- 1796), a French actor and revolu- tionist: made member of the com- mittee of safety, 9, 285; leader of the commune, 10, 203; arrest and trial of, 333 Colman (ca. 634 A.D.), an Irish Bishop: governs the monastery of Lindisfarne, 12, 36 Colmar, Alsace: battle of (1674), 9, 211 Cologne (Colonia Agrippinensis), Germany: founded, 4, 61, 18, 15; siege of (714 A.D.), 71 Cologne, Diet of: a diet reorganizing the empire (1512), 18, 228 Colombia, South America: created, 21, 69; organized, 73; from 1824 to 1876, 77; formation of, 84; from 1876 to 1906, 244 Colombia-Costa Rica Boundary Dis- pute (1880), 21, 265 Colombia- Venezuela Boundary Dis- pute (1891), 21, 265 Colombo, Ceylon: Portuguese driven from, 20, 61 Colon, northern terminus of Panama canal, 24, 1056 Colonial Congress, in American his- tory: meets at New York (1690), 23, 158 Colonies, American: classification of, 23, 114; government of, 116 Colonies of the World, History of: old Europe and new Europe, 20, 3; Portuguese and Spanish colonies, 33; the Dutch and English settle-- ments, 55; the plantations, 66; New France and New England, 81; the missions, 91; the middle period in colonial history, 99; the period of English supremacy, 117; the Amer- ican Revolution, 127; the French Revolution, 136; Canada and New- foundland, 149; British colonies in the South Seas, 180; South Africa, 218; British dependencies, 235; co- lonial empire of France, 268; the Dutch colonial empire, 285; minor European possessions, 297; colonies and dependencies of the United States, 304; the outlook, 334 Colonna, Marco Antonio (1535-1584), an Italian commander: leader of expedition against Turks, 4, 310, 8, 355, 14, 196 Colonna, Prospero (1452-1523), an Italian general: captured by the French, 4, 293, 9, 136 Colophon, Greece: taken by the Athenians, 2, 367 Colorado (Centennial State, name means "red" or "colored"), one of the western United States: the Grand Canon discovered, 23, 42; ef- fect of Missouri Compromise, 456; part of, ceded to United States, 24, 552; Northwest Territory includes part, 631; discovery of gold, 901; Presidential election of 1892, 993; Presidential election of 1900, 1040; Presidential election of 1904, 1072 Colotlan, Mexico: founded, 22, 138 Colquhoun, Archibald R. (ca. 1890), a British official in India: sketch of, 19, 231 Columba, Saint (521-597 A.D.), a Cel- tic missionary in Scotland: founds monastery at Iona, ix, 35; sketch of, xi, 25, 32 Columban (Columbanus), Saint (ca. 540-615), an Irish missionary: founds a monastery in Italy, 4, 168; sketch of, 13, 338 Columbia, South Carolina: nullifica- tion convention meets at, 23, 493; secession convention at, 24, 684, burned, 807 Columbia, District of: see District of Columbia Columbia River, North America: dis- covered, 24, 541 Columbia University, New York: founded, 23, 140; graduates of, in Constitutional Convention, 323 Columbian Exposition, World's, an international exposition held in Chi- cago (1893): preparations for, 24, 981; held, 1009 Columbus, Kentucky: Confederates hold, 24, 742; abandoned by Con- federates, 746 GENERAL INDEX 171 Columbus, Ohio: Lincoln makes speech at, 24, 706; popular respect to Lincoln's remains, 827 Columbus, Bartholomew (i445-i5iS) brother of Christopher Columbus: sails around the Cape of Good Hope, 23, 25; his success in Eng- land, 21, 4, 23, 29; accompanies his brother on his second voyage, 23, 33; his rule in Hispaniola, 12 Columbus, Christopher, an Italian navigator and the discoverer of the New World: born of poor parents at Genoa, probably in 1446, al- though 1435 is sometimes given as the date; received a good education but went to sea early; went to Portugal, 1473 (?), and married there; served in expeditions along the African coast and probably made a trip to Iceland; believing in the rotundity of the earth, he pro- posed to the king of Portugal to make an expedition to the west and thus reach the eastern coast of Asia, but the king proving treach- erous, he left Portugal and made his offers to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 1484(F); at first his schemes were laughed at but in 1492, after suffering untold difficulties, he suc- ceeded in obtaining the support he desired and sailed from Spain in command of three vessels; in all he made four voyages across the Atlantic, sailing, August 3, 1492, September 25, 1493, May 30, 1498, and May 9, 1502; he made discov- eries in the West Indies and in South America; died in poverty at Valladolid, Spain, May 20 or 21 (O. S.), 1506 Early history, 23, 26; attempts to present his schemes to Spanish sov- ereigns, 28; voyages of, 5, 145, 8, 186, 20, 36, 31, 5, 23, 30; influence of his discoveries, ix, 229; visits Honduras, 22, 437; honored by Ferdinand and Isabella, 23, 32; sent to Spain in chains, 33; death, 34 Columbus, Diego (1476-1526), son of Christopher Columbus: explorations of, 22, 3 Columbus, Fernando (1488-1539), son of Christopher Columbus: birth of, 21, 4 Colvin, Auckland (1838 ), English governor in India: sketch of, 5, 261 Colvin, John Russell (ca. 1840), In- dian Civil Service: secretary to Lord Auckland, 5, 215; his services in India, 223 Combermere, Stapleton Cotton, Vis- count (1773-1865), English general: his campaigns in India, 5, 212; in Russia, 15, 218 Combes (ca. 1830), French general: his campaign in Italy, 9, 401 Comenius, John: see Komenski, John Comines, Philip de (1445-1509), Flem- ish historian: sketch of, 13, 62: re- bels against Anne of Beaujeau, 9, 127; warns Charles VIII against League of Venice, 131 Comitia, assemblies in Rome: (1) Curiata, description of, 3, 14; change in character of, 33; (2) Cen- turiata, increased political power, 33; under Sulla's constitution, 234; (3) Tributa, established, 43 Commander, The Invisible: see Rag- lan, Fitzroy James Henry, Baron Commerce, Father of English: see Edward III, King of England Commerce and Trade: see Trade and Commerce Commercial Treaty, between France and England (i860), ix, 621 Committee of Correspondence, Se- cret: appointed by second Conti- nental Congress, 23, 238; work of, 265; name changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs, 265 Committee on Foreign Affairs: see Committee of Correspondence, Se- cret Committees, The, French Revolution- ary Councils: strive to bring about the fall of Robespierre by means of Catherine Theot, 10, 305; its members, 320; democratic members replaced by Thermidorian members, 323; of Twelve (1793), 256; of Eleven (i795), 335 Commodus, Lucius Aurelius (161-192 A. D.), Emperor of Rome, 180-192 172 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A.D.: reign of, 2, 525, 4, 99, 17, 14, 18, 26 Common Pleas, Court of, in England: established, 11, 145 " Common Sense," pamphlet by- Thomas Paine (1776): published, 23, 143 Commoner, The Great: see Pitt, Wil- liam, Earl of Chatham Commons, House of: see House of Commons Commonwealth, The, the government of England from the death of Charles I (1649) to the Restoration of Charles II (1660): account of, II, 362; effect on Virginia, 23, 64 Communal Houses: found in the Co- lumbian region, 23, 10 Communal List, The: during the French Consulate, 10, 433 Communal System, socialistic scheme of living: in Virginia colony, 23, 61; Comonfort, Ignacio (1812-1863), Mex- ican soldier and statesman: elected president of Mexico, 22, 382 Comorn, Austria-Hungary: siege of (1848), 18, 402 Comoro Islands, in the Mozambique channel: sketch of, 19, 213; placed under the governor of Madagascar, 20, 279 Compact, The, the agreement to form a body politic: signed by Pilgrims, 23, 84 Compactata of the Bohemian Nation, religious and civil agreement be- tween Bohemia and Sigismund (1436), 17, 140 Company, The: see United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, The Company of Scotland trading to Af- rica and the Indies, The, Scottish trading company: organized (1695), 5, 171 Company of the Levant, to promote commerce, founded by Charles VI (1719), 17, 192 Company of the Philippine Islands, Royal, Spanish trading company: organized (1733), 5, 171 Compeegne, France: skirmish of (1430), 11, 204 Compromise of 1850, also called Om- nibus Bill, a series of measures passed by the United States Con- gress in 1850, aiming at a general settlement of disputes over the slavery question, 24, 601, 609 Compromises of the United States Constitution: representation, 24, 327; apportionment of representa- tion, 327, 566; foreign slave trade, 566 Compte Rendu, account of the re- ceipts and expenses of the French government: Necker issues, 10, 30 Compton, Henry (1632-1713), an Eng- glish prelate: his struggle with James II, 11, 424 Compton, Spencer, Earl of Wilming- ton (1673-1743), an English politi- cian: premiership of, 11, 477; be- comes First Lord of the Treasury, 484 Compulsory Loans, Law of, passed in France: effect of, 10, 406; abolished, 432 Conall Gulban (ca. 450 A.D.), Irish noble: conversion of, 12, 29 Conan, Saint (ca. 700 A. D.), Irish missionary: sent to Britain, 12, 253 Conancio (ca. 980 A.D.), Spanish rebel: encourages Mohammedan in- vasions of Leon, 8, 138 Concepcion, Chile: founded, 20, 50; rioting at (1829), 21, 215 Concha, Manuel, Marquis of Duero (1808-1874), a Spanish general: in Carlist revolt, 8, 514 Concini, Concino, Marquis of Ancre (d. 1617), a Florentine courtier, marshal and prime minister of France: made marshal, 9, 178; death of, 180 Concord, New Hampshire: battle of (1775), 11, SiS, 23, 227 Concordat of 1801, The, an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pius VII, 10, 449 Concordat of 1855, The, an agreement between Francis Joseph of Austria and Pius IX, 17, 382 Concordat of Worms, a convention concluded between Emperor Henry V and Calixtus II (1122), 16, 74 GENERAL INDEX 173 Conde, Henri I de Bourbon, Prince of (1552-1588), a French Protestant leader: becomes champion of reli- gious freedom in France, 9, 156; death of, 162 Conde, Henri II de Bourbon, Prince of (1588-1646), son of Henri I of Bourbon: marriage of, 9, I75> revolt of, 178; arrested, 179 Conde, Louis I de Bourbon, Prince of (1530-1569), a French general: op- poses policy of Catherine de' Med- ici, 9, 149; death of, 156 Conde, Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of (1621-1686), a celebrated French general: campaigns of, 9, 199, 210, 13, 214, 18, 292, 300; arrested, 202; at war with Anne of Austria, 203; death of, 211 Conde, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of (1736-1818), a French general: leaves France, 9, 205; leads emigrants against France, 276; op- poses influence of Necker, 10, 50; leaves France, 72; opens corre- spondence with Lyons, 115; im- peached, 164; taken by the allied powers, 271 Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nico- las Caritat, Marquis of (1 743-1 794), a French philosopher and mathema- tician: leads Girondist party, 9, 272; poisons himself, 10, 280 Condorquanqui (d. 1781), Cacique of Taugasuga, a South American pa- triot: revolt of, 21, 51 Condottieri, mercenaries in Italy: rise of, 4, 251 Conejares, Francisco Ruiz de (ca. 1794), a Mexican official: buys the sub-delegation of Villa-Alta, 22, 223 Confederacy, The, the group of eleven states which seceded from the United States, 1860-1861: secession of the Southern States, 24, 684; seizes property of United States within seceding States, 691; organ- ized, 694; Montgomery selected as capital, 693; permanent Constitution adopted, 695; preparations for war, 708, 738; capital transferred to Richmond, 718; enlistment of priva- teers, 723; strength and resources, 724; loss of New Orleans, 752; height of its hopes, 770; effect of Gettysburg and Vicksburg, 782; strength of its army compared with army of Potomac, 787; government removed to Greenboro, 813; dis- bandment of army, 814; finances, 819; cost of the war, 821; sufferings, 823; see also Civil War, American Confederate Flag: adopted, 24, 694 Confederation, Act of, an act granting certain rights and privileges to the German confederation (1815), 18, 392 Confederation, Articles of: see Arti- cles of Confederation Confederation of the Netherlands: or- ganized, 13, 86 Confederation of the Rhine (1806), a confederation of fourteen princes of the south and west of Germany, recognizing Napoleon as their pro- tector: formed, 9, 327, 17, 294, 18, 3^7, 371; dissolution of, 18, 386 Confession of Faith: see Augsburg Confession, The " Confirmatio Cartarum," confirma- tion of the charters in England (1297), 11, 150 Conflans, Herbert de Brienne, Count de (1690-1777), a French marshal: at battle of Quiberon Bay, 11, 501 Conflans, Treaty of, a treaty conclud- ed between Louis XI of France and the Dukes of Bourbon, Brittany and Burgundy (1465), 9, 122 Confucius (K'ung-fu-tzc), a Chinese philosopher, called the Philosopher of China: born in the kingdom of Lu (modern Shantung), China, about 551 B. C; was descended from a celebrated but impoverished family; was remarkable for his ami- able qualities as a youth; became mandarin and then superintendent of the public markets; afterwards had charge of the public parks and herds; came forward as a public teacher at the age of twenty-two; was one of the chief ministers of the Marquis of Lu; retired from of- fice and traveled for thirteen years, during which time he spread his 174 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS doctrines; returned to Lu, 483, where he spent the remainder of his life in writing and teaching; was the author of " Chun-Tsew " and the "Four Books"; died, 478 B. C. As historian, 6, 5, 7, 8; influence of, 8, 9, 10, 25, 34, 234 Conger, Edwin Hurd (1843 ), an American diplomat: minister to China, 6, 297 Conger, Mrs. E. H., wife of American minister: influence of, 6, 307 Congo Free State, Africa: created, 19, 116; placed under the control of Belgium, 13, 311; exports of, 19, 124; revenues and expenditures of, 125; present status of, 250; descrip- tion of, 20, 299 Congo Railway Company: completes its line, 19, 126 Congo Treaty (1884), a treaty be- tween Great Britain and Portugal (1884), 19, 76 Congregation, The, a French secret society instituted in early nine- teenth century: rise of, 9, 377 Congregation, Lords of the, the lead- ers of the Protestants of Scotland in the 16th century: organized, 11, 277, 12, 312 Congregation of Cluny, a congrega- tion of monks who preached the " Truce of God " in the eleventh century, 18, 128 Congregational Church: state church in Massachusetts, 23, 101; in every New England town, 145; services, 146; supported by taxation, 148 "Congress," The, a United States frigate: fires on the " Merrimac," 24, 7S4J destroyed, 755 Congress of the Confederacy: powers of, 24, 695 Congress of the United States: the American Senate and House of Representatives: powers of, 23, 331; prohibitions against, in Constitution, 331; character of the first Congress, 342; power to impose conditions in admitting states, 452; power over, slavery, 24, 581; extraordinary ses- sion of 1861, 715; denies seats to Southern members, 842; debate on reconstruction, 843; passes Recon- struction Acts, 846 Congresses, The Albany, meetings of the American colonies: (1690), 23, 106; (I7S4), 174 Conkling, Roscoe (1829- 1888), an American politician: candidate for Presidential nomination (1876), 24, 907; opposed to Hayes, 915; urges nomination of Grant for third term, 925; feud with Blaine, 926; sketch of, 926; origin of feud with Garfield, 932; opposes appointment of Rob- ertson, 933; resisted by Arthur, 936; responsible for Blaine's defeat in New York, 948 Conn the Hundred-Fighter, a legend- ary king of Ireland: story of, 12, 25 Connaught, Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of (1850 ), brother of Edward VII of England: visits India, 5, 288 Connecticut, one of the New England States of the United States, means " long river," called the Nutmeg State and the Land of Steady Hab- its: origin, 23, 91; colonial consti- tution of, 92; trouble with Dutch, 92; with Indians, 93; charter se- cured, 93; seeks confederation of New England, 96; agriculture, 101; Dutch relinquish claims, 103; co- lonial government of, 115; educa- tional growth, 140; Episcopal Church in, 147; Congregational Church supported by taxation, 148; wearing of silk forbidden, 154; " Blue Laws," 154; in Colonial Congress, 158; quarrel with Penn- sylvania over Wyoming Valley, 312; cedes Northwest Territory to the United States, 317; choses delegates for Constitutional Convention, 323; ratifies the Constitution, 336; favors financial plans of Hamilton, 350; in War of 1812, 430; Hartford conven- tion, 431; measures toward aboli- tion of slavery adopted, 24, 564; abolition societies formed, 571; opening of schools to negroes pro- hibited, 575; state election of 1855, 646; Presidential election of 1884, 947; Presidential election of 188$, GENERAL INDEX 175 967; Presidential election of 1892, 992 Connecticut Compromise, regulating representation in Congress, 23, 327 Conner, David (1792-1856), an Ameri- can naval commander: in the Mex- ican War, 22, 289 Conon (d. 392 B. C.) Athenian com- mander: Athenian admiral, 2, 370; besieged in Mitylene, 371; flies to Cyprus, 376; takes service with Per- sia, 401 ; rebuilds walls of Athens, 402; imprisoned, 404 Conqueror, The: see William (I) the Conqueror, King of England Conrad I (d. 918 A. D.), King of Ger- many (911-918 A. D.): reign of, 18, 104 Conrad II (d. 1039), Holy Roman Emperor, 1027-1039: elected King of Germany, 18, 124; crowned em- peror, 125; Knud at the coronation of, 16, 60; crowned King of Bur- gundy, 13, 345, 18, 126; in Italy, 4, 183, 18, 127; death of, 18, 127 Conrad III (1093-1152), Holy Roman Emperor, 1138-1152; heir of Henry V of Germany, 18, 142; accession of, 17, 90; reign of, 18, 144 Conrad IV (1228-1254), King of Ger- many, 1250-1254: accession of, 18, 164; reign of, 4, 206; opposed by Henry Raspe, 18, 166; his war with William of Holland, 168 Conrad V, King of Germany: see Conradin, King of Germany Conrad (10th century), King of Bur- gundy: visits Otto II, 18, 117 Conrad III, Duke of Burgundy, 1127: made duke, 13, 349 Conrad (10th century), Duke of Lor- raine: invested with Lorraine, 18, 111; rebellion of, 112 Conrad (late 9th century), nephew of Lewis the Pious: establishes King- dom of Upper Burgundy, 18, 98 Conrad (d. 1101), son of Henry IV: rebellion of, 18, 137 Conrad (late 15th century), tutor of Christian II of Denmark, 16, 147 Conrad of Marburg (d. 1233), a Ger- man inquisitor: sketch of, 18, 163 Conrad von Mure (13th century), a Swiss poet: sketch of, 13, 361 Conrad von Tegerfeld (early 14th century), an Austrian knight: plots against Albert I of Austria, 13, 364 Conradin (Conrad V) (1252-1268), son of Conrad IV: career of, 8, 244, 18, 168; death of, 4, 215, 9, 85 Consarbruck, Prussia: battle of (1675), 9, 212 Conselhevio: see Maciel, Antonio Conservatives, German deputies in fa- vor of strong monarchical govern- ment: description of, 18, 434 Conspiracies : B. C. ca. 1 180. Rameses III, 1, 29 ca. 708. Conspiracy of Phanlan- thus, 2, 73 ca. 625. Conspiracy of Cylon, 2, 99, 100 ca. 527. Conspiracy of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 2, 111 379. Against Leontiades, 2, 423 87. Against Sulla, 3, 221 ca. 78. Against Sertorius, 3, 257, 8, 21 65. Catilinarian conspiracy, 3, 280 44. Against Caesar, 4, 4 A. D. ca. 31. Against Tiberius, 4, 51 41. Against Caligula, 4, 58 415. Against Ataulpus, 8, 36 415. Against Sigeric, 8, 36 584. Against kings of Austrasia and Burgundy, 9, 29 ca. 612. Against Brunhilda, 9, 31 ca. 656. Against Childeric II, 9, 34 ca. 816. Against Ludwig the Ger- man, 18, 90 ca. 821. Against Alhakem, 8, 72 ca. 936. Against Otto I of Ger- many, 18, 1090 ca. 1018. Against Alcassim, 8, 81 ca. 1023. Against Abderahman V, 8, 81 1062. Against Henry IV of Ger- many, 18, 131 1075. Against William the Con- queror, 11, 78 1308. Against Albert I of Ger- many, 18, 185 176 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ca. 1324. Against Lewis IV of Ba- varia, 18, 188 1325. Against Edward II of Eng- land, 11, 155 1343. Against the Federal League, 13, 373 1355- Conspiracy of Marino Fa- lieri, 4, 248 1358. Against Mohammed V, 8, 115 ca. 1378. Against Vasclav VI of Bohemia, 17, 118 ca. 1396. Against Wenzel of Ger- many, 18, 198 1399. Against Henry IV of Eng- land, 11, 191 1415. Against Henry V of Eng- land, 11, 197 ca. 1436. Against James I of Scot- land, 12, 293 1483. Against Joam II, of Portu- gal, 8, 321 ca. 1495. Against Vasco da Gama, 8, 325 ca. 1495. Against Cojumbus, 2j, 10 15 19. Against Cortez, 22, 20 1521. Against Cortez, 22, 51 ca. 1522. Against Francis I, 4, 302 1560. Conspiracy of Amboise, 9, 151 1566. Against Rizzio, 12, 316 1566. Against the Marques del Valle, 22, 122 1571. Ridolfi plot, ii, 287 ca. 1578. Against James VI of Scotland, 12, 325 1584. Against Elizabeth of Eng- land, 11, 293 1586. Against Elizabeth of Eng- land, 11, 294 1602. Against Henry IV of France, 9, 175 1605. Guy Fawkes's plot, 11, 309 ca. 1605. Against Boris of Rus- sia, 15, 20 1607. Against Earl of Tyrone and Earl of Tirconnell, 12, 106 ca. 1609. Against royal lieutenants, 17, 201 ca. 1616. Against Louis XIII of France, 9, 180 1618. Against Venice, 4, 315 1619. For a proposed general revo- lution throughout Holland, 13, 205 ca. 1625. Against Richelieu, 9, 184, 185 1640. Against Joam IV of Portu- gal, 8, 463 1640. Against Philip III of Portu- gal, 8, 456 1642. Against Richelieu, 8, 378, 9, 194 1648. Against Ibrahim, Sultan of Turkey, 14, 227 ca. 1668. Against Pedro II of Por- tugal, 8, 469 1680. Against the Spaniards in New Mexico, 22, 175 1683. Rye House Plot, 11, 414 1689. Against Peter the Great, 15, 30 ca. 1695. Against William III of England, 11, 445 1716. Against Louis XV of France, 9, 231 l 733- Against Queen Anne of Rus- sia, 15, no ca. 1739. Of the Dolgorukis, 15, 125 ca. 1755. Against Jose of Portu- gal, 8, 472 1762. Against Peter III of Russia, 15, 155 1763. Of Pontiac, 23, 200 1764. To rescue Ivan VI of Rus- sia, 15, 163 1772. Against Caroline Matilda of Denmark, 16, 243 1792. Against Gustavus (IV) Adol- phus of Sweden, 15, 189, 16, 249 1793- Against the Girondists, 10, 247 1793. Against the government of France, 10, 255, 256, 261 1794. Of Robespierre, 10, 306 1795. Against the overthrowers of the French constitution, i, 335 1796. For the destruction of the French constitution, 10, 376 1796. Of French printers, 10, 427 1799. Against the constitution of the year III, 10, 410 1800. Against Napoleon, 10, 441 1803. Against Napoleon, 10, 455 GENERAL INDEX 177 1804. Against Napoleon, 9, 321 1812. Against Napoleon, 10, 485 1820. Against Louis XVIII of France, 9, 375 1820. Against the English cabinet, 11, 573 1825. Against Nicholas I of Rus- sia, 15, 272 1828. Against Bolivar, 21, 83 1836. Against Louis Philip of France, 9, 410 1847. Against the Americans of New Mexico, 22, 305 1848. Conspiracy against Count Rossi, 4, 363 1858. Against Napoleon III of France, 9, 449 1866-1881. Against Alexander II of Russia, 15, 339 1868. Against Isabella II of Spain, 8, 509 1889. Of Boulanger, 9, 485 Constanca, see Constance Constance, a city of Baden: founded, 18, 30; siege of (1548), 13, 460 Constance, Queen of Sicily, 1283-1298: marries Peter III, 4, 215, 8, 243 Constance (late 12th century), a Hun- garian princess: affianced to the Duke of Suabia, 17, 55 Constance (early nth century), daughter of the Count of Toulouse: marries Robert II of France, 9, 67 Constance of Sicily (1155-1198), Em- press of Germany: marries Henry VI of Germany, 18, 155 Constance, Council of, a council of the Roman Catholic church (1414- 1418), 13, 396, 17, 123, 18, 203 Constance, Treaty of, a treaty of peace between Frederick Barba- rossa and the Lombard League (1183), 4, 195, 18, 153 Constans I (Flavius Julius), (ca. 320- 350 A. D.), Roman Emperor, son of Constantine the Great: reign of, 4, 123; his campaign in Spain, 8, 35 Constant, Benjamin (ca. 1890), Bra- zilian revolutionist: leads revolu- tion in Brazil, 21, 253; secretary of war in provisional government, 253 Constant de Rebecque, Henry Ben- jamin (1767-1830), French political writer, orator and politician: op- poses Napoleon, 9, 319; leads con- stitutional party, 358; draws up the " Additional Act to the Constitu- tions of the Empire," 361; his rela- tions to the revolution of 1830, 391; suggests the Duke of Orleans as successor of Charles X, 392 Constantine, a city in Algeria: sieges of (1836), 9, 411; (1837), 413 Constantine (I) (Flavius Valerius Au- relius Constantinus) the Great, Em- peror of Rome, 308-337 A. D., and the first Christian emperor: born at Naissus (Nissa), Upper Mcesia, February, 272 A. D.; was appointed Caesar at the death of his father, 306; was recognized, 308, as Augus- tus by the Augustus Maximian whom he put to death, 309; de- feated the Augustus Maxentius, 312, in a battle near Rome; it was during this battle that he was converted to Christianity by the sign of the cross appearing in the sky with the words appended, " In this sign con- quer;" became sole emperor by his victory at Adrianople over Licinius, 323; caused Christianity to be ac- knowledged by the state and con- vened the Council of Nice, 325; made Constantinople the capital of ' the Roman empire, 330; died at Nicomedia, Bithynia, May 22, 337 A. D. His campaign in Gaul and Ger- many, 18, 30; attempts to gain pos- session of Belgium, 13, 10; pro- claimed emperor, 4, 117; reign of, 121; campaign against Maxentius, 118; issues the Edict of Milan, 17, 15; his reign in the West, 4, 119; interposes in war between Vandals and Visigoths, 18, 32; Christianity established by, 2, 524; condition of Gaul under, 9, 13; condition of Spain under, 8, 28 Constantine (early 5th century), a Ro- man emperor in Britain: proclaimed emperor in Britain (409 A. D.), n, 16 178 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Constantine (V) Copronymus (719- 775 A. D.), Emperor of the East, 741-775; accession, 4, 170 Constantine XI (Constantine XIII Palaeologus) (1394-1453), Byzantine Emperor, 1448-1453: account of, 14, 72 Constantine II (d. 952 A. D.), King of Scotland, 900-943 A. D.: reign of, 4, 123, 12, 255 Constantine Nikolaivitch (1827-1892), Grand Duke of Russia: made vice- roy of Poland, 15, 326; recall of, 329 Constantine Pavlovitch (1779-1831), Grand Duke of Russia: account of, 14, 345, 358, 361, 362, IS, 271; at Potemkin's reception, 185; made commander in chief of Polish forces, 263; renounces the throne, 267; in the Polish insurrection, 293; death of, 295 Constantine of Gaul, The: see Clovis Constantinople (Byzantium), Euro- pean Turkey, called the City of the Seven Hills: rise of, 4, 122; Goths attack, 2, 530; Arabs attack, 14, 4; Byzantine empire united under, 2, 532; sieges of (1625), 2, 533; (668- 673), I, 330; (718-720), 1, 330, 2, 5335 Avars attack, 17, 21; captured by crusaders, 14, 5; menaced by Bayezid, 45; siege of (1261), 9, 84; fall of, 2, 535, 536, 14, 58, 75, 82, 15, 14, 17, 160, 18, 220, 23, 20; re- sult of fall of, 2, 538; churches of, converted to mosques by Selim, 14, 139; adorned by Suleiman the Great, 187; visited by plague (1637), 220; ravaged by fire (1693), 261; relations with Russia, 14, 345, 357 362, 15, 8; Turkish massacre at, 2, 543; see also Byzantium Constantinople, Conference of (1876- 1877), a conference of the six great powers and Turkey, 15, 333 Constantius (I) Chlorus (250-306 A D), Emperor of Rome: made Caesar, 4, 114; condition of Gaul under, 9, 13; attempts to gain pos- session of Belgium, 13, 10 Constantius II (317-361 A. D.), Em peror of Rome: reign of, 4, 123, 17, 15 Constantius (ca. 400 A. D.), Roman general: his campaign against the Goths, 8, 36 Constanza (ca. 1350), daughter of Pe- dro IV of Aragon: declared heir to throne, 8, 251 "Constellation," American frigate: built, 23, 375 Constitutio Valdemariana, separates Slesvig-Holstein from the Danish kingdom, 16, 266 "Constitution," American frigate: built, 23, 375; one of the largest boats in the navy, 419; destroys the " Guerriere," 422; destroys the "Java," 422; Jackson's carriage built of wood from, 511 Constitutional Circles, The, French Revolutionary clubs: oppose the measures against the emigrants, 10, 158; ordered to be closed, 10, 390 Constitutional Convention, United States: origin of, 23, 321; delegates chosen, 322; distinguished character of, 323; struggle over slavery ques- tion, 24, 566 Constitutional Parties in Japan: or- ganized, 7, 219, 227 Constitutional Union Party: see Dem- ocratic Party (Northern) Constitutions: see also Government AFRICA: Cape Colony, 20, 223; the South African Republic, 227 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: of 1826, 21, 120; of 1853, 128 AUSTRALIA: of the four colonies, 20, 199; of 1900, 207 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: Bohemia, 17, 209; constitution of March 4, 380; modifications of, 399 BOLIVIA: Bolivian code, 21, 184 BRAZIL: modifications of, 21, 169; outline of, 171 CANADA: of 1864, 20, 165; Upper and Lower Canada, 167 CARTHAGE: aristocratic, 3, 93, 94 CHILI: of 1828, 21, 215; of 1833, 216 COLOMBIA: of 1821, 21, 73; of 1863, 87; of 1886, 245 GENERAL INDEX 179 CUBA: of Cadiz, 20, 325; of 1895, 22, 453; of 1901, 22, 467, 471, 34, 1046 DENMARK: liberal, 16, 269; of 1855, 16, 273 ECUADOR: of 1835, 31, 108; changes in (1843), 109 EGYPT: Naukratis, 1, 32 ENGLAND: of Simon de Montfort, II, 140; proposed constitution of 1647, 358; "The Instrument of Gov- ernment," 367 FRANCE: of 1789, 9, 265, 268, 271, 10, 85, 103, 117, 122; of 1791, 10, 147; of Napoleon Bonaparte, 9, 315; senatorial, 9, 350, 355, 10, 3Sh 352; "Additional Act," 9, 361; republi- can, 438; of 1875, 479 GAUL: constitution of the clan canton, 3, 290 GERMANY: of the "North Ger- man Confederation," 18, 413; of 1871, 18, 428 GREECE: constitution of Lycur- gus, 2, 62; laws of Draco, 100; laws of Solon, 104; constitution of Cleisthenes, 145; important change in the constitution of Cleis- thenes, 174; changes of Pericles in the Athenian Constitution, 252, 253, 256; changes in the constitution by the "Thirty Tyrants," 383; Philip of Macedon's constitution, 480; the constitution of 1843, 546; adoption of the constitution in 1864, 549 HAYTI: of Petion (1816), 22, 496 ICELAND: of Ulfliot (930 A. D.), 16, 298 ITALY: the constitution of Flor- ence (1266), 4, 225; the constitu- tion of Florence (1324), 227; changes in the constitution of Florence, 231; constitution of Ven- ice, 246; constitutions of Savoy, 277; constitution of Piedmont, 356; the constitution of Charles Albert, 357; constitution of Pius IX, 363 JAPAN: imperial constitution, 7, 184, 201 MEXICO: of 1812, 22, 247; of 1824, 258, 263; of 1857, 382 NETHERLANDS: Fundamental Law, 13, 292; liberal, 314 NEW ZEALAND: of 1852, 20, 213; of 1875, 214 NORWAY: of 1814, 16, 282; amend- ment of, 283 PERU: Bolivian Code, 21, 192; of i860, 200; of 1867, 208; of i860 re- stored, 209 POLAND: aristocratic, 15, 377 PORTO RICO: set up by the United States, 20, 324 PORTUGAL: of 1822, 8, 534 ROME: the earliest constitution, 3, 11; changes in the constitution (509- 508 B. C), 29; Servian constitution, 38; gradual changes, 153; the con- stitution of Gaius Gracchus, 180; the changes of Sulla, 211; Sulla's constitution, 3, 233; abolition of the Sullan constitution, 267 RUSSIA: proposal of, 15, 265; changes in, 365 SAN DOMINGO: of 1844, 22, 502 SPAIN: setting aside of, 8, 488, 491, 493; revised, 499; drafting of (1869), 511; of 1876, 517 SWEDEN: definite basis of, 16, 178; new basis of, 203; change in, by elevation to the throne of Fred- erick I, 225; cf 1866, 278 SWITZERLAND: united Helvetic, 13, 512; Federal, 527, 555; cantonal, 537, 538; Liberal, 547; Federal re- vision of, 565; new Federal, 566, 567; revision of, 579 TURKEY: proposed constitution of the Young Turkey Party, 14, 479 UNITED STATES, NATIONAL: framing of, 23, 324; sources of, 330; supremacy of, 332; ratified, 334; success of, 338; nth amend- ment ratified, 379; strict construc- tion of, favored by Jefferson, 398; twelfth amendment, 403; amend- ments proposed by the Hartford Convention, 432; no power over slavery, 452; does not follow flag, 24, 595; negro citizenship under, 660; adopted with changes by Con- federacy, 694; fourteenth amend- ment, 823; provides a safe-guard against the dangers of an interreg- num, 830; thirteenth amendment, 841; fourteenth amendment, 844; fif- 180 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS teenth amendment, 845; Grant urges fifteenth amendment, 861; the fif- teenth amendment in the South, 872; limits power of Congress over trade and commerce, 972 UNITED STATES, STATE and COLONIAL: Articles of Confed- eration (1777), 23, 301; California, 24, 598; Confederate (1862), 24, 694; Connecticut, 23, 92; Kansas, 24, 662; Massachusetts, 23, 89, 238; Missouri, 23, 455; New Haven, 23, 92; Northwest Territory, 23, 319; Pennsylvania (1682), 23, in; Vir- ginia (1776), 23, 238 URUGUAY: of 1830, 21, 137 VENEZUELA: establishment of (1831), 21, 94; changes in, 96 Consular Service, United States: re- formed, 24, 1084 Consulate, The, government in France established by Napoleon, 9, 315 Consuls, chief magistrates in Repub- lican Rome: power of, 3, 30; length of term of office extended, 236 Contades, Louis George Erasme, Mar- quis of (1704-1795), French mar- shal: in Seven Years' War, 9, 245 Contarini, Doge of Venice (ca. 1350) : at the siege of Venice, 4, 240 Conti, Prince de (ca. 1780), French general: opposes influence of Necker, 10, 50; leaves France (1789), 9, 265, 10, 72 Conti, Armand of Bourbon, Prince o (1629-1666), French noble: arrested, 9, 202 Conti, Francois Louis de Bourbon, Prince of (1664-1709), French gen- eral: defeat of, 18, 307 Conti, Nicolo (ca. 1400), Italian trav- eler: visits the East, 5, 141 Continental Blockade, The: see Con- tinental System Continental Congress, First (1775), in American history, a meeting of dep- uties from all the Colonies except Georgia: proposed, 23, 222; meet- ing at Philadelphia, 11, 515, 20, 127, 23, 223; acts of, 224 Continental Congress, Second (1175), in American history, a meeting of deputies from the thirteen colonies: meeting of, 11, 516, 23, 229; appoints George Washington commander-in- chief of the army, 23, 230; recom- mends the adoption of constitutions by the colonies, 238; orders Fort Washington to be held, 244; recom- mends nonimportation of slaves, 24, 552 Continental System of Napoleon, a policy inaugurated (1807) and en- forced by Napoleon I to ruin Eng- land by shutting her off from con- tinental commerce, 11, 560, 13, 268, 269; Gustavus defies the, 16, 251, 18, 378 Conto, Bernardo (ca. 1848), a Mex- ican statesman: signs Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 22, 277 Contreras, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 345, 24, 550 Contreras, Pedro Moya de (1520- l $9 l )j a Spanish prelate: sent as inquisitor to Mexico, 22, 129; appointed visitador, 132; made vice- roy of Mexico, 133; death of, 134 Conventicle Acts, acts passed in Eng- land in favor of the Church of Eng- land: (1664), 11, 385; (1670), 394 Convention, The National, the third national legislative assembly of the deputies of the French people: constitutes itself, 215; animosity of the Gironde and the Mountain, 215; denounces Robespierre, 2l; ani- mosity towards Marat, 218; fresh accusation of Robespierre, 222; question of the king's trial, 228; speech of Saint-Just, 230; speech of Robespierre, 231; the king brought to its bar, 232; De Seze's defense of the king, 234; condemns the king to death, 235; revival of animosi- ties in, 240; summons Dumouriez to its bar, 251; arrest of its com- missioners by Dumouriez, 252; Isnard's reply to the deputies of the insurrections of May, 1793, 256; question of the abolition of the commission of Twelve, 259; debate on the accusation of the Girondists, 262; position of, through the insur- rection of the departments, 270; liberal measures proposed by GENERAL INDEX 181 Barrere, 273; its successes against the insurrectionary towns and de- partments, 275; condemns Marie Antoinette to death, 278; condemns the twenty-two Girondists to death, 279; declares the existence of the Supreme Being, 288; question of the arrest of Danton, 293; Robespierre appointed president, 301; Couthon presents the law of the 22nd Prai- rial, 301; Robespierre's speech of the 8th Thermidor, 308; decrees the arrest of the two Robespierres, Couthon, Lebas, and Saint-Just, 314; position of, after the fall of Robespierre, 320; question of re- calling the proscribed members, 330; arrest of Billaud, Collot, Barrere, and Vadier, 333; revives the old martial law, 333; its recep- tion of the insurgents of Germinal, 336; united under the Girondists, 340; decrees the constitution of the year III, 351; passes decrees re- quiring the reelection of two-thirds of its members, 355; concentrates its powers in a committee of five members, 356; moderation of, in the insurrection of the 13th Ven- demiaire, 360; establishes itself as a national electoral assembly, 361; it's close, 362 Convention Act (1793), an act for- bidding unlawful assemblies in Ire- land, 12, 201 Conway, Henry Seymour (1721-1795), an English soldier and Whig poli- tician: favors repeal of Stamp Act, 23, 214 Conway, Thomas (1 733-1 800), an American general: leader of the Conway Cabal, 23, 261 Conway, Sir William Martin (1856- ), an English explorer: explo- rations of, 16, 327 Conway Cabal, an intrigue of Thomas Conway and members of the board of war, 1777-1778, to have Wash- ington superseded by Gates, 23, 261 Conyngham, Gustavus (ca. 1783), an American seaman: naval exploits of, 23, 290 Cook, James (1728-1779), an English navigator: explorations of, in the Arctic, 16, 306; in the Antarctic, 332; career of, 20, 123 Cooke, Edward (ca. 1794), secretary to lord lieutenant of Ireland: re- tired, 12, 203 Cooke & Co., Jay, banking house of Philadelphia: failure of, 24, 896 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1621-1683), an English politician: sketch of, 11, 395; dis- missed from office, 400; sent to the Tower, 404; death of, 413 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (1801-1885), an Eng- lish philanthropist: takes up labor question, 11, 592 Cooper, James Fennimore (1789- 1851), an American novelist: in American literature, 23, 481 Cooper, Peter (1791-1883), an Amer- ican inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist: nominated for Pres- ident (1876), 24, 909 Cooper Union, an institution in New York for the instruction of the working classes: Lincoln's speech at, 24, 681 Coorg, British India: annexed to Eng- lish possessions in India, 5, 215 Coote, Sir Charles (d. 1661), Irish soldier and judge: attempts to crush the Rebellion of 1641, 12, 116 Coote, Sir Charles (17th century), son of preceding: his campaign in Ire- land, 125 Coote, Sir Eyre (1726-1783), a British soldier: at battle of Wandiwash, 5, 180; his campaign against Haidar AH, 193; his campaign against the Sultan of Mysore, 9, 257, II, 502; defeats Lally, 20, 119 Cope, Sir John (d. 1760), a British soldier: his campaign against the Young Pretender, 11, 487, 12, 366 Copenhagen (Axelborg), Denmark: foundation of, 16, 69; defended by Philippa (1428), 16, 127; siege of (1658), 13, 231, 16, 209; battles of (1700), 16, 215; (1801), 8, 529, 10, 446, II, 552, 16, 255; (1807), 9, 332, II, 561, 15, 216, 16, 256 182 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Copenhagen, Treaties of: (1660), a treaty between Denmark and Swe- den, 16, 210, 231; (1767), a treaty between Russia and Sweden, 267 Copenhagen, University of: founded (1474), 16, 136 Copernicus (Koppernigk or Koper- nik), Nicolaus, a Prussian astrono- mer and the founder of modern astronomy: born in Thorn, Poland (now Prussia), February 19, 1473! studied in the high school of Erme- land and at the University of Cra- cow; went to Italy. 1495, studying at Bologna and afterward at Padua where he became Doctor of Medi- cine, 1499; appointed canon of Frauenburg, Prussia, 1499, but re- mained in Italy until 1503; held the chair of mathematics at Rome, 1501; expounded his theory in his work " De Orbium Celestium Revo- lutionibus," finished in 1530 but not published until 1543 for fear of per- secution; died at Frauenburg, Prus- sia, May 24, 1543 Sketch of, 1 8, 296 Copiapo, South America: revolt of (1858), 21, 218 Coppermine River, British America: discovered, 16, 307 Coquimbo, South America: blockade of (1865), 21, 221 Corban, Torribio Gomez (ca. 1600), a Mexican explorer of California: ex- plorations of, 22, 143 Corbeil, Treaty of (1258), a treaty between Louis IX of France and the King of Aragon, 9, 83 Corberon, de, French ambassador to Russia (ca. 1777): his estimate of Catherine, 15, 175 Corbiere, Jacques, Count of (1767- 1853), a French politician: admitted to the council, 9, 375; made min- ister of the interior, 378 Corcyra, ancient name for Corfu: founded, 2, 83; rivalry with Cor- inth, 86; origin, 92; at war with Corinth, 265; asks aid of Athens, 266; sedition at, 299, 308; Spartan attack on, 431; Pompeians hold council of war at, 3, 350; see also Corfu Corday d' Armans, Marie Anne Char- lotte, known as Charlotte Corday, a French heroine: born of a noble family at St. Saturnin, Normandy, France, July 27, 1768; was educated in a convent at Caen; was influ- enced by the works of Voltaire and the Abbe Raynal to sympathize with the revolutionists; convinced that the liberties of her country could only be assured by the death of the infamous terrorist, Marat, she went to Paris and stabbed him to death in his bath, July 13, 1793; was tried by the Revolutionary tribunal four days later and guillotined at Paris the same day, July 17, 1793 Slays Marat, 9, 285, 10, 268; her replies before the tribunal, 10, 268 note; death of, 268 Cordeliers Club, French Revolution- ary society: sketch of, 10, 128, 283 Cordero, Luis (ca. 1900), South Amer- ican revolutionist: his administra- tion as ruler of Ecuador, 21, 244 Cordoba, Jose (1 797-1829), South American general: death of, 21, 83 Cordova, Spain: founded, 22, 152; sieges of (710 A. D.), 1, 314, 8, 50; (736 A. D.), 8, 65; (755 A D.), 68; (1060), 86; (1145). 975 (1089), 225 Cordova, Diego Fernandez de, Mar- ques de Guadalcazar (ca. 1600), Spanish noble: made viceroy of New Spain, 22, 152 Cordova, Gonsalvo Hernandez de: see Gonsalvo de Cordova Cordova, Hernandez de (d. 1517), Spanish soldier and explorer: dis- covers Mexico, 22, 4 Cordova, Joaquin (ca. 1850), Colom- bian revolutionist: attempts a con- servative uprising, 21, 89 Cordova, Jorge (1822-1861), Bolivian revolutionist: made president of Bolivia, 21, 188 Cordova, Don Louis (ca. 1750), Span- ish admiral: in war with England, 9, 255; commands treasure fleet, 22, 208 GENERAL INDEX 183 Corfinium, central Italy: surrenders to Caesar, 3, 337 Corfu, Greece: taken by Venetians, 2, 536; in modern Greece, 548; mili- tary school at, 549; see also Cor- cyra Corinth, Greece, called the Light of Greece: situation of, 2, 16; allies with Sparta, 74; revolt from oli- garchy in, 76; joins Laconian League, 76; colonies of, 86; coloni- zation of, 88; typical political his- tory of, 92; aids Athens, 173; con- gress at, 178; at war with Athens, 242; at war with Corcyra, 265; ad- vocates Peloponnesian War, 269; at war with Corcyra, 269; battle near, 308; aids Sparta, 323; sends help to Syracuse, 339; advocates destruc- tion of Athens, 377; makes war on Sparta, 398; campaigns around, 402, 403; sends Timoleon to Sicily, 417; faithful to Sparta, 440; makes peace with Thebes, 446; tyranny at, 453; allied to Athens, 473; submits to Philip, 478; congress at, 479; joins Achaean League, 516; siege of, 2, 520, 3, 166; made Grecian capital, 2, 522; burned, 537; canal of, 550; siege of (1715), 14, 286 Corinth, Mississippi: Federals cap- ture, 24, 750; Halleck's victory at (May, 1862), 762; battle of (Oct. 3-4, 1862), 774 Coriolanus, Gaius Marcius, hero of an early Roman legend, 3, 43 Cork, Ireland: siege of (1690), 12, 149 Corn Cracker State, The: see Ken- tucky Corn Law (1815), passed by English Parliament imposing heavy duties on imported corn, 11, 600 Cornbury, Viscount: see Hyde, Ed ward Cornificius, Quintus (d. 40 B. C.) Roman soldier: his campaign in Illyria, 3, 354 Corning, Erastus (ca. 1850), Amer- ican politician: opposes Lincoln's action in Vallandigham case, 24, 816 Cornish, Sir Samuel (ca. 1750), Eng- lish admiral: captures Manila (1762), 5, 181, 20, 120 Cornwall, Richard of: see Plantagenet, Richard, Earl of Cornwall Cornwallis, Charles, Lord (1738-1805), English soldier and statesman: in the American War, 9, 255, 11, 521, 20, 128; attempts to capture Wash- ington at Trenton, 23, 248; quoted on Washington's victory, 250; at battle of Brandywine, 259; captures Philadelphia, 259; at battle of Mon- mouth, 263; at capture of Charles- ton, 273; at battle of Guilford Court House, 281; retreats to Yorktown, 283; surrenders, 285; centennial of his surrender celebrated, 940; gov- ernor-general of India, 5, 195; his second governor-generalship, 5, 204, **> 53; appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, 12, 213 Coronado, Vasquez de (1 500-1542), Spanish soldier: explorations of, 22, 112, 23, 41, 42 Coroneia, Greece: battles of, 2, 248, 400, 3, 149 Corporal, The Little: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Corporal d' Epre: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Corporal Violet: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Corporation Act (1661), passed by English Parliament requiring all of- ficials to be members of the Church of England, 11, 382 Corporation Colonies, in American history, those in the nature of cor- porations with charters, 23, 114 Corregan, Charles H. (i860 ), American politician: Socialist La- bor nominee for Presidency, 24, 1067 Correspondence, Committees of: see Committees of Correspondence Correus, King of the Belloraci, 1st century B. C: resists Caesar, 3, 308 Corrupter, The Grand: see Walpole, Robert Corsica, in the Mediterranean: Phoe- nicians colonize, 1, 121; added to the Roman empire, 3, 107; annexed 184 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS to France, 9, 236; under Spanish rule, 20, 299 Corsican Ogre, The: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Corsican Sesostris, The: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Corte Nuova, Italy: battle of (1237), 4, 204, 18, 164 Cortelyou, George Bruce (1862 ), American politician: made head of Department of Commerce and La- bor, 24, 1052; Parker's attack on, 1071 Cortenbergh, Treaty of (13 12), con- cluded between the Duke of Bra- bant and his people, 13, 32 Cortenuovo: see Corte Nuovo Cortereal, Gaspar (1450-1501), Portu- guese navigator: explorations of, 21, 16 Cortes (Cortez), Hernando, a Spanish soldier and the conqueror of Mex- ico: born at Medellin, Spain, 1485; studied at the University of Sala- manca; went to Espafiola, 1504, and to Cuba, 1511, where for his serv- ices in its conquest, he was re- warded with an estate; commanded the expedition for the conquest of Mexico, 1519; appointed governor of New Spain, 1522; went to Spain, 1528, in order to refute certain ac- cusations against him; returned to Mexico, 1530, but obtained only the command of the army, the civil authority having been placed in the hands of a viceroy; disappointed, he returned to Spain, 1540; accom- panied Charles V in his Algerine expedition, 1541; died in obscurity at Seville, Spain, December 2, 1547 Career of, 22, 5; aids in conquest of Cuba, 21, 17; conquers Mexico, 20, 43, 21, 17; among the Aztecs, 22, 12, 23, 38; marches on Tenochtit- lan, 19; successes of, 39; his con- quest of the valley, 44; his expedi- tion to Honduras, 431; Charles V re- wards, 23, 40; searches for the Seven Cities of Cibola, 41; last years of, 22, 66; death of, 74 Cortez, Martin (1 532-1 589), Spanish noble: sketch of, 22, 69; alleged conspiracy of, 122; tortured, 126; his property confiscated, 127 Corumba, Paraguay: taken by the Paraguayans (1864), 21, 157 Corunna, Spain: sacked by the Eng- lish (1592), ix, 298; battle of (1809), 8, 486, 529, 9, 334, 11, 563 Corvetto, Luigi Emmanuele di (1756- 1822), French financier: made min- ister of finance, 9, 367 Corvina Library, Buda, Austria-Hun- gary: founded, 17, 165 Corvinus, Matthias: see Mathias Cor- vinus Corwin, Thomas (1794-1865), Amer- ican statesman and orator: makes campaign speeches (1840), 24, 524 Cos, Dr. (ca. 1800), Mexican writer: in Hidalgo's rebellion, 22, 241 Cos, Island of, Aegean Sea: colo- nized, 2, 56 Cosa, Juan de la: see La Cosa, Juan de Cosby, Governor, (18th century), American colonial officer: in case in favor of the freedom of the press, 23, 107 Cosmo de' Medici (1519-1574), Duke of Florence, called The Father of his Country: rule of, 4, 307 Cosmo III (1642-1723), Grand Duke of Tuscany: receives Sheremetiev, 15, 36 Cossacks, a military people inhabiting the steppes of Russia: marauding expeditions of, 14, 215; rival claim for dominion over, 244; description of, 15, 24; in the Great Northern War, 47; concessions to the, 95; in Pugatchev's insurrection, 166; destruction of the, 171 Cossus, Aulus Cornelius (ca. 380 B. C), Roman general: kills Lars To- lumnius, 3, 58; victory in the Pomp- tine territory, 63 Costa, Edward da (ca. 1540), Brazilian governor: aids Jesuits in Brazil, 20, 92 Costa Favella, Pedro da (ca. 1650), Brazilian colonist: cruelty of, 21, 38 Costa Rica, Central America: discov- GENERAL INDEX 185 ered, 31, 13; named, 22, 437; his- tory of, 441 Cotta, Gaius (125-70 B. C), Roman orator: gains the abolition of de- cree against tribunes of the plebs, 3, 266 Cotton, Father (ca. 1600), English prelate: secures recall of Jesuits to France, 9, 175 Cotton, Sir Henry (1845 ), Eng- lish official: attempts to present re- port of Indian National Congress, 5, 293 Cotton, John (1585-1652), Puritan clergyman: in Salem Colony, 23, 90; opposed to Hooker, 91; aids the founding of Boston Latin School, 140; early colonial author, 142; quoted on religious toleration, 147 Cotton, Sir Stapleton: see Comber- mere, Viscount Cotton Centennial: held at New Or- leans, 24, 940 Cotton Industry: in Southern colo- nies, 23, 136; growth of, during war of 1812, 136; effect of tariff on, 438; invention of the cotton gin, 45. S65; dependency of the Confed- eracy on cotton exports, 24, 726; appropriation for extermination of cotton Boll Weevil, 1053 Cotys, ruler of Eastern Thrace, 382- 358 B. C: forms alliance with Per- seus of Macedonia, 3, 148 Council of a Hundred, in Carthage (241 B. C.) : desires peace with Rome, 3, in Council of Ancients, The, French Revolutionary legislative body: members of, 10, 352; form of de- cision and rejection, 352; dispersed by Napoleon's orders, 416 Council of Blood: see Troubles, Coun- cil of Council of Ten in Venice, a secret tribunal, 1310-1797, 4, 248 Council of the Five Hundred: see Cinq-Cents, Council of Council of the Indies: see Indies, Council of the Council of Troubles: see Troubles, Council of Councils: B. C. ca. 478. The "First Buddhist Council," 5, 59 ca. 4th century. The " Second Buddhist Council, 5, 60 244. Asoka's Council, 5, 60 ca. 15. Council of Kanishka, 5, 61 A. D. 311. Early Christian, 1, 35 319. Rome and Aries, 4, 119 325. Nicaea, 4, 121 359. Ariminium, 4, 126 380. Sirmium, 17, 15 381. Aquileia, 17, 15 511. Orleans, 9, 21 614. Paris, 9, 32 634. Siladitya's Council, 5, 63 673. First English Church Council, , 39 725. Council of Gregory III, 4, 170 787. Nicaea, 9, 43 794. Frankfurt, 9, 43 839. Worms, 9, 49 888. Tribur, 9, 53 ca. 943. Ingelheim, 9, 57 1004, 1018. Zurich, 13, 344 1060. Jaca, 8, 231 1086. Great Council, 11, 80 1092. Scottish Clergy, 12, 259 1092. Szabolcz, 17, 51 1094. Autun, 9, 71 1095. Clermont, 9, 70 1132. Arad, 17, 53 1 162. Woodstock, 11, 101 1164. Clarendon, 11, 101 1 166. Clarendon, 11, 103 1 1 72. Venice, 4, 246 1245. Lyons, 4, 205, 8, 280 1245. Verona, 17, 94 1291. Norham, 12, 272 13 10. Council of Ten, 4, 248 1397. Temesvar, 17, 155 1405. Buda, 17, 155 1409. Pisa, 17, 122, 18, 201 1413. Hrodlo, 15, 377 1414. Constance, 13, 396, 17, 125, 18, 203 1431. Basle, 4, 277, 17, 136, 18, 210 1431. Nuremberg, 17, 135 1432. Prague, 17, 136 1433. Prague, 17, 137 186 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 1435. Holmstadt, 16, 128 1435. Presburg, 17, 156 1449. Basle, 4, 277 1453. Buda, 17, 160 1495. Worms, 18, 226 1502. Wiener-Neustadt, 17, 174 1511. Pisa, 9, 134 1512. St. John Lateran, 9, 135 1512. Cologne, 18, 228 1 5 19. Frankfort, 4, 301 1521. Worms, 4, 300, 9, 138, 18, 240 1524. Lucerne, 13, 438 1524. Organization of Council of the Indies, 22, 98 1525. Basle, 13, 437 1527. Vesteraas, 16, 155 1530. Augsburg, 4, 299, 18, 248 IS36. Great Thing, 16, 194 1537- Council of the North, 11, 258 1542. Trent, 9, 155 1545. Trent, 4, 285, 17, 178, 18, 251, 260 1555- Augsburg, 9, 147 1567. Council of Blood, 13, 107 116 1569. Dublin, 15, 377 1572. Tuileries, 9, 157 1585. American Bishops, 22, 133 1600. Linkoping, 16, 172 161 1. Nokoping, 16, 176 1618. Dort, 13, 199 1630. Ratisbon, 9, 190, 18, 277 1640. At York, 11, 337 1640. Ratisbon, 18, 291 1798. Aarau, 13, 509 1815. "Song Diet," at Zurich, 13 527 1825-1829. Presburg, 17, 337 1847. Berne, 13, 551 1859. Zurich, 4, 375 1869. Ecumenical Council, 4, 393 Councils, Buddhist: the first, 5, 59; the second, 60; the third, 60; the fourth, 61 " Countess of Scarborough," British vessel: fight with the "Pallas," 23, 290 Country, The Father of his: see Au- gustus, Roman Emperor; also Cic- ero, Marcus Tullius; also Medici, Cosmo de'; also Doria, Andrea; also Caesar, Julius; also Louis XVIII, King of France; and also Washing- ton, George Country, The Josiah of his: see Ed- ward VI, King of England Country, The Mother of her: see Ma- ria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress Count's Feud, The, in Denmark (IS33-IS36), 16, 194 County, Southern, unit of represen- tation in the Legislature: unit of representation, 23, 124; officers of, 124 Coup d' Etat of 1852 by Napoleon III of France: account of, 9, 442 Coup d' Etat of 1898 by the Empress of China: account of, 6, 289; promi- nence of Yuan Shih Kai in, 298 Couper, George Ebenezer Wilson (1824 ), English statesman, 5, 263 Courbet, Admiral (ca. 1850), French naval commander: bombards Hue, 20, 273 Courcelles, Lorraine: battle of (1870), 9, 464, 18, 421 Courcy, Sire de (ca. 1400), French general: at battle of Nicopolis, 14, 4i Courcy, Sir John de (ca. 11 50), Eng- lish noble: receives the province of Ulster, 12, 51; appointed assistant to De Burgo, 53; made viceroy of Ireland, 54 Courland, Prussia: made a duchy, 15, 17; occupied by the Russians, 46; becomes a dependency of Russia, 58; ceded to Russia, 99; Biron in- vested with, 109; united to Russia, I9i Court, Admiral (ca. 1750), French commander at battle of Toulon, 9, 238 Court, Colonel (ca. 1850), European general in native Indian army: trains the Sikh army, 5, 221 Courtais, Amable Gaspard Henry de (1786-1877), French general: ap- pointed commander of the national guard of Paris, 9, 435 Courten, Sir William (1572-1636), English merchant: founds Cour- ten's Associations, 5, 158 Courtenay (1342-1396), English prel- GENERAL INDEX 187 ate: presides over ecclesiastical court at St. Paul's n, 172 Courten's Association, an English trading company: formed, 5, 158; makes settlements, J63; founds As- sada, 164 Courtrai, Sohier (ca. 1350), Belgian noble: fate of, 13, 33 Courtras, France: battle of (1587), 9, 162 Courtray, Belgium: battle of (1302), called the Battle of the Spurs, 9, 87, 13, 31; battle of (1795), 10, 345 Courtray: see Courtrai Couthon, Georges (1 756-1794), French revolutionist: made member of the committee of safety, 9, 285; forms triumvirate with Robespierre and Saint-Just, 289; his character, 10, 299; presents the law of the 22nd Prairial, 301; arrested, 314; released, 315; arrest and death of, 9, 291, 10, 3i8 Coutinho, Vasco (ca. 1480), Portu- guese conspirator: warns Joam II of Portugal against conspirators, 8, 321 Couza, Alexander (ca. 1805), Ruma- nian noble: account of, 14, 464 Covarrubias, Alvaro (ca. 1850), Chil- ian minister: refuses Spanish de- mands, 21, 220 Covelong: see Coblom Covenant, First, Scottish reform council to support the English Church (1557), 12, 312 Covilham, Don Pedro (1450-1530), Portuguese explorer: explorations of, 5, 144, 8, 322, 19, 18, 20, 38 Cowley, Henry Wellesley, Lord (1773-1847), English diplomat: lieu- tenant governor of the Oudh ces- sions, 5, 202 Cowley, Henry Richard Wellesley, Lord (1804-1884), British diplomat: aids Cavour, 17, 385 Cowpens, South Carolina: battle of (1781), 23, 281 Cowper, William, Earl (1664-1723), English judge and orator: becomes Lord Chancellor, 11, 458 Cox, Jacob Dolson (1827-1900), American general and politician: in Grant's cabinet, 24, 861 Coxe, William (1747-1828), an Eng- lish clergyman and historian: his history of Russia, 15, 163 Coxey, Jacob S. (ca. 1880), American labor demagogue: leads army of un- employed to Washington, 24, 100 Cracow, Austria-Hungary: occupied by the Swedes, 15, 41; forms an in- dependent republic, 262; taken by the Bohemians, 17, 64; united to Bohemia, 80; annexed to Austria, 15, 300, 17, 346, 348 Cracow, University of: founded, 15, 377, 17, ii5 Craddock, General (ca. 1795), an Eng- lish soldier: sent to Ulster, 12, 206 Cradock, Sir John, Lord Howden (ca. 1800), a British official in India: causes mutiny at Vellore, 5, 204 Craig, Sir James, a British official: appointed governor of Canada, 1807, 20, 153 Cramer, Anna (ca. 1730), favorite of Catharine II of Russia, 15, 98 Crampel, Paul (ca. 1890), an African explorer: his African expedition, 19, 161 Cranborne, Viscount: see Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbort Gascoyne Cecil, Marquis of Crandall, Prudence (ca. 1849), an American abolitionist: imprisoned, 24, 575 Cranfield, Lionel, Earl of Middlesex (ca. 1621), an English financier: re- stores financial order, 11, 315; im- peached, 318 Cranmer, Thomas (1489-1556), Arch- bishop of Canterbury, 1533-1553: career of, 11, 251; introduces Eng- lish into the church service, 262; death of, 271 Crannon, Greece: Antipater's victory at, 2, 512 Craon, John de (14th century), Arch- bishop of Rheims: leader of cler- ical party, 9, 96 Craon, Peter de (14th century), a French nobleman: attempts to as- sassinate Clisson, 9, 108 188 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Craonne, France: battle of (1814), 10, 492, 15, 262 Crassus, Lucius Licinius (140-91 B. C.) a Roman orator: leader of the populace, 3, 199; aids Drusus in his reforms, 203; death, 204 Crassus, Publius Licinius (d. ca. 87 B. C.)> a Roman soldier and states- man: in the third Macedonian War, 3, 149 Crassus Dives, Marcus Licinius (105- 53 B. C.) a Roman general and statesman: obliged to submit to Cinna, 3, 225; joins Sulla, 225; sketch of, 254; his campaign against the gladiators, 262; joins the demo- crats, 267; responsible for safety of Catilinarian prisoners, 283; con- cerned in conspiracy of Catilina, 285; joins second coalition, 288; conference with Caesar and Pom- peius (56 B. C.)i 315; military ambi- tions of, 322; his campaigns in the East, 323; death, 325; value of his estates, 382 Crassus Dives, Publius Licinius (first century B. C), a Roman sol- dier: with Caesar in Gaul, 3, 302; at battle of Carrhae, 324; his cam- paigns in Gaul, 9, 8 Craven, Charles (d. 1754), an English colonist: governor of South Caro- lina, 23, 77 Crawford, Samuel W. (1829 ), an American general: quoted on bom- bardment of Fort Sumter, 24, 711 Crawford, William Harris (1772- 1834), an American statesman: can- didate for presidency, 23, 460; de- feated, 464 Crawford of Jordanhill (ca. 1570), a British soldier: captures Dunbarton Castle, 12, 322 Crayer, Gaspar de (1584-1669), a Flemish painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Crazy Horse (ca. 1877), Chief of Sioux Indians: leader of Indian war, 34, 90S Crazy Jane: see Juana, Queen of Spain Cregy (Cressy), France: battle of (1346), 9, 94, xi, 161, 17, 115 Credit Mobilier, a banking corpora- tion chartered in Pennsylvania (1863): scandal concerning, 24, 895; Garfield blamed for complicity in, 931 Creek Indians, a tribe in southern United States: location, 23, 8; Te- cumseh seeks alliance, 416; Jack- son's expedition against, 427; de- feated at Horse Shoe Bend, 461; treaty with, 470; removed to Indian Territory, 488 Crema, Italy: siege of (1160), 4, 193, 18, 150 Cremieux, Isaac (1 796-1 880), a French jurist and politician: member of the provisional government, 9, 435 Cremona, Italy: battle of, 3, 133; member of Lombard League, 4, 194; internal strife, 211; captured by Eugene of Savoy, 9, 220 Creole State, The: see Louisiana Crequi, Frangois de Bonne, Marshal de (1624-1687), a French general: his campaigns in Italy, 9, 191; de- feated at Consarbriick, 212 Crescent, Device of the: emblem of Ottoman power, 14, 11 Crescentius (Cencius) (d. 998 A. D.), a leader of the popular faction at Rome: struggles of, 4, 183, 18, 119 Cresphontes, a legendary Dorian hero, 2, 48, 60 Crespo, Joaquin (1845-1898), a Vene- zuelan politician: president of Vene- zuela, 2i, 246 Crespy (near Laon), Treaty of, a treaty between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V (1544), 9, 144, 18, 251 Cressennbrunn, Austria-Hungary: bat- tle of (1256), 17, 73 Cressingham, Hugh de (13th century), British statesman: appointed guard- ian of Scotland, 11, 148 Cressy: see Cregy Creswell, John A. J. (1828-1891), an American lawyer and statesmen: in Grant's Cabinet, 24, 861 Crete (Candia), island in the Mediter- ranean southeast of Greece: set- tled by Saracens, 1, 353; island of, 2, 19; early civilization of, 22; Phoe- nician settlements in, 27; early GENERAL INDEX 189 script in, 27: Dorian migration to, 56; taken by Venetians, 536; taken by the Turks, 538; decreed autono- mous, 548; account of, 14, 466; re- volts from Turkey, 502 Crete, a political party in France, remnant of the "Mountain"; ar- rest of seventeen members of, 10, 334 Crete, Province of, a division of the Roman Empire: founded, 3, 275 Crevant-sur-Yonne, France: battle of (1423), 9, 114 Crevelt, France: battle of (1758), 9, 245 Crewe, Chief Justice (ca. 1627), of England: dismissed from office, II, 322 Crichton, Sir William (d. 1454), a Scottish nobleman: claims guar- dianship of James II of Scotland, 12, 293 Crillon-Mahon, Louis, Duke of (1718- 1796), a French general: his cam- paigns against England, 9, 256 " Crime of '73 " (in American his- tory), an act for the demonetiza- tion of silver, 24, 899 Crimea, a peninsula of southern Rus- sia: invaded by Munich (1736), 14, 302; annexed to Russia, 14, 345, ' 15, 183 Crimean Tatars: see Tatars Crimean War, a war waged between Russia and the combined forces of Turkey, France, Great Britain (1853-1856): causes, 9, 446, ix, 615; 14, 445, 15, 304, 305; battles of Alma (1854), 9, 447, II, 615, 14, 455, 15, 312; Inkerman (1854), 9, 447> 11, 616, 14, 457, 15, 316; Balaklava (1854), 9, 447, 11, 616, 14, 457, 15, 314; Malakov (1855), 14, 459, 15, 322; Fall of Sebastopol (1855), 11, 617, 14, 459, 15, 322; Treaty of Paris (1856), 9, 448, 11, 617, 14, 460, 15, 322; results, 9, 448, 11, 618, 14, 460, 461, 15, 322, 17, 384 Crimes Act, an act putting down ille- gal combinations among the tenants of Ireland (1887), 11, 636 Crimesus, Greece: battle of the, 2, 417 Criminal Law of Rome: reformed by Sulla, 237; reformed by Caesar, 3, 372 Criminals: treaty between Great Brit- ain and the United States for ex- tradition of, 24, 531 Criminil, Count Heinrick Reventlow (ca. 1840), Danish statesman: made foreign secretary of Slesvig-Hol- stein, 16, 268 Criminil, Count Joseph Reventlow (ca. 1840), Danish statesman: made chancellor of Slesvig-Holstein, 16, 268 "Crisis," a phamplet: published, 23, 143 Crisp, Charles Frederick (1845-1896), an American jurist: speaker of the House, 24, 995 Crispi, Francesco (1819-1901), an Ital- ian statesman: rises to power, 4, 398; opposes colonial expansion, 404 Crispus, Flavius Julius (d. 326 A. D.), son of Constantine: beseiges Byzan- tium, 4, 120 Critias (d. 404 B. C), Athenian orator and politician: leader of the Thirty Tyrants, 2, 383; his misrule, 385; slain, 387 Critolaus (2nd century B. C.), an Achaean demagogue: strategus of Achaean League, 3, 166 Crittenden, Colonel (d. 1851), an American officer: his expedition to Cuba, 22, 452; death, 24, 625 Crittenden, John Jordan (1787-1863), an American politician: quoted on Clay's farewell address, 24, 601; proposed a slavery compromise (i860), 700 Crixus (ca. 70 B. C), Celtic slave: leader of Gladiatorial war, 3, 261; defeated at battle of Mount Gar- ganus, 262 Croatia, kingdom in Austria-Hungary: Ferdinand I respects rights and privileges of, 17, 4; Scordisci settle in, 11; annexed to Hungary, 52; part of, separated from Hungary, 336; revolutionary feeling in, 343; conditions in (1848), 355; incorpor- ated in Hungary, 398; rebels against the dual system of government, 190 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 405; separation from Hungary ag- itated, 429; present political status in, 454; inhabitants of, 21, 37 Crockett, David (1786-1836), Ameri- can pioneer, hunter and politician: death, 24, 534 Croesus, King of Lydia, 560-546 B. C, celebrated for his great wealth: born about 590 B. C; after his ac- cession, conquered the Cohans, Ionians, and other Asia Minor peo- ples; was visited by Solon, who is said to have remarked when pressed by Croesus to acknowledge him as the happiest of mortals, " Account no man happy before his death;" was defeated near Sardes by Cyrus, King of Persia, 546; was condemned to be burned to death but as he stood upon the funeral pyre, he called "Solon! Solon! Solon!"; up- on his telling to Cyrus the story of Solon's visit and remark, he was re- leased and lived for many years at the court of Cyrus, as his trusted friend; date of his death is unknown Legendary visit from Solon, 2, 108; reign of, 1, 146, 2, 117; war with Persia, 2, 123; conquered by Cyrus, 1, 161, 2, 124 Croft, Sir James (1530-1591), Eng- lish statesman: attempts to crush rebellion of Shane O'Neill, 12, 87 Croft, James Alexander (19th cen- tury), British explorer: his work in Africa, 19, 153 Croi, Philip de, Duke of Aerschot (ca. 1550), Dutch councilor: mem- ber of governing council of the Netherlands, 13, 120; made gover- nor of Flanders, 128 Croia, Albania: seized by Scanderbeg, 14, 69 Croix, Carlos Francisco de, Marques de Croix (1699-1786), Spanish gen- eral: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 203 Cromer, Archbishop of Armagh (ca. 1530) : pleads with Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, 12, 79 Cromer, Evelyn Baring, Earl of: see Baring, Evelyn, Earl of Cromer Crompton, Samuel (1 753-1827), Eng- lish mechanic: invents a spinning- machine, 11, 534 Cromwell, Oliver, an English soldier, Lord Protector of the Common- wealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653-1658), called Old Noll and the Saviour of the Nation: born at Huntingdon, England, April 25, IS99J studied at Sidney Sussex Col- lege, Cambridge, 1616-1617; was elected member of Parliament for Huntingdon, 1628; represented Cambridge in the Short and Long Parliaments, 1640; was appointed captain of Parliamentary horse, 1642, and colonel, 1643; organized a model regiment, the Ironsides, 1643; took part in the battle of Mar- ston Moor, 1644; led the right wing in the battle of Naseby, 1645; put down an insurrection in Wales, 1648; defeated the Scotch royalists at Preston, 1648; as one of the High Court signed the death-sentence of Charles I, 1649; gained the control of the government upon the estab- lishment of the Commonwealth, 1649; commanded an expedition to Ireland, 1649, an d defeated the roy- alists at Drogheda; was appointed commander-in-chief of the army of the Commonwealth, 1650; gained victories over the Scotch royalists, at Dunbar, 1650, and at Worcester, 1651; drove out the Rump Parlia- ment, 1653, and was appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth; governed to the advantage of Eng- land through his commercial treat- ies and his successful wars with the Dutch, with Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, and the Spaniards; died at Whitehall, London, September 3, 1658 Permits Jews to return to Eng- land, 1, 421; forms alliance with France, 9, 206; commands parlia- mentary forces, 11, 346; made Lieu- tenant-General in the New Model Army, 351; conquers Ireland, 303; appointed lord lieutenant of Ire- land, 12, 124; condition of Scot- land under, 343; made Lord Protec- GENERAL INDEX 191 tor, 367; aids West Indies, 20, 70; restores Maryland to Lord Balti- more, 23, 72; death of, 11, 372 Cromwell, Richard (1626-17 12), son of Oliver Cromwell, called Tumble- down Dick, Sullen Dick, and Indo- lent Dick: his protectorate, II, $73 Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex, an English courtier and statesman: born of poor parents at Putney about 1485, served in French army in Italy; was appointed collector of the revenues of the See of York by Wolsey, 1514; was elected member of Parliament, 1523; was made privy councilor by Henry VII, 1531; was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, i~,Z3> and vicar-general of the king to enforce the Act of Supremacy, 1536; was chosen Lord Privy Seal, 1536, and Lord High Chamberlain of England, 1539; was created Earl of Essex, 1540; nego- tiated the marriage of Henry VII with Anne of Cleves, and partly on this account was accused of treason and beheaded, July 28, 1540 Rise of, 11, 248, 255; death of, 260 Cromwell of France, The: see Robes- . pierre, Franc, ois Maximilien Joseph Isidore Crook, George (1828-1890), American soldier: in expedition against Sit- ting Bull, 24, 905 Crookhaven, Ireland: burned by the Dutch, 13, 197 Cropredy Bridge, England: battle of. (1644), 11, 349 Croton, Italy: conquers Sybaris, 2, 215; Pythagoreans at, 215; taken by Dionysius of Syracuse, 414 Crown, City of the Violet: see Athens Crown Land Sales Act (1842), co- lonial agrarian law: passed, 20, 192; repealed, 199 Crown Point, New York: expedition planned against, 23, 176; captured by English, 193; captured by Ethan Allen, 228 Croy, Charles Eugene, Duke of (ca. 1700), German commander: at the battle of Narva, 15, 39, 16, 216 Croziers (Baglerne), Scandinavian faction (ca. 1100): the party of the, 16, 98 Crusades, The, a number of expedi- tions undertaken by the Christians of Europe for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Mohamme- dans: account of, 2, 535, 9, 70, 11, 87, 13, 29, 14, 4, 16, 75, 85, 18, 138, I45> 155. 161; influence of, 18, 172, 20, 14; summary of, 23, 20 Crusentolpe, Magnus Jacob (1795- 1865), Swedish historian and novel- ist: attacks the Swedish govern- ment, 16, 259 Crazy Goyeneche, Luis de la (1768- 1828), a Chilian general: made min- ister of war and marine, 21, 120 Crypheia, Spartan secret police, ca. 400 B. C, 2, 309 Csak, Mathew (ca. 1300), Slavonian leader: rebellion of, 17, 151 Csanad, Hungary: destroyed by the Mongols, 17, 58 Csokonay, Vitez Miliary (1773-1805), Hungarian poet: aids Hungarian language, 17, 333 Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia: captured and sacked (637 A. D.), 1, 261; surrenders to the Romans, 4, 89 Cuaspud, Ecuador: battle of (1863), 21, 88, 112 Cuautla de Amilpas, Mexico: siege of (1812), 22, 243 Cuba, the largest of the West Indies, called the Queen of the Antilles: discovered, 21, 7, 22, 3, 466, 23, 32; conquered by the Spaniards, 21, 17, 22, 7, 448; reduced by English, 11, 505; in treaty of Paris, 23, 198; growth of, 20, 73; conspiracies and revolutions in, 22, 451; Pierce on annexation of, 24, 624; Buchanan desires annexation of, 657; purchase recommended by Buchanan, 671; in- surrection of (1868-1878), 888, 1022; (1895), 1022; American intervention in, 22, 456; wins independence, 22, 323; under protection of the United States, 24, 1032, 1045; military gov- ernment in, 22, 464; present condi- tions, 474; first general election, 24, 192 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 1046; reciprocity between the United States and, 22, 482, 24, 1053; his- tory of, hi the nineteenth century, 20, 325 Cubagua, a South American island: discovered (1498), 21, 12 Cuenca, Ecuador: description of, 21, 1 06 Cuernavaca (Guauhnahuac), Mexico: battle of (1521), 22, 47 Cuesta (ca. 1810), a Spanish comman- der: at battle of Talavera, 8, 430 Cuestas, Juan Lindolfo (1837), a South American politician: his ad- ministration as president of Uru- guay, 21, 259 Cuevas, Louis G. (ca. 1848), a Mexi- can statesman: signs treaty with United States, 22, 377 Cuitlahua (d. 1520), Emperor of Mex- ico: accession of, 22, 41; death of, 44 Cullen (d. 1835), a South American patriot: death of, 21, 124 Culloden Moor, Scotland: battle of (1746), 11, 488, 12, 368 Cullom, Shelby Moore, a United States Senator (ca. 1886) : investi- gates charges against the railways, 2 4> 956; chairman of senate commit- tee on foreign relations, 1076 Culpeper, Lord Thomas (d. 1719), a colonial governor of Virginia: re- ceives grant of Virginia, 23, 64; governor, 64 Culpeper Court House, Virginia: battle of (1862), 24, 763 Culp's Hill, Pennsylvania: connection with battle of Gettysburg, 24, 780 Culture System of the Dutch East Indies, 20, 289 Cumae, Italy: first Greek town in It- aly, 2, 82; settled, 2, 83, 3, 25; bat- tle of (474 B. C), 2, 219, 3, 57; cap- tured by the Romans (420 B. C.), 3, 65; taken by Sabellians (415 B. C), 2, 414 Cumana, Venezuela: occupied by the revolutionists (1821), 21, 73 Cumans, a Ugric tribe: invade Hun- gary, 17, 51; favored by Ladislav IV of Hungary, 59 "Cumberland," a United States sloop: fires on the " Merrimac," 24, 754 Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (1721-1765), an English general, younger son of George II, called the Bloody Butcher: in the War of Austrian Succession, 9, 238, 18, 335; in the Seven Years' War, 9, 245; at battle of Fontenoy, 11, 487; his campaign against the Young Preten- der, 11, 488, 12, 367; defeated at Hastenbeck, IX, 499; names fort, 23, 176 Cumberland Road: building of, 23, 441 Cummings Point, South Carolina: battery opens fire on Fort Sumter, 24, 711 Cunaxa, near Babylon: battle of (401 B. C), 1, 167, 2, 389 Cunegunda, Princess (ca. 1200), daughter of Emperor Philip: be- trothal of, 17, 68 Cunegunda of Russia, Princess (ca. 1250) : marries Premysl Otokar II of Bohemia, 17, 73; throws herself on the mercy of Rudolf of Haps- burg, 77; marries Zavisa of Falken- stein, 79 Cunha, Nuno da, a Portuguese official: governor of the Indies (1529), 5, 150, 8, 434 Cunha, Pedro Vas da (ca. 1487), Por- tuguese explorer: sent to make con- quests in Africa, 8, 323 Cunha, Tristan da (1460-1540), a Por- tuguese navigator: his campaign in Africa, 19, 21 Cuno von Stoffeln (ca. 1379), Abbot of St. Gall, Switzerland: administra- tion of, 13, 389 Curagao, an island of the Dutch West Indies: under Dutch rule, 20, 73; government of, 286 Curia, a division of the Roman State: importance of, 3, 13 Curio, Gaius (d. 49 B. C), a Roman politician: sells his services to Cae- sar, 3, 331; his campaigns in Sicily and Africa, 342; death, 342 Curium, an ancient city of Cyprus: Greek colony of, 2, 57 GENERAL INDEX 193 Curran, John Philpot, a celebrated Irish orator: born at Newmarket, County Cork, Ireland, July 24, 1750; studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and at the Middle Temple, London; was admitted to the Irish bar, 1775; entered the Irish Parliament, 1783; pleaded for the leaders of the Irish insurrection of 1798 when they were prosecuted by the government; was master of the rolls in Ireland, 1806- 1814; died at Brompton, near Lon- don, England, October 14, 1817 Favors the Rotunda Bill, 12, 192; defends Rowan, 202; defends Wolfe Tone, 214 Currant Convention, The, held in Greece to protect the interests of the currant cultivators (1905), 2, 549 Currency: see Coins and Coinage Currency Question in India, 5, 383 Curry, Dr. (ca. 1700), Irish physician: assumes leadership of Catholic movement, 12, 173 Cursor, Lucius Papirius (ca. 300 B. C), Roman dictator: in command of Roman forces, 3, 70; defeats the Etruscans, 71 Curtis, Benjamin Robbins (1809- 1874), an American jurist: dissents from Taney decision, 24, 660 Curtis, George William (1824-1892), an American journalist, orator and author: joins liberal movement, 24, 890; refuses to support Blaine's nomination, 943; opposes election of Blaine (1884), 946 Curupayti, Uruguay: battle of (1865), 21, 145 Curzon, George Nathaniel, Baron Curzon (1859 ), English states- man and publicist: his governor- generalship of India, 5, 279; his sec- ond governor-generalship of India, 302 Cushing, Caleb (1800-1879), an Ameri- can jurist, politician and diplomat: attorney general, 24, 624; counsel in Geneva commission, 885 Custer, George Armstrong, an Ameri- can soldier: born at New Rumley, Ohio, December 5, 1839; graduated from West Point, 1861, and was appointed lieutenant of United States cavalry; led a brigade in the battle of Gettysburg, 1863; took part in the Richmond and Shenan- doah campaigns, 1864-1865, and in the pursuit of Lee's army, 1865; ap- pointed lieutenant-colonel, with the brevet rank of major-general, in the regular army, 1866; commanded an exploring expedition to the Black Hills, 1874; while leading an expe- dition against the Sioux Indians, he together with his entire force was killed at Little Big Horn River, Montana, June 25, 1876 In expedition against Sitting Bull, 24, 90S Custine, Adam Philippe, Count of (1740-1793), French soldier: com- mands the army of the north, 9, 285; superseded by general Hou- chard, 10, 276; his campaigns against the allied powers, 18, 356; death of, 9, 287, 10, 279 Custozza, Italy: battle of 1866, 4, 390, 17, 392 Cutha, chief of the West Saxons (d. 584 A. D.) : his campaign against the Angles, 11, 24; death of, 25 Cutler, Manasseh (1 742-1823), an American botanist and clergyman: plans government for Northwest Territory, 23, 318 Cuzco, Peru: supports Vivanco, 21, 196 Cyaxares, King of Medea, 635-584 B. C. : reign of, 2, 120; empire of, 122 Cyclades, a group of islands in the ./Egean Sea, 2, 18; Ionic coloniza- tion of, 54; conquered by Saracens, I, 289; captured by Turks, 2, 539 Cyclic Poets, The, authors of Greek epic poems composed between 800 and 550 B. C, relating to the Trojan war and the Theban war, 2, 31 Cydnus, Cilicia, Asia Minor: Alexan- der at the, 2, 491 Cydonia, Crete: battles of (71 B. C.) 3, 260; (68 B. C), 260 Cylon (ca. 600 B. C), Athenian noble: conspiracy of, 2, 99 Cymburga (ca. 1425), Mazovian prin- 194 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS cess: marries Ernest, the Man of Iron, 17, 107 Cyme, Asia Minor: named by Lo- crians, 2, 53; taken by Persians, 135; besieged by Tissaphernes, 391 Cynoscephalae, Thessaly: battle of (197 B. C), 2, 518, 3, 141 Cynric, King of the West Saxons (ca. 550 A. D.): attacks Britons, 11, 24 Cyprus, in the Mediterranean: con- quered by the Saracens, 1, 289; early syllabary used in, 2, 27, 56; Greek settlements in, 56; submits to Persia, 127; subdued, 135; joins the Ionian revolt, 135; invaded by Ci- mon, 247; submits to Alexander, 494; liberated from Egyptians, 514; massacres in, 543; annexed to Ro- man empire, 3, 277; conquered by Turks, 14, 195; history of, 20, 253; government of, 254 Cypselus, Tyrant of Corinth, 655-625 B. C: reign of, 2, 92 Cyrene, northern Africa: site fixed by oracle, 2, 44; founded, 2, 87, 19, 7; submits to Persia, 2, 128 Cyric (Grig), King of Scotland, ca. 900 A. D. : usurps throne, 12, 255 Cyril, grand duke of Russia (ca. 1900) : at Port Arthur, 7, 307 Cyril, Saint (820-869 A. D.), Greek scholar and prelate: mission of, 17, 31; death of, 32 Cyrillic Alphabet: created, 17, 32 Cyrus the Elder, also called the Great, King of Persia, 559-529 B. C, and founder of the Persian empire: birth and early life are lost in fabulous tales; incited the Persians to revolt, dethroned Astyages of Media and ascended the throne, 559 B. C.; in- creased his power by the conquest of Croesus, King of Lydia, 546; marched with a large army against Babylon, and captured it, 538; showed great consideration to the conquered city; allowed the Jewish exiles in Babylon to go back to their own country; authorities differ as to the manner of his death, but it is generally believed that in the invasion of the country of the Mas- sagetae, he was drawn into ambush and killed, 529 B. C. Rise of, 1, 93; conquers Babylonia and Assyria, 94; Lydia, 146; ances- try of, 160; becomes king of the Medes, 161; conquers Babylonia, 161; career of, I, 401, 2, 122, 124, 125, 126; estimate of, 2, 127; death of, 127 Cyrus the Younger (d. 401 B. C): governor of Asia Minor, 2, 369; aids Lysander, 369; rebels against his brother, 388; march of the "Ten Thousand " under, 389; killed, 389 Cythera, in the ^Egean Sea: a Phoeni- cian possession, 2, 27 Cyzicus, Asia Minor: settled, 2, 80; battle of, 365 Czaikowski, Michael (Sadyk Pasha) (1808-1886), Polish novelist and general: memoirs of, 15, 287 Czapek of San (ca. 1400), Polish com- mander: given command of Hussite army, 17, 138 Czartoryski, Prince Adam Casimir (1734-1823), Polish politician: his account of Paul's death, 15, 209 Czartoryski, Prince Adam George (1770-1861), Polish general and pol- itician: his influence, 15, 263; in the Polish insurrection, 293; in Eng- land, 296; death of, 325 Czartoryski, Ladislaus (d. ca. i860), son of Prince Adam George Czar- toryski: leads the Poles, 15, 325 Czech Museum at Prague: see Prague: museum at Czechs, branch of the Slavic race: set- tle in Bohemia, 17, 18; form alli- ance with Charles the Great, 30; clamor for their political rights, 403 Czermak, Jaroslaw (1831-1878), Bo- hemian historical painter: sketch of, 17, 416 Czernowitz, Austria-Hungary: Swed- ish loss at, 14, 275 Czerny (Black), George (1766-1817), a Servian leader: rebellion of, 14, 389, 395, 15, 218; fails in Bosnia, 14, 403; deserts Servia, 410; assas- sinated, 411 Czolgosz, Leon (1873-1901), anarch- ist: assassinates McKinley, 24, 1049 D Dacia, a Roman province: part of, occupied by the Goths, 17, 14; set- tled by Servians, 22 Dacia, Martinus de (ca. 1290), Danish statesman: chancellor of Denmark, 16, no Dacians, inhabitants of Dacia: rise of, 17, 11 Dacre, Thomas Fienes, Lord (1517- 1541), an English soldier and poli- tician: his campaign against the Scots, 12, 302 Dacres, Captain, British naval officer: commands " Guerriere," 23, 422 Daedels, Herman Willem (1762- 1818), a Dutch general: his work in Java, 20, 288 Dagmar, Queen of Denmark: sketch of, 16, 90 Dagobert I (602-638 A. D.), King of the Franks, 628-638 A. D.: reign of, 9, 31, 18, 64; at war with Samo the Merchant, 17, 20 Dagobert II (654-679 A. D.), King of Franks: sent to Ireland, 9, 331 reign of, 34; educated in Ireland, 12, 34 Dagobert III, Frankish king, 711-714 A. D.: reign of, 9, 33 Dahae, Persian Nomadic tribe: invade India, 5, 73 Dahlberg, Erik (ca. 1700), a Swedish commander: defends Riga, 16, 215 Dahlgren, John Adolf (1 809-1 870), an American rear admiral: commands Federal fleet, 24, 805 Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph (1785-1860), a German historian: his historical investigations, 16, 267 Dahomans, an African tribe: resist the French, 19, 163 Dahomey, Africa: description of, 20, 281 d'Ailly, Pierre: see Ailly, Pierre d' Dakota: see Sioux Dakotas, The, two of the United States: affected by Missouri Com- promise, 23, 456 Dalai-lama, one of the two popes of Lamaism: Galdan's alliance with, 6, 70; seeks aid from Peking, 101; flight of, from Lhasa, 316 Dalberg, Duke of, a French senator 1814: member of provisional gov- ernment, 9, 349 Dale, Richard (1 756-1 826), an Ameri- can commodore: commands squad- ron, 23, 394 Dale, Sir Thomas (d. 1619), a colo- nial governor of Virginia, 23, 60 Dalgorukov, Prince Gregory (ca. 1725), a Russian official at War- saw: tampers with the Polish diet, 15, 81 Dalhousie, James Andrew Brown Ramsay, Earl of (1812-1860), an English soldier: his governor-gen- eralship of India, 5, 222 Dallas, Alexander James (1750-1817), an American statesman: Secretary of the Treasury, 23, 439 Dallas, George Mifflin (1792-1864), an American politician: nominated for Vice-president, 24, 537; hung in effigy, 554 Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary: subject to the Republic of Venice, 17, 4; Italian element in, 8; conquered by the Romans, 12; St. Luke's work in, 14; recognizes the authority of Theodoric, 16; attacked by Croats, 21; comes under Frankish rule, 38; annexed to Hungary, 52, 152; sketch of its history, 284; under Napoleon, 301; government of (1848), 355; under the dual system of government, 405 Dalny, Manchuria: port of, 6, 310; Russia cedes lease of, 314 Dalrymple, Sir Hew (1750-1830), a 195 196 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS British officer: concludes conven- tion of Cintra, 8, 529 Dalta (Rita), King of the Medes, ca. 709 B. C. : placed on the throne by Sargon, I, 158 Dalziel, Thomas (1599-1685), a Brit- ish general: attempts to crush the Scottish Presbyterians, 12, 346 Daman, British India: captured by the Portuguese, 5, 151; under Por- tuguese rule, 20, 298 Damascus, capital of Syria: sieges of (842 B. C), 1, 81, 392; (805 B. C), 393; (734 B. C), 83; (633 A. D.), 269; taken by the Persians (615 A. D.), 5, 320; captured by the Em- peror Zimisces (969 A. D.), I, 369; taken by Selim I of Turkey (1516), 14, 130; adorned by Suleiman, 188 Damaseppus, Lucius Brutus (d. 82 B. C.)> Roman pretor and soldier: at- tempts to succor Rome, 3, 227; death, 228 Dambray, Charles Henri (1 760-1 829), a French statesman: made chancel- lor and keeper of the seals, 9, 356 Dames (ca. 637 A. D.), an Arabian slave: at siege of Aleppo, 1, 284 Damghan, Persia: battle of (1730), 5, 350 Damid AH (Ali Kumurzi), Grand Vizier of Turkey (ca. 1715) : ac- count of, 14, 285 Damiens (ca. 1759), French fanatic: attempts to assassinate Louis XV, 9, 242 Damietta, Egypt: captured by the Crusaders (1219), 1, 36, 9, 81 Damocles, a Syracusan courtier: story of, 2, 412 Dampierre, Henry of (ca. 1619), an Austrian general: his campaign in Bohemia, 17, 203 Dan (I) Mykillati, King of Denmark, ca. 1000 B. C: the legend of, 16, 17 Dan (II) Mykillati, King of Den- mark, ca. 270 A. D. : the legend of, 16, 17 Dana, Francis, an American states- man: sent as minister to Russia, 23, 268 Danai, Greek mythological charac- ters: in Homer, 2, 33; in Egyptian inscriptions, 33 Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of (1631-1712), English statesman: given the Treasurership, 11, 399; in the confidence of Charles II, 402; committed to the Tower, 407; released, 415; joins William III, 429 Dandelot (ca. 1560), brother of Co- ligny: plots against the Guises, 9, ISO Dane, Sir Louis (1856 ), British official: his mission to Kabal, 5, 295 Dane, Nathan (1752-1835), American jurist: supports plan of govern- ment for Northwest Territory, 23, 319; opposes ratification of the Constitution, 335 D'Andrade, Don Fernao Peres (ca. 1522), a Portuguese naval comman- der: in China, 6, 32 Danegeld, primitive Saxon tax: Thomas a Becket resists the levy- ing of, 11, 101 Danelaw, the name applied to that part of England which was under the laws of the Danes: extent of, 11, 43 Danes, the natives of Denmark: in- vade England, 2, 535, it, 42, 57; conclude peace with Alfred the Great, 11, 43; invade Ireland, 12, 39 Danican, General (ca. 1770), French revolutionist: summons the con- vention to withdraw its troops, 10, 358 Daniel (d. 1303), Russian prince: reign of, 15, 12 Daniel, John Warwick (1842 ), American politician: chairman of Democratic convention (1896), 24, 1013 Danish Expedition, for Arctic ex- ploration (1906), 16, 339 Danish Revolution, The, making Den- mark an absolute hereditary state (1660), 16, 232 Dannebrog, Danish national stand- ard: the origin of the, 16, 86; Or- der of the (1670), 234 Dannenberg, General (ca. 1800), Rus- GENERAL INDEX 197 sian general: at the siege of War- saw, 15, 295 Danneskjold-Samsoe, Count (ca. 1750), Danish admiral: exile of, 16, 241 Dannevirke, an ancient entrenchment erected in the 9th century as a pro- tection of Denmark against inva- sion from the South, 16, 30 note, 18, 85 Dannoura, Japan: battle of, 7, 62 Danrin-ji, Buddhist temple in Japan: built, 7, 41 Dante Aligheri, an Italian poet: born at Florence, Italy, May, 1265; first met Beatrice Portinari in 1274 and was inspired to write poetry through his love for her; never married Beatrice, but two years af- ter her death, wedded Gemma Do- nati, 1292; lived a very unhappy married life and finally separated from his wife; early took up the cause of the Guelphs and fought at C~rnpaldino, 1289; performed several missions to foreign courts; was elected one of the priors of Florence, 1300; was condemned to perpetual c:cil2 by the Neri and his estates confiscated, 1302; for nine- teen years wandered from place to place in Italy, and is even said to have visited Paris and Oxford; died at Ravenna, Italy, September 14, 1321 Sketch of, 4, 213, 280, 18, 186 Danton, Georges Jacques (1759- 1794), French Revolutionary leader: excites insurrection, 9, 270; leader of the Cordelier club, 9, 272, 10, 128; leader of the Mountain, 9, 278; his character and policy, 10, 204; his interview with Robes- pierre, 290; his refusal to defend himself, 292; his arrest, 293; death of, 9, 288, 10, 294 Dantonists, in French history, the followers of Danton: policy of, 10, 285; fall of, 290; execution of their leaders, 295 Dantzig, West Prussia: taken by the Swedes (1703), 16, 216; sieges of (1733), 9, 235, 15, 119; (1793), 189; (1807), 9, 330 Danube River, Central Europe: made frontier of the Roman Empire, 17, 12 Dara (d. 1660), Indian prince: death of, 5, 121 Daras, Mesopotamia: battle of (529 A. D.), 2, 532; captured by the Per- sians (572 A. D.), 5, 319 Darboy, Georges (1813-1871), French prelate: death of, 9, 473 d'Arc, Jeanne: see Jeanne d' Arc Dardanelles, a straight connecting the Sea of Marmora with the ^Egean Sea: control of, 14, 437 Dardania, Asia Minor: settled by Servians, 17, 22 Dardsha (ca. 1750), Chinese leader: usurps power, 6, 85 Dare, Virginia (b. 1587): first Eng- lish child born in America, 23, 53 Dar-es-Salaam, German East Africa: growth of, 19, T43 Darfur, Africa: annexed to Egypt, 19, 56 Dargo, Russia: taken by the Rus- sians, 15, 299 Darien, Colony of, an unsuccessful Scottish settlement on the Isthmus of Panama (1695), 12, 354 Darius (I) Hystaspis, King of Per- sia, 521-486 B. C. : was born about 548 B. C; was the son of Hystas- pis, one of the noble race of Ach- asmenidas; killed the usurper Gom- ates (known to the Greeks as Smerdis), 521, and assumed the crown; reorganized the great em- pire of Cyrus and Cambyses, and divided it into twenty satrapies; suppressed two revolts of the Bab- ylonians; undertook an expedition against the Scythians which was unsuccessful; in revenge for the part played by Athens in the Ionic revolt of 501 B. C, Darius sent an army under Mardonios against that city, 492 B. C. ; this expedition fail- ed and when he again sent a force against Attica, Athenian valor saved Greece at the battle of Mara- 198 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS thon, 490 B. C; was preparing to renew the struggle when he died, 487 B. C. Accession of, 2, 128; reign of, 1, 163; reorganizes his empire, 2, 130; invades Scythia, 132; incensed with Athens, 139; sends out Datis and Artaphernes, 165; his conquest of Babylon, 1, 94; death, 2, 172 Darius II, King of Persia, 424-405 B. C: reign of, I, 167; his treaty with Sparta, 2, 352; sends Cyrus to Asia Minor, 369; death of, 2, 388 Darius III, King of Persia, 336-330 B. C. : ascends the throne, 2, 487; reign of, 1, 168; at Issus, 2, 492; makes proposals to Alexander, 493; at Arbela, 496; death of, 499 Darkness, Sea of: see Atlantic Ocean Darling, Sir Ralph (1775-1858), Eng- lish colonial statesman: conditions in Australia under, 20, 186 Darney (ca. 1850), French legislator: introduces compulsory education bill, 9, 454 Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord (1541- 1567): marries Mary Queen of Scots, 11, 281 Daroca, Spain: battle of (1120), 8, 233 Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire: founded, 23, 140; Su- preme Court decision on, 440; Amos Kendall a graduate from, 485 Daru, Napoleon, Count (1 807-1 890), French statesman: minister of for- eign affairs, 9, 459 Dashkov, Catherine Romanovna (1744-1810), Russian princess: mem- oirs of, 15, 154; favorite of Cath- erine the Great, 155; travels of, 159, 162 Datis (5th century B. C.) Persian general: at Marathon, I, 166, 2, 165 Dathen, Peter (ca. 1550), Flemish reformer: preaches Protestantism, 13, 92 Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria, Count (1705-1766), Austrian general, call- ed the Fabius of Austria: cam- paigns of, 9, 246, 17, 244, 18, 335, 337, 339 Daunou, Pierre Claude Frangois (1761-1840), French statesman and author: opposes Napoleon, 9, 319; his character and principles, 10, 354 Davalos, Fernando (ca. 1500), Span- ish magistrate: arrested, 8, 346 Davalos, Ildefonzo (ca. 1650), Span- ish bishop: his work among the In- dians, 22, 172 Davatsi (ca. 1750), Chinese insur- gent: opposes Dardsha, 6, 85 Davel, Daniel Abraham (d. 1723), Swiss military officer: leads insur- rection in the Vaud, 13, 501 Davenport, John (1598-1670), English Puritan: founds New Haven, 23, 92 David, Saint (490-544 A. D.), patron of Wales: his piety, II, 31 David ben Jesse (1090-1015 B. C), Hebrew poet, prophet and king: career of, 1, 383; character of, 387 David I, King of Scotland, 1124- 1153: his hostility to Stephen I of England, II, 93; reign of, 12, 262 David (II) Bruce, King of Scotland, 1329-1371: reign of, 11, 157, 12, 284 David (d. 1284), Welsh prince: joins revolt, 11, 144 David, C. N. (ca. 1825), Danish scholar: arrest of, 16, 263 David, City of: see Jerusalem Davidovitch (ca. 1800), Russian gen- eral: his campaigns against Napo- leon, 9, 301 Davie, William R. (1756-1820), Am- erican colonist: appointed envoy, 23, 376 Davies, Robert Henry (1 824-1 902), Anglo-Indian statesman: sketch of, 5, 252 Davis, Charles Henry (1807-1877), American naval commander: cap- tures Memphis, 24, 750 Davis, Cushman Kellogg (1838-1900), American legislator: member of Spanish-American Peace Commis- sion, 24, 1031 Davis, David (18 15-1886), American lawyer: joins liberal movement, 24, 800; candidate for Presidential GENERAL INDEX 199 nomination (1872), 891; proposed for a member of the Electoral Commission, 912; member of the Senate, 916 Davis, George Whitefield (1839- 1899), American general and states- man: made governor of canal zone, 20, 333, 24, 1036; arranges judicial system and various departments for Porto Rico, 1040 Davis, Henry Gassaway (1823 ), American capitalist: nominated for Vice-president, 24, 1066 Davis, Henry Winter (181 7-1865), American Statesman: protests against Lincoln's actions, 24, 838 Davis, Jefferson, an American sol- dier and statesman: born in Chris- tian County, Kentucky, June 8, 1808; graduated from West Point, 1828; was Democratic Representa- tive from Mississippi in Congress, 1845-1846; was with General Tay- lor in the Mexican War, 1846-1847; was United States Senator, 1847- 1851 and 1857-1861; was Secretary of War, 1853-1857; was made pro- visional President of the Confeder- acy, February 18, 1861, and Presi- dent, February 22, 1862; was cap- tured near Irwinsville, Georgia, May 10, 1865, and imprisoned in Fortress Monroe, Virginia, 1865- 1867; received his pardon, Decem- ber, 1868; published a book, 1881, entitled " Rise and Fall of the Con- federate States," in which he vindi- cates his policy as President; died in New Orleans, December 6, 1889; his body was removed from there and interred at Richmond, Virginia, May 31, 1893, with appro- priate ceremonies and without a display of sectional bitterness In Mexican War, 24, 554; quoted on the righteousness of slavery, 591; opposes Compromise of 1850, 608; heads protest against admission of California, 609; Secretary of War, 624; Lincoln sworn into volunteer service by, 666; denounces John Brown's raid, 676; his resolutions on the slavery question, 678; parting address in Congress, 690; earlier career, 692; elected President of Confederacy, 692; inaugurated, 693; quoted on grievances of the South, 699; votes against Crittenden's compromise measure, 701; message concerning conduct of government at Washington toward commis- sioners, 710; calls for troops, 717; rejoices over secession of Virginia, 718; quoted on motives of Confed- eracy, 726; orders Johnston to aid Beauregard at Bull Run, 734; fa- vors an advance on Washington after battle of Bull Run, 736; re- fuses to remove A. S. Johnston from command, 745; his prophecy, 778; removes J. E. Johnston from his command, 795; plans new cam- paign with Hood, 802; in Hampton Roads Conference, 809; receives news of fall of Richmond, 810; flight from Richmond, 810; Greeley signs bail bond of, 892 Davis, Jefferson C. (1828-1879), American general: captures Modoc band, 14, 905 Davis, John (d. 1605), English navi- gator: searches for the Northwest Passage, 5, 156, 16, 301 Davis, Sir John Francis (1795- 1890), an English officer and writ- er, 6, 143 Davis, Reuben (ca. 1850), American congressman: secessionist leader, 24, 701 Davis, Thomas Osborne (1814-1845), Irish poet and politician: founds " The Nation," 12, 226, 228 Davout, Louis Nicolas (1770-1823), French marshal: made marshal, 9, 322; joins Napoleon after his return, 10, 50; camjaign against Russia, 15, 219; occupies Presburg, *7> 334! campaign against allied forces, 18, 372 Dawes, Henry Laurens (1816-1903), American lawyer: supports Hayes, 24, 915 Dawkins, Clinton Edward (ca. 1900), English official in India, 5, 274 200 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Day, Francis (1830 ), British ich- thyologist: founds Fort Saint George, 5, 163 Day, William Rufus (1849 ), an American statesman: member of Spanish-American Peace Commis- sion, 24, 1031 Day of the Camel, victory of the Mohammedan Ali over the rebels (660 A. D.), i, 246 Dayton, William Lewis (1807-1864), an American statesman: nominated for Vice-president, 24, 654; in Re- publican Convention, 680 Daza, Hilarion (1838 ), Bolivian general and politician: in the war with Chili, 21, 235; deposed as president of Bolivia, 236 Dazaifu, Japan: battle of (1281), 7, 75 Deak, Francis (1803-1876), an Hun- garian orator and statesman: in the diet of Presburg, 17, 338; in the diets of 1831, 339; of 1836, 352; draws up the plan of the opposi- sition (1847), 354; made minister of justice, 368; opposes the Austrian constitutions, 388; in the negotia- tions for the dual alliance, 397; re- fuses all honors, 399 Dean, Richard (1610-1653), an Eng- lish admiral: in the war with the Dutch, 13, 230 Deane, Sir Harold Arthur (1854 ), British official: chief commissioner of the Northwest Frontier Prov- ince, 5, 286 Deane, Silas (1737-1789), American diplomat: delegate to first Conti- nental Congress, 23, 223; sent to France to procure supplies for the army, 238; sent to Europe, 265; commissioned as minister to France, 265; signs Treaty of Ver- sailles, 267 Dearborn, Henry (1751-1829), Ameri- can soldier: Secretary of War, 23, 389 Dease, an Arctic explorer (ca. 1839) : explorations of, 16, 309 Debris (ca. 1575), a notorious Span- ish councilor: member of the gov- erning council of the Netherlands, 13, 120 Debs, Eugene Victor (1855 ), American labor leader: arrested, 24, 1003; nominated President by So- cial Democratic Party, 1067 Debt, Law of, in Rome: suspended, 3, 40 Decarchies, committees of philo- Spartan citizens: in Asia Minor, 2, 381 Decatur, Illinois: Lincoln nominated by State convention at, 24, 681 Decatur, Stephen (1751-1808), Amer- ican naval officer: commands squadron, 23, 375 Decatur, Stephen (1779-1820), Amer- ican naval officer: commands frig- ate "United States," 23, 422; naval hero in War of 1812, 433 Decazes, lie (1780-1860), French jurist and statesman: made minis- ter of police, 9, 367; made minis- ter of the interior, 370; forms min- istry, 372 Deccan Agricultural Relief Act (1880), an act preventing the ex- ploitation of the peasants of India by money lenders, 5, 256 Decebalus (d. 104 A. D.), King of Dacia: reign of, 17, 13 Decelea, Greece: seized by Spartans, 2, 342 December, The Man of: see Napo- leon III, Emperor of the French Decemvirate, The, in Roman history the commission of ten appointed to codify Roman law: appointed, 3, 44 Decisions of the Supreme Court: see Supreme Court Decisions Decius, Caius Messius Quintus Tra- janus, Roman Emperor, 249-251 A. D. : reign of, 4, 109; death of, 18, 28 Decius Mus, Publius (d. 340 B. C). Roman consul: at battle of Senti- num, 3, 72 Decken, Karl Klaus von der (1833- 1865), an African explorer: explo- rations of, 19, 54 Declaration, The Czech, the formu- lated claims of the Czechs present- GENERAL INDEX 201 ed to Francis Joseph (1868), 17, 403 Declaration of Breda (1660), a dec- laration containing the promises of Charles II, II, 375 , Declaration of Independence, the public act whereby the Continen- tal Congress declared the Ameri- can colonies independent of Great Britain (1776), 9, 254, 10, 86, 11, 516, 20, 127, 23, 236; advocated, 23, 239; adopted, 241; its reception among the people, 241; written by Jefferson, 383; first draft contains slavery clause, 24, 552 Declaration of Rights, in American history, the protest of the colonies against policy of the English gov- ernment: drawn up by American colonies, 23, 212; issued by first Continental Congress, 223 Declaration of Rights, Venezuelan: granted to Venezuelans (1863), 21, 98 Declaration of Secession, South Car- olina, 24, 685 Declaration of the Rights of Man, France (1789), 9, 265 Declarations of Indulgence: (1672), 11, 397; (1687), 425; (1688), 427 Declaratory Act, an act affirming the right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies (1766), 23, 214 Dedannans, Greek tribes: settle in Ireland, 12, 24 Dediulin, General, a Russian official: becomes commandant of the pal- ace (1906), 15, 368 Dee, Bridge of, Scotland: battle of (1639), 12, 338 Deer Creek, Tennessee: in Vicksburg campaign, 24, 776 Deerfield, Massachusetts: burned in King Philip's War, 23, 97; attacked in the French and Indian War, 160 Defender and Baron of the Holy Sepulcher: see Godfrey of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem Defender of the Faith: see Henry VIII, King of England " Defenders," a secret society in Ire- land, ca. 1785, 12, 196 Defense, Treaty of, a treaty between the English and the Dutch (1619), 5, 161 Definitive Treaty, a treaty between England, France, and Spain (1763), 20, 120 Degennes (18th century), a French explorer in South America: explo- rations of, 21, 34 Degollado, General (ca. i860), Mexi- can general: in the Reform War, 22, 383 Deities, Age of the, legendary age in Japanese history extending to reign of Emperor Jimmu, 7, 3 Dekabrists, a political party in Rus- sia, 1825: insurrection of the, 15, 273 Dekker, Edouard Douwes (1820- 1887), a Dutch writer: aids reform movement for Dutch East Indies, 20, 294 Delacroix, J. P. (1754-1794), a French statesman: attacked by mob, 9, 284 Delagoa Bay, Indian Ocean: present status of, 19, 250 Delaunay, Jourdan (1740-1789), French soldier: at the siege of the Bastile, 10, 63 Delaware, one of the United States, called the Blue Hen State, the Dia- mond State, and the Musk Rat State: first settlements, 23, 108; joined to Pennsylvania, 108; Penn grants separate legislature, 112; sta- tistics at outbreak of Revolution, 126; status of society at outbreak of the Revolution, 132; land of Quakers and Lutherans, 149; re- fuses to surrender power of regu- lating commerce, 311; produce from, taxed by Pennsylvania, 311; fails to pay her share of national govern- ment expenses (1781), 313; chooses delegates for Constitutional Con- vention, 322; ratifies the Constitu- tion, 335; opposes Lincoln's re- election, 24, 802; Presidential elec- tions (1868), 861; (1892), 992; (1896), 1018 Delaware, Thomas West, Lord (1577- 1618) : governor of Virginia, 23, 60 Delaware Indians: tribe of North American Indians: belong to Algon- 202 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS quian stock, 23, 8; negotiate with Penn, 11 1 Delaware River, United States: Wal- loons settle on, 23, 102; Washing- ton crosses, 247 Delbred (ca. 1799), a French politi- cian: proposes the renewal of the oath to the constitution of the year III, 10, 414 Delbriick, Martin Friederich Rudolph (ca. 1873), German minister of com- merce: policy of, 18, 443 Delcasse, Theophile (1852 ), min- ister of Foreign Affairs: his visit to Russia, 15, 356 Delessart, Antoine de Valdec (d. 1792), French secretary of foreign affairs: imprisoned, 10, 168 De Lesseps Company: see Lesseps, Ferdinand de Delhi, India: captured by Mohammed of Ghor (1193), 5, 95; adorned by Shah Jahan, 120; battle of (1398), 104; (1804), 136, 201; sack of (1736), 127; siege of (1857), 237 Delight of Mankind, The: see Titus, Roman Emperor Delisle, Joseph Nicholas (1688-1768), a French astronomer: mission of, 15, 114; services of, 195 Delium, Greece: battle of (424 B. C.)> 2, 311 Delia Rocca, General (ca. i860), Ital- ian general: in the war against the Papacy, 4, 381 Delos, one of the Cyclades: confed- eracy of, 2, 217; strengthened by Pericles, 238; synod and treasury of, removed to Athens, 241; organiza- tion of, 257; name of war fund changed on account of, 429; as a slave-market, 3, 172 Delphi, Greece: oracle of, 2, 11, 43; not referred to in Homeric poems, 33; influence on colonization, 88; protected by Solon, 103; ambiguity of, 123; bribed by Cleomenes, 163; prophecies of, before Persian War, 179; attacked by Xerxes, 198; seized by the Phocians, 460; delivered by Philip, 469 De Lucy, Richard (ca. 11 50), English Justiciar, 11, 98 Delvasto (ca. 1550), Italian general: at siege of Antwerp, 13, 149 Delyanni, Theodore (1826 ), a Greek politician: in politics of mod- ern Greece, 2, 548 Delzons, Alexis Joseph (1775-18 12), French general: his campaign against Russia, 15, 244 Demaratus, King of Sparta, 510-491 B. C.: reign of, 2, 143, 163, 190 Demarcation, Bulls of, issued (1493) in struggle between Spain and Por- tugal over the Indies: issued, 5, 146, 21, 14, 23, 32; false interpretations of, 21, 39, 23, 46 Dembinski, Henryk (1791-1864), a Po- lish general: in the Hungarian re- volt, 15, 301, 18, 401 Demerara, British Guiana: taken by the English, 20, 143 Demes, territorial subdivisions of At- tica, 2, 145 Demeter, Greek goddess of vegeta- tion, 2, 39 Demetrius Poliorcetes (335-283 B. C), Macedonian general, 2, 513, 514 Democracy: AMERICA: principle introduced, 23, 62; in Plymouth colony, 87; in Massachusetts Bay colony, 88; in the New England colonies, 124; rise of democratic party (1824- 1828), 459; Jackson's administration, 477 AUSTRALIA: among the settlers, 20, 190 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: in Hun- gary, 17, 331, 332, 353; in the diet (1848), 375 CANADA: organized democracy, 20, 150; democratic spirit of consti- tution, 172 ENGLAND: of Eliot, 11, 329; work of Pym, Hampden, Holies and Strode, 343; the commonwealth, 362; Declaration of Rights, 431; John Wilkes, 508; struggle of, 1789- 1827, 539; growth of, 581; Reform Bill (1832), 587; of the Chartists, 608 FRANCE: teaching of Rousseau, 10, 15; Jacobite ideas, 128; in Na- tional Assembly, 155; establishment GENERAL INDEX of First Republic, 9, 278, 10, 215; victory of the Jacobins (1793), 10, 254; extreme democracy of Robes- pierre and Danton, 264; during the Reign of Terror, 272, 273, 297; dur- ing Revolution, 9, 278, 10, 368, 20, 138; under the Directory, 10, 375, 376; in 1830, 9, 396; spread by the journals, 404; Second Republic (1848), 435; Third Republic (1870), 467 GERMANY: liberal ideas promul- gated, 9, 373; in the Universities, 18, 394; in 1848, 403; growth of democratic party, 438 GREECE: reforms of Solon, 2, 104; at Athens (509 B. C), 141; Consti- tution of Cleisthenes, 152; in Aegina 173; at Athens in Age of Pericles, 238, 256, 257; in Theban cities, 245; in cities of Confederacy of Delos, 351; at Athens, 358; efforts to lib- erate herself from Turkey, 9, 373 HAYTI: effect of French Revolu tion, 22, 492 IRELAND: in one branch of Cath- olic party, 12, 199 ITALY: in Greek cities, 2, 221; in the Lombard cities, 4, 186; in the republics of the 13th century, 203; in Austrian provinces, 17, 327; up- rising in Naples, 9, 373; in 1830, 397 MEXICO: republic established (1824), 22, 258; republic reestab- lished (1867), 398 NETHERLANDS: at beginning of Revolution, 13, 85; declaration of independence, 134; effect of Ameri- can Revolution, 257; during French Revolution, 266, 272 POLAND: in 1830, 9, 397 ROME: reforms of Cato, 3, 158; after death of Sulla, 255; under 1st coalition, 267; restoration of, 279, 280 SICILY: in Greek cities, 2, 221 SOUTH AMERICA: under Simon Bolivar, 21, 58; Colombia, 69; Para- guay, 69, 147; Argentine Republic 120; Uruguay, 137; Brazil, 253; ef- fect of American and French Revo lutions, 266 SWITZERLAND: at Geneva (i737), 13, 498, 500; effect of French Revolution, 10, 399, 13, 503, 506; in Zurich (1838), 13, 542; in the va- rious states, 564 WEST INDIES: outbreaks in Ja- maica, 20, 139; Republic of Cuba (1902), 22, 471 Democratic Party, in the United States: origin, 23, 434; rise of, 459; followers of Jackson, 498, 501; sec- ond national convention, 509; con- vention at Baltimore (1840), 24, 522; pleased with Tyler, 529; con- ventions at Baltimore (1844), 536; (1848), 555; (1852), 619; at Cincin- nati (1856), 652; dissension due to Lecompton policy, 663; disruption of Northern and Southern Demo- crats, 679; conventions at Baltimore (i860), 682; at New York (1868), 858; theories of, sustained by Chief Justice Chase, 859; regains control in Southern States, 873, 932; con- ventions at Baltimore (1872), 892; at St. Louis (1876), 908; at Cincin- nati (1880), 930; at Chicago (1884), 944; tariff issue of 1888, 963; plat- form in 1888, 966; " landslide elec- tion " of 1890, 975; convention at Chicago (1892), 989; platform (1892), 990; absorbs Populists, 1012; convention at Chicago (1896), 1012; platform (1900), 1038; convention at St. Louis (1904), 1064 Democrats, in the French Revolution: system of, 10, 297; revolutionary power of, 325; reestablish their club at the Pantheon, 375; their society closed by the directory, 376; last attempt and final defeat of, 378; elections of the year VI, 400; of the year VII, 403 Democrats, Gold, in United States his- tory those Democrats who were op- posed to free silver: convention at Indianapolis (1896), 24, 1015 Demon of the South, The: see Philip II, King of Spain Demosthenes (d. 413 B. C), Athenian general: his campaign in the Pelo- ponnesus, 2, 300, 301; fortifies Pylos, 302; takes Sphacteria, 307; sent to 204 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sicily, 342; captured, 346; slain, 347 Demosthenes (385-322 B. C), Athen- ian orator, 2, 464; Olynthiac ora- tions of, 466; sent on embassy to Pella, 467; political activity of, 469; travels in Peloponnesus, 470; urges the Athenians to war, 472; per- suades the Thebans to war, 476; stirs up Greece against Alexander, 485; incites revolt, 512 Demosthenes, The High-born: see William the Silent Demosthenes of America, The: see Webster, Daniel Demosthenes of France, The: see Mirabeau, Gabriel Honor e Riquetti, Count Denain, France: battle of (1712), 9, 224, 11, 463 Denby, Charles (1 830-1 904), Ameri- can lawyer: minister to China, 6 298; member of Philippine commis- sion, 24, 1042 Dendermonde Conference, The, be- tween William of Orange and his nobles (1566), 13, 100 Denina, Carlo (1731-1813), Italian historian and priest: sketch of, 4, 409 Denis, Saint (d. 272 A. D.), patron saint of France, called the Apostle of France and the Apostle of the Gauls: martyred, 9, 12 Denison, Sir William Thomas, Gov- ernor-general of India, December 2, 1863-January 12, 1864: administra- tion of, 5, 245 Denmark, a kingdom in northern Europe: legendary history of, 16 16; consolidation of, 20, 22; Adam of Bremen's description of, 61; un- der the Estridsens, 67; under the Valdemars, 80; at the close of the Middle Ages, 141; Sweden dissolves union with, 154; benevolent despot- ism in, 230; in the age of political revolution, 247; allied with Russia (1760), 14, 322; withdraws support from Russia, 360; treaty with China (1870), 6, 221; approves cession of St. Thomas, 24, 879; concludes treaty with Japan, 7, 189; consti- tutional government in, 16, 288 Dennewitz, Germany: battle of (1813), 9, 343, 18, 384 Deogiri, India: captured by Ala-ud- din, 5, 99; captured by Malik Kafur, 100 Departments, districts of France: in- surrection of the, 10, 267 Dependent Pension Bill, a bill allow- ing $12 per month to all who had served in the Civil War as long as 90 days: vetoed by President Cleve- land, 24, 952; effect on election (1890), 975 Depew, Chauncey Mitchell (1834 ), an American lawyer and poli- tician: agitated for Presidency, 24, 965 Deposed Rulers: B. C. 1090. Herhor of Egypt, 1, 29 Terhakah of Egypt, 1, 30 Peisistratus of Athens, 2, no Pausanias of Sparta, 2, 398 Nektanebos, 1, 33 Darius of Persia, 2, 497 Demetrius of Macedon, 3, 76 670. 558. 395- 343- 331. 287. A. D. 456. Childeric, King of the Franks, 9, 17 912. Charles the Simple, 9, 54 945. Muiz ad-Daula, 1, 366 1010. Mohammed of Toledo, 8, 138 1037. Archbishop Herebert of Mi- lan, 18, 127 1061. Andrew, King of Hungary, 17, Si 1 142. Emperor Sutoku of Japan, 7, 56 1152. Dermot MacMurrogh, King of Leinster, 12, 48 1236. Frederick the Quarrelsome, Duke of Austria, 18, 164 1240. Raziya, 5, 97 Frederick II, 4, 205 Edward II of England, II, I24S- 1327. 155 i33i. 7,i 1399- 186 1435. 1439- Emperor Godaigo of Japan, Richard II of England, II, Pope Eugenius IV, 4, 224 King Erik VII of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 16, 129 GENERAL INDEX 205 1445. Mohammed VIII of Spain, 8, 119 1512. Bayezid II of Turkey, 14, 117 1568. Mary Queen of Scots, 11, 274 1569. Aben Humeya, 8, 370 1569. Erik XIV of Sweden, 16, 163 1622. Othman II of Turkey, 14, 213 1648. Ibrahim of Turkey, 14, 227 1649. Charles I of England, IX, 361 1667. Alfonso VI of Portugal, 8, 468 1687. Mohammed IV of Turkey, 14, 251 1688. James II of England, II, 430 1771. Ali Bey of Egypt, 1, 37 1792. Louis XVI of France, 8, 482, 9, 269, 10, 198 1798. Charles Emanuel II of Sar- dinia, 4, 344, 9, 307 1798. Pope Pius VI, 9, 307 1806. Prince Morutzi and Prince Ipsilanti, 14, 396 1806. Ferdinand of Naples, 10, 467 1808. Charles IV of Spain, 8, 486, 9, 332, 10, 47s, 20, 142 1808. Mustapha of Turkey, 14, 401 1809. Pope Pius VII, 9, 337 1814. Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 8, 486, 9, 350, 10, 494, 11, 566, 18, 388 1815. Napoleon I (second time), 8, 487, 532, 9, 365, 10, 502, 11, 568, 18, 390 1840. Maria Christina of Spain, 9, 418 1848. Pope Pius IX, 4, 365 1851. Diego Noboa, president of Ecuador, 21, no 1858. Prince Alexander Kara- georgevitch, 14, 465 1863. King Otho of Greece, 2, 546 1868. Isabella II of Spain, 9, 461 1870. Napoleon III of France, 9, 466 Depretis, Agostino (1813-1887), Ital- ian statesman: head of Italian gov- ernment, 4, 397 Derar (7th century A. D.), an Arabian warrior: attacks Turks, 1, 271 Derbent, Russia: surrenders to Peter (1722), 15, 79 Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stan- ley, Earl of: see Stanley, Edward Geoffrey Smith, Earl of Derby Derby, Henry, Earl of: see Henry IV, King of England Dercyllidas (ca. 399 B. C), Spartan general, 2, 391, 401 De Romanov (ca. 1808), a Russian diplomat: minister for Russia, 14, 404 ^ Derqui, Santiago, a South American statesman: president of Argentina, 1868, 21, 129; flees from Argentina, 130 Derry (Londonderry), Ireland: siege of (1689), 12, 134 Dervishes, Revolt of the: a revolt of the dervishes of Europe and Asia against the Sultan (1420), 14, 57 Derwentwater, James Radcliffe, Earl of (1689-1716), an English Catholic nobleman: supports claims of the Old Pretender, 12, 362 Derzhavin, Gabriel Romanovitch (1714-1816), a Russian lyric poet: account of, 15, 193, 269 Deshnev, Simon, a Russian explorer in Arctic regions: explorations of, 16, 305 Desiderius (Didier), King of Italy, 756-774 A. D.: reign of, 4, 173; war with Charlemagne, 9, 41, 18, 79 Desmond, Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of: see Fitzgerald, Thomas, Earl of Desmond Desmoulins, Benoit Camille (1760- 1794), a French revolutionist: in- duces populace to arm against court party, 9, 263, 270, 10, 56; leader of the Cordelier club, 9, 272, 10, 128; his character, 10, 286; expelled from the Jacobins, 289; death of, 9, 288, 10, 294 Desor, Edouard (1811-1882), a Swiss scientist: sketch of, 13, 584 De Soto, Hernando: see Soto, Her- nando de De Sousa (ca. 1889), an African half- caste: sketch of, 19, 226 206 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Despans of Cubieres (19th century), a peer of France: scandal concerning, 9, 428 Despenser, Hugh le, Earl of Winches- ter (1262-1326), an English court favorite; exiled by Parliament, 11, 154; executed, 155 Despenser, Hugh le (d. 1326), son of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Win- chester: exiled by Parliament, II, 154; executed, 155 Dessalines, Jean Jacques (1758-1806), a negro revolutionist of Hayti, em- peror of Hayti, 1804-1806: leads war against French, 20, 140; accession of, 10, 445, 20, 141, 22, 493 Dessau, Germany: battle of (1626), 18, 275 Desseffoy, Joseph (ca. 1815), Hunga- rian member of Austrian diet: ex- cluded from the diet, 17, 336 Dessolle, Jean Joseph Paul Augustin, Marquis (1767-1828), a French gen- eral and politician: ministry of, 9, 370; made member of Louis XVIII's council, 355 Destiny, Stone of: see Stone of Des- tiny Destiny, The Man of: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte Detmold, Germany: battle of (783 A. D.), 18, 82 Detroit, Michigan, called the City of the Straits: in French claims, 23, 168; besieged by Indians, 200; given up by England, 362; surrendered by Hull, 20, 154, 23, 420; Harrison re- captures, 23, 425 Dettingen, Bavaria: battle of (1743), 9, 238, 13, 255, 18, 330 Deuntzer, J. H., premier of Denmark, 1901: ministry of, 16, 290 Deutscher Bund: see German Confed- eration, The Devay (ca. 1548), a Lutheran reform- er: his work in Hungary, 17, 221 Devens, Charles, an American politi- cian: Attorney-General (1877), 24, 916 Devlet Ghirai, Khan of Crimea, ca. 1710: urges war upon Russia, 14, 276 Devlet Ghirai, Khan of the Crimea, ca. 1769: succeeds Krim Ghirai, 14, 323, 345 Devon, Earl of (ca. 1843) : commis- sioned to inquire into grievances of Irish tenants, 11, 604 Devon Commission, a commission ap- pointed by Peel to investigate con- ditions of the tenants in Ireland (1843), 11, 604, 12, 238 note Devonshire, William Cavendish, 1st Duke of (1640-1707), an English nobleman: joins William III, 11, 429 Devonshire, William Cavendish, 4th Duke of (1720-1764), English states- man: becomes First Lord of the Treasury, 11, 497 Dewey, George, an American naval officer: born at Montpelier, Ver- mont, December 26, 1837; graduated from the naval academy at Annapo- lis, 1858; served on thz steam fri- gate " Wabash," Mediterranean squadron, 1858-1S61; on the sloop- of-war " Mississippi," West Gulf squadron, 1861-1862, when that ves- sel was destroyed during the battle of Port Hudson; afterward. 3 was on several vessels of tho North At- lantic squadron; was commissioned lieutenant, 1861; commander, 1872; captain, 1884; commodore, 1896; took command of the Asiatic squad- ron, January, 1898; completely de- stroyed the Spanish Asiatic squad- ron, in Manila Bay, May I, 1898; upon receipt of official news of this victory, was made rear admiral and thanked by act of Congress; was a member of the Philippine Commis- sion, 1899; commissioned admiral, March 2, 1899; lives, Washington, D. C. At battle of Manila Bay, 8, 520, 20, 315, 22, 458, 24, 1028; commands Asiatic Squadron, 24, 1028; member of the Philippine Commission, 1042 De Witte: see Witte Dhanis Mutiny, The, revolt of natives in Africa (1897), 19, 254 Dhulip Singh (ca. i860), native ruler GENERAL INDEX 207 in India: recognized as raja in In- dia, 5, 221 Dhu Nuwas, King of Arabia, ca. 525 A. D. : persecutes the Christians, 1, 187; overthrown by the Abyssinians, 415 Diamond, Battle of the (1795), 12, 205 Diamond State, The: see Delaware Dias, Count Diego (ca. 1230), a Span- ish noble: takes up arms against accession of Ferdinand III of Cas- tile, 8, 151 Dias de Haro, Lope (d. 1288), Spanish noble: career of, 8, 157 Diaz (ca. 1868), a Cuban revolution- ist: leads Cuban insurrection, 20, 327 Diaz, Bartholomew (1445-1500), Por- tuguese navigator: rounds the Cape of Good Hope, 5, 144, 8, 323, 19, 18 23, 25 Diaz, Diego (ca. 1500), a Portuguese navigator: discovers Madagascar, 19, 211 Diaz, Dinis (ca. 1445), a Portuguese explorer in Africa: explorations of, 19, 17 Diaz, Enrique (ca. 1654), a Brazilian negro patriot: leads rebellion against foreign rule in Brazil, 21, 33 Diaz, Juan, Mexican licentiate: labors for the conversion of the Aztecs, 22, 12 Diaz, Luciano, Cuban statesman: a member of cabinet (1902), 22, 468 Diaz, Porfirio (1830 ), a Mexican general and statesman: his cam- paign against the French, 22, 385; at the capitulation of Mexico (1863), 387; sketch of, 398; candidate for the presidency (1870), 401; his ad- ministration as president of Mexico, 404; second administration of, 409 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal (1498-1593), a Spanish soldier and author: quoted on the capture of Mexico, 22, 61 Dicasteries, The Athenian, judicial tri- bunals, 2, 149, 252 Diceto de, Ralph: see Ralph de Diceto Dicho, Irish chief (ca. 430 A. D.): conversion of, 12, 28 Dick, Indolent: see Cromwell, Richard Dick, Queen: see Cromwell, Richard Dickens, Charles (1812-1870), English novelist, 11, 612 Dickens, Guy (ca. 1750), English min- ister: his description of the court of Elizabeth, 15, 142 Dickinson, John (1 732-1808), an American statesman and orator: uses his eloquence in favor of re- bellion, 23, 216; delegate to first Continental Congress, 223; opposes a declaration of independence, 240; supposed author of the Articles of Confederation, 300 Dickon of the Broom: see Richard (I) Cceur de Lion Dictator, temporary supreme officer in Rome: powers of, 3, 31; opened to the plebeians, 49 Dictator of Letters, The: see Voltaire Dicuil (ca. 825 A. D.), Irish monk and geographer: writes of Thule, 16, 298 Diderot, Denis (1712-1784), French philosopher and savant: aids Cath- erine, IS, 159; receives the Princess Dashkov, 162; Catherine's relations with, 197 Didier: see Desiderius Didius (ca. 100 B. C), Roman praetor: defeated by Sertorius, 8, 20 Diebitsch Sabalkanski, Count Ivan Ivanovitch (1785-1831), Russian general: treaty with York, 15, 256, 18, 381; his campaign against Tur- key, 14, 62, 428, 15, 284; in the Po- lish insurrection, 15, 294; death of, 295 Diedrich, Admiral von, German naval commander: attempts to send a warship into the harbor of Manila (1898), 24, 1035 Diego, Italy: battle of (1796), 9, 298 Diego, Prince of Viseo (ca. 1450), Spanish noble: schemes for the throne of Portugal, 8, 320 Diego Alguazil (ca. 1550), Spanish rebel: plots ruin of Mohammed ben Humeya, 8, 370 Diego Gomez, Don (ca. 1100), Span- ish noble: at battle of Sepulveda, 8, 144 Diego Lopez ben Aboo (Muley Ab- 208 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS dalla) (ca. 1550), Spanish rebel: leads Morisco reolt, 8, 367; sub- mits, 369; again joins the rebels, 370; acknowledged as chief of the Moriscos, 370 Diego Nunez (ca. 950 A. D.), Spanish count: revolt of, 8, 136 Diego Suarez, Madagascar: ceded to France, 20, 278 Diepold of Lobkovitz: see Lobkovitz, Diepold of Diepolt (ca. 1150), Czech prince: re- gent of Bohemia, 17, 66 Dieppe, France: importance of, in the middle ages, 19, 15 Dieskau, Ludwig August von (d. 1767), German officer in French service: defeated and mortally wounded, 23, 123 Dietrich, Count of Holland (ca. 1050) : revolt of, 18, 130 Dietrichstein, Franz (1570-1636), Ger man prince: his rule as governor, of Moravia, 17, 209 Diets: 1 132. Arad, 17, 53 1245. Verona, 17, 94 1388. Oslo, 16, 120 1397. Temesvar, 17, 155 1405. Buda, 17, 155 1413. Hrodlo, 15, 379 1431. Nuremberg, 17, 135 1432. Prague, 17, 136 1433. Prague, 17, 137 1435. Holmstadt, 16, 128 1435. Presburg, 17, 156 1444. Rakos, 17, 159 1453. Buda, 17, 160 1495. Worms, 18, 226 1521. Worms, 13, 55, 18, 240 1526. Vadstena, 16, 155 1527. Vesteraas, 16, 155 1529. Speyer, 18, 246 1530. Augsburg, 18, 248 1532. Nuremberg, 18, 249 1555. Augsburg, 9, 147 1569. Lublin, 15, 379 1630-1631. Ratisbon, 9, 187, 190 1788-1793. Grodno, 15, 189 1797. Aarau, 13, 509 1809. Borga, 15, 217 1818. Poland, 15, 263 1820. Poland, 15, 268 1825-1829. Presburg, 17, 294 1831. Balogli, 17, 339 1836. Beszeredy, 17, 352 1847. Berne, 13, 551 Dietzmann (ca. 1300), Count of Thu- ringia: quarrels with his father, 18, 183; defeats Albert I of Germany, 184 Diez, Johann: see Tetzel, Johann Dig, India: battle of (1804), 5, 136 Digby, John (1580-1653), English lord: his mission to Vienna, II, 316 Dijon, France: siege of (1513), 9, 135 Dilemite Dynasty, Persian rulers, ca. 900 A. D.: reign of, 5, 328 Dilke, Sir Charles (1843 ), Eng- lish Commoner: brings charges against the administration in Congo Free State, 19, 254 Dillon, John (1850 ), Irish patriot: reads Mitchell's speech in the House of Commons, 12, 232; leads Anti-Parnellite majority, 242 note Dillon, John Blake (early 19th cen- tury), Irish patriot: founds "The Nation," 12, 226, 228 Dillon, Theobald (1745-1792), French marshal: ordered to advance upon Tournai, 10, 173 Dimick, Justin (ca. 1850), American commander: in the Mexican War, 22, 346 Dingley, Nelson (1832-1899), Ameri- can legislator: introduces a tariff bill, 24, 1019 Dinis, King of Portugal, 1279-1325: reign of, 8, 282 Dinner Bell, The: see Burke, Edmund Dinwiddie, Robert (1 690-1 770), Scotch colonist: claims under Indian treat- ies, 23, 170; sends Washington to warn French fort, 170 Diocletian (245-313 A. D.), Emperor of Rome, 284-305 A. D. : reign of, 2, 522, 526, 4, 112, 113; persecutes Christians, 8, 31; policy in Austro- Hungarian countries, 17, 14; divides the empire, II, 14 Diodotus (ca. 400 B. C), Athenian orator: opposes Cleon, 2, 295 Diomedes, legendary Greek hero: in Homer, 2, 33 Dion (410-353 B. C), Syracusan GENERAL INDEX 209 statesman: expels Dionysius II, 2, 416; banished and killed, 416 Dionysius the Elder (430-367 B. C.) Tyrant of Syracuse, 406-367 B. C: reign of, 2, 410; founds Syracusan colonies on Illyrian coast, 3, 57; contest with Carthage for suprem- acy, 93; his death, 2, 415 Dionysius the Younger, Tyrant of Syracuse, 367-344 B. C.: his reign, 2, 415; exiled, 416; at Corinth, 417 Dionysus, Greek god of wine, 2, 39 Diopeithes (ca. 344 B. C.)> Athenian general, 2, 472 Diospolis: see Thebes Dipa Negara, Java: revolt of, 20, 288 Directory, The, the body of five men who held the executive power in France, 1795-1799: created, 9, 296, *<>, 3535 duration of, and powers of its members, 353; first composition of, 361; wretched condition of, in the Luxembourg, 370; its division of labor, 370; its address to its agents, 371; attempts to revive paper money, 372; proposes mandats ter- ritoriaux, 372; attacked by the royal- ists and democrats, 375; changes in, 385; determines to attack the legis- lative majority, 391; removes the place of sittings of the councils, 391; its message explaining the reason of its measures, 392; the act of os- tracism, 392; returns to the revolu- tionary government, 395; its con- dition makes war its only support, 395; its unavowed object in the ex- pedition to Egypt, 397; annuls the democratic elections of the year VI, 400; disorganized by the coun- cils, 403; two new parties in, 405; reorganized, 406; end of, 412 Dirk, Count (ninth century), governor of Friesland, ca. 1018: founds Dor- drecht, 13, 24 "Discovery," an English vessel: car- ries settlers to Virginia, 23, 57 Discovery and Exploration: AFRICA: by Phoenicians, 19, 5; by the Romans along the Nile (60 A. D.), 10; by the Arabs in 14th cen- tury, 12; along the west coast by Italians, 15; by the Portuguese, 8, 328, 19, 15, 20, 33, 35; Cape of Good Hope by Diaz, 5, 144; Cape of Good Hope by Vasco da Gama, 8, 325, 20, 39, 31, 14, 23, 25; by the Eng- lish, 19, 28, 50; by Livingstone, 47; of Lake Tanganyika, 53; of Victoria Nyanza, by Speke, 53; of Albert Nyanza, by Baker, 55; by Von der Decken, 54; by Stanley, 59, 64, 66, 68; by De Brazza, 71; by the Ger- mans, 89, 139, 143, 178; of Niger basin, 147; by the French, 147, 151, 161, 201; from the Cameroons, 165; under Lugard, 192; under British East African Company, 204; expe- dition to Mashonaland, 229 AMERICA, NORTH: by Scandina- vians, 16, 44, 21, 3, 23, 19; Green- land, by Gunnibiorn, 21, 3; by Co- lumbus, 8, 186, 16, 300, 19, 19, 23, 31; Newfoundland, by Cabots (1497), 5, 156, 19, 19; Florida by Ponce de Leon, 23, 38; Carolinas by Vasquez de Ayllon, 38; of Mis- sissippi River by De Soto, 23, 42; by Verazzano, 20, 49, 81; voyages of Henry Hudson, 16, 304; St. Law- rence River, by Cartier, 20, 49, 81, 23, 46; Islands of St. John, New- foundland, and coast of Labrador, by John Cabot, 20, 49, 84, 21, 15, 23, 34; St. John's River by Jean Ribaut, 23, 47; by the English, 51; Labrador by Gilbert, 52; New Eng- land'by Bartholomew Gosnold, Mar- tin Pring, and George Weymouth, 54; Mississippi River by La Salle, 20, 85; Alaska by Bering, 305; of California, 22, 73, 143; explora- tion of West by Lewis and Clark, 23, 400, 542; of West by Zebulon Pike, 23, 401; Columbia River by Captain Gray, 541; Rocky Moun- tains, by John C. Fremont, 23, 654 AMERICA, SOUTH: by Christo- pher Columbus, 20, 38, 21, 12, 23, 33; by Cabral, 8, 326, 459, 20, 43, 21, 15; by Sebastian Cabot, 20, 92; of Magellan, 8, 331, 332; by Rodrigo de Bastidas and Juan de la Cosa, 21, 16; by Juan Diaz de Solis and Yaiiez Pinzon, 16; by Pedro Arias de Avila, 17; by Diaz de Solis, 17; 210 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Orinoco River by Diego de Ordaz, 25; under John VI, 165; voyages of Drake (1577), II, 290; along the Orinoco by Sir Walter Raleigh, 312 ARCTIC REGIONS: main treat- ment, 16, 295; Pytheas (3rd cen- tury B. C.)> 298; of the Norsemen, 300; of Willoughby (1533), 300; the Muscovy Company, 301; by Fro- bisher, 23, 52; expedition of Willem Barents, 16, 302; Henry Hudson (1607), 303; of Hudson Bay by Luke Fox and Captain James, 305; of Bering Strait by Vitus Bering (1728), 305; Liakhov in Siberian Ocean (1777), 306 ASIA: of Alexander the Great, 2, 502 ENGLAND: of Pytheas and Pose- donius, II, 5 INDIA: Vasco da Gama, 5, 138, 8, 434; of Jenkinson (1558), 5, 140; of Marco Polo, Nicolo Conti and Nik- itin, 141; of Portuguese, 5, 142, 8, 329; of Thomas Stevens (1579), 5, 156; exploration of Tibet, 378 ITALY: of Phoenicians, 3, 25 MEXICO: by Cortez, 23, 39 NEW SPAIN: by Juan de Grijalva, 22, 4, 23, 38; Isthmus of Panama and Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, 21, 16, 23, 36 NORWAY: of Spitzbergen by Rijp and Heemskirk, 13, 167 PACIFIC ISLANDS: New Zea- land, New Holland, Sandwich Islands and western coast of North America, 20, 123; Philippine Islands, by Magellan, 20, 51, 23, 37 WEST INDIES: by Christopher Columbus, 20, 37, 21, 6, 7, 22, 491, 23, 3i YUCATAN: by Columbus, Pinzon, Grijalva and Cortez, 22, 423 Disestablishing Act, the act disestab- lishing and disendowing the Irish Church (1868), 12, 238 note Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beacons- field, an English statesman and au- thor: born in London, December 21, 1805; produced his first novel, 1826; was elected to the House of Com- mons, 1837; became one of the lead- ers of the Young England party about 1841; was the acknowledged leader of the Protectionist party about 1848; was Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1852, 1858-1859, and 1866-1868; author of the Reform Bill of 1867; was Premier, 1868, and 1874-1880; was created Earl of Bea- consfield, 1876; was plenipotentiary at the Congress of Berlin, 1878; died at London, April 19, 1881 Becomes leader of opposition party, 11, 605; defeats Peel minis- try, 606; made Chancellor of the Exchequer, 609; introduces a Re- form Bill (1851), 621; first ministry of, 625; second ministry of, 628; ef- fect of Bulgarian massacres on pol- icy of, 14, 477; his view of the Treaty of San Stefano, 487; foreign policy of, 15, 337; his Afghan pol- icy, 5, 256 District of Columbia, the federal dis- trict which contains the capital of the United States: building of Washington, 23, 380; center of do- mestic slave trade, 24, 570; Quakers petition for abolition of slavery in, 572; Compromise of 1850 and, 601; slavery abolished, 609 Ditmarshers (Marshmen), inhabitants of Ditmarsh in Prussia: revolt of the, 16, .138; Frederick II at war with the, 196 Diu, India: battles of (1509), 5, 148; (1546), 151; sieges of (1529), 8, 434; (1537), 435; (1538), 5, 150; under Portuguese rule, 20, 298 Divan, The, Turkish council, 14, 369 Divico (ca. 107 B. C), Helvetian gen- eral: leads revolts of Helvetii, 3, 193; defeats the Romans, 13, 329 Dix, John Adams (1798-1879), Ameri- can statesman and general: member of Buffalo convention (1848), 24, 558; telegraphs to a New Orleans customs officer, 715 Dixon (ca. 1798), an Irish insur- gent: in the Rebellion of 1798, 12, 211 Dixon, Archibald, United States Sen- ator, 1853: proposes repeal of Mis- souri Compromise, 24, 633 GENERAL INDEX 211 Djala-ud-din (ca. 1220), Persian ruler: death of, 5, 334 Djem, Prince (ca. 1480), a Turkish poet, son of Mohammed II: account of, 14, 107; buried at Brusa, 113 Djenguiz Khan: see Genghis Khan Djezzar Pasha (18th century): rebel- lion of, 14, 366; commands Syrian forces against France, 381; returns to insubordination, 386 Djouneid, Ottoman governor (ca. 1410) : revolt of, 14, 55 Djunis, Turkey: battle of (1876), 14, 478, 17, 419 Dlombrovski, Jan Henryk (1755- 1818), Polish general: at the Bere- sina, 15, 252 Dmitri (1581-1591), Tsarevitch of Rus- sia: death of, 15, 19 Dmitriev, Ivan Ivanovitch (1760- 1837), a Russian poet: sketch of, 15, 269 Dmitris, The False, Russian impos- tors: the first (d. 1606), 15, 19; the second (d. 1610), 20; the third (d. 1612), 20; Sweden aids Vassili Shui- ski against, 16, 173 Doblado, General, a Mexican general (ca. i860): in the Reform War, 22, 383 Dobroe, Russia: battle of (1708), 15, 47 Dobrovsky, Joseph (1753-1829), a noted Hungarian philologist: aids Slav philology, 17, 341 Doctrine of Implied Powers: see Im- plied Powers, Doctrine of Docwra, Sir Henry, English officer in Ireland: builds forts in Lough Foyle, 12, 100 Doddington, Bubb (1691-1762), Eng- lish politician: intrigues of, II, 489 Dodge, Andres (d. 1844), a Cuban in- surgent: death of, 22, 452 Dodona, Greece: oracle of, 2, 8, 43 Does, Peter Van der (17th century), a Dutch admiral: his expedition against the Spanish, 13, 171 Doffingen, Switzerland: battle of (1388), 13, 384, 18, 197 Dog, The Butcher's: see Wolsey, Thomas Dogali, Africa: Abyssinians attack Italian garrison at, 19, 207 Dogger Bank, a sand bank in the North Sea: battle of (1781), 13, 258 Dogger Bank Incident, Russian fire into English fishing fleet (1904), 7, 313, 15, 363 Dokhtorov, a Russian general, ca. 1812: his campaign against France, 15, 243 Dokyo (ca. 764 A. D.), Japanese prime minister: influence of, 7, 36 Dolabella, Gnaeus Cornelius (1st cen- tury B. C), Roman consul: Caesar prosecutes, 3, 266 Dolabella, Publius Cornelius (ca. 70- 43 B. C), a Roman patrician: de- feated by Pompeians' fleet, 3, 343; attempted reforms of, 365 Dolabella Maximus, Publius Cornelius, Roman consul, 283 B. C. : expels the Celts from Italy, 3, 75 Dole, Sanford Ballard, an American living in Hawaii: provisional presi- dent of Hawaii (1893), 24, 997 Dolgoruki, Prince Basil (ca. 1730), a Russian statesman: his mission to Anne, 15, 106 Dolgoruki, Catherine, Russian prin- cess: sketch of, 99, 15, 103 Dolgoruki, Prince Dmitri (d. ca. 1735), Russian prince: imprisonment of, 15, no Dolgoruki, Prince Ivan (d. 1738), Rus- sian prince: claims throne for Cath- erine Dolgoruki, 15, 103 Dolgoruki, Michael (d. 1682), Russian prince: in the outbreak of the stre- litz, 15, 27 Dolgorukis, noble Russian family: faction of the, 15, 96, 106; banish- ment of the, 107; conspire against Anne, 125 Dolores, South America: battle of (1879), 21, 235 Domejko (ca. 1863), Polish noble: in the Polish insurrection, 15, 328 Domesday Book, a book containing a census taken by order of William the Conqueror, II, 79 Domina Anglorum: see Matilda, Holy Roman Empress 212 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Domingue, Michel, a negro general: elected ruler of Hayti (1874), 32, 5oi Dominguez, Miguel (early 19th cen- tury), Mexican revolutionist: mem- ber of provisional government, 22, 264 Dominic, Saint (1170-1221), Spanish monk: founds order of Dominicans, ii, 133 Dominica, an island in the West In- dies: discovered, 21, 9; ceded to England, 20, 120; seized by France (1778), 128 Dominican Republic, West Indies: history of, 22, 503; proposed annex- ation of, to the United States, 24, 879 Dominicans, The, religious order: founded, II, 133; arrive in China, 6, 40, 73 Dominion State, The Old: see Vir- ginia Domitian, Titus Flavius, Roman Em- peror, 81-96 A. D. : accession of, 4, 82; reign of, 83; condition of Spain under, 8, 26; recalls Agricola from Britain, II, 11; concludes treaty with Dacia, 17, 13; death of, 4, 85 Domitius, Roman pretor, 82 B. C. : defeated by Sertorius, 8, 20 Domitius Ahenobarbus, Lucius (d. 48 B. C), Roman consul, 54 B. C: de- feated by Pompeius, 3, 228; candi- date for consul (56 B. C), 315; elected consul, 318; captured by Caesar, 337; flees to Macedonia, 343 Domokos, Greece: Greeks defeated at (1897), 14, 505 Donald VIII (Donald Bane) (d. 1097), King of Scotland: reign of, 11, 86, 12, 259 Donald, Lord of the Isles (ca. 1400), Celtic chieftain: at war with Scot- land, 12, 288 Donald Dhu (ca. 1500), Celtic chief- tain: leads disaffected chiefs, 12, 299 Donall of Mar (d. 1014), Irish war- rior: accepts Danish challenge, 12, 43 Donatello (Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi) (1386-1466), Florentine sculptor: his effect on the Renais- sance, 4, 284 Donation of Charlemagne, The, a gift of land made to the Church by Pip- pin, 18, 80 Donauworth, Germany: seized by Maximilian of Bavaria, 18, 265; taken by Gustavus Adolphus, 282; taken by the imperialists, 288; bat- tles of (1645), 18, 292; (1703), 9, 221 Donelson, Andrew Jackson (1800- 1871), American politician: nomi- nated for Vice-President, 24, 652 Dongan, Thomas (1634-1715), colonial governor of New York: yields lib- erty to people, 23, 105 Donough, King of Munster, ca. 1000 A. D.: reign of, 12, 46 Dorchester Heights, Massachusetts: occupied by Washington, 23, 235 Dorcis (ca. 478 B. C), Spartan ad- miral, 2, 223 Dordrecht, Netherlands: founded, 13, 24 Dorgun, Manchurian regent (ca. 1650): account of, 6, 53 Doria, Andrea (1468-1560), Genoese admiral and statesman, called the Father of his Country: enters serv- ice of the emperor, 9, 141; defeats Barbarossa, 143; governs Genoa, 4, 305; at battle of Lepanto, 8, 355, 14, 162, 165 Doria, Pietro (ca. 1400), Italian com- mander: besieges Venice, 4, 239 Doris, central Greece: conquered by Phocians, 2, 244; inhabitants of, 12; conquer Peloponnesians, 31, 47; in age of migrations, 46 Dorislaus, Isaac (1595-1649), a Dutch- English diplomat: death of, 13, 229 Dorjiev (ca. 1900), Russian diplomat: agent at Lhasa, 5, 298 Dornbiihl, Switzerland: battle of (1298), 13, 363 Dorneck (Dornach), Switzerland: bat- tle of (1499). 13, 419 Dorokhov (ca. 1800), Russian general: his campaign against France, 15, 244 Doroshenko (ca. 1650), Cossack chief: sketch of, 15, 25 GENERAL INDEX 213 Dorothea of Brandenburg (ca. 1450), Queen of Denmark, crowned Queen of Sweden, 16, 130; marries Chris- tian, 132 Dorpat, Russia: created a German bishopric, 15, 10; captured by the Russians (1558), 17; siege of (1703), 44; name changed to Yuriev, 332 Dorr ego, Manuel (1 787-1 828), an Ar- gentine statesman: aids the policy of union in Argentina, 31, 122; death of, 123 Dorset, Thomas Grey, Marquis of (ca. 1450), English noble: plots against Gloucester, 11, 220 Dorsey, Stephen W. (ca. 1880), Amer- ican Congressman: implicated in " star route " frauds, 24, 936 Dorst, Joseph H. (living), American officer: in the Spanish- American War, 22, 459 Dort, Synod of, an assembly of the Reformed Church of the Nether- lands, with delegates from England and other countries, to decide the Armenian controversy (1618-1619), 13, 199 Dorus, mythical progenitor of the Dorians, 2, 24 Dost Mohammed (1798-1863), an Af- ghan chief: sketch of, 5, 216; at war with Persia, 361, 363; death of, 247 Dosza (ca. 1500), Hungarian peasant: leads Hungarian peasant revolt, 17, 168 Douai, Merlin of (1754-1838), French jurist and politician: made member of the Directory, 9, 305 Doubleday, Abner (1820-1893), Amer- ican general: at bombardment of Fort Sumter, 24, 711 Douglas (ca. 1700), Scottish comman- der: at the battle of the Boyne, 12, 142; at the siege of Athlone, 144 Douglas (ca. 1750), Scottish French envoy: mission of, 15, 145, 147 Douglas, Sir Archibald (1296-1333), Scottish chief: his campaign against the English, 12, 285 Douglas, Archibald, Earl of (d. 1439), Scottish chief: sketch of, 12, 294 Douglas, Archibald, Earl of Angus: see Angus, Archibald Douglas, Earl of Douglas, Gawin (1474-1522), Scottish poet: sketch of, 12, 309 Douglas, Sir James of (ca. 1286-1330), Scottish chief, called Good Lord James: aids Robert Bruce, 12, 280; death of, 284 Douglas, James, Earl of (1426-1488), Scottish chief: rebellion of, 12, 295 Douglas, Stephen Arnold (1813-1861), an American politician: candidate for Presidential nomination, 24, 619; introduces a bill for organizing Ne- braska, 630; speech in favor of Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 634; intro- duces a bill providing for admission of Kansas, 650; indorses Dred Scott decision, 660; denounces Lecompton scheme, 662; sketch of, 664, 668; in Lincoln-Douglas debates, 667; fa- vored by North and West for Presi- dent, 678; nominated (i860), 682; supports Lincoln in contest with South, 715; Johnson lays corner stone of monument to, 846 Douglas, Sir William of (d. 1298), Scottish chief: joins Wallace's re- bellion, 12, 275 Douglas, William, Earl of (d. 1440), Scottish chief: death of, 12, 294 Douglas, William, Earl of (1425?- 1452), Scottish chief: conspires with Livingstone, 12, 294; death of, 295 Douglass, Frederick (1817-1895), American orator: leader of the ne- gro race, 24, 587; aids slaves to es- cape, 617 Dourado, Argentine Republic: taken by the Paraguayans (1864), 21, 157 Dousa (John van der Duye) (1545- 1604), Dutch scholar, poet and pa- triot: at siege of Leyden, 13, 118 Douzy, Prussia: battle of (1870), 9, 464 Dover, England: battles of (1216), 11, 130; (1604), 13, 180; (1652), 229 Dover, New Hampshire: founded, 23, 95; attack on, 158 Dover, Treaty of, a secret treaty con- cluded between Charles II and Louis XIV (1670), 11, 394 214 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Dow, Neal (1803-1897), American Congressman: Prohibition Party- nominee, 24, 930 Dowager Empress of China: coup d' etat of (1898), 6, 277; adopts reform measures, 322 Downpatrick, Ireland: battle of (1260), 13, 58 Downs, The, a portion of the North Sea east of Kent, England: battles of (1639), 13, 213; (1666), 11, 387 Doyer (ca. 1795), a Russian philolo- gist: account of, 15, 195 Draco (7th century B. C), Athenian legislator: laws of, 2, 100; laws of, abolished by Solon, 107 Draft Riots, in American history: riots which arose as the result of drafting soldiers for the Civil War (1865), 24, 817 Dragon, Order of the, an order of light troops intended to fight infi- dels and heretics: founded, 17, 155 Dragon, The: see Drake, Sir Francis Dragut (Torghud) (d. 1565), a Turk- ish corsair: ravages coast of Italy, 9, 147; Turkish admiral, 14, 165; in expedition against Malta, 171 Drake, Sir Francis, an English navigator and naval hero, called the Dragon: born probably at Tavistock, Devonshire, England, about 1540; commanded a small vessel in the fleet of Sir John Hawkins, 1567-1568; visited the Spanish main, 1570 and 1571; raided the Spanish main, 1572; served un- der the Earl of Essex in Ireland, 1573-1576; set out on a marauding expedition to the Pacific, December, I577> plundered the coasts of Chili and Peru, sailed across the Pacific and returned to England by way of Cape of Good Hope, 1580; was knighted by Queen Elizabeth on board his own vessel; was a mem- ber of Parliament, 1584-1585; com- manded an expedition against the Spanish main and the West Indies, 1585-1586; destroyed the vessels which were being built by Spain at Cadiz to use in the Invincible Ar- mada, 1587; commanded under Lord Howard in the fight which de- stroyed the Armada, 1588; again elected to Parliament, 1592; com- manded with Sir John Hawkins an expedition to the West Indies, 1595; died near Porto Bello, January 28, 1596 Circumnavigates the globe, 5, 156; his depredations on Spanish posses- sions, 8, 363, 31, 30, 22, 449, 24, 52; sketch of, 11, 289; singes the King of Spain's beard, 295; his services against the Armada, 296; his voyage to the East Indies, 20, 58; captures St. Augustine, 22, 135; carries colo- nists from Roanoke Island to Eng- land, 23, 53; in the war with Spain, 54; death of, 11, 298 Drakul (ca. 1444), Prince of Walla- chia: joins against the Turks, 14, 65 Drama: AFRICA: at Alexandria, 1, 296 AUSTRIA: Osterspiel, 17, 97 BOHEMIA: of the Czechs, 17, 116; national theatre at Prague, 427 CHINA: under Emperor Taok- wang, 6, 124 ENGLAND: Shakespeare, 11, 302; of the Restoration, 392; Age of Queen Anne, 461 GREECE: theatres at Regilla, and Corinth, 2, 523; greatness of, 524 HUNGARY: theatre at Pesth, 17, 338 INDIA: description of, 5, 54 ITALY: Alfieri, creator of Italian tragedy, 4, 338; work of Goidoni, 409; work of Manzoni, 410; musical drama of 17th century, 414; excel- lence of opera, 415 NETHERLANDS: tragedies of Vondel, 13, 220 ROME: theatre of Pompey, re- stored, 4, 56 RUSSIA: theatre opened by Vol- kov, 15, 149; work of Sumarokov, 192; work of Catharine the Great, 193; comedy of Von Visin, 193 SICILY: work of Dionysius, 2, 411 SOUTH AMERICA: dramatic au- thors in Lima, 21, 214 GENERAL INDEX 215 Draper, Sir William (1721-1787), Eng- lish general: captures Manila (1762), 5, 181, 20, 120 Drappes (ca. 51 B. C), a Gallic sol- dier: at Uxellodunum, 3, 308 Dreadful Woman, The: see Caroline, wife of George IV of England Dred Scott Decision, a decision ren- dered by the U. S. Supreme Court in 1857 defining the status of the slave in America: denounced by Repub- licans and Free Soilers, 24, 660; not to be confused with Chief Justice's opinion, 661; repudiated in Repub- lican platform (i860), 681 Drennan, William (ca. 1793), an Irish writer: his labors in behalf of Cath- olic emancipation, 12, 201 Drepana, Sicily: battle of, 3, 103 Dresden, capital of Saxony: occupied by the Prussians (1748), 18, 331; (1756), 17, 244, 18, 335; by Daun (1759), 18, 340; battle of (1813), 9, 343, 10, 488, 15, 261, 18, 382; taken by the Prussians (1866), 18, 410 Dresden, Peace of, a treaty between Prussia, Austria, and Saxony (1745), 17, 242, 18, 332 Dress: AMERICA: of the Indians, 23, 11; in the colonies, 155; of Washington at inauguration, 341; of Jefferson, 384; American diplomatic costume, 24, 639 ARABIA: distinction between the Fatimites, the Omayyids, and the Abbasids, 1, 340 CHINA: changes in, vetoed, 6, 277 EGYPT: of Semnites, 1, 19; in the Old Empire, 58, 59 ENGLAND: at the court of Eliza- beth, 11, 298; in 18th century, 533 FRANCE: during Revolution, 10, 121; 298; of the Chouans, 349 GERMANY: among the tribes, 18, 55 GREECE: of Spartans, 2, 66 HUNGARY: national dress of the noblemen, 17, 16 IRELAND: in ancient times, 12, 13, 14; of the Irish Chiefs, 54; regu- lated by Statute of Kilkenny, 65; attempts to change the native dress for English, 85 ISRAEL: of the prophets, 1, 391 JAPAN: in ancient times, 7, 8; in- troduction of silk garments, 18 LYDIA: Hittite costume, 1 148 NETHERLANDS: of the Franks and Saxons, 13, 13; at court of Philip the Good, 61 PERSIA: among the ancients, 1, 180; assumed by Alexander the Great, 2, 500; time of Harun al Raschid, 5, 327 ROME: of ancient times, 3, 14; of the consul, 32; during Revolutionary period, 248 RUSSIA: reforms of Peter the Great, 15, 70, 71; of Catherine I, 94 SOUTH AMERICA: in Ecuador, 21, 106; of the natives, 311 SPAIN: in early times, 8, 5; of the . Celts, 8 SWITZERLAND: after Reforma- tion, 13, 450; restrictions on, 484 TURKEY: of Sultan Ibraham, 14, 227; of Europe introduced, 440 Dreux, France: battles of (1562), 9, 154, 13, 460; (1590), 9, 167 Drogheda, Ireland: captured by Par- liamentary forces (1649), 11, 363 Drogheda, Marquis of, a British sol- dier in Ireland: his campaign against the Whiteboys, 12, 175 Druids, the priesthood of Ancient Gaul and Britain: influence of, in Gaul, 3, 297; teachings of, 11, 6 Drum, Simon H., an American officer: at the siege of Mexico (1847), 22, 363 Drum-Kelta, Ireland: meeting of (574 A. D.), 12, 38 Drummond, Thomas (ca. 1841), Un- der-Secretary in the Melbourne Cabinet: his Irish policy, 11, 596 Drummond, William (ca. 1667), Scotch clergyman: first governor of Albe- marle, 23, 74 Drusilla (d. 37 A. D.), sister of the Emperor Caligula: death of, 4, 56 Drusus, Marcus Livius (d. 109 B. C), a Roman politician: outbids Gaius 216 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Gracchus for popular favor, 3, 183; reaches the Danube, 192 Drusus, Marcus Livius (ca. 120-91 B. C.), a Roman politician: reforms of, 3, 203; death, 204 Drusus Caesar (10 B. C.-23 A. D.), son of the Emperor Tiberius: sent to quiet the soldiers in Pannonia, 4, 47; death, 50 Drusus Claudius Nero (38-9 B. C), Roman soldier: campaigns of, in Germany, 4, 40, 18, 14; sketch of, 4, 41; begins the construction of dikes and canals above the Rhine, 13, 8; death of, 4, 42, 18, 15 Drzislav, Duke of Dalmatia, ca. 1000 A. D.: renounces the overlordship of Byzantium, 17, 38 Dschengis Khan: see Genghis Khan Dualism, Establishment of, in Austria- Hungary, 17, 397 Duane, William John (1780-1865), American lawyer and statesman: re- sists Jackson, 23, 503 Duarte (Edward), King of Portugal, 1433-1438: reign of, 8, 304 Dubienka, Poland: battle of (1792), x8, 358 Dublin, Ireland: battle of (1649), 12, 123 Dubois, Guillaume (1656-1725), French cardinal and minister of state: ne- gotiates alliance with England, 9, 228; made prime minister, 233 Dubouchage (ca. 1800), French states- man: made minister of marine af- fairs, 9, 367 Dubravka of Bohemia (950 A. D.), Slavic princess: marries Mieczyslaw of Poland, 17, 63 Dubthach (Duffa) (ca. 400 A. D.), Irish poet: conversion of, 12, 29 Duchatel, Charles Marie (1803-1867), French minister of state: becomes minister of trade, 9, 405; made min- ister of finance in Mole's cabinet, 410 Duchatel, Gaspard (1766-1793), French Girondist: death of, 10, 279 Duckworth, Sir John Thomas (1748- 1817), English admiral: destroys Turkish fleet, 14, 397 Duclerc (d. 1710), French naval com- mander: his expedition against Bra- zil, 31, 34 Ducos, Jean Frangois (1765-1793), French Republican: death of, 10, 279 Ducos, Roger (1750-1816), French lawyer and politician: made member of the Directory, 9, 309, 10, 405; appointed consul, 9, 315, 10, 432 Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre (1817- 1882), French general: in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 423 Dudley, Edmund (1462-15 10), English lawyer: instrument of Henry VII, 11, 230; death of, 235 Dudley, Guilford (d. 1554), English noble: executed, 11, 270 Dudley, Lord Robert (1532-1588), English noble: his relations with Elizabeth, 11, 280 Dudley, Thomas (1 576-1 652), Amer- ican colonist: deputy governor un- der Winthrop, 23, 88 Duelling: practised in the South, 24, 590 Duff, Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant (1829-1906), British politician: 5, 263 Dufferin, Lady (d. 1867), British au- thor: her efforts in behalf of Indian women, 5, 268 Dufferin, Frederick Temple Black- wood, Lord (1826-1902), British au- thor and scholar: his governor-gen- eralship of India, 5, 264 Duffle Conference, The, between the Prince of Orange and the Dutch States-General (1566), 13, 93 Duffy, Charles Gavan (1816-1903), Irish journalist: founds "The Na- tion," 12, 226, 228 Dufour, Guillaume Henri (1787-1875), Swiss general: at head of Liberal forces, 13, 551 Dufour, Peter (d. 1594), Dutch con- spirator: attempts to assassinate Maurice of Orange, 13, 161 . Dugdale (ca. 1770), English naval commander: at the battle of Tchesme, 15, 179 Duguay, Trouin Rene (1673-1736), French admiral: destroys English commerce, 9, 219 GENERAL INDEX 217 Duiluis, Gaius, a Roman general: elected consul 261 B. C; built ships in the first Punic war in imitation of one captured from the enemy, and this fleet of his conquered that of Carthage near the Lipari Islands 260 B. C; afterwards commanded the army on land and vanquished the Carthaginians in Sicily At battle of Mylae, 3, 101 Duke, The Great: see Wellington, Ar- thur Wellesley, Duke of Duke, The Iron: see Wellington, Ar- thur Wellesley, Duke of Duke of Thunder, The: see Nelson, Horatio Duke's Laws, The, providing system of town government for New York (1683): provisions of, 23, 104 Dulce y Garay, Domingo (1808-1869), Spanish general and administrator: rebels against Isabella II, 8, 504 Duma, elective Russian assembly: the tsar calls, 15, 365; elected, 366; dis- solved, 366 Dumergues (ca. 1800), French com- mander: at the Beresina, 15, 253 Dumnorix (d. 59 B. C), Gallic chief: effect of his death on Gaul, 3, 305 Dumouriez, Charles Frangois (1739- 1823), French general and states- man: member of ministry, 9, 273; in Franco-Austrian War, 9, 276, 13, 263; joins Austrians, 13, 283; char- acter and ministry of, 10, 169; his report as to the political situation of France, 171; campaign of, 209; ex- pedition into Holland, 241; hostili- ties between him and the Jacobins, 242; his design of reestablishing con- stitutional monarchy, 245; defection of, 249; his interview with a deputa- tion from the Jacobins, 249; declared a traitor by the convention, 252; ar- rests the commissioners of the con- vention, 252; at the Russian court, 15, 207; his campaigns against the allied powers, 18, 356 Dunbar, Scotland: battles of (1296), 11, 148; (1650), 11, 364, 12, 343 Dunbar, Thomas (d. 1767), British soldier: in Braddock's expedition, 23, 177 Dunbar, William (1465-1530), Scottish poet: sketch of, 12, 309 Dunboy, Ireland: siege of (1602), 12, 102 Duncan I, King of Scotland, 1034- 1040: reign of, 12, 256 Duncan II, King of Scotland, 1093- 1094: reign of, 11, 86, 12, 259 Duncan, Adam, Viscount of Camper- down (1731-1804), British admiral: at battle of Camperdown (1797), 11, 547, 12, 208, 13, 266 Duncan, James (ca. 1850), American officer: in the Mexican War, 22, 348 Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville: see Melville, Henry Dundas, Viscount Dundas, Sir James Whitley Deans (1785-1862), British admiral: in Cri- mean War, 15, 311 Dundee, John Grahame of Claver- house, Viscount (1 643-1689), Scot- tish officer: commands Jacobite forces in Scotland, 12, 352 Dunes, Battle of the (1658), 9, 206, ", 372 Dungannon Resolutions: adopted by the Irish popular party (1782), 12, 187 Dungi I, King of Sumer and Accad (ca. 2600 B. C.) : reign of, 1, 76 Dungi II, King of Sumer and Accad (ca. 2400 B. C): reign of, 1, 76 Dunkeld, Scotland: battle of (1689), 12, 353 Dunkirk, France: siege of (1793), 9, 286 Dunmore, John Murray, Earl (1732- 1809), colonial governor of Vir- ginia: burns Norfolk, 23, 236 Dunois, Francois, Count of, son of John of Orleans: rebels against Anne of Beaujeu (ca. 1480), 9, 127 Dunstan, Saint (925-988 A. D.), Arch- bishop of Canterbury, 959-978: his early career, 11, 47; becomes Arch- bishop of Canterbury, 50; takes the part of Edward the Martyr, 56; death of, 56 Duperre, Victor Guy (1775-1846), a French admiral: his expedition against Algiers, 9, 389 Dupetit-Thouars, Abel Aubert (1793- 218 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 1864), French admiral: takes posses- sion of the Society Islands for France, 9, 422 Duphot, Leonard (1 770-1 797), a French general: death of, 9, 306, 10, 399 Dupin, Charles (1 784-1873), a French deputy and political economist: his relations to the revolution of 1830, 9, 391 Dupin, Jean Henri (1783-1865), a French politician: his relations to the revolution of 1830, 9, 391 Duplain (ca. 1792), a French politi- cian: leader of the commune, 10, 203 Dupleix, Joseph Francois (1 697-1764), a French general: sketch of, 5, 178; his career in India, 9, 240, 242, 11, 502, 20, 115; recalled from India, 20, 119 Duplessis-Praslin (ca. 1650), French general: defeats Turenne at Rethel, 9, 203 Dupont de l'Etang, Count Pierre (1765-1840), a French general: min- ister of war, 9, 356 Dupont de l'Eure, Charles Jacques (1767-1855), a French politician: keeper of the seals, 9, 396; member of the provisional government, 435 Duport, Adrien (1759-1798), a leader in French National Assembly: an- nounces the capture of the Bastile to the assembly, 10, (9; leader of the national party, 81 ; executes the confederation of the clubs, 82 Duport-Dutertre (d. 1793), a French revolutionist: death of, 9, 287 Du Portail (ca. 1790), French min- ister of war: replaced by Narbonne, 10, 164 Diippel, Germany: battle of (1864), 18, 408 Duprat (d. 1793), a French revolution- ist: death of, 10, 279 Duprat, Antoine (1463-1535), French cardinal and minister of France: advises sale of offices of the magis- tracy, 9, 138; plans union of Brit- tany with France, 141 Duquesne, Fort, a fort formerly on the site of Pittsburg: Braddock's expedition against, 20, 117, 23, 177 Duquesne, General (ca. 1700), a French soldier: besieges Genoa, 4, 325 Durand, Algernon George Arnold (1854 ), British official in India: establishes British influence north of Kashmir, 5, 278 Durand, Henry Marion (ca. 1869), British official in India: military member of the governor-general's council, 5, 248 Durand, Sir Henry Mortimer (1850 ), British ambassador to United States, 1903-1907: negotiates treaty with the Amir of Afghanis- tan, 5, 277 Durango, Mexico: founded, 22, 118 Duranthon (ca. 1792), a French poli- tician: made provisional minister of the marine, 10, 176 Duras, Jacques Henri de Durfort (1626-1704), a French general: his campaign in Germany, 9, 217 Durfort, Count Alphonse de (ca. 1790), French diplomat: at the Mantua Con- ference, 10, 136 Durfort, Henry of (ca. 1690), French general: his campaign in Germany, 9, 217 Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of (1792-1840), English Whig poli- tician: made governor-general of Canada, 11, 596, 20, 156 Durilu, Babylonia: battle of (729 B. C), 1, 84 Durocq, Grand Christoph Michel, Due de Frioul (1772-1813), French gen- eral: mission of, 15, 208 Dur-Papsukul, Babylonia: battle of (ca. 800 B. C), 1, 81 Dushratta, King of Mitanni, ca. 1400 B. C: reign of, 1, 141 Dusseldorf, Prussia: siege of (1795). 18, 359 Dustin, Hannah (ca. 1697), a colonial heroine: story of, 23, 159 Dutch, the people of the Netherlands: begin trade with Japan, 7, 134; in India, 5, 154; in Brazil, 21, 33; seek religious freedom in Maryland, 23, GENERAL INDEX 219 j2; emigrations of, from New York to South Carolina, 75; conflict with Connecticut settlers, 91; as navi- gators, 101; settlements of, in Amer- ica, 102; allied with England against Spain, 102; maritime supremacy of, 104; claims in Delaware, 107; in- cluded in Penn's colony, 113; large element in New York (1775), 126 Dutch East India Company: see East India Company, Dutch Dutch Reformed Church: enforced by Stuyvesant, 23, 103; established in New York, 148; disestablished, 148 Dutch Trading Company, a company chartered in 1824 for trade with the Indies: chartered, 20, 291 Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper (1798-1881), a French royalist poli- tician: opposes Mole's ministry, 9, 415; opposes Guizot's ministry, 431 Duye, John van der: see Dousa Dwight, Theodore (early 18th cen- tury), American politician: Secre- tary of Hartford Convention (1814), 23, 431 Dybbel, Sleswig-Holstein: battles of (1849), 16, 271; (1864), 274 Dyveke (ca. 1523), mistress of Chris- tian II of Denmark, 16, 191 E Eadgar, King of England, 959-975 A D. : accession of, 11, 49; reign of, 50; death of, 56 Eadgar the Aetheling, King of Eng land, 1066-1120: chosen king, 1 1, 67; as a refugee at the Scottish court, 12, 257; places Eadgar on Scottish throne, 259 Eadgar, King of Scotland, 1097-1107 accession of, II, 87, 12, 259 Eadmer (d. 1124), Archbishop of St Andrews: quarrels with Alexander I of Scotland, 12, 262 Eadmund I, King of the West Sax-t ons, 941-946 A. D.: reign of, II, 46 Eadmund (II) Ironside" (989-1016), King of the West Saxons, 1016: reign of, II, 59 Eadred, King of the West Saxons, 946-955 A. D.: reign of, 11, 47 Eadward (d. 925), King of the West Saxons, 901-925: reign of, 11, 45 Edward the Martyr (ca. 963-979), King of the West Saxons, 975-979: reign of, II, 56 Eadward or Eadwerd: see Edward Eadwig, King of England, 955-958 A. D.: reign of, 11, 48 Eadwine, King of Northumbria, 617- 633 A. D.: reign of, 11, 32, 34 Eaglets, Peter of Russia's assistants: account of, 15, 88 Ealdhelm (650 A. D.), Abbot of Malmesbury: teaches in school at Canterbury, 11, 38 Eamuses: see Yamassus Eannatum (ca. 4200 B. C), King of Lagash: conquers Kish, I, 75 Eannes, Gil (ca. 1400), Portuguese ex- plorer: explorations of, 19, 17 Earls, Rising of the, an English re- bellion (1075), 11, 78 Early, Jubal Anderson (181 6-1 894), American Confederate general: de- feated at Opiquan Creek, 24, 792; sent against Washington, 792; his generalship, 793 East, The Napoleon of the: see Me- hemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt East Africa Plantation Company, a German company to explore Africa: formed, 19, 139 East Florida: see Florida East India College, for Indian Civil Services: established at Haileyburg, 5, 202 East India Company, the name of various mercantile associations formed in different countries in the 17th and 18th centuries for the pur- pose of conducting under the aus- spices of the government a monop- oly of the trade of their respective countries with the East Indies BRITISH: organized, 5, 158, 11, 501, 20, 59; growth of, 20, 62; suc- cess of, 20, 102, 23, 56; allowed a drawback on tea shipped to the colonies, 23, 219; charter renewed (1813), 5, 206; (1833), 214; (1853), 225; sketch of, 239; fall of, 11, 618 DANISH: founded, 5, 171, 20, 101 DUTCH: organized, 5, 154, 13, 166, 167, 20, 56; growth of, 13, 221; sends out Henry Hudson, 16, 303, 23, 101; decline of, 20, 102; im- portance of, 121; dissolved, 141; ca- reer of, 286 FRENCH: organized, 5, 169, 9, 214, 20, 78, 114 OSTEND: founded, 17, 192; sketch of, 5, 171, 13, 253 SWEDISH: organized, 5, 175, 20, 101 Eastern Archipelago, The Queen of the: see Java Eastern Question, The, the collective name for the several problems in the international politics of Europe 220 GENERAL INDEX 221 growing out of the presence of the Turkish power in the southeast: ex- planation of, 9, 445, 14, 3; effect on Greece, 2, 547; relations of Austria to, *7, 3 2 3> submitted to arbitration (1840), 15, 292, 17, 348; the Crimean War (1853-1856), 15, 305, 17, 383; effect of the Treaty of Berlin on, 17, 422; the Macedonian question, 14, 506 Eastern Trading Company, Vienna, to develop commerce: founded 1719, 17, 192 Eaton, John H. (ca. 1800), American legislator: in Jackson's Cabinet, 23, 48S Eaton, Theophilus (d. 1658), American colonist: founds New Haven, 23, 92 Eba, King of the Goths, ca. 700 A. D.: restored to his throne, I, 319 Ebbeson, Niels (d. 1340), Danish pa- triot: frees Denmark, 16, 113 Ebbo (d. 851 A. D.), Archbishop of Rheims: mission of, 16, 25 Ebel, Johann Gottfried (1764-1830), German geologist: sketch of, 13, 494; pleads for unity in Switzerland, 508 Eberhard (d. 939 A. D.), Duke of the Franks: his mission to Henry of ' Saxony, 18, 105; conspiracy of, 109; death of, no Eberhard I (ca. 1300), Count of Wur- temberg: revolt of, 18, 180; out- lawed, 186 Eberhard (II) the Whiner (1344- I 39 2 )> Count of Wurtemberg: wars of, 18, 195, 197 Eberhard of the Beard (ca. 1500), Duke of Wurtemberg: at the Diet of Worms, 18, 226 Eberhard Ludwig (ca. 1700), Duke of Wurtemberg: oppressions of, 18, 323 Eberhardt (ca. 1280), Bishop of Bran- denburg: regent of Bohemia, 17, 78 Eble, Jean Baptiste (1758-1812), a French general: at the Beresina, 15, 252 Eboric, King of the Suevi, ca. 580 A. D.: consigned to a monastery, 8, 42 _ Ebroin (ca. 670 A. D.), major-domo of Clotaire III: mayor of the palace, 9, 34; death of, 35 Ebu Bekir (ca. 1800), governor of Servia: sent to control Janissaries, 14, 387 Ecclesia, The, the public assembly of Athens: made powerful by Solon, 2, 107; altered by Cleisthenes, 147 Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, a bill intro- duced by Lord Russel declaring all acts done by Catholic Bishops and all deeds bestowing property on them null and void (1851), 11, 609 Ecgberht, King of Niercia, 794 A. D.: becomes over-lord of England, 11, 40; his struggles with the North- men, 42 Echavari (ca. 1825), Mexican general: revolt of, 22, 264 Echavarria, Francisco, a Cuban states- man: chosen governor of Santiago de Cuba (1902), 22, 468 Echaverri, Francisco (ca. 1760), a Mexican statesman: acting viceroy of New Spain, 22, 200 Echenique, Jose Rufino (1808-1879), Peruvian soldier and statesman: at the battle of Jauja, 21, 195; made president of Peru, 199; candidate for the presidency (1872), 210 Echevarria (Echeverria), Esteban (1809-1851), an Argentine poet: sketch of, 21, 118 Echezuria, Colonel (ca. i860), a Ven- ezuelan soldier: leads insurrection in Venezuela, 21, 97; imprisoned, 98 Eck, Johann von (1486-1543), a Ger- man theologian: his discussions with Carlstadt and Luther, 18, 237 Eckernforde, Sleswig-Holstein: battle of (1848), 18, 400 Eckmuhl, Germany: battle of (1809), 9, 335, 10, 479, 18, 376 Ecluse, France: battle of (1340), 9, 93 Ecnomus, Sicily: battle of, 3, 101 Economic Conditions: AFRICA: after Arabian conquest, 222 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS i, 308; Central Africa 19, 125; in general, 19, 286 ARABIA: before the coming of Mohammed, I, 189 AUSTRALIA: among the settlers, 20, 182; policy of Wakefield, 191, 192 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: under Ma- ria Theresa, 17, 258; under Joseph II, 269; under Francis II, 303; in 1848, 375; 1878-1894, 430; progress in recent times, 432; progress in Hungary, 452 CHINA: early 18th century, 6, 108; famine of 1850, 156; famines 1874- 1875, 242; after war with Japan, 273, 274; at present time, 318 DENMARK: under Christian V, 16, 234 EGYPT: under the Arabs, 1, 299, 300 ENGLAND: before Roman inva- sion, 11, 6; among the Angles, 19; effects of Black Death (1348), 163; under Richard II, 174, 177; agricul- ture abandoned for sheep-raising 208; under Elizabeth, 298; plague of 1665, 387; under Charles II, 417; after the battle of Waterloo, 569, 575; 19th century, 592, 600, 601, 603 FRANCE: views of the physiocrats, 9, 14; in feudal times, 67; 1359, 11, 165; under Charles VII, 9, 117; re- forms of Sully, 173; under Colbert, 208, 209; before the Revolution, 10, 9; reforms of Turgot, 27; reforms of Clugny, 28; reforms of Necker, 29; under Calonne Ministry, 31; dur- ing the Revolution, 332; after the Reign of Terror, 9, 292; at estab- lishment of Directory, 10, 369; re- sults of the Revolution, 424; under Louis XVIII, 9, 369; under Mole ministry, 413; (1848), 426; (1856), 449; at present time, 489, 490 GAUL: at time of Caesar, 3, 294 GERMANY: among the ancient tribes, 18, 7; of the Franks, 65; under Frederick II, 174; after Thirty Years' War, 295; Prussia, under Frederick the Great, 332; after Con- gress of Vienna, 395; under Bis- marck, 446 GREECE: of Aegean peoples, 2, 27; of Attica, 99, 103; of Athens, under Solon, 104; of Athens in Age of Pericles, 276; at Athens during Peloponnesian War, 282, 283; during decline of Athens, 361; at present time, 547, 55 1 INDIA: main treatment, 5, 20; famine of 1770, 189; under Lord Mayo, 248; famine of 1877, 255; un- der Lord Elgin, 274; effects of Bu- bonic plague (1896), 282; famine of 1900, 285; reforms of Lord Curzon, 290 IRELAND: famine of 1602, 12, 106; in 1 64 1, 114; famine and pesti- lence (1652), 126; under penal laws, 165; need of reform, 193, 195; fam- ines of 1846-1847, 226, 230 ISRAEL: influence of Canaanite culture, 1, 379, 390, 391 ITALY: of Greek cities, 3, 27; among the Celts, 58; under Theod- oric, 4, 157; effect of plague and pestilence (1855), 369; last part of 19th century, 397 JAPAN: the Taikwa Reforms, 7, 22, 23; in *. ra epoch, 33; under Kamakura government, 82; Muro- machi period, 97; under Edo govern- ment, 129, 153; abolition of the " han," 174; since 1893, 199, 242 MEXICO: famine of 1691, 22, 181; development of resources, 194, 413; famine of 1750, 198 NETHERLANDS: in 1555, 13, 74; effects of the Continental System, 268; after French Revolution, 283; in Belgium since 1870, 309, 311 NORWAY: after 1838, 16, 262, 263 PERSIA: at present time, 5, 369 ROME: reforms of Licinius and Sextius, 3, 49; under tribunate of the Plebs, 38; system of farming, 159, 160; reforms of the Gracchi, 171; after the fall of Gracchi, 183; reforms of Drusus, 203; reforms of Sulpicius, 209; during Revolutionary period, 242; farming system revived by Pompey, 267; under Caesar, 376, 382; under Augustus, 4, 37 RUSSIA: under Catharine the Great, 15, 182; under Alexander II, GENERAL INDEX 223 325; under Nicholas II, 352, 353, 356 SCOTLAND: reforms in, 12, 374 SICILY: among the Greek colo- nists, 2, 85 SOUTH AMERICA: in Spanish colonies, 20, 93; in Colombia, 31, 91; in Uruguay, after 1850, 140; sys- tem of Francia in Paraguay, 151; in Chili, 233; in Peru, 234; effects of war on, 241; of Peru since de- feat by Chili, 242; wealth of the continent, 269 SPAIN: effect of Arabian conquest, I, 320; under Roman rule, 8, 30; reforms of Olivares, 376, 427; re- forms under Carlos III, 418, 429; under Philip II, 425; under Philip V, 428; general resources, 430; present resources, 480 SWEDEN: famines (1446), 16, 130; improvement in, 226; under Karl Johan, 260 SWITZERLAND: during Roman occupation, 13, 322; in prehistoric times, 328; 1860-1880, 564; since 1874, 580, 581, 588 TURKEY: under Suleiman the Great, 14, 184; famine of 1575, 201; under Mahmud II, 435; at present time, 491 UNITED STATES: among Dutch colonists, 20, 65; in Virginia colony, 23, 60; in the colonies, 125, 133; famine of 1714 in Spanish colony of Texas, 22, 187; after American Rev- olution, 23, 312; during " Era of Good Feeling," 436, 441; economic aspect of slavery, 24, 580; in 1873, 896; under the Hayes administra- tion, 917; during yellow fever epi- demic of 1878, 923; during Cleve- land's second administration, 1002; during last century, 1086 WEST INDIES: in English colo- nies, 20, no, in; at Santo Domingo, I 37l of Jamaica, 241; abnormal con- ditions, 242 Economical Reform Bill, a bill pro- posed by Edmund Burke (1782), 11, 522 Ecuador, a political division of South America: separates from Colombia, 21, 84; formation of, 84; from 183 1 to 1876, 105; from 1876 to 1906, 244 Ecumenical Council, a Church Coun- cil held at Rome (1869-1870), 4, 393 Eddas, The, collections containing the old mythology of Scandinavia: main treatment, 16, 7 Edeco (ca. 710 A. D.), a Spanish sol- dier: defeated by Arabs, I, 312 Eden, Sir Ashley (1831-1887), a Brit- ish official in India: sketch of, 5, 263 Eden, Charles (d. 1729), American co- lonial statesman: governor of North Carolina (1714-1722), 23, 75 Eden, Emily (1797-1869), English nov- elist: sketch of, 5, 215 Eden, George, Baron Auckland: see Auckland, George Eden, Earl of Edgar: see Eadgar Edge (17th century), an Arctic ex- plorer: exploration of, 16, 304 Edgecomb, Sir Richard (ca. 1487), English official in Ireland: his mis- sion to Ireland, 12, 72 Edgehill, England: battle of (1642), xi, 344 Edgeworth of Firmont, Henry Essex (1745-1807), a French priest: at- tends Louis XVI, 9, 281 Edict, The Perpetual, a treaty signed by states of the Netherlands at March-en-Famenne (1577), 13, 126 Edict of Nantes: see Nantes, Edict of Edinburgh, Scotland, called the Queen of the North and the Maiden Castle: siege of (1572), 12, 322 Edinburgh, Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of (1844 ), second son of Queen Victoria: visits India, 5, 249 Edinburgh, Treaty of, a treaty be- tween France and England (1560), 12, 313 Edith (ca. 935), daughter of Athel- stan, wife of Otto I, 18, 108 Edlibach, Gerold (15th century), a Swiss writer: sketch of, 13, 428 Edmer: see Eadmer 224. THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Edmonstone, Neil Benjamin (1754- 1812), foreign secretary for Welles- ley, 5, 202 Edmund: see Eadmund Edmund, Saint: see Rich, Edmund Edmund Crouchback (ca. 1250), son of Henry III: offered crown of Si- cily and Naples, II, 136 Edmund Gamle, King of Sweden, 1050-1060: reign of, 16, 60; death of, 100 Edmunds, George Franklin (1828 ), an American statesman: in Congress organized 1869, 24, 862; member of the Electoral Commis- sion, 913 note; as Presidential nom- inee (1880), 926; support transferred to Garfield, 929; candidate for Pres- idential nomination (1884), 943 Edmunds Act, an act passed by Con- gress to suppress Mormonism (1882): passed, 24, 983 Edmunds-Tucker Act, an act passed by Congress (1887) providing for the dissolution of the Mormon church and the confiscation of its property: passed, 24, 983 Edo, Japan: rise of, 7, 123; taken by imperial forces, 169; made capital, 174 Edonian Thracians: see Thracians, Edonian Edred: see Eadred Education: AFRICA: in government schools, 19, 268 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: under King Stephen of Hungary, 7, 48; restric- tions on, in Hungary, 61; Univer- sity of Prague, 17, 104, 18, 192; University of Vienna, 17, 104; Prague as a center, 116; University of Funfkirchen, 154; under Ferdi- nand II, 182; under Maximilian, 175; in Jesuit schools, 189; under Maria Theresa, 257, 260, 261; under Joseph II, 267, 268; under Francis II, 289; the Hungarian Academy, 338; under the Ausgleich, 400; since 1867, 417; improvements in Hun- gary, 452 CHINA: under the Ming rulers, 6, 39; proposed reforms of Prince Kung, 260; Imperial University re- organized, 291; reforms of K'ang Yuwei, 276; interest in western edu- cation, 289; reforms, 290; at present time, 320 DENMARK: under Christian, 16, 200 ENGLAND: under Alfred the Great, 11, 44; in the monasteries, 76, 92; University of Oxford, 116; Merton College at Oxford, 142; first great public school founded at Win- chester, 170; during Renaissance, 238, 239; under Wolsey, 244; in 19th century, 570; Forster's system, 626 FRANCE: under Charles the Great, 9, 45; University of Paris, 9, 79, 11, 116; school established at St. Cyr by Madame de Maintenon, 11, 226; Douai College, 11, 291, 13, 169; un- der the National Convention, io, 362, 363; reforms of Napoleon, 448; under Charles X, 9, 387; reforms of 1833 and 1834, 403; under Louis Philippe, 421; under Third Republic, 482; present time, 487, 490 GERMANY: at present time, 18, 436 GREECE: of Spartans, 2, 67; Ath- ens the center of, for Romans, 521; at present time, 550 HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE: under Charles the Great, 18, 87; under Ludwig, son of Charles the Great, 89 INDIA: among the Aryans, 5, 48; status of women instructors, 86; un- der Wellesley, 202; 19th century, 232; under Lord Mayo, 250; en- couraged by Lord Curzon, 291 IRELAND: College of Maynooth, 11, 604, 12, 204; Bardic school, 12, 15; progress, 33; religion con- nected with, 34; revival of learning, 46; under Brian Boru, 47; college founded at Youghal (1463), 70; un- der penal laws, 161; of Catholics, 200; national system established, 224; the Nation newspaper founded (1842), 228; Queen's colleges and Queen's University founded (1847), 234 GENERAL INDEX 225 ITALY: revival of learning, 4, 279; at Universities of Bologna, Padua, and Salerno, II, 116, 18, 176 JAPAN: progress during Nara epoch, 7, 34, 35; Hei-An epoch, 42; decline, 78; under Edo government, 129; among the masses, 142 MEXICO: among the Aztecs, 23, 7 NETHERLANDS: in Belgium, 13, 310; new system in Holland (i860), 315 PERSIA: neglect, 1, 180; university founded at Susa, 5, 320; revival un- der Harun Al Raschid, 326 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: in gov- ernment schools, 20, 320; efficiency, 364, 366 POLAND: suppression of, 15, 296; University of Cracow, 375 PORTUGAL: establishment of Uni- versity of Lisbon, 8, 284; Univer- sity of Evora, 449; reforms of Joam V, 471; reforms of Jose, 473 ROME: under Vespasian, 4, 82; see also Italy RUSSIA: at Kiev, 15, 72; Academy of Science, 113, 114; reforms under Anne, 114; University of Moscow, 149; under Catharine the Great, 195; during reactionary period, 265; un- der Nicholas II, 350 SCOTLAND: University of St. An- drews, 12, 290; introduction of printing, 301; University of Aber- deen, 301; compulsory school law applying to sons of barons and free- holders (1496), 309; national system recast under William, 356 SERVIA: establishment of schools, M, 423 SOUTH AMERICA: Jesuit College in Brazil, 20, 92; Jesuit schools, 93; in republic of Colombia, 91; in Quito, 106; in Ecuador, 108; in Argentine Republic under Mitre, 133; in Paraguay, 155, 260; in Lima, 214; condition of, in Chili, 228, 241; defects of system in Peru, 242; of Uruguay, 259 SPAIN: among the Saracens, 1, 347; at Osca during Roman occupa- tion, 3, 256; Academies founded by Philip I, 8, 412; at University of Cordova, 18, 176; improved under Carlos III, 8, 419; at present time, 517 SWEDEN: under Gustaf Vasa, 16, 159; under Gustavus Adolphus, 178, 179 SWITZERLAND: under Charles the Great, 13, 341; at the monaster- ies, 343, 346; at St. Gall's, 343; Uni- versity of Basle, 428; during the Renaissance, 428; University of Lau- sanne, 448; after Reformation, 452; study of the classics, 453; progress, 482, 483; reforms of Pestalozzi, 496, 522, 523; reforms of Stapfer, 514; after the French Revolution, 521, 522; reforms in Glarus, 542; under Jesuits, 549; establishment of Fed- eral University, 557; since 1874, 583 TURKEY: under Mohammed (Mahmud) II, 14, 98, 435; encour- agement of, under Selim III, 377, 278 UNITED STATES: in Spanish and Indian colonies, 23, 44; in Virginia colony, 67; Harvard College founded (1636), 91, 140; Yale College founded, 140; University of Penn- sylvania, 141; University of Virginia, 383; among the Southern upper class, 24, 589; of negroes in South, 874 Education Act, an act regulating edu- cation in England (1870): passed, 11, 626 Edward the Confessor (ca. 1004-1066), King of England, 1041-1066: acces- sion of, 11, 61, 16, 33; reign of, 16, 61 Edward (I) Longshanks, King of England (1272-1307), called the Eng- lish Justinian, the Hammer of Scot- land and the Scourge of Scotland: born at Westminster, June 17, 1239, eldest son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence; married Eleanor of Castile, 1254; took part in the civil war between Henry and the barons under the Earl of Leicester and was captured by the latter, 1264, but es- caped and defeated the baron at Evesham, 1265; was with the Cru- 226 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS saders, 1270-1272; succeeded to the throne, 1272, and was crowned, 1274; engaged in the conquest of Wales, 1276-1284; expelled the Jews from England, 1290; appointed arbitrator to decide between the claimants of the Scottish throne, Bruce and Ba- liol, 1290; defeated the Scots at Dun- bar, 1296, carried the Scotch coro- nation stone to London, and placed Scotland under an English regent; the latter was defeated by Sir Wil- liam Wallace, 1297, and he in turn was defeated by Edward at the battle of Falkirk, 1298; Edward again invaded Scotland, 1303, re- ceived the submission of Bruce and ordered the execution of Wallace, 1305; married Margaret of France, 1299; concluded the Peace of Amiens, with Philip IV of France, 1303; died at Burgh-on-the-Sands, near Carlyle, England, while on his way to Scotland to suppress a re- volt, July 7, 1307 Marries Eleanor of Castile, 8, 152; appeal of the Knights Bachelors to, 11, 139; surrenders to baronial forces, 140; carries out reforms of Simon de Montfort, 141; reign of, 143; forms alliance with Alfonso III of Aragon, 8, 247; his alliance with Adolf of Nassau, 18, 183; his rela- tions with Scotland, 12, 268; condi- tion of Ireland under, 58; his dif- ferences with Philip III of France, 9,87 Edward II (1284-1327), King of Eng- land, 1307-1327: birth, 11, 144; reign of, 152; persecutes the Templars, 9, 89; his relations with Scotland, 12, 278; resigns the crown, 11, 155; murdered, 155 Edward III (1312-1377), King of Eng- land, 1327-1377, called the Father of English Commerce and King of the Sea: reign of, II, 156; claims French crown, 9, 92, 11, 159, 13, 33; attempts to break the power of the Irish lords, 12, 63; condition of Ire- land under, 66; his relations with Scotland, II, 165, 12, 283; his al- liance with Lewis of Bavaria, 18, 189; forms alliance with Charles the Bad of Navarre, 8, 210, 211; death of, 11, 172 Edward IV (1441-1483), King of Eng- land, 1461-1483: concludes alliance with Charles the Rash of Burgundy, 13, 44; his relations with Scotland, 12, 296; flees to Calais, II, 211; wins battle of Mortimer's Cross, 212; crowned, 213, 214; invades France, 9, 124, 13, 46 Edward V (1470-1483), King of Eng- land, April-June, 1483: accession of, 11, 219; death of, 221 Edward VI (1537-1553), King of Eng- land, 1547-1553, called the Josiah of his Country or of England: birth of, 11, 258; reign of, 264; condition of Ireland under, 12, 85 Edward VII (1841 ), King of Great Britain and Ireland and Em- peror of India, 1901 : ancestors of, 16, 70; visits India, 5, 253; ac- cession of, 5, 288, 11, 642 Edward (1330-1376), Prince of Wales, called the Black Prince: invades Normandy, 11, 160; at war with Charles V, 9, 94, 11, 168; assumes leadership of the Commons, 11, 172; reinstates Pedro the Cruel, 8, 167; death of, 11, 172 Edward (d. 1471), Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI: birth of, 11, 210; death of, 217 Edward (14th century), Count of Sa- voy: reign of, 4, 275 Edward of Portugal: see Duarte Edwardes, Herbert Benjamin (1819- 1868), an English general: attempts to prevent outbreak in the Punjab, 5, 225 Edwards, Jonathan (1 703-1 758), an American theologian and metaphy- sician: his reputation, 23, 139; his writings, 142 Edwig: see Eadwig Edwin: see Eadwine Edzart (ca. 1500), Count of Friesland: chosen count, 13, 51; adopts the Reformation, 54 Eetionea, Greece: fort of, 2, 361 GENERAL INDEX 227 Egede, Hans (1686-1758), Danish mis- sionary: his labors in Greenland, 16, 48, 237 Eger, Bohemia: annexed by Bohemia, 17, 73', surrendered to the Empire, 75; siege of (1552), 219 Egerton, Robert Eyles, (1827 ), Indian civil service: sketch of, 5, 263 Egilbert (ca. 1050), Archbishop of Prague: crowns Vratislav and Svatova of Bohemia, 17, 65 Egilona (700 A. D.), widow of Rod- eric: hostage to the Saracens, 1, 319, 8, 52 Eginus (ca. 1050), Bishop of Dalby: sketch of, 16, 62 Egmont, Lam oral, Count of (1522- 1568), Dutch nobleman: attempts to gain regency of Low Countries, 8, 367; his campaigns against the French, 13, 70; permits no persecu- tions in his provinces, 77; joins plot against Granvelle, 78; envoy to Spain, 82; joins confederates, 89; resigns his government position, 90; yields to the seductions of the government, 99; takes the new oath of allegiance, 102; arrest of, 8, 359, 13, 105; death of, 8, 359, 13, 108 Egnatius, Gellius (d. 295 B. C.) Sam- nite leader, 3, 72 Egnen, Polish Prussia: battle of (1621), 16, 179 Egusquiza, President of Paraguay 1894-1898: administration of, 31, 2C0 Egypt, northeastern Africa, called the Granary of Turkey: the land and the people, I, 3; chronology and history, 11; religion and mythology, 41; arts and general culture, 50; relation of civilization to Greece, 2, 21; to Crete, 22; inscriptions in, re- lating to Greece, 25, 33; ravaged by Achaians and Danai, 33, 51; religion of, compared to religion of Greeks, 40; Greek intercourse with, 87; re- duced by Cambyses, 127; Athenian campaigns in, 240, 246; Agesilaus in, 452; conquered by Alexander, 495; assigned to Ptolemy I after death of Alexander, 512; Greek pros- perity in, 513; absorbed by Rome, 2, 522, 3, 151; condition under Roman rule, 3, 162; schemes to unite her with Rome, 276; governed by Rufio, 3, 371, 4, 27; conquered by Saracens, 2 > 533. 14, 45 aids Turks against Greeks, 2, 544; French expedition to, IO, 398; comes under the control of England and France, II, 633; Ti- mur's attack on empire of, 14, 48; Prince Djem aided by, 108, 112; Turkish wars with, 114; subdued by the Turks, 133; disorders in, 292, 326; Mamelukes rebel in, 344; wrested from France, 384; English expedition against, 398; Turko- Egyptian war, 437; sketch of her history, 19, 266; government of, 20, 262 Ehrenskiold, Nils (1674-1728), Swed- ish admiral: taken prisoner, 15, 64 Ehrestfer, Russia: battle of (1702), IS, 42 Eikyo, Korea: captured by the Jap- anese, 7, 1 18 Einhard (Eginhard) (d. 844 A. D.), French historian: at court of Charlemagne, 18, 86 Eion, Asia Minor: conquered by Athe- nians, 2, 228; Thucydides at, 314 Eira, Greece: fall of, 2, 75 Eisleben, The Monk of: see Luther Ejnar (ca. 900 A. D.), Scandinavian noble: driven into exile, 16, 42 Ejsten, King of Denmark, ca. 1100 A. D.: chosen king, 16, 97 Ekbert (ca. 1050), Count of Bruns- wick: companion of Henry IV of Germany, 18, 131 Ekkehard I (d. 973 A. D.), German scholar: sketch of, 13, 345 Ekkehard II (d. 990 A. D.), German scholar: sketch of, 13, 346 Ekkehard IV (d. 1056), German scholar: sketch of, 13, 346 Ekmtthl, Austria: battle of (1809), 17, 298 Elagabalus (Bassianus), Roman Em- peror, 218-222 A. D.: reign of, 4, 104; death, 105 Elah, King of Israel, ca. 870 B. C: reign of, 1, 389 228 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Elam, Arabia: conquered by the As- syrians, i, 91 El-Arisch, Egypt: taken by Napoleon, 14, 382; convention of (1801), be- tween France and Egypt, 9, 317 El Asiento, Treaty of, concluded be- tween Spain and England (1712), 22, 187 Elbee, Gigot d' (1752-1794), Vendean general: supports insurrection in the Vendee, 9, 283 Elbing, West Prussia: taken by the Russians (1758), 15, 148 El Caney, West Indies: battle of (1898), 22, 459, 24, 1029 Elchingen, Bavaria: battle of (1805), 9, 326 Eleanor of Castile (d. 1290): marries Edward I of England, 8, 152; death of, 11, 147 Eleanor of Guienne (1 122-1203), Aqui- taine princess: marries Louis VII of France, 9, 72; marries Henry II of England, 9, 74, 11, 96; defends Aquitaine against France, 11, 122 Eleanor of Provence (d. 1291): mar- ries Henry III of England, 11, 134 Eleanor: see also Leonora Elector, The Great: see Frederick William, the Great Elector of Bran- denburg Electoral Commission, The, a board of Commissioners created by act of Congress (1877) for the purpose of deciding disputed cases in the presi- dential election of 1876, 24, 911 Electoral Laws, sanctioning a legal course in the nomination of French deputies (1817), 9, 369, 374 Electoral Reform Act in Jamaica (1840), enfranchising the negroes, 20, 244 Elegia, Asia: battle of, 4, 96 El Embudo, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 305 Elephant, Order of the, Danish Knighthood, 16, 234 Elepoo: see Ilipu Eleusis, division of Attica: mysteries of, 2, 332; seized by Thirty Tyrants, 387 Elgin, James Bruce, Earl of (1811- 1863), British statesman: his admin- istration as governor of Canada, 20, 158, 162; appointed British ambas- sador to China, 6, 160; arrives at Hongkong, 161; presents ultimatum, 162; arrives at Tientsin, 165, 175; goes to Peiho, 165; signs treaty, 166; advances towards Peking, 177; signs treaty in Peking, 185; again ap- pointed ambassador, 6, 278, 9, 451; his governor-generalship of India, 5, 244 Elgin, Victor Alexander Bruce, Earl (1849 ), British statesman: his governor-generalship of India, 5, 274 Elhadj Mohammed Pasha (ca. 1725), Grand Vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 314 El-Haj Omar (ca. 1830), African chief: at war with the French, 19, 48 Elias, Domingo (ca. 1850), Peruvian statesman: declares himself presi- dent of Peru, 21, 198 Elie (ca. 1790), French Revolutionist: leads attack on the -Bastile, 10, 65 Elijah (ca. 900 B. C), Hebrew prophet: sketch of, 1, 391 Eliot, John, called the " Apostle of the Indians:" born at Nasing, Essex, England, 1604; was educated at Cambridge; emigrated to Boston, 1631, and became minister of the church at Roxbury; after learning the Indian tongue, he traveled from tribe to tribe preaching to them; had great influence over the Indi- ans; translated the Bible into the Indian language, 1661-1663; died in Roxbury, Mass., May 20, 1690 Reduces Indian language to writ- ing, 23, 12; imprisoned, 88; called Apostle to the Indians, 97; aids in editing Bay Psalm Book, 143 Eliot, Sir John (1590-1632), English statesman and orator: leader of Op- position Party, 11, 321; death of, 329 Eliott, George Augustus, Lord Heath- GENERAL INDEX 229 field (1718-1790), British general: defends Gibraltar (1779), 8, 417, 9, 256 Elis, Greece: description of, 2, 17; feud with Pisa, 74, 75; makes war on Sparta, 321, 440; wars of, with the Arcadians, 446; civil war in, leads to alliance with Philip of Macedon, 470 Elisha (850 B. C), Hebrew prophet: sketch of, 1, 391 Elissa (9th century B. C.), Phoenician princess: founds Carthage, 1, 123 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 1558- 1603, called the Queen of the Northern Seas: born at Greenwich, England, September 7, 1533; was the daughter of Henry VII and Anne Boleyn; was educated under reform influence, being taught the classical languages by Roger Ascham; was confined in the Tower, 1554, by Queen Mary on charge of being concerned in Wy- att's rebellion; succeeded to the throne on the death of Mary, 1558; repealed the Catholic statutes of Mary's reign and reestablished the Anglican Church; concluded the Treaty of Troyes with France, 1564; signed the death warrant of Mary Queen of Scots, 1587; defeated the Spanish Armada, 1588; supported the Protestant cause in the Nether- lands; encouraged commercial and literary undertakings; died at Rich- mond, near London, March 24, 1603 Birth of, II, 254; imprisoned, 270; reign of, 274; aids Henry IV of France against Philip II of Spain, 8, 356, 13, 71; aids Protestant refu- gees from the Netherlands, 8, 360; attempts to restore Antonio to Por- tuguese throne, 454; aids the Con- gregation in Scotland, 12, 313; im- prisons Mary Queen of Scots, 319; opens English ports to Flemish ref- ugees, 13, 107; intercedes for Dutch Protestants, 121; concludes treaty with Dutch Protestants, 126; re- fuses to marry the Duke of Anjou, 137; abandons the Dutch Republic, 171; seeks aid of Turkey, 14, 202; her relations with Russia, 15, 17; Erik XIV solicits the hand of, 16, 161; charters African Company, 19, 30; encourages English seamen, 23, 51; her commercial restrictions on colonists, 66; death of, 13, 177 Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary, ca. 1430: reign of, 17, 157 Elizabeth (ca. 1250), wife of Conrad IV: guardian of Conradin, 18, 168 Elizabeth (ca. 1300), wife of Albert I of Germany: revenge of, 18, 185 Elizabeth (ca. 1300), daughter of Wen- zel II of Bohemia: marries John, son of Henry of Luxemburg, 18, 185 Elizabeth (1764-1794), Princess of France: death of, 9, 289 Elizabeth (ca. 1350), Princess of Hol- stein-Gottorp: sketch of, 16, 116 Elizabeth (ca. 1400), Countess of Hol- stein: makes war upon Danes, 16, 125 Elizabeth of Bavaria (1 837-1898), Empress of Austria: marries Fran- cis Joseph, 17, 383; death of, 456 Elizabeth of Bohemia (ca. 1400) : mar- ries Albert V of Austria, 17, 106 Elizabeth of Brunswick-Bevern (1715- I 797)> Queen of Prussia: wife of Frederick the Great, 18, 328 Elizabeth of France (1 545-1 568): mar- ries Philip II of Spain, 8, 355, 9, 149 Elizabeth of York (1466-1503): mar- ries Henry VII, 11, 223 Elizabeth Alexievna (1779-1826), Em- press of Russia: sketch of, 15, 268 Elizabeth Petrovna (1 709-1761), Em- press of Russia: plans for her mar- riage, 15, 94; account of, 103, 109; conspiracies to place her on the throne, 125, 129, 131; reign of, 15, I33i !6, 228; forms alliance with Austria, 18, 332 Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662), Queen of Bohemia, called the Queen of Hearts and Goody Palsgrave: mar- ries Frederick V, Elector Palatine, 11, 3ii Elizabethtown, New Jersey: settled, 23, 108; first assembly meets at, 108 Elizalde (19th century), minister of Foreign Affairs of Argentine Re- 230 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS public: favors a Brazilian alliance, 31, 132 Elkins Law, a law in the United States aimed at the character of trusts (1901), 24, 1052 Ellauri, Jose, a South American statesman: president of Uruguay (1873-1875), 31, 146 Ellenborough: see Law, Edward Elles, Eir Edmond Roche (1848 ), English official in India: sketch of, 5, 279; resigns as military member of council, 305 Elliot, Captain (ca. 1836), English of- ficer in China: in Opium War, 6, 130 Elliot, Gilbert, Earl of Minto, gov- ernor-general of India, 1807-1813: appointed, 5, 205 Ellis, Sir Barrow Helbert (1 823-1 887), member of council of India, 1875- 1885: sketch of, 5, 251; negotiates Treaty of Teheran, 360 Ellis, Edward (ca. 1579), English merchant: sent to Constantinople, 14, 202 Ellmaker, Amos, American politician: nominated for Vice-President (1833), 23, 498 Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer (d. 1861), American soldier: killed, 24, 731 Ellsworth, Oliver, American states- man and jurist: in constitutional convention, 23, 324; in first Con- gress, 343; plans organization of na- tional judiciary, 346; administers oath to President Adams, 371; ap- pointed envoy, 376 El-Melik-el-Mo'izz : see Eybek El Mina (St. Jorge da Mina), Africa: founded, 19, 18; captured by the Dutch, 36 Elms, City of: see New Haven, Con- necticut Elobey, island in Pacific Ocean near Africa: under Spanish rule, 20, 299 Eloquent, Old Man: see Adams, John Quincy Elorriega, Francisco, a Mexican poli- tician: candidate for president of Mexico, 1846, 22, 315 Elphinstone, John (1722-1785), a Scotch naval officer: at the battle of Tchesme, 15, 178 Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1 779-1859), British governor of Bombay: envoy to Afghanistan, 5, 205, 216 Elphinstone, William George Keith (1782-1842), an English general in India: sketch of, 5, 218 El Pilar, Peace of, a peace concluded in 1820 between South American provinces, 31, 71, 119 Elulaeus (Luli), King of Tyre, ca. 728- 692 B. C. : defeated by Sennacherib, I, 87; reign of, 124 Elvas, Spain: battle of (1659), 8, 465 Elvira, Dona (ca. 965 A. D.), abbess of San Salvador convent: regent of Leon, 8, 137 Elwas Mohammed (ca. 1697), Grand Vizier of Turkey: unpopularity of, 14, 262 Emancipation, of negroes in United States: Fremont declares Missouri slaves free, 24,741; agitated as a war measure, 766; Confiscation Act (1862), effecting, 766; gradual, 766; importuned by delegations, 767 Emancipation Act, Catholic, in Eng- lish history: an act admitting Cath- olics to both Houses of Parliament (1829), 12, 222 Emancipation Proclamation, issued by Abraham Lincoln freeing slaves in America (1863): preliminary, 24, 766; final, 767; Lincoln's justification for, 768; made permanent by thir- teenth amendment, 841 Embalmed Beef Scandal, scandal con- cerning the beef given to the sol- diers during the Spanish-American War (1898), 24, 1034 Embree, Elihu, an American editor: publishes first abolition paper in America, 24, 573 Emeran, St., of Poitiers (ca. 710 A. D.), a German prelate: founds the bishopric of Salzburg, 17, 88 Emerich, St (d. 1031), Prince of Hun- gary, son of St. Stephen: death of, 17, 50 Emerich, King of Hungary, 1 196-1204: reign of, 17, 55 GENERAL INDEX 231 Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882), an American poet, lecturer and es- sayist: in American literature, 23, 481; member of American Anti- Slavery Society, 24, 574 Emesa, ancient city in Arabia: de- scription of, 1, 279; conquered by the Saracens, 279 Emi Oshikazu (ca. 760 A. D.), Prime Minister of Japan: rebellion of, 7, 36 Emigrant-Aid Society, organized in Massachusetts, 24, 647 Emigrants, The (Emigres, Les), the royalists who left France in 1789 and succeeding years: consternation of, on the king's arrest, 10, 142; Girondists desire rigorous measures against, 157; invited by the king to return, 159; act of pardon proposed in favor of, 446 Emin Mohammed (d. 1769), Grand Vizier of Turkey: recalled, 14, 324 Emin Pasha (1840-1892), a noted Af- rican explorer: beleaguered by the Mahdi, 19, 138; enters the service of Germany, 143; the German expe- dition for relief of, 186 Emishi, Japan: rebellion of, 7, 10; brought into subjection, 27 Emma, Queen of England, ca. 1000 A. D. : influence of, 16, 32 Emma of Waldeck, Queen of Holland, 1879-1890: marriage of, 13, 318; re- gency of, 318 Emmanuel (I) the Great (1469-1521), King of Portugal, 1495-1521: rela- tion of Indian sovereigns to, 20, 39 Emmanuel (Manuel) Philibert (1528- 1580), Duke of Savoy, an Italian general: at battle of St. Quentin, 4, 307; reign of, 307; aids Venice against Turks, 309; claims throne of Spain, 8, 448; commands Spanish forces, 13, 70; asserts his claim in Switzerland, 458 Emmet, Robert (1 778-1803), an Irish revolutionist: insurrection of, 12, 218 Emmet, Thomas Addis (1 764-1 827), an Irish lawyer and politician: joins the United Irishmen, 12, 207 Emperor, the Iron: see Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia Emperor of China: title first assumed by Manchu rulers (1635), 6, 49 Emperors, Battle of the Three: see Austerlitz: battle of (1805) Emperors, The Five Good: see Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperors Empire State, The: see New York Empire State of the South, The: see Georgia Emporiae, Spain: makes alliance with Rome, 3, 113 Empremesnil, d' (ca. 1789), French deputy: joins advocates of liberty, 10, 46 Empson, Richard (d. 1510), English politician: instrument of Henry VII, 11, 230; executed, 235 Ems, Syria: battle of (1832), 14, 434 Encumbered Estates Act, in Irish his- tory: an act providing for the com- pulsory sale of estates whose rents were mortgaged (1848), 11, 607, 12, 238 note Enderby Land, Antarctic Ocean: dis- covered (1831), 16, 334 Endicott, John (1589-1665), American colonist: breaks up settlement of Merrymount, 23, 85; receives grant from Plymouth Company, 86 Endicott, William Crowinshield (1827 ), American politician: Secre- tary of War, 24, 950 note Endius (ca. 420 B. C), Spartan leader: member of the Ephoralty, 2, 351; envoy to Athens, 365 Enfant, Major 1' (ca. 1790), French engineer: plans City of Washington, 23, 350 Enforcement Acts, giving jurisdiction to Federal Courts over offenses against the negroes: passed, 24, 870; decision of Supreme Court respect- ing, 873 Engelbrechtsson, Engelbrecht (ca. 1420), Danish rebel: leads Swedish revolt, 16, 127 Engelbrechtsson, Olaf (d. 1538), Archbishop of Drontheim: death of, 16, 196 232 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Enghien: see Steenkirk Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri (1772- 1804), a French prince: death of, 9, 321, 10, 456, 18, 366 Enghien, Louis of Bourbon, Duke of: see Conde, Louis of Bourbon, Prince of England, the largest division of Great Britain, called the Ocean's Queen: condition of the Jews, 1, 419; pro- tests against action of Russia, 6, 311; signs treaty with Japan (1902), 312; signs new treaty with Japan (1905), 315; begins trade with Japan, 7 135; concludes treaty with China 277; her relations with Turkey, 14, 7, 160, 202; attitude toward Russia 14, 358, 360, 361; allied with Russia 322; joins triple alliance (1788), 360; allies against France, 380; interven- tion of, in Turkey, 267, 284, 290, 299, 347, 423; refuses aid to the Sultan, 435; in agreement of the Darda- nelles, 437; hostile to Russia, 487; in Africa, 19, 71; present African possessions of, 266; claims in Dela- ware, 23, 107; dominate in colonies, 126; population of, in French and Indian war, 173; attitude toward Indians, 175; Northwest boundary dispute, 443; opposes intervention in South America, 446; Northeast boundary dispute, 514; prepares for war with United States (1861), 34, 729; in joint intervention against Mexico, 875; appoints Behring Sea arbitrators, 980; Alaskan-Canadian boundary dispute, 1054; see also Great Britain and England, History of England, History of: prehistoric and Roman Britain, 11, 3; the English settlements, 17; the strife of the English kingdoms, 27; the kingship and struggle with the Danes, 41; Eadgar's England, 50; England and Normandy, 56; William I, 71; Wil- liam II, 97; Richard I, 112; John, 121; Henry III, 130; Edward I Edward II, 143; from the accession of Edward III to the Treaty of Bretigni, 167; Richard II and the so- cial revolution, 173; Richard II and the political revolution, 180; Henry IV Henry V, 191; Henry VI and the loss of France, 201; the later years of Henry VI, 208; the Yorkish kings, 214; Henry VII, 223; Henry VIII and Wolsey, 235; the breach with the Papacy, 243; the royal su- premacy, 254; Edward VI Mary, 264; the Elizabethan settlement in church and state, 274; Elizabeth and the European conflict, 285; Elizabeth's years of triumph, 295; James I, 307; the growth of the personal government of Charles I, 332; the formation of parliamentary parties and first years of the civil war, 340; the New Model Army, 351; the commonwealth and protec- torate, 362; Charles II and Claren- don. 3795 Charles II and the cabal, 391; Danby's administration and the three short Parliaments, 462; the last years of Charles II, 412; James II, 421; William III and Mary II, 435; William III (alone), 444; Queen Anne, 453; establ'shment of Parliamentary supremacy, Town- shend, Sunderland, and Walpole, 468; establishment of Parliamentary supremacy; Walpole, Carteret, and the Pelhams, 481; Newcastle and Pitt, 493; the breakup of the Whig party, 504; the struggle of the Amer- icans for Independence, 513; Pitt and Fox, 524; the French Revolu- tion, 539; the union with Ireland and trouble with France, 545; the ascendency of Napoleon, 555; the downfall of Napoleon, 562; England after Waterloo, 569; First Reform Bill Catholic Emancipation and Parliamentary reform, 581; the re- formers in power, 591; free trade, 602; the Crimean War and the end of the East India Company, 611; antecedents and results of the Sec- ond Reform Act, 626; the last years of the 19th century, 632 England, The Apostle of: see Latimer England, The Josiah of: see Edward VI, King of England GENERAL INDEX 233 English, The Apostle of the: see Gregory, Saint, the Great English, The Hammer and Scourge of the: see Wallace, William English, William E. (1850 ), American Congressman: his bill brought forward, 24, 663; nominated for Vice-President, 930 English Commerce, Father of: see Edward III, King of England English East India Company: see East India Company, British English Justinian, The: see Edward I, King of England English Poetry, Father of: see Chau- cer, Geoffrey English Pope, The: see Adrian IV, Pope Englishman, The Handsome: see Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of Enkoping, Sweden: battle of (1365), 16, 108 Enna, Sicily: slave uprising at, 3, 173; siege of, 173; garrison defeated by revolted slaves, 187 Enniscorthy, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 210 Enomoto Takeaki (ca. 1850), Japanese officer: rebellion of, 7, 169; sent to St. Petersburg, 188 Enotake, Japan: siege of, 7, 181 Enrique I (1204-1217), King of Cas- tile: reign of, 8, 149 Enrique II, King of Castile: see Henry of Transtamore Enrique III, King of Castile: see Henry (III) the Infirm Enrique IV, King of Castile: see Henry (IV) the Impotent Enrique, Don: see Henry, Don Enrique de Rivera, Payo: see Rivera, Payo Enrique de Enryaku-ji, Japanese temple: built, 7, 41 Ensenada, Zenon Silva, Marquis de (1690-1762), a Spanish statesman: policy of, 8, 413 En-shag-kushana, Babylonian ruler, 4500 B. C. : reign of, 1, 75 Ensheim, Germany: battle of (1674), 9, 211 Entefa, King of Egypt, ca. 2500 B. C: reign of, 1, 18 Entragues, Count of (ca. 1600), French noble: conspiracy of, 9, 174 Entraigues, Emmanuel Louis Henri de Launey (d. 1812), French noble: his pamphlet on the States-General, 10, 38; joins advocates of liberty, 46 Entragues, Henrietta d': see Verneuil, Henrietta d' Entragues, Marquise of Enzio (1225-1272), King of Sicily, son of Frederick II: captures prelates bound for general council, 4, 205; invested with Sardinia, 18, 164; at war with the Pope, 165; taken pris- oner by Bolognese, 167 Eorls, a division of the Anglian divi- sion of Britain: description of, 11, 20 Eotvos, Baron Jozsef (1813-1871), Hungarian author and statesman: made minister of public education, 17, 368 Epaminondas (418-362 B. C), Theban soldier and statesman: patriot of Greece, 2, 13; character of, 427; in Congress at Athens, 431; commands at Leuctra, 432; invades Pelopon- nesus, 440, 443; invades Thessaly, 444; invades Peloponnesus, 445; at- tempts to take Sparta, 448; com- mands at Mantinea, 449; killed, 450 Epariti, a Greek band of soldiers: in Arcadia, 2, 440 Eperies, Butchery o (1687), period of 30 days of execution in Hungary after conquest by Leopold I, 17, 230 Epernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret de la Valette, Duke of (1554-1642), French nobleman: leader of discon- tented nobles, 9, 172; conspires with Marie de' Medici, 180 Ephesus, Asia Minor: Greek settle- ment of, 2, 55; taken by the Per- sians, 126; recaptured after Ionian revolt, 137; Athenians defeated at, 367; Lysander at, 369; Agesilaus at, 394; submits to Alexander, 490 Ephialtes (ca. 480 B. C), Malian trai- tor: gives information to the Per- sians at Thermopylae, 2, 192 Ephialtes (d. 456 B. C), Athenian 234 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS statesman and general: leads anti- Spartan party, 2, 238; murdered, 240 Ephors, overseers or police magis- trates in Sparta: introduced, 2, 68 Epidamnus, Greece: founded, 3, 27; civil war at, 2, 264 Epidaurus, Greece: at war with Ath- ens, 2, 240; allied to Sparta, 274, 324, 440; besieged by Epaminondas, 443 Epinoi, Prince of (ca. 1633), Dutch patriot: plots for overthrow of Spanish power in Belgium, 13, 211 Epinoi, Princess of (ca. 1582), wife of governor of Tournay: at the siege of Tournay, 13, 137 Epirus, Greece: geography of, 2, 7; tribes of, attack the Acarnanians, 289; conquered by Philip, 471; Ro- mans plunder cities of, 3, 151 Episcopal Church: established in South Carolina, 23, 78; in Ports- mouth, 95; toleration of, after Res- toration, 99; disfranchisement of members, 99; befriended by Andros, 100; opposed in New England, 147; established in New York, 149 Epistates, president of the assembly of Athens: office of the, 2, 148 Epitadas (4th century B. C.) Spartan general: in the war with Athens, 2, 307 Epre, Corporal d': see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Epremesnil (Espremesnil), Jean Jac- ques Duval d' (1746-1794), a French advocate: arrest of, 9, 259, 10, 35; death of, 9, 289 "Era of Good Feeling," in United States history (1817-1824): begins with Monroe's election, 23, 435; named, 459 Erasmus, Desiderius, a celebrated Dutch scholar and philosopher: born at Rotterdam, probably Octo- ber 28, 1465; was the natural son of Gerhard de Praet; left an orphan at thirteen years of age and defrauded of his inheritance by his guardians, he was forced by them to enter the monastery of Stein; served as secre- tary to the Bishop of Cambray, who gave him the opportunity to study at the University of Paris; visited England, where he became a friend of Sir Thomas More and John Co- let; and studied Greek at Oxford, 1498; returned to the continent, 1499; went to Italy, 1506; visited England again, 1510, and became professor of divinity and Greek at Cambridge; wrote his "Praise of Folly"; received various invitations from different monarchs to their capitals; pensioned by the Archduke Charles, and was thus able to in- dulge his love of travel; published an edition of the Greek Testament with a Latin version and notes, 1516; at Bale published his " Collo- quies"; engaged in a dispute with Luther, 1524; died at Bale, July 12, 1536 Aids the Reformation, 13, 55; sketch of, 63; contemporary of Luther, 18, 234 Eratosthenes (276-196 B. C), Alexan- drian scientist: his catalogue of Theban kings, 1, 12; believes the earth to be a sphere, 23, 23 Erchanger, Count of Suabia (ca. 913 A. D.), German general: at the bat- tle of the Inn, 18, 104 Erechtheum, a temple at Athens: de- scription of, 2, 255 note Eremon, legendary king of Ireland: reign of, 12, 24 Eretria, Greece: colonial energy of, 2, 79, 83; aids the Ionians, 134; taken by the Persians, 165; revolts against Athens, 248; battle of, 361; tyrants of, 473 Erfurt, Prussia: surrender of (1806), 18, 372 Erfurt, Conference of, a conference between Napoleon I, Alexander I, and German princes (1808), 15, 218 Erfurt, Treaty of, a treaty between Napoleon and Alexander I of Rus- sia (1808), 9, 334, 18, 374 Erfurt, University of: Luther at, 18, 234 Eric (XIII) of Pomerania, King of Sweden: see Erik (VII) of Pomer- ania, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden Ericksen, L. Mylius, a Danish ex- GENERAL INDEX 235 plorer in Arctic regions, 1906: com- mands the Danish Expedition, 16, 339 Ericksson, Jossen (Jens Erichsen) (ca. 1435), royal bailiff of Denmark: cruelties of, 16, 128 Ericsson, John, a Swedish engineer and inventor of the "Monitor": born in the parish of Fernebo, Wermland, Sweden, July 31, 1803; served a few years in the army; went to England, 1826; invented an engine to run on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and a caloric engine, 1833; applied the screw or propeller to steam navigation; went to United States, 1840, and received aid from the government in putting his inventions into use; produced the iron-clad steamer, " Monitor," 1862; his last work was upon a mo- tor worked by solar heat; died in New York City, March 8, 1889 Designs the " Monitor," 24, 755 Erie Canal, a canal connecting Hud- son River and Lake Erie: increases industrial activity, 23, 479 Erik (I) Ejegod, King of Denmark 1095-1103: made jarl of Sjaelland 16, 72; reign of, 74; death of, 75 Erik (II) Emun, King of Denmark, 1135-1137: avenges the death of his brother, 16, 76; reign of, 80 Erik (III) Lamb, King of Denmark 1137-1147: reign of, 16, 80 Erik (IV) Ploopeng, King of Den- mark, 1241-1250: reign of, 16, 91 his relations with Slesvig, 266 Erik (V) Glipping, King of Denmark, 1259-1286: accession of, 16, 96; death of, no Erik (VI) Menved, King of Denmark, 1286-1320: pawns Danish provinces 16, 107; accession of, no Erik (VII) Pomerania, King of Den mark, Norway, and Sweden, 1397- 1440: chosen to succeed Margaret, 16, 120; coronation of, 122; reign of 126; deposition of, 129 Erik (I) Blodoxe, King of Norway 898-940 A. D.: career of, 16, 52 Erik II Praesthader, King of Norway, 1280-1299: forms alliance with John Balliol, 13, 273; reign of, 16, 100; patronizes Danish rebels, no Erik Edmundson, King of Sweden, 10th century: the legend of, 16, 59 Erik Sejrsael, King of Sweden, 10th century: the legend of, 16, 58 Erik (I or IX) Jedvardsson, Saint, King of Sweden, 1155-1160: reign of, 16, 101 Erik (II or X) Knudsson, King of Sweden, 1210-1216: defeats Valde- mar Sejr, 16, 85; marriage of, 103 Erik (III or XI) Laespe, King of Sweden, 1222-1250: death of, 16, 103 Erik (IV or XII), King of Sweden, co-ruler with Magnus II: career of, 16, 108 Erik XIV, King of Sweden, 1560- 1569: accession of, 16, 161; deposi- tion of, 163; death of, 164 Erik (ca. 1521), Duke of Brunswick: befriends Luther, 18, 241 Erik (ca. 1280), Duke of Slesvig: con- firmed in his duchy, 16, 95 Erik (ca. 1270), son of Birger Jarl: his quarrels with Valdemar, 16, 104 Erik (ca. 1330), son of Christopher II of Denmark: sketch of, 16, 113, 114 Erik (d. 1319), son of Magnus Ladis- laas of Sweden: his quarrels with his brother, 16, 106 Erik Raudi or the Red (ca. 985 A. D.), Scandinavian explorer: settles Greenland, 16, 47, 31, 3 Eriksson, Jacob (ca. 1634), Swedish soldier: marks the spot where Gus- tavus Adolphus fell, 16, 185 Eritrea, Africa: present condition of, 19, 249; description of, 20, 300 Erivan, Russia: battle of (1800), 5, 358 Erkinvald (ca. 656 A. D.), a Merovin- gian leader: made mayor of the palace, 9, 33 Erlach, Hans Ludwig von (159s- 1650), a Swiss general: at the Miin- ster Conference, 13, 465 Erlach, Ludwig von (1 746-1 798), a Swiss general: incites war against France, 13, 511 Erlach, Rudolf von (d. 1369), Ber- 286 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS nese nobleman: leads relief for Lau- pen, 13, 374; in the Helvetic civil war, 519 Erlach, Sigmund von (1614-1699), a Swiss general: in the peasant re- volts, 13, 473 Erlach, Sigmund von (ca. 1655), Swiss statesman, nephew of the pre- ceding: draws up a Federal char- ter, 13, 475 Erlandsen, Jacob, Archbishop of Roeskilde, primate of Denmark, ca. 1283: his struggle with Christopher, 16, 95 Erlau, Hungary: taken by imperial- ists (1687), 14, 255 Erlau, Count of, a French officer: at battle of Waterloo (1815), 9, 363 Ermanfroi (ca. 714 A. D.), a Merovin- gian lord: kills Ebroin, 9, 35 Ermengarde (d. 818 A. D.), queen of Louis the Pious: plots against Ber- nard of Italy, 9, 47; death of, 48 Ermengaudo (ca. 1089), Count of Ur- gel: campaigns of, 8, 225 Ermenigild (6th century A. D.), Gothic prince: career of, 8, 41 Ernest (i553-i59S), Archduke of Aus- tria: made governor of the Nether- lands, 13, 161; death of, 162 Ernest (ca. 1400), Austrian prince, called the Man of Iron: sketch of, 17, 107 Ernest the Pious (ca. 1650), Duke of Gotha: policy of, 18, 299 Ernest the Valiant (ca. 1093), Mar- grave of Babenberg: reign of, 17, 90 Ernest II (ca. 1025), Duke of Suabia: rebellion of, 18, 125 Ernest Augustus (1629-1698), Elector of Hanover: made elector, 18, 308 Ernest Augustus (1771-1851), Duke of Cumberland: made viceroy of Han- over (1830), 18, 395; overthrows the constitution, 396 Errasuriz, Federico (1825-1877), South American statesman: his ad- ministration as president of Chili, 21, 226, 238; given the command of the Congressionalist troops, 239; his second administration, 240 Errizzo, Paul (15th century), Venetian commander: bravery of, 14, 84 Erskine, John, Earl of Mar: see Mar, John Erskine, Earl of Erskine, Thomas, Baron Erskine (1750-1823), British statesman: his conduct while minister to the United States, 23, 415 Ertoghrul (ca. 1250), founder of Ot- toman Empire: leads band of Og- huz Turks into Asia Minor, 14, 9; compared to Suleiman the Great, 180 Erythrea, Africa: founded, 4, 404 Erzerum, Asia: taken (1829), 15, 286 Esarhaddon, King of Assyria, 680-668 B. C: reign of, I, 88; razes Sidon, 124 Escalona, Diego Lopez Pacheco, Duke (d. ca. 1640), Spanish noble: made viceroy of New Spain, 22, 163 Escandon, Jose (ca. 1750), Spanish noble: governor of new colonies, 22, 197 Eschenbach, Walter von: see Walter von Eschenbach Escher, Alfred (ca. 1840), Swiss en- gineer: his efforts in behalf of the St. Gotthard Railway, 13, 574 Escher, Johann Kaspar (1 678-1 762), Swiss magistrate: administration of, 13, 484 Escobar, Patricio, President of Para- guay, 1886-1890, 21, 260 Escobar y Llamas, Diego Osorio (ca. 1650), Bishop of Puebla: made vice- roy of New Spain, 22, 172 Escobedo, Mariano (1828 ), Mexi- can soldier: his campaign against the French, 22, 385; sketch of, 395 Escocesses, The, Mexican political lodge (1825): sketch of, 22, 265 Escovedo, Juan de (d. 1578), Spanish noble: assassination of, 8, 373 Escurra, Juan B., South American statesman: President of Paraguay, 1902, 21, 260 Esher, Johann Conrad (1768-1823), Swiss geologist: upholds revolu- tionary ideas, 13, 503, 522 Eshmunazar II, King of Tyre, ca. 550 B. C: reign of, 1, 125 GENERAL INDEX 237 Eskil, Bishop of Roeskilde (d. 1187), Swedish prelate: sketch of, 16, 80 Esklmauan Indians, a linguistic stock of North American Indians: de- scendants of Palaeolithic men, II, 14; independent of other families, 23, 7 "Esmeralda," Chilian battle-ship: captures the " Virgen de Cova- donga," 21, 221; sunk, 235 Esnambuc, d' (ca. 1600), French pri- vateer: makes settlements in the West Indies, 20, 68 Espanola: see Haiti Espartero, Baldomero (1792-1879), Spanish general and statesman: his campaign against the Carlists, 8, 497; made regent of Spain, 500; at- tempts to restore peaceful relations after revolution of 1854, 505 Espinosa, Spain: battle of (1808), 9, 334 Espinosa, Javier (1815-1870), a states- man of Ecuador: elected president of Ecuador, 21, 116 Essequibo, British Guiana: taken by the English, 20, 143 Essex, a political division of England origin of, 11, 18 "Essex," American frigate: destroyed . 23, 424 Essex, Arthur Capel, Earl of (1631- 1683), English statesman: impli- cated in Rye House Plot, 11, 414 Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of (1567-1601), English statesman: at the capture of Cadiz (1596), 11, 298, 13, 163; his campaign in Ireland, 11, 303, 12, 98; death, 12, 303 Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of (1591-1646), English general: ap- pointed head of Parliamentary forces, 11, 344 Essex, Thomas Cromwell, Earl of: see Cromwell, Thomas Essex, Walter Devereux, Earl of (1541-1576), English nobleman: at- tempts to plant colonies in Ireland, 12, 92 Essling (Esslingen), Austria-Hun- gary: battle of (1809), 9, 335, 17, 298 Estaing, Charles Hector, Comte d' (1729-1794), French general: com- mands fleet to aid American colo- nies, 9, 254; bombards Savannah, 23, 272 Este, Ferdinand d' (ca. 1850), Aus- trian noble: in the Cracow insurrec- tion, 17, 348 Esterhazy, Nicholas (ca. 1600), Hun- garian diplomat: his mission to Transylvania, 17, 225 Esterhazy de Galanta, Nicolas, Prince (1765-1833), Hungarian magnate: raises troops against Napoleon, 17, 334 Esthonia, Baltic province of Russia: protected by Sweden, 15, 17; passes to Russia, 65, 68 Estigarribia, Colonel (19th century), traitor of Paraguay: treason of, 21, 157 Estrees, Louis Cesar Letellier, Comte d' (1697-1771), French marshal: president of council of marine af- fairs, 9, 227; in the Seven Years' War, 245; occupies St. Lucia and St. Vincent, 20, 76 Estrees, Cesar d' (1628-1714), French cardinal: sketch of, 8, 392 Estridsens, Danish dynasty beginning 1047: inauguration of the line of, 16, 33; Denmark under, 67 Estrup, Jacob Bronnum (1825 ), Danish statesman: ministry of, 16, 289 Etampes, France: battle of (ca. 600 A. D.), 9, 30 Etaples, Treaty of, concluded be- tween England and France (1492), 9, 129; 11, 226 Eternal City, The: see Rome Ethbaal, King of Tyre, 9th century B. C. : reign of, 1, 123; forms alli- ance with king of Israel, 390 Ethelred (II) the Unready, King of England, 978-1016 A. D.: his rela- tions with Svend Tveskaeg, 16, 31 Ethnike Hetairia, Greek secret patri- otic society: adopts cause of Crete, 14, 503, 504 Ethnology, Bureau of, in Washing- ton: classifies Indians, 23, 7 238 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Eto Shimpei (ca. 1870), Japanese politician: rebellion of, 7, 177 Etruria, land of the Etruscans, Italy: location of, 3, 45 inhabitants of, 2, 83, 3, 22; defeated at Cumae, 2, 218; aids Athens, 339; league with the Phoenicians, 3, 28; collapse of its power, 56 Etruscans: see Etruria Etterlin, Petermann (ca. 1450), Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 427 Etting, Solomon (ca. 1800), American Jew: elected member of city coun- cil of Baltimore, I, 426 Ettrick o Ettrick, Francis Napier, Baron: see Napier, Francis, Baron Ettrick o Ettrick Etzel: see Attila Etzel, Switzerland: battles of the (1439), 13, 399; (1440), 399 Eu, Count d' (d. 1350), French noble: execution of, 9, 96 Eu, Louis Philippe, Count d' (1842 ) French nobleman: his cam- paign against Peru, 31, 159 Euboea, Island of, in Aegean Sea: description of, 2, 14; revolts from Athens, 248, 361; joins the Thebans, 438; wars in, 464, 474; taken by Ve- netians, 536; taken by Saracens, 537; taken by Turks, 2, 539, 14, 84 Euclid, work of the Greek geometer, Euclid: translated into Chinese, 6, 34, 77 Eudamidas (ca. 400 B. C), Spartan general: in the war against the Chalcidian League, 2, 421 Eudes, King of France, 888-898 A. D.: defends Paris, 9, 53; elected king, 53 Eudes (665-735 A. D.), Duke of Aquitaine: invasions of Saracens, 1, 335, 336, 8, 64; rebellion of, 9, 36, 18, 71 Eudo: see Eudes Eudoxia (b. 422 A. D.), Roman Em- press: summons Geiseric to Rome, 4, 149, 18, 43 Eudoxia (Evdokia) Fecdorovna Lopukhin, Empress of Russia, ca. 1700: marriage of, 15, 30; plots with Alexis, 76; at Peter IPs coro- nation, 96 Eugene (Eugenius) III (d. 1153), Pope, 1145-1153: opposes Neapolitan policy of Alfonso V of Aragon, 8, 264; calls the second crusade, 18, 145; accepts the doctrines of Arnold of Brescia, 146 Eugene (Eugenius) IV (1383-1447), Pope, 1431-1447: calls the Council of Basel, 18, 210; loses Rome, 4, 224; deposed, 4, 277, 18, 213; recog- nizes Alfonso V of Aragon as king of the Two Sicilies, 8, 265; aids cru- sades, 14, 62, 65; opposes compro- mises with the Hussites, 17, 136; intervenes in Bohemian affairs, 142; Eugene (Eugenius), Emperor of Rome: proclaimed emperor in Gaul (392 A. D.), 4, 135, 18, 34; captured by Theodosius, 35 Eugene, Prince of Savoy (1 663-1 736), Austrian general: career of, 4, 326; sends expedition to India, 5, 172; campaigns in Italy, 8, 390, 9, 218, 11, 454, 13, 249, 16, 218, 18, 312, 323; in the War of Spanish Succession, 9, 220, 13, 247; against the Turks, 13, 246, 14, 286, 287, 15, 119, 17, 231, 235, 18, 304, 319 Eugenie Marie of Montijo (1826 ), Empress of France: marries Na- poleon III of France, 9, 445; in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 417, 420 Eugenius: see Eugene Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783), Swiss mathematician: services of, 15, 195, 20, 122 Eumines (361-316 B. C), secretary of Alexander the Great: his share of Alexander's empire, 2, 512 Eupatoria, Turkey: battle of (1855), 14, 458 Eupatridae, The, landowning aristoc- racy of Athens: description of, 2, 98, 99 Euphemia (14th century), sister of Magnus Smek: mother of Albert of Mecklenburg, 16, 108 Euphron (ca. 360 B. C), tyrant of Sicyon: attempts to enslave his country, 2, 453 Eupompidas (ca. 428 B. C), Greek soldier: at the siege of Plataea, 2, 297 GENERAL INDEX 39 Eureka, Australia: insurrection in (1854), 20, 202 Euric (d. 484 A. D.), King of the Goths: reign of, 8, 38 Euripides (480-406 B. C.)> Greek tra- gedian: at the court of Archelaus, 2, 456 Europe, First Gentlemen of: see George IV, King of England Europe, The Gold Mine of: see Tran- sylvania Europe, The Granary of: see Hun- gary Europe, The Jewel of: see Sicily Europe, The Nestor of: see Leopold I, King of Belgium Europe, The Scourge of: see Na- poleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Eurybiades (ca. 480 B. C), Spartan admiral: sketch of, 2, 186, 199 Eurymedon, river in Asia Minor: battle of the, 2, 234 Eurymedon (d. 413 B. C), Athenian general: at Pylos, 2, 303, 308; tried and condemned, 313; killed at Syra- cuse, 344 Eusebia (ca. 350 A. D.), Empress of Rome, wife of Constantine: shows favor to Julian, 4, 127 Eustace (d. 1153), son of Stephen: character of, 11, 95; death of, 96 Eutaw Springs, South Carolina: bat- tle of (1781), 23, 282 Euxine, The Queen of the: see Se- bastopol Euxine Sea, Russia: Greek settle- ments on shores of, 2, 80 Evangelical Union, a league of Prot- estant princes of Germany against Emperor Rudolph II (1609), 9, 175 Evangeline, an idyllic poem by Long- fellow: portrays expulsion of Ar- cadians, 23, 180 Evans, Sir George De Lacy (1787- 1870), British general: his services in the Spanish cause, 9, 410; in the Crimean War, 15, 311 Evarts, William Maxwell (1818 ), American lawyer: counsel in Ge- neva commission, 24, 885; Secre- tary of State, 916 Evekhoos, mythical King of Babylon: reign of, 1, 73 Everett, Edward (1794-1865), Ameri- can statesman, author, and orator: makes campaign speeches (1840), 24, 524; nominated for Vice-Presi- dent, 680; supports Lincoln in con- test with the South, 715; address at Gettysburg, 783 Evergreen Pam: see Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount Evesham, England: battle of (1265), 11, 141 Evibach, Zwier von (ca. 1648), a Swiss diplomat at the Minister Con- ference, 13, 465 Evil-Merodach, King of Babylon, 561- 559 B. C: reign of, 1, 93 Evliya (1611-1680), Turkish historian: quoted, 14, 215 Evora, University of, Portugal: founded, 8, 449 Evreux, France: battle of (1364), 9, 103 Ewald, Johan (1743-1781), Danish lyric poet: sketch of, 16, 202 note Ewell, Richard Stoddard (1817-1872), an American general in the Con- federate service: at Gettysburg, 24, 780; at fall of Richmond, 811 Excelsior State, The: see New York Exchequer, Court of, in English his- tory: established, 11, 145 Executions: B. C. 413. Nicias and Demosthenes, 2, 347 404. Theramenes, 2, 386 316. Olympias, mother of Alexan- der the Great, 2, 511 87. Gnaeus Octavius, Lucius Cae- sar, Marcus Antonius, Lucius Merula and Quintus Catulus, 3, 223 62. Catilinarians, 3, 284 47. Vercingetorix, 3, 307 42. Marcus Tullius Cicero, 4, 15 40. The Sadducees, 1, 409 40. Antigonus, 1, 409 A. D. 33. Sejanus, favorite of Tiberius, 4, 52 240 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 37. Macro, pretorian captain, 4, 56 46. Vercingetorix, 18, 13 ca. 70. Helvidius Priscus, Stoic philosopher, 3, 82 1268. Conrad of Hohenstaufen and Frederick of Baden, 18, 170 1280. Conradin of Sicily, 9, 85 1283. Zavisa of Falkenstein, 17, 80 1312. Gaveston, favorite of Ed- ward II, 11, 153 1320. Magnus, son of Birger Jarl, 16, 107 1327. Hugh le Despenser, the El- der, 11, 155 1327. Hugh le Despenser, the Younger, 11, 155 1355- Count of Harcourt, 9, 97 1358. Fabrique of Santiago, 8, 164 1387. John Pomuk, 17, 118 1389. King Lazarus, 14, 36 1392. Prince of Carmania, 14, 38 1404. Earl of Worcester, 11, 193 1405. Archbishop Scrope and Mowbray, the Earl Marshal, 11, 194 1415. John Huss, 17, 124 1417. Sir John Oldcastle, 11, 196 1424. Robert, Duke of Albany, 12, 291 1431. Joan of Arc, 9, 116, 11, 204 1477. Paul Erizzo, Venetian com- mander, 14, 85 1477. Hugonet and Imbercourt Burgundian nobles, 13, 48 1483. Lord Hastings, 11, 220 1483. Sir Richard Grey and Earl Rivers, 11, 220 1483. Buckingham, 11, 221 1485. Landais, 9, 128 1492. John Walter, 12, 73 1492. Perkin Warbeck, 12, 73 1498. Earl of Warwick, 11, 229 1498. Savonarola, 4, 283 1513. Prince Korkud, 14, 121 1520. Bishop Mads of Strangnas Erick Johansson Vasa, 16, 150 1521. Antonio Villafaha, Mexican conspirator, 22, 50 1535- More and Fisher, 11, 255 1536. Anne Boleyn, 11, 256 1540. Catharine Howard, 11, 261 1545. George Wishart, 12, 307 1547. Earl of Surrey, II, 262 1553. Earl of Northumberland, 11, 269 1553- Prince Mustapha, 14, 169 1554. Bishop Hooper, Ridley and Latimer, 11, 271 1554. Suffolk and Wyatt, 11, 270 1554. Lady Jane Grey and Guilford Dudley, 11, 270 1566. Alonzo de Avila and Gil Gonzalez, 22, 124 1568. Counts Egmont and Horn, Van Straelers and Casambrot, 13, 108 1571. Archbishop Hamilton, 12, 322 1572. Duke of Norfolk, 11, 287 1574. Montgomery, 9, 159 1577. Cuthbert Mayne, 11, 291 1581. Father Campeon, II, 292 1587. Mary Queen of Scots, 9, 162, 11, 294, 12, 326 1593. Barrow, Greenwood, and Penry (English Separatists), 11, 301 1600. Earl of Essex, 11, 303 1601. Due de Biron, 9, 173 1605. Guy Fawkes, II, 309 1618. Sir Walter Raleigh, 11, 312 1619. John Barneveldt, 13, 199 1625. Duke of Chalais, 9, 184 1627. Chienghwan, 6, 48 1631. Marshal de Marillac, 9, 188 1632. Grand Vizier Hafiz, 14, 217 1641. Earl of Strafford, 11,-339, 12, 113 1645. T'ang Wang, 6, 56 1645. Ch'ang Wang, 6, 56 1649. Charles I of England, 11, 361, 12, 342 1650. James Graham, Earl of Mon- brose, 12, 342 1650. Marquis of Hamilton, 12, 342 1661. Duke of Argyle, 12, 344 1672. The De Witts, 13, 238 1683. Lord Russell, 11, 414 1683. Algernon Sidney, 11, 415 1685. Duke of Argyle, 12, 350 1689. Shakloviti, Russian conspira- tor, 15, 31 1706. Augustus II of Livonia, 15, 46 GENERAL INDEX 241 1716. Earl of Derwentwater, 12, 369 1718. Gortz, Swedish minister, 15, 67 1718. Prince Alexis of Russia, 15, 77 1721. Glebov, Kikin, and Ignatier, 15, 76 J 735- Minicki, a Russian conspira- tor, 15, in 1736. Volinski, Yeropkin, and Khrustchov, Russian statesmen, 15, no 1745. General Ma, 6, 86 1746. Charles Radcliffe, 12, 369 1747. Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat, 12, 369 1753- Dr. Cameron, brother of Lochiel, 12, 369 1780. Major Andre, 23, 277 1784. Anton Joseph Suter, 13, 500 1789. Xavier, South American pa- triot, 20, 106 1793. Louis XVI of France, 8, 482, 9, 282, 10, 237, 17, 281 1793- Charlotte Corday, 10, 268 1793. Marie Antoinette, 9, 287, 10, 279 1793. Philip Egalite, 9, 287 1793. Barnave, Duport-Dutertre, Generals Hauchard, Custine, Bi- ron, and Beauharnais, 9, 287 J 793- Brissot, Vergniaud, Gen- sonne, Fonfrede, Ducos, Valaze, Lasource, Sillery, Gardieu, Carra, Duprat Beauvais, Duchatel Mainvielle, Lacaze, Boileau, Le- hardy, Antiboul, Vigee (Girond- ists), 10, 279 x 793- Generals Custine and Beau- harnais, 10, 279 1793. Sallas, Gaudet, and Barba- roux (Girondists), xo, 279 1793. Madame Roland and Con- dorcet, 10, 280 1794. Minister Ho, 6, 114 1794. Hebert and Clootz, 9, 288, 10, 292 1794. Ronsin, Monmoro, and Vin- cent, 10, 292 1794. Marshals Noailles and Maille, Ministers Machault and Laverdi, Lavoisier, Lamoignon, D' Epremesnil, Thouret, and Chapelier, 9, 289 1794. Danton, 9, 288, 10, 295 1794. Philippeaux, Desmoulins, and Lacroix, 10, 295 1794. Cecile Renaud, 10, 301 1794. Robespierre, 9, 291, 10, 318, 11, 543 1795. Bourbotte, Duroy, Soubrany, Romme, Goujon, Duquesnoy, 10, 340 1798. Henry Munro, Irish insur- gent, 12, 213 1803. Robert Emmet, 12, 218 1804. Georges Cadoubal, French politician, 9, 322 1818. Arbuthnot and Ambrister, 23, 444 1835. Fieschi, Marcy, and Pepin, French conspirators, 9, 408 1836. Alibaud, French fanatic, 9, 409 1858. Orsini, Pieri, Rudio, and Go- mez, conspirators against Na- poleon III, 9, 449 1859. John Brown, 24, 675 1861. Shu Shun, 6, 188 1865. General Maldonada, 21, 114 1867. Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 22, 397, 24, 877 1867. Miramon and Mejia, imperi- alist commanders, 22, 397 1882. C. J. Guiteau, 24, 935 1885. Riel, French Canadian rebel, 20, 173 1898. Chinese reformers, 6, 278 Exilaratus (d. 744 A. D.), governor of Naples: marches against Rome, 4, 170 Exodus of the Israelites, The: date of, 1, 28 Expansion, Territorial: ARMENIA: (75~74 B. C), under King Tigranes, 3, 257 ASSYRIA: (745-727 B. C), under Tiglath Pileser, 1, 183, 186; (722 B. C), Babylon, 394; (717 B. C), Car- chemish, 85; (670 B. C), Egypt, 30; (638 A. D.), Syria, 284; (640-711 A. D.), Africa, 1, 290, 19, 11; (651 A. D.), Persia, 1, 265, 2, 533; (710 A. D.), beyond River Oxus, 1, 265; (712 A. D.), Spain, 1, 315, 8, 63; 242 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS (714-1526), conquests in India, 5, 88; (721 A. D.), southern France, 1, 3355 (1453), Constantinople, 2, 536; (I4S3), Greece, 2, 538 AUSTRIA: (1477), Netherlands, 13, 409, 17, 175; (1477), in Bur- gundy and Italy, 17, 175; (1500), Gorica, Gradiska, Mitterburg, and the Pusterthal, 173; (1526), Bohe- mia and Hungary, 17, 3, 176, 194; (1657-1705), Tyrol, Hungary, Cro- atia, Slavonia, and Transylvania, 183; (1713-1714), Milan, Naples, Sardinia, and Netherlands, 8, 401, 17, 191, 18, 316; (1718), Belgrade, Semendria, Rinnik, Krasova, Little Wallachia, 14, 292; (1735), Parma and Piacenza, 18, 324; (1772), Podo- lia, Sandomir, Cracow, Wieliczka, and Bochnia, 17, 248; (1774), Bu- kovina, 249; (1795), part of Poland, 18, 359; (1797), Dalmatia, Istria, and part of Venice, 17, 283, 18, 361; (1805), Duchy of Salzburg, 17, 294; (1814), Lombardy, 9, 359; (1821), Lombardy, Venetia, Illyria, Dal- matia, the Tyrol, Salzburg, Galicia, 18, 391; (1878), Bosnia and Herze- govnia, 14, 488, 17, 420 BABYLON: (3800 B. C), under Sargon, 1, 75; (2250 B. C), under Hammurabi, 77 BAVARIA: (951 A. D.), Verona, Pavia, Milan, 18, 112; (1805), the Tyrol, Passau, Trent, Bruxen, Eich- stadt, 10, 466 BELGIUM: (1886-1906), posses- sions in Africa, 13, 311, 19, 118 CHILI: (1883), Tacna, Arica, and Tarapaca, 21, 238; (1884), Bolivian territory ceded, 238 CHINA: (1752-1761), in India, 5, 109 DENMARK: (1182-1202), Pome- rania, Hamburg, Liibeck, Holstein, Lauenburg, and Mecklenburg, 16, 83; (1219-1223), Ditmarsh, Schwerin, Rygen, Esthonia, Oesel, 86; (1733), Island of St. Croix, 20, 297; (1814), Lauenberg, 16, 258 EGYPT: (2332 B. C), under Usert- sen III, I, 19; (1300-1324 B. C), un- der Rameses II, 26, 27; (1833). Syria, Damascus, Aleppo, 15, 292 ENGLAND: (1149), acquisition of Aquitaine, 9, 74; (1171), Ireland, 12, 51; (i347) possession of Calais, 11, 162; 1360, Aquitaine, Calais, and Ponthieu, 166; (1536), Newfound- land and Cape Breton Island, 20, 49; (1607), Virginia, 20, 84, 23, 53, 575 (1613), Acadia, 20, 83; (1620), Plymouth colony, 20, 84, 23, 83; (1622), New Hampshire, 23, 95; (1629), Massachusetts Bay colony, 87; (1632), Maryland, 68; (1633), Connecticut, 91; (1637), Rhode Island, 94; (1639), Madras, 5, 178; (1653), North Carolina, 23, 72,; (1662), possession of Tangier and Bombay, 5, 164, II, 384; (1664), New Netherlands conquered, 20, 64, 23, 104; (1667), South Carolina, 23, 74; (1673), St. Helena, 20, 263; (1681), Pennsylvania, 23, no; (1700-1805), in India, 5, 178; (1713), Gibraltar, Minorca, Nova Scotia, Newfound- land, and St. Christopher, 8, 401, 9, 224, 11, 464, 20, 253; (1713), New- foundland and Nova Scotia, 20, 86, 23, 162; (1733), Georgia, 20, 85, 23, 80; (1748), Madras, 9, 242; (1759), Quebec and Montreal, 20, 118; 1763, large portion of Louisiana, Canada, and Cape Breton, Hanover, Port St. Philip, Florida, and Ohio Valley, 9, 247, 11, 505, 20, 76, 86, 120, 23, 198; (1788), Australia, 20, 132; ( I 795) Cape Colony, 19, 38; (1800- 1906), in India, 20, 250; (1800-1906), in South Africa, 218; (1800-1906), in the South Seas, 180; (1806), Cape Colony, 143; (1810), Guadeloupe, 143; (1810), islands in the Indian Ocean, 263; (1814), Cape of Good Hope, Isle of France, Malta, and Heligoland, 9, 359, io, 499; 20, 253; (1815-1872), in Canada, Australasia, and South Africa, 11, 629; (1850), Danish settlements in Africa, 19, 49; (1861), Lagos, Africa, 49; (1865), Kaffraria, 51; (1871), Dutch terri- tory in Africa, 49; (1871), Basuto- land, 51; (1876), Island of Sokotra, GENERAL INDEX 243 56; (1877-1890), in Central and South Africa, 80, 214; (1878), Cy- prus, 20, 253; (1884), territory north of Cape Colony and west of Trans- vaal, 19, 81; (1884), in Lake Nyasa region, 84; (1886-1906), in British East Africa, 19, 182 FRANCE: (1202-1205), conquest of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Touraine, Poitou, Valvis, Auvergne, 9, 79; (1258), Languedoc and Provence, 83; (1477), duchy of Burgundy, 13, 409; (1490), Brittany, 11, 226; (1538), in Italy, 9, 143; (i547), Metz, Toul, and Verdun, 146; (1558), Calais, II, 273; (1562-1628), settle- ment in America, 23, 46; (1601), Bresse, Bugey, and De Gex, 9, 172; (1608), region of Ht. Lawrence, 20, 49, 84; (1625), settlements in Mar- tinique, 68; (1648), Lorraine, Metz, Toul, Verdun, southern Alsace, 18, 293; (1660), Guadaloupe, Marti- nique, Grenada, io, 76; (1678), Alsace, 9, 212; (1697), Longwy and Sarrelouis, 219; (1698), after Hague partition, 8, 384, 385; (1700), New France, 20, 85; (1713), Lille, Aire, Bethune, and Saint Venant, 9, 224; (1714), Landau and left bank of Rhine, 225; (1792), Savoy and Nice, 4> 343! ( I 79S)> Dutch Flanders, 10, 400; (1796), in Italy, 9, 298, 299; (1796), in Germany, 299; (i797), Netherlands annexed, 13, 264; (i797). Ionian Islands, 14, 384; (i797) in Belgium and Italy, 10, 385, 17, 283, 18, 361; (1798), Geneva annexed, 10, 399; (i799)> in Egypt, 9, 309; (1800), in Italy, 10, 440; (1800-1906), in India, 20, 271; (1800-1896), in Africa, 20, 280; (1801), left bank of Rhine, 9, 317; (1801), Louisiana, 20, 26; (1805), Cleves, Neufchatel, Anspach, Berg, 9, 326, 10, 469; (1805), Piedmont, Piacenza, and Parma, 10, 466; (1807), provinces on left of the Elbe, 9, 331; (1809), Croata, Carin- ola, Trieste, Carinthia, 10, 480; (1810), Holland, 9, 38; (1830), Al- geria, 20, 280; (1840), Island of Mayotte, 19, 212; (i860), Savoy and Nice, 9, 451; (1865), Algeria, 19, 48; (1881), Tunis, 80; (1884), territory between the Congo and the coast, *9> 50; (1894), territory on the Niger, 167; (1899), Bagirmi, Wadai, Kanem, Borku, Tibesti, 168 GAUL: (486-511), conquests by Clovis, 9, 19 GREECE: (743-560 B. C), Spartan conquests, 2, 70; (1881), accessions from Turkey, 2, 549 HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE and GERMANY: (796 A. D.) con- quest of Avars, 17, 38; (768-814 A. D.) under Charles the Great, 9, 41, 46, 18, 85; (800 A. D.), annexa- tion of Switzerland, 13, 340; (1032), Burgundy, 18, 126; (1438), Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia united, 17, 106; (1526), acquisition of Flanders, Artois and Burgundy, 9, 140; (1538), in Italy, 143; (1713-1714), Naples, Milan and Spanish Netherlands, 9, 225; 11, 464; (1714), Freiburg, Old Breisach and Kehl, 18, 316; (1748), Bergen-op-Zoom, 9, 240; (1797), Venice, Istria, and Dalmatia, 303; ( 1 800-1906), in Africa, 20, 300; (1864), in Africa, 19, 94; (1865- 1906), in German West Africa, 173; (1871), Alsatia, eastern Lorraine, Metz, and Thionville, 18, 426; (1884), Angra Pequena, 19, 104; (1884-1885), German East Africa, 136; (1894), territory on the Niger, 167 ITALY: (1867), Venice, 9, 455; (1875-1906), in Africa, 19, 207 MACEDON: (354 B. C), under Philip, 2, 462; (336-323 B. C), .un- der Alexander the Great, 2, 483; (327-323 B. C), in India, 5, 65; (323 B. C), Persia, 314 NETHERLANDS: (i595), posses- sions in East Indies, 13, 167, 20, 56; (1607), the Moluccrs, 57; (1609), New York, 23, 101; (1621-1624), in Brazil, 20, 59; 21, 33; (1800-1906), in East Indies, 13, 320, 321, 20, 288; (1800-1906), in West Indies, 20, 285 NORWAY: (1241), Iceland, 16, 99 PERSIA: (539 B. C). of Babylon, 1, 401; (349-516 B. C.) under Cyrus 244 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS and Darius, 2, 119; (218 A. D.), un- der Artaxerxes, 5, 315; (531-579 A. D.)> under Shah Khusru, 319 PORTUGAL: (1450-1580), in Af- rica, 20, 40; (ca. 1500), in India, 39; (1500), Brazil, 43; (1557-1640), Congo, Angola, Guinea, Calicut, Co- chin, Ormuz, Cananor, Chaul, Ba- zain, Daman, Malabar, Brazil, Cey- lon, Malacca, and Moluccas, 8, 461; (1890), Angola colony extended, 19, irp PRUSSIA: (1719-1720), Stettin, Pomerania, Wismar, Stralsund, and Rugen, 18, 318; (1721), Swedish Pomerania, Rygen, Usedom, Stet- tin, and Dantzig, 16, 226; (1741), Silesia, II, 485, 17, 241, 18, 330; (*793)> Dantzic, Thorn, and South Prussia, 15, 383; (1795), part of Po- land, 18, 359; (1805), Hanover, 9, 326, 10, 469; (1814), Saxony, Swed- ish Pomerania, and territory be- tween Rhine and Meuse, 9, 359, 16, 258; (1821), Posen, Westphalia, Swedish Pomerania, part of Saxony, Mayence, Treves, and Cologne, and territory on Lower Rhine, 18, 391; (1866), Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, Schleswig-Holstein, and Frankfort, 18, 413 ROME: (500-290 B. C), Italy, 3, 62; (238 B. C), after First Punic War, 106, 107; (218-202 B. C), dur- ing Second Punic War, in; (218 B. C), Spain, 8, 16; (195 B. C.) Spain, 3, 135; (102 B. C.-9 A. D.), in Ger- many, 18, 5; (88-84 B. C), during Mithradatic War, 3, 213; (62 B. C), in Gaul, 9, 8; (63 B. C), Syria, 2, 522; (58-51 B. C), in Gaul, 3, 292, 13, 329; (54 B. C), Britain, 9, 9, 11, 7; (50 B. C), Netherlands, 13, 5; (30 B. C), Egypt, 1, 35, 2, 522, 19, 9; (13 B. C.-104 A. D.), Valley of the Danube, 17, 13; (10 B. C.) in Gaul, 4, 42; (78 A. D.), North Wales, 83; (100-106 A. D.), terri- tory beyond the Danube, 88 RUSSIA: (1462-1505), Tver, Ros- tov, and Yaroslav, 15, 13; (1667), Kiev, 22; (1721), Livonia, Esthonia, Ingermannland, and Karelia, 22, 65, 68; (1739), in Moldavia and Bes- sarabia, 14, 316; (1743), eastern Finland, 16, 228; (1772), White Russia, Mstislavl, Witebsk, and ter- ritory beyond Dnieper, 15, 173; (1774), Azov, Kertch, Yenikale, and Kinburn, 180; (1783), Crimea, 14, 345J (1783), Tartar territory, 347; (1793), Lithuania, 15, 383; 0795), part of Poland, 18, 359; (1808), Fin- land and Danubian principalities, 375; (1809), Galicia and Warsaw, 377; (1814), Duchy of Warsaw, 9, 359; (1821), Warsaw, 18, 391; (1829) Anapa and Poti, 15, 287; (1832), Poland, 296; (1878), Batum, Ardahan, Kars, and Bayezid, 337 SARDINIA: (i735), Tortona and Novara, 18, 324; (1748), Novara and Vigerano, 4, 336, 17, 242, 18, 332; (1815), Genoa, 4, 351; (1821), Sa- voy, 18, 391 SAVOY: (1000), Susa and Turin, 4, 272; (1 188-1253), under Thomas I and Amadeus IV, 273; (1253-1268), in Switzerland and Provence, 274; (1285), Piedmont, 275; (1416), Chab- lois, Aosta, Geneva, 277; (1713), Sicily, 8, 401, 9, 224 SPAIN: (1492), Hayti, 20, 37; (1504), Naples, 4, 291; (1510), Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, 20, 43; (1516 1713), in South America, 31, 17; (1519-1521), Mexico, 20, 43, 21, 17, 22, 12, 23, 39; (1521), Philippine Islands, 20, 51; (1525), Peru, 45; (1541), Chile, 50; (1580), Portugal, 8, 366, 424, 20, 55; (1735), Naples and Sicily, 18, 324; (1748), Parma, Guastalla, and Placentia, 8, 412, 17, 242, 18, 332; (1763), Louisiana, 11, 505, 20, 120, 23, 198; (1783), Flori- das, Minorca, Tobago, and Goree, 8, 417, 11, 523, 20, 128, 167 SWEDEN: (1617), Karelia and In- germannland, 15, 22; (1629), Li- vonia, 22; (1648), western Pom- erania, Wismar, Stettin, and coast between Bremen and Hamburg, 18, 293; (1658), Drontheim, Aggerhus, Skaania, Halland, Bleking, Lesso, GENERAL INDEX 245 Anhalt, Femern, and Bornholm, 16, 208; (1814), Norway, 9, 359, 16, 258 SWITZERLAND: (1516), acquisi- tion of Ticino, Valteline, and Cleves, 13, 423 TURKEY: (1361), Adrianople, 14, 29; (1392), in Asia Minor, 38; (1453), Constantinople, 79; (1456). in Asia, 84; (1475), Crimea, 84; (1516), Syria and Egypt, 14, 119, 20, 42; (1520-1566), under Suleiman the Great, 14, 179; (1533-1554), in Armenia and Mesopotamia, 158; (1639), Bagdad, 223; (1718), Morea, Zarine, Ottova, and Zubzi, 291; (1800), Venetian territory, 385 UNITED STATES: (1803), Louisi- ana purchase, 9, 320, 20, 136, 22, 286, 23, 395; (1819-1821), Florida purchase, 20, 304, 23, 445; (1845), Texas annexation, 22, 282, 24, 534; (1848), Mexican cession, 22, 377 ', 24, 595; (1853), Gadsden purchase, 22, 381, 24, 641; (1867), Alaska pur- chase, 20, 306, 24, 878; (1898), Ha- waiian Islands annexation, 20, 310, 24, 999; (1899), Porto Rico, 20, 299, 24, 1031; (1899), Philippine Islands, 20, 299, 24, 1033 Explanation, Act of, an act under which the settlers in Ireland agreed to give up one-third of their posses- sions after the Restoration (1665), 12, 129 Eybek (El-Melik-el-Mo'izz) (ca. 1250), Sultan of Egypt: reign of, 1, 36 Eyck, John van: see John of Bruges Eylau, Prussia: battle of (1807), 9, 330, 10, 470, 15, 215, 18, 373 Ezekiel (ca. 590 B. C), prophet of Israel: carried to Babylon, 1, 399 Ezra Church, Georgia: Hood defeated at, 24, 797 Ezra the Scribe (5th century B. C.)> prophet of Israel: sketch of, 1, 402 F Fabius (ist century B. C), lieutenant of Caesar: his campaigns in Spain, 8, 22 Fabius Maximus, Quintus (d. 203 B. C), Roman general, called The Lin- guer and The Shield of Rome: made dictator, 3, 118; his campaigns against Hannibal, 119; death of, 130 Fabius Maximus, Quintus, surnamed Allobrogicus (ca. 125 B. C), Ro- man general; campaign in Gaul, 9, 7 Fabius of America, The: see Wash- ington, George Fabius of Austria, The: see Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria, Count von Fabius of France, The: see Montmor- ency, Anne Fabius Rullianus, Quintus (d. 290 B. C), Roman general: defeats Etrus- cans, 3, 71; at battle of Sentinum, 72 Fabre d' Eglantine, Philippe Frangois Nazaire (1755-1794), French drama- tist and revolutionist: leader of Cor- delier club, 9, 272; death of, 288 Fabri, Friedrich (d. 1891), German writer: influences German coloniza- tion efforts, 19, 91 Fabricius (ca. 1600), Austrian official: accused of inciting the Emperor Mathias against the Protestants, 17, 201 Factory Act (1877), passed by Swiss government ameliorating conditions of laborers (1877), 13, 571 Faddiley, England: battle of (584 A. D.), II, 25 Fadilla (d. 211 A. D.), daughter of Marcus Aurelius: death of, 4, 102 Fadinger, Stephen (ca. 1600), Aus- trian peasant: leads revolt, 18, 271 Fadrique (d. 1358), grand master of Santiago: remonstrates with Pedro the Cruel, 8, 162; death of, 164 246 Faenza, Italy: siege of (1240), 13, 358 Faesulae: see Fiesole Fa-hsien (5th century A. D.), Chinese Buddhist monk: his expedition to India, 6, 14 Faidherbe, Louis Leon Cesar (1818- 1889), French general: in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 425 Failly, Pierre Louis Charles Achille de (1810-1892), French general: in the Franco-Prussian War, 9, 463 Fairbanks, Charles Warren (1852 ), American statesman: Vice- President, 24, 1064 Fairfax, Lieutenant (ca. 1850), Amer- ican naval commander: in the Trent Affair, 24, 729 Fairfax, Thomas, Lord (1611-1671), English general: appointed head of New Model army, 11, 351 Fairfax, Thomas, Lord (1691-1782), American colonial planter: employs Washington, 23, 170 Fairmount Park, Philadelphia: scene of Centennial Exposition, 24, 903 Faith, Defender of: see Henry VIII, King of England Fajardo (ca. 1650), Mexican general: his campaigns in the Indian rebel- lion, 22, 168, 169 Falaise, Convention of: concluded be- tween England and Scotland (1174): concluded, II, 108, 12, 266; aban- doned, II, 108 Falcon, Juan Crisostomo (1820-1870), a Venezuelan general; promotes a Federalist movement, 21, 97; made president of Venezuela, 98; reelected president, 101 Falconet, fitienne Maurice (1716- 1791), French sculptor and writer: his statue of Peter the Great, 15, 88 Falerii, Etruria, Italy: ally of Rome, 3, 60; war with Rome, 109 GENERAL INDEX 247 Falieri, Marino (1278-1355), Doge of Venice: treachery of, 4, 248 Falieri, Vitael, Doge of Venice, 1084- 1096: at war with Hungary, 17, 54 Falkirk, Scotland: battles of (1298), ix, 150, 12, 276; (1746), 11, 488 Falkland, Lord (ca. 1830), English nobleman: his administration as governor of New Brunswick, 20, 163 Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount (1610-1643) English commander leader of religious toleration party, 11, 341; lord deputy of Ireland, 12, hi Falkland Islands, in the south At- lantic Ocean: history of, 20, 249 Falls of Iguazu, South America: de- scription of, 21, 314 False Coiner, The: see Philip III, King of France Famagosta, Cyprus: siege of, 4, 309 Family Compact, a name given to three treaties in the 18th century between the French and Spanish Bourbon dynasties in consequence of which Spain joined with France in the war against Great Britain, 5, 187, 8, 414, 416, 9, 247, 11, 480 Fanariote Period, The, during which the Greek official aristocracy had . great influence at Constantinople: 14, 294 Faneuil, Peter (1700-1743), American merchant: engaged in African trade, 23, 136 Fannin, James W. (d. 1836), Amer- ican soldier: at battle of Mission Conception, 24, 533 Fanti, Manfredo (1808-1865), Italian general: in war against Papacy, 4, 381 Far Eastern Question, The, an inter- national problem relative to the spheres of influence in farther Asia and the Pacific: Philippine Islands discovered (1521), 8, 332, 20, 51, 23, 37; British East India Company es- tablished (1599), 5, 158, 11, 501, 20, 59; Dutch East India Company es- tablished (1602), 5, 154, 13, 166, 167, 20, 56; the Moluccas conquered by the Dutch (1607), 20, 57; first Dan- ish East India Company organized (1612), 5, 171; Batavia founded by the Dutch (1618), 20, 57; Massacre of Amboyna (1623), 5, 154, 162, 20, 59; Madras obtained by the British (1639), 5, 163, 11, 502, 20, 62; Treaty of Munster excludes Spain from Eastern trade (1648), 13, 217; 20, 114; Dutch drive the Portuguese out of Ceylon (1658), 5, 155, 20, 113; Cochin becomes Dutch property (1662), 20, 112; French East India Company established (1664), 5, 169, 9, 214, 20, 114; Surat, India, settled by the French (1668), 20, 114; sec- ond Danish East India Company organized (1670), 5, 171; United Company of Merchants Trading to the East Indies chartered (1698), 5, 159, 20, 63; Pegu becomes Dutch property (1719), 20, 112; French take possession of the Isle of France (1720), 115; effect of the Definitive Treaty of 1763, or Treaty of Paris, 5, 181, 9, 247, II, 505, 20, 120; British colonies in the South Sea (1800-1906), 20, 180; Napoleon I of France signs treaty of alliance with Persia (1807), 5, 205; England sends embassies to the Punjab, Af- ghanistan, and Persia (1807-1813), 205; Amboyna annexed to the Brit- ish Empire (1809), 205; the Moluc- cas annexed to the British Empire (1810), 205; the commercial colony of Victoria established by England on the island of Hong-Kong (1841), 6, 135, 20, 255; Marquesas Islands annexed by France (1842), 20, 276; New Caledonia seized by the French (1853), 275; Pago Pago ceded by Samoan natives to the United States (1872), 20, 321, 24, 997; Brit- ish New Guinea annexed to the British Empire (1874), 20, 256; Eng- land extends her protection over the Federated Malay States (last quarter of 19th century), 252; Kaiser Wilhelm's Land and Bis- marck Archipelago annexed by Germany (1884), 302; France es- tablishes a protectorate in Indo- China (1885 and 1893), 273; Mar- 248 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS shall Islands annexed by Germany (1885), 302; North Borneo made a British protectorate (1888), 255; Japan and Russia in Korea and Manchuria (1893-1904), 7, 275, 15, 358; Germany's discontent with the situation (1895), 15, 346; Russia's power (1896), 348, 350; Anglo- French Agreement (1896), 20, 274; England leases territory from China at Hong-Kong (1898), 255; Russia leases Port Arthur and Ta- lien-wan (1898), 6, 272, 296, 7, 277, 20, 255; England leases port and bay of Wei-hai-wei (1898), 6, 272, 7, 278, 20, 256; Bay of Kwang-Chan leased to France by China (1898), 6, 272, 20, 274; Hawaiian Islands annexed by the United States (1898), 20, 310, 24, 1034; Caroline Islands, Pelew Islands, and La- drone Islands purchased by Ger- many (1898), 20, 302; two largest islands of the Samoan group added to the Germa Empire (1898-1899), 20, 302, 24, 978; Guam and the Philippine Islands annexed by the United States (1898), 20, 316, 24, 1032; German-American Agreement (1900), 20, 321; Anglo-French Agree- ment (1904), 274; Cochin-China un- der full French sovereignty, 274; present possessions of France in the Pacific, 276; present status of Por- tugal, 298 Farce, The Fifteen Years': see French Revolution Farel, William (1489-1565), French reformer and preacher in Switzer- land, 13, 447 Fargeau, Lepelletier (d. 1793), French revolutionist: death of, 10, 240 Farias, Valentin Gomez (1 781-1858) Mexican politician: elected vi^e- president of Mexico, 22, 271, 315; character of, 317 Farini, Carlo Luigi (1812-1866), Ital- ian historian, statesman, and orator: joins Garibaldi in Sicilian campaign, 4, 378 Farmer (ca. 1675), English scholar: candidate for presidency of Magda- len College, 11, 426 Farmer George: see George III, King of England Farmers' Alliance Party, in United States politics, an organization de- voted to the interests of farmers (1873): in election (1888), 24, 966 Farnbuhler (ca. 1500), Swiss patriot: leads insurrection, 13, 416 Farnese, Alessandro, Duke of Parma ( 1 547-1 592), a general in the Span- ish service: marriage of, 13, 85; his campaigns in the Netherlands, II, 289, 291, 13, 130, 145; his relation to the assassination of the Prince of Orange, 13, 144; his campaigns in France, 8, 356, 9, 167 Farnese, Alessandro: see Paul III Farnese, Ottavio (1 520-1 586), Duke of Parma 1547-1586: at war with Pope Julius III and Emperor Charles V, 9, 145 Farnsburg, Switzerland: siege of (1444), 13, 401 Farragut, David Glasgow, an Ameri- can naval officer: born at Campbell's Station, Tennessee, July 5, 1801; was adopted by David Porter; ob- tained an appointment as midship- man in the United States navy, 1810; served under Porter on the " Essex " when that vessel was cap- tured by the " Phcebe " and the " Cherub " in the harbor of Valpa- raiso, March 28, 1814; was made lieutenant, 1825, commander, 1841, and captain, 1855; captured New Or- leans, 1862, destroying the Confed- erate fleet and compelling the sur- render of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip; made an attack on the batteries of Vicksburg, 1862, suc- ceeded in passing them but found the city impregnable from the river; was made rear-admiral, 1862; was engaged in operations against Port Hudson, March to July, 1863; put an end to the blockade-running at Mobile by passing the forts which guarded the city and capturing the Confederate ironclad " Tennessee," August, 1864; Congress created the office of vice-admiral for him, De- cember, 1864, and that of admiral, GENERAL INDEX 249 1866; commanded the European Squadron, 1867; died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, August 14, 1870 Opens the lower Mississippi, 24, 750; victory in Mobile Bay, 798; po- litical effect of his victories, 801 Farthings, War of, an armed revolt of the Swiss peasants against the town of Basle, 13, 469 Fashoda Episode, The, the question of the possession of Fashoda, Af- rica (1898), 11, 639 Fasi (ca. 1779), a Swiss geographer and scientist: sketch of, 13, 494 Fassineto, Italy: battle of (1859), 4 373 Fatehpur Sikri, India: battle of (1527), 5, 109 Fath AH, shah of Persia, 1797-1834: reign of, 5, 351 Father and Friend of the People, The: see Henry IV, King of France Father Fritz: see Frederick (II) the Great, King of Prussia Father of English Commerce: see Edward III, King of England Father of English Poetry: see Chau- cer, Geoffrey Father of his Country, The: see Au- gustus, Roman emperor; also, Cic- ero, Marcus Tullius; also, Medici, Cosmo de'; also, Doria, Andrea; also Caesar, Julius; also Louis XVIII, King of France; and also Washing- ton, George Father of his People, The: see Louis XII, King of France Father of History, The: see Herod- otus Father of Letters, The: see Louis XII, King of France: also Francis I, King of France; and also, Medici, Lorenzo de' Father of Roman Philosophy, The: see Cicero, Marcus Tullius Father of the Constitution: see Madi- son, James Father of the People, The: see Chris- tian III, King of Denmark Father Violet: see Napoleon (I) Bon- aparte, Emperor of the French Fatima (606-632 A. D.), daughter of Mohammed: marriage of, 1, 240; death of, 242 Fatimite Caliphs, an Arabian dynasty, 909-1 171: rise of, 1, 339 Fatio, Pierre (ca. 1705), Swiss lawyer: leads reform movement in Geneva, 13, 498 Faughart, Ireland: battle of (1318), 12, 61 Faur, Louis of (ca. 1559), a French Protestant leader: persecution of, 9, 149 Faustina (104-141 A. D.), Roman Empress, wife of Antoninus: kind- ness of Antoninus toward, 4, 96 Faustinus I, Emperor of Hayti: see Solouque Faustus Sulla (88-46 B. C), Roman soldier: arrival in Africa, 3, 359; death, 359 Fava, Baron, Italian diplomat: am- bassador to United States (1892), 24, 976 Favier, Bishop, Catholic prelate in Pe- king: quoted, 6, 299 Favila, King of Asturias and Leon, 737-739 A. D.: reign of, 8, 130 Favored Child of Victory, The: see Massena, Andre Favorite, France: battle of (1797), 9, 302 Favras, Thomas de Mahy, Marquis de (1744-1790), French conspirator: plans abduction of the French king, 10, 115 Favre (ca. 1870), a Swiss engineer: builds the St. Gotthard Railway, 13, 574 Favre, Gabriel Claude Jules (1809- 1880), French statesman and orator: in the elections of 1869, 9, 458; pro- claims the third republic, 466; made a member of the provisional gov- ernment, 467; quoted, 18, 424 Fawkes, Guy (1570-1606), English conspirator: joins plot against James I of England, II, 308 Fayetteville, North Carolina: Confed- erates seize arsenal, 24, 691 Fazy, James (1796-1878), Swiss states- man and journalist: establishes the Radical party in Geneva, 13, 550 250 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS February Revolution, in French his- tory, the revolution of 1848, 16, 269 Federal Bankruptcy Act, in United States history, an act providing for both voluntary and involuntary bankruptcy (1898), 24, 1020 Federal Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, in United States: created, 24, 1083 Federal City: see Washington, D. C. Federal Hall, New York City: scene of first Presidential inauguration, 33, 34i Federal Pact, The, a Federal constitu- tion for Switzerland (1815), 13, 527 Federalist, The, a collection of papers written on the topics of the day by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay: pub- lished, 23, 335 Federalists, American political party: origin of, 23, 335; strength in first congress, 343; growth, 355; John Adams leader of, 370; reach height of power, 376; unpopular enactments of, 376; New England chief seat of, 431; change grounds with republi- cans in New England, 433; fall of, 433; service to the nation, 433; last nomination of, 434; absorbed by Whigs, 434; change ground with Republicans on bank question, 439; end of, 459 Federated Malay States: history of, 20, 252 Federation Alsacienne, a French fra- ternal association: formed (1789), 10, 120 Federation de l'Est, French associa- tion: formed (1790), 10, 120 Federation de l'Etoile, French asso- ciation: formed (1789), 10, 120 Federation de Lyons, Fiench associa- tion: formed (1790), 10, 120 Fehrbellin, Prussia: battle of (1675), 16, 211, 18, 301 Fei, Chinese military officer: com- mander-in-chief of army (1695- 1696), 6, 70 Feijo, Antonio, Bishop of Mariana (1784-1843), Brazilian priest and statesman: made regent of Brazil, 21, 169 Fejervary, Baron (living), Hungarian statesman: made premier of Hun- gary (1905), 17. 445 Felbinger (ca. 1774), Silesian educa- tor: summoned to Vienna, 17, 261 Feleciano, Senator (ca. 1840), South American patriot: leads insurrection in Minas Geraes, 21, 170 Felice Peretti: see Sixtus V Felipe, Don (ca. 1260), brother of Alfonso X of Spain: revolt of, 8, 108; becomes regent for Alfonso XI, 159 Felipe: see Philip . Felix (I), Saint, Bishop of Rome, 269- 274: martyred, 13, 334 Felix II (d. 365), Pope, 335-358: made Bishop of Rome by Constantius, 4, 125 Felix V (Amadeus VIII of Savoy) (1383-1451), Pope, 1440-1449: acces- sion of, 4, 277; pontificate of, 18, 213 Felix, Antonius, Roman procurator of Judea, 55-60 A. D.: misgovernment of, 1, 410 Fellenberg, Emanuel von (1 771-1844), Swiss philanthropist and educator: sketch of, 13, 522; aids Pestalozzi, 523 Felton, John (d. 1628), English as- sassin: kills the Duke of Bucking- ham, 11, 325 Feltre, Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, Duke of (1765-18 18), French general and statesman: made minister of war, 9, 360, 367 Feng Tai, China: Boxer outrages at, 6, 300 Feng-hwang-cheng, China : captured by Japanese, 7, 309, 15, 361 Feng-shui (Wafangao) Pass, Japan: captured by the Japanese, 7, 310 Fenian Brotherhood, an association of Irishmen: organized, 12, 234; rising of, XI, 625 Feodor (I) Ivanovitch (1557-1598), Tsar of Moscow, 1584-1598: reign of, 15, 18; Sweden refuses to make peace with, 16, 167 Feodor (II) Alexievitch (1580-1605), Tsar of Moscow, 1605: reign of, 15, GENERAL INDEX 251 Feofan Prokopovitch, Bishop of Nov- gorod (b. 1681), Russian ecclesiastic and statesman: sketch of, 15, 72 Ferag ben Ferag (ca. 1568), Spanish rebel: leader of Moriso revolt, 8, 367 Feraud (ca. 1795), French deputy: killed by the insurgents, 10, 337; condemnation and rescue of his murderer, 339 Ferdinand I (1503-1564), Holy Roman Emperor, 1556-1561: betrothed to Anne of Hungary, 17, 168, 175; mar- ries Anne of Hungary, 176, 18, 231; claims crown of Hungary, 14, 152; proclaimed king of Hungary, 17, 216; reign of, as King of Bohemia and of Hungary, 176, 194; accession to German possessions of the House of Hapsburg, 18, 242; calls second Diet of Speyer, 246; elected to Ger- man crown, 249; accession to imperial crown, 4, 307, 9, 147, 13. 59, 18, 260; reign of, as emperor, *7> 1 77'> opposes the Reformation, *3> 443> x 8, 245; seeks peace with Turkey, 14, 159; unites with Mau- rice of Saxony, 18, 258; his rela- tions with Suleiman, 261; death of, 17, 179, 18, 262 Ferdinand II (1578-1637), Holy Ro- man Emperor, 1619-1637: persecutes the Protestants, 18, 265; works in behalf of Catholicism in Styria, 17, 180; recognized as heir to Bohemian throne, 201; becomes King of Bo- hemia, 18, 267; reign of, as King of Bohemia, 17, 206; reign of, as King of Hungary, 225; accession of, to imperial throne, 9, 189, 17, 204; reign of, as emperor, 17, 182, 18, 269; death of, 9, 192, 18, 290 Ferdinand III (1608-1657), Holy Ro- man Emperor, 1637-1657: his cam- paigns in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 190, 18, 288; crowned King of Bo- hemia, 17, 209; reign of, as King of Bohemia, 212; reign of, as King of Hungary, 227; reign of, as Em- peror, 17, 182, 18, 290 Ferdinand (I) the Just (1379-1416), King of Aragon and of Sicily, 1412- 1416: accession to throne of Ara- gon, 8, 260 Ferdinand II, King of Aragon: see Ferdinand V, King of Spain Ferdinand I (1793-1875), Emperor of Austria, 1835-1848: his accession to the thrones of Hungary and Bo- hemia, 17, 3; crowned King of Hun- gary, 338; reign of, 17, 345, 18, 396; abdication of, 17, 371, 377 Ferdinand (I) the Great (d. 1065), King of Leon and Castile: reign of, 8, 140; defeats Bermudo of Leon, 200 Ferdinand II (d. 1188), King of Leon, 1157-1188: reign of, 8, 146 Ferdinand (III) the Saint (ca. 1200- 1252), King of Leon and Castile: birth, 8, 100; campaigns against the Moors, 102, 104; accession to throne of Castile, 150; accession to throne of Leon, 151 Ferdinand IV (1285-1312), King of Leon and Castile, 1295-1312: reign of, 8, 157 Ferdinand V, King of Castile: see Ferdinand V, King of Spain Ferdinand (V) the Catholic, King of Spain (V of Castile, II of Aragon and Sicily, and III of Naples); born at Sos, Spain, March 10, 1452; was associated with his father, John II of Aragon in the government of that kingdom, 1466, and made King of Sicily, 1468; married Isabella of Castile, 1469; was proclaimed joint sovereign of Castile with Isabella on the death of Henry IV in 1474; fought the battle of Toro, 1476, in defense of their rights against Al- fonso V of Portugal who unsuc- cessfully supported the claims of Juana, daughter of Henry IV; suc- ceeded to the throne of Aragon, 1479; established the Inquisition at Seville (1480); was at war with the Moors, 1482-1492; expelled the Jews from his kingdoms, 1492; listened to Columbus's schemes, 1492, and sanc- tioned his voyages; joined the coali- tion against Charles VIII of France, 1495; ascended the throne 262 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS of Naples, 1504; on the death of Isabella, 1504, was proclaimed re- gent of Castile; invaded Navarre and conquered it, 1512; incorporated Na- varre with Castile, 1515; died at Madrigalejo, Estremadura, Spain, January 23, 1516 Reign of, 8, 185; accession to throne of Sicily, 267; marries Isa- bella, 182; accession to throne of Castile, 183; at war with the Moors, 8, 120, 122, 23, 28; accession to throne of Aragon, 8, 121, 184, 268; appoints the Spanish Inquisition, 13, 83 note; patronizes Columbus, 20, 36; wins Naples, 4, 291; concludes alliance with Louis XII of France, 9, 133; joins Holy League, 11, 236; conquers Navarre, 8, 216; his rela- tions with the Church in the colo- nies, 20, 45 Ferdinand VI (1713-1759), King of Spain, 1746-1759: reign of, 8, 412; death of, 22, 199 Ferdinand VII (1784-1833), King of Spain, 1808, 1814-1833: intrigues of 8, 482, 485; accession of, 9, 332, 21, 54, 22, 230; reign of, 488 Ferdinand I (ca. 1424-1494), King of Naples, 1458-1494: declared legiti- mate, 8, 265; accession of, 4, 265, 8, 266; at war with Florence, 4, 269; reign of, 8, 268 Ferdinand II (1469-1496), King of Naples and Sicily, 1495-1496: reign of, 8, 269; flees before Charles VIII of France, 9, 131 Ferdinand III, King of Naples: see Ferdinand V, King of Spain Ferdinand IV, King of Naples: see Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sici- lies Ferdinand I (1 345-1 383), King of Por- tugal, 1367-1383: reign of, 8, 290 Ferdinand II (1816-1885), Duke of Saxe-Coburg, titular King of Por- tugal: marries Maria II of Portu- gal, 8, 537 Ferdinand I (IV, King of Naples) (1751-1825), King of the Two Sici- lies, 1759-1825: accession of, 8, 414; marries Maria Caroline of Austria, 17, 245; abdicates, 4, 352 Ferdinand (16th century), Archduke of Austria: given the Tyrol, 17, 179; labors for the restoration of Ca- tholicism in the Tyrol, 187 Ferdinand (18th century), Archduke of Austria: marries the Princess of Modena, 17, 245 Ferdinand (early 19th century), Archduke of Austria: his campaigns against France, 9, 325, 15, 214 Ferdinand (18th century), Duke of Parma: marries Marie Amelia of Austria, 17, 245 Ferdinand I (1549-1609), Grand Duke of Tuscany: patronizes Galileo, 4, 320 Ferdinand (14th century), Infante of Aragon: rebellion of, 8, 251 Ferdinand (I) of Saxe-Coburg (1861- ), Prince of Bulgaria: account of, 14, 495; accession of, 15, 342 Ferdinand (1402-1443), Infante of Portugal: campaign of, in Africa, 8, 305 Ferdinand (1 721-1792), Duke of Brunswick: in the Seven Years' War, 9, 245; commands in Hanover, 11, 501 Ferdinand (1600-1641), Archduke of Toledo: appointed governor-general of the Netherlands, 13, 211; death of, 214 Ferdinand, Treaty of: see Alliance, Christian Ferdinand Charles III (d. 1854), Duke of Parma: assassination of, 4, 369 Ferdousi (Firdausi) (940-1020 A. D.), Persian poet: sketch of, 5, 93, 329 Fere Champenoise, France: battle of (1814), 9, 348, 15, 262 Fergus (ca. 330 B. C.) Irish chief: leads colonists to Scotland, 12, 38 Ferguson, General (ca. 1780), British officer in America: at battle of King's Mountain, 23, 279 Fergusson, James (1808-1886), a Scot- tish writer on architecture: sketch of, 5, 263 Fermor, William (ca. 1758), an Eng- lish officer and diplomat in Russia: sketch of, 15, 147; campaigns of, 15, 148, 18, 338 Fernan GonsaJez (ca. 950 A. D.), GENERAL INDEX 253 Count of Castile: revolt of, 8, 136 Fernandez, Ruperto (ca. 1861), a Bo- livian statesman: member of pro- visional government of Bolivia, 21, 188; leads insurrection, 189 Fernando, one of Bahama islands: dis- covered and named, 21, 6 Fernando de Valor: see Mohammed ben Humeya Fernando Po, island west of Africa: sketch of, 19, 213; under Spanish rule, 20, 299 Ferney, The Patriarch of: see Vol- taire Ferney, The Philosopher of: see Vol- taire Ferocious Beast of Ansonia, The: see Caracalla, Roman emperor Ferrand (13th century), Count of Flanders: at war with Philip Au- gustus of France, 9, 76 Ferrara, Italy: elects Azzo VII as its lord, 4, 200 Ferrol, Spain: battle of (1805), 9, 325 Ferruccio, Francesco (16th century), Italian soldier: defends Florence at siege, 4, 306 Ferry, Jules Franc, ois Camille (1832- I 893), French statesman: in the elections of 1869, 9, 458; minister of public instruction, 482; ministry ' of, 483 Ferry Bridge, England: battle of (1461), 11, 213 Fersen, Count Axel (1 755-1810), Swedish marshal: death of, 16, 253 Fessing, John (ca. 1698), an English traveler: induces Peter to visit England, 15, 33 Festus Porcius, Roman procurator of Judaea, 60-62 A. D.: government of, 1, 410 Feth Ghirai (ca. 1736), Khan of the Crimea: wins victories over Rus- sians, 14, 307 Feudalism, a system by which the holding of estates in land is made dependent upon an obligation to render military service to the king or feudal superior: growth of, in England, 11, 51; in Normandy, 58; systematized by William the Con- queror, 73; feudal dues, 84; Henry II attempts to lessen the power of the barons, 08; general breaking up of, 226; in Switzerland, 13, 350; its relations to Turkish institutions, 14, 96, 184, 203, 368, 377; efforts of Dutch to establish, 23, 102 Feuillade, Francois d' Aubusson de la (d. 1691), Marshal of France: at battle of St. Gothard, 14, 240; at siege of Candia, 243 Feuillant Club, a political club estab- lished at Paris during the Revolu- tion: organized, 10, 128; opened in opposition to the Jacobins, 139 Few, William (1748-1828), an Ameri- can patriot: in first Congress, 23, 343 Fez, a sultanate in the northern part of Morocco: founded, 1, 364 Fezier (ca. 1700), French engineer: his explorations, 21, 34 Fiala, Anthony (1871 ), American explorer: explorations of, 16, 328 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814), a German metaphysician: his ef- forts to liberate Germany, 18, 375 Ficquelmont, Count Karl Ludwig von (1777-1857), an Austrian general and diplomatist: made leader of the cabinet, 17, 362 Fidenae, Italy: early wars for posses- sion of, 3, 20 Field, James Gaven (1826-1901), American lawyer: nominated for Vice-President (1892), 24, 991 Field, Stephen Johnson (1816-1899), an American jurist: member of the Electoral Commission, 24, 913 Field of Lies, The, Germany: a battle between Lewis the Pius and his three sons (833 A. D.), 28, 91 Field of the Cloth of Gold, near Ar- dres, France, celebrated as the meeting place of Francis I and Henry VIII (1520), 9, 137, 11, 240 Fielden, Samuel, an American states- man: leader of Chicago anarchists, 24, 961 Fielding, Henry (1707-1754), English novelist: sketch of, 11, 494 Fiennes, Gislain de (ca. 1550), a Dutch noble: given command of the privateers, 13, in 254) THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Fieschi Plot, The: a plot to kill Louis Philippe (1835), 9, 408 Fiesole (Faesulae), Italy: battle of (405 A. D.), 4, 138, 18, 38 Fifteen Years' Farce, The: see French Revolution, The Fifth of November, Battle of the: see Inkerman: battle of (1854) " Fifty-four forty or fight " in United 1 States history, an election cry for the campaign of 1844: meaning and use of, 24, 543 Fighting Bishop, The: see Polk, Leonidas Figner (ca. 1800), a Russian captain: his guerrilla warfare, 15, 238, 246 Figueras y Moracas, Estanislao (1819-1822), a Spanish statesman: made minister of finance in provi- sional government, 8, 510 Figulus, Publius Nigidius (100-44 B C), Roman Pythagorean philoso- pher: finds difficulty in returning to Italy, 3, 366 Fiji Islands, an archipelago in the South Pacific: British take posses- sion of (1874), 30, 217; government of, 256 Filangieri, Gaetano (1 752-1 788), Ital- ian editor: sketch of, 4, 339 Filingshausen, Germany: battle of (1761), 9, 247 Fillmore, Millard (1800-1874), Presi- dent of the United States, July 9, 1850-March 4, 1853: nominated for Vice-President, 24, 558; becomes President, 609; issues proclamation concerning execution of Fugitive Slave Law, 616; message to Con- gress (1851), 618; candidate for Presidential nomination (1852), 620; nominated for President (1856), 652 Fimbria, Caius Flavius (d. 85 B. C), Roman general: his campaign against Mithradates, 3, 219; at- tempts to kill Quintus Scaevola, 224; death, 220 Finaghta (ca. 675 A. D.), King of Ireland: renounces the Boru Tax, 13, 39 Finan (ca. 670 A. D.), an Irish bishop: governs the monastery of Lindes- farne, 12, 36 Finance: ARABIA: after Mohammed, 1, 257 ASSYRIA: revenues of the Second Empire, 1, 82 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: revenues (1200), 17, 93; revenues (1700), 188; situation in the early 19th century, 303, 328 CHINA: condition of revenues (1895), 6, 275 CONGO FREE STATE: revenues (1894), 19, 123 CUBA: condition of revenues, 22, 480 EGYPT: tributes from Asia, 1, 23; revenues under Arabian control, 299 ENGLAND: under William the Conqueror, II, 79; taxes in 1198, 114; revenues under Edward I, 144, 149; under James I, 309, 315; ship- money under Charles I, 334; under Cromwell, 369; under Charles II, 389, 396; revenues under James II, 422; Bank of England established (1694), 441; under George III, 566 FRANCE: heavy taxation (ca. 1300), 9, 89, 95; debt after Louis XIV, 228, 232, 248; revenues (1765), 10, 12; under Louis XVI, 27, 29, 31, 36; during the Revolution, no, 165, 372, 418; under Necker, 9, 254; fiscal laws (1824), 381; laws passed by legislative chamber (1831), 400; revenues (1870), 458 GERMANY: in the early 18th cen- tury, 18, 308, 324 GREECE: revenues of Athens (431 B. C), 2, 276; revenues of, 547, 549 INDIA: revenues under the Mo- hammedan rule, 5, 103; under the Mogul dynasty, 116, 120, 124; under British governors (1770), 189; land revenue of Bengal, 195; under British control, 243, 247, 249; finan- cial crisis due to the depreciation of the monetary standard, 273; ad- justment of revenues to England, 289 ITALY: under Augustus, 4, 37; revenues (1870-1900), 400 JAPAN: reforms in taxes (645 A. D.), 7, 23; taxes systematized (1600), 115; provincial taxation, GENERAL INDEX 255 143. 145; financial crisis (1872), 175; land tax (1900), 223 MACEDON: in the time of Philip, 2, 459 MEXICO: in the 18th century, 22, 196 PERSIA: under Darius, I, 168; financial crisis due to debased coin- age (1898), 5, 364 ROME: the Senate manages the state finances, 3, 34; the revenues of the Empire, 244; the revenues managed by an oligarchy of capi- talists, 247; in the time of Caesar, 37i, 376 RUSSIA: revenues in (1897), 15, 348 SOUTH AMERICA: revenues of Bolivia (1830), 21, 186; (1870), 191; revenues of Colombia (1870), 91; revenues of Ecuador (1875), 116; revenues of Venezuela (i860), 99 SPAIN: under Arabian rule, 1, 320; revenues in the 17th and 18th centuries, 8, 421, 422, 430; reforms (1900), 520 SWITZERLAND: revenues of the Confederation (1500), 13, 424 TURKEY: revenues (16th cen- tury), 14, 184; revenues (1830), 440; in 1905, 510 UNITED STATES: at the time of the Revolution, 23, 292, 312; Ham- ilton's policy, 348; establishment of national bank (1792), 350, 352; establishment of national mint, 353; American, in the first half of the 19th century, 24, 1092; meas- ures under Jackson, 23, 500, 506; during the Civil War, 24, 819; na- tional finances under Grant, 897; legislation under Hayes, 922; Sher- man Silver Law (1890), 974; under Cleveland (1893), 994, 1006; legisla- tion under McKinley, 1019 Financier of the Revolution: see Mor- ris, Robert Finch, Edward (18th century), Eng- lish ambassador: at the Russian court, 15, 125, 132, 137 Fingo, Africa: sold to the English 19, 36 Finland, grand duchy of the Russian empire: recognizes Gustavus Vasa, 16, 154; in the Northern War, 15, 38, 42, 63; passes to Russia, 15, 64, 68, 217, 17, 306; under Nicholas II, }1, 353, 358 Finns, inhabitants of Finland, Russia: location of, 15, 6; the progenitors of the modern, 16, 6; assimilation of, 15, 8; driven out by the Goths, 16, 35; conversion of the, 103; as American colonists, 23, 127 Firbolgs, early race of Ireland: set- tle in Ireland, 12, 24 Firdausi: see Ferdousi Fire, The King of: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Firinghis, Portuguese settlers in In- dia; description of, 5, 153 Firozshah, India: battle of (1846), 5, 221 First Gentleman of Europe: see George IV, King of England Firth, John (ca. 1530), English Re- former: persecution of, 11, 251 Firuz (ca. 650 A. D.), Persian prince: accepts the station of captain in Chinese army, 1, 265 Firuz Shah Tughlak (ca. 1350), Sul- tan of India: reign of, 5, 103 Fischer, Olfert (ca. 1800), a Danish commander: at the battle of Copen- hagen, 16, 256 Fish, Hamilton (1808-1893), an American statesman: in Grant's Cabinet, 24, 862; in Joint High Com- mission, 883; protests against recog- nition of Cuban belligerency rights, 887 Fisher, John 0459-1535), Bishop of Rochester: supports cause of Catha- rine against Henry VIII of England, 11, 246; inprisoned, 254; death of, 255 Fisher's Hill, Virginia: battle of (1864), 24, 792; political effect of victory, 801 Fishery Disputes: 1783-1888. Between the United States and Great Britain over privileges in British North Amer- ica, 23, 287, 310, 24, 641, 959 1886-1893. Between Great Britain and the United States, relating to 256 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Alaskan seal fishing, 20, 307, 24, 979, 1020, 1890. Between English and French fishermen off Newfoundland, 20, 179 Fishing City, The: see Sidon Fitch, Ralph (16th century), Eng- lish traveler: visits India, 5, 157 Fitzgerald, Prime Sergeant (ca. 1803), Irish patriot: opposes Union, 12, 215 Fitzgerald, Lord Edward (1 763-1 798), Irish politician and revolutionist: joins the United Irishmen, 12, 206; arrest and death of, 209 Fitzgerald, Garret, 8th Earl of Kil- dare: see Kildare, Garret Fitzger- ald, 8th Earl of Fitzgerald, Gerald, Earl of Kildare: see Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Fitzgerald, James Fitzmaurice (ca. 1567), an Irish patriot; incites Irish chiefs to insurrection, 12, 89 Fitzgerald, John (ca. 1567), Irish pa- priot: joins rebellion, 12, 89 Fitzgerald, Maurice (d. 1176), Irish patriot: agrees to aid Dermot Mac- Murrogh, 12, 49; his campaign in Ireland (1257), 58; Earl of Des- mond, 63 Fitzgerald, Raymond, surnamed "le Gros " (ca. 1170), Irish patriot: his career in Ireland, 12, 50, 53 Fitzgerald, Thomas, Earl of Desmond (i426?-i467), called the Great Earl, Irish statesman: made lord deputy of Ireland, 12, 70; fall of, 71 Fitzgerald, Thomas, Earl of Desmond (d. 1583), Irish nobleman: rebellion of, 12, 89 Fitzgerald, Thomas, Earl of Kildare (1513-1537), Irish nobleman: made lord deputy of Ireland, 12, 78; re- bellion of, 79 Fitzgerald, Vesey (ca. 1829), Irish politician: candidate for office against O'Connell, 1 1, 584; defeated for Parliament by O'Connell, 221 Fitzgerald, Sir William Robert Sey- mour Vesey (1818-1885), British official: sketch of, 5, 252 Fitzgibbon, John, Earl of Clare (1749- 1802), British jurist: supports Irish cause, 12, 186; proposes a crushing crimes bill, 196; leads opposition to emancipation bill, 203; made Earl of Clare, 204 Fitz-Nigel, Richard (ca. 1199), Eng- lish writer: writings of, 11, 115 Fitzosbert, William, surnamed Long- beard (12th century), English dema- gogue: leads an insurrection of London artisans, IX, 117 Fitz-Osborn, William (d. 1071), Nor- man noble: death of, 13, 26 Fitzpatrick, Benjamin (19th century), American politician: offered nomi- nation for Vice-President (i860), 24, 682 Fitzsimmons, Thomas (ca. 1789), American politician in first Con- gress, 23, 342 Fitzstephen, Robert (12th century), Welsh gentleman: his career in Ire- land, 12, 49, 53 Fitzwilliam, Sir William (ca. 1597), Irish statesman: lord deputy of Ire- land, 12, 94 Fitzwilliams, William Wentworth, Earl (1748-1833), En~lish states- man: made lord lieutenant of Ire- land, 11, 54s, 12, 202 Fiume, seaport of Hungary: acquired by the house of Austria, 17, 108; made a free port, 193; annexed to Hungary, 406 Five Forks, Virginia: battle of (1865), 24, 810 Five Good Emperors, The: see Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, Roman Em- perors Five Knights' Case, The, appeal of five knights in England to the Court of King's Bench (1627), II, 323 Five Mile Act, in English history an act passed for the persecution of the Dissenters (1665), 11, 387 Five Nations, The: see Iroquois In- dians " Five Thousand," body of citizens at Athens: rule of, 2, 358 Flaccus, Lucius Valerius (3rd century GENERAL INDEX 257 B. C.)> Roman noble: influences Cato to enter upon a political ca- reer, 3, 157 Flaccus, Lucius Valerius, Roman con- sul, 86 B. C. : arrives , in Greece with army, 3, 218; aids reforms of Sulla, 230; removed from command by mutiny, 219; proposes the law con- ferring the dictatorship on Sulla, 231 Flaccus, Marcus Fulvius (d. 121 B. C), Roman consul, 125 B. C: member of the land commission, 3, 178; proposes that the question of the citizenship of allies should be considered in the comitia, 179; death, 184 Flaccus, Quintus Fulvius (2nd cen- tury B. C), Roman general: his success in Spain, 3, 136 Flambard, Ranulf (Ralph) (d. 1128), Bishop of Durham: his power and influence, II, 83; deposed by Henry I, 88 Flamininus, Titus Quintius (ca. 225- ca. 165 B. C), Roman consul and general: in second Macedonian war, 3, 140; returns to Rome, 142 Flaminius, Gaius (d. 217 B. C), Ro- man consul and general: defeated at Telamon, 3, 109; at battle of Lake Trasimene, 118; excludes freedmen from the centuries, 158 Flanders, province in Belgium: origin of, 13, 20; furnishes assistance to William the Conqueror, 25; rebels against Maximilian, 50; growth of the towns, II, 158; aids Edward III of England, 158; under control of France, 180; ruled by John the Fearless, 194 Flatters, Colonel (19th century), a French officer in Africa: attempt to survey an African railroad, 19, 80 Flavian Emperors of Rome: see Ves- pasian, Titus, and Domitian Flavus (ca. 9 A. D.), brother of Her- mann: becomes a Roman, citizen, 18, 18 Fleetwood, Charles (d. 1692), English general: given command of Puritan army, n, 2>7y> ms campaigns in Ireland, 12, 126 Flegel, Robert (1855-1886), African explorer: explorations of, 19, 90; his mission in Africa, 155 Fleix, Peace of, a treaty between Henry III of France and Protest- ants (1580), 9, 161 Fleming, Klas (ca. 1680), Swedish reformer: aids reform in Sweden, 16, 212 Fleming, Klas Eriksson (Claudius Flemming) (d. 1597), Constable of Sweden: resists the surrender of Kexholm, 16, 168 Flesselles, Jacques de (1 721-1789), French provost: attempts to quiet the populace, 10, 60; death of, 67 Fletcher, Benjamin (17th century), colonial governor of New York, 1692-1698: appointed governor, 23, 106 Fletcher, Giles (1549-1611), English civilian and poet: at the Russian court, 15, 72 Fleurus, Belgium: battles of (1690), 9, 218, 13, 245; (1794), 9, 290, 10, 345, II, 543- 13, 264, 17, 281, 18, 357 Fleury, Andre Hercule de (1653- 1743), Bishop of Frejus: member of king's council, 9, 234; sketch of, 10, 25 note; ministry of, 16, 226 Fleury, fimile Felix (1815-1884), French general and diplomat: as- sists schemes of Napoleon III, 9, 442 Fleury, Joly of (ca. 1783), French politician: made minister of finance, 9, 257 Flint, Mr. (ca. 1759), British mer- chant: pioneer of commerce, 6, 109 Flodden, England: battle of (1513), II, 236, 12, 300 Floki Rafn (ca. 850 A. D.), Scandi- navian pirate: visits Iceland, 16, 44 Flood, Henry (1732-1791), Irish ora- tor and politician: leader of the Patriot Party, 12, 177; loses the confidence of the people, 183 Flood, The Great (ca. 2000 B. C), in China: supposed to have been the flood of Noah, 6, 6 253 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Florence, Italy: Ghibellines defeat the Guelphs (1260), 4, 212; history of, in the Middle Ages, 225, 257; siege of, 306; made capital of Italy, 388 Florence (Floris) V (1256-1296), Count of Holland: claims Scottish throne, 12, 271 Florence, Treaty of (1801), concluded between Naples and France: 10, 444 Flores, Antonio (ca. 1600), Spanish explorer: explorations of, 22, 143 Flores, Antonio (1833 ), an Ecua- dorian statesman: his administra- tion as president of Ecuador, 21, 244 Flores, Juan Jose (1800-1864), Span- ish-American general and states- man: his first administration as president of Ecuador, 21, 107; made commander-in-chief of the army 108; his second administration, 109; his third administration, 109; at the battle of Babahoyo, 11 1; in the battle of Cuaspud, 88, 112; death of, 114 Flores, Manuel (ca. 1780), Spanish administrator: in New Spain, 22, 215 Flores, Venancio (1800-1868), Uru- guayan general and politician: re- bellion of, 21, 131, 142; becomes ruler of Uruguay, 144; assassinated 146 Florida, southeastern state of the United States, called the Peninsular State: discovered, 23, 38; explored by De Soto, 42; settlement of St. Augustine, 48; Huguenots attempt to found a colony in, 20, 82; Ponce de Leon founds colony in, 21, 16; sacked by Drake (1580), 30; ceded to England (1763), 11, 505, 20, 104, 120; returned to Spain (1783), 11, 523, 20, 128; ceded to the United States (1819), 304; boundary of, 23, 364; annexation of West Florida, 443; troubles in territory of East Florida, 444; purchase of, 444; in- creases slave territory, 452; dele- gates withdraw from Democratic convention (i860), 24, 679; secedes, 689; Confederates seize Forts Ba- rancas and McRae, 691; Confeder- ates seize Pensacola navy yard, 691; end of carpet bag rule, 873; Presidential election of 1876, 910; collapse of the " negro carpet bag " government, 915 "Florida," Confederate ship: built in English ship yard, 24, 882 Florida-Blanca, Jose Monino (1729- 1808), Spanish statesman: favors American rebellion, 8, 416, 22, 210 Florizel, Prince: see George IV, King of England. Florizon, Peter (ca. 1650), a Dutch admiral: in the war with Sweden, 13, 232 Floras, Gessius, procurator of Judaea, 65 A. D.: government of, 1, 410 "Flour Battle, The" (1590), Paris (1590), 9, 168 Floyd, John Buchanan (1805-1863), American politician and Confeder- ate general: advises against re-in- forcement of Southern forts, 24, 696; resigns from Cabinet, 704; at siege of Fort Donelson, 744; es- capes from Fort Donelson, 745; re- moved from command, 745 Flushing, Netherlands: revolts against Spanish rule, 8, 360; siege of (1809), 9, 336 Flying Squadron, The, American fleet: at Hampton Roads, 24, 1028 Fodevig, Scandinavia: battle of (1134), 16, 76 Fogelberg, Bengt Erland (1786-1854), Swedish sculptor: sketch of, 16, 264 Fois, Gaston de (1489-1512), Duke of Nemours: successes in Italy, 9, 134; death, 4, 293 Foix, Count de (ca. 1200), French soldier: revolts against Louis IX, 9, 80 Foix, Andre de (ca. 1500), French rebel: attempts to restore Navarre to Henri d' Albret, 8, 349 Foix, Gaston, Count de (d. 1470), French noble: death of, 8, 214 Foix, Germaine de (1488-1538), Queen of Aragon: marries Ferdinand V of Spain, 8, 190 GENERAL INDEX 259 Foix, Matthieu, Count de (ca. 1400), Spanish noble, claims throne of Aragon, 8, 258 Fokshani, Rumania: battle of (1789), 15, 185 Folger, Charles James (1818-1884), American jurist: in Arthur's cab- inet, 24, 936; candidate for gov- ernor of New York, 945 Falkland, land granted to original settlers in England: meaning of term, 11, 52 Folkungar, influential family of Sweden: rise of, 16, 103; era of, 143 Fonfrede, Jean Baptiste (1 766-1 793), French Girondist: death of, 10, 279 Fonseca, Deodora da (1827-1892), Brazilian general and politician: leads revolution in Brazil, 21, 253; president of provisional govern- ment, 253; resigns, 254 Fonseca, Juan Rodriquez de (1441- 1524), Spanish ecclesiastic: aids plot against Columbus, 31, 10; against Cortez, 22, 63; estimate of, 65 Fontainebleu, Treaties of: concluded between England and France (1762), 18, 343; between Spain and France (1807), 8, 528, 9, 332; be- tween allied armies and Napoleon, (1814), 15, 262, 17, 311 Fontaine-Frangaise, France : battle of (iS9S), 9, 170 Fontana, Benedict (ca. 1500), Swiss leader: at the battle of the Calven, 13, 419 Fontarabia, Spain: taken by the French (1795), 10, 347 Fontenay, France: battle of (843 A. D.), 9. 50, 18, 92 Fontenoy, Belgium: battle of (1745), 9, 239, 11, 487, 13, 255 Foochow, China: destruction of Chinese fleet at, 6, 249 Foote, Andrew Hull (1806-1863), American admiral: at capture of Fort Henry, 24, 744; at siege of Fort Donelson, 744; at capture of Island Number Ten, 749 Foote, Henry S. (1800-1867), Amer- ican politician: altercation with Senator Benton, 24, 608; elected governor of Mississippi, 611; cen- sured by Mississippi legislature, 611 Foote, Samuel Augustus (1 780-1846), an American politician: his reso- lution affecting public land, 23, 489, 24, 618 Foraker Act, providing civil govern- ment for Porto Rico: passed (1900), 24, 1040 Forbes, Duncan (1685-1747), Scottish judge and patriot: sketch of, 12, 370 Forbes, John (1593-1648), Scottish divine; leader of the Episcopal church, 12, 358 Forbes, John (1710-1759), British soldier: commands expedition against Fort Du Quesne, 23, 190; death, 191 Forbes, Patrick (1564-1635), Scottish divine: leader of the Episcopal church, 12, 358 Forcade, de la Roquette (1 534-1 573), French jurist and legal writer: made minister of the interior, 9, 459 Force, Henri Nompar de Caumont, Due de la (1582-1678), French Protestant general: defends Mon- tauban, 9, 181 Force Act of Rhode Island: passed, 23, 314 Force BilL an American tariff bill: passed, 23, 496; obstructive pro- cedure induced by, 24, 969; account of, 970; effect on election (1890), 975 Forcheim, Treaty of, a treaty be- tween Germany and Moravia (874 A. D.), 17, 33 Forde, Francis (d. 1770), English soldier: his campaign in southern India, 5, 186 Ford's Theatre, Washington: scene of Lincoln's assassination, 24, 826 Fordun, John of (d. ca. 1384), a Scot- tish chronicler: sketch of, 12, 290 Forest, Friar (d. 1538), Welsh monk: death of, 11, 258 260 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Forest, Pierre de la (ca. 1355), arch- bishop of Rouen: opens the estates 9, 96 Forey, filie Frederic (1804-1872), a French marshal: assists schemes of Napoleon III, 9, 442; his cam- paign in Mexico, 9, 453, 22, 387 Formiguy, France: battle of (1453) 9, 118 Formosa, an island east of China: Koxinga establishes himself in, 6 60, 97; trouble in, 65, 98; invaded by Japanese, 7, 192; massacre of English in, 6, 143; ceded to Japan 6, 270, 7, 273; part of, seized by France, 20, 273 Formosus (816-896 A. D.) Pope, 891- 896 A. D.: crowns Arnulf, 18, 100 Fornovo, Italy: battle of (1495), 4 290, 9, 131 Forrest, Nathan Bedford (1 821-1877), an American officer in Confederate service: commands Confederate cavalry, 24, 803; joins the Ku- Klux-Klan, 871 Forster (ca. 1715), member of Parlia- ment for Northumberland: supports claims of the Old Pretender, 12, 362 Forster, Pancraz (ca. 1795), Abbot of St. Gall: opposes Beda, 13, 506; revokes his concessions to the people, 516 Forster, William Edward (1818-1886) an English politician: educational reforms of, 11, 626; draws up Irish Land Act 12, 238 note Fort Barancas, Florida: seiged by Confederates, 24, 691 Fort Beau Sejour, Nova Scotia: cap- tured by Monckton, 23, 180 Fort Brown, Texas: seized by Con- federates, 24, 691 Fort Caswell, North Carolina: seized by Confederates, 24, 691 Fort Christina, Wilmington: estab- lished by Swedes, 23, 108 Fort Conger, Grinnell Land: estab- lished, 16, 319 Fort Cumberland, Virginia: named, 23, 176 Fort Dauphin, Africa: sketch of, 19, 212 Fort Dearborn, nucleus of Chicago: destroyed by Indians, 23, 420; see also Chicago Fort Donelson, Tennessee: Confed- erates hold, 24, 742; siege of (1862), 744 Fort Duquesne, original name of Pittsburg, Penna.: erected by French, 23, 172; expeditions planned against, 176; Braddock's march on, 177; captured and name changed to Pittsburg (1755), 23, 191, 11, 500 Fort Edward, New York: Americans abandon, 23, 253 Fort Erie, Pennsylvania: given up by England, 23, 362; British repulsed at (1814), 426 Fort Fisher, North Carolina: capture of (1865), 24, 808 Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario: captured by English (1758), 23, 190 Fort Gaines, Alabama: guarding Mobile Bay, 24, 798 Fort Gaspereau, Nova Scotia: cap- tured by Monckton (1755), 23, 180 Fort George, New York: taken by the French (1757), 20, 118; cap- tured by the Americans (1813), 23, 425 Fort Harrison, Louisiana: Taylor at 24, 592 Fort Henry, Tennessee: Confederates hold, 24, 742; Federals cap- ture (1862), 744 Fort Jackson, Georgia: seized by Confederates, 24, 691 Fort Jackson, Louisiana: seized by Confederates, 24, 691; Farragut runs the fire of, 751; surrenders to Federals (1862), 752 Fort Johnson, South Carolina: opens fire on Fort Sumter, 24, 711 Fort le Bceuf, Pennsylvania: founded, 23, 171; reached by Washington, 171 Fort Livingston, Louisiana: seized by Confederates, 24, 691 Fort McAllister, Georgia: surrenders to Sherman (1864), 24, 805 Fort McHenry, Baltimore: bom- barded (1814), 23, 427 Fort McRae, Florida: seized by Con- federates, 24, 691 GENERAL INDEX 261 Fort Macon, North Carolina: seized by Confederates, 24, 691 Fort Meigs, Ohio: battle of (1813), 23, 425 Fort Mims, on Alabama River: de- stroyed, 23, 427 Fort Monroe, Virginia: occupied by General Butler, 24, 734 Fort Morgan, Alabama: seized by Confederates, 24, 691; guarding Mobile Bay, 798 Fort Moultrie, Charleston: troops sent to aid collector at, 23, 494; Osceola confined in, 515; seized by Confederates, 24, 691; dismantled, 703; South Carolina takes posses- sion of (i860), 24, 704 Fort Nassau, New Jersey: built by Kieft, 23, 108 Fort Necessity, Ohio: erected by Washington, 23, 172 Fort Niagara, New York: importance of, 23, 182 Fort Orange: see Albany Fort Pemberton, Tennessee: Grant turned at (1862), 24, 776 Fort Pillow, Tennessee: Confederates evacuate, 24, 750 Fort Pinckney, South Carolina: seized by Confederates, 24, 691 Fort Pulaski, Georgia: seized by Confederates, 24, 691 Fort Saint David: see Tegnapatam Fort Saint George: see Madras Fort Saint Jean d'Ulloa, Vera Cruz: siege of (1837), 9, 413 Fort St. Philip, Louisiana: seized by Confederates, 24, 691; Farragut runs the fire of, 750; surrenders to Federals (1862), 752 Fort Salisbury, Africa: built, 19, 228 Fort Smith, Arkansas: Confederates seize government property at, 24, 720 Fort Snelling, Minnesota: Dred Scott taken to, 24, 658 Fort Steadman, Virginia: Lee as- saults (1865), 24, 810 Fort Stoddert, Alabama: Burr cap- tured at, 23, 404 Fort Sumter, South Carolina: seized by Confederates, 24, 691; cost of building, 696; Major Anderson oc- cupies, 703; women and children removed to New York, 705; bom- bardment of (1861), 711; surren- dered, 712; effect of bombardment on the North, 715; Lee offered Federal command at, 760 Fort Venango, Pennsylvania: founded 23, 170 Fort Wayne, Indiana: Harmar's de- feat at (i794), 23, 365 Fort William, College of, India; founded, 5, 202 Forty-niners, the settlers in Cal- ifornia, 24, 597 Forty-times-Forty Churches, The City of: see Moscow Forum Julii (Frejus), Rome: founded, 3, 392 Foster, John (1740-1828), Irish states- man: opposes Union, 12, 215 Foster, Murphy J. (1849 ) Louis- iana governor, United States Sen- ator, 24, 974 Fotherby (17th century), an Arctic explorer: explorations of, 16, 304 Fouche, Joseph, Due d'Otranto (1763- 1820), French revolutionist and minister of police: becomes min- ister of police in Napoleon's coun- cil, 9, 361, 365, 20, 436; member of provisional government, 9, 365; aids return of Napoleon, 10, 500 Fould, Achille (1800-1867), French financier and statesman: becomes minister of finance, 9, 452 Foulon, French Intendant, 1789: made member of council, 9, 263, 10, 56; death of, 73 Founder of Cities, The: see Henry (I) the Fowler, Holy Roman Em- peror Fouque, General (ca. 1760), Prussian soldier in the Seven Years' War, 18, 340 Fouquet, Nicolas (1615-1680), French official and financier: arrest and im- prisonment of, 9, 207 Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin (1747-1795), French revolutionist: his accusation decreed, 10, 322; death of, 9, 292 "Four Hundred:" conspiracy of, at Athens, 2, 358; fall of, 361 262 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Fournier, Captain, French officer in China: negotiates in matter of Tongking, 6, 248 Fowler, The: see Henry (I) the Fowler, Holy Roman Emperor Fox, Charles James (1749-1806), Eng- lish statesman and orator, called the Man of the People introduces a new India bill, 5, 194; makes overtures of peace to Napoleon, 10, 467; supports reform measures, 11, 520; member of cabinet, 522; resigns office, 523; becomes Secre- tary of State (1783), 525; favors the French Revolution, 540; For- eign Secretary in All the Talents Ministry, 558; death of, 558; quoted on the battle of Guilford Court House, 23, 282 Fox, George (1624-1691), founder of Society of Friends: denounces slavery, 20, 130 Fox, Henry (d. 1774), English states- man: becomes leader of the House of Commons, 11, 494; resigns office, 497 Fox, Luke (1586-1635) English nav- igator: explorations of, 16, 305 Fox, The Old: see Soult, Nicholas Jean de Dieu Fox Indians, North American tribe: belong to Algonquian stock, 23, 8; in Black Hawk war, 506 Fox State, The: see Maine " Fox's Martyrs," supporters of Charles Fox in Parliament, 1784, ix, 529 Fraenkel, Dr., Swedish explorer in Arctic regions: attempts to find the North Pole, 16, 327 Fraga, Spain: siege of (1134), 8, 234 France: invaded by the Saracens, 1, 335; condition of the Jews, 419, 422; in relation to modern Greece, 2, 548; in relation to the Eastern Question, 14, 7; foreign conquests of, 143; intervention of, in Turkey, 307, 347, 423; Turkey seeks alliance with, 332; at war with Turkey, 380; friendly policy toward Turkey re- vived, 385; rivalry with Russia, 392, 444, 445; in Peace of Tilsit, 404; in agreement of the Dardanelles, 437; in Africa, 19, 71; present African possessions of, 261; rivalry with Great Britain, 23, 157; commercial treaty with United States, 347; American sympathy for, 357; re- sents attitude of United States, 372; interferes for Spain in South America, 446; settlement of spoli- ation claims, 507; occupies Mexico, 3 4 875; appoints Behring Sea arbi- trator, 980; in general arbitration treaty, 1055; arbitration treaty with United States, 1076 France, History of: independent Gaul and Roman Gaul, 9, 3; the Ger- manic invasions and the Mero- vingian kingdoms, 15; the empire of Charlemagne, 40; feudal France, 63; reaction against feudalism: Philip Augustus and Philip the Fair, 75; the Hundred Years' War, 92; Joan of Arc and the liberation of France, 114; territorial unity and wars in Italy, 121; the Reformation and the Huguenot wars, 145; Henry IV and the reorganization of France, 166; Richelieu and the Thirty Years' War, 183; Louis XIV and the supremacy of France in Europe, 199; Louis XIV and the decline of the French power in Europe, 216; the struggle against arbitrary power under Louis XV, 227; the constitutional monarchy, 253; the fall of the monarchy, 272; the first republic, 278; the di- rectory and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, 297; the consulate, 315; the empire of Napoleon I, 324; fall of the empire, 340; the restoration of the Bourbons, 355; the reaction under Charles X and the revolution of 1830, 374; the monarchy of the property class, 394; Guizot's min- istry and the revolution of 1848, 415; the second republic, 435; the empire of Napoleon III, 445; the third republic, 467 France, The Apostle of: see Denis, Saint France, The Cromwell of: see Robes- pierre, Frangois Maximilien Joseph Isidore GENERAL INDEX 263 France, The Demosthenes of: see Mirabeau, Gabriel Honore Riquetti, Count France, The Fabius of: see Mont- morency, Anne France, The Maecenas of: see Francis I, King of France Francesco: see Francis Francesco della Rovere: see Sixtus IV Franceville, Africa: founded, 19, 72 Francia, Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de (1761-1840), a dictator of Paraguay: holds Artigas as a prisoner, 31, 119; made Secretary of State of Paraguay, 147; sketch of, 148; made dictator, 148; death of, 153; esti- mate of, 154 Francis (I) Stephen (1708- 1765), Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-1765: marries Maria Theresa, 17, 239, 18, 324; given command of the imperial army, 17, 235; made co-regent with Maria Theresa of Austria, 13, 254; chosen emperor, 17, 242, 18, 331 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor: see Francis I, Emperor of Austria Francis I (II, Holy Roman Emperor) (1768-1835), Emperor of Austria, 1806-1835: accession of, 10, 167, 18, 355; reign of, 13, 263, 17, 279; as King of Hungary, 17, 332; his rela- tions with Napoleon, 17, 290, 18, 359, 368; abdicates imperial title, 9, 327; character of, 17, 319; death of, 345 Francis I (1494-1547), King of France, 1515-1547, called the Maecenas of France and the Father of Letters: marries Claude, 9, 133; invades Italy, 4, 293; at war with the Swiss, 13, 422; seizes Lombardy, 18, 240; claims the im- perial crown, 13, 55; opposes elec- tion of Charles V to the imperial throne, 8, 343, 18, 231, 239; struggle with Charles V, 4, 301, 11, 240, 18, 245; taken prisoner by Charles V, 8, 350, n, 241; makes alliance with England, 11, 242; concludes treaty with Charles V, 4, 295, 18, 251; con- temporary of Suleiman the Great, 14, 145, 159; urges the Sultan against Hungary, 151; aids John I of Hungary, 17, 216; concludes alliance with the Swiss Protestants, 13, 444; Gustavus Vasa forms an alliance with, 16, 160; interested in discoveries in America, 20, 81; death of, 9, 136 Francis II (1544-1560), King of France, 1559-1560: marries Mary Queen of Scots, II, 265, 12, 307; reign of, 9, 149 Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies: see Francisco I Francis II, King of the Two Sicilies: see Francisco II Francis II, Duke of Brittany, ca. 1460: rebels against Louis XI, 9, 121, 124; at war with Anne of Beaujeu, 127 Francis de Borgia, St. (ca. 1510-1572), Duke of Gandia: consoles Emperor Charles V, 8, 352 Francis of Bourbon (16th century), Duke of Enghien: wins battle of Cerisoles, 9, 144 Francis, Duke of Lorraine: see Fran- cis I, Holy Roman Emperor Francis (1541-1587), Grand Duke of Tuscany: accession of, 4, 332 Francis (d. 1758), Prince of Bruns- wick: death of, 18, 339 Francis, David Rowland (1850 ), an American merchant and poli- tician: secretary of the interior, 24, 993 note Francis, Sir Philip (1740-1818), the reputed author of "Junius's Let- ters": his opposition to Hastings, 5, 189, 190 Francis of Assisi, Saint (Giovanni Francisco Bernardone) (1 182-1226), Italian monk and preacher: life of, 11, 132 Francis Charles (early 19th century), Archduke of Austria: made mem- ber of council of regency, 17, 345 Francis Ferdinand (living), Archduke of Austria: becomes heir apparent to Austrian throne, 17, 456 Francis Joseph I (1830 ), Em- peror of Austria 1848: accession of, 17, 37i, 377, 18, 402; early years of his reign, 17, 378; dominated by Nicholas I of Russia, 14, 444; 264 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS crowned King of Hungary, 17, 397; marries Elizabeth of Bavaria, 383; sketch of, 455 Francis Xavier, Saint, a Jesuit mis- sionary called the Apostle of the Indies: born at the castle of Xavier, in the kingdom of Navarre, Spain, April 7, 1506; was educated at Col- lege Saint-Barbe, Paris; taught philosophy in the College of Beau- vais and was given the degree of doctor in philosophy from the Sorbonne, 1530; joined Loyola in organizing the Jesuits, 1534; labored in Italian prisons and hospitals, 1537-1541; toiled in India, Ceylon, Japan, and Malacca, 1541-1552, bap- tizing, it is claimed, more than 1,000,000 persons and establishing Christianity in fifty-two kingdoms; died on the island of Hiang-Shan, near Macao, China, December 2, 1552; was canonized in 1622 Inaugurates missionary efforts in the East, 5, 151; in China, 6, 33; preaches in Japan, 7, 104; goes to India, 8, 435, 20, 48 Franciscans, an order of mendicant friars founded by St. Francis of Assisi, authorized by the Pope 1210: organization of, IX, 132; advent in England, 133; work of, in Texas, 22, 187 Francisco I, King of the Two Sicilies, 1825-1830: reign of, 4, 352 Francisco II, King of the Two Sici- lies, 1859-1861: reign of, 4, 377, 380, 382 Francisco d' Assisi (ca. 1850), Nea- politan prince: marries Isabella II of Spain, 8, 501 Francisco de Xavier: see Francis Xavier Francke, August Hermann (1663- 1727), German preacher and philan- thropist: sketch of, 18, 308 Franco, Guillermo (ca. 1850), South American patriot: in the war be- tween Ecuador and Peru, 21, no; made head of the government in Ecuador, in Franco-Brazilian Boundary Dispute (1899), ai, 262 Franco-Dutch Guiana Boundary Dis- pute (1891), 21, 262 Franco-German Convention, settling boundary lines in Africa (1894), 1 9> 166, 177 Frangois: see also Francis Frangois, Duke of Anjou: see Alen- gon, Frangois, Duke of Frangois Phoebus (d. 1482), King of Navarre: reign of, 8, 215 Franco-Portuguese Agreement, over boundaries in Africa (1886), 19, 173 Franco-Prussian War, a war between Germany and France (1870-1871): causes, 18, 416, 419; battles of Saar- briick, 420; Weissenburg, Courcelles, Mars-la-Tour, 421; Metz, 422; Se- dan, 423; siege of Strasburg, 424; of Paris, 425; battles of Orleans and Le Mans, 425; peace treaty, 426; results to France, 426; to Ger- many, 17, 408, 18, 427; on Poland, 15, 387; Russia during, 14, 473; England's protection of Belgium during, 13, 309 Franco-Spanish Agreement, over boundaries in Africa (1901): 19, 168 Frangipani, The, a noble Roman fam- ily which came into prominence early in the nth century: given the defense of Dalmatia, 17, 54; treach- ery of, 18, 170 Frankfort, Diet of, composed of rep- resentatives from all the German states (1848), 18, 399 Frankfort, Treaty of, concluded be- tween Germany and France (1871), 9, 469, 18, 426 Frankfort - on - the - Main, Prussia: founded, 18, 86; Jews driven from, i, 423 Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Prussia: taken (1631), 18, 279 Frankfurt, Council of, an ecclesias- tical council called by Charlemagne (794 A. D.), 9. 43 Franklin, Tennessee: Schofield's army entrenched at, 24, 803 Franklin, Benjamin, an American philosopher and statesman: born at Boston, Mass., January 17, 1706; was apprenticed to his brother GENERAL INDEX 265 James to learn printing but broke his indentures and ran away, 1723, first to New York, then to Phila- delphia, where he secured work as a journeyman printer; was in Eng- land, 1725-1726, on business for the governor of Pennsylvania; became editor and proprietor of the " Penn- sylvania Gazette " at Philadelphia, 1729; established the Philadelphia Library, 1731; published "Poor Richard's Almanac," 1732; became clerk of the Pennsylvania assembly, 1736; appointed postmaster of Phil- adelphia, 1737; founded the Ameri- can Philosophical Society and the Academy of Pennsylvania (after- wards the University of Pennsyl- vania), 1743; discovered electricity, 17535 became deputy postmaster- general for the British colonies in America, 1753-1774; proposed the "Albany Plan," 1754; was colonial agent for Pennsylvania in England, 1757-1762 and 1764-1775; was elected to the Continental Congress, !775; was chosen as a member of the committee to draw up a decla- ration of independence, 1776; acted as ambassador to the court of France at Paris, 1776, and ar- ranged for a treaty with France, February 6, 1778; corresponded with Lord Shelburne, 1782, to negotiate peace with England, and concluded the Treaty of Paris together with Jay and Adams on September 3, 1783; returned to America, 1785, and was president of the Coun- cil of Pennsylvania, 1785-1788; was chosen delegate to the constitutional convention, 1787; wrote his auto- biography; died at Philadelphia, April 17, 1790 Agent for colonies, 9, 254, 23, 122; believes in the single legisla- tive house, 10, 88 note; honors Cook, 20, 124 note; aids in found- ing University of Pennsylvania, 23, 141; early American author, 142; deputy postmaster-general of the colonies, 153; removed from office, J 53', appointed postmaster-general by Congress, 153; proposes Plan of Union, 174; in Braddock's expe- dition, 177; interview with Gren- ville, 208; summoned before the bar of the House of Commons, 213; delegate to second Continental Congress, 229; opposed to independ- ence of colonies, 237; member of committee to draft a declaration of independence, 240; member of Se- cret Committee of Correspondence, 265; commissioned as minister to France, 265; signs Treaty of Ver- sailles, 267; opens negotiations for peace with England, 286; in Con- stitutional Convention, 323; sug- gests an opening prayer in Consti- tutional Convention, 326; religious belief of, 384; signs abolition peti- tion, 24, 572 Franklin, Sir John, a noted English explorer: born at Spilsby in Lin- colnshire, April 16, 1786; entered the royal navy; took part in the battle of Trafalgar, 1805; and in the attack on New Orleans, Jan- uary, 1815; became commander of the " Trent " in the Arctic expedi- tion under Captain Buchan, 1818; led an overland exploring expedi- tion sent to follow the coast line of North America, 1819-1822; raised to rank of captain and went out with another exploring party to trace the coast of North America, 1825-1827; knighted, 1829; was lieu- tenant-governor of Van Diemen's Land, 1836-1843; commanded an ex- pedition to find a Northwest pas- sage, which sailed, May, 1845, but never returned; from a document left by the survivors of the explor- ing party in a cairn on the shore of King William's Land, it is now known that Franklin died, June 1 1, 1847 Explorations, 16, 306, 307, 309 Franklin, William Temple (1729- 1813), American politician: prom- inent Tory of Philadelphia, 23, 294 Frankopan, Francis (d. 1671), Hun- garian conspirator: leads conspir- acy, 17, 229 266 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Franks, Confederation of German tribes (3rd century A. D.): origin, 18, 27; capture of Syracuse, 30; de- feat Romans at Soissons, 46; con- quests of, 4, 107; invade Gaul, 162; invade Spain, 8, 26; sketch of, 9, 15; invade the Netherlands, 13, 10; struggle of, with the Saxons, 11 Franscini, Stefano (1796-1857), Swiss statesman: draws up a new govern- ment for the Vaud, 13, 532 Franstadt, Russia: battle of (1706), 16, 217 Franz Josef Land, an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean: discovered, 16, 3i8 Franz of Taxis (ca. 1500),. German official: sketch of, 18, 231 Fraser (ca. 1800), British general: his campaign in Egypt, 1, 37 Fraser, Simon, Lord Lovat (1667- 1747), Scottish nobleman: death of, 12, 369 Frasnes, Belgium: battle of (1815), 13, 287 Frastenz, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1499), 13, 418 Fraubrunnen, Switzerland: battle of (i375), 13, 379 Frazer, Simon (ca. 1800), British ex- plorer: explorations of, 20, 129 Frazier's Farm, Virginia: battle near (1862), 24, 761 Fredegar (Fredegarius) (ca. 600 A. D.), French chronicler: his estimate of Clotar II, 18, 64 Fredegonda (Fredegunda) (d. 597 A. D.), Frankish queen: marries Chil- peric, 9, 27, 18, 62 Frederic (d. 1504), King of Naples, 1496-1504: reign of, 8, 269, 9, 133 Fredericia, Denmark: battle of (1849), 16, 271 Frederick (I) Barbarossa (1121-1190), King of the Germans and Holy Ro- man Emperor, 1152-1190: accession to throne of Germany, 4, 190; joins crusaders, 9, 75, 17, 55, 18, 145; his relations with Denmark, 16, 80, 83; reign of, 4, 191, 18, 147; his rela- tions with Bohemia, 17, 66; sets up Calixtus III (anti-Pope) in opposi- tion to Alexander III, 11, 102 Frederick II (1 194-1250), Holy Ro- man Emperor, 1214-1250: claims the throne of Germany, 18, 159; reign of, 4, 201, 9, 84, 18, 160; seeks an alliance with Denmark, 16, 85; his relations with Bohemia, 17, 69; his relations with Leopold VI of Aus- tria, 93; condition of Switzerland under, 13, 358; death of, 18, 167 Frederick (III) the Handsome (1286- 1330), King of the Germans and Duke of Austria: claims imperial throne, 13, 364, 17, 101; 18, 187; death of, 220 Frederick III (1415-1493), (IV as King of the Germans), Holy Roman Emperor, 1440-1493: reign of, as Duke of Austria, 17, 107; reign of, as emperor, 18, 212; requests aid from Charles VII of France, 9, 118; claims throne of Hungary, 17, 162; quarrels with Charles the Bold, 13, 406; at war with Mathias of Hun- gary, 17, 164; condition of Switzer- land under, 13, 417; death of, 17, 174 Frederick I (1471-1533), King of Den- mark and Norway, 1522-1533: made Duke of Slesvig-Holstein, 16, 137; Christian discovers plot in favor of, 191; reign of, 192; grants freedom of conscience to Denmark, 9, 142; death of, 16, 194 Frederick II (1534-1588), King of Denmark and Norway, 1559-1588: in the Seven Years' War, 16, 162; reign of, 196 Frederick III (1609-1670), King of Denmark and Norway, 1648-1670: joins alliance against Sweden, 16, 207; reign of, 230, 243 Frederick IV (1671-1730), King of Denmark, 1699-1730: sends an am- bassador to Russia, 15, 56; aids Hans Egede, 16, 48; in the Great Northern War, 214, 221; reign of, 236; his relations with Slesvig-Hol- stein, 267; death of, 238 Frederick V (1 723-1 766), King of Denmark and Norway, 1746-1766: reign of, 16, 239 Frederick VI (1768-1839), King of Denmark and Norway, 1808-1839: GENERAL INDEX 267 joint ruler with his father, 16, 243; reign of, 257; establishes consulta- tive chambers, 263; death of, 264 Frederick VII (1808-1863), King of Denmark, 1848-1863: Oscar's rela- tions with, 16, 264;' in the Slesvig- Holstein controversy, 269; death of, 16, 273, 18, 408 Frederick VIII (1844 ), King of Denmark, 1906 : accession of, 16, 291 Frederick I (1657-1713), King of Prussia, 1688-1713: accession of, 18, 311; his campaign against the French (1689), 9, 217; elected king of Neuchatel, 13, 479; meets Peter the Great, 15, 57; death of, 18, 319; estimate of, 320 Frederick (II) the Great, King of Prussia: born at Berlin, January 24, 1712; educated with great rigor in accordance with his father's ideas; attempted to run away, 1730, was sentenced to death, but was after- wards pardoned on the petitions from several of the crown heads of Europe; married by compulsion Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick; succeeded his father, June 1, 1740; took part in the War of the Aus- trian Succession, 1740-1748, by which he gained Silesia; fought the Seven Years' War, 1756-1763, with the coalition whose chief members were Austria, Russia, and France and as a result of this war raised Prussia to the front rank of Euro- pean powers; shared in the par- tition of Poland, 1772; took part in the War of the Bavarian Succession, 1778-1779; throughout his reign he encouraged commerce, manufac- tures, and the fine arts; died at Sans Souci near Potsdam, August 17, 1786; his works were published in 30 volumes, 1846-1857 Reign of, 18, 326; claims Silesia, 9, 236, 13, 254, 17, 240; concludes treaty with Russia, 14, 320, 15, 129; his intrigues at the Russian court, 15, 138, 140, 146; attempts to secure Indian trade for Prussia, 5, 174; defines the privileges of the Jews, I, 423; in the Seven Years' War, 9, 244; forms alliance with England, 23, 188; quoted on William Pitt, 188; praises Washington's military genius, 250; effects treaty with Tur- key, 14, 319; his relations with Sweden, 16, 228; favored by Peter III of Russia, 15, 152; ridicules Russian generalship, 14, 324; offers mediation, 332; in the first partition of Poland, 15, 173, 384, 17, 246; re- fuses to conclude alliance with the United States, 23, 268; growth of Prussia under, 10, 133; death of, 15, 189 Frederick III (1831-1888), King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany, 1888: campaigns of, 18, 410, 420; reign of, 448 Frederick II (ca. 1340-1377), King of Sicily, 1355-1377: at war with James of Aragon, 4, 258, 8, 248; struggles of, 18, 186; death of, 8, 256 Frederick I (1676-1751), King of Sweden, 1720-1751: reign of, 16, 225; continues the Northern War, 15, 67 Frederick I (1372-1440), Elector of Brandenburg (1415-1440), originally Frederick VI, Burgrave of Nurem- berg: secures Brandenburg, 18, 206; his campaign against the Hussites, 209 Frederick III, Elector of Branden- burg: see Frederick I, King of Prussia Frederick V (1596-1632), Elector Pal- atine, 1610-1620, called the winter king: Charles IX's relations with, 16, 172; marries Elizabeth Stuart, II, 311; chosen King of Bohemia, 9, 189, 13, 203, 17, 204, 18, 270; de- posed from the Palatinate, 18, 272 Frederick (early 17th century), Elec- tor of Saxony: concludes a peace with the emperor, 17, 211 Frederick (III) the Wise (ca. 1463- 1525), Elector of Saxony, 1468-1525: at the Diet of Worms, 18, 226; founds the University of Witten- berg, 234; befriends Luther, 237, THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 240, 241; declines election as em- peror, 239; sends a preacher to Den- mark, 16, 190 Frederick I, Duke of Austria, 1194- 1198: reign of, 17, 92 Frederick the Warlike (1211-1246), Duke of Austria: takes advantage of the misfortunes of the King of Hungary, 17, 58; reign of, 93; de- posed, 18, 164; death of, 17, 59 Frederick of the Empty Purse (1382- 1439), Duke of Austria: reign of, 17, 106; aids Swiss rebellion, 13, 390; forfeits his duchy, 18, 204; aids John XXIII in his schism, 13, 396; death of, 398 Frederick V, Duke of Austria: see Frederick IV, Holy Roman Em- peror Frederick (early 17th century), Duke of Holstein: offers shelter to Re- monstrants, 13, 201 Frederick IV (Charles Frederick) (d. 1702), Duke of Holstein-Gottorp: minority of, 16, 236; his relations with Russia, 15, 80; his war with Denmark, 16, 236; death of, 15, 80 Frederick III (1 597-1659), Duke of Slesvig-Holstein: in the Thirty Years' War, 16, 201; Denmark pays indemnity to, 208; his sovereignty recognized, 267 Frederick VIII, Duke of Slesvig-Hol- stein, 1863: assumes his title, 16, 274 Frederick (I) of Hohenstaufen (d. 1105), Duke of Suabia: made duke, I3 347; death of, 18, 137 Frederick (II) of Hohenstaufen (1090- 1147), Duke of Suabia: his relations with Henry V of Germany, 18, 141; his war with Lothar II of Germany, 143 Frederick (late 18th century), Prince of Denmark: plots against Struen- see, 16, 242 Frederick (early 19th century), Prince of the Netherlands: his campaign against Napoleon, 13, 287; in the Belgian Revolution, 296 Frederick (early 19th century), Prince of Noer: in the Slesvig-Holstein controversy, 16, 268 Frederick (late 18th century), Prince of Saxe-Coburg: his campaigns in the Franco-Austrian War, 13, 263 Frederick ( 1707-175 1), Prince of Wales: quarrels with George II, 11, 480; sketch of, 489 Frederick (late 13th century), Count of Hohenzollern and Burgrave of Nuremberg: enters into an alliance with Rudolph of Hapsburg, 17, 75, 18, 179 Frederick VI, Count of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg: see Fred- erick I, Elector of Brandenburg Frederick (1256-1324), Count of Thuringia: his quarrel with his father, 18, 183; defeats Albert I of Germany, 184 Frederick VII, Count of Toggenburg, 1400-1436: sketch of, 13, 397 Frederick of Baden (1249-1268), friend of Conradin, Duke of Suabia: sketch of, 18, 169 Frederic of Toledo (late 16th cen- tury), son of the Duke of Alva: his campaign in the Netherlands, 13, 113 Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Sax- ony: see Augustus II, King of Po- land Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony: see Augustus III, King of Poland Frederick Charles (1828-1885), Prince of Prussia: his campaigns against the Danes, 18, 408; his campaigns against the Austrians, 410; in the Franco-Prussian War, 9, 463, 18, 420, 422, 425 Frederick City, Maryland: occupied by Lee (1862), 24, 764 Frederick Henry of Nassau (1584- 1647), Prince of Orange: at battle of Nieuport, 13, 174; his mission to England, 178; his campaigns in the Thirty Years' War, 204; becomes Prince of Orange, 208; career of, 208; death of, 217 Frederick William (1620-1688), the Great Elector of Brandenburg, 1640- 1688: policy of, 18, 299; befriends Jews, 1, 423; fosters African trade, 19, 31 GENERAL INDEX 269 Frederick William I (1688-1740), King of Prussia, 1713-1740: reign of, 18, 319; power of, 10, 133; acquires Stettin, 15, 64; invests Stralsund, 16, 222; at war with Napoleon, 9, 328; his estimate of Peter the Great, 15, 68 Frederick William II (1744-1797), King of Prussia, 1786-1797, called the Philosopher of Sans Souci and Father Fritz: reign of, 18, 354; visits Catherine, 15, 1745 joins in the Declaration of Pilnitz, 17, 276; in the second Polish partition, 15, 189; Poles secure an alliance with, 385 Frederick William III (1770-1840), King of Prussia, 1797-1840: reign of, 18, 363, 366; makes war against France, 14, 396, 15, 213, 261; makes an alliance with Alexander I of Russia, 18, 373; signs Peace of Til- sit, 8, 485 Frederick William IV (1 795-1861), King of Prussia, 1840-1858: reign of, 18, 396; in the Slesvig-Holstein con- troversy, 16, 269; elected hereditary emperor, 18, 402; his relation to Nicholas I of Russia, 14, 444 Frederick William (d. 1710), Duke of Courland: marries Anne, 15, 57 Fredericksburg, Virginia: Burnside's defeat at (1862), 24, 769 Frederickstad, Norway: siege of (1850), 16, 272 Frederika of Baden (ca. 1800), Queen of Sweden: marriage of, 16, 250 Frederikshald, Norway: siege of (1718), 15, 66, 16, 223 Fredrikshamn, Treaty of (1809), con- cluded between Sweden and Russia, 15, 217 Frederiksten, Norway: siege of (1716), 16, 223 Free Conservatives, German political party: description of, 18, 435 Free Soil Party, political party in United States: organized, 24, 655; convention at Pittsburg (1852), 621; summons a constitutional conven- tion in Kansas, 649; denounce Dred Scott decision, 660 "Free Speech, Free Soil, and Fre- mont," campaign cry of 1865, 34, 655 Free Trade: see Taxation Freedman's Bureau, in American his- tory, a division of the War Depart- ment charged with aiding and pro- tecting the freed slaves: established, 24, 844; description of, 848 Freedom of Speech, Federalist enact- ments against: in the United States, 23, 378 Freedom of the Press: victory for, in colonies, 23, 107; Federalist enact- ments against, 378 Freedom of Worship: sought by colo- nists of Plymouth, 23, 83 Freeman's Farm, New York: battle of (1777), 23, 255 Freeman tie, Port of, Australia: founded, 20, 187 Freeport, Illinois: Lincoln-Douglas Debate at, 24, 669 Freethinking Party (1879), German political party: description of, 18, 446 note Fregellae, Italy: revolt of (124 B. C.) 3, 179 Freiberg, Germany: battles of (1644), 9, 199; (1677), 18, 301; (1762), 343 Freienbach,. Switzerland: battle of (1443), 13, 400 Frejus: see Forum Julii Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore (1817-1885), American statesman: member of the Electoral Commis- sion, 24, 913 note; succeeds Blaine, 936; effort to abrogate Clayton-Bul- wer Treaty, 1058 Frelinghuysen, Theodore (1753-1804), American statesman: nominated for Vice-President, 24, 537 Fremont, John Charles, an American soldier and politician, called the Pathfinder: born at Savannah, Geor- gia, January 21, 1813; graduated from Charleston College, South Carolina, 1830; taught mathematics and afterwards turned his attention to engineering; served on the Mis- sissippi survey; was made lieuten- ant of engineers, 1838; explored the 270 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS South Path of the Rocky Moun- tains, 1842, and the Pacific slope, 1843-1844 and 1845; took part in the conquest of California, 1846- 1847; was United States Senator from California, 1850-1851; con- ducted an exploring party to the Pacific, 1853; was the Republican nominee for President, 1856; was appointed major-general of volun- teers, 1861, and served in Missouri and the Shenandoah Valley; pro- claimed the emancipation of the slaves of those in arms against the United States, 1861, but the procla- mation was annulled by President Lincoln as being premature; re- signed from service, 1864, was gov- ernor of Arizona, 1878-1882; retired as major-general, April 28, 1890; died at New York City, July 13, 1890 His explorations in California, 22, 295; elected senator from California, 3 4> 598; earlier career, 654; nomi- nated for Presidency (1856), 652, 654; (1864), 799; opposed by Choate, 657; commander of the Military District of the West, 741; relieved from command, 742; Union general in Shenandoah, 759; withdraws from Presidential campaign, 802 French and Indian Wars, a series of wars between France and Great Britain in America and forming part of the Hundred Years War: I. King William's War (1689- 1697), known in Europe as the War of the Palatinate: causes, 23, 157; massacre of Schenectady, 158; mas- sacre of Salmon Falls, 158; capture of Port Royal by the English and its recapture by the French, 158; bombardment of Fort Quebec, 159; sack of York, Maine, 159; ended by Treaty of Ryswick, 159; results, 160. II. Queen Anne's War (1702-t 1714), known in Europe as the War of Spanish Succession: causes, 23 160; massacre of Deerfield, 160; cap- ture of Port Royal by the English, 161; ended by Treaty of Utrecht, 162; results, 162 III. King George's War (1744- 1748), known in Europe as the War of the Austrian Succession: causes, 23, 163; capture of Louisburg by the English, 164; ended by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 166; results, 166 IV. The French and Indian War (1754-1763), known in Europe as the Seven Years' War (1756-1763): causes, 23, 167; preliminary opera- tions, 170; resources of the contend- ing belligerents, 173; Braddock's ex- pedition, 176; expulsion of the Aca- dians, 179; English disasters and failures, 182; the victories of Pitt, 187; the fall of Quebec, 193; ended by the Treaty of Paris, 197; results, 198 French Club, The (ca. 1791), French political body: established by Ber- trand de Molleville, 10, 160 French Congo, Africa: description of, 20, 281 French in America: colonies inferior to English, 23, 157; population of, 157; Indians ally with, 157; claims in Mississippi Valley, 167; popula- tion in French and Indian War, 173; influence over Indians, 174 French Maccabaeus, The: see Mont- fort, Simon de French Revolution, The, a revolution in France at the close of the 18th century, called the Fifteen Years' Farce: causes of, 9, 253, 10, 3, 16, 249; principal battles were: Valmy (1792), 9, 277, 10, 210, 18, 356; Jem- mapes (1792), 9, 279, 13, 263, 17, 280, 18, 356; Nurwinden (1793), 9, 283, 10, 249, 13, 263, 17, 281, 18, 357; peace treaties were: Basel 0795) *o> 347; Campo Formio (i797) 395; Luneville (1801), 442; Amiens (1802), 444; principal phases were: the old regime, 10, 3; the be- ginning of the Revolution, 17; es- tablishment of the States-General, 41; the rise of popular government, 79; separation of national parties, 101; the close of the assembly, 132; the national legislative assembly, GENERAL INDEX 271 151; the national convention and the trial of Louis XVI, 215; fall of the Girondists, 239; beginning of the terror, 267; fall of Robespierre, 296; the Thermidorian reaction, 320; the close of the national convention, 341; the government of the direc- tory, 367; fall of the directory, 395; the finances of the French Revolution, 418; Napoleon and the consulate, 431; the empire, 461; the Hundred Days, 498 French Tiberius, The: see Louis XI, King of France French War, Old: see French and In- dian War French West Africa, present condi- tion of, 20, 281 Freneau, Philip (1752-1823), American poet: edits the "National Ga- zette," 23, 356 Frere, Sir Henry Bartle Edward (Sir Bartle Frere) (1815-1884), British official: his administration of Sind, 5, 223; introduces adhesive postage stamp in Sind, 224; accompanies Edward VII in his visit to India, 253; his mission to Africa, 19, 55; his influence on African affairs, 95; his requirements in Zululand, 20, 229 Freron, Louis Stanislaus (1765- 1802), French revolutionist: obtains the accusation of Fonquier-Tinville, 10, 275; forms the jeunesse doree, 326 Frey, Colonel (19th century), French military officer: at war with Sa- mory, 19, 149 Freyre, General (ca. 1825), Chilian statesman: president of Chili, 21, 215 Freytag (ca. 1793), Austrian military commander: his campaign against the allied forces, 9, 286 Frey-Yngre, legendary king of Swe- den: story of, 16, 35 Friars Minorites: see Minorites, Fri- ars Friars Observant, English church- men: suppressed, II, 255 Friars Preachers: see Preachers, Fri- ars Frias, Tomas (1805-1884)', Bolivian statesman: made provisional presi- dent of Bolivia, then president, 21, 191 Fribourg, Switzerland: submits to the Liberals (1847), 13, 552 Fridigern (d. 381 A. D.), King of Goths: defeats the Romans, 18, 34 Fridolin, Saint (ca. 481 A. D.), French missionary: sketch of, 13, 338 Friedland, Bohemia: battle of (1807), 9, 331, 10, 470, 11, 559, 15, 215, 16, 251, 18, 373 Friedlingen, Germany: battle of (1703), 9, 221 Friend, Good: see Napoleon III, Emperor of the French Friend, The People's: see Marat, Jean Paul Friend of the People, The Father and: see Henry IV, King of France Friends, Society of: see Quakers Friends of the Constitution, The, in French history a body of revolu- tionists: organized, 9, 269 Friesland, Prussia: annexed to Frank- ish kingdom (ca. 800 A. D.), 18, 85 Frischherz (d. 1640), Swiss official: death of, 13, 467 Frisching, Von, Swiss statesman: leads peace party in Berne (ca. 1798), 13, 511 Frisons or Frisii, The, early inhabit- ants of the Netherlands: description of, 13, 7; ancestors of the Dit- marshes, 16, 138 Fritz, Father: see Frederick (II) the Great, King of Prussia Friuli, Italy: taken by the Austrians (1809), 17, 298 Frobisher, Sir Martin, an English navigator: born at Doncaster, York- shire, England, about 1535; at- tempted to discover the Northwest Passage, 1576; made two more voy- ages, 1577 and 1578; accompanied Drake to the West Indies, 1585; was knighted for his services against the Spanish Armada, 1588; commanded a fleet sent to aid Henry IV of France, 1594; was mortally wounded in an attack near Brest and died at Plymouth, Eng- land, November 7, 1594 !TO THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Searches for the Northwest Pas- sage, 5, 156, 16, 301, 20, 58, 23, 52; his services against the Armada, n, 296, 23, 54 Frode (I) the Peaceful (ca. 270 A. D.), King of Denmark: the legend of, 16, 17 Frohlich, Abraham Emanuel (1796- 1865), German-Swiss poet and fable writer: sketch of, 13, 530 Froissart, Jean (1337-1410), French writer: sketch of, 13, 62; chronicles of, 14, 43 "Frolic," British sloop: captured, 23, 422 Frontenac, Count Lewis de Buade de (1621-1698), French officer: gov- ernor of Canada, 23, 158; defends Quebec, 158; attitude toward In- dians, 175 Froschweiler, Battle of: see Woerth, Battle of Frossard, Charles Auguste (1807- 1875), French general: in the Fran- co-Prussian War, 9, 463, 18, 420 Froude, James Anthony (181 8-1894), English historian: his mission to Africa, 19, 83 Fruella (Froila) I, King of Asturias, 757-768 A. D.: reign of, 8, 131 Fruella (Froila) II, King of Asturias, 923-925 A. D.: reign of, 8, 135 Friind, Johannes (ca. 1450), Swiss his- torian: sketch of, 13, 427 Frundsberg, George von (1475-1528), German general: befriends Luther, 18, 240; at siege of Rome, 246 Fry, Joshua (ca. 1750), English col- onel: sent against French, 23, 172; succeeded by Washington, 172 Frye, William Pierce (1831 ), an American statesman: member of Spanish-American peace commis- sion, 24, 1031; elected president of Senate, 1050 Fu Te (18th century), Chinese gen- eral : sketch of 6, 97 Fu Wang (ca. 1650), Chinese com- mander: made emperor, 6, 55; flight of, 56 Fuad, Grand (1814-1869), Turkish statesman: services of, 14, 439, 442; resigns as foreign minister, 449; sent to Damascus, 466; policy to- ward Crete, 467; accompanies Abdul Aziz to Paris exposition, 472 Fuchs, Alois (ca. 1800), Swiss en- thusiast: sketch of, 13, 543 Fuchs, Christopher (ca. 1800), Swiss enthusiast: sketch of, 13, 543 Fueillee (ca. 1650), French astron- omer: his voyages of exploration, 21, 34 Fuen-Clara, Pedro de Castro y Agus- tin, Count de, viceroy of New Spain, 1742-1746: administration of, 22, 195 Fuenleal, Sebastian Ramirez de (1480- 1547), Spanish bishop: made presi- dent of the audiencia, 22, 107 Fuentes, Pedro Hemiguez d' Azedo, Count of (1560-1643), Spanish en- voy: appointed governor of the Netherlands, 13, 160; his intrigues with the Swiss Catholics, 461 Fuentes de Oriora, Spain: battle of (181 1), 8, 530, 9, 339 Fueter (ca. 1700), Swiss conspirator: leads uprising in Berne, 13, 499 Fugitive Slave Laws, in United States history: I. of 1793, 24, 567; II. pro- posed in compromise (1850), 602; passed, 610; operation of, 614; vio- lations of, in Ohio, 672; denounced in Western Reserve, 672; modifica- tion of, proposed, 701 Fuhsi (ca. 2300 B. C), Chinese in- ventor: invents written characters, 6, 5 Fujiwara-no-Fuhito (8th century), Japanese noble: aids the spread of Buddhism, 7, 32; services of, 45 Fujiwara-no-Hidehira (ca. 1186), Japanese chief: kindness of, to Mi- namoto-no-Yoshitsune, 7, 65; death of, 66 Fujiwara-no-Hidesato (ca. 800 A. D.), Japanese commander, defeats Tai- ro-no-Masakado, 7, 53 Fujiwara-no-Kamatari (ca. 800 A. D.), Japanese noble: services of, 7, 45 Fujiwara-no-Michinaga (ca. 1000 A. D.), Japanese noble: influence of, 7, GENERAL INDEX 273 Fujiwara-no-Michinori (ca. 1150), Japanese politician: influence of, 7, 57 Fujiwara-no-Morosuke (ca. 1000 A. D.), Japanese noble: minister of the right, 7, 48 Fujiwara-no-Mototsune (ca. 880 A. D.), Japanese statesman: ministry of, 7, 46 Fujiwara-no-Narichika (ca. H7S), Japanese noble: plots against the Tairasway, 7, 59 Fujiwara-no-Nobuyon (ca. 1150), Japanese noble: rebellion of, 7, 57 Fujiwara-no-Sadakuni (ca. 900 A. D.), Japanese conspirator: conspires against Sugawara-no-Michizane, 7, 47 Fujiwara-no-Sanesuke (ca. 1050), Japanese official: opposes influence of Fujiwara-no-Michinaga, 7, 49 Fujiwara-no-Saneyori (ca. 1000 A. D.), Japanese noble: minister of the left, 7, 48 Fujiwara-no-Sumitomo (ca. 1100), Japanese commander: rebellion of, 7, 53 Fujiwara-no-Tadahira (ca. 1000 A. D.), Japanese noble: chief minister of state, 7, 48 Fujiwara-no-Tadamichi (ca. 1100), Japanese diplomat: regent for Emperor Konoye, 7, 56 Fujiwara-no-Tokihira (ca. 900 A. D.), Japanese noble: conspires against Sugawara-no-Michizane, 7, 47 Fujiwara-no-Yasuhira (ca. 1150), Japanese noble: kills Minamoto-no- Yoshitsune, 7, 66 Fujiwara-no-Yoritsune (ca. 1200), Japanese nobleman: made shogun, 7, 70 Fujiwara-no-Yoshifusa (ca. 900 A. D.), Japanese noble: influence of, 7, 46 Fu K'angan (18th century), Chinese general: his campaign against For- mosa, 6, 98; his campaign against Tibet, 102 Fukushima (ca. 1850), Japanese offi- cer: appointed director of Korean administration, 7, 267 Fukushima Masanori (ca. 1600), Japa- nese leader: at battle of Sekigahara, 7, 123; his estates confiscated, 128 Fulah, Africa: description of, 19, 148 Fuller, J. B. (1854 ), an English- man in the India Civil Service: made lieutenant governor of East- ern Bengal and Assam, 5, 303 Fulton, Robert, an American artist, engineer, end inventor: born at New Britain, 1765; did miniature painting in Philadelphia, 1782-1786; studied painting in London under Benjamin West for several years; abandoned this profession for that of mechanical engineering, 1793; moved to Paris, 1794; experimented with a submarine boat and a tor- pedo, 1797-1805; invented and suc- cessfully launched on the Seine a steamboat, 1803; returned to the United States, 1806; built the steam- boat " Clermont," which made a successful trial trip on the Hudson, 1807; supervised the building of nu- merous ferry-boats and river steam- ers; launched the war-steamer " Ful- ton," 1815; died at New York City, February 24, 1815 Invents steamboat, 23, 401 Fulvia (d. 40 B. C), wife of Anto- nius: incites insurrection in Italy, 4, 19; death, 19 Fundamental Articles of Bohemia (1871), incorporating Bohemia into Austria-Hungary, 17, 410 Fundamental Constitution or " Grand Model" devised by Locke: 23, 74; religious freedom promised by, 76; suspended, 78 Fundamental Law, The (1800), giving religious freedom to Belgium and Holland, 13, 292 Fundamental Orders, First constitu- tion of Connecticut (1639): charac- ter of, 23, 92 Fundi, Italy: pillaged by the Sara- cens, 1, 354 Fiinfkirchen, University of, Hungary: founded, 17, 154 Funston, Fred (1865 ), American general: captures Aguinaldo, 20, 317; his expedition to Cuba (1906), 22, 490 274 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Fur Seal Controversy, between Great Britain and United States, 24, 1020 Fur trade with the Indians: important to French, 23, 169; rivalry of French and English, 169, 174 Furius Camillus, Lucius (ca. 350 B. C.)> Roman commander: defeats a Gallic host, 3, 59 Furius Camillus, Marcus (ca. 400 B. C.)> Roman general: founds the temple of Concord, 3, 49; heroism of, 59; at battle of Alba, 59; victory in the Pomptine territory, 63 Furmali: see Pelusium Furrer, Jonas (1805-1861), Swiss statesman: elected president of the Swiss Confederation, 13, 556 Furtado, Francisco (1818-1870), Bra- zilian statesman: forms ministry, 21, 176 Fury, The Spanish (1576), massacre at Antwerp: description of, 13, 122 Fury and Hecla Strait, Arctic re- gions: discovered, 16, 307 Fusan, Korea: attacked by Japanese (1510), 7, 104; captured by the Japa- nese (1592), 117 Fushimi, Japan: battle of, 7, 168 Fussachi: see Hard Fiissen, Treaty of, concluded between Austria and Bavaria (1745), 17, 242 Fussli, Johann Conrad (1 705-1 775), Swiss author: sketch of, 13, 494 Fust, Johann (d. 1460), German prin- ter: his quarrel with Gutenberg, 18, 221 G Gabel, Christopher (ca. 1660), Dan- ish official: at diet of Copenhagen, 1 6, 232 Gabinius Alus (d. 48 B. C), Roman politician: proposes measures against the pirates, 3, 270; subdues Jewish revolts, 276; reinstates Ptol- emy Auletes on his throne, 277; ar- rested, 283; elected consul, 290; re- fused a public thanksgiving, 318; banished, 319; in the Parthian war, 322; his Egyptian campaign, 322; defeat and death in Illyria, 354 Gablenz, Ludwig Karl Wilhelm, Baron von (1814-1874), Austrian general: campaigns of, 18, 408 Gabrielle d' Estrees, Duchess of Beau- fert (1571-1599), French court beauty: her relations with Henry IV of France, 9, 171 Gabrielli of Agobbia (Giacomo), Ital- ian politician: made tyrant of Flor- ence (1336, 1340), 4, 229 Gadalebi, Morocco: battle of the (ca. 1530), 8, 437 Gade, Hemming (ca. 1503), Bishop of Linkoping: his estimate of the Danes, 16, 139; sent as a hostage to Denmark, 141 Gades: see Cadiz Gadsden, Treaty of, a treaty con- cluded between United States and Mexico (1853), 22, 381, 24, 641 Gadsden Purchase: see Gadsden, Treaty of Gaeta, Italy: sieges of (ca. 846 A. D.), I, 355; (1435), 8, 265 Gaetulicus, Lentulus (ca. 39 A. D.), Roman statesman: plots against Caligula, 4, 57 Gage, Thomas (1721-1787), British military officer: in Braddock's ex- pedition, 23, 177, 179; boasts of fear of colonists, 220; sent to Boston, II, 515, 23, 221; fortifies Boston 27. Neck, 23, 225; attempts to arrest Adams and Hancock, 226; offers amnesty to all rebels, 231; reen- forced, 231 Gaileswintha (ca. 567 A. D.), Visgoth- ian princess, wife of Chilperic: sketch of, 9, 27 Gaines, Edmund Pendleton (1777- 1849), American soldier: sent to Georgia to prevent surveys of In- dian lands, 23, 470 Gaines' Mills, Virginia: battle of (1862), 24, 761 Gaj, Louis (1809-1872), Croatian jour- nalist: his works in Croatia, 17, 343 Gajitani, General, Belgian military of- ficer: at siege of Antwerp (1585), 13, 149 Galatia, Asia Minor: settled by Gauls, 2, SIS Galatz, Roumania: siege of (1789), 15, 185; massacre in (1821), 14, 416 Galba, Servius Sulpicius (second century B. C), Roman general and orator: his campaign in Spain, 8, 19 Galba, Servius Sulpicius (3 B. C.-69 A. D.), Roman emperor, 68-69 A. D.: his campaign in the Alps, 3, 303; conspires against Nero, 4, 67; proclaimed emperor, 4, 69, 8, 25; death of, 4, 70 Galdan (d. 1697), chief of the Eleuths, Manchurian military officer: account of, 6, 66; defeat of, 69; death of, 71 Galen, Christopher Bernhard von (1600-1678), Dutch prelate and com- mander: in the war with the Eng- lish, 13, 230 Galerius, Valerius Maximus (d. 311 A. D.), Roman Emperor, 286-305 A. D.: made Csesar, 4, 114; death, 118 Galiano, Antonio Alcala (1 790-1 865), Spanish writer and orator: leader of Spanish Revolution, 8, 492 276 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Galicia, Austria-Hungary: forms part of Poland, 17, 4; relics of the stone age found in, 10; does homage to Hungary, 54; taken by the Bohe- mians, 63; annexed to Austria, 248; spread of revolutionary ideas in, 346; revolution of 1848, 366; invaded by the Russians, 372 affected by Polish insurrection (1863), 389; the dual system of government, 404 Galileo Galilei, an Italian astronomer and philosopher: born at Pisa, Italy, February 14, 1564; studied the classics, invented small ma- chines, and became an accomplished musician; studied at the University of Pisa, 1581-1586; discovered the principle of the pendulum, 1583, but did not apply it to the making of a clock until about 1633; was professor of mathematics at Pisa, 1589-1591, and at Padua, 1592-1610; invented a thermometer, 1597, and a tele- scope, 1609; discovered Jupiter's satellites, 1610; removed to Flor- ence, 1610; noticed the sun's spots about 1610; called to Rome, where his doctrines were condemned by the Pope, 1616; compelled to reject the Copernican theory by the In- quisition, 1633; discovered the moon's libration, 1637; died at Ar- cetri, near Florence, Italy, January 8, 1642 Sketch of, 4, 320 Galissoniere (Gallisoniere), Roland Michel Barrin, Marquis de la (1693- I 756), French naval officer: defeats English at Minorca, 9, 244; made member of cabinet, 263 Galitzin, Prince Alexander Michail- ovitch (1718-1783), Russian soldier: commands Russian forces, 14, 324; negotiates for Rulhiere's manu- script, 15, 159 Galitzin, Prince Alexander Nikola- witch (1774-1884), Russian states- man: his campaign against Turks, 15, 176; his influence on Alexander, 265 Galitzin, Prince Basil (1633-1713), Russian statesman and soldier: power of, 15, 27; his campaign in the Crimea, 29; exile of, 31 Galitzin, Prince Dmitri I (d. 1738), Russian statesman: library of, 15, 86; in the supreme privy council, 95; his relations with Anne, 103, 106; defeats Pugatchev, 168 Galitzin, Prince Michael (1674-1730), Russian general: at Poltava, 15, 54; his campaigns against the Swedes, 64, 67 Galitzins, Russian noble family of the 17th century: faction of, 15, 26 Gallas, Matthias von (1 584-1 647), Aus- trian soldier: his campaign in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 191, 18, 286, 288, 291 Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849), American statesman and financier: appointed Secretary of Treasury, 23, 388; abil- ity of, 392; sent to St. Petersburg, 428; report on highway construc- tion, 441; describes Jackson, 478 Gallegas, Mariquita (Perichole) (ca. 1767), Spanish actress: sketch of, 21, 50 Galletti, Joseph (ca. 1848), Roman revolutionist: leader in insurrection in Rome, 4, 365 Gallia, Province of Gaul: description of, 3, 292 Gallicians (Gallaici), tribe of Spain: description of, 8, 7 Gallieni, Joseph Simon (b. 1849), French officer and African explorer: his expedition through Africa, 19, 149; crushes insurrection in Mada- gascar, 213 Gallienus, Publius Lisinius (d. 268 A. D.), Roman Emperor: reign of, 4, no Gallipoli, Turkey: siege of (1366), 4, 276; captured by the Turks (1356), 14, 27 Gallissoniere: see Galissoniere Gallo, Pedro Leon (19th century), Chilian military commander: in the revolt of Copiapo, 31, 219 Galloway, Joseph (1730-1803), Amer- ican loyalist: delegate to first Conti- nental Congress, 23, 223; prominent Tory of Pennsylvania, 294 Gallus, .ffilius (1st century B. C), GENERAL INDEX 277 Roman general: his campaigns in the East, i, 187 Gallus (Caius Vibius Trebonianus) (205-253 A. D.), Roman Emperor: pays tribute to Goths, 18, 29 Gallus, Hostilius (d. 282 A. D.), Roman officer: made emperor, 4, 109 Galsunta (ca. 550 A. D.), Spanish princess: sketch of, 18, 62 Gait (19th century), American mili- tary officer: in the Mexican War, 22, 348 Gait, Peder (17th century), Danish admiral: in the War of 1643-1645, 16, 202 note Galton, Francis (1822 ), English scientist: explorations of, 19, 52 Galvani of Bologna, Luigo (1737- 1798), Italian physician: sketch of, 4, 339 Galvez, Bernardo de (1756-1794), Spanish count: campaigns in Amer- ica, 22, 212, 213 Galvez, Jose (1 729-1 787), Spanish statesman: conquers West Florida, 8, 416; appointed visitador, 22, 202 Galvez, Jose (d. 1866), Peruvian statesman: death of, 31, 207 Galvez, Matias de (1731-1784), Span- ish politician: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 212 Gama, Estavan de (16th century), Portuguese naval officer, cousin of Vasco de Gama: voyage to India, 8, 327 Gama, Estavan de (16th century), son of Vasco de Gama: viceroy of the Indies, 8, 435 Gama, Franciso de (ca. 1550), Portu- guese commander: expels Dutch from the Indian seas, 8, 459 Gama, Paulo de (ca. 1500), Portu- guese admiral: suppresses mutiny against Vasco de Gama, 8, 325 Gama, Vasco de, Count of Vidigueira, a Portuguese navigator: born at Sives, Portugal, about 1409; became a skilled mariner and a gentleman of the king's household; com- manded a royal expedition to the East Indies, doubling the Cape of Good Hope, 1497; arrived at Cali- cut, 1498; returned to Lisbon, 1499; made Admiral of the Indies, 1499; made a second voyage, 1502-1503; made viceroy of India, 1524; died at Cochin, India, December 24, 1524 Voyages of, 5, 138, 148, 8, 325, 327, 19, 18, 20, 39, 21, 14, 23, 25; death of, 5, 149, 8, 434 Gamaleya (18th century), Russian edi- tor: cooperates with Novikov, 15, 194 Gamarra, Agustin (1785-1841), Peruv- ian general: rebellion of, 21, 193; made president of Peru, 193; death of, 187, 196 Gambetta, Leon (1838-1882), French statesman: in the elections of 1869, 9, 458; proclaims the third republic, 466; escapes from Paris, 468; op- poses Thiers's government, 475; in the Franco- Prussian War, 18, 425; his influence on African affairs, 19, 154; ministry of, 9, 482; death of, 483 Gambia, British colony in Africa: government of, 20, 258 Gambier, James, Baron (1756-1833), English admiral: bombards Copen- hagen, 16, 256 Gambier Islands, South Pacific: un- der French rule, 20, 276 Gandamak, Treaty of, concluded be- tween Great Britain and Afghan- istan (1879), 5, 257 Ganges, a river in India: description of, 5, 8 Ganges Canal, India: opened, 5, 223 Gangud, Finland: victory of (1714), 15, 64 Ganilh, Charles (1758-1836), French writer: appointed deputy to the Versailles Assembly, 10, 69 Ganjeh, Persia: battle of (1827), 5, 359 Gante, Padre (ca. 1500), a Spanish ecclesiastic: preacher in Mexico, 22, 67 Garat, Dominique Joseph (1749-1833), French politician: opposes Napo- leon, 9, 319 Garay (d. 1573), Spanish administra- tor: usurps the governorship of the La Plata provinces, 21, 42 278 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Garcia, King of Asturias and Leon, 910-914 A. D.: reign of, 8, 134 Garcia (nth century), King of Ga- licia: reign of, 8, 142 Garcia (I) Sanchez (Garcia Ifiiguez), King of Navarre, 885-905: reign of, 8, 195, 197 Garcia (II) el Trembloso, King of Navarre, 924-970 A. D.; reign of, 8, 199 Garcia III, King of Navarre, 1035- 1054: reign of, 8, 200; death of, 141 Garcia (IV) Ramirez, King of Na- varre, 1 1 34-1 1 50: at war with Al- fonso VII of Leon, 8, 145; acces- sion and reign of, 201, 235 Garcia (ca. 1800), South American patriot: made Minister of Finance, 21, 120; his mission to Brazil, 121 Garcia, Lizardo (ca. 1900), South American patriot: his administration as ruler of Ecuador, 21, 244 Garcia, Sancho (d. 1026), Count of Castile: rebellion of, 8, 138 Gardar (ca. 850 A. D.), Swedish navi- gator: visits Iceland, 16, 44 Garden of the West: see Kansas Garderike: see Russia Gardie, Count Magnus de la (1622- 1686), Swedish statesman: a mem- ber of the council of regency, 16, 210; impoverishment of, 212 Gardie, Ponte de la (1530-1585), French general in Swedish service: campaign against Russia, 16, 167, 173 Gardien (d. 1793), French deputy: death of, 10, 279 Gardiner, Luke, Lord Mountjoy (d. 1798), English statesman: intro- duces bill to relieve Irish Catholics from their disabilities, 12, 181; sup- ports free trade movement, 183; death of, 212 Gardiner, Stephen (1490-1555), Eng- lish prelate: obtains appointment of Wolsey as papal legate, 11, 246; made chancellor, 269 Garfield, James Abram, an American general and statesman, the twen- tieth President of the United States: born in Orange, Ohio, No- vember 19, 1831; was graduated from Williams College, Mass., with distinction, 1856; elected to the sen- ate of Ohio, 1859; became colonel of the Forty-second Ohio Volun- teers, 1861; promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, 1862; was ap- pointed chief of staff by General Rosecrans, 1863; was made major- general for gallantry at the battle of Chickamauga, 1863; served in Congress, 1863-1880; elected United States Senator from Ohio, 1880; elected President of the United States, 1880; was inaugurated, March 4, 1881; shot in Washington by an assassin, July 2, 1881; died at Long Branch, N. J., September 19, 1881 Member of Electoral Commis- sion, 24, 913 note; candidate for Speaker of the House, 916; nomi- nates Sherman, 928; Presidential candidate (1880), 929; sketch of, 929; resists Conkling, 933; assassi- nation of, 934 Garganus, Mount: see Mount Gar- ganus Garibald, King of the Bavarians, 553- 590 A. D.: his daughter marries Autharis, 18, 54 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, an Italian soldier and patriot, called the Hero of Mod- ern Italy and the Warrior of Free- dom: born at Nice, Italy, July 4, 1807; took part in the movement of the Young Italians, 1833 and 1834, and was therefore exiled; went to South America, 1836, and entered the service of the Republic of Rio Grande, winning for himself the title of the Hero of Montevideo; re- turned to Italy, 1848; served the Roman Republic, 1849; lived as an exile in the United States, 1850- 1854; lived as a farmer on the Island of Caprera, 1854-1859; served in the war of Sardinia and France against Austri 1 , 1859; led an expe- dition against the Two Sicilies, i860; retired again to Caprera upon the union of Sardinia and the Two Sicilies and the proclamation of Victor Emanuel as King of Italy, GENERAL INDEX 279 1861; led expeditions against the Papal States, 1862 and 1867, but was defeated both times; served with the French in the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871; became a member of the Italian Parliament, 1875; died on the Island of Caprera, June 2, 1882 His services in South America, 21, 126, 139; aids republicans of Italy, 4, 367; aids Sicilian insur- gents, 377; enters Naples, 380; plots to join Rome to the kingdom of Italy, 386; retires to Caprera, 384; his campaign in the Tyrol, 390; in- cites revolts in Rome, 391; defends Rome, 9, 439; in the Franco-Prus- sian War, 18, 425 Garibay, Pedro (ca. 1800), Spanish viceroy: his administration as vice- roy of New Spain, 22, 231 Garigliano, Italy: battle of (1504), 9, 133 Garland, Augustus Hill (1832-1899), American politician: member of the senate, 24, 916; Attorney-General, 950 note Garland, William A. (early 19th cen- tury), American colonel: in the Mexican War, 22, 348 Gamier, Marie Joseph Frangois (1839- l &73)> French explorer: campaign in the Tonkin, 20, 273 Garnier-Pages, Louis Antoine (1803- 1878), French politician: made mayor of Paris, 9, 435; fined, 454; in the elections of 1869, 458 Garrett, Thomas (ca. 1850), American abolitionist: aids slaves to escape, 24, 617 Garrison, Cornelius (ca. 1850), Amer- ican engineer: manager of San Francisco office of Accessory Tran- sit Company, 24, 626 Garrison, William Lloyd, an Amer- ican philanthropist and abolitionist, called the Great Emancipator: born at Newburyport, Mass., December 10, 1805; was apprenticed to the printer's trade and while learning this trade wrote extensively upon political topics, carefully reserving his incognito; was joint editor with Benjamin Lundy of Baltimore of an anti-slavery paper; was in prison on libel charges for seven weeks, 1830; published " The Liberator," an abolitionist paper, at Boston, 183 1- 1865; established an abolition so- ciety at Boston, 1832; was President of the American Anti-Slavery So- ciety, 1843-1865; died in New York City, May 24, 1879 Leader of abolition movement, 3 4> 573; attacked by mob, 574; aids slaves to escape, 617; joins liberal movement, 890 Garter, Order of the, highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, dating from the 14th century, 11, 163 Garza, Felix la (ca. 1800), Mexican leader: leads revolt, 22, 258 Gasparin, Adrien fitienne Pierre (1783-1862), French politician and agriculturist: made minister of the Interior in Mole's cabinet, 9, 410 " Gaspee, The," British revenue schooner: burned by colonials, 23, 218 Gassion, Jean de (1609-1647), French general: suppresses insurrection in Normandy, 9, 193 Gastein, Treaty of, concluded between Austria and Prussia (1865), 16, 275, X7, 391 Gaston, Duke of Orleans: see Or- leans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of Gate of the Mediterranean, The: see Gibraltar Gates, Horatio (1728-1806), American general: in Braddock's expedition, 23, 179; his campaign against Corn- wallis, 9, 255; at battle of Saratoga, 12, 181; appointed commander-in- chief of the Southern forces, 23, 274; succeeds Schuyler in New York, 254; quarrels with Arnold, 255; plots in his favor, 261 Gath, city of the Philistines: con- quered by David, 1, 385 Gauchos, peasantry in the Platine states of South America: descrip- tion of, 21, 118 Gaudet, Marguerite Elie: see Guadet, Marguerite Elie 280 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Gaudin, Emile (ca. 1799), French revolutionist: proposes a vote of thanks to the council of ancients, 10, 413 Gaudin, Martin Michel Charles, Duke of Gaeta (1756-1844), French minis- ter of finance: his financial reforms, 9, 319 Gaugamela, Assyria: battle of (331 B. C), 1, 169 Gaul, the ancient name for France: conquered by Csesar, 11, 6; suppres- sion of the mutiny in, 4, 76; out- break of the laboring party, 115; overrun by barbarians, 139; becomes France, 162; see also France Gaul, Cisalpine, Gaul south of the Alps: receives full citizenship, 3, 392 Gaul, The Constantine of: see Clovis Gaul, Transalpine, Gaul beyond the Alps: growth of Italian civilization in, 3, 392 Gauls, leading division of the Celtic race: description of, 3, 294; revolt against Rome, 18, 23; invade Brit- ain, 11, 6 Gauls, the Apostle of the: see Denis, Saint Gaumala, Israel: siege of (67 A. D.), 1, 411 Gautama: see Buddha Gautsch von Frankenthurn, Paul (185 1 ), Austrian statesman: made premier of Austria, 17, 435; second premiership of, 438 Gaveston, Piers, Earl of Cornwall (d. 1312), favourite of Edward II of England: career of, IX, 152 Gawler, George (1796-1869), British colonial official: governor of South Australia, 20, 193 Gaza, Syria: besieged by Alexander the Great, I, 168; battle of, 8, 205; taken by Alexander, 2, 495; by Na- poleon (1799), 14, 382 Gazi Hassan, Turkish admiral: plans reorganization of Turkish forces, 14, 342; policy of, 350; commands Turkish army, 356; his unsuccessful efforts to improve the navy, 372; death of, 357 Gedge (ca. 1890), English explorer: his explorations in Africa, 19, 188 Gedrosia (Baluchistan), ancient Asi- atic country: Alexander in, 2, 502 Geer, Baron Louis Gerhard de (1818- 1896), Swedish statesman: minis- try of, 16, 278 Geffrard, Fabre (1806-1879), Haytian general and politician: leads insur- rection, 22, 500; elected president of Hayti, 501 Gehwor ben Mohammed (ca. 1030), Cordovian Caliph: reign of, 8, 85 Geijer, Erik Gustaf (1783-1847), Swedish historian and poet: quoted on the Act of Union, 16, 123; sketch of, 264 Geiseric (Genseric) (d. 477 A. D.), King of the Vandals: invades Africa, 4, 147, 18, 39; invades Italy and sacks Rome, 4, 149; summoned to Rome, 18, 43; death of, 4, 150 Geiza I, King of Hungary, 972-997 A. D.; reign of, 17, 44, 46 Geiza II, King of Hungary, 1141- 11 61: reign of, 17, 53 Gela, Sicily: tyrants of, 2, 217; taken by Carthaginians, 412 Gelders, Holland: taken by the French (1672), 18, 300 Gelimer, King of Vandals, 530-534 A. D.: defeat of, 18, 49 Gellir, Thord (ca. 964 A. D.), Swed- ish statesman: reforms of, 16, 299 Gelo (Gelon), Tyrant of Syracuse, 485-478 B. C: reign of, 2, 217 . Gelterkinden, Switzerland: battle of (1832), 13, 537 Gelves, Diego Carrillo Mendoza, Marques de, viceroy of New Spain, 1621-1624: administration of, 22, 153 Gembloux, Belgium: battle of (1578), 13, 130 Gemmyo, Empress of Japan, 708 A. D.: reign of, 7, 31 Gemot, The Great: see Great Gemot, The General, No-flint: see Grey, Charles, Earl Grey General, The Blind: see Zisca, John of General Court of Masachusetts : pow- GENERAL INDEX 281 ers of, 23, 119; directs establishment of public schools, 140; regulates dress, 154 General Society, English trading com- pany: organized (1698), 5, 158 Genet, Edmond Charles (1765-1834)* French diplomat: minister to the United States, 23, 359 Geneva, Switzerland: conditions in, under Calvin, 13, 449; siege of (1602), 459; reforms in, 498; united to France, 10, 399 Geneva, Convention of, international convention of various European states (1864), 13, 562 Geneva Arbitration, The, a treaty be- tween England and the United States (1872), 11, 628, 24, 884 Genghis Khan (Jenghiz Khan, Jinghis Khan, Jengis Khan, Chinghis Khan, Chingis Khan, Djenguiz Khan, Dschengis Chan, or Tchenguyz Khan), originally Temujin (Temu- chin, Temuchen, or Temudjin), a Mongol conquerer born in Mongolia about 1 162; succeeded his father as chief of the tribe Neyrun, 1175; in consequence of civil war was obliged to flee to the Khan of the Keraite Tartars, 1178; made himself master of the Keraites, 1203; made himself chief of Mongolia, 1204; took the name " Genghis Khan," 1206; crossed the Great Wall, 1211; sacked and burned Peking, 1215; had conquered all Turkestan, 1218; conquered central Asia, 1218-1221; ravaged Balkh, Khorassan, and Persia; penetrated Europe as far as the Dnieper; plundered Asia as far south as the Sutlej; was the founder of what afterwards became the Mo- gul Empire; maintained strict order through his vast domains; estab- lished a postal system; tolerated all religions; died at Liupan, China, August 18, 1227 Invades India, 5, 97; his con- quests, 334; plans subjugation of Japan, 7, 73; ancestor of Timur the Great, 14, 46 Genlis, Count de: see Sillery, Marquis de Genoa, Italy: wars with Pisa, 4, 236; at war with Venice, 14, 25; his- tory of, in the Middle Ages, 4, 238; in the fifteenth century, 305; at war with Turkey, 14, 84; leader in com- merce with the East, 23, 22; birth- place of Columbus, 26; bombarded C1683-1684), 4, 325, 9, 213; surren- ders to the Austrians, 4, 334; to Napoleon (1797), 344; siege of (1800), 4, 345, 9, 3i6, 18, 363 Genseric: see Geiseric Gensaleic, King of the Visgoths, 506- 511 A. D.: usurps the throne, 8, 39 Gensonne, Armand (1758-1793), French revolutionist: leads Girond- ist party, 9, 272; attacked by Robe- spierre and Marat, 10, 254; death of, 279 Genthius (second century B. C), King of the Illyrians: defeated by the Romans, 17, 11 Gentle Shepherd, The: see Grenville, George (1712-1770) Gentleman George: see George IV, King of England Gentleman of Europe, First: see George IV, King of England Gentlemen, Southern, of the United States: political talents, social char- acter, 24, 590 Gentz, Frederick von (1764-1832), German publicist and diplomat: ca- reer of, 17, 292; in the Austrian service, 320 Genucius, Gnaeus (d. 473 B. C), Roman tribune: murder of, 3, 43 Geoffrey, Count of Brittany (1158- 1186), English nobleman: marries Constance of Brittany, II, 109; death, 109 Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of An- jou (1113-1151), Norman noble: marries Empress Matilda, 11, 93; conquers Normandy, 95; death of, 96 Geography, The Father of Physical: see Humboldt, Alexander von Geok Tepe, Asiatic Russia: siege of (1881), 5, 367 George (early 19th century), King of Georgia: resigns crown to Russia, 5, 358, 15, 213 282 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS George I (1660-1727), King of Great Britain, 1714-1727: accession of, II, 466, 18, 319; reign of, II, 467; as- sumes possession of Bremen and Verden, 16, 222; assists Sweden against Russia, 15, 67; menaces Russia, 95 ; death of, II, 477 George II (1683-1760), King of Great Britain, 1727-1760, called The Little Captain, and Prince Tite: reign of, II, 477; campaigns of, 18, 330; aids Maria Theresa, 13, 255; loath to yield Louisburg, 23, 166; death of, 11, 503, 18, 341 George III (1738-1820), King of Great Britain, 1760-1820, called Farmer George: accession of, 11, 503; reign of, 504; determines to force tax on colonists, 23, 218; re- fuses to receive petition from Amer- ican colonies, 237; his communica- tions with the Emperor of China, 6, 119; death of, II, 573 George IV (1762-1830), King of Great Britain, 1820-1830, called the First Gentleman of Europe, Prince Flori- zel and Gentleman George: assumes regency for his father, 11, 564; reign of, 573; death of, 585 George I (1845 ), King of Greece, 1863 : accepts throne of Greece, 2, 546 George V (1819-1878), King of Han- over, 1851-1878: defeat of, 18, 410 George (early 17th century), Duke of Brunswick: defeats the imperialists, 18, 285 George I, Elector of Hanover: see George I, King of England George (early 17th century), Duke of Liineburg: fails Gustavus Adolphus, 16, 183 George (1653-1708), Prince of Den- mark: joins William of Orange, 11, 430 George (1869 ), Prince of Greece: supported by Russia, 15, 350 George, Farmer: see George III, King of Great Britain George, Gentleman: see George IV, King of Great Britain George of Podiebrad: see Podiebrad, George of George von Wildenstein (14th cen- tury), Abbot of St. Gall: adminis- tration of, 13, 389 George Brankovic (ca. 1427), Servian ruler: succeeds Stephen Laserovic, 14, 60 George Castriot: see Scanderbeg George Frederick (early 17th cen- tury), Margrave of Baden: defeat of, 18, 272 George Frederick Ernest Albert (1865 ), Prince of Wales: visits India, 5, 309 George Petrovich: see Czerny George George William (early 17th century), Elector of Brandenburg: his rela- tions with Gustavus Adolphus, 18, 280 Georgia, Transcaucasian Russia: occu- pied by Turkey, 15, 79; annexed to Russia, 5, 358, 15, 213 Georgia, State of, one of the United States, called the Empire State of the South: founded, 20, 85; growth of, 109; proprietary colony under Oglethorpe, 23, 80; plan of govern- ment of, 80; first settlement, 81; dissatisfaction after departure of Oglethorpe, 81; becomes a royal colony, 81, 115; first representative assembly introduced (1752), 120; ex- periments with a single legislative house, 10, 88 note; population at beginning of the Revolution, 23, 126; Scotch-Irish settle in, 127; co- lonial newspapers, 144; Church of England established, 149; reduced to subjection to Crown, 272; refuses to surrender power of regulating commerce, 311; fails to pay her share of national government ex- penses (1780. 313', choses delegates for Constitutional Convention, 323; ratifies the Constitution, 336; trou- bles over Indian claims, 469; trouble with Cherokees, 486; delegates op- pose slavery clause in Declaration of Independence, 24, 563; cedes ter- ritory to national government, 567; circulation of Garrison's paper for- bidden, 574; secession, 688; Confed- erates seize Forts Pulaski and Jack- son, 691; Sherman's march through, GENERAL INDEX 283 802; legislature refuses seats to ne- gro members-elect, 847; readmitted, 848; Democrats regain control, 873; The Atlanta Exposition, 1010 Gepidae, Germanic tribe: settle in Transylvania and Hungary, 17, 14; drive back Huns, 16; defeated by the Lombards (565 A. D.), 17; de- struction of, 18, 51 Geraldine League, Irish clan: First, formed (1537), 12, 81; Second, formed (ca. 1567), 90 Geraldine Rebellion, The (ca. 1560), in Ireland, 12, 89 Gerard, Archbishop of Mayence (ca. 1291), German churchman: influence of, 18, 183 Gerard, Balthasar (d. 1584), French fanatic: assassinates the Prince of Orange, II, 293, 13, 142 Gerard, Conrad A. (18th century), English diplomat: signs Treaty of Versailles, 23, 267 Gerard, Count fitienne Maurice (1773- 1852), marshal of France: becomes minister of public instruction, 9, 401; ministry of, 406; his campaign in the Netherlands, 13, 302; his cam- paign against Russia, 15, 248 Gerbillon, Jean Frangois (1634-1707), French Jesuit missionary: in China, 6, 67, 77 Gerdt, Count (15th century), Danish nobleman: his claims on Holstein, 16, 135 Gergovia (Clermont), Gaul: siege of (52 B. C), 9, 10 Gerhard III (Black Geert) (1292- 1340), Count of Holstein: in Den- mark, 16, 113 Gerhard VI (d. 1404), Duke of Sles- vig-Holstein: in the Slesvig-Hol- stein controversy, 16, 266; death of, 125 Gerhard VII (ca. 1413), Count of Holstein: protests his loyalty, 16, 126 Gerlache, fitienne Constantin, Baron de (1785-1871), Belgian historian and statesman: member of Belgian provisional government, 13, 297; ex- plorations of, 16, 334 Germain, Lord George Sackville (1716-1785), English soldier: plans invasion of New York State, 23, 251; fails to send dispatch to Gen- eral Howe, 23, 252 Germain de Paris (of Auxerre), Saint (d. 576 A. D.), French bishop: teaches St. Patrick, 12, 27 German African Company (1878): work of, 19, 89 German Anti-Slavery Society: places a steamer on Lake Nyasa, 19, 142 German Colonial Society: formed (1882), 19, 90; unites with the Ger- man Colonization Society, 138; in- corporated, 174 German Colonization, Society for (1884): founded, 19, 129 German Confederation, The, a league of German states formed 1815: description of, 16, 258, 18, 392 German East Africa, German depend- ency in Africa: sketch of, 19, 127, 20, 301 German East Africa Company, asso- ciation of Germans: founded, 19, 130; incorporated by imperial char- ter, 138; buys the coast rights of the sultan of Zanzibar, 142; experiments with tea, coffee and other cultures, 144 German Knights, Order of the, Ger- man monks: Otto enters the, 16, 114; description of, 18, 173, 195, 199, 215; see also Teutonic Knights German Paul, The: see Luther, Mar- tin German Plantation Company: work of, 19, 179 German Planters' Company: formed, 19, 139 German Southwest African Company: obtains land, 19, 106 German Togoland Company: sketch of, 19, 180 German West Africa, German depend- ency in Africa: sketch of, 19, 172, 20, 300 " Germania," celebrated work by Tac- itus relating to the Germans: issued, 18, 439 Germanicus Caesar, a Roman general, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius: born in 15 B. C. : adopted by Tibe- 284 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS rius 4 A. D.; accompanied Tibe- rius in his campaigns in Dalmatia, 7-10 A. D., and in Germany, 11 A. D.; made commander-in-chief of the legions on the Rhine, 14 A. D.; gained many and important vic- tories; recalled because of the jeal- ousy of Tiberius, 17 A. D.; given command of the eastern provinces, 18 A. D.; died near Antioch, 19 A. D., and is said to have been poi- soned by order of the emperor Commands forces in Germany, 4, 45; his campaign in Germany, 4, 47, 18, 20; in the east, 4, 48; death of, 18, 21 Germans, a people of central Europe: in the time of Caesar, 3, 300; con- tribute to Austrian history, 17, 5; influence of, 6; seek religious free- dom in Maryland, 23, 72; settle in North Carolina, 74; included in Penn's Colony, 113; in New Jersey and Delaware, 126; see also Teu- tons Germans, The Apostle of the: see Boniface, Saint Germantown, Pennsylvania: battle of (1777), 33, 260 Germany, a county of central Eu- rope: condition of the Jews, I, 420; in relation to modern Greece, 2, 548; to China, 6, 264, 272, 296; rela- tion to the Eastern Question, 14, 7; treaty with China (1898), 7, 277; neutrality in Berlin Congress, 14, 487; becomes ally of Turkey, 505, 508; enters the African field, 19, 86; in the Cameroons and the Gulf of Guinea, 105; present African pos- sessions of, 257; recognizes Sa- moan independence, 24, 977; arbi- tration treaty with the United States, 1076 Germany, History of: the ancient Ger- mans and their country, 18, 3; the wars with Rome, 10; Hermann, the first German leader, 17; the first three centuries of our era, 23; the migration of the Goths, 31; the in- vasion of the Huns, 38; the rise and fall of the Ostrogoths, 45; Europe at the end of the migrations of the races, 53; the kingdom of the Franks, 59; the dynasty of the may- ors of the palace, 67; the reign of Charlemagne, 78; the emperors of the Carolingian line, 89; Conrad I and the Saxon dynasty, 103; the de- cline of the Saxon dynasty, 116; the Franconian emperors, 124; end of the Franconian dynasty, and rise of the Hohenstaufens, 139; the reign of Frederick Barbarossa, 147; the reign of Frederick II and the end of the Hohenstaufen line, 158; the in- terregnum, 171; from Rudolf of Hapsburg to Lewis of Bavaria, 179; the Luxemburg emperors, Charles IV and Wenzel, 192; the reign of Sigismund and the Hussite war, 201; the foundation of the Haps- burg dynasty, 212; the reign of Max- imilian I, 225; the Reformation, 233; growth of Protestantism, 254; be- ginning of the Thirty Years' War, 265; end of the Thirty Years' War, 288; decline of imperial power, 298; the War of Spanish Succession, 311; the reign of Frederick the Great, 326; Maria Theresa and Joseph II, 347; the end of the German empire, 354; Germany under Napoleon, 371; the War of Liberation; reaction, 387; the Revolution of 1848 and its results, 398; the struggle with Aus- tria; the North German Confedera- tion, 407; the Franco-Prussian War, 415; the German empire, 428 Gero, Count of Saxony (d. 965 A. D.), German hero: his campaigns against the Wends, 18, no Gerona, Spain: siege of (1283), 8, 246; battle of (1808), 10, 477 Gerry, Elbridge (1744-1814), Amer- ican statesman: in Constitutional Convention, 23, 323; refuses to sign the Constitution, 334; opposes rati- fication in Massachusetts of the Constitution, 336; signs Declaration of Independence, 342; in first Con- gress, 342; sent to France by Wash- ington, 273\ Vice-President, 434 Gershom Mendes Seixas, Rabbi (ca. I 797) Jewish churchman: leads col- ony of Jews to Philadelphia, 1, 425 GENERAL INDEX 285 Gerstenzweig (ca. 1861), Polish states- man: death of, 15, 326 Gertrude (ca. 1230), Austrian prin- cess: betrothed to Vladislav III of Bohemia, 17, 70 Gertrude, daughter of Lothar II (ca. 1 125), German princess: marries Henry the Proud, 18, 143 Gertrude of Meran (ca. 1205), Queen of Hungary: death of, 17, 55 Gervais, Alfred Albert, French ad- miral: his visit to Russia (1891), 15, 344 Geshov, Ivan (ca. 864), Bulgarian di- plomatist: sketch of, 15, 33s Gesiths, the war band of the Angles: description of, IX, 20 Gessi Pasha (19th century), African soldier in English army: defeats the forces of Suleiman, 19, 167 Gessner, Konrad von (1516-1565), Swiss naturalist and scholar: sketch of, 13, 455 Gessner, Salomon (ca. 1758), Swiss poet: sketch of, 13, 490 Geta, Publius Septimus (189-212 A D.), Roman Emperor, 211-212 A. D. : death of, 4, 102 Getae, tribe of Thrace: invade India, 5, 73 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: battle of (1863), 24, 778; national cemetery dedicated, 783; Lincoln's address at, 783 Gevaerts, Jan Kaspar (1 593-1 666), Belgian philologist: negotiates treaty with the States of the Neth- erlands, 13, 184 Gezer, Syria: captured by the Egyp- tians, 1, 387 Ghats, mountain range in India: de scription of, 5, 15 Ghazali (d. 1520), governor of Syria: crushed by Suleiman the Great, 14, 146 Ghazan Mahmud (1271-1304), Persian ruler: reign of, 5, 336 Ghazi Mollah (d. 1833), Mohamme- dan leader: in the insurrection in the Caucasus, 15, 298 Ghazni, Afghanistan: siege of (1839), 5, 217 Ghent, Belgium: insurrections of (1138), 13, 33; (1539). 58; siege of (1789), 261 Ghent, Pacification of, a union con- cluded (1576) between the provinces of Netherlands against Spanish su- premacy, 13, 123 Ghent, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between Great Britain and the Uni- ted States (1814): terms of, 23, 429; disagreement of commission pro- vided by, 443; provides for a com- mission to settle Northeast Bound- ary Dispute, 24, 529 Ghent, van (d. 1672), Dutch admiral: death of, 13, 236 Gherardesca, Ugolino, Count of the: see Ugolino, Count of the Gher- ardesca Gheria, India: battle of (1763), 5, 187 Ghibellines, Imperial party of Italy in the Midde Ages: rise of, 4, 199; po- litical cry of, 18, 144 Ghiberti, Lorenzo (1378-1455), Italian sculptor: his effect on the Renais- sance, 4, 284 Ghika, Gregory (d. 1777), Turkish soldier: death of, 17, 249 Ghirlandaio (Domenico Corradi) (1450-1495), Italian painter: in- structs Michael Angelo, 4, 297 Ghiyas-ud-din Tughtak (ca. 1300), Ruler of India: founds dynasty, 5, 101 Ghulam Mohammed (d. 1877), Indian prince: sketch of, 5, 200 Ghurgin Khan (d. 1707), Russian gov- ernor of Kandahar: oppresses the Ghilzis, 5, 348 Giafieri (d. 1618), French conspira- tor: member of plot against Venice, 4, 315 Giambelli, Federigo (ca. 1 570-1 590), Italian engineer: at the siege of Antwerp, 13, 148 Gian Galeazzo (ca. 1350), Italian no- ble: reign of, 4, 219 Giano della Bella (ca. 1250), Italian statesman: reforms of, 4, 228 Giants, Battle of the: see Marignano: battle of (1515) Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794), English historian: visits Switzerland, 13, 489 286 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Gibbon, John (i 827-1896), -American general: in expedition against Sit- ting Bull, 24, 905 Gibbons (ca. 1600), English explorer: voyages of, 16, 304 Gibbs, James (1825-1886), Indian civil service: sketch of, 5, 262 Gibeon, Palestine: battle of, 1, 377 Gibraltar, Spain, called The Gate of the Mediterranean, and The Key of the Mediterranean: origin of the name, I, 312; sieges of (1329), 8, 112; (1607), 13, 183; (1704), 9, 221, 18, 33i; (I70S), 8, 394, IX, 456, 13, 250; (1779), 8, 417; (1782), 9, 256, 11, 523; history of, 20, 253; govern- ment of, 254 Gibraltar of America, or o the New World, The: see Quebec Gibraltar of the West Indies, The: see Bermudas, The Giddings, Joshua Reed (1795-1864), American anti-slavery leader: mem- ber of Buffalo Convention (1848), 24, 548; aids cause of negro abduc- tion, 617 Gideon (d. 1236 B. C.) Hebrew war- rior: defeats the Ammonites, 1, 377 Giers, Nikolaide (1820-1895), Russian statesman: death of, 15, 346 Giglius (ca. 1550), Belgian diplomat: member of governing council of the Netherlands, 13, 120 Gil (Gill), Juan Bautista (d. 1877), Paraguayan politician: made presi- dent of Paraguay, 21, 161; his ad- ministration, 260 Gil Colunje (ca. 1850), South Ameri- can patriot: made president of Panama, 21, 89 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, an English soldier and navigator, half-brother to Sir Walter Raleigh: born near Dartmouth, England, 1539; edu- cated at Eton and Oxford for the law, but entered the army; suppressed a rebellion in Ireland, 1570, was made governor of Munster and knighted; served in the Netherlands, 1570-1575; was authorized by the English gov- ernment to take possession of any uncolonized land in North America upon payment to the government of one-fifth of all the gold and silver found there, 1578; attempted an ex- pedition for discovery and coloniza- tion, 1578-1579, but failed; started again, 1583; established a colony on Newfoundland, August 5, 1583; on his return voyage, was lost at sea off the Azores, September 9, 1583 Expeditions to America, 20, 84, 23, 52 Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester: see Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gilden, political organizations of Flanders in the 9th and 10th cen- turies A. D.: description of, 13, 18 Gillespie (ca. 1800), English colonel in Indian service: suppresses Vel- lor mutiny, 5, 204 Gillespie, George (1613-1648), Scot- tish Presbyterian minister: sketch of, 12, 358 Gillespie, George L. (ca. 1825), American lieutenant: his mission to Fremont, 22, 295 Gilyan, Persia: ceded to Russia (1722), 15, 79 Gimirrai: see Kimmerians Ginkle (Ginkel or Ginckell), Godert (1630-1703), Dutch soldier: at sieges of Limerick (1690), 12, 146; (1691), 153; of Athlone, 150; created Earl of Athlone, 155 Giolitti, Giovanni (1844 ), Italian statesman: ministry of, 4, 405 Giornico, Switzerland: battle of (1478), 13, 414 Giotto (Bondone) (1276-1336), Ital- ian painter: sketch of, 4, 412 Giovanni Maria Visconti (d. ca. 1410), Duke of Milan: death of, 4, 250 Gipps, Sir George (1791-1847), British statesman: governor of New South Wales, 20, 210 Giraldus Cambrensis or Gerald of Wales (1 146-1220), British histo- rian: work of, 11, 116 Girard, Father (1 765-1 850), Swiss teacher: persecuted, 13, 529 Girard, Stephen, an American mer- chant and banker: born near Bor- deaux, France, May 24, 1750; was a cabin-boy, a mate and finally mas- GENERAL INDEX 287 ter of a coasting-vessel; settled in Philadelphia and became the owner of a fleet of merchant-vessels; founded a private bank in Philadel- phia, 1812; at times was a public benefactor, but had no friends; died without issue at Philadelphia, De- cember 26, 1831, and left two mil- lions for the founding of a school for orphan boys One of the early millionaires, 23, 479 Girondists, The, French Revolution- ary party: formed, 10, 168; its prin- cipal speakers, 154; its true chiefs, 155; wishes for rigorous measures against the emigrants, 158; attacks the ministry, 161; motives of, 164; its principles and position at the opening of the convention, 215; de- nounced by the Mountainists, 240; struggle of, with the Jacobins, 247; conspiracies against, 253; attacked by Guadet, 255; accused of conspir- ing with Dumouriez, 260; insurrec- tion against, 260; fall of, 265 Gisela (nth century A. D.), Suabian princess: sketch of, 18, 124 Giselbert (d. 939 A. D.), Duke of Lorraine: revolts, 18, 105, 109; death of, no Gisella (10th century A. D.), Bavarian princess: marries Prince Stephen of Hungary, 17, 46 Gislikon, Switzerland: battles of (1653), 13, 473J (1847), 552 Gist, Christopher (18th century), American soldier: accompanies Washington, 23, 170 Gitchin, Bohemia: battle of (1866), 18, 411 Giulay, Prince of Transylvania, Tur- kish ruler, ca. 1000: resists St. Ste- phen of Hungary, 17, 47; his cam- paign in Italy, 385 Giurgevo, Roumania: battle of (1790), 14, 357 Giustiniani, John (ca. 1452), Italian commander: in the war with Tur- key, 14, 74, 76 Gizeh, The Great Pyramid of, Egypt: built, x, 16 Gjo, Henrik (early 16th century), Danish nobleman: supports Chris^ tian II of Denmark, 16, 192 Glabrio, Manlius Acilius (ca. 191 B. C), Roman general and statesman: appointed to command of army in the East, 3, 269; his campaign in Asia, 270 Gladiatorial Combats, Etruscan sport: advent of, 3, 61 Gladiatorial War, a war between Rome and its slaves (73 B. C): causes, 3, 261; battle of Apulia, 262; results, 263 Gladstone, William Ewart, an emi- nent English statesman, financier, and orator, called the People's Wil- liam: born in Liverpool, December 29, 1809; was graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, with the rank of double first-class, 1831; was elected to Parliament by the Conservatives of Newark, 1832; received the ap- pointment of lord of the treasury by Sir Robert Peel, 1834; retired from office, 1835; upon the forma- tion of a new ministry by Peel, he became vice-president of the Board of Trade, 1841, and president of the same, 1843; appointed secretary of the colonies, 1845, and gave his sup- port to the repeal of the corn-laws, 1846; identified himself with the Conservative Liberals and acted as Chancellor of the Exchequer to Lord Aberdeen's ministry, 1852; re- signed upon Palmerston becoming premier; tried to end the Crimean War; appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in the cabinet of Pal- merston, 1859; made his speech of four hours on the Budget of i860; represented Oxford University in Parliament, 1847-1865; became lead- er of the House of Commons and kept the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer under Earl Russell; helped to introduce a bill for electoral reform, and made an im- portant speech upon it, 1866; advo- cated the disendowment of the Episcopal Church of Ireland; was chosen prime minister, December 4, 1868; retired, 1874; came into office 288 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS again, 1880, and brought the Boer War to an end; effected parliamen- tary reform; tried to carry his Home Rule Bill for Ireland through Parliament, but was defeated; re- tired on account of ill-health, 1894; died at Hawarden, May 19, 1898, and was buried in Westminster Abbey Chancellor of the Exchequer, 11, 614; opposes China War, 620; be- comes leader of the House of Com- mons, 624; first ministry of, 625; sec- ond ministry of, 633; third ministry of, 635; fourth ministry of, 637; his efforts for Home Rule, 12, 238; quoted on the United States Con- stitution, 23, 330 Glamorgan, Herbert, Earl of, see Somerset, Edward, Marquis of Worcester Glarean (Heinrich Loziti of Glarus) (1488-1563), Swiss poet, musician and scholar: sketch of, 13, 428 Glasgow, University of, Scotland: founded, 12, 296; graduates of, in Constitutional Convention, 23, 323 Glass: invention of, 1, 133 Glaucia, Caius Servilius (d. 100 B. C.)> Roman demagogue: leader of the populace, 3, 199; rupture with Marius and death, 201 Glaucus the Spartan: consults the oracle of Delphi, 2, 44 Glebov (ca. 1720), Russian noble: death of, 15, 76 Glen Fruin, Scotland: battle of (1604), 12, 333 Glencairn, William Cunningham, Lord (ca. 1654), Scotch noble and com- mander: rising of, 12, 344 Glencoe, Scotland: massacre of (1692), 11, 437, 12, 353 Glendower, Owen (1359-1415), Welsh noble and rebel: leads Welsh re- volt, 11, 192; forms alliance with France, 193 Glenelg, Lord (1778-1866), British politician: attempts to manage Ca- nadian affairs, 11, 596 Glenshiel, Scotland: battle of (1719), 12, 365 Glimes, Admiral de (d. 1574), Spanish naval officer: death of, 13, 116 Gloucester, England: siege of (1643), 11, 345 Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of (1291-1314), English nobleman: ap- pointed Elector, 11, 140; quarrels with Simon de Montfort, 141; at battle of Evesham, 141 Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of (1391-1447), English nobleman: regent for Henry VI in England, II, 201; marries Jacqueline of Hol- land and Hainault, 202; feud with Beaufort, 202; opposes peace with France, 206; charged with treason, 207; gives nucleus of Bodleian Li- brary, 238; death of, 207 Gloucester, Richard, Duke of: see Richard III, King of England Gloucester, Robert, Earl of (d. 1147), English noble and commander: re- volt against Stephen I, 11, 94 Gloucester, Thomas, Duke of (1355- I 397)> English nobleman: quarrels with Richard II, II, 180; takes up arms against Richard, 181; restored to favor, 182; plots against Richard, 183; murder of, 184 Gliick, Christopher Willibald (1714- 1788), German operatic composer: sketch of, 17, 261 Glycerius, Emperor of the Western Empire, 473-474 A. D.: reign of, 4, 150 Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Anton, Count Neidhardt von (1760-1831), Prussian general: defends Colberg, 18, 372; his efforts to liberate Ger- many, 375 Go Huei, General (18th century), Chinese military officer: bribes the Gurkhas, 6, 100 Goa, Portuguese possession in India: captured by the Portuguese (1510), 5, 149; sieges of (1603), 152; (1639), 152; under Portuguese rule, 20, 298 God, Peace of or Truce of: see Truce of God Godaigo, Emperor of Japan, 1319- 1339: reign of, 7, 83 Godard, Louis (living), French aero- naut: builds the Wellman airship, 16, 340 Goddard, Thomas (d. 1783), English GENERAL INDEX 289 soldier in the first Maratha War, 5, 193 Goderich, Viscount: see Robinson, Frederich John, Earl of Ripon Godfrey, Count of Ardenne (9th cen- tury A. D.), Norman leader: made governor of Lorraine, 13, 21 Godfrey, Duke of the Normans (ca. 882 A. D.), French noble: makes an agreement with the Netherlands, 13, 21 Godfrey, Sir Edmond Barry (d. 1678), English magistrate: murder of, 11, 406 Godfrey de Bouillon, King of Jeru- salem, 1099-1100, called Defender and Bawn of the Holy Sepulchre: born at Baisy, Brabant, 1061; creat- ed Duke of Lower Lotharingar, 1088; joined the Crusaders, 1096; fought at the siege of Jerusalem, July 15, 1099; was elected King of Jerusalem, July 23, 1099; completed the conquest of the Holy Land by the battle of Ascalon, August 12, 1099; died at Jerusalem, July 18, 1 100 Leads crusade, 9, 70, II, 87, 13, 29; concludes an Armistice with Koloman II of Hungary, 17, 52, 18, 138 Godfrey of Eenham (early nth cen- tury), Duke of Lower Lorraine: his expedition against the Frisons, 13, 24; revolt of, 18, 130; concludes peace with the empire, 131; death of, 132 Godfrey of Strasburg (ca. 1256), Ger- man poet: sketch of, 18, 178 Godolphin, Sidney, Earl of (1635- 1712), English statesman and finan- cier: sketch of, 11, 453; promotes union between Scotland and Eng- land, 12, 356 Godoy, Manuel de (1767-1851), Span- ish statesman, called the Prince of Peace: wins his sobriquet, 20, 140; influence of, 9, 332; administration of, 8, 481 Gods, Dynasty of the, Egypt: reign of, 1, 14 "Godspeed," English ship: carries settlers to Virginia, 23, 57 Godthaab, Greenland: foundation of, 16, 237 Godunov, Boris Feodorovitch (1552- 1605), Emperor of Russia, 1598- 1605: career of, 15, 19, 20, 25 Godwine (d. 1053), Earl of the West Saxons: wins confidence of Cnut, XI > 59; quarrels with Edward the Confessor, 61; restoration of, 63; bribes Harthaknud, 18, 33 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, an il- lustrious German poet: born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, August 28, 1749; entered the University of Strasburg, 1770; received the degree of licentiate of law, 1771; returned to Frankfort, and wrote " Gotz von Berlichingen " and "Sorrows of Young Werther," of which the lat- ter attracted universal admiration; was invited by Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, to his court, which was the beginning of a long and sincere friendship; broke away from the gayety of court life to seek the solitude of Waldeck, but was recalled by the Duke and ap- pointed to an official position; de- voted himself to study; went to Italy, 1786; returned to Weimar, 1788, where he met the young woman, who afterwards became his wife; took part in the invasion of France by the Prussian army, 1792, and displayed great courage; be- came a friend of the poet Schiller, 1789; produced the first part of " Faust," 1806; finished the second part, 1830; studied and wrote until a few days before his death, which occurred at Weimar, March 22, 1832 Influence of, 18, 333, 353 Goffe, William (1605-1679), New Eng- land patriot: repels attack on Had- ley, 23, 98 Gohier, L. Jerome (1746-1830), French revolutionist: made member of the directory, 9, 309 Gohorikawa, Emperor of Japan, ca. 1222: accession of, 7, 72 Goignies, Antoine de (ca. 1578), Bel- gian commander: his campaign against the Spanish, 13, 130 290 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Goislard (ca. 1788), French royalist: arrest of, 10, 35 Goitia, Colonel (ca. 1836), South American soldier: leads revolution in Bolivia, 21, 187 Gokameyama, Emperor of Japan, ca. 1393: abdication of, 7, 91 Gokashiwabara, Emperor of Japan, 1501-1527: reign of, 7, 100 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna (1866 ), East Indian official: president of Indian National Congress, 5, 293 Gokomatsu, Emperor of Japan, ca. 1393: accession of, 7, 91 Gokomyo, Emperor of Japan, 1644- 1655: reign of, 7, 132 Gokteik Viaduct, India: construction of, 5, 289 Gold and Silver Ratio in United States: as first established, 23, 354; changed, 506; in Independent Treas- ury Bill, 514 Gold Coast, British colony in Africa: trade with New England, 23, 136 Gold Fields of South Africa Company, southern Africa: obtains rights in Matabeleland, 19, 223 Gold Mine of Europe, The: see Tran- sylvania Gold Standard in Japan: established (1898), 7, 226 Golden Bull, Bavarian law (1222), promulgated, 17, 56 Golden Bull of Charles IV: promul- gated (1346), 17, 116, 18, 193 Golden Fleece, Order of the, Spanish royal honor: introduced into the Netherlands, 13, 43 Golden Gate, The City of the: see San Francisco Golden League, league of Catholic states (1586): formed, 13, 458 Golden State, The: see California Goldie, Sir George Taubman (19th century), English officer: checks French plans for Africa, 19, 152; in- fluence of, 154; made vice-governor of the Royal Niger Company, 156 Goldli, George (ca. 1531), Swiss com- mander: at the battle of Kappel, 13, 444 Goldoni, Carlo (1770-1793), Italian dramatist: leader in the drama of the 18th century, 4, 339 Goliad, Mexico: battle of (1836), 24, 533 Golovchino, Russia: battle of (1708), 15, 47 Golovkin, Count Gabriel (early 18th century), Russian diplomatist: sketch of, 15, 89; in the supreme privy council, 95; under Anne, 105, 112; under Anna Leopoldovna, 128, 132; arrested, 133; banished, 137 Golovnin, Count Feodor Alexievitch (d. 1745), Russian statesman: ac- companies Peter the Great in his travels, 15, 33; becomes minister of public instruction, 324; at the battle of Narva, 39 Goloyken, Count (early 19th century), Russian statesman: his embassy to China, 6, 120 Goluchowski, Count Agenor (1812- 1875), Austrian statesman: made prime minister, 17, 386; leads the diet of Lemberg, 404; gives warning to Turkey, 449; -policy of, 450 G. O. M. (The Grand Old Man): see Gladstone, William Ewart Gomarus, Francis (1563-1641), a Bel- gian Calvinistic controversialist: op- poses doctrines of Arminius, 13, 193 Gomates (ca. 500 B. C), King of the Medes and Persians: usurps the throne, 1, 162 Gomensoro, Tomas (b. 1820), Uru- guayan politician: concludes armis- tice with insurgents, 21, 146 Gomer: see Kimmerians Gomez (19th century), Italian con- spirator: attempts to assassinate Napoleon III, 9, 449 Gomez (19th century), South Ameri- can general: made president of Venezuela, 21, 246 Gomez, Jose Miguel (ca. 1880), Cu- ban general: chosen governor of Santa Clara, 22, 468; refuses to ac- quiesce in the reelection of Palma, 490 Gomez, Maximo (1822 ), Cuban soldier: leads Cuban patriots, 22, 453 GENERAL INDEX 291 Gominoo, Emperor of Japan, 1612- 1630: grieves over power of the no- bles, 7, 132 Gomphi, Thessaly: siege of (48 B. C) 3, 348 Gomurakami, Emperor of Japan 1339-1350: reign of, 7, 90 Gonara, Emperor of Japan, ca. 1400 reign of, 7, 100 Gondebaud, King of Burgundy, 491- 516 A. D.: at war with Clovis, 9, 19; reign of, 13, 337, 18, 63 Gondelour, India: siege of (1783), 9, 257 Gondemar, King of Burgundy, 524- 534 A. D. : defeats Clodomir, 9, 24 Gondevald (d. 584 A. D.), Frankish chief: rebellion of, 9, 29 Gondi, Paul of (1614-1679), French prelate: becomes leader of parlia- mentary party, 9, 201; removes Conde from power, 203; arrested, 206 Gondomar (ca. 1600), Spanish ambas- sador: negotiates a Spanish alliance with James I of England, II, 312 313 Gonds, aboriginal race of India: de- scription of, 5, 28 Gonijo, Emperor of Japan, 1301-1308 accession of, 7, 83 Gonsalo de Cordova: see Gonsalvo de Cordova Gonsalves, Alvaro (d. 1360), Portu- guese traitor: death of, 8, 289 Gonsalvez, Antonio (ca. 1400), Portu- guese explorer: explorations of, 19, 17 Gonsalvo (Gonzalvo) de Cordova, Hernando (1443-1515), Spanish commander: career of, 8, 269; his campaign in Italy, 9, 133; serves as a military model for Europe, 14, 144 Gonzaga, Charles de (d. 1637), Duke of Nevers: revolt of, 9, 178; be- comes Duke of Mantua and Mont- ferrat, 186 Gonzales, Texas: battle of (1835), 24, 532 Gonzalez (19th century), South Amer- ican commander: attempts to aid Pezet against the insurgents, 21, 206 Gonzalez, Juan G. (19th century), a Paraguayan politician: made Presi- dent (1890), 31, 260 Gonzalez, Manuel (1833-1893), Mexi- can general and statesman: at the battle of Lecoac, 22, 406; his ad- ministration as president, 408; death of, 410 Gonzalvo de Cordova: see Gonsalvo de Cordova Good Duke of Argyle, The: see Ar- gyle, John Campbell, Duke of (1678- 1743) Good Emperors, The Five, in Rome 70-180 A. D. : condition of Germany under, 18, 25; see also Nerva, Tra- jan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperors Good Friend: see Napoleon III, Em- peror of the French Good Hope, Cape of: see Cape of Good Hope Good Lord James: see Douglas, Sir James Good Parliament, The, the English Parliament of 1376, 11, 172 Good Queen Anne: see Anne of Bo- hemia, Queen of Richard II of Eng- land Good Regent, The: see Murray, James Stewart, Earl of Good Swordsman, The: see Murat, Joachim Goodwin Lands, England: battle of (1652), 13, 230 Goody Palsgrave: see Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia Gopher State, The: see Minnesota Gorchakov, Prince Alexander (1798- 1883), Russian statesman: proclaims abrogation cf Treaty of Paris, 14, 473; at Berlin Congress, 487 Gorchakov, Prince Mikhail (1795- 1861), Russian general: in the Cri- mean War, 15, 317; made governor of Poland, 324 Gordian, Emperor of Rome, 238-244 A. D.: reign of, 4, 109, 5, 317 Gordium, Asia Minor: Alexander at, 2, 490 292 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Gordon, Lady Catherine (ca. 1450), English noblewoman: marries Per- kin Warbeck, 11, 227, 12, 298 Gordon, Charles George, known as Chinese Gordon, an English gen- eral: born at Woolwich, England, January 28, 1833; was trained at the Royal Military Academy; ad- mitted to the Royal Engineers in 1852; took part in the Crimean War; served in China, 1860-1862, and commanded the Chinese forces in the Taeping rebellion, 1863-1865; was " Governor-General of the Equator " under the Khedive of Egypt, 1874-1876, and governor-gen- eral of the Sudan, 1877-1880; went to Khartum, 1884, and took com- mand of the Egyptian forces; was killed in the storming of the city, January 26, 1885 Takes command of Ever Victori- ous Army, 6, 199; captures Kun- shan, 201; retires from force, 202; retakes command, 203; resigns, 204; campaign in the Sudan, 1, 40, II, 635, 19, 271 Gordon, Lord George (1751-1793), English agitator: leads anti-Catho- lic mob, 11, 520 Gordon, George Hamilton, Earl of Aberdeen: see Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of Gordon, John Campbell Hamilton, Earl of Aberdeen: see Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton, Earl of Gordon, Patrick (1 635-1 699), Scottish officer: career of, 15, 28, 36 Gordon, Thomas (ca. 1700), Scottish soldier: plots of, 15, 66 Goremkin, Count (19th century), Rus- sian statesman: becomes premier, 15, 366 Gorey, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 211 Gorgas, William Crawford (1854 ), American soldier: aids in stamping out yellow fever in Cuba, 20, 329 Gorgei, Arthur (1818 ), Hunga- rian general: in the Hungarian in- surrection, 15, 300, 401; surrenders to the Russians, 17, 372; made min- ister of war under Kossuth, 372; imprisoned, 373 Gorges, Sir Ferdinando (1 566-1647), English colonial proprietor; ap- pointed councilor, 23, 57; secures grant for New Hampshire, 95; made palatine of Maine, 96; purchase of claims of heirs of, 99 Gorica, Austria-Hungary: united with Hungary and Bohemia, 17, 4; con- dition of peasants relieved by Maria Theresa, 259; under Napoleon, 300 Goritz, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1809), 9, 336 Gorman, Arthur Pue (1839 ), United States Senator: defeats Force Bill, 24, 971 Gormden Gamle (ca. 860-935 A. D.), King of Denmark: career of, 16, 20; his aversion to Christianity, 28; at war with Henry I, 18, 107 Gormlaith (ca. 1000 A. D.), wife of Brian Boru; incites the Danes, 12, 42 Gorni Dubinck, Turkey: battle of (1877), 15, 336 Gortz, Georg Heindrich von (1668- 1719), Swedish statesman: arrest of, I3 253; his relations with Peter the Great, 15, 65; policy of, 16, 223; in the Holstein-Gottorp difficulty, 236; execution of, 15, 66, 16, 225 Gosaga, Emperor of Japan, 1242- 1246: reign of, 7, 83 Gosai-in, Emperor of Japan, 1655- 1663: reign of, 7, 132 Goshenland, Africa: founded, 19, 214 Goshirakawa, Emperor of Japan, 1158: accession of, 7, 56 Goslin (ca. 850 A. D.), Bishop of Paris: saves Paris, 9, 53 Gosnold, Bartholomew (d. 1607), Eng- lish navigator: voyages of, 23, 54 Gosvinda (ca. 550 A. D.), Queen of Leovigild: her quarrel with Ingunda, 8, 41 Gotama: see Buddha Goteborg, Sweden: foundation of, 16, 172; relief of (1788), 248 Gotha, Germany: siege of (1567), 18, 262 GENERAL INDEX 293 Goths, early Teutonic race: location of, 18, 6; invade Greece, 2, 529, 4, 108; sketches of, 136, 8, 35, 17, 14; found kingdom in Spain, 4, 145; depart from Italy, 162; condition of the people under, 8, 53; their con- quest of Scandinavia, 16, 6; settle- ments of, 34; plunder Roman terri- tory, 18, 29; make treaty with Au- relian, 29; end of power of, 50 Goths, The Apostle of the: see Ulfilas, Saint Gothus (ca. 1550), Archbishop of Sweden: accession of, 16, 165 Goto Shojiro (ca. 1850), Japanese statesman: counsels war with Ko- rea, 7, 178; reforms of, 182; at- tempts to negotiate treaties with Eu- ropean powers, 190 Goto Sukenori (ca. 1400), Japanese sculptor: sketch of, 7, 107 Gotoba (ca. 1200), Emperor of Japan: plots against feudal administration, 7, 70 < Gotsuchimikado, Emperor of Japan, 1465-1501: reign of, 7, 100; death of, 100 Gottfried (ca. 800 A. D.), King of Denmark: invades Holstein, 18, 85 Gottfried (ca. 850 A. D.), Chief of the Norsemen: marries a Carolingian princess, 17, 97 Gotthelf, Jeremiah (1797-1854), Swiss author: sketch of, 13, 584 Gottorp, Germany: taken by the Danes, 16, 214 Gouda, Emperor of Japan, 1276-1288: at war with the Mongols, 7, 76 Goudchaux, Michel (1801-1862), French financier; member of the provisional government, 9, 435 Gough, Sir Hugh (1779-1869), British general: his services in the Opium War, 5, 213; his campaign against the Sikhs, 5, 221, 6, 137 Goupil (living), French aeronaut: associated with the Wellman Expe- dition, 16, 340 Gourges, Dominique de (i530-i593)> French adventurer: his vengeance on the Spaniards, 20, 82, 23, 48 Government and Constitutional De- velopment: AFRICA: Cape Colony, 19, 51, 20, 223; French West Africa, 20, 281; German South Africa, 303; Congo Free State, 13, 311, 19, 119, 122, 250, 20, 299; Liberia, %o, 49; Mada- gascar, 19, 211, 20, 278; Rhodesia, 20, 260; Togoland, 19, 180; Trans- vaal, 11, 41, 19, 276, 283, 20, 234 ALGERIA: French rule, 20, 280 ARABIA: causes of the fall of the Saracen Empire, 1, 364, 365 AUSTRALIA: under British rule, 11, 630, 20, 195; self-government of, 20, 203, 342 AUSTRIA - HUNGARY: Golden Bull (1222), 17, 56; organization under Leopold, 186; Bohemia in 1300, 83; Bohemian Constitution of 1627, 209; under Maria Theresa, 258; constitution of 1848, 378; of i860, 386; of 1867, 398, 400 BABYLONIA and ASSYRIA: as a firm kingdom (2200 B. C), 1, 77; under the Second Empire, 82; an absolute monarchy, 113 CANADA: a British royal govern- ment (1791), 20, 131, 151, 155; Upper and Lower Canada united, 11, 596; administration under Lord Elgin (1847-1854), 20, 159; constitution of 1867, 11, 629, 20, 165, 171, 177, 342 CARTHAGE: main treatment, 3, 94, 96 CENTRAL AMERICA: attempt at uniting the five republics, 22, 438; republic of Panama organized (1904), 20, 333, 24, 1060 CHINA: organization in (900 B. C), 6, 8; absence of constitutional unity (1790), 103; reforms attempt- ed, 319, 322 CUBA: under Spanish rule, 20, 325, 24, 1023; constitution of ' 1895, 22, 453; under United States protection, 20, 330, 22, 463, 24, 1032, 1045; in- auguration of the Republic (1902), 22, 468 EAST INDIES: Dutch, 20, 295; French, 20, 272 294* THE HISTORY OF NATIONS EGYPT: its division into districts (3000 B. C), 1, 9; policy of the Ptolemies, 3, 137; becomes a Roman province, 1, 35. 2, 522; under the rule of Arabia, 1, 298; under Turk- ish rule, 1, 36, 14, 134; under Brit- ish protection, x, 40, II, 638, 19, 269, 273, 20, 262 ENGLAND: a Roman province, 4, 75, 11, 10, 13, clan system (500 A. D.), 11, 22; in 7th century, A. D., 33, 39; growth of king's power (975 A. D.), 51; under William the Con- queror, 80, 81; the Great Council, under Henry II, 99; growth of the power of the state under Richard I 115; Magna Carta (1215), 127; first representative Parliament (1265), 140; rise of the Commons (1322), 154, 182; separation of the two Houses of Parliament (1341), 162; absolute rule under Richard II (i399)> 184; Act of Appeals and Act of Treasons under Henry VIII, 250, 254; Act of Succession under Henry VIII, 256; Act of Suprem- acy, under Elizabeth, 275; the Privy Council and Charles I, 323; Peti- tion of Right under Charles I, 325; the Star Chamber (1630), 329; "Long Parliament" (1640), 337, 339; the Commonwealth, 367, 368, 371; popular charters confirmed un- der Charles II, 379; Conventicle Act and Act of Settlement under Charles II, 385, 390; Charles II and the Cabal, 395; recall of the Dec- laration, 398; Royalist Parliament (1673), 398; Catholics excluded from both Houses (1678), 407; Exclusion Bill relating to the Succession, 408; constitutional progress under Charles II, 416; Ecclesiastical Com- mission Court (1686), 424; Declara- tion of Indulgence under James II, 426; Declaration of Rights (1688), 431; Toleration Act under William and Mary, 435; Whigs under Wil- liam, 441; Triennial Act of 1694, 442; restoration of coinage (1695), 444; Act of Settlement (1701), 449; Whig ministry under William and under Anne, 458; growing strength of the Cabinet and" Parliament, 468, 478; Pelham's ministry under George II, 486; supremacy of the Cabinet under George II, 490; Pitt's ministry under George III, 504; Par- liament passes Stamp Act, 509; the colonial system, 514; Pitt's reforms under George III, 530, 551; Parlia- ment under George IV, 583; Reform Bill of 1831, 587, 589; postal reform (1840), 597; Peel's ministry under Victoria, 602, 604; Reform Bill of 1866, 624; Ballot Act (1872), 627; Salisbury's ministry, 635; depend- encies (Ceylon), 20, 251; (Gibral- tar), 254; (Hong-Kong), 255; (Mauritius), 263 FRANCE (GAUL): of the Celtic tribes, 3, 296, 9, 7; a Roman prov- ince, 9, 11; under Clovis, 22; in 8th century A. D., 38; under Char- lemagne, 45; under the feudal sys- tem, 63; an absolute monarchy, 9, 214, 10, 4, 9, 11, 539; the States-Gen- eral (1789), 10, 41; the Assembly (1789), 74, 82, 85, 87, 88; provisions of the Assemblies, 9, 258, 268, 10, 89; reorganization under the As- sembly, 10, 103, 105; constitution of 1 791, 145, 147, 148; the revolution- ary commune (1792), 201; the na- tional Convention (1792-1793), 215, 252; revolutionary power (1793), 280, 302; constitution of 1795, 351, 353, 362; under the Directory (1795- 1797), 10, 370, 400, 11, 544; under the Consulate, 9, 315, 10, 432, 434, 18, 363; constitution of 1802, 10, 453; under the First Empire, 461; the senatorial constitution (1814), 9. 350, 356; constitution of 1848, 9, 442; under the Third Republic, 471, 473; constitution of 1875, 479, 480 GERMANY: tribal system, 18, 8, 56; under Charlemagne (800 A. D.), 86; Golden Bull (1356), 193; admin- istrative system under Maximilian, 228; under Napoleon, 371; decen- tralization (1848), 297, 308; the Em- pire (1870), 428 GREECE: in Homeric times, 2, 34, GENERAL INDEX 295 36; ephors in Sparta, 73; cities un- der the "Tyrants" (600 B. C), 95; oligarchy at Athens, 99; Athens un- der Solon's constitution, 104; Ath- ens under the reforms of Cleisthe- nes (508 B. C), 146; archonship ceases to be elective, 174; demo- cratic reforms at Athens (458 B. C.) 239; Athens under the Four Hundred (411 B. C), 358; Athens under Spartan rule (404 B. C.) 384; under Macedonian rule (338 B. C), 479, 512; under Roman rule, 521; under Mohammedan rule, 537; an independent monarchy, 545; consti- tution of 1864, 549 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: under na- tive rule, 20, 308; under the United States, 20, 310, 24, 997 INDIA: under native and British rule, 5, 20; in the time of the Rig- Veda, 38; under Mohammedan rule, 96; under Akbar, the Mogul, ill, 115; under British rule, 5, 128, 137, 11, 527, 529; under Portuguese con- trol, 5, 150, 8, 330; colonial empire of the Dutch, 5, 155; under Warren Hastings, 192; under English gov- ernment and the British East India Company, 194; under the vice regal control of England, 240 IRELAND: tribal system, 12, 18, 21; under English rule (1173), 51; Poyning's Law (1494), 74; Assem- bly of 1642, 119; agrarian legislation (1665), 130; Parliament declares it- self independent (1693), 155; di- vision in the Parliament, 177; con- cessions gained (1782), 11, 522, 12, 185, 188; parliamentary reform, 12, 191, 216; union with England, 217; Parnell's platform, 237; Home Rule, 239, 243 ISRAEL and JUDAH: as a tribal organization, 1, 378; under David and Solomon, 384, 387, 389; Judah, under Persian control (500 B. C.) 403; under the Sanhedrim (50 A. D.), 4, 78 ITALY: early Latium, 3, 9, 12, 16, 20, 21; Etruria, 24; under Charle- magne, 4, 175; Sicily under the Normans, 185; under Frederick Bar- barossa, 192, 196; in the republican cities of the 12th and 13th centuries, 209, 210; at Florence (13th century), 4, 226, 228; Venice (600-1400), 246, 249; under Victor Amadeus (1720), 331; under Napoleon's governments, 4, 345, 348, 18, 371; Rome under the Papal power (1848-1859), 4, 369; Naples under the dictatorship of Garibaldi (i860), 383; a united mon- archy (1870), 396, 397; see also ROME JAPAN: by local rule (150 A. D.), 7, 11; public offices in the hands of guilds (600 A. D.), 19; reforms in (645 A. D.), 23, 24; feudal system organized (1190), 67, 68; adminis- trative system (1600), 114, 129, 133; end of the feudal system (1868), 170, 173; local administration (1868), 174; Constitution of 1890, 185, 186, 201; imperial diet, 205, 207 MEXICO: under the Aztecs, 22, 84; as a Spanish province, 98; freed from Spain, becomes a republic, 8, 519; constitution of 1824, 22, 263, 279, 381 NETHERLANDS: Belgium, a Ro- man province, 13, 9; under Charle- magne, 17, 18; under Charles V, 63; under Philip II, 71, 75, 105; the States-General, 123, 134; declared free (1609), 189; States-General (1701), 248; as the Batavian repub- lic, 266; constitution of 1815, 285; Belgium an independent kingdom, 304; Thorbecke's ministry, 315; con- stitutional reforms (1848), 20, 293 PERSIA: rise of a single monarchy (625 B. C.)> I, 158; under Darius, 1, 164, 2, 130; under Macedonian rule, 5, 315; under Parthian rule, 315; under Sassania dynasty (580 A. D.), 319; under Mohammedan rule (643-1502), 326; under the Sa- fawi dynasty (1502-1733), 340; pres- ent form, 372 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: under Spanish rule, 20, 312; under United States rule, 20, 318, 355, 24, 1033, 1036, 1043 296 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS PHOENICIA: founded on an oli- garchy of wealth, I, 134 POLAND: aristocratic republic (ca. 1500), 15, 377 \ divided among Rus- sia, Prussia, and Austria before 1800, 371 PORTUGAL: under a liberal con- stitution (1820), 9, 373; constitution of 1822, 8, 534; present constitution, 539 ROME: the end of the monarchy (509 B. C) 3, 30; magistrates of the Republic, 32; as a Republic, 33, 35. 4*> 96; with the Senate as the governing power, 53; the colonies of Rome, 83, 85; by the city officials, 154; appearance of the new demo- cratic spirit, 158; under popular leaders, 191; under the Gracchan reforms, 200; under the Sullan con- stitution, 233; collapse of oligarchic rule, 269; under the Triumvirate, 313; in the time of Caesar, 368, 390, 393; under Augustus, 4, 30, 40; after Augustus, 103; under Diocletian, 114, 115; under the pontifical power, 4, 172; see also ITALY RUSSIA: in the 9th century A. D., I5 6, 7; constitution of 1730, 105; reforms under Nicholas II, 357, 360, 36s, 367 SAMOA: under the United States, 20, 321, 24, 978 SCANDINAVIA: early tribal sys- tem, 16, 11, 12; Union of Calmar (i397) 1255 Sweden under Gustav Adolph, 178; monarchy becomes hereditary in Denmark (1665), 232; reforms under Oscar of Sweden, 277, 279 SCOTLAND: under Irish rule, 12, 38; dependent on English king (1174), 266; of the cities (1150), 270; under English rule (1303), 276; an independent kingdom (1314- 1603), 282, 292, 308, 310, 329; under the Commonwealth, 343; Privy Council of 1661, 345; union with England, 356, 371 SOUTH AMERICA: Argentine Republic, 21, 119, 128; Brazil, under Portuguese sovereignty (1534), 37; kingdom of Brazil (1815), 20, 299, 21, 164, 169, 171, 172; republic of Brazil (1889), 8, 519, 20, 299, 21, 253; Chilian constitution of 1833, 21, 216; Colombia as a republic (1821), yy, Peru, under Spanish sovereignty, 41; Peruvian constitu- tion of i860, 200; Uruguay's consti- tution of 1830, 137; present consti- tution of Venezuela, 246 SPAIN: Roman province, 3, 136, 8, 28; under the Visigoths, 8, 54; under Ferdinand and Isabella, 185, 193; constitution of 1869, 511; con- stitution of 1886, 517; Canary Islands, 19, 248 SWITZERLAND: as a Roman province, 13, 330; under Charle- magne, 340; under the German Em- pire, 349, 353; as a Confederation (1390), 13, 384, 414; (1500), 423; Calvin's ecclesiastical system (1541), 449; aristocratic systems, 467, 474, 497; constitutions of 1798, 9, 306, 13, 512, 515, 5i8; of 1815, 528; of 1830, 532, 539; of 1848, 13, 553; of 1874, 565, 583 SYRIA: as a Roman province, 1, 409, 413 TIBET: under nominal suzerainty of China, 5, 377 TURKEY: an absolute monarchy, 14, 89, 91, 92; local self-government, 97; in the 18th century, 364; reforms of 1876, 478, 491 UNITED STATES: Spanish rule, 23, 43; charters granted in Virginia, 56, 59, 62; annulled (1624), 63; Vir- ginia under the Commonwealth, 64; Maryland as a proprietary govern- ment, 69; legislature in Maryland made bicameral, 71; Georgia a royal province (1752), 82; Massachusetts Bay charter, 87; Connecticut char- ter (1662), 93; charter of Pennsyl- vania, 111; colonies before the Rev- olution, 20, 107, no; general colo- nial system, 23, 116; Stamp Act passed (1765), 210; repealed (1766), 214; Boston Port Bill (1774), 220; Massachusetts charter annulled (1774), 220; First Continental Con- GENERAL INDEX 297 gress, 222; Second Continental Con- gress, 229, 299; Articles of Confed- eration, 301; constitution (1787), 23, 324, 24, 1088; the Northwest Terri- tory (1789), 23, 319; organization of departments, 344; Federalist measures under John Adams, 376; Republican reforms (1801), 388; Monroe Doctrine (1823), 447; South Carolina convention (i860), 24, 685; Southern Confederacy, 695; Recon- struction (1865), 834, 836, 844; Ten- ure of Office Act (1867), 850; Alaska, 20, 306, 24, 878; civil serv- ice reform (1883), 24, 938; presi- dential succession (1886), 953; natu- ralization laws reformed (1906), 1083 WEST INDIES: Dutch, 20, 286; Porto Rico under the United States, 20, 324, 24, 1035, 1040; see also CUBA Government of India, Act for the Bet- ter (1858), s, 240, 11, 527 Governors, American Colonial: ap- pointment of, 23, 116; tenure of office of, 116; salary of, 116; powers of, 117; powers limited, 121 Gower, John (ca. 1325-1408), English poet: his poetry, II, 187 Gowrie, William Ruthven, Earl of (d. 1584), English conspirator: forcibly detains James VI of Scotland, 12, 325 Gowrie Conspiracy, The: against James VI of Scotland, by Earl of Gowrie (1600), 12, 328 Graaf Reinet, Cape Colony: magis- tracy established at, 19, 37 Grabe, General (ca. 1800), Russian soldier: his campaign in the Cau- casus, 15, 298 Gracchus, Gaius Sempronicus (159- 121 B. C), Roman statesman: re- forms of, 3, 171; death of, 184; his schemes revived, 200; his principles adopted by Caesar, 366 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (210- 158 B. C), Roman general: his rule in Spain, 3, 136 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (168- 133 B. C.) Roman politician: re- forms of, 3, 171; death, 176 Grace, Richard (ca. 1650), Irish gov- ernor: defends Athlone, 12, 144 Grace, Act of, granting amnesty to Scottish rebels (1717), 12, 364 Gradac, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1878), 17, 423 Gradiska (Gradisca), Austria-Hun- gary: united with Hungary and Bo- hemia, 17, 4; condition of peasants relieved by Maria Theresa, 259 Graeco-Turkish War, war between Turkey and Greece (1897): causes of, 14, 504; battles of Metuna Pass, 504; Domokos, 505; ended by Treaty of Constantinople, 505; results of, 2, 548, 14, 505 Graf, Michael (ca. 1400), Swiss offi- cer: opposes Reding, 13, 398 Graff, Frau: see Merian, Maria Sibylla Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of (1736-1811), English noble- man: becomes nominally Prime minister, 11, 510 Graham, James, Marquis of Montrose: see Montrose, James Graham, Mar- quis of Graham, Sir James Robert George (1792-1861), British statesman: member of Peel's ministry, II, 602 Graham, John (1643-1689), Scottish soldier: attacks covenanters, 12, 348 Graham, Sir Robert (d. 1437), Scotch nobleman: conspires against James I of Scotland, 12, 292 Gramont, Antoine Agenor Alfred (1819-1880), French diplomat: made minister of foreign affairs, 9, 461; in the Franco-Prussian war, 18, 416 Gran, Hungary: taken by the Mon- gols (1241), 17, 58 Granada, Spain: massacre of the Jews, I, 417; conquest of, by Chris- tians, 8, 124, 23, 29; battle of (1319), 8, 159; siege of (1810), 9, 337 Granada, Kingdom of: history of, 8, 104 Granada, Treaty of, a treaty between France and Spain (1500), 9, 133 298 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Granadine Confederation: see Colom- bia Granary of Europe, The: see Hun- gary Granary of Turkey, The: see Egypt Grand, Johan (ca. 1300), Archbishop of Lund: account of, 16, 111 Grand Alliance, The, formed between the Emperor, England, and Hol- land against France and Spain (1701), 11, 451, 13, 247 Grand Banks, Newfoundland: fre- quented by English fishermen, 23, 51; fisheries off, 443 Grand Bassam, Africa: claimed by France, 19, 49 Grand Champ, France: battle of (1800), 10, 441 Grand Corrupter, The: see Walpole, Robert Grand Gulf, Mississippi: in Vicksburg campaign, 24, 776 Grand Model: see Fundamental Con- stitution Grand Monarque, Le: see Louis XIV, King of France Grand Old Man: see Gladstone, Wil- liam Ewart Grand Remonstrance, The, protest passed in House of Commons, Eng- land (1641), 11, 341 Grandella, Italy: battle of (1266), 9, 84 Grand-Pre Proclamation, the English decree exiling the people of Aca- dia (1755), 23, 81 Grandson (Granson), Switzerland: taken by the French (1475), 13, 407; battle of (1476), 9, 124, 13, 47, 408, 18, 217 Graneikos, Persia: battle of, 1, 168 Grange (d. 1573), Scotch commander: at battle of Langside, 12, 319; death of, 324 Grangers or Patrons of Husbandry, an organization in the United States to promote the interests of the farming class: rise of, 24, 917 Granlcus, river in Asia Minor: battle of the (ca. 335 B. C), 2, 488 Granite State, The: see New Hamp- shire Grant, James Augustus (1 827-1 892), Scotch explorer of Africa: arouses an interest in Africa, 19, 59 Grant, Sir James Hope (1808-1875), British general: his expedition to China, 6, 171, 9, 451 Grant, Ulysses S., an American gen- eral and eighteenth President of the United States: born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1822; was graduated at West Point, 1843; served in the Mexican War, 1846- 1848; settled at St. Louis; went to Galena, Illinois, i860; became colonel, 1861, then brigadier-gen- eral; captured Fort Donelson, 1862, and received the appointment of major-general of volunteers; put in command of the Army of the Dis- trict of West Tennessee, and won the battles of Shiloh and Iuka; be- came commander of the department of the Tennessee; captured Vicks- burg, 1863; promoted to the rank of major-general in the regular army; was put in command of the Military Division of the Mississippi; won the battle of Chickamauga, Nov. 23-25, 1863; appointed lieuten- ant-general and became commander of all the Union armies; received the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court-House, 1865; appointed to the specially created grade of General of the Army of the United States; became secretary of war ad interim, 1867, but gave it up against the will of Johnson, 1868; received the nom- ination to the Presidency and was elected by a large majority, 1868; reelected, 1873; made a tour of the Old World and was given ovations everywhere; died of cancer at Mount McGregor, near Saratoga Springs, N. Y., July 23, 1885 In Mexican War, 24, 554; visits Japan, 7, 191; sends troops into Kentucky, 24, 742; commands forces at Cairo, Illinois, 743; captures Fort Henry, 744; captures Fort Don- elson, 745; early life, 746; at battle of Pittsburg Landing, 747; with GENERAL INDEX 299 Rosecrans in North Mississippi, 773; in siege of Vicksburg, 775; re- ceives surrender of Vicksburg, 778; ordered to Chattanooga, 784; made lieutenant-general, 786; his theory of war, 787; changes plan against Lee, 788; tactics criticized, 790; urges Thomas to attack, 804; favors Lee's overtures for peace, 811; receives Lee's surrender, 812; approves Lin- coln's reconstruction plans, 836; made full general, 846; Secretary of War ad interim, 850; quarrels with President Johnson, 850; nom- inated for President, 857; elected President, 860; inaugurated, 861; favors annexation of Dominican Re- public, 879; settlement of Alabama claims, 881, 883; summary of his first term, 889; renominated for President (1872), 892; second in- auguration, 894; approves the Re- sumption Act, 900; strengthens mili- tary forces about Washington, 911; urged for third term, 925; his ef- forts to check spoils system, 938; appoints canal commission, 1056; death, 962 note; Roosevelt's Presi- dential majority compared to that of, 1072 Granvelle, Antoine Pierrenot de (1517- 1586), Spanish ecclesiastic and statesman, Bishop of Arras: influ- ences Margarita of Parma, 8, 357; his speech before the estates, 13, 72; made Primate of the Low Coun- tries, 77; conspiracy against, 78; recalled from the Netherlands, 81; proposes the murder of William of Orange, 135 note Granville, France: battle of (1793), 10, 276 Granville, Lord (ca. 1704), English churchman in America: proprietor of South Carolina, 23, 78 Granville, George Leveson-Gower, Earl of (1815-1891), English states- man: negotiates the Congo Treaty, 19, 75 Granville, John Cartaret, Earl of: see Carteret, John, Earl of Granville Grasse, Frangois Joseph Paul de (1723-1788), French admiral: in American War, 9, 256, 23, 284; de- feated by Admiral Rodney, 11, 522 Gratian (359-383 A. D.), Roman Em- peror, 367-383 A. D.: reign of, 4, 132 Grattan, Henry, an Irish statesman and orator: born at Dublin, July 3, 1746; was educated at Trinity Col- lege and afterwards studied law in London; became representative of the borough of Charlton in the Irish Parliament, 1775; received fifty thousand pounds from the Irish Parliament in recognition of his public services; opposed the propo- sitions concerning trade between Great Britain and Ireland, called Orde's Propositions, and they were given up through his influence; rep- resented Dublin in Parliament, 1790, and supported the bill for Catholic emancipation; retired for a short time, but took his seat again to op- pose the union of Ireland with Great Britain; became a member of the Imperial Parliament, 1805; refused the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer; went to London to present a petition to the British Parliament, and died there, June 4, 1820 Leader of the Patriot Party, 12, 177; withdraws from Parliament, 208; opposes Union, 217; labors for Catholic emancipation, 220 Gratton's Parliament, name given to the Irish Parliament of 1783, 12, 190 Gratz, Austria-Hungary: progress of the Reformation at, 17, 178; influ- ence of the Jesuits in, 180 Grau, Miguel (1834-1879), Peruvian naval officer: in the war with Chili, 21, 235 Grauholz, Switzerland: battle of (1798), 13, 5ii Grave, Belgium: battle of (1586), 13, 151; surrenders to the States-Gen- eral, 178 800 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Gravelines, France: battle of (1558), 9, 148, II, 297, 13, 70 Gravelotte, France: battle of (1870), 9, 464, 18, 422 Graves, Thomas (1725-1802), British admiral: attacks French fleet in Chesapeake Bay, 23, 285 Gray, George (1840 ), American legislator: member of Spanish- American peace commission, 24, 103 1 Gray, Robert (1757-1806), American sailor and discoverer: discoveries of, 24, 541 Grayson, William J. (18th century), American politician and poet: in first Congress, 23, 343 Great Charter of Virginia, Govern- ment of Virginia: history of, 23, 63 Great Commoner, The: see Pitt, Wil- liam, Earl of Chatham Great Contract, agreement between King James of England and the House of Commons (1610), II, 310 Great Duke, The: see Wellington, Ar- thur Wellesley, Duke of Great Elector, The: see Frederick Wil- liam, the Great Elector of Branden- burg Great Gemot, The, Assembly of Eng- lishmen (1086): William the Con- queror convokes, II, 80 Great Indian Peninsular Railways, In- dia: opened, 5, 223 Great Kanawha River, United States: French claims of, 23, 169 Great Lakes, United States: French explorations, 23, 167 Great Meadows, Ohio: battle of (1757), 23, 172 Great Northern Railroad, United States: United States Supreme Court decision respecting, 24, 972 Great Pan, The: see Voltaire Great Plains, Africa: battle of (204 B. C), 3, 130 Great Pyramid of Gizeh, The, Egypt built, 1, 16 Great Schism, The, division in the Catholic Church (1738), 11, 173 Great Sword Society, The, a semi- religious organization of Chinese, 6, 297 Great Wall, The, China: description of, 6, 11 Grebel, Konrad (ca. 1523), Swiss churchman: teachings of, 13, 437 Greco-Turkish War: see Graeco- Turkish War Greece, History of: geography, 2, 3; Aegean civilization: origin of the Greek nationality, 20; Homeric poems and the Greeks of the Ho- meric age, 29; religion of the Greeks, Olympia and Delphi, 38; the great migrations, 46; colonies in Asia, 51; Dorians in the Pelopon- nesus the legislation of Lycur- gus, 58; establishment of Spartan su- premacy in the Peloponnesus, 70; age of colonization, 78; age of the tyrants, 90; early history of Attica, 97; Solon and Peisistratus, 102; the Lydian monarchy, 114; Cyrus and Darius, 119; Darius and the Greeks the Ionian revolt, 131; consti- tution of Cleisthenes, 140; European Greece jealousy of the states, 154; battle of Marathon to the in- vasion of Xerxes, 165; the invasion of Xerxes, 181; Salamis and Pla- taea, 195; Greeks of Italy and Si- cily, 214; events in Asia Minor and Greece, 222; rise of Athenian em- pire, 232; Athens at the height of her power, 241; the years of peace, 251; rivalry of Sparta and Athens, 262; early years of the Peloponne- sian War, 274; siege of Plataea, 286; Sphacteria and Delium, 299; Brasidas in Thrace the Peace of Nicias, 313; Truce of Nicias, 320; expedition to Sicily, 328; decline of Athens, 349; surrender of Athens, 363; Spartan supremacy in Greece, 379; revolt from Sparta, 396; the Greeks of the West, 407; last years of Spartan hegemony, 419; uprising of Thebes, 426; Theban predomi- nance, 436; the peace of 362 B. C. to Philip's invasions, 452; Philip and Demosthenes, 463; end of freedom, 471; Alexander the Great, 483; Al- GENERAL INDEX 301 exander's successors and the Greek leagues, 511; under Roman rule, 2, 521, 3, 166; the Middle Ages and the Turkish Yoke, 2, 532, 14, 45; the War of Independence, 2, 542; in Treaty of Adrianople, 14, 432; the present kingdom, 2, 546; sup- ports Cretan revolt from Turkey, 14, 503 Greece, The Light of: see Corinth Greek Fire, a chemical composition used in warfare: description of, 1, 333, 14, 76 Greek Orthodox Church: status of, 2 550; projected union with the Anglican, 15, 83 note; in Turkey, 287; its reconciliation with the Uni- ates, 297 Greek War of Independence, a war between Greece and Turkey (1821- 1829): causes, 2, 539, 14, 411; 15, 268; battle of Constantinople (1826), 2, 543, 14, 419; Treaty of Adrianople (1829), 2, 545, 14, 431, 15, 287; results, 2, 545, 14, 418, 15, 274 Greeks: in Italy, 3, 25; in India, 5, 67; in France, 9, 4 Greeley, Horace, an American jour- nalist and politician; called the pre- mier of American editors: born at Amherst, New Hampshire, Febru- ary 3, 181 1 ; learned printing at East Poultney, Vermont, where he worked from 1826-1830; went to New York for employment, 183 1; became a partner of Francis Story in the publishing of The Morning Post, 1833, which was the first daily penny paper ever published; pub- lished The New Yorker, 1833-1840; wrote for The Daily Whig, The Jef- fersonian, and The Log Cabin, 1833-1840; merged The New Yorker and The Log Cabin into The Trib- une, 1841; was a member of Con- gress, December I, 1848, to March 4, 1849; visited Europe, 1851, and was one of the judges of the World's Fair at the Crystal Palace, London; made a second visit to Eu- rope, 1855, chiefly to attend the French exhibition; visited Califor- nia, 1859, and was given public re- ceptions in San Francisco and Sac- ramento; opposed the Civil War at Republican Convention, i860; advo- cated hostilities before their actual commencement, 1861; advocated universal amnesty, 1865, and became one of the bondsmen for Jefferson Davis; was nominated for the Pres- idency of the United States by the Liberal and the Democratic Parties, 1872, but was defeated at the elec- tion; died at Pleasantville, Winches- ter County, N. Y., November 29, 1872 Opposes nomination of Clay for Presidency, 24, 520; favors Doug- las's reelection, 664; quoted on right of secession, 714; Lincoln's letter to, 767; opposes Lincoln, 799; joins liberal movement, 890; early career, 891; nominated for President (1872), 891; end of his career, 893 Greely, Adolphus Washington, an American Arctic explorer: born at Newburyport, Mass., March 27, 1844; graduated from Newburyport High School, i860; served in the volunteer army of the North during the Civil War, 1861-1865; appointed second lieutenant in the Thirty- Sixth U. S. Infantry, March 7, 1867; assigned to the Fifth Cavalry, July 14, 1869; appointed first lieutenant, Fifth Cavalry, May 27, 1873, and captain, June 11, 1886; commanded the government expedition for the establishment of the American Polar Station, 1881; made brigadier-gen- eral and chief signal officer, 1887; during the Spanish-American War and consequent military operations, there was built and operated under his direction, 1000 miles of tele- graph in Porto Rico, 3800 miles in Cuba, 250 miles in China, and 10,500 miles of lines and cables in the Philippines; installed a system of 3900 miles of telegraph lines, sub- marine cables and wireless in Alas- ka, 1900-1904; United States dele- 302 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS gate to the International Telegraph Conference at London, 1903; mem- ber of board to regulate wireless telegraphy in the United States, 1904; member of board to report on coast defenses, 1905; lives Washing- ton, D. C. Establishes the United States Polar Station, 16, 319 Green, Beriah (early 19th century), American statesman: president of American Anti-Slavery Society, 24, 574 Green, Duff (early 19th century), American journalist: in Jackson's " Kitchen Cabinet," 23, 485 Green, Roger (ca. 1653), American colony leader: leads Virginia dis- senters and founds Albemarle, 23, 73 Green Mountain Boys, body of sol- diers from Vermont in American Revolution: revolt of, 23, 96 Green Mountain State, The: see Vermont Greenback Party, United States po- litical party: nominates Peter Cooper for President (1876), 24, 909; nominates Weaver (1880), 930; nominates Ben Butler for President (1884), 946 Greene, Nathaniel, an American gen- eral: born in Warwick, R. I., May 27, 1742; was elected to the Gen- eral Assembly of the colony, 1770; appointed brigadier-general of the Rhode Island militia, 1775; was put in command of the army sent to protect Long Island; was leader of , a division at the battle of Trenton, 1776, and took part in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown; be- came quartermaster-general, 1778; won a victory over Sir Henry Clin- ton at Springfield, 1780; was given command of the Southern army and gained the victory of Cowpens, 1781; retreated before Cornwallis and fought at Guilford Court House; was defeated at Hobkirk's Hill; won the victory of Eutaw Springs, 1781; presented with a medal by Congress; settled on an estate in Georgia, near Savannah; died there of a sunstroke, June 19, 1786 Estimate of, 23, 234; sent to for- tify Brooklyn Heights, 243; aban- dons Fort Lee, 245; at battle of Brandywine, 259; succeeds Gates in the South, 280; at battle of Guilford Court House, 281; at battle of Hob- kirk's Hill, 282; at battle of Eutaw Springs, 282 Greene's Cotton Factory, Jackson, Mississippi: destroyed, 24, 776 Greenland, island off the North Amer- ican coast: settlement of, 16, 47, 21, 3; brought under the control of Norway, 16, 99; reopened to the world, 237; visited by Davis, 301 Greensboro, North Carolina: Davis holds council with Confederate cab- inet, 24, 813 Greenville, Treaty of, a treaty con- cluded between United States and the Indians (1795), 23, 366 Greenwich Hospital, England: founded, 11, 443 Greenwood, John (d. 1593), English pilgrim: death of, II, 301 Gregg, Maxcy (1814-1862), American general: death of, 24, 770 Gregoire, Abbe Henri (1750-1831), French revolutionist and ecclesias- tic: opposes Napoleon, 9, 319; elected member of the States-Gen- eral, 10, 39 Gregorian Calendar, the calendar con- taining reforms of Gregory XIII made in 1582: adopted, 4, 313; re- places the republican calendar, 10, 467; adopted in England, 11, 488 Gregory (I), Saint, the Great (ca. 540- 604), Pope, 590-604: accession of, 4, 167; sends St. Augustine to Eng- land, 11, 28; musical reforms of, 4, 414 Gregory IT (d. 731), Pope, 715-731: opposes Leo the Isaurian, 2, 534, 4, 169; his relations with Karl Martel, 18, 74 Gregory III (d. 741), Pope, 731-741: accession of, 4, 70; opposes Leo the Isaurian, 2, 534 Gregory IV (d. 844), Pope, 827-844: GENERAL INDEX 303 makes Anscarius Papal legate, 16, 27; attempts to reconcile Louis the Pious and his sons, 9, 48, 18, 91 Gregory V (Bruno of Carinthia) (d. 999), Pope, 996-999: account of, 18, 119; excommunicates Robert II of France, 9, 67 Gregory VII, Saint (Hildebrand) (ca. 1020-1085), Pope, 1073-1085: power of, 130; pontificate of, 133; quarrels with Emperor Henry IV, xi, 77', his relations with William the Con- queror, 77; aids Hungary against the emperor, 17, 51; his relations to Zvonimir, 38; his relations with Svend Estridsen, 16, 68, 70; attempts to reconcile Catholics and Moham- medans in Africa, I, 323; reforms of, 2, 535, 9, 69 Gregory IX (Ugolino) (ca. 1147- 1241), Pope, 1227-1241: demands money from English clergy, 11, 135; contention of, with Frederick II, 4, 202, 18, 161, 164; urges the crush- ing of heresy in Germany, 18, 162 Gregory X (Teobaldo di Visconti) (d. 1276), Pope, 1271-1276: character of, 9, 85; enforces measures of reconciliation in all Italian cities, 4, 213; demands the election of a Ger- man king, 18, 179; his relations with Rudolf of Hapsburg, 17, 74, 18, 180 Gregory XI (Pierre Roger de Beau- fort) (d. 1378), Pope, 1370-1378: in- dignation of the Florentines against, 4, 232; upholds rights of daughter of Frederic II of Sicily, 8, 256; death of, 9, 105 Gregory XII (Angelo di Corraro) (ca. 1325-1417), Pope, 1406-1415: ac- knowledged by the emperor, 17, 121; deposed, 18, 201; abdication of, 204 Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni) (1502-1585), Pope, 1572-1585: offers to mediate between Spain and the Netherlands, 13, 133; his relations with Sweden, 16, 165; founds the college of St. Athanasius, 15, 72; reforms the calendar, 4, 313, 11, 488 Gregory XIV (Nicolo Sfondrati), Pope, 1590-1591: supports claims of Charles of Guise, 9, 168 Gregory XV (Alessandro Ludovisi) (1554-1623), Pope, 1621-1623: re- ceives library of Heidelberg, 18, 272 Gregory XVI (Bartolommeo Alberto Cappellari) (1765-1846), Pope, 1831- 1846: promises to make reforms in the Papal states, 9, 399 Gregory V (d. 1821), Greek Patriarch of Constantinople: death of, 15, 268 Gregory (7th century), Roman pre- fect: in battle with the Saracens, X, 301 Greifensee, Switzerland: siege of (1444), 13, 401 Greig, Admiral (ca. 1829), Russian sailor: in Russo-Turkish war, 14, 429, 15, 278 Greig, Sir Samuel (1735-1788), Scot- tish sailor: at the battle of Tchesme, *5> 179; blockades the Swedish fleet, 187 Grenada, an island in the West Indies: ceded to England, 20, 120; seized by France (1778), 128; becomes a crown colony, 246 Grenadines, group of islands north of Grenada: ceded to England, 20, 120 Grenelle, Camp of, Paris: reception of the Babceuf conspirators at, 10, 377 Grengam, island near Sweden: victory of (1721), 15, 67 Grenier, Paul (1768-1827), French general: member of provisional gov- ernment, 9, 365 Grenoble (ca. 1788), French rebel: re- bellion of, 10, 102 Grenville, George (1712-1770), Eng- lish statesman, called The Gentle Shepherd: made Prime Minister, II, 507; attempts to enforce the Navi- gation Acts, 23, 205; proposes the Stamp Act, 207; fall of his ministry, 212; death of, II, 514 Grenville, Sir Richard (1541-1591), British naval officer: his part in the colonization of Virginia, 23, 53 Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron Grenville (1759-1834), English statesman: his reply to Napoleon, XI, 549; made Prime Minister, 557 Gresham, Sir Thomas (15 19-1579), English merchant: agent in Ant- werp, 13, 74 note 304 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Gresham, Walter Quinton (1832- 1895), American politician: candi- date for Presidential nomination, 24, 965; Secretary of State, 993 note; death, 993 note, 1000 Grevy, Jules (1807-1891), President of the French Republic: presidency of, 9, 481 Grey, Charles, Earl Grey (1764-1845), English statesman, called No-Flint General: proposes Parliamentary re- forms, 11, 586; forms ministry, 586; favors Belgian independence, 13, 299; his attitude toward Poland, 15, 296 Grey, Sir George (1837-1898), British statesman: governor of South Aus- tralia, 20, 195; made governor of New Zealand, 212; his second term of office in New Zealand, 215; sends convicts to South Africa, 223; urges a United South Africa, 228 Grey, Henry, Earl of Suffolk (d. 1554), English nobleman: rebellion of, II, 270 Grey, Lady Jane, Queen of England, July 10-20, 1553, daughter of Henry Grey, Marquis of Dorset and Frances Brandon, called the Nine Days' Queen: born about 1537; un- der the tutorship of Roger Ascham, she exhibited a remarkable capacity for learning; married Lord Guilford Dudley, May, 1553; upon being of- fered the crown she at first refused, but influenced by her hushand and father, she finally accepted; within ten days, upon the selection of Mary as queen, Lady Jane was sent to the tower, together with her husband; was executed February 12, 1554 Proclaimed Queen of England, II, 269; death of, 270 Grey, Lord Leonard (ca. 1500), Eng- lish statesman: his rule in Ireland, 11, 261; crushes Geraldine rebellion, 12, 80 Grey, Sir Richard (d. 1483), English noble: taken prisoner by Gloucester, 11, 219; death of, 220 Grey, Thomas, Marquis of Dorset: see Dorset, Thomas Grey, Marquis of Grey, Sir William (1818-1878), Eng- lish statesman: sketch of, 5, 252 Grey of Wilton, Lord Arthur (1536- I593)> English general: campaign in Ireland, 12, 90 Greynville, Sir Richard: see Grenville, Sir Richard Greytown: see San Juan, Central America Griboiedov, Alexander Sergeivitch (1795-1829), Russian poet; sketch of, 15, 272, 283 Gridley, Richard (1711-1796), Amer- ican general: at capture of Louis- burg, 23, 165 Griffenfeld, Peder Schumacher, Count (1635-1699), Danish statesman: ca- reer of, 16, 232 Griffin, Lepel Henry (1840 ), Eng- lish administrator; political agent at Kabul, 5, 258 Griffith, De Haven (ca. 1850), Ameri- can explorer: commands Arctic ex- pedition, 16, 312 Grifo (ca. 740 A. D.), son of Karl Mar- tel: career of, 18, 75 Grig: see Cyric Grijalva, Mexico: battle of the (1519), 22, 13 Grijalva, Juan de (1490-1527), Spanish soldier: explorations of, 22, 4, 23, 38 Grimkel, Bishop of Norway, ca. 1000 A. D.: recalled to Norway, 16, 57 Grimm, Baron Friedrich Melchior (1723-1807), German-French critic: his correspondence with Catherine, 15, 140, 197 Grimoald (d. 656 A. D.), son of Pip- pin of Landen: made mayor of the palace, 9, 33 Grimoald (d. 681 A. D.), mayor of the palace: career of, 18, 68 Grimoald (d. 714 A. D.), son of Pip- pin of Heristal: made mayor of the palace, 9, 36 Grindal, Edmund (1579-1583), Arch- bishop of Canterbury: suspended from his office, II, 290 Grindelwald, Switzerland: battle of (ca. 1 190), 13, 349 Grinnell, Henry (1799-1874), Ameri- GENERAL INDEX 305 can merchant: sends out Arctic ex- peditions, 16, 312 Grinnell Land, North polar regions: discovered, 16, 312 Grippenberg (ca. 1875), Russian gen- eral: at battle of Hokau-tai, 7, 312 Griqua-land-west, Africa: annexed by Great Britain, 19, 80, 216, 20, 227 Griswold, Roger (1762-1812), Ameri- can politician: views on Louisiana Purchase, 23, 398 Grobnik, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1241), 17, 58 Grochow, Poland: battle of (1831), 15, 294 Grocyn, William (1442-15 19), English educational reformer: attempts to introduce the study of Greek into the University of Oxford, II, 239 Groeneveldt, Regnier van (ca. 1600), Dutch conspirator: plots against life of Maurice of Nassau, 13, 205 Grog, Old: see Vernon, Edward Groningen, Holland: siege of (1594), 13, 161 Groot, Hugh de: see Grotius, Hugo Gros (ca. 1850), French baron: his expedition to China, 9, 451 Grosbeeren, Prussia: battle of (1813), 9, 343, 18, 383 Grossetete, Robert (d. 1253), an Eng- lish divine: leads opposition of clergy to papal exactions, II, 35 Gross- Jagerndorf, Prussia: battle of (i7S7), 15, 147 Grosvenor (ca. 1850), English diplo- mat: appointed secretary of legation, 6, 239 Grote, George (1794-1871), English historian: sketch of, 11, 613 Grotius (de Groot), Hugo, a Dutch jurist, theologian, and scholar: born at Delft, April 10, 1583; studied at Leyden; went to Paris on a Dutch embassy, 1598; admitted to the bar, 1599; appointed pensionary at Rot- terdam, 1613; connected with the Liberal party, upon whose defeat he was condemned to perpetual impris- onment upon the charge of treason; studied and wrote at the fortress of Loevestein, where he was impris- oned; escaped within eighteen months, and went to France; was well received by Louis XIII and given a pension; returned to Hol- land, 1631, upon the death of the stadtholder, Maurice, but his ene- mies were still active and he had to leave; entered the services of Queen Christina of Sweden and was ap- pointed privy councilor and ambas- sador to France, 1634; asked for a recall in 1645 because he had tired of court life; sailed for Germany and encountered a severe storm on the Baltic which made him ex- tremely ill and died shortly after reaching Rostock, August 28, 1645 Arrest of, 13, 199; escapes from prison, 201, 219 Grouchy, Marquis Emmanuel de (1766-1847), French marshal: at the battle of Waterloo, 10, 390, 501; in expedition to Ireland, 12, 207; in the campaigns of the Hundred Days, 13, 287 Groveton, Virginia: battle of (1862), 24, 763 Grubenmanns, The (ca. 1700), Swiss architects: sketch of, 13, 494 Grudzinska, Julia (ca. 1800), Princess of Lowicz: marriage of, 15, 271 Grumbach, William von (1503-1566), German adventurer: sketch of, 18, 262 Grumentum, Italy: battle of, 3, 128 Grundy, Felix (1 777-1840), American lawyer: in Congress, 23, 417 Guadaloupe, West Indies: discovered, 21, 9; taken by the English (1759), 20, 118; (1810), 143; restored to France by Treaty of Paris, 23, 198 Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848), concluded between Mexico and United States, 22, 379, 24, 552 Guadet, Marguerite filie (1758-1794), French Girondist leader: attacked by Robespierre and Marat, 10, 254; at- tacks the Girondists in the conven- tion, 255; incites insurrection in the departments, 9, 272, 284; death of, 10, 279 Gual, Pedro (1 784-1862), Venezuelan statesman: suppresses the insurrec- tion, 21, 96 S06 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Gualo (13th century), papal legate: appointed guardian of Henry III of England, II, 130 Guam (Guahan), island in the Pacific Ocean: history of, 20, 321; ceded to the United States, 24, 1032 Guanahani: see San Salvador Guantanamo, Cuba: battle of (1898), 22, 459; granted to the United States, 479 Guarantee, Law of (ca. 1880), secur- ing to the Pope the position of a sovereign, 4, 399 Guarina, Peru: battle of (1547), 21, 27 Guarnieri, Duke (ca. 1350), Italian noble: leader of mercenaries, 4, 252 Guastalla, Italy: battle (1734), 9, 236 Guasto, Marquis of (ca. 1550), Span- ish soldier: at battle of Wernsfeld, 13, 151 Guatemala, Central America: con- quered by Spanish, 22, 429; republic of, founded, 438 Guatemozin (Guauhtemotzin), Em- peror of Mexico, 1520-1525: acces- sion of, 22, 44; at the siege of Mex- ico, 56; tortured, 62; death of, 69, 433 Guauhnahuac: see Cuernavaca Guayaquil, Ecuador: description of, 21, 106; insurrection in (1864), 114 Guaynacapac (16th century), Mexican ruler: founds a kingdom in Guiana, 21, 27 Gubel, Switzerland: battle of the (iS3i), 13, 445 Gudea, King of Babylonia, ca. 3000 B. C. : reign of, 1, 76 Gudleif (ca. 1000 A. D.), Iceland trav- eler: account of his voyage to Vin- land, 16, 49 Gudrod (ca. 900 A. D.), Norwegian prince: mission of, 16, 42 Gudstadt, Prussia: battle of (1807), 9, 33i Guebriant, Jean Baptiste (1602-1643), French marshal: his campaigns in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 194 Guelders, Charles of Egmont, Duke of: see Charles of Egmont, Duke of Guelders Guelders, War of, struggle of Gueld- ers against Emperor Philip (1500), 13, 52 Guelf or Guelphs: see Welf Guerande, Treaty of, concluded be- tween Montfort of England and Charles Blois (1365), 9, 103 Guerra, Lieutenant-Colonel (ca. 1800), Colombian soldier: insurrection of, 21, 185 Guerra, Cristobal (ca. 1500), a Span- ish merchant: discoveries of, 21, 15 Guerra, Garcia, Archbishop of Mexico, (d. 161 1), Spanish- American prelate: made viceroy of Mexico, 22, 151 Guerrero, Vicente (1782-1831), Mexi- can soldier: in the rebellion of 1821, 22, 247; member of provisional gov- ernment, 264; attempts to crush re- bellion (1827), 266; declared presi- dent of Mexico, 268; death of, 270 Guerrier (ca. 1825), Haytian patriot: made ruler of Hayti, 22, 499 "Guerriere," British frigate: captured, 23, 422 Guesclin, Bertrand du (1314-1380), French captain: career of, 9, 102, 11, 168 Gueux, Dutch confederates (16th cen- tury) : name adopted, 13, 88 Gugger (ca. 1750), Swiss divine: teachings of, 13, 492 Guiana (Guayana), South America: settlement of, 20, 87; surrenders to the British, 139; Indian kingdom founded in, 21, 27 Guiana, British, a British colony in South America: history of, 20, 247 Guiana, Dutch, a Dutch colony in South America: history of, 20, 285 Guiana, French, a French colony in South America: attempts to colo- nize, 20, 121 Guiche, Marshal de (ca. 1625), French general: his campaign against the Spanish, 13, 214 Guido, Cardinal, a Papal legate (ca. 1 160): sent to Bohemia, 17, 66 Guignes, France: battle of, 9, 346 Guilds, leagues instituted for the pur- pose of securing to their members mutual protection (12th century), 16, 77 GENERAL INDEX 307 Guilford Court House, North Caro- lina: battle of (1781), 23, 281 Guillemot, Charles Armand (1774- 1840), French general and diploma- tist: negotiates truce of Slobosia, 14, 403 Guillotin, Joseph Ignace (1738-1814), a French physician: elected member of the States-General, 10, 39 Guinea, French, a French colony in Africa: Germans settle in, 19, 107; sketch of, 20, 281 Guinea, Portuguese, a Portuguese colony in Africa: description of, 20, 298 Guinegate, France: battle of (1479), 9, 125, 13, 50; battle of (1513), called battle of the Spurs, 9, 135, 236, 13, 54 Guines, Treaty of, concluded between England and France (1547), 9, 144 Guiomar de Castro (ca. 1450), a Span- ish princess: her relations with En- rique IV of Leon, 8, 181 Guise, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of: see Lorraine, Charles, Duke of Guise Guise, Frangois de Lorraine, Duke of (1519-1563), leader of the Catholic party in France, called the Butcher of Vassy: his campaign against the Spanish in Italy, 8, 354; captures Calais, 9, 148; regent for Francis II of France, 149; death of, 154 Guise, Henry of Lorraine, Duke of: see Henry of Guise Guiteau, Charles Julius (1841-1882), American politician; Garfield assis- sinated by, 24, 934; probable insan- ity of, 935 Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume ( 1 787-1874), French statesman and historian: leader of the doctrinaires, 9, 372; enters parliamentary life, 389; his relation to the revolution of 1830, 391; made minister of the in- terior, 396; in Soult's ministry, 402; made minister of public instruction in Mole's cabinet, 410; ministry of, 9, 415, 14, 437 Gujarat, India: battle of (1849), 5, 226 Gujarat, Kingdom of, India: early his- tory of, 5, 107; conquered by Mo- guls, 113 Gujer, Jacob (ca. 1700), Swiss farmer: sketch of, 13, 490 Gujer, Jakob (ca. 1800), Swiss politi- cian: opens the assembly at Uster, 13, 535 Guldberg, Count Ove Hogh (1731- 1808), Danish historian and states- man: ministry of, 16, 243; dismissal of, 254 Guld-Harald (10th century), of the royal family of Scandinavia: sketch of, 16, 29 Gule Law, The (ca. 950 A. D.), to re- store allodial lands to the Scandi- navian peasantry: promulgated by Hakon, 16, 52 Gulistan, Treaty of, concluded be- tween Persia and Russia (1813), 5, 359 Gunderic (ca. 400 A. D.), King of the Vandals: leads invasion into Spain, 8,35 Gundobad or Gundobald: see Gonde- baud Gungunyana (19th century), King of Gazaland, Africa: sends envoys to England, 19, 232 Gunhild (ca. 940 A. D.), Queen of Norway: sketch of, 16, 52, 54 Gunhilde (ca. 1025), daughter of Canute: betrothed to Henry III of Germany, 18, 125 Gunner (ca. 1241), Scandinavian prel- ate: revises Valdemar's code of law, 16, 89 Gunning, Sir Robert (ca. 1775), Eng- lish diplomat: at the Russian court, 15, 165, 171 Gunpowder: introduction into Europe, 4, 255; trade in, made a state mo- nopoly in Switzerland, 13, 580 Gunpowder Plot, in English history: a plot to blow up the king, the Lords, and the Commons (1605), II, 308 Gunter, Edmund (1581-1626), English mathematician: applies logarithms to nautical calculations, 20, 122 Gunther (ca. 450 A. D.), King of the Burgundians: Attila defeats, 18, 41 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Gunther of Schwarzburg (1304-1349), German count: rival of Charles IV, 18, 192 Gunthram (Guntram), King of the Franks, s6i-593 A. D.: reign of, 9, 26, 18, 61 Gunzburg, Germany: battle of (1805), 9, 326 Gunzburg, Baron (ca. 1900), Russian diplomat: represents Russia at Seul, 7, 296 Gupta Dynasty, India, 319-470 A. D.: reign of, 5, 74 Gurkhas, principal race in kingdom of Nepal: seek protection from Galdan, 6, 68; at war with China, 100; sub- mission of, 103; at war with the English, 5, 207 Gurko, Count Joseph Vladimirovitch (1828 ), Russian general: his campaign against Turkey, 15, 334; removed from the government of Poland, 345 Guru, India: battle of (1904), 5, 298 Gurzon (ca. 1830), a South American colonel: rebellion of, 31, 138 Gustaf (d. 1607), son of Erik XIV of Sweden: sketch of, 16, 164 Gustaf Adolf: see Gustavus (II) Adol- phus, King of Sweden Gustavus (I) Vasa, King of Sweden, 1523-1560: born at Lindholm, Up- land, Sweden, May 12, 1496; re- ceived a careful education; entered public service, 1514; was a hostage for the Danish king, 1518, and was treacherously imprisoned; escaped, 1519; heard Luther and returned to Sweden, 1520; led a rebellion of the Dalecarlians, 1521; made King of Sweden, 1523; favored Protest- antism and made Lutheranism the state religion, 1528; his reign was disturbed by domestic wars and by contests with Russia; died at Stock- holm, September 29, 1560 Career of, 16, 150; sent as a hos- tage to Denmark, 141; accession of, I5i 1545 adheres to the Augsburg Confession, 9, 142; at the diet of Vesteraas, 16, 156; reforms of, 159; death of, 160 Gustavus (II) Adolphus, King of Sweden, 1611-1632; called The Star of the North, The Lion of the North: born at Stockholm, Decem- ber 19, 1594; succeeded his father, 161 1, at a time when Sweden was in- volved in wars with Denmark, Po- land, and Russia; concluded a treaty with Denmark, 1613; forced the Rus- sian emperor to a disadvantageous peace, 1617; concluded an armistice with Poland, 1629; led the Protes- tant forces in the Thirty Years' War; killed at the battle of Lutzen, No- vember 6, 1632 Early life of, 16, 175; reign of, 176; charters Delaware colony, 23, 108; offers shelter to Remonstrants, 13, 201; acquires Livonia, 15, 22; his campaigns in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 190, 13, 211, 18, 278; loses Livonia, 15, 382; death of, 13, 215, 16, 184, 17, 211, 18, 284 Gustavus III (1746-1792), King of Sweden, 1771-1792: reign of, 16, 247; visits Catherine, 15, 174; his war with Russia, 187; death of, 15, 189, 16, 249 Gustavus (IV) Adolphus (1 778-1837), King of Sweden, 1792-1809: reign of, 16, 250; in the third coalition, 15, 214; his war with Russia, 216; forced to abdicate, 16, 252 Gutenberg, John (1400-1468), German inventor of printing: sketch of, 18, 220 Guthrie, Oklahoma: established in one day, 24, 985 Guthrie, James (d. 1662), Scottish di- vine: death of, 12, 345 Guthrum (d. 890 A. D.), Danish chief- tain: struggle with Alfred the Great, 11, 43, 16, 15 Gutierrez, Juan Maria (1809-1878), an Argentine author: sketch of, 21, 118 Gutierrez, Marcelino (ca. 1875), a South American colonel: assassi- nates Balta, 21, 210 Gutierrez, Santos Joaquin (1820-1872), South American general and politi- cian: president of Colombia, 21, 90 Gutierrez, Tomas (ca. 1870), South American Minister of War: insur- rection of, 21, 210 GENERAL INDEX 309 Guttorm (d. 1204), King of Norway: reign of, 16, 98 Guzman Blanco, Antonio: see Blanco, Antonio Guzman Guzman, Luis Enriquez (ca. 1650), Mexican commander: made viceroy of New Spain, 22, 167 Guzman, Nufio de (ca. 1485-1544), a Spanish lawyer and soldier: ap- pointed president of the audiencia, 22, 67; presides over trial of Cor- tez, 71 Gwalior, Hindustan: siege of (1780), 5, 193 Gwin, William M. (19th century), an American politician: elected sena- tor from California, 24, 598 Gyda (ca. 900 A. D.), Scandinavian princess: sketch of, 16, 141 Gyges, King of Lydia, ca. 690-650 B. .C: aids Egyptian revolt against As- syria, 1, 31; sends tribute to Ashur- bani-pal, 90; reign of, 1, 144, 2, 116 Gyldensjerne, Knud (ca. 1525), Scan- dinavian commander: takes Chris- tian II prisoner, 16, 192 Gylfe, King of the Goths, 1st century B. C: the legend of, 16, 35 Gylippus (ca. 425 B. C), Spartan gen- eral: in Sicily, 2, 339; defeats the Athenians, 344, 347 Gyllenborg, Count Karl (1679-1746), Swedish statesman: the party of, 15, 130 Gyllenstjerna, Johan (ca. 1675), Swed- ish diplomat: aids reform, 16, 212 Gyogi (Bosatsu) (ca. 724 A. D.), Japanese priest: doctrine of, 7, 32 Gyrth (ca. 1050), Earl of East Anglia: made earl, 11, 63 Gythium, Greece: taken by Athenians, 2, 246; burned by Thebans, 441 H Haan, de (ca. 1619), Dutch statesman: arrest of, 13, 201 Haarlem, Holland: siege of (1572) 13, 113 Habeas Corpus, Writ of, United States law suspended by Andros, 23, 100; Lincoln suspends, 24, 738, 815 Habeas Corpus Act, law of England: passed (1679), II, 407 Habibrilla, Amir of Afghanistan (1901 ) : accession of, 5, 287 Habits, Land of Steady: see Connect- icut Hadadezer (Hadad-idri) of Damascus (ca. 854 B. C.) : opposes Shalman- eser II, 1, 80; relations with Ahab, King of Israel, 390 Hadji Beytarch (ca. 1326), Ottoman dervish: names the Janissaries, 14, 21 Hadji Mustapha (ca. 1803), Servian Pasha: becomes Pasha of Belgrade, 14, 387 Hadlaub, John (ca. 1263), German poet: sketch of, 13, 361 Hadley, Massachusetts: attack on (1675), 23, 97, 146 Hadrian (Publius iElius Hadrianus) (76-138 A. D.), Roman Emperor, 1 17-138 A. D.: reign of, 4, 91; con- dition of Greece under, 2, 524, 525; visits Britain, 11, 11; death, 4, 93 Hadrian's Wall, Great Britain: built, 4, 92, 12, 249 Haedui, Gallic tribe: aided by Rome, 3, 300; made tributary to the Se- quani, 301 Haemon (d. 1343), Duke of Savoy: reign of, 4, 275 Haemstede, Admiral von (16th cen- tury), Spanish naval officer: captured by the Dutch, 13, 117 Haffkine, Waldeman Mordecai Wolff (i860 ), Russian bacteriologist: discoveries of, 5, 282 Hafiz (Lishan ul Ghaid) (14th cen- tury), Persian philosopher and poet: sketch of, 5, 336 Hafiz, Pasha (17th century), Grand Vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 216 Hafurstfjord, Norway: battle of (872 A. D.), 16, 41 Hagenau, Treaty of, a treaty arrang- ing for the acquisition of Carinthia by Austria (1330), 17, 101 Hagenbach, K. (19th century), a Swiss theologian: sketch of, 13, 586 Hagenbach, Peter von (d. 1474), Swiss favorite of Charles the Bold: wid- ens breach between Burgundy and the Confederates, 13, 405; death of, 406 Hager, Lorens (ca. 1708), Swedish Protestant clergyman: his account of the death of Patkul, 15, 46 Hagerup, G. F., Norwegian states- man, premier, 1895-1898: ministry of, 16, 285 Haggard, Henry Rider (1856 ), English novelist and barrister: visits East Africa, 19, 133 Hagiwara Shigehide (ca. 1650), Japa- nese politician: proposes the issue of a debased currency, 7, 143 Hague, Congress of, meeting of the sovereigns of England, Holland, and Prussia (1790), 14, 360 Hague, The, capital of the Nether- lands: taken by the Spanish, 13, 114 Hague, Treaty of the, a treaty be- tween the Empire, Prussia, and Rus- sia (1710), 15, 63 Hague Conference, The (1608), con- ference of representatives of Spain, France, and England: 13, 188 Hague International Peace Confer- ence, The (1899), 13, 318, 15, 35i Hahn, Michael (19th century), Ameri- can politician: elected to Congress, 310 GENERAL INDEX Sll 24, 833; elected governor of Louisi- ana. 834 Hai-cheng, China: captured by the Japanese, 7, 268, 272 Haida Indians: their slate carving, 23, 14 Haidar Ali: attempts to expel English from India, 5, 193 Haidarabad (Patala), India: founded, 5, 69 " Hail, Columbia," popularity of, 23, 374 Haileybury, India: East India Col lege established at, 5, 202 Hairan, Hagib of Cordova, ca. 1012: at war with Solyman, 8, 80; deserts Ali ben Hamad, 81 Hajji Ibrahim (ca. 1790), Persian officer: treachery of, 5, 356 Hajji Mirza Aghasi (ca. 1832), Per- sian vizier: under Russian influence, 5, 360 Hakar: see Akhoris Hakhi Pasha (early 19th century), Turkish commander: his campaign against Russia, 15, 284 Hakon (I) the Good (ca. 920-961 A D.), King of Norway: career of, 16, 52 Hakon (II) Jarl, King of Norway 977-995 A. D.: secures the throne, 16, 29; reign of, 54 Hakon III, King of Norway, 1202- 1204: reign of, 16, 98 Hakon IV, King of Norway, 1217-ca 1263: reign of, 16, 98 Hakon V, King of Norway, 1299- 13 19: reign of, 16, 100 Hakon VI, King of Norway, 1350- 1380: Magnus resigns the throne to, 16, 100; marriage of, 108, 117; de- feated by Hanseatic League, 18, 195 Hakon VII, King of Norway, 1906 : accession of, 16, 288 Hakozaki, Japan: battle of (1274), 7, 74 Hale, John Parker (1806-1873), Ameri can statesman: nominated for Presi- dent (1844), 24, 559; (1852), 621 Hale, Nathan (1756-1776), American soldier: fate of, 23, 278 Haleppa, Pact of, in Turkish history a pact providing for reduction of taxes (1867), account of, 14, 467, 502 Hales, Sir Edward (ca. 1686), English nobleman: trial of, II, 424 Half King (ca. 1753), Indian chief: accompanies Washington, 23, 170; efforts of French to alienate, 175 note Half-breeds, The, Republican faction in United States: so named, 24, 934; succeeded by Stalwarts, 945 Halfdan (9th century A. D.), Nor- wegian prince: mission of, 16, 42 Halfdan Svarte (d. 863 A. D.), King of Norway: reign of, 16, 41 Haliartus, Greece: destroyed by Xerxes, 2, 196; battle of, 398 Halicarnassus, Asia: founded, 2, 56; siege of, 489 Halidon HilL England: battle of (1333), 12, 285 Halifax, Nova Scotia: fisheries com- mission meet at, 24, 884, 886 Halifax, Earl of: see Sir Charles Montague Halifax, Charles Wood, Viscount: see Wood, Charles, Viscount Halifax Halifax, George Saville, Marquis of (1630-1695), English politician: supports Charles II against Shaftes- bury, 11, 408; dismissed from office, 423; desires reforms in Parliament, 519 Halket, Sir Peter (d. 1755), English . -officer: in Braddock's expedition, 23, 179 Halkett, General (19th century), a German soldier: in the Slesvig-Hol- stein War, 16, 270 Hall, General (early 19th century), American officer: his expedition against Canada, 20, 154 Hall, Captain (middle 19th century), English naval officer: his expedition in the White Sea, 15, 309 Hall, Charles (1821-1871), American Arctic explorer: explorations of, 16, 312 Halle, Germany: taken by Tilly (1631), 18, 280; taken by Schill (1809), 376 Halle, University of: founded, 18, 320 318 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Halleck, Fitz Greene (i 790-1 867), American poet: in American litera- ture, 23, 481 Halleck, Henry Wager (1815-1872), American soldier: gives permission to Grant to capture Fort Henry, 24, 744; captures Corinth, 750; ap- pointed general in chief, 762; sends Buell to Chattanooga, 773; com- mander in chief, 775 Haller, Albrecht von (d. 1777), a Swiss poet and naturalist: sketch of, 13 488 Haller, Berthold (ca. 1525), Swiss re- former: reforms of, 13, 439 Haller, Karl L. von (ca. 1820), Ber- nese professor: advocates opposition to all liberal institutions, 13, 528 Halley, Edmund (1656-1742), English astronomer: aids nautical science, 20, 122 Hallvil, Hans von (15th century), Swiss soldier: at the battle of Mo- rat, 13, 409 Halm, Michael (19th century), Ameri- can politician: elected to Congress, 24, 833; elected governor of Louisi- ana, 834 Hals, Frans (1580-1666), Dutch painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Halys, river in Lydia: battle of the (547 B. C.), I. 146 Hamada Yahei (ca. 1650), Japanese adventurer: conquers Formosa, 7, 136 Hamadanites, line of Arabian princes: reign of, 1, 365 Hamburg, Germany: a member of the Hanseatic League, 18, 174; sur- renders to Wallenstein (1628), 276; recovered from French (1813), 382 Hamburg, Peace of, a peace between Prussia and Sweden (1762), 16, 228 Hamed ben Mohammed, King of East Morocco, ca. 1500: reign of, 8, 437 Hamelin, Germany: siege of (1625), 18, 274 Hamilcar (d. 480 B. C), Carthaginian commander: invades Sicily, 2, 218; killed, 218 Hamilcar Barca (d. ca. 229 B. C), Carthaginian soldier: his African campaign, 3, 102; campaign in Sicily, 104; concludes peace with Rome (241 B. C), 105; made commander- in-chief of all Africa, ill; his ca- reer in Spain, 3, 112, 8, 13; killed, 3, 112 Hamilton, Marquis of (ca. 1600), Brit- ish nobleman: appointed commis- sioner to Scotland, 12, 337 Hamilton, Alexander, an American statesman and soldier: born in the Island of Nevis, West Indies, Janu- ary 11, 1757; was sent to his mother's relatives in Santa Cruz while a child; became a clerk in a counting-house there, 1769; was sent to a grammar school at Elizabeth- town, N.J., 1772; entered King's Col- lege, 1773; his speeches, pamphlets, and newspaper articles attracted great attention, 1774-1775; received a captain's commission in the ar- tillery, 1776, and served with honor, becoming aide-de-camp to Washing- ton, 1777; resigned his commission, 1781, but received the command of a New York battalion of light in- fantry; served with distinction at the siege of Yorktown, 1781; was a member of Congress, 1782-1783, and 1787-1788; member of the Con- stitutional Convention, 1787; was the chief author of the papers after- ward called " The Federalist;" was Secretary of the Treasury, 1789- !795! was made inspector-general of the army with the rank of major- general, 1798, and was commander- in-chief for a short time, 1799; chosen president-general of the Cin- cinnati, 1800; opposed Aaron Burr for the governorship of New York State, 1804; mortally wounded by Burr in a duel at Weehawken, N. J., July 11, 1804, and died the follow- ing day Graduates from King's College, 23, 140; defends Joshua Wadding- ton, 309; proposes the Constitutional Convention, 322; in Constitutional Convention, 324; writes for the Federalist, 335; member of New York ratification convention, 337; absent from first Congress, 343; GENERAL INDEX 313 Secretary of the Treasury, 344; proposes tax on whiskey, 348; plans payment of public debts, 349; pro- poses a national bank, 350; plans for national currency, 353; retires from Cabinet, 357; favors neutrality, 358; def end's Jay Treaty, 363; in com- mand of army, 375; enmity between Jefferson and, 382; duel with Burr, 402 Hamilton, Andrew (ca. 1775), Ameri- can lawyer: extent of his reputa- tion, 23, 138 Hamilton, Gavin (ca. 1610), Bishop of Galloway: consecrated, 12, 332 Hamilton, Sir James (15th century), Scottish chieftain: joins cause of James II of Scotland, 12, 296 Hamilton, James, first Earl of Arran (ca. 1477-ca. 1529), Scottish politi- cian: commands fleet for invasion of France, 12, 300 Hamilton, James, second Earl of Arran (d. 1575), Scottish statesman: regent for Mary Queen of Scots, 13, 305 Hamilton, Richard (17th century), English soldier: at siege of Derry, 12, 135 Hamilton, Port, an island off the southern coast of Korea: occupied by the British, 6, 253 Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, James (ca. 1570), Scottish desperado: mur- ders Earl of Murray, 12, 321 Hamley, Sir Edward Bruce (1824- 1893), a British soldier and author: in the Crimean War, 15, 311 Hamlin, Hannibal (1809-1891), Ameri- can statesman: nominated for Vice- President (i860), 24, 682; in Con- gress, 862; hostile to Hayes, 915 Hammer and Scourge of the English, The: see Wallace, William Hammer of Scotland, The: see Ed- ward I, King of England Hammerlin, Felix (1389-ca. 1460), Swiss theologian: taken prisoner, 1 3, 402 Hammurabi (Amraphel), King of Babylonia, 2287-2232 B. C: reign of, 1, 76 Hampden, John (1594-1643), English statesman: refuses to pay ship- money, n, 334; impeached, 343 Hampton, Wade (1818-1901), Ameri- can confederate general: at Colum- bia, 24, 807 Hampden-Sydney College, Virginia: W. H. Harrison educated at, 22, 524 Hampton Roads Conference, between Confederate States and the Union (1865): failure of, 24, 809 Hamsad Bey (d. 1834), Circassian commander: leads the Circassians, 15, 298 Han Dynasty, The (202 B. C.-220 A. D.), second historical and fifth im- perial dynasty of China: reign of, 6, 12 Hanabusa Yoshimoto (ca. 1875), Japa- nese minister: minister to Korea, 7, 195 Hanau, Prussia: battle of (1813), 9, 343, 10, 489, 17, 310, 18, 385 Hanazons, Emperor of Japan, 1308- 1319: accession of, 7, 83 Hancock, John, an American states- man: born in Quincy, Mass., Janu- ary 12, 1737; graduated at Harvard, 1754; became a merchant of Boston, 1764; was elected to the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, 1766; delivered an address at the funeral of those killed in the Boston Massacre, 1770; became president of the Provincial Congress, 1774, and president of the Continental Con- gress, 1775; signed the Declaration of Independence, 1776; resigned his seat in Congress through ill health, and was chosen Governor of Massa- chusetts, 1780; was annually re- elected with the exception of two years until his death, October 8, 1793 Guilty of smuggling, 23, 205; president of Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, 225; Gage attempts to arrest, 226; delegate to second Continental Congress, 229; desires to be commander-in-chief of army, 230; excepted from amnesty offered 314 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS by Gage, 231; opposed to Constitu- tional Convention, 324; not in favor of the Constitution, 336 Hancock, Winfield Scott, a noted American general: born in Mont- gomery Co., Pa., February 14, 1824; was graduated at West Point, 1844; served as lieutenant in the Mexican War, 1846-1847; became captain, 1855, and brigadier-general of volun- teers, 1861; fought in the battle of Antietam, 1862; commanded a corps at Gettysburg, 1863, and near Spott- sylvania Court-House, 1864; was ap- pointed brigadier-general of the regular army, 1864, brevet major- general, 1865, and major-general, 1866; held department commands after the war; was a Democratic candidate for the Presidency; died at Governor's Island, near New York, February 9, 1886 Arrives at Gettysburg, 24, 780; valor at Gettysburg 782; wounded in Pickett's charge, 782; at Spott- sylvania, 789; Presidential nominee, 930; sketch of, 930 Handsome Englishman, The: see Marlborough, John Churchhill, Duke of Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 6th century B. C: description of, 1, 92 Hanging Rock, South Carolina: battle of (1780), 23, 274 Hanka, Wenceslaus (1791-1861), Bo- hemian philosopher and poet: sketch of, 17. 343 Hanki (ca. 1850), Chinese general: in the Anglo-China War, 6, 175 Hanlin College, Peking, China: es- tablished, 6, 27, 28; destruction of, 283, 302 Hanna, Marcus Alonzo (1 837-1 904), United States Senator: agitated for Presidency, 24, 1063 Hannecourt, Netherlands: battle of (1642), 13, 214 Hannibal (d. 406 B. C), grandson of Hamilcar, Carthaginian general: takes Selinus, 2, 408; Himera, 409; death of, 410 Hannibal, one of the most celebrated conquerors of the world: born about 247 B. C; swore everlasting enmity to the Romans as a child; became commander-in-chief of the army, 221; and first subjugated some Span- ish tribes; attacked Saguntum, an ally of the Romans, 219, and cap- tured it after a siege of eight months; thus began the second Punic War; crossed the Alps to in- vade Italy; gained the victories of the Ticino and the Trebia, 218, of Lake Thrasymene, 217, and of Cannae, 216; captured the city of Capua and took up his winter quar- ters there; won Tarentum, 213; gained a victory over the two Scip- ios in Spain, 212; fought against superior forces for nearly four years in the peninsula of Bruttium; re- turned to Africa, 203, in defense of his country; was defeated at Zama, 202, and in the peace which fol- lowed the Romans dictated the con- ditions; became chief magistrate of the republic, 201; went into volun- tary exile, 195; went to Antiochus of Syria about 194 and was kindly received; his fortune there suffering reverses, he fled to the court of Prusias, King of Bithynia; upon the demand for his surrender by a Ro- man embassy, he poisoned himself, 183 B. C. At battle of Mylae, 3, 101; swears enmity to Rome, 112; sketch of, 113; character of, 8, 14; attacks Sagun- tum, 3, 114; invades Italy, 114; at the battle of Lake Trasimene, 118; at battle of Nola, 123; at battle of Grumentum, 128; recalled to Africa, 130; reorganizes Carthage, 134; re- ceived at the court of Antiochus, 144; death, 146 Hanno, King of Gaza, ca. 750 B. G: revolts against Assyria, 1, 84 Hanno (ca. 264 B. G), Carthaginian naval commander: blockades Mes- sana, 3, 100 Hanno, surnamed the Great (ca. 240 B. C), leader of the aristocratic party at Carthage: his colonizing expedition along the coast of Africa, 19, 6 GENERAL INDEX 315 Hanno (ca. 200 B. C.)> Carthaginian general, son of Gisgo: defeated by Scipio, 8, 16; taken prisoner by the Romans, 18 Hanno (d. 1075), Archbishop of Cologne: conspiracy of, 18, 131 Hanoi, capital of Tongking, China: taken by the French, 20, 273; made capital of Indo-China, 274 Hanover, province of Prussia: sur- rendered to the French, 18, 336, 339; given to Prussia, 371; taken by the Prussians (1866), 41b Hanover, Treaties of: 1725. Concluded between Eng- land, France, and Prussia, 9, 234 1726. Concluded between Holland and the Emperor Charles VI, 13, 253 Hanriot (Henriot), Frangois (1761- 1794), French revolutionist: receives the title of commandant-general of the insurrectionists, 10, 258; re- leased by Coffinhal, 315; outlawed by the convention, 315; turns the cannon upon the convention, 316; arrest and death of, 9, 291, 10, 318 Hans (14SS-1513), King of Denmark and Norway: reign of, 16, 137; pro- claimed King of Sweden, 138; re- signs the Swedish crown, 140 Hans (ca. 1550), son of Frederick I of Denmark: sketch of, 16, 194 Hans von Rapperswil, Count (ca. 1350), Swiss political leader: at- tempts to aid the councilors of Zu- rich, 13, 376 Hanseatic (Hanse) League (The Hansa), defensive commercial con- federacy formed (1241) by port towns of northern Germany for the purpose of checking the growth of Danish power: founded, 18, 174; growth of, 195; acknowledges Val- demar (II) Syr, 16, 85; accorded autonomy, 89; Albert bestows privi- leges on the, 109; at war with Val- demar IV of Denmark, 115; Chris- tian gives a monopoly of trade to, 136; presses claim against Gustavus Vasa, 154; decline of, 18, 231; power of, 20, 15 Hanway, Jonas (1712-1786), English traveler and philanthropist: his ef- forts in behalf of slaves, 20, 130 Hapsburg, House of, German princely family ruling from the nth to the 18th century: rise of, 13, 361, 17, 99. 18, 179; as kings of Bohemia, 17, 194; ends with death of Charles VI, 13, 254, 15, 133, 17, 192, 18, 328, 23, 163 Harald (I) Hildetand (8th century), King of Denmark: at the battle of Bravalla, 16, 19 Harald (II) Blaatand (d. ca. 985), King of Denmark, ca. 935-ca. 985) : accession of, 16, 28; his enmity to Hakon, 53; repelled by Otto I, 18, in; pays tribute to Otto, 16, 60 Harald III, King of Denmark, 1014- 1018: reign of, 16, 31 Harald (IV) Hejn, King of Denmark, 1076-1080: reign of, 16, 71 Harald (I) Haarfager, King of Nor- way, ca. 895: forms kingdom, 12, 254; Scandinavian expansion under, 16, 34; collects sagas, 37; reign of, 4i, 5i Harald (II) Graafell (d. 963), King of Norway, 950-963: reign of, 16, 54; death of, 29 Harald (III) Haardrade (d. 1066), King of Norway, 1046-1066; acces- sion of, 16, 33; ravages Denmark, 67; plunders coast of England, 11, 65; killed at Stanford Bridge, 11, 66, 1 6, 68 Harald (IV) Gille (d. 1136), King of Norway, 1130-1136: defeats Magnus Sigurdson, 16, 80; career of, 98 Harald Kesia (d. 1135), brother of Erik II, King of Denmark: death of, 16, 80 Harald Klak (9th century), King of Slesvig: convertion of, 16, 25 Harald: see also Harold Haranguer (ca. 1590), Dutch naval commander: plans capture of Breda, 13, 156 Harbin, Manchuria, China: occupied by Russia, 7, 285, 15, 363 Harcourt, Count of (d. 1355): execu- tion of, 9, 97 316 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Harcourt, Henry of Lorraine, Count of: see Lorraine, Henry of, Count of Harcourt Hard (Fussach), Switzerland: battle of (1499), 13, 4i8 Hardcastle, Edmund (19th century), American commander: in the Mexi- can War, 23, 348 Hardee, William J. (1815-1873), American soldier in Confederate service: at battle of Pittsburg Land- ing, 24, 747; at Stone River, 774; defends Savannah, 805; evacuates Charlestown, 808 Hardegon (Hardeknud) (ca. 850 A. D.), King of Leire: career of, 16, 21 Hardenberg, Prince Karl August von (1750-1822), Prussian statesman: concludes the Treaty of Basel, 18, 357; his efforts to liberate Germany, 379, 381 Hardicanute: see Harthaknud Hardinge, Sir Henry (1785-1856), English general: his governor-gen- eralship of India, 5, 219 Hardy (ca. 1795), English factionist: trial of, 11, 543 Harebone, William (ca. 1579), Eng- lish merchant: sent to Constanti- nople, 14, 202 Harfleur, sea-port of northern France: siege of (1415), 9, III f ", 197 Hargraves, Edward Hammond (b. 1816), English farmer: discovers gold in Australia, 20, 201 Hargreaves, James (d. 1778), English inventor: invents the spinning-jenny (1767), 11, 533 Harlaw, Scotland: battle of (141 1), 12, 289 Harlem Heights, New York: battle of (1776), 23, 243 Harley, Robert (1661-1724), Earl of Oxford: holds office as a moderate Tory, 11, 455; becomes Lord High Treasurer and Earl of Oxford, 463; resigns office, 466; impeached, 469 Harmar (ca. 1790), American general: sent against Indians, 23, 365 Harmodius (d. 527 B. C), Athenian patriot: attempts overthrow of tyr- anny at Athens, 2, 112 Harmon, Judson (1846 ), an American lawyer: attorney-general, 24, 993 note Harmosts (ca. 404 B. C), Spartan governors: system of, 2, 381 Harmozan (ca. 650 A. D.), Persian satrap: surrenders to Arabs, I, 264 Harney, William Selby (1800-1889), American general: in the Mexican War, 22, 326 Haro, Nunez de (ca. 1787), Arch- bishop of Mexico: his administra- tion as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 214 Harold I (d. 1040), King of England 1 035-1040: reign of, 11, 60, 16, 32 Harold II, King of England, January 10-October 14, 1066: son of God- win, Earl of Kent; was appointed commander of the royal army and won victories over the Welsh about 1062; imprisoned by William, Duke of Normandy, when he was ship- wrecked upon the coast of France about 1065, but was .et free upon his oath to help William to the throne upon the death of Edward the Confessor; was proclaimed king himself, 1066, and William soon de- manded the crown of him; Harold refused; defeated his brother Tostig and the King of Norway, but three days later was killed in the Battle of Hastings, October 14, 1066, by which victory William became the ruler of England Becomes Earl of Wessex, 11, 63; accession to English throne, 64; at battle of Stamford Bridge, 66; de- feated by William the Conqueror, 9, 68; death of, 11, 67 Harold: see also Harald Haroun Al Raschid (ca. 766-809 A. D.), Eastern caliph: his relations with Charlemagne, 18, 85; invades the Eastern Empire, I, 350; reign of, 1, 350, 5, 326 Harpagus, the Mede (6th century B. C), Persian general: conquests of, 2, 125 Harper's Ferry, West Virginia: John Brown's raid upon, 24, 674; seized GENERAL INDEX 317 by confederates, 717; Lee enters Maryland at, 764; captured by Con- federates (1862), 765 Harris, George (1746-1829), English general: at siege of Seringapatam, 5, 200 Harris, Isham G. (1818-1897), Amer- ican statesman: heads secession movement in Tennessee, 24, 719 Harris, James, Earl of Malmesbury: see Malmesbury, James Harris, Earl of Harris, Townsend (1804-1878), Amer- ican diplomat: sent as consul-gen- eral to Japan, 7, 157 Harris Papyrus, Egyptian document of 13th century B. C. : value of, 1, 28 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: convention for protection of manufacturers meets at, 23, 472; Whig convention (1839), 24, 520; Lincoln makes speech at, 706; Lee's objective point, 779 Harrison, Benjamin (1740-1791), American politician: delegate to first Continental Congress, 23, 223; great-grandfather of President Har- rison, 24, 965 Harrison, Benjamin (1833-1901), Pres- ident of the United States, 1889- 1893: nominated President, 24, 965; sketch of, 965; election, 967; pardons Mormon polygamists, 984; nominated for President (1892), 988; complications with Hawaii, 998 Harrison, John (1693-1776), English mechanician: aids nautical science, 20, 123 Harrison, William Henry (1773-1841), President of the United States, March 4-April 4, 1841: defeats In- dians at Tippecanoe, 23, 416; Per- ry's dispatch to, 423; victory at Fort Meigs, 425; recaptures Detroit, 425; his rise in War of 1812, 433; can- didate for Presidential nomination, 510; nominated for President, 24, 521; early life of, 524; election, 524; inauguration, 525; death, 525 Harrison Expedition, The (1905), Arc- tic exploring expedition: history of, 16, 338 Harrison's Landing, Virginia: Mc- Clellan's retreat to, 24, 762 Harry the Minstrel, Blind (15th cen- tury), Scottish bard: sketch of, 12, 309 Hart, Sir Robert (1835 ), British administrator: his services to China, 6, 250 Hartford, Connecticut: founded, 23, 91; convention at (1814), 433 "Hartford," Union ship: at the cap- ture of New Orleans, 24, 751; Far- ragut's flagship, 24, 798 Harthacnut: see Harthaknud Harthaknud (ca. 1019-1042), King of Denmark, 1039-1042; becomes King of England, 11, 60; reign of, 16, 32 Hartmann von Kibung (d. 1322), Swiss rebel: attempts to extend his rights, 13, 360; death of, 373 Hartslime, Lieutenant (19th century), American military officer: rescues the Kane expedition, 16, 312 Harun al Raschid: see Haroun al Ra- shid Harvard, John (1607-1638), English clergyman: first benefactor of Har- vard University, 23, 91; bequeaths property and library to college, 140 Harvard University, Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts: founded, 23, 91, 140; early catalogues of, 131; graduates in Constitutional Convention, 323; John Adams a graduate from, 371; Roosevelt, a graduate from, 1068 Harvey, Bagenal (d. 1798), Irish rebel leader: in the Rebellion of 1798, 12, 211; death of, 213 Harvey, Sir John (1778-1852), British soldier: makes concessions to the legislature of New Brunswick, 20, 163 Hasan (ca. 1600), Pasha of Bosnia: defeated at Sisek, 17, 223 Hasan Uzum (Hasan the Long) (15th century), Turkish governor: con- quests of, 5, 339 Hasankin, King of Shiragi, ca. 200 A. D.: submits to the Japanese, 7, 13 Hasdai ben Isaac (915-970 A. D.), 318 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Jewish councilor: vizier of Cordova, 1,417 Hasdrubal (d. 221 B. C), Cartha- ginian general, son-in-law of Ham- ilcar Barca: his campaign in Sicily, 3, 102; statesmanship of, 112; ac- companies Hamilcar to Spain, 3, 112, 8, 13; death, 3, 113 Hasdrubal (d. ca. 200 B. C.) son of Gisgo, Carthaginian soldier: de- feated by Martius, 8, 17; defeated by Scipio Africanus, 18 Hasdrubal (ca. 150 B. C), Cartha- ginian soldier: defeated by Massin- issa, 3, 163 Hasdrubal Barca (d. 207 B. C), Car- thaginian general, son of Hamilcar Barca and brother of Hannibal: de- feated by Scipios, 8, 16; in com- mand in Spain, 3, 114; at battle of Cannae, 121 ; at battle of Baecula, 127; crosses the Pyrenees, 128; death, 128 Hashiba Hideyoshi: see Toyotomi Hi- deyoshi Haspinger (ca. 1800), Tyrolese insur- rectionist, called Father Joachim of the Red Beard: sketch of, 17, 297 Hassan (625-699 A. D.), Mohammedan caliph: abdicates, 1, 248 Hassan (ca. 690 A. D.), governor of Egypt: attempts conquest of Africa, 1, 306 Hassan ibn as-Sabbah (ca. 13th cen- tury), leader of a fanatic sect of the Ismailites: sketch of, 5, 332 Hassan Pasha (ca. 1800), Turkish gen- eral: at the battle of Tchesme, 15, 179; defeated by Repnin, 185 Hasselaar, Catherine van (16th cen- tury), Flemish patriot woman: sketch of, 13, 114 Hasslach, Germany: battle of (1805), 9, 326 Hastenbeck, Prussia: battle of (1757), 9, 245, 11, 499 Hastings, English sea-port: battle of (1066), 9, 68; see also Senlac Hastings, Francis Rawdon (1754- 1826), English general: his govern- orship of India, s, 206; at battle of Hobkirk's Hill, 23, 282 Hastings, John (ca. 1300), heir of Wil- liam the Lion, of Scotland: claims Scottish throne, 12, 271 Hastings, Warren (1732-1818), Eng- lish statesman: attempts to compro- mise with Mir Kasim, 5, 187; made governor of India, 189; appointed governor of Bengal, 11, 526; im- peachment of, 5, 192, 11, 192 Hastings, William, Lord (ca. 1430- 1483), English nobleman: death, 11, 220 Hatakeyama Masanaga (ca. 1450), Japanese war official: plots against, 7,98 Hatakeyama Yoshinari (ca. 1450), Japanese factionist: claims regency, 7,98 Hatasu (ca. 1450 B. C), aunt of Thothmes III of Egypt: regency of, 1, 23 Hate of Englishmen, The: see O'Neill, Shane, Lord of Ulster Hatria, Italy: founded, 3, 57 Hats (Hattar), political party of Swe- den, 16, 226 Hatti Humaiun, The, decree issued by the Porte of Turkey, recognizing the rights of Christians (1856), 14, 47i Hatto (ca. 800 A. D.), Swiss prelate: commands the collection of books, 13, 341 Hatto, Archbishop of Mayence, 891- 913 A. D.: appointed regent of Ger- many, 18, 100 Hatzfeld (ca. 1650), Austrian general: at the battle of Jaukowitz, 16, 187 Haugwitz, Christian August Heinrich Kurt, Prince von (1752-1832), a Prussian statesman: policy of, 15, 214; made chancellor of the hered- itary provinces, 17, 257 Haultain (ca. 1605), Dutch admiral: at battle of Dover, 13, 180 Havana, Cuba: founded, 22, 447; battle of (1628), 13, 209; taken by the Eng- lish (1762), 20, 118, 22, 201; massa- cres of (1869), 327 Havelock, Sir Henry (1795-1857), a British soldier: his campaigns dur- ing the Indian Mutiny, 5, 237 GENERAL INDEX 319 Haverhill, Massachusetts: heroism of Hannah Dustin at, 23, 159; attack on (1708), 161 Havlicek, Charles (ca. 1850), Bohe- mian satirist: founds the "Official Gazette," 17, 351 Havre, France: bombarded (1759), II, 501 Hawaiian Islands, a group of islands in the North Pacific: history of, 20, 307; concludes treaty with Japan, 7, 189; revolution, 24, 998; Presi- dent Harrison concludes treaty with, 998; republic organized, 999; an- nexed to the United States, 1034 Hawke, Sir Edward (1705-1781), an English admiral: sent against the French (17SS). " 496; (i7S9), 501 Hawke's Bay, province of New Zea- land: formed, 20, 213 Hawkeye State, The: see Iowa Hawkins, Sir John (1532-1595), Eng- lish naval hero: his voyages to Af- rica, 19, 29; visits the French colony on the St. John's, 23, 47; in the war with Spain, 54 Hawkins, William (ca. 1600), English captain: envoy to the court of the Great Mogul, 5, 160 Hawkwood, Sir John (ca. 1320-1394), English adventurer: in the Italian wars, 4, 253 Hawley (ca. 1700), British general: his campaign against the Young Pre- tender, 11, 487 Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864), American author: in American lit- erature, 23, 481 Hay, John, an American writer and diplomat: born at Salem, Ind., Oc- tober 8, 1838; graduated at Brown University, 1858; and entered the bar at Springfield, Illinois, 1861; became private secretary and aide to Presi- dent Lincoln, 1861-1865; employed in diplomatic service, 1865-1870; joined the editorial staff of the " New York Tribune;" was assistant secre- tary of state in Washington, 1879- 1881; and ambassador to England, 1897; became secretary of state, 1898; died, 1905 His negotiations with the Great Powers, 7, 279; his note to Russian and Chinese governments concern- ing Manchuria, 289; decides the prin- ciple in the settlements of the claims of the allied powers against China, 24, 1048; the isthmian canal, 1058; concludes treaty with Panama, 1060 Hay Bond Commercial Reciprocity Treaty, proposed treaty between the United States and Newfoundland (1904), 24, 1077 Hayashi, Viscount (ca. 1900), Japa- nese representative to England: ne- gotiates treaty with England, 7, 232 Haydn, Joseph (1732-1809), Austrian musical composer: sketch of, 17, 261 Hayes, Isaac Israel (1832-1881), Amer- ican Arctic explorer: explorations of, 16, 312 Hayes, Rutherford Birchard (1822- 1893), President of the United States, 1877-1881: nominated for President (1876), 24, 907; early ca- reer, 908; elected President, 913; in- auguration, 914; "star route" frauds, 936; civil service reform, 938 Hay-Herran Treaty, concluded be- tween United States and Colombia (1903), 20, 332 Haynau, Julius Jacob, Baron von (1786-1853), Austrian general: in the Hungarian insurrection, 15, 301; 17, 372, 18, 402 Hayne, Robert Young (1791-1840), American politician: attacks Foote's resolution, 23, 489; views on nullifi- cation, 495 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, concluded be- tween the United States and Great Britain (1901), 20, 331, 24, 1058 Hayti (Hispaniolo), one of the West India Islands: discovered and named, 21, 7, 23, 32; becomes inde- pendent, 20, 139; French expedition against, 140; attacked by Spaniards, 22, 180; main treatment, 491 Hay-Varilla Treaty, concluded be- tween the United States and the Republic of Panama (1903): liberal concessions granted by, 24, 1060 Hazael (ca. 886-842 B. C), King of 320 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Damascus: reign of, I, 181; at war with Israel, 392 Hazlerigg, Sir Arthur (ca. 1640), Eng- lish statesman; impeached, XI, 343 Head, Sir Edmund (1805-1868), Eng- lish colonial governor: governor of Canada, 20, 161 Hearne, Samuel (1745-1792), English explorer: explorations of, 16, 307 Hearst, William Randolph (1863 ), newspaper publisher: candidate for Presidential nomination, 24, 1065 Hearts, The Queen of: see Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia Hearts of Oak, association of Irish peasantry in Ulster against tyranny of the gentry (ca. 1765), 12, 176 Hearts of Steel, Irish insurgents against tyranny of the gentry (1769), 12, 176 Heath, William (1737-1814), American general: at West Point, 23, 284 Heathfield, England: battle of (633 A. D.), 11, 34 Heber, Reginald (1783-1826), English prelate and Bishop of Calcutta: made bishop, 5, 206 Hebert, Jacques Rene (1755-1794). French revolutionist: arrest of, 10, 256; death of, 9, 288 Hebertists, The (ca. 1790), French revolutionary party: principles of, 10, 1283; struggle of, with the com- mittee of public safety, 284; attacked by Robespierre, 284 Hebrews: see Israel, History of Hebrides, The, group of islands west of Scotland: Magnus Lagabaeter sells, 16, 100 Hecataeus of Miletus (ca. 500 B C), Greek geographer and historian: ridiculed by Herodotus, 2, 21; makes a map of the world, 19, 8 Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz (181 1- 1881), a German revolutionist: leads political faction, 18, 399 Hector, in Greek legend, the heroic son of Priam and Hecuba: in Ho- mer's Iliad, 2, 29 Hedemann, General (ca. 1850), Danish general: in the Slesvig-Holstein War, 16, 270 Hedervary, Count (living), Hungarian statesman: made premier of Hun- gary, 17, 442 Hedges, Sir William (ca. 1650), Eng- lish statesman: made governor of Bengal, 5, 165 Hedvig Sofia (ca. 1700), Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp: her claim on the Danish throne, 16, 225; regency of, 236 Hedwig (ca. 1350), Queen of Den- mark: marriage of, 16, 114 Hedwig Eleanore of Holstein-Gottorp (1660), Queen of Sweden: a mem- ber of the council of regency, 16, 210 Hedwiga (1371-1399), Queen of Po- land: reign of, 15, 277 Heemskirk, Jakob van (d. 1607), Dutch navigator: discovers Spitz- bergen, 13, 167; at battle of the Bay of Gibraltar, 183 Heemskirk, Van (ca. i860), Dutch pol- itician: leads Conservative party, 13, 315 Heer, Oswald (1809-1883), Swiss natu- ralist: sketch of, 13, 584 Hegetschweiler (1789-1839), Swiss botanist: publishes his plant descrip- tions, 13, 521 Hegira, The, the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina: forms the starting point of the Mohammedan calendar (622 A. D.) : 1, 221 Hegushagu, Korea: battle of, 7, 119 Hei-an Epoch, the interval during which the Japanese seat of govern- ment was at Hei-an Kyo (794-1186 A. D.), 7, 38 Heidegger, Johann Heinrich (1633- 1698), Swiss author: sketch of, 13, 482 Heidelberg, Germany: destroyed by Tilly, 18, 272 Heights of Abraham: see Abraham, Plains of Heiji Insurrection, oligarchic disturb- ance in Japan (1159), 7, 57 Heilbronn, Germany: meeting at, 18, 285 Heiligerlee, Germany: battle of (1568), 13, 109 GENERAL INDEX 321 Heilsburg, Germany: battle of (1807), Heimskringla, The, history of the kings of Norway to 12th century: account of, 16, 8; quoted, 35, 57 Hein, Pedro: see Heyn, Peter Heinrich von Bubenberg (ca. 1450), Swiss government arbitrator: sketch of, 13, 402 Heinricksson (ca. 1575), a Swedish traitor: poisons Erik, 16, 164 Heinsius, Antonius (1641-1720), Dutch statesman: policy of, 13, 248; influ- ence of, 249 Heister (ca. 1700), Austrian general: defeats the Hungarians, 17, 233 Hekitei-kan, Korea: battle of (1600), 7, 119 Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1814-1858): marries the Duke of Orleans, 9, 414 Helen of Troy, in Greek legend, the wife of Menelaus: story of, 2, 29 Heifer, Hinton Rowan (1829 ), American author: author of "The Impending Crisis," 24, 677 Helfmann, Jessa (19th century), a Jewish conspirator in Russia: ban- ishment of, 15, 339 Heliaea (ca. 500 B. C.), an Athenian tribunal: powers of, 2, 147 Helicon, Mount, in Boeotia, Greece, celebrated in mythology as the abode of the Muses: description of, 2, 11, 12 Heligoland (Holy Land), island in the North Sea: ceded to Germany, 19, 145 Heling, Raphael (ca. 1750), Spanish government regent: examines mines at Talchapa, 22, 209 Heliopolis, a city in Egypt: conquered by the Saracens, 1, 279; battle of (1800), 9, 318, 10, 440, 14, 384 Helius (d. 68 A. D.), Roman court favorite: recalls Nero to Rome, 4, 66 Hellas, originally a town and small district in Phthiotis, Thessaly, later the lands inhabited by the Hellenes: restricted sense of, 2, 7; mythical inhabitants of, 3, 33 Hellen, in Greek mythology, a king in Thessaly: mythical father of the Hellenes, 2, 9, 23 Hellenotamiae (ca. 475 B. C.), Greek government officials: in confederacy of Delos, 2, 227, 258 Hellespont, in ancient geography the name of the strait of Dardanelles: bridged by Darius, 2, 131, by Xerxes, 183; Athenian operations in, 222; made Spartan base of operations, 363 Hellichius (ca. 1775), Swedish captain: revolt of, 16, 247 Helots, state-slaves among ancient Spartans: introduced in Sparta, 2, 70; conspire with Pausanias, 228; rising of, 237; subdued, 246 Helsingfors, capital of Finland: taken by the Russians (1713), 15, 64: Swedes capitulate at, 16, 228 Helt, Mathew (ca. 1600), a Dutch sol- dier: aids in capture of Breda, 13, 156 Helvetians (Helvetii), Celtic tribe: lo- cation of, 18, 7; revolt of (107 B. C), 3, 193; migration of, 301; Caesar defeats, 3, 302, 9, 8 Helvetic Constitution (1798), proposed to the Swiss cantons: forced upon the people, 13, 512 Helvetic Society (1762), association of patriots of French and German Switzerland: organized, 13, 491; made a political association, 530 Helvetii: see Helvetians Hembyse, John (d. 1584), a Dutch in- triguer: becomes a demagogue, 13, 129; death of, 141 Hemmerli, Felix (ca. 1450), Swiss canon: sketch of, 13, 428; condemns the laxness of the clergy, 431 Hemmingen, Niels (ca. 1570), a Dan- ish theologian: persecution of, 16, 197 Hemmingstedt, Germany: battle of (1500), 16, 139 Hen State, The Blue: see Delaware Hen State, The Sage: see Nevada Henderson, Alexander (1 583-1646), a Scottish ecclesiastic: leader of the Scotch Presbyterians, 12, 358 Henderson, David Bremner (1840 ), United States congressman: 322 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS elected Speaker of the House, 24, 1050; retirement of, 1053 Hendricks, Thomas Andrews (1819- 1885), American statesman, nomi- nated for Vice-President (1876), 24, 909; (1884), 944 Hendrik Wittboi (19th century), Af- rican chieftain: resists Germans, 19, 173 Hengist (d. 488 A. D.), chief of the Jutes: invades England, IX, 17, 18, 39 Hennepin, Louis (1640-1701), French missionary and explorer: explora- tions of, 23, 51 Henri (late 13th century), King of Navarre: marriage of, 8, 206; reign of, 207 Henri: see also Henry Henri of Besangon (late nth century), Count of Portugal: reign of, 8, 272 Henries, War of the Three, between Henri III of France, Henri of Na- varre and Henri, Due de Guise (1584-1589), 9, 161 Henrietta (1644-1670), Duchesse d'Or- leans: negotiates alliance between Louis XIV of France and Charles II of England, 11, 394 Henrietta Maria (1609-1669), Queen of England: marries Charles I of England, II, 318; names Maryland, 23, 68 Henrik (ca. 1400), Duke of Osna- briick: makes war on Elizabeth of Holstein, 16, 125 Henrik (ca. 1150), Archbishop of Up- sala: career of, 16, 102 Henriot: see Hanriot Henrique (1512-1580), King of Por- tugal: regent for Sebastian, 8, 440; reign of, 447 Henrique (1394-1460), Infante of Por- tugal: scientific career of, 8, 304; campaign of, in Africa, 305 Henrique: see also Henry and Henri Henry (I) the Fowler (876-936), Holy Roman Emperor, 919-936: at war with Conrad I, 18, 104; accession of, 105; invades Bohemia, 17, 62; his relations with Gorm den Gamle, 16, 28; at war with France, 9, 55 Henry (II), Saint (972-1024), Holy Roman Emperor, 1014-1024; acces- sion of, 18, 121; invades Italy, 4, 183 Henry (III) the Old, the Black, or the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor, 1039-1056: born at Osterbeck in the Netherlands, October 28, 1017; was the son of Conrad II whom he suc- ceeded; compelled Hungary, Bohe- mia, Apulia, and Calabria to ac- knowledge themselves as vassals of the empire; deposed the Popes, Benedict IX, Sylvester III, and Gregory IV and appointed Clement II, 1046; raised the imperial power to its greatest height; died at Bod- field in the Harz, Germany, October S 1056 Betrothed to Gunhilde, 18, 125; reign of, 128; condition of Switzer- land under, 13, 345 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 1056-1105: born at Goslar, Prussia, November n, 1050; succeeded his father, Henry III, in 1056; struggled with Pope Gregory VII who obliged him to sue for absolution at Ca- nossa, 1077; was crowned emperor, 1084, by Clement III whom he had raised to papal power in opposition to Gregory; led an expedition to Italy to protect Clement against Victor III, the successor of Gregory, 1090; fought against his son, Con- rad, who had allied himself with the papal party, 1193; was deposed and imprisoned by his son, after- ward Henry VI, 1105; escaped and died at Liege, Belgium, August 7, 1106 Minority of, 18, 131; accession of, 131; reign of, 132; at war with the Pope, 9, 69, 18, 134; seeks assist- ance of Svend Estridsen, 16, 70; grants charter to Pisa, 4, 187 Henry V (1081-1125), Holy Roman Emperor, 1111-1125: rebellion of, 18, 137; reign of, 139; heirs of, 142 Henry VI (1165-1197), Holy Roman Emperor, 1190-1197: marries Con- stance of Sicily, 4, 196, 18, 155; his reign in Sicily, 4, 196; crowned King of Germany, 18, 154; reign of, 156; GENERAL INDEX imprisons Richard Cceur de Lion, 9, 76, 11, 113 Henry (VII) of Luxemburg (1262- 1313), Holy Roman Emperor, 1308- 1313: reign of, 17, 1,13, 18, 185; his influence in Italy, 4, 219; condition of Switzerland under, 13, 364 Henry of Carinthia (d. 1335), King of Bohemia: reign of, 17, 113; deposed, 18, 185 Henry II (1339-1379), King of Castile, 1369-1379: rebellions of, 8, 164, 11, 167; accession of, 8, 166, 9, 103; his second conquest of the kingdom, 8, 169; reign of, 171; at war with Na- varre, 211 Henry (III) the Infirm (1379-1406), King of Castile: reign of, 8, 175 Henry (IV) "the Impotent" (1423- 1474), King of Castile: campaigns against the Moors, 8, 120; at war with Juan II of Aragon, 178, 266; reign of, 180 Henry I (1068-1135), King of Eng- land, 1100-1135, called The Lion of Justice: reign of, 11, 88; becomes Duke of the Normans, 89; marries Matilda, 12, 261; at war with Louis VI of France, 9, 72, 11, 92; death, ", 93 Henry II (1133-1189), King of Eng- land, 1154-1189: knighted, 12, 264; character of, XI, 96, 97; invades England, 96; reign of, 97; marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, 9, 74, 11, 96; agrees to aid Dermont MacMur- rogh, 12, 49; invades Ireland, 51; death of, 9, 75, 11, no; summary of his reign, 11, no Henry III (1207-1272), King of Eng- land, 1216-1272: reign of, 11, 130; at war with Louis IX of France, 9, 80; persecutes the Jews, 1, 420; concludes treaty with Alfonso X of Leon, 8, 152; his relations with Scotland, 12, 207; death, 11, 141; summary of his reign, 141 Henry IV (1367-1413), King of Eng- land, 1399-1413: takes up arms against Richard II, 11, 181; created Duke of Herford, 185; banished, 185; becomes Duke of Lancaster, 185; claims English throne, 186; accession of, 186; condition of Ire- land under, 12, 67; his relations with Scotland, 288; death of, II, 96 Henry (V) of Monmouth, King of England, 1413-1422, called the Prince of Priests: born at Mon- mouth, August 9, 1387; fought in the battle of Shrewsbury and in the war with the Welsh; succeeded his father, Henry IV, 1413; invaded France, 1415; married Catharine of France, 1420, and was recognized as the heir presumptive of France; the remainder of his reign was mostly occupied in wars with the French; died at Vincennes, August 31, 1422 Early years, 11, 195; reign of, 196; invades France, 9, in, 11, 197; grants protection to Jacqueline, Countess of Holland, 13, 39; death of, 9, 113, 11, 200 Henry VI (1421-1471), King of Eng- land and France, 1422-1461, called The Martyr King: accession of, 9, 113; reign of, 11, 201; death, 217 Henry VII (1457-1509), King of Eng- land, 1485-1509, called the British Solomon: his claims to the throne, 11, 217; invades England, 221; pro- claimed king, 222; forms alliance with Maximilian I of Germany, 18, 220; besieges Boulogne, 9, 129; sends out expedition to search for the Northwest Passage, 5, 156, 21, 15, 23, 34; detains Philip the Handsome and Juana in England, 8, 190; con- dition of Ireland under, 12, 72; his relations with Scotland, 298; his commercial restrictions on colonists, 23, 66; death of, 11, 231 Henry VIII, King of England, 1509- 1547, called the Royal Butcher and the Defender of the Faith: born at Greenwich, June 28, 1491; became Prince of Wales on the death of his brother Arthur, 1502; succeeded his father, Henry VII, April 21, 1509; married Catharine of Aragon, the widow of his brother Arthur, June n, 1509; joined the Holy League against France, 1511; invaded France in person, 1513, and with the Emper- or, gained a victory at Guinegate; 324* THE HISTORY OF NATIONS made Cardinal Wolsey his chancel- lor, 1515; met Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520; given the title of Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X, because of his book of sacraments against Luther, 1521; concluded an alliance with France against the emperor, 1525; first attempted to get a divorce from Catharine, 1527; dismissed Wolsey and appointed Sir Thomas Moore Chancellor, 1529; secretly married Anne Boleyn, January 25, 1533; his marriage with Catharine was declared void by Cranmer whom he had made Archbishop of Canterbury, May 23, 1533, and that with Anne Boleyn valid, May 28, 1533; procured the passage of the Act of Supremacy, 1534, thus sepa- rating the English church from the Roman church; executed Moore for not acknowledging his supremacy, 1535; suppressed the smaller monas- teries, 1536; sent Anne Boleyn to the block, May 19, and married Jane Seymour, May 20, 1536; suppressed the larger monasteries, 1539', pro- cured the passage of the Statute of Six Articles, 1539; married Anne of Cleves, January 6, 1540; divorced her and executed Cromwell, 1540; mar- ried Catharine Howard, 1540; di- vorced her, 1542; married Catharine Parr, 1543; died at Westminster, January 28, 1547 Reign of, II, 235; dispensation granted for his marriage to Cath- arine of Aragon, 231; aids the Em- peror Charles V against Francis I of France, 13, 56; at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 9, i37> XI 2 40; forms alliance with Francis I of France, 9, 141, 11, 242; declared head of Anglican church, 9, 142; his conquest of Ireland, 12, 82; his re- lations with Scotland, 304; contem- porary of Suleiman the Great, 14, 145; Protestant Reformation in England, 23, 83 Henry I (1011-1060), King of France, 1031-1060: reign of, 9, 67; his in- terview with Henry III, 18, 131 Henry II (i5i9- T 559), King of France, 1547-1559: marries Catha- rine de' Medici, 9, 142; befriends the Jews, 1, 422; reign of, 9, 145; vic- tories of, 13, 59; his alliance with Maurice of Saxony, 18, 257; con- cludes treaty with Emperor Charles V, 8, 351; at war with Spain, 4, 307; death of, II, 278 Henry (III) le Mignon (1551-1589), King of France, 1574-1589: at the battle of Jarnac, 9, 156; becomes King of Poland, 158; his reign in Poland, 15, 382; reign of, as King of France, 9, 159, 11, 290; war with Charles Emmanuel, 4, 317 Henry (IV) of Navarre, King of France, 1589-1610: founder of the house of Bourbon, called Father and Friend of the People: born at Pau, December 14, 1553; educated in the Protestant faith; served in the civil war, 1569, and became the head of the Huguenot party; ascended the throne of Navarre, 1572; escaped the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572; the Holy League refused to recog- nize his title to the throne and as a result war broke out, 1585, but after defeating the Leaguers at Ivry, 1590, and becoming a Roman Catholic, he was recognized and crowned, 1594; issued the edict of Nantes, 1598; made the Peace of Vervins with Spain and the League, 1598; was assassinated, May 14, 1610 Becomes champion of religious freedom in France, 9, 156; marries Margaret of Valois, 157; at war with Philip II of Spain, 8, 356; in- tercepts letters from John of Aus- tria to Philip II of Spain, 13, 127; reign of, 9, 166; forms alliance with Elizabeth of England, n, 298; ac- cepts the Catholic faith, 13, 160; aids the Dutch Republic, 171; con- cludes alliance with the Swiss, 461; grants Acadia to De Monts, 20, 82; his alliance with the Protestant Union, 18, 266; assassination of, 13, 192, 16, 174 GENERAL INDEX 325 Henry I, King of Hayti: see Chris- tophe Henry d'Albret (1503-1555), titular King of Navarre: claims throne of Navarre, 8, 349; taken prisoner at Pavia, 9, 139 Henry III, King of Navarre: see Henry IV, King of France Henry (1211-1242), King of the Ro- mans, son of Frederick II of Ger- many: coronation of, 18, 160; his rule in Germany, 162; aids growth of Swiss liberty, 13, 358; revolt of, 8, 163 Henry (12th century), King of the Wends: his quarrel with Denmark, 16, 76 Henry (nth century), Bishop of Lund: sketch of, 16, 62 Henry, Due d'Anjou: see Henry III, King of France Henry (II) Iasomirgott, Duke of Aus- tria, 1141-1177: reign of, 17, 91 Henry I, . Margrave of Babenberg, 994-1018: reign of, 17, 89 Henry I (10th century), Duke of Ba- varia: conspiracies of, 18, 109, no; invested with Bavaria, in; death of, 113 Henry II (late 10th century), Duke of Bavaria: revolt of, 18, 116; aims to usurp throne, 118 Henry III, Duke of Bavaria: see Henry (II), Saint, Holy Roman Emperor Henry "the Proud" (d. 1139), Duke of Bavaria and Saxony: career of, 18, 143; claims imperial crown, 17, 9i Henry the Lion (1129-1195), Duke of Bavaria and Saxony: career of, 18, 144, 147, 149, 152, 155 Henry (13th century), Duke of Ba- varia: attacks the King of Hun- gary, 17, 74 Henry (14th century), the Iron Count of Holstein: avenges his father's death, 16, 114 Henry (late nth century), Count of Louvain and Count of Brabant: adds Count of Brabant to his title, 13, 26 Henry (13th century), Count-Duke of Schwerin: treachery of, 16, 86; his war with Denmark, 18, 162 Henry (d. 1374), Duke of Slesvig: death of, 16, 118 Henry, Infante of Aragon, ca. 1420: rebellions of, 8, 176, 177 Henry (14th century), son of Lewis of Bavaria; marries Margaret of Tyrol, 18, 190 Henry (d. 1183), son of Henry II of England: coronation of, 11, 105; death of, 109 Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), Prince of Portugal: career of, 19, 15. 20, 36, 23, 24; enterprises of, 5, 143 Henry (1726-1802), Prince of Prussia: in the Seven Years' War, 18, 336, 339, 342 Henry (13th century), Infante of Spain: aids Alfonso X to crush re- volt of nobles, 8, 109 Henry of Aoyta (14th century), an Austrian theologian: teaches in the University of Vienna, 17, 105 Henry of Blois (12th century), Bishop of Winchester: anoints Stephen, King of England, 11, 93; acknowl- edges Matilda, 95 Henry of Breslau (13th century), a Bohemian prince: claims guardian- ship of Vacslav IV of Bohemia, 17, 77 Henry of Dampierre: see Dampierre, Henry of Henry of Guise (16th century), a French prince: plots to obtain throne of France, 9, 160; acknowl- edged as heir to the throne, 161; death of, 164 Henry of Lancaster: see Henry IV, King of England Henry of Langenstein (14th century), an Austrian theologian: teaches in the University of Vienna, 17, 105 Henry of Nassau (16th century): his campaign against the Spanish, 13, 117 Henry of Oftedingen (13th century), a German minnesinger: sketch of, 17, 98 326 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Henry of the Netherlands, Prince (1876 ), Duke of Mecklenburg- Schwerin: marriage of, 13, 318 Henry of Trastamare: see Henry II, King of Castile Henry: see also Henri and Henrique Henry, Cape: see Cape Henry Henry, Guy Vernor (1839-1890), an American general: military gov- ernor of Porto Rico, 24, 1036 Henry, Patrick, an American orator and patriot: born at Studley, Vir- ginia, May 29, 1736; studied under his father's tuition, but was more inclined to active pleasures; started in business, 1753, but did not make a success of it; failed *in business and took a small farm, but sold his land in two years, and went into business again; upon a second fail- ure, he took up law, and after sev- eral years of obscurity, gained a reputation through a speech against the clergy, 1763; was elected a mem- ber of the House of Burgesses, 1765, and proposed the resolutions against the Stamp Act, which were passed, 1765; was chosen delegate to the Continental Congress, 1774; elected Governor of Virginia, 1776, which office he held until 1779; resisted the adoption of the Federal Consti- tution; died at Red Hill, Virginia, June 6, 1799 Elevates the legal profession, 23, 138; defeats clergy, 151; wins fame as an orator, 207; his speech before the House of Burgesses, 211; uses his eloquence in favor of rebellion, 216; delegate to first Continental Congress, 223; delegate to second Continental Congress, 229; his esti- mate of Washington, 230; opposed to Constitutional Convention, 324; opposes ratification of the Constitu- tion, 336; absent from first Con- gress, 343 Henry Casimir (17th century), Count of Nassau: death of, 13, 213 Henry Hill, Virginia: in Battle of Bull Run, 24, 735 Henry Rasper (d. 1247), Landgrave of Thuringia: usurps throne of Ger- many, 18, 166 Hentzi, Henry (1785-1849), Austrian soldier: defends Buda, 15, 300 Henzi, Samuel (1701-1749), Swiss con- spirator: sketch of, 13, 498 Hepburn, James, Earl of Bothwell: see Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of Hepburn Bill, in United States his- tory, relating to commercial pro- visions (1905), 24, 1075 Hera, a Greek goddess: confused at- tributes of, 2, 39; of Samos, 52 Heraclea, Asia Minor: siege of, 1, 352 Heracles (Hercules), a Greek mytho- logical hero: was, according to Ho- mer, the son of Jupiter and Ale- mena; supposed to have been born at Thebes; strangled two serpents while in his cradle; was famed for heroic deeds in his youth, and for delivering the city of Thebes, was given in marriage, Megara, the daughter of the King of Thebes; ac- complished the Twelve Labors, which were the slaying of the Ne- mean lion, and the Lernsean hydra, the capture of the stag with the golden horns, and of a wild boar, the cleansing of the Augean stables, the destruction of the Stymphalian birds, the capture of the Cretan bull, and the horses of Diomedes, the winning of the girdle of the Queen of the Amazons, the fetching of the red oxen of Geryon, the procuring of the golden apples of the Hesper- ides, and the bringing to the upper world of the dog Cerberus; became a slave of the Queen of Lydia; mar- ried Dejanira; was poisoned by a garment, on which Dejanira had put the blood of Nessus as a love charm; was about to kill himself through pain on Mount Oeta, when he was taken by a cloud to Olympus, and was endowed with immortality Divine ancestor of kings of Sparta, 2, 21; adopted from Phoeni- cians, 28; temple of, at Tyre, 494 Heraclian (d. 413 A. D.), a Roman GENERAL INDEX 327 general: stops supply of corn, 4, 141 Heraclius (ca. 575-641 A. D.), Byzan- tine emperor, 610-641 A. D.: expels the Persians from Egypt (629 A. D.)> I, 35; his friendship with Mo- hammed, 234; annihilates Persian forces, 2, 533; his wars in the East, 5, 321; his policy toward the Avars, 17, 21; death of, 1, 296 Heraclius of Georgia (d. 1793), Czar of Tiflis : account of, 14, 362; reign of, 5, 357; death of, 15, 213 Herakles (Sandon) (ca. 700 B. C), King of Lydia: founds kingdom, 1, 143 Herard (19th century), West Indian patriot: president of Hayti, 22, 498 Heraricus (d. 540 A. D.), King of Italy: reign of, 5, 160 Herat, Persia: religious toleration in, 1, 322; battle of (1585), 5, 3435 sieges of (1832), 360; (1837), 216, 361 Herbert (d. 943 A. D.), Count of Ver- mandois: at war with Hugh the Great, 9, 54; makes alliance with Hugh the Great, 56 Herbert, Arthur, Earl of Torrington (d. 1716), English admiral; defeated at Beachy Head, 11, 438 Herbert, Hilary Abner (1834 ), United States lawyer: Secretary of the Navy, 24, 993 note Hercelles (19th century), a Peruvian colonel: his mission to Paita, 21, 197 Herculaneum, city near Naples: de- stroyed, 4, 83 Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744- 1803), German critic and poet: in- fluence of, 18, 333, 353 Heredia (d. 1832), South American general: death of, 21, 124 Hereford, Roger, Earl of (ca. 1075), Norman rebel leader: leads revolt of the Earls, II, 78 Hereux, D. Ulysses (d. 1899), Presi- dent of San Domingo: his adminis- tration, 22, 503 Hereward (d. 1072), English outlaw and patriot: revolt of, 11, 73 Herford, Henry, Duke of: see Henry IV, King of England Herhor, King of Egypt, ca. 1100 B. C. : usurps the throne, 1, 29 Heribert (nth century), Archbishop of Milan: career of, 18, 127 Hericourt, France: siege and battle of (1474), 13, 407 Heriold (ca. 900 A. D.), a Norman prince: gains a footing in the Neth- erlands, 13, 20 Herkimer, Nicholas (d. 1777), an American Revolutionary general: in battle of Oriskany, 23, 254 Hermae, busts of the God Hermes: mutilation of, 2, 331 Hermagoras, Saint (ca. 100 A. D.), early Christian divine: consecrated as bishop of Aquileia, 17, 14 Hermanaric (Hermanric) (d. 376 A. D.), King of the East Goths: unites the Goths into one nation, 4, 136; death of, 18, 33 Hermanfried (ca. 525 A. D.), King of Thuringia: his struggles with Theu- deric, 18, 60 Hermann: see Arminius Hermann of Salza (1 170-1239), a Ger- man prince: career of, 18, 173 Hermanstadt, Transylvania: battle of (1442), 14, 61, 17, 157; taken by Bern, 17, 371; taken by the Rus- sians (1849), 15, 301 Hermanszoon, Wolfert (ca. 1600), Dutch naval commander: defeats the Spanish, 13, 180 Hermelin (ca. 1700), Swedish officer: Charles XII discloses his plans to, 16, 217 Hermeric, King of the Suevi, ca. 400 A. D. : leads the invasion of the Suevi into Spain, 8, 35; reign of, 37 Hermingarde (ca. 770 A. D.), wife of Charlemagne: repudiation of, 18, 79 Hermione, in ancient geography, a Greek state: in the Spartan alliance, 2, 274, 440 Hermocrates (d. 408 B. C), a Syra- cusan general: warns Athenian gen- erals of their fate, 2, 347; in Asia, 352; slain, 409 328 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Hermopolis, capital of the Cyclades: in modern Greece, 2, 548 Hermunduri, a German tribe in the 4th century: attack Celts, 17, II ; location of, 18, 6; incorporated with Thuringians, 28 Hernandez, Francisco (ca. 1505-1554), a Spanish soldier and explorer: ex- plorations of, 22, 436 Hernici, ancient Italian tribe: alli- ances with Rome, 3, 22, 63 Hero of Modern Italy, The: see Gari- baldi, Guiseppe Hero of Quebec: see Wolfe, James Hero of San Jacinto: see Houston, Sam Hero of the Nile, The: see Nelson, Horatio Hero of the Nine Hostages, The: see Nial the Great, King of Ireland Hero of the Peninsula, The: see Wel- lington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Herod the Great, King of Judea, 40- 4 B, C: suppresses revolt of Antig- onus, I, 408; made king of the Jews, 409; receives an extension of his territory, 4, 39 Herod Agrippa: see Agrippa, Herod Herod Philip: see Philip Herodes Atticus (ca. 104-180 A. D.), Greek rhetorician: his benefits to Athens, 2, 523 Herodeum, Palestine: captured by the Romans, 1, 412 Herodotus, a Greek historian, called the Father of History: born at Hali- carnassus in Caria, about 484 B. C. : took part in the expulsion of Lyg- damus the tyrant of Halicarnassus; left his native land and traveled in the Persian Empire, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Greece; lived in Athens a few years; settled in Thurium, Italy, about 444 B. C.; his works are accurate and interesting; died at Thurium, Italy, about 424 B. C. Quoted on Homeric theology, 2, 38; ridicules chronology of Hicataeus, 21; quoted, 54; on constitution of Lycurgus, 64; at Thurii, 259; his rec- ognition of the Eastern Question, *4> 35 visits Africa, 19, 8 Herradura, Chili: declared to be in a state of blockade (1865), 21, 221 Herran, Pedro Alcantara (19th cen- tury), Colombian statesman: envoy to the United States, 24, 1058 Herrera y Obes, Julio (19th century), statesman of Uruguay: his admin- istration as president of Uruguay, 21, 259 Herrerd, Jose Joaquim de (1 792-1 854), Mexican general and statesman: his administration as president of Mex- ico, 22, 279, 283 Herrings, Battle of the (1429), near Rouvray, France, 9, 114 Hersey, Henry B. (living), an Amer- ican officer: member of the Well- man Expedition, 16, 341 Hertel de Rouville: see Rouville, Her- tel de Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of: see Seymour, Edward, Duke of Som- erset Hertzberg (1725-1793), Count Ewald Friedrich von, a Prussian statesman: policy of, 18, 355 Heruli, an early Germanic tribe: their relations with the Longobards, 18, 51 Hervieu, Gaston (living), French aeronaut: member of the Wellman Expedition, 16, 341 Hervilly, Count of (d. 1795), French officer: joins allied forces, 9, 294 Herwarth von Bittenfeld (19th cen- tury), a Prussian general: cam- paigns of, 18, 410 Herzegovina, Austrian province for- merly under Turkish rule: insur- rection of the Slavs (1875), 17, 418; acquisition and incorporation of, by Austria-Hungary, 421 Herzen, Alexander (1812-1870), a Rus- sian author and political agitator: counsels of, 15, 332 Herzinger (19th century), Austrian general: in the Hungarian insurrec- tion, 15, 301 Herzog (19th century), Swiss officer: made general of the Federal forces/- 13, 562 Herzog, Marianus (ca. 1800), Swiss GENERAL INDEX 329 ecclesiastic: leads opposition to the new constitution, 13, 513 Herzogenbuchsee, Berne, Switzerland: battle of (1653), 13, 473 Hesiod (ca. 735 B. C), Greek poet: compared to Homer, 2, 13, 38 Hessians, inhabitants of Hesse, Ger- many: hired by the King of Eng- land to subjugate the colonies, 23, 237 Hetaeria Philike, secret political or- ganization formed for the purpose of freeing Greece from Turkey (1814), 2, 541, 14, 413 Hewett (19th century), British con- sul: his mission to Africa, 19, 109 Hewitt, Abram Stevens (1822-1903), an American statesman: candidate against Roosevelt for mayor of New York, 24, 1069 Heyden, Count von (1772-1850), Rus- sian naval commander: in the Greek war, 15, 276 Heyn, Peter (1570-1629), a Dutch ad- miral: commands fleet of West In- dia Company, 13, 209; captures a Spanish fleet, 22, 163 Hezekiah, King of Judah, 727-699 B. C. : defeated by Sennacherib, 1, 87; reign of, 396 Hiarbas, King of Numidia, ca. 80 B. C: defeated by Pompeius, 3, 228 Hiawatha, Indian legendary character: given to romance by Iroquois, 23, 8 Hibernia: see Ireland Hickory, Old: see Jackson, Andrew Hicks Pasha (William Hicks) (1831- 1883), a British officer: his campaign against the Mahdi, 1, 40, 11, 634, 19, 271 Hidalzo y Costilla, Miguel (1753- 1811), leader in Mexican war of In- dependence: death of, 22, 240 Hideyoshi (ca. 1600), Japanese gen- eral: invades Korea, 6, 37 Hieda-no-Are (ca. 700 A. D.), Japa- nese historian : compiles annals of the reigns of Japanese sovereigns, 7, 35 Hiempsal (ca. 80 B. C), Numidian prince: restored to throne, 3, 228 Hiero (d. 467 B. C), Tyrant of Syra- cuse, ca. 478-467 B. C: reign of, 2, 218 Hiero (ca. 307-216 B. C), King of Syracuse: attacks Messana, 3, 99; granted his independence as ruler of Syracuse, 106 Hieroglyphics, ancient Egyptian and Mexican system of writing: used by Aztecs, 23, 7 Hieronymus: see Jerome (Hierony- mus), Saint Hierta (ca. 1830), Swedish journal- ist: founds the " Aftonbladet," 16, 259 Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (1823 ), an American author: aids cause of negro abduction, 24, 617 High-Born Demosthenes, The: see William the Silent, Prince of Orange Hiketos (ca. 340 B. C), Greek gen- eral: tyrant of Leontini, 2, 417 Hiki Yoshikazu (ca. 1200), member of the Japanese royal family: plots against the Hojo family, 7, 69 Hildebald (ca. 540 A. D.), King of Italy: reign of, 4, 160 Hildebrand: see Gregory VII Hilkiah (ca. 625 B. C), Jewish high priest: finds the Book of Deuter- onomy, 1, 398 Hill, Abigail (d. 1734), English court lady: her relations with Queen Anne, 11, 458 Hill, Benjamin H. (1823-1882), Amer- ican statesman: member of the Sen- ate, 24, 916 Hill, David Bennett (1844 ), Amer- ican statesman: elected governor, 24, 968; attempts to defeat nomina- tion of Cleveland (1892), 990; rec- ommended for chairman of Demo- cratic convention (1896), 1013 Hill, David Harvey (1821-1889), American general: in plan for in- vasion of North, 24, 764 Hill, Isaac (1788-1851), American journalist: in Jackson's " Kitchen Cabinet," 24, 485 Hill, Sir Rowland (1795-1879), author of the penny postal system: sketch of, 11, 597 330 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Himalayas, mountain system in Asia: description of, 5, 5 Himera, in ancient geography a town of Sicily: victory of Gelo at, 2, 218; destroyed by Hannibal, 409 Himilco (ca. 250 B. C.)> Carthaginian admiral: at the siege of Lilybaeum, 3, 103 Himri, Russia: siege of, 15, 298 Himu (d. 1556), Persian general: at battle of Panipat, 5, in Hincmar (ca. 806-882 A. D.), Arch- bishop of Rheims: master of Gaul, 9, Si Hinduism: see Religions, Pagan Hinze, George (ca. 1500), Danish canon: guardian of Christian, 16, 147 Hipparchus (ca. 490 B. C), Tyrant of Athens: reign of, 2, 11 1 Hippias (ca. 490 B. C), Tyrant of Athens: reign of, 2, in; at Sparta, 155; joins the Persians, 164; at Marathon, 165 Hippocrates (ca. 425 B. C), Athenian general: defeated at Delium, 2, 311 Hippolyte (Hyppolite), Louis Mon- destin Florvil (d. 1896), Haytian general: elected president of Hayti, 22, 501 Hippolytus a Lapide: see Chemnitz, Philip Hira, Arabia: conquered by the Sara- cens, 1, 259 Hiraga Tomomasa (ca. 1200), mem- ber of the Japanese royal family: plots to obtain the shogunate, 7, 70 Hiram I, King of Tyre, ca. 1000 B C: reign of, 1, 123 Hiram II, King of Tyre, ca. 800 B. C: reign of, 1, 124 Hiram College, Ohio: Garfield in faculty of, 24, 930 Hirtius, Aulus (d. 43 B. C), Roman politician: attachment to Caesar, 3, 362; consul-elect, 4, 12; death, 13 Hirzel, Switzerland: battle of (1443), 13, 400 Hirzel, Bernhard (1807-1847), Swiss insurrectionist: leads conservative opposition, 13, 546 Hirzel, Hans Kaspar (1725-1803), Swiss physician and senator: sketch of, 13, 490 Hispaniola: see Hayti Histiaeus (d. 494 B. C), Tyrant of Miletus: favored by Darius, 2, 132; at the Danube bridge, 132; fosters Ionian revolt, 133; slain, 138 History, The Father of: see Herod- otus Hittites, Canaanite tribe: conquer Phoenicia, 1, 122; history of their empire, 1, 141, 2, 52 Hiuen Tsiang (ca. 700 A. D.), a Chi- nese pilgrim: quoted on Siladitya, 5, 63; on Valabhi, 74 Hixem (I) ben Abderahman, Caliph of Cordova, 787-796 A. D.: reign of, 8, 68, 71 Hixem (II) ben Alhakem (ca. 1000 A. D.), Caliph of Cordova: reign of, 8, ? 8 Hixem III, Caliph of Cordova, 1026- 103 1 : reign of, 8, 82 Hjartvar (ca. 600 A. D.), Danish leader: treachery of, 16, 18 Ho (18th century), a Chinese states- man: sketch of, 6, 113, 114; in diplo- matic intercourse with England, 6, 120, 121 Hoangho River: see Yellow River Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood (1816- 1895), an American jurist; in Grant's cabinet, 24, 861; as Joint High Commissioner, 883 Hoar, George Frisbie (1826-1904), American senator: member of Elec- toral Commission, 24, 913; supports Hayes, 915; elected senator, 916; quoted on Grant's nomination for third term, 926; quoted on Garfield's speech, 928; fathers the repeal of the Tenure of Office Act, 951; drafts Presidential Succession Law, 953; drafts law for regulation of elec- toral count, 953 Hobart, Tasmania: founded, 20, 188; conference at (1895), 204 Hobart, Garrett Augustus (1841-1899), American statesman: nominated for Vice-President, 24, 1012 Hobart, George, Earl of Buckingham- shire (ca. 1760), English statesman: minister to Russia, 15, 161 GENERAL INDEX 331 Hobhouse, John Cam, Lord Brough- ton (1786-1869), English politician and writer: his description of Al- bania, 14, 368 Hobkirk's Hill, South Carolina: battle of (1781), 23, 282 Hobson, Richard Pearson (1870 ), American naval engineer: sinks the Merrimac, 22, 459, 24, 1029 Hoche, Lazare (1768-1797), French general: his campaign in the west, 9, 297; receives the chief command of the republican army, 10, 345; suc- cessful attacks on the Chouans and the English army on its landing, 351; his generalship, 374; receives the command of the coast, 374; commands Bantry Bay Expedition, 11, 546, 12, 207 Hochkirch, Saxony: battle of (1758), 18, 339 Hochstadt, Bavaria: battle of (1800), 10, 442 Hocquincourt, Charles de Monchy, Marshal de (1599-1658), a French soldier: in insurrection of the Fronde, 9, 204 Hodel, Emil Heinrich Max (1857- 1878), German Social Democrat: his attempt to assassinate the emperor, 18, 445 Hodge (d. 181 1), West-Indian slave holder: his cruelty toward his slaves, 20, 240 Hodson, William Stephen Raikes (1821-1858), English soldier in In- dia: sketch of, 5, 238 Hodza (19th century), a Slav leader: demands a place for his nation among civilized peoples, 17, 357 Hoeks, Dutch municipal faction of the 15th century: description of, 13, 40 note Hoemskerck, Jacob (ca. 1600), Dutch naval commander: explorations of, 16, 302 Hoevell, Baron von (19th century), Dutch nobleman: tells Dutch gov- ernment of affairs in Java, 20, 293 Hofer, Andreas, a Tyrolese patriot and soldier, called the Wallace of Switzerland: born at St. Leonhard in the Tyrol, November 22, 1767; commanded a party of riflemen against the French, 1796; was prom- inent in public affairs in the Tyrol, 1803-1809; was leader of the Tyro- lese Insurrection, 1809, and won the victories of Sterzing and Innspruck; became the head of the Tyrolese government, 1809; was betrayed for money to the French and shot by Napoleon's order at Mantua, Febru- ary 20, 1810 Sketch of, 17, 297; leads the Ty- rolese revolt, 18, 375, 277', death of, 17, 300 Hogarth, William (1697-1764), Eng- lish painter: sketch of, 11, 494 Hogen Insurrection, a war between members of the Japanese royal fam- ily (ca. 1 158), 7, 56 Hogendorp, Count van (1762-1834), Dutch general: leads patriotic movement, 13, 272 Hohenfriedberg, Prussia: battle of (1745), 18, 331 Hohenheim, Theophrastus Bombastus von: see Paracelsus (of Einsiedeln), Phileppus Aureolus Hohenlinden, Bavaria: battle of (1800), 9, 317, 10, 442, 17, 285, 18, 364 Hohenloe (Hohenlohe), Count (ca. !575) > Dutch general: at the Breda Conference, 13, 119; made lieuten- ant general, 147 Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prince Fred- erick Louis of (1746-1818), Prus- sian general: defeated at Jena, 9, 328, 18, 372 Hohenwart, Karl Sigismund (1824 ), Austrian statesman: his pol- icy toward the Czechs, 17, 408; resignation of, 411 Hojo, family of military rulers in Japan (1225-1333): rise of, 7, 69 Hojo Morotoki, Regent of Japan, 1300-1311: regency of, 7, 77 Hojo Sadatoki, Regent of Japan, 1284-1300: regency of, 7, 77 Hojo Sanemasa (ca. 1250), Japanese general: commands Japanese army, 7, 75 Hojo Takatoki, Regent of Japan, 1312- 1326: regency of, 7, 77, 84 332 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Hojo Tokifusa (ca. 1220), Japanese general: his campaign against the imperial forces, 7, 71 Hojo Tokimasa (ca. 1200), Japanese general: restores order in Kyoto, 7, 66; assumes government of Ka- makura, 68 Hojo Tokimune, Regent of Japan, 1256-1284: saves Japan from Mo- gul conquest, 7, 73; puts Chinese envoy to death, 75 Hojo Tokiyori, Regent of Japan, 1246- 1256: rule of, 7, 72 Hojo Tsunetoki, Regent of Japan, 1243-1246: rule of, 7, 72 Hojo Yasutoki, Regent of Japan, 1225-1242: campaign against the im- perial forces, 7, 71; rule of, 72; raises Gosago to the throne, 83 Hojo Yoshitoki, Regent of Japan, 1205-1224: power of, 7, 71 Hojo-ji, Japanese Buddhist temple: built, 7, 41 Hokau-tai, Manchuria : battle of (1905), 7. 312 Holberg, Ludwig von (1684-1754), Danish author: Bernstorf cooper- ates with, 16, 240 Holderness, Robert D'Arcy, Earl of (ca. 1775), English statesman: at the Russian court, 15, 143 Hoik, Count (ca. 1770), Danish court- ier: a favorite of Christian VII of Denmark, 16, 241 Holkar, Jaswant Rao (d. 1811), Indian chieftain: at war with the English, 5, 201 Holland, Europe: conditions of the Jews, I, 421; joins in European in- tervention in Turkey, 14, 267, 284, 290, 299; joins triple alliance (1788), 360; expedition of Dumouriez into, 10, 246; conquest of, by the armies of the republic, 346; converted into a kingdom, 10, 467, 18, 39; treaty with China, 6, 221; commercial treaty with the United States, 23, 347; king of, asked to decide North- east Boundary Dispute, 24, 531; see also Holland and Belgium, History of Holland and Belgium, History of: be- fore the invasion of the Franks, 13, 3; struggle of Franks and Saxons, 11; rise of the counts, 16; decline of feudalism and growth of the towns, 24; power of the house of Bur- gundy, 36; Margaret of Austria and Charles V of Spain, 53; condition under Philip II of Spain, 67; com- mencement of the Revolution, 85; surrender of Valenciennes and tyr- anny of Alva, 98; appointment of Requescens and Pacification of Ghent, 116; revolt from sovereignty and declaration of independence, 125; edict of Philip and murder of Prince of Orange, 135; Alexander, Duke of Parma, 145; successes of Prince Maurice and death of Philip II, 160; Prince Maurice and Spinola, 170; Dutch disasters and the Twelve Years' Peace, 182; renewal of war with Spain and the despotism of Prince Maurice, 201; Frederich Henry and the Peace of Westpha- lia, 208; war with England, 225; William III and Louis XIV, 242; decline of the republic, 253; the French invasion, 265; William I as prince and sovereign of the Nether- lands, 279; the Belgian Revolution, 291; Belgium as an independent kingdom, 304; the kingdom of the Netherlands, 313 Hollander, Jacob H. (1871 ), American educator: devises system of taxation for Porto Rico, 20, 324 Holle, Count (ca. 1550), German no- ble: proclaims the friendliness of the princes of the empire toward the Belgiums, 13, 86 Holies or Hollis, Denzil, Baron Holies (1599-1679), English politician: takes part in House disturbance, 11, 327; fined and imprisoned, 329; im- peached, 343 Holly Springs, Mississippi: battle of (1862), 24, 775 Holm, Jan (Leijonkrona) (ca. 1654), Swedish court tailor: ennobled, 16, 205 Holmes, Sir Robert (ca. 1672), Eng- lish admiral: attacks Dutch fleet in the Channel (1672), 11, 397, 13, 235 Holmgang, Scandinavian word for a GENERAL INDEX 333 fight on an island: description of, 1 6, 44 note. Holmstadt, Diet of (1435), Swedish nobles renewed their homage to King Erik, 16, 128 Holovin, Russia: battle of (1708), 16, 219 Holstein War (1413-1435), war be- tween Denmark and Holstein: cause of, 16, 126; battles of Fernern (1418), 126; of Bergen (1428), 127; ended by Peace of Vordingborg (1435), 127 Holy Alliance, The (1815), an alliance between the rulers of Austria, Rus- sia, and Prussia, to repress the revo- lutionary spirit of Europe (1815), 9, 374, 15, 265, 18, 393, 23, 446 Holy Alliance, War of the, war be- tween Austria, Russia, Poland, Venice, and Turkey (1687-1699): battle of Lugos (1695), 14, 262; ended by treaty of Carlowitz, 268 Holy Leagues: 1511-1513. Between Pope Julius II, Spain, and Venice to expel the French from Italy, 4, 293, 9, 134, 140, 11, 236, 18, 228 1538. Between Charles V and the Catholic princes against the League of Schmalkald, 18, 250 1570. Between the Pope, Venice, and Spain against the Turks, 4, 309, 8, 355, 14, 196 1576. Between the heads of the Catholic party in France for re- sistance to the spread of Protest antism and for opposition to the succession of Calvinistic princes to the French throne, 9, 160 1609. Between the Pope and the Catholic states of Suabia and Bavaria, 18, 265 Holy Mother of the Russians: see Moscow Holy Roman Empire: first use of name, 4, 181; founded, 18, 113; dis- solution of, 368 Holy Sepulcher, Defender and Baron of the: see Godfrey, King of Jeru- salem Holy Vehm, The, a secret organiza- tion in northern Germany for the preservation of democracy, 18, 230 Holzer (ca. 1463), Vienna cattle-mer- chant: leads insurrection in Vienna, 17, 108 Homburg-on-the-Saale, Bavaria: sends a deputation of children to Pro- capius, 17, 135 Home Rule, attempts in the English Parliament to secure a separate leg- islative body for Ireland: main treatment, 12, 234; (1886), 11, 635; (1893), 637 Homem, Vasco Fernandez (ca. 1566), a Portuguese explorer: explorations of, 19, 23 Homer, Greek poet, called the Blind Man of Chios: account of his poems, 2, 29; the Homeric problem, 30; historic value of, 31, 32; com- pared to Hesiod, 38 Homer of Philosophers, The: see Plato Homestead, Pennsylvania: strikes of employees of Carnegie Steel Com- pany, 24, 992 Homildon Hill, England: battle of (1402), 11, 193 Honain, Arabia: battle of (630 A. D.), 1, 232 Honda Masazumi (ca. 1603), a Japa- nese nobleman: his estates confis- cated, 7, 128 Hondtschoote, France: battle of (1793), 9, 286, 10, 276 Honduras, a republic of Central America: discovered, 21, 13, 23, 34; Spanish conquest of, 22, 430; be- comes independent, 439; Walker executed, 24, 627; Louisiana Lot- tery removes to, 974 Honduras, British (Balize), a British dependency in Central America: be- comes a crown colony, 20, 120; gov- ernment of, 245 Hongi Hika (ca. 1814), a New Zealand warrior: sketch of, 20, 210 Hongkong, an island off the coast of China belonging to Great Britain: ceded to England, 6, 135; sketch of, 20, 255 Honorius II (d. 1130), Pope, 1124- 1130: his quarrel with Denmark, 16, 78 334 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Honorius III (d. 1227), Pope, 1216- 1227: his contention with Frederick II, 4, 201, 17, 93, 18, 160; character of, xi, 130 Honorius, Flavius (384-423 A. D.), Emperor of the West, 395-423: ac- cession of, 2, 528, 17, 16; associated with Theodosius in the Empire of the West, 4, 137; summary of his reign, 4, 146, 9, 16, 18, 35; Britons implore aid from, 11, 16 Honter (ca. 1566), a Lutheran pastor of Transylvania: his work in Tran- sylvania, 17, 221 Hood, John Bell (1831-1879), a Con- federate general in the American Civil War: succeeds Johnston, 24, 795; endeavors to draw Sherman from Georgia, 802; defeated at Nashville, 803 Hood, Samuel, Viscount Hood (1724- 1816), an English admiral: his cam- paign in France, 9, 285; enters Tou- lon, 10, 274 Hooft, Pieter Cornelissen (1581- 1647), a Dutch poet and dramatist: sketch of, 13, 220 Hoogerbeets (ca. 1609), a Dutch pa- triot: arrest of, 13, 199 Hooghlede, France: battle of (1794), 9, 290, 10, 345 Hooghly: see Hugli Hoogstraeten, Count of (ca. 1566), a Dutch patriot: refuses to take the new oath of allegiance, 13, 102; flees to Germany, 103 Hooker, Joseph (1814-1879), an Amer- ican soldier: sketch of, 24, 770, 779; outgeneraled by Lee, 771; held from pursuit by Lee's rear guard, 778; succeeded by Meade, 779 Hooker, Richard (ca. 1553-1600), an English clergyman: his "Ecclesias- tical Polity," 11, 301 Hooker, Thomas (ca. 1586-1647), an American clergyman: founds Con- necticut colony, 23, 91; notable di- vine, 139 Hooper, John (ca. I49S-I555). an English bishop: martyrdom of, 11, 271 Hoorn: see Horn, Philippe de Mont- morency-Nivelle Hoosier State, The: see Indiana Hope, Sir Henry (1787-1863), an Eng- lish admiral: defeated at Taku, 6, 169 Hope, John Adrian Louis, 7th Earl of Hopetown (i860 ), English co- lonial governor: made governor general of Australia, 20, 207 Hope, Sir Theodore Cracraft (b. 1831), a member of the Bombay civil service; sketch of, 5, 262 Hophra: see Apries Hopkins, Stephens (1707-1785), an American statesman: quoted on Rhode Island trade with Africa, 23, 135; delegate to first Continental Congress, 223; refuses to take cog- nizance of any case arising from the Gaspee Affair, 218 Hopkinson, Joseph (1770-1842), an American jurist: author of "Hail, Columbia," 23, 374 Hopton, Sir Ralph (d. ca. 1652), an English officer: commands Royal- ist forces, 11, 345 Horace (Quintus Horatius Flavius) (65-8 B. C), a Latin poet: in Ath- ens, 4, 17 Horazdovce, Bohemia: siege of (1307), 17, 113 Horcasitas, Presidio of, a Mexican council: founded, 22, 198 Hor-em-heb (Armais), King of Egypt, ca. 1500 B. C: reign of, I, 25 Hormayr, Joseph von (1781-1848), a German historian: reestablishes the government of the Tyrol, 17, 297 Hormuz, Persia: battle of (218 A. D.), 5, 315 Horn, Count (d. 1823), a Swedish no- bleman: plots to assassinate Gus- tavus, 16, 249 Horn, van (ca. 1683), a Dutch bucca- neer: leads pirates, 20, 68 Horn, Count Arvid Bernard (1664- 1742), a Swedish statesman: the party of, 15, 130; surrenders War- saw, 16, 217; ministry of, 226; death of, 228 Horn, Evert (ca. 1609), a Swedish of- ficer: his campaign against Russia, 16, 173 Horn, Gustaf, Count of (1592-1657), a GENERAL INDEX Swedish general: his campaign in Switzerland, 13, 464; at the battle of Nordlingen, 16, 186; his cam- paign against Denmark, 187; cam- paigns of, 18, 280, 285 Horn, Henrik (ca. 1584), a Swedish captain: his campaign against Rus- sia, 16, 167 Horn, Klas (ca. 1584), a Swedish cap- tain: his campaign against Russia, 16, 167 Horn or Hoorn, Philippe de Mont- morency-Nivelle, Count of (1522- 1568), a Flemish noble: escorts Philip II to Spain, 13, 73; joins plot against Granvelle, 78; joins con- federation, 89; resigns his govern- ment position, 90; refuses to take the new oath of allegiance, 102; ar- rest of, 8, 359, 13, 105; death of, 8, 359, 13, 108 Horn-men, a Swiss political party: de- scription of, 13, 544 note Horsa (d. 455 A. D.), Jutish chief- tain: invades England, II, 17, 18, 39 Horse Shoe Bend, Tennessee: battle of (1814), 23, 461 Hortensius, Quintus, Roman dictator 287 B. C. : reforms of, 3, 50 Hortensius, Quintus (114-50 B. C), Roman orator: allied with Caesar, 3, 338 Hosameddin, Pasha (ca. 1770), a Turkish commander: at the battle of Tchesme, 15, 179 Hosein (Husein) (7th century), son of Ali, Arabian ruler, claims the command of the faithful, 1, 248 Hoshea ben Elah (ca. 734 B. C), King of Israel: usurps the throne of Israel, 1, 393; revolts against As- syria, 394 Hosokawa Kazumoto (ca. 1460), Jap- anese nobleman: rebellion of, 7, 98 Hosokawa Mochiyuki (ca. 1440), Jap- anese nobleman: crushes revolt of Akamatsu Mitsusuke, 7, 96 Hospital, Marquis de 1' (ca. 1757), a French nobleman: made ambassa- dor to Russia, 15, 147 Hostages, Hero of the Nine: see Nial the Great, King of Ireland Hostages, Law of, a law of the French Directory: effect of, 10, 406; abolished, 10, 432 Hostilius, Aulus (ca. 171 B. C), Ro- man general: in the third Macedo- nian War, 3, 149 Hotham, Sir John (ca. 1642), gover- nor of Hull: closes Hull against Charles I, 1 1, 344 Hother (ca. 300 A. D.), a legendary Scandinavian warrior: slain by Stoerkodder, 16, 18 Hotspur, Henry: see Percy, Henry Hotta Masaatsu (Bitchu-no-Kami) (ca. 1856), Japanese statesman: at- tempts to negotiate treaty with the United States, 7, 157 Hotta Masatoshi (ca. 1680), Japanese statesman: made tairo, 7, 140 Hottinger, Johann Heinrich (1620- 1667), a Swiss Orientalist and Prot- estant divine: sketch of, 13, 482 Hottinger, Johann Jakob (1652-1735), Swiss theologian: sketch of, 13, 482 Houchard, Jean Nicolas (1740-1793), a French general: commands army of the north, 9, 286; supersedes Cus- tine, xo, 276; death of, 287 Hough, John (1651-1743), an English scholar: chosen president of Mag- dalen College, 11, 426 House of Burgesses: see Burgesses, House of House of Commons, the lower branch of the English Parliament: germ of, in Assembly at St. Albans, 11, 125; growth in importance during 14th century, 182 House of Representatives of the Uni- ted States: composition of, 23, 332; salary of members, 346; adopts the " twenty-first rule," 24, 579 Houston, Sam, an American general and statesman: born near Lexing- ton, Va., March 2, 1793; took part in the War of 1812; was a member of Congress from Tennes- see, 1823-1827, and Governor of Tennessee, 1827-1829; at the head of the Texans defeated the Mex- icans at San Jacinto, April, 1836; was president of Texas, 1836-1838 and 1841-1844; was United States 336 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Senator from Texas, 1845-1849, and Governor of Texas, 1850-1861; died at Huntersville, Texas, July 25, 1863 Defeats Santa Anna, 22, 273; at battle of San Jacinto, 24, 534; com- mander-in-chief of Texan army, 534; elected president of Texas, 534; opposes Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 637; refuses to join secession move- ment, 690 Houtman, Cornelius (d. ca. 1605), a Dutch navigator: his voyage to In- dia, 5, 154; forms a Dutch East In- dia Company, 13, 167; sketch of, 20, 56 Howard, Catherine (d. 1542), fifth wife of Henry VIII of England: mar- riage of, 11, 261 Howard, Charles, Baron of Effing- ham (1536-1624), English admiral: commands English fleet against the Armada, II, 296; at the capture of Cadiz (1596), 298 Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey: see Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of Howard, Oliver Otis (1830 ), an American general: commands Hooker's right, 24, 771; commands Army of Tennessee, 804; commands Sherman's right, 806; president of Freedman's Bureau, 849 Howard, Thomas, 4th Duke of Nor- folk: see Norfolk, 4th Duke of Howard, Thomas, Earl of Surrey and 3rd Duke of Norfolk (i473-i553)> English statesman and general: at Flodden, 11, 236; made lord lieu- tenant of Ireland, 12, 77 Howard Association, a body of peo- ple who cared for the yellow fever patients of New Orleans in the epi- demic of 1878, 24, 924 Howard of Escrick, Edward Howard, Lord (ca. 1683), an English states- man: implicated in the Rye House Plot, 11, 414 Howden, John Cradock, Lord: see Cradock, John, Lord Howden Howe, George Augustus, Viscount Howe (1724-1758), English soldier: killed in expedition against Ticon- deroga, 23, 189 Howe, Richard Howe, Earl, an Eng- lish admiral: born at London, Eng- land, March 8, 1725; studied at Eton and Westminster; became a mid- shipman, 1739; made post-captain for gallantry at Fort William, 1745; captured Cherbourg and Mar- tignan, 1758; succeeded his brother as viscount in the Irish peerage, 1758; defeated the French under the Count of Conflans, 1759; was treasurer of the navy, 1765; made rear admiral of the blue, with chief command of the Mediter- ranean, 1770; was appointed with his brother William commissioner to avert the war in the American colonies, 1776; fought D' Estaing off Rhode Island, 1778; made ad- miral and created viscount in the British peerage, 1782; relieved Gi- braltar, 1782; made first Lord of the Admiralty, 1783; created earl, 1788; took command of the Channel fleet, 1793; defeated the French off Brest, 1794; made general of the marines, 1795; died in London, August 5, 1799 At siege of Gibraltar, 9, 256; wins Battle of the First of June, 11, 543; quells mutiny in the navy, 547 Howe, Robert (ca. 1779), American soldier: commander of American forces in the South, 23, 272 Howe, Samuel Gridley (1801-1876), American philanthropist: in San Domingo commission, 24, 880 Howe, William, Viscount Howe (1729-1814), English general: his campaigns in America, 11, 516; at siege of Quebec, 23, 194; arrives at Boston, 231; at battle of Bunker Hill, 232; evacuates Boston, 235: in battle of Long Island, 242; at bat- tle of White Plains, 244; captures Fort Washington, 244; his army pil- lages college buildings at Princeton, 249; attempts to march across New Jersey (1777), 258; at battle of Brandywine, 259; reduces Forts Mercer and Mifflin, 260; recalled, 262 GENERAL INDEX 337 Hrodlo, Diet of, to arrange relations between Poland and Lithuania (1413), 15, 377 Hrolf (ca. 860-ca. 930 A. D.), first Duke of the Normans, Norwegian viking: organizes Normandy, ix, 57 Hsi Wang (ca. 1645), a Chinese rebel: tyranny of, 6, 60 Hsia Dynasty, The, a dynasty of the Chinese Empire lasting from 1954 to 1687 B. C, 6, 6 Hsian Fu (Sian Fu), China: Nesto- rian monument at, 6, 15; flight of court to, 285, 303 Hsienfeng (19th century), Emperor of China: accession of, 6, 155; death of, 188 Hsing Pu (Board of Punishments), a Chinese torture chamber estab- lished in early times: description of, i 6, 180 Hsu (ca. 1900), Chinese minister: death of, 6, 282 Hsu Ch'engyii (ca. 1900), a Chinese official connected with the Boxer outbreak: sentenced, 6, 285 Hsu Ching-Chen (ca. 1900), Chinese councilor: in Boxer movement, 6, 302 Hsu Tung (ca. 1900), a Chinese ' statesman: made plenipotentiary, 6, 303 Hu Weiyung (ca. 1384), a Chinese minister: plots assassination of Chinese emperor, 7, 102 Huacho, Peru: gold mines discovered at, 21, 209 Huascar (ca. 1530), an Inca chief: at war with Atahualpa, 21, 19 "Huascar," a Peruvian monitor: sinks the " Esmeralda," 21, 235; de- stroyed, 235 Hubbardton, Vermont: battle of U777), 23, 252 Hubert de Burgh: see Burgh, Hubert de Hubertsburg, Peace of, between Prussia, Austria, and Saxony, end- ing the Seven Years' War (1763), , 505, 17, 244, 18, 344 Hudson, Henry, an English naviga- tor: date and place of his birth are unknown; attempted to discover the Northwest Passage in 1607, but was unsuccessful and returned to Eng- land; attempted to find the North- east Passage, 1608; entered the serv- ice of the Dutch East India Com- pany, 1609, and again started to find the Northeast Passage but his crews mutinied and one of his two vessels returned, but with the other, the " Halfmoon," he sailed across the Atlantic to Nova Scotia, then southward to the Chesapeake Bay and explored the Hudson River as far as where Albany now stands; sailed again, 1610, in an English ship, "The Discovery"; discovered Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay; wintered on James Bay; his crew mutinied and on June 23, 181 1, he with eight others was set adrift and never again heard from Searches for the Northwest Pas- sage, 5, 156; discoveries of, 13, 167; explorations of, 16, 303, 20, 63, 23, 101; his treatment of the Indians, 23, 50 Hudson Bay, an inland sea in North America: ceded to English, 23, 162 Hudson Bay Company, an English company chartered in 1670 for the purpose of trading with the North American Indians: incorporated, 16, 305; sketch of, 20, 86, 168 Hudson River, a river in New York: discovered and named, 23, 101 Hue, capital of Annam: bombard- ment of (1883), 20, 273 Huehuetoca, Canal of, intended to drain the lake of Zumpango in Mexico: building of, 22, 145 Huger, Benjamin (1807-1877), Con- federate general in the American Civil War: at the siege of Mexico, 22, 363 Hugh Capet (d. 996 A. D.), King of France, 987-996: becomes Duke of France and Count of Paris, 9, 58; accession of, to throne, 9, 59, 18, 119; reign of, 63; visits Otto II in Rome, 18, 117 Hugh le Despenser: see Despenser, Hugh le 338 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Hugh of Beauvais (ca. 998), a French courtier: murder of, 9, 67 Hugh of Peuset (ca. 1199), Bishop of Durham, English prelate: appointed Justiciar, II, 112 Hugh the Great or the White (d. 956 A. D.), Count of Paris and Duke of France: career of, 9, 54; excom- municated, 57; marries sister of ^Ethelstan, II, 46 Hughes (19th century), an American soldier: in the Mexican War, 22, 373 Hughes, Sir Edward (ca. 1763), Eng- lish admiral: his campaigns in In- dia, 5, 194; at battle of Gondelour, 9, 257 Hugh or Hooghly, Bengal: growth of, 5, 150 Hugo, Duke (ca. 946), a French no- bleman: claims French throne, 18, in Hugonet (d. 1477), Burgundian no- ble: death of, 13, 48 Huguenots, the Puritans of France: Denmark refuses an asylum to the, 16, 235; make settlements in America, 23, 47; arrive in Virginia, 67; attracted to Maryland, 72; settle in North Carolina, 74; settle in South Carolina, 76; value as American colonists, 127 Hugues, Bezanson (ca. 1525), a Swiss politician: sketch of, 13, 447 Hugues, Victor (1761-1826), a French administrator: expels the English from Guadeloupe, 20, 268 Huing-yo-cheng, China: battle of (1904), 7, 310 Hulagu or Huluku (ca. 1256), a Mon- golian ruler: captures Bagdad, 5, 334 Hulan, King: see Alfonso XII, King of Spain Hulin or Hullin, Comte Pierre Au- gustan (1758-1841), a French gen eral: leads attack on the Bastile, io, 65 Hull, Isaac (1775-1843), an American commodore: commands "Constitu- tion," 23, 422 Hull, William (1 753-1825), an Amer- ican soldier: attacks Canadians, 23, 420 Hullin: see Hulin Hiilseman, Baron (19th century), Austrian minister: protests against American interference with Hun- gary, 24, 639 Hulst, Netherlands: taken by the Spanish (1596), 13, 163; battle of (1643), 214 Huluku: see Hulagu Human Sacrifice: in India, 5, 81; practiced by the Aztecs, 23, 7 Huraann (early 19th century), French political leader: in Soult's ministry, 9, 402 Humayun (d. 1556), Mogul emperor: reign of, 5, no; receives aid from Tamasp I of Persia, 342 Humbert I (1844-1900), King of Italy (IV, King of Sardinia) : reign of, 4, 397; joins alliance of Germany and Austria, 17, 426; assassinated, 4, 405 Humbert (I), surnamed Biancamano (ca. 993 A. D.), Count of Savoy: founds house of Savoy, 4, 272 Humbert II (d. 1103), Count of Sa- voy: reign of, 4, 272 Humbert (III), St. (1146-1188), Count of Savoy: reign of, 4, 273 Humbert, Joseph Amable (ca. 1760- 1823), a French general: leads expedition to Ireland, 12, 214 Humboldt, Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von (1769-1859), a noted German scientist called The Father of Physical Geography: influence of, 18, 396; forbidden to enter Brazil, 20, 27; visits Mexico, 22, 229 Humboldt, William von (1 767-1835), a German philologist and author: in- fluence of, 18, 396 Hume, Allan Octavian (b. 1829), of the Indian civil service: supports the Indian National Congress, 5, 270 Hummelsdorf, Sweden: battle of (1702), 15, 42 Hun-chun, China: occupied by Rus- sia, 7, 285 Hundred, Council of a: see Council of a Hundred GENERAL INDEX 339 Hundred Days, The, the period dur- ing which Napoleon made his final effort to reestablish his power (1815), 10, 498, 11, 567, 15, 262 Hundred Years' War, a series of dis- astrous wars between England and France (1338-1453): causes, 9, 92, 11, 157; battles of Ecluse or Sluys (1340), 9, 93, 11, 160; of Crecy (1346), 9, 94, 11, 161; of Poitiers (1356), 9, 98, 11, 164; of Agincourt (1415), 9, in, 11, 198; Treaties of Bretigny (1360), 9, 101, II, 166; of Troyes (1420), 9, 113, II, 200; re- sults, 11, 207; see also French and Indian Wars Hunfrido: see Wifredo Hung Hsiuts'uan (d. 1862), Chinese Emperor, founder of T'aiping dyn- asty: account of, 6, 147; death of, 205 Hungarian Insurrection, a revolt of the Hungarians under Kossuth agajnst the tyranny of Austria (1848-1849), 15, 300 Hungarians, the inhabitants of Hun- gary: sketch of, 18, 99; incursions of, 17, 15, 18, 100; make a truce with Henry I, 18, 106; defeat of, 107; invade Germany, 112; see also Hun- gary Hungary, a country in Central Eu- rope, called the Granary of Europe, the Ireland of Austria and the Realm of St. Stephen: invaded by Tartars, 14, 4; menaced by Murad, 30; attacked by Bayezid, 37; dev- astated, 45; at war with Turkey, 147, 151; acquired by Suleiman I, 159; recovered from Turkey, 291; offers crown to Ferdinand I of Aus- tria, 17, 3; relics of the stone age found in, 10; invaded by the Gepidae and Burgundians, 14; obtains a place among European states, 46; be- comes an independent kingdom, 47; annexed to Croatia, 52; at war with Bohemia, 59; under the House of Anjou and the elective mon- archy, 151; divided, 216; freed from the Turks and reconciled to Aus- tria, 227; condition of, at beginning of the Napoleonic period, 279; in the struggle against the French Revolution, 286; under Leopold II and Prancis II, 330; revolution of 1848, 368; during the first years of the reign of Francis Joseph, 381; opposes the Austrian constitution, 388; from 1894 to 1896, 439; eco- nomic progress (1894-1906), 452; present political status in, 453 Hungary, The Apostle of: see Ste- phen I, King of Hungary Hungwu (Chu) (ca. 1365), Emperor of China: account of, 6, 26, 27; death of, 29 Huningen, a town of Upper Alsace: siege of (1815), 13, 527 Hunkers, the conservative wing of the Democratic party in 1848, 24, 555 Hunniades, John: see Hunyady, John Hunold (ca. 735 A. D.), Duke of Aquitaine, 735-745 A. D.: reign of, 9, 40 Huns, a Mongolian race of central Asia: invade Greece, 2, 529, ad- vent of, 4, 136, 147, 17, 15, 18, 38; menace Western civilization, 14, 4; sketch of, 18, 33 Hunt, Henry (1773-1835), an English statesman: arrest of, 11, 572; his reform proposals, 583 Hunt, William Henry (1857 ), a United States judge: in Garfield's cabinet, 24, 932 note; governor of Porto Rico, 1041 Hunter, Robert Mercer Taliaferro (1809-1887), an American states- man: acts as intermediary for Con- federacy, 24, 708; in Hampton Roads Conference, 809 Hunter, William (ca. 1753), American patriot: deputy postmaster-general of the colonies, 23, 153 Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1840- 1900), a British publicist: directs the Statistical Survey of India, 5, 250 Huntly, Gordon, Earl of (d. 1562), a Scottish chief: fall of, 12, 314 Huntly, Gordon, Earl of (ca. 1588): leader of the Catholic party in Scotland (1592), 12, 327 Hunton, Eppa (b. 1822), a United 340 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS States lawyer: member of the Elec- toral Commission, 24, 913 note Hunyady, John (1387-1456), a re- nowned Hungarian general, called The Raven Knight: origin of, 14, 38; account of, 60; made regent of Hungary, 17, 157; in the Hungarian wars with the Turks, 159; career of, 18, 214; death of, 14, 84 Hunyady, Vladislav (d. 1457), Hun- garian nobleman: death of, 17, 161 Huron Indians, an Indian tribe of North America: burial customs, 23, 10 Hurricane, The: see Mirabeau, Ga- briel Hon ore Riquetti, Count Hurtado (ca. 1600), a Spanish ad- miral: his expedition against the Dutch, 13, 180 Husam ben Dhizar, surnamed Abul- chatur (ca. 736 A. D.), an Arabian governor of Spain: subdues rebel- lion in Spain, 8, 66 Husbandry, Patrons of: see Grangers Husein: see Hosein Husein Mirza, Shah of Persia, 1694- 1714: reign of, 5, 347 Hu-shan, Korea: captured by the Japanese, 7, 267 Huskisson, William (1770-1830), an English statesman: labor reforms of, II, 575; resigns from ministry, 584; death of, 590 Huss, John, a Bohemian religious re- former: born at Husinetz, southern Bohemia, July 6, 1369; studied di- vinity and the liberal arts at the University of Prague; he lectured there on the doctrines of Wycliffe, 1398; appointed dean of the philo- sophical faculty, 1401; was rector of the university, 1402-1403; preached the doctrines of Wycliffe in the Bethlehem Chapel at Prague; re- elected rector of the university, 1409; denounced the bull of John XXIII, 1412, which decreed a crusade against Ladislaus, King of Naples, and together with Jerome of Prague, condemned the sale of in- dulgences; was excommunicated; summoned before the Council of Constance, 1414; was given a safe- conduct by the Emperor Sigismund but was arrested; as he would not recant, he was burned at Constance, Baden, July 6, 1415 Career and teaching of, 17, 119, 18, 202 Huss, Nicholas (ca. 1418), a Bohe- mian divine: becomes a leader of the populace, 17, 127 Hussein (ca. 1721), Shah of Persia: asks Peter of Russia for assistance, 15, 78 Hussein Avni (19th century), a Turk- ish general: account of, 14, 475 Hussein Pasha (1773-1838), last Dey of Algiers: his campaign against Russia, 15, 279 Hussite War, The, between Bohemia and Germany (1420-1436): cause of, 18, 201; battle of Thauss (1431), peace treaty, 18, 210; result, 211 Hutchinson, Anne (1590-1643), reli- gious enthusiast: a sketch of, 23, 89; in Rhode Island Colony, 94; adherents in New Hampshire, 95 Hutchinson, John Hely (1715-1794), an Irish statesman: supports free trade movement, 12, 183 Hutchinson, Thomas (1711-1780), royal governor of Massachusetts: his house sacked by mob, 23, 211; removes soldiers from Boston, 217; prominent Tory, 294 Hutin (Headstrong): see Louis X, King of France Hutten, Ulric von (1488-1523), a Ger- man poet and humanist: befriends Luther, 18, 239 Huy, Belgium: siege of (1694), 13, 245 Hvitsek (ca. 750 A. D.), King of Jutland: legend of, 16, 20 Hwan Bunko (ca. 1256), a Chinese general: his campaign in Japan, 7, 75 Hwangchukki, China: murder of Englishmen at, 6, 147 Hwang-hai: see Yellow Sea Hwangho River: see Yellow River Hwangti, Emperor of China, ca. 2332 B. C. : reign of, 6, 5 Hwiccan, a division of the Saxons in England: separate from the West GENERAL INDEX 841 Saxons, II, 25; defeated by Penda, 34 Hyde (ca. 1641), an English politi- cian: leader of religious toleration party, II, 341 Hyde, Anne (1637-1671), daughter of Lord Clarendon: marries James II of England, II, 399 Hyde, Edward, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1608-1674), an English historian and chancellor: Lord Chancellor, 11, 380; disgraced, 390; made lord lieutenant of Ireland, 12, 131 Hyde, Edward, Viscount of Cornbury (afterward Earl of Clarendon) (1661-1723), English colonial officer: governor of New York, 23, 107 Hyde, Lawrence, Earl of Rochester (1641-1711), English statesman: supports Charles II, 11, 415; dis- missed from office, 425; leader of the High Tories, 455 Hyder Ali Khan (1718-1782), Hindoo prince: at war with the English, 9, 256, 11, 527, 20, 120 Hyele: see Velia Hyksos, Kings of Egypt, ca. 2200-155 B. C. : invade Egypt, 1, 20 Hylacomylus: see Waldseemuller Hyndford, John Carmichael, Earl of (1701-1767), a Scottish diplomatist: negotiations of, 15, 141 Hyperbolus (d. 411 B. C.)> Athenian demagogue: death of, 2, 357 Hyperboreans (Outside Northwind- ers), a fabled race living in the far north, separated from the rest of the world: fable of, 16, 3 Hyperides (ca. 396-323 B. C), Athe- nian orator: death of, 2, 512, 513 Hypsaeus, Lucius (ca. 133 B. C), Ro- man pretor: slaves defeat, 3, 173 Hyrcanus, John (d. 103 B. C), high priest of Jerusalem: reign of, 1, 407 Hyrcanus II (d. 30 B. C), prince of Judaea: in civil war, 3, 274 Ibarra (19th century), governor of Santiago del Estero: cruelty of, 21, 125 Ibarra, Francisco (ca. 1550), a Span- ish explorer: explorations of, 22, 117 Ibbetson, Sir Denzil Charles Jelf (b. 1847), an English statesman in In- dia: policy of, 5, 282 Ibernia: see Ireland Ibernians, ancient race in Spain and Portugal: earliest inhabitants of Spanish peninsula, 8, 3; divisions of, 10; invade England, II, 4 Iberville, Pierre Lemoyne, Sieur d' (1661-1706), a French explorer: at- tempts to make a French settlement in America, 20, 85 Iberville River, Louisiana: Spanish boundary, 23, 400 Ibn-Batuta: see Batootah Ibrahim (ca. 744 A. D.), a caliph of the Omeyyad dynasty: claims the throne of the caliphs, I, 340 Ibrahim I (d. 1648), Sultan of Turkey, 1640-1648: preserved from death, 14, 224; accession of, 225; deposed, 227; put to death, 228 Ibrahim (d. 1535), Grand Vizier of Turkey, 1523-153S: sent to Egypt, 14, 150; account of, 166; wealth of, confiscated, 184 Ibrahim, Grand Vizier of Turkey, 1718-1730: account of, 14, 292 Ibrahim Abu Ishac ben Taxfin (ca. 1 145), a ruler of Morocco: reign of, 8, 97 Ibrahim ben Yussef (ca. 1130), a Mo- roccan general: sent against Mo- hammed ben Abdalla, 8, 94 Ibrahim of Aleppo (d. 1549), Ottoman jurist: compiles Ottoman code, 14, 187 Ibrahim Pasha (1780-1848), Viceroy of Egypt: his campafgns in Syria, 38; reign of, 1, 38; revolt of, 9, 403; son of Mohammed AH, 14, 409; his campaign against the Greeks, 417; aids Mohammed Ali in rebel- lion, 433; in the Greek war, 15, 275; his campaign against Turkey, 289 Ibrahim the Devil (Kara Djehennin) (ca. 1826), a Turkish general: com- mands artillery against the Janis- saries, 14, 419 lea, Peru: insurrection in (1865), 21, 207 Iceland, an island in the North At- lantic Ocean: settlement of, 16, 44, 299; brought under the control of Norway, 99; receives a constitution, 291; visited by the Irish Culdees, 298; visited by Columbus, 23, 26 Iceni, State of, an ancient division of Roman Britain: formed, 11, 6 Ichijo, Emperor of Japan, 987-1012 A. D.: reign of, 7, 43 Ichinotani, Japan: battle of (ca. 1183), 7, 62 Ichnae, Arabia: battle of (54 B. C), 3, 323 Icilian Law, a Roman law of 492 B. C, granting the people the right to hold assemblies: passed, 3, 41 Iconium, Turkey: taken by crusaders, 18, 155; battle of (1387), 14, 3i Iconoclasts, The, opponents of image worship: supported by Leo the Isaurian, 2, 534; sketch of, 13, 94 Ictinus (ca. 450 B. C), a Greek archi- tect: designs the Parthenon, 2, 255 Ida (d. 559 A. D.), King of Bernicia, 547-559 A. D.: 11, 25 Idaho, one of the Western States of the United States: admitted to the Union, 24, 986; Presidential election of 1892, 993; Presidential election of 1900, 1040 342 GENERAL INDEX 343 Idatius (ca. 4th century A. D.), Spanish courtier: persecutes Pricil- lianists, 8, 31 Idrieus, King of Karia, ca. 350 B. C, reduces Cyprus, I, 168 Idris (ca. 1512), Turkish historian: favored by Selim I, 14, 119 Iermak: see Yermak Ierne: see Ireland Iglesias, Jose (19th century), a Mexi- can statesman: claims presidency of Mexico, 22, 407 Iglesias, Miguel (b. 1822), South American statesman: made presi- dent of Peru, 21, 242 Ignacio Elizondo (ca. 1810), a Mexi- can statesman: treachery of, 22, 240 Ignatiev (d. 1721), Russian nobleman: death of, 15, 76 Ignatiev Rikolai Pavlovitch (b. 1832), a Russian diplomat; influence of, 14, 474; his negotiations with the Porte, 17, 419 Ignatius, Saint (d. ca. no A. D.), bishop of Antioch: martyrdom of, 4, 91 Iguala, Plan of, a plan of government formulated by the Mexican soldier, Iturbide (1821), 22, 252 Iguazu, Falls of, in central South America: description of, 21, 314 Ii Naosuke (Kamon-no-Kami) (d. i860): a Japanese statesman: made tairo, 7, 158; assassination of, 161 Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine (1841 ), British official in India: sketch of, 5> 262 Ilbert Act, an act for the promotion of self-government in India (1884), 5, 261 Iliad, The, a famous Greek epic poem written by Homer: description of, 2, 29 Ilipu (Elepoo) (19th century), Chinese official: commissioned to provide for the defense of Hangchow (1842), 6, 139 Ilium (Troy), Asia: Alexander at, 2, 488 Illam, King of Leinster (5th century A. D.): conversion of, 12, 30 Illinois, one of the United States, means " a tribe of men " or " Man- ly " and is called the Prairie State and the Sucker State: Connecticut gives up claim to, 23, 317; admitted, 442; free state, 452; impetus to de- velopment, 480; not represented in several Democratic national con- ventions, 509; abolition riot at Al- ton, 24, 575; immigration of free negroes forbidden, 588; election of 1854, 645; of 1856, 656; of 1892, 992; Lincoln-Douglas debates, 664; legis- lature opposes national government (1862), 818; Chicago fire (1872), 902; Blaine's campaign speeches (1884), 947; Mormons enter, 982 Illinois Indians, a tribe of American Indians: belong to Algonquian stock, 23, 8 Illumines, The, secret society in France: Ku-Klux-Klan compared to, 24, 871 Illyricans, ancient tribe on shores of Adriatic: sketch of, 17, n Illyrism, the attempt to unite the vari- ous Illyrian peoples: rise of, 17, 343 Iloilo, Philippine Islands: occupied by Americans (1899), 20, 317 Ilubidi (Ya'ubidi) of Hamath (8th century B. C.) : revolts against As- syria, 1, 84 Ilyin (ca. 1770), Russian naval com- mander: at the battle of Tchesme, 15, 179 Imad Shahi Dynasty, one of the in- dependent Mohammedan king- doms: founded (1484), 5, 106 Imagawa Yoshimoto (ca. 1650), Japa- nese chieftain: invades Owari, 7, no Imbercourt (d. 1477), Burgundian no- ble: death of, 13, 48 Imgrund, Heinrich (d. 1478), gov- ernor of Entlebuch, Switzerland: sketch of, 13, 411 Immeroad, Denmark: battle of (1421), 16, 126 Immigration and Naturalization, Fed- eral Bureau of, in the United States: created, 24, 1083 Impeachment, the exhibition of charges of maladministration 344> THE HISTORY OF NATIONS against a high public officer before a competent tribunal: first use of the right, II, 172 " Impending Crisis," book published in i860 in United States: indigna- tion caused by, in South, 24, 677 Imperial British East Africa Com- pany: see British East Africa Com- pany, Imperial Imperial University, China: reorgan- ized, 6, 291 Imperialism, in United States history, the name given by the Democratic party to the policy of the Republi- can- government in regard to status of Porto Rico and the Philippines: in the Presidential campaign of 1904, 24, 1068, 1070 Impey, Sir Elijah (1732-1809), noted English jurist: chief-justice of In- dia, 5, 190 Implied Powers, Doctrine of, in United States: authority for, 23, 331; ad- vocated by Hamilton, 351 Impressment of American Seamen: practiced by England, 23, 361, 408; ignored in treaty of Ghent, 429 Inaros (Inarus) (d. 455 B. C), King of Libya: leader in Egyptian re- volt, 1, 32, 2, 246 Inayatulla Khan, son of the emir of the Punjab: visits Calcutta (1905), 5, 295 Incas, the reigning order in Peru (13th to 16th century) : description of, 20, 45; civilization of, 23, 7; de- stroy the records of their civiliza- tion, 21, 21 Inchiquin, Morrogh O'Brien, Baron (1618-1674), Irish soldier: at battle of Knocknanuss, 12, 122 Incorruptible, The: see Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore Indemnity, Acts of, acts passed by English Parliament: (1662), 12, 345; (1747), 369 Indented Servants: see Servants, In- dented Independence: see Liberty Independence, Declaration of: see Declaration of Independence Independence Bay, Greenland: discov- ered, 16, 296, 320 Independence Hall, Philadelphia: con- stitutional convention meets at, 23, 323; Lincoln's body rests in, 827 Independent Party or Mugwumps, po- litical party in United States: sup- port Cleveland (1884), 24, 946 Independents, The, English political party: rise of, 1 1, 349 India, southern Asia: expedition of Darius to, 2, 131, 6, 13; Alexander in, 2, 501; Turkish conquests in, 14, 164; Denmark sends missionaries to, 16, 237; Europe's trade with, 20, 11; Portuguese in, 39; work of the Jesu- its in, 97; British conquest of, 144 India, History of: the country, 5, 3; the people, 20; the non-Aryans, 25; the Aryans, 36; Buddhism, 56; the Greeks in India, 67; the Scythic in- roads, 72; growth of Hinduism, 75; early Mohammedan conquerors, 88; the Mogul dynasty, 109; the Ma- rathas, 130; early European settle- ments, 138; growth of British pow- er, 178; the consolidation of British India, 204; the Sepoy Mutiny, 232; under the British crown, 242 India Company, Dutch: see East India Company, Dutch Indian Affairs, Bureau of, United States: scandals in, 24, 895 Indian Civil Service Act, a law regu- lating the civil service in British In- dia: passed (1861), 5, 241 Indian Councils Acts, acts relating to the governor-general of India's council, (1861): 5, 240; (1892), 271 Indian High Courts Act, an act relat- ing to the establishment of law courts in India: passed (1861), 5, 241 Indian Mutiny: see Sepoy Mutiny Indian National Congress, a congress designed to enlarge the usefulness of the natives of India in legislative work; first meeting of, 5, 260; sketch of, 270, 293 Indian Ocean: Ptolemy's theory of, 23, 23 Indian Springs, Treaty of, a treaty between the Creek Indians and the United States: concluded, 23, 470; annulled, 470 GENERAL INDEX 345 Indian Territory, a former territory in the western part of the United States: created, 23, 488; Seminoles resist removal to, 507; receives Seminoles, 515; Oklahoma separated from, 24, 985; refu'sed admission as State, 1054; joined to Oklahoma, 1083 Indiana, one of the United States, called the Hoosier State: Con- necticut gives up claim to, 23, 317; protests against Louisiana, 399; admitted, 442; free state, 452; impetus to development, 480; elec- tion of 1854, 24, 645; Presidential campaign of 1856, 655; boyhood home of Lincoln, 665; condemns Buchanan's Kansas policy, 670; leg- islation opposes national govern- ment (1862), 818; question of negro suffrage, 858; Presidential election of 1868, 861; Presidential election of 1876, 910; Presidential election of 1880, 931; Blaine's campaign speeches (1884), 947; Presidential election of 1884, 947; Presidential election of 1888, 966, 967; Presiden- tial election of 1892, 992 Indianapolis, capital of Indiana: Lin- coln makes speech at, 24, 706; popu- lar respect to Lincoln's remains, 827 Indians, the original inhabitants of North America: theories as to the origin of, 23, 3; physical character- istics, 9; religious instincts and be- liefs, 9; burial customs, 10; habita- tions, 10; dress, 11; food and pur- suits, n ; languages and literature, 12; social and political organization, 12.; status of the women, 13; indus- trial activity, 14; slavery among, 14; war-customs, 15; games and recrea- tions, 16; personal characteristics, i7 97, 174; population, 17; named by Columbus, 31; treatment of, by colonists, 20, 17; introduction of Christianity, 23, 44; unfitted for hard labor, 44; Catholicism intro- duced by French, 51; friendly with early Virginians, 65; laws for pro- tection in Pennsylvania, ill; influ- ence of French over, 174; trouble with, in Northwest, 365, 416; land claims in Georgia, 469 Indians, The Apostle of the: see Eliot, John Indies, Council of the: organized, 22, 98; governs Spanish-American col- onies, 23, 43 Indies, The Paradise of the: see Cey- lon Indigo Industry: in South Carolina, 23, 137 Indo-China, southeastern Asia: French rule in, 20, 272 Indolent Dick: see Cromwell, Richard Induff (10th century), King of Scot- land; wins Edinburgh for Scotland, 12, 256 Indulgences, remission of the tem- poral punishment of sins: descrip- tion of, 18, 235 Indus, river of India: description of, 5, 8 Indutiomarus (d. 54 B. C), Chief of the Treviri: at war with Rome, 9, 9 Ine (d. 729 A. D.), King of Wessex, 688-726 A. D.: goes on a pilgrimage to Rome, II, 39 Ifies de Castro, Dona (d. 1355), fa- vorite of Pedro of Spain: sketch of, 8, 286 Infernal Legion, The, a band of South American patriots: description of, 21, 62 Infidelity, The Apostle of: see Vol- taire Ingago, Africa: battle of (1880), 20, 230 Ingavi, Bolivia: battle of (1841), 21, 187 Inge Baardsen, King of Norway, 1205-1207: reign of, 16, 98 Ingeborg (1 176-1236), Queen of France: Philip's repudiation of, 16, 84 Ingeborg (14th century), Queen of Sweden: dowry of, 16, 100 Ingeborg (14th century), Countess of Mecklenburg: marriage of, 16, 118 Ingegerd (10th century), daughter of Olaf Skat-konung: marriage of, 16, 59 346 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Ingelram von Coucy, Baron (ca. I375)> Austrian noble: invades Swit- zerland, 13, 378 Ingermannland, Russia: acquired by Sweden, 15, 21; passes to Russia, 65, 68 Ingersoll, Jared (19th century), American politician: defeated for Vice-President, 23, 434 Ingersoll, Robert Green (1833-1899), American politician and lawyer: nominates Blaine for President (1876), 23, 906 Ingiomar (1st century A. D.), uncle of Hermann, chief of the Cherusci: joins Marbod, 18, 21 Ingjald Illraada (ca. 623 A. D.), King of Sweden: legend of, 16, 36 Ingoldstadt, Bavaria: resists Gustavus Adolphus, 18, 282 Ingolf (ca. 874 A. D.), Norwegian refugee: settles in Iceland, 16, 44 Ingraham, Duncan Nathaniel (1862- 1891), American naval officer: de- mands Koszta's release, 24, 640 Ingria: see Ingermanland Ingunda (6th century A. D.), Frank- ish princess; marries Ermenigeld, 8, 4i Inkerman, Russia: battle of (1854), called the Battle of the British Sol- dier and the Battle of the Fifth of November, 9, 447, 11, 616, 15, 316 Inn, tributary of the Danube: battle of the (913 A. D.), 18, 104 Innocent I (d. 417 A. D.), Pope, 402- 417 A. D.: refuses to sanction an- cient rites, 4, 140 Innocent II (d. 1143), Pope, 1130- 1143: confers upon Roger Guiscard title of King of Sicily, 4, 186; pon- tificate of, 18, 143 Innocent III (Giovanni Lothario Conti), Pope 1198-1216: born at Anagni, Italy, 1161; was educated at Rome, Paris, and Bologna; became a canon of St. Peter's, 1181, and car- dinal deacon of St. Sergius and St. Bacchus, 1 190; was made Pope, 1198; compelled Philip Augustus of France to restore his wife to her position by putting the country un- der an interdict; instigated the fourth crusade; excommunicated and dethroned Otho, Emperor of Germany, and gave the throne to Frederick of Sicily; put England under an interdict because King John insisted upon his right to ap- point the Archbishop of Canterbury, 1207; this lasted two years, and then the pope deposed John, ordering Philip Augustus to carry out the decree; upon this event, John sub- mitted and signed a treaty, by which England and Ireland became fiefs of Rome, and an annual tribute was paid to the Pope; he inaugu- rated a crusade against the Al- bigenses for heresy; died at Peru- gia, Italy, July 16, 1216 Pontificate of, 4, 197; forms the Tuscan union, 204; demands sepa- ration of Alfonso IX of Leon and Berengaria of Castile, 8, 148; op- poses the choice of an archbishop of Canterbury by King John, 11, 123; excommunicates John of Eng- land, 9, 76, 11, 124; supports John's opposition to the Barons, II, 128; excommunicates Louis VIII of France, 129; intervenes between Knud and Philip, 16, 84; confirms the royal title to the princes of Bohemia, 17, 68; policy of, 18, 158; death of, 160 Innocent IV (d. 1254), Pope, 1243-1254: his contention with Frederick II, 4, 205; deprives Sancho II of Por- tugal of his royal powers, 8, 280; accession and character of, n, 135; offers crown of Naples and Sicily to Prince Edmund of England, 136; excommunicates Frederick II of Germany, 13, 359; pontificate of, 18, 166 Innocent VI (d. 1362), Pope, 1352- 1362: sends Rienzi to Rome, 18, 193 Innocent VIII (1432-1492), Pope, 1484-1492: receives Prince Djem, 14, in Innocent X (1572-1655), Pope, 1644- 1655: condemns the Treaty of West- phalia, 18, 294 Innocent XI (1611-1689), Pope, 1676- 1689: his struggle with Louis XIV GENERAL INDEX 347 of France, 9, 213; receives Shere- metiev, 15, 36; supports John So- bieski against the Turks, 17, 184 Innocent XIII (1655-1724), Pope, 1721-1724: makes Dubois a cardinal, 9, 233 Inns, public houses: use of, in Eng- land, 11, 178 Innsbruck, Austria: taken by Hofer (1809), 17, 297, 18, 375 Inouye Kaoru (19th century), Japa- nese minister of foreign affairs: at- tempts to negotiate treaties with European countries, 7, 190; vice- ambassador to Korea, 194; ambas- sador to Korea, 196 Inquisition, system of ecclesiastical tribunals for cases of heresy: in Germany, 18, 158, 163; in Nether- lands, 13, 59, 83; in Mexico, 22, 129; in Portugal, 8, 439; in Spain, 8, 271, 488, 13, 83 note Inscriptions: ARABIA: cuneiform annals of 8th and 7th centuries B. C, 1, 184; of a religious character, 185; giving names of kings, 186 ASSYRIA: historical records, I, 69, 71; early ruler (1820 B. C), 78; on bricks and metals, 106 BABYLONIA: accurate table of dynasties, 1, 72 CRETE: unintelligible to modern scholars, 2, 22 EGYPT: of Thothmes I (1600 B. C.) *> 8; giving dates of dynasties, 11, 13, 14, 17; letters in the Baby- lonian language, 24; Thebes has only Egyptian reference to the Is- raelites, 27; in the temple of Aby- dos, the names of the family of Ramses II, 27; the Rosetta stone, 1, 56; the government system of Canaan, 379 GREECE: on Etruscan helmet, 2, 219; Athenian memorial pillar, 243 INDIA: Buddhism propagated, 5, 61 JAPAN: in Chinese style, 7, 14 LYDIA: showing an inflectional language, 1, 141; Hittite circular plate, 151 MEXICO: Aztec Calendar stone, 22, 95 PERSIA: showing Zoroastrian re- ligion in the t^me of Darius, 1, 170; on the tomb of Cyrus, 179; of Ar- taxerxes, 5, 315 PHOENICIA: relating only to re- ligious and mortuary affairs, 1, 135 SCANDINAVIA: runic inscrip- tions, 16, 7, 9 SPAIN: traces of the Phoenicians, 8, 12 SWITZERLAND: an official Chris- tian inscription found at Valais, 13, 334 Insurance, Law of, a compulsory workingmen's insurance in Switzer- land: passed (1899), 13, 573 Insurrection Act, a law passed by the Irish Parliament (1796), 12, 207 Insurrection of the 10th of August, a revolt of the French populace against the government (1792), 10, 190 Insurrections, Popular: B. C. ! 33> I2 S- The aristocrats of Rome oppose the Gracchan reforms, 3, 176, 179 104. The slaves revolt throughout Italy, 3, 186 91-87. Italians rise against Rome, 3, 205 72. Of the slaves in Rome, 3, 262 63-62. Political conspiracy plotted by Catilina, 3, 282 53. Gauls under Vercingetorix, 3, 327 52. The Roman populace at the murder of Clodius, 3, 320 48. In Alexandria, 3, 354 A. D. 760. Against the Mohammedan rule in Spain, 8, 69 1038. Of Hungarian peasants, 17, 50 1 125. Of Scotland, 12, 262 1 173. Uprising against Henry II of England, 11, 108 1335- Uprising in Ghent, 13, 33 1347. Uprising of Rome under Rienzi, 4, 222 348 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Insurrections, cont. 1360. The Jacquerie in France, 9, 101, 11, 165 1381. Peasant revolt in England, 11, 174 1382. In Paris, 9, 105 1382. In Hungary and Croatia, 17, 155 1418. Paris rises against the Ar- magnacs, 11, 199 1440. Agrarian uprising in Den- mark, 16, 130 1450. Jack Cade's Rebellion, 11, 210 1489. Swiss peasants, 13, 415 1505. Hungarian peasants, 17, 168 1515. Austrian peasants, 17, 173 1521. Portugal against the Jews, 8, 336 1525. German peasants, 13, 437 1536. In England against Henry VIII and his despoiling of the monasteries, 11, 257 1549. Uprising in England against ecclesiastical reforms, 11, 266 1554. Revolt against Henry II of France, 9, 145 1554. To place Elizabeth on the throne of England, 11, 270 1566. In Netherlands against Span- ish rule, 13, 77, 102 1576. At Antwerp, 13, 122 1583. In Ireland against English authority, II, 303 1588. In Paris against the Swiss troops, 9, 162 1612. Indians in Mexico, 22, 152 1637. Riot in Edinburgh, 12, 336 1641. Against the taxes in Berne, 13, 469 1661. Independents against Charles II, 11, 382 1666. Scottish peasants, 12, 347 1700. Madrid, in consequence of scarcity of bread, 8, 385 1703. In Constantinople, 14, 273 1710. Political uprising of Per- nambuco, 20, 106 1716. Popular disturbances in Brit- tany, 9, 230 1730. Riots in Canton following earthquake and flood, 6, 82 1734. Servian and Hungarian peas- ants, 17, 236 1773- Pugatchev's rebellion in Rus- sia, 15, 166, 168 1778. Riots in Edinburgh and Glas- gow, 12, 370 1780. Riots in London, 11, 520 1788. In the Netherlands, 13, 261 1789. In Paris, 9, 263, 10, 57, 60, 66, 68, 93, 97 1791. In Paris, 10, 142, 157 1792. In Paris, 10, 180, 189 1793. In the departments of France, 10, 249, 260, 268, 274 1795- Outburst in Paris, 9, 292, 10, 336 1795. Insurrection of the Vendeans, 10, 350 1795. Riots in Dublin, 12, 205 l 79S- The Whiskey Rebellion, 23, 366 1797. Of English sailors, 11, 548 1798. Of Ireland, 12, 209 1804. Riot in Dublin, 12, 217 1809. In Spain, against France, 9, 337 1809. Of Tyrolian peasants, 17, 296 1816. Riots of the poor in England, , 570 1821. In Crete, against Turkish rule, 14, 466 1825. In Russia, 15, 272 1830. In Paris, 9, 390 1830. In Italy, 9, 397 1830. Of Belgians against Dutch rule, 13, 296 1830. In Poland, 15, 293 1831. Of Italians against Austrian power, 17, 327 1834. In France, 9, 405 1839. Riot at Birmingham, Eng- land, 11, 600 1839. India, against British rule, 11, 618 1846. Galician peasants, 15, 299, 300 1846. Polish uprising against Aus- trians, 17, 347 1848. Of Ireland, 12, 230 1848. Uprisings in Stockholm, 16, 277 GENERAL INDEX 349 1851. In Paris, 9, 441 1854. Madrid, as a result of Carlist intrigues, 8, 504 1861. Riot in Baltimore, 24, 715 1863. In Poland, 15, 324, 326, 329, 17, 389 1868. In Japan in opposition to the social revolution, 7, 177 1870. In Paris, 9, 469 1875. Slavs against Turkish rule, 17, 419 1877. Railroad riots in Pittsburg, 24, 918 1877. Labor riots in Pennsylvania, 24, 919 1877. Riot against Chinese in Los Angeles, 24, 920 1886. Anarchist riots in Chicago, 24, 961 1889. Of Christians in Crete, 14, 502 1891. Chinese mobs attack mission- aries, 6, 262 1894. Strike riots in Chicago, 24, 1002 1899. Boxer rebellion in China, 6, 280, 24, 1047 1902. Coal strikes in Pennsylvania, 24, 1051 1903. In Bulgaria, 14, 507 1905. In St. Petersburg, 15, 365 Intercolonial Railway, a railway of Canada: built, 20, 176 Intercursus Magnus, a treaty between Henry VII of England and Arch- duke Philip of the Netherlands (1496), 11, 228 Interdict, The, a Papal interdict pro- hibiting all priestly offices: descrip- tion of, 11, 123, 18, 188 Interior, Department of the, one of the departments of the United States government: scandals of, 24, 895 International African Association, an international commission for the purpose of exploration in central Africa: founded, 19, 62 International Conference, Third, a conference of American Republics at Rio de Janeiro (July 23, 1906) : programme of, 21, 277; account of, 280 International Cotton Exposition: held at Atlanta (1881), 24, 940 International Financial Commission, established at Athens to control the financial affairs of Greece: estab- lished by the powers, 2, 548 International Geographical Congress: a congress which met in Hamburg in 1879 for the discussion of polar questions, 16, 318 International Peace Conference, a conference of the states of the civi- lized world in the interests of inter- national peace (1809): 13, 318 International Railway Bureau, an or- ganization of ten states of Central Europe to deal with freight traffic: established, 13, 591 Interstate Commerce Commission in the United States, a committee of five to examine into interstate rail- way commerce: provided for, 24, 957; in Democratic platform (1904), 1065; in relation to railroads, 1075 Interstate Commerce Law, designed to bring railways of the United States under Federal supervision: enacted, 24, 917, 956; amendment to, 1050 Intolerable Acts, acts passed by the British Parliament against the American colonies (1773-1774), 23, 220 Intolerance: in religious worship of New England, 23, 147; in the south- ern colonies, 149 Invasions, Barbarian: B. C. 18th century. Egypt by the Hyksos, 1, 21 1750. Babylonia by the Cassites, I, 77 nth century. Central Greece, by the Dorians, 2, 46 nth century. Of northern Greece, by the Thessalians, 2, 46 1000. Spain, by the Celts, 8, 3 ca. 600. Latium by the Etruscans, 3, 23 480. Greece, by the Persians, 2, 182 ca. 425. Northern Italy overrun by the Celts, 3, 58 350 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Invasions, cont. 278. Macedonia by the Celts, 3, 137, 9, 5 236. Northern Italy by the Teu- tons, 3, 193, 9, 5 2nd century. Scandinavia by the Goths, 16, 6 113. Italy by the Cimbrians and Teutons, 18, 4 100. India by the Scythians, 5, 72 79. Gaul by the Germans, 3, 301 A. D. 2nd century. Middle Europe by the Goths, 17, 14 272. Italy by the Alemanni, 4, 107 360. Greece by the Goths, 2, 529 376. Germany by the Huns, 2, 529, 17, 16 378. The Roman Empire by the Goths, 4, 133 396. Italy by the Visigoths, 4, 138 406. Italy by the Vandals, 4, 138 412. Spain by the Visigoths, 18, 37 450. Britain by the Jutes, II, 17 450. Britain by the Saxons, II, 18, 18, 39 451. Gaul by the Huns, 2, 530, 4, 148, 18, 40 452. Italy by the Huns, 2, 530, 4, 148 455. Italy by the Vandals, 4, 149, 18, 38, 43 493. Italy by the Ostrogoths, 4, 157, 17, 16 ca. 500. Spain by the Vandals and other barbarians, 8, 35 550. Germany by the Avars, 18, 61 568. Italy by the Lombards, 4, 163, 18, Si 6th century. Italy by the Goths, 18, 50 7th century. Egypt by the Arabs, I, 6 752. France by the Saxons, 18, 76 9th century. Britain by the Danes, 2, 535,11, 42 900. China by the Tartars, 6, 16 935. Germany by the Hungarians, 9, 55 121 1. China by the Mongolians, 6, 17 1230. Moravia by the Mongols, 17, 70 1250. Europe by the Turks, 14, 5, 10 1280. Japan by the Mongolians, 7, 74 13th century. Russia by the Tar- tars, 14, 4 1526. India by the Moguls, 5, 109 Inventions: Alembic, 1, 349 Astronomical instruments by Tycho in Denmark, 16, 198 Automobile, in France, 9, 490 Bronze, by the Phoenicians, 1, 135 Cannon, 4, 255 Carillon, 13, 63 Chronometer, by John Harrison in England, 20, 123 Coined money (ca. 1500 B. C), credited to Lydia, 1, 153; in China, by Hwangti, 6, 5 Cymbals and tamborines, 1, 149 Daguerreotype, 24, 1097 Dynamite, 24, 1097 Electric light, 24, 1099 Electric railway, 24, 1099 Fire-ships, 13, 148 Gatling gun, 24, 1099 Glass, I, 133 Greek fire, 1, 333 Guns, 4, 256 Lace (ca. 1500), in the Netherlands. 13, 63 Locomotive, 11, 590 Mobile field artillery, 9, 490 Painting in oil, 13, 63 Painting on glass, 13, 63 Phonograph, 24, 1099 Platform scales, 24, 1097 Polishing diamonds, 13, 63 Porcelain, 1, 51 Printing, 11, 232, 18, 178, 220 Revolver, 24, 1097 Sewing-machine, 24, 1097 Shuttle, 11, 533 Spinning-jenny, 11, 533 Steam-boat, 11, 589, 590, 23, 401 Steam-engine, 11, 534 Submarine boat, 9, 490 Suspension bridge, 6, 12 Tapestry, 13, 63 GENERAL INDEX 351 Telegraph, 24, 1097 Telephone, 24, 1099 Telescope, 4, 321 Typewriter, 24, 1099 Inverary, Scotland: battle of (1314), 12, 278 Investiture, The Right of, the power to confer the dignities and possessions of ecclesiastical offices on vassals claimed by the Popes and by the temporal rulers of the Middle Ages: Gregory VII promulgates a law against simony (1075), 18, 134; the War of Investitures, 9, 69, 16, 74, 18, 136; quarrel between Henry I of England and Anselm, 11, 89; the Concordat of Worms (1122), 18, 141 Invincible, The: see Medici, Cosmo de'; also Suvarov, Count Alexander Invincible Armada, The: see Armada, The Invincible Invisible Commander, The: see Rag- lan, Fitzroy James Henry, Baron Iolanthe (ca. 1226), daughter of Guy of Lusignan: wife of Frederick II of Germany, 18, 161 Ion, mythical ancestor of the Ionians: legend of, 2, 24; significance of legends concerning, 26 Ionia, Asia Minor: conquered by Per- sia, 2, 125; revolt of, 134; freed by the Athenians, 212; submits to Alexander, 489 Ionian Islands, a group of islands be- longing to Ionia: returned to Greece, 2, 546; guardianship of, 14, 384 Ionians, the inhabitants of Ionia: in relation to Pelasgians, 2, 23; colo- nize Asia Minor, 31, 54; expelled by Achaians, 48 Ionic Revolt, The, revolt of the Ionians against Persia (501 B. C), 1, 166 Iowa, one of the Northwestern States of the United States: affected by Missouri Compromise, 23, 456; elec- tion of 1854, 24, 645; condemns Bu- chanan's Kansas policy, 670 Iphicrates (early 4th century B. C.) an Athenian general: at Cor- inth, 2, 402; relieves Corcyra, 431; in Peloponnesus, 442; in the Social war, 454 Ipsilanti, Alexander: see Ypsilanti, Alexander Ipsilanti, Constantine (d. 1816), Greek statesman: deposed as hospo- dar, 14, 396 Ipswich, England: Wolsey founds col- lege at, 11, 244 Iquique, Chili: taken by the Congres- sionalists (1891), 21, 239; block- aded, 235 Irala, Domingo Martinez de (1487- I 5S7) a Spanish soldier: explores the Parana, 21, 25; his government of the La Plata provinces, 42 Ireland (Hibernia, Ibernia, Ivernia or Ierne), called the Isle of Saints: invasion of Henry II of England, 11, 107; conditions in, under Mary and Elizabeth, 290; conquest of, by Elizabeth, 304; union with Great Britain (1800), 545 Ireland, Duke of: see Oxford, Robert de Vere, Earl of Ireland, History of: the country in olden times, 12, 3; literature, arts, and buildings, 6; daily life and re- ligion, 12; the legends, 23; St. Pat- rick, 27; progress of religion and learning, 31; the Irish kings, 38; the Anglo-Normans, 46; Anglo-Irish lords, 52; Bruce's invasion and in- ternal strife, 59; decline of English rule, 67; accession of Henry VII Poyning's Law, 72; the Geral- dines, 76; renewal of strife, 82; two rebellions, 87; the rebellion of Hugh O'Neill, 94; the flight of the earls and the death of O'Neill, 100; con- fiscation of land, 108; the Rebellion of 1641, 114; from Kilkenny to Ben- burb, 118; the Commonwealth, 124; Ireland after the Restoration, 129; the siege of Derry, 134; the battle of the Boyne, 141; the siege of Lim- erick,- 144; Athlone and Aughrim, 150; second siege and Treaty of Limerick, 153; the Penal Laws, 157; trade repression, 165; parliamentary struggle, 169; discontent and dan- ger, 174; the Volunteers, 180; legis- lative independence, 185; Grat- THE HISTORY OF NATIONS tan's parliament, 190; revival of se- cret societies, 195; Catholic eman- cipation (1792-1795), 199; riot and Tone's invasion, 205; the Rebellion of 1798, 209; the Union, 215; Cath- olic emancipation (1803-1829), 219; aftermath of emancipation, 224; the Young Ireland movement, 228; Home Rule, 234 Ireland of Austria, The: see Hun- gary Irenaeus, Saint (2nd century A. D.), Bishop of Lyons: builds up the church at Lyons, 9, 12 Irene (752-803 A. D.), Byzantine Em- press: concludes a peace with the Saracens, 1, 350 Ireton, Henry (1611-1651), English Parliamentary general: at battle of Naseby, II, 353; draws up "The Heads of the Proposals," 358; his campaigns in Ireland, 12, 125 Irish, The Apostle of the: see Patrick, Saint Irish Land Acts, acts compensating tenants for improvements (1870), 11, 625 Irish Liberator, The: see O'Connell, Daniel Irkhulina (9th century B. C), ruler of Hamath, Syria: opposes Shal- maneser, 1, 80 Irmingarde (d. 816 A. D.), wife of Lewis the Pious: death of, 18, 90 Irminpillar, The, monument commem- orating defeat of Varus; destruc- tion of, 18, 80 Iron Calvinist of Rosny, The: see Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of Iron Chancellor, The: see Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von Iron Crown of Lombardy, The, the crown used in coronation of all kings of Lombardy: story of, 4, 167 Iron Duke, The: see Wellington, Ar- thur Wellesley, Duke of Iron Emperor, The: see Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia Iron Gates, The, Hungary: battles of (1366), 17, 152; (1442), 157 Iron Industry: begins in Pennsylva- nia, 23, 136 Ironside: see Edmund II, King of the West Saxons Iroquoian Indians, tribe of North American Indians, called the Five Nations: independent of other fam- ilies, 23, 7; location, 8; their long houses, 10; rights of their women, 13; defeated by Champlain, 50; friendly feeling toward English, 50; attack Schenectady, 158; become subjects of Great Britain, 162; aid colonists in French and Indian War, 163; in Treaty of Utrecht, 168; hos- tility to Algonquins, 175 Irving, Washington (1783-1859), American historian and novelist: in American literature, 23, 481 Isabel, one of Bahama Islands: dis- covered and named, 21, 6 Isabel (1566-1633), Infanta of Spain: marries Albert of Austria, 8, 363, 13, 164; death of, 13, 211 Isabel Farnese (1692-1766), Queen of Spain: marries Philip V of Spain (1715), 8, 404; influence of, over Philip, 405 Isabella: see San Domingo Isabella (ca. 1520), Queen of Den- mark: introduces Flemish garden- ers, 16, 190 Isabella (I) the Catholic, Queen of Castile, 1474-1504: daughter of John II, King of Castile; born at Mad- rigal, 1451; recognized by her brother Henry IV as his heir; mar- ried Ferdinand of Aragon, 1469; be- came Queen of Castile and Leon, 1474; under her favor, Columbus discovered America; died at Me- dina del Campo, 1504 Marries Ferdinand, 8, 182; acces- sion to throne of Castile, 183; reign of, 185; at war with the Moors, 8, 120, 23, 29; at the siege of Malaga, 8, 123; appoints the Spanish In- quisition, 13, 83 note; patronizes Columbus, 20, 36, 23, 29; death of, 8, 188 Isabella (II) Louisa (1830-1904), Queen of Spain, 1833-1868; birth GENERAL INDEX 353 of, 8, 496; reign of, 497; driven from her throne, 9, 461 Isabella (1214-1241), sister of Henry III of England: marries Frederick II of Germany, 18, 163 Isabella of Castile (ca. 1500), daughter of Ferdinand V: marries Alfonso of Portugal, 8, 312; marries Manuel of Portugal, 324, 325 Isabella of France (1292-1358), Queen of Edward II of England: charac- ter of, 9, 89; marries Edward II of England, II, 152; conspires against Edward, 154 Isabella of France (1389-1409): mar- ries Richard II of England, II, 183 Isabella of Portugal, sister of Joam III: marries Charles V (1525), 8, 35o Isabella Maria (19th century), daugh- ter of Joam VI of Portugal: regent of Portugal, 8, 535 Isabelle de Bourbon (1602-1644), Queen of Spain: marries the Prince of the Asturias, 8, 375 Isabelle of Bavaria (1371-1405), Queen of France: character of, 9, 109; made regent of France, 112 Isabelle of France (ca. 1250), daugh- ter of St. Louis: marries Thibault II of Navarre, 8, 206 Isagoras (ca. 510 B. C), Athenian politician, 2, 140, 151 Isakcha, Turkey: battle of (1853), 15, 305 Isandlana, South Africa: battle of (1879), 20, 229 Isaura, Asia Minor: captured by the Romans, 3, 260 Isebrand Wolf (ca. 1500), Danish rebel: leads the Ditmarshers, 16, 139 Iselin, Isaak (ca. 1750), Swiss philan- thropist: sketch of, 13, 490, 492 Ish-bosheth (ca. 1000 B. C.), son of Saul: claims throne of Israel, I, 384 Ishida Mitsunari (ca. 1592), Japanese soldier: his campaign against Ko- rea, 7, it6 Isidorian Decretals, forged documents purporting to be decretals of early Church Councils: discovery of, 18, 99 Iskanderbeg: see Scanderbeg Iskra (d. 1708), Russian conspirator: death of, 15, 47 Iskunka (ca. 500 B G), chief of the Sakians: war with Darius, 1, 165 Islam Ghirai (ca. 1640), Khan of Cri- mea: account of, 14, 230 Islam Shah (ca. 1550), governor of Bengal: accession of, 5, no Island Number Ten, an island in the Mississippi River: Federals cap- ture (1862), 24, 749; Pope distin- guished by victory at, 762 Islay, Earl of (ca. 1720), a Scottish soldier: quells disorders in Edin- burgh, 12, 365 Isle of Saints, The: see Ireland Isly, a small river in eastern Mo- rocco: battle of the (1844), 9, 423 Ismail, capital of district of Ismail, Russia: siege of (1790), 14, 359, 15, 185 Ismail (d. 1536), Shah of Persia: reign of, 5, 341; aids Korkud and Ahmed, 14, 115, 120; founder of Safawi dynasty, 122; at war with Turkey, 123, 147; restorer and legis- lator of Persia, 145 Ismail Ali (1830-1895), Khedive of Egypt, 1863-1879: reign of, 1, 39, 19, 267; opens Suez Canal, 14, 469; extravagance of, 496; deposed, 496 Ismail ben Yussef (ca. 1342), brother of Mohammed V of Granada: revolt of, 8, 116 Ismail ibn Ahmad (ca. 874 A. D.), Mohammedan kalif: founds Sa- manid dynasty, 5, 328 Ismenias (4th century B. C), a Greek statesman: warlike policy of, 2, 397; executed by the Spartans, 422 Isnard, Maximin (1751-1830), a French republican: leads Girondist party, 9, 272; opposes Napoleon, 319; his speech on the question of a declara- tion of the king, 10, 162; his reply to the deputies of the agitation of May, 1793, 256; resigns the chair, 257 354. THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Ispahan, Persia: growth of, 5, 344; siege of (1717), 349, *5, 78 Israel, History of: the kingdom of Israel, 1, 373; the kingdom of Ju- dah, 395; a scattered nation, 414; influence of the Hebrews, 20, 8 Issos (Issus), Persia: battle of (333 B. C), 1, 168, 2, 492 Isted, Prussia: battle of (1850), 16, 272 Istria, Austria-Hungary: part of, united with Hungary and Bohemia, 17, 4; Italian element in, 8; becomes Roman province, II ; under Napo- leon, 300 Istuvegu: see Astyages Itagaki Taisuke (19th century), Japanese statesman: counsels war with Korea, 7, 178; reforms of, 182; leads Liberal Party, 214; made home minister, 220 Itajuba, Count d' (19th century), a Brazilian statesman: in Geneva com- mission, 24, 885 Itakura Shigemasa (ca. 1600), a Jap- anese baron: attempts to crush re- bellion of Shimabara, 7, 138 Italian Question, The, the prepon- derance of Austrian influence in Italy, 17, 384 Italians: contribute to Austro-Hun- garian history, 17, 5; location of, in Austria-Hungary, 8; see also Italy Italinski (ca. 1800), Russian ambassa- dor: his demands on Turkey, 14, 393, 395 Italy: condition of the Jews, I, 418; Pelasgi spread to, 2, 23; Greek col- onization in, 83; Greek prosperity in, 513; in relation to modern Greece, 548; geography of, 3, 3', early mi- grations, 4; in the hands of Rome, 81; revolt against Rome (91-87 B. C.), 2 5! social reorganization of, under Caesar, 380; concludes treaty with Japan, 7, 189; conquest of, by the French, 10, 381, 438; relation to the Eastern Question, 14, 7; Mo- hammed projects subjugation of, 85; Turks driven from, 113; in Af- rica, 19, 207; present African pos- sessions of, 249; protests against execution of Italians in New Or- leans, 24, 976; appoints Behring Sea arbitrator, 980; arbitration treaty with the United States, 1076 Italy, History of: the death of Caesar, 4, 3; Octavius and the Second Tri- umvirate, 10; the battle of Philippi and the new division of the empire, 17; the battle of Actium and end of the period of civil war, 22; the foundation of the empire by Au- gustus, 29; condition of the empire under Augustus, 36; the reign of Tiberius Caesar, 46; the reigns of Caius Caligula and Claudius, 55; the reign of Nero, 62; contest for the empire, 69; affairs in the Roman provinces, 75; the Flavian emper- ors Vespasian, Titus, and Do- mitian, 81; prosperity of the empire under Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian, 86; the age of the Antonines, 94; transition period of decline, 99; ad- vance of the barbarians, 107; the reforms of Diocletian and the rise of Constantine, 113; Constantine the Great and the supremacy of Con- stantinople, 121; progress of Chris- tianity, 127; Gratian and Theodo- sius, 133; the sack of Rome by the Goths, 140; farther advance of the barbarians, 145; Odoacer, first king of Italy and the invasion of Theod- oric, 155; fall of the Goths, 159; the Lombards Gregory the Great, 163; rise of the temporal power of the Popes, 171; the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire, 180; Fred- erick Barbarossa, 191; the Lombard cities, 199; the rise of despots, 214; Florence and Pisa, 225; Genoa and Venice, 238; the condottieri, 251; Naples and Florence, 257; the house of Savoy, 272; the Italian Renais- sance, 279; Ludovico el Moro and the French in Italy, 289; the golden age of Leo X, 296; the struggle be- tween Charles V and Francis I the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis, 301; the last of Italian liberty, 309; Charles Emmanuel the Great and some men of the age, 317; Victor Amadeus and the founding of the GENERAL INDEX 855 Italian kingdom, 326; celebrated men of the middle 18th cen- tury, 337; Napoleon Bonaparte, 341; Revolution in Italian states war with Austria, 352; Pope Pius IX and the Roman Republic, 361; growth of Italian unity, 371; the question of Rome, 386; Rome becomes the cap- ital of Italy, 391; internal condition of the kingdom, 397; literature and art of modern Italy, 407 Italy, The Hero of Modern: see Gari- baldi, Giuseppe Italica, an ancient Roman town in Spain: organization of, 3, 207 Italiots, the Greek inhabitants of Italy: history of, 2, 214 " Itata," Chilian cruiser: seized by United States, 24, 978 Ithaca, one of the Ionian Islands: home of Odysseus, 2, 10 Ithome, Messenia, Greece: peak of, 2, 17; in Messenian wars, 72; strong- hold of the revolted Helots, 237, 246; site of city of Mcssene, 442 Ito (19th century), a Japanese ad- miral: at battle of Wei-hai-Wei, 7, 270 Ito Hirbumi, Marquis (b. 1840), a Japanese statesman: examines con- stitutional laws of European coun- tries, 7, 184; made minister of state, 185; negotiates convention with China, 196; forms a constitutional party, 214; first premiership of, 215; second premiership of, 218; fourth premiership of, 227; makes tour of the world, 231 Ittingen, Monastery of, Switzerland: burned, 13, 438 Iturbide, Augustin de (1783-1824), Emperor of Mexico, 1822-1824: re- bellion of, 22, 247, 251; proclaimed emperor, 257; abdication of, 258; death of, 259 Iturrigaray, Jose (ca. 1800), a Mex- ican statesman: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 228 Ituzaingo, Brazil: battle of (1827), 21, 121 Itzocan, Mexico: taken by Cortez, 22, 42 Iuka, Mississippi: battle of (1862), 24, 774 Ivan (III) the Great, Grand Duke of Moscow: born, 1440; ascended the throne, 1462; freed his kingdom from the domination of the Golden Horde; made conquests in western Russia; consolidated the Russian state; promoted art and learning by encouraging the immigration of Italian and Greek artists and pro- fessors; died at Moscow, October 27. 1505 Opens relations with Turkey, 14, 177; frees Moscow from the Tar- tars, 192; reign of, 15, 12 Ivan (IV) the "Terrible" (1530- 1584), Emperor of Russia, 1533- 1584: reign of, 14, 192, 15, 15; his relations with Sweden, 16, 167; at- tacks the Baltic provinces, 18, 261 Ivan V (1666-1696), Emperor of Rus- sia, 1682-1689: Sophia guardian for, 15, 24; shares the throne with Peter, 15, 27; death of, 32 Ivan VI ( 1 740-1764), Emperor of Rus- sia, 1740-1741: career of, 15, 136; visited by Peter, 155; plot to re- store, 163 Ivar (9th century A. D.); King of Waterford: establishes his kingdom, 16, 43 Ivar Benlos (ca. 8th century A. D.), King of Northumbria: legend of, 16, 20 Ivar Blaa (13th century), a Swedish statesman: secures the election of Valdemar, 16, 103 Ivar Vidfadme (7th century A. D.), King of Denmark: legend of, 16, 38 Ivernia: see Ireland Iviga, one of the Balearic Isles: siege of (1235), 8, 241 Ivory Coast, part of the coast of Up- per Guinea, west Africa: descrip- tion of, 20, 281 Iwafune, Japan: built, 7, 27 Iwakura Tomomi (19th century), Japanese statesman: made gijo, 7, 167; visits United States and Eu- rope, 189 356 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Ixcuintepecs, an Indian tribe of Cen- tral America: defeated by the Span- iards, 22, 429 Izard, Ralph (1742-1804), an Amer- ican politician: sent as minister to Tuscany, 23, 268; not received, 268 Izmaelov, Vladimir (ca. 1760), a Rus- sian officer: mission of, 15, 157 Iztapalapan: destroyed, 22, 45 Jabalah (7th century A. D.), Arabian prince: commands force of Chris- tian Arabs, 1, 280 Jabesh, Israel: siege of, 1, 381 Jack, Captain (d. 1872), Modoc In- dian chief: captured and executed, 24, 905 Jackman (d. ca. 1580), Arctic ex- plorer: explorations of, 16, 301 Jackson, Michigan: first Republican convention held at, 24, 644 Jackson, Mississippi: Confederate stronghold in Vicksburg campaign, 24, 776; secession convention at, 687 Jackson (19th century), English of- ficer in Africa: his explorations in Africa, 19, 188 Jackson, Andrew, an American gen- eral and statesman, President of the United States, 1829-1837, called Old Hickory, Sharp Knife, and Pointed Arrow: born at Waxhaw Settlement, North Carolina, March 15, 1767; his education was very lim- ited and he cared nothing for books; joined the Revolutionary forces un- der General Sumter, 1780; taken prisoner by the British, 1781; stud- ied law and was admitted to the bar, 1786; moved to Nashville, 1788; when Tennessee was made a sep- arate territory he was appointed by Washington attorney for the new district, 1790; was a member of Congress from Tennessee, 1796- 1797; United States Senator, 1797- 1798; Justice of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, 1798-1804; repulsed the Creeks at Talladega, 1813, and at Emuckfau and Horseshoe Bend, 1814; captured Pensacola from the English, 1814; won a victory over the English at New Orleans, 1815; was in command of the war with the Seminoles, 1817-1818; became Governor of Florida Territory, 1821; was United States Senator from Tennessee, 1823-1825; was elected President by the Democratic Party, 1828, and was reelected, 1832; instigated the " spoils sys- tem," in politics; vetoed a bill re- newing the charter of the United States Bank; suppressed the nulli- fication acts of South Carolina; died at the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tenn., June 8, 1845 Invited to join Burr in coloniza- tion scheme, 23, 403; defends New Orleans, 427; leads expedition against Creek Indians, 427; his rise in War of 1812, 433; drives Semi- noles to Everglades, 444; first gov- ernor of Florida, 445; sketch of, as Presidential candidate, 461; his can- vass for Presidency, 463; candidacy agitated throughout Adams's term, 474; account of administration, 477; sketch of, 477; as type of "new democracy," 480; policy of, 485; views on internal improvement, 488; feud with Calhoun, 492; opposes nullification, 492, 495; general ad- miration for, 499; reelected Presi- dent, 502; censured for war on United States Bank, 504; success in conducting foreign relations, 507; censure of, expunged from Senate journal, 508; his administration sum- marized, 508; retires to " the Her- mitage," 508; denounces abolition- ists, 24, 576; interest in Panama Canal during administration of, 1055 Jackson, Hancock (19th century), gov- ernor of Missouri: leader of seces- sionists in Missouri, 24, 720; de- posed, 721 Jackson, James (1757-1806), American 357 S58 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS lawyer: in first Congress, 23, 342; British minister, 415 Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, called Stonewall Jackson, an American soldier: born at Clarksburg, Vir- ginia (now West Virginia), January 21, 1824; graduated from West Point, 1846; served in the war against Mexico, being complimented for gallantry in a number of battles and given the brevet of captain for conduct in the battles of Contreras and Cherubusco and of major for conduct in the storming of Chapul- tepec; resigned from the army, 1852, and became Professor of Phys- ics and Artillery instructor in the Virginia Military Institute; made colonel in the Confederate Army of Virginia, April 17, 1861; was soon made brigadier-general and given command of the Virginia Valley Brigade; won his sobriquet of " Stonewall " at the battle of Bull Run, 1861; was made major-gen- eral and placed in command of the Confederate forces in the Shenan- doah Valley, September, 1861; was defeated by General Shields near Winchester, March 23, 1862; defeated General Banks at Winchester, May 25, 1862; fought an indecisive battle with General Fremont at Cross Keys, June 8, 1862; commanded a corps at the battles of Gaines' Mill, June 27, and at Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862; defeated General Banks at Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August 9, 1862; captured Harper's Ferry, September 15, 1862; was present at the battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862; commanded the right wing at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862; was mortally wounded by his own men at the battle of Chancel- lorsville, May 2, 1863, and died near Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 10 Wins his sobriquet, 24, 735; in Shenandoah Valley, 759, 792; at Cul- peper Court House, 763; plans in- vasion of North, 764; defeats How- ard, 771; sketch of, 772; death of, 771 Jackson, William (1737-1795), Irish Protestant minister: his mission to Ireland, 12, 202 Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition, ex- pedition to Franz Josef Land (1894), 16, 326 Jacob (d. ca. 900 A. D.), the son of Leith: his conquest of Persia, I. 364 Jacobin Club, political club in France during Revolution: founding and growth of, Io, 127; struggle of, with the Girondists, 246; attacked by the Thermidorians, 327 Jacqueline (1401-1436), Countess of Holland and Hainault: marries John, Duke of Brabant, 13, 38; sketch of, 39; death of, 41 Jacquerie, Rising of the, rebellion of French peasants against the nobles (1358), 9, Ml, 11, 165 Jaen, Spain: sieges of (1228-1230), 8, 150; (1245), 105 Jafar Khan: see Murshid Kuli Khan Jaffa, Turkey: taken by Napoleon, 14, 382 Jaffnapatam, India: captured by the Dutch (1658), 5, 155 Jagiello, Prince of Lithuania: see Vladislav II, King of Poland Jagiellos, dynasty of Poland: Poland under the, 15, 375, 377 Jaguncos, a band of Brazilian mixed bloods: rebellion of, 21, 255 Jahandar Shah, Indian ruler, 1712: reign of, 5, 125 Jahangir (Selim), Mogul emperor, 1605-1627: marriage of, 5, 112; reign of, 117 Jai Singh II (ca. 1725), Indian native ruler: corrects list of stars, 5, 47; founds the city of Jaipur, 47 Jains, monks of India: description of, 5, 65 Jaipal (ca. 1001), chief of Lahore: at war with the Mohammedans, 5, 91 Jaipur, India: founded (1728), 5, 47 Jalalabad, Afghanistan: siege of (1841), 5, 218 Jalal-ud-din (d. 1296), King of Delhi, 1290-1296: founds dynasty, 5, 98 Jalapa, Mexico: taken by the Amer- icans, 22, 327 GENERAL INDEX 359 Jalula, Arabia: battle of, i, 263 Jama Masjid, India: built, 5, 120 Jamac, France: battle of (1562), 3, 460 Jamaica, one of the West Indies: captured by the English, n, 370, 20, 71; revolt of the Maroons, 20, 139; increase in its produce, 237; negro insurrections (1831), 240; (1865), 245; decline of, 241 Jamasee: see Yamassees James (Jayme) II (d. 1327), King of Aragon, 1291-1327: reign of, 8, 247; war with Sicily, 4, 258 James I (1566-1625), King of England (VI of Scotland), 1603-1625, called the British Solomon: birth of, II, 282; accession of, to Scottish throne, 12, 318; plots against William of Orange and Elizabeth, II, 292; ac- cession of, to English throne, 12, 108, 329, 13, 178; reign of, II, 307; Christian IV at the court of, 16, 199; imprisons Raleigh, 23, 54; charters London and Plymouth Companies, 56; hostility toward Presbyterians, 83; forms alliance with Maurice of Nassau, 13, 195; relations of Charles IX with, 16, 174; grants Nova Scotia to Sir Wil- liam Alexander, 20, 83; death of, 23, 63 James II (1633-1701), King of Eng- land (VII of Scotland), 1685-1688: accession of, 12, 131, 349, 13, 242; reign of, 11, 421; in the war with the Dutch, 11, 386, 13, 233; revokes colonial charters, 23, 72; colonial policy of, 100; receives grant in America, 104; revokes charter of New Jersey, 109; abolishes charter of liberties, 105; taxes colonies, 20, 89; declares his conversion to Ca- tholicism, 11, 394; commissioner for Scotland, 12, 348; deposed, 9, 217, 12, 132, 351, 23, 72, 157; attempts to regain his crown, 9, 218; cam- paign in Ireland, 12, 134; death of, ", 45i James I, Emperor of Hayti: see Dessalines James I (i394-i437), King of Scot- land, 1406-1437: reign of, 12, 288; held as hostage by Henry IV, 1 1, 194, 12, 288; released and sent home, 11, 202 James II (1430-1460), King of Scot- land, 1437-1460: reign of, 12, 293 James III (1451-1488), King of Scot- land, 1460-1488: reign of, 12, 296 James IV (1473-1513), King of Scot- land, 1488-1513: reign of, 12, 298; marries Margaret Tudor, 11, 229; supports claims of Warbeck, 227; attempts invasion of England, 228; invades England, 236; death of, 9, 135 James V (1512-1542), King of Scot- land, 1513-1542: reign of, 12, 301; at war with Henry VIII of Eng- land, 11, 261 James VI and VII, Kings of Scot- land: see James I and II, Kings of England James the Elder, Saint, one of the twelve apostles: introduces Chris- tianity into Spain, 8, 31 James, Francis (d. 1900), a Chinese missionary: murder of, 6, 302 James, George (19th century), an American army officer: fires first shot of Civil War, 24, 711 James, Thomas (ca. 1593-1635), an English navigator: explorations of, 16, 305 James, Thomas Lemuel (1831 ), an American politician: in Gar- field's cabinet, 24, 932 note; ap- pointment opposed by Conkling, 933; exposes postal frauds, 937 James: see also Jayme James River, Virginia: named, 23, 58; in McClellan's operations, 24, 761; Grant crosses, 791 Jameson, Colonel (ca. 1780), an Amer- ican officer: receives Andre as a prisoner, 23, 277 Jameson, Leander S. (1853 ), a Scottish physician: appointed admin- istrator for British South African Company, 19, 231; effect of his raid, 19, 281, 20, 231 Jamestown, Virginia: description of, 20, 24; settled, 20, 84, note, 23, 58; burned by Nathaniel Bacon, 65 Jancourt, De (ca. 1814), a French THE HISTORY OF NATIONS statesman: member of the provi- sional government, 9, 349 Jane, Crazy: see Juana, Queen of Spain Jang, Sir Salar (1829-1883), a states- man of British India: sketch of, 5, 235 Jang Bahadur, Sir (ca. 1850), minister in Nepal: assists in quelling the mu- tiny, 5, 238 Janiculum, a long ridge or hill in Rome: part of the territory of Rome, 3, 10, 21 Janissaries (Yeni Tscheri), a former body of Turkish infantry constitut- ing the sultan's guard: instituted by Alaeddin, 14, 19, 20; recruited from conquered Christians, 32; condition under Mohammed II, 93; tyranny and turbulence of, 120, 150, 203, 212, 293, 386, 394; at siege of Vienna, 156; under Suleiman the Great, 183; Mohammed IV reorganizes, 251; de- struction of, 417 Janizo, Rear Admiral (d. 1865), Pe- ruvian naval officer: death of, 21, 205 Jannaeus, Alexander: see Alexander Jannaeus Jansen (ca. 1690), a Dutch renegade: treachery of, 15, 32; death of, 33 Janssens (ca. 1800), Dutch-South Af- rican statesman: governor of Cape Colony, 20, 220 January, Edict of, an edict for the French Calvinists (1562), 9, 153 Januria (early 19th century), Princess of Brazil: declared heir to the throne of Brazil, 21, 170 Japan, an island country off the east coast of Asia: pirates from, raid Chinese coast, 6, 23, 35; invades China, 35; invades Korea, 36; art of, influenced by China, 39; military reforms in, 246; secures treaty with Great Britain, 312; signs treaty with China, 315; first approached by Eu- ropeans, 8, 435 Japan, History of: the mythical age, 7, 3; the beginning of the empire, 6; relations with Korea and China, 12; the Taikwa Reform, 22; the Nara Epoch, 31; the Hei-an Epoch, 38; the Kamakura government, 65; the temporary restoration of impe- rial power, 83; the Muromachi pe- riod, 92; internal peace and external war, 109; the foundation of the Edo government, 122; the decline of the Edo government, 140; the fall of the Edo government, 155; internal affairs, 173; foreign relations, 188; the Constitution in theory and in practice, 199; parties and politics, 213; economic progress, 243; the Chinese-Japanese War, 6, 265, 7, 252; Japan and Russia in Korea and Manchuria, 7, 275; the Russo-Jap- anese War and its aftermath, 6, 308, 7, 303 Japan, Sea of, the part of the Pacific Ocean which lies between Japan and Korea: battle of (1905), 7, 316, 15, 364 Japanese Perry: see Perry, Matthew Calbraith Jaraba (ca. 1566), Spanish statesman: appointed jueces pesquisidores, 22, 125 Jarauta (ca. 1850), a Mexican clergy- man: in the war with the United States, 22, 330 Jardins, Des (17th century), a Flemish sculptor: sketch of, 13, 220 Jarente (ca. 1790), Archbishop of Or- leans: takes oath of loyalty to the nation, 10, 113 Jarero (19th century), a Mexican gen- eral: at the battle of Cerro Gordo, 32, 325 Jarnac, France: battle of (1569), 9, 156 Jaroslav of Martini tz: see Martinitz Jaroslav the Great (d. 1054 A. D.), Grand Prince of Russia, 1015-1054: befriends Saint Olaf, 16, 57; mar- riage of, 59 Jason (Joshua) (2nd century B. C), high priest of Jerusalem: reign of, 1, 404 Jason of Pherae (d. 370 B. C), tyrant of Thessaly: career of, 2, 437; mur- dered, 438 Jassy, Rumania: massacre in (1821), GENERAL INDEX 361 14, 416; taken by the Russians (1828), 15, 278 Jassy, Treaty of, between Russia and Turkey (1792), 10, 134, 14, 362, 374, 15, 187 Jauja, Peru: battle of (1833), 21, 195 Jaukowitz, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1645), 16, 187 Jaureguay, John (d. 1583), a Spanish assassin: attempts to assassinate William of Orange, 13, 138 Java, one of the Sunda Islands, called the Queen of the Eastern Archi- pelago: settled by the Dutch, 20, 56; conquered by the Dutch, 113; taken by the English (1811), 5, 205, 20, 144; returned to Holland, 20, 144; description of, 286 "Java," British frigate: destroyed by the " Constitution," 23, 422 Jay, John, an American statesman and first chief justice of the United States: born at New York, Decem- ber 12, 1745; graduated at King's College, 1764, and was admitted to the New York bar, 1768; was a delegate to Congress from New York, 1774-1777, and 1778-1779; drew up the constitution of New York, 1777; was United States min- ister to Spain, 1780-1782; peace com- missioner at Paris, 1782-1783; secre- tary for foreign affairs, 1784-1789; was contributor to the " Federalist;" was the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, 1789-1795; was unsuccessful candi- date for Governor of New York, 1792; was special minister to Great Britain, 1794-1795, and governor of New York, 1795-1801; died at Bed- ford, Westchester .Co., N. Y., May 17, 1829 Graduates from King's College, 23, 140; delegate to first Conti- nental Congress, 223; delegate to second Continental Congress, 229; member of Secret Committee of Correspondence, 265; sent as min- ister to Spain, 268; appointed mem- ber of peace commission, 286; writes for the Federalist, 324; not delegate to Constitutional Conven- tion, 324; concludes treaty with England, 362; Chief Justice of the United States, 346; governor of New York, 347; absent from first Con- gress, 343 Jay Treaty, between Great Britain and the United States (1795): pro- visions of, 23, 362; effect on France, 372 Jayme (I) the Conquistador, King of Aragon, 1213-1276: birth of, 8, 237; campaigns against the Moors, 102, 107; named as successor to Sancho VI of Navarre, 204; reign of, 239 Jayme II, King of Aragon: see James II, King of Aragon Jayme (ca. 1283), King of Majorca: joins crusade against Pedro III of Aragon, 8, 246; at war with Pedro IV of Aragon, 254 Jayme, Don (d. 1347), son of Alfonso IV of Aragon: rebellion of, 8, 251 Jayme, Don (d. ca. 1473), a prince of the royal house of Aragon: revolt of, 8, 268 Jayme: see also James Jazyges, early Hungarian tribe: settle in Macedonia, 17, 15 Jean d' Albret, King of Navarre, 1494- 1512: at war with Ferdinand V of Spain, 8, 192; reign of, 216; attempts to regain his throne, 340 Jean: see also Joam, Joan, Johan, John and Juan Jeanne I (1272-1305), Queen of Na- varre, 1274-1305: reign of, 8, 207 Jeanne II, Queen of Navarre, 1328- 1349: reign of, 8, 209 Jeanne d' Albret (1528-1572), Queen of Navarre: declared to have for- feited her royal dignity, 9, 155; leads Protestants, 156 Jeanne d' Arc (Joan of Arc), called the Maid of Orleans and La Pucelle, a French heroine: born at Dom- remy, Vosges, France, 112; was the daughter of poor but religious peasants; was devoted to the cause of the Orleanists, who upheld the claims of Charles VII as against Henry V of England; believed she had been divinely commanded to liberate France; was sent with a 362 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS small guard to Chinon, where Charles held his court; he put her in command of a body of troops, and in one week she had raised the siege of Orleans, 1429; gained the battles of Meun, jargeau, Beau- gency, and Patay; as a result Charles was crowned at Rheims; was prevailed upon to keep com- mand of the army and was cap- tured by the Burgundians, who handed her over to the English; after a pretence of a trial, she was burned in the market-place of Rouen, May 31, 1431 Career of, 9, 114, II, 203 Jeannin, Pierre (1 540-1622), a French statesman: draws up the Edict of Nantes, 9, 171; represents France at the Hague Peace Commission (1607), 13, 186 Jedburgh, Scotland: siege of (1524) 12, 302 Jefferson, Thomas, an American statesman and President of the United States, 1801-1809, called the Apostle of Liberty: born at Shad- well, Va., April 2, 1743; entered William and Mary College, where he distinguished himself in scholar- ship; studied law five years and was admitted to the bar, 1767; made a remarkable success in his profes- sion; was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1769-1775 and 1776-1778, and of the Continental Congress, 1775-1776; was appointed chairman of the committee to draw up a declaration of independence and he drafted the " Declaration of American Independence;" was Gov- ernor of Virginia, 1779-1781; again in Congress, 1783-1784; United States minister to France, 1785- 1789; was secretary of state, 1790- 1793; Vice-President, 1797-1801, and President for two terms, 1801-1809; retired to Monticello, and died there, July 4, 1826 Elevates the legal profession, 23, 138; graduates from College of Wil- liam and Mary, 142; delegate to sec- ond Continental Congress, 229; member of committee to draft a declaration of independence, 240; prepares the draft of the Declara- tion of Independence, 240; supplies Alexander of Russia with a copy of the Constitution, 15, 266 note; Republican nominee for President, 23, 370; submits plan of government for Northwest Territory, 318; min- ister abroad, 324; his theory of the Union, 378; Secretary of State, 344; wins National Capital for the South, 350; opposes doctrine of implied powers, 352; hostility toward Ham- ilton, 356; urges Washington to ac- cept reelection, 357; candidate for Vice-President, 357; views on nulli- fication, 379; enmity between Ham- ilton and, 382; character, 383; ad- ministration, 383; religious belief, 384; inaugural address, 385; political philosophy of, summarized, 385; re- elected President, 402; characteriza- tion of, 411; last years, 413; advises on Monroe Doctrine, 447; Demo- cratic banquet commemorating an- niversary of, 492; quoted on slavery in Virginia, 24, 564; commissions Taylor, 592 Jeffreys, George (1648-1689), an Eng- lish judge: condemns Richard Bax- ter, 11, 422; holds the Bloody As- sizes, 423 Jehangir (ca. 1825), a Chinese rebel: rebellion of, 6, 124 Jehlam, India: battle of (327 B. C), 5, 67 Jehoahaz, King of Israel, 815-798 B. C: at war with Damascus, I, 392 Jehoahaz (ca. 600 B. C), King of Judah: accession of, 1, 399 Jehoiachin, King of Judah, 597 B. C: carried captive to Babylon, I, 399 Jehoiada (850 B. C.) High Priest of Judah: restores Joash to the throne of Judah, I, 395 Jehoiakim, King of Judah, 609-597 B. C. : reign of, 1, 399 Jehoram, King of Israel, 848-844 B. C : defeated by King of Damascus, 1, 392; death of, 392 GENERAL INDEX 363 Jehu, King of Israel, 843-815 B. C: usurps throne of Israel, 1, 392 Jehudah-ha-Nasi (ca. 200 A. D.), Jew- ish Rabbi: compiles the Mishnah, 1, 414 Jellachich de Buzin,- Joseph, Count (1801-1859), a Croatian general: in Hungarian insurrection, 15, 300, 18, 401; sanctions acts of Croatians, x 7> 369; leads Croatian forces, 370; his campaign against Vienna, 376 Jellinek (d. 1848), Hungarian jour- nalist: death of, 17, 376 Jemappes (Jemmapes), Belgium: bat- tle of (1792), 9, 279, 13, 263, 17, 280, 18, 356 Jemmingen, Prussia: battle of (1568), 13, 109 Jen Tsung (ca. 1325), Chinese em- peror: reign of, 6, 25 Jena, Germany: battle of (1806), 8, 484, 9, 328, 10, 470, 16, 251, 18, 372 Jenatsch, George (1 596-1639), a Swiss soldier: leads revolt, 13, 462; leads attack on Pompey Planta, 463; death of, 463 Jenghiz Khan or Jengis Khan: see Genghis Khan Jenkins Episode, The, abuse of Eng- lish captain by Spaniards, given as one of the causes of the war with Spain (1738), 11, 483 Jenkinson, Anthony (d. 161 1), an Eng- lish explorer: travels of, 5, 140, 342 Jenkinson, Robert Banks, Earl of Liverpool: see Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Jensenius (d. 1621), a Bohemian scholar: death of, 17, 207 Jerablus: see Carchemish Jericho, Palestine: conquered by He- brews, 1, 377 Jernskoeg (Ironbeard), (ca. 1000 A. D.), Norwegian leader: champions the old belief, 16, 55 Jeroboam I, King of Israel, 953-927 B. C.: rebels against Solomon, 1, 388; accession of, 389 Jeroboam II, King of Israel, 790-749 B. C: reign of, 1, 393 Jerome (Hieronymus), Saint (340-420 A. D.), a father of the Latin church: sketch of, 18, 202 Jerome, King of Westphalia: see Bo- naparte Jerome, King of Westpha- lia Jerome of Prague (1365-1416), a Bo- hemian religious reformer: mar- tyred, 17, 124 Jersey Blue: see New Jersey Jerusalem, capital of Ancient Pales- tine, called The City of David and The City of Peace: conquered by David (1048 B. C), 1, 384; becomes capital of Israel, 385; becomes Aelia Capitolina, 413; taken by Per- sians (615 A. D.), 5, 320; by Sara- cens (637 A. D.), 2, 533; by Godfrey of Bouillon (1099), J 8, 138; by Sal- adin (1187), 11, no, 18, 155; by Selim (1516), 14, 130; proposed for Mohammedan kebla of prayer, 1, 228; sieges of (ca. 950 B. C.), 30; (ca. 701 B. C), 397; (598 B. C), 399J (587-586 B. C), 92, 400; (162 B. C), 406; (70 A. D.), 1, 411, 4, 79; (637 A. D.), 1, 282, 14, 100 Jerusalem of Russia, The: see Mos- cow Jervis, John, Earl St. Vincent (1734- 1823), English admiral: at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 11, 547 Jessup, Colonel (ca. 1815), American officer: sent to keep watch on Hart- ford convention, 24, 432; captures Osceola, 515 Jessup, Morris Ketchum (b. 1830 ), American philanthropist: organizes North American Indian Expedition, 23, 3 note Jesuits (Society of Jesus), society founded by Ignatius Loyola (1534): founded, 17, 178; plan conquest of the Californias, 22, 183: power of, 11, 281; proselytizing of, 15, n, 25; expelled from Austria, 17, 260; from Brazil, 21, 38; from Bohemia, 18, 268; from France, 8, 418, 9, 247, 387, 18, 351; from Germany, 18, 441; from Holland, 13, 253; from New Spain, 22, 204; from Paraguay, 21, 49; from Pernambuco, 178; from Portugal, 8, 418, 472, 18, 351; from Spain, 8, 418, 18, 351; from Switzer- 364 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS land, 13, 49s, 552; from the Two Si- cilies, 4, 383, 18, 351; return to Ar- gentina, 31, 136; to Bohemia, 18, 270; to France (1603), 9, 175; to Lower Austria, 17, 350; to Spain, 8, 496; sends missionary explorers to America, 23, 51, 174; sketch of, 22, 203; suppression of (1773), 20, 98; work of, in Bohemia, 17, 180, 198, 213; in China, 6, 33, 34, 40, 73, 88; in Germany, 18, 259, 273, 290, 303; in Portugal, 8, 439; in South America, 20, 48, 92, 93, 21, 37, 48, 144; in Switzerland, 13, 457, 529, 549; in Transylvania, 17, 223 Jesus, Society of: see Jesuits Jesus Christ, founder of Christianity: crucifixion of, 1, 410, 2, 522 Jeunesse Doree, The: French political faction: formed by Freron, 10, 326; costume and composition of, 326 Jewel of Europe, The: see Sicily Jewelry: among the Indians, 23, 12 Jews, a Semitic nation descended from tribes of Judah and Benjamin: ARABIA: settle in, 1, 187, 415 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: influence of, 17, 6; condition of, 96; under Louis the Great of Hungary, 154; under Joseph II of Austria, 266 BABYLONIA: prosperity of, 1, 414 BRAZIL: settle in, 20, 47; condi- tion of, 1, 424; establish sugar plan- tations, 20, 92 EASTERN EMPIRE: condition of, 1, 416 ENGLAND: condition of, 1, 419; William Rufus encourages their set- tlement in England, 11, 83; their unpopularity, 91; massacre of, 112; persecuted by John of England, 124; banished by Edward I of Eng- land, 145 FRANCE: condition of, 1, 419, 422; persecuted by Philip V of France, 9, 90; expelled, 109; declared eligible for all civil and military offices, 10, 115 note GERMANY: condition of, 1, 420, 18, 350 GREECE: condition of, 2, 549 HOLLAND: condition of, 1, 421; fleets, X3, 168 ITALY: condition of, 1, 418 POLAND: condition of, 1, 420 PORTUGAL: persecution of, un- der Manuel of Portugal, 8, 336 ROME: influence in empire, 3, 391 RUSSIA: under Peter, 15, 85; Po- temkin raises a regiment of, 184; French estimate of Russian Jews, 222, 223; number, 341; concessions to, 348; massacred at Kishinev, 358; at Odessa, 365 SPAIN: condition of, 1, 416; perse- cuted by Sisebert, 8, 44; persecu- tions, under Ferdinand and Isabella, 185; massacre, under Jeanne II of Navarre, 209 SWITZERLAND: given the rights of citizenship in Aargau, 13, 564 TURKEY: condition of, 1, 421 UNITED STATES: in Pennsylva- nia, 1, 426; denied rights of Tolera- tion Act, 23, 72; as American colo- nists, 127; persecuted in New Eng- land, 147; denied suffrage in New York and South Carolina, 148 Jews' House, at Lincoln, England: made of stone, 11, 118 Jezebel (d. 843 B. C.)> a Phoenician princess: marries Ahab, King of Israel, I, 390; denounced by Elijah, 392; death of, 392 Jezreel, Palestine: battle of, 1, 384 Jhansi, British India: escheats to the British government, 5, 229 Jimmu, Emperor of Japan, ca. 660 B. C. : founds dynasty, 7, 7 Jinghis Khan: see Genghis Khan Jingo, Empress of Japan, ca. 200 A. D.: her expedition against Korea, 7, 12 Jito, Empress of Japan, 690-697 A. D.: reign of, 7, 30 Joab (ca. 1000 B. C), Hebrew gen- eral: attempts to comfort David, 1, 386; death, 387 Joachim (1505-1571), Elector of Bran- denburg: sends tutor for Christian, 16, 147 Joachim of the Red Beard, Father: see Haspinger GENERAL INDEX 365 Joachimi (ca. 1650), Dutch envoy: his mission to the English Parliament, 13, 225 Joam I, King of Portugal, 1385-1433: does homage to Leonora, 8, 292; imprisoned, 294; schemes for the throne of Portugal, 296; made regent of Portugal, 297; accession to throne, 299 Joam (II) the Great, King of Por- tugal, 1481-1495: his interest in dis- coveries, 8, 187, 316, 19, 8, 20, 38, 23, 25, 28; reign of, 8, 318, 20, 35 Joam III, King of Portugal, 1521- 1557: reign of, 8, 433; his colonial policy, 20, 48 Joam IV, King of Portugal, 1640- 1656: claims throne of Portugal, 8, 448; plots for the throne, 456; ac- cession of, 8, 379, 462, 9, 193, 13, 212 Joam V, King of Portugal, 1706- 1750: reign of, 8, 470 Joam VI, King of Portugal, 1816- 1826: marries Carlotta of Spain, 8, 418; made regent of Portugal, 475; his sojourn in Brazil, 21, 164; ac- knowledges the independence of Brazil, 167; reign of, 8, 525 Joam: see also Jean, Joan, Johan, John and Juan Joan: see also Jean, Joam, Johan John and Juan Joan of Arc: see Jeanne d' Arc Joan of Naples (early 14th century), daughter of the Duke of Calabria: marries Andrew of Anjou, 17, 151 Joanna I, Queen of Naples, 1343-1382: reign of, 4, 260 Joanna (Joan) II, Queen of Naples 1414-1435: marries the Count de la Marche, 8, 261; appeals to the king of Aragon for aid against French, 262; reign of, 4, 262 Joanna: see also Juana Joash, King of Israel, 798-790 B. C. at war with Syria, 1, 393 Joash, King of Judah, 837-797 B. C: reign of, 1, 395 Job: see Abu Ayub Jodocus (ca. 1400), Margrave of Mo- ravia: conspiracy of, 18, 198; elected king of Germany, 201 Johan (I) Sverkersson (d. 1222), King of Sweden: death of, 16, 103 Johan II, King of Sweden: see Hans, King of Denmark Johan III (d. 1593), King of Sweden: invested with Finland, 16, 160; de- poses his brother, 163; reign of, 164; death of, 168 Johan (ca. 1600), Duke of East Goth- land: refuses the Swedish crown, 16, 171; regent of Sweden, 176 Johan (ca. 1650), Duke of Holstein- Gottorp: a member of the council of regency, 16, 210 Johan: see also Jean, Joam, Joan, John and Juan Johannan ben Sacchai (1st century A. D.), Jewish Rabbi: unites the Jews of Palestine, 1, 412 Johannes Scotus Erigena (ca. 850 A. D.), Irish scholar: his relations with Charles the Bold of France, 12, 36 Johannesburg, Transvaal: built, 20, 231; occupied by the British (1900), 233 Johanson, Hjalmar (19th century), a Norwegian explorer: accompanies Nansen, 16, 326 John I, Pope, 523-526: his mission to the East, 4, 157 John VIII, Pope, 872-882: confirms privileges granted to Methodius, 17, 33 John IX, Pope, 898-900: receives a factum from the German bishops of Moravia, 17, 33 John XII (d. 964), Pope, 955-963, called the Boy Pope: his relations with Otto I, 4, 181, 18, 113; de- posed, 114 John XV, Pope, 985-996: his relations with Otto III, 18, 119 John XVI (Philagathus), anti-Pope, 997-998: accession of, 18, 121 John XIX, Pope, 1024-1033: crowns Conrad II, 18, 125 John XXII (Jacques d' Euse) (ca. 1244-1334), Pope, 1316-T334: opposes Lewis of Bavaria, 18, 187; abets ambitions of Robert of Anjou, 4, 218; grants dispensation for mar- riage of Pedro I of Portugal and Ines de Castro, 8, 290 366 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS John XXIII (Baltasare Cossa) (ca. 1360-1419), anti-Pope, 1410-1415: sketch of, 13, 396, 17, 122; pontifi- cate of, 18, 201; honors Frederick III of Austria, 17, 107; imprisoned, 18, 204 John (d. 1889), King of Abyssinia: at war with the Italian garrisons, 19, 207 John (ca. 1296-1346), King of Bohe- mia, 1310-1346: becomes king, 18, 185; reign of, 17, 113; opposes Lewis of Bavaria, 18, 189; death of, 190 John (I) Zimisces, Emperor of the East, 969-975 A. D.: reign of, 1, 367; in Damascus, 369 John (V) Palasologus, Emperor of the East,. 1341-1347 and 1355-1391: aided by Orkhan, 14, 25; at war with Can- tacuzene, 26; his fear of the Otto- mans, 31; appeals to the Pope, 4, 276; asks aid of Louis the Great of Hungary, 17, 152 John (1167-1216), King of England, 1199-1216: sent to Ireland, 11, no, 12, 54; revolts against Henry II, 9, 75, 11, no; usurps royal power, 11, 113; accession of, 9, 76, 11, 121; in- vades Ireland, 12, 56; at war with Philip II of France, 18, 160; his relations with the Jews, 1, 420; his relations with Scotland, 12, 266; death of, 11, 129 John (II) the Good (d. 1364), King of France, 1350-1364: reign of, 9, 95; accession of, 11, 164; defeated and captured at Poitiers, 164; re- leased, 167 John (I) Szapolyai, King of Hungary, 1526-1540; leads nobles in peasant revolt, 17, 168; proclaimed king, 216; seeks aid from Turkey, 14, 152; death of, 159 John (I) Albert (1459-1501), King of Poland, 1492-1501: reign of, 15, 377 John (II) Casimir (1609-1672), King of Poland, 1648-1668: reign of, 15, 380; claims the throne of Sweden, 16, 207; aided by Frederick Wil- liam of Brandenburg, 18, 300; abandons his pretensions, 16, 210 John (III) Sobieski, King of Poland, 1674-1696: born at Olesko, Galicia, June 2, 1624; at an early age distin- guished himself by repelling the in- vasions of the Cossacks, Tatars, and Russians; was made grand mar- shall and hetman of Poland, 1665; defeated the Turks under Mahomet IV and took the fortress of Kotzim, 1671; was elected King of Poland, 1674; went to the relief of Vienna, which was besieged by the Turks, 1683; was successful and expelled the Turks from the country; died, June 17, 1696 Account of, 14, 6, 248; reign of, 15, 382; campaign against the Cos- sacks, 14, 244; saves Vienna from the Turks, 17, 184, 18, 303 John, Kings of Sweden: see Johan John the Parricide (b. 12S9), Duke of Austria; kills the Emperor Albert, I3> 364; sketch of, 18, 185 John (1782-1859), Archduke of Aus- tria: his campaign against the French, 9, 317, 325, 18, 363; takes command of the army of the Tyrol, 17. 293; defeated by the French, 336; his work in Vienna, 363; his efforts to liberate Germany, 18, 382, 394; proclaimed vicar of the em- pire, 17, 375, 18, 400 John (early 15th century), Duke of Brabant: influence of, 13, 38; death of, 40 John II (d. 1488), Duke of Bourbon: claims guardianship of Charles VIII of France, 9, 126 John the Fearless (1370-1419), Duke of Burgundy before his accession to Burgundy, known as the Duke of Nevers: succeeds to county of Burgundy, 13, 37; his campaigns against the Turks, 9, 109, 13, 37, 14, 40; taken captive by Turks, 14, 43; ransomed, 44; procures assassina- tion of the Duke of Orleans, 9, no, 11, 194; at war with the Count of Armagnac, 9, no; forms alliance with Henry IV of England, 11, 197; marches to Paris, 199; uses cannon in his army, 4, 256; at battle of Azincourt, 9, in; death of, 11, 200, 13, 39 GENERAL INDEX 367 John (15th century), Duke of Cala- bria: claims throne of Naples, 4, 265 John (14th century), son of Charles IV, King of Germany: receives Lu- satia, 18, 194 John (late 14th century), Count of Gorlitz: aids the Emperor Vacslav, 17, 118 John (late 7th century), Roman pre- fect: leads force against Arabs, 1, 307 John of Austria, Don (1546-1578), an Austrian military and naval com- mander: birth of, 8, 353; commands Spanish forces against Turks, 4, 310; heads maritime league, 14, 196; cap- tures Tunis, 200; his campaign against the Moriscos, 8, 371; at bat- tle of Lepanto, 355; appointed re- gent of the Low Countries, 8, 361, 13, 120; his governorship of the Netherlands, 13, 125; at war with Portugal, 8, 465; death of, 8, 361, 13, 131 John of Bavaria (early 15th century), Bishop of Liege: reign of, 13, 38 John von Bubenberg (14th century), a Swiss soldier: defends Laupen, 13, 374 John of Bruges (John van Eyck) (ca 1386-1440), a Flemish painter sketch of, 13, 63 John of Gaunt (1340-1399), Duke o Lancaster: invades France, 9, 104 11, 168; joins baronial and anti- clerical party, 170; supports Wy- cliffe, 172; claims throne of Castile, 181; marries Catherine Swynford, 183 John of Giscala (1st century A. D.), a Jewish captain: leader of Jewish revolt (67 A. D.), 1, 411 John de Grey (early 13th century), English prelate, Bishop of Norwich: chosen archbishop of Canterbury 11, 123 John of Leyden (1510-1536), an Ana- baptist fanatic: sketch of, 18, 250; leads uprising of Anabaptists, 9, 142 John of Luxemburg: see John, King of Bohemia John of Monte Corvino (early 14th century), a Franciscan monk: his career in the East, 5, 142 John of Nepomuck, Saint (d. 1393), a Bohemian ecclesiastic: death of, 18, 198 John of Pomuk: see Pomuk, John of John of Procida (13th century), a Ne- apolitan revolutionist: leader of rev- olutionary party in Sicily, 4, 257 John of Suabia: see John the Parri- cide John of Zeliv (15th century), an Aus- trian monk: leads insurrection in Prague, 17, 128; rules in Prague, 132 John the Marshal (12th century) : sues Thomas a Becket, II, 102 John: see also Jean, Joam, Joan, Johan and Juan John Balliol (1249-1315), King of Scotland: claims throne, 12, 271; ac- cession of, 272 John Casimir (1 543-1 592), Count Pal- atine: assists Dutch Protestants, 13, 131; director-in-chief in Sweden, 16, 181 John Castriot: see Castriot, John John Cicero (late 15th century), Mar- grave of Brandenburg: at the Diet of Worms, 18, 226 John Frederick (1503-1554), Elector of Saxony: sketch of, 18, 255, 258; death of, 262 John George I (1 585-1656), Elector of Saxony, 1611-1656: candidate for Bohemian throne, 17, 205; his alli- ance with the emperor, 18, 270, 272; his lands ravaged by the im- perial forces, 276; unites with Gus- tavus Adolphus, 280, 282; makes a treaty with the emperor, 288 John George II (1613-1680), Elector of Saxony, 1656-1680: policy of, 18, 299 John Maurice (17th century), Prince of Nassau: in Brazil, 20, 60 John Philoponus (7th century), an Al- exandrian scholar: intercourse with Amru, 1, 296 John Sigismund (1572-1619), Elector of Brandenburg, 1608-1619: in the Succession of Cleves dispute, 18, 266 368 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS John William (d. 1609), Duke of CI eves: death of, 18, 266 Johnsen, Nils (19th century), a Nor- wegian explorer: explorations of, 16, 315 Johnson, Andrew (1808-1875), Presi- dent of the United States, April 15, 1865-1869; nominated Vice-Presi- dent, 24, 800; reviews Union troops before disbandment, 814; takes oath of office for President, 830; early life, 831; threatens vengeance on Southern leaders, 831; issues am- nesty proclamation, 839; declares rebellion at an end, 845; lays cor- ner-stone of monument to Douglas, 846; Congress abridges powers of, 846; quarrels with Grant, 850, 861; quarrels with Secretary Stanton, 850; impeached, 851; death, 855; summary, 855 Johnson, Herschel V. (1812-1880), an American politician: nominated for Vice-President (i860), 24, 682 Johnson, Sir Nathaniel (d. 1713), an English colonist: governor of South Carolina, 23, yy; excludes dissenter from Carolina assembly, 78 Johnson, Reverdy (1796-1876), an American lawyer: concludes treaty with England, 24, 882 Johnson, Richard Mentor (1780-1850) an American politician: Tecumseh slain by, 23, 425; nominated Vice- President, 510; elected Vice-Presi- dent, 51 1 Johnson, Samuel (1696-1772), an American educator: president of King's College, 23, 140 Johnson, Sir William (1715-1774), a British commander: influence of, 23, 175; knighted, 183; leads expedi- tion against Crown Point, 183; cap- tures Fort Niagara, 192; concludes treaty with Pontiac, 200 Johnston, Albert Sydney (1803-1862) an American Confederate general: commands forces at Bowling Green, 24, 743; attempts to remove him from command, 745; at battle of Pittsburg Landing, 747; death, 748 Johnston, Alexander Keith (1844- 1879), a Scottish geographer: his work in the Lake Nyasa region, 19, 238 Johnston, Sir Henry H. (1858 ), an English traveler: obtains land at Mount Kilimanjaro, 19, 132, 134; quoted on German administration in Africa, 261 Johnston, Joseph Eccleston (1807- 1891), an American general: at bat- tle of Bull Run, 24, 734; advises against attack on Washington, 736; commands Confederate army, 757; wounded, 759; succeeded by Lee, 760; commands at Jackson, 776; succeeds Bragg, 786; generalship of, 794; opposes Sherman's march, 794; his removal, 795; Lee's effort to join, 810; surrenders to Sherman, 814 Joint High Commissions: 1, ap- pointed for Alabama claims, 24, 883; 2, appointed to settle fur seal controversy, 1020 Joinville, Frangois Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie d' Orleans, Prince of (1818-1900), third son of Louis Philippe: his expedition against Mexico, 9, 413; his campaign in Algiers, 423 Jokai, Maurus (1825-1904), a Hun- garian novelist and politician: takes part in the revolution of 1848 in Hungary, 17, 368; publishes an ap- peal against the Independents, 441 Jolo: see Sulu Jomail ben Zeyan (ca. 1224), an An- dalusian chief: revolt of, 8, 102 Jomsborg, Brotherhood of, a band of Pagan Vikings who scourged the Christian lands adjoining the Baltic Sea: founding of, 16, 30; defeated by Erik Sejrsael, 58 Jonadab ben Rechab (ca. 843 B. C), founder of the sect of Rechabites: aims of, I, 391 Jonas (7th century A. D.), a nobleman of Damascus: betrays Damascenes to the Saracens, I, 275 Jonas, Justus (1493-1555), a German Protestant reformer: befriends Luther, 18, 237; at the conference at GENERAL INDEX 369 Marburg, 247; at Luther's deathbed, 252 Jonathan (nth century B. C), son of Saul, prince of Israel: defeats the Philistines at Gibea, 1, 382; friend- ship of, for David, 383; death of, 384 Jonathan (d. 143 B. C), son of Matta- thias, a Jewish high priest and ruler: leader of Jewish revolt, 1, 406; becomes high priest, 407 Jones, Colonel (ca. 1650), governor of Dublin: defeats Preston, 12, 122 Jones, Ernest (d. 1869), an English barrister: leader of labor revolt, 11, 600 Jones, Inigo (1573-1652), English architect: sketch of, 11, 419 Jones, John Paul, called Paul Jones, a Scotch- American naval officer: born at Arbigland, Scotland, July 6, 1747; was apprenticed to a ship- master engaged in the American trade, 1759; later became third mate on a slaver, but grew disgusted with the traffic and entered the West In- dian service; emigrated to Virginia, 1773, and entered the colonial naval service as senior lieutenant, 1775; became captain, 1776, and comman- der of the "Ranger," 1777; sailed along the coast of Scotland, and made an attack on Whitehaven, 1778; captured the "Drake"; was put in command of the " Bon- homme Richard " and some smaller vessels, 1779; attacked the " Sera- pis," and won the victory; received a gold medal from Congress; en- tered the service of Russia as rear- admiral, 1788; died in Paris, July 18, 1792 His depredations round the Irish coast, 12, 182; in the Russian serv- ice, 15, 184; naval exploits of, 23, 290 Jonesboro, Georgia: Sherman seizes railroad at, 24, 797 Jonsen, Rane (d. 1293), a Danish rebel: execution of, 16, no Jonsson, Bo (d. 1385), Swedish noble: his rule in Sweden, 16, 109 Jonsson, Ture (16th century), Swedish revolutionist: at the diet of Ves- teraas, 16, 158 Joost, Jan (ca. 1600), a Dutch trader: settles in Japan, 7, 135 Jordaens, Jacob (ca. 1593-1678), Flemish painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Jordan (Jourdan) Camille (1771-1821), a French politician: leader of the doctrinaires, 9, 371; ridicule at- tached to him, 10, 387 Jordanes (6th century A. D.), a Gothic historian: his account of the Visigoths, 16, 7 Jordebog, a Danish book of lands on the lines of the English Doomsday book: description of, 16, 89 Jornandes: see Jordanes Jose I (d. 1777), King of Portugal: reign of, 8, 471 Joseph I (1678-1711), Holy Roman Emperor, 1705-1711: carries on the War of Spanish Succession, 9, 222; reign of, 17, 190, 18, 313; reign of, as king of Bohemia, 17, 214; pro- claimed unworthy of Hungarian throne, 233; death of, 17, 234, 9, 224 Joseph II (1741-1790), Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-1790, called The Ka- lapos King: reign of, 13, 257, 17, 245, 264, 18, 347; offers mediation on behalf of Turkey, 14, 332; allied with Russia, 348; declares war on Turkey, 352; visits Catherine of Russia, 15, 174; his journey in the Crimea, 184; death of, 13, 262, 14, 357 Joseph (ca. 1600), an English ex- plorer: explorations of, 16, 304 Joseph Frederich (ca. 1883), a South African chief: concludes treaty with Liideritz, 19, 99 Joseph of Navaro (ca. 1740), French admiral: at battle of Toulon, 9, 238 Josephine (Marie Joseph Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie), Empress of the French: born at Trois Islets, Martinique, West Indies, June 24, 1763; married in France to the Vi- comte de Beauharnais, 1779; was the mother of Eugene Beauharnais and of Hortense, the mother of Na- poleon III; the vicomte was exe- cuted and she imprisoned by the 370 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Jacobins, 1794; was released from prison by the efforts of Madame Tallien; married General Napoleon Bonaparte, 1796; was crowned em- press, 1804; was divorced by Na- poleon, 1809; retired to Malmaison, where she died May 29, 1814 Crowned, 9, 323; Napoleon re- pudiates, 338 Josephstadt, Bohemia: built, 17, 252 Josephus, Flavius, a Jewish historian: born at Jerusalem in 37 or 38 A. D.; passed through the schools of the three Jewish sects; spent three years in the desert with the hermit Banus; adopted the views of the Pharisees and soon attained a prominent position in Jewish so- ciety; was sent to Rome on a dip- lomatic errand, 63 A. D., and was introduced to the Empress Poppsea, who favored the Jews; during the Jewish revolution, he commanded in Galilee, but after the capture of Jotapata, he was taken prisoner by the Romans and remained in their hands until the close of the war; was present in the Roman army at the destruction of Jerusalem and accompanied Titus to Rome, where he resided for the rest of his life; as long as the Flavian family oc- cupied the throne, he lived in great splendor, but nothing is known of his life after the death of Domitian, 96 A. D., and the date of his own death is uncertain, although it is probable that he was living in 103 A. D. Commands Jewish forces, 4, 78; spurned by the Jews, 80 Josetsu (ca. 1390), a celebrated Japa- nese painter: sketch of, 7, 106 Joshua, the successor of Moses as leader of the Israelites: conquests of, 1, 377 Joshua: see Jason Joshua of Scotland, The: see Robert Bruce, King of Scotland Josiah, King of Judah, 640-609 B. C: defeated by the Egyptians, 1, 31; reign of, 398 Josiah of his Country, or of England, The: see Edward VI, King of Eng- land Jotapata, Galilee: siege of (67 A. D.), 1, 411 Joubert, Barthelemy Catherine (1769- 1799), a French general: put at the head of the army of Italy, 10, 405; death of, 408 Jourdan, Camille: see Jordan, Camille Jourdan, Count Jean Baptiste (1762- 1833), French marshal: his cam- paign against the allied forces, 9, 287, 10, 373, 18, 357, 360, 362; made marshal of the empire, 322 Jourdenil (ca. 1792), French revolu- tionist: leader of the commune, 10, 203 Jovellanos, Salvador, president of Paraguay, 1871-1874: administration of, 21, 161 Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), Emperor of Rome, 363-364 A. D. : reign of, 4, 127 Joyce, Comet George (17th century), English soldier: conducts Charles I to Newmarket, 11, 358 Joyeuse, Anne, Viscount de (1561- 1587), French marshal: at battle of Courtras, 9, 162 Juafir (ca. 1780), Shah of Persia: reign of, 5, 355 Juan I, King of Aragon, 1387-1395: reign of, 8, 257 Juan II (d. 1479), King of Aragon, 1458-1479: marries Blanche of Na- varre, 8, 261; accession to throne of Navarre, 263; accession to throne of Aragon, 265 Juan I, King of Leon and Castile, 1379-1390: reign of, 8, 172; usurps throne, 173; marries Beatrix of Por- tugal, 291; claims throne of Por- tugal, 295 Juan II, King of Leon and Castile, 1406-1454; restores Mohammed VII to throne of Granada, 8, 118; aids revolt of Mohammed ben Ismail, 119; reign of, 175; his relations with Alfonso V of Aragon, 263; attempts to restore peace between the Moors and Duarte of Portugal, 309 Juan I, King of Navarre, 1425-1479: reign of, 8, 212 GENERAL INDEX 371 Juan II, King of Navarre: see Juan II, King of Aragon Juan (14th century), Infante of Spain: claims regency, 8, 158; death of, I", 253 Juan: see also Jean; Joam, Joan, Johan, and John Juan of Austria (b. 1629), son of Philip V: career of, 8, 380 Juan de Lara, Don (early 14th cen- tury), a Spanish noble: claims re- gency of Alfonso XI, 8, 158 Juan el Tuerto, Don (14th century), a Spanish noble: rebellion of, 8, 159 Juan Manuel, Don (14th century), a Spanish noble: becomes regent for Alfonso XI, 8, 159; influence of, 285 Juana (Joanna) (I479-I554), Queen of Castile, 1504, called Crazy Jane: reign of, 8, t88; becomes insane, 13, 53; acknowledged as queen, 8, 347; death of, 351 Juana (16th century), daughter of Emperor Charles V: marries Joam, Infante of Portugal, 8, 439 Juana de Castro, Dona (14th century) : her relations with Pedro the Cruel, 8, 162 Juana: see also Joanna Juangs (Patuas), a tribe in India: de- ' scription of, 5, 29 Juarez, Benito Pablo (1806-1872) Mexican soldier and statesman: at war with the French, 9, 453; career of, 22, 383; reelected president (1861), 386; administration of, 399; reelected president (1868), 401; Lib- eral leader in Mexico, 24, 875, 877; death of, 22, 402 Juarez, Law of, law in Mexico abol- ishing whole system of class legis- lation (1857), 22, 382 Juba (d. ca. 46 B. C), King of Nu- midia: raises siege of Utica (49 B C), 3, 342; fury of, 355; death, 359 Jubiles, Spain: massacre of (1568), 8 368 Jul, Leo (ca. 1530), Swiss reformer: reforms of, 13, 445; translates the Bible into German, 453 Judaea, kingdom in Palestine: Roman conquest of, 4, 77 Judah, one of the tribes of Israel: con- quest of, by Sennacherib, 1, 87; at- tempts to win Canaan, 377 Judas Maccabaeus, Jewish hero, the second of the five sons of Mattathias the Hasmonean: succeeded his father as commander and leader in the struggle against Antiochus Epi- phanes; gained decisive battles at Bethhoron and Bethzur over the Syrians; entered Jerusalem, Decem- ber 25, 164 B. C, and reconsecrated the temple; was defeated and slain in battle, 160 B. C. Leads Jewish revolt, 1, 406 Judges, The, rulers of Israel: rule of, 1, 378 Judices, the two-year kings in Rome: power of, 3, 30 Judith (ca. 700 A. D.), Holy Roman Empress: stands sponsor for Har- ald Klak, 16, 25 Judith (ca. 820 A. D.), daughter of Welf, Bavarian count: marries Lewis the Pious, 18, 90 Judith (ca. 860 A. D.), daughter of Charles the Bald: marries Baldwin, Count of Flanders, 13, 20 Juel, Esger (ca. 1300), Archbishop of Lund: appointment of, 16, 112 Juel, Just, Danish ambassador to Rus- sia, 1710: in Russia, 15, 56 Juel, Niels (ca. 1675), Danish admiral: defeats the Swedes, 16, 212 Jugurtha (d. 104 B. C), King of Nu- midia: war with Rome, 3, 187; cap- ture and death, 190 Juhlke, Dr. (19th century), German explorer in Africa: his expedition to Africa, 19, 130 Julia (39 B. C.-14 A. D.), daughter of Augustus: marriages of, 4, 40; banished, 42 Julia Domna (d. 217 A. D.), wife of Severus, Roman Empress: death, 4, 104 Julian the Apostate (Flavius Claudius Julianus) (331-363 A. D.), Emperor of Rome, 361-363 A. D.: reign of, 4, 127; invades Persia, 5, 318; his campaign in Gaul, 9, 14; aids the Salian Franks, 13, 12 Julian, Cardinal (1398-1444), Italian 372 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS cardinal: in crusade against the Turks, 14, 62, 65, 66; death of, 68 Julian, Count (ca. 650 A. D.), com- mander of Goths: surrenders to Saracens, I, 310; summons the Saracens to Spain, 8, 47 Julian, George W. (19th century), American politician: nominated for Vice-President, 24, 621; joins lib- eral movement, 890 Julian Calendar, the calendar bearing the reforms of Julius Caesar, 3, 395 Julian Emperors, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, Em- perors of Rome: Greece under the, 2, S24 Julian Laws, laws passed by Lucius Julius Caesar granting citizenship to Italian communities: declared null and void, 3, 312 Juliana Maria of Brunswick (ca. i75o)> Queen of Denmark and Nor- way: sketch of, 16, 239, 241 Julianus, Didius (ca. 200 A. D.), a Roman politician: purchases throne, 4, 100 Juliers, Prussia: siege of (1610), 9, 177 Julius II, Pope, 1503-1513: imprisons Caesar Borgia, 4, 291; calls Michael Angelo to Rome, 297; requests aid of Ferdinand V of Spain, 8, 192; favors Spaniards in Italy, 9, 133; grants dispensation for marriage of Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon, 11, 231; joins Holy League, 236; at war with France, 13, 421; his relations with the League of Cambray, 18, 227; death of, 9, 135 Julius III, Pope, I550-I555: at war with the Duke of Parma, 9, 145; grants absolution to Ferdinand I for the murder of Martinuzzi, 17, 219 Julius (ca. 300 A. D.), Christian mar- tyr: death of, 11, 14 July, Edict of (1561), granting am- nesty to French Protestants (1561), 9, 152 Jumeyd (ca. 1500), Persian ruler: power of, 5, 340 Jumna, a river of India: description of, 5, 8 Jumna Canal, The Old, India: built, 5, 104 June, Battle of the First of: see First of June, Battle of Jung, Emil (19th century), a German author: influences German coloni- zation efforts, 19, 91 Jungay, Peru: battle of (1839), 21, 195 Junin, Peru: battle of (1825), 21, 73 Junot, Andoche (1771-1813), a French general: his campaign in Portugal, 8, 527, 9, 332, 10, 474, 11, 562, 15, 253 Juntoku, Emperor of Japan, 121 1- 1222: plots against the Hojo fam- ily, 7, 71 Jupiter Latiaris, in Roman mythol- ogy, the supreme deity: worship of, 3, 9 Jurisprudence : ARABIA: Arab idea of equity, 1, 196, 197; Mohammed introduces be- nevolence as the foundation of jus- tice, 215; the Koran the code of civil and criminal law, 253 ASSYRIA: complete code (2250 B. C), 1, 112 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: municipal code (1300), 17, 95; provisions in 16th century, 177; codes in 18th cen- tury, 260, 270, 289, 303; code re- modelled (1867), 402, 431 CHINA: codification of laws (1370), 6, 28 CONGO FREE STATE: civil law extended (1897), 19, 251 DENMARK: code in 1241, 16, 89 EGYPT: in the time of Ramses III (1200 B. C), 1, 55, 57; judicial courts in the 19th century, 39 ENGLAND: trials among the early Britons, 11, 23; royal judicial courts (12th century), 91; judicial reforms under Henry II, 100; origin of ju- ries (1166), 103; Edward I's ad- ministration, 145; weakness of courts, 209; courts under Henry VII, 225; Habeas Corpus Act (1679), 407; under the Tory reac- tion (1680), 412; reform of the pe- nal code (1823), 11, 575 FRANCE: systematized in 13th GENERAL INDEX 878 century, 9, 82, 86; organization un- der Charles VII, 119; reforms under Louis XI, 126; codification of laws (1614), 185; criminal laws revised (1770), 249; decrees of assemblies given a constitutional form (1791), 271; criminal courts, 10, 6; under the Assembly, 117; the Code Napo- leon, 10, 448, 11, 555; political laws (1817), 9, 369, 375; to indemnify dispossessed emigrants, 383; liberal laws (1828), 387 GAUL: in the 6th century A. D., 9, 23, 32 GERMANY: penal code (570 A. D.), 18, 57; remodeled (1871), 433 GREECE: institutions of Lycurgus in Sparta (800 B. C), 2, 62, 64; laws of Draco at Athens (621 B. C.)i 100; Solon's constitution at Athens (594 B. C.) 104, 105; first formal constitution under Philip of Macedon, 480 ICELAND: code (930 A. D.), 16, 299 INDIA: under the direction of the Brahmans (500 B. C), 5, 49, 71 J un- der English control, 241 IRELAND: ancient Brehon law, 12, 22; St. Patrick's Code (438 A. D.), 29; penal code and laws of re- pression, 158, 160, 165; Emancipa- tion Act (1829), 222 JAPAN: court regulations (1615), 7, 131; codification of criminal law (1725), 145; laws of 1890, 185, 186 MEXICO: under the Aztecs, 22, 88 NETHERLANDS: laws systema- tized, under Charles V, 13, 63; an- cient laws of Holland replaced by Code Napoleon (1810), 271 PERSIA: religious and secular law, 5 373 PORTUGAL: debtor's legal status, 8, 476 ROME: Publilian law (473 B. C), 3, 43; code of the Decemvirs (451 B. C.) 45; Canuleian law (445 B. C.) 47; concessions to the plebe- ians (367 B. C), 49; full citizenship given to the colonies (268 B. C.),82; Gracchan reforms (131-121 B. C.)i 175, 181; constitutional measures (98 B. C), 202; the Sullan laws (88 B. C), 211, 233, 237; the monarchy (1st century B. C), 394; under Augustus, 4, 32; system of delation under Tiberius, 49; codification of laws improved (1st century A. D.), 103 RUSSIA: severity of the penal code (1720), 15, 71; revision of the Code under Catharine, 181 SCOTLAND: changes in, 12, 376 SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil under the Empire (1824), 21, 171; reforms of 1859 i n Chili, 219; French penal code in Uruguay, 137 SPAIN: marriage laws under the Visigothic monarchy, 8, 57 SWITZERLAND: legislative power (1874), 13, 570 TURKEY: under Mohammed II (1450), 14, 99; reform of courts at- tempted (1869), 471 UNITED STATES: Blue Laws of Connecticut, 23, 154; legal status of slaves, 24, 584; penal code in Alaska (1899), 20, 306; Philippine Islands, 373 Jury, a certain number of men selected according to law, and sworn to in- quire into or to determine facts con- cerning a cause or an accusation submitted to them, and to declare the truth according to the evidence adduced: origin of, 11, 104 Just, The: see Louis XII and Louis XIII, Kings of France Justice, The Mirror of: see Victoria Justices of the Peace, inferior or local judges: origin of, 11, 179 Justin of Nassau (ca. 1550), Dutch admiral: aids in the destruction of the Armada, 13, 154; his campaign against the Spanish, 210 Justinian the Great (Flavius Anicius Justinianus), Emperor of the East, 525-565 A. D.: born at Tauresium, Dardania, Illyricum, probably May 11, 483 A. D.; was educated by Jus- tin I, his uncle, whom he succeeded; was appointed commander of the Asiatic armies, 520 A. D.; married Theodora, an actress, 525 A. D.; ascended the imperial throne, 527 374 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D.; persecuted Arians, Jews, and Pagans; his subjects rose in revolt, 532, during which the church of St. Sophia was destroyed by fire; he rebuilt the church in beautiful style; under his direction, the cele- brated jurist Tribonian revised the Roman Law and published the Codes, Pandects, and Institutions of Justinian; he also made many new laws, called Constitutiones Novellae; his generals, Belisarius and Narses, extended his dominions by conquest; promoted the indus- - tial arts; was the first to bring the manufacture of silk into Europe; died November 14, 565 A. D. Reign of, 2, 532, 17, 16, 18, 48 Justinian, The English: see Edward I, King of England Justinian Code, a body of Roman laws: compiled, 2, 532 Justinger, Konrad (ca. 1400), Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 427 Jutes, a German tribe: land in the Isle of Thanet, 11, 17 Jutta (ca. 1250), Swedish nun: Valde- mar marries, 16, 104 K 1 Kaabeljauws, a political faction of Holland and Zealand: description of, 13, 40 note Kabayama, Rear Admiral (19th cen- tury), Japanese naval officer: at bat- tle of Yalu, 7, 266 Kabilovic, Milosh: see Milosh Ka- bilovic Kabir (ca. 1490), Hindu religious re- former: teachings of, 5, 84 Kadashman-Kharhe I, King of Baby- lonia, ca. 1450 B. C: death of, I, 78 Kadesh Barnea, on the southern boundary of the East Jordan terri- tory: headquarters of the wander- ing Hebrews, I, 374 Kadesia, Persia: battle of (634 A. D.), 5, 322 Kadijah (6th century A. D.), a widow of Mecca: marries Moham- med, 1, 206 Kaffa, a part of eastern Africa: taken by Turks (1456), 14, 84 Kaffirs, pagan African natives: de- scription of, 20, 221 Kaffraria, South Africa: annexed to Cape Colony, 19, 51 Kafur, Malik (ca. 1305), a eunuch slave: campaigns of, 5, 100 Kagoshima, Japan: battle of (1863), 7, 164; captured by Saigo's forces (1876), 182 Kagul, a river of the Crimea: battle of (1770), 15, 177 Kaiekhos: see Kakau K'aifeng Fu, China: fall of, 6, 50 Kai-Khatu (ca. 1330), Persian ruler: introduces paper notes into Persia, 5, 102; reign of, 335 Kainardji, Peace of, between Russia and Turkey (1774): account of, 14, 339, 342, 374 Kaineifu, China: captured by the Jap- anese, 7, 118 Kai-ping, a town in Manchuria: bat- tle of (1904), 7, 310 Kairwan, North Africa: founded, 19, 11 Kaiser, Jakob (d. 1529), a Swiss Re- formed pastor: death of, 13, 442 Kakau, King of Egypt, 4100-4066 B. C: reign of, 1, 15 Kakhovski (ca. 1825), a Russian revo- lutionist: in the plot of the Deka- brists, 15, 273 Kakoma, a German settlement in east Africa: founded, 19, 90 Kalakaua (1836-1891), King of Ha- waii, 1874-1891: visits Japan, 7, 191; reign of, 20, 309 Kalapos King, The: see Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Kalb, Baron Johann de (1721-1780), German soldier in American Conti- nental army: services of, 23, 269 Kalidasa, father of Sanskrit drama: sketch of, 5, 54 Kalinjar, India: siege of (1545), 5, no Kalisch, capital of Kalisch, Russian Poland: battle of (1812), 15, 256 Kalisch, Treaty of, between Alexander I of Russia, and Frederick William of Prussia (1813), 15, 261 Kallias, Treaty of, between Persia and Athens (449 B. C), I, 167 Kalm, Peter (1715-1779), a Swedish botanist: predicts the Revolution, 23, 201 Kalstennius (19th century), a Swed- ish naturalist: explorations of, 16, 324 Kamaherero (ca. 1885), a Damara chief, Southwest Africa: accepts German protection, 19, 173 1 For references not found under K, look under C 375 376 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Kamal, India: battle of (1738), 5, 353 Kamarun: see Cameron Kambyses: see Cambyses Kamehameha IV (1834-1863), King of Hawaii, 1863-1872: death of, 20, 309 Kamenski, Count Michael Feodor- ovitch (1735-1810), a Russian sol- dier: takes Galatz, 15, 185 Kamerun: see Cameron Karnes, Prince of Thebes, ca. 1580 B. C: at war with the Hyksos, 1, 21 Kameyama, Emperor of Japan, ca. 1246: reign of, 7, 83 Kamimura, Admiral (19th century), Japanese naval officer: defeats the Vladivostok squadron, 15, 362 Kaminiets, Podolia, Russia: siege of (1672), 14, 245 Kamon-no-Kami : see Ii Naosuke Kanawha: see West Virginia Kandahar, city of southern Afghanis- tan: captured by the Moguls (1594), 5, 113; battle of (1880), 258; siege of (i736-i737)> 352 Kandhs, a mountain tribe of India: description of, 5, 31 Kane, Elisha Kent (1820-1857), an American scientist and explorer: explorations of, 16, 312 Kanem, Sudan, Africa: tributary to Wadai, 19, 165 K'ang Yuwei (19th century), a Chi- nese statesman: advocates reforms, 6, 275, 276, 290; reforms the civil service, 291; escape of, 278, 293 K'anghsi, Emperor of China, ca. 1670: religious views of, 6, 39, 62; offers prayer to Shangti, 70; dia- mond jubilee and death of, 70; lit- erary works of, 72 Kang-wa-seh, China: captured by the Japanese, 7, 268 K'ang-yi (19th century), a Chinese statesman: influence of, 6, 278; in Boxer movement, 298; made grand secretary, 302 Kanishka, Scythian king, ca. 15 B. C.-45 A. D. : summons the Fourth Council, 5, 61; reign of, 72 Kanisza, Hungary: battle of (1601), 17, 223 Kannaghunut Island, in Portland channel, Alaska: awarded to United States, 24, 1055 Kannuna-gawamimi: see Sui sei Kano Masanobu (ca. 1460), a Japa- nese painter: sketch of, 7, 106 Kano Oyenosuke (ca. 1460), a Japa- nese painter: sketch of, 7, 106 Kanounnami, The, a code of Moham- medan law on ecclesiastical and temporal subjects, 14, 89 Kansas, a state of the United States, means " Smoky Water " and is called the Garden of the West: as affected by Missouri Compromise, 23, 456; part of Northwest Terri- tory, 24, 631; struggle for, 646; Mis- souri slave code adopted, 648; effect of Dred Scott decision, 661; account of trouble respecting slavery, 661; opposes negro suffrage, 858; Presi- dential election of 1892, 993; Presi- dential election of 1900, 1040 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, in United States history, a slavery compro- mise (1854): main treatment, 24, 629; modifies Missouri Compromise, 660 Kansu Ghawri, Sultan of Egypt, ca. 1500: at war with Turkey, 14, 129 Kanzelparagraph, in German history, a law forbidding the clergy to use their position for political purposes (1872), 18, 441 Kaoti, Emperor of China, ca. 200 B. C. : his rise to power, 6, 12 Kapar, Chief of the Libyans, ca. 1200 B. C: defeated by the Egyptians, 1, 28 Kaplan Ghirai, Khan of the Crimea, ca. 1750: deposed, 14, 307; collects Tartar host, 329; his campaign against the Russians, 15, 176 Kappel, Switzerland: battle of (1531), 13, 444; charter of, 445 Kappel, Peaces of, concluded between the Catholic and Protestant states of Switzerland: (1529), 13, 4435 (iS3l), 445 Kapunda Mines, South Australia: sketch of, 20, 195 Kara Djehennin: see Ibrahim the Devil GENERAL INDEX 377 Kara George: see Czerny George Kara Mustapha (d. ca. 1645), Grand Vizier of Ibrahim: account of, 14, 226 Kara Mustapha (d. 1683), Grand Viz- ier of the Turkish Empire: ac- count of, 14, 247;, besieges Vienna, 17, 184, 230, 18, 303 Kara Theodori Bey (ca. 1850), a Turkish envoy: at Berlin Congress, 14, 487 Karafeto: see Sakalin Karakozov (ca. 1850), a Russian con- spirator: his attempt to assassinate the tsar, 15, 339 Karamzin, Nicholas Mikhailovitch (1765-1826), Russian author: ac- count of, 15, 195, 269 Karasi, Asia Minor: conquest of, 14, 23 Karat (ca. 750 A. D.), Prince of the Slovenes: becomes vassal of the Frankish monarch, 17, 37 Karazaridji: see Abdul Hamid Kardis, Peace of, concluded between Sweden and Russia (1661), 16, 211 Karelia, Finland: acquired by Sweden, 15, 21; passes to Russia, 65 Karema, Africa: founded, 19, 63 Karim (ca. 1800), Indian chief: leads Pindari revolt, 5, 208 Karkar (Croer), Syria: battle of (854 B. C.), 1, 80, 84, 123, 390 Karl (1804-1873), Duke of Brunswick: deposed, 18, 395 Karl (VIII) Knudsson (d. 1470), King of Sweden, 1448-1457 and 1467-1470: joins the popular cause, 16, 128; proclaimed king, 132; driven from Sweden, 133; recall of, 134 Karl: see also Charles Karl Gustaf of the Palatinate: see Charles (X) Gustavus, King of Sweden Karl Johan: see Charles X, King of Sweden Karl Leopold (18th century), Duke of Mecklenburg: marries Catherine, IS, 92 Karl Ludwig (late 19th century), Archduke of Austria: renounces succession to throne, 17, 456 Karl Philip (early 17th century), Prince of Sweden: declared Rus- sian heir-presumptive, 16, 173; Gus- tavus Adolphus champions the claim of, 177 Karlmann (ca. 725 A. D.), son of Pippin I and King of the Franks: reign of, 9, 41, 18, 77, 78 Karlmann (d. 884 A. D.), Frankish king: reign of, 9, 52, 18, 96 Karlmann (ca. 750 A. D.), son of Charles Martel: career of, 9, 38, 18, 75 Karlovo, Bulgaria: destruction of, 15, 334 Karlstad Agreement, The, an agree- ment between Norway and Sweden, recognizing the independence of Norway (1906), 16, 287 Karlstadt, Fortress of, Austria-Hun- gary: built, 17, 223 Karmat (ca. 900 A. D.), an Arabian preacher: teachings of, 1, 361 Karnawu (Kama), Arabia: made cap- ital of the kingdom of Ma'in, 1, 185 Karo-la, Tibet: battle of (1904), 5, 298 Kars, Russia: sieges of (1828), 15, 281; (1877), 14, 484, 15, 335 Karthada: see Carthage Kasagi, Mount: see Mount Kasagi Kaschan: see Kassa Kashmir, Indian state under British suzerainty: conquered by the Mo- guls (1587-1592), 5, 113 Kasim (ca. 710 A. D.), Mohammedan ruler: his campaign in India, 5, 88 Kass, Niels (ca. 1600), Danish chan- cellor: his relations with Christian IV of Denmark, 16, 199 Kassa (Kaschan), Austria-Hungary: battle of (1601), 17, 224 Kassakovski, Bishop (d. 1793), Rus- sian prelate: death of, 15, 190 Kassala, Africa: captured by the Ital- ians (1894), 19, 208; restored to Egypt, 248 Kasshu: see Cassites Kastemouni, Turkey: annexed by Bayezid, 14, 38 Katerina (ca. 1660), Countess Pala- tine, sister of Gustavus Adolphus: 378 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS educates Charles X of Denmark, 16, 210 Katerina Jagellonica (ca. 1575), Queen of Sweden: favors the Catholic Church, 1 6, 164 Katherine or Katharine: see Catha- rine or Catherine Katkov, Michael (1820-1887), Russian journalist: policy of, 15, 341; death of, 344 Kato Kiyomasa (ca. 1600), Japanese soldier: his campaign against Korea, 7, 116; at battle of Sekiga- hara, 123 Katsura, Viscount, Japanese minister: made minister of the navy (1906), 7, 220; made premier, 230; his cam- paigns in the Chino-Japanese War, 267 Katte, Hans Hermann von (d. 1740), Prussian military officer: career of, 18, 327 Katzbach, Germany: battle of (1813), 9, 343, 18, 383 Kaufmann, Konstantin Petrovitch (1818-1882), Russian general: his campaign in Khiva, 5, 256 Kaulbars, Alexander, Baron (1844- ), Russian general: his services in the Russo-Japanese War, 7, 312 Kaundjik, Turkey: Turkish defeat at (1444), 14, 65 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Prince von (1711-1794), Austrian statesman: at- tacks Jacobins, 10, 166 note; policy of, 15, 142; career of, 17, 242; given charge of foreign affairs in the hereditary provinces, 258; negotia- tions of, 18, 334 Kavanagh, Art Mac Murrogh (1357- 1417), King of Leinster, 1375-1417: career of, 12, 67 Kavanagh, Donall (ca. 1169), son of Dermot: joins the English invaders, 12, 49 Kavarna, Bulgaria: taken from Turks (1444), 14, 65 Kawamura Sumiyoshi (19th century). Japanese naval officer: attempts to crush rebellion of Saigo, 7, 179, 180 Kayounhissar (Baphoeum), Turkey: battle of (1301), 14, 17 Kazan, Russia: conquest of (1550), 15, 15; plundered by Pugatchev, 169; battle of (1774), 170 Kazars, The, tribe of Turkish no- mads: border warfare of, 15, 6, 7 Kazimir, Prince (ca. 1450), brother of King of Poland: invades Bohemia, 17, 142 Kearney, Dennis (19th century), Irish labor agitator in California: leader of Chinese agitation, 24, 920 Kearneyism: see Kearney, Dennis Kearny, Philip (1815-1862), Amer- ican general: in the Mexican War, 22, 289; assembles volunteers at Leavenworth, 24, 548; captures Santa Fe, 549; death of, 763 "Kearsarge," American battleship: sinks the " Alabama," 24, 881 Keble, John (1792-1866), English clergyman and poet: publishes his " Christian Year," 11, 611 Kegushagushu, Korea: captured by the Japanese, 7, 117 Kehl, Baden: taken by the French, 18, 323 Keigwin, Richard (ca. 1685), English naval officer: leads insurrection in Bombay, 5, 167 Keiko, Emperor of Japan, first cen- tury B. C. : reign of, 7, 9 Keilah, Israel: captured by David, 1, 383 Keishoki: see Shokei Keith, James Francis Edward (1696- !758), Scottish general: in the Seven Years' War, 18, 338 Keith, Robert (ca. 1760), English minister at Vienna: at Vienna, 15, 144; envoy to Russia, 148; quoted, 152, 156; retires, 161 Keller, General (1854-1904), Russian soldier: his attempt to recapture Mo-tien-ling Pass, 15, 361 Keller, Augustin (ca. 1840), Swiss politician: proposes the dissolution of the religious houses, 13, 548 Keller, Ferdinand, Swiss antiquarian of 19th century: sketch of, 13, 584 Keller, Gottfried, Swiss poet of 19th century: sketch of, 13, 584 GENERAL INDEX 379 Keller, Heinrich (ca. 1810), Swiss geographer: publishes his maps, 13, 521 Keller, Ludwig (ca. 1830), Swiss re- former: joins moyement for revi- sion of the confederation, 13, 539 Kellermann, Frangois Christophe (1735-1820), French marshal: his campaigns in the Franco-Austrian War, 9, 276, 18, 356; at battle of Waterloo, 363 Kellin, Colonel (ca. 1710), Russian of- ficer: defends Poltava, 15, 51 Kellogg, William Pitt (1831 ), American politician: in contest for governorship, 34, 872 note; in- dictment of, 937 Kells, Ireland: battle of (1397), 12, 68 Kelly, James Graves (ca. 1898), Brit- ish soldier in India: his campaign for the relief of Chitral, 5, 278 Kemal Reis (ca. 1500), a Turkish ad- miral: sketch of, 14, 113 Kernel Pasha Zade (ca. 1500), Turk- ish jurist: favored by Selim I, 14, 119 Kemenyi, John (ca. 1650), Prince of Transylvania: reign of, 17, 228 Kemp (ca. 1800), an Arctic explorer: explorations of, 16, 334 Kempen, Prussia-: battle of (1641), 9, 194 Kempf, Louis (1841 ), an Ameri- can admiral: commands the fleet in China, 6, 301 Kendall, Amos (1789-1869), an Ameri- can politician: as Jackson's literary adviser, 23, 485; quoted on exclu- sion of abolition literature from the mails, 24, 576 Kenesaw Mountain, Georgia: battle of (1864), 24, 793; political effect of repulse at, 801 Kenly, John R. (ca. 1850), an Ameri- can soldier: in the Mexican War, 22. 373 Kenmure (d. 1716), Scottish noble: supports claims of the Old Preten- der, 12, 362 Kennebec River, Maine: boundary of grant to Gorges and Mason, 23, 95 Kenneth (I) MacAlpin (d. 860 A. D.), King of Scotland, 844-860 A. D.: reign of, 13, 253 Kennilworth, castle of Simonde Mont- fort: surrendered to Baronial party, II, 138 Kensington Martyr, The: see Caro- line, wife of George IV of England Kent, England: conquered by the Jutes, 11, 18; ravaged by William the Conqueror, 67 Kent, Edmund, Earl of: see Plantag- enet, Edmund, Earl of Kent Kent, James (ca. 1800), an American jurist: career of, 23, 481 Kentigern, Saint (518-603 A. D.), pa- tron saint of Glasgow: revives Chris- tianity among the Welsh, 12, 252 Kentucky, a State of the United States, means " dark and bloody ground " and is called the Corn Cracker State: Scotch-Irish and Germans settle, 23, 126; admitted, 2 3. 357, 2 4, 567; riflemen of, at New Orleans, 23, 428; slave state, 452; opposes protection, 472; votes for Clay as President, 499; state elec- tion of 1855, 24, 646; native state of Lincoln, 665; Presidential election of i860, 683; Confederates attempt to win adhesion of, 721; military operations in (1862), 742; Bragg's plan for invading, 773; opposes Lin- coln's reelection, 802; Presidential election of 1896, 1018; Presiden- tial election of 1904, 1072 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions on Constitutional rights (1798): pre- pared by Jefferson, 23, 378; senti- ment of Hartford convention com- pared to, 432 Kenyer-Meso, Transylvania: battle of (1479), 17, 164 Keogh, John (ca. 1800), an Irish poli- tician: leader of the Democratic party, 12, 199; his efforts for Catho- lic emancipation, 221 Keogh, Matthew (d. 1798), an Irish rebel: death of, 12, 213 Kepler, Johann (1571-1630), a German astronomer: his relations with Tycho Brake, 16, 198; encouraged by Rudolf II of Germany, 18, 263 380 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Keppel, Augustus, Viscount (1725- 1786), an English admiral: in battle with Orvilliers, 9, 254 Keppel, Sir Harry (ca. 1850), an Eng- lish naval officer: his attack on native junks, 6, 161 Keratry, Count Emile de (1832 ), a French politician: in the Franco- Prussian War, 18, 425 Kerbela, Asiatic Turkey: battle of, I, 249; siege of (1843), 5, 361 Kerckhoven, Van der (19th century), Dutch commissioner to Africa: his dealings with the Arabs, 19, 121 Kerguelen, Yves Joseph de (1745- 1797). a French navigator: explora- tions of, 16, 332 Kerim Khan, ruler of Persia, 1760- 1779: reign of, 5, 355 Kermian (ca. 1400), Turkish prince: reinstated by Timur, 14, 52 Keroualle, Louise de: see Portsmouth, Duchess of Kerr, George (ca. 1600), Scottish in- triguer: leader of the Catholic party in Scotland, 12, 327 Kerrl, Michael (ca. 1850), an Ameri- can politician: Speaker of the House, 24, 897 Kersten, Otto (ca. 1850), a Dutch ex- plorer: explorations of, 19, 54 Kertch, in the Crimea: taken by the English (1855), 15, 321 Kesselring, Kilian (ca. 1650), a Swiss official: imprisonment of, 13, 464 Kesselsdorf, Germany: battle of (1745), 18, 331 Kessler, John (ca. 1525), a Swiss writer: reforms of, 13, 439 Ket, Robert (d. 1549), an English rebel: rebellion of, II, 266 Ketilmundsson, Mats (ca. 1300), re- gent of Sweden: persuades the peo- ple to accept Magnus Smek, 16, 107 Ketteler, Baron Von (d. 1900), Ger- man minister to China: murdered, 6, 282, 301, 7, 280; memorial tablet to, 6, 285 Kettlesson, Erik (ca. 1375), a Swed- ish leader: leads the Swedish forces, 16, 121 Keulens, Van (ca. 1700), Dutch ex- plorer: aids geographic science, 16, 305 Kexholm, Finland: surrender of (1597), 16, 168 Key, Francis Scott (1780-1843), an American poet: author of "Star Spangled Banner," 23, 427 Key of Russia, The: see Smolensko Key of the Mediterranean, The: see Gibraltar Keymis, Lawrence (d. 1617), an Eng- lish explorer: his expeditions to South America, 31, 31 Keystone State, The: see Pennsylva- nia Khabash, Egyptian ruler (ca. 500 B. C.) : rebellion of, I, 32 Khafra (Khephren), King of Egypt, of the 4th dynasty: reign of, I, 16 Khaibar, Arabia: siege of (628 A. D.), 1, 229 Khaibar Rifles, modern Indian regi- ment: organized, 5, 281 Khaireddin Pasha: see Barbarossa, Khaireddin Khalar Mirza (ca. 1875), a Persian commander: flies before English forces, 5, 364 Khalid (d. 642 A. D.), a Saracen gen- eral: at battle of Mount Ohud, 1, 227; joins the standard of Moham- med, 231; at the battle of Muta, 234; in battle against Moseilama, 255; his campaigns in Persia, 1, 259, 5, 322; conquers Bosra, 1, 269; brav- ery of, 269; at battle of Aiznadin, 271; at the battle of Yermuk, 281; at the siege of Aleppo, 285; death of, 288 Khalifa, Sultan (ca. 1875), an African chieftain: leases land to the Ger- mans, 19, 139; concludes treaties with the English, 185 Khalil Pasha (ca. 1770), Grand Vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 329; his campaign against the Russians, 15, 176 Khalule, Elam: battle of (693 B. C), 1,88 Khama, a native chief of British Bechuanaland, Africa: concludes a treaty with the British, 19, 82 GENERAL INDEX 381 Khan, Amir (ca. 1815), a Pindaric captain, central India: leads Pin- dari revolt, 5, 208 Khartoum, a city of Nubia: siege of (1884), 1, 40, 11, 635 Khazars (Chazars), a people of cen- tral Asia: converted to Judaism, 1, 416 Kherrmitzer, Ivan Ivanovitch (1745- 1784), Russian writer: value of his work, 15, 192 Kheops: see Khufu Khephren: see Khafra Kheraskov, Michael (1733-1806), a Russian epic poet: account of, 15, 192 Khilji Dynasty, a line of Afghan rul- ers in India (1290-1321): rules Del- hi, 5, 98 Khomasbolos, mythical King of Baby- lon: reign of, I, 73 Khorasan, a province of northeastern Persia: conquered by the Arabs, 1, 263 Khotinski (ca. 1760), a Russian statesman: mission of, 15, 159 Khozrev Mirza (ca. 1830), son of Abbas Mirza, a Persian prince: at the Russian court, 15, 283 Khsathrita: see Phraortes Khu-en-Aten: see Amenophis IV Khufu (Kheops), King of Egypt, ca. 2750 B. C. : reign of, 1, 16 Khurrem ("ha Rossa " or Roxalana), wife of Suleiman the Great of Tur- key: her influence over Suleiman, 14, 167 Khusru (ca. 1150), King of Ghazni: defeated, 5, 94 Khusru (I) Anushirwan, King of Per- sia, 531-579 A. D.: reign of, 5, 319 Khusru (II) Parviz, King of Persia, 591-628 A. D.; invades Egypt, 1, 35; reign of, 5, 320 Khusru Khan (ca. 131 1), a low-caste Hindu: usurps the throne of Delhi, 5, 101 Kiaochow, China: seized by Germany, 6, 264, 272, 296, 20, 301 Kibalchich, N. (d. 1881), Russian con- spirator in plot against Alexander II: execution of, 15, 339 Kibi-no-Makibi (ca. 710 A. D.), a Japanese scholar: scholarship of, 7, 34 Kickapoo Indians, a tribe of Ameri- can Indians: belong to Algonquian stock, 23, 8 Kidd, Captain William (d. 1701), a renowned pirate: account of, 23, 106; death of, 20, 69 Kido Takakotoi (ca. 1870), a Japa- nese statesman: persuades the lord of Choshu to surrender his feudal domains to the crown, 7, 174 Kieff (Kiev), a province of south- western Russia: the Jerusalem of Russia, 6, 18; adopts Christianity, 8; the grand prince withdraws from, 9; passes to the Lithuanians, 11; re- stored to Russia, 22; becomes the seat of the grand prince, 15, 7 Kieft, William (1600-1647), Dutch governor of New York: governor- ship of, 23, 103; disputes with Swedes, 108 Kiel, Treaty of, between Denmark, Sweden and Great Britain (1814), 16, 254, 258 Kiellmansegg, Count (19th century), Austrian statesman: premier of Austria, 17, 433 Kiev: see Kieff Kikin (d. 1721), a Russian conspira- tor: death of, 15, 76 Kilah-Sherghat : see Asshur Kildare, Garret Fitzgerald, Earl of (d. 1513), an Irish nobleman: made lord lieutenant of Ireland, 12, 72, 76, 77; supports claims of Lambert Simnel, 11, 225; deprived of office, 227; re- appointed lord lieutenant, 228 Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of (d. 1583), Irish nobleman: career of, 12, 80 Kildare, War of, an Irish uprising in 1224, 12, 57 Kilkenny, Confederation of, a con- federation of the two Catholic par- ties in Ireland, the Old Irish and the Old Anglo-Irish Catholics (1642), 12, 119 Kilkenny, Statute of, a statute passed by the English Parliament, to keep the English in Ireland apart from the Irish, 12, 64 382 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Killiecrankie, a pass in Perthshire, Scotland: battle of (1689), 11, 436, 12, 352 Kilwa, a seaport in German East Af- rica: founded, 19, 13 Kimberley, Cape Colony, Africa: dis- covery of diamonds at, 19, 275; siege of (1900), II, 641, 20, 233 Kimbolton, Lord: see Montagu, Ed- ward, Earl of Manchester Kimmerians: see Cimmerians Kinburn, a former fortress of Russia: siege of (1787), 15, 184 Kin-chow, a town of Manchuria: cap- tured by the Japanese (1894), 7, 268; (1904), 15, 361 Kinderhook, New York: birthplace of Van Buren, 23, 511 King, a title of royalty: origin of the title in England, II, 23 King, The Black: see Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor King, The Citizen: see Louis Philippe, King of France King, The Kalapos: see Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor King, The Martyr: see Henry VI, King of England; also Charles I, King of England; also Louis XVI, King of France King, The Paper: see Law, John King, The Red: see William (II) Ru- fus, King of England; also Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor King, The Sailor: see William IV, King of England King, The Seven Days' see Masaniello King, The Winter: see Frederick V, Count Palatine and King of Bo- hemia King, Rufus (1755-1827), an American statesman: in Constitutional Con- vention, 23, 323; member of Massa- chusetts ratifying convention, 336; in first Congress, 343; candidate for Vice-President (1800), 403; candi- date for Vice-President (1804), 414; nominated for President, 434 King, William Rufus (1786-1853), an American statesman: nominated for Vice-President, 24, 619 King George's War, between Great Britain and its American colonies, and France and its Indian allies (1744-1748): causes, 23, 163; treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 166; results, 166 King Hob: see Bruce, Robert, King of Scotland King Hulan: see Alfonso XII, King of Spain King of Bourges, The: see Charles VII, King of France King of Fire, The: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French King of Scotland, Leper: see Bruce, Robert, King of Scotland King of Terror, The: see Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore King of the Barricades: see Louis Philippe, King of France King of the Sea: see Edward III, King of England King Philip's War, between New England colonists, and the confed- erated Indians: cause of (1675- 1676), 23, 97 King Smith: see Louis Philippe, King of France King William's War, between Great Britain and France in America (1689-1697): cause of, 23, 157; bat- tles of Salmon Falls, 158; of York, 159; Treaty of Ryswick, 159 Kinglake, Alexander William (1809- 1891), an English historian: his book on the Crimean War, 15, 311 King-Maker, The: see Warwick, Rich- ard Neville, Earl of King's Bench, Court of, in English history, a court to deal with crim- inal offenses reserved for the king's judgment; established, 11, 145 King's College: see Columbia Univer- sity King's Mountain, South Carolina: bat- tle of (1780), 23, 279 Kings and Nations, The Battle of: see Leipsic, battle of (1813) Kings of England, Leper: see Henry III and Henry IV, Kings of Eng- land Kingston, Canada: in French claims, 23, 168; made capital of Canada (1840), 20, 158 GENERAL INDEX 383 Kiniszy (ca. 1480), a Hungarian sol- dier: heroism of, 17, 164 Kino, Father (ca. 1680), Jesuit priest: accompanies an expedition to Cali- fornia, 22, 178 Kinoshita Hideyoshi': see Toyotomi Hideyoshi Ki-no-Tsurayuki (ca. nth century), Japanese poet: compiles the " Ko- kinshu," 7, 43 Kinsale, a small seaport of County Cork, Ireland: battles of (1601), 8, 375, 12, 101; (1602), 12, 102 Kinshun, General (ca. i860), a Chinese general: his campaign against the rebels of central Asia, 6, 218 Kinsky, Count (ca. 1700), an Austrian statesman: minister to Turkey, 14, 268 Kinsky, Count (ca. 1774), a Bohemian nobleman: urges the development of the Bohemian language, 17, 341 Kirk, Sir David (1596-1655), a Scotch soldier: his campaign in Canada, 20, 83 Kirk, Sir John (b. 1832), a Scotch statesman: his work in Africa, 19, 55; his influence in Africa, 84; sketch of, 131; resignation of, 136 Kirke, Percy (1646-1691), an English soldier: brings supplies to Derry, 12, 137 Kirkpatrick, James Achilles (ca. 1805), English resident at Haidarabad, In- dia: sketch of, 5, 202 Kirkpatrick, William (1754-1812), Englishman in Indian civil service: military secretary for Wellesley, 5, 202 Kirkwood, Samuel J. (ca. 1877), American politician: member of the Senate, 24, 916; in Garfield's cabi- net, 932 note Kirman, Persia: siege of (1794), 5, 356 Kisfaludy, Alexander (1779-1844), Hungarian poet: aids Hungarian language, 17, 333; arouses the Hun- garian nation, 334; attempts to re- vive the glories of Hungary, 337 Kisfaludy, Charles (1788-1830), Hun- garian dramatist and novelist: at- tempts to revive the glories of Hun- gary, 17, 337 Kish, Babylon: battle of (701 B. C), I, 87 Kishen, China: career of, 6, 134, 137 Kishinev, Russia: massacres at, 15, 358 Kistler, Peter, mayor of Berne, ca. 1470: sketch of, 13, 413 Kitabatake Akiiye (ca. 1340), Japa- nese officer: his campaign against Ashikaga Takauji, 7, 88 Kitabatake Chikafusa (ca. 1340), Japanese soldier and imperialist: his campaign against the Hojo, 7, 90 Kitabatake Mitsumasa (ca. 1390), Japanese insurrectionist: declares war against Ashikaga Yoshimochi, 7, 93 K' itan Tartars, tribe of Chinese war- riors: description of, 6, 16 Kitano-no-Tenjin: see Sugawara-no- Michizane Kitchen Cabinet, group of American politicians: Jackson's advisors so named, 23, 485 Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, Viscount Kitchener (1850 ), British sol- dier: his campaign against Nubia, 1, 40; commander-in-chief in India, 5, 305; his campaign in the Soudan, II, 638, 19, 266, 272, 20, 233 Kittanning, Pennsylvania: destroyed by English, 23, 184 Kiuprili, Hussein (d. 1702), Grand Vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 264 Kiuprili, Nuouman (ca. 1710), Grand Vizier of Turkey: overthrow of, 15, 58 Kiuprili, Zade Mustapha (d. 1691), Grand Vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 257; death of, 261 Kiuprili Ahmed (d. 1676), Grand Vizier of Turkey, 1661-1676: ap- pointed, 14, 235; estimate of, 246; his campaign in Hungary, 17, 228 Kiuprili Mohammed (d. 1661), Grand Vizier of Turkey, 1656-1661 : account of, 14, 232 Kiying (ca. 1842), Chinese official: at Nanking, 6, 141; at Canton, 144, 147; dismissed from office, 156 Kiyomori, Taira-no-: see Taira-no- Kiyomori 384. THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Kizi-Kermen, Russia: siege of (1695), 15, 32 Kizil-Tepe, Turkey: battle of (1877), 15, 335 Klaazoon, Vice Admiral (ca. 1606), Dutch naval officer: bravery of, 13, 183 Klapka, Gyorgy (1820-1892), Hun- garian soldier: surrenders to the Russians, 17, 372; enters Turkish service, 419 Kleber, Jean Baptiste (1753-1800), French soldier: commands army in Egypt, 9, 310, 14, 383; concludes the Convention of El-Arisch, 9, 317 Klingspor, Count (ca. 1810), Russian commander of Finnish army: his campaign against Russia, 15, 216 Klissovo, Russia: battle of (1702), 15, 80, 16, 216 Klondike, the region near the river of the same name in Northwest Territory, Canada: opening of, 20, 307; discovery of gold, 24, 1021 Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1724- 1803), German poet: influence of, 18, 332, 353, 381 Klosterseven, Convention of, compact between the Due de Richlieu and the Duke of Cumberland (1757), 9, 245 Klus, Switzerland: battle of (1632), 13, 404 Knaerad, Treaty of, a treaty between Denmark and Sweden (1613), 16, 176 Kneller, Sir Godfrey (1646-1723), Ger- man English portrait painter: paints portrait of Peter the Great, 15, 35 Knickerbocker State, The: see New York State Knife, Sharp: see Jackson, Andrew Knight, a term of chivalry: introduc- tion of term, n, 74 Knight, The Raven: see Hunyadi, John Knights Bachelors of England, sub- tenants of the barons: appeal to Prince Edward, 11, 139 Knights' Case, The Five, a test case during the reign of Charles I (1627), 11, 323 Knights' House: see Riddarhus Knights of Labor, anarchist society in Chicago (1888), 24, 961 Knights of Malta: see Malta, Knights of Knights of St. John: see St. John, Knights of Knipperdolling, Bernhard (d. 1536), German Anabaptist: excesses of, 16, 155 Knockdoe, Ireland: battle of (1496), 12, 76 Knocknanuss, Ireland: battle of (1647), 12, 123 Knorring, General (ca. 1800), Russian soldier: his campaign against the Swedes, 15, 216 Know-Nothing Party, an American political society: methods, 24, 644; decline, 646; convention at Phila- delphia (1856), 652 Knox, Henry (1750-1806), American statesman and soldier: estimate of, 23, 234; Secretary of War, 344; made major-general, 375 Knox, John, Scottish reformer, called the Apostle of Presbytery: born at Gifford, in East Lothian, Scotland, 1505; was educated at the University of St. Andrew's; ordained priest about 1530, but renounced the Ro- man Catholic religion, 1542; was persecuted and retired to the castle of St. Andrew's; was captured in the siege of this place, 1547; carried to Rouen and confined in the French galleys; released, 1549; became chap- lain to Edward VI, 1551; retired to the continent, when Mary ascend- ed the throne; visited Scotland, 1555; lived a 4 : Geneva three years; returned to Scotland, 1559, where he became the leader of the Refor- mation; proposed a confession of faith, which was adopted by Parlia- ment, 1560; died at Edinburgh, No- vember 24, 1572 Teachings of, 1 1, 268; leader of the Lords of the Congregation, 278; sent to the French galleys, 12, 307; leads reform movement, 312; death of, 323 Knoxville, Tennessee: battle of (1863), 24, 785 GENERAL INDEX 385 Knud (II) the Great (994-1035), King of Scandinavia and Britain: acces- sion of, 11, 59, 60; reign of, 16, 31; receives submission of Malcolm II of Scotland, 12, 256; adds Norway to his empire, 16, 56; his relations with Conrad II of Germany, 18, 125 Knud (IV), Saint (d. 1086), King of Denmark, 1080-1086: reign of, 16, 71; death of, 73 Knud V, King of Denmark, 1147-1157: his struggle for the throne, 16, 80 Knud VI, King of Denmark, 1182- 1202: reign of, 16, 83; his relations to Slesvig, 266 Knud (d. 936 A. D.), son of Gorm den Gamle: death of, 16, 28 Knud Hlaford (12th century), King of the Obotrites: career of, 16, 76, 266 Knyphausen (ca. 1780), Hessian sol- dier in America: at battle of Brandywine, 23, 259 Kobun, Emperor of Japan, ca. 700 A. D.: reign of, 7, 29 Kocel (ca. 860 A. D.), Slav prince: sends young ecclesiastics to Rome, 17, 32 Kochubei (d. 1708), Russian conspira- tor: death of, 15, 47 Kodama, Baron, Japanese governor of Formosa: becomes member of cabi- net, 7, 239 Kceprihissar, Turkey: fall of (1300), 14, 17 Koh-i-Nur, the largest diamond in the possession of the British crown: carried away by Nadir Shah, 5, 354; presented to Queen Victoria, 226 Kohogen Motonobu (ca. 1450), Japa- nese painter: sketch of, 7, 106 Kokaku, Emperor of Japan, 1780- 1817: reign of, 7, 149 Koko, Emperor of Japan, 885-893 A. D. : reign of, 7, 46 Kokyoku (Samei), Empress of Japan, 642-645 A. D. and 655-668 A. D.: reign of, 7, 20, 25 Kolaohv/ei, Japanese secret society: power of, 6, 29; their motto adopted by Shih K'ofa, 55 Kolbjornsson, Hans (ca. 1700), Nor- wegian leader: defends Frederiksten, 16, 223 Kolbjornsson, Peder (ca. 1700), Nor- wegian leader: defends Frederik- sten, 16, 223 Kolczey, Ferencz (1790-1838), Hun- garian critic and poet: attempts to revive the glories of Hungary, 17, 337; in the diet of 1831, 339 Kolding, Denmark: the relief of (1849), 16, 271 Kolin (Kollin), Bohemia: battle of (1757). 9, 245, 17, 244, 18, 335 Kolk, Admiral van den (ca. 1875), a Brazilian patriot: Secretary of the Navy in provisional government, 21, 253 Kollar, Jan (1793-1852), Bohemian poet: celebrates the union of Slav nations, 17, 341; belongs to the Slovaks, 356 Kollin: see Kolin Kolokotronis, Theodoras (1770-1843), a Greek patriot: at the siege of Tri- politza, 2, 544 Kcloman (Salamon) I, King of Hun- gary, 1063-1077: reign of, 17, 51 Koloman II, King of Hungary, 1095- 11 14: reign of, 17, 52 Kolovrat, Franz Anton (1778-1861), Bohemian minister of state: made member of council of regency, 17, 345; named president of the coun- cil, 362 Komarov (ca. 1850), Russian general: his campaigns in Afghanistan, 5, 265 Kcmei (d. 1867), Emperor of Japan: reign of, 7, 158; death of, 166 Komenski (Comenius), John Amos, a Czechic theologian and educator: born in Moravia, March 28, 1592; studied theology at Herborn and Heidelberg; became pastor of a con- gregation of Moravian Brethren at Fulnek, 1618; expelled by an imperial order exiling Protestant pastors from Bohemia, 162 1; went to Lissa, Poland, where he taught school and wrote his " New Method of Learn- ing Languages"; was invited to England, 1638, and to Sweden, 1642, 386 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS for the purpose of improving their methods of public instruction; re- turned to Lissa, 1648, and upon the burning of Lissa by the Poles, he retired to Amsterdam, where many of his works were written; died No- vember 15, 1670 Emigrates from Moravia, 17, 210 Komorn, Hungary: battle of (1849), 15, 302, 17, 372 Komura, Baron (ca. 1900), Japanese statesman: his negotiations with Russia, 6, 312; appointed director of Korean administration, 7, 267; ap- pointed peace commissioner, 7, 317, 15, 364 Komura-Waeber Memorandum, agree- ment between Russia and Japan concerning Korea (1896), 7, 296 Komyo (ca. 750 A. D.), Japanese con- sort: her devotion to Buddhism, 7, 32 Komyo, Emperor of Japan, 1336- 1349: accession of, 7, 89 Kongobu-ji, Japanese Buddhist tem pie: built, 7, 41 Konieh, Asia Minor: battle of (1832), 9, 403, 14, 434, 15, 290 Koniggratz, battle of: see Sadowa, battle of Konigsberg, Prussia: founded, 17, 72; taken by the Russians (1758), 15, 148 Kdnigseck (ca. 1700), Austrian states- man: defends Baturin, 15, 50 Konigsmarck, Aurora (1 670-1 728) German countess: her relations with Charles XII of Sweden, 16, 216 Konigsmark, Hans Christ oph (1600- 1663), German general: in the Thirty Years' War, 17, 212, 18, 293 Konigsmark, Otto Wilhelm (1639- 1688), a German general: his cam paign in Germany, 16, 212 Konin, Emperor of Japan, 770-782 A D.: accession of, 7, 37 Koning, Henry (ca. 1700), a Swed- ish official: organizes Swedish East India company, 5, 175 Koning, Peter de (ca. 1300), Dutch leader: leads insurrection of Bruges, 13, 31 Konishi Yukinaga (ca. 1600), a Japa- nese general: his campaign against Korea, 7, 116 Kono Hircnaka (ca. 1880), Japanese statesman: attempted reforms of, 7, 184 Kono Tokama (ca. 1850), Japanese politician: forms a provisional court in Kiushu, 7, 182 Konovnitsin (ca. 1800), Russian gen- eral: his campaign against France, 15, 224 Konoye, Emperor of Japan, 1142-1156: reign of, 7, 56 Konstantinos (1868 ), crown prince of Greece: sketch of, 2, 548 Koolhaas, Gaspard (ca. 1600), Dutch Calvinist: excommunicated, 13, 193 Koperie, Russia: occupied by the Rus- sians, 15, 44 Kopp, Joseph Eutych (1 793-1 866), Swiss historian: denies the truth of the William Tell legends, 13, 371 Koppany (ca. 1000 A. D.), Magyar chief: revolts of, 17, 47 Koran, the sacred book of the Mo- hammedans: Murad's vizier seeks guide from, 14, 35; as primary source of Turkish law, 89; teachings of, 99, 104, 139 Korbach, Germany: battle of (1760), 9, 246 Korber, Dr. E. von (living), Austrian statesman: made premier of Austria, 17, 436 Kordofan, Sudan, Africa: annexed to Egypt, 19, 56 Korea, a peninsular kingdom of east- ern Asia: embassies to China, 6, 8; outbreak in, 244; ex-regent of, de- ported, 245; convention with China, 251; revolution in, 251; war in, 265; early relations with Japan, 7, 12, 134; conquests of China in, 26; re- fuses to acknowledge the new gov- ernment in Japan, 178; adopts some Western civilization, 194; Japan in- terests in, 6, 313; in Russo-Japanese disputes, 6, 310, 7, 275; the Chino- Japanese War, 6, 252; effected by treaty of Great Britain with Japan, 315 GENERAL INDEX 387 Koribut (ca. 1400), Lithuanian prince: career of, 18, 209 Korkud (d. 1513), a Turkish prince: intrigues for sovereignty, 14, 115; slain by Selim I, 121 Kormend, Hungary: battle of (1664), 17, 228 Korner, Karl Theodor (1791-1813), German poet; arouses patriotism of the people, 17, 295, 305, 18, 381 Kornilov (ca. 1850), Russian admiral: in the Crimean War, 15, 312, 317 Korsakow (Korssakoff), Alexander Ivanovitch Rimskoi (1753-1840), Russian soldier: his campaign in Switzerland, 13, 517 Kosciusko, Tadeusz (1 746-1817), a Polish patriot: his reforms in Po- land, 14, 362; account of, 15, 190, 384, 18, 358; released by Paul, 15, 202, his services to America, 23, 269 Koslidje, Bulgaria: battle of (1774), 14, 338 Koslov, Crimea: sacked by the Rus- sians (1736), 14, 3S Kosovo, Russia: battles of (1389), 14, 29, 34; (1448), 17, 159 Kossuth, Louis, an Hungarian orator and statesman: born of a noble fami- ly at Monok, Hungary, April 27, 1802; studied law at Sarospatak, and joined the popular cause against the policy of Austria; was a prisoner, 1837- 1840; elected by the national party as a member of the Diet, 1847, and distinguished himself in oratory; be- came minister of finance in the new ministry, 1848; elected president of a committee of defense against the Croatian insurgents; chosen gov- ernor, when the Hungarians re- nounced their allegiance to the House of Hapsburg; he resigned his office, August 11, 1849, and went into exile; retired to Turkey and was imprisoned; was released by the intervention of England and United States, 1851, and visited those countries; lived in England and later in Turin, Italy, where he died March 20, 1894 Uses the Magyar language in his " Gazette " of the diet, 17, 339; ar- rested, 352; founds the " Pesth Ga- zette," 353; elected to the diet of J 847, 354; in the Hungarian insur- rection, 15, 300; made minister of finance, 17, 368; presides over com- mittee of safety, 370; made gov- ernor-president of Hungary, 372; takes refuge in Turkey, 14, 443, IS, 303, 17, 372; remains an exile, 17, 399; sketch of, 18, 401; visits Ameri- ca, 24, 640; death of, 17, 431 Kossuth, Louis, son of preceding (ca. 1900), Hungarian political leader: leads opposition to Liberals, 17, 439; asserts claims of Magyarism, 441; leads opposition to the revision of the rules of order in the Reichs- rath, 444; accepts universal suffrage as part of his party's policy, 447; in Dr. Wekerle's ministry, 447 Koszta, Martin (ca. 1850), Hungarian revolutionist: affair of, 24, 640 Kotchi Bez (ca. 1600), Turkish writer: quoted, 14, 189 Kotishikhin (ca. 1700), a Russian writer: account of, 15, 70 Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdi- nand (1761-1819), German dramatist: his relations with Paul, 15, 204; as- sassination of, 18, 394 Kouron, Guiana: failure of, 20, 121 Koxinga (d. 1663), a Chinese pirate: his origin and rise, 6, 57; his name, 58; wins victory over the Man- chus, 58; his defeat and death, 60 Koya, Japan: battle of, 7, 85 Kozenbo (ca. 1850), Japanese prince: rebellion of, 7, 169 Kraminski (ca. 1800), Russian gen- eral: his campaign against Na- poleon, 9, 329 Krapf, Johann Ludwig (1810-1881), German missionary to Africa: arouses an interest in Africa, 19, 59 Krasnoe, Russia: battle of (1812), 9, 341, 15, 250 Krasovski (ca. 1800), Russian general: at Silistria, 15, 284 Kray, Paul, Baron of Krajowa (i735~ 1804), Austrian general: his cam- 388 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS paign against the French, 9, 316, 17, 285 Kresimir, Peter (ca. 1000 A. D.), King of Dalmatia: reign of, 17, 38 Krilov, Ivan Andreivitch (1768-1844), Russian writer: sketch of, 15, 238, 252 Krim Ghirai (ca. 1750), Khan of the Crimea: devastates southern Rus- sia, 14, 323 Krim Tatars: see Tatars Kristina of Holstein-Gottorp (ca. 1600), Queen of Sweden: marriage of, 16, 174 Krizhanick (ca. 1700), Russian writer: account of, 15, 70 Krogh (ca. 1850), Danish general: in the Slesvig-Holstein War, 16, 272 Krok (ca. 700 A. D.), Bohemian prince: sketch of, 17, 29 Kronstadt, Russia: building of, 15, 45 Kroonstad Proclamation, The, an- nounce the annexation of Orange Free State to the British Empire (1900), 20, 233 Kropotkin, Prince Peter (1842 ), Russian geographer: quoted, 15, 342 Krotzka, Hungary: battle of (1739), 14, 314 Krudener, Barbara Juliane von Viet- inghoff-Scheel, Baroness of (1766- 1824), Russian mystic: her influence on Alexander, 15, 266 Kriiger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus, South African statesman, President of the South African Republic: born at Colesburg, Cape Colony, October 10, 1825; served in the Zulu wars and fought against the English at Bloomplaats, 1848; became sub- commandant of the army, 1856, commandant, 1861, and was appoint- ed head of the provisional gov- ernment, 1881; elected president of the republic, 1883, 1888, 1893, and 1898; declared war against Great Britain, 1899, and played a prominent part in it; went to Eu- rope afterwards; died July 14, 1904 Relations with Great Britain, 11, 641, 19, 280; death of, 283 Krumpe, Otto (1500), Danish general: commands the Danish army, 16, 141, 148 Krushevats, Servia: battle of (1456), 17, 160 Kruze (ca. 1750), Russian admiral: defeats the Swedes, 15, 188 Kshattriyas, one of the Indian castes: rise of, 5, 43 Ktesias (d. ca. 398 B. C), Greek his- torian: source of Babylonian and Assyrian history, 1, 69 Kublai Khan (1216-1294), Mongol em- peror: extends the use of paper notes, 5, 102; receives Marco Polo, 6, 19; invades and conquers China, 22; and Korea, 7, 73; extent of em- pire of, 6, 22; religious toleration of, 23; defeated by the Japanese, 23; death of, 25 Kiichelbecker, Wilhelm (d. 1840), a Russian conspirator: sketch of, 15, 273 Kudo Suketsun (ca. 1700), a Japanese noble, death of, 7, 152 Kudur-Nankhundi (ca. 2285 B. C), King of Elam: reign of, I, 76 Kufa, Mesopotamia: founded, 5, 322 Kuilenburg, Count de (16th cen- tury), a Dutch statesman: at the Duffle Conference, 13, 93; flees to Germany, 103 Kiikai (8th century), a Buddhist priest: teachings of, 7, 41 Kuki Yoshitaka (ca. 1592), Japanese admiral: commands fleet for inva- sion of Korea, 7, 116 Ku-Klux-Klan, an American secret society formed in the South after the Civil War: account of, 24, 868 Ku-Klux-Klan Act: decision of Su- preme Court respecting, 24, 873 Kukuo, Prince (ca. 1900), a leader of the Boxer movement in China: sen- tenced, 6, 305 Kulevtcha, Russia: battle of (1829), 14, 428, 15, 285 Kulil Sultan (15th century), ruler of Turkestan: succeeds Timur, 5, 339 Kulm, a village in Bohemia: battle of (1813), 9, 343, 10, 488, 18, 384 Kulturkampf, The, in Germany, the name given to the controversy over GENERAL INDEX 389 the control of educational and ec- clesiastical appointments between the government and the Roman Catholic Church: begun by Bismarck (1872), 18, 440 Kumans, Ugric tribe which invaded Hungary: invasion of, 14, 4 Kumamota Castle, Japan: siege of (1876), 7, 180 Kumara-sambhava, a legendary poem of India: sketch of, 5, 53 Kumarila (8th century A. D.), a Bra- ham priest: teachings of, 5, 76, 80 Kumaso, a Japanese tribe: rebellions of (ca. 50 B. C), 7, 95 (ca. 200 A. D.), 12 Kumoi Tatsuo (ca. 1868), a Japanese noble: plots against the new gov- ernment, 7, 177 Kund, Richard (b. 1852), a German soldier and explorer: his campaigns in Africa, 19, 178 Kunersdorf, Germany: battle of (1759), 15, 148, 18, 339 Kung, Prince (d. 1898), a Chinese statesman: passed over in succes- sion to the throne, 6, 155; in com- mand at Peking, 182; opposes pal- ace clique, 186; effects a coup d' etat, 188; dismissed and reinstated, 235; again dismissed, 248; proposes edu- cational reforms (1866), 260; op- poses radical reforms, 290; death of, 276 Kunimund (6th century A. D.), King of the Gepidae: death of, 18, 51 Kunshan (Quinsan), China: taken by Gordon, 6, 201 Kunwald, Brotherhood of, a peaceful religous brotherhood of Bohemia: rise of, 17, 145 Kunzle, John (18th century), a Swiss letter-carrier: leads revolt, 13, 506 Kuprianov (ca. 1830), a Russian gen- eral: occupies Pravadi, 15, 284 Kurakin, Prince Alexander Boriso- vitch (18th century), a favorite of Paul I of Russia: destroys Cath- erine the Great's will, 15, 201 Kurbski, Andrew (16th century), a Russian noble: quoted, 15, 43 Kuriah Muriah Islands, a small group of islands in the Arabian Sea: sketch of, 5, 19 Kurigalzu II, King of Babylonia, 1350 B. C: reign of, I, 78 Kuroda Kiyotaka, Count (19th cen- tury), a Japanese statesman: his campaign against Saigo, 7, 180; made minister of state, 185; ambas- sador to Korea, 194 Kuroda Nagamasa (17th century), a Japanese statesman: at battle of Sekigahara, 7, 123 Kuroki, Itei (b. 1845), a Japanese gen- eral: his campaigns in the Russo- Japanese War, 7, 309, 15, 361 Kuropatkin, Alexei Nikolayevitch (b. 1848), a Russian soldier: sent from Switzerland, 13, 589; in central Asia, 15, 349; his services in the Russo-Japanese War, 7, 310, 15, 361, 362; removed from command, 15, 363 Kurt Beg (16th century), Mameluke hero: at battle of Ridania (1517), 14, 130; his audience with Selim I of Turkey, 131 Kush-ab, Persia: battle of (1857), 5, 363 Kiissnach, Memorial of, a memorial setting forth the wishes of the popu- lation of Zurich as to governmental reforms (1830), 13, 535 Kiistrin, Poland: siege of (1758), 15, 148 Kusunoki Masashige (14th century), Japanese soldier: revolt of, 7, 85; his campaigns against the Hojo, 86 Kusunoki Masatsura (14th century), Japanese soldier: death of, 7, 91 Kutab Shahi Dynasty, a Mohammedan dynasty of India: founded, 5, 106 Kutab-ud-din (13th century), King of Delhi: founds dynasty, 5, 96 Kutaisov (18th century), Turkish fa- vorite of Paul 1 of Russia: bought over by Napoleon, 15, 206 Kutchuk Kamardii, Treaty of, a treaty between Russia and Turkey (1774), 14, 446, 15, 180, 17, 249 Kuttenberg, Bohemia: siege of (1307), 17. "3 S90 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Kuttenberg, Agreement of, an agree- ment between the Catholics and Ul- traquists of Bohemia (1485), 17, 148 Kutusoff (Kutusov), Mikhail Ilariono- vitch Golenishtcheff, Prince of Smolensk (1745-1813), Russian field marshal: at battle of Borodino, 9, 341; his campaign against France, 15, 224; Alexander's estimate of, 259 Kwakiutl Indians, a tribe on Vancou- ver Island: social organization, 23, 13 Kwammu (ca. 794 A. D.), Emperor of Japan: transfers the capital to Kyoto, 7, 38 Kwang Provinces, The, China: anti- Boxer attitude in, 6, 278, 279 Kwang-Chau, Bay of, China: leased to France, 20, 274 Kwanghsii (19th century), Emperor of China: accession of, 6, 237; sketch of, 289; forced to abdicate, 277, 294 Kyaxares (Uvakhshatara) (8th cen- tury B. C), King of Media: unites the tribes of Media, 1, 158; defeats the Assyrians, 158 Kyme: see Cummae Kymry, The, the name which the Welsh gave themselves: union of, 11, 26 Kyokutei Bakim (17th century), a Chinese novelist: sketch of, 7, 142 Kyoto, capital of Japan: made capital, 7, 38; ruined, 99 La Barde, De (17th century), French envoy to Switzerland: mission of, 13, 477 Labastida y Davalos, Pelagio Antonio de (1816-1891), Mexican ecclesiastic: member of provisional government, 22, 387 La Bastie, Anthony de (d. 1522), French soldier: made Warden of the Border, 12, 301 Labaume, French historian: in the Russian campaign, 15, 222, 240, 255 La Bedoyere, Count Charles Angeli- que de (1786-1815), French soldier: death of, 9, 368 La Berlotta (ca. 1600), officer in serv- ice of Archduke Frederick Henry: his campaign in the Netherlands, 13, 174 Labienus, Titus (d. 45 B. C.) Roman soldier: with Caesar in Gaul, 3, 302; refuses obedience to Caesar, 334; executes all Caesarian prisoners, . 344; at the Corcyra council of war, 350; battle with Caesar, 357; be- comes a pirate, 359 Labor: AFRICA: source for laborers, 20, 19, 74; forced labor of natives, 19, 260, 20, 62; farming done by slaves, 20, 220; present status, 19, 310, 311 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: laboring class excluded by electoral law (1848), 17, 363; Agricultural Employ- er's and Workmen's Act (1897), 452; reforms (1905), 452 CHINA: Chinese coolies in Amer- ica, 6, 320; reservoir for laborers, 20, 20 EGYPT: agriculture under Amru, I, 299 ENGLAND: in early settlements, II, 21; serfs, 52; villein-tenants, 116; hired laborers, 163; Statute of Laborers passed (1349), 163; labor 391 of villeins abolished, 208; need of re- form in 18th century, 535; reform in conditions, 575; regulations for child labor, 593; regulations of 1844, 603; slavery abolished, 20, 239 FRANCE: the corvee, 10, 9; under the Terror, 271; diminution during Revolution, 332; conditions in 1834, 9, 404; strikes at Lyons (1834), 405; reforms under Second Republic (1848), 435 GERMANY: Social Democratic Workingman's Party, 18, 438; re- forms under Bismarck, 447 GREECE: in Attica, 2, 103 INDIA: among the Kandhs, 5, 32, 33; absence of slaves, 70; strikes (1872), 78; surplus of laborers, 292 ITALY: laboring classes bear arms for own defense, 4, 188 MEXICO: slavery, 22, 88 NETHERLANDS: strike of labor party, 13, 310; rise of Labor Unions, 3I9> 320 PORTUGAL: slavery abolished, 8, 473 ROME: of slaves, 3, 38, 49, 50, 160, 172, 173, 247; free, 49; supplanted by slaves, 172; uprisings of slaves, 187; of slaves in Gaul, 294; condi- tion of, during time of Caesar, 381 RUSSIA: restrictions on child-labor, I5 348; strikes of working classes, 352; improvements in, 357; strikes frequent, 365 SOUTH AMERICA: African slave labor, 20, 46; native Indians and Maroon negroes, 121; abolition of slavery in Brazil, 20, 75, 21, 249; forced labor in Paraguay, 21, 150; strikes of railway workmen in Peru, 211 SPAIN: slavery in ancient Spain, 8, 32; condition of slaves, 55; fac- tory strikes (1881), 516 393 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS SWITZERLAND: need of im- provement in conditions, 13, 565; restrictions on child and woman la- bor, 570 TURKEY: slave labor, 14, 100 UNITED STATES: women the la- boring class among Indians, 23, 14; slaves in Carolinas, 76; slavery for- bidden in Georgia, 81; slavery in- troduced into Georgia, 82; slavery in Colonies, 127; rise of slavery con- troversy, 24, 561; slavery abolished, 20, 240, 24, 767; growth of organi- zations, 24, 917; labor agitations in Pennsylvania, 918; movement against Chinese coolies, 919; during Cleveland's administration, 961, 963; Labor party, 966; Socialist Labor Party, 991; prevalence of strikes (1894), 1004; anthracite strike in Pennsylvania, 1051; Department of Labor created, 1053; importance of labor question since Civil War, 1099; Philippine Islands, 20, 386 WEST INDIES: negro labor, 20, 72, 74; abolition of slave labor, 75, 132; decline of white labor, 111; condition of emancipated slaves, 139 Labor Party, an American political party: Presidential election 1888, 24, 966 Laborers, Statute of (1349), a statute fixing scale of wages in England: passed, 11, 163 La Bourdonnais (Labourdonnaie), Bertrand Frangois Mahe de (1699- I753X French admiral: his career in India, 9, 240 Labrador, peninsula of North Amer- ica: becomes England's property, 20, 86; fishery rights secured by the United States, 23, 443 Labuan, Island of, island in the Pa- cific: made a British colony, 20, 254 Lacave-Laplagne (ca. 1840), French statesman: made minister of finance, 9, 412 Lacaze (d. 1793), French revolution- ist: death of, 10, 279 Laccadive Islands, group in Indian Ocean: description of, 5, 18, 20, 253 Lacedaemon: see Sparta Lacedaemonius (5th century B. C), Athenian admiral: in the war with Sparta, 2, 268 La Cerda, John de (16th century), Duke of Medina-Celi: made gov- ernor of the Netherlands (1572), 13, 112 La Cerda, Tomas Antonio Manrique de, Marques de la Laguna (17th century), Spanish nobleman: made viceroy of New Spain (1680), 22, 175 Lachares (d. ca. 279 B. C), Tyrant of Athens: reign of, 2, 514 Laches (5th century B. C), Athenian admiral': in the war with Sicily, 2, 299 ^ Laconia, division of Peloponnesus: ge- ography of, 2, 16; Dorian state in Peloponnesus, 60; invaded by the Thebans, 440; surrenders to Mithra- dates, 3, 217 Laconia Company, English colonizing company: organized, 23, 95 La Cosa, Juan de (ca. 1500), Spanish navigator: discoveries of, 21, 16; with Columbus on his first voyage, 23, 30 note Lacoste (ca. 1790), French revolution- ist: made provisional minister of justice, 10, 176 Lacroix (d. 1794), French revolution- ist: death of, 9, 288, 10, 294 Lacy, Franz Moritz von (1725-1801), Austrian soldier: in the Seven Years' War, 17, 244 Lacy, Hugh de (d. 1186), English sol- dier: receives the province of Meath, 12, 51 Lacy, Hugh de (ca. 1200), son of pre- ceding: career in Ireland, 12, 55; his feud with William Marshal, 57 Lacy, Peter (1678-1751), Irish-Russian general: his campaign in the Cri- mea, 14, 308, 312, 15, 121; in Poland, 119 Lade, island in Aegean Sea: battle of, 2, 137 Ladies' Peace: see Cambray, Peace of Ladislaus (I) the Holy, or the Pious (1041-1095), King of Hungary, 1078-1095: reign of, 17, 51 GENERAL INDEX 393 Ladislaus II, King of Bohemia, 1140- 1173: reign of, 17, 66 Ladislaus III, King of Hungary, 1272-1290: reign of, 17, 59 Ladislaus IV, King of Poland, 1434- 1444, King of Hungary, 1440-1444: account of, 14, 61, 62; reign of, 15, 379; resists breaking of treaty, 14, 65; slain at Varna, 67 Ladislaus (V), the Posthumous (1440- 1457), King of Hungary and of Bo- hemia, 1444-1457: birth of, 17, 157; reign of, 142, 159; death of, 17, 106, 18, 215 Ladislaus VI, King of Bohemia, 1471-1516, King of Hungary, 1490- 1516: reign of, in Bohemia, 17, 147; elected king of Hungary, 149; reign of, in Hungary, 166; death of, 168 Ladislaus (Lancelot), King of Na- ples, 1386-1414: reign of, 4, 261 Ladislaus: see also Vladislav Ladmirault, Louis Rene Paul de (late 19th century), French general: in the Franco-Prussian War, 9, 463 Ladrone Islands, group of islands in the Pacific: purchased by Germany, 20, 302 Ladysmith, South Africa: siege of (1900), 11, 641, 20, 233 Laegaire (Leary), King of Ireland, ca. 430 A. D. : reign of, 12, 26 Laelius, Gaius (ca. 236-ca. 160 B. C.) Roman soldier: accompanies Scipio to Spain, 3, 126 Laenas, Marcus Popilus, Roman con- sul, 359, 356, 350, 348 B. C: in the war with Numantia, 3, 162 Laevinus, Publius Valerius, Roman consul 280 B. C: at battle of Siris, 3, 77 Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis de, a French soldier and statesman: born at Chateau-Chavagnac, Auvergne, France, September 6, 1756; attended the College du Plessis; inherited large estates on his mother's death, 1770; entered the guards and while a captain of dragoons, 1776, deter- mined to join the revolutionists in America; fitted out a yacht at his own expense and landed near Georgetown, S. C., April 24, 1777; served as major-general, 1777-1783; was wounded at Brandywine and fought with great honor at Mon- mouth; was in France, 1779-1780, and induced the king to send Ro- chambeau to the United States; was with Washington at Yorktown, 1781; returned to France but visited the United States, 1784; advocated the abolition of slavery in the French colonies; was a member of the Assembly of Notables, Paris, 1787; demanded the convocation of the States-General, to which he was a deputy, 1789; became vice-presi- dent of the National Assembly, com- mandant of Paris, and chief com- mander of the national guards, which he organized, 1789; founded the Club des Feuillants, 1790; pro- tected the king and queen from the mob of October 5 and 6; command- ed the army of Flanders, 1792; denounced the Jacobins, from whom he escaped to Flanders but was imprisoned for five years by the Austrians at Olmiitz; was liberated by Napoleon and returned to France, 1799; never became a par- tisan of Napoleon but lived princi- pally upon his estate of La Grange; was a member of the French House of Representatives, 1815, and of the Chamber of Deputies, 1818; visited the United States, 1824-1825; was again chosen to the Chamber of Deputies, 1827; took part in the Revolution of 1830; died in Paris, May 20, 1834 Assists American colonies, 11, 517; at battle of Monmouth, 23, 263; his services to America, 269; out-manceuvers Cornwallis, 283; elected vice-president of the na- tional assembly, 9, 264, 10, 60; at the Champ de Mars, 9, 268; his campaign in Belgium, 273; ap- pointed commander-in-chief of the citizen guard, 10, 71; attempts to quell bread riot, 93; favors war with England, 118; at the confederation of the kingdom, 122; directs the 394 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Feuillant Club, 128; procures an amnesty for those who favored the king's flight, 146; begins to lose his high reputation, 177; leads constitu- tional party, 9, 358, 10, 181; discus- sion of his accusation, 10, 189; his acquittal, 189; military insurrection of, against the authors of the 10th of August, 199; arrested and con- fined at Magdeburg and at Olmutz, 10, 200, 17, 283; his relation to the revolution of 1830, 9, 391 La Feuillade, Count of (ca. 1660), French soldier: at battle of Saint- Gothard, 9, 208 Laffitte, Jacques (1767-1844), French statesman and banker: his relation to the revolution of 1830, 9, 391; ministry of, 397 Lafuente, Antonio Gutierrez de (b. 1798), Peruvian general: rebellion of, 21, 193; made vice-president of Peru, 193; leads insurrection (1835), 195; (1842), 196; forms a conspiracy against Vivanco, 198 La Galissonniere (ca. 1790), French statesman: made member of the ministry, 10, 56 La Gasca, Pedro de (ca. 1550), Span- ish colonial statesman: made vice- roy of Peru, 21, 27 Lagos, Africa: acquired by England, 19, 49; German factory established at, 92; sketch of, 20, 257 La Grita, South America: battle of (1813), 21, 61 La Guayra, South America: occupied by the revolutionists (1821), 21, 73; blockaded (1902), 246 Laharpe, Frederick Caesar (1754-1838), Swiss politician: career of, 13, 504, 507, 15, 266 La Hogue, France: battle of (1692), 9, 219, 11, 440, 13, 245 Laibach, Austria-Hungary: under Ro- man occupation, 17, 12 Laibach, Congress of, a meeting of representatives from the European powers at which armed intervention was decided on to repress the Pied- montese and Neapolitan revolutions (1821), 15, 266 Laine, Joseph Henry Joachim, Vis- count (1767-1835), French orator and statesman: made minister of the interior, 9, 367; admitted to the council, 375 Laing, Samuel (1780-1868), a Scottish author: sketch of, 5, 244 Laing's Neck, South Africa: battle of (1880), 20, 230 Laird, Macgregor (1808-1861), Scot- tish African explorer: leads African movement, 19, 153 Lajarre (ca. 1800), French statesman: made minister of war, 10, 176 Lake, Gerard, Viscount Lake (1744- 1808), an English general: com- mands army in Ulster, 12, 207; his campaign in India, 5, 136, 201 Lake Champlain, New York: campaign fails at, 23, 421; McDonough's vic- tory on (1814), 423 Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes, United States: war of 1812 opera- tions on, 23, 423 Lake George (Lake Sacrament), New York: battle of (i755), 23, 183 Lake Maggiore, Italy: battle of (1636), 9, 192 Lake Nyasa Region, South Africa: description of, 19, 235 Lake of the Woods, between Minne- sota and Canada: established as boundary, 23, 443 Lake Regillus, Italy: victory of, 3, 62 Lake Sacrament: see Lake George Lake State, The: see Michigan Lake Vadimo, Italy: battle of, 3, 75 Lakeview Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio: Garfield buried in, 24, 934 Lakshman Sen (ca. 1200), King of Bengal: defeated by the Moham- medans, 5, 96 Lalain, Count of (ca. 1550), Dutch gen- eral: given command of forces, 13, 26 Lalashahin (ca. 1350), Turkish gen- eral: commands Ottoman forces at Maritza, 14, 30 Lally, Thomas Arthur, Count de (1700-1766), French general: his campaign in India, 9, 246, II, 502, 20, 119 Lally-Tollendal, Trophime Gerard, GENERAL INDEX 395 Marquis of (1751-1830), French ora- tor and writer: urges nobles to re- sume their seats in the assembly, 9, 203; pleads for Necker, 10, 59; fa- vors the English constitution, 80; desires the creation' of a senate, 87; deserts the assembly, 101; sketch of, 101 note Lamachus (470-414 B. C), an Athe- nian general: in the expedition to Sicily, 2, 329; his plans of Sicily, 333; killed at Syracuse, 338 La Mar, Jose (1778-1830), South American soldier: his campaign against Colombia, 21, 82; made president of Peru, 192 Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus (1825-1893), an American statesman: member of the Senate, 24, 916; his tribute to Senator Sumner, 916; af- fronts Conkling in Senate, 927 note; influence over Democratic Party, 941; Secretary of the Interior, 950 note La Mar, Manuel (ca. 1850), a Peru- vian patriot: leads the Opposition party, 21, 201 Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte (1798- 1859), an American statesman: vice- president of Texas, 24, 539 La Marche, Olivier de (1426-1501), a Burgundian poet and chronicler: sketch of, 13, 62 La Marmora, Alphonse Ferrero (1804- 1878), Italian general and states- man: in the Crimean War, 14, 458 Lamarque, Maximilien, Count (1770- 1832), a French general: his cam- paign in the Vendee, 9, 361; funeral of, 402 Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louise (1790-1869), French orator, poet, and historian: opposes Guizot's foreign policy, 9, 430; member of the pro- visional government, 435 Lamas, Diego (ca. 1850), South Amer- ican patriot: defeated by Flores, 21, 142 Lamb, Andrew (ca. 1600), Scottish bishop: consecrated, 12, 332 Lamb, William, Viscount Melbourne: see Melbourne, William Lamb, Vis- count Lamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie-Carignan de (1 749-1 792), a French princess: death of, 9, 276 Lamberg (d. 1848), Hungarian count: murder of, 17, 370 Lambert II (ca. 900 A D.), Count of Louvain: claims duchy of Lower Lorraine, 13, 22 Lambert (ca. 1850), Russian general: in Poland, 15, 326 Lambert, John (d. 1538), English mar- tyr: death of, 11, 259 Lamberton, William (ca. 1300), Bishop of St. Andrews: swears allegiance to Robert Bruce, 12, 277 Lambesc, Prince de (ca. 1775), French general: attempts to quell insurrec- tion in Paris, 10, 57 Lambro Canzani (ca. 1800), Greek pa- triot: account of, 14, 358 Lambton, John George, Earl of Dun- ham: see Dunham, John George Lambton, Earl of Lamego, Portugal: siege of (1057), 8, 142 La Meilleraye, Charles de la Porte (d. 1664), a French marshal: his cam- paigns in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 194 Lameth, Alexander Theodore Victor, Count ( 1 760-1829), a French revo- lutionist: elected member of the States-General, 10, 39; leader of the national party, 81; directs the Jaco- bin Club, 128 Lameths, The, a French Revolution- ary party: joins with the Center to reestablish the king, 10, 139 Lamian War, The, between Athens and Macedonia (323-322 B. C.)# z> S12 Lamoignon, Chretien Francois (1735- 1789), a French judge: keeper of the seals, 9, 258; policy of, 10, 35 Lamont, Daniel Scott (1851 ), an American official: Secretary of War, 24, 993 Lamoriciere, Christophe Leon Louis Juchault de (1806-1865), a French general: takes command of Papal forces, 4, 381; his campaign in Al- giers, 9, 429; arrest of, 441 Lampadius (ca. 400 A. D.), Roman 396 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS leader: made captain of the praeto- rians, 4, 141 Lamponius (ca. 100 B. C.)> Italian commander: in the war with Sulla, 3, 227 Lampsacus, Asia Minor: Lysander at, 2, 375 Lamsdorf, Count Vladimir Nikolai- vitch (1845 ), Russian states- man: appointed minister of foreign affairs, 15, 354 Lan, Duke (ca. 1900), Chinese poli- tician: sentenced to banishment, 6, 285 Lancaster, Pennsylvania: congress meets at, 23, 262 Lancaster, James (d. 1618), an Eng- lish navigator: visits India, 5, 157; establishes commercial relations with Indian kings, 159 Lancaster, John of (ca. 1700), Brazil- ian governor: administration of, 20, 105 Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of: see John of Gaunt, Duke of Lan- caster Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of (d. 1322), an English baron: leads baronial opposition to Edward II, II, 153; defeated at Boroughbridge, 154; death of, 154 Lancaster, Treaty of, concluded be- tween Great Britain and the Iro- quois Indians (1744), 23, 168, 170 Land Acts, Irish, Acts passed by the British Parliament for the settle- ment of the land question in Ire- land: (1870), 12, 238 note; (1881), 11, 633; (1896), 637 Land Laws and Tenures: AFRICA: plantations, 19, 83; the emigrants, 20, 62; grants to the Boers, 109; among the Boers, 219 AUSTRALIA: the squatters, 20, 185; public lands, 190 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: among the Magyars, 17, 45; conditions among peasants under Maria Teresa, 259; conditions in Hungary (1833), 339 ENGLAND: under William the Conqueror, 11, 74, 75, 79, 80; under Henry VI, 208, 209; 18th century, 532; bill relating to freeholders in Ireland, 585; encumbered estates act for Ireland, 607; Irish Land Acts (1870), 625; (1881), 633; laws for Ire- land, 636 FRANCE: feudal tenures, 9, 63, 10, 21; under Philip Augustus, 9, 79; results of Revolution, 10, 425 GERMANY: under Merovingians, 18, 67; under Charles the Great, 87; under Hohenstaufens, 176 GREECE: tenures in Attica, 2, 103; regulated by Solon, 104, 105 INDIA: among the hills, 5, 23; Ben- gal Tenancy Act (1859), 244; Bengal and Oudh Rent Acts (1885), 261; Land Alienation Act, 282 IRELAND: in ancient times, 12, 21; under Edward VI and Mary, 92; 17th century, 109; under penal code, 164; Middlemen, 174; Gladstone's bill of 1868, 239; see also ENG- LAND ITALY: land tax remitted to soil of Italy, 4, 37 JAPAN: in the Hei-an epoch, 7, 49, 50; under the Edo government, 131, 144, 145, 150; reforms, 175, 176; un- der new regime, 223, 224 MEXICO: grants to settlers, 22, 68 ROME: among the clans, 3, 13; in Regal period, 21, 28; original tenure, 37; changes in, 38; reforms under Cassius, 43; reforms under Licinius and Sextius, 49, 175; under Flamin- ius, 159; need of reform, 173; under Gracchi, 177; public lands, 186; Ser- vilian rogation, 281; reforms of Caesar, 387 RUSSIA: land tax for Poles remit- ted, 15, 348 SOUTH AMERICA: feudal grants in Brazil, 20, 48; among the colo- nists, 21, 49 SWITZERLAND: of the peasants, 13, 469 TURKEY: in conquered lands, 14, 94 UNITED STATES: in the Caroli- nas, 20, 109; public lands, 191; in Virginia, 23, 37; feudal system in Maryland, 69; in Georgia, 80; pri- GENERAL INDEX 397 vate holdings in Plymouth Colony, 86; in New Amsterdam, 102; under Penn, in WEST INDIES: grants to bucca- neers, 20, 69; plantations, 245 Land of Steady Habits: see Connecti- cut Land Tax Bill, a law passed by the Japanese government increasing the land tax (1898), 7, 225 Landais (d. 1485), favorite of Duke Francis II of Brittany: influence of, 9, 127; death of, 128 Landen: see Neerwindon Lander, John (ca. i860), an English explorer: explorations of, 19, 50 Landfrieden: see Perpetual National Peace Landlord and Tenants: relations be- tween, in early Rome, 3, 38 Lando, Conrad (ca. 1350), Italian ban- ditti: leader of band of robbers, 4, 252 Lando, Michel di (14th century), a Florentine wool-comber: made sig- nor of Florence, 4, 234 Landrecies, France: siege of (1794) 9. 289 Landriano, Italy: battle of (1528), 9 141 Landshut, capital of Lower Bavaria Bavaria: battle of (1760), 18, 340; taken by Napoleon (1809), 17, 298 Landsknechte, German troops which would hire themselves to whoever would pay for them: rise of, 18 229 Lane, Joseph (1801-1881), an Amer- ican soldier and politician: in the Mexican War, 22, 372; nominated for Vice-President (i860), 24, 682 Lane, Sir Ralph (d. 1603), an English adventurer: governor of Roanoke Island colony, 23, 53 Lanfranc (ca. 1005-1089), Abbot of Bee (afterward Archbishop of Canter- bury) : confidant of William the Conqueror, 11, 62; made Arch- bishop of Canterbury, 76; death of, 84 Langdon, John (ca. 1790), an Amer- ican statesman: in first Congress, 33. 342 Lange, Villum (ca. 1660), a Danish scholar: at the diet of Copenhagen, 16, 232 Langenburg, Prince Hohenlohe (ca. i860), a German nobleman: founds the German Colonial Society, 19, 129 Langensalza, Prussia: battle of (1866), 18, 410 Langiewicz, Marian (1827-1887), a Polish insurgent leader: in the Polish insurrection, 15, 328 Langland, William (ca. 1330-ca. 1400), an English poet: his "Vision of Piers the Plowman," 11, 169 Langside, Scotland: battle of (1568), 12, 319 Langton, Stephen (d. 1228), Arch- bishop of Canterbury: elected arch- bishop, 11, 123; leads barons against king, 125; presents demands of ba- rons to John, 126 Language Decrees, decrees issued by Austria-Hungary putting the Czech language on an equal footing with the German in Bohemia and Mora- via (1897), 17, 434 Lanier, Sidney (1842-1881), an Amer- ican poet and critic: at the opening of the Centennial Exposition, 24, 903 Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, Count (1753- 1827), a French politician: pleads for Louis XVI's life, 9, 281; incites insurrection in the departments, 284; opposes Napoleon, 319; leads Con- stitutional party, 358 Lannes, Jean, Due de Montebello, (1769-1809), French marshal: made marshal of the empire, 9, 322; at battle of Pultusk, 329; at the battle of Esslingen, 17, 298 Lannoy, Count de (ca. 1560), a Dutch noble: at the battle of Osterweel, 13, 102 La Noue, France: battle of (1589), 9, 165 La Noue, Frangois de, surnamed Bra3 de Fer (1531-1591), French Huguenot general: taken prisoner, 13, 136 Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquis of (b. 1845), an English statesman: his 398 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS governor-generalship of India, 5, 268 Lanuvium, in ancient times a town of Latium, Italy: war with Rome, 3, 64; loses its independence, 67 Lanuza, Juan de (ca. 1520), a Spanish noble: made regent of Aragon, 8, 346; puts down rebellion against Charles, 348 Lao Tsze (b. ca. 604 B. C), a Chinese philosopher: founder of Taoism, 6, 10 Laon, the capital of Aisne, France: battle of (1814), 9, 347, 15, 262 Laos, a race of Farther India, north- east of Siam: under French rule, 20, 273 La Paz, western Bolivia, on the Peru- vian frontier: rebels against Spanish authority (1809), 31, 58; insurrec- tion in (1861), 188; defies Melgarejo (1865), 190; insurrection in (1875), 191 La Paz, Treaty of, between Chili and Bolivia (1873), 21, 227 La Perouse, Jean Frangois de Galaup, Comte de (1741-1788), French ex- plorer: voyages of, 20, 129 La Plata River: see Rio de la Plata Lapps, branch of the Finnic race: pro- genitors of the modern, 16, 6; driven out by the Goths, 35 La Puerta, Venezuela: battle of (1814), Mi 63 La Puerta (ca. 1879), a Peruvian gen- eral: acting president of Peru, 31, 236 La Ravardiere, Daniel de la Tousche, Sieur de (ca. 1570-ca. 1631), French soldier: organizes a maritime com- pany, 31, 32 Larcay, Chili: battle of (1829), 31, 216 La Reveillere-Lepeaux, Louis Marie I 755-i824), French Revolutionist: appointed member of the directory, 9, 296, 10, 361; endeavors to estab- lish the deistical religion, 10, 372; attacked by the councils, 404; re- signs the directorial authority, 404 Largos, Portugal: battle of (1759), 1 1, 501 Largs, Scotland: battle of (ca. 1261), 16, 100 La Rioja, a province of Brazil: insur- rections in (1867), 31, 132 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece: invite aid of Macedonians, 2, 444; taken by Pelopidas, 444; appeals to Philip, 461; in modern Greece, 548; battle of (171 B. C), 3, 149 La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Fran- gois Alexandre Frederic, Duke de (1747-1827), French philanthropist and politician: pleads for the Con- stitution, 10, 59; directs the Feuil- lant Club, 128 La Roche jacquelin, Henry du Verger, Count de (1 772-1 794), French Ven- dean leader: supports insurrection in the Vendee, 9, 283 La Rossa: see Khurrem La Rothiere, France: battle of (1814), 9, 345 La Rotta, Piedmont, Italy: battle of (1639), 9, 193 Lars Porsena (ca. 500 B. C), an Etruscan chief: conquers Rome, 3, 56 Lars Tolumnius, King of Veii, ca. 425 B. C: at war against Rome, 3, 58 La Salle, Marquis de (ca. 1790), a French revolutionist: made second in command of militia, 10, 62 La Salle, Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, French explorer: born at Rouen, France, November 30, 1643; was ed- ucated by the Jesuits; went to Canada, 1666; set out, 1669, in search of a waterway which would lead to the South Sea and offer a route to China; discovered the Ohio River; visited France, 1674, and was ennobled; explored the Great Lakes and attempted to colonize their shores, 1679; descended the Illinois and the Mississippi and reached the Gulf of Mexico, April 9, 1682, and named the region Louisiana; en- deavored to plant a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, 1684, but failed to reach this point and landed on the coast of Texas, probably in the neighborhood of Matagorda GENERAL INDEX 399 Bay, where he built a fort; was on his way to Canada to obtain pro- visions for this colony when he was assassinated by some of his dissatis- fied companions near the Trinity River, March 20, 1687 Explorations of, 20, 85, 23, 51 Las Amarillas, Augustin Ahumada, Marques de (ca. 1750), Spanish statesman: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 199 Las Casas, Bartolome de (1474-1566), Spanish Dominican priest, Bishop of Chiapa: introduces slavery into South America, 21, 44; aids natives in Mexico, 20, 45 Las Casas, Francisco de (ca. 1525), a Spanish explorer: his expedition to Honduras, 22, 430 Las Cruces, Mexico: battle of (1810), 22, 237 La Serna, Alonzo de (ca. 1620), Arch- bishop of Mexico: opposes Mexia, 22, 154 Las Heras, Juan Gregorio de (1780- 1866), Spanish-American general: made president of Argentine Repub- lic, 21, 120 Las Navas de Tolosa: see Tolosa, Las Navas de Lasource, Marine David Albin (1762- I 793) French Girondist: death of, 10, 279 Las Quasimas, Cuba: battle of (1898), 20, 460, 24, 1029 Lassalle, Ferdinand (1 825-1 864), a German socialist: influence of, 18, 438 Lassen, Captain (ca. 1800), a Danish sailor: at the battle of Copenhagen, 16, 256 Last of the Barons, The: see Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of Lastera, General (ca. 1830), a Chilean soldier and statesman: made presi- dent of Chili, 21, 216 Laswari, India: battle of (1803), 5 20, 136 Latimer, Lord (ca. 1376), an English statesman: impeached, 11, 172; re- turns to court, 172 Latimer, Hugh (ca. 1485-1555), Bishop of Worcester, English ecclesiastic, called the Apostle of England: re- forms of, 11, 252; preaches against the vice of the times, 267; death of, 271 Latin America, broadly speaking, is composed of South America, Central America, Mexico, and most of the West Indies; present conditions, 21, 291 Latin League, a confederation of the cities of Latium existing from the earliest times to 338 B. C. : forma- tion, 3, 9; Rome becomes president of, 20; dissolved, 64, 67 Latin Nations, the European coun- tries touched by early Roman civ- ilization: characteristics of, 20, 7, 25 Latins, in ancient times the inhabit- ants of Latium: early settlements, 3, 7; wars with neighboring tribes, 63; contribute to Austro-Hungarian history, 17, 5 Latium, country of the Latins, Italy: location, 3, 4; description of, 7; early civilization in, 8; league with Rome, 21; threatened by the Etrus- cans, 56 La Torre, Gomez de (19th century), South American statesman: candi- date for president of Ecuador, 21, 114 Latorre, Lorenzo (19th century), South American statesman: made provisional governor of Uruguay (1876), 21, 146; his dictatorship in Uruguay, 258 Latorre, Miguel de (ca. 1820), South American statesman: succeeds Mo- rillo, 21, 72 Latour, Count Theodore Baillet de (1780-1840), Austrian statesman: death of, 17, 376, 18, 401 La Tour d' Auvergne (19th century), French statesman: made minister for foreign affairs, 9, 459 Latour-Maubourg, Charles Fay, Mar- quis of (ca. 1810), French soldier: becomes minister of war, 9, 372; escorts Louis XVI back to Paris, 10, 138 400 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS La Tremouille, Duke of (ca. 1600), French noble: leader of discontented nobles, 9, 172 La Tremouille, Louis II, Sire de (1460-1525), French soldier: his campaign against the rebel princes, 9, 128; besieges Novara, 132 Laud, William (1573-1645), English prelate, Achbishop of Canterbury: advises Charles I regarding church matters, II, 329; imprisoned in the Tower, 337; draws up a Liturgy, 12, 336; severity of, in England, 23, 88; execution of, II, 352 Lauderdale, John Maitland, Duke of (1616-1682), Scottish politician: sketch of, 11, 395; appointed com- missioner to Scotland, 12, 347 Laudon, Baron Gideon Ernst von (1717-1790), Austrian general: in the Seven Years' War, 9, 246, 14, 356, 15, 148, 17, 244, 18, 338, 340; his campaign against Turkey, 17, 271 Laudonniere, Rene Goulaise de (d. 1566), French Protestant leader: at- tempts to plant a colony on the St. John's River, 23, 47 Launceston, Van Diemen's Land: founded, 20, 188 Laupen, Switzerland: siege of (1339), 13, 374 Lauray Valley, Virginia: devastated by Sheridan, 24, 793 Laurel Hill, Virginia: battle of (1861), 24, 733 Laurens, Henry (1724-1792), American diplomat: sent as minister to the Netherlands, 23, 268; appointed member of peace commission, 286; quoted on slavery, 24, 562 Lauria, Roger de (ca. 1280), Spanish soldier: his campaigns in the Two Sicilies, 8, 245; at Rosas, 246 Laurier, Sir Wilfred (1841 ), Cana- dian statesman: wins victory for Liberals, 20, 173 Lauriston, General (19th century), French military officer: at the bat- tle of Sedan, 18, 423 Lauriston, Alexander Jacques Bernard Law, Marquis de (1 768-1828), French general: at the Beresina, 15, 253 Laurium, Greece: silver mines of, 2, 75 Lausanne, University of, Switzerland: founded, 13, 448 Lautrec, Marshal de (1485-1528), French soldier: his campaign in Italy, 9, 141 Lavalle (ca. 1830), South American patriot: leads the Unitarians, 21, 122; leads rebellion, 123 Lavalle, Lopez (ca. i860), Peruvian general: leads the Opposition party, 21, 201 Lavalleja, General (ca. 1840), a South American patriot: in Gurzon's re- bellion, ai, 139 La Vallette, John de (1554-1642), Grand Master of the Knights of St. John: defends Malta, 14, 170, 172 Lavarre (ca. 1790), Bishop of Nancy: at opening of the States-General, 10, 41 Lavater, Johann Caspar (1741-1801), Swiss poet and theologian: sketch of, 13, 491, 492 Lavater, Rudolf (ca. 1525), bailiff of Kilburg, Switzerland: quells insur- rection, 13, 437; at the battle of Kappel, 444 La Vauguyon, Duke of (ca. 1790), French statesman: made member of council, 9, 263, 10, 56 Laverdi (d. 1794), French minister: death of, 9, 289 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743- 1794), French chemist: death of, 9, 289 Law: see Government, Statutes, Con- stitutions, Jurisprudence, Land Laws and Marriage Laws and Customs Law, Edward, Baron Ellenborough (1790-1871), English statesman and soldier: his governor-generalship of India, 5, 218; finance member of the governor-general's council, 274; value of his work in India, 282 Law, John (1671-1729), Scotch finan- cier, called The Paper King: revives French interest in India, 5, 170; schemes of, 9, 229 Law of Public Safety, The, measure of ostracism during French Revolu- GENERAL INDEX 401 tion: presented by the commission of the younger council, 10, 392 Lawfeld, Netherlands: battle of (1747), 9, 240 Lawrence, Kansas: sacked (1861), 24, 651 "Lawrence," American frigate: Per- ry's flagship, 23, 423 Lawrence, Saint (6th century A. D.), English prelate: becomes second Archbishop of Canterbury, 11, 30 Lawrence, Abbot (1792-1855), Amer- ican politician: vituperates govern- ment, 23, 513 Lawrence, Amos (1 786-1852), Amer- ican merchant and philanthropist: one of three early millionaires, 24, 479 Lawrence, James (1781-1813), Amer- ican naval officer: death, 23, 424 Lawrence, .Sir Henry Montgomery (1806-1857), English soldier: ap- pointed to be resident at Lahore, 5, 221; death of, 237 Lawrence Sir John Laird Mair (181 1- 1879), English archaeologist and dip- lomat: sketch of, 5, 222; adminis- trator of the Punjab, 223; antici- pates the Mutiny, 235; becomes gov- ernor-general of India, 245 Lawrence, Stringer (1697-1775), Eng- lish soldier: at siege of Pondicherri, 5, 179 Lawrence, Sir Walter Roper (b. 1857), British officer in India: sketch of, 5, 277; attends the Prince of Wales on his visit to India, 309 Lawton, Henry Wade (1843-1899), American military officer: in San- tiago campaign, 24, 1029; death, 1037 Lazarev, Admiral (ca. 1830), Russian naval officer: in battle of Navarino, 15, 277; aids Turkey against Me- hemet AH* 290 Lazarus, King of Servia, ca. 1390: ac- count of, 14, 34, ^6 Lazear, Jesse W. (d. 1899), American physician: heroism of, 20, 330 Lazzara, Italy: battle of (1702), 8, 390 Leaf - wearers : see Juangs League above the Sea, league of the towns of St. Gall, Werdenberg, Sar- gaus, Feldkirch, Bludenz (1405), 13, 391 League of God's House, league of Swiss states: (1367), 13, 394; (1498), 394 League of the Public Good, a union of powerful French nobles against Louis XI (1465), 9, 122 League of the Three Emperors, league of Russia, Germany, and Austria (1875), 14, 474 Leagues and Alliances: Legendary Age. Amphictyonic Leagues, 2, 24 Hexapolis, 2, 56 Ionian, 2, 56 B. C.: 753. Etruscan clans, 3, 24 753. Latin League, 3, 9, 20, 21 7th century. Boeotian League, 2, 13, 47, 148, 186 ca. 660. Arcadian League, 2, 74 560. Laconian Alliance, 2, yy 481. Pan Hellenic League, 2, 178 477. Delian League, 2, 227 431. Spartan Alliance, 2, 274 427. Ionian cities in Sicily, 2, 299 399. Persia, Athens, and Greek states, 1, 167 395. Persia and Athens, 1, 167 392-379. Chalcidian League, 2. 420 378. Athens and Asiatic cities, 2, 454 370. Arcadian League revived, 2, 439 311. Hernican League, 3, 71 285. Against Rome, 3, 75 280. Achaean League revived, 2, 5i6 251. Aetolian League revived, 2, 5i6 205. Philip of Macedon and Anti- ochus, 3, 139 71. Coalition against Pompeius, 3, 267 67-63. Slaves and Celts in Italy, 3, 280 57. Caesar and the Remi, 3, 303 50. Gallic tribes, 3, 298 43. Antonius, Lepidus, and Octa- vius form triumvirate, 4, 15 402 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Leagues, cont. A. D.: 260. Germanic tribes, 9, 13 451. Aetius and Visigoths, 18, 41 596. Burgundy and Austrasia, 9, 30 630. Dagobert and Lombards, 17, 20 791. Charlemagne and Czechs, 17, 30 843. Charles the Bald and Ludwig, 18,93 1164. First Lombard League, 4, 194 1 167. Second Lombard League, 4, 202, 18, 151 1241. Hanseatic League, 18, 174, 273, 20, 15 1278. Hapsburg and Hungary, 17, 76 1291. Perpetual League, 13, 362 1333-1336. Perpetual League of Forest States, 13, 373 1334. Louis of France and Bur- gundy against Berne, 13, 374 1340. Ten Years League between Austria and Berne, 13, 375 1347. League of Valencia, 8, 251 1363. Castile and England, 8, 166 1367. League of God's House, 13, 394 1378. Against Venice, 4, 239 1389. Against Murad, 14, 33 I 393- Lucerne League, 13, 385 1393. Zurich League, 13, 385 1395. Upper League, 13, 394 1395- Gray League, 13, 394 1405. League Above the Sea, 13, 391 1435. Burgundy and Charles VII, 11, 205 1442. Austria and Zurich, 13, 399 I 4SS- Quadruple League, 4, 264 1467. England and Belgium, 13, 44 1485. Against Anne of Orleans, 9, 127 1489. Suabian League, 18, 219 1495. League of Venice, 4, 290, 8, 269 1500. Against Milan, 4, 291 1505. Spain and France, 8, 189 1508. Against Venice, 4, 292, 13 53 1511. Holy League, 9, 135, ", 236 1513. England, Netherlands, and Emperor, 13, 54 1518. England, France, Leo X, Maximilian, and Spain, 11, 237 1520. Cortez and the Tlascalans, 33, 43 1525. England and France, 11, 242 1526. League of Cognac, 4, 303 1527. Evangelical Alliance, 13, 441 1537- League of Smalkalde, 9, 142, 17, I9S 18, 250, 254 1537- First Geraldine League, 12, 81 1565. Mohammedan princes, 5, 151 1567. Second Geraldine League, 12, 90 1571. Maritime League (Pope, Spain, Venice and Knights of Malta), 14, 196 1576. Union of Utrecht, 8, 361 1586. Borromean or Golden League, 13, 458 1606. Russia and Sweden, 15, 20 1608. Catholic League, 17, 205, 18, 264 1608. Protestant League, 18, 265 1609. League of Prague, 17, 199 1633. Sweden and Protestant princes, 16, 186 1637. France and Holland, 13, 213 1643. New England Confederation, 23, 96 1656. France and England, 9, 206 1668. Triple Alliance (England, Sweden, and Netherlands), 11, 393, 13, 235, 18, 300 1672. France, England, and Sweden against Holland, 18, 300 1673. Holland and Spain, 18, 301 1675. Emperor, Denmark, and Brandenburg against France, 16, 234 1686. League of Augsburg, 4, 326, 9, 217, 13, 243, 18, 304 1687. Holy Alliance, 14, 256 1709. Denmark and Saxony, 16, 221 1717. Triple Alliance (France, Eng- land, and Netherlands), 8, 405, 9, 228 1717. Sweden and Spain, 11, 472 1718. Quadruple Alliance (Em- GENERAL INDEX 403 peror, England, France, and Hol- land), ii, 472, 13, 253, 18, 320 1728. Spain and France, 9, 235 1731. France, the Emperor, Spain, and Holland, 9, 235 1733- Family Compact, 11, 480 1738. Francis I and Suleiman the Magnificent, 16, 227 1741. France, Spain, Prussia, Sar- dinia, and Poland against Austria, 4, 333, 9, 237, 17, 241, 18, 329 1741. Austria, England, Holland, and Hanover, 18, 330 1743. England and Austria, 9, 241 1743. Saxony and Austria, 17, 241 1746. Austria and Russia, 17, 242 1748. Triple Alliance, 15, 142 1756. Austria, Russia, and France, 15, 144. 17, 243, 18, 334 1778. France and American colo- nies, 11, 517, 23, 267 1788. Triple Alliance (England, Holland, and Prussia), 10, 133, 14, 360 1791. First Coalition against France, 10, 134, 11, 541, 18, 356 1796. France and Spain, 11, 547 1797. Germany and Savoy against France, 4, 327 1798-1802. Second Coalition against France, 10, 401, 11, 549, 18, 362 1800. Northern Maritime League (Russia, Sweden, and Prussia), 16, 255 1801. Russia, Sweden, and Den- mark, 11, 552 1802. Third Coalition against France, 10, 454, 11, 553, 15, 214, 18, 366 1806. Fourth Coalition against France, 10, 469, 11, 557 1806. Confederation of the Rhine, 9, 327, 17. 304, 18, 367 1807. Alexander and Napoleon, 15, 215 1807. Tugendbund, 18, 376 1808. Fifth Coalition against France, 8, 529, 10, 476 1808. England and Portugal, 8, 528 1813. Sixth Coalition against France, 10, 488, 16, 254, 18, 383 1814. Hetaeria Philike in Greece, 2, 541 1815. Holy Alliance, 8, 494, 11, 574, 15, 266, 18, 393, 21, 78, 23, 446 1815. Deutscher Bund, 18, 392 1833. League of Sarnen, 13, 541 1834. Quadruple Alliance, 8, 497 1835. Bolivia and Peru, 21, 195 1837. Slavs, 17, 343 1838. Anti-Corn-League, 11, 600 1841. Asuncion and Corrientes, 21, 155 1845. Sonderbund, 13, 550 1849. Against Russia during Cri- mean War, 4, 371, 14, 451, 458 1861. Spain, France, and England, 22, 384 1865. Triple Alliance against Para- guay, 21, 131, 176 1872. Katipunan (Philippine Is- lands), 20, 314 1875. Three Emperors, 14, 474 1879. Austria and Germany against Russia, 17, 448 1880. Land League in Ireland, 11, 633 1881. Albanian League, 14, 492 1882. Triple Alliance, 4, 403, 17, 426 1893. Federation League, 20, 204 1896. Dual Alliance (France and Russia), 9, 489 1897. Ethnike Hetairia (National League), 14, 503 1902. Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 7, 281, 11, 642 Leahy, Scandinavia: battle of (1389), 16, 121 Leander, Saint (6th century A. D.), Spanish prelate, Bishop of Seville: urges Ermenigild to accept Catholi- cism, 8, 41; sketch of, 59 Learmouth, of Ereildoun, Thomas, (13th century), Scottish poet: sketch of, 12, 268 Lebas, Philippe Frangois (1765-1794), French Jacobin: arrested, 9, 291, 10, 314; released, 315; death of, 9, 291, 10, 318 Lebceuf, Edmond (1809-1888), French soldier: becomes minister of war, 9, 459 404 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Lebon, Joseph (i765-i795) French revolutionist: character of, 10, 324; impeachment of, 324 Le Brun (Lebrun), Charles Francois (1739-1824), Duke of Piacenza, French statesman: appointed con- sul, 9, 315; made arch-treasurer of the empire, 322 Lech, river in Tyrol: battles of the (955 A. D.), 18, 112; (1632), 9, 190, 16, 181, 18, 282 Lech (ca. 450 A. D.), a Czech chief- tain: leads migration of the Czechs, 17, 18 Lechelle (ca. 1790), French Revolu- tionist: appointed sole general-in- chief by the committee of public safety, 10, 276 Lecher, Doctor (ca. 1900), Moravian representative: in the Reichsrath of 1897, 17, 434 Lechfeld, Bavaria: battle of (955 A. D.), 17, 88 Lecky, William Edward Hartpole (1838-1903), a British philosopher: quoted on the Boston tea-party, 23, 220 Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel (1772- 1802), a French general: his expe- dition to Santo Domingo, 20, 140 Lecointre, Laurent (d. 1805), a French regicide: denounces Billaud, Collot, Barrere, of the committee of public safety, and Nadier, Amar, and Von- land, of the committee of general safety, 10, 323 Lecompton Constitution, a pro-slavery constitution drawn up for Kansas (1857), but rejected: 24, 662 Leconte, Claude Martin (1817-1871), a French soldier: captured by the commune, 9, 470 Lecuona, Domingo (ca. 1900), West Indian soldier: chosen governor of Matanzas, 22, 468 Leczinski, Maria (1703-1768), Polish princess: marries Louis XV of France, 15, 118 Ledenberg (d. 1619), Dutch patriot: arrest and death of, 13, 199 Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1808-1874), French politician: mem- ber of the provisional government, 9 4355 attempts to incite insurrec- tion in Paris, 439 Lee, Arthur (1740-1792), American diplomat: commissioned as minister to France, 23, 265; signs Treaty of Versailles, 267; sent to Berlin, 268 Lee, Charles (1731-1782), American Revolutionary general: appointed major-general, 23, 231; disobeys Washington's orders, 245; early ca- reer, 245; captured by British, 247; exchanged, 263; at battle of Mon- mouth, 263; court-martialed, 263; ex- pelled from the army, 263; death and burial, 264 Lee, Fitzhugh (1835 ), American general: recalled from Havana, 22, 458; appointed major-general, 24, 1028 Lee, Henry (1756-1818), American general: member of Virginia ratify- ing convention, 23, 337; in Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet," 485; quoted on slavery in Virginia, 24, 564 Lee, Richard Henry (1 732-1 794), American statesman: delegate to first Continental Congress, 23, 223; delegate to second Continental Con- gress, 229; proposes a declaration of independence, 238; opposed to Constitutional Convention, 324; op- poses ratification of the Constitu- tion, 33s; member of Virginia ratifi- cation committee, 336; in first Congress, 342; his eulogy of Wash- ington, 380 Lee, Robert Edward, an American sol- dier: born in Westmoreland Co., Va., January 19, 1807; graduated at West Point, 1829; took part in the Mexican War; was superintendent of West Point Military Academy, 1852-1855; gave up his commission in the United States army, 1861; be- came major-general of the Virginia forces, 1861, and commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, 1862; fought in many battles of the Civil War and finally surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, April 9, 1865; died at Lexington, Va., October 12, 1870 In the Mexican War, 22, 326, 345, GENERAL INDEX 405 24, 554; captures Brown at Harper's Ferry, 24, 674; sketch of, 760; plans invasion of North, 764; withdraws from Maryland after Antietam, 765; generalship praised, 771; second in- vasion of North, 778; makes over- tures for peace, 811; surrenders Con- federate army, 811 Lee, Stephen D. (ca. 1850), American Confederate general: at Chickasaw Bayou, 24, 776 Lee, William (ca. 1750), an American ambassador: sent to Austria, 23, 268 Leedes (ca. 1550), an English mer- chant: enters the service of the Great Mogul, 5, 157 Leesburg, Virginia: battle of (1862), 24, 757 Leeward Islands, in the West Indies: government of, 20, 245; under French rule, 276 Lefebvre, Frangois Joseph (1755 1820), a French general: his cam- paign in the Tyrol, 17, 300 Lefent (ca. 1790), French revolution- ist: leader of the commune, 10, 203 Leflo, Adolphe Emmanuel Charles (1804-1887), French general: arrest of, 9, 441 Lefort, Frangois (1656-1699), a Swiss general: sketch of, 15, 28; sent as Russian ambassador, 33; death of, 37 Left, The, the French Radical party: origin and use of the term, 10, 82; its principal speakers, 155 Legal Tender Act, in United States history, a financial war measure (1862): passed, 24, 819; before the Supreme Court, 900 Legations, in Peking: siege of (1900), 6, 283, 301, 302 Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de (1510-1572), Spanish conqueror of the Philip- pines: establishes Spanish control in the Philippines, 5, 157 Legendre, Louis (1756-1797), French Revolutionary demagogue: renews Lecointre's impeachment of the democratic party of the committees, 10, 325 Le Gentil (Labarbinais) (ca. 1700), a French traveller: his explorations, 21, 34 Leger (ca. 650 A. D.), Burgundian bishop: rebellion of, 9, 34 Legge, William, Earl of Dartmouth (1731-1801), English statesman: dis- missed from office, 11, 496 Legion, The Infernal: see Infernal Legion, The Legion of Honor, Order of, a French honorary order for civil and military services: instituted (1802), 9, 319, 10, 451 Legnano, Italy: battles of (1176), 4, 195. 18, 152; (1796), 9, 300; (1799), 10, 403 Lehardy (d. 1793), a French revolu- tionist: death of, 10, 279 Lehwald, Marshal (ca. 1750), a Ger- man general: at Gross-Jagerndorf, 15, 146; campaign of, 18, 336 Leibnitz, Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646-1716), a German physi- cian: consulted by Peter the Great, 15, 85, 18, 308, 320 Leicester, England: siege of (1645), ii, 353 Leicester, Earl of (ca. 1150), an Eng- lish nobleman: appointed Justiciar, 11, 98 Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of (1532-1588), an English politician: his campaigns in the Netherlands, 8, 362, 13, 150 Leif Eriksson (ca. 1000 A. D.), a Norse adventurer: introduces Chris- tianity into Greenland, 16, 47; dis- coveries of, 49, 23, 19 Leighton, Alexander (1 568-1649), a Scottish physician: leader of the Episcopal Church, 12, 358 Leinder, Lewis (ca. 1750), a German mining engineer: sets up the first laboratory in Mexico, 22, 217 Leinster, Duke of (ca. 1750), an Irish political leader: leader of the Popu- lar Party, 12, 173 Leipsic (Leipzig), Germany: battles of (1631), 9, 190, 18, 280, 283; (1642), 16, 187; (1745), 18, 33U (1813) (called The Battle of the Peoples 406 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS and The Battle of Nations), 4, 349, 8, 486, 9, 343, 10, 488, 11, 566, 13, 272, 524, 15, 261, 17, 308, 18, 384; (1866), 410 Leipsic, University of, Germany: founded, 17, 121, 18, 202 Leisler, Jacob (d. 1691), an American patriot: heads revolution, 23, 105; execution of, 106 Leitha, Austria-Hungary: battle of the (1246), 17, 59, 94 Leland Stanford University, Califor- nia: suffers from San Francisco earthquake, 24, 1084 Lelantine War, a war between Chalus and Eretria for possession of Lelas (ca. 700 B. C.) 3 115 Lelewel, Joachim (1786-1861), Polish historian: in the Polish insurrection, 15, 293 Lely, Sir Peter (1618-1680), Dutch- English artist: sketch of, II, 418 Lemaire, Jacques (d. 1616), Dutch navigator: discoveries of, 21, 32 Lemaitre, John (ca. 1590), President of Parlement of Paris: presents wishes of the Parlement to May- enne, 9, 168 Le Mans, France: battle of (1871), 18, 425 Lemberg, Austria-Hungary: sieges of (1672), 14, 245; (1675), 245; made the capital of Galicia, 17, 248; popu- lar uprising in (1848), 366 Lemberg, Count (d. 1849), governor of Pesth: murder of, 15, 300 Lemnos, island in iEgean Sea: sieges of (1771), 14, 328, 15, 180 Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of (1510-1571), Scottish soldier and statesman: supports policy of Henry VIII of England, 12, 305; made regent of Scotland, 321; death of, 322 Lens, France: battle of (1648), 9, 200 Lentulus, Publius Cornelius (d. 63 B. C), Roman politician: member of Catilinarian conspiracy, 3, 283 Leo (I) the Great (d. 461), Pope, 440- 461: his interview with Attila, 4, 148, 18, 42 Leo III (d. 816), Pope, 795-8i6: his relations with Charlemagne, 18, 84; crowns Charlemagne, 4, 176; im- plores aid from Charlemagne, 9, 44 Leo IV, Pope, 847-855: pontificate of, Ii 3555 builds defense for Rome against barbarians, 4, 179 Leo IX (Bruno) (1002-1054), Pope, 1049-1054: travels through western Europe, II, 62; assists Henry III of Germany, 18, 130; his relations with the Normans, 4, 186, 18, 130 Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici) (1475- 1521), Pope, 1513-1521: accession of, 9, 135; golden age of, 4, 296; op- poses election of Charles V of Ger- many, 18, 231; his sale of indul- gences, 235; joins league between England and France, 11, 237; con- troversy with Martin Luther, 11, 245, 18, 237, 238; contemporary of Suleiman the Great, 14, 145; death, 4, 300, 11, 243, 18, 245 Leo XIII (Giacchino Pecci) (1810- 1903), Pope, 1878-1903: pontificate of, 4, 399, 18, 442 Leo, King of Italy, 855-875: succeeds Lothaire, 4, 179 Leo the Isaurian (d. 741), Byzantine Emperor, 718-741 : at the siege of Constantinople, 1, 330, 2, 533, 14, 4; introduces dissensions into the church, 4, 169 Leoben, Treaty of, a treaty between Napoleon Bonaparte and the Aus- trians (i793), 9, 303, 10, 383, 13, 264, 18, 361 Leofric (d. 1057), Earl of Merced: mediates between Godwine and Ed- ward the Confessor, 11, 61 Leofwine (d. 1066), Earl of Mercia: his influence, 11, 60 Leogone, Hayti: battle of (1843), 22, 498 Leon, Juan Velasquez de (ca. 1515), Spanish explorer: joins Cortez, 22, 10 Leon, Ponce de: see Ponce de Leon Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Ital- ian painter, architect, sculptor, mu- sician, mechanician, and scientist: sketch of his career, 4, 208 Leonidas, King of Sparta: succeeded his brother, Cleomenes I, 400 B. C.J was in command of the small band, GENERAL INDEX 407 who defended the pass of Ther- mopylae, 480 B. C, against Xerxes and his host, and maintained their position until they were all slain Given command of land force against Persians, 2, 186; slain at Thermopylae, 193 Leonine City, part of City of Rome: founded, 4, 179 Leonora (d. 1479), Queen of Navarre: reign of, 8, 215 Leonora (ca. 1372), Queen of Por- tugal: marries Ferdinand I of Por- tugal, 8, 291; acknowledged as queen, 292; intrigues of, 293; taken as prisoner to Spain, 298 Leonora (ca. 1220), daughter of Al- fonso VIII of Castile: marries Jay me I of Aragon, 8, 240; mar- riage annulled, 243 Leonora (ca. 1347), infanta of Portu- gal: marries Pedro IV of Aragon, 8, 251 Leonora of Castile (d. 1356), Queen of Aragon: her quarrel with Pedro IV of Aragon, 8, 250; death of, 253 Leonora de Guzman, Dona (ca. 1350), mistress of Alfonso XI of Leon: sketch of, 8, 160, 285 Leonora of Sardinia (ca. 1368) : at war with Pedro IV of Aragon, 8, 256 Leontiades of Thebes (4th century B. C), polemarch of Thebes: his treachery, 2, 421; murdered, 424 Leontiev, Prince (ca. 1730), Russian deputy: his mission to Anne, 15, 106 Leontini, Sicily: taken by Hiero, 2, 219; captured by Syracusans, 328; appeals to Athens, 329; resettled by Syracusans, 410; in the hands of Hiketas, 417 "Leopard," a British frigate: attacks the " Chesapeake," 23, 409 Leopold I (1640-1705), Holy Roman Emperor, 1658-1705, called The Lit- tle Man in Red Stockings: reign of, 17, 183, 18, 299; reign of, as King of Hungary, 17, 228; at war with Turkey, 14, 266; receives Shereme- tiev, 15, 36; claims Spanish throne, 4, 327, 8, 384, 13, 247 Leopold II (1747-1792), Holy Roman Emperor, 1790-1792: reign of, as Grand Duke of Tuscany, 4, 332; reign of, as Emperor, 17, 275, 18, 354; his Belgian policy, 13, 262; as King of Hungary, 17, 330; as King of Bohemia, 340; desires peace with Turkey, 14, 357; death of, 10, 167 Leopold I (1790-1865), King of Bel- gium, 1831-1865, called The Nestor of Europe: election of, 13, 299; ac- cession of, 9, 399, 13, 300; reign of, 13, 304 Leopold II, King of Belgium, 1865- : born at Brussels, April 9, 1835, son of Leopold I and Louisa, daughter of Louis Philippe of France; married Marie Henriette of Austria, August 22, 1853; ascended the throne, December 10, 1865; founded the International African Association, 1876; became sovereign of the Congo Free State, 1885 Reign of, 13, 307; plans explora- tion and civilization of Africa, 19, 60; made ruler of Congo Free State, 117; wills his African possessions to Belgium, 250 Leopold (I) the Illustrious, Margrave of Austria, 973-994: sketch of, 17, 89 Leopold (II) the Handsome, Mar- grave of Austria, 1075-1096: reign of, 17, 90 Leopold III, Margrave of Austria, 1096-1136: reign of, 17, 90 Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria, 1136-1141: reign of, 17, 90; acquires Bavaria, 18, 144 Leopold V (1157-1194), Duke of Aus- tria, 1177-1194: reign of, 17, 91; be- trays Richard Cceur de Lion, 9, 76, 18, 156 Leopold (VI) the Proud, Duke of Austria, 1 198-1230: reign of, 17, 92 Leopold I (1292-1326), Duke of Aus- tria, 1308-1326: at battle of Morgar- ten, 18, 187; conspiracy of, 188; his war with the Swiss, 196 Leopold (II or III) the Pious (1350- 1386), Duke of Austria, 1365-1386: reign of, 17, 105, 106 Leopold (early 17th century), Arch- duke of Austria, a general in the Thirty Years' War: invades Bo- 408 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS hernia, 17, 200; in the Succession of Cleves dispute, 18, 266; at the battle of Breitenfeld, 16, 187 Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany: see Leopold II, Holy Roman Em- peror Leopold II (1797-1870), Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1824-1859: restored to his dominions, 4, 368 Leopold ( 1 676-1 747), Prince of An- halt-Dessau: campaigns of, 18, 314; organizes the Prussian army, 321 Leopold (1835 ), Prince of Hohen- zollern: sketch of, 18, 416 Leopold (early 19th century), Prince of Saxe-Coburg: marries Charlotte of England, II, 573 Leopold (17th century), son of Ferdi- and II of Austria: receives Bremen and Magdeburg, 18, 277; defeats Baner, 291 Leopoldville, Africa: founded, 19, 69 Leosthenes (d. 323 B. C.)> Athenian general, 2, 512 Leotychides, King of Sparta, ca. 470 B. C: accession of, 2, 163; at My- cale, 212 Leotychides the Younger (d. 399 B. C), Spartan prince: his claims on the throne of Sparta, 2, 391 Leovigild, King of the Visigoths, 569- 586 A. D.: reign of, 8, 41 Lepanto, Greece: battle of (1571), 2, 537, 4, 3io, 8, 355, 14, 5, 196; ac- quired by Turks, 14, 113 Lepe, Diego de (1460-1515), Spanish navigator: explorations of, 21, 15 Leper King of Scotland: see Robert Bruce, King of Scotland Leper Kings of England: see Henry III and Henry IV, Kings of Eng- land Lepidus, Marcus .ffimilius (d. 137 B. C), Roman consul and orator: left in command of Spanish province, 8, 23 Lepidus, Marcus iEmilius (d. 77 B. C), Roman consul, 78 B. C.: elected consul, 3, 255; defeated by Pom- peius, 255 Lepidus, Marcus .flSmilius (d. 13 B. C.) Roman politician: blockaded in his house, 3, 320; appointed prefect of the city, 339; splendor of his Roman home, 383; supports Anto- nius against the murderers of Ceesar, 4, 7; marches from Spain to join Antonius, 12; joins second trium- virate, 14; made consul, 15; quar- rels with Octavius, 21; death of, 31 Le Plongeon (ca. 1875), a Mexican archaeologist: his work in Mexico, 22, 82 Lepreum, Greece: attacked by Elis, 2, 321 Lerdode Tejada, Sebastian (1825- 1889), Mexican statesman: sketch of, 22, 401; becomes provisional presi- dent, 402 Lerida, Spain: battles of (65 B. C), 8, 22; (1642), 9, 194; (1646), 199 Lerma, Francisco de Sandoval, Duke of (d. 1625), Spanish statesman: de- sires peace with the Netherlands, 13, 187 Lermontov, Michael Ivanovitch (1811- 1841), Russian poet: parentage of, 15, 28; sketch of, 259 Lesbos, an island in the ^Egean Sea: Pelasgis displaced in, 2, 53; submits to Persia, 126; revolts from Athens, 291; subdued, 294; conquered by Memnon, 490; taken by Saracens, 537 Lesches (ca. 650 B. C.), a Greek poet: sketch of, 2, 31 Lescure, Louis Marie, Marquis de (1766-1793), a French royalist: sup- ports insurrection in the Vendee, 9, 283 Lesdiguieres, Frangois de Bonue de (1543-1626), French marshal: con- version of, 9, 182 Leslie, Alexander, Earl of Leven (d. 1661), Scottish general: leader of the Covenanters, 12, 338; commands invasion of Scots into England, 11, 348, 12, 339 Leslie, David (d. 1682), Scottish gen- eral: commands Scottish forces, 11, 363; in the Civil War, 12, 339 Lessar, Paul (ca. 1875), a Russian statesman: delimits the boundary between Russian territories and Afghanistan, 5, 265; appointed min- ister to Peking, 7, 288 GENERAL INDEX 409 Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de, a French diplomat: born at Versailles, France, November 19, 1805; entered public life as consular attachee at Lisbon, 1828, and held various con- sular offices; while vice-consul at Alexandria his conduct during the cholera won for him the cross of the Legion of Honor; was consul at Barcelona, 1842; was minister at Madrid, 1848; went to Rome to ne- gotiate a peace between the popular party and the French army, 1849; was director of the ship-canal across the Isthmus of Suez, 1859-1869; completed a plan for the construc- tion of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, but the company was forced into liquidation; accused of breach of trust and condemned to imprisonment, 1893, but was too ill to be moved and died at his home in Paris, December 7, 1894 Sketch of, 14, 468; president of French canal construction company, 24, 1056 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729- 1781), a German author: influence of, 18, 332, 353 Lestocq (ca. 1800), a German general: his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 329 Lestocq, Johann Herman (1695-1767) a French surgeon: intrigues of, 15, 109, 131; rewarded by Elizabeth, 138; recalled, 153 Le Tellier, Michel (1603-1685), French statesman: minister of war, 9, 207 Le Tourneur, Charles Louis Frangois (1751-1817), French statesman: ap- pointed member of the directory, 9, 296, 303, 10, 361 Letters, The Dictator of: see Voltaire Letters, The Father of: see Louis XII, King of France; also Francis I, King of France; and also, Medici, Lorenzo de' Leu, Joseph (d. 1845), Swiss politi- cian: leads the Ultramontanists, 13, 547; death of, 550 Leucas, Greece: makes war on Acar- nanians, 2, 289 Leucopetra, Greece: battle of, 3, 166 Leuctra, Greece: battle of, 2, 432 Leuenberger, Nicholas (d. 1653), a Swiss leader: incites an insurrection, 13, 471; death of, 473 Leuthen, Prussia: battle of (1757), 9, 245, 11, 499, 17, 244, 18, 337 Leuze, Flanders: battle of (1691), 9, 218 Levant, Company of the: see Com- pany of the Levant Levashev (ca. 1700), Russian general: implores assistance, 15, 116 Levelers, The (1650), English radical Democratic party: Cromwell sup- presses, 11, 363 Leven, Alexander Leslie, Earl of: see Leslie, Alexander, Earl of Leven Levenhaupt, Adam (1659-1719), a Swedish soldier: his campaign in Russia, 16, 219; execution of, 228 Levitski, General (ca. 1850), a Russian military officer: his campaign against Turkey, 15, 333 Levy-en-masse, Decree of, French Revolutionary measure (1793), 10, 272 Lewes, England: battle of (1264), 11, 140 Lewes, Mise of, an agreement between Henry III and the barons under Simon de Montford providing for Parliamentary reform (1264), II, 140 Lewis (14th century), son of Lewis of Bavaria: receives Brandenburg, 18, 190; treats with Charles IV of Germany, 192 Lewis: see also Louis and Ludwig Lewis, Meriwether (1774-1809), an American explorer: explorations of, 20, 130, 23, 400 Lewis, William B. (19th century), an American politician: supports Jack- son, 23, 463; familiar adviser of Jackson, 485 Lewis and Clark Expedition, an ex- ploring expedition in the northwest- ern part of the United States, 1804- 1806: main treatment, 23, 400; claim for Oregon territory, 24, 542 Lex Julia (90 B. C), extending citi- zenship to Italians, (90 B. C), 3, 208 410 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Lex Plautia Papiria, granting citizen- ship to Italian allies (90 B. C.) 3, 208 Lex Sulplicia, Fourth, Roman military- measure (88 B. C), 3, 210 Lexington, Massachusetts: battle of (1775), 11, 515, 23, 226 Lexington, Virginia: seat of Virginia Military Institute, 24, 772 Leyden, Holland: siege of (1574), 13 118 Leyden, John of: see John of Leyden Leyden, University of, Holland: sketch of, 13, 169 Leyva y de la Cerda, Juan de (ca. iS5o), Spanish official in Mexico: made viceroy of New Spain, 22, 171 Li (ca. 1625), a Chinese rebel: cap- tures Peking, 6, 51; defeated by Wu Sankwei, 53; death of, 54 Li Ching Fang (ca. 1890), Chinese en- voy: negotiates treaty of peace with Japan, 7, 273 Li Chiu (ca. 1600), Chinese captain: his campaign against the Japanese 7, 119 Li Han Chang (ca. 1875), a Chinese commissioner: appointed viceroy, 6, 239 Li Hung Chang (1821-1901), a Chi- nese statesman: secures recognition, 6, 153; in T'aip'ing Rebellion, 198; campaign against Nienfei rebels, 209; takes command at Tientsin, 226; urges increase of military de- fenses, 246; concludes peace, 270; sent as envoy to Japan, 270; made viceroy of Kwang provinces, 279; appointed plenipotentiary, 285; ac- cepts terms of peace with powers, 286; dimissed from Tsungli Yumen, 292; appointed minister plenipoten- tiary, 303, 305; negotiates conven- tion with Japan, 7, 196; negotiates treaty of peace with Japan, 273; death of, 289 Li Ping-Heng (ca. 1899), governor of Shantung: in Boxer rebellion, 6, 279; removal of, 297 Li Sei-kei (ca. 1390), a Korean gen- eral: revolt of, 7, 102 Li Shunshin (ca. 1575), a Korean sol- dier: his campaigns against the Jap- anese, 7, 118, 120 Li T'aipo (7th century A. D.), Chinese poet: sketch of, 6, 15 Liais, Emmanuel (1826 ), French astronomer: organizes the observa- tory of Rio Janeiro, 2, 179 Liakhov (18th century), Russian mer- chant and Arctic explorer: explora- tions of, 16, 306 Liam, Pedro Aranjo de (ca. 1830), Brazilian patriot: made regent, 21, 170 Liaotung, a peninsula in southern Manchuria: ceded to Japan, 6, 310; Japan releases, 310 Liaoyang, Manchuria: battle of (1904), 6, 314, 7, 3io, 15, 362 Liberal Republican Movement: see Republican Movement, Liberal Liberal Union, German political party (1875): description of, 18, 446 note Liberation, War of: see Greek War of Independence Liberator, The Irish: see O'Connell, Daniel Liberator, The Russian: see Alexan- der II, Emperor of Russia Liberator, The South American: see Bolivar, Simon Liberia, African negro republic: re- sources of, 19, 162; description of, 247 Liberius, Pope, 352-366 A. D.: exiled by Constantius, 4, 125 "Liberty," colonial sloop: seized by authorities for smuggling, 23, 205 Liberty, The Apostle of: see Jefferson, Thomas Liberty, Sons of, American Revolu- tionary party: organized, 23, 212 " Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable," closing words of Webster's speech (1830): cred- ited, 23, 490 Liberty Party: see Abolitionist Party Liberum Veto, Polish legislature regu- lation (15th century): description of, 15, 380 Libno, Treaty of, concluded between Mathias and Rudolph of Austria (1608), 17, 199 GENERAL INDEX 411 Libo, Lucius Scribonius (ca. 50 B. C), Roman leader: in battle with Dola- bella (49 B. C), 3, 343 Libraries: ASSYRIA and BABYLONIA: at Erech, Larsa, Ur, Agade, Asshur, Calah, and Ninevah, I, 107 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: Corvina Library, 17, 166; Leopold I estab- lishes court library, 189 CHINA: at Hanlin College, 6, 28; destroyed, 284 DENMARK: University Library at Copenhagen, 16, 237 EGYPT: Alexandrian, 1, 33, 297; of the Fatimites, 346 ENGLAND: Bodleian at Oxford, 12, 6 FRANCE: established by Louis IX at Paris, 9, 83; Biblotheque Nation- ale increased, 10, 363 GERMANY: Heidelberg, 18, 273 GREECE: Hadrian establishes pub lie library, 2, 523 ROME: Caligula rejects works of Virgil and Livy from public libra- ries, 4, 57 RUSSIA: St. Petersburg, 15, 34; Zaluski Library, 199 SOUTH AMERICA: at Bogota, 21, 92; at Quito, 106; at Guayaquil, 108; at San Juan, Argentine Repub- lic, 135 SPAIN: of Omayyads, 1, 346; at Cordova, 8, xvi; of Alhakem II, 78 SWITZERLAND: at Zurich, Berne, and St. Gall, 13, 452; at Wasser- kirche, at Schaffhausen, Berne, and Basle, 482; monastic libraries opened (1798), 5*5 UNITED STATES: at Harvard, 23, 91, 140; at College of William and Mary, 141 ; Congressional, 427 Library of Congress, Washington, D. C: burned by British (1814), 23, 427 Libusa (8th century A. D.), Bohe- mian princess: career of, 17, 29 Libya, northern Africa: relation of civilization of, to Crete, 2, 22 Lichfield House Compact, political agreement between the Liberal Party in England and the Irish emancipation leader (1835), II, 594 Lichnowsky, Felix Maria Andreas, Prince von (1814-1848), a Prussian general: murder of, 18, 400 Lichtenstein, Charles of (ca. 1600), Bohemian governor: made govern- or, 17, 207 Lichtenstein, Joseph Wenzel, Prince (1696-1772), an Austrian general: di- rects artillery, 17, 263 Licinian Laws (367 B. C), a series of laws to adjust issues between the Roman patricians and plebeians (367 B. C), 3, 48 Licinius (Caius Flavius Valerius Li- cinianus) (d. 324 A. D.), a Roman Emperor: made Caesar, 4, 118; his reign in the East, 119; death, 120 Licinius, Gaius Calvus Stolo (4th cen- tury B. C), a Roman tribune: re- forms of, 3, 49 Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826- 1900), a German politician: leads the Social Democrats, 18, 438 Liege, Belgium: revolt of (1467), 9, 123, 13, 44 Liegnitz, Prussia: battles of (1241), 15, 376; (1760), 9, 246, 18, 340 Liemar (ca. 1100), Archbishop of Bre- men: his quarrel with Erik Ejegod, 16, 74 Lien, King of Korea, ca. 1600: at war with Japan, 7, 117 Liesnoe, Russia: battle of (1708), 15, 49 Liestal, Switzerland: battle of (1831), 13, 537 Lieven, Prince (ca. 1800), a Russian ambassador: at the English court, 15, 296 Light Brigade, Charge of the, a charge made by the Light Brigade of 670 men on a Russian battery (1854) at Balaklava: description of, 11, 616, 15, 315 Light of Greece, The: see Corinth Light of the World, The: see Sigis- mund, Holy Roman Emperor Lightning or Thunderbolt, The: see Stephen II, King of Hungary Ligny, Belgium: battle of (1815), 8, 487, 532, 9, 362, 10, 501, 11, 568, 13, 287, 18, 389 412 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Ligunan Republic, The, the republic of Genoa, annexed to France (1805) : threatened by the king of Sardinia, 10, 402 Likin Tax (1895), Chinese inland tax; agreement respecting, 6, 273, 318 Lilienstedt (ca. 1700), a Swedish en- voy: represents Sweden at Nystad, 15, 68 Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 1891- 1893: reign of, 20, 310; dethroned, 24,997 Lille, France: sieges of (1708), II, 459, 18, 314; (1792), 10, 212 Lilybaeum, Sicily: sieges of (367 B. C), 2, 415; (249 B. C), 3, 103 Lima, Peru: school of arts and trades established in, 21, 203; battle in (1865), 206; description of, 213; Chilians enter (1881), 238 Lima, University of, Peru: condition of, under the Spaniards, 23, 45 Limerick, Ireland, called The City of the Violated Treaty: sieges of (1651), 12, 126; (1690), 11, 438, 12, 144; (1691), 153 Limerick, Treaty of, concluded be- tween England and Ireland (1691), 13, 153 Limes, Roman fortification wall: built by Romans, 18, 25 Lin (ca. 1770), Formosan bandit: ac- count of, 6, 97 Lin (ca. 1830), a Chinese statesman: sent to settle opium disputes, 6, 132; disgraced, 134; denounced by Emperor, 135 Linacre, Thomas (1460-1524), an Eng- lish classical scholar: sketch of, II, 239 Lifian, Pascual (ca. 1800), a Mexican general: besieges Sombrero, 22, 250 Linant Pasha (ca. 1800), Egyptian of- ficial: sketch of, 19, 269 Linares, Fernando de Alencastre, Duke of (ca. 1700), Mexican vice- roy: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 186 Linares, Jose Maria (1810-1861), a Bolivian statesman: made president of Bolivia, 21, 188; death of, 189 Lincoln, England: settlement of, II, 19; battles of (1141), 95; (1217), 130; cathedral at, 141 Lincoln, Abraham, an American statesman, President of the United States, 1861-1865, called The Rail Splitter: born in Hardin (now La- rue) County, Kentucky, February 12, 1809; his family moved to what is now Spencer County, Indiana, 1816; made a trading voyage to New Orleans, 1828; moved to Illinois, 1830, and helped his father clear a farm and build a log house ten miles west of Decatur; built a flat- boat and made a voyage to New Orleans, 1831; and from this voy- age dates his deep convictions upon the slavery question; took part in the Black Hawk War, 1832; was a Whig member of the Illinois State Legislature, 1834-1842; was admit- ted to the bar, 1836; was Whig member of Congress from Illinois, 1847-1849; was Republican candi- date for United States Senator, 1858, and held a series of discussions with Stephen A. Douglas through the State of Illinois; was nominated and elected President of the United States by the Republican Party, i860; was inaugurated President, March 4, 1861; upon his election, the secession of the Southern States and the organization of the Confederate States took place; he called for 75,- 000 volunteers; proclaimed a block- ade on the Southern ports, 1861; is- sued a proclamation emancipating all slaves in the States that had se- ceded, 1863; was reelected President, 1864; was interested in the problem of reconstructing the South, when he was shot by an assassin at Ford's Theater, Washington, D. C, and died the day after, April 15, 1865 Compared with Jackson, 23, 477; on Dred Scott decision, 24, 660; put forward for Senator, 664; sketch of, 665, 668; in Lincoln-Douglas de- bates, 667; defeated by Douglas, 670; in Republican convention, 681; attracts eastern Republicans, 681; GENERAL INDEX 413 candidate for President (i860), 681; nominated for President (i860), 682; inauguration, 706; his proclamation after the fall of Sumter, 715; de- clares Southern ports to be block- aded, 723; disavows act of Captain Wilkes, 729; fears for safety of Washington, 730; orders McClellan to West Virginia, 732; recognizes Pierpoint as governor of Virginia, 732; orders Federal advance into Virginia, 734; his message to Con- gress (July 4, 1861), 738; opposes Fremont's abolition policy, 742 urges McClellan to pursue Lee, 765 Emancipation Proclamation, 766 quoted on surrender of Vicksburg, 778; calls upon State militias for de- fense against Lee's invasion, 779; ad- dress at Gettysburg, 783; appoints Grant lieutenant-general, 786; his reelection, 799, 1381; on Hampton Roads Conference, 809; attitude to- ward overtures for peace, 809; sus- pends writ of habeas corpus, 815; controversy with Taney, 816; the Vallandigham case, 817; assassina- tion of, 826; funeral of, 827; estimate of, 827; plan for reconstruction of South, 833; last public speech, 839 Lincoln, Benjamin (1733-1810), an American general: commands mili- tia in Shays's Rebellion, 23, 316; drives Prevost out of South Caro- lina, 272; appointed to command of Southern forces, 272; surrenders Charleston to British, 273 Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of: see Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln Lincoln, Robert Todd (1843 ), an American politician: in Garfield's cabinet, 24, 923 note; retained by Arthur, 936 Lindet, Robert (ca. 1790), a French statesman: his report concerning the king, 10, 232 Lindisfarne, Monastery of, a monas- tery on the island of Lindisfarne, off the coast of Northumberland: founded, 12, 36 Lindsey, Robert Bertie, Earl of: see Bertie, Robert, Earl of Lindsey Lindskold, Erik (ca. 1675), a Swedish noble: aids reform in Sweden, 16, 212 Line of Demarcation: see Demarca- tion, Line of Linevitch, a Russian general : his serv- ices in the Russo-Japanese War, 7, 313, 15, 363 Lingeh' ih, Punishment by, the Chi- nese punishment by slicing to death, 6, 62, 85 note, 189 Lingeres, The: see Fabius Maximus, Quintus Liniers y Bremont, Jacques Antoine Marie Deliniers-Bremont (1756- 1810), a royalist in the naval service of Spain: organizes the Creoles of the La Plata provinces, 31, 57 Linschoten, John Huyghen van (ca. 1590), a Dutch author: publishes a guide to India, 5, 154 " L' Insurgente," French frigate: cap- tured, 23, 375 Linth Canal, connects the Lake of Zurich with the Lake of Wallen- stadt: built, 13, 522 Linz, the capital of Upper Austria on the Danube: taken by Charles Al- bert (1741), 17, 241; by the French (1741), 18, 329 Linz, Peace of (1645), between Tran- sylvania and Hungary (1645), 17, 227 Lion, The: see Louis VIII, King of France; also William I, King of Scotland Lion of Justice, The: see Henry I, King of England Lion of the North, The: see Gustavus (II) Adolphus, King of Sweden Lion-hearted, The: see Richard (I) Cceur de Lion, King of England Lipany, a town of Bohemia: battle of (1434), 17, 138 Lippe, Count de: see Schaumburg- Lippe Lippe, Count of (ca. 1599), a German general: given command of the Army of the Rhine Circle, 13, 171 Lisbon, Portugal: captured by Al- fonso the Chaste, 8, 72; siege of (1147), 275 Lisbon Earthquake, The (i755)> 8, 471 414 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Lisle, Alice (ca. 1614-1685), an Eng- lishwoman: condemned to death, 11, 423 Lissa, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1866), 17, 392 Literati, the educated class of China: resist the destruction of their books, 6, 11; accept the Euclid, 34; accept Christianity, 38; massacre of, 60; op- pose Christianity, 78 Literature: AFRICA: character of Carthagin- ian, 3, 95 ARABIA: character of, I, 185; status of a poet, 198, 199; the Koran, 212; art of history unknown, 258 ASSYRIA and BABYLONIA: the Chaldeans, I, 97; incantations and magical texts, 100; patronage of Ashur-bani-pal, 90; scope of, 108 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: Bohemian legends, 17, 29; Magyar legends, 42; German poets in Bohemia, 84; among the Czechs, 86; minnesing- ers, 97, 98; under Charles IV, 116; encouraged by Leopold I, 187; un- der Rudolf II, 198; scarcity during Maria Theresa's reign, 260; under Joseph II, 272, 273; patriotic spirit in Hungarian writings, 334; inter- est in Czech literature, 341; among the Slavs, 343; renaissance in Bo- hemia, 351; in 19th century, 417 CHINA: native histories, 6, 5; works of Confucius, 10; burning of the classics, n; influence of, 12; works of Buddha introduced, 13; Augustan Age, 14, 15; encouraged by Kublai, 25; influence of Mongols on, 26; dramatic, 26; encyclopedia of Chinese literature, 31; ideograph- ical and political record, 32; work of Michel Roger, 34; advance under K'anghsi, 72; Yung Cheng author of dictionary, 73; Jesuits introduce literature of West, 77; influence of K'ang Yuwei, 290 EGYPT: Hyksos Kings adopt Egyptian, 1, 21; epic poem, 26; en- couraged by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 34; character of, 53; Book of the Dead, 54; historical, 56; epic of Pentaur, 56; Arabian, 346 ENGLAND: Caedmon's work, 11, 38; Baeda's work, 39; encouraged by Alfred the Great, 45; growth under Henry II and Richard I, 115; Chau- cer, 176, 177; Langland's "Vision of Piers the Plowman," 169; reign of Richard II, 187; under Henry VIII, 239; under Elizabeth, 301, 302; Milton, 331, 391; under Restoration, 392, 393; age of Anne, 461; Fielding, 494; Burke, 510, 522, 540; Burns, 576; influence of French Revolution, 577; of Oxford Movement, 611; Vic- torian Age, 612, 613 FRANCE: before French Revolu- tion, 10, 12; University of France, 449; at present time, 9, 490, 491 GERMANY: deeds of Hermann commemorated, 18, 19; destruction of legends and ballads collected by Charles the Great, 89; Golden Age of Epic poetry, 177, 178; interest of Maximilian I, 225; effect of Lu- ther's translation of Bible on, 244; suppressed during Thirty Years' War, 296; during latter half of 17th century, 308; interest of Frederick the Great in French literature, 326, 332; at Saxe- Weimar, 353; during Napoleonic era, 10, 487, 18, 375 GREECE: Homeric poetry, 2, 29; encouraged by Periander of Corinth, 93; encouraged by Peisistratus, 11 1; in Asiatic cities, 115; at Athens (5th century B. C.) 152; (4th century B. C), 513; (146 B. C.-14 A. D.), 521; effect of Greek on Roman, 523, 524 ICELAND: Sagas, 16, 299 INDIA: Vedas, 5, 25, 37, 38, 42, 43; of Brahmans, 49; dramatic, 54; epics, 54; fables, 55; Buddhism, 64; ballad-chronicle, 95 IRELAND: in ancient times, 12, 6; seventh century, 35; decline after coming of Danes, 37; revival un- der Brian Boru, 47; Moore's melo- dies, 223; influence of Emancipation Act, 227 ISRAEL: among the exiles, 1, 414 ITALY: Divine Comedy, 4, 213; en- couraged by Alfonso of Naples, 264; patronage of Lorenzo de' Me- dici, 269; during Renaissance, 280, GENERAL INDEX 415 281; encouraged by Cosmo de' Medici, 282; interest in, during 15th century, 23, 21; revival of Greek literature, 23; patronage of the Popes, 4, 285; encouraged by Leo X, 296; Ariosto, 319; Petrarch, 320; patronage of Ferdinand I of Tus- cany, 320; (1750-1800), 338; encour- aged by Clement XIV, 341; modern, 407 JAPAN: influence of Chinese, 7, 16, 34, 35, 42, 43; poetry of Nara epoch, 35, 36; interest in poetry, 43, 44; changes, 79, 80; in Muromachi period, 105; under Edo government, 7, 141, 142, 151; interest in pure Jap- anese literature, 161 MEXICO: of the Tezcocans, 22, 81; under Duke of Albuquerque, 170; encouraged by Revilla-Gigedo, 218; work of Senor Alegre, 421, 422 NETHERLANDS: 14th and 15th centuries, 13, 62; work of Erasmus, 63, 64; checked by civil war, 166; controversial character during Rev- olution, 169; work of Grotius, 219, 220 PERSIA: sacred, I, 173; historical, 179; Golden Age, 5, 327; under Alp Arslan and Malak Shah, 331; Sel- juk period, 333; at Shiraz, 337 PORTUGAL: interest in, 8, 538; work of Camoens, 542 ROME: among Gallic tribes, 3, 296; interest of Caesar, 362; in Age of Augustus, 4, 34, 35, 38, 39, 46; re- strictions under Tiberius, 49; en- couraged by Vespasian, 82; " Medi- tations " of Marcus Aurelius, 98; encouraged by Alexander, 105; its literature derived from East, 122; see also ITALY RUSSIA: 18th century, 15, 70; changes under Peter the Great, 86; patronage of Ivan Shuralov, 145; improvement of versification, 150; in reign of Catharine the Great, 192, 193. 194. 195; influence of English literature, 193; influence of Voltaire, Diderot and D'Alembert, 197; steady progress under Alexander, 269 SCANDINAVIA: Sagas and Eddas, 16, 6; Gustavus Adolphus interested in, 175; encouraged by Queen Chris- tina, 204; after French Revolution, 264; 19th century, 290 SCOTLAND: under King James, 12, 293; 17th century, 358 SOUTH AMERICA: Argentine Re- public, 21, 118; Chili, 228; Peru, 214 SPAIN: of Arabs, 1, 346; Golden Age of Arabian literature, 8, 78; un- der Carlos III, 429 SWITZERLAND: at St. Gall's, 13, 343; nth century, 346; in the towns, 360; effect of political events, 427; interest in, during Reformation era, 432, 453, 454J I7th century, 482; after Reformation, 488; interest in liter- ature of other countries, 489; 18th century, 494 TURKEY: work of Prince Djem, 14, 107; under Suleiman the Great, 144, 164, 188; patronage of Ahmed Kiuprili, 246; encouraged by Mo- hammed IV, 253; patronage of Ahmed III, 293; encouraged by Se- lim III, 412 UNITED STATES: Jews in, 1, 427; absence of Indian literature, 23, 12; New England in lead among colonies, 142; during Jacksonian epoch, 481; "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 638; Philippine Islands, 20, 368 Lithuania, a former grand duchy of Europe afterwards united with Po- land: expansion of, 15, II, 375; its wars with Ivan the Great, 13; united with Poland, 16; Charles XII in, 46 Lithuanians, the inhabitants of Lith- uania: location of, 15, 6, 372 "Little Belt," British frigate: captured by the " President," 23, 416 Little Big Horn River, United States: massacre of (1876), 24, 905 Little Captain, The: see George II, King of England Little Corporal, The: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Little Fort Valley, Virginia? devasta- ted by Sheridan, 24, 793 "Little Giant:" see Douglas, Stephen A. 416 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Little Man in Red Stockings, The : see Leopold I, Holy Roman emperor Little Paris: see Brussels Little Rhody: see Rhode Island Little Rock, Arkansas: Confederates seize arsenal, 24, 691, 720 Little Round Top, Pennsylvania: in battle of Gettysburg, 24, 780 Little Village, The: see London, Eng- land Liu Fok-heng (ca. 1250), a Chinese naval commander: commands fleet for invading Japan, 7, 74 Liu Kan-yi (ca. 1901), viceroy of Man- churia: attempts to have Manchu- ria opened to foreign trade, 7, 288 Liu K'un Yi (ca. 1900), a Chinese statesman in Boxer rebellion, 6, 304 Liutprand or Luitprand, King of the Lombards, ca. 712-744 A. D.: at war with the Pope, 18, 74; reign of, 4, 168 Liuva, King of the Goths, 6th century A. D.: reign of, 8, 43 Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of (1770-1828), an English statesman: made Prime minister, 11, 564 Livia Drusilla (ca. 56 B. C.-29 A. D.), wife of Octavius: marriage, 4, 20; sketch of, 40; death, 51 Livian Laws, laws of Livius Drusus instituting democratic reforms: passed and repealed, 3, 204 Livingston, Edward (1764-1836), American statesman: delegate to second Continental Congress, 23, 229 Livingston, Robert R. (1746-1813), an American statesman: delegate to second Continental Congress, 33, 229; member of committee to draft a declaration of independence, 240; administers oath to Washington, 341 ; minister to France, 396 Livingstone, Sir Alexander (d. 1622), a Scottish nobleman: claims guard- ianship of James II of Scotland, 1 a, 293 Livingstone, David, a Scottish mis- sionary and African explorer: born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, March 19, 1813; went to South Africa as a missionary, 1840; worked and trav- eled sixteen years; returned to Eng- land, 1856; went to Africa again, as consul, 1858, to open up the country of the Zambesi; returned to Eng- land, 1864, and set out again for Af- rica, 1865, in the interest of explora- tion; died on the shore of Lake Bangweolo, May 1, 1873 Explorations of, 19, 52; effect of his work in Africa, 215, 235 Livingstone Central Africa Company, a company of Scottish merchants for trading in central Africa: found- ed, 19, 235 Livius, Marcus (ca. 208 B. C), a Ro- man general: at battle of the Me- taurus, 3, 128 Livonia, a government of Russia: conquered by Peter the Great, 14, 278, 15, 41; incorporated with Po- land, 17; acquired by Sweden, 22; passes to Russia, 65, 68 Livonian Order, The, an order of knights first established in Livonia: encroachments of, 15, 10; allies of Alexander of Lithuania, 13; at war with Ivan the Terrible, 17; their dispute with Valdemar (II) Sejr, 16, 86 Livonius (ca. 1865), a German vice- admiral: urges annexation of Zanzi- bar, 19, 127 Liwenthaal, Alexander (living), a Ger- man scientist: associated with the Wellman Expedition, 16, 340 Ljudevit (d. 823 A. D.), Croatian chief: revolts against Frankish rule, 17,38 Llewelyn (d. 1282), Prince of Wales, 1246-1282: career and death, 11, 144 Lo Fengluh (19th century), Chinese statesman: minister to Great Brit- ain, 6, 284 Loanda: see St Paul de Loanda Lobanov (Rostovski), Prince Alexei Borisovitch (1825-1896), a Russian statesman: mission of, 15, 215; ap- pointed minister of foreign affairs, 346; death of, 348 Lobau, George Mouton, Count de (1770-1838), a French soldier: at battle of Waterloo, 9, 363, 10, 502 GENERAL INDEX 417 Lobengula (ca. 1833-1894), King of Matabeleland, South Africa: refuses to conclude treaty with Transvaal, 19, 217; at war with the British, 233; concludes treaty with the Eng- lish, 20, 230 Lobkovitch, Diepold of (ca. 1610), Grand prior of Knights of Malta: accused of inciting the Emperor Mathias against the Protestants, 17, 201 Lobkovitz, William of (ca. 1615), Aus- trian conspirator: leads conspir- acy, 17, 201 Lobos Island Dispute, The, contro- versy between United States and Peru concerning possession of Lo- bos Islands (1852), 21, 199 Lobositz, Bohemia: battle of (1756), 9, 244, 15, 145, 18, 335 Loch, Sir Henry (1827 ), English colonial official: in Anglo-French wars, 6, 174, 178, 179, 180, 184 Loch Garry, Scotland: battle of (1655), > 344 Lochaber, Scotland: battle of (1427), 12, 291 Locke, John (1632-1704), English phi- losopher: publishes his "Letters on Toleration," 11, 436; directs the Board of Trade and Commerce, 20, 89; devises " Fundamental Consti- tution," 23, 73, 96; his writings a source of United States Constitu- tion, 330 Lockhart, William Stephen Alexan- der (19th century), English official in India: occupies Waziristan, 5, 277 Lockwood, Arctic explorer, 1882: ex- plorations of, 16, 319 Locri, town in Italy: founded, 2, 84; in hands of Dionysius II, 416; sur- prised by Pyrrhus, 3, 80 Locrians, inhabitants of Locris, Greece: subdued by Xerxes, 2, 196; subdued by Athens, 245; revolt from Athens, 248; make war on Phocis, 397; join Thebes, 438; conclude treaty with Thebes, 438; beaten by Philomelus, 460; harassed by Pho- cians, 461; at Delphi, 475; join ^Etolian League, 516 Locusta (1st century A. D.), Roman poisoner: furnishes poison for the death of Claudius, 4, 61; furnishes poison for the death of Briannicus, 63 Lodge, Henry Cabot (1850 ), United States senator and author: in Alaskan boundary commission, 24, 1055; aids reform of the Consular Service, 1084 Lodi, Bridge of, Italy: battle of (1796), 9, 298 Lodi, House of, Afghan dynasty in Italy: reign of, 5, 104 Lodomeria, Poland: annexed to Aus- tria, 17, 248 Lodz, Russian Poland: growth of, 15, 342 Loftus, General (18th century), Brit- ish soldier: in the Rebellion of 1798, 12, 211 " Log cabin and hard cider," in United States history, a campaign cry in 1841, 24, 523 Logan, John Alexander (1826-1886), American soldier and statesman: urges Grant for third term, 24, 926; nominated for Vice-President, 943 Logrofio, Spain: battle of (1367), 8, 167; siege of (1521), 349 Logtown, Treaty of, a treaty between Great Britain and Iroquois Indians (1752): concluded, 23, 168; English claims based on, 170 Loizaga (ca. 1870), South American statesman: member of provisional government of Paraguay, 21, 159 Loja, Hadji (ca. 1875), Austro-Hun- garian statesman: leads revolution in Herzegonia and Bosnia, 17, 423 Lok, John (ca. 1550), English trader: his voyages to Africa, 19, 28 Lokalar, Finland: battle of (1808), 15, 216 Lokoja, Africa: founded, 19, 50 Lollards, religious sect in Holland: followers of Wycliffe, 11, 175; per- secution of, 196 Lomakin (ca. 1875), Russian general: defeated by the Tekkes, 5, 307 Lombard League, defensive alliance of cities of Lombardy: formed, 4, 194 Lombardini (19th century), Mexican 418 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS soldier: made general-in-chief of Mexican army, 22, 369 Lombards, Germanic tribe: conquer northern Italy, 2, 533; rise of, 4, 163; settle in Pannonia and Noricum, 17, 17; location of, 18, 6; summoned to Italy, 51; invade Switzerland, 61 Lombardy, northern Italy: its relation to Austria, 17, 4 Lome, Dupuy de, Spanish minister at Washington, 1898: his letter con- cerning President McKinley, 24, 1024 Lomenie de Brienne, fitienne Charles de: see Brienne, fitienne Charles de Lomenie de Lomonosov, Michael Vassilievitch (1711-1765), Russian poet: sketch of, 15, 150, 192 Lonato, Italy: battle of (1796), 9, 299 London (Londinium), England, called The City of Masts, The Little Vil- lage, and The Modern Babylon: center of trade, 4, 75; founding of, 11, 12; sacked by Northmen, 42; surrendered by Danes to Alfred, 43; loses its charter, 413 London, Tower of, fortified castle in London: built by William the Con- queror, 11, 73 London, Treaties of: (IT43), a treaty between Scotland and England, 12, 305; (1641), a treaty between Scot- land and England, 339; (1827), a treaty between England, France, and Russia, 14, 423. 15, 275, 17, 325 London Bridge, first bridge across Thames: built, II, 177 London Company, a company to pro- mote colonization in America: char- tered, 23, 56 London Conferences, The (1830), con- ference of representatives of Aus- tria, France, Russia, Prussia, and England to settle future of Belgium, 13, 298, 15, 288; (1840), England, France, Austria, Prussia, and Rus- sia, 15, 292; (1852), between Austria and Prussia, 16, 273, 17, 390, 18, 403 London Fire, The, fire which devas- tated large pant of city (1666), 11, 388 London Missionary Society: work of, 19, 94, 212 Londonderry (Derry), Ireland: siege of (1689), 11, 437, 12, 134 Londonderry, Robert Stewart, Marquis of: see Stewart, Robert Lone Star State, The: see Texas Long Island, New York: battle of (1776), 23, 243 Long Parliament, The, in English his- tory, the Parliament which met un- der Charles I and carried on the Civil War (1640-1660): summoned, n, 337', dissolved, 374 Long Walls of Athens: built, 2, 242; destroyed, 378; rebuilt by Conon, 402 Longbeard, William: see Fitzosbert, William Longchamps, William of: see William of Longchamps Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807- 1882), American poet and novelist: in American literature, 23, 481 Longinus, Dionysius Cassius (210-273 A. D.), a Greek critic and philoso- pher: advises Zenobia, 4, in Longinus, Quintus Cassius (ca. 50 B. C), Roman general: revolt of his legions, 3, 356 Longjumeau, Peace of, concluded be- tween French Catholics and Protes- tants (1568), 9, 156 Longobards: see Lombards Longstreet, James (1821-1904), Ameri- can Confederate general: at Bull Run, 24, 763; in plan for invasion of North, 764; his corps detached from Lee's army, 771; at Gettysburg, 780; retrieves Rosecran's mistake at Chickamauga, 783; in battle of the Wilderness, 788 Longueville, Anne Genevieve de Bour- bon Conde, Duchess of (1619-1679), French noblewoman: rouses Tu- renne against the court, 9, 203 Longueville, Charles Paris d' Orleans, Duke of (1640-1672), French gen- eral: revolt of, 9, 198; arrested, 202; death of, 210 Longwy, France: siege of (1792), 10, 205, 18, 356 GENERAL INDEX 419 Loochoo, Islands of, southwest of Japan: sketch of the history of, 7, 192 Lookout Mountain, Tennessee: battle of (1863), 24, 785 , Lopez, Carlos Antonio (1795-1862), a Paraguayan statesman: granted ex- ecutive power in Paraguay, 21, 155; made president of Paraguay, 155 Lopez, Francisco Solano (1826-1870), a Paraguayan statesman: made vice- president of Paraguay, 21, 155; sketch of, 156; death of, 160 Lopez, Martin (ca. 1500), a Spanish ship builder: builds ships for Cor- tez, 22, 45 Lopez, Narcisso (1798-1851), a Span- ish-American general: his filibuster- ing expedition to Cuba, 20, 327, 22, 452, 24, 625 Lopez, Stanislas (ca. 1800), an Argen- tine patriot: opposes Rivadaria, 21, 121 Lopez, Jordan (ca. 1850), an Argen- tine patriot: leads insurrections, 21, 133, 134 Lopez y Mendez, Luis (ca. 1800), a Bolivian patriot: his mission to England, 21, 59, 67 Lopez y Planes, Vicente (1 784-1 856), an Argentine jurist and politician: provisional president of Argentina, 21, 122, 127 Lorca, Spain: battle of, 8, 69 Lorch, Archbishop of: see Pilgrim, Archbishop of Lorch Lord, an English title of nobility: origin of name, II, 20 Lord, The Silken: see Fitzgerald, Garrett, Earl of Kildare Lords of the Congregation, league of English nobles: organized, 11, 277, 12, 312 Lords Ordainers, barons appointed (1310), to regulate government ordi- nances in England, n, 153 Lorenzana y Butran, Francisco An- tonio (1722-1804), a Spanish prelate and historian: publishes Cortez's letters, 22, 209 Loria, Roger di (d. 1305), an Italian admiral: in the war between Aragon and France, 4, 258, 9, 85 Lome (ca. 500 A. D.), Irish chief: leads colonists to Scotland, 12, 38 Lorraine, a region on the border be- tween France and Germany: divid- ed, 13, 21 Lorraine, Charles of Guise, Cardinal of (1525-1574): regent for Francis II of France, 149 Lorraine, Charles IV, Duke of (1604- 1675), an Austrian general: at war with Louis XIII of France, 9, 189; defeated by Gustavus Adolphus, 18, 281; relieves Vienna, 303 Lorraine, Charles V, Duke of (1643- 1690), an Austrian general: at war with Louis XIII of France, 9, 189; defeated by Turenne, 211; his cam- paign against the French, 217 Lorraine, Charles of (1712-1780), an Austrian general: campaigns of (1744), 18, 33o; (1757), 337 Lorraine, Charles of, Duke of Guise (1571-1640), a French nobleman: claims throne of France, 9, 168; his campaign in the Thirty Years' War, 191 Lorraine, Frangois of, Duke of Guise: see Guise, Francois de Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine, Henry of, Duke of Guise: see Henry of Guise Lorraine, Henry of, Count of Har- court (1601-1666), a French general: his campaign in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 193 Lorraine, Rene, Duke of: see Rene, Duke of Lorraine Los Angeles, California: taken by the Americans, 22, 297; Chinese riots at, 24, 920 Los Islands, off the west coast of Africa: given to France, 20, 281 Losecoat Field: see Stamford, Battle of Lost Colony, Roanoke, Virginia: ap- plication of term, 23, 53 Lostwithiel, England: battle of (1644), 11, 349 Lot, Michael (ca. 1550), an Arctic ex- plorer: aids Frobisher, 16, 301 Lothair I, Emperor of the Holy Ro- man Empire, 840-855 A. D.: asso- ciated with Louis I as emperor, 9, 420 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 47, 18, 90; revolt of, 9, 48, 18, 91; defeated by his brothers, 18, 92; agrees to terms of the Partition of Verdun, 93; reign of, 4, 178, 18, 95; death of, 9, 51 Lothair (II) the Saxon, Holy Roman Emperor, 1125-1137: honors Knud Hlaford, 16, 76; elected King of Germany, 18, 141; crowned em- peror, 143 Lothair I (ca. 500 A. D.), Frankish king: reign of, 9, 24 Lothair II (d. ca. 670 A. D.), Frank- ish king: reign of, 9, 34 Lothair III, King of France, 954-986 A. D.: reign of, 9, 58, 18, 116 Lothaire (d. 869 A. D.), King of Lor- raine: reign of, 9, 51 Lothian, a former division of Scot- land: ceded to a Scottish king, 11, Si Lotteries in America: used to support colonial colleges, 23, 142; legislation against, 24, 973 Loudon, Earl of (ca. 1750), British soldier: made commander-in chief of forces in America, 23, 184; plans attack upon Louisburg, 186 Loudun, Treaty of, concluded between Louis XIII and the French Prot- estant party (1616), 9, 179 Lough Swilly, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 214 Louis: see also Lewis, Ludwig, and Luis Louis (I) the Pious (778-840), Holy Roman Emperor, 814-840: crowned King of Aquitaine, 9, 43, 18, 81; campaigns against the Mohamme- dans, 8, 219, 220; acknowledged as emperor, 9, 44, 18, 88; deposes Bernard of Italy, 4, 178; his efforts to convert the Northmen, 16, 25; reign of, 9, 46, 18, 89 Louis the German (ca. 804-876), King of Germany, 843-876: crowned King of Bavaria, 18, 90; revolt of, 91; at war with Lothaire, 9, 49; becomes King of Germany, 18, 92; defeats the Moravians, 17, 31; reign of, 18, 95 Louis (II) the Young (ca. 822-875), Holy Roman Emperor, 855-875: reign of, 9, 51; death of, 18, 96 Louis (III) the Child (893-911), King of Germany, 900-911: reign of, 18, 100 Louis (IV) the Bavarian (1286-1347), Holy Roman Emperor, 13 14-1347: claims imperial throne, 13, 364; reign of 18, 187; campaigns in Italy, 4, 219; at war with Margaret Mau- tasche, 17, 101; gives his support to Edward III of England, xi, 158; Valdemar IV at the court of, 16, 114 Louis, King of Aquitaine: see Louis I, Holy Roman Emperor Louis I, King of Bohemia: see Louis II, King of Hungary Louis I, King of France: see Louis I, Holy Roman Emperor Louis (II) the Stammerer (846-879), King of France, 877-879: reign of, 9, 52, 18, 96 Louis (III) the Younger (ca. 825- 882), King of France, 879-882: reign of, 9, 52, 18, 96 Louis (IV) d' Outre Mer (921-954), King of France, 936-954: reign of, 9> 55* joins conspiracy against Otto I, 18, no; calls for aid against Duke Hugo, in Louis V (966-987), King of France, 986-987: reign of, 9, 59 Louis VI (ca. 1078-1137), King of France, 1108-1137: reign of, 9, 71 Louis (VII) the Young (ca. 1120- 1180), King of France, 1137-1180; associated in the government with Louis VI, 9, 72; reign of, 73; in the Second Crusade, 18, 145; divorces Eleanor of Aquitaine, 11, 96 Louis VIII (1 187-1226), King of France, 1223-1226, called The Lion: invades England, 9, 77, 11, 128; ex- communicated, 11, 129; defeated at Lincoln, IX, 130; reign of, 9, 80 Louis (IX), Saint (1215-1270), King of France, 1226-1270: reign of, 9, 80; mediation of, 18, 166; solicits Hakon's aid, 16, 99; arbitrates be- 'tween Henry III and the barons, 11, 140 GENERAL INDEX 421 Louis X ( 1289-13 16), King of France, 1314-1316: reign of, 9, 89 Louis XI (1423-1483), King of France, 1461-1483, called the French Tibe- rius: reign of, 9, 121 ; his feud with Charles the Rash 6f Burgundy, 13, 43, 18, 217, 218; leads rebellion against military reforms, 9, 117; marries Charlotte of Savoy, 119; reconciles Warwick and Margaret, 11, 217; concludes treaty with the Swiss, 13, 405; his relations with Juan II of Aragon, 8, 266; his rela- tions with Alfonso V of Portugal, 317 Louis XII (1462-1515), King of France, 1498-1515, called the Just and the Father of Letters: claims guardianship of Charles VIII, 9, 126; campaigns of, 18, 227; invades Italy, 4, 291; 11, 229, 236; concludes treaty with Ferdinand the Catholic, 8, 270; marries Mary Tudor, 11, 237; reign of, 9, 132, 13, 420; death of, 11, 237 Louis XIII (1601-1643), King of France, 1610-1643, called the Just: birth of, 9, 173; reign of, 177; mar- ries Ana of Spain, 8, 375; at war with Philip IV of Spain, 378; claims throne of the Netherlands, 381; in the Thirty Years' War, 18, 285, 289; death of, 13, 214 Louis (XIV) le Grand, King of France, 1643-1715: born at St. Ger- main en Laye, September 5 (16?), 1638; ascended the throne on the death of his father, Louis XIII, 1643; during his minority his mother, Anne of Austria, and Car- dinal Mazarin governed the coun- try; assumed the governing power himself after the death of Mazarin, 1661; appointed as minister of fi- nance, Colbert, whose reforms in- creased the treasury receipts enor- mously while at the same time they promoted industry and economy; conferred the portfolio of war on Louvois, who transferred the army into the most perfect military or- ganization in Europe; fought with Spain to support his claim to the Spanish Netherlands, 1667-1668; this war was ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which gave to Louis a number of towns on the Belgian frontier; at war with Hol- land, who was supported by the Emperor, Spain, Brandenburg, and Sweden, 1672-1678; by the Peace of Nymwegen, 1678, he obtained the whole of Franche-Comte and Alsace; annexed Strassburg, 1681, and Luxembourg, 1684; revoked the Edict of Nantes, 1685; secretly mar- ried Madame Maintenon, 1685; Hol- land, Austria, Spain, Bavaria, and Savoy formed the League of Augs- burg against him, 1686, and al- though he gained victory after vic- tory he was obliged to give up all his conquests by the Peace of Rys- wick, 1697; was involved in the War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1714, which was very disastrous both to Louis and to France; died at Ver- sailles, France, September 1, 1715 Birth of, 9, 189; ambitions of, 13, 235; sends a force against Genoa, 4, 325; marries Maria Teresa of Spain, 8, 379; his position on the Continent, 18, 298; reign of, 9, 199, 18, 298; his relations with Switzer- land, 13, 477; his relations with Sweden, 16, 211, 218; Denmark takes up arms against, 234; encourages hostility of Turkey against Austria, 14, 259; James II befriended by, 23, 157; befriends Philip of Anjou, 160; his relations with Russia, 15, 57 Louis XV (1710-1774), King of France, 1715-1774: reign of, 9, 227, 10, 22; marriage of, 15, 118, 383; aids Stanislas Lesczinsky, 18, 323; in the Polish war, 15, 119; mediates with Turkey, 123; supports Charles Albert's claims, 18, 329; enters the Treaty of Nymphenberg, 16, 227; makes an alliance with Maria Theresa, 18, 334; expels Jesuits from France, 8, 419 Louis XVI, King of France, 1774-1793, called The Martyr King and Mon- sieur Veto: born at Versailles, Au- 422 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS gust 23, 1754; married Marie Antoi- nette, 1770; when he succeeded his grandfather, 1774, the finances were in a very bad condition for which there was two remedies a restric- tion of the expenses, which the queen and the court opposed, and taxing the privileged classes, which the Parlement opposed; hoping to find a third expedient, he sum- moned, 1789, the States-General, which had not met in 175 years; when the representatives of the Third Estate were refused a seat with the other estates, the Assembly was divided into factions; too late the king yielded to its demands, and the republic was declared, 1792; Louis, after a mock trial by the Convention, was guillotined at Paris, January 21, 1793 Birth of, 9, 241; protects Rulhiere, I 5. 159; accession of, 10, 25; reign of, 9, 253; urges European interven- tion against Russia, 14, 347, 349; and the French Revolution, 23, 358; at the meeting of the assembly (1789), 10, 52; surrounds Paris with troops, 54; before the Ver- sailles assembly, 71; given title of Restorer of French Liberty, 75; goes to Paris from Versailles, 97; at the confederation of the kingdom, 122; receives announcement of as- sistance from the coalition, 136; sets out for Montmedy, 137; arrested at Varennes, 138; suspension of, 140; declaration of Pilnitz regarding, 143; closes the assembly, 145; his recep- tion of the deputies announcing the opening of the National Legisla- tive Assembly, 151; question in the assembly as to the manner of ad- dressing him, 152; his speech at the assembly, 153; sanctions the decree of the assembly respecting his brother, 158; puts his veto on de- crees respecting the emigrants and the dissentient priests, 159; message to, from the assembly respecting the neighboring princes, 162; intimidat- ed by the impeachment of Delasart, 168; visits the assembly with a view to the question of war, 171; dis- misses the Girondist ministry, 176; riots of the petitioners, 180; pro- posal of Lafayette for him to go to Compiegne, 181 ; reviews the de- fenders of the chateau on the morn- ing of the 10th of August, 193; treat- ment of, on leaving the Tuileries, 195; imprisoned in the Temple, 198; his trial demanded, 226, 230; brought to the bar of the convention, 232; Malesherbes offers to be his de- fender, 233; the defense, 234; con- demned to death, 235; his conduct on hearing the sentence, 237; his character, 238; death of, 9, 282, 10, 237, ix, 541, 17, 281, 18, 356 Louis XVII (1785-1795), titular King of France, son of Louis XVI: pro- claimed king, 9, 285; death of, 294 Louis XVIII (Stanislas Xavier) (1755-1824), King of France, 1814- 1824, called the Father of his Coun- try: elected member of the States- General, 10, 39; declared deprived of regency, 9, 272; at Mittau, 15, 205, 207; decree of the assembly, 10, 158; recognized as king, 9, 294; re- turns to Paris, 10, 496, 17, 312; ac- cession of, 9, 350, 10, 498, II, 568; reign of, 9, 355; death of, 382 Louis (I) the Great (1326-1382), King of Hungary, 1342-1382: invades Naples, 4, 252, 260; his reign in Po- land, 15, 377; reign of, as King of Hungary, 17, 152 Louis II (I, King of Bohemia), King of Hungary, 1516-1526: account of, 14, 147; affianced to Mary of Aus- tria, 17, 167, 175; marries Mary of Austria, 176; reign of, 168; his reign as King of Bohemia, 149; death of, ISO Louis (I) of Anjou (1330-1384), titu- lar King of Naples: claims regency for Charles VI of France, 9, 106 Louis (II) of Anjou (1377-1417), King of Naples: claims throne of Naples, 4, 261; reign of, 261 Louis (1784-1864), Archduke of Aus- tria: made member of council of re- gency, 17, 345 Louis (late 17th century), Margrave GENERAL INDEX 423 of Baden: his campaigns, 17, 231, 18, 304, 313 Louis the Moor, Duke of Milan: see Sforza, Ludovico Louis (15th century), Duke of Savoy: reign of, 4, 278 Louis de Male (1330-1384), Count of Flanders: recognizes liberty of Flanders, 13, 34; solicits aid from Charles V of France, 9, 106; his struggles to retain his throne, 107 Louis (early 17th century), Count of Nassau, nephew of William of Orange: his expedition against Cadiz, 13, 163; at battle of Nieu- port, 174 Louis (ca. 1256), Count Palatine: at war with Hungary, 17, 74 Louis of Bourbon, Prince of Conde: see Conde, Louis of Bourbon, Prince of Louis of Bourbon (15th century), Bishop of Liege: revolt of his sub- jects, 13, 44 Louis of Cressy (d. 1346), Count of Bruges: reign of, 13, 32 Louis of Nassau (1538-1574), a Dutch soldier, brother of William of Or- ange: sketch of, 13, 86; at the Duffle Conference, 93; campaigns of, 8, 359, 13, 109 Louis, Baron (early 19th century), a French statesman: made minister of finance, 9, 356, 370, 399 Louis Philippe (1773-1850), King of France, 1830-1848, called The Citi- zen King, King Smith, King of the Barricades, and the Napoleon of Peace: his early career, 10, 250 note; his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 360; made lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 392; accession of, to throne, 9, 393, 18, 395; reign of, 9, 394; abdication of, 9, 434, 18, 398 Louisa of England (18th century), Queen of Frederick V of Denmark: her character, 16, 239 Louisa of Mecklenburg (18th cen- tury), wife of Frederick IV of Den- mark: her extravagant tastes, 16, 239 Louisburg, Nova Scotia; established (1744), 23, 163; captured by Eng- lish (1745), 20, 107; (1758), 11, 500, 20, 117, 23, 164, 165, 188; restored to French, 23, 166 Louise (1776-1810), wife of Frederick William III of Prussia: at Tilsit, 18, 373 Louise (b. 1830 ), Infanta of Spain: marries Duke of Montpen- sier, 8, 501 Louise Isabelle (ca. 1725), daughter of the Due d' Orleans: betrothed to Luis, eldest son of Philip of Spain, 8, 408 Louise of Savoy (1476-1531), mother of Francis I of France; proposes marriage to the Duke of Bourbon, 9, 139; negotiates the Ladies' Peace, 9, 141 Louisiana, one of the Southern States of the United States, called the Creole State: Acadians in (1755), 23, 181; ceded to Spain (1763), II, 505, 23, 198; retroceded to France (1800), 8, 484; ceded to the United States, 8, 484, 9, 320, 20, 130, 136, 269, 304, 22, 286; purchased, 23, 395; importance of purchase of, in American history, 399; uncertain boundaries of, 443; citizenship in- sured in purchase, 445; admitted, 23, 451, 24, 568; slavery in, 23, 451, 453, 24, 568; in Missouri compromise, 23, 455; outbreak against Spanish in New Orleans, 24, 625; delegates withdraw from Democratic conven- tion, 679; secession, 689; Confeder- ates seize Forts St. Philip, Jackson, and Livingston, 691; Confederates seize United States mint at New Or- leans, 692; reconstruction policy of Lincoln, 833; reconstruction effects in, 867; dispoiled by carpet bag gov- ernor, 867; end of carpet bag rule, 873; governorship contests in, 872 note; negro franchise in, 873; Presidential election of 1876, 910; its plan of government used as the model for governing canal zone, 1062 Louisiana Plan of Reconstruction: favored by Lincoln, 24, 839 424 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1901) : Congress passes bill for loan to, 24, 1053 Louisiana State Lottery: account of, 34, 973 Louisville, Kentucky: objective point of Bragg's invasion, 24, yjy, expo- sition at, 940 Louvain (Louvaine), Belgium: battles of (891 A. D.), 16, 23, 18, 98; (1831), I3> 301; expels the patrician fami- lies, 13, 30; siege of (1635), 13, 212 Louvain, University of, Belgium: founded (1426), 13, 63 Louvet de Couvray, Jean Baptiste (1760-1797), French revolutionist: incites insurrection in the depart- ments, 9, 284 Louvois, Frangois Michel le Tellier, Marquis of (1641-1691), French statesman: creates a new army for France, 9, 208; orders ravaging of the Palatinate, 217 Lovejoy, Elijah Parish (1802-1837), American clergyman and journalist, an opponent of slavery; death, 24, 575 Lovel, Francis, Viscount Lovel (d. 1487): rebellion of, II, 224; joins insurrection of Lambert Simmel, 224; death, 225 Lovell, James (18th century), an American statesman: plots against Washington, 23, 261 Lovers, War of the, uprisings in France during reign of Henry III, 9, 160 Lovtcha, Bulgaria: battle of (1877), 14, 482 Low, Sir Robert Cunliffe (b. 1838) British general: his campaign for the relief of Chitral (1895), 5, 278 Low Archipelago: see Tuamotu Islands Lowell, James Russell (1819-1891), an American poet and diplomat: in American literature, 23, 481; quoted on effect of bombardment of Fort Sumter, 24, 715 Lowenhaupt, Count Adam Ludwig (1659-1719), Swedish soldier: cam- paign of, 15, 48, 49 Lowenhaupt, Carl Emil (18th cen- tury), Swedish commander: with- draws from Russia, 15, 131 Lowentahl (Lowendal), Count Fred- eric Waldemar of (1700-1755), French soldier: takes Bergen-op- Zoom (1747), 9, 240 Lowenwold, Count (18th century), Russian nobleman: banishment of, 15, 138 Lower Austria, province of Austria- Hungary: united with Hungary and Bohemia, 17, 3; relics of the stone age found in, 10; in- vaded by the Slavs, 19; surrendered to the Empire, 75; in the struggle against the French Revolution, 286; revolutionary ideas in, 349; revolu- tion of 1848, 361 Lower Bengal, India: conquered by Bakhtiyar Khilji (1203), 5, 96; early history of, 107; captured by Akbar, 113 Lower California, Mexico: William Walker attempts to make a repub- lic of, 24, 626 Lower Ganges Canal, India: sketch of, 5, 223 Lower Lorraine, Charles, Duke of (10th century A. D.): defeated by Hugh Capet, 18, 119 Lower Peru, South America: see Peru Lowestoft, England: battle of (1665), 11, 386 Lowndes, William (ca. 1810), Ameri- can politician: in Congress during War of 1812, 23, 417 Lowoestine (19th century), comman- der of French National Guard: assists schemes of Napoleon III, 9, 442 Lozano, patriot of Bogota, South America: death of, 21, 65 Lubeck, Germany, founded, 11, 43, 18, 146; a member of the Hanseatic League, 174; attacked by Christo- pher, 16, 131; surrenders to Wallen- stein, 18, 276; recovered from the French, 382 Lubeck, Chronicle of: quoted, 16, 120 Lubeck, Peace of, a treaty concluded between Christian IV of Denmark GENERAL INDEX 425 and the German Emperor (1629), 16, 201, 9, 190 Liibecker, General: campaign of, 15. 48; in Finland, 64 Lublue, Diet of, an agreement by which the political union of Poland and Lithuania was proclaimed (1569), 15, 377 Lucan, George Charles Bingham, Earl of (1800-1888), an English general: in the Crimean War, 15, 311, 315 Lucaniaus, southern Italian tribe: vic- tories in southern Italy, 3, 65 Lucar, Spain: battle of (1875), 8, 515 Lucas, Charles (17th century), a Dublin apothecary: leader of the Popular Party, 12, 173 Lucca, province of Italy: given to the prince of Piombino, 10, 462 Luceres, a tribe of ancient Rome: set- tle on the Tiber, 3, 9 Luceria, Italy: captured by Romans, 3, 70 Lucerne, Switzerland: uprising in, 13, 499; siege of (1847), 552 Lucerne, League of, a union of Swiss states for mutual aid, 13, 385 Luchana, Spain: battle of, 8, 497 Luckner, Count Nikolaus (1722-1794), a French commander: his campaign in Belgium, 9, 273 Lucknow, India: siege of (1857), 5, 237 Lucknow, Treaty of, between India and Great Britain (1801), 5, 198 Lucterius (ca. 50 B. C), a Gallic war- rior: at siege of Uxellodunum, 3, 308 Lucullus (2nd century B. C.)> Roman consul: his campaign in Spain, 8, 19 Lucullus, Lucius Licinus (ca. 110-57 B. C), a Roman general, surnamed Ponticus: attacks Mithradates on sea, 3, 219; campaigns in the East, 258; recalled from Asia, 269; retires to private life, 278; value of his fishes, 381; aids debtors in Asia, 390 Liideritz (19th century), a Bremen merchant: sketch of, 19, 97 Liiders, Count Alexander (1790-1874), a Russian soldier: in the Hungarian insurrection, 15, 301; made viceroy of Poland, 326 Ludlow Commission, The, three com- missioners appointed to examine the Nicaragua Canal route: appointed by Congress, 24, 1057 Ludolf (10th century), Duke of Sua- bia: accession of, 18, ill; rebellion of, 112; death of, 113 Ludolf, Henry (1 624-1 704), a German student: writes a Russian grammar, IS, 34 Ludwig I ( 1 786-1868), King of Ba- varia, 1825-1848: reign of, 18, 396 Ludwig II (1845-1886), King of Ba- varia, 1864-1886: mission of, 18, 427 Ludwig (Lewis) (II) the Severe (late 13th century), Duke of Bavaria: guardian of Conradin, 18, 169; en- ters into an alliance with Rudolf of Plapsburg, 17, 75, 18, 180 Ludwig: see also Louis and Lewis Lueders Incident, The, a diplomatic dispute between Germany and Hay- ti, 22, 502 Lueger, Karl (b. 1844), Austrian poli- tician: leads Christian socialism movement, 17, 453 Lugalzaggisi, King of Kish, ca. 4000 B. C: conquers Babylonia, 1, 75 Lugard, F. D. (19th century), British soldier: his mission in Africa, 19, 170; enters the service of the British East Africa Company, 192; his serv- ices against the Arabs, 238 Lugdunum, Gaul: battle of, 4, 101 Lugo, Alvarez (19th century), South American statesman: made Minister of Public Credit, 31, 100 Luis I, King of Spain, 1724: marries Louise Isabelle, 8, 408; accession to throne, 408 Luis I (1838-1889), King of Portugal, 1861-1889: reign of, 8, 538 Luitpold (d. 907 A. D.), Duke of Ba- varia: death of, 18, 100 Luitprand: see Liutprand Luitward, Bishop (9th century A. D.) : conspiracy of, 18, 98 Luke, Saint (1st century A. D.), one of the twelve Apostles: his work in Dalmatia, 17, 14 426 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Luli: see Elulasus Lumber Industry: in New England, 23, 135; in North Carolina, 137 Lumbrozo, Jacob (ca. 1660), a Spanish Jew, living in Maryland: sketch of, I, 425 Lumey, William de, Count de la Marck (16th century), Dutch naval officer: made commander of the privateers, 13, 112 Lumsdem, Sir Peter Stark (b. 1829), an English diplomat: in the Afghan Frontier Commission, 5, 265 Luna, Italy: founded, 3, 133 Lunalilo (1835-1874), King of Hawaii, 1873-1874: reign of, 20, 309 Lund, Sweden: battle of (1676), 16, 212 Lundy, Colonel (17th century), Irish soldier: takes oath of allegiance to William and Mary, 12, 133 Lundy, Benjamin (19th century), American journalist: publishes abo- litionist paper, 24, 574 Lundy's Lane, a road leading west- ward from Niagara River, near the Falls: battle of (1814), 23, 426 Luneville, Treaty of, a treaty between France and Austria (1801), 8, 483, 9, 317, 10, 442, 17, 285, 18, 364 Lunsford, Thomas (17th century), an English soldier: appointed Lieuten- ant of the Tower, II, 342 Lupicinus, Saint (ca. 500 A. D.), monk of Gaul: sketch of, 13, 338 Lupicinus (4th century B. C.)> Roman lieutenant: defeated by the Goths, 4, 137 Luque, Fernando de (16th century), a Dominican monk: career of, 21, 18 Lusatia, a kingdom of Germany, now included in Saxony and Prussia: conquest of, 18, 107; united to Bo- hemia, 17, 65; invaded by Procopius the Great, 135; joined to Saxony, 212 Lusitania: see Portugal Lussi, Melchior (16th century), leader of the Catholic Party in Switzer- land: introduces the Jesuits into Switzerland, 13, 457 Lutf AH (1769-179S), Shah of Persia, 1789-1795: reign of, 5, 356 Luther, Martin, German religious re- former, called The Monk of Eisle- ben, The Monk of Wittenberg, The German Paul, and The Michael An- gelo of the Reformation: born at Eisleben, Saxony, November 10, 1483; was educated in the schools of Magdeburg and Eisenach and at the University of Erfurt, taking his first degree there in 1502 and his second, or the Master's degree, early in 1505; then began the study of law but was interrupted by a change in his inner religious life and without his father's consent, entered the Augustinian monastery, July 16, 1505; was ordained priest, 1507; became professor of philoso- phy at the University of Witten- berg, 1508; was called to the Uni- versity of Erfurt, 1509, but returned to Wittenburg as Professor of Theology, eighteen months later; made a visit to Rome, 1511; be- came Doctor of Theology, 1512, and provincial vicar of his order for Meissen and Thuringia; pub- lished ninety-five theses against the sale of indulgencies, October 31, 1517; wrote letters of apology to the Pope, May 30, 1518, and March 3, 1519; was excommunicated, June 16, 1520, and his writings burned at various places; publicly burned the bull of excommunication, December 10, 1520; was at the Diet of Worms, April 17 and 18, 1521, whither he had been summoned by the Em- peror Charles V; on his return from Worms, May 4, he was seized by friends in disguise and carried to the Wartburg Castle where he re- mained until March, 1522, with the exception of three days in December when he appeared among his most intimate friends at Wittenberg for much needed conference; published his translation of the New Testa- ment, September 21, 1522; began his work of reforming the mass, 1523; published hymns, 1524; mar- ried Catherine von Vora, June 13, 1525; published both a long and a GENERAL INDEX 4.2' short catechism, 1529; was engaged in conference with Zwingli at Mar- burg, October, 1529; published his translation of the whole Bible, 1534; continued incessantly active until the end of his life in the completion and revision of his translation of the Bible; died at Eisleben, Febru- ary 18, 1546 Main treatment, 9, 138, 18, 233; revolt of, 4, 299; publishes his theses, 17, 149; teachings of, II, 244; effect of teachings in the Neth- erlands, 13, 55; in Germany, 9, 138, 141, 142; in Denmark, 142; in Swe- den, 142; in France, 142; in Eng- land, 12, 85; in Ireland, II, 244, 12, 86; in Scotland, 12, 312 Lutheran Church, The: organization of, 18, 245; established in Denmark, 16, 194; in the Netherlands, 13, 91; not tolerated in New York, 23, 148 Luthol, Count (18th century), Russian courtier: favorite of Catherine I, 15, 98 Lutke, Fedor Petrovitch (1797-1882), a Russian navigator: explorations of, 16, 317 Lutter, Germany: battle of (1626), 18, 275 Lutterberg, Germany: battle of (1758), 9, 245 Luttrell, Colonel (18th century), an English statesman: elected to Par- liament, 11, 511 Luttrell, Henry, Lord Carhampton (18th century), English soldier: sent to Connaught, 12, 206 Liitzen, Prussia: battles of (1632), 9, 190, 13, 215, 16, 182, 17, 211, 18, 284; (1813), 9, 343, 10, 402, 13, 272, 15, 261, 18, 382 Luxembourg, Frangois Henri, Duke de (1628-1695), a French marshal: his campaign in the Low Countries, 9, 217, 13, 240 Luxemburg, European state: adjudged to Holland, 18, 392 Luxemburg, German city: siege of (1795), 9, 293 Luynes, Charles d'Albert, Duke of (17th century), French courtier: in- fluence of, 9, 180 Luzara, Italy: battle of (1703), 9, 220 Lyall, Sir Alfred Comyn (1835 ), Anglo-Indian statesman: sketch of, 5, 263 Lyall, Sir James Broadwood (1839- ), Anglo-Indian statesman: sketch of, 5, 264 Lycians, people of Asia Minor: con- quered by Persia, 2, 126 Lyciscus (ca. 170 B. C), Greek gen- eral: chosen stratigus of Aetolian League, 3, 149 Lycomedes (ca. 370 B. C), Arcadian general: defeated by Spartans, 2, 444 Lycurgus, a Spartan lawgiver: sup- posed to have lived in the 9th century B. C; supposed to have been the son of King Eunomus, whose successor was his son Polydectes; upon the death of the latter, Lycur- gus refused the crown and sup- ported the claim of the posthumous son of Polydectes; traveled in for- eign lands, studied their institutions and returned home to present a per- fect constitution to Sparta; after he received an oath from the people that they would not change his laws, he went into voluntary exile and never returned Consults Delphic oracle, 2, 44; legislator of Sparta, 61; institutions of, 62; attempt to revive institutions of, 517 Lydia, Kingdom of, Asia Minor: main treatment, I, 139, 2, 114; conquered by Persia, 123; Sardes burned by Ionians, 135; conquered by Alex- ander, 489 Lykke, Ivar (ca. 1390), Danish com- mander: leads the Danish forces, 16, 121 Lyman, Phineas (1716-1775), Ameri- can officer: in French and Indian War, 23, 183 Lynar, Count (1708-1781), German statesman and scholar: intrigues of, 15, 129 Lynch, Eliza (19th century), South American heroine of English an- cestry: sketch of, 21 158 Lynch, John R. (19th century), Amer- 428 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ican freedman: leader of negro race, 24, 587 Lyndesay, Sir David (1495-1567), Scottish poet: sketch of, 12, 309 Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron (1772-1863), English states- man: proposes alteration in Reform Bill, 11, 589 Lyon, Matthew (1746-1822), American politician and soldier of Irish birth: prosecuted under the Sedition Act, 23, 378 Lyon, Nathaniel P. (1819-1861), Amer- ican general: leader of Missouri Unionists, 34, 721; in campaign of 1861-1862, 740; killed, 741 Lyonne (17th century), French states- man: minister of foreign affairs, 9, 207 Lyons, France: headquarters of Chris- tianity in Gaul, 9, 12; battle near, 4, 101; revolt of, 10, 269; defense and taking of, 275; sentence of the com- mittee of public safety against, 278 Lyons, John (nth century), Flemish citizen: leads insurrection in Ghent, 13, 34 Lyons, Richard (14th century), Eng- lish politician, impeached, II, 172 Lyons, Treaty of, a peace concluded between Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, and Henry IV, King of France (1601), 9, 172 Lysander (ca. 407 B. C.) Spartan gen- eral and statesman: sketch of, 2, 368, 398; allied with Cyrus, 369, 370, 375, 382; wins battle of Notium, 369; wins battle of Aegospotami, 375, 376; takes Athens, 378; his influence in Greece, 380, 381; disgraced by ephors, 382; goes with Agesilaus to Asia, 393; slain at Haliartus, 398 Lysias (2nd century B. C), Roman regent of Syria: campaigns against the Jews, I, 406 Lysicles (ca. 340 B. C.) Athenian gen- eral: at the battle of Chaeroneia, 2, 477 Lysimachus (355-281 B. C), King of Thrace, 323-281 B. C, and of Mace- don, 286-281 B. C: his share in Alexander's empire, 2, 512 Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer Lyt- ton, Earl of (1831-1891), English poet and diplomat: governor-general of India, 5, 254 M Macadam (McAdam), John Loudon (1756-1836), Scottish surveyor: im- proves roads in England, 11, 589 Mac Art, Connac, legendary King of Ireland: legend of, 12, 25 Macarthur, John (ca. 1800), English lieutenant: his work for Australia, 20, 185 McCarthy, Justin Huntley (1862 ), Irish statesman: leads Anti-Parnel- lite majority, 12, 242 note Macartney, George, Earl of (1737- 1806), English statesman: at the Russian court, 15, 162; British am- bassador to Peking, 6, no; arrives at Tientsin, in; arrives at Peking, in; received by Emperor at Jehol, 113; returns to England, 114 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron (1800-1859), English scholar, critic, and historian: favors Reform Bill, H 558; made legal member of the supreme council of India, 5, 214; sketch of, 11, 612 Macaulay, Zachary (1768-1838), Eng- lish philanthropist: agitates slavery question, 11, 592 Macbeth, legendary King of Scotland: reign of, 12, 256 Maccabaeus, Judas: see Judas Macca- baeus Maccabaeus, The French: see Mont- fort, Simon de Maccabees, The, Jewish family: revolt of, 3, 167 McClellan, George Brinton, an Amer- ican soldier and scientist: born at Philadelphia, Penna., December 3, 1826; passed two years at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania; graduated from West Point, 1846, and was . commissioned brevet second lieuten- ant of engineers; served in the Mex- ican War, 1846-1848, winning the brevets of first lieutenant and cap- tain for gallantry; promoted first lieutenant of engineers, 1853, and captain of cavalry, 1855; was sent to Europe during the Crimean War to report on military systems; resigned from the army, 1857, and was en- gaged in railroad business from then until the outbreak of the Civil War, 1861; placed in command of the De- partment of the Ohio and commis- sioned major-general of the Ohio volunteers, April 23, 1861; made major-general in the regular army, May 14, 1861, by the President who ordered him to disperse the Con- federate force occupying West Vir- ginia; reported this task done, July 14, 1861; made commander of the Department of the Potomac, August 20, 1861; was general-in-chief of the army, November 1, 1861-March n, 1862; directed the Peninsular Cam- paign; was in charge of the troops for the defense of the capital; was at the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, September 14-17, 1862; was succeeded by General Burnside, November 7, 1862; retired to New Jersey and took no further part in the war; was nominated for the Presidency by the Democratic Party, 1864, but was defeated by Lincoln; lived in Europe, 1865- 1868; superintended the construction of the Stevens battery, 1868; was chief engineer of the department of docks of New York City, 1870-1872; was Governor of New Jersey, 1878- 1881; died at Orange, N. J., Octo- ber 29, 1885 Sent to Virginia, 24, 732; cam- paign in West Virginia, 73s; com- mands Army of Potomac, 757; re- called from Peninsular campaign, 762: complains of lack of support, 429 430 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 762; reinstated in command of Army of the Potomac, 764; wel- comed by Maryland, 764; at Antie- tam, 765; succeeded by Burnside, 766; denounces Emancipation Proc- lamation, 767; final removal from command, 769; Lincoln's estimate of, 769; reinstatement agitated, 790; nominated for President, 800; in Democratic Presidential nomination, 1065 Mac-Clernand, John Alexander (1812- 1900), American general: at siege of Fort Donelson, 24, 744 Mac-Clintock, Leopold, Sir Francis (1819 ), English Arctic explorer of Irish birth: searches for Frank- lin, 16, 311 McClure, Alexander Kelly (1828 ), American journalist, author and pol- itician: joins liberal movement, 24, 890 McCook, Alexander McDowell (1831- 1903), American General: at Stone River, 24, 774 McCracken, Henry Joy (ca. 1800), Irish insurgent: in the Rebellion of 1798, 12, 213 McCulloch, Benjamin (1814-1862), American general: in Missouri Campaign, 24, 740 McCulloch, Hugh (1808-1895), Amer- ican banker and statesman: Secre- tary of the Treasury, 24, 898 MacDonald, Sir Claude Maxwell (1852- ), English general: negotiates treaty with Japan, 7, 232 MacDonald, Donald (18th century), Scotch Tory commander: Caswell defeats, 23, 236 Macdonald, fitienne Jacques Joseph Alexander, Duke of Tarentum (1765-1840), French marshal of Scotch ancestry: commands army of Naples, 9, 308; in the Napoleonic Wars, 18, 383, 385; refuses to take up arms for Napoleon, 10, 500; cam- paign against Napoleon, 9, 360 Macdonald, Flora, Scottish heroine: born at Milton in the Island of South Uist, one of the Hebrides, 1720; became celebrated in 1746 as the heroine of some of the adven- tures of the Young Pretender whom she assisted in escaping pursuit from South Uist to Skye; was imprisoned on board vessels of war and in Lon- don for several months; released, 1747; married Allan Macdonald, 1750, and settled at Fayetteville, N. C., 1775; during the Revolutionary War her husband served as an of- ficer in the British army, and Flora returned to Skye, where she died, March 4, 1790 Saves the Young Pretender from capture, 12, 368 Macdonald, Sir James Ronald Leslie (1862 ), English general and en- gineer: surveys for an African rail- way, 19, 190; commands military escort of Thibetan mission, 5, 298 Macdonald, Sir John Alexander, a Canadian statesman: born at Glas- gow, Scotland, January 11, 1815; re- moved with his family to Kingston, Canada, 1820; was educated at the Royal Grammar School in Kings- ton; was admitted to the bar, 1836; represented Kingston in the Canada assembly from 1844 almost contin- uously until his death; became, Re- ceiver-General, May 21, 1847, com- missioner of crown lands, December 7, 1847, Attorney-General for Up- per Canada, September 11, 1854, an office which he held except for a few days in 1858 until May, 1862; was again Attorney-General under the administration of Sir fetienne Tache, 1864-1867; contributed more than any other person in Canada toward the consummation of the Union, 1867; was prime minister, 1867-1873, 1878-1891; was one of the British commissioners who signed the Treaty of Washington, May 8, 1871; died at Ottawa, June 6, 1891 At the Quebec convention, 20, 165; leads conservative party, 167, 174; in Joint High Commission, 24, 883 McDonough, Thomas (1784-1825), American commodore: wins victory on Lake Champlain, 23, 423; among naval heroes of War of 1812, 433 GENERAL INDEX 431 McDowell, Irwin (1818-1885), Amer- ican general: plans battle of Bull Run, 24, 734; defeated by Jackson, 760 McDuffie, George (1788-1851), Amer- ican lawyer and politician: quoted on the necessity of slavery, 24, 591 Mac Dunlevy, Prince of Ulidia (ca. 1 180), Irish king: attacks Sir John de Courcy, 12, 53 MacErc, Fergus (ca. 6th century A. D.), Scotch leader: leads Scots to Scotland, 12, 251 Mac Geoghegan (ca. 1600), Irish chief: attempts to defend Dunboy, 12, 102 Mac Gilla, Patrick, King of Ossory (12th century), Irish king: at war with Dermot McMurrogh, 12, 49 MacGregor (ca. 1817), Scotch soldier- of-fortune: aids South American revolutionists, 21, 66 Machasrus (ca. 73 A. D.), Hebrew general: capitulates to Rome, I, 412 Machault d'Arnouville, Jean Baptiste (1701-1794), French statesman and financier: edict of, 9, 241; death of, 289 Mcintosh (19th century), Indian chief: concludes treaty, 24, 470 McKane, John Y. (19th century), American politician: conviction of, 24, 948 Mackau (ca. 1840), French naval of- ficer: concludes a treaty with Rosas of Buenos Ayres, 21, 125 McKean, Thomas (1734-1817), Amer- ican statesman: delegate to first Continental Congress, 23, 223 Mac Kelleher, Mailmurry (d. 1106) Irish scribe: writes the " Book of the Dun Cow," 12, 7 MacKenzie, Sir Alexander (1755- 1820), Scotch trader and explorer: explorations of, 16, 307, 20, 129 Mackenzie, Sir George S. (1844 ), English merchant: his work in Af- rica, 19, 185 Mackenzie, John (ca. 1877), English missionary: appointed Deputy Com- missioner to Bechuanaland, 19, 214 McKenzie, William Lyon (1 794-1861), Scotch Canadian journalist and poli- tician: leads Canadian Insurrection, 23, 515 Mackiewicz (ca. i860), Polish priest: in the Polish insurrection, 15, 328 Mackinaw, Canada: captured by In- dians, 23, 200; given up by England, 362; fall of, 420 McKinley, William, an American statesman: President of the United States, 1897-September 14, 1901; born at Niles, Ohio, January 29, 1843; educated at public schools, Poland Academy, and Allegheny College; taught in public schools; enlisted as a private in the 23d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 1861; promoted commissary sergeant, 1862; second lieutenant, 1862; first lieutenant, 1863; captain, 1864; served on the staffs of Generals R. B. Hayes, George Cook, and Winfield S. Han- cock; breveted major, U. S. volun- teers by President Lincoln for gal- lantry in battle, March 13, 1865; de- tailed as acting assistant adjutant- general, first division, first army corps, until mustered out, July 26, 1865; studied law in Mahoning County, Ohio, and took a course in the Albany Law School, 1867; ad- mitted to the Ohio bar, 1867, and settled in Canton, Ohio; was prose- cuting attorney for Stark County, Ohio, 1869; member of Congress, 1876-1891, and as chairman of the Commission on Ways and Means reported the tariff bill of 1890, known as the McKinley Bill; elected Governor of Ohio, 1891, and re- elected, 1893; nominated and elected President of the United States, 1896; inaugurated, March 4, 1897; reelected, 1900; shot by an assassin at Buffalo, September 6, 1901, and died September 14, 1901 Enters Congress, 24, 916; offers protective tariff bill, 968; nominated for President (1896), 1012; elected President (1896), 1018; inaugurated (1897), 1018; financial legislation, 1019; fur seal controversy, 1020; the war with Spain, 1021; re-nominated 432 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS for President (1900), 1038; second election, 1040; appoints a commis- sion for the Philippine Islands, 1042; second inauguration, 1049: shot by assassin, 1049; death of, 1049; characterization of, 1049 McKinley Tariff Law, in American history, a tariff bill with highly pro- tective features: enacted, 24, 169; effect on election (1890), 975; at- tacked by Congress, 995 Mackinnon, Sir William (19th cen- tury), English soldier: his negotia- tions with the sultan of Zanzibar, 19, 84; leads movement for relief of Emin Pasha, 138; president of the British East Africa Association, 182; his work in British East Africa, 205 Mackintosh, Colonel (ca. 1847), Amer- ican officer: in the Mexican War, 22, 364 Mackintosh, Sir James (ca. 1820), English statesman: advocates re- form of the criminal law, 11, 575 McLane, Louis (1786-1857), American statesman: transferred by Jackson, 23, 503 McLean, John (1785-1861), American statesman and jurist: candidate for presidential nomination (1856), 24, 654; dissents from Taney's decision, 660 McMahon, Sir Arthur Henry (1862- ), Anglo-Indian military officer: his mission in Leistan, 5, 296 Mac Mahon, Brian (ca. 1602), Irish traitor: treason of, 12, 102 MacMahon, Marie Ednu Patrice Maurice, Due de Magenta (1808- 1893), French statesman and soldier of Irish extraction, President of the French Republic, 1873-1879: in the Franco-Prussian War, 9, 463, 18, 421; elected President of the French Republic, 9, 477; arbitrates English and Portuguese claims in Africa, 19, 52 MacMurrogh, Dermot, King of Lein- ster, ca. 1150: reign of, 12, 48 M'Nab, Sir Allan (ca. 1850), Canadian politician: leader of the Conserva- tive Party, 20, 157 Macnaghten, Sir William Hay (ca. 1850), Anglo-Indian diplomat: sec- retary to Lord Auckland, 5, 215; sketch of, 218 Mac Nally, Leonard (ca. 1790), Irish attorney: sketch of, 12, 202 M'Neill, Sir John (ca. 1840), English diplomat: his mission to Teheran, 5, 361 MacNevin, William J. (ca. 1800), Irish physician and patriot: joins the United Irishmen, 12, 207 Macpherson, Sir Herbert Taylor (1827-1886), English officer: com- mands Indian troops in Egyptian campaign, 5, 259 McPherson, James Birdseye (1828- 1864), American general: in Sher- man's march to Atlanta, 24, 794; killed at Peach Tree Creek, 797; po- litical effect of death, 801 Macpherson, Sir John (1745-1821), Anglo-Indian diplomat: sketch of, 5, 195 Macquarie, Lachlan (1 762-1 824), Brit- ish general: made governor of New South Wales, 20, 184 M'Queen (19th century), British ge- ographer: urges British government to establish claims in the Niger region, 19, 50 M'tesa (19th century), African chief: his interviews with Stanley, 19, 60; resists the French, 160 Mac Turkill, Hasculf, Danish King of Dublin, ca. 1170: submits to Dermot MacMurrough, 12, 49 McVeagh, Wayne (1833 ), Amer- ican lawyer: in Garfield's cabinet, 24, 932 Ma (19th century), Chinese fanatic: leader in Mohammedan Rebellion, 6, 211 Ma Yuan (17th century), celebrated Chinese artist: mentioned, 6, 39 Maanen, Cornelius Felix van (ca. 1830), Belgian statesman: popular opposition to, 13, 295 Mabas, negro race in the Central Su- dan in Africa: sketch of, 19, 164 Macao, China: under Portuguese rule, 20, 298; taken by the English, 6. 119 GENERAL INDEX 483 Macedonia, southeastern Europe: con- quered by Persians, I, 166, 2, 133; allied to Brasidas, 2, 313; invaded by Pelopidas, 444; people of, com- pared to the Greeks, 455; in division of Alexander's empire, 512; assigned to Polysperchon, 512; supremacy in Greece, 2, 513, 3, 136; resistance to supremacy of, 2, 516; made a Roman province, 2, 519, 3, 165; Jazyges set- tle in, 17, 15; relations with Russia and Austria-Hungary, 449 "Macedonian," English frigate: cap- tured, 23, 422 Macedonian Question, The, a phase of the Eastern Question: discussion of, 14, 506 Macedonian Wars, wars between Rome and Macedonia: first (214-205 B. C), 3, 125; second (200-197 B. C), 2, 518, 3, 140; third (171-168 B. C), 2, 519, 3, 147; fourth (149-148 B. C), 2, 519 Maceo, Antonio (1848-1896), Cuban patriot: leads Cuban patriots, 22, 453; defeats the Spanish battalion, 456 Macieiowice, Poland: battle of (1794), 15, 190 Maciel (Conselheiro), Antonio (ca. 1897), South American insurgent: leads rebellion of the Jagunc.os, 21, 255 Mack von Leiberich, Baron Karl (1752-1828), Austrian general: his campaign against France, 15, 214; capitulates at Ulm, 17, 293, 18, 367 Macon Bill No. 2, bill regulating American commercial relations with England and France (1810), 23, 415 Macrinus, Marcus Opilus (164-218 A. D.), Roman Emperor, 217-218 A. D.: kills Caracalla, 4, 102; recognized as emperor, 102 Macro, Naevius Sertorius (ca. 37 A. D.), Roman general: overthrows Sejanus, 4, 52; accused of killing Ti- berius, 54; his death, 56 Mad King of Lacedaemon, The: see Cleomenes Mad Life, Band of the, name chosen by Swiss mediaeval rioters (1477), 13, 410 Mad Mullah (ca. 1850), Mohammedan fanatic: at war with the English, 5, 278 Mad Parliament, The, name given to the English Parliament which met at Oxford in 1258, II, 138 Madagascar, island in Indian Ocean: discovered by the Portuguese, 8, 329; French attempts to colonize, 19, 56, 20, 78; French protectorate established, 20, 278; sketch of, 19, 211, 212 Madame Veto: see Marie Antoinette, Queen of France Madatov, General (ca. 1826), Russian officer: defeats the Persians, 15, 283 Madeira, island off west coast of Africa: discovered, 23, 24; sketch of, 19, 213; under Portuguese rule, 20, 299 Madelin, Spain: battle of (1809), 9, 337 Madhu Rao (ca. 1760), Maratha peshwa, Indian prince: reign of, 5, 133 Madhu Rao Narayan (ca. 1780), Mar- atha peshwa, Indian prince: reign of, 5, 136 Madison, James, an American states- man: President of the United States, 1809-1817; born at Port Conway, Virginia, March 16, 1751; was edu- cated by the parish minister and at the Princeton (N. J.) College, grad- uating from the latter place, 1771; represented Virginia in Congress, 1780-1783; was a member of the Constitutional Convention, 1787; was again a member of Congress from Virginia, 1789-1797; drew up the Virginia Resolutions, 1798; was Secretary of State, 1801-1809; was elected President of the United States by the Democratic Party, 1808, and reelected, 1812; retired to Montpelier, Va., 1817, where he died, June 28, 1836 Character of, 23, 414; proposes in- terstate commerce commission, 321; in Constitutional Convention, 324: his journal of the Constitutional Convention, 324; his compromise for revenue quotas, 328; favors the 434 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Constitution, 335; writes for the " Federalist," 335; member of Vir- ginia ratification committee, 336; in first Congress, 342; author of Vir- ginia Resolutions, 379; his views on nullification, 379; appointed Secre- tary of State, 388; nominated Presi- dent, 413; elected President. 434; declines third term, 434; vetoes in- ternal improvements, 441; advises on Monroe Doctrine, 447; his views on internal improvement, 488; quoted on slavery in Virginia, 24, 564; president of American Coloni- zation Society, 571 Madison, Mrs. (ca. 1800), wife of President Madison: rescues the Stu- art portrait of Washington, 23, 427 Madman of the North, The: see Charles XII, King of Sweden Madras (Madraspatam, Chennapatam), India: founded (1639), 5, 163; taken by the French (1746), 5, 179, 20, 115; siege of (1781), 5, 193 Madrid, Spain: captured by the allies, 8, 397; American legation building threatened at, 24, 887 Madrid, Treaties of: (1526), a peace concluded between Francis I of France and Charles V of Austria, 4, 303, 9, 140; (1801), a peace con- cluded between Spain and France, 10, 444 Mads, Bishop of Strangnas (d. 1520), Swedish ecclesiastic: execution of, 16, 149 Madura, Island of, island in the Pa- cific Ocean near Java: description of, 20, 286 Maecenas, Caius Citnius (70-8 B. C.) Roman politician and patron of lit- erature: aids in making a new di- vision of territory among the trium- virs, 4, 20; sketch of, 38; death, 43 Maecenas of France, The: see Francis I, King of France Maenas (ca. 40 B. C), Roman officer in the pay of Sextus Pompeius : pro- poses capture of Octavius and Mar- cus Antonius and Lepidus, 4, 20; betrays Sextus Pompeius, 21 Maestricht, Holland: sieges of (1579), 13, 133; (1675), 240; (1748), 9, 240 Maeterlinck, Maurice (1864 ), Bel- gian dramatist: mentioned, 13, 312 Mafeking, South Africa: siege of (1900), 11, 641, 20, 233 Mafia, Convent of, Portugal: founded (ca. 1730), 8, 471 Mafia, The, Italian secret society: de- scription of, 4, 403; in New Orleans, 24, 976 Magalhanes, Fernando de: see Magel- lan, Ferdinand Magaw, Colonel (ca. 1776), American general: attempts to hold Fort Washington, 23, 244 Magdeburg, Prussia: sieges of (1550- 1551), 18, 256; (1631), 279; battle of (1792), 9, 275; surrenders to the French (1806), 18, 372 Magdoshu, northern Africa: founded, 19. 13 Magellan, Ferdinand (Fernao de Ma- galhaes), a Portuguese navigator: born at Saborosa, Portugal, about 1480; served in the East Indies, 1505-1512; fought with the Portu- guese in Morocco, 1514; succeeded in interesting the Emperor Charles V in his schemes to find a western route to Asia, 1518; sailed from San Lucas, September 20, 1519; explored the coast of South America and traded with the Indians, 1519-1520; discovered and explored the strait which now bears his name, October 21-November 28, 1520; from the western end of this strait, he sailed first north, then northwest and west; discovered the Philippines, March 16, 1521; was killed in an attack on the natives of one of the islands, April 27, 1521 Proposes a new route to India, 8, 331; voyage and discoveries of, 5, 157, 8, 332, 20, 44 note, 51, 21, 17; death, 23, 37 Magellan, Straits of: see Straits of Magellan Magenta, Italy: battle of (1859), 4, 373, 9, 45i, 17, 385, 18, 405 Magersfontein, South Africa: battle of (1900), 11, 641 Maggiore Lake, Italy: battle of (1636), 9, 192 GENERAL INDEX 435 Maglaj, Austria: battle of (1878), 17, 423 Magna Carta (Magna Charta), an agreement between the king and the nobles of England, .signed by John at Runnymede (1215): signing and terms of, 11, 127; changes in, at accession of Henry III, 130 Magnan, Bernard Pierre (1791-1865), French officer: assists schemes of Napoleon III, 9, 442 Magnanimous, The: see Philip (II) Augustus, King of France Magnano, Italy: battle of (i799)> 9> 308 Magnentius, Flavius Popilius (300-353 A. D.), Roman general of German birth: usurps Empire of the West, 4, 123; death, 124 Magnesia, Asia Minor: Greek colony, 2, 53; battle of (190 B. C), 3, H4', taken by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha (1832), 15, 291 Magnificent Distances, City of: see Washington, D. C. Magnitski, Michael (ca. 1810), Rus- sian statesman: encourages Alexan- der's reactionary views, 15, 265 Magnus (I) the Good, King of Nor- way, 1035-1047, and of Denmark, 1042-1047: secures the Norwegian throne, 11, 60, 16, 57; secures the Danish throne, 16, 33 Magnus (III) Barfod (d. 1103), King of Norway, 1093-1103: reign of, 12, 261, 16, 97 Magnus (IV) Sigurdson, King of Nor- way, 1 1 30-1 134: defeat of, 16, 80; reign of, 98 Magnus (VI) Lagabaeter (d. 1280), King of Norway, 1262-1280: reign of, 16, 100 Magnus (VII) Smek, King of Nor- way: see Magnus (II) Smek, King of Sweden and Norway Magnus (I) Ladulaas (1240-1298), King of Sweden, ca. 1275-1290: his quarrels with Valdemar, 16, 104; reign of, 105 Magnus (II) Smek (1316-1374), King of Sweden and Norway, 1319-1363: his reign in Norway, 16, 100; reign of, 107; compelled to renounce the throne, 108 Magnus (d. 1134), Prince of Den- mark: sketch of, 16, 76 Magnus (d. 1320), Prince of Denmark: death of, 16, 107 Magnus (16th century), Duke of East Gothland: invested with his duchy, 16, 160; insanity of, 163 Magnus (nth century), Duke of Sax- ony: his hostility to Henry IV of Germany, 18, 132 Magnus, Johannes (1488-1544), Arch- bishop of Upsala: his " History of the Goths and Swedes," 16, 8 Magnus Henriksen (12th century), Prince of Denmark: invades Swe- den, 16, 102 Mago (d. 203 B. C.), Carthaginian gen- eral: at battle of the Trebia, 3, 117; defeats Publius Scipio, 8, 17; taken prisoner by the Romans, 18; death, 3, 130 Mago (period uncertain), Carthaginian writer: his treatise on agriculture, 3, 94 Magoffin, Beriah (ca. i860), American statesman: as governor attempts to keep Kentucky neutral, 24, 721 Magruder, John Bankhead (1810-1871), American general: in the Mexican War, 22, 345; at battle of Bull Run, 24, 734; at Yorktown, 758 Magyars, Finnish tribe: why called Hungarians, 18, 99; main treatment, 17, 41; contribute to Austrian his- tory, 5, 7; invade Moravia, 34; aid Slavs against Turks, 14, 32 Mahabat Khan (ca. 1625), Indian gen- eral: rebellion of, 5, 118 Mahabharata, Epic of the Hindoos: description of, 5, 49 Maharajpur, India: battle of (1843), 5, 219 Maharbal (ca. 220 B. C), Carthaginian general: captures Roman vanguard, 3, 118 Mahdi (ca. 780 A. D.), Asiatic ruler, Caliph of Bagdad, 775-785 A. D.: extravagance of, 1, 343; sends in- vading army to Eastern Empire, 350 436 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Mahdi, The (1842-1885), Egyptian fa- natic: main treatment, 19, 271; re- volt mentioned, 1, 40 Mahe de la Bourdonnais, Bertrand Frangois (1699-1755), French naval officer: campaign in India, 5, 179 Mahinkis, African tribe: sketch of, 19, 148 Mahmood or Mahmoud: see Mahmud Mahmud I (1696-1754), Sultan of Turkey, 1730-1754: accession, 14, 293, 15. 116; reign of, 14, 295; death of, 318 Mahmud II (1785-1839), Sultan of Turkey, 1808-1839: instructed by Se- lim III, 14, 400; refuses mediation, *5> 275; declares war with Russia, 277; his war with Mehemet AH, 289; reign of, 14, 408; reforms of, 439; death of, 14, 436, 15, 292 Mahmud (d. 1725), an Afghan ruler: reign of, 5, 348; character of, 350; sketch of, 15, 78 Mahmud (early 15th century), titular Khan of Jagetai: takes Bayezid pris- oner, 14, 50 Mahmud (1603), an Ottoman prince, son of Mohammed III: put to death, 14, 209 Mahmud of Ghazni, one of the most famous of all the Mohammedan conquerors: born at Ghazni, 967 A. D.; fought gallantly under his father against the enemies of Nooh, the Samanide king of Persia; as he was illtreated by the successor of Nooh, Mahmud overthrew him and extended his dominion over a vast territory; undertook twelve expedi- tions into India bent upon conquest; despoiled the temple of Somnath; beautified his capital Ghazni; became a patron of science and literature; died at Ghazni, 1030 Reign of, 5, 91; conquests of, 328 Mahmud Shah, ruler of Afghanistan, 1800-1826: reign of, 5, 216 Mahmud Tchelebi (15th century), son- in-law of Murad II: ransomed, 14, 63 Mahmud Tughlak, Sultan of India un- til 1398: reign of, 5, 104 Mahomet Ali (ca. 1750), Indian poli- tician: claims supported by the Eng- lish, 9, 242 Maid of Norway, The: see Margaret, Queen of Scotland Maid of Orleans, The: see Jeanne d'Arc Maiden Castle, The: see Edinburgh Maigrot, Bishop Charles (1652-1730), Chinese missionary of French birth: visits China, 6, 74; discredited by emperor, 75 Mailhe, Jean Baptiste (1 754-1 834), French revolutionist: opposes the dogma of the king's inviolability, 10, 229 Maille (d. 1794), French officer: death of, 9, 289 Maillotins, The, name given to French insurgents (ca. 1381) : account of, 9, 107 Mailmora (ca. 1000 A. D.), King of Leinster: joins the Danes, 12, 41 Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon) (1 135-1204), Jewish rabbi and philos- opher: sketch of, 1, 417 Ma'in, Kingdom of, Arabian king- dom: founded, 1, 185 Maine, one of the United States, orig- inally called " Mayneland," and is sometimes called The Fox State and the Pine Tree State: origin, 23, 95; absorbed by Massachusetts, 96; coast of, occupied by British in War of 1812, 426; dispute over admission, 455; trouble with New Brunswick over boundary, 514; election of 1854, 24, 645; election of 1880, 931; elec- tion of 1896, 1018; election of 1904, 1072 "Maine," American battleship: de- stroyed (1898), 8, 519, 20, 328, 22, 458, 24, 1024 Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner (1822-1888), English jurist: law member of the Indian councils, 5, 245 Maine, Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of (1670-1736): given tutor- GENERAL INDEX 437 ship of Louis XV of France, 9, 227; conspires against the regent, 230 Mainmoy, Conor, King of Connaught, ca. 1200: opposes progress of De Courcy, 12, 55 Mainotes, Grecian tribe: arm against Turkey, 15, 178 Maintenon, Frangoise d' Aubigne, Marquise de, wife of Louis XIV of France: born in the prison of Mort, France, November 27, 1635; lived in Martinique, 1639-1646; married Scarron the burlesque poet, 1652; upon whose death she was left desti- tute; appointed governess to the Due du Maine, the son of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan; bought the estate of Maintenon, which the king made a marquisate, 1678; married Louis XIV, 1685; gained great influence over the king in matters of policy and patronized the fine arts; established a home for. the daughters of poor gentlemen at St. Cyr and died there, April 15, 1719 Her relations with Louis XIV, 9, 216; closing days of, 226 Mainvielle, Pierre (1765-1793), French revolutionist: death of, 10, 279 Mainz, Council of, a religious council (852 A. D.) : depicts the condition of Moravia, 17, 30 Maitland, John, Duke of Lauderdale: see Lauderdale, John Maitland, Duke of Maitland, Sir Peregrine (ca. 1800), English officer: his campaign in Hayti, 20, 138 Maitland of Lethington, Sir William (ca. 1570), Scottish statesman: re- fuses England's demand for homage from Scotland, 12, 320 Maitre-de-Camp, Regiment of, French regiment: revolt of (1790), 10, 125 Maiwand, India: battle of (1879), 5, 258 Majestatbrief, charter securing free- dom of conscience to Protestants in Bohemia (1610), 18, 267 Majuba Hill, South Africa: battle of (1881), 11, 634, 20, 230 Makarov (ca. 1730), Russian states- man: career of, 15, no Makarov, Stephen Osipovitch (1848- 1904), Russian admiral: death of, 15, 361 Makart, Hans (1840-1884), Austrian painter: sketch of, 17, 415 Makbul Khan (ca. 1350), Indian states- man: administration of, 5, 103 Malabari, Behramji Merwanji (1853- ), Indian poet and social re- former: sketch of, 5, 271 Malacca, district on the Malay penin- sula, India: sieges of (1511), 20, 42; (1578), 5, 152; (1615), 152; (1628), 152; surrenders to the British (1795), 20, 139, 251 Malachi I, King of Ireland, 846-880 A. D.: defeats the Danes, 12, 39 Malachi II, King of Ireland, 880-1001 A. D. : reign of, 12, 41 Malaga, Spain: siege of (1488), 8, 122: battle of (1704), 9, 221; taken by French (1810), 337 Malagon, Spain: siege of (1212), 8, 100 Malak Shah, Persian ruler, 1073-1093: reign of, 5, 330 Malakov (Malakoff), Russia: taken (1855), 9, 448, 15, 322 Mala-Spina, Germanicus de (ca. 1593), Roman prelate: in Sweden, 16, 168 Malbic, Captain (ca. 1602), English officer: at battle of Aughrim, 12, 104 Malcolm I, King of Scotland, 944-953 A. D.: reign of, 12, 255 Malcolm II, King of Scotland, 1003- 1033: defeats the North-humbrians, 11, 60; reign of, 12, 256 Malcolm (III) Canmore, King of Scotland, 1057-1093: reign of, 12, 257; ravages northern England, 11, 73; invasion of England and death, 86 Malcolm IV (1140-1165), King of Scotland, 1153-1165: surrenders Northumberland and Cumberland to England, 11, 98; reign of, 12, 265 Malcolm, Sir John (1 769-1833), Eng- lish diplomat: envoy to Persia, 5, 438 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 206, 359; negotiations with the Mar- athas, 209 Maiden, Canada: besieged by Hull, (1812), 23, 420 Maldonado, Alonso (ca. 1535), Span- ish statesman: made member of the audiencia, 22, 107 Malesherbes, Christian William de Lamoignon de (1721-1794), French statesman: sketch of, 10, 26; placed over the king's household, 9, 253; resigns, 254; counsel for Louis XVI, 9, 280, 10, 233; death of, 9, 289 Malietoa (ca. 1885), Samoan chief, ca- reer of, 24, 977 Malines, League of, coalition formed against France and Venice by pow- ers of Europe (1513), formed, 9, 135 Malkhatoon (ca. 1290), Turkish maiden, wooed by Othman, 14, 12 13 Mallery (ca. 1825), American states- man: reports on woolens bill, 23, 472 Mallet, Paul Henri (1730-1807), Swiss historian and antiquary: in Den- mark, 16, 240 Mallet-Dupan, Jacques (1749-1800) Swiss statesman: his mission to the allied powers, 10, 177; his plot, IO, 485 Malli, a people of India: oppose Alex- ander, 2, 502 Mallory, Stephen (1810-1873), Amer- ican politician: Confederate Secre- tary of War, 24, 694 Malmaison, Scheme of, new constitu- tion restoring the sovereignty of the Swiss cantons and Diet (1801), 13, 5i8 Malmesbury, James Harris, Earl of (1746-1820), English diplomat: at the court of Catharine, 15, 175; at- tempts to negotiate a treaty with France, 10, 396, 11, 546 Malmesbury, William of: see William of Malmesbury Malmo, Truce of, a treaty between Germany and Denmark (1848), 16, 270 Malojaroslawetz (Maloyaroslavets), Russia: battle of (1812), 9, 342, 15, 244 Malone, Anthony (ca. 1750), Irish statesman: leader of the Popular Party, 12, 173 Malouet, Victor (1740-1814), French statesman: elected member of the States-General, 10, 39; made min- ister of the naval department, 9, 356 Maloyaroslavets: see Malojaroslawetz Malplaquet, Flanders, France: battle of (1709), 9, 223, IX, 459, 13, 250, 18, 314 Malta, island in the Mediterranean: siege of (1565), 8, 355, M, 17; ca- pitulation of (1800), 11, 551, 15, 207, 20, 141; history of, 20, 253; govern- ment of, 254 Malta, Knights of: Sheremetiev admit- ted to the, 15, 36; found colonies in the West Indies, 20, 71; Paul of Russia made grand master of, 15, 205 Malvern Hill, Virginia: battle of (1862), 24, 761 Malwa, India: siege of (1572), 5, 113 Mamelon, Russia: taken (1855), 15, 321 Mamelukes, Egyptian soldiers: main treatment, I, 36, 37, 14, 127, 128; re- bellion of, 344, 365; Napoleon makes war on, 14, 380; resist control of Selim III of Turkey, 386; massacre of, 1, 38, 14, 408 Mamertines, Italian tribe: rise of, in Sicily, 3, 99 Man, Society of the Rights of, French secret society: organized (1830), 9, 404 Man Eloquent, Old: see Adams, John Quincy Man in Red Stockings, The Little: see Leopold I, Holy Roman emper- or Man of Chios, The: see Homer Man of December, The: see Napoleon III, Emperor of the French Man of Destiny, The: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte; Emperor of the French GENERAL INDEX 439 Man of Sedan, The: see Napoleon III, Emperor of the French Man of Silence, The: see Napoleon III, Emperor of the French Man of the People, The: see Fox, Charles James Man Singh, Raja (ca. 1600), Indian statesman, governor of Bengal, 1589-1604: serves Akbar the Great, 5, 112 Manassas, Battles of: see Bull Run, Battles of Manasseh (700-642 B. C), King of Judah, 697-642 B. C: submits to Assyria, 1, 398 Manasseh ben Israel (1604-1659), Jew- ish scholar: wins permission for Jews to return to England, 1, 421 Manchester, Edward Montagu, Earl of: see Montagu, Edward, Earl of Manchester Manchester Martyrs, The (ca. 1867): account of, 12, 235 Manchester Massacre, The (1819): account of, II, 572 Manchuria, China: Russia's interests in, 6, 286, 312, 313, 314; Japan's po- sition in, 6, 315, 7, 275; Russia se- cures concessions in, 15, 348; Rus- sia's power in, 353; Russia agrees . to evacuate, 357; campaigns in, 360; present situation in, 6, 316 Manchus, The, Chinese tribe: rise of, 6, 42; retreat of, 48; enter Peking, 54; successes of, 56 Mancinus, Lucius Hostilius (ca. 150 B. C), Roman praetor: campaign in Africa, 3, 164 Manco-Capac II (1500-1544), Inca of Peru, 1533-1544: aids Spaniards, 21, 22; rebels against Pizarro, 24 Mandat, A. J. Gaillot de (1751-1792), French soldier: plans to crush in- surrection of August 10, 1792, 10, 190; murdered at the Hotel de Ville, 9, 275, 10, 192 Mandingoes, African tribe: sketch of, 19, 148 Manege, The, French political party: so called, 10, 406; meetings of, closed, 408 Manetho (3rd century B. C), Egyp- tian priest: authority for early Egyp- tian history, 1, 10 Manfred (13th century), King of Si- cily and Naples, 1254-1265: regent, 18, 168; crowned king, 169; reign of, 4, 206, 9, 84; death, 4, 215 Mangino, Fernando (ca. 1780), Mexi- can financier: made superintendent of finances, 22, 215 Mangu Khan (ca. 1245), Chinese ruler: reign of, 6, 18, 19 Mangum, William Person (1792- 1861), American statesman: sup- ported by South Carolina, 23, 510 Manhattan Island, New York State: purchased from Indians, 23, 102; colonial population of, 104 Manifestu of Instruction, issued by Catherine the Great of Russia (1766), 15, 181 Manila (Manilla), City of, Philippine Islands: built (1564), 20, 51, 22, 120; captured by the English (1762), 5, 181, 11, 505, 20, 120; made a free port, 20, 133; captured by the Americans (1898), 20, 316, 24, 1029 Manila (Manilla) Bay: battle of (1898), 8, 520, 20, 315, 22, 458, 24, 1028 Manilius, Gaius (ca. 70 B. C), Roman politician: proposes to invest Pom- peius with the command in the East, 3, 271; raises troops for Cati- lina's conspiracy, 282 Manilius, Manius (ca. 149 B. C), Ro- man general and statesman: at siege of Carthage, 3, 164 Manitoba, Province of, Canada: cre- ated, 20, 169 Mankind, The Darling of: see Ves- pasian, Roman Emperor Mankind, The Delight of: see Titus, Roman Emperor Manlius, Marcus (ca. 390 B. C), Ro- man consul: bravery of, 3, 59 Mannadatter, Katherine (ca. 1570), Swedish peasant girl, queen of Erik XIV of Sweden: sketch of, 16, 163. 164 Mannheim, Germany: destroyed by Tilly (1622), 18, 272; siege of (1795), 359 440 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Manning (ca. 1814), English scholar and traveler: visits Lhasa, 6, 122 Manning, Daniel (ca. 1880), American statesman: Secretary of the Treas- ury, 24, 950 note Manoa, South America: description of, 21, 27 Mans, France: battle of (1793), 10, 248 note Mansell, Charles Grenville (1806- 1886), Anglo-Indian statesman: ad- ministers the Punjab, 5, 222 Mansfeld, Ernst, Count of (1580- 1626), German soldier: aids Prot- estants of Bohemia, 17, 203, 18, 268; aids Frederick V of the Palat- inate, 13, 204, 18, 271 Mansfield, Joseph King Fenno (1803- 1862), American general: killed at Antietam, 24, 765 Mansfield (Mansfeld), Peter Ernst, Count of (1517-1604), German statesman and soldier: withdraws from confederation, 13, 93; made governor of Brussels, 96; takes the new oath of allegiance, 102; member of governing council of the Nether- lands, 120; appointed governor of the Netherlands, 160 Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of (1705-1793), English jurist: sketch of, 11, 494; becomes Chief Justice, 497; his decision regarding slavery, 540; opposes repeal of Stamp Act, 23, 214; favors the "intolerable" acts, 23, 220 Mansourah, Asia Minor: battle of (1249), 9, 81 Manstein, Christoph Hermann von (1711-1757), Russian general and historical writer: quoted, 15, 103, 137 Mansurov, General (ca. 1773), Russian officer: relieves Yaitsk, 15, 168 Mantanzas (Matanzas), Cuba: bom- bardment of (1898), 24, 1028 Manteuffel, Edwin Hans Karl, Baron of (1809-1885), German general: in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 426; his policy as governor in Alsace- Lorraine, 436 Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron (1805-1882), Prussian statesman: at the conference at Olmiitz, 17, 382 Mantinea, Greece: feud with Tegea, 2, 18; allied to Sparta, 237; at war with Sparta, 321; first battle of (418 B. C.) 3 2 5; walls of, cast down by Sparta, 420; walls rebuilt, 439; joins Sparta, 447; second battle of (362 B. C), 449 Mantua, Italy: condition of, at the beginning of the Napoleonic period, I7 2 79! conference at (1791), by the powers opposed to the revolu- tion, 10, 136; capitulation of (i797), 4, 344, 10, 382, 18, 361 Manu, Code of, laws of the Brahmans in northern India: compiled, 5, 49 Manua Islands, South Pacific Ocean: annexed to the United States, 24, 1034 Manuel (II) Palaeologus (d. 1425), Byzantine Emperor, 1391-1425: ac- count of, 14, 53, 54 Manuel the Fortunate (ca. 1500), King of Portugal: marriages of, 8, 187; made constable of the kingdom, 322; reign of, 325 Manuel, Procureur (ca. 1792), French official: suspended, 10, 184 Manuel, Nicholas (ca. 1500), Swedish poet and painter: sketch of, 13, 431 Manuel Philibert: see Emmanuel Phil- ibert Manufactures: AFRICA: of the Carthaginians, 3, 95; flourishing condition, 19, 90; German factories established, 107 ARABIA: use of the camel's hair, 1, 193 AUSTRALIA: of wool, 20, 186 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: encourag- ed by Rudolf IV, 17, 104; in 19th century, 450 BABYLON: description of, 1, 105 CHINA: Hwangti teaches the peo- ple, 6, 5 DENMARK: improved by Chris- tian IV, 15, 201 ENGLAND: products sent to Flan- ders, 11, 159; 18th century, 533, 534; of iron moved to north, GENERAL INDEX 441 535; flourishing condition, n, 602; supplies from Africa, 19, 33; after War of the Roses, 20, 58; stimu- lated by colonial trade, 71, 107 FRANCE: improved, by Colbert, 9, 208; prohibitions on, 10, 9; city of Lyons, 268; encouraged by the as- sembly, 424; under Napoleon III, 9, 453 GERMANY: under Frederick the Great, 18, 344; under Bismarck, 443 GREECE: scarcity of, at present time, 2, 547 INDIA: under trade-guilds, 3, 79; English and French, 20, 61; at Ma- dras, 62 IRELAND: repression, 12, 165 ITALY: scarcity of, 3, 159; in 15th century, 23, 21 JAPAN: at the beginning of the empire, 7, 8; art of weaving devel- oped, 18; during the Nara Epoch, 34; under the Kamakura govern- ment, 81; under the Edo govern- ment, 135, 136, 144; present condi- tion, 243 MEXICO: under Spanish, 20, 52; present status, 22, 419, 420 NETHERLANDS: 16th century, *5> 57> 58; increase of, 13, 74; effect of persecution on, 166; in flourishing condition (ca. 1814), 284; at Liege, Ghent, and Verviers, 294 ROME: in Gallic provinces, 3, 295 RUSSIA: 16th century, 15, 18; im- proved under Anne, 113; encouraged by Anna Leopoldovna, 128; encour- aged by Catherine the Great, 182 SCOTLAND: improvement of, 12, 374 SOUTH AMERICA: established by Jesuits, 20, 93; increase in Chili, 21, 229; Brazil under John VI, 165; Paraguay, 21, 148, 151; Venezuela, 242 SPAIN: of Arabs, 1, 320; neglected, 8, 422 SWEDEN: encouraged by Charles X, 16, 210 SWITZERLAND: in twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 13, 355; fame of, 428, 429; at Zurich, St. Gall, and Appenzell, 451; increase of, 493; preeminence of, 592 TURKEY: increased under Sulei- man the Great, 14, 144 UNITED STATES: in the Caroli- nas, 23, 75; in the colonies, 134; in New England, 20, 101, 23, 134; in southern colonies, 23, 136; col- onies to cultivate home manufac- tures, 224; Hamilton's plans for its protection, 354; growth under ship- ping embargo, 436; American com- pared with British, 436; demands for protection of, 471; resource of the North, 24, 726; rise of trusts, 971 WEST INDIES: Cuba, 22, 489 Manuza (ca. 738 A. D.), Moorish chief: rebellion of, 1, 335 Manwaring, Roger (early 16th cen- tury), English clergyman: impeach- ed, 11, 326 Manz, Felix (ca. 1525), Swiss Re- former: account of, 13, 437 Manzikert, Asia Minor: battle of (1070), 5, 330 Manzoni, Alexander (1 784-1 873), Ital- ian author: sketch of, 4, 410 Map, Walter (1140-1210), Welsh au- thor: sketch of, 11, 116 Mapa, South America: attacked by the Brazilians (1885), 21, 263 Mar, Alexander Stuart (Stewart), Earl of (early 15th century), Scotch soldier: his campaign against Don- ald, Lord of the Isles, 12, 289 Mar, James Stuart, Earl of: see James Stuart, Earl of Mar, and Earl of Murray Mar, John Erskine, Earl of (d. 1572), Regent of Scotland, 1571-1572: made regent, 12, 322 Mar, John Erskine, Earl of (1675- 1732), Scotch officer: revolt of, 11, 470, 12, 361 Marakov, Vice Admiral (d. 1904), Russian naval officer : his services in the Russo-Japanese War, 7, 307 Marat, Jean Paul (1744-1793), French revolutionist, called The People's Friend, The Apostle of Massacre, 442 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS and The Republican Martyr: leader of the commune, 9, 278, 10, 203; de- nounced in the convention, 10, 220; attacks Girondists, 9, 284, 10, 254; assassination of, 9, 285, 10, 268; in- fluence after his death, 10, 268 Maratha Ditch, India: erected, 5, 182 Maratha Wars, war between the Brit- ish in India and the Marathas: first (1799-1781), 5, 136, 193; second (1802-1804), 136, 201; third (1817), 208 Marathas (Mahrattas), Hindu tribe: rise of, 5, 121, 130 Marathon, Greece: battle of (490 B. C.) i 166, 2, 166 Marathon of Switzerland, The: see Morgarten: battle of (1315) Marbach, League of, temporary union of the reigning princes and cities of Germany (1405): formed, 18, 199 Marbeut, Seigneur de: see Rouille, Pierre Marblehead, Massachusetts: becomes the port of entry for Massachusetts (1774), 23, 220 " Marblehead," United States vessel, 24, 1059 Marbod, chief of Marcomanni (1st century B. C), German chief: ac- count of, 18, 15; struggles with Her- mann, 21 Marbois, Francois (174 5-1837), French statesman and historian: quoted, 23, 396 Marburg, Germany: conference at, 18, 247 Marcel, fitienne (d. 1358), French citi- zen leader, Provost of Paris mer- chants, 1355-1358: leads the Third Estate, 9, 96; power of, 100; death of, 101 Marcellus, Marcus (43-23 B. C), Ro- man noble: sketch of, 4, 40 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius (268-208 B. C). Roman general, called The Sword of Rome: appointed to the chief command of the army, 3, 123; besieges Syracuse, 124; campaign in Spain, 3, 161 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius (died 46 B. C), Roman general and states- man, consul of Rome, 51 B. C.: elec- tion of, 3, 328; proposes the two Gallic provinces be given to the consuls of 50 B. C, 330; authorizes Pompeius to make war on Caesar, 332; goes into voluntary exile, 350 March, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of: see Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March March, George Dunbar, Earl of (1338- 1420), Scotch statesman and sol- dier: sketch of, 12, 288; deprived of his estate, 292 March, River, Austria: battle of the (1278), 18, 181 March of the Blanketeers, name given to expedition of Manchester work- men (1816): account of, 11, 571 Marchand, Jean Baptiste (1863 ), French officer and explorer: his ex- pedition to Fashoda, 20, 282 Marche, Count de la (early 13th cen- tury), French chief: revolts against Louis IX, 9, 80 Marche, Count de la (late 14th cen- tury), French chief: joins conspir- acy against Pedro the Cruel, 8, 166 Marche-en-Famenne, Treaty of, agree- ment between the Netherlands and Spain (1577), 13, 126 Marchegg, Austria: battle of (1278), 17, 76 Marchin, Ferdinand, Count of (1656- 1706), French general: campaigns in the War of the Spanish Succession, 9, 221; death of, 222 Marcia (2nd century A. D.), Roman courtesan: assassinates Commodus, 4, 99 Marcian Law, a Roman law: regulates the censorship, 3, 52 Marcianus (5th century A. D.), Roman partisan: made prefect of the city, 4, 141 Marcius Quintus (2nd century B. C.) Roman consul, 168 B. C. : deludes the Rhodians, 3, 150 Marck, Count Guillaume de la (1446- 1485), Flemish chief: atrocities of, 8, 360 Marco Polo: see Polo, Marco GENERAL INDEX 443 Marcomanni, German people: location of, 18, 6; attack Celts, 17, 11; settle Deserta Boiorum, 12; prepare for war with Rome (11-7 B. C), 17, 13, 18, 15; lead revolt against Rome, (166 A. D.), 18, 26 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121-180 A. D.), Roman Emperor, 161-180 A. D.: character and opinions, 2, 523, 525; adopted by Antoninus Pius, 4, 94; reign, 96; condition of Spain under, 8, 26; at war with the barba- rians, 17, 14, 18, 26; death, 4, 97 Marcy, William Learned (1786-1857), American statesman: Secretary of State, 24, 624; instructs ministers abroad as to dress, 24, 639; de- mands release of Koszta, 24, 641 Mardia, European Turkey: battle of, 4, 119 Mardonius (5th century B. C), Per- sian commander: sent against Greeks, 1, 166; governor of Ionia, 3 > 139; persuades Xerxes to retire home, 205; occupies Athens, 207; fights battle of Plataea, 209; killed, 211 Marduk-balatsu-ikbi (ca. 9th century B. C), King of Babylonia: defeated by Assyrians, I, 81 Marduk-nadin-shum, King of Babylo- nia (9th century B. C): reign of, 1, 80 Marengo, Italy: battle of (1800), 4, 345, 9, 317, 10, 439, 17, 285, 18, 364 Maret, Hugues Bernard: see Bassano, Hugues Bernard Marfil, Mexico: battle of (1810), 22, 238 Margall, Pi y (late 19th century), Spanish politician: dictator of Spain, 8, 513 Margaret (d. 1093), Queen of Scot- land, sister of Eadgar the ^Ethling: marries Malcolm Canmore of Scot- land, 12, 258; her influence over Malcolm, 11, 86; death of, 86 Margaret (1240-1275), Queen of Scot- land, daughter of Henry III of Eng- land: marries Alexander III of Scotland, 12, 268 Margaret, the Maid of Norway (1283- 1290), Queen of Scotland, 1286- 1290: reign of, 12, 271; betrothed to Prince of Wales, II, 146; death, 11, 147; sketch of, 16, 100 Margaret (early 13th century), daugh- ter of Saint Erik of Sweden: accu- sations against, 16, 98 Margaret (15th century), daughter of Christian of Norway: marries James III of Scotland, 12, 296 Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI of England and daughter of Rene, Count of Provence: born at Pont-a-Mousson, Lorraine, March 23, 1429; married, April 22, 1445 J became unpopular in England, on account of the cession of the prov- inces of Maine and Anjou, then in the hands of the English, to her father; soon became the real ruler of England, owing to the periods of imbecility to which the king was subject; the opposition of the Duke of York, who claimed the throne by an elder line of descent, caused the War of the Roses, open- ing with the battle of St. Albans, 1455, and continuing for several reigns; Margaret was forced to flee to Scotland but soon rallied her party; invaded England, and killed the Duke of York at Wakefield, 1460; released her captive husband by the second battle of St. Albans, February 17, 1461; was defeated at the battle of Towton, March 29, 1461, and forced to escape to Scot- land and France; made another un- successful invasion, 1462; succeeded by the aid of Warwick in reinstat- ing Henry upon the throne, 1470; but Warwick was killed at Barnet, April 14, 1471, and she was defeated and captured at Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471, her only son, Prince Ed- ward, being killed and the king put to death soon after; Margaret was imprisoned in the Tower or at Windsor until 1475 when she was ransomed by Louis XI of France; 444 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS lived in seclusion thenceforth at Re- culee, near Angers, and died at Dampierre, August 25, 1481 Marries Henry VI of England, ix, 206; takes up arms against Yorkists, 212; escapes to Scotland, 213; defeated by Montague, 215 Margaret of Austria (1480-1530), Re- gent of Netherlands, 1506-1530: ca- reer of, 13, 53; sent to Paris, 18, 218; returns to Austria, 220; nego- tiates the Ladies' Peace, 9, 141 Margaret of Burgundy (1446-1503), sister of Edward IV of England: supports claims of Perkin Warbeck, 11, 227; death of, 9, 89 Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Den- mark, Norway, and Sweden, daugh- ter of Waldemar III, King of Den- mark: born at Copenhagen, 1353; was married to Haquin, King of Nor- way, 1363; appointed regent of Den- mark during the minority of her son, 1375, and became Queen of Norway upon the death of her hus- band, 1380; when her son died, 1387, she became Queen of Denmark; car- ried on war against Albert, King of Sweden and captured him, 1388; gave him his liberty in return for his renunciation of the crown; the " Calmar Union " was formed, 1397, by which Sweden, Denmark, and Norway were united under one sov- ereign, and Eric VII, the nephew of Margaret, was pronounced her heir; died, October 28, 1412 Marriage of, 16, 100, 117; reign of, 119; death of, 125 Margaret of France (12th century), wife of Bela III of Hungary: mar- ries Bela III, 17, 54 Margaret of Pomerania (14th cen- tury), Queen of Denmark: becomes regent, 16, 96 Margaret of Provence (i553-i6i5),wife of Louis IX of France: marriage of, 9, 80; holds Damietta, 81 Margaret of Tyrol: see Margaret Maultasche Margaret of Valois (1553-1615), Queen of Henry IV of France: marriage of, 9, 157; visits the Netherlands, 13, 127; divorced from Henry, 9, 171 Margaret Maultasche (14th century), Queen of Bohemia: at war with the Emperor, 17, 101; marries Henr. , son of Lewis of Bavaria, 18, 190; character of, 17, 104 Margaret Tudor (1489-1541), Queen of James IV of Scotland: marriage of, 11, 229, 12, 299 Margaret: see also Margareta, Mar- grete, and Marguerite Margarita, one of the West Indies: discovered, 21, 12 Margarita (early 15th century), Queen of Martin of Aragon: mar- riage of, 8, 260 Margarita of Parma (late 16th cen- tury), daughter of Charles VI: mentioned, 8, 353; made regent of the Low Countries, 8, 357, 13, 72; joins plot against Granville, 13, 78; death of, 106 Margarita: see also Margaret Margarite, Pedro (late 15th century), Spanish naval adventurer: leads plot against Columbus, 21, 10 Margary (19th century), English dip- lomat: murder of, 6, 239 Margrete: see also Margaret Margrete of Bohemia: see Dagmar, Queen of Denmark Margrete of Sweden (early 12th cen- tury), Queen of Norway: marriage of, 16, 97 Marguerite of Lorraine (17th cen- tury), French princess: marries Gaston of Orleans, 9, 188 Marguerite: see Margaret Maria I (1734-1816), Queen of Portu- gal: reign of, 8, 474 Maria (II) da Gloria (1819-1853), Queen of Portugal, 1834-1853: reign of, 8, 535; recognized as queen, 8, 536, 21, 167; excluded from the suc- cession in Brazil, 169 Maria (1847 ), Queen dowager of Portugal: marries Luis I, 8, 538 Maria (late 14th century), Queen of Sicily: marries Martin of Aragon, 4, 263 GENERAL INDEX 445 Maria de Padilla, Dona (14th cen- tury), mistress of Pedro the Cruel: her relations with Pedro the Cruel, 8, 161; death of, 165 Maria of Burgundy: see Mary of Burgundy Maria of the Palatinate (late 16th cen- tury), Queen of Sweden: marriage of, 16, 174 Maria Alekseievna (early 18th cen- tury), sister of Peter the Great: plots with Alexis, 15, 76 Maria Amalia of Leuchtenberg, wife of Pedro I of Brazil: marriage of (1829), 21, 168 Maria Caroline of Austria (18th cen- tury), daughter of Francis I and Maria Theresa: marries Ferdinand of the Two Sicilies, 17, 245 Maria Christina (1858 ), Queen regent of Spain, 1885-1902: regency of, 8, 517 Maria Christina (17th century), moth- er of Charles Emmanuel II: re- gency of, 4, 322 Maria Christina of Austria (18th cen- tury), daughter of Francis I and Maria Theresa: marries Albert of Saxony, 17, 245 Maria Christina of Naples (1806- 1878), Queen-regent of Spain, 1833- 1840: marries Ferdinand VII of Spain, 8, 496; regency of, 497 Maria Eleanora of Brandenburg ( I 599 _I 655), Queen of Sweden: wife of Gustavus Adolphus: character of, 16, 204 Maria Feodorovna (d. 1828), Empress of Russia: marries Paul, 15, 172; claims the throne, 209 Maria Leczinski (1 703-1 768), a Polish princess: marries Louis XV of France, 9, 234 Maria Louisa (1791-1847), Empress of the French: marries Napoleon, 9, 338, 10, 481, 17, 302, 18, 377, 378 Maria Louisa (1751-1819), Queen of Spain: her relations with Godoy, 8, 481 Maria Teresa (1638-1683), Queen con- sort of Louis XIV of France: mar- riage of, 8, 379 Maria Teresa Magdalena Barbara (d. I 758), Queen of Spain: character of, 8, 413; death of, 22, 199 Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Aus- tria, Queen of Hungary and Bohe- mia, called The Mother of her Country: born in Vienna, May 13, 1717; was, 1723, declared sole heir of the house of Hapsburg by the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713; mar- ried Francis Stephen, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1736; on the death of Charles VI, 1740, ascended the throne and appointed her husband co-regent but in spite of the Prag- matic Sanction claims to various parts of her domain were immedi- ately raised and the War of the Austrian Succession followed; by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, she lost Parma and Piacenza to Spain and Silesia to Prussia while her husband was recognized as Em- peror of Germany; was engaged in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) against Prussia: on the death of Francis, 1765, associated her son Jo- seph with her as co-regent; partici- pated in the partition of Poland, 1772; compelled Turkey to cede Bu- kowina, 1777; was responsible for many internal reforms; died at Vi- enna, November 29, 1780 Birth of, 18, 319; marries Francis of Lorraine, 324; her succession se- cured, 17, 191; accession of, 13, 254, 15, 129, 23, 163; reign of, 17, 239, 18, 325, 347; seeks an alliance with Russia, 15, 135; her intrigues at the Russian court, 141, 174; attempts to acquire African possessions, 19, 40 Maria Theresa (d. 1855), Queen of Sardinia, mother of Victor Emman- uel II: death of, 4, 370 Maria Theresa (late 18th century), wife of Albert of Saxe-Teschen: recalled from Belgium, 13, 260 "Maria Theresa," a Spanish vessel: in battle of Santiago, 24, 1030 Mariana (Marina) (16th century), an Aztec Indian girl, companion of. 446 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Cortez: sketch of, 22, 14; warns Cortez of the plot of Montezuma, 20; present at the surrender of Mex- ico, 61; later years of, 69* 432 Marianne Islands, Pacific Ocean: purchased by Germany, 20, 302 Mariano (early 19th century), a Mex- ican Indian insurgent: excites re- bellion, 22, 227 Marie, Alexandre Thomas (1797- 1870), a French advocate and re- publican: member of the provisional government, 9, 435 Marie Amelia (18th century), daugh- ter of Francis I and Maria Theresa: marries Ferdinand of Parma, 17, 245 Marie Amelie (19th century), wife of Carlos I of Portugal: marriage of (1886), 8, 539 Marie Antoinette (Maria Antonia), Queen of France, the daughter of Maria Theresa and the Emperor Francis I of Germany, called Ma- dame Veto: born at Vienna, No- vember 2, 175S; was married to the Dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XVI, 1770; opposed all the revolutionary reforms; during the captivity of the royal family, she displayed great fortitude; when the Girondists fell from power, she was condemned to death and executed, October 16, 1793 Marriage of, 17, 245; secures re- call of the Duke of Orleans, 10, 34; death of, 9, 287, 10, 279, 17, 281, 18, 356 Marie de' Medici (1573-1642), Queen- consort of Henry IV of France: marriage of, 9, 172; claims the re gency of France for Louis XIII, 177; exiled from court, 180 Marie Louise (early 19th century), Empress of Austria, wife of Francis II: crowned Queen of Hungary, 17, 334 Marie Louise of France (1 662-1 689), Queen of Spain: marries Carlos II of Spain, 8, 383 Marienburg, Germany: capital of the German Order, 18, 195; surrender of (1702), 15, 42 Marietta, Georgia: Johnson entrenched on Kenesaw Mountain at, 24, 794 Marietta, Ohio: founded, 23, 319, 364 Mari-Galante, one of the Antilles: dis- covered, 21, 9 Marignano, Italy: battles of (1515), 4, 294, 9, 136, 13, 422; (1859), 4, 373 Marignolli, John de (14th century), Franciscan friar: visits India, 5, 142 Marillac, Marshal Louis de (1573- 1632), French soldier: death of, 9, 188 Marino (early 19th century), South American revolutionist: supports re- bellion of Paez, 21, 81 Marion, Francis, an American general of the Revolution: born in South Carolina, 1732; entered the army soon after the war had begun; helped to defend Sullivan's Island against the British, 1776; led a bri- gade in guerrilla warfare for more than three years and won many vic- tories; escaped capture in spite of all efforts by the British generals to seize him; died on his plantation near Eutaw, S. C, February 29, 1795 Sketch of, 23, 273 Mariquita, South America: rebels against Spanish authority, 21, 57 Maris, tribe of India: description of, 5, 28 Maritza, river of southeastern Eu- rope (1363): battle of, 14, 30 Marius, Gaius, a Roman general: born near Arpinum, 157 B. C: served under Scipio Africanus; was chosen tribune of the people, 119; became prsetor, 115; was chosen consul for, 107, and put in command of the Jugurthine war; again elected con- sul, 104; repulsed the barbarians at Aix in Gaul, 102; defeated the Cim- bri; became consul, 100; served un- der the consuls in the Social War, but resigned through jealousy of GENERAL INDEX 447 Sulla; gained the command of the Mithridatic war, but was forced by Sulla to take refuge in Italy; en- tered Rome during an absence of Sulla and caused the opposite party to be massacred; became consul, 86 B. C; but died of fever the same year Early career, 3, 196; accompanies Metellus to Africa, 189; assumes command in Africa, 190; nominated as consul, 194; campaign against the Cimbri and Teutons, 13, 329, 18, 4; at battle of Vercellae, 3, 195; re- forms of, 200; retires to the east, 201; rupture with Saturninus and Glaucia, 201; given supreme com- mand against Mithridates, 210; es- capes from the wrath of Sulla to Tunis, 211 ; joins conspiracy of Cinna, 222; proscriptions of, 223; death, 224; his tomb opened and his ashes scattered, 232; his memory restored to public honor, 279 Marius, Gaius (109-82 B. C.) Roman general, nephew and adopted son of the preceding: consul, 3, 226; at battle of Sacriportus, 227 Marjorianus, Julius Valerius (5th cen- tury A. D.), Roman Emperor of ' the West, 457-475 A. D.: reign of, 4, 149 Mark, Saint (1st century A. D.), one of the twelve apostles: his work in Aquileia, 17, 14 Mark, The City of St.: see Venice Markham, Sir Arthur Hastings (1841- ), English naval officer: explora- tions of, 16, 313 Markham, William (17th century), English colonist: first governor of Pennsylvania, 23, ill Marlborough, New Zealand: formed, 20, 213 Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, an English general, called The Handsome Englishman: born at Ashe, in Devonshire, England, June 24, 1650; served in the army in Flanders, 1672-1677; returned to England and married Sarah Jen- nings; created Baron Churchill of Sandridge by James II, 1682; be- came major-general after helping to win the battle at Sedgemoor; went over to the side of William of Orange, and upon his accession was entitled Earl of Marlborough; com- manded the English forces against the French, 1689, but on account of treasonable conduct, was impris- oned in the Tower; restored to his rank, 1696; was given command of the army in Holland, 1701; upon the accession of Anne became com- mander-in-chief; created Duke of Marlborough, 1702; with Prince Eu- gene, won the battles of Blenheim, Ramillies, and Oudenarde; when the Duchess of Marlborough lost the favor of Anne, he was dismissed from office, 171 1; restored to his po- sition by George I, 1714; died, June 16, 1722 Campaign in Ireland, 12, 149; cam- paigns in Flanders, 9, 220, II, 429, 451, 13, 249, 18, 312; influence on Queen Anne, II, 453; relations with Charles XII of Sweden, 16, 218; de- prived of office, 11, 439 Marlowe, Christopher (1 564-1 593), English dramatist: his "Faust" quoted, 23, 36 Marmian (13th century B. C), King of Libya: invades Egypt, I, 27 Marmol, Jose (1818-1871), South American author: mentioned, 21, 118 Marmont, Auguste Frederic Louis Viesse de, Duke of Ragusa: his campaign in the Peninsula, 9, 339; accepts a command against Napo- leon, 10, 501; placed in command of Paris, 9, 390 Marnix, John de, Lord of Toulouse (16th century), Dutch soldier: fate of, 13, 101 Marnix, Philip de, Lord of St. Alde- goude (1538-1598), Dutch author and statesman: leads rebellion in the Low Countries, 8, 358; signs the confederation, 13, 86 448 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Maroboduus (ist century A. D.), Prince of the Marcomanni: career of, 17, 13 Maronites, Syrian people: insult the caliph, 1, 329 Marozia (10th century A. D.), Italian lady: her influence over the Papacy, 4, 182 Marprelate Tracts, a series of attacks on the bishops by the Brownists beginning 1588: circulated, II, 301 Marquesas Islands, Polynesia, south Pacific Ocean: annexed by France (1842), 20, 276 Marquette, Jacques, French mission- ary and explorer: born at Laon, France, 1637; went as a Jesuit mis- sionary to Canada, 1666; founded Sault Ste. Marie, 1668; went in 1669 from La Pointe du Saint Esprit to Mackinaw, where he built a chapel, 1671; accompanied Joliet in expedi- tion down the Wisconsin and Mis- sissippi Rivers, 1673, and returned via the Illinois River and Green Bay, Wisconsin; opened a mission at Kaskaskia, 1675; died on a jour- ney to Mackinaw, May 18, 1675, near the mouth of Marquette River Sent to explore America, 23, 51 Marquez, General (late 19th century), Venezuelan officer and statesman: elected vice-president of Venezuela, 21, 102 Marquez, Leonardo (1820-1859), Mex- ican general: in the Reform War, 22, 383 Marquina, Felix Berenguer de (late 18th century), Spanish statesman: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 227 Marriage Laws and Customs: AFRICA: French policy in Algeria, 19, 263 ARABIA: among Mohammedans, r, 239, 240 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: among Slavs, 17, 27; in Croatia, 38; under Joseph II, 267; civil marriage law passed (1855), 402; marriages be- tween Jews and Christians, 430, 431; difficulties with Vatican concerning civil marriage law, 450 BABYLON: status of a married woman, 1, 112 CHINA: established by Fuhsi, 6, 5; of the Miaotzu, 95; intermarriage with Turks, 210; imperial ceremony, 229, 256 EGYPT: permitted between brother and sister, 1, 59 ENGLAND: in the 15th century, 11, 215 FRANCE: divorce abolished, 9, 368 GAUL: time of Roman conquest, 3, 297, 9, 5 GERMANY: among ancient tribes, !8, 8, 57; polygamy introduced in Munster, 250; reforms of Frederick the Great, 328 GREECE: in Homeric age, 2, 36; in Sparta, 66; in Macedonia, 2, 481, 3, 150 ICELAND: according to the Sagas, 16, 299 INDIA: Aryans, 5, 39, 75; non- Ar- yans, 27, 30, 32, 75; of Hinduism, 85; suppression of widow-burning, 213; reform of, 272 ISRAEL: marriage with aliens forbidden, 1, 403 JAPAN: among the ancients, 7, 8; under the Hei-an Epoch, 45; under the Edo government, 130 MEXICO: among the Aztecs, 22, 88, 23, 7 PERSIA: in the early empire, 1, 180; marriage compulsory, 5, 320 ROME: among the clans, 3, 11; concessions to foreigners, 17; im- possible between patricians and ple- beians, 35; legalized between patri- cian and plebeian, 47; frequency of divorce in the 2nd century B. C, 248; during time of Caesar, 385; un- der Domitian, 4, 84 SOUTH AMERICA: intermarriage of Spanish settlers and natives, 21, 46 SPAIN: under the Romans, 8, 32; among Goths, 55, 57, 59; decree of 1567, 366 GENERAL INDEX 449 SWEDEN: marriage of the heir to the throne, 16, 225 SWITZERLAND: mixed mar- riages, 13, 557 UNITED STATES:' among Indi- ans, 23, 12; Mormonism, 24, 982 WEST INDIES: under Cuban Re- public, 22, 472 Marriages, The Spanish, the marriage of Isabella of Spain and her sister (1846), 9, 425 Marroquin, Jose Manuel (19th cen- tury), South American statesman: his administration as president of Colombia, 21, 245 Mars, The Sword of: see Attila Marsaglia, Italy: battle of (1693), 4 326 Marsden, Samuel (1 764-1838), English clergyman: his work in New Zea land, 20, 210 " Marseillaise," French patriotic hymn: composed, 10, 167 note Marseilles, France: founded, 9, 4; siege of (1524), 9, 139; see also Massilia Marshal, Richard (13th century), Irish chief: sketch of, 12, 57 Marshal, William (13th century), Irish chief: his feud with Hugh de Lacy, ' 12, 257 Marshall, James Wilson (19th cen tury), American explorer: discov- ers gold in California (1848), 24, 595 Marshall, John, an American jurist and statesman, the expounder of the constitution: born at Germaritown, Va., September 24, 1755; educated under his father's direction; en- listed in the army, 1775, and took part in the principal battles; re- signed his commission, 1781, and practised law; was elected a mem- ber of the House of Delegates, 1782; in the Convention of Virginia he pleaded for the adoption of the Federal Constitution, 1788; was en- voy to France, 1798; was elected to Congress, 1799; was appointed Sec retary of State by President Adams 1800; and Chief Justice of the Su- preme Court, 1801, which office he held with distinction for thirty-four years; died in Philadelphia, July 6, 1835 Ornament to the legal profession, 23, 138; graduates from College of William and Mary, 142; member of Virginia ratifying convention, 337; sent to Paris by Washington, 373; announces Washington's death to Congress, 380; chief justice, 389; acquits Aaron Burr, 404; dominates over Supreme Court, 434; death, 24, 658 Marshall, John Hubert (1876 ), English archaeologist: appointed di- rector-general of the Archaeological Survey of India, 5, 280 Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean: an- nexed to Germany, 20, 302 Marshman (Ditmarshers), tribe of Denmark: origin of, 16, 138 Mars-la-Tour, France: battle of (1870), 18, 421 Marston Moor, Yorkshire, England: battle of (1644), 11, 348, 12, 339 Marta, Queen of Birger of Sweden (1290-1319): plots to destroy the princes, 16, 106 Martens, Frederick (17th century), Dutch explorer: aids geographic sci- ence, 16, 305 Martignac, Jean Baptiste Sylvere Gaye, Viscount (1776-1832), French states- man: ministry of, 9, 387 Martin IV (Simon de Brion) (1210- 1285), Pope, 1281-1285: excommuni- cates Pedro III of Aragon, 8, 245; supports Charles of Anjou, 9, 85 Martin V (Otto Colonna) (d. 1431), Pope, 1417-1431: elected by the Council of Constance, 18, 204; at- tempts to reestablish the authority of the church in Bohemia, 17, 127; refuses to sanction the divorce of Jacqueline of Holland, 13, 40; grants discovered lands to Portugal, 8, 304, 19, 17 Martin (d. 1410), King of Aragon: reign of, 8, 258 450 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Martin, Saint (ca. 316-397), a saint of the Roman Catholic church his work in Gaul, 13, 338 Martin, Francois (d. 1706), a French governor in India: his campaigns in India, 5, 170 Martin, Luther (1 744-1826), an Amer- ican lawyer and statesman: refuses to sign the Constitution, 23, 334; opposes the ratification of the Con- stitution by Maryland, 336; absent from first Congress, 343 Martinez (late 19th century), Vene- zuelan general: refuses to acknowl- edge Falcon as president of Vene- zuela, 21, 98 Martinez, Juan (16th century), Span- ish soldier: his story of Manoa, 21, 28 Martini, Count Ponza di (19th cen- tury), Italian noble: ambassador to the Pope from Victor Emmanuel, 4, 394 Martinique, one of the West Indies: French policy concerning, 20, 100; taken by the British (1762), 118; (1810), 143; restored to France by Treaty of Paris, 23, 198 Martinitz, Jaroslav of, Burggrave of Karlstein (17th century), Austrian statesman: accused of inciting the Emperor Mathias against the Prot- estants, 17, 201 Martins, Domingo Jose (early 19th century), Brazilian revolutionist: in the rebellion of Pernambuco, 21, 164 Martinuzzi, Friar (late 16th century), Polish revolutionist: attempts to turn Hungary against Austria, 17, 217; influence of, 218 Martius, Lucius (3rd century B. C), Roman general: his campaign against Carthaginians, 8, 17 Martyr, The Republican: see Marat, Jean Paul Martyr City, The: see Moscow Martyr King, The: see Henry VI, King of England; also Charles I, King of England; also Louis XVI, King of France Marubashi Chuya (17th century), Chinese officer: attempts to revolt, 7, 140 Marx, Karl (1818-1883), German so- cialist: influence of, 18, 438 Mary I (Mary Tudor) (1516-1558), Queen of England, 1553-1558: be- trothed to Dauphin, 11, 242; mar- ries Philip II of Spain, 8, 351, 13, 59, 67; reign of, 11, 269; condition of Ireland under, 12, 85; her rela- tions with the English church, 311; death of, 8, 356 Mary II (1662-1694), Queen of Eng- land, 1689-1694: marries William of Orange, 11, 404, 13, 241; accession of, 11, 431, 12, 132, 351, 13, 244; reign of, 11, 435; death of, 442 Mary (King Mary) (late 14th cen- tury), Queen of Hungary: marries Sigismund of Luxemburg, 17, 153; accession of, 154 Mary Queen of Scots, called The White Queen: born in Linlithgow Palace, December 7, 1542; crowned queen at Stirling Castle, 1543; mar- ried to the Dauphin, afterwards Francis II of France, 1558, who died, 1560; landed at Leith, 1561; married Lord Darnley, 1565, who brought about the murder of her favorite, Rizzio, and thus became estranged from her; she connived at the murder of Darnley, 1567, and married the murderer, Bothwell, 1567; was imprisoned by the lords in Lochleven Castle and forced to abdicate, 1567; escaped and was de- feated at the battle of Langside, 1568; fled to England, where Eliza- beth imprisoned her; she was tried on the charge of conspiracy against Elizabeth, and was beheaded, Feb- ruary 8, 1587 Claims throne of England, 11, 278; returns to Scotland, 279; reign of, 12, 305; abdication of, 318; prisoner in England, II, 283, 12, 319; death of, 9, 162, 11, 294, 12, 326 Mary (1505-1558), daughter of Philip the Handsome: affianced to Louis II of Hungary, 17, 167, 175; marries GENERAL INDEX 451 Louis II of Hungary, 176; regent of the Netherlands, 13, 57 Mary of Burgundy (1457-1482), daugh- ter of Charles the Bold: sketch of, 9, 125, 18, 216, 218; betrothed to Maximilian, 13, 46; accession of, 48; marries Maximilian, 49, 409 Mary of France (ca. 1496-1533), daughter of Henry VII of Eng- land: marries Louis XII of France, 9, 135, 11, 237; marries Charles Brandon, 237 Mary of Lorraine or of Guise (1515- 1560), mother of Mary Queen of Scots, regent of Scotland: made guardian for Mary Queen of Scots, 12, 305; regent of Scotland, 11, 278, 12, 307 Mary of Modena (1658-1718), Queen of James II of England, called The Queen of Tears: marriage of, II, 400 Mary: see also Maria and Marie Marye's Heights, Virginia: occupied by Lee at Fredericksburg, 24, 769 Maryland, a state of the United States: founded, 23, 68; first repre- sentative assembly introduced (1647), 120; Catholics denied fran- chise, 148; Church of England es- ' tablished, 149; ratifies Articles of Confederation, 302; insists on the ceding of Northwest Territory, 317; commissioners appointed to decide Potomac commercial policy, 321; Annapolis convention, 322; choses delegates for Constitutional Con- vention, 323; ratifies the Constitu- tion, 336; opposes financial plans of Hamilton, 350; rank as to popula- tion, 479; abolition societies formed, 24, 571; state elections of 1855, 646; Presidential election of 1856, 656; Sixth Massachusetts attacked by mob in Baltimore, 715; excitement over transportation of troops through, 716; Confederates attempt to win adhesion of, 721; trouble over suspension of writ of habeas corpus, 739; Lee's army enters, 764; alarm over Lee's invasion of Pennsylva- nia, 779; Sheridan saves from inva- sion, 792; Presidential election of 1896, 1018; Presidential election of 1900, 1040; Presidential election of 1904, 1072; condition of the Jews, 1, 425 Masada, Palestine, Asia Minor: siege of, 1, 412 Masakado, Tairo-no : see Taira-no Ma- sakado Masampo, port of Korea: Russia at- tempts to obtain lease of, 6, 311 Masaniello (Thomas Aniello of Am- alfi) ( 1 622-1647), Italian insurrec- tionist, called The Seven Days' King: leads insurrection in Naples, 4, 324 Mascarenhas, Pedro (early 16th cen- tury), Portuguese navigator: vice- roy of the Indies, 8, 434 Maserfield, England: battle of (642 A. D.), 11, 35 Masham, Thomas (16th century), English explorer: his expedition to South America, 21, 31 Mashashare (12th century B. C), Li- byan chief: defeated by the Egyp- tians, 1, 28 Mashonaland, Africa: description of, 19, 227; uprising in (1896), 243 Masistus (5th century B. C), com- mander of the Persian cavalry: death, 2, 209 Mason, George (1725-1792), American statesman: draws up bill of rights for Constitution of Virginia, 23, 239, 24, 564; refuses to sign the Consti- tution, 23, 334; member of Virginia ratification committee, 336; quoted on slavery in Virginia, 24, 564 Mason, James Murray (1798-1871), American statesman: appointed Confederate representative at Lon- don, 24, 728 Mason, John (1586-1635), the founder of New Hampshire: d eieat s Pe- quots, 23, 93; receives grant with Gorges, 95; claims of heirs, 95 Mason, John Young (1799-1859), American statesman: reads Cal- houn's last speech, 24, 603; quoted on value of escaped slaves, 618; min- ister to France, 625; Ostend Mani- 452 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS festo, 628; chairman of Senate Com- mittee to investigate John Brown's raid, 675 Mason, Richard B. (d. 1850), Amer- ican soldier and statesman: in the Mexican War, 22, 348 Mason and Dixon's Line, boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland: ends boundary dispute, 23, no Mason and Slidell Incident, a diplo- matic dispute between England and the Unites States: account of, 11, 622, 24, 728 Masonic Order: and the William Mor- gan charge, 23, 498 Massachusetts, a state of the United States: means "Blue Hills" and is called Old Bay State: settled by the Northmen, 21, 3; Indians be- long to Algonquian stock, 23, 8 Gosnold explores the coast, 54 first settlement at Plymouth, 84 second settlement at Massachusetts Bay, 86; under council for New England, 87; Charles I charters, 87; charter transferred to New Eng- land, 87; "Salem Witchcraft," 91; aids Connecticut settlement, 91; ab- sorbs New Hampshire, 95; absorbs Maine, 96; New England Confed- eration, 96; status of, in New Eng- land Confederation, 97; boundary enlarged, 101; end of confusion of civil and religious rights in, 101; charter changed (1691), 115; powers of the General Court, 118; first representative assembly introduced (1634), 120; Franklin acts as agent to England, 122; early anti-slavery agitation, 130; Scotch-Irish manu- facture linens, 134; fishery industry, 134; evades Sugar Act, 135; rum trade (1750), 135; Harvard College and public schools established, 140; religious intoleration in, 147; Con- gregational Church supported by taxation, 148; suffrage laws, as a colony, 148; establishes a postal system, 152; dress regulated by law, 154; blasphemy made a capital of- fense, 156; in Colonial Congress, 158; equips Louisburg expedition, 164; passes resolutions setting forth rights of the colonists, 216; Boston Massacre, 217; Boston Tea Party, 219; English Parliament passes the five " intolerable " acts, 220; ap- points place of meeting for first Continental Congress, 222; Regulat- ing Act impossible of enforcement, 226; adopts a constitution of gov- ernment, 238; suffers from paper currency craze, 315; cedes North- west Territory, 317; appoints dele- gates for Annapolis convention, 322; choses delegates for Constitutional Convention, 323; ratifies the Con- stitution, 336; favors financial plans of Hamilton, 350; attitude toward War of 1812, 430; volunteer service in War of 1812, 431; Hartford Con- vention, 431; approves resolutions of Hartford convention, 433; pro- tection question, 472; supports Web- ster for Presidency, 510; Presiden- tial election of 1848, 24, 559; abo- lition of slavery, 563; failure of Fu- gitive Slave Law, 616; Presidential election of 1854, 645; state election of 1855, 646; Emigrant-Aid Society organized, 647; Sixth Massachusetts attacked by mob in Baltimore, 715; Eighth Massachusetts Regiment garrisons Washington, 730; Boston fire (1872), 902; Presidential election of 1904, 1072 Massacre, The Apostle of: see Marat, Jean Paul Massacre of September 2, The, in French history, 10, 207 Massacres: B. C. 548. Jerusalem, 1, 400 521. In Persia, 1, 163 431. Thebans, 2, 278 427. Mitylenaeans, 2, 294 416. Melos, 2, 327 408. In Sicily, 2, 409 370. Sparta, 2, 439 332. Tyre, 1, 126, 2, 494 330. Persepolis, 2, 498 95. Asculum, 3, 206 88. Italians at Ephesus, 3, 216 GENERAL INDEX 45S Massacres, cont.: 86. Celtic chiefs in Asia, 3, 219 82. Praeneste, 3, 228 53. Genabum, 9, 10 A. D. 31. Adherents of Sejanus, 4, 52 64. Christians under Nero, 4, 65 165. Christians under Marcus Au- relius, 4, 97 211. In Egypt, 4, 102 295. Christians under Diocletian, 4, 116 451. Cologne, 4, 148 ca. 6j2>- Christians in Arabia, 1, 276 711. Zeres, 8, 56 782. At Verden, 18, 82 930. Mohammedans at Mecca, I, 362 1002. Danes in England, II, 58 1083. Rome, 18, 136 1096. Jews at Paris, 1, 419 1 145. Odessa, 9, 73 1 170. Aleppo, 1, 369 1208. Beziers, 9, 78 1213. Albigenses, 9, 78 1256. Bagdad, 5, 335 1261. Christians at Antioch, 9, 84 1264. Jews in England, 1, 420 1265. Rajputs of Mewat, 5, 98 12S2. Sicilian Vespers, 4, 257, 18, 170 1315. Ardee, 12, 59 1350. Zurich, 13, 376 !357- The Jacquerie, II, 165 1382. Soleure, 13, 379 1405. Smyrna, 13, 51 1418. Armagnac and his partisans at Paris, 9, 112, 11, 199 1446. Alfarrobeira, 8, 314 1456. Euboea, 14, 85 1467. Dinaut, 13, 42 1480. Otranto, 14, 86 1512. Shiahs in Turkey, 5, 341 1517. Cairo, 14, 131 1517. Mameluke prisoners, 14, 133 1527. Rome, 9, 140 T 533- Qito, 21, 21 IS3S- Portuguese at Foochow, 6, 33 1546. Waldenses, 9, 144 1554. Bordeaux, 9, 145 1564. Huguenots in Florida, 20, 82, 33, 47 1566. Osterweel, 13, 102 1567. Valenciennes, 13, 105 1568. Jubiles, 8, 369 1572. St. Bartholomew, 9, 158 1573- Antrim, 12, 92 1600. Chinese in Philippine Islands, 6, 38 1622. Virginia colonists, 23, 62 1623. Amboyna, 5, 163, 13, 221, 20, 121 1645. Yangchow, 6, 56 1649. Drogheda, II, 363, 12, 124 1663. Confucianists at Chiengtu, 6, 60 1663. Chinese maidens, 6, 61 1665. The Caboquenas, 21, 38 1690. Schenectady, 23, 158 1691. Uraghree, 12, 152 1692. Glencoe, 11, 437, 12, 354 171 1. Negroes in New York City, 23, 132 1738. Delhi, s, 353 1757. Muttra, 5, 127 1757. Fort Edward, 23, 186 1763. Mackinaw, 23, 200 1767. San Gaban, 21, 51 1770. Boston, 11, 515, 23, 217 1778. Wyoming Valley, 23, 296 1779. Cherry Valley, 23, 297 1792. The inhabitants of the Tuiler- ies, Paris, 10, 196 1792. September Massacres in Paris, 8, 482, 10, 207, 208 1793. Lyons, 10, 278 1793- Girondists, 10, 279 1794. Kirman, 5, 356 1794. Toulouse, 10, 278 1794. Caen, 10, 278 1794. Marseilles, 10, 278 1794. Bordeaux, 10, 278 1794. Dantonists, 10, 295 1798. Wexford, 12, 213 1799. Turks at Jaffa, 14, 382 1804. Hayti, 22, 493 181 1. Mamelukes, 1, 38, 14, 409 1813. At River Raisin, 23, 424 1815. French troops in Spain, 8, 487 1816. Settlers in the Red River country, Canada, 20, 169 454 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Massacres, cont.: 1819. Manchester Massacre, II, 572 1820. Neapolitans in Sicily, 4, 353 1820. Mulatto women in Hayti, 22, 495 1821. Turkish merchants at Galatz, 14, 416 1821. Turks at Jassy, 14, 416 1847. Arroyo Hondo, 22, 305 1847. Mora, 22, 305 1847. Rio Colorado, 22, 305 1847. Laos, 22, 305 1855. Yunnan, 6, 211 1857. Christians in India, 5, 235 i860. Christians at Djedda, 14, 46S i860. Christians at Damascus, 14, 466 1867. Mohammedans at Tali Fu, 6, 215 1869. Havana, 20, 327 1870. Tientsin, 6, 223 1876. In Bulgaria, 14, 476 1876. Batak, 14, 477 1876. Panagurishta, 14, 477 1881. Geok Tepe, 5, 367 1895. Armenians, 14, 499, 500 1897. Christians in Candia, 14, 503 1900. Peking, 6, 304 1900. Blagovestchensk, 16, 309 1900. Russians at An-tung, 7, 284 1903. Kishinev, 15, 358 Massagetae, Asiatic tribe: slay Cyrus, 2, 127 Massasoit (ca. 1580-1661), American Indian: treaty with Pilgrims, 23, 85 Massena, Andre (1758-1817), French marshal, called the Child of For- tune and the Famed Child of Vic- tory: his campaign in Spanish pen- insula, 8, 530, 11, 564; his campaign against the allied forces, 9, 293, 18, 359. 362; his campaigns under the Directory, 9, 298; his campaign in Switzerland, 9, 308, 10, 407, 13, 516; made marshal of the empire, 9, 322; his campaign in Italy, 17, 282; defeated by the Archduke Charles, 293; at the battle of Aspern, 298 Massey (17th century), English Ro- man Catholic scholar: appointed to the Deanery of Christchurch, 11, 424 Massey, William Nathaniel (1809- 1881), English statesman and his- torian: sketch of, 5, 247 Massilia, France: founded, 2, 85, 3, 28; Phocaean colony, 2, 125; its influ- ence on civilization of Gaul, 3, 293; surrenders to Caesar, 341; see also Marseilles Massillon, Ohio: Coxey's army form- ed at, 24, 1004 Massinissa (ca. 238 B. C.-148 B. C), King of Numidia: joins Rome, 3, 129; sketch of, 134; appeals to Rome to arbitrate between him and Car- thage, 163; death, 164 Massiva (ca. no B. C), Numidian prince: claims throne, 3, 189 Master, Sir Streynsham (17th cen- tury), British statesman: governor of Bengal, 5, 166 Masts, The City of: see London, Eng- land Masuda Nagamori (ca. 1600), Japa- nese soldier: his campaign against Korea, 7, 116 Masuda Shird (ca. 1600), Japanese revolutionist: leads rebellion, 7, 137 Masulipatam, British India: taken by the English (1761), 20, 120 Mataafa (ca. 1890), Samoan chief: contends for throne, 24, 977 Matabeleland, South Africa: sketch of, 19, 216, 227; declared to be with- in the British sphere, 20, 230 Matabeles, African tribe: rebellion of, 19, 243 Matamoras, Mexico: Mexican troops mobilized at, 24, 546; battle near (1845), 546; under military rule, 548 Matches: trade in, made a state mo- nopoly in Switzerland, 13, 580 Matejko, Jan (1838-1893), Polish his- torical painter: sketch of, 17, 415 Matgenos (Metenna) II (ca. 730 B. C), King of Tyre: reign of, 1, 124 GENERAL INDEX 455 Mathematics: among the Babylonians and Assyrians, I, no; among the Saracens, 347 Mather, Cotton (1663-1728), American author and divine: .sketch of, 23, 139, 142; quoted on tolerance of Rhode Island, 147 Mather, Increase (1639-1723), Presi- dent Harvard College: sent to Eng- land, 23, 100; notable divine, 139 Mathew, Theobald (ca. 1840), Irish Catholic priest: leads temperance movement in Ireland, 12, 225 Mathews (ca. 1880), English naval officer: in the service of the sultan of Zanzibar, 19, 132 Mathews, Stanley (ca. 1870), American politician: joins liberal movement, 24, 890; supports Hayes, 915; mem- ber of the Senate, 916 Mathias (Matthias) (1557-1619), Holy Roman Emperor, 1612-1619: made governor of the Netherlands, 13, 128;. made governor of Austria, Mo- ravia, and Hungary, 17, 180; reign of, as emperor, 181, 267; his reign, as king of Bohemia, 200; reign of, as king of Hungary, 224 Mathias Corvinus (Hunyady) (1443- 1490), King of Hungary, 1458-1490: at war with Bohemia, 17, 146; elect- ed king, 17, 161, 18, 215, 219; crowned king of Bohemia, 17, 163; estimate of, 164 Mathias of Janov (d. 1394), German priest: teaching of, 17, 119 Mathilda (ca. 1066), Queen of Eng- land and wife of William the Con- queror: embroiders the Bayeux Tapestry, 13, 25 Mathilde (ca. 1000), aunt of Otto III of Germany: regent of Germany, 18, 120 Matilda, Empress of Germany and Queen of England, called Domina Anglorum: born about 1102; was the daughter of Henry I of Eng- land; was married to Henry V of Germany, n 10, who died, 1125; be- came the wife of Geoffrey Plantag- enet, Count of Anjou, 1127; was acknowledged as his heir by Henry I, upon whose death her claim was disputed by Stephen of Blois, 1135, and a long civil war was the result; she vindicated her right and was crowned in London, 1141; died, 1167 Marries Henry V of Germany, 18, 140; barons swear to accept her as their future sovereign, 11, 93; ac- knowledged as queen, 95; leaves England, 95 Matilda, Queen of England: see Ma- thilda Matilda (1080-1118), Queen of Henry I of England: marriage of, 12, 261; called the good queen, 11, 88 Matilda (d. 1262), wife of Alfonso III of Portugal: abandoned by her hus- band, 8, 281 Matilda (ca. 1046-1115), Countess of Tuscany: befriends the Pope, 18, 135; acknowledges the emperor, 140; wills her property to the Pa- pacy, 4, 197; death of, 141 Matius, Gaius (ca. 90-40 B. C), Ro- man knight and Epicurean philoso- pher: attachment to Caesar, 3, 362 Matsudaira Katamori (ca. 1840), Japa- nese lord: rebellion of, 7, 170 Matsudaira Nobutsuma (17th cen- tury), Japanese chief: crushes rebel- lion of Shimabara, 7, 138; makes improvements in Edo, 148 Matsudaira Sadanobu (18th century), Japanese statesman: encourages martial exercises, 7, 147; policy of, 149 Matsukata, Count M. (1835 ), Japanese statesman: made premier, 7, 217 Matsumaye Nobuhiro (ca. 1600), Japa- nese statesman: recognized as lord of Ezo, 7, 113 Mattathias (d. 166 B. C), Jewish priest: leads rebellion against Syria, 1, 405 Matthews, Thomas (1681-1751), Brit- ish naval officer: at battle of Tou- lon, 9, 238; his campaign in India, 259 Matthiae, Johan (1592-1670), Swedish prelate: educates Christina, 16, 204 Matthias: see Mathias 456 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Matto Grosso, Brazil: foreign element in, 31, 251 Matveov Artemon (17th century), Russian statesman: in the outbreak of the strelitz, 15, 26 Matzukura Shigemasa (17th century), Japanese statesman: made feudal chief of Shimabara, 7, 137 Maubeuge, France: siege of (i793)> 9, 287 Mauclerc, Pierre (early 13th cen- tury), Duke of Brittany: becomes duke, 9, 79 Maugin, Frangois (1785-1854), French jurist: his relation to the revolution of 1830, 9, 391 Maumee River, Ohio: Wayne's vic- tory on (1794), 23, 366 Maumont, General (17th century), French general: at siege of Derry, 12, 135 Maund, E. R. (19th century), English diplomat: influences Lobengula, 19, 222 Maupas (19th century), French pre- fect of police: assists schemes of Napoleon III, 9, 442 Maupas, Sir John (14th century), Anglo-Irish knight: slays Edward Bruce, 12, 61 Maupeou, Rene Nicolas Charles (1714-1792), French statesman: re- forms of, 9, 249; vice-chancellor, 10, 12 Maura (ca. 1000), Spanish statesman: administration of, 8, 521 Mauregato the Usurper (d. 788), King of Asturias and Leon: reign of, 8, 132 Maurepas, Jean Frederic Phillippe, Count of (1701-1781), French poli- tician: made prime minister, 9, 253; death of, 257, 10, 30; influence of, 26 Maurice (1521-1553), Duke of Saxony: given electorate of Saxony, 9, 145, 18, 255; conspiracy of, 257; victories of, 13, 59; death of, 18, 258 Maurice (18th century), Prince of Dessau: at the battle of Hochflirch, 18, 339 Maurice (1567-1625), Prince of Orange and Count of Nassau: as- sumes leadership of Dutch Protes- tants, 8, 362; made stadtholder, 13, 146; successes of, 160; sketch of, 192; joins the Gomarists, 194; be- comes Prince of Orange, 198; death of, 207 Maurice (17th century), Landgrave of Hesse: compelled to abdicate, 18, 276 Maurice, Saint (d. ca. 286), a Chris- tian martyr: death of, 13, 334 Maurice of Nassau, Count (1604- 1679), a Dutch general and adminis- trator: his campaign against the Portuguese, 8, 460 Maurice of Saxony: see Saxe, Count Maurice of Maurier, Du (17th century), French diplomat: ambassador to the Dutch Republic, 13, 198 Mauritius, Island of, Indian Ocean: occupied by the English, 5, 205; sketch of, 19, 213; French policy concerning, 20, 100; obtained by France, 115; history of, 263 Mauritz: see Maurice Maury, Jean Siffrein (1746-1817), French cardinal and politician: elected member of the States-Gen- eral, 10, 39; sketch of, 79; his opin- ion on the renewal of the assem- bly, 114 Mausolus (d. ca. 350 B. C), King of Caria, Asia Minor: takes Rhodes, 3, 455 Mavrocordato, Alexander (ca. 1636- 1709), Greek diplomat: at Peace of Carlowitz, 14, 269 Mavrokordatos, Alexander (1791- 1865), Greek general: declares inde- pendence and sets up constitutional government, 2, 544 Max Emanuel (17th century), Elector of Bavaria: campaigns of, 18, 303, 312 Max Joseph (18th century), Elector of Bavaria: renounces claim to the throne, 18, 330; death of, 348 Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, GENERAL INDEX 457 Roman Emperor, 306-312: given ti- tle of Augustus by the Senate, 4, 117; death, 118 Maximian: see Maximus, Magnus Clemens Maximianus Hercules, Roman Em- peror, 286-305; made colleague of the Emperor Diocletian, 4, 113 Maximilian I (1459-1519), Holy Ro- man Emperor, 1493-1519. called The Pennyless: betrothed to Mary of Burgundy, 13, 46; marries Mary of Burgundy, 13, 49, 409, 18, 218; at war with Charles VIII of France, 9, 127; accession of, to imperial throne, 13, 51, 18, 219; reign of, 17, 173, 18, 225; negotiates for marriage with Anne of Brittany, II, 225; joins the Holy League, 236; joins league for peace, 237; condition of Switzerland under, 13, 417; death of, II, 240 Maximilian II (1527-1576), Holy Ro- man Emperor, 1564-1576: account of, 14, 175, 191; reign of, as em- peror, 17, 179, 18, 262; reign of, as King of Bohemia, 17, 197; reign of, as King of Hungary, 219; condemns the executions of Egmont and Horn, 13, 108; candidate for crown of Po- land, 17, 220 Maximilian I (1 756-1 825), King of Bavaria, 1806-1825: his daughter marries Eugene Beauharnais, 18, 371; joins the allies, 385 Maximilian (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph) (1832-1867), Emperor of Mexico: accession of, 9, 453, 24, 876; reign of, 22, 388; death of, 9, 455, 17, 393, 22, 397, 24, 877 Maximilian I (1573-1651), Duke of Bavaria: at war with Mohammed III of Turkey, 14, 205, 206; perse- cutes the Protestants, 18, 265, 270; campaigns of, 272 Maximilian (18th century), Prince of Wurtemberg: with Charles XII of Sweden, 16, 215 Maximilian Joseph I (1727-1779), Elector of Bavaria: death of, 17, 250 Maximin: see Maximinus Maximinus, Caius Julius Verus, Ro- man Emperor, 235-238; becomes em- peror, 4, 106; death, 108 Maximum, Law of the, in the French Revolution, a law regulating the price of food-stuffs (1793), 10, 271 Maximus: see Petronius Maximus Maximus (1st century A. D.), friend of Ovid: death, 4, 44 Maximus, Gnaeus Mallius, Roman consul, 105 B. C: at battle of Arausio, 3, 193 Maximus, Magnus Clemens, Emperor of Rome, 383-388; usurps throne of the Western Empire, 4, 134; proclaimed emperor, 11, 16; his campaign against the Salic Franks, 9, 15 Maximus: see Maximinus May, Cornelius (early 17th century), Dutch colonist: first governor of Dutch, 23, 102 May, Samuel J. (ca. 1830), American slavery abolitionist: member of American Anti-Slavery Society, 24, 5745 heads negro rescue at Syra- cuse, 616 May Laws, The, laws passed by Bis- marck to limit the disciplinary pow- er of the Church over its members (1873), 18, 441 Mayanderan, Persia: ceded to Russia (1722), 15, 79 Mayas, American Indians, Mexico: mentioned, 23, 6 Mayeda Toshuye (ca. 1600), Japanese statesman: member of council of state, 7, 114; appointed guardian for Tayotomi Hideyori, 121 Mayence, Germany: founded, 18, 15; a member of the Union of Rhenish Cities, 18, 174; Prussian siege of (1793), 9, 285, 10, 271, 18, 357; French siege of (1793), 18, 356 Mayenne, Charles de Loraine, Duke of (1554-1611), French soldier: his campaign against the Protestants (1577), 9, 160; proclaimed lieutenant- general of the kingdom, 9, 164; submits to Henry IV of France, 170, 181 Mayenne, Henry of Loraine, Duke of 458 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS (1578-1621), French soldier: revolt of, 9, 178; death of, 181 "Mayflower," British vessel: brings Pilgrims from Southampton, 23, 84 Mayne, Cuthbert (16th century), Catholic missionary: death of, 11, 291 Maynooth, Ireland: siege of (i535)> 12, 80 Maynooth, College of, Ireland: found- ed, 12, 204 Mayo, Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of (1822-1872), English states- man: his governor-generalship of India, 5, 248 Mayo College, India: opened, 5, 249 Mayorga, Martin de (ca. 1780), Mexi- can statesman: his administration as viceroy of New Spain, 22, 211 Mayotte, Island of, east of Africa: taken by the French, 19, 56, 20, 278; sketch of, 19, 213; placed un- der the governor of Madagascar, 20, 279 Maypo, Chili: battle of (1878), 21, 72 Maysville Road, Kentucky: national pike vetoed by Jackson, 23, 488 Mazarin (Mazarini), Jules Giulio (1602-1661), French cardinal and statesman: favors war with Philip IV of Spain, 8, 378; made prime minister, 9, 199, 13, 214; banished 203; returns to France, 204; dis-^ missed by Anne of Austria, 205; re called to Paris, 206; death of, 207 Mazeppa, Ivan (1644-1709), Polish ad venturer: career of, 15, 47; death of, 54; his alliance with Charles XII of Sweden, 16, 219 Mazovians, Polish tribe: location of, 15, 372 Mazzini, Guiseppe, an Italian patriot and writer: born at Genoa, June 28, 1808; was graduated at the Univer- sity of Genoa, 1826; became a mem- ber of the Carbonari; was arrested by the authorities on the charge of conspiracy against the government (1830), but was soon released; left Italy; founded the secret revolu- tionary society of " Young Italy," 1832, whose object was the unifica- tion of Italy under a republican gov- ernment; returned to Italy upon the outbreak of the revolution of 1848; was a member of the triumvirate in the republic at Rome; exiled when the papal government was restored; took a minor part in the disturb- ances, which culminated in the uni- fication of Italy; died at Pisa, March 10, 1872 Joins revolutionists of Rome, 4, 366 Meade, George Gordon, an American general: born at Cadiz, Spain, De- cember 31, 1815; was graduated at West Point, 1835; served in the Mexican war, 1846-1847; appointed captain, 1856, and brigadier-general of volunteers, 1861; became major- general, 1862; chosen as comman- der-in-chief of the army of the Po- tomac; was of great service in the battle of Gettysburg; appointed brig- adier-general of the regular army, 1863; became second in command of the army of the Potomac in its operations against Richmond, 1864, and was appointed major-general of the regular army; became comman- der of the third military district, 1867; died, November 6, 1872 Succeeds Hooker, 24, 779; sketch of, 779; failure to follow Lee's re- treat, 782 Meade, William (1789-1862), Ameri- can Episcopal bishop: complains of his clergy, 23, 150 Meagher, Thomas Francis (1823- 1867), Irish-American general; sketch of, 12, 229; later career of, 232 Meath, War of (began 1224), feud be- tween two Irish chiefs which re- sulted in the devastation of Meath, 12, 57 Meaux, France: siege of (1421), 11, 200 Mecca, Asia Minor: chosen as center for Mohammedan worship, 1, 214; Mohammed returns to, 230; con- quered by Mohammed, 231; stormed by the Karmathians, 362; visited by GENERAL INDEX 459 Prince Djem, 14, 108; captured by Wahabites, 385; recovered, 409 Mechanicsville, Virginia: battle of (1862), 24, 761; McClellan's com- plaint before battle of, 762 Mechlin, Brabant, Holland: expels the patrician families, 13, 30; siege of (1572), 13, 114 Medes, The, inhabitants of Media, Asia: advent in history, 1, 89; rise of, 1, 91, 157, 2, 120; conquered by Cyrus (549 B. C.)> 2, 123; rebellion of, 129 Medhurst (19th century), British dip- lomat: consul at Yangchow, 6, 221 Mediation, Act of, system of govern- ment enforced on the Swiss by Napoleon (1803), 9, 320, 13, 519 Medici, The, Italian family: rise of, 4, 267; become extinct, 331 Medici, Alessandro de': see Alessan dro de' Medici Medici, Catherine de': see Catherine de' Medici Medici, Cosmo de' (1389-1464), Italian statesman: character of, 4, 267; en- courages learning, 282 Medici, Cosmo de' (1519-1574): see Cosmo de' Medici Medici, Francesco de': see Francis Grand Duke of Tuscany Medici, Giovanni de': see Leo X, Pope Medici, Giovanni de' (1360-1429) Italian statesman: character of, 4, 267 Medici, Giovanni de' (1498-1526), Ital- ian general: his campaign against the Duke of Bourbon, 4, 303 Medici, Jacob of (16th century), Ital- ian soldier: uprising of, 13, 444 Medici, Julian de' (ca. 1469), Italian statesman: assumes government of Florence, 4, 268 Medici, Lorenzo de', the Magnificent, Prince of Florence, called The Fa- ther of Letters: born, 1448; was educated by celebrated masters of that age; was slightly wounded in a conspiracy of the Pazzi family, to- gether with the Archbishop of Pisa and Pope Sixtus IV; the Archbishop was hanged, and Lorenzo was ex- communicated by Pope Sixtus IV, 1478, whose successor, Innocent VIII, became a friend of Lorenzo, 1848; under Lorenzo's patronage, Florence became the meeting place of all the culture of that time; died, April 8, 1492 Reign of, 4, 268; encourages learning, 282 Medici, Piero de' (1416-1469), Italian statesman: character of, 4, 268 Medici, Piero (Pierre) de' (1471- IS03), Italian statesman: defeated by Charles VIII of France, 4, 290; rise against, 9, 130 Medicine, Science of, among the Egyptians, 1, 52; among the Sara- cens, 348; in the American colonies, 23, 139 Medina, Asia Minor: accepts the teachings of Mohammed, 1, 222; sieges of, 228, 244; visited by Prince Djem, 14, 108; captured by the Wa- habites, 1, 385; recovered, 409 Medina, General (19th century), Uru- guayan military officer: defeats Flores, 21, 142 Medina, Juan Jose (19th century), Paraguayan adventurer: attempts to seize the government in Para- guay, 21, 155 Medina de Rio-Secco, Spain: battle of (1808), 9, 333 Medina-Sidonia, Alonzo de Guzman, Duke of (16th century), Spanish sailor: given command of the Span- ish Armada, 8, 364 Mediterranean, The Gate of the: see Gibraltar Mediterranean, The Key of the: see Gibraltar Mediterranean, The Queen of the: see Carthage Meerut, India: massacre of (1399), 5, 104; outbreak of the mutiny at, 234 Megabyzus (Megabazus) (6th century B. C), Persian general: his cam- paign in Egypt, 1, 32; revolt of, 167; conquers Egypt, 2, 246; in Thrace, 132 Megacles (7th century B. C), Athe- nian archon: crime of, 2, 100 460 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Megalopolis, Greece: founded, 2, 440; its wars with Sparta, 453, 465 Megalopolis, Asia Minor: founded, 3, 275 Megara, Greece: made Dorian capital, 2, 40; colonization from, 82; allied with Athens, 242; at war with Ath- ens, 248; causes Peloponnesian war, 263; ravaged by Athenians, 280; saved by Brasidas, 310; at war with Philip, 473; submits to Philip, 479 Megara Hyblaea, Sicily: destroyed by Gelo, 2, 217 Megasthenes (ca. 300 B. C.), Greek geographer: describes India, 5, 70 Meghem, Count (ca. 1555), Belgian noble: his mission to Antwerp, 13, 92; at the battle of Bois-le-duc, 101; takes the oath of allegiance, 102 Megiddo, Asia Minor: battles of (ca. 1485 B. C.), 1, 23; (608 B. C.), 399 Mehadia, Hungary: battle of (1788), 14, 354 Mehemet Ali: see Mohammed Ali Mehidpur, India: battle of (1817), 5, 209 Meidum, Pyramid of, Egypt: tomb of Snefru, 1, 16 Meier, Rudolf (ca. 1800), Swiss geog- rapher: publishes his atlas, 13, 521 Meiji Era, the present epoch of time in Japan which began 1868, 7, 174 Meissen, Saxony: founded, 18, 107; becomes an appanage of Poland, 121 Mejia, Thomas (ca. 1812-1867), Mexi- can soldier: death of, 22, 397 Melanchthon (Melanthon), Philip (1497-1560), German reformer: in- fluences Frederick of Saxony in fa- vor of Luther, 18, 237; assists Lu- ther to translate the Bible, 244; op- poses the union of state and church, 245; at the Marburg Conference, 247; death of, 260 Melas, Baron Michael von (1729- 1806), Austrian general: in the war of the second coalition, 17, 285, 18, 363 Melbourne, Australia: founded, 20, 189; growth of, 194 Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount (1779-1848), English statesman: member of Grey's ministry, 11, 587; first ministry of, 593; second minis- try of, 595 Melbourne Conference, The, a confer- ence to decide on the form of gov- ernment to be adopted by the Aus- tralasian colonies (1890), 20, 203 Meldorf, Germany: the sack of (1500), 16, 139 Melegnano, Italy: battle of (1859), 9, 451 Melek Shah (ca. 1092), Seljukian sovereign: Seljukian Turks power- ful under, 14, 10 Meletus, Asia Minor: at war with Per- sians, 2, 382 Melgarejo, Mariano (ca. 1810-1870), South American statesman: made president of Bolivia, 21, 190 Melicertes, Phoenician god: worshiped by Corinth, 2, 28 Melik-el-Kamil (ca. 1220), Sultan of Egypt and Syria: recaptures Dami- etta, 1, 36 Melikov, Michael Tarielovitch Tainow, Count Loris (1826-1888), Russian general: his campaign against Tur- key, 15, 335 Melito, Conde de (16th century), Spanish statesman: made regent of Valencia, 8, 347 Mello, Custodio de (ca. 1845), Bra- zilian naval officer and revolutionist: leads rebellion, 21, 254 Mello, Duarte de (ca. 1500), Portu- guese explorer: founds Mozam- bique, 19, 21 Mello, Francisco de (ca. 1640), Gov- ernor-general of the Netherlands: rule of, 13, 214 Meloria, Italian island: battle of (1284), 4, 236 Melos, Greece: colonized, 2, 56; a Phoenician possession, 27; con- quered by Athens, 327 Melpum, Italy: captured by Romans (396 B. O, 3, 59 Melville, Andrew (1545-1622), Scot- tish reformer and scholar: draws up GENERAL INDEX 461 the Second Book of Discipline, 12, 326 Melville, Henry Dundas, Viscount (1740-1811), Scottish lawyer and statesman: impeached, 11, 556; pro- poses the repeal of the penal laws in Scotland, 12, 370 Melville, Sir James (1530-1606), Scot- tish statesman and historian: sketch of, 12, 331 Memel, Prussia: siege of (1757), 15, 146 Memminger, Christopher Gustavus (1803-1888), American politician: Confederate Secretary of the Treas- ury, 24, 694 Memmius, Gaius (d. 100 B. C), Ro- man tribune: leads movement for war against Jugurtha, 3, 188; leader of the populace, 199; murdered, 201 Memnon (d. 333 B. C), Greek gen- eral: campaign against Alexander, 2, 489 Memphis, Egypt: location of, 1, 6; siege of, 292 Memphis, Tennessee: convention at (1853), 24, 589; captured by the Fed- erals (1862), 750; Sherman embarks at , 775; yellow fever epidemic, 923 Memphis & Charleston Railroad: Federals gain control of, 24, 750 Menahem ben Gadi (8th century), King of Israel, 748-738 B. C: usurps the throne of Israel, 1, 393 Menapians, The, Belgian tribe: at war with the Romans, 13, 5 Mencius (d. ca. 289 B. C), Chinese philosopher: quoted, 6, 6, 7, 9 Mende, Greece: revolts from Athens, 2, 315 Mendelssohn, Moses (1728-1786), Jew- ish scholar: aids cause of Jewish toleration, 1, 423 Mendenez, Manuel (early 19th cen- tury), Peruvian official: governs Peru (1842), 21, 196 Mendoza, Argentine Republic: de- stroyed by earthquake, 21, 130 Mendoza, Alonso Velez de (early 16th century), Spanish explorer: explora- tions of, 21, 15 Mendoza, Antonio de, Count de Ten- dilla (16th century), Viceroy of New Spain, 1530-1551: rule of, 22, 106; appointed governor of Peru, Mendoza, Francisco, Admiral of Ara- gon (16th century), Spanish com- mander: commands Spanish forces in the Netherlands, 13, 170 Mendoza, Pedro de (1487-1537), Span- ish captain: founds Buenos Ayres, 21, 25 Mendoza y Luna, Juan de, Marques de Montesclaros (17th century), Viceroy of New Spain, 1603-1607: made viceroy, 22, 143 Menelaus (2nd century A. D.), high priest of Jerusalem: deposes Jason, I> 405 Menelaus, legendary King of Sparta: in Homer's " Iliad," 2, 29, 33 Menelek II, King of Shoa (1844 ), King of Abyssinia, 1889 , wages war with Italy, 4, 404, 19, 208; ability of, 19, 247 Menendez de Aviles, Pedro (1519- I574) Spanish naval officer: de- stroys French colony on the St. John's, 23, 47 Menephthah II, King of Egypt, ca. 1285 B. C. : reign of, 1, 127 Menes (Mena), King of Egypt, ca. 2000 B. C. : reign of, 1, 14 Menezes, Dom Duarte de (15th cen- tury), Portuguese soldier: his cam- paign in Africa, 8, 316; made gov- ernor of the Indies, 331, 433 Menezes, Henrique de (early 16th century), Portuguese statesman: viceroy of the Indies, 8, 434 Mengaud (18th century), French revo- lutionist: encourages revolution in Switzerland, 13, 509 Mengden, Julia (early 18th century), Russian lady-in-waiting: favorite of Anna Leopoldovna, 15, 129, 132; banished, 138 Menhardt (13th century), Count cf Tyrol: allied with Rudolf of Haps- burg, 17, 75; receives Carinthia, 100 Men-ka-ra (Mykerinos, Menkheres) 462 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS (ca. 40th century B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, I, 16 Menno, Simon, German reformer: founds Mennonite sect, 18, 250 Menou, Baron Jacques Frangois de (1750-1810), French general: made commander-in-chief in Egypt, 9, 318; replaced in the command of the army by Barras, 10, 357 Menschikov, Prince Alexander Daniel- ovitch (1670-1729), Russian states- man and general: with Peter on his journey, 33; reorganizes the army, 41; made governor-general of St. Petersburg, 45; campaigns of, 15, 50; at the battle of Poltava, 16, 220; loses influence, 15, 89; his power under Catherine, 94; ban- ished, 96; death of, 98 Menschikov, Prince Alexander Sergei- vitch (1789-1869), Russian admiral: on the members of the Greek Church, 14, 340; his ministry to Turkey, 449; his campaign against Turkey, 15, 278; leaves Constanti- nople, 304; in the Crimean War, 9, 446, 15, 312; recalled from the command, 15, 317 Menshikov, Mary, betrothed wife of Peter II of Russia: sketch of, 15, 97 Mentu-hotep I (ca. 20th century B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 18 Menzes, Don Metello Souza y (late 18th century), Portuguese states- man: envoy to China, 6, 80 Mequinencia, Spain: siege of (1133), 8, 234 Meran Manifesto, The, a declaration of rights made by Austrian peasants (1588), 17, 177 Mercator, Gerard (15 12-1594), Dutch geographer: sketch of, 13, 169; in- vents a method for making accurate charts, 20, 122 Mercer, Fort, New Jersey: captured by British, 23, 260 Mercer, Hugh (d. 1877), Scotch gen- eral in the American Revolution: killed at the battle of Princeton, 23, 249 " Merchant Adventurers, Company of," English association of East In- dian traders: obtain charter, 5, 158 Merchant Gilds, The: rise of (1093), 11, 117 Merchant Queen, The: see Venice Merciless Parliament, The, name given to the English parliament which met at Winchester (1388); account of, 11, 181 Merccem, Duke of (late 16th cen- tury), French peer: supports claims of Philip II of Spain to the crown of France, 9, 170 Mercy, Claudius Florimond, Count (1666-1734), Austrian general-in- chief of French birth: his campaign in Sicily, 9, 231 Merian, Maria Sibylla, Frau Graff (1647-1717), German naturalist and artist: sketch of, 13, 584 Merian, Mathias (1621-1687), Swiss portrait painter: sketch of, 13, 482 Merida, Spain: conquered by the Sar- acens (713 A. D.), 1, 315, 8, 51; siege of (736 A. D.), 8, 66; battle of (1813), 21, 61 Merira Pepi I, King of Egypt of the sixth dynasty: reign of, 1, 17 Merlin de Douai, Count Philippe An- toine (1754-1838), French statesman and jurist: attacked by the coun- cils, 10, 404; resigns the directorial authority, 404 Merodach-baladan, King of Bit-Yakin, 8th century B. C. : seizes Babylonian throne, 1, 84, 396; defeated by Sar- gon, 86; defeated by Sennacherib, 87 Merodach-nadin-akhe, King of Baby- lonia, nth century B. C. : submits to Assyrian king, 1, 79 Merovingian Dynasty, a Frankish dynasty: founded, 9, 18, 18, 59 Merovius (d. 456 A. D.), King of the Franks: at battle of Mery-sur-Seine, 9, 17 Merovius (6th century A. D.), Frank- ish prince: marries Brunhilda, 9, 27 " Merrimac," American vessel in the Civil War: Confederate ironclad, 24, 754; destroys the " Cumber- land " and the " Congress," 754; GENERAL INDEX 463 naval duel with " Monitor," 756; burned by Confederates, 756 " Merrimac," American war-ship in the Spanish-American war: sunk by Lieutenant Hobson, 24, 1029 Merrimac River, New England: boundary of grant to Gorges and Mason, 23, 95 Merry (early 19th century), English statesman: Burr's correspondence with, 23, 404 Merry Monarch, The: see Charles II, King of England Merryman Case, The, in American history, a case arising from the sup- pression of the writ of habeas corpus by Lincoln (1861), 24, 816 Merrymount, Massachusetts: charac- ter of settlement, 23, 85 Mersch, Francis van der: see Van der Mersch, Francis Merseburg, Germany: battle of (933 A. D.), 9> 55, 18, 107 Mersen, Edict of, an edict by Charles the Bald granting every freeman the privilege of choosing his own feudal lord (847 A. D.), 9, 51 Mersen, Treaty of, a treaty between Ludwig the German and Charles the Bald (870 A. D.), 18, 95 Merton, Walter de (d. 1277), English ecclesiastic: founds Merton Col- lege, 11, 142 Merula, Lucius Cornelius (d. 87 B. C.) Roman statesman: chosen con- sul, 3, 222; death, 223 Merv, Siberia: occupied by Russia, 5, 264 Merveldt, General (early 19th cen- tury), Austrian military officer: at the battle of Leipzig, 17, 310 Merwan (d. 750 A. D.), Mohamme- dan caliph: at battle of the Zab, 1, 340 Merwig (6th century A. D.), son of Chilperic, Frankish prince: revolt of, 18, 62 Mery sur Seine: see Chalons Mesa, California: battle of, 22, 300 Mesopotamia, Asia Minor: location of, 1, 63; conquests of Suleiman I in, 14, 158 Messala, Marcus Valerius (1st cen- tury B. C.)f Roman statesman: consul, 4, 25; offers the title of Au- gustus to Octavius, 35 Messalina (d. 48 A. D.), wife of Claudius I: death, 4, 60 Messalina of the North, The: see Catherine II, Empress of Russia Messene (Messana), Sicily: founded as Zaucle, 2, 83; taken by Anaxi- laus, 217; taken by Cathaginians, 413; siege of (289 B. C.) 3, 99J joins Rome and Carthage against Pyrrhus, 3, 79; captured by slaves, 187; siege of (37 B. C), 4, 21 Messenhauser (d. 1848), Austrian in- surgent: death of, 18, 401 Messenia, Peloponnesus, Greece: geography of, 2, 17; mentioned as a Dorian state, 60; first war with Sparta (743-723 B. C), 71; second war with Sparta (ending 645 B. C), 71; third war with Sparta (464- 455 B. C.) 2 37l founded by Epami- nondas (369 B. C), 442; allied to Philip of Macedon, 470; joins the Achaean League, 519 Mestnistchestvo, mediaeval Russian system of precedence: abolished (ca. 1681), 15, 25 Metal Age, 23, 6 Metastasio (Pietro Bonaventura Tra- passe) (1698-1782), Italian poet: sketch of, 4, 338 Metaurus, river of Italy: battle of, 3, 128 Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Baron Metcalfe (1785-1746), English states- man: matriculates at the college of Fort William, 5, 202; sent as envoy to Lahore, 205; his governor-gen- eralship of India, 215; his adminis- tration as governor of Canada, 20, 158, 162 Metellus, Quintius Caecilius, Roman consul, 60 B. C. : at battle of Cy- donia, 3, 260; defeats Catilina, 284 Metellus Creticus, Lucius Caecilius, Roman tribune, 49 B. C. : attempts to protect the state chest, 3, 339 Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus Caeci- lius, Roman consul, 143 B. C. : de- 464. THE HISTORY OF NATIONS feats the Celtiberians, 3, 162; favors reforms, 175; urges the duty of mar- riage, 248 Metellus Nepos, Quintus Caecilius, Roman consul, 57 B. C. : elected trib- une, 3, 286; suspended from office, 287; at the conference of the trium- viate, 315 Metellus Numidicus, Quintus Cae- cilius, Roman consul, 109 B. C: his campaign in Africa, 3, 189 Metellus Pius, Quintus Caecilius, Ro- man consul, 80 B. C: voluntarily exiles himself from Rome, 3, 200; returns to Rome, 201; comes to the aid of Rome against forces of Ma- rius and Cinna, 222; obliged to sub- mit to Cinna, 225; joins Sulla, 225; his campaign in Spain, 8, 21; elected consul, 3, 240; retires to private life, 278 Metenna: see Matgenos Methodius, Saint (d. 885 A. D.), Greek or Slav missionary, called The Apostle to the Slavs: his work among the Bohemians, 18, 99; his mission to the Slavs, 17, 31; hon- ored by the Pope, 32; struggles with the German clergy, 33 Methone, southeastern Europe: tak- en by Philip, 2, 461 Methuen, Treaty of, a treaty between England and Portugal (1703), 8, 525, 11, 454, 20, 106 Metternich, Prince Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von (1 773-1 859), Austrian statesman: summons the Carlsbad Conference, 9, 374; plans restoration of the Bourbons, 10, 498; opposed by Canning, II, 574; influences Alexander of Russia, 15, 264; intrusted with the management of foreign affairs, 17, 302; attempts to negotiate a peace with Napoleon, 307; follows the policy of France, 18, 378; given title of hereditary prince, 17, 310; plans Congress of Vienna, 312; character and aims of, 320; made chancellor of the empire, 323; becomes the enemy of Na- poleon, 18, 383; fears to have Na- poleon completely overthrown, 385; proposes the German Confedera- tion, 392; his influence in Austria, 17, 345, 18, 396; fall of, 17, 361, 18, 398 Metz, Germany: sieges of (1552-1553), 9, 146, 18, 258; (1870), 9, 468, 18, 422 Mexia (19th century), Mexican sol- dier: rebellion of, 22, 274 Mexia, Pedro de (early 17th century), Mexican merchant: career of, 22, 154 Mexican War, The, a war between Mexico and the United States (1846-1848): main treatment, 22, 278, 24, 540; causes, 24, 544; war declared by Congress, 547; sum- mary of, 552; opposed by Lincoln, 666; Lee's service in, 760; Burnside serves in, 769; Bragg a leader in, 773; Meade's service in, 779; Lee's and Grant's services in, 812; Han- cock's service in, 930; battle of Palo Alto (1846), 22, 316, 24, 547; battle of Resaca de la Palma (1846), 22, 316, 24, 547; Taylor crosses the Rio Grande and occupies Matamoras, 24, 548; siege and capitulation of Monterey (1846), 548; battle of Buena Vista (1847), 22, 309, 24, 548; surrender of Vera Cruz (1847), 22, 322, 24, 549; rout of the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo Pass, 22, 326, 24, 550; battle of Churubusco (Cheru- busco) (1847), 22, 349, 24, 550; bat- tle of Contreras (1847), 22, 345, 24, 550; battle of Molino del Rey (1847), 22, 363, 24, 550; storming of Chapultepec (1847), 22, 366, 24, 550; surrender of the City of Mex- ico (1847), 22, 369, 24, 550; treaty concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, 23 > 377, 2 4, 552; political conse- quences of the war, 24, 550 Mexico, a political division of North America: discovery and explora- tion, 22, 3, 23, 38, 43; the arrival of Cortez among the Aztecs, 22, 12; the march on Tenochitlan, 18; the submission of Montezuma, 25; the revolt against the Spaniards, 33; the successes of Cortez, 22, 39, 23, 39; GENERAL INDEX 465 the conquest of the valley, 22, 44; Spanish defeats and disaffections of allies, 50; the capture of the capital, 58; the triumph ofCortez and his last years, 66; Mexican monuments and civilization, 20, 7, 22, 75, 23, 6; condition under the colonial system, 22, 98; sketch of its history, 8, 519; Antonio de Mendoza, first viceroy of New Spain, 22, 106; Velasco and Peralta, 116; the growth of com- merce, 128; the explorations of the Californias, 137; the canal of Hue- huetoca, 145; the rising against Gelves, 153; the Indian rebellions, 161; settlements in Texas, 183; de- velopment of internal resources, 194; the effect of European wars on colonial development, 223; spread of the revolution against foreign domination, 22, 233, 23, 445; the success of the popular cause, 22, 247, 24, 532; struggles of the polit- ical parties, 22, 261; refuses to sell Texas, 24, 532; slavery abolished, 532; outbreak of the war with the United States, 22, 278, 24, 545; oc- cupancy of New Mexico and Cali- fornia, 22, 294, 24, 548; General Scott takes command in Mexico, 22, 301, 24, 549; affairs in the cap- ital, 22, 310; the advance to the cap- ital, 22, 321, 24, 549; the armistice before the capital, 22, 351, 24, 550; the fall of the capital, 22, 359, 24, 550; the Gadsden Treaty, 24, 641; foreign intervention and the empire under Maximilian, 22, 381, 24, 875; the restoration of the Republic, and reconstruction, 22, 398; commerce and industry internal develop- ment, 413; Yucatan, 423; settlement of disputes with the United States, 24, 1055; arbitration treaty with the United States, 1076 Mexico, City of (Tenochitillan), Mex- ico: description of, at the time of Cortez's entry, 22, 25; siege of (1521), 22, 52, 23, 39; rebuilt, 23, 40; insurrection in (1692), 22, 181; beautified, 192; taken by the Amer- icans (1847), 22, 369, 24, 55o; by the French (1863), 22, 387; by Diaz (1867), 398; insurrection in (1871), 402 Mexico, University of, Mexico: con- secrated and opened, 22, 117 Meyer, Bernhard (ca. 1840), Swiss church official: leads the Ultramon- tanists, 13, 547 Meyer, George von Lengerke (1858 ), United States diplomat: aids peace negotiations between Russia and Japan, 7, 319 Meyer, Konrad Ferdinand (b. 1825), Swiss poet and novelist: sketch of, 13, 584 Meyer, Valentine (18th century), Swiss politician: tyranny of, 13, 499 Meza, General de (ca. i860), Danish soldier: in the Slesvig-Holstein War, 16, 274 Mezentsev, General (ca. 1880), Rus- sian military officer: assassination of, 15, 339 Mezieres, France: siege of (1521), 9, 138 Miamun I: see Ramses I Miani, British India: battle of (1843), 5, 219 Miaotzu, The, Chinese tribe: account of, 6, 94; campaigns against, 95; treacherous conduct towards, 96, 125 Micca, Peter (ca. 1700), Italian sol- dier: heroism of, at the siege of Turin, 4, 329 Michael III (ca. 839-867), Emperor of the East, 842-867; sends missiona- ries to Moravia, 17, 31 Michael (VIII) Palaeologus (1234- 1282), Emperor of the East, 1259- 1282: recovers Constantinople, 2, 536 Michael (19th century), Grand Duke of Russia: his campaign against Turkey, 15, 278 Michael Angelo: see Buonarotti Michael of the Peaked Beard (13th century), Greek lord of Khirenkia: account of, 14, 13 466 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Michael Angelo of the Reformation, The: see Luther, Martin Michael Beg (ca. 1420), Turkish com- mander: commands Akindji, 14, 58 Michael Feodorovitch Romanov (ca. 1597-1645), Tsar of Moscow: elect- ed to the throne, 15, 21 Michael Lattach: see Omar Pasha Michael Nikolaivitch (19th century), Grand Duke of Russia: at the battle of Inkerman, 15, 316; sketch of, 352 Michael Obrenovitch, Prince (1825- 1868), prince of Servia: account of, 14, 465 Michael Oglu (ca. 1530), Turkish chief: leads Turkish marauders, 14, 154 Michael Wisniowiecki (1669-1673), King of Poland: reign of, 15, 382 Michaud, Claud Ignace Frangois (1753-1835), French general: his campaigns against the allied forces, 9, 290 Michel Angelo Buonaroti: see Buon- arotti, Michael Angelo Michel de l'Hopital (ca. 1560), French statesman: opposes introduction of the inquisition, 9, 151 Michelbourne, Sir Edward (ca. 1600), English merchant: granted license to trade with India, 5, 159 Michelena, General (ca. i860), South American soldier: deserts Paez, 31, 98 Michelsen, Christian (1857 ), Nor- wegian statesman: the king refuses the resignation of, 16, 286 Michelson, Ivan Ivanovitch (1735- 1807), Russian general: invades Moldavia and Wallachia, 14, 397; saves Ufa, 15, 168; defeats Pugat- chev, 170 Michelsson, Jon (ca. 1520), Scandina- vian nobleman: influences the Swedish peasants, 16, 151 Michigan, a state of the United States, means " the lake country," called the Lake State and the State of Wolverines: relics of the Mound Builders in, 23, 5; part of Massa- chusetts, 317; negro rescues, 24, 616; first republican convention held at Jackson, 644; opposes negro suf- frage, 858; Blaine's campaign speeches (1884), 947; Presidential election of 1892, 992 Michmash, Asia Minor: battle of, 1, 382 Mickiewicz, Adam (18th century), Slavonic poet: praises the Crimea, 15, 183 Middendorf, Alexander Theodore (1815-1894), Russian explorer: ex- plorations of, 16, 317 Middlesex, Lionel Cranfield, Earl of: see Cranfield, Lionel, Earl of Mid- dlesex Middleton, David (ca. 1600), British sea captain: commands voyage to India, 5, 160 Middleton, Sir Henry (1570-1615), English navigator: commands voy- age to India, 5, 159, 160 Middleton, Thomas Fanshaw (1769- 1822), Anglo-Indian prelate: Bishop of Calcutta, 5, 206 Middletown, New Jersey: settled, 23, 108 Midhat Pasha (1822-1884), Turkish politician: his government in Bul- garia, 15, 331; leads party of Young Turkey, 14, 475; secures constitu- tions, 478; fall of, 490 Midsunde, Denmark: siege of (1850), 16, 272 Mieczyslav (Milczyslaw) I, King of Poland, 962-992 A. D.: marries Du- brawka of Bohemia, 17, 63; em- braces Christianity, 15, 372 Mifflin, Pennsylvania: captured by British, 23, 260 Mifflin, Thomas (1744-1800), Amer- ican patriot: plots against Wash- ington, 23, 261 Mignet, Frangois Auguste Marie (1796-1884), French historian: op- poses the decrees of July 25, 1830, 9, 390 Mignon, Le: see Henry III, King of France Migrations: see Invasions, Barbarian Miguel, Dom (1802-1866), son of Joam VI of Portugal: intrigues of, GENERAL INDEX 4,67 8, 5345 regency of, 535; usurps the throne, 21, 168 Miguelde (ca. 1815), South American patriot: death of, 21, 65 Mikawa, Japan: battle of (1335), 7, 88 Mikhailov, T. (ca. 1880), Russian an- archist: execution of, 15, 339 Mikkelsen, Hans (ca. 1520), Danish scholar: publishes a Danish New Testament, 16, 193 Mikkelsen, Niels (ca. 1560), Danish clergyman: persecution of, 16, 197 Milic of Moravia (Milicz of Krem- sier) (d. 1374), a Bohemian preacher: teachings of, 17, 119 Milan, Italy: founded, 3, 58; battle of, 130; captured by the Romans, 109; as a republic, 4, 189; surrend- ers to Frederick Barbarossa, 192; sieges of (1158), 18, 150; (1162), 18, 151, 4, 193; statistical statement of, 4, 207; internal strife (1220), 2U-; (1257), 217; conquered by the French (1499), 291; (1796), 18, 360; the plague of 1576, 4, 311; condition of, at the beginning of the Napo- leonic period, 17, 279; made capital of the Cisalpine republic, 4, 343; uprising in (1848), 17, 367 Milan (IV) Obrenovitch (1854-1901), King of Servia: becomes prince of Servia, 14, 465, 15, 343; declares war on Bulgaria, 494 Milan, St. (St Aemilanus) (d. 484), Christian martyr: sketch of, 8, 59 Milan, Duchy of, Italy: conquered by the French (1796), 9, 136 Milan, Edict of, an edict proclaiming toleration of the Christians, pro- mulgated by Constantine and Licin- ius (313 A. D.), 4, 116, 17, 15 Milan Decree, decree issued by Na- poleon, prohibiting trade with Great Britain (1807), 8, 485, 10, 473, 11, 560, 13, 268, 20, 142, 23, 407 Mildenhall, John (ca. 1600), English diplomat: sent to India as ambassa- dor, 5, 158 Mile Act, an act passed by the Privy Council of Scotland, forbidding ministers to come within twenty miles of their former parishes, or within three miles of any royal burgh (1662), 12, 346 Miles, Nelson Appleton (1839 ), United States Army commander: his campaign in Porto (Puerto) Rico, 8, 520, 22, 462, 24, 1030; his campaign in Cuba, 20, 323; the "embalmed beef" scandal, 24, 1034 Milesians, natives of Spain: settle in Ireland, 12, 24 Milessino, General (18th century), Russian army officer: befriends Araktcheiev, 15, 202 Miletic (19th century), Austrian poli- tician: imprisoned, 17, 420 Miletus, Asia Minor: settled by Greeks under Neleus, 2, 55; pioneer colony in Asia Minor, ,80; attacked by Alyattes, 116; revolts from Per- sia (500 B. C), 134; destruction of, by Persians (494 B. C), 137; joins the Athenians, 212; revolts from Athens, 352; battle of, 354; taken by Alexander, 489 Milhaud (early 19th century), French army officer: at battle of Waterloo, 9, 363 Military Service, Roman: reformed by Servius Tullius, 3, 18 Militia, United States; President's power to call, established, 23, 366 Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873), Eng- lish philosophical writer, logician, and economist: sketch of, n, 613; pleads for the Manchester Martyrs, 12, 235 Mill, Walter (16th century), Scotch ecclesiastic: martyrdom of, 12, 312 Mill Spring, Kentucky: Confederates hold, 24, 742 Mill-boy of the Slashes, The: see Clay, Henry Miller, Samuel Freeman (1816-1890), American jurist: member of the ' Electoral Commission, 24, 913 note Millesimo, Italy: battle of (1796), 9, 298 " Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute," 23, 374 Mills, Roger Quarles (1832 ), 468 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS American Democratic politician: in- troduces tariff revision bill, 24, 964 Mills Bill, The, in United States his- tory, a tariff bill passed by the Democratic House, and rejected by the Republican Senate: in Demo- cratic platform (1888), 24, 966 Milner, Sir Alfred (1854 ), British colonial officer: his negotiations with President Kriiger, 19, 280, 20, 232 Milo (280 B. C.) General of Pyrrhus: arrives in Tarentum, 3, 77 Milo, Titus Annius Papianus (d. 48 B. C.) Roman tribune: candidate for consul (52 B. C), 3, 3*9 Miloradovitch, Count Michael Andrei- vitch (1770-1825), Russian general: at the surrender of Moscow, 15, 231; death of, 272 Milosh Kabilovic (14th century), Ser vian nobleman: slays Murad at Kosovo, 14, 36 Milosh Obrenovich (1780-1860), Ser- vian prince: patriot, 14, 410; ex- pelled from Servia, 443; recalled, 465 Miloslavskis, Russian faction: sketch of, 15, 26, 27 Miltiades, an Athenian general: lived about 500 B. C.J succeeded his uncle, Miltiades, who had made himself despot over the Chersonese in Thrace; was appointed one of the ten generals, who commanded the Athenian army at the battle of Marathon 490 B. C; in which he distinguished himself by gaining a signal victory; was unsuccessful in the attack upon Paros and was fined fifty talents, which he was unable to pay; died about 489 B. C. of a wound inflicted upon him in the siege just named Plans desertion of Darius, 2, 132; sketch of, 158; commands at Mara- thon, 166 Miltitz, Karl von (1781-1845), Ger- man poet and musical composer: his meeting with Luther, 18, 237 Milton, John (1609-1674): writes " Areopagitica," n, 352; publishes his " Paradise Lost," 391 Milutin, Dmitri (19th century), Rus- sian statesman: becomes minister of war, 15, 324 Milvian Bridge, Italy: battle of, 4, 118 Milwaukee, Minnesota: branch of the Whiskey Ring, 24, 894 Mina, Francisco Xavier (1789-1817), Spanish soldier: leader of reform movement in Spain, 8, 493; in Mex- ico, 22, 248; death of, 250 Minamoto, Clan of, Japanese family: rise of, 7, 51 Minamoto-no-Hikaru (9th century A. D.), Japanese prince: conspires against Sugawara-no-Michizane, 7, 47 Minamoto-no-Kugyo (13th century), Japanese prince: kills Minamoto- no-Sanetomo, 7, 69 Minamoto-no-Noriyori (12th cen- tury), Japanese officer: at battle of Seta, 7, 62 Minamoto-no-Sanetomo ( 13th cen- tury), Japanese prince: made sho- gun, 7, 69; killed, 69 Minamoto-no-Tameyoshi ( 12th cen- tury), Japanese prince: supports plans of Emperor Sutoku, 7, 56 Minamoto-no-Tsunemoto (10th cen- tury A. D.), Japanese prince, defeats Minamoto-no-Sumitome, 7, 53 Minamoto-no-Yoriiye (13th century), Japanese military commander, 1200- 1203: made generalissimo, 7, 68 Minamoto-no-Yorimasa (12th cen- tury). Japanese prince: supports ac- cession of Emperor Goshirakawa, 7, 56; plots against the Taira sway, 60 Minamoto-no-Yorinobu (ca. nth cen- tury), Japanese prince: crushes re- bellion of Taira-no-Tadatsune, 7, S3 Minamoto-no-Yoritomo (12th cen- tury), Japanese general and states- man: leads rebellion, 7, 60; influ- ence of, 65 Minamoto-no-Yoriyoshi (ca. nth cen- GENERAL INDEX 469 tury), Japanese military com- mander: crushes insurrection in Mutsu, 7, 54 Minamoto-no-Yoshiiye (ca. nth cen- tury), Japanese prince: crushes re- volt of the Kiyowdra family, 7, 54 Minamoto-no-Yoshinaka (12th cen- tury), Japanese chief: leads rebel- lion, 7, 60; defeats Taira forces, 61; defeated by revolted followers, 62 Minamoto-no-Yoshitomo (12th cen- tury), Japanese prince: supports ac- cession of Emperor Goshirakawa, 7, 56; rebellion of, 57 Minamoto-no-Yoshitsune (12th cen- tury), Japanese general: at battle of Seta, 7, 62; story of, 65 Minamoto-no-Yukiiye (12th century), Japanese prince: attempts to over- throw the Taira family, 7, 60 Minas Geraes, South America: organ- ized, 30, 105; insurrection of (1789), 106; insurrection in (1841), 31, 170; foreign element in, 251 Minas, Marquis das (early 17th cen- tury), Portuguese officer: in war of Spanish Succession, 8, 393 Mincho Chodensu (early 15th cen- tury), Japanese painter: sketch of, 7, 106 Mincio, Italy: battle of the, 4, 329 Mindarus (early 5th century B. C.) Spartan commander: on the Helles- pont, 3, 364; slain, 365 Minden, Prussia: battle of (1759), 9, 245, 11, 501, 18, 339 Minesota Mine, Wisconsin: mem tioned, 23, 6 Ming Dynasty, The, a royal family of China: founded by Hungwu, 6, 27; culture of, 32, 39 Minicki (18th century), Polish pre- tender to the Russian throne: con- spiracy of, 15, III Minin, Kozma (early 17th century), Russian insurgent: directs a popu- lar rising, 15, 20 Ministry of All the Talents, a minis- try in England formed out of vari- ous parties and headed by Lord Grenville (1806): rule of, n, 557 Minneapolis, Minnesota: Republican convention (1892), 34, 989 Minnesota, one of the United States, means " sky-tinted water," called the Gopher State: affected by Mis- souri Compromise, 33, 456; admit- ted, 34, 664; opposes negro suf- frage, 858; in election (1904), 1072 "Minnesota," American frigate: in the battle of Hampton Roads, 24, 755 Minorites, Friars: organized, 11, 132 Minos, legendary ruler: prehistoric king of Crete, 3, 19, 22 Minstrels, wandering poets and ballad singers of the Middle Ages: wel- comed in England, II, 55 Minto, Gilbert John Murray Kynyn- mound Elliot, Earl of (1847 ), English statesman: his governor- generalship of India, 5, 306, 309 Minturnae, Italy: established, 3, 73 Minucius, Marcus (2nd century B. C.) Roman commander: defeats the Scordisci, 3, 192 Minucius, Marcus Rufus (3rd century B. C), Roman general: made co- dictator with Fabius, 3, 120 Minuit, Peter (1580-1641), first Dutch governor of New Netherlands: pur- chases Manhattan Island from In- dians, 23, 102; founds Wilmington, 108 Minutemen, an American colonial or- ganization: organized, 23, 226; at battles of Lexington and Concord, 227 Miquelon, island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: retained by France in Treaty of Paris, 23, 198; history of, 20, 268 Mir Jafar (late 18th century), Indian prince: claims throne of Bengal, 5, 183; dethroned, 186; restored, 187; bequeathes a legacy to Clive, 188 Mir Jumla (late 17th century), Indian general: his campaigns in the north of India, 5, 123 Mir Kasim (late 18th century), Indian commander: made nawab of Ben- gal, 5, 186; deposed, 187 470 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Mir Wais (early 18th century), Afghan leader: founds Afghan king- dom, 5, 348 Mirabeau, Gabriel Honore Riquetti, Count (1749-1791), French orator and revolutionist: elected member of the States-General, 10, 39; at the meeting of the assembly (1789), 9, 263, 10, 52; suggests address to be presented to king, 10, 54; his efforts in favor of the court, 9, 269, 10, 68; sketch of, 10, 84; foretells fate of the king, 98; his greatest speech, 100; his opinion on the renewal of the assembly, 114; attempts to give the revolution stability, 116; upholds the vetoing power of the king, 119; urges admission of ministers to the assembly, 124; opposes fugitive law, 130; death of, 83, 130 Miraflores, Peru, South America: oc- cupied by the Chilians (1881), 21, 238 Miramar, Treaty of, agreement con- cluded between the Emperor of France and Maximilian, Archduke of Austria (1864), 22, 389 Miramon, Miguel (1832-1867), Mexi- can general: heads the clerical party in Mexico, 24, 875; in the Reform War, 22, 383; death of, 397 Miranda, Francisco Antonio Gabriel (1756-1816), Spanish-American rev- olutionist: joins Bolivar, 21, 59; his campaign against the allied powers, 10, 246; death of, 60 Miro (10th century), Count of Barce- lona, 912-928 A. D. : reign of, 8, 224 Miromesnil, Hue of (1 723-1 796), French statesman: made keeper of the seals, 9, 253 Mirovich (d. 1764), Russian officer: plot of, 15, 163 Mirror of Justice, The: see Victoria Misa-Hoehe, Africa: founded, 19, 180 Miskolcz, Austria: battle of (1849), 15, 302 Mission Conception, Texas: battle of (1835), 24, 533 Missionaries in China: first sent to China, 6, 18; success of Ricci, 38; dissensions among, 40, 74; jealousy of, 81; difficulties of, 83, 228; at- tacks on, 145; murdered at Hwa- shan, 263; troubles of, in Shantung province, 297; murdered at Yung Ch'ing Hsin, 300; Boxer atrocities against, 304; befriended by Tuan Fang, 305 Missionary Ridge, Tennessee: Con- federates occupy, 24, 784; Sherman sent to take, 785 Missions: see Religion Mississippi, one of the United States, from the Indian " Miche Sepe," meaning " father of waters," called The Bayou State and The Tadpole State: admitted, 23, 442, 452; slave state, 452; included in land ceded by Georgia, 469; makes judiciary de- partment elective, 480; separated from Georgia, 24, 567; first legal execution, 585; protests against ex- clusion of slavery from territories, 610; senators advocate secession (1850), 611; movement toward in- vasion of Cuba, 643; military appro- priation following John Brown's raid, 676; delegates withdraw from Democratic convention (i860), 679; secession, 668; operations of Civil War in northern part of, 77 y, sur- render of Confederate forces, 814; prohibitions against freedmen, 843; under military rule, 847; readmitted, 848; in Presidential election of 1868, 860; sends "carpet bag" rep- resentatives to Congress, 862; read- mitted to representation, 863; effects of Reconstruction in, 864; end of "carpet-bag" rule in, 873; negro franchise, 873; yellow fever epi- demic, 923 Mississippi River, United States: De Soto crosses, 23, 42; navigation of, disputed, 321; navigation privileges secured, 364, 395; Treaty of Ghent, 429; in campaign against Vicksburg, 24, 775 Mississippi Valley, United States: ex- plored by French, 23, 51; develop- ment of, 442 GENERAL INDEX 471 Mississippi Valley, The Queen of the: see St. Louis Missolonghi, Greece: siege of (1826), 2, 417; death of Byron at, 542; de- fense of, 544 Missouri, one of the United States, means " muddy water," called The Pennsylvania of the West and The Pike State: seeks admission, 23, 442, 453, 24, 568; bill to admit, 23, 453; dispute over constitution, 455; organized as a territory, 24, 568; Blue Lodges organized, 24, 648; in- terferes with elections in Kansas, 648; Presidential election of i860, 683; Confederates attempt to win adhesion of, 721; operations of 1861- 1862, 740; Fremont places under martial law, 741; Liberal Republi- can movement originates in, 890; railroad strikes (1877), 919; Mor- mons migrate to, 982; Presidential election of 1904, 1072 Missouri Compromise, a political agreement regarding the extension of slavery in the United States: ac- count of, 23, 450; adopted, 455; ef- fects on North and South, 456; attempt to repeal it, 24, 631; de- clared unconstitutional by Taney's decision, 660; modified by Kansas- ' Nebraska Act, 660 Mita (Midas) (ca. 700 B. C), King of the Moschi: reign of, I, 142 Mita, The, a system established by Charles V of Spain, by which In- dian laborers were obtained in South America: description of, 21, 44 Mitchell, Sir Andrew (1695-1771), English envoy: at the Prussian court, 15, 146, 148 Mitchell, John (1815-1875), Irish revo- lutionist: leader of Young Ireland Party, 12, 227; sketch of, 229: founds " The United Irishman," 231; later career of, 232 Mithradates I (171-ca. 138 B. C), Parthian king: founds Parthian kingdom, 3, 167 Mithradates, son of Phraates (ca. 55 B. C), Parthian ruler: career of, 3, 322 Mithradates (Mithridates) (VI) Eu- pator (ca. 132-63 B. C), King of Pontus: at war with Rome, 2, 521, 3, 208, 215; sketch of, 213; concludes peace through Sulla, 219; war with Murena, 229; revolts against Rome, 258; rupture with Tigranes, 273; war with Pompeius, 273; death of, 273 Mithrades of Pergamus (ca. 50 B. C), Asiatic soldier: comes to the aid of Caesar, 3, 353; receives kingdom of Bosporus, 354 Mitre, Bartolome (1821-1894), Argen- tine general, statesman, journalist, and author: sketch of, 21, 118; de- feated by Urquiza, 129; appointed generalissimo of the troops of Uru- guay and Argentina, 131; leads in- surrection, 135; revolts against Avellaneda, 256 Mitton, Chapter of, Great Britain: bat- tle of (1319), 12, 282 Mitylene, Island of Lesbos (Mity- lene), Aegean Sea: founded, 2, 53; joins Ionic revolt, 138; besieged by Spartans, 371; revolts from Athens, 291; siege of (428-427 B. C), 292; joins naval league, 429 Miura (19th century), Japanese major general: campaign, 7, 179 Miura Yoshimura (13th century), Jap- anese lord: duplicity of, 7, 71 Miyako (8th century A. D.), Empress- dowager of Japan: her devotion to Buddhism, 7, 32 Miyoshi (19th century), Japanese ma- jor general: his campaign against Saigo, 7, 179 Miyoshi Yasunobu (12th century), Japanese judiciary: made minister of justice, 7, 68 Mizirli Zade Ibrahim (17th century), Turkish commander: made chief naval commander, 14, 258 Mizon, Lieutenant (ca. 1900), French naval officer: his African expedition, 19, 161 Mizra Taki (Amirun Nizam) (early 19th century), Persian commander: 472 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS becomes vizier, 5, 362; sketch of, 363 Moawiyah (d. 680 A. D.), Caliph, 661- 680 A. D.: rebellion of, 1, 246; sketch of, 247; attempts conquest of Africa, 303; plans capture of Con- stantinople, 327 Mobile, Alabama: Confederate strong- hold, 24, 798 Mobile Bay, Gulf of Mexico: Farra- gut's victory in (1864), 24, 798; po- litical effect of victory, 801 Mockern, Germany: battle of (1813), 18, 382 Modena, Italy: internal strife, 4, 211; revolt of (1831), 17, 327; Austrians driven out (1848), 367 Modern Babylon, The: see London, England Modern Charlemagne, The: see Na- poleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Modern Nimrod, The: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Modoc Indians, North America: at war with the United States, 24, 904 Modon, Greece: taken by the Rus- sians (1770), 15, 178 Moersbergen (17th century), Dutch patriot: arrest of, 13, 201 Moesia, province of the Roman Em- pire: occupied by the Ostrogoths, 17, 16; settled by Servians, 22 Moffat, J. Smith (19th century), Eng- lish diplomat: his mission to Mata- beleland, 19, 219 Moffat, Robert (1795-1883), Scottish missionary: effect of his work in Africa, 19, 215 Mogador, Morocco: bombarded (1844), 9, 423 Moggors-dorf, Austria-Hungary: de- struction of (1664), 14, 240 Mogul Dynasty, a ruling dynasty in India: reign of, 5, 109 Moguls, Asiatic tribe: invade India, 5, 97 Mohacs (Mohatz), Hungary: battles of (1521), 17, 168, 169; (1526), 14, 152, 17, 150; (1683), 17, 230; (1687), 1 8, 303 Mohammed (Mahomet) (ca. 570-632), the founder of Islam: sketch of, 5, 88; genealogy of, 1, 205; career of, 206, 5, 321; his successors and the spread of Islam, 1, 242, 2, 533 Mohammed (I) ben Abderalman, Caliph of Cordova, 852-886: reign of, 8, 74 Mohammed II, Caliph of Cordova, 1009: usurps throne, 8, 79, 81 Mohammed (I) ben Alhamar, King of Granada, 1238-1273: accession of, 8, 103; reign of, 104 Mohammed II, King of Granada, 1273-1302: reign of, 8, 109 Mohammed (III) Abu Abdalla, King of Granada, 1302-1309: reign of, 8, no Mohammed (IV) ben Ismail, King of Granada, 1325-1333: reign of, 8, in Mohammed (V) ben Yussef, King of Granada, 1354-1359= reign of, 8, 115; aids Pedro the Cruel, 170 Mohammed (VI) ben Yussef, King of Granada, 1396-1408: reign of, 8, 117 Mohammed (Muley) (VII) ben Yus- sef, surnamed El Hayzari, King of Granada, 1423-1427, 1429-1445: reign of, 118 Mohammed (VIII) el Zaquir (d. 1445), King of Granada: reign of, 8, 118 Mohammed (IX) ben Osmin, King of Granada, 1445: 8, 119 Mohammed (X) ben Ismail (d. 1466), King of Granada: revolt of, 8, 119; accession and reign of, 120 Mohammed (Mahomet) I, Sultan of Turkey, 1413-1421; escapes from Timur to Amassia, 14, 50; contends for sovereignty with brothers, 52; reign of, 54; death of, 57 Mohammed (II) the Conqueror (ca. 1430-1481), Sultan of Turkey, 1451- 1481: reign of, 14, 71; conquests of, *> 537; conquers Constantinople, 18, 220; threatens Italy, 4, 264; his law respecting imperial fratricide, 14, 106: death of, 14, 87, 17, 164 Mohammed III (d. 1603), Sultan of GENERAL INDEX 473 Turkey, I 595-1603: reign of, 14, 204; death of, 209 Mohammed IV (ca. 1641-1691), Sul- tan of Turkey 1648-1687: accession of, 14, 227; attacks Vienna, 18, 303; deposed, 14, 251 Mohammed (early 18th century), a Mogul shah: defeated by the Per- sians, 5, 353 Mohammed (15th century), a Turkish prince, son of Murad: becomes tem- porary sovereign, 14, 64, 68 Mohammed (ca. 8th century), an early Mohammedan leader: receives the homage of the discontented party, 1, 339 Mohammed, Mollah (19th century), a Mohammedan religious fanatic: in- cites insurrection in the Caucasus, 15, 298 Mohammed, Sad (Mirza) Ali: see Sad (Mirza) Ali Mohammed Mohammed Abu Abdalla, surnamed Alnassir, Emir of Cordova, 1199- 1213: reign of, 8, 100; defeated at Tolosa, 148 Mohammed Ali (18th century), Na- bob of Arcot: claims throne of Ar- cot, 5, 180; made nabob (1749), 20, 119 Mohammed Ali (Mehemet Ali) (1769- 1849), Viceroy of Egypt, called The Napoleon of the East: account of, 14, 408; his campaign against the Greeks, 417; assists Turks, 2, 543; aims at Turkish sovereignty, 14, 433; reign of, 19, 267; sketch of, 1, 37 Mohammed Ali (Karl Detroit) (1807- 1865), a Turkish military leader: commands in Bulgaria, 14, 481, 15, 334; at Berlin Congress, 487; re- bels against Turkey, 15, 289; com- pelled to make peace, 293 Mohammed Almoateded (nth cen- tury), King of Seville: reign of, 8, 86 Mohammed Baltadji (early 18th cen- tury), Grand Vizier of Turkey: made vizier, 15, 58; defeats Peter the Great, 16, 221; deposed, 14, 284 Mohammed ben Abdalla (early nth century), King of Carmona: at war with Mohammed ben Ismail ben Abid, 8, 85 Mohammed ben Abdalla, surnamed Almansor (939-1002), Prime Minis- ter of Cordova: regent of Cordova, 8, 78; his campaigns against Leon, 138; his conquests in Portugal, 272 Mohammed ben Abdalla (late 9th cen- tury), a prince of Mohammedan Spain: rebellion of, 8, 75 Mohammed ben Abdalla (d. 1129), a Moorish warrior and prophet: re- bellion of, 8, 92 Mohammed ben Ferag (early 14th century), uncle of Mohammed IV, King of Granada: revolt of, 8, 112 Mohammed ben Gehwar, King of Cor- dova, 1044-1060: reign of, 8, 86 Mohammed ben Hamed (early 16th century), a Mohammedan chief: leads rebellion against Portuguese ruler in Africa, 8, 333 Mohammed ben Humeya (16th cen- tury), proclaimed king of the Mo- riscos, 8, 367 Mohammed ben Ismail ben Abid (early nth century), King of Se- ville: defeats Yahia, 8, 82; assumes the powers of royalty, 85 Mohammed ben Mohammed (16th century), King of West Morocco: reign of, 8, 437 Mohammed Hasan Khan (18th cen- tury), a Persian chief: reign of, 5, 355 Mohammed Khusruf (early 19th cen- tury), a Turkish military leader: driven from Cairo, 1, 37 Mohammed Mirza, Shah of Persia, 1832-1848: defeated by Russians, 5, 359; reign of, 360 Mohammed Nedim (19th century), Grand Vizier of Turkey: reaction- ary ministry of, 14, 473; dismissed, 475 Mohammed of Ghor (early nth cen- tury), an Afghan chief: career of, 5, 94 Mohammed Sughlak, Sultan of India, 1325-1351: reign of, 5, 101 Mohammedan Anglo -Oriental College, Aligarh, India: opened, 5, 256 Mohammedan Law: sources of, 14, 474 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 89; civil equality under, 97; im- proved by Suleiman the Great, 184; see also Government Mohammedan Rebellion, The (1851): account of, 6, 210 Mohammedans, followers of Moham- med: rise of 14, 4; invade Egypt, 1, 6; conquer Egypt (639-641 A. D-). * 355 conquer India, 5, 88; per- secuted under T'ang Dynasty, 6, 15; tolerated by Kublai Khan, 23; establish themselves in Yunnan, 210; attitude of Chinese toward, 228; crusades against, 2, 535; in modern Greece, 548 Mohatz: see Mohacs Mohican Indians, North America: treaty with Plymouth, 23, 92 Mohilev (Mohileff), Russia: battles of (1708), 15, 49; (1812), 10, 485 Moimir I (9th century A. D.), King of Moravia: founds dynasty, 17, 30 Moimir II (ca. 900 A. D.), King of Moravia: reign of, 17, 36 Moira, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Earl of: see Hastings, Francis Raw- don-Hastings, Marquis of Mokawkas (ca. 640 A. D.), Egyptian ruler: pays tribute to the Saracens, It 293 Moldavia, eastern Europe: revolts un- der Murad III, 14, 204; seeks peace with Turkey, 208; relation to Tur- key, 365; occupied by the Dacians, 17, 11; invaded by the Slavs, 19 Mole, Edward (16th century), French statesman: advises refusal of the claims of Philip II of Spain to the throne of France, 9, 168 Mole, Louis Matthieu, Count (1781- 1855), French politician: made min- ister for foreign affairs, 9, 396; min- istry of, 410; attempts to form a ministry, 432 Molino del Rey, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 363, 24, 550 Mollendo, Peru: blockaded (1879), 31, 235 Mollendorf, Richard Johann Heinrich von (1724-1816), Prussian field mar- shal: in Poland, 15, 189 Molleville, Bertrand de (1744-1818), French statesman: chief tool of the court, 10, 160 Mollie Maguires, The, a secret society among the mining laborers of Pennsylvania: sketch of, 24, 918 Mollwitz (Molwitz), Silesia: battle of (1741), 9, 237, 18, 329 Molokani, Russian sect: description of, 15, 34 Moltke, Count Helmuth Karl Bern- hard von, a noted Prussian general: born in Mecklenburg, 1800; was ap- pointed major-general, 1856, and lieutenant-general, 1859; was chief of the royal staff and originated the plan of campaign, which culminated in the victory of Sadowa, 1866; commanded the armies in France, 1870, and won many victories; be- came count, 1870; was appointed chief marshal of the German Em- pire, 1871; received the order of St. George from the Czar; died April 24, 1 89 1 In the Sleswig-Holstein War, 16, 271; at the battle of Sadowa (1866), J 7, 392; prepares for war with France, 18, 417, 420; in the Franco- Prussian War, 9, 463, 18, 423; quoted, 14, 421, 427, 480 Molucca Islands, Malay Archipelago: conquered by the Dutch (1607), 20, 57; annexed to British empire (1810), 5, 205 Molvitz or Molwitz: see Mollwitz Molyneux, William (1656-1698), an Irish philosopher: leader of Parlia- mentary struggles, 12, 170 Mombasa, Africa: improved by Eng- lish, 19, 186 Momemphis, Egypt: battle of, 1, 32 Mommu, Emperor of Japan, 697-708: accession of, 7, 30 Monagas, Gregorio (1795-1858), Vene- zuelan soldier and politician: made president of Venezuela, 21, 96 Monagas, J. R. (d. 1868), Venezuelan politician: made president of Vene- zuela, 21, 103 Monagas, Tadeo (1784-1868), Vene- zuelan general and politician: made president of Venezuela, 21, 95 GENERAL INDEX 475 Monarch, The Merry: see Charles II, King of England Monarch, The Uncrowned: see O'Con- nell, Daniel Monarque, Le Grand: see Louis XIV, King of France Monastaries in England: suppression of, II, 255 Moncada, Spain: siege of (1234), 8, 241 Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de (1754-1842), French officer: made marshal of the empire, 9, 322; made member of Louis XVIII's council, 355 Monck, Viscount (late 19th century), English statesman: governor-gen- eral of Canada, 1861-1867, 20, 161 Monckton, Robert (1 726-1 782), Eng- lish officer: victories over the French (1755), 23, 180; takes Mar- tinique, 20, 118 Monclova, Conde de (late 17th cen- tury), Spanish statesman: made viceroy of New Spain, 22, 179 Moncon, Treaty of, an agreement be- tween France and Spain by which the Valtelline was restored to the Grisons (1625), 9, 183 Moncontour, France: battle of (1570), 9, 156 Mondejar, Marquis of (late 15th cen- tury), Spanish statesman: presents petition of Moriscos to Philip II, 8, 366 Mondovi, Italy: battle of (1796), 9, 298 Mondragon, Christopher (late 16th century), Spanish officer: at the siege of Middleburg, 13, 116 Money: see Coins and Coinage Money, J. W. B. (early 19th century), English geographer: influences thought concerning the Dutch East Indies, 20, 290 Mongolian Bonaparte, The: see Timur the Lame Mongols, Asiatic race: main treat- ment of, 6, 17; wrest territory from Turks, 14, 10; defeated by Ertog- hrul in attack on Alaeddin, 10; de- feated by Orkhan, 17; invade Hun- gary, 17, 57; invade Moravia, 70; see also Tatars "Monitor," American war-ship: de- scribed, 34, 755; naval duel with " Merrimac," 756 Monk (Monck), George, Duke of Albemarle (1608-1670), English general: his campaign in Scotland, iz> 343; in the war with the Dutch, 13, 230, 234; forces the dissolution of the Long Parliament, 11, 374; re- stores Charles II of England, 12, 344 Monk of Eisleben, The: see Luther, Martin Monk of Wittenberg, The: see Luther, Martin Monmouth, New Jersey: battle of (1778), 23, 263 Monmouth, James Fitzroy, Duke of (1649-1685), pretender to the Eng- lish throne: his campaign against the Scots, 11, 409, 12, 348; impli- cated in the Rye House Plot, 11, 414; exiled to Holland, 415; rebellion of, 11, 422, 12, 350 Monocacy, Maryland: battle of (1864), 24, 792 Monomotapa, Treaty of, agreement concluded between Portugal and the African state of Monomotapa (1630), 19, 24 Monongahela River, United States: bounds French claims, 23, 168 Mononobe-no-Moriya (6th century A. D.), Japanese statesman: feud with Soga-no-Umako, 7, 19 Mononobe-no-Okoshi (6th century A. D.), Japanese statesman: opposes the acceptance of Buddhism, 7, 15 Monro, General (17th century), Irish officer: leader of the Irish Protes- tants, 12, 118 Monroe, James, an American states- man and the fifth President of the United States: born in Virginia, April 28, 1758; was educated at Wil- liam and Mary College; entered the army as a cadet and finally became aide-de-camp to Lord Sterling; served in Revolutionary War; elected a member of the Assembly 476 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS of Virginia, 1782, and of the Gen- eral Congress, 1783; was elected Senator of the United States from Virginia, 1790; was sent to France as minister-plenipotentiary, 1794; was Governor of Virginia, 1799- 1802; went to France as envoy-ex- traordinary, 1802, to help negotiate for the purchase of Louisiana; was elected Governor of Virginia, 181 1, and was Secretary of State, 181 1- 1817; and Secretary of War, 1814- 1815; became President of the United States, 1816, and was re- elected, 1820; was the author of the famous Monroe Doctrine; retired, 1825, to Oak Hill, Virginia; was chosen president of the convention to revise the Constitution of Vir- ginia; died in New York, July 4, 1831 Graduates from College of Wil- liam and Mary, 23, 142; member of Virginia ratification committee, 336; recalled from France, 373; ap- pointed to act in Louisiana Pur- chase, 396; envoy to Great Britain, 409; candidate for Presidency, 413; nominated for President, 434; sketch of, 434; veto on Cumberland Road, 441; advocates protective tar- iff, 456; sentiment prevents unan- imous reelection, 459; views on in- ternal improvements, 488 Monroe Doctrine, a declaration made by President Monroe to the effect that " the American continents . . . are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for coloniza- tion by any European power " (1823): compared with Washington's Farewell Address, 23, 369; account of, 448; status of, 448; French occu- pation of Mexico, 24, 876, 877; the Venezuelan affair, 1000; in Republi- can platform (1904), 1063; Roose- velt's conception of, 1067, 1073, 1077 Mons, Belgium: siege of (1572), 13, 113; battle of (1678), 241; siege of (1691), 245; battle of (1793), 10, 276 Monscato, Portugal: battle of, 8, 393 Mons-en-Puelle, Belgium: battle of (1304), 9, 187 Monserrat, one of the Antilles: dis- covered, 31, 9 Monserrat, Joaquim de, Marques de Cruillas (18th century), Spanish statesman, viceroy of New Spain, 1760-1766: his administration, 22, 200 Monsieur, Peace of, agreement con- cluded between the French govern- ment and the Protestant reformers (1576), 9, 159 Monsieur Veto: see Louis XVI, King of France Monstrelet, Enguerrand de (1590- I 453), French chronicler: sketch of, 13, 62 Mont Lugon, Treaty of, a treaty be- tween the Consulate and the leaders of the insurrection (1800), 10, 441 Mont Pelee, Martinique, West Indies: eruption of (1902), 20, 271 Montagu, Sir Edward, Earl of Man- chester (Lord Kimbolton and Viscount Mandeville) (1602-1671), English general and statesman: im- peached, 11, 343 Montague, Charles, Earl of Halifax (1661-1715), English statesman: Chancellor of the Exchequer, 11, 441; restores the currency, 444; re- signs his office, 447; impeached, 450 Montague, John Nevill, Marquis of: see Nevill, John, Marquis of Mon- tague and Earl of Northumberland Montague, Richard (early 17th cen- tury), English clergyman: im- peached, 11, 326 Montague, Thomas de: see Salisbury, Earl of Montalembert, Charles Forbes, Count (1810-1870), French author: opposes the September Laws, 9, 408 Montalivet, Camille de, Comte (1801- 1880), French statesman: becomes minister of the interior, 9, 401; made minister of the interior in Mole's cabinet, 412 Montalvan, Spain: captured by Pedro II of Aragon, 8, 237 Montana, one of the United States, GENERAL INDEX 477 means "Mountainous": affected by- Missouri Compromise, 23, 456; part of Northwest Territory, 24, 631; discovery of gold, 901; admitted to the Union, 985; Presidential election of 1900, 1040 Montanez, Juan de Ortega (late 17th century), Bishop of Michoacan: made viceroy of Mexico, 22, 183; made viceroy a second time, 185 Montauban, France: siege of (1621), 9, 181 Montauban, Count of Palikao (late 19th century), French general: his expedition to China, 9, 451; minis- try of, 464 Montauk, Long Island, New York: recuperation camp for soldiers es- tablished, 24, 1030 Montayno, Jose (early 19th century), Mexican insurgent: leads revolt, 22, 266 Montcalm, Gozon de Saint-Veran Louis Joseph, Marquis de (1712- I 759) French officer: commander- in-chief of French forces in Amer- ica, 11, 500, 23, 184; captures Fort William Henry (1757), 23, 186; at the battle of Quebec (1759), 20, 118, 23, 193; death of, 11, 500, 23, . 197 Monte Caseros, Argentine Republic, South America: battle of (1852), 21, 127 Monte Rotondo, Italy: battle of (1867), 4, 392 Monteagudo, Don Pedro Sanchez de (13th century), Spanish statesman: regent of Navarre, 8, 207 Montebello, Italy: battles of (1800), 9, 316, 10, 439; (1859), 4, 373, 9, 450 Montecuccoli (Montecuculi), Count Raimondo, Duke of Melfi (1608- 1680), Austrian general: account of 14, 237; campaigns of, 18, 301; his campaign against the Turks, 17, 228; at battle of Saint-Gothard, 9, 208; his campaign against the French, 211 Monteil, Colonel (late 19th century), French officer: his campaign in Africa, 19, 151 Monteil Terrier (late 18th century), French statesman: made minister of the interior, 10, 176 Montejo, Francisco (early 16th cen- tury), Spanish voyager: his con- quest of Yucatan, 22, 424 Montemart, Duke of (early 19th cen- tury), French statesman: ordered to form a ministry, 9, 391 Montenegro, Balkan Peninsula: trou- bles in, 14, 448; declares war against Turkey (1876), 17, 419 Montenegro (late 16th century), Span- ish soldier: defends Amiens, 13, 164 Montenotte, Italy: battle of (1796), 9, 298, 17, 282 Montereau, France: battle of (1814), 9, 346, 10, 491, 18, 387 Monterey, California: a constitutional convention meets at, 24, 598 Monterey, Mexico: founded, 22, 142; siege of (1846), 22, 291, 24, 548 Monterroso, Spain: battle of (982 A. D.), 8, 137 Montes, Jose Miguel Garcia (living), Cuban statesman: chosen Secretary of the Treasury, 22, 468 Montes, Ysmael (living), Bolivian statesman: president of Bolivia (1904 ), 21, 243 Montesquien, Charles de Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de (1689-1755), French author and statesman: sketch of, 10, 13; his writings a source of United States Constitu- tion, 23, 330 Montesquion, Abbe de (early 19th century), French statesman: mem- ber of provisional government, 9, 349; made minister of the interior, 356 Montesquion, Marshal of (early 18th century), governor of Brittany: his government of Brittany, 9, 230 Monteverde, Juan Domingo (1772(F)- 1823), Spanish general: reconquers Venezuela for Spain, 21, 60 Montevideo, Uruguay, South Amer- ica: blockaded by an English squad- ron (1804-1807), 21, 57; taken by the revolutionists (1814), 64; an- nexed to Brazil, 120; description of, 478 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 137; blockaded by the English and French fleets (1842), 139; progress of, 145 Montezuma II (1477-1520), Emperor of Mexico, 1502-1520: communicates with Cortez, 22, 16; meets Cortez, 22; submission of, 22, 25, 23, 39; death of, 22, 38 Montezuma, Jose Sarmiento y Valla- dares, Conde de (late 17th century), viceroy of Mexico: made viceroy, 22, 184 Montfort, John de (John IV) (1293- 1345), Duke of Brittany, 1341- 1345: at war with Charles of Blois, 9, 93 Montfort, John de (John V), Duke of Brittany, 1364-1399: plans assassina- tion of Clisson (1392), 9, 108 Montfort, Simon, Count de (d. 1218), French soldier, called the French Maccabaeus: his crusade against the Albigenses, 8, 238, 9, 78 Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester (1208-1265), English soldier and statesman: his early career, 11, 134; joins baronial party against the king, 136; surrenders his castles, 138; takes arms against king, 139; made elector, 140; defeated at Eve- sham, 141 Montgomery, Alabama: first Confed- erate congress meets at, 24, 692; capital of Confederacy, 693 Montgomery, Gabriel (ca. 1530-1574) French commander: death of, 9 159 Montgomery, Richard (1736-177S) Irish-American soldier, called Th Wolf of America: captures Mon- treal, 23, 234; death of, 235 Montgomery, Sir Robert (1 809-1 887), British administrator in India: sketch of, 5, 222 Monti, Vincenzo (1754-1828), Italian poet: sketch of, 4, 409 Monticello, Virginia: home of Jeffer- son, 23, 384 Montiel, Spain: battle of (1369), 9, 104 Montigny, Florence de Montmorency Baron de (16th century), Flemish nobleman: ambassador to Spain, 13, 90 Montlhery, France: battle of (1465), 9, 122 Montlosier (early 19th century), French statesman: opposes the Jesuits, 9, 384 Montluc, Blaise de Laiseran-Massen- come, Seigneur de (1501-1577), French marshal: at siege of Sienna, 9, 147 Montmartre, France: storming of (1814), is, 262 Montmedy, France: camp established at, by General Bouille, for the re- ception of the king, 10, 137 Montmirail, France: battle of (1814), 9, 346, 15, 261 Montmirail, Peace of, a treaty which ended the contest over the dowry of the infant daughter of Louis VII of France on her marriage to the son of Henry II of England (1169), 9, 74 Montmorency, Anne, Due de (1493- 1567), French soldier, called The Fabius of France: saves Mezieres, 9, 138; influence of, over Henry II of France, 145; plots against the Guises, 149; plots a massacre of the Protestants, 9, 154 Montmorency, Henry II, Duke of (1595-1632), French soldier: re- bellion and death of, 9, 188 Montmorency, Viscount Matthieu de (1766-1821), French statesman: made minister for foreign affairs, 9, 378; at the Congress of Verona, 379 Montmorin, Armand Marc, Comte de (1745-1792), French statesman: commissioned by the assembly to inform the European powers of its pacific intentions, 10, 137 Montojo, Admiral (late 19th century), Spanish naval officer: at battle of Manilla Bay, 8, 520, 24, 1028 Montoku, Emperor of Japan, 9th cen- tury A. D. : birth of, 7, 45 Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise d' Orleans, Duchesse de (1627-1693), French partisan: aids Conde, 9, 204 Montpensier, Antoine Marie Philippe GENERAL INDEX 479 Louis d'Orleans, Due de (1824- 1890), French soldier: marries Louisa of Spain, 8, 501 Montpensier, Gilbert de (late 15th century), French soldier: made vice- roy of Italy, 9, 131 Montreal, Canada: attempt to settle, 23, 46; founded, 20, 82; taken by the English (1760), 118; made seat of Canadian government, 158; plan to attack, 23, 158; failure of attack on (1690), 159; in French claims, 168; surrenders to English (1760), 197; captured by General Montgomery (1775), 234 Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of (1612-1650), Scottish general: re- bellion of, II, 352, 12, 337 ; death of, 12, 342 Monts, Pierre de, French Huguenot explorer: receives grant of Acadia, 20, 83, 23, 49 Montsabert (late 18th century), French jurist: arrest of, 9, 259 Montt, Jorje (late 19th century), Chil- ian statesman: chosen president of Chili, 21, 239; administration of, 240 Montt, Manuel (early 19th century), Chilian statesman: administration of, as president, 21, 218 Monzon, Spain: siege of (1089), 8, 232 Mookerheyde, Holland: battle of (1574), 13, 117 Moore, Sir Garrett (early 17th cen- tury), English diplomat: his mission to Hugh O'Neill, 12, 106 Moore, Sir John (1761-1809), British general: aids Sweden, 16, 251; his campaign in the Spanish peninsula, 8, 486, 529, 9, 334, 11, 563 Moore, Thomas (1779-1852), Irish poet: effect of his writings on Cath- olic emancipation, 12, 222 Moore's Creek, North Carolina: bat- tle of (1776), 23, 236 Mopsuestia, Asia Minor: siege of, 1, 368 Moquya, Valley of, Chili: occupied by the Chilians (1880), 21, 236 Mora, Mexico: massacre of (1847), 22, 305 Mora y Villamil, General (early 19th century), Mexican officer: concludes an armistice with General Scott, 22, 352 Moraes Barros, Prudente de (late 19th century), Brazilian statesman, pres- ident of Brazil, 1894-1898: election, 21, 254 Morales (living), president of the Do- minican republic: seeks aid from the United States, 22, 504 Morales, Agustin (late 19th century), South American statesman: presi- dent of Bolivia (1871-1873), 21, 190 Morat Murten, Switzerland: battles of (1476), 9, 124, 13, 47, 408, 18, 218; (1802), 13, 518; insurrection in (1830), 535 Morat, Peace of, agreement by which Rudolf III of Hapsburg acquired the domains of the Kiburgs (1267), 13, 361 Morava, river of Austria: battle of, 17. 73 Moravia, south-eastern Europe: relics of the stone age found in, 17, 10; occupied by the Marcomanni, 13; the Slav apostles, 29; invaded by the Magyars, 34; conquered by the Magyars, 42; part of, conquered by Hungary, 47; invaded by the Mon- gols, 70; joined to duchy of Austria, 106; invaded by the king of Poland, 142; united to Hungary (1475), 163; under the Counter-Reformation, 17. 209; citizens of, as American colo- nists, 23, 127; in the struggle against the French Revolution, 17, 286; under the dual system of gov- ernment, 404 Moravian Brothers, religious sect in Moravia in the 15th century: rise of, 17, 145 Moray, Randolf, Earl of (d. 1332), Scotch nobleman: created earl, 12, 282; made regent of Scotland, 285 Morbegno, Switzerland: battle of (1635), 9, 191 Mordaunt, Charles, Earl of Peter- borough (1658-1735), an English general and admiral: his campaign in Spain, 8, 394, 9, 222, 13, 250 More, James (early 18th century), 480 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS English soldier in the American colonies: repels Tuscaroras, 23, 74 More, Sir Thomas (1480-1535), Eng- lish scholar and statesman: his ' Utopia," II, 239; knighted and made a Privy Councilor, 240; speaker of Parliament, 241; Renais- sance and, 243; sketch of, 249; im- prisoned, 254; death of, 255 Morea, The, Greece: lost by Venice, 14, 286; in Peace of Passarowitz, 291; recovered by Turkey, 2, 536, 14, 344; revolts from Turks, 2, 542; evacuated by Turks, 545 Moreau, Jean Victor (1761-1813), French soldier: his campaign against the allied forces, 9, 289, 18, 3S9> 364; his campaign against the Austrians, 9, 299; appointed by Bon- aparte to command the army of the Rhine, 10, 438; his campaigns under the consulate, 9, 316; his cam- paign in western Germany, 17, 285; plots against Napoleon's life, 9, 321 Morell, P. Gall (late 19th century), Swiss chaplain: sketch of, 13, 584 Morelos y Pavon, Jose Maria (1765- 1815), Mexican patriot: in Hidalgo's rebellion, 22, 241; sketch of, 242; death of, 246 Moreno, Gabriel Garcia (1821-1875), Ecuadorian politician: made presi- dent of Ecuador, 21, 111; sketch of, in; second administration of, 116; death of, 116, 244 Moret (living), Spanish statesman: forms cabinet, 8, 522 Moret Law, abolished slavery in Cuba for all negroes born after 1868 (1870), 20, 327 Morey Letter, The, a forged letter purporting to have been written by General Garfield advocating Chinese immigration (1876), 24, 931 Morgan, Daniel (1736-1802), Ameri- can soldier: estimate of, 23, 234; in the Southern campaign, 279; at bat- tle of Cowpens, 281; at battle of Guilford Court House, 281 Morgan, Sir Henry (ca. 1637-1690), Welsh buccaneer: captures Porto Bello and Panama, 20, 69 Morgan, Sir Thomas (d. ca. 1679), English soldier: his campaign in the Highlands, 12, 344 Morgan, William (ca. 1775-1826), American mechanic: and Masonic order, 23, 498 Morgarten, mountain in Switzerland: battle of (1315), called The Mara- thon of Switzerland, 13, 364, 18, 187; battle of (1798), 13, 514 Morgen, Kurt Ernst (1858 ), Ger- man explorer: his expedition in Africa, 19, 178 Mori Motonari (16th century), Japa- nese financier: provides coronation expenses for Emperor Ogimachi, 7, 100 Mori Terumoto (late 16th century), Japanese statesman: member of council of state, 7, 114; at battle of Sekizahara, 123 Mori Yoshichika, Lord of Choshu (19th century), Japanese baron: at- tempts to restore tranquillity to Japan, 7, 161; expelled from Kyoto, 163 Moriale Monreal, Fra (d. 1354), Ital- ian freebooter: leader of band of robbers, 4, 252 Morier (early 19th century), English statesman: negotiates Treaty of Teheran, 5, 360 Morillo, Pablo (1777-1838), Spanish general: captures Cartagena, 21, 64; recalled from South America, 72; quiets disturbances at Madrid, 8, 495 Morinaga, Prince (early 14th century), son of Japanese Emperor Godaigo: made abbot of Emyaku-ji, 7, 84; his campaigns against the Hojo, 85; fate of, 87 Morifiigo (living), Paraguayan states- man: president of Paraguay, 21, 260 Moriscos, Moors Christianized by force: revolt of (1567), 8, 366; ex- pelled from Spain (1611), 20, 104 Moritz, Landgraf of Hesse (late 16th century), German evangelical prince: Charles IX's relations with, 16, 172 Moritzburg, Saxony, palace built by GENERAL INDEX 481 Frederick Augustus, Elector of Sax- ony: erection of, 18, 306 Morley Act, an act which gave greater advantages in applying the Balfour act of 1891 (1896), 12, 242 note Mormons, a religious sect founded by Joseph Smith: account of, 24, 981 Mormont, France: battle of (1814), 9, 346 Morner, Baron Karl Otto (early 19th century), Scandinavian diplomat: mission of, 16, 253 Morning Star of Reformation, The: see Wycliffe, John Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, Duke of (1811-1865), French politi- cian: assists schemes of Napoleon III, 9, 442 Morocco, Africa: siege of, 8, 97; French claims in, 19, 246; immunity purchased from, 23, 394 Morosini, Francesco (1618-1694), Ve- netian general: his campaign against the Turks, 4, 325, 14, 243; conquests in the Morea, 14, 251, 256; death of, 285 Moroto (early 19th century), Spanish soldier: leader of Carlists, 8, 498 Morris, Gouverneur (1752-1816) American statesman: graduates from King's College, 23, 140; in Constitutional Convention, 324; pre- pares final draft of Constitution, 334; plans a decimal system of cur- rency, 353 Morris, Sir John Henry (1828 ), English statesman: sketch of, 5, 252 Morris, Judah (early 18th century), Hebrew scholar in America: profes- sor of Hebrew at Harvard, I, 425 Morris, Lewis (1726-1798), American patriot and signer of the Declara- tion of Independence: buys books in London, 23, 144 Morris, Robert, an American financier and statesman, a signer of the Dec- laration of Independence: born in England, January 20, 1734; went to America and engaged in the mer- cantile business; was a delegate to Congress, 1775, and signed the Dec- laration of Independence; became superintendent of finance, 1781, and was of inestimable service to the patriots; staked his private fortune as security for supplies; established the Bank of North America, 1781; resigned his position, 1784; was a member of the Convention, which framed the Constitution of the United States, 1787; was elected a Senator of the United States, 1788; was imprisoned for debt; died in Philadelphia, 1806 Made Superintendent of Finance, 23, 293; career of, 313; in Constitu- tional Convention, 324; in first Con- gress, 342; offered office of Secre- tary of the Treasury, 344 Morris Island, South Carolina: bat- tery fires on " Star of the West," 24, 704 Morrison, George Ernest (1862 ), English newspaper correspondent: on substance of Chino-Japan treaty, 6, 316 Morrison's Brigade, Union company in the Civil War: at siege of Fort Donelson, 24, 744 Morristown, New Jersey: Washing- ton establishes winter-quarters at, 23, 250 Mortara, Italy: battle of, 4, 174 Mortensen, Klaus (16th century), Danish cooper: preaching of, 16, 193 Mortier, fidouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph (1768-1835), French mar- shal: made marshal of the empire, 9, 322; his campaign in Hanover, 18, 366; in the retreat from Mos- cow, 15, 240 Mortier, fidouard Adolphe Casimir Jo- seph: see Trevisa, Duke of Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March (ca. 1390-1424), English prince: heir to English throne, 11, 187; un- der custody, 191; Henry V releases, 196; conspires for throne, 197 Mortimer, Roger, first Earl of March (1287-1330), English politician: con- spires against Edward II of Eng- land, 11, 154; rules England, 156; executed, 156 Mortimer, Roger, Earl of March (d. 482 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 1387), English statesman: chosen as heir of Richard II, 11, 187; his ca- reer in Ireland, 12, 68 Mortimer's Cross, England: battle of (1461), 11, 212 Mortmain, Statute of, in English his- tory, a statute forbidding the gift of land to the clergy: enacted (1279), 11, 145; reenacted (1391), 183 Morton, James Douglas, Earl of (1530-1581), regent of Scotland: concerned in murder of Rizzio, 12, 316; sponsor for James VI of Scot- land, 318; made regent, 323 Morton, J. Sterling (1832-1902), American statesman: Secretary of Agriculture, 24, 993 note Morton, Levi Parsons (1824 ), American banker and politician: nominated Vice-President, 24, 965 Morton, Oliver Perry (1823-1877), American senator: war governor of Indiana, 24, 818; candidate for President (1876), 907; member of the Electoral Commission, 913 note; chairman of Chinese immigration committee, 921 Morton, Thomas (1590-1645), English colonist in America: names Merry- mount, 23, 85 Morutzi, Prince (ca. 1800), governor of Wallachia: deposed as hospodar, 14, 396 Moscow, Russia, called the Martyr City, the City of Forty Times Forty Churches, the Jerusalem of Russia, and the Holy Mother of the Rus- sians: captured by Jenghiz Khan, 6, 18; burned by the Khan of the Cri- mea (1571), 14, 194; growth of, 15, 12; becomes the center of the Greek Church, 14; patriarchate of, estab- lished, 19; metropolitan appointed for, 73; the court of Peter II at, 96; Napoleon's expedition against, *7> 35.' Russians abandon, 15, 228; taking of, 10, 485; Napoleon in, 18, 380; burning of, 15, 233; strife in (1906), 366 Moscow, University of: founded (1755), 15, 149 Moseilama (7th century A. D.), Ara- bian chief: teachings of, 1, 255 Moses (ca. 1280 B. C), lawgiver and organizer of Israelitish nation: ca- reer of, 1, 374 Moses ben Maimon: see Maimonides Moslemah (d. ca. 740 A. D.), Saracen general: besieges Constantinople, 1, 330 Mosquera, Tomas Cipriano (1798- 1878), Colombian general and poli- tician: elected president of Colom- bia (1830), 21, 83; (1864), 89; op- poses the conservatives, 86; leads civil war, 87; wins the battle of Cuaspud, 88; exiled from Colombia, 90; attempts to reorganize the old Republic of Colombia, 112 Moss, Convention of (1814), 16, 261 Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire: see Order of the Indian Empire, Most Eminent Mother City: see Kiev Mother of God: see Theot, Catherine Mother of her Country, The: see Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Em- press Mother of States, The: see Virginia Mother of the Russians, Holy: see Moscow Mo-tien-ling, Chinese Empire: battles of (1894), 7, 269; (1904), 7, 3io, 15, 361 Motley, John Lothrop (1814-1877), American historian: recalled as min- ister to England, 24, 881 Moukden, Manchuria: capital removed from, 6, 54; Russia proposes politi- cal resident in, 311; battle of, 314 Moulier (17th century), French am- bassador: ambassador to Switzer- land, 13, 477 Moulins, Auguste (1752-1810), French soldier: made member of the direc- tory, 9, 309, 10, 405 Moulins, Edicts of, edicts issued by a French assembly summoned by Charles IX at Moulins (1564), 9, 155 Moultrie, Fort, Sullivan's Island, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina: attacked by English, 23, 236 GENERAL INDEX 483 Mound Builders, prehistoric race which inhabited North America, 23, 5 Mounier, Jean Joseph (1758-1806), French politician: elected member of the States-General, 10, 39; pleads for Necker, 58; joins Necker's party, 80; desires the creation of a Senate, 87; deserts the assembly, 101 Mount Badon, England: battle of (ca. 490), 11, 18 Mount Garganus, Italy: battle of, 3, 262 Mount Kasagi, Japan: siege of (1331), 7, 84 Mount Kongo, Japan: siege of (1333), 7, 86 Mount Ohud, Asia Minor: battle of (625 A. D.), 1, 227 Mount Teneriffe, Canary Islands: eruption of, frightens Columbus's crew, 23, 30 Mount Thabor, Asia Minor: battle of (1799), 14, 382 Mount Tsukula Insurrection (1864), 7, 164 Mount Vernon, Virginia: commerce commission meets at, 23, 321; home of Washington, 340; Washington retires to, 368; Confederates seize arsenal, 24, 691 Mountain, The, a name given the Jac- obins in the National Convention in France: sketch of, 10, 216; de- mands the trial of Louis XVI, 226; decrees the constitution of 1793, 271; its success against the insur- rectionary towns and departments, 274; its measures against Robe- spierre, 311; seventy-six of its mem- bers put to death or arrested, 339 Mountain Brutus, The: see Tell, Wil- liam Mountain State, The Green: see Ver- mont Mount joy, Charles Blount, Lord: (1563-1606), favorite of Queen Elizabeth: his campaign in Ireland, 11, 303; made governor of Ireland, 12, 100 Mouscron, Belgium: battle of (1794) 9, 289 Mowbray, Thomas, Earl of Notting- ham and Duke of Norfolk (1366- 1399), English peer: takes up arms against Richard II, 11, 181; created Duke of Norfolk, 185; banished, 185 Mowbray, Thomas, Earl of Notting- ham (1386-1405), English officer: leader of insurrection, II, 194 Mowbray's Rebellion: see Robert of Mowbray " Mowe," German gun-boat: visits King Bell, 19, in Moya, Marchioness de (late 15th cen- tury), Spanish lady of the court: aids Columbus, 23, 29 Mozambique: founded, 19, 21; siege of (1698), 39 Mozambique Company, Portuguese company formed for African ex- plorations (1888): sketch of, 19, 226 Mozarabes, Christians who conformed externally to practice of Moham- medanism: meaning of term, 1, 323 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756- 1791), German musician: sketch of, 17, 261 Mozhaisk, Russia: battle of (1812), 15, 227 Mstislavski, Prince Feodor (late 16th century), Russian statesman: his struggle for supremacy, 15, 18 Mu Wang, Emperor of China, ca. 1000 B. C. : his prominence in Chow Dynasty, 6, 8 Muavia, Mohammedan kalif, ca. 661 A. D.: reign of, 5, 326 Mubarik, King of Delhi (14th cen- tury) : reign of, 5, 101 Mucianus, Licinius, Roman statesman, consul, 53 B. C. : proconsul of Syria, 4, 72 Mucianus, Publius Crassus (2nd cen- tury B. C), Roman general and statesman, Roman consul, 131 B. C. : favors reform, 3, 175 Mudki, British India: battle of (1846), 5, 221 Mugueizel Rumi (early 8th century A. D.), Mussulman officer: besieges Cordova, 8, 50 Mugwumps: see Independents Miihlberg, Germany: battle of (1547), 9, 145, 17, 196, 18, 255 484 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Muhldorf, Germany: battle of (1322), 17, 101, 18, 187 Muhlenberg, Frederick (late 18th cen- tury), American officer and states- man: in the first Congress, 23, 342 Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel (1746-1807), American revolution- ary general and politician: in first Congress, 23, 342 Muhlhausen, Germany: battle of (1525), 18, 243 Muir, Thomas (late 17th century), Scottish politician: transported, II, 543, 12, 37T- Muir, Sir William (1819-1905), Scot- tish Arabic scholar: sketch of, 5, 252 Muiz-ad-Daula, Arabian caliph, 945 A. D.: seizes throne of Bagdad, 1, 366 Muiz-ud-din: see Mohammed of Ghor Mukden, Manchuria: battle of, 1904, 7, 312, 15, 363 Mukhtir Pasha (19th century), Turk- ish officer: his campaign against Russia, 15, 335 Muktadir (10th century A. D.), Caliph of Bagdad: defeated by reli- gious fanatics, 1, 362 Muley (15th century), King of Fez: at war with Alfonso V of Portugal, 8, 316; at war with Mohammed ben Mohammed, 438 Muley Abdalla: see Diego Lopez ben Aboo Muley Abdallah ben Mohammed (sec- ond half of 16th century), Sultan of Morocco: accession of, 8, 439; reign of, 440 Muley AH Abul Hassan ben Moham- med, Moorish King of Granada, 1466-ca. 1482: reign of, 8, 120 Muley Hamet ben Muley (d. 1578), King of Morocco: at war with the Portuguese, 8, 440; accession of, 441; dethroned, 442; death of, 447 Muley Moluc Abdelmelic (d. 1578), King of Morocco: flees from Mo- rocco, 8, 441; accession to throne, 442 Mulhausen, Germany: battle of (1674), 9, 211 Mulienzadi Mohammed Pasha (late 18th century), Turkish officer and statesman: account of, 14, 334 Muller, Adam (early 18th century), Austrian author: in the Austrian service, 17, 320 Muller, Gottfried (early 18th century), Russian scholar: account of, 15, 114 Muller, Johann von (1 752-1809), Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 495, 521; pleads for unity in Switzer- land, 508 Muller, Thadeus (early 19th century), Swiss patriot: president of the Hel- vetic Society, 13, 530 Multan, India: battle of (326 B. C.) 5, 69 Mumford, William B. (d. 1862), Con- federate citizen of New Orleans: executed, 24, 753 Mummius, Lucius, " Achaicus " (mid- dle of the 2nd century B. C.) Roman general and statesman, con- sul, 146 B. C. : completes Roman conquest of Greece, 2, 520; cam- paign against the Achaean League, 3, 166 Munch, Burkhard (d. 1444), Austrian soldier: his campaign against the Swiss, 13, 402 Munchengratz, Treaty of, agreement between Russia, Austria, and Prus- sia (1833): account of, 17, 328 Munemori, Taira-no: see Taira-no- Munemori Munich, Germany: subject to Gusta- vus Adolphus, 18, 282 Municipal Corporation Bill, a law pro- viding that corporations (in Eng- land) be elected by the rate-payers: passed (1836), 11, 595 Munk, Kristine, Countess of Slesvig- Holstein (early 17th century), mor- ganatic wife of Christian IV of Den- mark: sketch of, 16, 202 Munk, Peder (late 16th century), Danish admiral: his relations with Christian IV of Denmark, 16, 199 Munkacs (Munkatz), Hungary: siege of (1687), 17, 230 Munkaczy, Mihaly (1844-1900), Hun- garian painter: sketch of, 17, 416 Munnich, Count Burkhard Christoph GENERAL INDEX 485 (1683-1767), Russian general and statesman of German ancestry: superintends the Ladoga canal, 15, 82: his power under Anne, 107, 112; in Poland, 119; his military genius, 14, 300; campaigns' in the Crimea, 301, 312, 15, 121; deposes Biron, 126; made chief minister, 128; resig- nation of, 130; arrest of, 133; ban- ishment of, 137; recall of, 153 Mufioz (late 16th century), Spanish politician: appointed jueces pesquisi- dores, 22, 125 Munoz, Duke of Rianzares (1810- 1873), Spanish officer: his relations with Maria Christina of Spain, 8, 499, SOI Munro, Colonel (18th century), Brit- ish officer: surrenders Fort William Henry, 23, 186 Munro, Sir Hector (1726-1805), Brit- ish officer: crushes Sepoy mutiny, 5, 187; at the battle of Baxar, 135, 187 Munro, Henry (late 18th century), Irish insurgent: in the Rebellion of 1798, 12, 213 Munro, Sir Thomas (1760-1827), Eng- lish general and statesman: his campaign in Burma, 5, 211 Munster, Germany: held by the Ana- baptists, 18, 250 Munster, Treaty of, the peace which concluded the Thirty Years' War in Germany between the Catholics and Protestants (1648), 13, 217, 18, 292, 20, 114 Muntoser (middle of 9th century A. D.), Caliph of Bagdad: reign of, 1, 360 Munychia, Greece: fighting in, 2, 386 Mtinzer, Thomas (1490-1525), German religious teacher: prophet of the Anabaptists, 18, 243 Munzinger, Joseph (early 19th cen- tury), Swiss patriot: his speech on the sovereignty of the people, 13, 536; joins movement for revision of the Confederation, 539 Murad (Amurath) I (1319-1389), Sul- tan of Turkey, 1359-1389: reign of, 14, 29; death of, 36 Murad (Amurath) II (ca. 1403-1451), Sultan of Turkey, 1421-1451: reign of, 14, 58; abdicates, 64; resumes sovereignty, 66; again abdicates and again resumes power, 18; death, 70 Murad (Amurath) III (1546-1595), Sultan of Turkey, 1574-1595: reign of, 14, 201; death of, 204 Murad (Amurath) IV (ca. 1611-1640), Sultan of Turkey, 1623-1640: acces- sion, 14, 214; reign of, 215; death of, 223 Murad (Amurath) V (1840-1904), Sul- tan of Turkey, 1876: reign of, 14, 475; deposed, 478 Murad (d. 1661), Mogul prince: death of, 5, 121 Mura-saki-shikibu (10th century), Japanese writer: scholarship of, 7, 43 Murat, Joachim (1771-1815), French marshal and King of Naples, called The Good Swordsman: forces sur- render at Aboukir, 14, 383; made. 1 marshal of the empire, 9, 322; re- ceives Jiilich, Cleves, and Berg, 18', 371; appointed King of Naples, 4, 348, 10, 475, 18, 375; invades Spain, 8, 485; his campaign in Portugal, 527; his campaign against Russia, 15, 223; defeated in Italy, 17, 312; his campaign in Italy (1815), 314; at the battle of Leipzig, 18, 384; in- vites return of Napoleon, 9, 359 Muratori, Ludovico Antonio (1672- 1750), Italian scholar, historian, and antiquary: sketch of, 4, 338 Muraviev, Count Michael (1795- 1866), Russian soldier: aids Turkey against Mehemet AH, 15, 290; dicta- tor in Poland, 326 Muraviev, Michael Nikolaivitch (1845- 1900), Russian statesman: appointed minister of foreign affairs, 15, 349; death of, 354 Muraviev-Alostob, Sergius (early 19th century), Russian revolutionist: in the plot of the Dekabrists, 15, 273 Muraviov (early 18th century), Rus- sian explorer: mission of, 15, 114 Murena, Lucius Licinius (d. ca. 80 B. C), Roman general: left in com- mand in Asia, 3, 220; at war with Mithradates, 229 486 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Muret, France: battle of (1213), 8, 238, 9, 78 Murfreesborough, Tennessee: battle of (1863), 24, 774 Murifeld, Peace of, a treaty between Leuenberger and government of Berne (1653), 13, 473 Murillo-Toro, Manuel (1815-1880), Co- lombian statesman: elected presi- dent of Colombia, 21, 87; first ad- ministration of, 188; second adminis- tration of, 90 Murphy, John (end of 18th century), Irish priest and insurgent: leads rebels, 12, 210; death of, 213 Murphy, Michael (end of 18th cen- tury), Irish priest and insurgent: death of, 12, 212 Murray (late 17th century), Irish sol- dier: leader of the defense of Derry, 12, 135 Murray, James Stuart, Earl of: see Stuart, James, Earl of Mar, Earl of Murray Murray, James Stuart, Earl of (ca. 1533-1820), Son of James V of Scot- land: rebellion of, XX, 282 Murray, Joseph, Count (18th cen- tury), Governor-general of Nether- lands: made governor-general, 13, 260 Murray, William, Earl of Mansfield: see Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of Murray, William Vans (1 762-1803), American politician and diplomat: minister to Holland, 23, 376 Murrogh (early nth century), Irish prince: at battle of Clontarf, 12, 43 Mursa, Pannonia (modern Essek) : battle of (351 A. D.), 4, 124 Murshid Kuli Khan (jafar Khan), (early 18th century), nawab of Ben- gal: makes his province independ- ent, 5, 126; sketch of, 181 Musa or Moosa (ca. 1376-1412), Otto- man prince, son of Bayezid I: aids Mohammed in contest for sover- eignty, 14, 52; death of, 54 Musa al Kasim (7th century), Per- sian religious leader: sketch of, 5, 340 Musa ben Nozeir (Nosair) (ca. 640- 718 A. D.), Saracen general: plans conquest of Spain, 8, 48; his cam- paigns in Spain, 51 Musa Pasha (early 19th century), Kaimakau of Selim III, Turkish statesman and conspirator: account of, 14, 399; executed, 401 Musa-Ibn-Noseyr or Moosa-Ibn- Noseyr (Aboo-Abd-er-Rahman) (ca. 660-718), Arab conqueror: rule of, 1, 308; his conquest of Spain, 311; disgraced, 318 Muscovy: see Moscow Muscovy Company, The: established, 15, 18; success of, 23, 56; sends colonists to Virginia, 57 Mushezib-Marduk (ca. 700 B. C), Chaldean soldier: revolt of (1700 B. C), 1, 88 Music : AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: among the Magyars, 17, 46; minnesingers, 97; under Charles VI, 192; under Gliick, Haydn, and Mozart, 261; under Francis II, 291; under Haydn, Bee- thoven, Salieri, and Clementi, 294; Liszt and Strauss, 417 BABYLONIA and ASSYRIA: ex- tent of our knowledge, 1, 105 ENGLAND: minstrels, 11, 55 GAUL: bards, 9, 7 GERMANY: under Otto IV, 18, 160 GREECE: among the Spartans, 2, 67 INDIA: among the Brahmans, 5, 48 IRELAND: harp, bagpipes, 12, 9; Young Ireland, 12, 227, 233 ITALY: description of, 4, 413 JAPAN: at the beginning of the empire, 7, 8; Buddhist, 41; in the Hei-an Epoch, 44, 45 LYDIA: character of, 1, 152, 2, 115 SCANDINAVIA: harp-playing, 16, 74; in Denmark, 147 STYRIA: minnesingers, 17, 98 SWITZERLAND: at St. Gall, 13, 343; minnesingers, 361; war-songs, 427 Muskhogean Indians, North Ameri- ca: independent of other families, 23, 7; location, 8 GENERAL INDEX 487 Muskhu-'d-Din : see Sa'di Muskingum River, Ohio: French claims of, 23, 169 Musk-Rat State, The: see Delaware Musslin (17th century), Swiss bailiff: punishment of, 13,' 467 Mustapha I (d. 1639), Sultan of Tur- key, 1617-1618 and 1622-1623: spared by Ahmed I, 14, 209; brief reign of, 212; second accession of, 213; again deposed, 214 Mustapha II (1664-1703), Sultan of Turkey, 1695-1703: reign of, 14, 261; abdicates throne, 273 Mustapha III (d. 1774), Sultan of Turkey, 1757-1773: reign of, 14, 318; his war with Russia (1767-1774), 15, 180; death of, 14, 337 Mustapha IV (d. 1808), Sultan of Turkey, 1807-1808: reign of, 14, 400; deposed, 401; death of, 402 Mustapha (ca. 1420), pretended son of Bayazid: claims sovereignty, 14, 57; put to death, 58 Mustapha (d. 1553), son of Suleiman the Great: account of, 14, 168 Mustapha Bairactar (1755-1808), pasha of Rustchuk: revolts against the Janissaries, 14, 400 Mustapha Kiuprili (17th century), Turkish military leader: his cam- paign in Hungary, 17, 231 Mustapha Pasha (ca. 1560), Turkish admiral: commands expedition against Malta, 14, 170, 171 Mustapha Pasha (18th century), Turk- ish commander: his campaign against Napoleon, 14, 381; surren- ders at Aboukir, 383 Muta, Asia Minor: battle of, I, 234 Mutasim (ca. 840 A. D.), Mohamme- dan caliph: wars with the Emperor Theophilus, 1, 357 Mutawakkil, Caliph of Bagdad, 847- 861 A. D.: reign of, I, 360 Muti (ca. 10th century A. D.), Caliph of Bagdad: prepares Bagdad for siege, 1, 370 Mutimir (ca. 900 A. D.), Croatian chief: accession of, 17, 38 Mutin: see Mutines Mutina, in ancient geography, city of transpadine Gaul (modern Modena) : siege of (43 B. C), 4, 13 Mutines (Mutin) (3rd century B. C), Carthaginian general: his campaign in Sicily, 3, 124 Mutiny Act, act of the British parlia- ment passed annually (1689-1879): authorizes sending of troops to America (1765), 11, 435 Mutiny of 1857, The, a mutiny of the Sepoys of India: account of, 5, 232 Mutsu Munemitsu (19th century), Japanese diplomat: negotiates treaty with Great Britain, 7, 191 Muttenz, Switzerland: battle of (1445), 13, 402 Muttra, India: destroyed, 5, 127 Muza ben Zeyad (ca. 850 A. D.), Mo- hammedan ruler: rebellion of, 8, 74 Muzaffar ud-din, Shah of Persia, 1896 : reign of, 5, 364 Muzaffarid Dynasty, Persia: reign of, 5, 336 Muzinade Ali (16th century), Cupu- dan Pasha: commands Turkish forces at Lepanto, 14, 196; death of, 198 Mwanga (19th century), African ruler: sketch of, 19, 187 Mycale, Mount, Asia Minor: sanctu- ary of Poseidon on, 2, 55; battle of, 212 Mycenae, in ancient geography, city in Greece: archaeological remains of, 2, 22; Homeric importance of, 32; in Homer, 33; importance in prehistoric Greece, 49; obscurity after Dorian invasion, 59; taken by Argives, 237; recent discoveries re- specting, 548 Myconius, Friedrich (1491-1546), Ger- man reformer: becomes a teacher in Zurich, 13, 436 Mykerinos: see Men-ka-ra Mylae, Mediterranean Sea: battle of (260 B. C), 3, 101 Myochin Muneyasu (ca. 15th cen- tury), Japanese metal worker: sketch of, 7, 107 Myochin Nobuiye (ca. 15th century), Japanese metal worker: skill of, 7, 107 488 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Myosho, Empress of Japan, 1630- 1644: reign of, 7, 132 Myron (3rd century B. C.)> Spartan annalist: mentioned, 2, 72 Myronides (5th century B. C.) Athe- nian general: defeats Corinthians (457 B. C), 2, 243; conquers Boeo- tia (457 B. C), 245 Myrtchi (14th century), Prince of Wallachia: submits to Bayezid, 14, 27; joins in crusade against Turks, 14, 39 Mysore War, war waged in India be- tween the British and the Sultan of Mysore (1790-1792), 5, 196 Mythology and Legend: Austria-Hun- gary, 17, 27, 44; Babylonia, 1, 99, 101, 108; Egypt, x, 13, 42, 47; Ger- many, 18, 9; Greece, 2, 8, 15, 24, 28, 39, 59, 62, 93, 108, 120, 124, 154, 166, 198, 503; India, 5, 82; Ireland, 12, 16, 23; Japan, 7, 3, 12; Lydia, I, 143, 149; Mexico, 22, 90; Persia, 1, 159, 162, 174, 177; Scandinavia, 16, 9, 18, 35, 45, 210, 211 Mytilene: see Mitylene N Naarden, Netherlands: siege of (1674), 13, 239 Nabanidochus: see Nabonidos Nabis (d. 192 B. C), Tyrant of Spar- ta, 207-192 B. C. : his conflict with Roman authority, 3, 141 Nabonidos (Nabunaid, Nabonadius, Nabunaidu, Nabannidochus, Bel- shazzar, Nabonidus), King of Baby- lon, 556-S38 B. C: reign of, 1, 93; conquered by Cyrus (538 B. C), i 161, 2, 126 Nabopolassar, King of Babylon, 625- 605 B. C. : makes himself King of Babylon, 1, 91; secures Mesopo- tamia and Syria, 92 Nabu-apul-iddina, King of Babylon ca. 876 B. C. : defeated by Ashur- nazir-pal, I, 79 Nabuco, Joaquin (19th century), Bra- zilian statesman: his speech in favoij of slavery abolition, 21, 249 Nabu-kudurri-usur : see Nebuchad rezzar Nabu-naid or Nabu-naidus: see Na^ bonidos Nachod, Bohemia: battle of (1866) 18, 411 Nachtigal, Gustav (1834-1885), Ger man traveler: arouses an interes in Africa, 19, 59; made consul-gen eral of Africa, 103 Nadab, King of Israel, 917-915 B. C: death of, 1, 389 Nadasdy (17th century), Hungarian conspirator: leads conspiracy, 1 7 229 Nadintu-Bel (ca. 500 B. C), Babylo- nian revolutionist: revolt of, 1, 94 163 Nadod (9th century A. D.), Norwe- gian explorer: visits Iceland, 16, 44 Naerden, Holland: siege of (1572), 13, 114 Nafels (Nafels, Nafaels), Switzerland: battle of (1388), 13, 382, 18, 197 Nagasaki Takasuke (ca. 14th century), Japanese statesman: power of, 7, 77 Nageli, Franz (16th century), Swiss soldier: his campaign against Charles III of Savoy, 13, 448 Nageli, Hans Georg (1768-1836), Swiss musician and music-publisher: founds an order of popular songs, 13, 522 Nagpur, India: battle of (1817), 5, 209; becomes part of the Central Provinces, 5, 229 Nagy, Paul (19th century), Hungarian orator: in the diet of 1807, 17, 334; in the diet of Presburg, 338 Nahash, King of the Ammonites, ca. 1 100 B. C. : besieges Jabesh, I, 381 Nahir (Nahir Kuli, Nahir Khan) (ca. 1688-1747), Shah of Persia, 1736- 1747: his conquests, 5, 350, 14, 293, 295; invades India, 5, 127; reign of, 352; career of, 15, 115 Naifaarut (Nepherites) I, King of Egypt, ca. 400 B. C: reign of, 1, 33 Naini Tal, India: landslip at (1880), 5, 259 Naissus (Naisus), Asia Minor: bat- tle of (269 A. D.), 4, no Nakahara Chikayoshi (12th century), Japanese statesman: made vice- minister of the public archives, 7, 68 Naka-no-6ye, Prince: see Tenchi, Em- peror of Japan Nakatomi-no-Kamako (ca. 580 A. D.), Japanese statesman: opposes the acceptance of Buddhism, 7, 15 Nakatomi-no-Kamatari (d. 670 A. D.), Japanese statesman: plots against Soga-no-Iruka, 7, 20; death of, 28 Nakkimov (Nakhimov) Admiral (19th century), Russian naval officer: in 489 490 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS the Crimean War, 14, 451, 15, 312 Nalanda, Monastery of, India: descrip- tion of, 5, 64 Namur, Belgium: captured by Wil- liam III of England, II, 444; siege of (1692), 13, 245 Nana Sanhib (Dandhu Panth) (ca. 1825-ca. i860), Hindu prince, a leader in the Indian Mutiny: in- herits property of Baji Rao, 5, 229; leads the Mutiny of 1857, 236 Nanak Shah (1469-1538 A. D.), Hindu religious teacher: teachings of, 5, 84 Nancy, France: battle of (1477), 13, 48, 409, 18, 218 Nancy Regiment, a French regiment: revolt of (1790), 10, 125 Nangis, France: battle of (1814), 9, 346^ 15, 261 Nanking, China: chosen capital by Chu, 6, 26, 28; T'aip'ing disorder in, 153, 193 Nanking, Treaty of, a treaty made be- tween England and China (1842), 6, 142, 5, 213 Nansen, Fridtjof, Arctic explorer and author: born near Christiania, Oc- tober 10, 1861; educated at the Uni- versity of Christiania; went to Greenland Sea, 1882; appointed cura- tor in Natural History Museum, Bergen; went across Greenland, 1888-1889; appointed curator of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy, Christiania University; made his memorable North Pole Expedition, in which he reached the highest lati- tude until then attained, 1895-1896; appointed Professor of Zoology, Christiania University; lives at Lysakir, near Christiania, Norway Explorations of, 16, 325 Nansen, Hans (17th century), Norwe- gian burgomaster: at the diet of Copenhagen, 16, 231 Nantes, France: trial of ninety-four of the inhabitants of, 10, 325 Nantes, Edict of, an edict issued by Henry IV of France ending the religious wars: issued (1598), 9, 171; revoked (1685), 9, 216, 13, 243; ef- fect of revocation on American colo- nies, 23, 76 Nantil, Captain (early 19th century), French officer: conspiracy of, 9, 375 Nantucket, island off the coast of Massachusetts: fishery industry at outbreak of the Revolution, 23, 134 Napier, Lord (d. 1834), British states- man: arrives at Canton, 6, 127; death of, 129 Napier, Sir Charles James (1782- 1853) British general: his campaign in Sind, 5, 219 Napier, Sir Charles John (1 786-1 860), British admiral: in Turko-Egyptian war, 14, 437; in the Crimean War, 15, 309 Napier, Francis, Baron Ettrick of Et- trick (1819-1898), British states- man: sketch of, 5, 252 Napier, Sir George (early 19th cen- tury), British statesman: governor of Cape Colony, 20, 223 Napier, Robert Cornells, Baron Na- pier of Magdala (1810-1890), British soldier: lays out roads and canals, 5, 226; acting governor-general of India, 244 Napier of Merchiston, John (1550- 1617), Scottish mathematician: sketch of, 12, 358 Napierville, Canada: battle of (1837), 20, 156 Naples, Italy: main treatment, 4, 215, 2 57; \vge of (1191), 18, 156; invad- ed by Louis, King of Hungary (1348), 4, 252; Jews banished from (ca. 1495), I, 418; history of, in the Middle Ages, 4, 257; passes to Spain (1504), 291; under Spanish rule, 323; taken by General Championnet (1798), 10, 402; surrenders to Na- poleon (1800), 4, 345; revolution of 1820, 4, 352; intervention of Aus- tria in (1820), 23, 446; Austrians en- ter (1821), 4, 354; surrenders to Garibaldi (i860), 380 Napola de Malvasia, Greece: taken by the Greeks (1821), 14, 544 Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, 1804-1814, called The GENERAL INDEX 491 Modern Nimrod, The Modern Charlemagne, The Little Corporal, Corporal d' Espre, Corporal Violet, Father Violet, The Corsican Ogre, The Corsican Sesostris, The Man of Destiny, The Scourge of Europe, and The King of Fire: born at Ajaccio, Corsica, August 15, 1769; studied at military school of Brienne, 1779-1784, and at that of Paris, 1784-1785; given a lieuten- ant's commission in the French army, 1785; opposed the patriotic movement under Paoli in Corsica, 1793; commanded the artillery in the attack on Toulon, 1793; served in the army in Italy, 1794; was sec- ond in command in subduing the re- volt of the sections in Paris, 1795; married Josephine de Beauharnais, March 9, 1795; defeated the Aus- trians in Italy at the battles of Montenotte, Millesimo and Dego, April, 1795; defeated the Sardinians at Ceva and Mondori and forced them to sign a treaty, April 29, 1795; expelled the Austrians from north- ern Italy, 1795-1797; invaded Styria, 1797; made an unsuccessful attempt to invade India via Egypt, 1798; undertook to subjugate Syria and stormed Jaffa, March 7, 1799; was repulsed at Acre, and retreated to Egypt; defeated the Turks at Aboukir, July 25, 1799; transferred the command of Egypt to Kleber, August 22, 1799, and returned to France; executed the coup d'etat of Brumaire, whereby he abolished the Directory and made himself first consul to hold office for ten years; restored the French ascendency in Italy, 1800, and brought about the Peace of Luneville, 1801; concluded the Peace of Amiens with England, 1802; restored the Roman Catholic Church in France; erected a new university, established the Legion of Honor, and codified the laws; was made consul for life, August 2, 1802; was proclaimed hereditary Emperor of the French, May 18, 1804; and was crowned, December 2, 1804; was crowned King of Italy, May 26, 1805; his plans for an in- vasion of England were defeated by Nelson's victory at Trafalgar, Oc- tober 21, 1805; invaded Austria, oc- cupied Vienna, and defeated the Russians and Austrians at Auster- litz, December 2, 1805; brought about the erection of the Con- federation of the Rhine, July 12, 1806; at war with a coalition com- posed of Prussia, Russia, and Eng- land, 1806-1807; issued the Berlin Decree, 1806, and the Milan Decree, 1807; seized Spain and Portugal, 1807-1808; defeated the English in Spain, 1808; was at war with Aus- tria, 1809; divorced Josephine and married Maria Louisa of Austria, 1810; annexed the Papal States, 1809, and Holland, 1810; was at war with Russia, 1812, but after occupy- ing Moscow was obliged to retreat; defeated the Prussians and Russians at Lutzen and Bautzen, 1813; waged war against a coalition of Russia, England, Sweden, Prussia, and Aus- tria, 1813-1814; lost the decisive bat- tles of Leipsic, Laon, and Arcis- sur-Aube and the allies entered Paris, March 31, 1814; abdicated at Fontainebleau, April 11, 1814, and received the Island of Elba as a sovereign principality, where he ar- rived May 4; encouraged by the quarrels which arose at the Con- gress of Vienna, Napoleon left Elba, February 26, 1815; landed at Cannes, March 1; entered Paris, March 20; contended against the allies, but was finally defeated at Waterloo, June 18, 1815; unsuccessfully at- tempted to escape to America and surrendered himself to the British at Rochefort, July 15; was taken as a prisoner of war to St. Helena, where he arrived October 16, 1815, and where he was detained until his death, May 5, 1821 Early life of, 10, 357 note; sketch of, 8, 483, 527; appointed second in command under Barras, 10, 357; de- fends the convention, 9, 295; ap- 492 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS pointed general of the interior, and placed at the head of the army of Italy, io, 374; invasion of Italy, 4, 342, 9, 297; strengthens the French Republic, 18, 359; his campaign against Austria, 10, 379, 17, 298; his conquest of Italy, 10, 381; his re- lations with Switzerland, 13, 506, 508; his relations with Poland, 15, 384; his return, to Paris, 10, 397; Paul of Russia joins the coalition against, 15, 205; intrigues to gain Paul's favor, 207; invades Egypt, 1, 37, 5, 197, 10, 397, II, 548, 14, 380, 20, 141, 268; returns to Paris in triumph, 10, 409; learns the state of affairs in France, 409; concludes treaty with the United States, 23, 376; plots with Sieyes against the directory, 10, 410; his answer to the republicans, 412; creates a commo- tion in the council of the five hun- dred, 415; appointed consul, 9, 315, 10, 432, 11, 549, 18, 363; his gov- ernment, 10, 436; Gustavus IV's at- titude toward, 16, 250; sets out on the conquest of Italy, 10, 438; re- turn to Paris, 440; the infernal ma- chine, 441; progress of France un- der, 447; proposes the creation of a Legion of Honor, 451; appointed sole consul, 10, 452; growth of his power, 13, 267; his answer to a deputation from the senate, 10, 456; made emperor, 9, 322, 10, 459; re- ceives the crown of the Lombards, 462; ascendency of, ii, 555; vic- tories over Austrians and Russians, 10, 464, 14, 395; cedes Louisiana to the United States, 23, 396; defeated at Trafalgar, 406; takes Vienna, 10, 464, 17, 293; marches against Prus- sia, 10, 470; Germany under, 18, 371; turns his attention towards England, 10, 472; in Peace of Til- sit, 14, 403; issues Berlin Decree, 23, 407; issues Milan Decree, 407; issues Bayonne Decree, 411; his re- lations to Denmark, 16, 257; threat- ened with excommunication by the Pope, 10, 476; his expedition into Spain, 478, 11, 562, 17, 296, 20, 142; divorces Josephine, and marries the Archduchess Marie Louise, 10, 481, 17, 302; issues Rambouillet Decree, 23, 415; birth of his son, the King of Rome, 10, 481; his relations with Alexander I of Russia, 15, 213; his campaign against Russia, 10, 484, 15, 220; in Moscow, 231; his re- treat from Moscow, 10, 485, 15, 240; the re-action against his power, 10, 485; his return to Paris, 489; the German War of Liberation, 18, 387; his relations to Sweden, 16, 253; first abdication of, 9, 349, 10, 493, 13, 526; return of, 9, 360, 10, 500, 13, 286; final abdication and im- prisonment of, 9, 365, 23, 405, 425; his character, 10, 494; death of, 9, 377; compared with Cromwell, 10, 495; his remains removed to Paris, 418 Napoleon II (Frangois Charles Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Due de Reich- stadt) (1811-1832), titular Emperor of the French, son of Napoleon I and Maria Louisa: birth of, 9, 339, 10, 481 Napoleon III (Charles Louis Na- poleon Bonaparte), Emperor of the French, called The Man of Sedan, The Man of Silence, The Man of December and The Good Friend: born at Paris, April 20, 1808; was the son of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, and Hortense de Beau- harnais, and the nephew of Napol- eon I; lived in exile at Arenenberg and Augsburg, 1815-1830; joined in an unsuccessful revolt in the Ro- magna against the Pope, 1830-1831; attempted to organize a revolution among the soldiers of Strasburg, 1836; invaded France near Bou- logne, 1840; was captured and im- prisoned at Ham until 1846, when he escaped; after the fall of Louis Philippe was made a member of the National Assembly, 1848; was elect- ed President of the French Repub- lic, December, 1848; was chosen President for ten years, December, 1851; after a plebiscite was declared Emperor, December 2, 1852; mar- ried Eugenie de Montijo, January GENERAL INDEX 493 30, 1853; participated in the Crimean War, 1854-1856; conducted a cam- paign against Austria, 1859; waged war in Mexico, 18627-1867; declared war against Germany, July, 1870; was taken prisoner at Sedan, Sep- tember 2, 1870; was imprisoned at Wilhemshohe, near Cassel, 1870- 1871; lived at Chiselhurst, near Lon- don, England, from 1870 until his death, January 9, 1873 Account of, 14, 444; plots to ob- tain the throne of France, 9, 410; makes second attempt to gain throne of France, 418; elected presi- dent of France, 438; his assumption of power, 18, 403; accession of, 13, 307; reign of, 9, 445; in the Cri- mean War, 15, 304; attempts to mediate in Swiss troubles, 13, 5595 at war with Austria, 4, 372, 17, 384; takes possession of Savoy, 13, 561; proposes intervention in American Civil War, 24, 878; his relations with Poland, 15, 384; his ambitions concerning Mexico, 17, 393, 24, 876; concludes Treaty of Misamar, 22, 389; deserts Maximilian, 392; in the Slesvig-Holstein controversy, 16, .276; induces compromise for Suez Canal construction, 14, 469; in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 415 Napoleon of Peace, The: see Louis Philippe, King of the French Napoleon of the East, The: see Mo- hammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt Napoli di Romani, Greece: battle of (1770), 15, 179; captured by Greeks, a, 544 Nappo, Finland, Russian Empire: bat- tle of (1714), 15, 64 Nara Epoch, The, the period of Japa- nese history when the capital was at Nara in the province of Yamato (710-794 A. D.) : account of, 7, 31 Naram-Sin, King of Babylonia, ca. 3750 B. C. : reign of, 1, 76 Narbo (Narbonne), France: founded, 3, 185, 9, 8 Narbo (Nabonesio), Province of southern France: created, 3, 191, 9, 8 Narbonne, Louis, Count (1755-1813), French courtier and statesman: re- places Du Portail as minister of war, 10, 164; dismissed from the ministry, 10, 168 Narborough, Sir John (d. 1688), Eng- lish naval officer: explorations of, . 34 Narbutt (middle 19th century), Polish insurgent: capture and execution 15, 328 Nares, Sir George Strong (1831 ), English navigator: explorations of, 16, 313 Narishkin, Captain (early 19th cen- tury), Russian officer: his efforts to save Moscow, 15, 241; before Na- poleon, 246 Narishkins, Russian political party: faction of, 15, 26 Narragansett Indians, tribe of North American Indians: belong to Al- gonquian stock, 23, 8; join King Philip's War, 97 Narses (478-573 A. D.), general of the Byzantine empire: defeats Totila, 4, 161; governor-general of Italy, 162; career of, 18, 49 Narva, Russia: captured by the Rus- sians (1558), 15, 17; battle of (1700), 15, 38, 16, 216, 18, 317 Narvaez, Pamfilo (Pamphilo or Pan- filo) de (d. ca. 1527), Spanish com- mander: explores southern United States, 23, 40; sent to arrest Cortez, 22, 30 Narvaez, Ramon Maria de, Duke of Valencia (ca. 1798-1868), Spanish general and minister of state: op- poses regency of Espartero, 8, 500; second ministry of, 506 Naseby, England: battle of (1645), 11, 353 Nashville, Tennessee, called The City of the Rocks: convention of, 1850, 24, 611; Confederates abandon, 745; battle of (1864), 803 "Nashville," United States gunboat: fires first shot of Spanish-Ameri- can War, 24, 1026; stationed at Panama, 1059 Nasidius, Lucius (ca. 49 B. C), Ro- man commander: defeated by De- cimus Brutus, 3, 341 494 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Nasirulla Khan (late 19th century), Indian prince: visits England, 5, 277 Nasmyth (early 19th century), Eng- lish soldier: aids Turkey, 15, 309 Nasr ud-din (Nasir-ed-Deen) (1829- 1896), Shah of Persia, 1848-1896: reign of, 5, 362 Nasr-Mlah (early 18th century), son of the Persian conqueror, Nadir shah: marriage of, 5, 353 Nassau, Bahama Islands: seat of gov- ernment for the Bahamas, 20, 246 Nassau-Siegen, Charles Henri Nicolas Othon, Prince of (1745-ca. 1809), German soldier: in the Russian serv- ice, 15, 184; defeated by the Swedes, 188 Nassau-Siegen, Joan Mauritz, Count of: see Maurice of Nassau, Count Nassir ben Ferag (early 14th cen- tury), King of Granada: reign of, 8, in Natal, Africa: early history of, 20, 225 Natalia Alexievna (d. 1776), Empress of Russia: influence of, 15, 98; mar- riage of, 165; death of, 172 Natchez, Mississippi: prehistoric bones found at, 23, 4 Nathan (nth century B. C.) Hebrew prophet: supports the claims of Solomon to throne of Israel, 1, 386 Nathors (late 19th century), Arctic explorer: explorations of, 16, 327 Nation, The Saviour of the: see Crom- well, Oliver National African Company, a company to protect British interests on the Niger River: organized, 19, 154 National Banking System, United States: established, 24, 820 National Banks: see Banks National Legislative Assembly, the second Revolutionary assembly in France, 1791-1792: early relations between it and the king, 10, 151; question of the manner of address- ing the king, 152; the king's speech, 153; opening of, 156; its decree rela- tive to the king's brother, 158; with regard to the emigrants, 158; with regard to the dissentient priests, 158; Isnard's speech, 162; question of a declaration to the king request- ing him to require the neighboring princes to summon the military gatherings, 162; decrees the declara- tion, 162; passes a decree impeach- ing the king's brother, the Count d' Artois, and the Prince de Conde, 164; question of war, 171; decrees the formation of a camp of twenty thousand men at Paris, 174; decrees the banishment of the non-juring priests, 175; letter to, from Lafay- ette, 177; debates concerning the riots of the 20th of June, 178; di- vision between it and the commune, 201; question of waiting for the Prussians under the walls of Paris, 205; desires to prevent the massacre of the 2nd of September, 207; con- cluding observation on, 212; see also Convention, The National National Liberals, German political party: description of, 18, 435 National Meat Inspection Law, a United States law establishing more effective Federal supervision of slaughtering houses: passed (1906), 24, 1083 National Pure Food Law, a United States law to protect the public against adulterated and mis-labeled food and drugs: passed (1906), 24, 1082 National Quarantine Law, a United States law to guard against the in- troduction of contagious disease from abroad: passed (1906), 24, 1082 National Republican Party: see Re- publican Party, National National Silver Party, United States political party: convention in St. Louis (1896), 24, 1015 Nations, Battle of the: see Leipsic: battle of (1813) Natural Research, Society for, a so- ciety in Switzerland, founded in 1815: work of, 13, 530 Naturalization, American: ignored by Great Britain, 23, 408 Naturalization, Federal Bureau of Im- migration and, a bureau established GENERAL INDEX 495 in the United States to control the granting of naturalization certifi- cates: created (1906), 24, 1083 Naturalization Act, an act passed in the United States increasing the term of residence required for citi- zenship: Federalists enact (1798), 23, 376 Nauarchus, a Greek naval officer: of- fice of, 2, 368 Naucratis, an ancient city in Egypt: founded, 2, 87 Naulochus, Sicily: battle of (47 B. C.) 4, 21 Naumburg, city in Saxony: taken by Tilly (1631), 18, 280 Naupactus, town in Greece: taken by Athenians, 2, 246; sea-fight off, 290; taken by Lysander, 380 Nauvoo, Illinois: founded, 24, 982 Navajo Indians, tribe of American In- dians: dependent on their herds, 23, 11; famous for their necklaces and ear-pendants, 14; skillful in textile work, 14; present condition, 17 Navarette, Spain: battle of (1367), 9, 104 Navarino, Greece: taken by the Rus- sians (1770), 15, 178; battle of (1827), 2, 545, 9, 387, 11, 582, 14, 425, 15, 276, 17, 326 Navarre, Kingdom of, Spain: history, 8, 194 Navas de Tolosa: see Tolosa Navigation: among the Phoenicians, 2, 27; a primitive treaty of, 20, 16 Navigation Acts, laws restricting the trade of the British colonies to that with the mother-country: passed (1651), 11, 364, 13, 229, 23, 204; effect on colonies, 20, 22; character of, 23, 67; changes in (1660), 11, 386, 12, 344, 23, 202; galling to Maryland colonists, 72; Randolph sent to enforce, 99; evaded, 104; George Grenville attempts to en- force, 205; effect on the West In- dies, 20, 70; repealed (1849), 11, 608 Navy, Naval Affairs: AFRICA: International Naval Com- mission, 18, 115 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: in Seven Years' War, 17, 263; fleet on the Danube, 187 CARTHAGE: "Act of Navigation," 20, 17 CHINA: foreign intervention, 6, 207; Li Hung Chang advises the or- ganization of a powerful navy, 246; organization of navy, 252 DENMARK: under Christian II, 16, 190; perfected by war with Sweden (1676-1679), 234; under Frederick IV, 236 ENGLAND: the Armada, 11, 296; ship-money, 334; right of search, 11, 521, 13, 256; effect of plantation trade, 20, 78; maritime supremacy, 143; Navigation Laws, 22, 67, 23, 204; Cyprus as naval base, 20, 253; Cyprus and Malta, 254; Hong-Kong as naval base, 255 FRANCE: at the outbreak of the Revolution, 10, 7; Napoleon's plan of invasion of England, 9, 324, 10, 445, 11, 556; under Louis Philippe, 417, 424 GERMANY: after 1871, 19, 91; ex- peditions to Africa, no GREECE: first naval battle, 2, 86; of Megara, 102; Polycrates famed for, 126; organization of Athenian navy, 175; expansion of Athenian navy, 231; new system of tactics, 274; fleet of Alcibiades, 330, 331, 332; of Chios and Byzantium, 513; in War of Independence, 542, 544; modern organization, 551 JAPAN: piratical ships, 7, 104; ships, 135; naval department, 176; improvement of, 6, 246, 7, 233 NETHERLANDS: under Alva, 13, in PORTUGAL: in the early 17th cen- tury, 8, 460 ROME: condition in 3rd and 4th centuries B. C, 3, 81 RUSSIA: study of shipbuilding by Peter the Great, 15, 33, 35, 36; Dog- ger Bank Incident, 7, 313 SOUTH AMERICA: revolt of naval squadron of Brazil, 21, 254 SPAIN: the Armada, 8, 364, 11, 296; decline of, 8, 428; increase of, 429; reduced, 491 496 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS TURKEY: decline in the 17th cen- tury, 14, 252; in the 18th century, 372; destruction of fleet, 425; re- stored fleet, 433 UNITED STATES: Gaspee affair, 23, 218; during the Revolution, 290; privateers, 359; vessels seized by French and British Governments, 361; Washington advises increase, 27y, Department of the Navy cre- ated, 375; reduced by Jefferson, 393, 408; Barbary pirates, 394; right of search, 408; cause of War of 1812, 418; insufficiency of, in War of 1812, 419; success of, in War of 1812, 423; value of victories, 430; strategic positions, 479; ironclads, 24, 756; development during Cleveland's ad- ministration, 1008; under Roosevelt, 1073 WEST INDIA ISLANDS: Act of Navigation, 20, 79 Navy Island, in the Niagara River, North America: seized in the Cana- dian Insurrection (1837), 24, 515 Nawa Nagatoshi (12th century A. D.), Chinese military officer: aids Em- peror Godaigo, 7, 85 Naxos, one of the Cyclades in the ^Egean Sea: Persian expedition against, 2, 133; conquered by Per- sians, 165; revolts against Athens, 234; sea-fight off, 430; created Ital- ian duchy, 536 Naxos, Sicily: founded, 2, 83; at war with Syracuse, 299; joins Athens, 334; beset by Syracuse, 408 Naza, Fray Marcos de (16th century), Spanish Franciscan explorer: dis- coveries of, 22, 73, 112 Nazibugash, King of Babylonia, 14th century B. C. : usurps throne, I, 78 Nazirites, Jewish sect: description of, If 391 Neale, Thomas (late 17th century), American postmaster: authorized to take charge of postal business of colonies, 23, 153 Nearchus (late 4th century B. C). Macedonian officer: Alexander's ad- miral, 2, 502, 505 Nebokatov, Admiral (early 20th cen- tury), Russian naval officer: his services in the Russo-Japanese War L 7. 314 Nebraska, one of the United States, means " water valley " or " shallow river": affected by Missouri Com- promise, 23, 456; bill for organizing introduced in Congress, 24, 630; part of Northwest Territory, 631; Presidential election of 1900, 1040 Nebuchadnezzer I, King of Babylonia, 20th century B. C: reign of, 1, 78 Nebuchadrezzar (Nabu-kudurreusur) II, King of Babylon, 7th century B. C: reign of, 1, 92; besieges Tyre, 125; establishes peace between the Medes and Lydians, 158; besieges Jerusalem, 399 Necho I, King of Memphis in Egypt, late 7th century B. C: sent as pris- oner to Nineveh, 1, 30 Necho II (Nechos), King of Egypt, 609-594 B. C: reign of, 1, 31; de- feats the King of Judah, 399; ex- pedition of, 20, 9 note Necker, Jacques (1 732-1804), French statesman and financier: appointed minister of finance, 9, 254, 10, 28; retires, 9, 225, 10, 30; recalled, 9, 260, 10, 37; at the opening of the States-General, 10, 42; becomes the leader of the assembly, 53; banished, 9, 263, 10, 56; returns to France, 9, 265, 10, 72; favors the English con- stitution, 10, 80; desires the crea- tion of a senate, 87; invested with a financial dictatorship, 106; resigns, 123 Nectanebis or Nectanbo: see Nekta- nebos Neeracher (18th century), Swiss pot- ter: banished, 13, 505 Neerwinden, Belgium: battles of (1693), 9, 219, 11, 440, 13, 245; (1793), 9 283, 10, 249, 13, 263, 17, 281, 18, 357 Negrete, General (19th century), Mex- ican military officer: made member of triumvirate, 22, 258 Negretti, General (19th century), Mex- ican military officer: his campaign against the French, 22, 385 Negro Plot, The, in American his- GENERAL INDEX 497 tory, a threatened slave insurrec- tion in New York City (1741): ac- count of, 23, 132 Negroes: see Slavery Nehavend, Persia: battle of (ca. 641 A. D.), 1, 263, 5, 323 Nehemiah (ca. 450 B. C), Governor of Judaea: sketch of, 1, 402 Neidhardt (19th century), Russian statesman: made governor of the Caucasus, 15, 299 Neipperg, Wilhelm Reinhardt, Count of (1684-1774), Austrian soldier: ne- gotiations of, 15, 124 Neit-akrit (Nitokris), Queen of Egypt, ca. 2500 B. C. : reign of, 1, 17 Neiva, South America: rebels against Spanish authority, 21, 56 Nektanebos I (Nekht-hor-heb, Nec- tanebo I), King of Egypt, 378-364 B. C: reign of, 1, 33 Nektanebos II (Nekt-nel-ef, Necta- nebo or Nectanebis), King of Egypt, 361-340 B. C: reign of, 1, 33 Neleus (ca. 1000 B. C), son of King Codrus: establishes Miletus, 2, 55 Nelson, New Zealand: settled, 20, 212 Nelson, Horatio, first Viscount Nel- son, English naval officer, called the Duke of Thunder: born at Burn- ham-Thorpe, Norfolk, England, Sep- tember 29, 1758; entered the navy, 1770; made post-captain, 1779; served in the American war; made captain of the Agamemnon, 1793; took part in the battle off Cape St. Vincent, 1797; attempted to inter- cept Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, 1798; failed in this, but de- stroyed the French fleet in the har- bor of Aboukir, August 1-2, 1798; made vice-admiral and a peer, 1800; was made Viscount Nelson after winning the battle of Copenhagen, 1801; fought the French-Spanish fleet off Cape Trafalgar, October 21, 1805, but lost his life in the engage- ment; was buried in St. Paul's Ca- thedral, January 8, 1806 At the battle off Cape St. Vincent, 11, 547; wins the battle of the Nile, 9, 309, 11, 549; at the battle of Co- penhagen, 11, 552, 16, 255; in Rus- sia, 15, 208; at the battle of Trafal- gar, 8, 484, 9, 324, 10, 463, 11, 557, 23, 406 Nelson, Samuel (1792-1873), American judge: in Joint High Commission, 24, 883 Nelson, William (1 825-1 862), Amer- ican general: organizes Kentucky troops, 24, 722 Nemed, leader of Nemedians: leads colonists to Ireland, 12, 23 Nemesis: Greek theory of, 2, 124 Nemours, Duke of (17th century), French commander: commands troops in insurrection of the Fronde, 9, 204 Nemours, Treaty of, a treaty con- cluded at Nemours, between Henry III, and the chiefs of the league (1585), 9, 161 Neo-Hellenic Party, The: in Greece, 3, 548 Neolithic Age: in America, 23, 13; in Egypt, 1, 4; in England, 11, 4; in Greece, 2, 21 Nepherites: see Naifaarut Nepokoi-shitski, General (19th cen- tury), Russian military officer: his campaign against Turkey, 15, 333 Nepomuck, Saint John of: see John of Nepomuck, Saint Nepos, Julius (d. 480 A. D.), Emperor of the West, 474-475: reign of, 4, ISO Neras, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between the religious combatants of France (1578), 9, 160 Nerchinsk, Treaty of, a treaty con- cluded between China and Russia (1689), 6, 67, 80 Neresheim, Germany: battle of (1796), 9, 300 Nergal-sharezer (Neriglissar), King of Babylon, ca. 550 B. C: reign of, 1, 93 Nergal-ushegib, King of Babylon, ca. 690 B. C: reign of, 1, 88 Neri, Italian political faction: rise of, 4, 212 Neriglissar: see Nergal-sharezer Nero (originally Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, later Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus), Roman 498 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Emperor, 54-68 A. D.: born at An- tium, Italy, December 15, 37 A. D.; adopted by his step-father, the Em- peror Claudius, 50 A. D.; succeeded Claudius, 54 A. D., to the exclusion of Claudius's son Britannicus; caused Britannicus to be poisoned, 55; procured the assassination of his mother, 59; was accused of kindling the fire which destroyed a large part of Rome, 64, and to divert suspicion ordered a persecution of the Christians whom he accused of causing the conflagration; visited Greece, 66-68; overthrown by a re- volt under Galba, 68; and commit- ted suicide near Rome, June 9, 68 A. D. Adopted by Claudius, 4, 60; reign of, 62; condition of Spain under, 8, 25; mentioned, 2, 523; death of, 4, 68 Nero, Gaius Claudius (ca. 200 B. C.)> Roman consul: sent to Spain, 3, 126; at battle of Grumentum, 128; at battle of Metaurus, 128 Nero of the North, The: see Chris- tian II, King of Denmark Nerva, Cocceius (ca. 40 B. C.) Roman statesman: influences a new division of territory among the triumvirs, 4, 20 Nerva, Cocceius (d. 33 A. D.), Roman jurist: death of, 4, 53 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius (32-98 A. D.), Roman Emperor, 96-98 A. D.: reign of, 4, 86 Nerva, Publius (ca. 100 B. C), Roman statesman: governor of Sicily, 3, 187 Nes-bi-n-dedi: see Smendes Nessebrode, Count Karl Robert (1780- 1862), Russian statesman and diplo- matist: plans present division of Poland, 17, 313; his interview with Metternich, 325; in Crimean war, 14, 450, 451, 453 Nestor, legendary King of Pylus: in Homeric poems, 2, 33 Nestor (ca. 1056-1114), Russian chron- icler: chronicle of, 15, 195 Nestor of Europe, The: see Leopold I, King of Belgium Nestorian Christians, a modern Chris- tian body in Persia and Turkey, the remnant of the followers of Nesto- rius: their missionaries in China, 6, 15, 19 Netherlands: see Holland Neuburg, a town in Bavaria: battle of (1800), 9, 317 Neuchatel, a canton of Switzerland: transferred to Prussia, 13, 479; rev- olution in (1830), 538; outline of its history, 558 Neueneck, Switzerland: battle of (1798), 13, 511 Neufchateau, Count Francois of (1750-1828), French statesman and poet: made member of the direct- ory, 9, 305 Neuhausel, Hungary: taken by Turks (1663), 14, 236; retained by treaty, 242 Neuss, Prussia: siege of (1474-1475), 13, 46, 406, 18, 217 Neutral rights: in treaty of Ghent (1814), 23, 429 Neutrals, League of, the revival of a convention formed by Russia, Den- mark, Sweden, and Prussia during the American Revolution to protect their commerce from English coer- cion: revival of (1800), 10, 446 Neva, a river of northern Russia: bat- tle of the (1240), 15, 10 Nevada, a state of the United States, means "white as snow" or "snow- clad," called The Sage Hen State: ceded to the United States, 24, 552; Presidential election of 1880, 931; Presidential election of 1900, 1040 Nevers, Charles de Gonzaga, Duke of: see Gonzaga, Charles de, Duke of Nevers Nevers, John the Fearless, Count of: see John the Fearless, Duke of Bur- gundy Nevil (Nevill), George (1433-1476), Archbishop of York, English prel- ate: deprived of chancellorship, 11, 216 GENERAL INDEX 499 Nevill (Nevil), John (d. 1471). Mar- quis of Montague and Earl of Northumberland, brother of the great Earl of Warwick: defeats Queen Margaret, II, 215; deserts Edward IV, 217; death of, 217 Nevill (Nevil), Richard, Earl of War- wick: see Warwick, Richard Nevill, Earl of Nevill's Cross, England: battle of (1346), 11, 161 New Africa, old Roman province in Numidia: formed, 3, 360 New Amsterdam: see New York City New Berne or Newbern, North Caro- lina: massacre at, 23, 74 New Brunswick, a province of the Dominion of Canada: contests be- tween the governor and the legisla- ture, 20, 163; boundary dispute with Maine, 23, 514 New Caledonia, an island in the Pa- cific Ocean, east of Australia: taken by France (1853), 20, 275 New England, a name given collec- tively to the northeastern section of the United States, consisting of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island: explored and named by Capt. John Smith, 23, 87; popu- lation at outbreak of the Revolution, 127; manufacturing and maritime industries, 134; shipbuilding, 135; literature and arts, 142; colonial newspapers, 144; Congregational church in every town, 145; social life, 155; opposition of, to War of 1812, 430; granted immunities in War of 1812, 431; immigration to Ohio from, 442; accepts high tariff on raw material, 473; condemns Bu- chanan's Kansas policy, 24, 670; en- thusiastic reception of Lincoln's speeches, 681 New England Anti-Slavery Society, a society organized in Boston, de- manding immediate and uncondi- tional abolition of slavery in the United States: organized (1831), 24, 574 New England Confederation, a league formed by the Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth, and Massachu- setts colonies for their common wel- fare and defense: formation of (1643), 23, 96; articles of, 96; status of Massachusetts in, 97; dissolved, 97; decline of, after Restoration, 99 New France, North American colony: named, 20, 49; history of, 81; growth of, 106; summary of, 23, 51; see also Canada New Granada, province of South America: created, 20, 104; made a viceroyalty, 21, 40; during the revo- lution, 63; united with Venezuela, 69; see also Colombia New Guinea, island of the Pacific Ocean: British possessions in, 20, 217, 256; German possessions in, 302 New Hampshire, one of the United States, called The Granite State: Gosnold explores the coast, 23, 54; origin, 95; first settlements, 95; dis- sensions of, 95; made separate royal province, 95; forms Vermont, 95; colonial government of, 115; linen manufactures of, 134; educational growth, 140; Congregational Church supported by taxation, 148; aids in capture of Louisburg, 164; adopts a constitution, 238; quarrels with New York over Vermont, 312; paper cur- rency riots, 316; disorders in colony, 321; appoints delegates for Annap- olis Convention, 322; chooses dele- gates for Constitutional Conven- tion, 323; ratifies the Constitution, 336; opposes financial plans of Hamilton, 350; attitude toward War of 1812, 431; in Hartford Conven- tion, 23, 431; measures toward abo- lition of slavery adopted, 24, 563; education of negroes prohibited in, 575; state election of 1855, 646; Presidential election of 1892 in, 992 New Haven, Connecticut, called the City of Elms: origin of, 23, 92; in- cluded in Connecticut Charter, 93; in New England Confederation, 96; Yale College founded at, 140; suf- frage laws, 148 500 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS New Holland: see Australia New Jersey, one of the United States, called Jersey Blue: under the juris- diction of Andros, ioo; early his- tory, 108; Franklin acts as agent to England for, 122; statistics at out- break of Revolution, 126; status of society at outbreak of the Revolu- tion, 132; Princeton and Rutgers Colleges founded, 141; early churches, 148; Washington retreats across, 246; mutiny of troops in (1781), 306; takes lighthouse at Sandy Hook, 312; chooses delegates to Constitutional Convention, 322; ratifies the Constitution, 336; measures for gradual emancipation adopted, 24, 564; abolition societies formed, 571; Presidential elections of, 1856, 656; of i860, 683; opposes Lincoln's re-election, 802; Presiden- tial elections of 1868, 861; of 1876, 910; 1880, 931; 1884, 947; 1888, 967; 1892, 992 New Jersey Plan, a formulation of the views of the adherents of the Arti- cles of Confederation (1787), 23, 326 New Laws, governing Spain's colo- nial possessions: introduced by Charles V (1542), 20, 45 New Madrid, Missouri: captured (1862), 24, 749 New Mexico, a territory of the United States: General Kearny takes pos- session of (1846), 24, 549; ceded to the United States, 552; bought by the United States, 22, 381; organ- ized as a territory, 24, 599; bound- ary dispute with Texas in the Com- promise of 1850, 601; admission to the Union refused, 1054; admission to the Union reconsidered, 1083 New Netherlands: see New York New Orange: see Albany New Orleans, Louisiana: prehistoric skeleton found at, 23, 4; in French claims, 168; ceded to Spain (1763), 120, 198; battle of (1815), 427, 461; resolution of appropriation for painting to commemorate battle of, 474; population in time of Jackson, 479; outbreak against Spanish, 24, 626; Confederates seize United 'States mint, 692; capture of (1862), 751; taxation rate following recon- struction, 867; governorship contest in, 868 note; branch of the Whiskey Ring, 894; outbreak of yellow fever epidemic (1878), 923; Cotton Cen- tennial held at, 940; State Lottery, 973; Italians lynched in, 976 New Panama Company, second com- pany formed to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama (1884): organized, 24, 1057 New Peruvian Route to the Plain of the Amazon, A: described, 21, 305 New Plymouth, New Zealand, settled (ca. 1841), 20, 212; takes name of Taranaki (1859), 214 New Republic, independent Boer state in southern Africa: founded, 19, 216 New Ritualists, Russian religious schismatics: origin of, 15, 23 New Ross, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 211 New Salem, Illinois: Lincoln made postmaster of, 24, 666 New Siberia Islands, Arctic Ocean: discovered, 16, 317 New South Wales, South-Eastern Australia: receives its name, 20, 181; government of, 197; ratifies the new Constitution (1899), 20, 206 New Spain (Nueva Espana), a name given to Central America and Mex- ico: first application of the name, 22, 4 New Sweden, Delaware: founded, 23, 108 New Testament: see Bible New World, The Gibraltar of: see Quebec New York City (New Amsterdam), New York: founded, 13, 221, 20, 64, 23, 102; captured by the English, 11, 386; condition of the Jews, 1, 424; negro massacres (1711 and 1741), 23, 132; population at out- break of the Revolution, 127; be- GENERAL INDEX 501 comes center of trade and com- merce, 136; stage-line to Philadel- phia established, 151; mails with Philadelphia established, 152; in- auguration of Washington, 341; pro- posed for Capital, 350; population in time of Jackson, 479; becomes metropolis, 480; anti-slavery mass meeting, 24, 636; visit of Louis Kos- suth, 640; Lincoln makes speech at, 706; demonstrations over iall of Richmond, 811; draft riots (1865), 818; popular respect shown to Lin- coln's remains, 827; Democratic convention (1868), 858; Tweed Ring, 897; centennial anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution, 987 New York Regiment, Seventh: gar- risons Washington (1861), 24, 730 New York State, one of the United States, called The Empire State, The Excelsior State, and the Knick- erbocker State: Champlain explores, 23, 50; under jurisdiction of Andros, 100; explorations of Hudson, 101; settlement of Dutch, 102; struggle for liberty, 103; surrendered to Eng- lish, 104; secures liberal charter, 105; statistics at outbreak of the Revolution, 126; patroon system, 132; trade in furs and peltries, 136; public schools and colleges estab- lished, 140; colonial newspapers, 144; Catholics denied franchise, 148; Dutch Reformed Church estab- lished, 148; Acts of 1700 and 1744 passed, 148; Episcopal Church es- tablished, 148; establishes a monthly mail between New York City and Boston, 152; in Colonial Congress, 158; Parliament suspends function of legislature (1767), 215; cedes to United States her claims to western lands, 302; taxes produce from New Jersey and Connecticut, 311; quar- rels with New Hampshire over Ver- mont, 312; gives up claims to North- west Territory, 317; rejects impost amendment to Articles of Confed- eration, 322; chooses delegates for Constitutional Convention, 323; rat- ification of national Constitution, 337; rank as to population, 479; panic of 1837, 512; sympathizes in Canadian Insurrection, 515; two delegations sent to Democratic convention (1848), 24, 555; election of 1848, 559; measures for gradual emancipation adopted, 564; abolition societies formed, 571; negro rescue at Syracuse (1851), 616; state elec- tion of 1855, 646; Presidential elec- tion of 1854, 645; condemns Buchan- an's Kansas policy, 670; meeting of the Albany Democracy, 816; Presi- dential election of 1868, 861; election of 1874, 897; Presidential election of 1876, 910; Blaine's campaign speeches (1884), 947; Presidential elections of 1884, 947; of 1888, 967; Mormonism originates in, 982; Presidential election of 1892, 992 New York Trespass Act, in American history, law by which damages could be recovered from Tories who had taken possession of the aban- doned estates of Whigs (ca. 1784), 23, 308 New Zealand, island in the Pacific Ocean, called the Britain of the South: discovered, 20, 123; history of, 210 New Zealand Company, an English trading company: chartered, 20, 212; dissolved, 213 Newark, Ohio: settled by New Eng- enders, 23, 108 Newark (Newark-upon-Trent), Eng- land: sieges of (1645), 12, 340; (1646), 11, 355 Newberry, James (late 16th century), English mercantile adventurer: set- tles in India, 5, 157 Newburgh, William of: see William of Newburgh Newburn, England: battle of (1640), 11, 337, 12, 339 Newbury, England: battles of (1643), 11, 345; (1644), 350 Newcastle, a town in New South Wales, Australia: founded, 20, 184 Newcastle, Henry Pelham Pelham- 502 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Clinton, Duke of (1811-1864), Eng- lish military officer: in the Crimean War, 15, 310 Newcastle, Thomas Pelham, Duke of (1693-1768), English statesman: sketch of, 11, 484; made Prime Minister, 494; becomes First Lord of the Treasury, 499; resigns, 505 Newcastle, William Cavendish, Mar- quis of (1592-1676), English states- man and writer: commands Royal- ist forces, 11, 345 Newcastle-on-Tyne, a town in Eng- land: built, 11, 86; siege of (1644), 12, 339 Newchwang, a city in Manchuria, China: treaty port, 6, 166, 311, 315 Newfoundland, an island of North America: settled by the Northmen, 21, 3; discovered by the English, 5, 156, 20, 49, 21, 15; settled by the English, 20, 49; becomes England's property, 20, 86, 23, 162; under Eng- lish rule, 20, 149; fishery privileges granted to the United States, 23, 443, 24, 959; Hay-Bond Treaty pro- posed with, 24, 1077; history of, 20, 177 Newman, John Henry (1801-1890), English clergyman: mentioned, 11, 611 Newnes, Sir George (1851 ), Eng- lish publisher and politician: sends out Antarctic expedition, 16, 334 Newport, Rhode Island: founded (1636), 23, 94; center of rum and negro trade, 135 Newport, Christopher (ca. 1565-1617), English navigator: in command of Virginia settlers, 23, 57; conference with Powhatan, 58 Newport, Treaty (or Negotiation) of, negotiations opened between the Houses of Parliament and Charles II (1648): mentioned, 11, 360 Newspapers, American: in the colo- nies, 23, 144; influence of New York "Tribune," 24, 799; sup- pressed during Civil War, 817 Newton, Sir Isaac, an English mathe- matician and natural philosopher: born at Woolsthorpe, near Gran- tham, Lincolnshire, England, De- cember 25, 1642; matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, July 8, 1661, and graduated January, 1665; made a fellow of Trinity, 1667, and Lucasian professor at Cambridge, 1669; became a fellow of the Royal Society, January, 1672; had completely elaborated the universal law of gravitation by 1685; represented the University of Cambridge in Parliament, 1689; was reelected, 1701; was master of the mint, 1699; and the reformation of the English coinage was largely his work; was elected foreign asso- ciate of the French Academy of Sciences, 1699; elected President of the Royal Society, 1703, an office which he held until his death at Kensington, England, March 20, 1727 Sketch of, 11, 419; assists in re- storing the currency, 444 Newtownbarry, Ireland: battles of (1798), 12, 211; (1831), 224 Newtownbutler, Ireland: battle of (1689), 12, 140 Ney, Michel, Duke of Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa (1 769-181 5), French soldier, called the Bravest of the Brave: made marshal of the empire, 9, 322; in the Napoleonic wars, 18, 384, 389; his campaign against Russia, 15, 226; joins Na- poleon, 9, 360, 10, 500; in the Waterloo campaign, 13, 287; death of, 9, 368 Neyen, John de (early 17th century), Dutch diplomat: his mission to The Hague, 13, 185 Nezib, Syria: battle of (1839), 9, 419, 14, 436, 15, 292 Niagara, New York: expedition planned against, 23, 176; captured by English (1758), 192; (1814), 20, 154; given up by England, 23, 362 "Niagara," American frigate: boarded by Perry, 23, 423 Niagara Falls, New York: Whig demonstration at (1852), 24, 621 Niall of the Nine Hostages, King of GENERAL INDEX 503 Ireland, 379-405 A. D.: reign of, 12, 25 Nibelungenlied, The, German poem: account of, 16, 9, 13, 18, 178 Nicaea (Nice), Asia Minor: Greek empire in, 2, 536; desired by the Turks, 14, 5, 17; surrenders to Ork- han, 23; sacked by Timur, 51 Nicaea, Councils of, Church councils: (325 A. D.), 2, 527, 4, 121; (789 A. D.), 9, 43 Nicaragua, a state of Central Amer- ica: history of, 22, 439; early nego- tiations concerning a canal, 24, 613; Walker attempts to form a re- public in, 626; canal treaty with the United States, 959; grants conces- sion for canal construction, 1055; failure of American construction company, 1057 Nice, France: siege of, 4, 305; cap- tured by the French, 9, 143 Nicephorus I, Byzantine Emperor, 802-811 A. D.: acknowledges Charlemagne's title, 18, 85; at war with the Saracens, 1, 351 Nicephorus (II) Phocas, Byzantine Emperor, 963-969 A. D.: career of, 1, 367 Niceratus, son of Nicias, an Athe- nian: put to death, 2, 384 Nicholas II (Gerard), Pope, 1058- 1061: supported by the Council of Spalato, 17, 38; opposes the em- pire, 18, 131 Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano), Pope, 1277-1280: enforces measures of reconciliation in all Italian cities, 4, 213; interferes between Philip of France and Alfonso of Leon, 8, 155; progress of temporal power of Papacy under, 4, 220 Nicholas IV (Girolamo d'Aseoli), Pope, 1288-1292: sends embassy to Arghun, 5, 335 Nicholas V (Tommaso Parentricolli), Pope, 1447-1455: accession, 4, 277; grants jurisdiction of African dis- coveries to Portuguese, 5, 146 Nicholas I (1796-1855), Emperor of Russia, 1825-1855, called the Iron Emperor: made heir presumptive, 15, 267; favors Holland in Belgian Revolution, 13, 298; accession of, 15, 271; crowned at Warsaw, 293; his relations to the Eastern Ques- tion, 11, 614, 14, 422, 2, 545, 17, 325, 349; policy of, 14, 444; assists Austria, 18, 401; death of, 14, 458, 15, 317 Nicholas II (1868 ), Emperor of Russia, 1894 : visits Japan, 7, 191. *5, 345; visits India, 5, 273, 15, 345; accession of, 14, 495, 15, 345; reign of, 15, 345; visits France, 9, 489, 15, 348 Nicholas (I) Petrovitch, Prince of Montenegro, i860 : sketch of, 15, 343 Nicholas Nikolaivitch (1831-1891), Grand Duke of Russia: at the bat- tle of Inkerman, 15, 316; in Russo- Turkish War (1870), 14, 479, 15, 333 Nicholas von der Flue (1417-1487), a Swiss hermit: sketch of, 13, 411 Nicholaus (late 12th century), Bishop of Oslo, a Scandinavian bishop: founds the Croziers, 16, 98 Nicholaus Albinensis: see Adrian IV, Pope Nicholls, Francis T. (19th century), an American politician: elected governor of Louisiana, 24, 872 note Nicholson, Sir Francis (d. 1728), a British colonial official: captures Port Royal, 23, 161; burns fort near Lake Champlain, 162 Nicholson, John (1821-1857), an Eng- lish soldier: sketch of, 5, 235 Nicias (d. 413 B. C), Athenian gen- eral: opposes Cleon, 2, 305; cap- tures Cythera, 309; concludes peace of Nicias, 317; opposes Alcibiades, 322; opposes Sicilian expedition, 329; sent to Sicily, 332; his plans, 333; besieges Syracuse, 337; his dilatoriness, 338 ; sends for aid, 340; refuses to raise siege, 343; captured, 347; slain, 347 Nicobar Islands, Bay of Bengal: sketch of, 20, 253 504 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Nicodemia, Asia Minor: made capi- tal of Roman province, 2, 526 Nicodromus (5th century B. C.) Greek citizen of Aegina: conspiracy of, *, 173 Nicola, Colonel (late 18th century), American army officer: invites Washington to assume dictatorship, 23, 306 Nicolas: see Nicholas Nicolls, Sir Richard (1 624-1 672), the first English colonial governor of New York: sent with king's troops, 23, 104 Nicolsburg, Treaties of: (1) a treaty by which Bethlen gave up the crown of Hungary to Ferdinand II (1620), 17, 226; (2) a treaty by which Austria gave up her leader- ship in Germany to Prussia (1866), 17, 392, 18, 412 Nicomedes (III) Philopator, King of Bithynia, 91-74 B. C: invades Pon- tus, 3, 215 Nicomedia, ancient city of Bithynia, Asia Minor: desired by Ottomans, 14, 17; captured by Orkhan, 23 Nicopolis, Pontus, Asia Minor: found- ed, 3, 275; battle of (48 B. C), 354 Nicopolis (Nikopoli), Bulgaria: battle of (1396), 9, 109, 13, 37, 14, 37, 17, 155; seized by the Russians (1877), 15, 333 Nicosia, Cyprus: siege of, 4, 309 Nidhart of Reuenthal (13th century), Bavarian poet: sketch of, 17, 98 Nidwalden, Switzerland: opposes the Helvetic Constitution, 13, 514 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776-1831), German historian and critic: his ef- forts to liberate Germany, 18, 375 Niebuhr, Karstf is (1733-1815), Ger- man traveler: Bernstorf sends to Arabia, 16, 240 Niel, Adolphe (1802-1869), French marshal: made minister of war, 9, 459; makes an inspection of the Franco-Belgian frontier, 13, 309 Niels I, King of Denmark, 1105-1135: reign of, 16, 75; death of, 77 Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn (1757-1841), Polish statesman, historian, and poet: quoted, 15, 202 Nien, General (18th century), Chinese military officer: account of, 6, 79 Nienfei Rebels, Chinese marauders: rebellion of, 6, 209 Nienschantz, Sweden: capture of (1703), 15, 91 Nieuport, Belgium: siege of (1600), 13, 172 Nifisay (14th century), daughter of Murad: marriage of, 14, 31 Niger, river in Africa: struggle for, 19, 147 Niger, Caius Pescennius (d. 194 A. D.), Roman commander: proclaimed emperor by his troops, 4, 100 Nigeria, Africa: formed, 19, 156 Night Caps (Nattmosser), Swedish party: mentioned, 16, 226 Nightingale, Florence (1820 ), English philanthropist: her work in Crimea, 11, 617, 14, 458 Nihilism: sketch of, 15, 332, 341 Nikaia, India: founded, 5, 68 Nikitin, Athanasius (d. 1472), Russian traveler: visits India, 5, 141 Nikko, Japan: battle of, 7, 170 Nikolaus (13th century), grandson of Valdemar II: invested with Bleking and Halland, 16, 91 Nikolsburg: see Nicolsburg Nikon (1605-1681), Russian scholar and theologian, Patriarch of Russia: schism of, 15, 22 Nile, Africa: battle of the (1798), 8, 483, 527, 10, 409, 11, 549, 14, 380, 20, 141 Nilsson, Carl (14th century), Swedish citizen: death of, 16, 109 Nimeguen (Nimwegen, Nymwegen), Peace of, a series of treaties con- cluded between France and the United Provinces in 1678 and 1679, 8, 383, 9, 212, 11, 405, 13, 240, 241, 18, 302, 19, 33, 20, 64, 72 Nimeguen on the Waal, Netherlands: battles of (1589), 13, 1555 0794), 9, 290 Nimmyo, Emperor of Japan, 12th century: marriage of, 7, 45 GENERAL INDEX 505 Nimrod, The Modern: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Nimrud: see Calah "Nina," Spanish vessel: fitted out for Columbus, 23, 29 Nine Days' Queen: see Grey, Lady Jane Nine Hostages, Hero of the: see Nial the Great, King of Ireland "Nine Ways," The: chosen as site for Athenian fort, 2, 236 Ninety-six, South Carolina: battle of (1780), 23, 274; recaptured by Americans, 23, 282 Ninety-two Resolutions, a statement of grievances addressed by Canada to the English government, 20, 155 Nineveh (Nina, Ninua), in ancient geography, a city of the Assyrian empire: location of, I, 64; sacked and burned (606 B. C), 92, 158; bat- tle of (627 A. D.), 5, 321 Ningpo, China: occupation of, 6, 138 Ningyuan, China: defense of, 6, 46 Nino, Alonso (1455-1505), Spanish navigator: discoveries of, 21, 15 Ninth Virginia Regiment: loss at Gettysburg, 24, 782 Nioro, Africa: captured by the French (1891), 19, 151 Nioto, General (19th century), South American military officer: aids Cas- tilla, 21, 199 Nisch, Egypt: captured from the Turks (1688), 17, 231; sieges of (1690), 14, 259; (1737), 310 Nishi-Rosen Protocol, an agreement concluded between Russia and Ja- pan defining their position in Korea (1898), 7, 296 Nisibin, Asia Minor: battle of, 1, 38 Nisibis, Turkish Empire: siege of (337 A. D.), 5, 318 Nissa, Servia: captured by the Turks (1376), 14, 30; Turks defeated near (1443), 62 Nissa River, Denmark: battle of (1064), 16, 67 Nissage-Saget (late 19th century), mulatto president of Hayti, 1870- 1874: his administration, 22, 501 Nitokris: see Neit-akrit Nitra, Moravia: oldest Moravian Christian church consecrated at, 17, 30; taken by the Bohemians, 74 Nitta Yoshisada (14th century), Japa- nese noble and soldier: besieges Mount Kongo (1333), 7, 86; sketch of, 87; his campaign against Ashi- kaga Takauji, 88; death of, 90 Niu-chwang, Manchuria, Chinese Em- pire: captured by the Japanese (1895), 7, 272; occupied by Russia, 285 Nivelle, river of southern France: bat- tle of the (1814), 8, 531 Nizam Shahi Dynasty, Mohammedan kingdom in India (1490-1636): ac- count of, 5, 106 Nizam-ul-Mulk (nth century), Per- sian statesman: career of, 5, 331 Nizam-ul-Mulk Asof Jah (Chin Kuleck Khan) (18th century), independent ruler of the viceroyalty of the Dec- can in India, 1720-1724: revolt of, 5, 126; founds a dynasty, 178 Njord, one of the Norse gods and a legendary King of Sweden: account of, 16, 35 Noailles, Adrien Maurice, Duke of (1678-1766), French statesman: president of the council of finance, 9, 227; dismissed from the office, 230; campaign in Germany, 236 Noailles, Louis Antoine de (1695- 1729), French ecclesiastic and diplo- mat: president of the Council of Conscience, 9, 227 Noailles, Viscomte Louis Marie de (1756-1804), French statesman: in- forms the Assembly of the Paris in- surrection, 10, 69; at the night ses- sion of August 4, 1789, 9, 265 Noailles, Philippe de Due de Moachy (1715-1794), French marshal: death of, 9, 289 No-Amen: see Thebes Nobiling (late 19th century), German criminal: his attempt to assassinate the emperor, 18, 445 Nobilion, Quintus Fulvius, Roman general and statesman, consul, 153 B. C: campaign in Spain, 3, 161 506 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Noboa, Diego, South American states- man: president of Ecuador, 21, no Nobrega, Emmanuel de (1517-1570), a Portuguese Jesuit: his work in Brazil, 20, 92 "Noche Triste," in Mexican history, the night of June 30-31, 1520: de- scription of, 32, 37 Nodier, Charles (1783-1844), French writer: publishes the " Illyrian Tele- graph," 17, 301 Nodzu Michitsura, Viscount (1844 ), Japanese officer: in Chino- Japanese war, 6, 268, 7, 267 No-flint General: see Grey, Charles, Earl Grey Nogaret, Jacques Ramel de (1260- 1313). French statesman: takes pos- session of the person of Boniface VIII, 9, 88 Nogi, Baron Ki-teu (1851 ), Japa- nese general: his services in the Russo-Japanese War, 7, 311, 15, 361 Noir, Victor (Yvan Salmon) (1848- 1870), French journalist: death of, 9, 460 Noircarmes (late 16th century), Bel- gian statesman and soldier: his cam- paign against the Calvinists, 13, 101; at the siege of Mons, 113 Nola, Italy: battle of, 3, 123 Nolan, Lewis Edward (1839-1854), English officer: in the Crimean War, 15, 315 Noll, Old: see Cromwell, Oliver Nolle, Antonio (late 15th century), Genoese explorer: discovers the Cape de Verd islands, 8, 318 Nombre de Dios, Central America: founded (1501), 31, 16; taken by Drake (1573), 30 Nomentum, Italy: forms an alliance with Rome, 3, 20; loses its inde- pendence, 67 Nomophylaces, Athenian officers: functions of the, 2, 239 Non- Aryans in India: description of, 5, 25 Non-Intercourse Resolution, a bill passed by the first Continental Con- gress restricting trade with Great Britain (1775): described, 33, 284 Noot, Hendrik Nikolaas van der: see Van der Noot, Hendrik Nikolaas Nootka Sound Convention, conference between Russia and England (1790): mentioned, 24, 541 Norbanus, Gaius, Roman consul, 83 B. C: elected consul, 3, 225; defeated at Capua, 226 Norbert, Archbishop of Bremen (1092-1134), German ecclesiastic: his sway extended over Denmark, 16, 78 Norby, Soren (Severin) (d. 1530), Danish admiral: defeats the Ltibeck- ers and Swedes, 16, 140; in the Swedish Revolution, 153; supports Christian II of Denmark, 192 Norcia, Italy: battle of (113 B. C.) 17, II, 18, 4 Nord, Alexis, negro soldier and states- man, President of Hayti, 1902 : proclaimed president, 22, 501 Norddeutsche Bund, a confederation of German states (1866), 18, 413 Nordenskjold, Baron Nils Adolf Erik (1832-1901), Swedish Polar ex- plorer: explorations in the Arctic Regions, 5, 156, 16, 315; his ex- plorations in the Antarctic Regions, 16, 336 Nordlingen, Bavaria, Germany: bat- tles of (1634), 9, 190, 13, 211, 16, 186, 18, 288; (1644), 9, 199 Norfolk, England: origin of, 1 1, 19 Norfolk, Virginia: burned (1775), 23, 236; Confederates seize navy yard, 24, 692, 717; evacuated, 756 Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of: see Howard, Thomas, Earl of Surrey and 3rd Duke of Norfolk Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of (1536-1572), English politician: convicted of treason, 11, 262; in the Ridolfi plot, 287 Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of: see Mowbray, Thomas, Earl of Not- tingham and Duke of Norfolk Norfolk Island, Australia: convict settlement established at, 20, 132 Noria, Plan of, a manifesto issued by the Mexican general, Diaz (1871), 22, 402 GENERAL INDEX 507 Noricum, in ancient geography, a country in Europe: added to the Roman empire, 17, 12; invaded by the barbarians, 14; recognizes the authority of Theodosius, 16; settled by Lombards, 17; peopled by Slav colonists, 19 Norman, Sir Henry Wylie (1826- 1904) British military officer: sketch of, 5, 251 Normandy, a former government of France: settlement and growth, II, 57, 16, 15, 42; pledged by Duke Robert to William Rufus, II, 87 Normans, the descendants of the Northmen who settled in France under Rollo: devastate Rome, 18, 136; invade Leon, 8, 137; conquer England, 11, 71 Noronha, Alfonso de (16th century), Portuguese viceroy of the Indies: administration of, 8, 436 Noronha, Antonio de (15th century), governor of Ceuta, Africa: defeated by Moors, 8, 324; attempts to build a citadel at the mouth of the River Marmora (334); viceroy of the In- dies, 435 Norris, Sir John (1547-1597), English general: sacks Corunna, II, 298 Norris, Sir John (1 689-1 749), English naval officer: his relations with Peter the Great, 15, 64, 67 Norris, Sir Thomas (16th century), president of Munster, Ireland: fails to crush Munster rebellion, 12, 97 Norroena Mai: the language of Scan- dinavia, 16, 8 Norsemen: see Northmen North, Frederick, Lord North, 2nd Earl of Guilford (1732-1792), Eng- lish politician: becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer, 11, 511, 23, 216; made Prime Minister, 11, 512; intro- duces propositions to relieve Irish trade, 12, 184; resigns premiership, 23, 286; becomes Secretary of State (1783), 11, 525 North, The, a division of the United States during the Civil War: strength and resources, 24, 724; preparations for war, 739 J opposi- tion to the Civil War, 764, 815; fi- nances, 819; cost of the war, 821; effect of Lincoln's death, 830; see also Civil War North, The Lion of the: see Gustavus (II) Adolphus, King of Sweden North, The Madman of the: see Charles XII, King of Sweden North, The Messalina of the: see Catherine II, Empress of Russia North, The Nero of the: see Chris- tian II, King of Denmark North, The Queen of the: see Edin- burgh North, The Star of the: see Gustavus (II) Adolphus, King of Sweden North Africa: sketch of, 19, 3 North America: Cabot discovers, 23, 35; see also Canada, Mexico, and the United States North Anna River, Virginia: Lee withdraws to, 24, 789 North Atlantic Squadron, a division of the United States navy: at Key West, 24, 1028 North Borneo Company, British: see British North Borneo Company North Carolina, a state of the United States, called The Old North State, The Tar State, and The Turpentine State: first colony planted in, 23, 73; united with South Carolina, 74; separated and made royal province, 77; Scotch-Irish settle in, 127; lum- ber and naval stores produced, 137; colonial newspapers, 144; Church of England established, 149; claims right of imposing taxes (1765), 210; battle of Alamance, 217; instructs her delegates to concur in a declara- tion of independence, 239; invaded by Cornwallis, 279; fails to pay her share of national government ex- penses (1781), 313; appoints dele- gates for Annapolis Convention, 322; chooses delegates for Constitu- tional Convention, 322; ratifies the Constitution, 338; slavery regarded with disfavor, 24, 564; cedes Tennes- see to government, 567; abolition so- 508 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS cieties formed, 571; Confederates seize Forts Caswell and Macon, 691; Confederates seize United States mint at Charlotte, 692; secedes, 718; provisional governor appointed, 840; reconstruction, 868; Demo- crats regain control, 873; negro franchise, 873 North Dakota, a state of the United States: part of Northwest Territory, 24, 631; admitted to the Union, 985; Presidential election of 1892, 992 North Foreland, Battle of: see Downs, Battle of the North German Confederation, The, union of German states (1866), 18, 413 North German Missionary Society: work of, 19, 92 North Inch of Perth, Scotland: battle of (1400), 12, 287 North Mountain: in Shenandoah Val- ley, 24, 793 North Sea Commission, The, a body which met to hear evidence on the attack made by the Russian fleet on the British travelers, 15, 363 North State, The Old: see North Carolina Northallerton, England: battle of (1138), called Battle of the Stand- ard, 12, 264 Northampton, England: battle of (1460), 11, 211 Northampton, Treaty of, a truce con- cluded between England and Scot- land (1328), 12, 283 Northbrook, Thomas George Baring, Baron (1826-1905), English politi- cian: his governor-generalship of India, 5, 253 Northcote, Sir Stafford (1818-1887), English politician: in Joint High Commission, 24, 883 Northeast Boundary Dispute, a con- troversy which existed between the United States and Great Britain con- cerning the boundary of the United States: commission appointed to de- termine, 23, 430; settlement, 24, 531 Northeast Passage, the sea route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean via. the north of Europe and Asia: accomplished, 16, 316 Northeastern Fisheries: see Fishery Disputes Northern Maritime League or Con- federacy, a league formed by Sweden, Denmark, Russia, and Prussia to resist England's interfer- ence with neutral merchantmen (1800), 11, 552, 16, 250 Northern Pacific Railroad, a railroad in the United States: Supreme Court decision respecting, 24, 972 Northern Seas, The Queen of the: see Elizabeth, Queen of England Northern War, The Great, a war be- tween Sweden on one side and Russia, Denmark, Saxony, Poland, Prussia, and Hanover, on the other (1700-1721), 15, 383, 16, 214 Northfield, a town in Massachusetts: burned in King Philip's War, 23, 97 Northmen, early Scandinavians: sources of knowledge of, 16, 7; re- ligion of, 11, 41; the character of their expeditions, 16, 13; efforts to Christianize, 25; plunder the coast of England, 11, 42; invade Scotland, 12, 254; ravage Germany and France, 16, 22, 18, 87; in Russia, 16, 39; settle in Normandy, 16, 42, 18, 97; driven from Germany, 18, 99; discover Vinland, 16, 49, 23, 19 Northumberland, a county of Eng- land: settlement of, 11, 25; con- quered by the Danes, 42 Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl of: see Percy, Henry, Earl of Northumberland Northumberland, John Dudley, Dukt of (1502-1553), English politician: power of, 11, 267; death of, 269 Northwest Boundary Dispute, a dis- pute between England and the United States over the boundary of Oregon: account of, 24, 541; arbi- trated by Emperor of Germany, 884; United States claims sustained, 886 Northwest Company, a company for trading in the Canadian northwest: sketch of, 20, 168 GENERAL INDEX 509 Northwest Frontier Province, or Northwestern Provinces, a lieuten- ant-governorship of British India: created, 5, 286; sketch of, 203 Northwest Passage, a passage for ships from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific by the northern coasts of the American continent: the Ca- bots search for, 5, 156; 23, 35; Ver- razano searches for, 46; Cartier searches for, 46; see also Polar Re- search, 16, 295 Northwest Territory, a territory of the United States, comprising the present Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minne- sota east of the Mississippi: basis for English claims, 23, 60; ceded by the various states, 317; govern- ment of, 318; English military posts held in, 358; slavery controversy, 24, 631 Norvegicus, Laurentius (16th cen- tury), a Jesuit priest in Sweden: summoned to Rome, 16, 165 Norway, the northernmost country of Europe: legendary history of, 16, 37; under the Ynglingar, 51; Adam of Bremen's description of, 63; be- ' fore the Union of Calmar, 97; at the close of the Middle Ages, 141; made a free elective monarchy, 192; made a dependency of Denmark, 196; in the age of political revolution, 247; arbitration treaty with the United States, 24, 1076; independence of, 16, 287 Norway, The Maid of: see Margaret, Queen of Scotland Norwegian Question, The, the ques- tion of Norway's status as a nation, 16, 261, 281 Nosey: see Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Nossi-Be, an island north of Mada- gascar: taken by the French, 19, 56, 20, 278, 19, 212 Nossi-Cumba, a small island near Madagascar: the French take pos- session of, 19, 212 Nossi-Mitsiou, a small island near Madagascar: the French take pos- session of, 19, 212 Notables, Assembly of, a council con- voked on extraordinary occasions by the French king: appointed, 22, 387; meets, 388 Noteburg: see Schliisselburg Nothomb, Jean Baptiste, Baron (1805- 1881), Belgian statesman: leads Bel- gian conservatives, 13, 298 Notions, The City of: see Boston Notker, surnamed Balbulus (" the Stammerer " or " the Saint ") (ca. 840-912), Swiss monk and musical composer: sketch of, 13, 343 Notker, surnamed Labeo (" the Thick- lipped ") (d. 1022), Swiss monk: sketch of, 13, 346 Nott, Sir William (1782-1845), Eng- lish military officer: his campaign in India, 5, 218 Nottingham, Daniel Finch, Earl of (1647-1730), an English Tory poli- tician: leader of the High Tories, ", 455 Nottingham, Thomas Mowbray, Earl of: see Mowbray, Thomas, Earl of Nottingham and Duke of Norfolk Nova Carthago, the Roman name of Carthagena, Spain: captured by Scipio, 3, 126;, see also Carthagena Nova Scotia, North America: settled by the Northmen (ca. 10th cen- tury), 21, 3; settled by the English (1621), 12, 334; named, 23, 161; granted to Sir William Alexander, 20, 83; history of, 161; ceded to England (1763), 20, 120, 23, 198; see also Acadia Nova Zembla: discovered, 16, 300; cir- cumnavigated, 315 Novara, Italy: sieges and battles of (1500), 9, 132; (1511), 4, 293; (1513), 9, 135, 13, 421; (1522), 4, 301; (1849), 4, 359, 17, 373, 18, 402 Novella, Francisco de (early 19th cen- tury), Spanish colonial statesman: made temporary viceroy of New Spain (1821), 22, 255 November, Battle of the 5th of: see Inkerman: battle of (1854) 510 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Novgorod, Russia: becomes residence of Rurik (862 A. D.), 15, 5, 6; adopts Christianity, 8; submits to Moscow (1478), 13; taken by the Swedes (1611), 16, 173 Novi, Italy: battle of (i799)> 9, 3, 10, 408 Novibazar, Bosnia: under the military control of Austria-Hungary, 17, 421 Novikov, Nicholas Ivanovitch (1744- 1818), Russian author and educator: account of, 15, 193 Noviodunum, France: founded, 3, 309 Noviomagus, Germany: battle of, 4, 117 Novosiltsov, Nicholas (1761-1836), Russian statesman: negotiations of, 15, 213; power of, 264 Novum Comum (Como), Italy: found- ed, 3, 317 Noy, William (1577-1634), English jurist: advises Charles I concerning the raising of ship-money, 11, 333 Noyon, Treaty of, a treaty between Francis I of France and the Em- peror Charles V (1516), 9, 137 Nozu (late 19th century), Japanese officer: his campaign against Saigo, 7, 179 Nubar Pasha (1825-1899), Egyptian statesman: mentioned, 1, 39, 19, 268 Nubia, Africa: location of, 1, 8 Nuceria, Italy: siege of (308 B. C.) 3> 182 Nuestra Sefiora de Regla, Island in the Pacific Ocean: discovered, 22, 212 Nugent, Sir George (1 757-1849), Eng- lish officer: in Rebellion of 1798, 12, 213 Nullification, Doctrine of, a theory that the several states of the United States are equal and sovereign and that the general government is one of delegated powers: originates in Kentucky, 23, 378; Hayne's speech on, 409; in South Carolina, 489, 491; Ordinance of Nullification passed, 493J Jackson's proclamation con- cerning, 494 Numana, Italy: founded (4th century B. CO, 3, 57 Numantia, Spain: war with Rome (137-134 B. C), 3, 162; siege of, 8, 19 Numidia, northern Africa: revolts against Carthage, 3, 102; condition under Roman rule, 162 Nunez, Emilio (late 19th century), Cuban statesman: chosen governor of Havana, 22, 468 Nunez, Mendez (late 19th century), Spanish naval officer: takes com- mand of Spanish fleet in Chilian waters, 21, 222 Nunez, Rafael (1825-1894), Colom- bian statesman, President of Colom- bia, 1880-1882 and 1884-1894: ac- count of, 21, 245 Nuouman Kiuprili, Turkish states- man, Grand Vizier of Turkey, 1710- 171 1 : account of, 14, 276 Nur Jahan (Nur Mahal), Empress of Salim Jahanger of India: account of, 5, 117 Nuremberg, Germany: diets of (1431), 17, 135; (1S32), 18, 249; taken by Bavaria, 18, 371 Nurhachu (1559-1626), Manchu chief- tain: mythical account of, 6, 42; conquers China, 43; death of, 46 Nutari, Japan: fort built at, 7, 27 Nutmeg State, The: see Connecticut Nymeguen, Treaty of: see Nimeguen, Peace of Nymphenberg, Treaty of, a treaty en- tered into by Louis XV for the dis- memberment of Austria (1741), 16, 227 Nyschlot, Finland: taken by the Rus- sians (1714), 15, 64 Nystad, Peace of, a treaty between Sweden and Russia, concluded (1721), 15, 68, 381, 16, 226 o O'Brien, Donall (early 13th century), King of Thomondin, Ireland: op- poses progress of De Courcy, 12, 55 O'Brien, James F. X. (living), Irish political leader: sketch of, 12, 236 O'Brien, Murrough, Earl of Thomond (16th century), Irish chieftain: made earl (1540), 12, 83 O'Brien, William Smith (1803-1864), Irish revolutionist: leader of Young Ireland party, 12, 230; leader of armed resistance in Ireland, n, 608, 12, 231: death of, 12, 232 O'Connell, Daniel, an Irish agitator and orator, called The Uncrowned Monarch, and The Irish Liberator: born near Calinciveen, County Kerry, Ireland, August 6, 1775; be- came known as an advocate; founded the Catholic Association; led the agitation in favor of Cath- olic emancipation; was elected to Parliament, 1828; led the Repeal ag- itation, 1840; promoted the mass- meetings of 1842-1843; was arrested and convicted of conspiracy and sedition, 1843, but his sentence was reversed, 1844; died at Genoa, Italy, May 15, 1847 Career of, 12, 220; supports Cath- olic emancipation movement, 11, 584; agitates the repeal of the Union, 591; agrees to the Lichfield House Compact, 594; retires from public life, 604; death of, 12, 227 O'Connolly, Owen (early 17th cen- tury), Irish citizen: treason of, 12, 115 O'Connor, Arthur (1763-1852), an Irish revolutionist: joins the United Irishmen, 12, 207 O'Connor, Feargus Edward (1796- 1855), an Irish lawyer and politi- cian: leader of labor revolt, n, 600; summons the Chartists to Kensing- ton Common, 608 O'Connor, William Frederick Travers (1870 ), British soldier and writer: member of the Tibetan mis- sion, s, 297 O'Conor, Charles (18th century), Irish scholar and antiquarian: as- sumes leadership of Catholic move- ment, 12, 173 O'Conor, Felim (d. 1265), King of Connaught, 1249-1265: reign of, 12, 58 O'Conor, Roderick, King of Ireland, 12th century: reign of, 12, 46 O'Donnell, Godfrey (13th century), Irish chieftain: defeats Maurice Fitzgerald, 12, 58 O'Donnell, Henry Joseph, Count of Abisbal (1769-1834), a Spanish gen- eral of Irish extraction: crushes in- surrection against Ferdinand VII of Spain, 8, 492 O'Donnell, Hugh Roe (i57i?-i6o2), Irish soldier: career o f 12, 94 O'Donnell, Leopoldo, Duke of Tetuan (1809-1867), a Spanish general: con- spires against Isabella, 8, 504 O'Donnell, Rory or Roderick, Earl of Tirconnell (1575-1608), Irish pa- triot: submits to English, 12, 106 O'Donoju, Juan (1755-1821), the last Spanish ruler of New Spain: his ad- ministration as Viceroy of New Spain, 22, 256 O'Hara, James (d. 1819), English military officer: delivers Cornwal- l's sword to Washington, 23, 285 O'Higgins, Bernardo (1778-1842), a Chilean general and statesman: president of Chili, 21, 215 511 512 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS O'Moore, Owney (early 17th cen- tury), Irish chieftain: joins the re- bellion of Hugh O'Neill, 12, 100 O'Moore, Rory (early 17th century), Irish chieftain: leads Rebellion of 1641, 12, 114 O'Mulconry (early 17th century), Irish chronicler: aids in compila- tion of the " Annals," 12, 7 O'Neill, Brien (13th century), Irish soldier: at battle of Downpatrick, 12, 58 O'Neill, Conn, Earl of Tyrone (16th century), Irish chieftain: made earl, 12, 83 O'Neill, Donall (early 14th century), Irish soldier: joins Edward Bruce, 12, 59 O'Neill, Hugh (17th century), Irish soldier and nephew of Owen Roe O'Neill: defends Clonmel, 12, 125; defends Limerick, 126 O'Neill, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone (d. 1616), Irish chieftain: rebellion of, 11, 303, 12, 94 O'Neill, Matthew (16th century), son of Conn O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone: made Baron of Dungannon, 12, 83; claims earldom of Tyrone, 87 O'Neill, Owen Roe (i5oo?-i649), Irish chieftain: leads rebellion of 1641, 12, 114; takes command of the army, 119; death of, 125 O'Neill, Sir Phelim (d. 1641), Irish chieftain: leads rebellion of 1641, 12, 114; death of, 126 O'Neill, Shane, Shan, or John (d. 1567), Irish chieftain, called The Hate of Englishman: rebellion of, 12, 87 O'Reilly, John Boyle (1844-1890), an Irish- American journalist and poet: sketch of, 12, 236 O'Rourke, Tergnan (Tigernan), Prince of Brefni 12th century), Irish chieftain: at war with Dermot MacMurrogh, 12, 48 O'Shaughnessy, William Brooke (1809-1889), first director general of telegraphs in India: account of, 5, 225 O'Sullivan, Donall (early 17th cen- tury), Irish chieftain: in the rebel- lion of Hugh O'Neill, 12, 103 O'Toole, Laurence (late 12th cen- tury), Archbishop of Dublin: preaches against the English, 12, 50 Oakes (late 18th century), English diplomat: at the Russian court, 15, 175 Oama, Prince: see Temmu, Emperor of Japan Oates, Titus (1649-1705), an English impostor: tells of a Popish plot, XI, 406; punishment of, 421 Obaid Allah (Obeidala) (early 10th century), Fatimite caliph: puts down insurrection in Cufa, I, 249; besieges Fez, 8, 76 Obbia, a sultanate in Africa: placed under the protection of Italy, 19, 209 Oberlin College, a coeducational col- lege at Oberlin, Ohio: assists "un- derground railroad," 24, 672 Obes (early 19th century), Uruguayan soldier: directs the defence of Mon- tevideo (1842), 21, 139 Obligado, Dr. (early 19th century), President of Buenos Ayres: admin- istration of, 21, 128 Obock or Obok, a French colony and protectorate in Africa: bought by the French, 19, 56 Obradovic, Dositei (late 18th cen- tury), Servian national poet: sketch of, 17, 271 Obresskov (18th century), Russian minister at Constantinople: account of, 14, 322 Obrin, a river in France: battle of the (793 A. D.), 9. 43 Ocampo, Sebastian de (1465-1509), a Spanish navigator: discovers Ha- vana harbor, 22, 447 Ocana, Spain: battle of (1809), 9, 337 Ocba ben Albegag (Okba ben al- Hajjaj), (8th century), Emir of Spain: reign of, 8, 65 Ocean's Queen, The: see England Ochakov, a town in Russia: sieges of (1737), 14, 308, 15, 123; (1788- 1789), 14, 354, 15, 184 Ochial: see Uludj AH GENERAL INDEX 513 Ochs, Peter (1749-1821), Swiss states- man: plans the Swiss policy of France, 13, 508; plans government of Switzerland, 512 Ochterlong, David (1758-1825), Brit- ish general: his campaigns against the Gurkhas, 5, 207 Ockley: see Aclea Octavia (d. 11 B. C), sister of Octa- vius: death, 4, 42 Octavius: see Augustus Caesar Octavius, Gnaeus, Roman consul 87 B. C. : opposes Cinna and his meas- ures, 3, 222; death, 223 Octavius, Marcus, Roman tribune 133 B. C: opposes reforms of Grac- chus, 3, 176 Octavius, Marcus (ca. 50 B. C.), Roman officer: in battle with Dola- bella (49 B. C), 3, 343', defeated in Illyria, 354 Octennial Bill, a bill which provided that there should be an election of Irish Parliamentary members every eight years (1767), 12, 177 Oda (ca. 955 A. D.), English prelate, Archbishop of Canterbury: sketch of, 11, 48 Oda Nobukatsu (16th century), Jap- anese soldier: rebels against Ha- shiba Hideyoshi, 7, 113 Oda Nobunaga (16th century), me- diaeval Japanese leader: aids Ashi- kaga Yoshiaki to regain the sho- gunate, 7, 101; career of, no Oda Nubutaka (16th century), Japa- nese leader; plots against Hashiba Hideyoshi, 7, 113 Oda Samboshi (16th and 17th cen- turies), Japanese leader: succeeds Oda Nobunaga, 7, 113 Odenathus (Odenatus, Odhenat) of Palmyra (d. 266 or 267 A. D.), Roman general: defeats Persian army, 5, 317; assumes the title of emperor, 4, no Odessa: founding of, 15, 267; battle of (260 A. D.), 4, no; bombard- ment of (1854), 15, 309 Odeum, The, a public building of Athens: description of, 2, 254 Odhenat: see Odenathus Odilo, Abbot of Cluny (962-ca. 1048), French monk: teaching of, 18, 128 Odin, King of Denmark: the legend of, 16, 9, 17 Odo (9th century), King of France: chosen king, 16, 23, 18, 98 Odo (nth century), Count of Cham- pagne: disputes succession of Con- rad II in Burgundy, 18, 126 Odo (d. ca. 1097), Bishop of Bayeux: revolts against William Rufus, II, 82 Odoacer (Odovacar, Ottokar) (ca. 434-493 A. D.), Italian chieftain: destroys the Empire of the West, 17, 16, 2, 531, 4, 151; defeat of, 2, 532; reign of, 4, 155; career of, 18, 45 Odoievski, Prince Alexander (19th century), Russian conspirator: in the plot of the Dekabrists, 15, 274 Odovacar: see Odoacer Odysseus: see Ulysses Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob (1779- 1850), Danish poet: sketch of, 16, 264 Oeland, island in Baltic Sea: battle of (1676), 16, 212 Oenomaus (ca. 70 B. C), Celtic slave: leader of Gladitorial war, 3, 261 Oenophyta, Greece: battle of, 2, 245 Oesova, eastern Europe: taken by the Turks (1738), 17, 235 Gtaeans, Grecian tribe: join Ly- sander, 2, 397; at war with Phocis, 461; proposals of the, 469 Oeversee, northern Europe: battle of (1864), 18, 408 Ofella, Quintus (d. 79 B. C), Roman soldier: blockades Marius in Prae- neste, 3, 227; aids reforms of Sulla, 230; rebels against constitution of Sulla, 239; death, 239 Ofin, Hungary: taken by Suleiman the Great (1529), 14, 153 Ogden, Utah: meeting of the Central and Union Pacific Railroads, 24, 902 Ogdensburg, New York: battle of (1812), 23, 421 Ogeechee River, Georgia: guarded by Fort McAllister, 24, 805 514* THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Ogimachi, Emperor of Japan, 1558- 1587: coronation of, 7, 100 Oglethorpe, James (1696-1785), Eng- lish soldier and colonist: proprietor of Georgia colony, 23, 80; founds Savannah, 81; friendly relations with Indians, 81; trouble with Span- ish, 81; bombards St. Augustine, 22, 194; death of, 23, 81 Ogre, The Corsican: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Ogulnian Law, in Roman history, a law by which the offices of pontiff and augur were thrown open to the plebeians (300 B. C.) 3, 50 Ohara Shigenori (19th century), Jap- anese statesman: made sanyo, 7, 107 Ohio, a state of the United States, named from the Indian " O-hee- yuh " meaning " beautiful river," which the French spelled " O-y-o," called the Buckeye State: Connecti- cut gives up claim to, 23, 317; ad- mitted to the Union, 318; first set- tlement in, 364; northern part ceded by Indians, 366; population in- creases, 442; flourishing condition following admission, 442; as free state, 452; impetus to development of, 480; negro rescues, 24, 616; elec- tion of 1854, 645; condemns Buch- anan's Kansas policy, 670; viola- tions of Fugitive Slave Law, 672; opposes negro suffrage, 858; elec- tion of 1874, 897; Presidential elec- tion of 1880, 931; Blaine's campaign speeches (1884), 947; Presidential election of 1892, 992 Ohio Canal, connecting Lake Erie and the Ohio River: constructed, 23,480 Ohio Company, an English trading company: organized, 23, 170, 318 Ohio Valley, United States: French claims in, 23, 167 Ohthere (9th century A. D.), Scandi- navian traveler: his conversations with Alfred, 16, 7, 40 Ohud, Mount: see Mount Ohud Oil Rivers Region, Africa: declared a British protectorate, 19, 155; gov- ernment of, 159 Oishi Kuranosuke (18th century), Japanese vassal: revenges death of Asano Naganori, 7, 152 Ojeda, Alonso de (1468-1515), Spanish cavalier: drives Indians to revolt, 21, 11; explorations of, 15 Ojin, Emperor of Japan, 3rd century A. D.: promotes Chinese learning, 7 13 Ojin War, a conflict between two Jap- anese factions (15th century), 7, 97 Oka, river in Russia: battle of (1480), 15, 13 Okba ben Nafi: see Okbah Okbah (Achbar ben Nafi al-Fahri, Akbah, Okba ben Nafi, Sidi Okba) (7th century), Arab general: con- quers Africa, 1, 304 Okehazama, Japan: battle of, 7, no Okhos (d. 338 B. C), King of Persia: reign of, 1, 168 Oklahoma, a state of the United States: obstructive procedures against bill for organization of, 24, 969; opening of, 981; population (1890), 985; refused admission, 1054, 1077; admitted to the Union, 1083 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: founded, 24, 98S Oku, Hokyo, Japanese soldier: his campaigns in the Chino-Japanese War, 7, 267; his campaign against Russia (1904), 7, 310, 15, 361 Okubo Toshimichi (19th century), Japanese statesman: made sanyo, 7, 167; persuades the lord of Sat- suma to surrender his feudal do- mains to the crown, 174; crushes rebellion of Eto Shimpei, 177; op- poses war with Korea, 178; sent as plenipotentiary to Peking, 192 Okuma Shigenobu, Count (1838 ), Japanese statesman: reforms of, 7, 183; attempts to negotiate treaties with European powers, 190; leads Progressive Party, 214; made min- ister of foreign affairs, 217; made premier, 220; opposes navy expan- sion, 236 Olaf, King of Dublin: see Olauf, King of Dublin GENERAL INDEX 515 Olaf (I) Hunger, King of Denmark 1086-ca. 1095: made Duke of Sles- vig, 16, 72; reign of, 73 Olaf II (sometimes called III), King of Denmark: see Olaf V, King of Norway Olaf (I) Trygvasson (956-1000), King of Norway, ca. 996-1000: reign of, 16, 54; attacks London, 11, 57 Olaf II, Saint (995-1030), King of Norway, ca. 1015-1030: his influence on ancient customs, 16, 8; reign of, 56 Olaf (III) Kyrre (d. 1093), King of Norway, ca. 1068-1093: forms an alliance with Knud, 16, 72 Olaf IV (1098-1116), King of Nor- way, 1103-1116: chosen joint king, 16, 97 Olaf V (d. 1387), King of Norway, 1380-1387, and, as Olaf II (some- times called III), King of Denmark 1376- 1.387: reign of, 16, 100, 119 Olaf (I) Traetelje (d. 640 A. D.), King of Sweden: the legend of, 16, 37 Olaf (II) Skat-Konung, King of Sweden, 993-1024: defeats Olaf Trygvasson, 16, 55; reign of, 58 Olaf (10th century A. D.), Prince of Norway: defeated by Erik Blodoxe, 16, 52 Olauf (Olaf), King of Dublin, 849- ca. 870: career of, 16, 43 "Old Abe": see Lincoln, Abraham Old Age Pensions, a system of com- pulsory insurance in Germany: in- augurated (1889), 18, 448 Old Bay State: see Massachusetts Old Catholics, a schismatic branch of the Catholic Church in Germany: description of, 18, 440 Old Czechs, a faction in Austria-Hun- gary: work of, 17, 428 Old Dominion, The: see Virginia Old Fox, The: see Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu Old French War: see French and In- dian War Old Fuss and Feathers: see Scott, Winfield Old Grog: see Vernon, Edward Old Hero: see Jackson, Andrew Old Hickory: see Jackson, Andrew Old Man Eloquent: see Adams, John Quincy Old Noll: see Cromwell, Oliver Old North Church, a church in Bos- ton, Massachusetts: signals for Paul Revere hung in tower, 23, 226 Old North State, The: see North Carolina Old Ritualists, a schismatic branch of the Russian church: origin of, 15, 23; persecution of, 84 Old Rowley: see Charles II, King of England Old South Meeting House, a church in Boston, Massachusetts: town- meeting at, prohibits landing of tea, 23, 219 Old Testament: see Bible Oldcastle, Sir John (Lord Cobham) (d. 1417), an English nobleman: ex- communicated, 11, 196 Olets (late 18th century), a Russian soldier: at the battle of the Kagul, 15, i77_ Olga (living), Queen of Greece: mar- ried to King George of Denmark (1867), 2, 547 Olid, Cristoval (Cristobal) de (ca. 1487-1524), a Spanish captain: sent in search of Grijalva, 22, 5; joins Cortez, 10; at the siege of Mexico, 52; his expedition against Honduras, 430 Oligarchy, an aristocratic form of government: at Argos, 2, 59; of Corinth and Sicyon replaced by tyranny, 76; cause for emigration, 82; in Greek political cycle, 91; in Asia Minor, 114 Olinda, Aranjo Lima, Pedrode, Mar- quis of (1793-1870), a Brazilian statesman: ministry of, 21, 176 Olioll (5th century), King of Leinster: conversion of, 12, 30 Oliphant, Laurence (1829-1888), an English traveler, diplomat, and au- thor; his enthusiasm for the Cir- cassians, 15, 331 Olite, a town and fortress in Spain: founded, 8, 44 516 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Oliva, Peace of, a peace between Sweden, Poland, the Empire, and Brandenburg (1660), 16, 210 Olivarez (Olivares) Gasparo de Guz- man, Count (1587-1645), a Spanish statesman: becomes royal favorite, 8, 376; power of, 13, 203 Olive Branch Petition, The: a petition from the colonies in America to England, setting forth terms of rec- onciliation (July 8, 1775), , Si6, 23, 237 Ollamh Fodla (Ollav Fola), an early King of Ireland: institutes the Fes of Tara, 12, 25 Ollivier, Emile (1825 ), a French politician: rise of, 9, 450; ministry of, 459 Olmedo, Spain: battle of (i44S) 8, 178; (1467), 182 Olmedo, Bartolome de (early 16th century), Spanish priest: labors for the conversion of the Aztecs, 22, 12 Olmiitz or Olomouc, a city of Mo- ravia: battles of (ca. 1230), 17, 70; (1792), 9, 276; siege of (1758), 18, 338 Olmiitz (Olomouc) Conference, The a conference between Prussia and Austria under the mediation of Russia (1850), 16, 272, 17, 383 Olmiitz, Peace of, a peace by which Mathias Corvinus was granted Lusatia, Moravia, and Silesia, and succession to the throne of Bohe- mia (1478), 17. 147 Olney, Richard (1835 ), American statesman: Attorney-General, 24, 993 note; Secretary of State, 993 note, 1000; in Democratic Presiden- tial nomination, 1065 Olosaga (Olozaga), Salustiana de (1803-1873), a Spanish politician and diplomat: leader of conspiracy against Isabella II of Spain, 8, 508 Olssouvieff (early 19th century), a Russian military officer: his cam- paign against Napoleon, 9, 346 Oltenitza, a small town in Roumania: battle of (1853), 15, 307 Olybrius, Flavius Anicius, a Roman Emperor, 472 A. D.: reign of, 4, 150 Olympia, a valley in Elis, Greece: not referred to in Homer, 2, 33 Olympiad, the space of time between the Olympic games: as unit of time, 2, 42; date of first, 58 Olympian Games, a festival of an- cient Greece: first mentioned, 2, 59; referred to by Pausanias, 60 Olympias (d. 316 B. C), mother of Alexander: sketch of, 2, 481, 483, 5" Olympus, Mount, a mountain in Greece: height of, 2, 4; abode of gods, 8 Olynthus, an ancient city in Macedo- nia: its freedom acknowledged, 2, 318; joins Chalcidian League, 420; conquered by Sparta, 423; at war with Athens, 459; attacked and con- quered by Philip, 466 Omaha, Nebraska: convention of People's Party (1892), 24, 991 Omar (late nth century), King of Badajoz: dethroned, 8, 90 Omar (I) ibn al-Khattab (d. 644), Mohammedan caliph, 634-644: re- fuses to acknowledge the death of Mohammed, 1, 237; commands in- vasion of Persia, 5, 322; reign of, 1, 243; at siege of Jerusalem, 256, 283; frugality of, 256; orders destruction of Alexandrian library, 297 Omar (II) ibn Abdul-Aziz, Moham- medan caliph, 717-720: reign of, 1, 331 Omar Khayyam (d. early 12th cen- tury), a Persian poet and astrono- mer: sketch of, 5, 332, 333 Omar (Omer) Pasha (Michael Lat- tach) (1806-1871), a Turkish gen- eral: services of, 14, 439; in the Crimean War, 14, 451, 15, 307; wins battle of Eufatoria, 14, 458; his Mingrelian expedition, 15, 322 Omayyads: see Ommeyads Omdurman, Africa: battle of (1898), 1, 40, 11, 638, 19, 272 Omer Vrione (19th century), Turkish general: at the siege of Varna, 15, 280 GENERAL INDEX 517 Omerville, D' (ca. 1600), French com- mander: his campaigns in the Neth- erlands, 13, 179 Omeyyades: see Ommeyads Ommeyads (Omayyads, Ommiads, Omeyyades, Omeyyads), dynasty of caliphs, which reigned at Da- mascus (661-750 A. D.) and in Spain (756-1031): condition of Per- sia under, 5, 325 Omnibus Bill: see Compromise of 1850 Omri, King of Israel, ca. 899-875 B. C: usurps throne, 1, 390 Omura Masujiro (19th century), Jap- anese statesman: assassination of, 7, V7 Onate, Juan de (ca. 1555-1611), settler and first governor of New Mexico: explorations of, 22, 141 Onias I, High Priest of Jerusalem, 330 B. C: reign of, 1, 404 Onias II, High Priest of Jerusalem, 250 B. C. : reign of, 1, 404 Onias III, High Priest of Jerusalem, 198 B. C. : deposed, 1, 404 Onomarchus (d. 352 B. C), a Phocian general: in the Sacred War, 2, 460; his successes, 461 Ono-no-Yoshifuru (10th century A. D.), Japanese soldier: defeats Min- amoto-no-Sumitomo, 7, 53 O-no-Yasumaro (8th century A. D.), Japanese scholar: scholarship of, 7, 34 Onslow Incident, The, an affair in England concerning the freedom of the press (1771), II, 5U Ontario, Province of, Canada: created, 20, 167 Ooka Tadasuke (ca. 1800), Japanese statesman: sketch of, 7, 146; estab- lished the fire-brigade system, 149 Opatow, Russia: engagement at (1864), 15, 329 Opdam (17th century), Dutch admi- ral: in the war with Sweden, 13, 232, relieves Copenhagen, 16, 209 Opechancanough (17th century), an American Indian: massacres colo- nists, 23, 63; death of, 63 Opequan Creek, Virginia: battle of (1864), 24, 792 Opimius, Lucius (d. ca. 100 B. C), Roman praetor: opposes insurrec- tion of Gracchus, 3, 184; sent to di- vide Africa, 188 Opium War, war between Great Brit- ain and China (1840-1842): account of, 6, 128 Oporto, seaport of Portugal: battle of (1809), 9, 337; siege of (1833), 8, 536 Oppas (8th century A. D.), Arch- bishop of Toledo and Seville: power of, 1, 311; joins Mohammedans against Christians, 8, 128 Oppius, Spurius (ca. 450 B. C), Roman statesman: death of, 3, 45 Optimates, Roman faction: rise of, 3, 172 Oracles of Greece, The: description of, 2, 43 Oran, Algeria: sieges of (1145), 8, 96; (1509), 192; capture of (ca. 1560), 14, 165 Orange: see Arausio Orange, Fort: see Albany Orange River Colony (formerly Orange River Sovereignty or Orange Free State), Africa: settled, 20, 224; Bloem-fontein founded, 226; constituted as a republic, 19, 51; declared annexed to British em- pire, 19, 283, 20, 233 Orangemen, Society of, an Irish po- litical society: formed, 12, 205 Orators and Oratory: ENGLAND: Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, II, 455 Bright, John, ix, 604 Burke, Edmund, II, 519 Fox, Charles James, xi, 520 Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 11, 483 Townshend, Charles, ix, 510 Whitefield, George, 11, 493 FRANCE: Barrot, Odillon, 9, 395 Berryer, Pierre Antoine, 9, 389 Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, 10, 80 Danton, George Jacques, 9, 270, 10, 142 518 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Desmoulins, Camille, 9, 263, 270, 10, 56, -142 Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper, 9, 431 Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume, 9, 389 Hebert, Jacques Rene, 9, 431 Isnard, Maximin, 10, 162 Maury, Jean Siffrein, 10, 80 Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore, 10, 260, 290, 308 Seze, de, 10, 234 Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, 9, 281, 10, 154, 182 GREECE: Aeschines, 2, 475 Alcibiades, 2, 330 Demosthenes, 2, 465, 466, 472 Diodotus, 2, 295 Pericles, 2, 273, 281 Philip II, 2, 457 Themistocles, 2, 175, 196 HOLLAND: Brederode, Henry de, 13, 86 IRELAND: Butt, Isaac, 12, 236 Grattan, Henry, 217, 220 O'Connell, Daniel, 12, 221, 225, 229, 230 ROME and ITALY: Caesar, Caius Julius, 3, 363 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 3, 266, 282 Rienzi, Nicola di, 4, 222 UNITED STATES: Blaine, James Gillespie, 24, 927, 944, 947 Bryan, William Jennings, 24, 1015 Calhoun, John Caldwell, 24, 603 Chase, Salmon Portland, 24, 607 Clay, Henry, 23, 457, 461, 24, 602, 605 Conkling, Roscoe, 24, 926, 928 Curtis, George William, 24, 943 Douglas, Stephen Arnold, 24, 634, 636, 668, 669 Garfield, James Abram, 24, 928, 930 Greeley, Horace, 24, 893 Hayne, Robert Young, 23, 489 Jefferson, Thomas, 23, 384, 385 Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinna- tus, 24, 916 Lincoln, Abraham, 24, 667, 668, 669, 670, 681, 783, 829 Seward, William Henry, 24, 607 Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, 24, 688 Webster, Daniel, 23, 489, 605 Wirt, William, 23, 498 Orbegoso, Luis (19th century), South American statesman: made president of Peru, 21, 194; attempts to revo- lutionize Peru, 196 Orcagna, Andrea (ca. 1325-ca. 1385), Florentine architect, painter, and sculptor: his effect on the Renais- sance, 4, 283 Orchomenus, in Arcadia, Greece: ad- heres to Sparta, 2, 440 Orchomenus, in Boeotia, Greece: ar- chaeological remains of, 2, 22; im- portance in prehistoric Greece, 49; seized by oligarchs, 248; joins Spar- tans, 397; aids Agesilaus, 400; holds out against Thebes, 430; taken by Epaminondas, 437; taken by Ono- marchus, 462; battle of (ca. 85 B. C), 3, 218 Ordaz, Diego de (ca. 1480-1533), Spanish soldier: exploies the Ori- noco, 21, 25 Orde, Thomas (18th century), Eng- lish statesman: introduces a reform bill, 12, 193 Order of the Dragon: see Dragon, Order of the Order of the Garter: see Garter, Or- der of the Order of the Indian Empire, Most Eminent: founded, 5, 255 Orders in Council, a retaliation de- cree issued by Great Britain for Napoleon's Berlin decree (1807), 11, 560 Ordono I (d. 866 A. D.), King of Asturias and Leon, 850-866 A. D.: reign of, 8, 133 Ordono II (d. 923 A. D.), King of Asturias and Leon, 914-923 A. D.: invades the Mohammedan posses- sions, 8, 76; reign of, 135; aids King of Navarre, 198 Ordono III (d. 955 A. D.), King of Asturias and Leon, 950-955 A. D.: reign of, 8, 136 GENERAL INDEX 519 Ordofio IV, King of Asturias and Leon, 956-967 A. D.: reign of, 8, 137 Ordovices, The, Briton tribe: at war with the Romans, 11, 9 Oregon, a state of the United States, named from the Spanish " oregano " meaning " wild marjoram," a plant which abounds on the Pacific coast: disputed territory, 23, 443; Northwest Boundary Dispute, 24, 541; Presidential elections of 1868, 861; 1876, 910 "Oregon," United States war-ship: joins the blockading fleets at Santi- ago, 24, 1029; in battle of Santiago, 1030 Orellana, Francisco de (ca. 1490- 1546), a Spanish soldier: explores the Amazon, 21, 25 Orelli, Johann Kaspar (1787-1849), a Swiss classical philologist : sketch of, 13, 531, 543, 584 Orenburg, Russia: siege of (1773), 15, 168 Orestes (d. 476), Regent of the West- ern Empire, 475-476: influence of, 4, 151 Oxford, Earl of: see Russell, Edward Orguiva, Spain: siege of (1569), 8, 370 Oribe, Ignacio (early 19th century), an Uruguayan soldier: given com- mand of the army, 21, 139 Oribe, Manuel (ca. 1802-1857), an Uruguayan general and politician: elected president of Uruguay, 21, 139; accepts help from Rosas, 125, 139 Oriental Trading Company, Austrian, a company for trading within the Austrian dominions and from Aus- trian ports: organized (1719), 5, 173 " Original Package " Law, a United States law which provides that each state shall have the right to exclude the importation of intoxicating liquors (1890) : enacted, 24, 972 Orinoco River, South America: dis- covered, 21, 12; explored, 25 Oriskany, New York: battle of (1777), 23, 254 Orissa, Bengal, India: captured by Moguls (1573), 5, 113 Orissa Famine, The (1866), 5, 245 Orkhan (d. 1359), Sultan of Turkey, 1326-1359: reign of, 14, 17, 19; death of, 28 Orkhan (15th century), son of Baye- zid: account of, 14, 72 Orkney Islands, a group of islands north of Scotland: visited by the Romans, 16, 298 Orleans, France: sieges of (451 A. D.), 18, 41; (1428-1429), 9, 114, 11, 203; (1870), 18, 425; see also Cenabum Orleans, Charles, Duke of (1391- 1465), a French poet, son of Louis, Duke of Orleans: at battle of Agin- court, 9, in, 11, 199 Orleans, Ferdinand Philippe, Louis Charles Henri, Duke of Orleans, (1810-1842), eldest son of Louis Philippe, King of the French: mar- riage of, 9, 414; death of, 420 Orleans, Helene, Louise, Duchess of: see Helen Louise of Mecklenburg Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of (1608-1660), a younger son of Henry IV: conspires against Riche- lieu (1625), 9, 184; marries Mar- guerite of Lorraine, 188; revolt of, 188; conspires against Richelieu (1642), 194; joins Conde against Anne of Austria, 204; made lieuten- ant-general of the kingdom, 205 Orleans, Louis, Duke of: see Louis XII, King of France Orleans, Louis, Duke of (1371-1407), younger brother of Charles VI: re- gent of France, 9, 109, 11, 193; death of, 9, no, 11, 194, 13, 39 Orleans, Louis Philippe, Duke of: see Louis Philippe, King of France Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of, surnamed Egalite (1747-1793), great-grandson of Philippe of Or- leans: banished, 10, 34; joins Third Estate, 9, 263, 10, 53; his influence in the assembly, 10, 84; sent to England, 102; returns to Paris, 123; death of, 9, 287 Orleans, Philippe I, Duke of (1640- 1701), younger brother of Louis 520 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS XIV: his campaign in the Nether- lands, 13, 241 Orleans, Philippe II, Duke of (1674- 1723), the son of Philippe I of Or- leans: regent for Louis XV of France, 9, 227; death of, 234 Orleans, The Maid of: see Jeanne d'Arc Orlov (Orloff), Alexis (1737-1808), a Russian admiral: plots for Cath- erine, 15, 156; murders Peter, 158; in the war with Turkey, 14, 326, 15, 178; at the reinterment of Peter, 201 Orlov (Orloff), Alexis Feodor (1787- 1861), a Russian general and dip- lomat: aids Turkey against Mehemet Ali, 15, 291 Orlov (Orloff), Count Gregory (1734- 1783), a Russian general and poli- tician: plots for Catherine, 15, 155; Catherine's favors to, 161; his strug- gles with Panin, 165 Ormais, Finland: battle of (1808), 15, 216 Ormesson, Henri Francois de Paule d' (1751-1807), French politician: made minister of finance, 9, 257; an- nounces the capture of the Bastile to the assembly, 10, 69 Ormond, James Butler, 1st Duke of (1610-1688), Irish soldier: made lord lieutenant of Ireland, 12, 120; con- dition of Ireland under his rule, 131 Ormond, James Butler, 2nd Duke of (1665-1745), Irish statesman: com- mands expedition against Cadiz, 8, 390; at battle of Vigo, 9, 221; suc- ceeds to the command in the Neth- erlands, 11, 463; attainted, 469 Ormond, Thomas Butler, Earl of (1532-1614), Irish nobleman: his campaign against the Geraldines, 12, 90 Ormond, Thomas Butler, Marquis of (17th century), Irish statesman: op- poses Cromwell in Ireland, II, 363 Ormuz, western Asia: reduced by Al- buquerque, 20, 42 Orodes (Arsaces XIV), Parthian king, 57-37 B. C: accession of, 3, 322 Oroetes, Persian ruler, 6th century B. C. : satrap, 2, 129 Oropus, Greece: taken by Thebans, 2, 446; given to Athenians by Philip, 479 Orosius: Alfred's translation of, 16, 7, 299 Orozoco, Geronimo de (16th century), Mexican statesman: member of governing audiencia, 22, 120 Orsini, Princess Anna Maria (1643- 1722), Spanish court lady of French birth: sketch of, 8, 387; disgraced, 404 Orsini Plot, The, a plot whose object was the assassination of the emperor and empress of France (1858), 9, 449 Orsova, Hungary: sieges of (1396), 14, 40; (1739), 314; captured by Aus- trians (1790), 357 Ortega, General (19th century), Mex- ican military officer: in the Reform War, 22, 383 Ortelius, Abraham (1 527-1 598), Dutch geographer and mathematician: sketch of, 13, 169 Orthez (Orthes), France: battle of (1814), 8, 531, 9, 348 Orthez, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between France and Venice (1513), 9, 135 Orthodox Greek Church: see Greek Church, The Orthodox Ortiz de Zuniga, Inigo (14th century), Governor of Xerxes: refuses to poison Blanche de Bourbon, 8, 165 Ortsin (18th century), Russian explor- er: mission of, 15, 114 Orvilliers, Louis Guillouet (1708- 1791), French admiral: in war with _ England, 9, 254 Osaka, Japan: siege of, 7, 126 Osborn, Sherard (ca. 1822-1875), Brit- ish naval officer and writer: arrives at Shanghai, 6, 207 Osborne, Thomas, Earl of Danby: see Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of Oscar I (1799-1859), King of Norway and Sweden, 1844-1859: accession of, 16, 260; in the Slesvig-Holstein controversy, 270; reign of, 277 GENERAL INDEX 521 Oscar II (1829-1907), King of Sweden and Norway, 1872-1907: reign of, 16, 279 Osceola (1803-1837), chief of Semi- noles: leads rebellion, 23, 507; cap- tured, 515 Oseka (19th century), Japanese mili- tary officer: his campaigns in the Chino-Japanese War, 7, 267 Osgood, Herbert Levi (1855 ), American educator: classifies Amer- ican colonies, 23, 114 5shima (19th century), Japanese mili- tary officer: his campaigns against Chinese, 7, 262, 267 Oshiro Heihachiro (19th century), Japanese revolutionist: leads rebel- lion, 7, 155 Oslo, Diet of, an assembly at which Margaret was proclaimed Queen of Norway (1388), 16, 120 Osman (Sultans of the Turks): see Othman Osman Pasha (d. 1733) : see Topal Osman Osman Pasha (ca. 1835-1900), Turk- ish soldier: his campaign against Russia, 15, 334, 14, 481 Osnabriick, Prussia: negotiations at, .18, 292 Osollo, General (19th century), Mexi- can military officer: in the Reform War, 22, 383 Osorio, Roderigo Pacheco, Marques de Cerralvo (17th century), Spanish statesman: made viceroy of New Spain, 22, 162 Ospino,'Mariano (19th century), South American statesman: his govern- ment in Colombia, 21, 85 Ossawatomie Creek, Kansas: John Brown's attack on settlers, 24, 651, 673 Ostend, Russia: sieges of (1601-1604), 13, 177; (1789), 261 Ostend Company: see East India Company, Ostend Ostend Manifesto, a declaration drawn up at Ostend and intended to settle the Cuban question (1854), 24, 628, 879 Ostermann, Count Andrei Ivanovitch (1686-1747), Russian diplomat: ne- gotiations of, 15, 65, 80, 121; gov- ernor of Peter II of Russia, 95; his power under Anne, 105, 112; under Anne Leopoldovna, 128; opposed by Munnich, 130; arrest of, 133; banish- ment of, 137; death of, 153 Osterweel, Holland: battle of (1567), 13, 102 Ostia, Italy: part of the territory of Rome, 3, 10; treatment of, by Rome, 21; seized by Alaric, 4, 141 Ostmanni, one of the groups into which the kingdoms of Denmark were divided: ravage the British coast, 16, 16 Ostrach, Germany: battle of (1799), 10, 403 Ostracism, a method of temporary banishment for political reasons: practiced in ancient Athens, 2, 150 Ostrogoths, the eastern branch of the Gothic race: location of, 17, 14; at- tacked by the Huns, 15; drive back the Huns, 16; rise and fall of, 18, 45; see also Goths Ostrolenka, a town in Russian Poland: battle of (1831), 15, 295 Oswald (ca. 604-642), King of North- umbria, 634-642: reign of, II, 35; aids progress of Christianity among his people, 12, 253 Oswald, Richard (late 18th century), English diplomat: negotiates treaty with America, 23, 286 Oswego, New York: taken by the French (1757), 20, 118, 23, 184; cap- tured by Indians, 23, 200; given up by England, 362 Oswini, King of Deira, 7th century: accession of, II, 35 Oswiu (Oswin or Oswy), King of Northumbria, 642-670: reign of, 11, 35; extends his kingdom, 12, 253 Oswold (10th century), Bishop of Worcester: expels secular clergy from Worcester, 11, 50 Otago, New Zealand: founded, 20, 213 Otani Yoshitaka (late 16th century), 522 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Japanese military officer: his cam- paign against Korea, 7, 116 Otero, Mariano (early 19th century), Mexican political leader: leader of Moderados, 22, 318 Otgar (Othgar or Ottokar) (8th cen- tury), Scandinavian soldier: ex- ploits of, 8, 218 Other (Ohther or Ottar) (9th cen- tury), a Norwegian traveler: voy- ages of, 16, 299 Othman (Osman) I (d. 1326), Emir of the Ottomans: founder of Otto- man Empire, 14, 9, 12; dream of, interpreted, 14; character of, 16 Othman II (d. 1622), Sultan of Tur- key, 1618-1622: reign of, 14, 212 Othman III, Sultan of Turkey, 1754- 1757: reign of, 14, 318 Othman (575-656 A. D.), Moslem caliph, 644-656 A. D.: revises the Koran, 1, 211; reign of, 243; at- tempts conquest of Africa, 300 Othman (d. 1817), Moslem conqueror effect of his death, 19, 147 Othman (14th century), Mohammedan general: revolt of, 8, 112 Othman ben Abi Neza or Manuza (8th century), Viceroy of Spain: favors the Franks, 8, 64 Otho I (1815-1867), King of Greece 1832-1862: made King of Greece, 2 546 Otho (d. 1060), Prince of Savoy, reign of, 4, 272 Otho (Otto) (late 10th century), Duke of Lorraine: sketch of, 13, 22 Otho, Cardinal (early 13th century) Roman Catholic ecclesiastic: papa legate to England, II, 135 Otho, Marcus Salvius (32-69 A. D.) Emperor of Rome, January-April 69 A. D.: sent to Lusitania, 4, 63 plots to obtain the throne, 69; pro- claimed emperor, 70; death, 71 Otho of Nassau (late nth century) German prince: unites the cantons of Guelders, 13, 26 Otho: see also Otto Othryades (6th century B. C), Greek soldier: Spartan victor, 2, 77 Otiartes, a mythical antediluvian King of Babylonia: reign of, 1, 73 Otiaz (early 16th century), Spanish priest: accompanies Pizarro, 21, 18 Otis, Elwell Stephen (1838 ), an American general: commands Amer- ican forces in the Philippines, 20, 316; military governor of Philip- pines, 24, 1037; member of the Phil- ippine commission, 1042 Otis, James (1725-1783), an American orator and patriot: his speech against general search warrants, 24, 206; proposes a general congress of the colonies, 212 Otomo, Prince: see Kobun, Emperor of Japan 6tomo-no-Yakamochi (8th century), Japanese scholar: aids in the com- pilation of the " Manyoshu," 7, 35 Otondo, Isidor (late 17th century), Spanish explorer: commands expe- dition to California, 22, 178 tori (late 19th century), Japanese statesman: his career in Korea, 7, _259 Otori Keisuke (19th century), Japa- nese soldier: rebellion of, 7, 169 Otranto, a seaport in Italy: fall of (1480), 14, 86 Ott, Charles, Baron (d. 1809), Hun- garian soldier: his campaign in Italy, 10, 438 Ottawa, Canada: made capital of Canada, 20, 161 Otterburn, England: raid of (known also as the battle of Chevy Chase) (1388), 12, 287 Otto (Otho) (I) the Great (912-973), Holy Roman Emperor, 918-973: reign of, 18, 108; charters of, 16, 29; reconciles Louis IV and his nobles, 9, 56; invades Italy, 4, 181 Otto (II) the Bloody (955-983), Holy Roman Emperor, 973-983: accession of, 9, 58, 18, 113; reign of, 18, 116; gives governorship of Lower Lor- raine to a prince of the royal house of France, 13, 22 Otto (III) the Red (980-1002), Holy Roman Emperor, 983-1002: acces- GENERAL INDEX 523 sion of, 9, 59, 18, 118; reign of, 119; Italy under, 4, 183 Otto (IV) the Superb (ca. 1174-1218), Holy Roman Emperor, 1208-1215: his struggles for the throne, 18, 158, 160; crowned, 4, 198, 18, 159; joins John of England against Philip II of France, II, 124; quarrel with the Pope, 200; defeated at Bouvines, 11, 126, 13, 29; seeks an alliance with Denmark, 16, 85 Otto the Gay, Duke of Austria, 1330- 1339: reign of, 17, 101 Otto (d. 1083), Duke of Bavaria, 1 061-1070: his relations with Henry IV of Germany, 18, 132 Otto (late 13th century), Margrave of Brandenburg: made guardian of Vasclav IV of Bohemia, 17, 78 Otto (14th century), Prince of Den- mark: a prisoner in Holstein, 16 114 Otto, Duke of Gascony, 8th century: reign of, 9, 40 Otto (d. 912), Duke of Saxony: ap- pointed regent of Germany, 18, 100; refuses crown of Germany, 104 Otto (15th century), Count of Schaumburg: his claims on Holstein, 16, 135 Otto of Bavaria, King of Hungary, 1305: reign of, 17, 151 Otto of Brunswick (13th century), a Welf leader in Germany: recon- ciled to Frederick II of Germany, 18, 164 Otto of Freising (Freisingen) (d. 1 158), a German historian, Bishop of Freising: sketch of, 18, 178; advises Henry II of Austria, 17, 91 Otto of Wittelsbach (d. 1209), Duke of Bavaria: in Italy, 18, 149; ac- quires Bavaria, 153; murders Philip of Suabia, 158; death of, 159 Otto: see also Otho Ottokar (Ottocar) (II) (d. 1278), King of Bohemia: revolt of, 18, 180 Ottokar, Italian chieftain: see Odoacer Ottoman Turks, the branch of the Turks that founded the Turkish em- pire: coming of, 14, 5; in Greece, 2, 536 Otto-Venire (ca. 1550-1630), a Flem- ish painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Otumba, Mexico: battle of, 22, 39 Otyimbingue, South Africa: purchased by German missionaries, 19, 94 6uchi Yoshihiro (14th century), Japa- nese revolutionist: rebellion of, 7, 94 Ouchi Yoshitaka (early 16th century), Japanese subject: provides corona- tion expenses for Emperor Gonara, 7, 100 Oude: see Oudh Oudenarde (Oudenaarde or Auden- arde), Belgium: battle of (1708), 9, 223, 11, 459, 13, 250, 18, 314 Oudh (Oude), a province of British India: annexed to British India, 5, 229 Oudh Rent Act, an act to guard the rights of the tenants against the landlords (1885): passage of, 5, 260 Oudh Tenancy Act, an act protecting the rights of the peasant tenants (1868): passage of, 5, 245 Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Duke of Reggio (1767-1847), a French mar- shal: in the Napoleonic wars, 18, 383; made member of Louis XVIII's council, 9, 355 Oudinot, Nicolas Charles Victor (1791-1863), a French general: at the Beresina, 15, 252; his campaign in Italy, 9, 439; restores Pius IX to his throne, 4, 368 Oulart, Hill of, Wexford, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 210 Ourique, Portugal: battle of (1139), 8, 96, 274 Ousti, Austria: becomes the center of religious reformers, 17, 127 Outram, Sir James (1803-1863), an English general: makes friends of the Bhils for the English, 5, 28; assumes government of Oudh, 230; his campaigns in the Mutiny, 237; his campaign against Persia, 363 Outside Nortwinders: see Hyper- boreans Ovando (early 19th century), South American soldier: orders the execu- tion of Sucre, 21, 84 524 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Ovando, Nicolas de (1460-1518?), a Spanish administrator: his govern- orship of Hayti, 31, 16 Overseers, Southern, in the United States: cruelty of, 34, 586 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (43 B. C.-17 or 18 A. D.), a Roman poet: exiled, 4, 44 Ovinian Law, a Roman law regulating the composition of the Senate: passed, 3, 53 Owen, Captain (early 19th century), English scientist: obtains territory in Africa for England, 19, 51 Oxe, Peder (late 16th century), Dan- ish statesman: sketch of, 16, 197 Oxenden, Sir George (17th century), English official in India: defends English factory at Surat (1662), 5 131; (1664), 165 Oxenstierna (Oxenstiern), Count Axel (1583-1654), Swedish statesman: in the Thirty Years' War, 16, 186, 18, 284; leads the aristocrats, 16, 204 Oxford, England: siege of (1645), 11, 353; first Russian grammar printed at, 15, 34 Oxford, Earls of: see Harley, Robert and Vere, Robert de Oxford, Provisions of, in English his- tory, a set of articles passed by the " Mad Parliament " at Oxford (1258): clauses of, 11, 138 Oxford, University of, the older of the two great universities of England: origin and growth of, n, 116; growth in reign of Henry III, 142; Wolsey founds college at, 244; graduates of, in Constitutional Convention, 23, 323 Oxford Reformers, religious reform- ers in England: ambitions of, II, 239 Oyama, Marshal Count, a contempo- rary Japanese statesman, minister of war in 1894: his campaign in the Chino-Japanese War, 7, 268; his services in the Russo-Japanese War, 7, 310, 15, 364 Oye Hiromoto (late 12th century), Japanese statesman: made minister of the public archives, 7, 68; plans campaign against the imperial forces, 71 Ozaki, a contemporary Japanese statesman, minister of education in 1898: causes downfall of Okuma's cabinet, 7, 221 Ozarovski (late 18th century), Rus- sian nobleman: death of, 15, 190 Ozerov (d. 1816), Russian dramatist: work of, 15, 269 Ozolian Locrians (Locri Ozolae), a Greek people living along the Corinthian Gulf: defeated by Phi- lomelus, 2, 460 Pa Chung (18th century), Chinese general: bribes Gurkha invaders, 6, 109; disgrace and suicide of, 102 Paardeberg, South Africa: battle of (1900), 20, 233 Pablos, Juan (16th century), Mexican book publisher: publishes first Mexi- can book, 22, 108 Pabon, South America: battle of (1861), 31, 130 Pachano, General (19th century), South American military officer: made head of ministry, 21, 102 Pacheco (19th century), South Ameri- can soldier: directs the defense of Montevideo (1842), 21, 139 Pacheco, Diego Lopes (14th century), Portuguese nobleman: concerned in the murder of Ifies de Castro, 8, 289 Pacheco, Duarte (16th century), Por- tuguese soldier: his campaign in In- dia, 5, 148 Pacheco, Gregorio (19th century), South American statesman: presi- dent of Bolivia, 1884-1888, 21, 243 Paches (5th century B. C.) Athenian commander: takes Mitylene (427 B. C), 2, 293; slays himself, 296 Pacific, War of the, a war waged by Chili against Bolivia and Peru (1879-1883): causes, 21, 233; Chili- ans occupy Bolivian coast, 234; naval battles off Callao, 235; off Cape Agamos, 235; land battles of Tarapaca, 236; of Tacna, 237; Chorillos and Miraflores, 237; Lima entered by the Chilians, 238; ended by Treaty of Ancon, 238 Pacific Ocean: discovered, 21, 16, 23, 2,7; as Florida boundary, 23, 445 Packard, S. B. (19th century), Ameri- can statesman: elected governor of Louisiana, 24, 872 note Pacocha, South America: occupied by the Chilians (1880), 21, 236 Pacorus, Prince (d. 38 B. C.) Par- thian prince: invades Syria, 325: re- volts against his father, 3, 325 Pacta Conventa, bond between the King of Poland and his subjects: de- scription of, 15, 380 Pacta de Tregua, a truce between Chili and Bolivia (1884), 21, 265 Pactyas (6th century B. C), Lydian official: mentioned, 2, 125 Padeborn, Prussia: battle of (783 A. D.), 18, 82 Padilla, Juan de (16th century), Span- ish statesman: arrested, 8, 346 Padua, Italy: conquered by Venice, 4, 250 Paducah, Kentucky: occupied by Fed- erals, 24, 742 Paez, Jose Antonio (1785-1873), South American general: induces the llan- eros to join the revolutionists, 21, 66; rebels against Bolivar, 81; made president of Venezuela, 94; second administration of, 95; minister pleni- potentiary to the United States, 97; made dictator, 97; death of, 101 Paget, Lord (17th century), English diplomat: in Turkey, 14, 266 Pago Pago (Pango Pango), a haven on the southern side of Tutuila in the Samoan Islands: ceded to the United States, 20, 321, 24, 77 Pagomdas (5th century), Grecian sol- dier: commands at Delium, 2, 311 Pahlen, Count Peter von der (1744- 1826), Russian general: implicated in the assassination of Paul, 15, 208 Paine, Thomas (1737-1809), American political writer: influence of, 23, 143; publishes his pamphlet " Common Sense," 239; his career in France, 10, 235 note 525 526 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Paiva (Payva), Alfonso de (15th cen- tury), Portuguese explorer: journey of, 5, 144, 20, 38 Pakenham, Sir Edward Michael (1778-1815), British general: at siege of New Orleans, 23, 428; death of, 428 Palacios (16th century), Mexican sol- dier: commands expedition against Drake, 22, 135; at the battle of Cerro Gordo, 325 Palacios, Raimundo Andueza (19th century), South American general: president of Venezuela, 21, 246 Palacky, Frantisek (1798-1876), Bo- hemian historian: sketch of, 17, 343; draws up a project for the govern- ment of the Austrian empire, 378; leads Czech party, 403 Palaeolithic Age, name given to a pre- historic period of the earth: men- tioned, 23, 3; discoveries near the Little Petrified Forest, 1, 3 Palaeolithic Men, inhabitants of the earth during the Palaeolithic age: description of, II, 25 Palaeopolis, Italy: siege of, 3, 69 Palafox y Melzi, Jose de (1 780-1 847), Spanish general: defends Saragossa, 8, 489 Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de (17th century), Archbishop of Mexico: as vistador in Mexico, 22, 163; as vice- roy of Mexico, 165 Palais Royal, France: description of, 10, 55 note Palakollu, India: built, 5, 155 Palamesa, Diego de (17th century), South American statesman: death of, 21, 31 Palermo, Sicily: court of Frederick II at, 18, 162; siege of (i860), 4, 378 Palermo, Stone of, inscribed stone found in Egypt: its value, I, 13 Palestine, Asia Minor: conquered by Antiochus, 3, 143; ravaged by Ro- man forces, 4, 78; see also Israel Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1524-1594): sketch of, 4, 414 Palestro, Italy: battle of (1859), 4, 373, 9, 451 Palffy, John (18th century), Austrian statesman: made lieutenant of Bo- hemia, 17, 253 Palikao, Charles Guillame Marie Apol- linaire Antoine Cousin-Montauban, Count de (1796-1878), French gen- eral: in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 422 Palladium (ca. 367-ca. 431 A. D.), bishop of Helenopolis: sent as bishop to Ireland, 12, 27 "Pallas," a United States war vessel: fight with the " Countess of Scar- borough," 23, 291 Pallot (16th century), Scotch governor of Guelders, Netherlands: treachery of, 13, 152 Palm, Johann Philip (1766- 1806), bookseller of Nuremberg: sketch of, 18, 372 Palma, Tomas Estrada, a contempo- rary Cuban statesman: elected presi- dent of Cuba (1902), 22, 468, 24, 1046; sketch of, 22, 474; reelected (1905), 490; resigns, 490 Palmar, Mexico: taken by insurgents, 22, 244 note Palmella, Pedro de Souza-Holstein, Duke of (1786-1850), a Portuguese statesman: administration of, 8, 536 Palmer, Sir Arthur Power (1840-1904), an English soldier: sketch of, 5, 279 Palmer, Fyshe (late 18th century), a Scotch clergyman: sentenced to transportation, 12, 371 Palmer, John McCauley (1817-1900), an American general and politician: nominated for President, 24, 1015 Palmera, Balearic Isles: battle of (1228), 8, 240 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Vis- count ( 1 784-1865), British states- man, called Evergreen Pam: mem- ber of Grey's ministry, II, 587; for- eign policy of, 593; his attitude to- ward Poland, 15, 296; quoted on the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 24, 531; dismissed from office, II, 609; sup- ports Villier's Resolution, 610; first ministry of, II, 617, 15, 3*7", sec- ond ministry of (1859), II, 621 Palmetto State, The: see South Caro- lina GENERAL INDEX 527 Palnatoke (late ioth century), Danish chief: career of, 16, 30 Palo Alto, a place near the southern extremity of Texas: battle of (1846), 22, 289, 24, 547 Palsgrave, Goody: see Elizabeth Queen of Bohemia Paltry Peace: see Sainte-Menehould, Treaty of Pamir Difficulty, The, a question of the boundary line between Asiatic Russia, Afghanistan, and China, 15, 346 Pampas, grassy plains in South America: description of, 21, 118 Pampeluna (Pamplona), Spain: cap- tured by Charlemagne, 8, 70, 18, 81; siege of (907 A. D.), 8, 197 Pan, a Greek god of pastures, forests, and flocks: legend of, 2, 166 Pan, The Great: see Voltaire Pan Ch'ao (2nd century B. C.)> a Chinese general: his march to Khoten, 6, 13 Panama, a city of Panama, Central America: taken by Morgan, 20, 69; Pan-American conference at (1826), 21, 80; made a free port, 85; south- ern terminus of Panama Canal, 24, 1056 Panama, Republic of, Central Amer- ica: created, 21, 245; history of, 20, 331; revolts from Colombia, 24, 1059 Panama Canal, a projected ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama: early negotiations concerning, 24, 612; account of, 1055; Congress declares in favor of the lock type, 1084 Panama Congress, a congress held at Panama in which the United States and several Spanish-American coun- tries were represented (1826) : ac- count of, 21, 80, 23, 468, 24, 1055 Pan-American Conference, a confer- ence in Rio Janeiro in which all the American republics were represent- ed (1906): account of, 21, 255 Pan-American Exposition, an exposi- tion held in Buffalo, New York (1901): McKinley shot at, 24, 1049 Pandita Ramabai: see Ramabai, Pan- dita Pandulf (Pandulph) (d. 1226), a papal legate: receives the submission of John, 11, 125 Pandya, an ancient kingdom of India: description of, 5, 104 Paneas, afterwards called Caesarea Philippe and now called Banias, town in Palestine: battle of (198 B. C), 1, 404 Pangaeus Mount, a mountain in an- cient Greece: gold mines of, 2, 235; mines worked by Philip of Macedon, 459 Panhandle State, The: see West Vir- ginia Panics and Crises, Financial: B. C. 88. Rome, 3, 209 A. D. 305. Roman Empire, 4, 115 1379. England, 11, 174 1688. French East India Company, 5, 170 1718. Sweden, 16, 224 1720. Law's notes, 9, 232 1720. South Sea Company in Eng- land, 11, 473 1774. France, 10, 25, 36, 40, 44 1783. France, 9, 257, 10, 31 1784. The Ostend Company, 5, 174 1790. France, 10, 164, 422 1791. France, 10, 161 1792. France, 10, 424 1795. France, 9, 292, 10, 332, 369, 372 1797. France, 10, 428 1800. Austria-Hungary, 17, 289 1802. England, 10, 444 181 1. Austria, 17, 303, 328 1813. Denmark, 16, 257 1814. United States-, 24, 1092 1816-1817. England, 11, 569 1819. England, II, 572 1819. United States, 23, 438 1822. France, 9, 483 1833. United States, 23, 503, 24, 1095 1836. United States, 23, 505 1837. United States, 23, 512, 24, 1097 1866. Argentine Republic, 21, 132 1866. India, 5, 246 528 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 1873. Germany, 18, 438 1873. United States, 24, 896, 899 1876. Argentine Republic, 21, 257 1883. Italy, 4, 400 1887. China, 6, 255 1891. Argentine Republic, 21, 257 1893. India, 5, 273 1893. United States, 24, 995 1895. Chili, 22, 242 1898. Persia, 5, 364 Panin (Pannini), Count Nikita Ivan- ovitch (1718-1783), a Russian states- man: plots for Catherine, 15, 155; his struggles with Orlov, 165; in the Pugatchev insurrection, 169; fall of, 171; at Bender, 177, 180 Panipat (Paniput), British India: bat- tles of (1526), 5, 109; (1556), hi; (1761), 128, 133 Panis, fitienne Jean (1757-1833), a French revolutionist: leader of the commune, 10, 203 Paniutin, General (early 19th century), Russian military officer: in the Hun- garian insurrection, 15, 300 Pann, Peter (late 16th century), a Dutch revolutionist: attempts to as- sassinate Prince Maurice of Orange, 13, 165 Panniar, British India: battle of (1843), 5, 219 Panncnia, in ancient geography, a Roman province: under Roman rule, 17, 12; insurrection of, 4, 44; in- vaded by the barbarians, 17, 14; rav- aged by barbarians, 15^ occupied by the Ostrogoths, 16; settled by Lombards, 17; peopled by Slav colonists, 19 Pansa, Caius Vibius (d. 43 B. C.) Ro- man consul, 43 B. C: consul-elect, 4, 12; death, 13 Pan-Scandinavianism, a movement to- ward the closer union of the Scan- dinavian countries: sentiment of, 16, 264, 282 Panshen Lama, The, a Tibetan Bud- dhist priest: his pilgrimage to Pe- king, 6, 100 Panslavism, a tendency towards union among the Slavic races in Austro- Hungary: rise of, 17, 353; reawak- ening of movement, 448 Pao Ting Fu, China: outrages of the Boxers at, 300 Papal Schism, The, name given to the struggle for the papacy between the popes at Rome and at Geneva (1378- 1417) : mentioned, 14, 33 Paper King, The: see Law, John Paper Money: see Coins and Coinage Paphlagonia, ancient kingdom of Asia Minor: assigned to Eumenes after death of Alexander, 2, 512 Paphos, Cyprus: Greek colony of, 2, 57 Papinian (Papinianus) iEmilius (d. 212 A. D.), rules Rome, 4, 101; death, 102 Papirius, Lucius, Roman soldier and statesman, consul, 272 B. C: re- ceives the surrender of Tarentum, 3, 81 Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich, Count of (1594-1632), German sol- dier, called Jack o' Scars: campaigns of, 16, 182, 18, 271, 280, 284 Pappua, northern Africa: siege of (534 A. D.), 18, 49 Papremis, Egypt: battle of, 1, 32 Papus, Lucius Aemilius, Roman con- sul 225 B. C: at battle of Telamon, 3, 109 Papyrus Prisse, ancient Egyptian manuscript: description of, 1, 16 Para, South America: resists the cre- ation of the empire of Brazil, 21, 167 Paracelsus (of Einsiedeln), Philippus Aureolus, originally Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493- 1541), German-Swiss physician and alchemist: researches of, 13, 455 Paradise of the Indies, The: see Cey- lon Paraguay, South America: founded, 21, 48; supremacy of the Jesuits in, 20, 95; suppression of the Jesuits in, 98; revolts from Spain (1811), 21, 69; account of, from 181 1 to 1876, 147; desired by Brazilians, 174; ac- count of, from 1876 to 1906, 259 Paraguay River, South America: ex- plored, 21, 35 Parahyba, South America: resists the creation of the empire of Brazil, 21, 167 GENERAL INDEX 529 Paralada, Spain: siege of (1471), 8, 267 " Paralus," Athenian galley, in the Peloponnesian War, 2, 357, 359; captured by the Macedonians, 467 Parana, Brazil: foreign element in, 21, 251 Parana River, South America: ex- plored, 21, 25; navigation of, 118 Pardo, Jose (early 20th century), South American statesman: presi- dent of Peru, 21, 242 Pardo, Manuel (1834-1878), president of Peru, 1872-1876: proclaimed pres- ident, 21, 210; administration of, 211 Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano (1790- 1849), Mexican general: leads re- volt, 22, 278; becomes president (1845), 284; returns to power, 356; leads rebellion, 380 Paredo (19th century), South Ameri- can politician: president of Bolivia, 21, 243 Pareja y Septien, Jose Manuel (1812- 1865), Spanish naval officer: his ul- timatum to Chili, 21, 220; death of, 207, 221 Parini, Giuseppe (1729-1799), Italian .poet: sketch of, 4, 339 Paris, France: made capital of Frank- ish kingdom, 9/20, 18, 46; sieges of (885-886 A. D.), 16, 23, 18, 97; (978 A. D.), 116; (1358), 9, 101; (1436), 9, no; (1589-1590), 13, 156; capture of by the allies, 9, 348, 15, 262, 17, 308, 311, 18, 387; Universal Exhibition of Industry at (1855), 9, 448; siege and capture of (1870- 1871), 9, 468, 18, 425; battle of (1871), 9, 472; arbitrators of seal fisheries meet at, 24, 980; interna- tional congress held at, 24, 1056 Paris (Alexander), Trojan prince: in Homer's " Iliad," 2, 29 Paris, Council of, a church council (614 A. D.), 9, 32 Paris, Little: see Brussels Paris, Treaties of: 1229. A peace between France and the Albigensian rebels, 9, 79 1763. A truce between England, France, Spain, and Portugal, 5, 181, 9, 247, 11, 505, 20, 76, 23, 197 1783. A peace between Great Brit- ain on one side and the United States, France, and Spain on the other, 11, 523, 20, 107, 128, 288 J 795- A truce between Holland and France, 10, 347, 13, 266, 17, 281 1801. A peace between Russia and France, 10, 444, 15, 213 1814. A treaty confiding Napoleon as a prisoner of war to England and signed by Great Britain, Aus- tria, Russia, and Prussia, 8, 532, 9, 356, 11, 568, 13, 280, 15, 263, 17, 314, 20, 221 1856. A peace between Russia, Tur- key, England, France, and Sar- dinia, 14, 460, 470, 473, 15, 322, 17, 384 1858. A peace between England and Persia, 5, 364 1898. A peace between the United States and Spain, 8, 520, 22, 468, 24, 1032 Paris, University of: origin and growth of, 11, 116 Parishes, a Vienna banking house: rise of, 17, 328 Park, Mungo (1771-1805), Scotch ex- plorer: explorations of, 19, 42 Parker, Captain (18th century), Ameri- can patriot: at battle of Lexington, 23, 226 Parker, Alton Brooks (1852 ), American jurist and lawyer: Demo- cratic nominee for president, 24, 1065; declares for gold standard, 1066; compared with Roosevelt, 1068; sketch of, 1069 Parker, Sir Hyde (1738-1807), English naval commander: his expedition against the Dutch, 13, 258; given command of navy against the Northern Confederacy, 11, 552; at the battle of Copenhagen, 16, 255 Parker, Matthew (1504-1575), Arch- bishop of Canterbury: made arch- bishop, 11, 275 Parker, Sir Peter (1721-1811), English admiral: joins General Clinton, 23, 236 530 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Parker, Richard (d. 1797), English sailor: leader of navy mutiny, 1 1, 548 Parker, Samuel (1640-1687), English prelate: appointed to the Bishopric of Oxford, 11, 424; candidate for presidency of Magdalen College, 426 Parker, Theodore (1810-1860), Ameri- can scholar: member of American Anti-Slavery Society, 24, 574; quot- ed on the rescue of Shadrach, 615 Parkes, Sir Harry (19th century), English diplomat: sent on embassy to Nanking, 6, 145; appointed con- sul at Canton, 158; taken prisoner, 179 Parkes, Sir Henry (1815-1896), Aus- tralian statesman: suggests the Mel- bourne Conference, 20, 203 Parliament, Barebone's, a Parliament assembled by Cromwell in 1653; description of, 11, 366 Parliament, English: first use of the term, 11, 135; separation of the two houses, 162; claims control of ex- penditures of crown, 173 Parliament, Grattan's, an Irish Parlia- ment which met in 1783: description of, 12, 190 Parliament, The Addled, a Parliament dissolved by King James of Eng- land in 1614, before it had passed any acts: description of, 11, 311 Parliament, The Cavalier, a Parlia- ment which met in 1661, so-called because of the large number of members who were Cavaliers: de- scription of, 11, 382 Parliament, The Good, an English Parliament which met in 1376: de- scription of, 11, 172 Parliament, The Long, an English Parliament which met in 1640: de- scription of, 11, 337; dissolved, 374 Parliament, The Mad, an English Par- liament which met in 1258: descrip- tion of, 11, 138 Parliament, The Merciless (The Won- derful), an English Parliament which met in 1388: description of, 11, 181 Parliament, The Model, an English Parliament which met in 1295: de- scription of, 11, 148 Parliament, The Short, an English Parliament which met in 1640: de- scription of, 11, 337 Parliament, The Wonderful: see Par- liament, The Merciless Parliament of Shrewsbury, The, an English Parliament which met in 1398: description of, 11, 184 Parma, Italy: battles of (1495), 18, 227; (1734), 9, 236; revolt of (1831), I 7> 3 2 7', Austrians driven out of (1848), 367 Parma, Alexander Farnese, Duke of: see Farnese, Alessandro Parma, Marguerite, Duchess of: see Marguerite, Duchess of Parma Parma, Ottavio Farnese, Duke of: see Farnese, Ottavio Parmenio (Parmenion) (d. 330 B. C.)> Macedonian general: general of Alexander, 2, 490; at Issus, 492; at Arbela, 496; murdered, 500 Parmount, Philemon (17th century), American educator: appointed teacher of Boston school, 23, 140 Parnell, Charles Stewart (1846-1891), Irish statesman: sketch of, 12, 237; leads Home Rule party, 11, 633; arrested, 634; death of, 12, 240 Parnell, Sir John (18th century), Irish statesman: opposes Union, 12, 215 Paros, Aegean Sea: Island of, 2, 18; attacked by Miltiades, 2, 171 Parr, Catherine (ca. 1512-1548), sixth wife of Henry VIII of England: marriage of, 11, 261 Parra, Aquilleo (19th century), South American statesman: elected presi- dent of Colombia, 21, 92 Parrot, Johan Jacob Friedrich Wil- helm: (1792-1841), German travel- er: remonstrance of, 15, 265 Parrow, Henrik (14th century), Nor- wegian knight: leads the Norwegian forces, 16, 121 Parry, Sir William Edward (Sir Ed- ward Parry) (1790-1855), English navigator: explorations of, 16, 306, 307 GENERAL INDEX 531 Parsons or Persons, Robert (1546- 1610), English Jesuit: teachings of, 11, 292 Parsons, Sir William (17th century), a lord justice of Ireland: attempts to crush rebellion of 1641, 12, 115 Parson's Cause, an American law-suit tried in 1763, 23, 207 Parthalon, legendary Grecian settler in Ireland: leads colonists, 12, 23 Parthamasiris (d. 114 A. D.), Par- thian prince: submits to Trajan, 4, 89 Parthenon, Athenian temple: descrip- tion of, 2, 255; becomes a mosque, 536; partial destruction of, 2, 539, 14, 256 note Parthenopean Republic, name of the republic which succeeded the king- dom of Naples: proclaimed at Na- ples, 10, 402 Parthia, Kingdom of, Asia: founded, 3, 167 Parties, Political (Factions, Groups, Societies, Associations) : AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: democrats 17, 330, aristocratic federalists, 426; ultramontanes, 426; constitutional- ists, 426; moderate federalists, 427; conservatives, 429; German Liberals, 433; Clericals, 436, 439; Separatists or party of Independence, 17, 439; Christian Socialists, 457 BOHEMIA: democrats, 17, 134; na- tional party, 403; Old Czechs, 17, 428; Young Czechs, 428 CANADA: Liberal or Reforming Party, 20, 157; Conservatives or Tories, 157; " Rebels," 158, 159; " Loyalists," 158, 159; extreme Democrats or Clear-grits, 160 ENGLAND: Independents, II, 349; Presbyterians, 349; Levelers, 363; Royalists, 365; Cavaliers, 380; Whigs, 409; Tories, 410; High To- ries, 455; Jacobites, 478; the Boys, 482; the Opposition, 482, 522; Con- servatives, 591, 635; Liberals, 594, 624, 633; Protectionists, 606; Peel- ites, 606; Liberal Unionists, 636 FRANCE: the Frondeurs, 9, 201; the Mazarins, 201; Cordeliers, 9, 272, 284, 10, 128, 247, 306; Feuillants, 9, 272, 274, 10, 154, 167, 175, 177; Jacobins, 9, 272, 311, 10, 118, 243, 327; Girondists, 9, 272, 10, 154; the Mountaineers, 9, 278, 10, 82, 215, 306, 339; sansculottes, 9, 284; Dan- tonists, 288; Committees, 292; emi- grant party, 295; reactionists, 303; constitutionalists, 9, 358, 422, 10, 139. 158, 160, 164, 175; republicans, 9, 358, 475, 10, 139, 239, 361; royal- ists, 9, 366, 475, 10, 269, 355, 386, 490; liberals, 9, 366; men of move- ment, 395; men of resistance, 395, 406; legitimists, 9, 421, 474, 479; red republicans, 436; monarchists, 9, 474, 10, 80; Orleanists, 9, 474; conserva- tives, 9, 481, 10, 82; Opportunists, 9, 483; Radicals, 9, 483, 10, 82; patri- ots, 9, 484; Nationalists or Revision- ists, 485; socialists, 486; popular party, 10, 87; democrats, 10, 155, 297, 325, 375, 44i; Decemvirs, 297; Thermidorians, 327, 349; convention- alists, 355, 361, 385; imperialists, 9, 358; ultra-royalists, 358, 366, 378; Third Party, 406, 412, 415 GERMANY: liberals or nationals, 18, 407, 413, 436, 441; Progressives, 434; Conservatives, 434, 445; Free Conservatives, 435; irreconcilables, 435; National Liberals, 435, 446; So- cial Democrats, 437, 445; Clericals, 439 GREECE: war party, 2, 151; peace party, 151; extreme democrats, 151; democrats, 220, 232, 251, 253, 417, 439; Conservative and philo-Laco- nian party, 239, 251, 329; oligarchic, 357 HUNGARY: Liberals, 17, 389; democrats, 412; liberal ministerial party, 412, 429 IRELAND: Nationalists, 11, 642; Puritans, 12, 118; Old Irish, 118; Old Anglo-Irish Catholics, 118; Royalists, 118; Confederates, 119; Parliamentarians, 122; Patriotic or Popular Party, 12, 170; Levelers, 175; Old Ireland Party, 227; Young Irelanders, 227; Fenians, 235; Par- nellites, 237 532 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ISRAEL: Pharisees, I, 407; Saddu- cees, 407 ITALY: Guelphs, 4, 199; Ghibel- lines, 4, 199, 8, 244; the Albizi, 8, 266; the Medici, 267; Left or Pro- gressives, 397; Right or Conserva- tives, 397; Republicans, 398; Radi- cals, 398; Socialists, 398; papal party, 399 JAPAN: the Jiyu-to (Liberals), 7, 183; Kaishim-to (Progressives), 184; the Genro or Elder Statesmen, 212; Constitutional Party, 219; Constitu- tional Political Association (Rik- ken Seiyu Kwai), 227 KOREA: Conservatives, 7, 195; pro- gressives, 256; Tonghak (or " Learning of the East ") party, 257 MEXICO: federalists, 22, 267; Yorkinos, 268; Escocesses, 268; cen- tralists, 272; Moderados, 356; Mon- arquistas, 356; Republicans, 391; Conservatives, 391, 401; Juaristas, 401; Clericals, 401; Lerdeitas, 401; Constitutionalists, 402; Porfiristas, 402 NETHERLANDS: Catholics, 13, 320; Conservative-Protestants, 320; Liberals, 320 POLAND: democrats, 17, 405; fed- eralists, 405 ROME: patricians, 3, 35; plebeians, 35; democrats, 51; popular party, 118; aristocratic, 122; opposition, 157; optimates, 172, 281; moderate, 178; Gracchan party, 179, 185; repub- licans, 320 RUSSIA: old or national party, 15, 109; extreme party, 326; liberals, 346; social democrats, 358 SCOTLAND: Whigs, 12, 351, 352; Jacobites, 352, 360, 364; Non-instru- sion, 373 SOUTH AMERICA: Argentine Republic, 21, 123, 133; Brazil, 175, 252; Chili, 21, 216, 219, 238, 24, 978; Colombia, 21, 107; Ecuador, 107, no, 112; Uruguay, 141, 146; Ven- ezuela, 101, 103 SPAIN: court party, 8, 493; reac- tionary party, 493; moderates, 494; constitutional party, 496; Carlists, 497, 502, 514; Liberals, 499, 517, 522; royalists, 515; Ultramontanes, 517; Unionist Republicans, 517; Con- servatives, 517, 520; Democratic Liberal party, 521; Republicans, 521 SWEDEN: conservatives, 16, 277; ultra-conservatives, 277; ultra-lib- erals, 277; liberals, 277; government party, 279; agrarians, 279; freetrad- ers, 280; protectionists, 280 SWITZERLAND: democrats, 13, 498, 565; Patriots, 508; Liberals, 13, 543; Radicals, 543, 583; Conserva- tives, 544, 563; Ultramontanists, 549, 563; Republicans, 558; Royalists, 558; Centralists, 566; Progressive, 566; Clericals, 5C9 TURKEY: Young Turkey, 14, 478 UNITED STATES: Anti-Federal- ists, 23, 335, 356; Federalists, 335; Republicans, 357; Democrats, 498; National Republicans, 24, 519; Democratic-Republicans, 519, 524; Whigs, 519; Free Soil party, 558; Liberty or Abolitionist, 559; Mississippi, " resisters," 612; Union party, 612; Independent Democrats, 633; Know-Nothings, 644; Northern Democrats, 653; Free State party, 662; Southern Democrats, 678, 892; Constitutional Union party, 680; Liberal Party, 683; Liberal Repub- licans, 890; Greenback party, 909, 930; Prohibitionists, 909, 948; Radical Republicans, 742; Inde- pendents or " Mugwumps," 946, 948; Labor party, 966; Farmers' Alliance party, 966; People's Party or " Popu- lists," 975; Socialist Labor Party, 991; Anti-Imperialist League, 1038; Silver Republicans, 1038 Partition Treaties: B. C. 187. Settlement of Asia, 3, 145 41. Division of the Roman Empire, 4, 20 A. D. 1529. Peace of Cambria, 4, 305 1544. Between sons of Frederick I, 16, 267 1581. Partition of Flensburg, 16, 267 1660. Division of West Indies, 20, 76 GENERAL INDEX 533 1660. Peace of Copenhagen, 16, 210 1661. Peace of Kardis, 16, 211 1735- Treaty of Vienna, 17, 192 1739. Treaty of Belgrade, 17, 192 1763. Definitive Treaty or Treaty of Paris, 20, 120, 23, 198 1772. First Partition of Poland, 14, 338, 15, 173, 380, 17, 247, 18, 345 1793. Second Partition of Poland, 15, 189, 383, 17, 281, 18, 358 1795. Treaty of Paris, 17, 281 1795. Third Partition of Poland, 15, 191. 384, 17, 281, 18, 359 1797. Treaty of Campo Formio, 18, 361 1805. Peace of Presburg, 17, 294, 18, 367 1809. Peace of Vienna, 18, 377 1814. Congress of Vienna, 9, 359, 10, 499, II, 567, 15, 262, 384, 17, 313, 18, 388 1814. Treaty of Paris, 8, 532, 9, 356, 11, 568, 13, 280, 15, 263, 17, 314, 20, 221 Partouneaux, Count Louis (19th cen- tury), French military officer: at the Beresina, 15, 253 Parysatis, queen of Darius II, 423-404 B. C: influence of, 2, 388 Pascal (Paschal) II, Pope, 1099-1118: releases Spain from crusade obliga- tions, 8, 90; grants a Scandinavian archbishopric, 16, 75; his quarrels with Henry V of Germany, 18, 139, 140; aids Raymundo III of Bar- celona against Mohammedans, 8, 228; death of, 18, 141 Pascatacacy, Emperor of (17th cen- tury), Indian chief: visited by Gov- ernor Calvert, 23, 70; hospitality to- ward Maryland settlers, 70 Paschal III, anti-Pope, 1164-1168: ap- pointed by Frederick Barbarossa, 18, 151 Pasco, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between Peru and Bolivia (1842), 31, 188 Paskievitch, Ivan Feodorovitch (1782- 1856), Russian general: his cam- paign against Persia, 15, 283; his campaign against Turkey, II, 284, 14, 426, 428, 453, 15, 278; in the Polish insurrection, 15, 295; in the Hungarian insurrection, 301; invades Galicia, 17, 372 Pasquier, fitienne Denis, Duke of: (1767-1862), French statesman: be- comes minister for foreign affairs, 9, 372 Passarowitz, Peace of, a treaty con- cluded at Passarowitz in 1718, be- tween Turkey on one side and Aus- tria and Venice on the other: ac- count of, 14, 6, 290, 374, 17, 235, 18, 320 Passau, Convention of, a treaty con- cluded at Passau in .1552, between the elector Maurice of Saxony and King Ferdinand in behalf of the Emperor, Charles V, 9, 146, 18, 258 Passy, Frederick (b. 1822), French po- litical economist: made minister of commerce, 9, 409 Pasvan Oglu (19th century), Pasha of Widden: rebellion of (1805), 14, 386, 15, 218; joined by Janissaries, I4 387; joins Mohammedan brigand league, 388 Patagonia, South America: discovered, 21, 17; dispute over possession of, 227 Patagonian Indians, South American tribe: tallest race in the world, 23, 9 Patala: see Haidarabad Patay, France: battle of (1429), 9, 116, 11, 204 Patent of October 20, i860, The, an attempt at Constitutional govern- ment in Austria: account of, 17, 386 Paternal Authority, in early Rome: status of, 3, 5, 11 Paterson, William (1658-1698), an English banker and projector: or- ganizes a Scottish East India Com- pany, 5, 171; suggests the Bank of England, 11, 442; plans settlement on the Isthmus of Darien, 12, 357 Patinos (early 19th century), South American half-breed, secretary to the dictator of Paraguay: influence of, 21, 152; death of, 154 Patkul, John Reinhold (1660- 1707), Livonian patriot: mission of, 15, 38; death of, 15, 46, 16, 219 Patna, India: massacre of, 5, 187 5S4t THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Patras, Greece: mentioned, 2, 548 Patriarch of Ferney, The: see Voltaire Patricians, Roman aristocrats: strife with plebeians, 3, 47 Patrick, Saint (ca. 372-493 A. D.), the patron saint of the Irish, called the Apostle of the Irish: work of, 12, 27 Patriotic Democratic Party, an asso- ciation formed to resist any diminu- tion of Norwegian liberties: account of, 6, 282 Patriotism: lack of, among early Brit- ons, 11, 13 Patrona Khalil (18th century), rebel janissary: insolence of, 14, 295 Patrons of Husbandry: see Grangers Patroon System, an arrangement of tenants and landlords in colonial New York: account of, 23, 132 Patterson (late 18th century), Eng- lish explorer: his work in Africa, 20, 130 Patterson, Elizabeth (early 19th cen- tury), American woman: married to Jerome Bonaparte, 18, 374 Patterson, Robert (1792-1881), Ameri- can general of Irish birth: in the Mexican War, 22, 373; at battle of Bull Run, 24, 734; relieved from command, 735 Patterson, William (1745-1806), Ameri- can statesman: submits plan of gov- ernment to Constitutional Conven- tion, 23, 326 Pattison, Robert Emory (1850-1894), American statesman, governor of Pennsylvania, 1883-1887 and 1891- 1895: candidate for presidential nomination, 24, 1014 Patuas: see Juangs Paul, Saint (1st century A. D.), the apostle of the Gentiles: preaches in Spain, 8, 31 Paul II (Pietro Barbo) (1418-1471), Pope, 1464-1471: his relations with Bohemia, 17, 146 Paul III (Alessandro Farnese) (1466- 1549), Pope, 1534-1549: accession of, 9, 142; arranges truce between the Emperor, Charles V, and Francis I of France, 9, 143; calls the Council of Trent, 18, 251; favors the natives of Peru, 21, 38 Paul IV (Gian Pietro Caraffa), (1476- 1559), Pope, 1555-1559: opposes Spanish rule in the Two Sicilies, 8, 354; urges Henry II of France to make war against the empire, 9, 147; his struggle with Philip II of Spain, 13, 69 Paul V (Camillo Borghese) (1552- 1621), Pope, 1605-1621: hostility of, towards Galileo, 4, 321 Paul (I) Petrovitch (1754-1801), Em- peror of Russia, 1796-1801: birth of, IS, 155; Catherine's treatment of, 164; marries Natalia Alexievna, 165; marries Maria Feodorovna, 172; reign of, 200; in the Second Coali- tion, 18, 362; plans invasion of In- dia, 5, 198; death of, 9, 318; 15, 208, 16, 256 Paul, Duke (7th century A. D.), a Greek usurper of the Gothic throne: rebellion of, 8, 45 Paul, The German: see Luther, Mar- tin Paul the Deacon (Paulus Diaconus) (ca. 720-800), mediaeval historian: at the court of Charlemagne, 18, 86 Paul, Rojas, president of Venezuela, 1887-1889: driven from power, 21, 246 Paulding, John (d. 1818), American soldier: aids in capture of Andre, 23, 277 Paulinus (d. 644 A. D.), Italian mis- sionary, Bishop of York, 627-644 A. D.: converts Eadwine of Nor- thumbria, 12, 253; becomes Bishop of York, II, 34 Paulinus, Sustonius, Roman consul, 66 A. D.: his campaigns in Britain, 4, 75 Paulists, Roman Catholic monks* sketch of, 20, 94; influence of, in Brazil, 21, 38 Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, Roman con- sul, 50 B. C: sells his services to Caesar, 3, 331 Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, Roman con- sul, 219 B. C: election of, 3, 120 Paulus, Lucius Aemilius (Macedoni- GENERAL INDEX 535 cus), Roman consul, 168 B. C: in the third Macedonian War, 3, 149; refuses to corrupt the soldiers with the spoils of war, 156. Paumota Islands: see Tuamotu Islands Pauncefote, Sir Julian (1828 ), English statesman: at the Peace Conference, 15, 357; in Behring Sea controversy, 24, 980 Pausanius (d. 466 B. C), King of Sparta: commands at Plataea, 2, 207, 210; at Byzantium, 223; de- posed, 224; conspires with Helots, 228; dies of starvation, 229 Pausanius (d. 380 B. C), King of Sparta, 444-380 B. C: pacifies Athens, 2, 387; invades Boeotia, 398 Pausanius (4th century B. C), Mace- donian noble: slays Philip, 2, 481 Pausiris (5th century B. C.) Persian viceroy of Egypt: administration of, If 33 Paux (Pauw), Adrian (1 584-1 563), Dutch statesman: his mission to London, 13, 225, 229 Pavia, northern Italy: conquered by the Lombards (568 A. D.), 4, 163, 18, 51; sieges of (754 A. D.), 18, 77; (774 A. D.), 79; (1006), 121; battle of (1525), 4, 302, 8, 350, 9, 139, 11, 241, 13, 56, 439, 18, 245 Pavy, Octave (late 19th century), American Arctic explorer: explora- tions of, 16, 319 Pawnee Indians, tribe of American In- dians: number of, 23, 17 Pax Romana (Roman peace) : account of, 4, 46 Payer, Julius von (1842 ), Austrian explorer: in Arctic regions, 16, 318 Payne, Henry B. (late 19th century), American politician: member of the Electoral Commission, 24, 913 note Payne, Lewis (19th century), Ameri- can political fanatic: stabs Secre- tary Seward, 24, 826 Paysandu, Uruguay, South America: pillaged by the insurgents (1864), 21, 143 Payva, Alfonso de (d. ca. i486), Por- tuguese traveler: explorations of, 8, 322 Paz (early 19th century), South American commander: directs the defense of Montevideo (1842), 21, 139 Pazmany, Peter, Cardinal (1 570-1637), Hungarian theologian: leads anti- Reformation party in Transylvania, 17, 225 Peabody, George (1795-1869), Ameri- can philanthropist: aids Arctic ex- pedition, 16, 312 Peace, Justices of the: see Justices of the Peace Peace, The Badly Established, a treaty signed at Longjumeau by the Protestant and Catholic parties of France (1568), 9, 156 Peace, The City of: see Jerusalem Peace, The Napoleon of: see Louis Philippe, King of the French Peace, The Prince of: see Godoy, Manuel Peace, The Underhand, a treaty be- tween the Duke of Burgundy and the King of France (1407), 9, no Peace, The Unfortunate: see Cateau- Cambresis, Treaty of Peace Conferences: 1799. Rastadt, 17, 284 1800. Luneville, 17, 285 1807. Tilsit, 10, 471 1813. Prague, 17, 307 1813. Frankfort, 9, 344 1853. Vienna, 14, 450 1856. Paris, 14, 460 1878. San Stefano, 14, 486 1878. Berlin, 14, 487 1898. Paris, 24, 1031 1899. The Hague, 13, 318 1905. Portsmouth, 7, 241, 318, 15, 364, 24, 1079 Peace of God: see Truce of God Peace of 1648, The: see Westphalia, Peace of Peach Tree Creek, Georgia: battle of (1864), 24, 797 Pearse, Colonel (18th century), Eng- lish general: his campaign against Haidar AH, 5, 193 Peary, Robert Edwin, an American Arctic explorer and civil engineer: born at Cresson, Penna., May 6, 1856; graduated from Bowdoin Col- lege, 1877; entered the United 536 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS States Navy as a civil engineer, Oc- tober 26, 1881; was assistant engi- neer of Nicaragua Ship Canal under Government orders, 1884-1885; in charge of Nicaragua Canal surveys, 1887-1888; invented rolling-lock gates for canal; made reconnois- sance of the Greenland inland ice- cap, east of Disco Bay, 1886; chief of Arctic expedition of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, June, 1891-September, 1892; dis- covered and named Melville Land and Heilprin Land; determined the insularity of Greenland for which he received the Cullom medal of Amer- ican Geographical Society, Patron's medal of Royal Geographical So- ciety, London, and medal of Royal Scottish Geographical Society; made another Arctic voyage, 1893-1895; made a thorough study of the little tribe of Arctic highlanders; discov- ered Iron Mountain, 1894; made summer voyages, 1896 and 1897; commander of Arctic expedition un- der the Peary Arctic Club of New York, 1898-1902; rounded northern extremity of Greenland Archipelago, naming the northern cape, Cape Morris K. Jessup; attained the high- est north up to that time in the western hemisphere (84 17' N. Lat.); elected president of the American Geographical Society, 1903; made another expedition, 1905- 1906; reached a point nearer the pole than had ever been reached before (87 6') Discovers Independence Bay, 16, 296; explorations of, 320 Peasants' Revolt, The, a rebellion in England against excessive taxation (1381): described, II, 174 Pechenegs, a horde of Asiatic no- mads: invade Europe, 14, 4 Pechlin, Count (late 18th century), Swedish nobleman: plots to assas- sinate Gustavus, 16, 249 Pederson, Kristen (16th century), Danish author: sketch of, 16, 193 Pedius, Quintus, Roman soldier, con- sul 43 B. C: made consul, 4, 14; dies, 15 Pedraza (16th century), Spanish priest: accompanies Pizarro, 31, 78 Pedraza, Manuel Gomez (1788-1851), Mexican soldier and politician, pres- ident of Mexico, 1 828-1832: elec- tion, 22, 266; returns to Mexico, 271 Pedro I, King of Aragon and Na- varre, 1094-1105: accession to throne of Navarre, 8, 201; accession to throne of Aragon, 232 Pedro II, King of Aragon, 1196-1213: reign of, 8, 237; death of, 9, 78 Pedro III, King of Aragon, 1276- 1285: marries Constance, 4, 215, 8, 243; reign of, 8, 243; at war with Charles of Anjou, 9, 85 Pedro IV, King of Aragon, 1336-1387: reign of, 8, 250 Pedro I (1798-1834), Emperor of Brazil, 1822-1831: advises his father to make concessions to the people, 31, 165; accession of, 166; abdicates crown of Portugal, 8, 535, 31, 167; marries Maria Amalia of Leuchten- berg, 31, 168; abdication of, 8, 535, 31, 169; death of, 8, 536 Pedro II (1825-1891), Emperor of Brazil, 1831-1888: accession of, 31, 169; crowned, 170; summary of his reign, 170; rule of, 251; abdication of, 253 Pedro (I) the Cruel (1334-1369), King of Leon and Castile, 1350-1369: reign of, 8, 160; his relations with Charles II of Navarre, 210; at war with Pedro IV of Aragon, 253; strife with Henry of Trastamara, II, 167; at war with Charles V of France, 9, 103 Pedro (I) the Severe (1320-1367), King of Portugal, 1357-1367: con- cludes a treaty with Pedro the Cruel of Castile, 8, 164; his relations with Ihes de Castro, 286; rebellion of, 288; reign of, 289 Pedro II (1648-1706), King of Portu- gal, 1683-1706: joins allies against France and Spain, 8, 392; plots to obtain throne, 467; made regent, 468; reign of, 469 GENERAL INDEX 537 Pedro III, King of Portugal, 1777- 1786: marries Maria I of Portugal, 8, 474 Pedro IV, King of Portugal: see Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil Pedro V (1837-1861), King of Portu- gal, 1853-1861: reign of, 8, 538 Pedro (d. 1446), son of Joam I of Portugal: travels of, 8, 304; made regent of Portugal, 311; death of, Pedro (d. 1466), infante of Portugal: at war with Juan II of Aragon, 8, 266 Pedro (d. 1319), infante of Spain: claims regency, 8, 158; death of, in Pedro de Menezes (early 15th cen- tury), Governor of Ceuta: heroism of, 8 301 Pedro: see also Peter Pedum, Italy: loses its independence, 3, 67 Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850), English statesman: recommends resumption of cash payments by the Bank of England, 11, 571; Home Secretary, 574, 582; police reforms of, 586; favors Catholic emancipation, 12, 222; made Prime Minister, 11, 594; asked to form a ministry, 597; sec- ond ministry of, 601; death of, 609 Peep o' Day Boys, name of a Presby- terian faction in the north of Ire- land about 1785-1790: mentioned, 12, 196 Peiraeus, harbor of Athens: founded by Themistocles, 2, 161; its walls destroyed by Lysander, 378; rebuilt by Conon, 402; restored to Athens, 512; in modern Greece, 548 Peisander, Athenian demagogue: at Samos, 2, 35s; organizes conspiracy at Athens, 358; flies to the Spar- tans, 362 Peisistratidae, Athenian dynasty: rul- ers at Athens, 2, 94 Peixoto, Floriano (1842-1895), Brazil- ian statesman: made president of Brazil, 21, 254 Pekah ben Ramaliah, King of Israel, 758-738 B. C. : usurps throne of Israel, 1, 393 Pekahiah, King of Israel, ca. 760 B. C. : murdered, 1, 393 Peking, China: made capital by Yun- glo, 6, 30; taken by Manchus, 51; made capital by Dorgun, 54; treaty signed at, 6, 185, 9, 451; foreign legations besieged in (1900), 6, 282, 300, 7, 280, 11, 639, 24, 1047; court returns to, 6, 307 Pelasgi, early inhabitants of Greece: in Hellenic tradition, 2, 23; religion of, 38; meaning of name, 24; dis- placed in Lesbos by Aeolians, 53; amalgamate with Greeks in Chalci- dice, 2, 79; in Italy, 83 Pelayo (d. 737), King of Asturias and Leon: leads Christian forces, 8, 129; character of, 130 Pelesheth: see Philistines Pelet of La Lozere, Jean, Count ( I 7S9-i842), French legislator: made minister of public instruction, 9, 409 Pelew Islands, North Pacific Ocean: purchased by Germany, 20, 302 Pelham (ca. 16th century), English officer: his campaign against the Geraldines, 12, 90 Pelham, Sir Henry (1696-1754), Eng- lish statesman: becomes First Lord of the Treasury, 11, 487; unpopu- larity of his ministry, 23, 187; death of, 490 Pelham-Clinton, Henry Pelham, Duke of Newcastle: see Newcastle . "Pelican," British frigate: captures " Argus," 23, 424 Pelion, Mount, Greece: mentioned, 2, 75 Pelissier, Aimable Jean Jacques, Due de Malakov (1794-1864), French marshal: in the Crimean War, 9, 447, 11, 617 Pella, Macedonia: founded, 2, 456; Athenians treat with Philip at, 467 Pellegrini, Carlos, Argentine politi- cian, president of Argentina, 1890- 1892: administration of, 21, 256 Pelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene (1813-1884), French journalist, politician and miscellaneous author: in the elections of 1869, 9, 458 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Pellico, Silvio (1788-1854), an Italian poet and prose-writer: work of, 4, 409; imprisoned, 17, 323 Pelligan (16th century), Swiss scholar: becomes a teacher in Zur- ich, 13, 436 Pelopidas (d. 364 B. C.)> Theban gen- eral: slays polemarchs, 2, 423; character of, 426; at Leuctra, 435; in Peloponnesus, 441; imprisoned, 444; conquers Thessaly, 444; slain, 448 Peloponnesian War, a war between Athens and its allies, on one side, and the Peloponnesian Confederacy on the other (431-404 B. C.) : causes, 2, 262; invasion of Attica, 278; plague at Athens, 281; revolt of Mitylene, 291; siege and capture of Sphacterea (425 B. C), 302; bat- tles of Delium (424 B. C.)> 3HJ Amphipolis (422 B. C.), 316; Peace of Niceas (421-416 B. C), 3^7', bat- tle of Mantinea (418 B. C), 323; Sicilian expedition (415-413 B. C), 328; revolution in Athens (411 B. C), 357; revolt of Euboea (411 B. C), 361; fall of the Four Hundred (411 B. C), 361; battles of Abydos (411 B. C.)> 363; Cyzicus (410 B. C.)i 365; Notium (407 B. C), 369; Arginusae (406 B. C), 371; Aegos- potami (405 B. C), 375; surrender of Athens (404 B. C), 376; results of the war, 277 Peloponnesus, the ancient name of the peninsula forming the southern portion of Greece, the modern Morea: geography of, 2, 14; Spar- tan supremacy in, 10; conquest of, 31; see also Sparta, Achaia, Elis, Arcadia, Argos and (post Hellenic) The Morea Peltry Trade: in New York and Penn- sylvania, 23, 136 Pelusium (Furmah), Egypt: capture of (343 B. C.)i 1, 33; capture of (639 A. D.), 35, 291 Pemaquid, New England: attack on, 23, 158 Pemberton, John Clifford (1818- 1881), American Confederate gen- eral: commands at Vicksburg, 24, 776; surrenders Vicksburg, 778 Pembroke, Richard the Marshal, Earl of: see Richard the Marshal, Earl of Pembroke Pembroke, William the Marshal, Earl of: see William the Marshal, Earl of Pembroke Pefia, Luis Saenz, South American jurist, president of Argentina, 1892- 1895: administration of, 21, 257 Penal Code, a system of criminal law in India (i860), 5, 244 Penal Laws, The, a system of laws planned to destroy the Roman Cath- olic religion in Ireland (1697): ac- count of, 12, 157 Penalties: see Punishments Pena-y-Pefia, Manuel de la, Mexican jurist, President of Mexico, 1847- 1848: accession to the presidency, 22, 371; government of, 373; second administration of, 375 Penda (7th century A. D.), Saxon King of Mercia: reign of, 11, 34; defeats Oswald at Maserfield, 35; death of, 35 Pendleton, Edmund (1721-1803), American statesman and jurist: delegate to first Continental Con- gress, 23, 223 Pendleton, George Hunt (1825-1889), American politician: nominated for Vice-President, 24, 800; candidate for Presidency (1868), 858; intro- duces Civil Service Reform Bill, 938 Pendleton Act, a bill for the regula- tion of the American Civil Service (1883): passed, 24, 938; enforced by Cleveland, 951 Peninsula, The Hero of the: see Wel- lington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navi- gation Company: incorporated, 5 r 224 Peninsular Campaign, General Mc- Clellan's operations in the penin- sula of Virginia (1862): account of, 2 4> 757; General Hooker distin- guished in, 770; General Hancock distinguished in, 930 GENERAL INDEX 539 Peninsular State, The: see Florida Penitential System of Roman Cath- olic Church: introduced by Theo- dore of Tarsus, n, 38 Penn, Sir William (1621-1670), an English Admiral: commands in the West Indies, II, 370, 20, 71; in the war with the Dutch, 13, 230 Penn, William, founder and first leg- islator of the State of Pennsylvania and one of the most illustrious of Christian philanthropists; was born in London, October 14, 1644; son of Admiral Sir William Penn; at an early age he was sent to Chigwell School, in Essex; while there, be- fore he was eleven years old, his mind was deeply impressed with the importance of religion; when about fifteen he was sent to Christ Church, Oxford, where he met Thomas Loe and he was converted to Quakerism and shortly after ex- pelled from the university; his father sent him on travels in Hol- land and France and on his return in 1666 he was ordered to manage the estates of the family in the county of Cork, Ireland; while in Cork he again met Loe, was im- prisoned for attending a Quaker meeting and although soon liber- ated he had to leave Ireland; on his return to London he began to preach and to work in different ways for the society to which he be- longed and in 1668 was thrown into the Tower, but by the interference of the Duke of York he obtained his freedom; Penn's father died in 1670 leaving his estates and prop- erty to his son; in 1671 he was again imprisoned for preaching; having been liberated he made a tour to Holland and Germany and on his return in 1672 he married Gulielma Marie Springett; Penn in- herited from his father a claim against the government for i6,oool. and in 1680 he obtained from the king, in payment of that claim, an extensive tract of land west of the Delaware River and north of Maryland and called Pennsylvania; in 1682 Penn sailed for America; in 1684 he returned to England intent on bettering the social position of the Quakers, in which plan he partly succeeded; during the reign of James II he was suspected of being implicated in certain dis- graceful measures of the king; after the overthrow of James he was twice accused of entertaining treasonable communication with the exiled king and he was deprived of his title to the Pennsylvania gov- ernment; was acquitted in 1693, and the title restored in 1694; after the death of his first wife in 1693, he married (1695) Hannah Callowhill and went for second 'time (1699) to Pennsylvania where he stayed till 1701; the mismanagement and vil- lainy of his agent had brought him to the verge of bankruptcy, and he was thrown into the Fleet for some time in 1708; died at Ruscombe, in Berkshire, July 30, 1718 Visits Peter the Great, 15, 34; his treatment of the Indians, 20, 19; disputes boundary lines with Lord Baltimore, 23, 72; proprietor of Delaware, 108; joins Delaware with Pennsylvania, 108; purchases New Jersey, 109; sketch of, no; secures grant from king, no; plans Phila- delphia, in; treaty with Indians, ill; deprived of colony by English Revolution, 112; returns to Amer- ica, 112; death, 112 Penna, Affonso de, South American statesman, president of Brazil, 1906 : election, 21, 255 Pennington, William (1797-1862), American statesman: elected Speaker of the House, 24, 6jJ Pennsylvania, colony and state of North America, means " Penn's Woods," called the Keystone State: founded, 23, no; named, no; char- ter, in; organization of, 20, 19; Franklin acts as agent to England for, 23, 122; growth of, as a colony, 20, 85; growth of its commerce, 108; growth of its population, 109; 540 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS condition of the Jews, i, 426; sta- tistics at outbreak of Revolution, 23, 126; agitation among Quakers against slavery, 130; status of in- dented servants, 131; Quakers emancipate their slaves, 20, 130; races and religions at outbreak of the Revolution, 23, 133; peltry trade, 136; beginning of iron industry, 136; public school system as a col- ony, 141; colonial newspapers, 144; religious tolerance of, 149; first Continental Congress meets at Philadelphia, 223; battle of German- town, 260; meeting of second Con- tiental Congress at Philadelphia, 229; Cornwallis captures Philadel- phia, 259; British evacuate Phila- delphia, 262; mutiny of soldiers (1781), 306; levies tax on produce from Delaware, 311; quarrels with Connecticut over Wyoming Valley, 312; chooses delegates for Consti- tutional Convention, 322; Constitu- tional Convention meets at Phila- delphia, 323; ratification of the Na- tional Constitution, 335; experi- ments with a single legislative house, 10, 88 note; whiskey tax op- posed, 23, 348; United States Bank established in Philadelphia, 352; United States' mint established at Philadelphia, 354; Jackson eulo- gized by legislature of, 462; protec- tionist tendencies, 476; rank as to population, 479; opposition to Tariff Act of 1846, 24, 554; partial abolition of slavery, 563; abolition societies formed, 571; abolitionists send petition to Congress, 572; abolition riot in Philadelphia (1838), 575; abolition pamphlets de- stroyed at Philadelphia, 576; Presi- dent Taylor visits, 594; negro res- cues, 616; election of 1854, 645; Presidential campaign of 1856, 655; condemns Buchanan's Kansas pol- icy, 670; Davis's prophecy concern- ing. 778; Lee's invasion of, 778; alarm over Lee's invasion, 779; Early's invasion of, 792; Sheridan saves from invasion, 792; Centen- nial Exposition at Philadelphia, 903; railroad strikes (1877), 917; the " Mollie Maguires," 918; strike of employees of Carnegie Steel Com- pany, 992 Pennsylvania, University of: founded, 23, 141 Pennsylvania of the West, The: see Missouri Pennus, Marcus, Roman statesman, tribune 26 B. C: carries his pro- posal that non-burgesses should leave the city, 3, 179 Pennyless, The: see Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Penry, John, English dissenting martyr: hanged, II, 301 Pensacola, Florida: foundations laid, 22, 182; captured by the French (1719), 188; British expelled from, 23, 428; Spanish settlers aid Semi- noles, 444; Confederates seize navy yard, 24, 692 Pensaqui, Treaty of, a peace between the United States of Colombia and Ecuador (1863): mentioned, 21,113 Pensions, in the United States: de- pendent bill vetoed by Cleveland, 24, 952; dependent bill passed, 971; American and European systems compared, 971 Pentelicus Mountains, Greece: men- tioned, 2, 14 Penuelos, Chili: battle of (i860), 21, 219 People, League of the, a union of the peasantry of several of the Swiss cantons to defend their rights (1653); account of, 13, 472 People, The Father and Friend of the: see Henry IV, King of France People, The Father of his: see Louis XII, King of France People, The Father of the: see Chris- tian III, King of Denmark People, The Man of the: see Fox, Charles James Peoples, Battle of the: see Leipsig: battle of (1813) People's Charter, The, a bill to im- prove the condition of the English workingman (1839), n, 599 GENERAL INDEX 541 Peoples' Friend, The: see Marat, Jean Paul Peoples' Party, political party of the United States: convention at Omaha, 24, 991; see also Populist Party People's William, The: see Gladstone, William Ewart Peoria, Illinois: branch of the Whiskey Ring, 24, 894 Pepe, General (early 19th century), Italian insurgent: head of Italian revolution (1820), 4, 352 Pepin: see Pipin or Pippin Pepperell, Sir William (1696-1759), American colonial soldier: com- mands Louisburg expedition, 23, 164 Pequigny, John de (14th century), French soldier: rescues Charles of Navarre, 9, 101 Pequot Indians, North American tribe: belong to Algonquian stock, 23, 8; war in Connecticut, 93 Peralta, Don Pedro de (15th cen- tury), Spanish partisan: assassi- nates the bishop of Pamplona, 8, 214 Peralta, Gaston de, Marquis de Fakes (16th century), Spanish statesman, viceroy of Mexico 1566-1568: ad- ministration of, 22, 124 Perambakam, India: battle of, 5, 193 Perceval, Spencer (1762-1812), Eng- lish statesman: made Prime Minis- ter, II, 564 Percy, Lord (18th century), English soldier: at battle of Lexington, 23, 227 Percy, Sir Henry, 1st Earl of Nor- thumberland (d. 1408), English sol- dier: aids in the dethronement of Richard II, n, 185; defeats Scots at Homildon Hill, 193; revolts against Henry IV, 193; death of, 194 Percy, Sir Henry (Harry Hotspur) (1364-1403), son of the first Earl of Northumberland, English sol- dier: taken prisoner by the Scots, 12, 287; at battle of Homildon Hill, **> 193; revolts against Henry IV, 193 Percy, Thomas, Earl of Worcester (d. 1403), English soldier: aids in dethronement of Richard II, 11, 185; defeats Scots at Homildon Hill (1402), 193; revolts against Henry IV, 193 Perczel (19th century), Austrian offi- cer: his campaign in Servia, 17, 371 Perdiccas (d. ca. 413 B. C), King of Macedon: mentioned, 2, 269 Perdido River, North America: as French boundary, 23, 400 Pereira (19th century), South Amer- ican statesman, President of Uru- guay, 1856-1860: administration of, 21, 141 Pereira, Pere (17th century), Jesuit missionary in China: signs treaty with Russia, 6, 67, 77 Perekop, southern Russia: taken by Russia (1736), 14, 304, 15, 122; siege of (1770), 14, 33Q Pereny, Peter, Bishop of Great Vara- din, Hungarian ecclesiastic: at the battle of Mohacs, 17, 169 Perevolochna, Russia: surrender at (1709), is, 54 Perez, General (19th century), Boliv- ian soldier, president of Bolivia, 1861: rebellion of, 21, 189 Perez, General (19th century), Mexi- can officer: made second in com- mand of army, 22, 369 Perez, Antonio (1539-1611), Spanish statesman: persecution of, 8, 373 Perez, Jose Joaquin (1800-1889), Chilian statesman, President of Chili, 1861-1871: administration of, 21, 219 Perez, Juan de Marchena (15th cen- tury), Spanish monk: aids Colum- bus, 21, 4, 23, 29 Perez, Luis (ca. 1900), Cuban states- man: chosen governor of Pinar del Rio, 22, 468 Perez, Santiago (1830 ), Colom- bian statesman, president of Colom- bia, 1874-1876; his administration, 21, 91 Perez de Castro, Fernando (14th cen- tury), Spanish nobleman: leader in rebellion against Pedro the Cruel, 8, 163 Pergamus, Asia Minor: captured by 542 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Mithradates, 3, 216; see also Berg- hama Periander (d. 585 B. C), Tyrant of Corinth, 625-585 B. C.: conquers Corcyra, 2, 86; Tyrant of Corinth, 93; ally of King of Lydia, 95 Perichole: see Gallegas, Mariquita Pericles, an Athenian statesman and orator: born at Athens about 495 B. C.J studied various arts and sciences; about 470 B. C, began his public career as leader of the demo- cratic party, gained popularity by a law that the people should enjoy theatrical amusements at the public expense; in 461 B. C. he used his influence to procure the ostracism of Cimon, the leader of the aristo- cratic party; displayed courage at battle of Tanagra in 457 and pro- posed the decree that Cimon should be recalled from exile; in 444 B. C. directed the government with un- disputed supremacy; commanded in the Samain war; expended tae pub- lic money in the erection of tem- ples and monuments; under his ad- ministration Athens became an im- perial state, the Peloponnesian war took place and during the sec- ond year of the war a great plague raged at Athens; the people became so demoralized that they deprived Pericles of command and punished him with a fine; he had recovered his influence a short time when he died in the autumn of 429 B. C. Sketch of, 2, 238; conquers Eu- boea, 249; bribes the Spartans, 249; reforms of, 251; power of, 251; his buildings, 254 his system of cleru- chies, 258; conquers Samos, 260; advocates alliance with Corcyra, 267; unpopularity of (432 B. C), 272; his policy in Peloponnesian War, 279; ravages Megaris, 280; prosecuted by Cleon, 283; death of, 285 Pericles the Younger (d. 406 B. C.) Athenian commander: enfranchised, 2, 285; made strategus, 370; ex- ecuted, 374 Perier, Casimir (1 777-1 832), French statesman: his relation to the revo- lution of 1830, 9, 391; ministry of, 398; death of, 401 Perinthus, northern Europe: cap- tured by the Athenians, 2, 367; be- sieged by Philip, 473 Perioeci, communities of the non- Spartan dwellers in the Peloponne- sus: account of origin, 2, 70 Permanent Settlement, The, a system of farming the land revenue of Ben- gal (1789): account of, 5, 195 Pernambuco, a state of Brazil, South America: taken by the Dutch (1630), 21, 33; revolution of (1817), 164; resists the creation of the em- pire of Brazil, 167; rebellion of (1848), 170; Jesuits expelled from, 178 Peronne, Treaty of, a peace signed by Louis XI, limiting the sover- eignty of France in the states of Burgundy (1468), 9, 123 Perote, Mexico: taken by the Amer- icans (1847), 22, 327 Perovskaya, Sophia (d. 1881), Russian female conspirator: execution of, J 5, 339 Perpenna, Marcus Vento (1st cen- tury B. C.)> Roman commander: joins Sertorius in Spain, 8, 21; con- spires against Sertorius, 21 Perpetual Company of the Indies, The, an association formed to pro- mote trade between France and the East Indies (1719), 5, 170 Perpetual Edict, The, a treaty be- tween Spain and the Netherlands (1577). 13, 126 Perpetual League, an alliance of Swiss towns (1291), 13, 362 Perpetual ^eace, The, a truce between Austria and the Confederates of Switzerland (1474), 13, 406 Perpignan, southern France: sieges of (1473). 8, 267; (1642), 194 Perrers, Alice (14th century), Eng- lish courtesan: mistress of Edward III, 11, 171; driven from court, 172; returns to court, 172; robs Edward III of his rings, 172 GENERAL INDEX 543 Perrier (19th century), Swiss ultra- montane leader: leads riot, 13, 563 Perrott, John, English soldier, lord deputy of Ireland, 1584-1588: men- tioned, 12, 94 Perry, John (ca. 1670-1733), an Eng- lish engineer: quoted on Peter the Great, 15, 26, 33 Perry, Matthew Calbraith, an Amer- ican naval officer, called Japanese Perry: born at Newport, R. I., April 10, 1794; was a brother of Commo- dore Perry; served in the Mexican war of 1847, and in 1852 com- manded the expedition to Japan, which opened the way to inter- course between the United States and Japan; died in New York, March 4, 1858 In the Mexican War, 22, 309; visits Japan, 7, 155; concludes treaty with Japan, 157 Perry, Oliver Hazard, an American naval officer: born at Newport, Rhode Island, August 23, 1785; en- tered the navy as midshipman April 7> l 799\ cruised with his father in the West Indies, 1799-1800; in war against Tripoli, 1804-1805; became lieutenant, January 15, 1807; on September 13, 1813, as commander of a squadron on Lake Erie he de- feated the British under Commo- dore Barclay; for this victory was made captain and received from Congress a gold medal; cooperated with General Harrison at Detroit and at the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813; having been ap- pointed commander of a squadron bound for the coast of Colombia he died of yellow fever at Port Spain, on the island of Trinidad, August 23, 1819; his remains were removed to Newport in a ship of war by order of Congress, and buried in that city on December 4, 1826 Victory on Lake Erie, 23, 423; among naval heroes of War of 1812, 433 Perryville, Kentucky: battle of (1862), 24- 773 Persecutions, Political: B. C. ca. 500. Of the Pythagoreans in Italy, 2, 216 487. Massacre of Athenians by Aeginetans, 2, 173 404. Thirty Tyrants at Athens, 2, 384 121. Of the Gracchan party at Rome, 3, 184 88. Massacre of Italians by Mith- radates, 3, 216 87. Of the opponents of Marius, 3, 223 80. Of the opponents of Sulla, 3, 231 43. Under the second triumvirate at Rome, 4, 15 A. D. 65. Of the philosophers by Nero, 4, 66 70. By Vespasian, 82 750. Factions of the Mohamme- dans, 1, 341 1 195. By Henry VI in Italy, 18, !S7. 1560. Of the Amboise adherents in France, 9, 151 1576. The Spanish Fury, 13, 122 1632. In Turkey, 14, 218 1682. By the Russian strelitz, 15, 27 1792-1793. Reign of Terror in France, 9, 276, 287, 10, 265 1827. In Portugal under Dom Miguel, 8, 535 1880. Socialists in Germany, 18, 446 Persecutions, Religious: A. D. 64. Of the Christians by Nero, 4, 65 95. Of Christians by Domitian, 4, 84 114. Of Christians under Trajan, 4, 9i 165. Of Christians by Marcus Au- relius, 2, 525, 4, 97 168. Of the Jews, I, 405 200. Of Christians in Gaul, 9, 12 295. Of Christians by Diocletian, 2, 527, 4, 116, 8, 31 544 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Persecutions, Religious, cont. 385. Of Priscillianists, 8, 31 408. Of Jews and heretics, 4, 141 531. Of the Christians by the Per- sians, 5, 318 590. Of the Catholics by the Arians, 4, 168 620. Of the Jews, 1, 416 630. By the Mohammedans, 1, 231 ca. 900 A. D. Of Zoroastrians by Arabs, 5, 3^5 1096. Jews in France, 1, 419 1 189. Jews in England, 1, 419 1208. Crusade against the Albigen- ses, 9, 78 1213. Of Albigensian heresy, 9, 78 1230. Against heresy in Germany, 18, 162 1244. Jews in France, 1, 419 1264. Jews in England, 1, 420 1282. Christians in Persia, 5, 335 1290. Jews in England, 1, 420 1306. Jews in France, 1, 419 1312. The Templars in France and England, 9, 88 1320-1321. Jews and lepers in France, 1, 419, 9, 90 1360. Heretics in Germany, 18, 202 1391. Of the Jews, 1, 418 1405. Christians by the Turks, 14, 51 1419. Of the heterodox by the Cath- olics, 17, 129 1420. Of Catholics and Adamites, 18, 208 1480. Jews under the Inquisition, 1, 418 ca. 1500. Jews and Mohammed- ans in Spain, 8, 185, 350, 426 1513. Shiites by the Sunnites, 14, 122 1521. Jews in Spain, 8, 336 1532. Followers of Zwingli, 11, 251 !53S- Friars and Carthusians by Henry VIII, 11, 255 1535- Protestants by Francis I, 9, 142 1540. Protestants by Charles V, 8, 356 1540. Inquisition in Portugal, 8, 439 1546. Protestants in France, 9, 144 1550. Jews in Italy, 1, 419 1555- Protestants in the Nether- lands, 13, 59 1556. Protestants by Mary of Eng- land, 11, 271 1556. Protestants by Philip II of Spain, 8, 357 1560. Protestants in France, 9, 150 1566. Protestants in the Nether- lands, 13, 77, 83 1567. Netherlands under Alva, 13, 10S 1568. Christians by the Moors, 8, 367 1572. Massacre of the Protestants in Paris, 9, 158 1577. Dutch Protestants, 8, 359 1590. Protestants in Switzerland, 13, 458 1602. Of the Bohemian Brothers, 17, 198 1614. Jews in Germany, 1, 423 1637. Christians in Japan, 7, 137 1641. Protestants in Ireland, 13, ii5 1650. Jews in Poland, 1, 421 1655. The Vaudois by the Duke of Savoy, II, 370 1660. Quakers and witches, 23, 90 1665. Protestants in Hungary, 17, 229 1666. The Scotch Presbyterians, 12, 347 1675. Hindus in northern India, 5, 124 1680. Protestants in Austria, 18, 303 1700. Catholics in America, 23, 148 1700. Disqualifications of Catholics under the Penal Code, 12, 160 1757. Hindus by the Turks, 5, 127 l 772>- Suppression of the Jesuits, 13, 495 1790. Catholics in Scotland, 12,370 1819. Jews in Germany, 1, 423 1821. Christians in Constantinople, 2, 543 1840. Christians in China, 6, 247 1852. Babis by the Mohammedans, 5, 363 i860. Christians by Mohammedans in Asiatic Turkey, 14, 465 1870. Christians in China, 5, 221, 6, 224 GENERAL INDEX 545 1876. Christians by the Moham- medan Turks in Bulgaria, 14, 476, 15, 335 1891. Christians in China, 6, 261 1895. Christians by Turks in Ar- menia, 14, 500 1895. Christians in China, 6, 263 1897. Christians in Candia, 14, 503 1900. Boxer outrages in China, 6, 282, 299, 304 Persephone, a Greek goddess: in Greek mythology, 2, 39 Persepolis, an ancient capital of Per- sia: burned by Alexander the Great, 1, 169, 2, 498 Perseus (2nd century B. C), King of Macedonia: succeeds Philip V, 2, 519; war with Rome, 3, 148; forms alliance with the Illyrians, 17, 11; death, 3, 150 Persia, a country of western Asia: empire founded, 2, 120; ethnology and history, 1, 157; religion and cul- ture, 170; Shiite tenets in, 14, 122; rise under Cyrus and Darius, 2, 122; organized by Darius, 129; con- quered by Alexander, 498; the Sas- sanian dynasty, 5, 313; wars of Justinian with, 2, 532; foreign rule, 5. 325; conquered by Saracens, 2, 533; the new Persian Empire, 5, 340; hostility to Turkey, 14, 211; Turkish wars with, 2, 537, 14, 4, 123, 164, 204, 209, 221, 316; peace with Turkey, 14, 212, 223; modern Persia, 5, 351; the government of to-day, 371 Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, Duke of (1808-1872), a French poli- tician: assists schemes of Napoleon III, 9, 442; attempts to carry the elections (1863), 453 Persil, Jean Charles (1785-1870), a French politician and advocate: be- comes minister of justice, 9, 405 Personal Liberty Laws, a name given to legislation in the northern Uni- ted States directed against the Fugi- tive Slave Law (i860): passed, 24, 602; repeal agitated, 700 Persson, Goran (d. 1561), adviser of Erik XIV of Sweden: death of, 16, 163 Perth, western Australia: founded, 20, 187 Pertinax, Publius Helvius (126-193 A. D.), Emperor of Rome, 192-193: reign of, 4, 99 Peru, a republic of South America: discovered, 20, 44; early inhabit- ants of, 21, 17; conquered by Pizar- ro, 20; work of the Jesuits in, 20, 97; Drake lays waste the coast of, 21, 30; revolt of (1780), 20, 133; used as a base of resistance by the Spanish, 21, 57; wins her independ- ence from Spain, 8, 519; overthrows Bolivar's government, 21, 82; in- vaded by Santa Cruz, 186; from 1825 to 1876, 192; financial condi- tion of (1878), 234; at war with Chili, 234; from 1876 to 1906, 242 Peru-Colombia Boundary Dispute: settled (1895), 21, 265 Peruvian Route to the Plain of the Amazon, a New: description of, 21, 305 Pescaire (Pescara), Ferdinand Fran- cesco d' Avalos, Marquis of (1490- 1 S 2 S)> an Italian general in the service of the Emperor, Charles V: his campaign in Provence, 9, 139 Peschiera, Italy: siege of, 4, 358 Peshawar (Peshawur), British India: battle of, 5, 92 Pestal, Hayti, West Indies: battle of (1843), 22, 498 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, Swiss teacher and educational reformer: born at Zurich, Switzerland, Janu- ary 12, 1746; received a liberal edu- cation and became a cultivator of the soil, but in this occupation was not successful; in 1798 he opened a school for orphans at Stanz; driven from Stanz by the Austrians in 1799, he removed to Burgdorf, where his school prospered; in 1804 he removed to Yoerdun; he was distinguished for energy, philan- thropy, and originality, but was de- ficient in practical ability to man- age a large institution; died at Brugg, February 17, 1827 Sketch of, 13, 496, 522; success of, 515 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Pestel, Paul (1794-1826), a Russian revolutionist: in the plot of the Dekabrists, 15, 273 Pesth, Hungary: taken by the Mon- gols, 17, 58; popular uprising in (1848), 368; internal improvements in, 414; see also Buda Pet, Arthur (late 16th century), Eng- lish explorer: explorations of, 16, 301 Petcheneks (Petcheneguens or Pet- chenegs), The, a nomadic Turkish people: border warfare of, 15, 6; invade Hungary, 17, 51 Peter the German, King of Hungary, 1038-1041: reign of, 17, 50 Peter (I) Alexeievitch, surnamed The Great, Emperor of Russia, 1682- 1725: born at Moscow, June 9, 1672; reigned conjointly with his brother Ivan, 1682-1696; was under the regency of his sister Sophia, 1682-1689; captured Azoff from the Turks, 1696; traveled in Germany, the Netherlands, England, and Aus- tria, 1696-1697; suppressed a rebel- lion of the strelitz, 1698; took part with Poland and Denmark in a war against Sweden, 1700-1721; con- cluded the Treaty of Pruth with the Turks, 171 1 ; by the Peace of My- stadt, concluded with Sweden, 1721, obtained Livonia, Esthonia, Inger- manland, and part of Karelia; founded St. Petersburg, 1703; waged a successful war agaznst Persia, 1722-1723; died at St. Petersburg, February 8, 1725 Account of, 14, 265; Sophia guard- ian for, 15, 24; made tsar under Sophia's regency, 27; marriage of, 29; plot against, 30; his relations with Turkey, 14, 273; on his first journey, 15, 33; subdues the strel- itz, 37; in the Great Northern War, 15, 38, 16, 214, 219, 18, 317; his re- lations with Augustus III of Po- land, 307; receives the title of great emperor, 15, 68; on his second jour- ney, 68; forms alliance with Philip II of Spain, 8, 406; sends a fleet and army against Persia, 5, 349, 15, 77; sends out Bering, 16, 305; reforms of, 15, 70, 82; establishes effit cient standing army, 14, 378; growth of Russia under, 10, 133; death of, 15, 82 Peter (II) Alexeievitch (1715-1730), Emperor of Russia, 1727-1730: reign of, 15, 95 Peter (III) Feodorovitch (1728-1762), Emperor of Russia, 1762: sketch of, I5 139; accession of, 9, 247; reign of, 15, 152; withdraws from the Austrian alliance, 17, 244; his rela- tions with Frederick the Great, 18, 334. 343J his relations with Den- mark, 16, 240; abdication of, 15, 157; assassination of, 158; reinter- ment of, 201 Peter I (nth century), Count of Savoy: reign of, 4, 272 Peter II (d. 1268), Count of Savoy, 1263-1268: reign of, 4, 274; defends Switzerland, 13, 360 Peter (early 14th century), Arch- bishop of Mayence: intrigue of, 18, 185 Peter, Long (early 16th century), a Dutch pirate: sketch of, 13, 52 Peter de Vinea (13th century), an Austrian chancellor: writes a pam- phlet against Frederick the Fighter, 17, 94 Peter des Roches: see Roches, Peter des Peter I Island, a small island in the Antarctic regions: discovered, 16, 333 Peter of Amiens: see Peter the Her- mit Peter of Mladenovic (15th century), a follower of John Huss: tells of John Huss's death, 17, 125 Peter the Hermit (ca. 1050-1115), one of the leading preachers of the first Crusade: leads the Crusaders, 9,70, 11, 87, 18, 138 Peter: see also Pedro Peterborough, Earl of: see Mordaunt, Charles Peters, Hugh (1598-1660), an Anglo- American Puritan clergyman: early American writer, 23, 142 Peters, Karl (1856 ), an African explorer and administrator: leader GENERAL INDEX 547 in the Society for German Coloni- zation, 19, 129; sketch of, 129; his expedition to Africa, 130; his expe- dition for the relief of Emir Pasha, 186 Petersburg, Virginia: siege of (1864- 1865), 24, 791 Peterwardein (Peterwaradin), Hun- gary: taken by the Turks (1526), 17, 169; taken from the Turks (1688), 14, 255; threatened by the Turks, 263, 287; battle of (1716), 17, 235, 18, 319 Petion, Alexander Sabes (1770-1818), a Haytian general and politician: aids South American revolutionists, 21, 65; becomes ruler of Hayti, 22, 495 Petion de Villeneuve, Jerome (1753- 1794), a French revolutionist: elected member of the States-Gen- eral, 10, 39; denounces the ban- quets of the guards, 94; escorts Louis XVI back to Paris, 138; ad- dresses the populace, 9, 274; sus- pended, 10, 184; attacked by Robes- pierre and Marat, 9, 284, 10, 254; death of, 9, 280 Petition, Right of, in America: dis- cussed in Congress, 24, 571 Petition of Right, an act of the Eng- lish Parliament: passed (1628), ix, 324; effect on New World, 23, 88 Petofi, Sandor (Alexander) (1822- 1849), Hungarian poet: writes on patriotism, 17, 353; takes part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, 368; death of, 15, 301, 17, 371 Petrarch, Francesco, an Italian poet: born at Arezzo, in Tuscany, July 20, 1304; his parents were in exile at time of his birth, but removed to Avignon in 1313; he studied law at Montpelier, 1318-1322, then at Bo- logna, 1323; was in love with Laura de Sade, wife of Hugh de Sade and his love for her deeply affected his whole spiritual life; about 1335 he visited Rome, also traveled in France, Germany, and Spain; founded the library of Saint Mark at Venice; in 1336 he retired to Vaucluse where he passed sev- eral years in solitude; in 1340 he accepted an invitation from the Roman senate to come to Rome and receive the laurel crown of poetry; was crowned at the capitol in 1341; exerted his eloquence to induce suc- cessive Popes to transfer the papal court from Avignon to Rome; he became archdeacon of Parma and canon of several cathedrals; be- tween 1350 and 1360 he resided at the court of Visconti retired to Arqua. for the restoration of his health, 1370; was found dead in his library at Arqua, July 19, 1374 Sketch of, 4, 281; relations of with Charles IV of Germany, 18, 193 Petreius, Marcus (d. 46 B. C), a Roman general: campaigns of, in Spain, 8, 22; defeated by Caesar, 3, 340 Petri, Laurentius (Lars Peterson) (1499-1573), Swedish religious re- former: Gustavus Vasa supports, 16, 155; death of, 165 Petri, Olaus (1497-1552), Swedish re- former, brother of the above: Gus- tavus Vasa supports, 16, 155 Petronilla (12th century), Queen of Aragon: marries Raymundo V of Barcelona, 8, 228; reign of, 235 Petronius Maximus, Emperor of Rome, 455 A. D. : accession of, 18, 43; reign of, 4, 149 Petropavlovski, Kamchatka, Asia: at- tack on, 15, 310 Pettigrew, James Johnston (1828- 1863), American soldier in Confed- erate service: at Gettysburg, 24, 782 Petty, William, Marquis of Lans- downe (Earl of Shelburne) (1737- 1805), English statesman: opens negotiations for peace with colo- nies, 23, 286; becomes premier of England, 286 Peymann, General (early 19th cen- tury), Danish officer: defends Copenhagen, 16, 256 Peyronnet, Charles Ignace, Count of (1778-1854), French politician; made keeper of the seals, 9, 378 548 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Pezet, Juan Antonio, Peruvian statesman: becomes president of Peru, 31, 201 Pfaffikon, Switzerland: siege of (1798), 13, 514 Pfeil, Count Joachim (late 19th cen- tury), German statesman: desires increase of German influence in Africa, 19, 128; leader in the So- ciety for German colonization, 129; his expedition to Africa, 130 Pfenninger, Matthias (1739-1810), a Swiss designer and engraver: ban- ished, 13, 505 Pfiihl, General (early 19th century), Prussian military officer: his cam- paign against France, 15, 221 Pfyffer, General (early 19th century), Swiss geographer: makes maps of Switzerland, 13, 521 Pfyffer, Eduard (early 19th century), Swiss revolutionist: overthrows the government in Lucerne, 13, 531; pleads for better representation, 539; imprisoned, 550 Pfyffer, Kasimir (early 19th century), Swiss revolutionist: overthrows the government in Lucerne, 13, 531 Pfyffer, Ludwig (16th century), Swiss Catholic leader: introduces the Jesuits into Switzerland, 13, 457; plans the Golden (Borromean) League, 458; aids France against the Huguenots, 460 Phalanx, The Macedonian, a military formation invented by Philip of Macedonia: description of, 3, 458 Phalaris (ca. 549 B. C), Tyrant of Agrigentum: oligarch, 2, 94 Phalerum, Athenian harbor: super- seded by the Peiraeus, 2, 161 Pharisees, The, a Jewish religious sect: rise of, 1, 407 Pharnabazus (d. ca. 370 B. C), Per- sian satrap of Bithynia: asks aid at Sparta, 2, 351; assists Mindarus, 363; equips the fleet, 366; defeated by Dercyllidas, 391; pursued by Agesilaus, 394; at battle of Cnidus, 401 Pharnaces II, King of the Bosporus, 63-47 B. C. : takes possession of Phanagoris and Little Armenia, 3, 349; war with the Romans, 354 Pharsalus, Greece: battle of (48 B. C), 3, 348 Phayllus (4th century B. C), Phocian general: defeated by Philip, 2, 461; death of, 463 Phayre, Sir Arthur Purves (1812- 1885), English soldier and states- man: installed as chief commis- sioner of British Burma, 5, 243 Pheidias (500-432 B. C.) Greek sculptor: decorates the Parthenon, 3, 255, 256; accused of impiety, 272 Pheidon (8th century B. C), Greek ruler: King of Argos, 2, 59, 74, 95 Pheles, King of Tyre, 9th century B. C. : reign of, 1, 123 Phidias: see Pheidias Phidon: see Pheidon Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, called the City of Brotherly Love: laid out by Penn, 23, 111; second legislature meets at (1683), 11 1; population at outbreak of the Revolution, 127; in- fluence of the bar, 138; stage-line to New York established, 151; mails with New York established, 153; tea returned to England, 219; first Continental Congress meets at (1774), 20, 127, 33, 223; second Continental Congress meets at (1775), 23, 229; occupied by the British (i777), ". 5*7, 23, 259; British evacuate, 23, 262; Washing- ton's march through, 284; Bank of North America established, 293; mutinous soldiers annoy Congress (!783), 307; Constitutional Conven- tion meets at (1787), 323; Washing- ton's triumphal entry, 341; made the national capital, 350; Bank of the United States established at, 352, 439; national mint established at, 3545 population in the time of Jack- son, 479; condemns Jackson's veto of the bill for renewing the charter of the United States Bank, 502; Whig convention at (1848), 24, 556; American Anti-Slavery Society or- ganized, 574; abolition riot (1838), 575; mails searched for abolition GENERAL INDEX 549 pamphlets, 576; anti-slavery mass meeting, 636; Know-Nothing con- vention (1856), 652; Lincoln makes speech at, 706; objective point in Lee's plan, 764; Lincoln's body- taken to Independence Hall, 827; Democratic convention (1866), 845; national Republican convention (1872), 892; the Centennial Exposi- tion (1876), 903 Philae, Egypt: location of, 1, 8 Philibert II (1480-1504), Duke of Sa- voy, 1497-1504: reign of, 4, 305 Philibert Emmanuel: see Emmanuel Philibert Philip I (ca. 1053-1108), King of France, 1060-1108: reign of, 9, 68 Philip (II) Augustus (1 165-1223), King of France, 1 180-1223, called The Magnanimous: crowned, 9, 74; reign of, 75; persecutes the Jews, 1, 419; in the Third Crusade, 11, no; 18, 155; his dispute with Knud, 16, 84; defeats John of England and Otto IV of Germany, 18, 160; aids sons of Henry II of England, 11, no; supports claims of Arthur to English throne, 121; prepares to in- vade England, 124; wins battle of Bouvines, 11, 126, 13, 29 Philip (III) the Bold (1245-1285), King of France, 1270-1285, called The False Coiner: reign of, 9, 84; at war with Aragon, 4, 258; de- clares war on Alfonso X of Leon, 8, 154; grants protection to Jeanne of Navarre, 207 Philip (IV) the Fair (1268-1314), King of France, 1285-1314: reign of, 9, 86; corresponds with Arghun, 5, 335; his crusade against Pedro III of Aragon, 8, 246; his alliance with Albert I of Germany, 18, 183; makes treaty with Scotland, n, 148; forms alliance with John Balliol, 12, 273; concludes a truce with Eduard I of England, xi, 150; influences Lewis of Bavaria, 18, 190 Philip V (ca. 1293-1322), King of France, 1316-1322: reign of, 9, 90; aspires to Spanish throne, 23, 160 Philip VI (1293-1350), King of France, 1328-1350: reign of, 9, 92; his foreign policy, IX, 157; opposes Lewis of Bavaria, 18, 189; at battle of Creqy, 11, 161; death of, 164 Philip II, King of Macedonia, 350-336 B. C: born at Pella, 382 B. C; in his youth he passed several years at Thebes as a hostage; succeeded his brother Perdiccas in 359 and mar- ried Olympias, a daughter of the King of Epirus; during the Social War, which began 358 B. C, extend- ed his dominions by the capture of Amphipolis, Potidea, and Pydna from the Athenians; availed himself of another civil war, called the Sacred war, to pursue his projects against the independence of the Grecian states, and became the ally of the Thebans against the Phocians and Athenians; in 349 B. C, be- sieged Olynthus with success and made a treaty of peace with Ath- ens; the continued aggressions of Philip again involved him in a war with the Athenians; the decisive bat- tle of Chaeroneia when Philip, com- manding in person, defeated the al- lies, 338 B. C, rendered him master of Greece; called a congress of deputies, from the Greek States, who resolved to unite in an aggres- sive war against Persia and ap- pointed Philip commander-in-chief; he was assassinated in 336 B. C. at the celebration of a marriage be- tween his daughter Cleopatra and the King of Epirus by Pausanias, a soldier of his own body guard Taken to Thebes, 2, 444; sketch of, 457; becomes king, 458; founds Philippi, 459; takes Amphipolis and Pydna, 459; invades Thessaly, 461; checked at Thermopylae, 462; takes Olynthus, 466; makes peace with Athens, 467; subdues Phocis, 468; subdues Epirus, 470; his influence in Peloponnesus, 470; besieges Perin- thus and Byzantium, 473; retires in- to Thrace, 474; invades central Greece, 476; subdues Thebes and Athens, 478; wins battle of Chaero- neia, 478; calls congress at Corinth, 479; his plans, 480; assassinated, 481 550 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Philip V (229-179 B. C), King of Macedon, 220-179 B. C. : account of, 2, 517; forms alliance with Carthage, 3, 122; war with Rome, 125; char- acter, 139; campaign against Egypt, 139; at battle of Cynoscephalae, 141; death, 147 Philip I, II, and III, Kings of Portu- gal: see Philip II, III, and IV, Kings of Spain Philip (I) the Handsome or the Fair (1478-1506), King of Castile, 1504- 1506: sketch of, 17, 176; France claims guardianship of, 18, 218; con- cludes alliance with Henry VII of England, 11, 228; marries Joanna of Castile, 18, 227; his rule in the Netherlands, 13, 51; reign of, 8, 189; death of, 13, 52 Philip II, King of Spain, 1556-1598, called the Demon of the South: was the son of the Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal and was born at Valladolid, May 21, 1527; by education and character, as well as by birth, he was Spanish; was invested with the Duchy of Milan, 1540; married Maria of Portugal, 1543; succeeded to the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, 1554; married Mary Tudor of England, 1554; suc- ceeded to the lordship of the Nether- lands, 1555; became King of Spain on the abdication of his father, 1556; concluded the Peace of Cateau- Cambresis with France, 1559; lost the Netherlands after a revolt by the Union of Utrecht, 1579; annexed Portugal, 1580; joined the Holy Al- liance against the Huguenots of France, 1585; sent an unsuccessful expedition, known as the Invincible Armada, against England, 1588; died at the Escorial, Spain, Septem- ber 13, 1598 Birth of, 8, 350; marries Mary of England, 8, 351, 11, 271; accession of, 4, 307, 8, 352, 9, 147, 18, 259, 22, 118; reign of, 8, 354; aids Venice against Turks, 4, 309; proposes mar- riage to Elizabeth of England, 11, 277; marries Elizabeth of France, 9, 149; his relations with Maxi- milian II of Germany, 18, 262; ap- proves action of Menendez, 23, 47; his rule in the Netherlands, 8, 351, I3> 67; establishes the inquisition in Mexico, 22, 129; aids Sebastian of Portugal against Moors of Africa, 8, 442; concludes an alliance with the Swiss Catholics, 13, 458; claims throne of England, 11, 295; fits out the Invincible Armada, 23, 54; claims throne of Portugal, 8, 448; unites crowns of Spain and Portu- gal, 5, 152, 8, 366, 451; signs Peace of Vervins, 9, 171; death of, 13, 165, 22, 142; summary of condition of Spain under, 8, 424 Philip III (1578-1621), King of Spain, (1598-1621), accession of, 22, 142; reign of, 8, 374; his negotiations with James I of England, 11, 311; his reign in Portugal, 8, 455; sum- mary of condition of Spain under, 426 Philip IV (1605-1665), King of Spain, 1621-1665: accession of, 13, 203, 22, 144, 153; reign of, 8, 376; reign of, in Portugal, 455; concludes treaty with France, 9, 207; death of, 9, 209, I 3. 235; summary of condition of Spain under, 8, 427 Philip V (1683-1746), King of Spain, 1700-1746: accession of, 9, 220, 13, 246, 18, 311; reign of, 4, 327, 8, 386; concludes treaty with England, 22, 187; aids Jesuits in California, 186; aids the Jesuits of Paraguay, 21, 48; plans abdication, 22, 191; claims Hungary and Bohemia, 9, 236; summary of condition of Spain under, 8, 428 Philip (d. 34 A. D.), Tetrarch of Ba- tansea, Trachonitis, and Auranitis, 4 B. C.-34 A. D.: reign of, 1, 409 Philip the Bold (1342-1404), Duke of Burgundy, 1361-1404: given Bur- gundy, 9, 102; at war with Flanders, 9, 106, 13, 34; receives Flanders, 9, 108; made regent of France, 109 Philip the Good (1396-1467), Duke of Burgundy, 1419-1467: career of, 13, 39; offers the crown of France to Henry V of England, 9, 113, H, 200; enters into a league with GENERAL INDEX 551 Charles VII of France, n, 205; be- comes a European potentate, 205; aids Louis XI of France, 9, 119; death of, 13, 43 Philip (early 14th century), Count of Evreux and King of Navarre: his claims to the French crown, 9, 92; at war with John of France, 98 Philip (1504-1567), Landgrave of Hesse, 1500-1567: befriends Luther, 18, 241; arranges for the conference at Marburg, 13, 443, 18, 247; fate of, 18, 256, 258 Philip, Duke of Milan, 1540: given duchy, 4, 307 Philip (14th century), Marquis of Montferrat: reign of, 4, 275 Philip I, Count of Savoy, 1268-1285: reign of, 4, 274 Philip (ca. 1 178-1208), Duke of Sua- bia: his struggle for the throne, 18, 158; seeks an alliance with Den- mark, 16, 85 Philip (13th century), Patriarch of Aquileia: opposes annexation of Carinthia and Carniola to Bohemia, 17, 74 Philip, King (d. 1676), American In- dian: leads war, 23, 97; death, 98 Philip of Anjou: see Philip V, King of France Philip of Burgundy (early 16th cen- tury), Bishop of Utrecht: in the Reformation, 13, 54 Philip of Cleves (late 15th century), a Flemish military leader: his cam- paign against Albert of Saxe Meis- sen, 13, 50 Philip, Arthur, an English governor in Australia, 1788: his work in Aus- tralia, 20, 132; commands founding of penal colony in Australia, 182 Philip Augustus: see Philip II, King of France Philip William (d. 1618), Prince of Orange (Count of Beuren): as a student at Louvain, 13, 103; sent as a prisoner to Madrid, 107; ac- companies Archduke Albert to the Netherlands, 162 Philiphaugh, place near Selkirk, Scot- land: battle of (1645), 11, 354, 12, 340 Philippa (1312-1369), Queen of Eng- land: intercedes for burgesses of Calais, 11, 162 Philippa (14th century), Queen of Portugal: marries Joam I, 8, 299 Philippa (15th century), Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden: sketch of, 16, 127 Philippe: see Philip Philippeaux, Pierre (1 759-1 794), French revolutionist: denounces the manner in which the Vendean war had been carried on, 10, 286; death of, 9, 288, 10, 294 Philippi, Macedonia: founded, 2, 459; battle of (42 B. C), 4, 18 Philippi, West Virginia: battle of (1861), 24, 732 Philippics of Demosthenes, a series of orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon: account of, 2, 466, 472 Philippides, Greek hero: legends of, 2, 166 Philippine Company, Spanish: failure of, 20, 102 Philippine Islands, Pacific Ocean: dis- covered, 20, 51, 23, 37; Spanish and Chinese settle in, 6, 37; slaughter of the Chinese in, 38; Spanish control established, 5, 157; Manila founded, 22, 120; Treaty of Paris, 23, 198; history of, 20, 311; battle of Manila Bay, 24, 1028; surrender of city of Manila, 1029; discussed in the peace conference, 1031; ceded to the United States, 1032; under American rule, 20, 355, 24, 1036; description of, 24, 1036; provisional government established, 1042; gov- ernment established, 1043; naviga- tion laws extended, 1053 Philippines Civil Government Act, a bill passed by Congress providing for census, etc., of the Philippines (1902), 20, 319 Philippopolis, Bulgaria: founded, 2, 473; taken by Murad (1361), 14, 29; battle of (1878), 14, 486, 15, 336 Philippus (4th century B. C), Alex- ander's physician: sketch of, 2, 491 Philippus, Lucius Marcius, Roman consul, 91 B. C: opposes reforms 552 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS of Drusus, 3, 203; aids reforms of Sulla, 230 Philippus, Marcus Julius, Roman Em- peror, 244-249 A. D.: reign of, 4, 109 Philippus, Quintus Marcius, Roman consul, 169 B. C: delays Perseus, 3, 149 Philippus the Theban (4th century B C), Grecian polemarch: death of, 2, 423 Philippus: see Philip Philistines (Pelesheth, Zarephathites, Askalonians), an ancient people of Semitic origin, dwelling in Philis- tia: defeated by Egyptians, I, 28; sketch of, 379 Phillips, Wendell, an American orator and anti-slavery leader, called The Silver-Tongued Orator: born at Boston, Mass., November 29, 1811; was educated at Harvard Univer- sity; admitted to the bar, 1834, joined the Abolitionists, 1836; was president of the American Anti- Slavery Society, 1865-1870; advo- cated woman suffrage and penal and labor reform; was candidate of the labor reformers and prohibition- ists for governor of Massachusetts, 1870; died at Boston, February 2, 1884 Member of American Anti-Slav- ery Society, 24, 574; aids slaves to escape, 617; quoted on right of se- cession, 714; joins liberal movement, 890 Philocrates (4th century B. C), Athe- nian orator: peace of, 2, 468; ban- ishment of, 469 Philogenes, Athenian colonist in Asia: leader of Greek emigrants to Pho- caea, 2, 55 Philomelus (d. 353 B. C), Phocian general: seizes Delphi, 2, 460: slain, 461 Philopoemen (b. ca. 252 B. C), Greek statesman: sketch of, 2, 518 Philosopher of China, The: see Con- fucius Philosopher of Ferney, The: see Vol- taire Philosopher of San Souci, The: see Frederick (II) the Great Philosophers, The Homer of: see Plato Philosophy: Egyptian, 1, 46; Chal- dean, 99; Persian, 176; Mohamme- dan, 216, 253; in Asia Minor, 2, 115; Pythagorean, 214; Epicurean, its in- fluence on Csesar, 4, 31; Stoic, under Marcus Aurelius, 98; Stoic, teaches doctrine of universal brotherhood, 103; Galileo, 320; Brahman, 5, 46; Hindu, 80, 87; Peripatetic school opposed to Bacon, Newton, and Des- cartes, 8, 430; Rousseau, Diderot, 10, 13, 15; Voltaire and Montes- quieu, 10, 13, 15, 197; Scholastic in England, 11, 192; Mill, 613; Eras- mus, 13, 63; French physiocrats, 10, 14, 15, 197; Leibnitz, 18, 308, 320 Philosophy, The Father of Roman: see Cicero, Marcus Tullius Philotas (d. 330 B. C), Macedonian soldier: slain by Alexander, 2, 500 Phipps (18th century), English ex- plorer: exploration of, 16, 306 Phipps, Sir William (1651-1695), Gov- ernor of Massachusetts, 1692-1694: commands fleet, 23, 158 Phocaea, Asia Minor: colonizations of, 2, 82, 85, 125; destroyed by Per- sians, 125; founds Alalia, 125 Phocion (ca. 402-317 B. C), Athenian soldier and statesman: campaign of, in Euboea, 2, 464; opposes Demos- thenes, 467; relieves Byzantium, 474; rebukes Demosthenes, 481; obtains Macedonian clemency for the Greek cities, 513 Phocis, ancient state of central Greece: geography of, 2, 12; invaded by Xerxes, 195; at war with Sparta. 244; allied to Athens, 245; attacked by Thebes, 397; aids Lysander, 398; subdued by Thebans, 438; at strife with Boeotia, 459; in the sacred war, 460; subdued by Philip, 468 Phoebidas (4th century B. C), Spar- tan general: seizes the Cadmeia, 2, 421; tried, 422; slain, 429 Phoenicians, inhabitants of Phoenicia, an ancient country of Syria, Asia GENERAL INDEX 553 Minor: ethnology and history of, 1, 117; religion and mythology, 127; arts and general culture, 132; in- fluence of, 20, 8; colonization of, 15; relation of, to Aegean civiliza- tion, 2, 26; circumnavigate Africa, 19, 5; influence on Greek religion, 3, 28, 40; decline of, 78; league with the Etruscans, 3, 28; submit to Cambyses, 2, 127; fleet of, employed by Persians, 136, 182, 234, 360; submit to Alexander, 493; visit Britain, II, 5; settle in Spain, 8, 6, 12 Phoenix Park Murders, Dublin: ac- count of, 11, 634, 12, 239 Phormio (5th century B. C), a Greek naval officer: victories of, 2, 289 Photius (Peter Spasski) (early 19th century), a Russian ecclesiastic: sketch of, 15, 265 Phraortes (Khsathrita), King of Me- dia, 656-634 B. C.: leads revolt in Media, I, 163 Phrygia, an ancient country in Asia Minor: destroyed by Cimmerians, 2, 116; becomes an independent kingdom, 3, 213 Phrynichus (5th century B. C), a Greek politician: conspires with the Four Hundred, 2, 358; his coup d' etat, 360; murdered, 360 Phrynichus (5th century B. C), a Greek tragic poet: fined, 2, 137 Phung-do Island, an island off the coast of Korea: battle of, 7, 261 Phyllidas (4th century B. C), a Theban patriot: sketch of, 2, 423 Physical Geography, The Father of: see Humboldt, Alexander von Piacenza, a city in Italy: internal strife, 4, 211 Piali Pasha (ca. 1520-1571), a Turk- ish admiral: account of, 14, 165, 170, 199 Piankhi (8th century B. C.), an Ethio- pian king: triumphs of, 1, 30 Pianori (early 19th century), an Ital- ian citizen: attempts to assassinate Napoleon III, 9, 448 Piave, a river of Italy: battle of (1809), 9, 336 Picard, Louis Joseph Ernest (1821- 1877), a French politician: in the elections of 1869, 9, 458 Piccinino, Nicolas (1375-1444), an Italian general: leader of the con- dottieri, 4, 254 Piccolomini, Prince Octavio (1599- 1656), Austrian general: in the Thirty Years' War, 18, 286; at the battle of Breitenfeld, 16, 187 Pichegru, Charles (1761-1804), a French general: his campaign against the allied forces, 9, 289, 13, 265, 20, T39; made president of the council of the five hundred, 9, 303, 10, 386; arrest of, 9, 304, 10, 391; conspiracy of, 9, 321, 10, 455; death of, 10, 455 Pickens, Andrew (1739-1817), an American general: leader in the Revolution, 23, 273 Pickering, John (early 19th century), an American lawyer: impeached, 23, 391 Pickering, Timothy (1745-1829), an American statesman and soldier: proposes secession of Eastern states, 23, 401 Pickett, George Edward (1825-1875), an American Confederate general: leads charge at Gettysburg, 24, 781 Pico, Andres (early 19th century), Mexican soldier: defeats Kearny, 22, 299 Pico, Jesus (early 19th century), Mex- ican soldier: captured by the Amer- icans, 22, 298; breaks his parole, 298 Picts, a Briton tribe: harass Romans, 11, 15; sketch of, 12, 248 Piedmont, Italy: invasion of Napo- leon (1796), 4, 342; termination of war with, 10, 380; united to France, 453; revolution of the Carbonari, 4, 354; intervention of Austria in, 23, 446; arms against Austria (1859), 4, 372 Pieng-an: see Ping-yang Pierce, Franklin (1804-1869), Presi- dent of the United States, 1853- 1857: sketch of his early life, 24, 623; in Mexican War, 554; nomi- 554. THE HISTORY OF NATIONS nated for President, 619; election, 622; inauguration, 623; signs Kan- sas-Nebraska Bill, 637; receives Kossuth, 640; message of 1854, 649 Pieri (19th century), an Italian con- spirator: attempts to assassinate Napoleon III, 9, 449 Pierola, Nicolas de (1839 ), a Pe- ruvian politician: recognized as president of Peru, 21, 236; second administration of, 242 Pierpoint, Francis H. (1814-1899), an American political leader: elected governor of Virginia, 24, 732 Pierre: see Peter Pierrot (early 19th century), a Hayti- an soldier: made ruler of Hayti, 22, 499 Pike, Zebulon Montgomery (1779- 1813), an American general: explo- rations of, 23, 401 Pike State, The: see Missouri Pike's Peak, Colorado: discovered and named, 23, 401 Pilate, Pontius (1st century A. D.), a Roman procurator of Judaea, 1, 410 Pilgrim, Archbishop of Lorch (late 10th century), a Hungarian mission- ary: his work among the Magyars, 17, 46 Pilgrimage of Grace, an insurrection in England (1536), n, 257 Pilgrims, the founders of Plymouth Colony, Mass. (1620): brought from Leyden in "Speedwell," 23, 84; sail from Southampton in " Mayflower," 84; landing at Plymouth, 84; second arrival of, from Leyden, 84; found Plymouth Colony, 84 Pillersdorf (early 19th century), Aus- trian statesman: draws up an elec- toral law, 17, 363 Pillow, Gideon Johnson (1806-1878), an American general: in the Mexi- can War, 22, 326, 24, 554; at siege of Fort Donelson, 744; escapes from Fort Donelson, 745; removed from command, 745 Pilnitz (Pillnitz), Declaration of, a convention between Emperor Leo- pold II and Frederick William of Prussia against the French Revolu- tion (1791), 9, 270, 10, 143, 17, 276 Piloni (19th century), an Italian sol- dier in South America: his services in Argentina, 21, 130 Pilsen, Bohemia: siege of (1434), 17, }Z7 Pimentelli, Antonio (17th century), a Spanish statesman: favorite of Christina, 16, 205 Pimienta, Santiago (d. 1844), a Cuban insurgent: death of, 22, 452 Pinacotheca (Pinakothek), a chamber in the Propylaea at Athens, 2, 255 Piiiaredo, Bernal (17th century), Mexican explorer: his career in California, 22, 172 Pinchincha, Colombia, South America: battle of (1822), 21, 73 Pinckney, Charles (1 758-1 824), an American politician: member of South Carolina, ratifying conven- tion, 23, 336; absent from first Con- gress, 343 Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth (1746- 1825), an American statesman and Revolutionary soldier: in Constitu- tional convention, 23, 324; absent from first Congress, 343; member of South Carolina ratifying conven- tion, 336; minister to France, 373; made major general, 375; Federal nominee for Vice-President, 381; Federalist candidate for President, 403 Pinckney, Henry Laurens (1794-1863), an American politician, journalist, and writer: introduces resolutions against abolition petition, 24, 577 Pinckney, Thomas (1750-1828), an American statesman and Revolu- tionary soldier: concludes treaty with Spain, 23, 364; nominated Vice- President, 370; Federal candidate for Presidency, 413 Pindar (ca. 522-443 B. C), a Greek poet: greatest of lyric poets, 2, 13 Pindar, Sir Paul (ca. 1565-1650), a London merchant: member of Cour- ten's Association, 5, 158 Pindaris (Pindarries or Pindharies), a horde of robbers in India: revolt of (1815), 5, 208 GENERAL INDEX 555 Pine Tree State: see Maine Ping-yang (Pieng-an), Korea: battle of, 6, 266, 7, 265 Pinkie Cleugh (Pinkey), a place in Scotland: battle of (1547), ", 265, xi, 306; see also Preston Pans Pinkney, William (1764-1822), an American lawyer and orator: envoy to Great Britain, 23, 409; minister to Great Britain, 416; quoted on slave labor, 24, 589 Pinodem II, King of Egypt, 10th cen- tury: reign of, 1, 29 " Pinta," one of the vessels of Co- lumbus: fitted out, 23, 29 Pinto, Alexandre Alberto da Rocha Serpa (1846 ), an African ex- plorer and Portuguese politician: his mission to the Lake Nyasa re- gion, 19, 238 Pinto, Francisco Antonio (1785-1858), a Chilian general and politician; provisional president of Argentina, 21, 127; president of Chili, 216 Pinzon (19th century), a Spanish ad- miral: aids in the seizure of the Chincha Islands (1864), 21, 203 Pinzon (early 19th century), a Mexi- can general: at the battle of Cerro Gordo, 22, 325 Pinzon, Francisco Martin (15th cen- tury), a Spanish navigator: raises false cry of " Land," 23, 30 Pinzon, Martin Alonzo (1441-1493), a Spanish navigator: aids Columbus, 23, 30; attempts to discover Hayti, 21, 7; explores the northern coast of Hayti, 8; explorations of, 15 Pinzon, Vicente Yanez (ca. 1460- 1524), a Spanish navigator: his ex- plorations in South America, 20, 43; traces the coasts of Central Ameri- ca, 21, 16 Pious Fund, The, a diplomatic dispute between the United States and Mex- ico: settled (1904), 13, 319 note, 24, 1055 Piper, Karl, Count (d. 1716), Swedish diplomat: favorite of Charles XIV of Sweden, 16, 214; urges peace, 216; at the siege of Poltava, 15, 53 Pipin (Pepin) the Short (d. 768), King of the Franks: reign of, 9, 38, 18, 75; aids Pope, 2, 534, 4, 173; aids Borut against the Avars, 17, 37 Pipin (Carloman), son of Charle- magne (777-810 A. D.) : invades Na- varre, 8, 196; made King of Italy, 4, 177, 18, 81 Pippin (ca. 802-838), King of Aqui- taine, 817-838: crowned, 18, 90; reign of, 9, 48, 49; revolt of, 18, 91; death of, 92 Pippin II (d. 864 A. D.), King of Aquitaine: revolt of, 8, 221; reign of, 9, 49 Pippin of Heristal (d. 714), a ruler of the Franks: power of, 9, 35; career of, 18, 69; rule of, 69 Pippin of Landen (early 7th century), the royal steward of Clotar II: edu- cates Dagobert, 18, 65; rebellion of, 9, 31; made mayor of the palace, 9, 33; career of, 18, 68 Pippin, natural son of Charlemagne: conspiracy of, 18, 83 Piraeus, Greece: restored to Athens, 2, 512; in modern Greece, 548 Piri Reis (16th century), Turkish ad- miral: eminence of, 14, 164 Pirminius, Saint (8th century A. D.), Swiss religious leader: sketch of, 13, 339 Pirot, Servia: battle of (1885), 15, 343 Pisa, Italy: feud with Elis, 2, 74, 75; receives Charter, 4, 187; history of, in the Middle Ages, 225; Jews ban- ished from, 1, 418 Pisa, Council of, summoned to settle schism in church (1409), 17, 121, 18, 201 Pisagua, South America: bombarded (1879), 21, 235; taken by the Chili- ans (1879), 235 Pisani, Vittor (d. 1380), Venetian ad- miral: defeated by the Genoese, 4, 239; at the siege of Venice, 240 Pisano, Niccolo (d. ca. 1278), Italian architect and sculptor: father of Italian sculpture, 4, 284 Piscataqua River, New Hampshire: boundary between grants of Gorges and Mason, 23, 95 556 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Pisebkhanu I, King of Egypt, nth century B. C: reign of, i, 29 Pisistratus (612-527 B. C.) a tyrant of Athens: account of, 2, 95, 109 Piso, Caius Calpurnius (d. 65 A. D.), Roman conspirator: conspires against Nero, 4, 65 Piso, Cnaeus Calpurnius (d. 19 A. D.)> governor of Syria: career of, 4, 48 Piso, Gnaeus Calpurnius (d. ca. 66 B. C.) Roman conspirator: leader of the discontented party, 3, 280; sent to Spain, 280; death, 281 Piso, Licinianus (d. 69 A. D.), Roman nobleman: associated in power with Galba, 4, 69 Piso, Lucius, Roman consul, 58 B. C: elected consul, 3, 290; recalled from his province, 318 Piso, Lucius Calpurnius, Roman con- sul, 148 B. C: campaign in Africa, 3, 164 Pistoja, Italy: rise of the Bianchi and Neri, 4, 212 Pisuerga, Spain: battle of the (1068), 8, 142 Pitcairn, John (ca. 1740-1775), British officer: at battle of Lexington and Concord, 23, 226; killed, 233 Pithom, Egypt: built, 1, 27 Pitt, John, Earl of Chatham (1756- 1835), English soldier: his campaign against Napoleon, n, 563 Pitt, Thomas, British statesman: gov- ernor of Madras (1698-1709), 5, 166 Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, Eng- lish statesman and orator, called The British Cicero: born at West- minster, England, November 15, 1708; studied at Trinity College, Ox- ford; served in the dragoons; en- tered Parliament, 1735; became vice- treasurer of Ireland in Pelham's administration, 1746; made paymas- ter-general, 1746; attacked the gov- ernment, 1755, and was deprived of office; was secretary of State, 1756- 1757; was the leader of the govern- ment under the Duke of Newcastle, 1757-1761; was created Viscount Pitt and Earl of Chatham; was pre- mier, 1766-1768; on his last appear- ance in the House of Lords, April 7, 1778, opposed the acknowledgment of the independence of the Ameri- can colonies; died at Hayes, Kent, May n, 1778 Sketch of, II, 483; opposes policy of Carteret, 486; dismissed from office, 496; returns to power, 497; policy of, 5, 180; dismissed from office, 23, 188; popularity of, 11, 498; becomes premier, 23, 188; sends fleet to capture Louisburg, 188; projects alliance against the Bour- bons, 14, 322; opposes Spanish policies, 8, 414; foreign policy of, 9, 246; resigns premiership, 11, 505, 23, 197; estimate of, 20, 118; sup- ports repeal of Stamp Act, 11, 509; speech in behalf of rights of colo- nists, 23, 213; created Earl of Chatham, 215; forms ministry (1766), 11, 510; opposes the surren- der of the colonies, 23, 270; death of, 11, 518, 23, 270 Pitt, William, English statesman, called the Bottomless Pitt and The Great Commoner: born at Hayes, Kent, May 28, 1759; was the second son of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; entered Cambridge Uni- versity, 1773; admitted to the bar, 1780; elected a member of Parlia- ment for Appleby, 1780; made his first speech in favor of Burke's plan of economical reform, February 26, 1781; became Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1782; was Prime Minis- ter, 1783-1801, 1804-1806; died at Putney, January 23, 1806 Sketch of, 11, 524; made Prime Minister, 528; secures the passage of a new India bill, 5, 194; his Irish bill, 12, 103; policy toward Russia, 14, 360, 361; forms coalition against France, 9, 307; plans union between Great Britain and Ireland, 12, 215; resigns ministry, 11, 551; recalled to office, 554; death of, 557 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania: name changed from Fort Du Quesne, 23, 191; Free Soil Convention (1852), 24, 621; Republican convention GENERAL INDEX 557 (1856), 653; Lincoln makes speech at, 706; railroad strikes of 1877, 919 Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee: battle of (1862), 34, 747 Pius II (.SSneas Sylvius Piccolomini), (1405-1464), Pope, 1458-1464: quot- ed on the entry of the Hussites into Basel, 17, 137; his influence on Frederick III of Germany, 18, 212; his estimate of the German cities, 230; quarrels with Sigmund, Duke of Austria, 13, 403; his policy to- ward Bohemia, 17, 146; encourages Hungary to fight Bohemia, 162; cooperates in the founding of the University of Basle, 13, 428 Pius IV (Giovanni Angelo de' Medici) (1499-1565), Pope, 1559-1565: sanc- tions the use of the cup in Bohemia, *7> J 97! promises aid to the Swiss Catholics, 13, 456 Pius V (Michele Ghisleri) (1 504-1 572), Pope, 1566-1572: aids Venetians against Turks, 4, 309; excommuni- cates Elizabeth of England, 11, 283; forms maritime league, 14, 196 Pius VI (Giovanni Angelo, Count Braschi) (1717-1799), Pope, 1775- 1799: visits Vienna, 17, 267, 18, 350; insulted by Napoleon, 4, 343; taken prisoner by the French, 9, 307 Pius VII (Cardinal Chiaramonti) (1742-1823), Pope, 1800-1823: re- stored, 18, 362; signs concordat with Napoleon, 9, 319; pontificate of, 4, 346; consecrates Napoleon, 9, 322; refuses dispensation to Jerome Bon- aparte, 18, 374; his quarrel with Na- poleon, 9, Z2>7\ reestablishes the order of the Jesuits, 357 Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai Fer- retti), Pope, 1846-1878: born at Sinigaglia, near Ancona, Italy, May 13, 1792; became Archbishop of Spoleto, 1827; appointed cardinal, 1840; became Pope, 1846; led reform movement in Rome and granted a constitution to the Papal States; un- willing to grant all the demands of the populace, fled to Gaeta, 1848, and a republic was proclaimed at Rome; was restored by the aid of the French, 1850; Victor Emmanuel annexed a large portion of his do- mains, i860; was altogether de- prived of his temporal power, 1870; died at Rome, February 7, 1878 Reforms of, 4, 357, 361, 9, 426; loses his temporal territories, 4, 396; his relations with Germany, 18, 441 Pius X (Cardinal Sarto), Pope, 1903- : makes overtures to King of Italy, 4, 405 Pizarro, Francisco, Spanish soldier, conqueror of Peru: born at Truxillo, Spain, about 1471; was employed as a swineherd in his youth and never learned to read or write; the date of his emigration to America is not known, but he took part in the ex- pedition of Ojeda; afterwards served under Balboa in the discov- ery of the Pacific Ocean (1513) and about 1519 settled at Panama; in 1522 joined with Diego de Almagro and a priest named De Luque and started out to explore and conquer the region lying south of the Isth- mus of Darien; his first expedition in 1524 failed; made another expe- dition in 1526, landing at city of Tumbez; visited that and other towns of the Peruvian coast; went to Spain to get aid from the king; procured for himself an appoint- ment as governor and captain-gen- eral of the region he might conquer for a distance of two hundred leagues south of Santiago; in Janu- ary, 1531, he sailed from Panama, landing at Tumbez; at Caxamarco he met, November, 1532, the Inca Atahualpa, who had come to the camp for a friendly interview, but was put to death by order of Pizar- ro; in November, 1533, Pizarro en- tered Puzco, the capital, and the conquest of Peru was virtually ef- fected; civil war broke out in 1537 between Pizarro and Almagro, who was defeated and executed in 1538; to avenge his death a conspiracy was formed by Almagro the 558 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Younger and Pizarro was assas- sinated at Lima, Peru, June 26, 1541 His conquest of Peru, 20, 45, 31, 18, 22, 114; plans conquest of Chili, 21, 25; death of, 26 Pizarro, Gonzalo (ca. 1505-1548), Spanish soldier: explorations of, 21, 25; defeats Nunez Vela, 27; death of, 27 Placidia (390-450 A. D.), Roman prin- cess: marries Ataulphus, 4, 145, 8, 36; returned to the Romans, 8, 37; marries Constantius, 4, 146; as- sumes regency of the Empire of the West, 147 Placido (d. 1844), Cuban poet and in- surrectionist: death of, 20, 327, 22, 452 Plagues and Pestilences: B. C. 430. At Athens, 2, 282, 287 413. At Syracuse, 2, 348 406. In Sicily among the Cartha- ginians, 2, 410 400. In China, 6, 10 A. D. 165. Brought to Europe from the East, 4, 96 560. In Japan, 7, 15 1270. In the East, 9, 84 1330. Black Death in Ireland, 12, 63 1347-1348. Black Death in Europe and Asia, 2, 282, 5, 142, 282, 8, 160, 286, 289, 11, 163, 16, 48, 18, 190 1361. Black Death, 11, 169 1384. In Portugal, 8, 298 1519. In Spain, 8, 344 1546. In Mexico, 22, 113 1574. In Ghent, 13, 117 1576. In Italy, 4, 310 1630. In France and Italy, 4, 319 1665. In London, 2, 282, 5, 282, 11, 386 1694. In Mexico, 22, 182 1714. In Mexico, 22, 187 1730. In China, 6, 82 1750. Smallpox in China, 6, 86 1763. Smallpox in Mexico, 22, 201 1780. Smallpox in Mexico, 22, 211 1820. Yellow fever in Spain, 9, 379 1825. China, 6, 124 1828. Among the Russian troops, 15, 281 1854. Cholera among English and French troops, 15, 311 1854. Asiatic cholera in Italy, 4, 369 1855. Vine disease in Italy, 4, 369 1867. Cholera in Uruguay, 21, 145 1868. Cholera in Buenos Ayres, 21, 132 1870. At Tientsin, 6, 223 1871. Yellow fever in Buenos Ayres, 21, 134 1873. Yellow fever in Brazil, 21, 163 1878. Yellow fever in Southern States, 24, 923 1902. Cholera in the Philippines, 20, 363 1895-1905. Bubonic plague in India and China, 5, 282 1905. Cholera in Manila, 20, 364 Plains of Abraham: see Abraham, Plains of Plaisance, Newfoundland: ceded to the English, 20, 86 Plancius, Peter (1 552-1622), a Dutch theologian: promotes expedition of Barentz, 16, 302 Plancus, Lucius Munatius (late 1st century B. C.) Roman politician: commands troops in Farther Gaul, 4, 12; made consul, 15 Planta, Pompey (d. 1621), Swiss Catholic leader: death of, 13, 463 Planta, Rudolf (early 17th century), Swiss leader in religious wars: leads Spanish and Austrian party, 13, 461 Planta, Rudolf (early 17th century), Swiss leader in religious wars, son of Pompey Planta: kills George Jenatsch (1639), 13, 463 Plantagenet, Edmund, Earl of Kent (d. 1330), English nobleman: exe- cuted, 11, 156 Plantagenet, Edward, Earl of War- wick: see Warwick, Edward Plan- tagenet, Earl of GENERAL INDEX 559 Plantagenet, Geoffrey (early 12th cen- tury), Count of Anjou: claims Eng- lish throne, 9, 72 Plantagenet, Richard (1209-1272), Earl of Cornwall: leads barons against Henry III, 11, 134; regent of England, 136; elected Emperor of Germany (1257), 8, 153, 11, 137, 17, 72, 18, 171; swears to the Pro- visions of Oxford, 11, 139; captured after battle of Lewes, 11, 140 Plantations in Ireland: system of, 12, 91 Plassey, India: battle of (1757), 5, 183, 11, 502, 23, 187 Plata River, Viceroyalty of the, Span- ish province in South America: formed, 20, 104 Plataea, Greece: its troops at Mara- thon, 2, 167; destroyed by Xerxes, 196; battle of (479 B. C), I. 166, 2, 209; taken by Athens, 2, 262; at- tacked by Thebans (431 B. C), 277; siege of (427 B. C), 297; restored by the Spartans, 419; again de- stroyed by Thebans (376 B. C), 430 Plato (429-347 B. C), Greek philoso- pher, called The Homer of Philoso- phers: visits Syracuse, 2, 415; be- lieves the earth to be a sphere, 23, 22 Platov, Count Matvei Ivanovitch (1751-1818), Russian general: his campaign against France, 15, 219; sketch of, 227 Piatt (nth century), Danish soldier: challenges the Irish army, 12, 43 Piatt, Thomas Collier (1833 ), American statesman: joins Conkling faction, 24, 933 Piatt Amendment, The, an act guaran- teeing self-government to Cuba un- der certain conditions (1901), 20, 330, 22, 467 Platter, Thomas (16th century), Swiss educator: account of, 13, 452 Plattsburg, New York: battle of (1814), 20, 154, 23, 426 Plautius, Aulus (1st century A. D.), Roman commander: invades Britain, 4, 59 Plaza, Leonidas, President of Ecua- dor, 1901-1905: his administration, 21, 244 Plebeians, Roman social and political party: development of, 3, 7; ad- mitted to the senate, 34; receive citi- zenship, 35; admitted to Decemvi- rate, 44; strife with Patricians, 47 Plebiscite of i860, The, a popular vote taken in Italy to decide between annexation to the constitutional kingdom of Victor Emmanuel or having a separate government, 4, 376 Plebiscites, popular votes taken in France to determine the right of Louis Napoleon to the throne (1851), 9, 442; (1852), 9, 444 Plebs: see Plebeians Plehve, Viatscheshav Constantino- vitch von (d. 1904), Russian minister of the interior: sketch of, 15, 360 Pleistoanax (5th century B. C), Spar- tan king: expedition of, against At- tica, 2, 249; restored from exile, 2, 317 Pleistocene Age, prehistoric period of the history of the earth, 11, 3 Plektrude (ca. 700 A. D.), wife of Pippin of Heristal, ruler of France, 687-714: account of, 18, 70 Plelo, Count de (early 18th century), French commander: commands French forces in Poland, 15, 119 Plemiannikov (18th century), Rus- sian general: at the battle of the Kagul, 15, 177 Pless, Sigfrid von (late 17th century), Danish minister of finance: hires out the Danish army, 16, 235 Plesswitz, Armistice of, a truce be- tween Napoleon and the powers of Europe (1813): mentioned, 10, 488, 15, 261 Pletschev, Michael (early 16th cen- tury), Russian ambassador to Tur- key (1512): account of embassy, 14, 118 Plevua, Bulgaria: siege of (1877), M. 482, 15, 334, 336 Pliny the Younger (Caiiis Plinius Caecilius Cecundus) (62-113 A. D.), Roman author and orator: perse- 560 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS cutcs the Christians, 4, 90; quoted about the Netherlands, 13, 4 Plumer, William (early 19th century), American senator: votes against Monroe for reason of sentiment, 23, 459 Pliitschau (early 18th century), Lu- theran missionary in India: founds the first Protestant mission (1706), 5, 171 Plymouth, Massachusetts: Plymouth Company chartered by James I, 23, 56; Plymouth Company makes grant to Pilgrims, 86; earlier colonies un- successful, 86; settled (1620), II, 313, 20, 84 note, 23, 84; relations with Indians, 23, 85; government of, 86; incorporated with Massachu- setts, 86; in New England Confed- eration, 96; battle of (1652), 13, 230; in Colonial Congress, 158; suf- frage laws, 147 Pnyx, The, Athenian senate-house: description of, 2, 149 Po, river in Italy: battle of the, 4, 329 Pobiedonostsev, Constantine Petro- vitch (b. 1827), Russian jurist and statesman: policy of, 15, 341; op- poses Sviatopolk-Mirski, 360 Pocahontas (17th century), Indian girl: rescues Captain Smith, 23, 59 Pocock, Sir George (1706-1792), Eng- lish admiral: takes Havana, 20, 118 Podestra, chief magistrate of Galian cities: office and duties of, 4, 210 Podiebrad, George of, King of Bo- hemia, 1458-1471: becomes leader of non-Catholic sects in Bohemia, 17, 143; made regent of Bohemia, 144; elected King of Bohemia, 145; ca- reer of, 18, 214 Podiebrad, Victorin of (15th century), Bohemian prince: invades Austria, 17, 146 Podolia, Russia: added to Russia, 15, 192 Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849), Ameri- can author: in American literature, 23, 481 Poetry: ARABIA: before Mohammed, 1, 199 ASSYRIA and BABYLONIA: ac- count of, 1, 108 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: Slavic lit- erature, 17, 36; in the 13th century, 97; Vodnik, 301, 330, 333; the Czech poets, 341 CHINA: 3rd century B. C, 6, 13; 6th century A. D., 15; 18th century, 72 ENGLAND: Caedmon, 11, 38; Lay- amon, 142; William Langland, 169; Chaucer, 176, 188; Gower, 187; Spen- cer and Shakespeare, 302; Milton, 33i 39i; " Hudibras," 391; Burns, Byron, Shelley, Scott, Wordsworth, 577; Tennyson, 613 EGYPT: account of, 1, 56 GERMANY: at the Bohemian court, 17, 84; 13th century, 18, 178; 18th century, 13, 489, 18, 353 GREECE: Homer and Hesiod, 2, 29; in Asia Minor, 115 INDIA: Vedic hymns, 5, 38, 42; the Brahmans, 49 IRELAND: in early times, 12, 8; Moore, 222 ISRAEL: David, 1, 387 ITALY: 14th century, 4, 220; the Renaissance, 280; Tasso and Arios- to, 319; 18th century, 338; general treatment, 407 JAPAN: 8th century A. D., 7, 35, 43; 13th century, 79 NETHERLANDS: 15th century, 13, 62; 17th century, 219 PERSIA: during the Seljuk period, 5, 333', Hafiz, 336 PORTUGAL: "The Lusiad " (1572), 5, 175, 8, 542 ROME: under Greek influence, 2, 524; under Augustus, 4, 35 RUSSIA: Pushkin, 15, 47; Cante- mir, 86, 150; Frediakovski, 150; Lomonosov and Sumarokov, 150; early 19th century, 192, 269 SCANDINAVIA: Elder Edda, 16, 8; 19th century, 264 SCOTLAND: 15th century, 12, 293, 309 SPAIN: 18th century, 8, 429 SWITZERLAND: 15th century, 13, 427; close connection with Germany, 489; popular poetry (1800), 522 GENERAL INDEX 561 TURKEY: 16th century, 14, 188, 205 UNITED STATES: in Jacksonian epoch, 23, 481; Walt Whitman's poem on death of Lincoln, 24, 827 Poetry, Father of English: see Chau- cer, Geoffrey Pogge, Paul (1838-1884), German African explorer: explorations of, 19, 90 Poictiers, Battle of: see Tours, Battle of Poincy, de (early 17th century), French statesman: governor of the West Indies, 20, 71 Pointed Arrow: see Jackson, Andrew Points, Jean Bernhard Louis Desjean, Baron de (1645-1707), French naval officer: captures Carthagena, 9, 219 Poissy, Conference of, a discussion between the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Protestant ministers of the principal points of the two religions (1561), 9, 152 Poitiers, Battle of: see Tours, Battle of Pojarski, Prince (1578-1642), a Rus- sian general: directs a popular ris- ing, 15, 20 Pokanokets, American Indians: resist conversion, 23, 97 Pokotilov (early 20th century), Rus- sian financier: his attempts to win Chinese officials, 7, 295 Poland, a country of northeastern Europe: origin of, 15, 4, 18, 6; con- dition of the Jews in, 1, 420; inde- pendent of Germany, 18, 139; in- vaded by Tartars, 14, 4; under the rule of the King of Bohemia, 17, 81; hostility to Turkey, 14, 32, 211; Othman's campaign in, 212; forms a union with Lithuania (1509), 15, 11, 16; trouble over the Cos- sacks, 14, 244; treaty with Turkey, 269; in Peace of the Pruth, 281; plans to dismember, 332, 333; occupied by the Russians, 15, 46; commencement of Russia's interfer- ence in, 81; declared a Russian province, 296; its condition after the second insurrection, 329; un- der Nicholas II, 348; the effect of the partitions on, 373; under the Jagiellos, 377, 379; diet of (1818), 263; diet of (1820), 268; invasion of (1863), 17, 389; insurrection (1906), 15, 366 Poland, Luke Potter (19th century), American statesman : investigates the Credit Mobilier, 24, 896 Poland, Partitions of: (1772), 9, 250, 14, 338, 15, 172, 173, 382, 17, 246, 18, 345; (1793), 15, 189, 385, 17, 281, 18, 358; (1795), 15, 191, 386, 17, 281, 18, 359 Polar Research, History of, 16, 293 Pole, John de la (1487), Earl of Lin- coln: joins insurrection of Lambert Simnel, 11, 224; death of, 225 Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk (14th century), English politician: characer, 11, 180; impeached, 181 Pole, Reginald (1500-1558), an English cardinal and scholar: Papal legate, 11, 271; made Archbishop of Can- terbury, 272; death of, 273 Pole, William de la, Earl of Suffolk (d. 1450), English politician: his in- fluence over Henry VI, 11, 206; losses in France, 207; impeached and murdered, 209 Polemarch, a Greek military officer: office of, created at Athens, 2, 98 Poles, people of Poland: significance of name, 17, 25; see also Poland Polignac, Madame de (ca. 1749-1793), a favorite of Marie Antoinette: urges dismissal of Brienne, 9, 260 Polignac, Armand Jules Marie Herac- lius, Duke of (1771-1847), a French politician: plots against Napoleon's life, 9, 322 Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie, Prince of (1780-1847), a French statesman: made member of the council, 9, 388; trial of, 397 Polish Insurrections, struggles for in- dependence in Poland (1830-1831), 15, 293; (1863), 324 Polish Note, The, suggestions made by England to Russia in regard to Poland (1863), 15, 384 Polish Question, The, a question of 562 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS the independence of Poland (1830), 17, 327 Polish War, a war to decide the elec- tion to the throne of Poland (1733- I738)j ended by Peace of Vienna, by which Augustus III was acknowl- edged: account of, 4, 332 Political Campaigns: see Campaigns, Political Polk, James Knox, eleventh President of the United States: born in Meck- lenburg Co., North Carolina, No- vember 2, 1795; moved to Tennessee in 1806 with his father; graduated at the University of North Carolina, 1816; studied law in Nashville, and was admitted to the bar, 1830; was elected a member of Congress from Tennessee in 1825 and at several succeeding elections; in 1835 chosen Speaker of the House of Represent- atives by the Democrats: was Speaker of the 25th Congress (1837- 1838); in 1839 was elected Governor of Tennessee for two years; at elec- tion of 1841 was defeated by the Whig candidate for Governor; in 1844 was elected President of the United States; the annexation of Texas to the Union (1845) involved the country in a war with Mexico which began May, 1846, and after several victories, the army of the United States under General Scott took the city of Mexico in Septem- ber, 1847; the boundary line of Ore- gon was settled during his adminis- tration; retired from office in March, 1849, and died at Nashville, Tennes- see, June 15, 1849 Nominated for President, 24, 537; elected, 538; early career, 540; Northwest Boundary Dispute, 541; war with Mexico, 544; message to Congress (1846), 547; party schemes of, 556; proposition to buy Cuba rejected, 628; Alaska purchase pro- posed in administration of, 877 Polk, Leonidas (1 806-1 864), a Con- federate general: enters Kentucky, 24, 743; at battle of Pittsburg Land- ing, 747J death, 795 " Polk, Dallas, and the tariff of 1842," Democratic motto in the presiden- tial election of 1844, 24, 538 Polkos, Revolution of the, an insurrec- tion against the Mexican govern- ment (1847): account of, 22, 319 Pollentia, Italy: battle of (402 A. D.), 4, 138, 18, 35 Pollio, Caius Asinius (ca. 76 B. C- 6 A. D.), a Roman politician, com- mander, and author: commands troops in Spain, 4, 12; aids in mak- ing a new division of territory among the triumvirs, 20 Pollock, Sir George (1786-1872), an English general: his campaigns in India, 5, 218 Poll-tax, a tax in England that led to an insurrection of the peasants (1379-1381): imposed by Parlia- ment, 11, 174 Polo, Marco, an Italian traveler and author: born in Venice, 1254; ac- companied his father and uncle, two merchants of noble rank, on a land journey to China, leaving Venice, 1271, and arriving at Shangtu, 1275; was in the service of the Chinese emperor, 1275-1292; journeyed from China to Venice, via Sumatra, India, and Persia, 1292-1295; was taken prisoner at the battle of Curzola be- tween the Venetians and the Geno- ese (1298) and detained at Genoa over a year; while a prisoner, dic- tated in French to a fellow captive an account of his travels; died at Venice, 1324 His career, 23, 24; visits the East, 5, 141, 6, 19; detained at Mongol court, 24; visits Persia, 5, 336; re- turns to Venice, 6, 25; effect of his writings on Columbus, 21, 4 Polotsk (Polock), Russia: under the Varangians, 15, 6; battle of (1812), 10, 485 Polovtsi, a Turkish tribe: border war- fare of the, 15, 7 Polt (early 19th century), an Austrian general: in the Hungarian insurrec- tion, 15, 301 Poltava (Pultowa, Pultawa), Russia: GENERAL INDEX 563 battle of (1709), 14, 275, 15, Sh l6 220, 18, 317 Poltrot, John, of Mere (d. 1563), a French fanatic: assassinates Francis of Guise, 9, 154 Polybius (204-125 B. C.) a Greek his- torian: exiled, 2, 519 Polycletus (1st century A. D.), a Ro- man freedman: becomes a power in Rome, 4, 72 Polycrates (d. 522 B. C), a Greek ty- rant: tyrant of Samos, 2, 95, 126; death of, 129 Polygamy: in Mormon religion, 24, 982; first act of Congress respect- ing, 983 Pombal, Sebastiao Jose de Carvallio e Mello, Marquis of (1699-1782), a Portuguese statesman: administra- tion of, 8, 473; his policy in Brazil, 21, 39; his hostile policy toward the Jesuits, 20, 97 Pombo (early 19th century), a Co- lombian patriot: death of, 21, 65 Pomerania, a province of Prussia: an- nexed to Denmark, 16, 83; passes from Sweden to Prussia, 15, 63, 372 Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Pois- son, Marquise de (1721-1764), mis- tress of Louis XV of France: her influence over Louis XV, 9, 244; her relations with Maria Theresa, 17, 243, 18, 334 Pompeii, an ancient city of Italy: de- stroyed by Vesuvius, 2, 524, 4, 83 Pompeius, Quintus (2nd century B. C), a Roman general and orator: his struggle with Numantia, 3, 162 Pompeius Magnus, Cneius (Pompey the Great), a Roman general: born September 30, 106 B. C; fought un- der his father in Social War, 89 B. C, and saved his father from assas- sination, 87 B. C; raised three le- gions to fight for Sulla in 83 B. C. and defeated a hostile force under Brutus; gained another victory over the legates of Carbo in 82 B. C; in 76 B. C. obtained command of an army sent to Spain against Ser- torius, who defeated Pompey in two battles; returned to Italy in 71 B. C. and was elected consul for the year 70 B. C. ; remained at Rome inactive during 69 and 68 B. C; in 67 B. C. he was selected to conduct a war against the pirates, who in- fested the Mediterranean in great numbers; performed this service with complete success in less than a year; was also successful in oper- ations against Mithridates; captured Jerusalem in 63 B. C; returned to Italy 62 B. C. ; having divorced Mucia, his third wife, he married Julia, daughter of Caesar; defeated in battle with Caesar in August, 48 B. C; escaped by sea, with his wife, Cornelia, and sought refuge in Egypt, but was murdered in the act of landing, September, 48 B. C. Sketch of, 3, 254; joins Sulla, 226; conquers Africa, 228; conquers Si- cily, 228; aids reforms of Sulla, 230; rebels against constitution of Sulla, 239; defeats Lepidus, 255; his cam- paigns in Spain, 3, 256, 8, 21; allies himself with the democrats, 3, 267; reforms of, 267; retires from public affairs, 268; his campaign against the pirates, 270; given command of the war in East, 271; his campaigns in the East, 273; besieges Jerusalem, 1, 407; his triumph, 3, 275; feeling in Rome towards, 286; returns to Rome, 287; joins second coalition, 288; marries daughter of Caesar, 290; compared with Caesar, 311; feud with Clodius, 312; changed re- lations with Caesar, 312; invested with superintendence of affairs re- lating to corn supply, 314; confer- ence with Caesar and Crassus, 56 B. C), 315," appointed "consul with colleague," 320; gives up special command, 321; breach with Caesar, 325; refuses to obey the senate, 331; commences war against Caesar, 332; resources of, 335; compaign in the East against Caesar, 346; resources after the battle of Pharsalus, 350; death, 351; Caesar restores to the senate-house the statue of, 365; value of his property, 382 564 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Pompeius Magnus, Cneius (ca. 80-45 B. C), eldest son of Cneius Pom- peius Magnus (106-48 B. C.) : his campaign in Spain, 8, 23; at the Corcyra council of war, 3, 350 Pompeius Magnus, Sextus (75-35 B. C), a son of Cneius Pompeius Mag- nus (106-48 B. C.) : his campaigns in Spain, 8, 23; ability of, 3, 352; be- comes a pirate, 359; his recall pro- posed, 4, 8; brings a fleet to the coast of Gaul, 11; makes a compact with Antonius, 19; his alliance and rup- ture with Octavius, 20; defeat of, 21 Pomuk, John of (late 14th century), an Austrian ecclesiastic: sketch of, 17, 118 Ponce, Porto Rico, West Indies: cap- tured by American forces (1898), 24, 1030 Ponce de Leon, Juan (ca. 1460-1521), a Spanish soldier and discoverer: accompanies Columbus on his sec- ond voyage, 23, 33; occupies Porto Rico, 21, 16; discovers Florida, 23, 38 Ponce de Leon, Luis (1528-1591) Spanish scholar, theologian, and poet: commissioned to investigate complaints against Cortez, 22, 70 Pondicherry (Pondicherri), the capita of French India: obtained by the French (1668), 9, 214, 20, 114; cap- tured by the Dutch, 9, 219; besieged by the English (1748), 5, 179, 20, 115; captured by the English (1761), 5, 170, 9, 246, 20, 1,19; (1778), 9, 256; returned to France (1802), 20, 144 Poniatowski, Prince Joseph Anton (1762-1813), a Polish general: re- tires to Cracow, 15, 256; at the bat- tle of Leipzig, 18, 385; death of, 15, 261 Poniatowski, Michael (late 18th cen- tury), brother of Stanislaus Augus- tus Poniatowski, King of Poland: treason of, 15, 190 Poniatowski, Stanislaus (1 677-1762), a Polish statesman: intrigues of, 15, 58; influences the sultan against Russia, 16, 221 Ponsonby, George (1755-1817), an Irish lawyer and political leader: supports free trade movement, 12, 183 Pontarlier, France: taken by the Con- federates (1475), 13, 407 Pont-de-Ce, France: battle of (1620), 9, 181 Pontiac (d. 1769), a chief of the Ot- tawa Indians: leads his braves against Braddock, 23, 200; plans his conspiracy, 200; concludes peace with Sir William Johnson, 200; death, 200 Pontiac, Conspiracy of: see Pontiac Pontifex Maximus, the highest priest in the ancient Roman religion: pow- ers of, 3, 32 Pontius, Gavius (4th century B. C), a Roman military leader: at battle of Caudine Pass, 3, 69 Pontius of Telesia (1st century B. C.) a Samnite general: tries to succor Rome, 3, 227; death of, 228 Pontius Pilate: see Pilate, Pontius Pontus, an ancient country in Asia Minor: annexed to Roman empire, 2, 522 Pool, Gerrit Claesz (late 17th cen- tury), a Dutch shipwright: gives Peter a certificate, 15, 33 Poole (early 17th century), an Arctic explorer: explorations of, 16, 304 Poona (Poonah), Treaty of, a treaty by which England gained wider con- trol of the district of Poona in In- dia (1817), 5, 209 Poor Laws: (1), a law passed in Eng- land providing for the building of workhouses for the poor (1834), 11, 592; (2) a law providing for the poor in Ireland (1838), 596 " Poor Richard's Almanack," an al- manac published by Benjamin Franklin, 1732-1757; sketch of, 23, 143 Popayan, Colombia, South America: insurrection in (1829), 21, 83 Pope, Alexander (1 688-1 744), an Eng- lish poet: sketch of, 11, 481 Pope, John (1822-1892), an American general: captures Island Number GENERAL INDEX 565 Ten, 24, 749; commands Army of Virginia, 762; Federal losses during command, 763 Pope, The English: see Adrian IV, Pope Pope, The Protestant: see Clement XIV, Pope Pope, The Reform: see Calvin, John Popes, Boy: see John XII and Bene- dict IX, Popes Popham, Sir Francis (early 17th cen- tury), English colonial official: ap- pointed council, 23, 57 Popham, Sir Home Riggs (1762-1820), a British naval officer: occupies Buenos Ayres, 20, 143; captures Gualior, 5, 193 Poppaea Sabina (d. 65 A. D.), wife of Salvius Otho: intrigues with Nero, 4, 63; marries Nero, 64 Poppo (early 8th century), Duke of Friesland: opposes Karl Martel, 18, 74 Poppo (nth century), German bishop: baptizes Svend, 16, 29 Populares, a faction in Rome (2nd century B. C.) : rise of, 3, 172 Populist Party (the People's Party), a political party in the United States; in election of 1890, 24, 975; absorbed by the Democrats, ion; convention at St. Louis, 1015; convention at Springfield, 1067 Populonia, Italy: battle of, 3, 75 Populus, a Roman body of warriors: origin of name, 3, 14 Port Arthur, a Chinese naval station: siege of (1894), 7, 268; taken by Japanese, 6, 268, 309; occupied by Russians, 6, 296, 7, 277; battle of (1904), 7, 304; siege of (1904), 306; surrender of (1905), 15, 363; Rus- sia cedes lease of, 6, 314 Port Durban, South Africa: founded, 20, 225 Port Famine, a place in Patagonia: settled, 21, 32 Port Gibson, Mississippi: taken (1862), 24, 776 Port Hudson, Louisiana, taken by Banks (1863), 24, 778 Port Mahon, Minorca, Balearic Islands: battle of (1756), II, 496 Port of Freemantle, Australia: found- ed, 20, 187 Port Philip, Australia: growth of, 20, 194 Port Royal, Jamaica, West Indies: de- stroyed by an earthquake, 20, 237 Port Royal, Nova Scotia: see Annap- olis, Nova Scotia Port Royal, South Carolina: settled, 23, 47; fate of, 76 Port Victoria, Seychelles Islands: de- scription of, 20, 263 Portal (early 19th century), a French statesman: made minister of marine affairs, 9, 370 Portal, Sir Gerald (late 19th century), a British official in Africa: his mis- sion to Uganda, 19, 196 Portales, Diego (1793-1837), a Chilian politician: member of the Opposi- tion party in Chili, 21, 216; suggest- ed as a presidential candidate, 217 Port-au-Prince, Hayti: taken by the French (1801), 20, 140 Porte, The, the Imperial Ottoman Government: meaning of term, 14, 9i Porteous Affair, The, riots at Edin- burgh (1736), 12, 365 Porter, David Dixon, an American admiral: born at Chester, Penna., June o, 1813; entered the navy as midshipman in 1829; became a lieu- tenant, 1841; served against the Mexicans, 1846-1847; in 1861 was promoted to commander; command- ed the mortar boats which bombard- ed Forts Jackson and Saint Philip, below New Orleans, 1862; in Oc- tober, 1862, he commanded a flotilla of gunboats on the Mississippi River; cooperated with Grant against Vicksburg; for his services at Vicksburg he was made rear-ad- miral; successful at Fort Fisher, January 15, 1865; appointed vice-ad- miral, July 25, 1866, and admiral in August, 1870; died at Washington, D. C, February 13, 1891 566 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Commands ironclads at Vicks- burg, 24, 776, 777; captures Fort Fisher, 808 Porter, Endymion (1587-1649), an English merchant adventurer: mem- ber of Courten's Association, 5, 158 Porter, Fitz-John (1822 ), an American general: blamed for de- feat at Groveton, 24, 763 Porter, Peter Buel (1 773-1 844), an American general: in Congress, 23, 417 Portland, William Henry Cavendish: see Bentinck, William Henry, Duke of Portland Portland Channel, Alaska: in Alaskan boundary settlement, 24, 1055 Portmore, Ireland: siege of (1597), 12, 96 Porto Bello, Colombia, South Ameri- ca: taken by Morgan, 20, 69; cap- tured by the English (1739), 22, 194; made a free port, 21, 85 Porto Novo, Africa: claimed by France, 19, 49 Porto Novo, India: settled, 5, 171 Porto Rico (Puerto Rico), an island of the West Indies: discovered, 21, 9; occupied by Ponce de Leon, 16; early conditions in, 20, 73; history of, in the 19th century, 323; cam- paigns in (1898), 22, 462, 24, 1030; ceded to the United States, 24, 1032; description of, 1035; government provided for, 1040 Porto-Alegre (19th century), a Bra- zilian general: his campaign against Paraguay, 21, 158 Portocarrero (late 16th century), a Spanish captain: his campaign against the French, 13, 164 Portocarrero, Louis de (1629-1709), Spanish cardinal: appointed regent of Spain, 8, 385 Ports of the Spanish Main, Three Old, Cumana, La Guaira, and Maracaibo, 21, 318 Portsmouth, New Hampshire: found- ed, 23, 95; Russo-Japanese Peace conference at, 24, 1079 Portsmouth, Louise de Keroualle, Duchess of (1649-1734): her rela- tions with Charles II of England, ", 395 Portsmouth Treaty, The, a treaty be- tween Japan and Russia, which end- ed the Russo-Japanese War (1905): account of, 7, 318, 15, 364, 24, 1079 Portugal, a kingdom of Europe, called Lusitania: establishment of king- dom, 8, 272; possessions in Africa, I9 i 5j7 i ; discoveries and conquests of, 14, 144, 23, 24; last of the an- cient dynasty, 8, 433; commercial enterprise of, 6, 32; merchants from, visit Japan, 7, 104; sends troops to Peking, 6, 44; House of Braganza, 8, 462; events to the close of the Peninsular War, 8, 525, 10, 474; growth of the constitutional mon- archy, 8, 533; concludes treaty with Japan, 7, 189; her claims in the Lake Nyasa region, 19, 236; arbi- tration treaty with the United States, 24, 1076; treaty with China, 6, 318; present possessions in Af- rica, 19, 249 Portugal, Nufio Colon de, Duke of Veraguas, Viceroy of Mexico, 1673: made viceroy, 22, 174 Portuguese East Africa: description of, 20, 298 Portuguese Legion, a body of Portu- guese soldiers in the Napoleonic campaigns: organization of, 8, 528 Porus (d. 318 B. C), King of India: opposes Alexander, 2, 501; defeated by Alexander, 5, 67 Posada, Antonio (late 18th century), a Mexican explorer: examines mines at Talchapa, 22, 209 Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea: in Greek theology, 2, 39; Isthmian Games in honor of, 42; sanctuary on Mount Mycale, 55 Posidonius (2nd century B. C), a Greek sailor: visits Britain, 11, 5 Posse, Count Arvid (late 19th cen- tury), a Swedish political leader: ministry of, 16, 279 Possession Island, an island on the south coast of Africa: claimed by the Dutch, 19, 38 Post Office, Department of, in the GENERAL INDEX 567 United States: scandals of, 24, 895, 1054 Posthumus (Postumus), Marcus Cas- sianus Latinus (d. 267 A. D.), Ro- man Emperor: his campaigns in Spain, 8, 26; accession and death of, 9, 13 Postumius, Lucius (3rd century B. C.) a Roman propraetor: death, 3, 121 Postumus: see Posthumus Potemkin, Prince Gregory (1736- 1791), a Russian politician and gen- eral: account of, 14, 346, 353, 358; secures Catherine's favor, 15, 165; deceptions of, 14, 350 note; power of, 15, 171; honors accorded to, 174; serves in the Crimea, 176; made governor of the Crimea, 183; his re- ception in St. Petersburg, 185; death of, 14, 360, 15, 186; treatment of his remains, 15, 201 Pothinus (ca. 3rd century A. D.), Bishop of Lyons: martyred, 9, 12 Potidaea, Macedonia: established, 2, 80; revolts from Athens, 269; recap- tured, 284; taken by Philip of Mace- don, 459 Potocki (18th century), Polish gen- eral: intrigues of, 15, 58 Potocki, Count (19th century), Polish statesman: member of Austrian cabinet, 17, 402 Potocki, Count Stanislaus (1757- 1821), Polish patriot and states- man: his interview with Napoleon, 15, 258 Potomac River, United States: Lee crosses, 24, 779 Potosi, South America: battle of (1825), 21, 182 Potsdam, Treaty of, an alliance be- tween the countries of Europe against Napoleon (1803), 15, 214 Pottawattomi Indians, North Ameri- ca: belong to Algonquian stock, 23, 8 Potter, Louis de (1786-1859), Belgian writer and revolutionist: banished, 13, 295; made head of new provi- sional government, 296 Pottery: found in the mounds of the Mound Builders, 23, 6 Pottinger, Elred (19th century), An- glo-Indian official: defends Herat, 5, 217, 361 Pottinger, Sir Henry (1789-1856), British administrator: appointed minister, 6, 138; concludes Treaty of Nanking, 141; sails for England, 143 Poughkeepsie, New York: ratification convention meets at, 23, 337', Lin- coln makes speech at, 24, 706 Powhatan (d. 1618), Indian sachem: his conference with Smith, 23, 58 Poynings, Sir Edward (d. 1512), Eng- lish deputy in Ireland: sent as dep- uty to Ireland, n, 227; made lord deputy of Ireland, 12, 73 Poyning's Law or Statute of Dro- gheda, act of the Irish Parliament in 1494, named from Sir Edward Poynings, II, 227, 12, 74 Poyntz (17th century), English Par- liamentary general: defeats Charles I, ", 354 Prado, Manuel (1826-1901), Peruvian soldier: declares himself dictator in Peru, 21, 205; made dictator, 206; in the war with Chili, 235 Pradt, de, Archbishop of Mechlin (1759-1837), French diplomat and po- litical writer: his interview with Na- poleon, 15, 256 Praemunire, Statute of, an English act passed in 1353, in which an attempt was made to stop suits being carried before foreign courts: enacted (1353), 11, 169; reenacted (1393), 183 Praeneste, Italy: war with Rome, 3, 64; siege of, 227 Praetores, name given to Roman two year-kings: power of, 3, 30 Praga, Russia: storming of (1794), 15, 191, 18, 358 Pragmatic Sanctions: 1713. That of Emperor Charles VI, making Maria Theresa his heir, 4, 333, 13, 252, 15, 134, 17, 191, 18, 319 1759. That of Charles II of Spain ceding the succession of Naples to his third son and descendants, 8, 414 568 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Prague, Bohemia: founded, 17, 30; siege of (1400), 118; insurrection in (1419), 128; siege of (1420), 129; becomes center of religious contro- versy, 150; defenestration of, 202; outbreak in (1618), 18, 268; battle of (1620), 17, 206; occupied by John George of Saxony (1632), 18, 282; taken by Wallenstein (1632), 283; battle of (1639), 291; taken by Fred- erick the Great (1744), 330; siege and battle of (i757), 9, 245, 18, 335; Czech museum founded, 17, 341; popular uprising in (1848), 364, 366; internal improvements in, 414 Prague, Diets of: (1432), 17, 136; (1433), 137 Prague, Treaties of: 1635. Concluded between Ferdi- nand II and the Elector of Sax- ony, 18, 288 1866. Concluded between Prussia and Austria, 16, 275, 17, 392, 18, 412 Prague, University of: founded, 17, 115, 18, 192; given to the Jesuits, 17, 208 Prairie State, The: see Illinois Pratt (19th century), United States consul at Singapore: his negotia- tions with the Filipinos, 20, 315 Pratt, Charles, Earl of Camden (1714-1794), English jurist; deci- sions of, 11, 507; quoted on colonial rights, 23, 214 Pratt, John Jeffreys, Marquis of Cam- den (1759-1840), lord-lieutenant of Ireland: administration of, 12, 204 Pratteln, Switzerland: battles of (1445), 13, 402; (1833), 13, 541 Pravadi, Bulgaria: surrender of (1389), 14, 34; siege of (1829), 15, 284 Prazak (19th century), Moravian dep- uty: made minister of justice, 17, 427 Preachers, Friars, religious order: founded, 11, 133 Precy, Francois Perrin, Count of (1742-1820), French soldier: ap- pointed to command the insurrec- tionists of Lyons, 10, 269 Premonstratensian Order, religious or- der: in Switzerland, 13, 355 Premysl of Stadice (ca. 8th century A. D.), ruler of Bohemia: sketch of, 17, 29 Premysl Otokar I, King of Bohemia, 1 198-1230: reign of, 17, 67 Premysl Otokar (Premislas Ottocar) II, King of Bohemia, 1253-1278: at war with Hungary, 17, 59; revolts against his father, 71; reign of, 71 Prendergast, Sir Harry North Dal- rymple (1834 ), English soldier: his campaign in Burma, 5, 266 Prendergast, Maurice (12th century), Irish adventurer: his career in Ire- land, 12, 49 Prentiss, Benjamin Mayberry (1819- 1901), American soldier: at battle of Pittsburg Landing, 24, 747 Prentiss, Seargent Smith (1808-1850), American orator: makes campaign speeches (1840), 24, 523 Presburg, Hungary: battle of (907 A. D.), 17. 43; taken by the Bohemians, 74; siege of (1683), 230; occupied by the French, 334; taken by Wind- ischgratz (1848), 371 Presburg, Diets of: (1435), 17, 156; (1825-1829), 337 Presburg, Treaties of: 1491. Concluded between Frederick III of Germany and Hungary, 18, 219 1619. Concluded between the Czechs, Hungarians, and Transyl- vanians against the House of Aus- tria, 17, 205 1805. Concluded between France and Austria, 4, 347, 9, 326, 10. 415, 11, 557, 14, 395, 17, 294, 18, 367 Presbyterians, religious sect: tolerated in Virginia, 23, 67; attitude of James I toward, 83; persecuted in Virgi- nia, 149; divide into Northern and Southern Wings, 24, 604 Presbytery, The Apostle of: see Knox, John Prescott, Richard (1725-1788), British soldier: exchanged, 23, 263 GENERAL INDEX 569 Prescott, William (1726-1795), Amer- ican soldier: at battle of Bunker Hill, 23, 232 "President," American war vessel: captures the frigate " Little Belt," 23, 416 President of the American Confed- eracy: term of office, 24, 695 President of the United States: elec- tion and powers, 23, 332; election of first, 340; official title, 346; sal- ar}% 346; nomination by Congres- sional caucus abandoned, 460 Presidential Succession Law, a meas- ure of fixing the order of succession to the presidency of the United States (1886), 24, 953 President-Maker: see Weed, Thurlow Presque Isle (Erie), Pennsylvania: founded, 23, 170 Press and Printing: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: censorship rigid (1815), 17, 320, 329; in the 19th century, 351, 368 ENGLAND: Caxton's press, 11,231 238; newspapers in 1700, 15, 34 "Christian Year" (1827), 11, 611 FRANCE: Press acts of 1818, 9, 37i> 378, 382; suppression of free- dom of the press (1826), 9, 385; (1830), 390, (1834), 404; Act of Sup- pression (1868), 457 GERMANY: invention by Guten- berg (1436), 4, 285, 13, 61, 18, 220; press restricted (1819), 18, 394; in- terest in Africa, 19, 91 INDIA: Vernacular Press Act (1878), s, 255 IRELAND: "The Nation" (1842), 12, 226, 230; " The United Irish- man," 231 MEXICO: Annals (1877), 22, 95; Letters of Cortez (1770), 209; po- litical paper printed (1782), 213 RUSSIA: under Peter, 15, 86; news- papers in the late 18th century, 194 SCOTLAND: in the 16th century, 12, 301 SWITZERLAND: at Basle, 13, 428; political newspapers, 515 UNITED STATES: in the colonies, 23, 143 Pressburg: see Presburg Prester John or Priest John, mythical emperor believed in the Middle Ages to have had dominions in Af- rica or Asia: Covilhao visits the court of, 20, 39 Preston, England: battle of (1648), 12, 341 Preston, Colonel (17th century), Irish commander: joins the Catholic party in Ireland, 12, 119 Preston Pans, Scotland: battle of (or battle of Pinkey) (1745), 11, 487, 12, 367 Pretender, The Old (James Francis Edward Stuart) (1688-1766), son of James II of England: attempts to restore, 11, 451, 12, 362, 15, 66 Pretender, The Young (Charles Ed- ward Louis Philip Casimir) (1720- 1788), pretender to the British throne: attempts to win the throne, 11, 487, 12, ^66 Pretextatus, Vettius (ca. 6th century A. D.), Roman senator: leader of Roman sentiment, 4, 131 Pretor, ancient Roman magistrates: length of term of office extended, 3, 236 Pretoria, South Africa: named, 20, 227; occupied by the British (1900), 233 Pretorius, Matthias Wessels (1827- 1901), South African Boer states- man: his administration, 20, 227 Prevesa, Turkey: battle of (1538), 14, 163 Prevost, Augustine (18th century), British general: devastates South Carolina, 23, 272 Prevost, Sir George (1767-1816), Brit- ish soldier: governor of Canada, 20, 154 Pribylov Islands, Alaska: sealing in- dustry of, 24, 878; in seal fisheries dispute, 979 Price, Admiral (19th century), Rus- sian military officer: suicide of, 15, 310 Price, Sterling (1809-1867), American soldier: in the Mexican War, 22, 303; in Missouri campaign, 24, 740; 570 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS at battle of Corinth, 774; attacked by Rosecrans at Iuka, 774 Prideaux, General (18th century), English general: killed at the bom- bardment of Fort Niagara, 23, 192 Pride's Purge (1648), II, 360 Priestly, Joseph (1733-1804), English philosopher, chemist, and theolo- gian: supports suggestion to exile Louis XVI to the United States, 10, 235 note Priests, The Dissentient, in France: banished, 10, 395; allowed to con- duct their worship on taking an oath of obedience, 446 Priests, The Prince of: see Henry V, King of England Prieto, Joaquin (19th century), South American general: leads the Oppo- sition party in Chili, 31, 216; presi- dent of Chili, 217; retires from power, 218 Prigg vs. Pennsylvania, a case brought before the Supreme Court of the United States, 24, 581, 600 Prignano, Bartholomew: see Urban VI Prim, Juan (1814-1870), Spanish gen- eral: opposes regency of Espartero, 8, 500; joins revolutionists, 508; made minister of war in provisional government, 510 Primogeniture, Law of, a law of in- heritance: abolished by Jefferson, 23, 383 Primrose, Archibald Philip: see Rose- bery, Earl of Primus, Marcus Antonius (1st century A. D.), Roman general: at battle of Bedriacum, 4, 72 Prince Edward Island, Canada: ad- mitted to Canadian union, 20, 168 Prince Florizel: see George IV, King of England Prince of Peace, The: see Godoy, Manuel de Prince of Priests, The: see Henry V, King of England Prince Tite: see George II, King of England Princes in the Tower, sons of Edward v. IV of England: murder of, 11, 221 Princeton, New Jersey: battle of (1777), 11, s 16, 23, 249 Princeton University, New Jersey: founded, 23, 141; pillaged by Howe's army, 249; graduates of, in Consti- tutional Convention, 323 Principe, Portuguese island off the west coast of Africa: sketch of, 19, 213; description of, 20, 298 Pring, Martin (1580-1626), English navigator: explores New England coast, 23, 54 Prinsep, Sir Henry Thoby (1792- 1878), English orientalist: retires from office, 5, 273 Printing: see Press and Printing Priscillianists : heresy of, 8, 31 Pritchard Case, The (1842), 9, 422 Prithwi Raja (12th century), Prince of Delhi, India: legend of his daughter's marriage, 5, 94; defeated by Mohammed of Ghor, 95 Privateers: Davis calls for, 24, 723 Privernum, Italy: siege of (329 B. C), 3, 68 Probouleumata: in Athenian constitu- tion, 2, 147 Probus, Marius Aurelius (ca. 235-282 A. D.), Roman Emperor: reign of, 2, 525, 4, in; policy of, 18, 29 Procida, John of (ca. 1225-1302), Ital- ian conspirator: leads conspiracy against Charles of Anjou, 9, 85 Procles, mythical Grecian colonist: leads Ionic settlement in Samos, 2, 55 Procopius, Andrew, the Great (d. 1434), Hussite leader: leads Hussite army, 17, 134; succeeds Ziska, 18, 209; death of, 17, 138, 18, 211 Procopius the Little (15th century), Hussite leader: leads the Orphans, 18, 209; death of, 211 Procter, Redfield (1831 ), Amer- ican statesman: reports conditions existing in Cuba, 24, 1024 Proctor, Henry R. (1765-1859), Brit- ish general: at the battle of River Raisin, 23, 424 Programme of the International Con- ference of American Republics at Rio de Janeiro (1906), 21, 277 GENERAL INDEX 571 Progress of a Century, 24, 1086 Progressives, a party of the Prussian legislature: description of, 18, 434 Prohibition Party, American political division: first organized, 24, 909; nominates Neal Dow (1880), 930; nominates J. P. St. John (1884), 945; in election of 1888, 966; nominates John Bidwell for president (1892), 991; nominates Rev. Dr. Swallow (1904), 1067 Property Qualification Act, a bill lim- iting representation in the House of Commons (1711): account of, 11, 465 Prophet, The (19th century), Amer- ican Indian chief: mentioned, 23, 416 Proprietary Colony, the colony in which supreme authority was vested in a proprietor or proprietaries, who received a grant of land from the king in the nature of a feudatory principality, 23, 114 Propylaea, entrance halls of the Acropolis: held by Pericles, 2, 255 Proserpine: see Persephone Prosorovski (late 17th century), Rus- sian statesman: sent to England (1687), 15, 2y Protection: versus free trade, 23, 456; where favored, 456; loses hold on South, 457; recommended by con- vention of manufacturers at Harris- burg, 472; in respect to raw mate- rials, 473; retained in tariff revision (1883), 24, 939; Democratic faction favors, 963 Protestant Boys, an Irish Presbyte- rian association in the 18th cen- tury, 12, 196 Protestant Pope, The: see Clement XIV, Pope Protestant Union, The, a confedera- tion of the Protestants of southern Germany: formed, 18, 265 Protestants: origin of, 18, 246; de- clared eligible for all civil and mili- tary offices in France, 10, 115 note Providence Plantations: formation of, 23, 94; see also Rhode Island Provincial List, The, in French his- tory, a list of names from which candidates were to be selected, 10, 433 Provisions, Statute of: enacted (1351), II, 168; reenacted (1390), 183 Provisions of Oxford: see Oxford, Provisions of Prussia, a kingdom of central Eu- rope: basis of, 18, 145; rise of, 17, 240, 18, 317; growth of, 14, 318; in agreement of the Dardanelles, 14, 437; campaign against, 10, 470; com- mercial treaty with United States, 23, 347; joins with Russia, 320, 322; in the War of the Austrian Succes- sion, 18, 334; joins Triple Alliance (1788), 360; in Holy Alliance, 14, 411; concludes treaty with Japan, 7, 189 Pruth, river between Austria-Hungary and Russia: battle of the (171 1), 15, 59 Pruth, Treaty of the, a peace between Turkey and Russia (171 1), 14, 280, 15, 61, 16, 221 Prynne, William (1600-1669), English Puritan politician: opposes Laud, 11, 331; tried before the Star Chamber, 333 Prytames, a division of the Athenian year: in Athenian constitution, 2, 147 Psammetikhos (Psamtik) I (7th cen- tury B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 31; employs Greek merce- naries, 2, 87 Psammetikhos II (6th century B. C), King of Egypt, 594-588 B. C: reign of, 1, 32; defeated by Cambyses, 2, 127 Psammetikhos III (d. 525 B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 32 Pskov, Russia: defended by Shereme- tiev, 15, 41 Psyttaleia, Island off the coast of Greece: mentioned, 2, 201 Ptolemaeus Ceraunus (3rd century B. G), Egyptian prince: seizes Mace- donian throne, 2, 515 Ptolemaeus Claudius (ca. 105-160 A. D.), Greek geographer of Egyptian birth: his theory of the extent of 572 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Asia, 23, 23; his knowledge of Af- rica, 19, 9 Ptolemaeus I (Sotor or Lagi), Greek King of Egypt, 323-283 B. C: reign of, 1, 31; shares Alexander's em- pire, 2, 512 Ptolemaeus II (Ptolemy Philadelphia) (309-247 B. C.)> Egyptian King of Greek blood: orders translation of historical works into Greek, 1, 10; reign of, 34 Ptolemaeus III (Euergetes), King of Egypt, 247-222 B. C.: reign of, X, 34 Ptolemaeus IV (Philopator), King of Egypt, 222-205 B. C.: reign of, I, 34 Ptolemaeus V (Epiphanes), King of Egypt, 205-181 B. C: at war with Antiochus of Syria, 1, 404; war with Macedon, 3, 139 Ptolemaeus VII (Philometer), King of Egypt, 181-146 B. C.: reign of, 1, 34 Ptolemaeus XII (Alexander II), King of Egypt, 81-80 B. C. : reign of, I, 34 Ptolemaeus XIII (Auletes), King of Egypt, 81-51 B. C. : deposed and restored, 3, 277 Ptolemaeus XIV (Dionysius) (61-48 B. C.)i consort of Cleopatra and King of Egypt, 51-48 B. C: reign of, 1, 34, 3, 351 Ptolemaeus XVI: see Caesarion Ptolemy: see Ptolemaeus P'u Chun (b. 1891), Chinese prince: nominated heir-apparent, 6, 295 Public Debt, United States: payment f, 23, 348; in Republican platform (1868), 24, 858; Grant urges sound money payment of, 861 Public Good, League of the, a union of the nobles of France against Louis XI (1465): account of, 9, 122 Public Lands, in the United States: Foote's resolution affecting sale of, 23, 489; proceeds from sales dis- tributed among States, 24, 529 Public Office: views of Adams on po- litical removals from, 23, 475; eligi- bility restrictions removed, 480; in- creased number made elective, 480; clamor for, at Jackson's accession, 481; Jackson's "spoils system," 481; see also Civil Service Reform Public Schools: see Schools, Public and Education Publilian Law, a law granting an as- sembly to the Plebs, passed (471 B. C.) : account of, 3, 43 Publilius, Volero, Roman statesman, tribune of the people, 472 B. C: establishes the comitia tributa, 3, 43 Pucelle, La: see Jeanne d'Arc Puebla, Mexico: siege of (1847), 22, 372; battles of (1862), 384; (1863), 387; (1867), 398 Pueblo Indians, North American tribe: description, 23, 10; famous for their jewelry and wood-carving, 14; pottery among, 15; skillful in textile work, 15 Puente, South America: battle of (1816), ai, 65 Puerto Cabello, South America: taken by the revolutionists (1823), 21, 73 Puerto Carrero, Hernandez de (16th century), Spanish adventurer: joins Cortez, 22, 10 Puerto Rico: see Porto Rico Pufendorf, Samuel von (1 632-1 694), German jurist: his estimate of the Holy Roman Empire, 18, 297 Puga, Vasco de (16th century), Span- ish statesman: appointed to the government of Mexico, 22, 126 Pugatchev, Emelian (1726-1775), a Cossack rebel and impostor; ac- count of rebellion, 14, 338, 344, 15, 166; execution of, 15, 170 Pugh, George E. (19th century), American statesman: resents atti- tude of Southern Democrats, 24, 679 Puiraveau (19th century), French statesman: his relation to the revo- lution of 1830, 9, 391 Puisaye, Joseph Genevieve, Marquis de (1754-1827), a French royalist general; joins allied forces, 9, 294; GENERAL INDEX 573 his conduct in the Vendean War, 10, 350 Pu-lan-tien, Manchuria, China: cap- tured by the Japanese, 7, 310 Pulaski, Count Casimir (1 747-1 779), Polish officer: his services to Amer- ica, 23, 269; death, 272 Pulgar, Venancio (19th century), South American insurgent: leads rebellion, 21, 102 Pulicat, India: settled, 5, 154 Pullman Car Strike, in the United States, 24, 1002 Pullus, Lucius Junius, Roman consul, 249 B. C: commands Roman fleet, 3, 104 Pultava: see Poltava Pulteney, William, Earl of Bath (1682-1764), English politician: leads Parliamentary faction, 11, 478; cre- ated Earl of Bath, 484 Pultowa: see Poltava Pultusk, Russian Poland: battle of (1806), 9, 329 Punic War, the First (264-241 B. C.) : causes, 3, 99; battle of Mylae (260 B. C.) 101; Regulus invades Africa, 101; battle of Panormus (251 B. C.) 103; Lilybaeum captured (249 B. C), 103; Hamilcar Barca in Sicily, 104; results, 105 Punic War, The Second (218-201 B. C.) : causes, 3, 111; Hannibal invades Italy, 114; battle of Trasimene (217 B. C), 118; battle of Cannae (216 B. C), 120; Syracuse taken by Mar- cellus (212 B. C), 124; battles of Metaurus (207 B. C), 128; Zama (202 B. C), 130; terms of peace, 130 Punic War, The Third (149-146 B. C): causes, 3, 163; Carthage destroyed (146 B. C), 165; results, 165 Punitz, Prussia: battle of (1704), 16, 217 Punjab, India: conquest of, by Darius, 1, 165; annexed to British posses- sions, 5, 226; Land Alienation Act in the, 5, 282 Punjab Wars: see Sikh Wars Puno, South America: supports Vi- vanco, 21, 196 Punta Arenas, South America: growth of, 21, 242 Purana, The Vishnu, a division of Hindu sacred literature: description of, 5, 83 Pure Food Law, National: see Na- tional Pure Food Law "Puritan," American war-ship: placed in commission, 24, 1008 Puritans, English and American re- ligious sect: founded, II, 301; be- liefs of, 286; strength of, in Eng- land, 23, 64; bigotry of, in Maryland, 72; withdraw from Church of Eng- land, 83; in Portsmouth, 95; end of absolute dominion of, 101; perse- cuted in Virginia, 149 Purry, John (early 16th century), Swiss colonist: sketch of, 20, 112 Purrysburg, between Carolina and Georgia: founded, 20, 112 Pursley (early 19th century), Amer- ican traveler: explorations of, 20, 130 Purtsi, Sweden: battle of (1700), 15, 39 Pusey, Edward Bouverie (1800-1882), English clergyman: teachings of, 11, 611 Pushkin, Alexander Sergeivitch (1799- 1837), Russian poet: his story of Mazeppa, 15, 47; collecting mate- rial for his history, 171; his praise of the Crimea, 183; sketch of, 203, 269; in the plot of the Dekabrists, 272 Putnam, Israel, an American general of the Revolution: born at Salem, Massachusetts, January 7, 1718; in 1739 he married and moved to Pomfret, Connecticut; distinguished himself in the French war, was cap- tured by the Indians near Ticon- deroga, 1758, and was only saved from being burned alive by a French officer; served at battle of Bunker Hill and for his bravery and skill was made a major-general in 1775; was appointed commander of the army of the Highlands in New York, 1777; superintended the con- 574 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS struction of the fortifications at West Point; died at Brooklyn, Conn., May 19, 1790 Serves in expedition against Ti- conderoga, 23, 189; joins troops at Boston, 228; appointed major-gen- eral, 231; in battle of Long Island, 243 Putnam, Rufus (1738-1824), American general: organizes Ohio Company, 23, 318; plans government for Northwest Territory, 318 Puttkamer, Robert Victor von (late 19th century), German explorer: his mission to the Niger, 19, 157 Puy (early 19th century), Spanish sol- dier: sketch of, 21, 62 Puyredon (early 19th century), South American statesman: holds supreme power in the republic of La Plata, 91, 70 Puzur-Ashur (15th century B. C), King of Assyria: negotiates with Babylonia, 1, 78 Pydna, Macedon: taken by Philip, 2, 459; battle of, 2, 519, 3, 150 Pygmalion (Pumelion) (9th century B. C), King of Tyre: reign of, 1, 123 Pylos, Messenia, Greece: bay of, 2, 17; Athenians at, 301; fighting at, 302 Pym, John (1 584-1643), English statesman: leader of the popular party, 11, 327, 336; impeached, 343; death of, 348 Pyramids, Africa: battle of the (1798), 1, 37, 8, 483, 9, 309, 10, 409, 11, 549, 14, 380 Pyrenees, mountains between France and Spain: battles of (1813), 8, 531 Pyrenees, Peace of the, a treaty be- tween France and Spain (1659), 8, 379, 465, 9, 207, 13, 232 Pyrgi, Italy: captured by Syracusans, 3, 57 Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, son of King ^Eacides and Phthia: born about 318 B. C; was expelled by the Epirotes at age of seventeen and then joined the army of Demetrius; distin- guished himself in battle of Ipsus, 301 B. C; raised a small army, en- tered Epirus, and obtained the throne, 295 B. C; in 291 B. C. waged war against Demetrius; in 287 be- came King of Macedonia, but soon lost it to Lysimachus; defeated the Romans on the river Siris in 280 B. C, and won at Asculum in 279; remained two years in Sicily and gained some victories but failed to conquer the island; renewed war against the Romans and was de- feated; retired from Italy to Epirus in 274 B. C; invaded Macedonia, of which he soon became master; en- gaged in war against the Spartans but was repulsed; killed in battle in Argos, in 272 B. C. Becomes king of Epirus, 2, 515; becomes king of Sicily, 516; forms alliance with Tarentum, 3, 76; early history, 76; lands in Italy, 77; leaves Italy, 79; success in Sicily, 80; death, 80 Pythagoras (582-500 B. C), Greek philosopher and mathematician: his theory of a spherical earth, 23, 22 Pytheas (2nd half of 4th century B. C), a Greek navigator and astrono- mer: visits Britain, 11, 5; his ac- count of the north, 16, 3, 297 Pytheas: finds the Germans on the Baltic Sea, 18, 3 Pythonicus (5th century B. C), Athe- nian citizen: accuses Alcibiades, 2, 332 Q Quadi, a German tribe: location of, 18, 6; settled " Deserta Boiorum," 17, 12; besiege Aquileia, 18, 26; re- pulsed by the Romans (356 A. D.), 17, 15 Quadratus (2nd century A. D.), an early Christian bishop: attempts to convert Hadrian to Christianity, 4, 92 Quadruple Alliances: 1718. A league against Spain form- ed by Great Britain, France, Aus- tria, and the Netherlands, 8, 406, 9, 228, 11, 472, 13, 253, 18, 320 1834. A league formed against the usurper Don Miguel of Portugal and Don Carlos of Spain, 8, 497, 9, 403 Quakers, a religious sect: visit Peter the Great in England, 15, 34; at- tracted to Maryland, 23, "]2\ perse- cutions of, in Salem colony, 90; per- secution of, prohibited, 99; purchase New Jersey, 109; characteristics of, no; oppose slavery in Pennsylvania, 130; persecuted in New England, 147; not given suffrage in Massa- chusetts or Plymouth, 148; not tol- erated in New York, 148; perse- cuted in Virginia, 149; petition Con- gress against slavery, 34, 572 Quarantine Law, National: see Na- tional Quarantine Law Quartering Act, a law compelling Mas- sachusetts towns to furnish quarters for British troops (1774): passed, 23, 221 Quasdanovitch (late 18th century), an Austrian soldier: his campaign against the French, 9, 299 Quatre Bras, Belgium: battle (1815), 8, 487, 532, 9, 362, II, 568, 13, 287, 18, 389 Quebec, Canada, called The Gibraltar of The New World: founded, 20, 63, 82, 23, 50; slow growth of, 23, 51; plan to capture, 158; in French claims, 168; taken by the English (1759), 9, 246, 11, 500, 20, 118, 23, 193; French attempt to recapture, 197; attacked by Montgomery and Arnold, 235; meeting of the Joint High Commission, 24, 1021 Quebec, Hero of: see Wolfe, James Quebec, Province of, a province of the Dominion of Canada: created, 20, 167; election of 1878, 171; elec- tion of 1891, 172; election of 1896, 173 Quebec Act, a parliamentary measure designed to prevent Quebec from uniting with the other colonies (1774): passed, 20, 151, 23, 221 Quebec Convention, The, a conven- tion to consider the union of the Canadian provinces (1864), 20, 165 Quedlinburg, Prussia: founded, 18, 106 Queen, Nine Days': see Grey, Lady Jane Queen, The Merchant: see Venice Queen, The Ocean's: see England Queen, The Snow: see Christina, Queen of Sweden Queen, The White: see Mary Queen of Scots Queen Anne's War, a war in the United States against the French and Indians (1702-1713): origin, 23, 160; Indians attack Deerfield, 160; Port Royal taken by English, 161; failure of expedition on Quebec, 162; Treaty of Utrecht and terms, 162 Queen Dick: see Cromwell, Richard Queen Elizabeth's Forehead, a part 575 576 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS of the coast of North America, dis- covered by Frobisher in 1576: named, 16, 301 Queen of Hearts, The: see Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia Queen of Tears, The: see Mary of Modena, wife of James II of Eng- land Queen of the Adriatic, The: see Ven- ice Queen of the Antilles, The: see Cuba Queen of the Eastern Archipelago, The: see Java Queen of the Euxine, The: see Sebas- topol Queen of the Mediterranean, The: see Carthage Queen of the Mississippi Valley, The: see St. Louis Queen of the North, The: see Edin- burgh Queen of the Northern Seas, The: see Elizabeth, Queen of England Queen of the Sea, The: see Tyre Queensberry, Duke of (early 18th cen- tury), an English statesman: pro- motes union of Scotland and Eng- land, 12, 356 Queensland, a British colony in Aus- tralia: created, 20, 196; ratifies the new Constitution (1899), 206 Queenston (Queenstown), Ontario, Canada: battle of (1812), 20, 154, 23, 421 Queretaro, Mexico: description of, 22, 396 Quesada, Gonzales Ximenes de (ca. 1498-1576), the conqueror of New Granada: explorations of, 21, 21 Quesnay, Frangois (1 694-1 774), a French political economist and phy- sician: sketch of, 10, 14 Quesnoy (early 17th century), a Flem- ish architect: sketch of, 13, 220 Questors, Roman civil officers: made state officers, 3, 31 Quetta, Baluchistan, Africa: sold to the English, 19, 36 Quetzalcoath (Quetzalcohuatl), a Mexican god, 23, 39 Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, Central America: battle of (1524), 22, 429 Queue: probable origin of, 6, 45; abolishment of, proposed, 291 Quia Emptores, a statute of Edward I forbidding subinfeudation in Eng- land (1290), 11, 145 Quiberon, France: descent upon, by the English and the emigrants, 10, 35i Quiberon Bay, a small arm of the Bay of Biscay: battle of (1759), II, 501 Quieroz, Eusebio de (19th century), Brazilian minister: his efforts against slave trade, 21, 248 Quinctius, Lucius (1st century B. C), a Roman statesman: supports measures proposed against the pi- rates, 3, 270 Quincy, Josiah (I744-I775), an Amer- ican lawyer and patriot: defends soldiers accused of Boston Mas- sacre, 23, 217 Quincy, Josiah (1772-1864), an Amer- ican statesman: condemns War of 1812, 23, 431; quoted, 459; suggests secession, 24, 568 Quinette (early 19th century), a French statesman: member of pro- visional government, 9, 365 Quinones (d. 1521), a Mexican sol- dier: sent as ambassador to Spain, 22, 63 Quinsan: see Kunshan Quintana, Miguel (d. 1906), President of Argentine Republic, 1904-1906: his presidency, 21, 257 Quinze-vingts, a faction in the French Revolution: threaten insurrections unless the king is dethroned, 10, 189 Quirites, citizens of ancient Rome: origin of name, 3, 14 Quiroga (d. 1835), Argentine insur- gent officer: opposes Rivodavia, 21, 121; death of, 124 Quiroga, General (19th century), Spanish insurgent: mentioned, 8, 492 Quiroga, Vasso de (16th century), Spanish diplomat: made member of the audiencia, 22, 107 Quitman, John Anthony (1799-1858), GENERAL INDEX 577 an American politician and general: in the Mexican War, 22, 334; favors secession of the South, 24, 611; plans invasion of Cuba, 643 Quito, Ecuador: destroyed by the Spaniards (1533), 31, 21; battle of (1546), 27; made part of New Gra- nada, 20, 104; rebels against Spain (1809), 21, ss; description of, 106; insurrection in (1864), 114 Quivara, a fictitious country north of Mexico: search for, 22, 112 Quo Warranto, Writ of, writs issued by England in order to bring the American colonies more directly un- der royal control; used, 23, 115 R Raab, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1809), 9, 336, 17, 336; taken by Windischgratz (1848), 15, 302, 17, 371 Raamses: see Zoan Rabah (19th century), African soldier: conquests of, 19, 167 Rabaud-Saint-Etienne (18th century), French Protestant minister: speaks in behalf of Louis XVI, 9, 281 Raby, Germany: siege of (1420), 18, 208 Rachis, King of Italy, 8th century A. D.: reign of, 4, 172 Raco, Turkey: taken by Sigis- mund, 14, 40 Radagaesus (Radagast) (d. 406 A. D.), leader of army of Vandals and other tribes: invades Italy, 4, 138, 18, 38 Radagast: see Radagaesus Radbod (Ratbod) (d. 179 A. D.), King of the Frisons: power of, 13, 14 Radbod (Ratbod) King of the Pri- sons, 697-719 A. D.: power of, 13, 14; his campaign against Karl Mar- tel, 18, 70 Radcliffe, Charles (18th century), Scotch rebel under the " Young Pre- tender": death of, 12, 369 Radetzky, Joseph Wenzel, Count (1766-1858), Austrian field-marshal: his campaign in Bohemia, 17, 307; in Italy, 17, 367, 18, 402 Radhi, Mohammedan caliph, 934-940 A. D.: reign of, 1, 365 Radistchev (d. 1802), Russian official: account of, 15, 195 Radulf (7th century A. D.), Duke of Thuringia: defeats the Franks, 18, 66 Radziwill, Prince (19th century), Pol- ish commander: his campaign against Russia, 15, 222; in the Pol- ish insurrection, 293 Rae, John (1813-1893), British trav- eler: explorations of, 16, 309 Raffles, Thomas Stamford (1781- 1826), English naturalist and admin- istrator: administers Java, 5, 205; takes possession of Singapore, 20, 251; English governor of the Dutch East Indies, 290 Ragatz, Switzerland: battle of (1446), 13, 402 Raghib Pasha (d. 1763), Grand Vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 318 Raghuba (18th century), Indian poli- tician: claims Maratha throne, 5, 136, 192 Raghuji Bhonsla (18th century), In- dian soldier: invades Bengal, 5, 133 Raghu-vansa, Indian god: description of, 5, 53 Raginfried (Regenfried) (8th century A. D.), Mayor of the Palace: acces- sion of, 9, 36; his campaign against Karl Martel, 18, 70 Raglan, Fitzroy James Henry Som- erset, Baron (1788-1855), British soldier, called The Invisible Com- mander: in the Crimean War, 9, 447, 11, 615, 14, 452, 15, 311; death of, 14, 459, 15, 321 Ragnachar (d. 509 A. D.), Chief of Therouanne: death of, 9, 21 Ragnar Lodbrok: see Regner Lodbrog Ragusa, Austria-Hungary: siege of (1813), 17, 309 Ragwald Jarl (10th century A. D.), Swedish statesman: won to the cause of peace, 16, 59 Rahn, Johann Heinrich (1646-1708), Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 482 Rai Sanyo (19th century), Japanese writer: influence of, 7, 160 Rail Splitter, The: see Lincoln, Abra- ham Railroads (Railways) : opposed by Lit- 578 GENERAL INDEX 579 erati in China, 6, 243; destruction of, in China, 244; foreign construc- tion of, in China, 275; attacks on employees of, in China, 299; the Si- berian Railroad, 308; in Russo-Jap- anese Treaty, 314; in Treaty be- tween Japan and Turkey, 315; con- cessions sought by foreigners in China, 318, 319; early construction in the United States, 23, 480; effect on settlement of western United States, 24, 985; Supreme Court de- cision respecting merger, 972; Roosevelt discusses abuses of, 1075; in Switzerland pass into the control of the government, 13, 576 Railway Rate Regulation Bill, an act passed by the United States Con- gress (1906), 24, 1082 Rainucci (16th century), Prince of Parma: claims throne of Portugal, 8, 448 Rajputs (Kshattrigas), a caste of In- dia: rise of, 5, 43 Rakoczy, Francis (1676-1735), Prince of Transylvania: career of, 17, 232 Rakoczy, George (17th century), Prince of Transylvania: put at the head of the comitats of the north of Transylvania, 17, 226; elected, 227; reign of, 227 Rakoczy, Sigismund (17th century), Prince of Transylvania: elected, 17, 224 Rakos, Diet of (1444), 17, 159 Raleigh, Sir Walter, English navigator, author, courtier, and commander: born at Hayes, Devonshire, Eng- land, in 1552; studied for a short time at Oriel College, Oxford, and in 1569 joined a company of volun- teers and fought in behalf of the Huguenots in France; served with distinction against the Irish insur- gents, 1580; presented himself at court, 1582, and obtained the favor of Elizabeth; in 1584 obtained a royal patent investing him with am- ple powers to colonize and govern any territories he might acquire in the unoccupied parts of North America; an exploring party in his service discovered, in 1584, a re- gion to which the queen gave the name of Virginia; sent out in 1585 a body of colonists who unsuccess- fully attempted to settle on or near Roanoke Island; renewed the enter- prise in 1587 but this colony did not prosper; in 1589 transferred his pat- ent and colonial privileges to a com- pany of merchants; the introduc- tion of tobacco and potatoes into Europe is attributed to him; in 1592, married Elizabeth Throgmorton, one of the queen's maids, for which he was imprisoned for two months in the Tower of London; forbidden to be present at court he sailed from Plymouth, February, 1595, explored the coasts of Guiana and ascended the Orinoco River returning to Eng- land before the end of 1595; was re- stored to royal favor soon after his return and served as rear-admiral at the capture of Cadiz, 1596; ap- pointed Captain of the Guard and Governor of Jersey, 1597; accused of complicity in Lord Cobham's trea- son, was arrested in July, 1602, and convicted without sufficient proof; was reprieved and confined in the Tower where he remained thirteen years and wrote his chief work, " His- tory of the World "; in 1615 obtained his release by bribery and by an offer to open a mine of gold in Guiana; conducted a fleet of thirteen vessels to Guiana in 1617 and sent an exploring party up the Orinoco, where his son was killed at Saint Thomas in a fight with a body of Spaniards; was forced to return to England where he arrived July,i6i8; was soon after arrested, and im- prisoned for his conduct in Guiana; it having been decided by the judges that the sentence of death passed in 1603 was still valid he was exe- cuted at the palace yard, Westmin- ster, October 29, 1618 Holds a monopoly of wine in England, 20, 102; receives royal patent, 52; his attempts at coloniza- 580 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS tion, 23, 53; his expeditions to America, 20, 84; lives in Ireland, 12, 93; his expedition to South Amer- ica, 30, 58, 31, 30; at the capture of Cadiz (1596), 11, 298; accused of treason, 307; his expedition to the Wild Coast, 20, 87; death of, II, 312, 21, 31, 23, 54 Ralli (ca. 1890), Greek politician: in modern politics of Greece, 2, 548 Ralph de Diceto (d. 1283), English historian: sketch of, 1 1, 116 Ralph Warder (nth century), Earl of Norfolk: leads revolt of the earls, 11, 78 Ram Mohan Rai, Raja, Indian religious reformer: teaching of, 5, 87 Ramabai, Pandita (living), a native missionary in India: her work for Hindu widows, 5, 272 Ramanand (14th century), religious teacher of India: teachings of, 5, 84 Ramanuja (12th century), reformer of India, 5. 83 Ramayana, Indian epic, 5, 26, 52 Rambouillet Decree, a decree issued by Napoleon against the United States (1810): issued, 23, 415 Ramessu I: see Ramses I Ramillies (Ramilies), Belgium: battle of (1706), 8, 397, 9, 222, 11, 456, 13, 250, 16, 218, 18, 314 Ramirez, Juan (19th century), South American general: rebellion of, 21, 119 Ramiro I, King of Aragon, 1035-1065: accession of, 8, 140; invades Na- varre, 200; reign of, 231 Ramiro (II) the Monk, King of Ara- gon, 1134-1137: accession of, 8, 202; reign of, 235 Ramiro I, King of Asturias and Leon, 842-850 A. D.: reign of, 8, 133 Ramiro II (d. 950 A. D.), King of Asturias and Leon, 930-950 A. D. : reign of, 8, 136 Ramiro III, King of Asturias and Leon, 967-983 A. D.: reign of, 8, 137 Ramnes: ancient name of Romans, 3, 9 Ramon, Domingo (18th century), cap- tain of the Spaniards in Texas, 22, 188 Ramsay, James Andrew Brown, Earl of Dalhousie: see Dalhousie, James Andrew Brown, Earl of Ramses (Ramessu) I, King of Egypt, ca. 1365-ca. 1355 B. C: reign of, i, 25 Ramses II (Miamun I) King of Egypt, ca. 1345-ca. 1285 B. C: reign of, 1, 26; at war with the Hittites, 142 Ramses (Rhampsinitos) III, King of Egypt, ca. 1200-1179 B. C: reign of, 1, 28 Ramses IV, King of Egypt, 12th cen- tury B. C: reign of, 1, 29 Rand (d. 1897), English sanitary com- missioner in India: murder of, 5, 283 Randall, Samuel Jackson (1828-1890), American statesman: Speaker of the House, 24, 914; leader of protective tariff Democrats, 963 Randolf, Earl of Moray: see Moray, Randolf, Earl of Randolph, Edmund (d. 1813), Amer- ican statesman: his plan proposed to Constitutional Convention, 23, 325; quoted on the determination of the members of the Constitu- tional Convention, 333; refuses to sign the Constitution, 334; favors adoption of Constitution, 336; made Attorney-General, 344 Randolph, Edward (17th century), English statesman: sent to enforce Navigation Acts, 23, 99 Randolph, John, of Roanoke, Amer- ican statesman, born at Cawsons, Chesterfield Co., Virginia, June 2, l 773\ studied law at Princeton and Columbia Colleges; elected to Con- gress as a Democrat in 1799; re- elected with the exception of two terms until 1825; chairman of com- mittee of ways and means, 1801; chief manager of the impeachment of Judge Chase, 1804; prominent as champion of State-rights and as a partisan of Jefferson's administra- GENERAL INDEX 581 tion until 1806; opposed the elec- tion of Madison and the War of 1812; defeated in election of 1813, but again elected, 1814; opposed the Missouri Compromise; visited Eng- land, 1822 and 1824; in United States Senate, 1825-1827; had a duel with Henry Clay, April 8, 1826; supported Jackson in the election of 1828; ap- pointed minister to Russia, 1830; but spent most of his time in London, returning, 1831; again elected to Congress, 1832; died in Philadelphia, June 24, 1833 Quoted on Jefferson's Embargo Act, 23, 410; quoted on election of J. Q. Adams as President, 465; on "tariff of abominations," 473; op- poses slave trade in District of Co- lumbia, 24, 570; quoted on South- ern fear of negro uprisings, 587 Randolph, Peyton (1723-1775), Amer- ican jurist and statesman: gradu- ates from College of William and Mary, 23, 142; delegate to First Continental Congress, 223; quoted on slavery in Virginia, 24, 564 Ran jit Singh (Maha Raja) (1780- 1839), East Indian prince: sketch of, 5, 220 Rantzau, Daniel (d. 1569), Danish gen- eral: in the Seven Years' War, 16, 162 Rantzau, Count Johan (1492-1565), German general: defeats Christo- pher of Oldenburg, 16, 194; his cam- paign in Ditmarsh, 196 Rantzau, Josias, Count of (1609- 1650), French general: defeated at battle of Tuttlingen, 9, 199 Rantzau-Ascheberg, Schack Karl, Count (1717-1792), Danish general: his relations with Struensee, 16, 241 Ranulf de Glanvile (12th century), English general: wins battle of Aln- wick, 11, 108; writes first English law-book, 115 Raphael Sanstius (Rafaele Sanzio) (1483-1520), Italian painter: sketch of, 4, 209 Raphia, Asia Minor: battles of (ca. 205 B. C), 1, 34; (ca. 701 B. C), 84; (217 B. C), 404 Rapidan River, Virginia: in Wilder- ness campaign, 24, 787 Rapino, northern Europe: battle of (1701), 15, 42 Rappahannock River, Virginia: cross- ed by Hooker's army, 24, 771; di- vision line of Northern and South- ern armies, 782 Rapperswil, Switzerland: siege of (1656), 13, 476 Raron, Witschard, Baron von (15th century), Swiss partisan: invades Valois, 13, 393 Rastatt (Rastadt), Germany: battle of (1796), 9, 299 Rastatt, Congress of, held for the pur- pose of arranging questions at issue between France and the empire (1797-1799): account of, 13, 507, 18, 362 Rastatt, Treaty of, peace between France and Austria (1714), 4, 330, 9, 225, 18, 316 Rastitz (9th century A. D.), King of the Moravian Slavonians: conspir- acy of, 18, 96 Rastiz: see Rostislav Rastopchin: see Rostoptchin Rastrelli (18th century), Italian ar- chitect: designs Russian palaces, 15, 149 Ra-talf: see Tat-ef-Ra Ratbert of Zurich (9th century A. D.), Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 343 Ratisbon, Germany: battle of (1809), 9, 335, I7 298; see also Regens- burg Ratisbon, Diets of: 1630-1631. A council held by the Emperor of Germany and the King of France, 9, 187, 190, 18, 277 1640. A council called by Ferdi- nand III of Germany, 18, 291 Ratisbon, Truce of, a treaty between France, Germany, and Holland (1683): account of, 9, 212 Rauraci, Gallic tribe: join migration of Helvetii, 3, 301 Rausimond (4th century A. D.), King 582 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS of the Sarmatians: leads his people to the lower Danube, 17, 15 Rautifeld, Switzerland: battle of (1352), 13, 376 Ravaillac, Francis (1578-1610), French fanatic: assassinates Henry IV of France, 9, 176 Raven Knight, The: see Hunyadi, John Ravenna, Italy: siege of (491-493 A. D.), 2, 532, 4, 156: battle of (1512), 4, 293, 9, 134 Rawdon, Lord: see Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Marquis of Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke (1810-1895), English Orientalist: sketch of, 5, 217 Rayas, Servian leaders: massacre of, 14, 389 Rayevski (early 19th century), Rus- sian commander: aids Dokhtorov 15, 244 Raymond, Mississippi: battle at (1863), 24, 776 Raymond IV (Raymond de Saint- Gilles) (1045-1 105), Count of Tou- louse: leads Crusade, 9, 70 Raymond VI (1 156-1222), Count of Toulouse: favors the reformers, 9, 77 Raymond VII (d. 1249), Count of Toulouse: continues the war against the Pope, 9, 78 Raymond Roger (d. 1208), Viscount of Beziers: favors the reformers, 9, 77 Raymundo I (d. 1017), Count of Bar- celona: reign of, 8, 225 Raymundo II (d. 1077), Count of Bar- celona: reign of, 8, 226 Raymundo (III) the Hairy (nth cen- tury), Count of Barcelona: reign of, 8, 226 Raymundo IV (d. 1131), Count of Barcelona: reign of, 8, 227 Raymundo (Raymond) V (d. 1162), Count of Barcelona: concludes treaty with Alfonso VII of Leon, 8, 145; at war with Navarre, 202, 203; reign of, 228; becomes king of Aragon, 229, 235 Rayon (early 19th century), Mexican insurgent: left in command of Sal- tillo, 22, 240 Razuja, Queen of Delhi, 1236-1240: reign of, 5, 97 Razumovski, Count Alexis (late 18th century), Russian politician: plots for Catherine, 15, 155 Razumovski, Cyril (18th century), Cossack leader: his quarrel with Apraxin, 15, 145; plots for Cathe- rine, 155 Read, George (i733~i798), American patriot: delegate to first Continental Congress, 23, 223 Reading, England: siege of (1643), 11, 345 Reading, Pennsylvania: riots at, dur- ing railroad strikes, 24, 919 Reagan, John Henninger (late 19th century), American statesman: Con- federate Postmaster-General, 24, 694: fathers bill for regulating freight charges, 956 Realm of St. Stephen, The: see Hun- gary Reay, Lord Donald James Mackay (1839 ), Anglo-Indian states- man: recalled from Bombay, 5, 273 Rebellion of 1641, The, in Ireland: ac- count of, 12, 114 Rebellion of 1798, The, in Ireland: ac- count of, 12, 209 Rebellions: see Revolutions Rebmann (19th century), African ex- plorer: explorations of, 19, 53; arouses an interest in Africa, 59 Recared I (d. 601 A. D.), King of the Goths, 586-601 A. D.: his campaign in Gaul, 8, 42; reign of, 43 Recared II, King of the Goths, 621 A. D. : reign of, 8, 44 Receswind, King of the Goths, 653- 672 A. D.: reign of, 8, 44 Rechabites, Jewish religious sect: de- scription of, 1, 391 Recif, South America: founded, 20, 105 Recio, Lope (late 19th century), Cu- ban statesman: chosen governor of Puerto Principe, 22, 468 GENERAL INDEX 583 Recognition, System of, the original jury system in England: established by Henry II, n, 103 Reconstruction, in American history, the re-admitting of the Southern Confederate States to the Union after the Civil War: Lincoln's plan, 24, 833; Wade-Davis Bill, 837; de- bate in Congress, 843; first Act of, passed (1866), 846; denounced in Democratic platform (1868), 860; aftermath in Grant's administration, 863; effects in South, 864; mistakes of, summarized, 874 Red Cross League, a league by which the European powers bound them- selves to improve the condition of soldiers wounded in battle: formed (1864), 13, 562 Red King, The: see William (II) Ru- fus, King of England; also Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor Red River, a river of the United States: as Florida boundary, 23, 445 Red Stockings, The Little Man in: see Leopold I, Holy Roman Em- peror Redcliffe, Lord Stratford de: see Can- ning, Stratford Reding, Alois (1755-1818), a Swiss officer: in the war against France, . 13, 514 Reding, Ital (early 15th century), a Swiss statesman: sketch of, 13, 398 Redmond, John (1851 ), an Irish political leader: assumes leadership of Home Rule party, 12, 242 Reduction, the right to " draw back " lands under the royal power: Charles XIV granted the right of, 16, 212 Reed, Thomas Brackett (1839-1902), an American politician: enters Con- gress, 34, 916; chosen Speaker of House, 969; his war on dilatory mo- tions in House, 969; candidate for Presidential nomination (1896), 1012 Reed, Walter (living), United States army officer: aids in stamping out yellow-fever in Cuba, 20, 329 Reed, William Brackett (19th century), American diplomatist: negotiates treaty between China and the United States, 24, 919 Referendum, The, a method of legis- lation by which one town can defeat an objectionable measure: in Rhode Island charter, 23, 94; introduced during the Jacksonian epoch, 481; in Kansas election, 24, 662 Reform Bill, in English history, bills for enlarging the number of voters in elections for members of the House of Commons (1831), 11, 587; (1868), 625 Reform Pope, The: see Calvin, John Reformation, The, a religious move- ment of the 16th century, which led to the establishment of Protes- tantism: in Austria, 17, 177; in Den- mark, 16, 190, 203; in Germany, 18, 233; in the Netherlands, 8, 356, 13, 54; in Norway, 16, 196; in Poland, 15, 380; in Scotland, 12, 311; in Sweden, 16, 155; in Switzer- land, 13, 431 Reformation, The Michael Angelo of the: see Luther, Martin Reformation, The Morning Star of: see Wycliffe, John Reformed Church: see Calvinists Regenfried: see Raginfried Regensburg (Ratisbon), Peace of, a peace between Austria and the For- est States (i3S5), 13, 378 Regent, The Good: see Murray, James Stewart, Earl of Reggio (Rhegium), Italy: battle of (i860), 4, 379 Regiment-du-roi, a regiment in the French Revolution: revolt of, 10, 125 Reglament, regulations of the church, embodied by Peter the Great: Eng- lish influence on, 15, 35; composi- tion of, 72; publication of, 73 Regner Lodbrog (Ragnar Lodbrok), a legendary King of Denmark, 9th century A. D.: the legend of, 16, 19 Regnier, Jean Louis Ebenezer (1771- 1814), a French general: commands the Saxons, 15, 256 584 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Regnier of Anjou (close of 14th cen- tury), an Italian prince: claims throne of Naples, 4, 262 Regula, Saint (4th century A. D.), a Christian martyr in Switzerland: death of, 13, 334 Regulating Act, a statute of the Eng- lish Parliament (1773): passed, 5, 190, 11, 526, 23, 220; impossible of enforcement in Massachusetts, 23, 226 Regulus, Gaius Atilius (d. 225? B. C), a Roman consul: at battle of Tela- mon, 3, 109 Regulus, Marcus Atillius, a Roman general, distinguished in the first Punic war; consul first time in 267 B. C. and second time in 256 B. C; gained a naval victory over the Carthaginians; having invaded Africa, he defeated the enemy and advanced nearly to Carthage; he was defeated and taken prisoner in 255; he was sent to Rome to nego- tiate a peace, on condition that he should return if the Roman senate should reject their terms; advised the Senate not to make peace; re- turned to Carthage, and died a vic- tim to the cruelty of his captors Defeated by Samnites, 3, 72; joins fleet for invasion of Africa, 101 Rehnskiold, Carl Gustaf, Count of (1651-1722), a Swedish general: at the battle of Franstadt, 16, 217; at Poltava, 15, 54, 16, 220 Rehoboam, King of Judah, 975-858 B. C: reign of, 1, 389 Reichenbach, Convention of, a conven- tion which settled the terms of the peace between Austria and Turkey (1790), 10, 133, 14, 360, 17, 276 Reichenbach, Treaty of, a treaty of peace between Austria, Russia, and Prussia (1813), 17, 307 Reichshofen, Battle of: see Woerth Reichsrath, The, a governmental body in Austria (1867): description of 17, 400 Reid, Whitelaw (1837 ), an Ameri- can journalist and statesman: nomi- nated for Vice-President (1892), 24, 989; member of Spanish- American peace commission, 1031 Reigen, Emperor of Japan, 1663-1687: reign of, 7, 132 Reign of Terror, in France: account of, 9, 285, 10, 265, 11, 542 Reille, Honore Charles Michel Joseph, Count (1775-1860), a French mar- shal: at battle of Waterloo, 9, 363 Reims: see Rheims Reinar von Hagenau (13th century), an Austrian minnesinger: sketch of, 17, 97 Reinar von Zweter (13th century), an Austrian minnesinger: sketch of, 17, 97 Reinhard (early 19th century), a Swiss military leader: commands Swiss forces, 13, 524 Reinhard, Martin (early 16th century), a German preacher: preaches in Co- penhagen, 16, 190 Reinhart, Anna (16th century), the wife of Ulrich Zwingli: marries Zwingli, 13, 435 Reinsdorp (18th century), a Russian local governor: in the Pugatchev in- surrection, 15, 168 Reis Effendi, The, an office in the Turkish government: powers of, 14, 369 Religion: CHRISTIANITY: growth of, in Egypt, I, 35; in Arabia (7th cen- tury), 187, 208, 209; attempts to re- vive it in Africa, 323; becomes the Roman state religion, 2, 527, 4, 121; aided by diffusion of Greek culture, 2, 513; established by Constantine, 2, 524, 526, 4. 121; progress of, 2, 527; barbarians accept, 529; spread of, 538; modern Greece, 550; its growing importance in the 2nd century, 4, 97; Edict of Milan (313 A. D.), 118; the Arian heresy, 4 121, 125, 157; apostacy under Julian, 127, 129; growth of papal power, 4, 131, 171, 198, 9, 69, 11, 77, 18, 133; moulded by Pagan rites, 4, 143; relics in the 6th century, 167; Icon- oclastic movement, 4, 169, 13. 95 ' work of Savonarola, 4, 282; the work GENERAL INDEX 585 of Luther, 4, 300, 17, 150; Papal Infallibility (1870), 4, 393; prog- ress of, in China, 6, 38; attitude of emperor of China toward, 73, 78, 80, 262; agitation against, in China, 76; murder of native Chi- nese Christians, 304; introduced in- to Japan, 7, 105, 20, 96; in Japan (ca. 1600), 7, 115, 137; Priscillian heresy, 8, 31; introduced into Spain, 32; in Spain under the Goths, 56; " Babylonian Captivity " of the Church, 9, 88, 18, 198; the prag- matic sanction (1438), 9, 119; re- ligious liberty decreed in Germany (IS55), 147; Edict of Nantes (1598), giving religious freedom to French Huguenots, 171; doctrines of the Gallican church (1682), 213; abolition of Jesuit Order (1764), 247; mon- astic system, II, 29, 91; Cluniac reforms, 77; Orders of Friars, 132; Wycliffe, 172, 173, 188; the Great Schism (1378), 11, 173, 17, 122; the Reformation, 11, 244; Protestantism in England, 249; separation of the English from the Roman Church, 252, 262; Zwingli's doctrines, 259; Calvinism, 276; Counter-Reforma- tion in the Church, 280; Jesuits (1540), 281; Puritans, 286, 327; Sep- aratists in England, 301; Calvinism in England, 326; Dissenters in England (1662), 383; Wesley, 493; Catholic emancipation in England, 585; in Ireland, 12, 199; mon- astic clergy in Ireland, 32; in Scot- land, 252; the Reformation in Scot- land, 311; Gomarists and Armin- ians, 13, 194; Thirty Years' War between Protestants and Catholics, 13, 203, 462, 17, 204, 18, 268; intro- duced into Switzerland, 13, 334; Arian heresy among the Burgun- dians, 337; Zwingli in Switzerland, 433; Calvin in Switzerland, 448: 17th century theology in Switzer- land, 483; protection of Christians in Turkey, 14, 269, 340, 442, 470; Latin Catholicism and Greek Or- thodoxy, 14, 445, 15, 14, 22; mas- sacre in Syria, 14, 466; revolt of Christians in Turkey, 474; condi- tions in Armenia, 497; adopted in Russia, 15, 8; Greek Church under Peter of Russia, 73; conversion of Poles, 18, 120; Reformation in Po- land, 15, 378; in Scandinavia, 16, 28; its struggles with Paganism in the north, 56; Church organized in Scandinavia, 68; Reformation in Denmark, 195; in early Austro-Hun- garian territory, 17, 14; affects Rome's power in Austria-Hungary, IS; introduced among the Croats and Servians, 22; progress of, in Bohemia, 17, 30, 18, 99; progress of, in Moravia, 17, 30; the Slav liturgy, 32; adopted by the Croats, 37; among the Magyars, 46; Huss, 17, 119, 18, 202; University of Prague endorses Huss, 17, 125; the Hussite Wars, 17, 125; Zika, 17, 127, 18, 207; the Reformation in Austria-Hungary, 17, 178, 190, 197, 221; suppression of the Jesuits, 260; Edict of Toleration (1781), in Aus- tria, 266; Goths accept Arian creed, 18, 32; conversion of Clovis, 47; of Longobards, 53; of Saxons, 80; si- mony, 128; influence of the Crusades, 172; religious orders of Knighthood established, 173; Council of Con- stance (1414), 204; the Reformation, in Germany, 233; Zwingli, 246; growth of Protestantism in Ger- many, 254; Jesuits banished from Germany (1773), 351; missions in Africa, 19, 123, 187, 194; Jesuit mis- sions in America, 20, 92, 312; intro- duced in the South Sea Islands, 130; in Madagascar, 279; Jesuits in Mexico, 22, 203, 23, 39; Christianity among Spanish Indians, 23, 44; French attempts to convert Indians, 51; in the American colonies, 67, 71, 139, 145; Pilgrims, 83; religious freedom granted by Carolina char- ter, 76; conflict of religions in Carolina, 78; disputes regarding re- ligion in Salem colony, 90; freedom in Rhode Island, 94; conversion of New England Indians, 97; religious liberty insured in New York, 105; as a requirement for civil rights in Penn's colony, 111 586 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS JUDAISM: in Arabia, I, 203, 204, 208; in Israel, 379, 400 MOHAMMEDANISM: main treat- ment, 1, 209, 226, 252; relations to civil law, 14, 89, 99, 135; relations to other creeds, 104, 105, 471; Sunnites and Shiites, 122; in Africa, 19, 10, 12 PAGANISM: Egypt, I, 41; As- syria and Babylonia, 96, 203; Phoeni- cia, 1, 127, 2, 28; Lydia, 147; Persia, 170, 203, 321; Arabs before Mo- hammed, 200, 204; Greece, 2, 38, 3, 6; Rome, 3, 6, 240, 394; the Etrus- cans, 25; Druidism in Britain and Gaul, 297; Rome under Augustus, 4, 33; cosmopolitan nature at Rome, 104; sun-worship at Emesa, 104; Rome in the 4th century A. D., 125, 128; its decline at Rome, 133, 138, 142; worship of Odin in Lombardy, 164; primitive races in India, 5, 26, 30, 33; early Aryan beliefs, 37; Rig- Veda in India, 38; Brahmanism, 43; Buddhism, 58, 76; Hinduism, 77; na- ture worship in Hinduism, 79; Siva- worship in Hinduism, 81; Vishnu- worship, 83; Zoroastrianism, 2, 121, 122, 5, 316; rise of Babism, 5, 362; Confucius, 6, 9, 34; Chinese worship of ancestors, 40; Chinese toleration, 228; Japanese, 7, 3; Buddhism in Japan, 16, 17, 32, 80; Confucianism in Japan, 17; the early Celts, 8, 6, 11, 6; in ancient Gaul, 9, 6, 7; of the Norsemen, 11, 41; in Ireland, 12, 16, 17; in Scandinavia, 16, 5, 9, 36; nature worship of the Slavs, 17, 26; Magyar mythology, 44; German mythology, 18, 9; Aztec gods, 22, 27, 90; American Indian, 23, 9 Religious Peace, Treaties of, two treaties between Charles V of Ger- many and the Protestants (1532), 18, 249, 251; (1555), 259 Rembrandt (Rembrandt Hermanzoon van Rijn or Ryn) (1 607-1 669), a Dutch painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Remedios, Mexico: siege of (1817), 22, 250 "Remember the Alamo," the battle cry of the Texans in the war with Mexico, 24, 534 Remigius, Saint (5th century) Arch- bishop of Rheims: baptizes Clovis, 18, 59 Remonstrants (Arminians), Protestant religious sect: acquire their name, 13, 194 Removals from Office, in United States government: power granted to President, 23, 345 Remusat, Count Francois Marie Charles de (1797-1875), French poli- tician and writer: opposes the de- crees of July 25, 1830, 9, 390 Renaissance (Revival of Learning), name applied to the intellectual and spiritual movement of the 15th and 1 6th centuries, 2, 538, 4, 279, n, 243, 14, 144, 23, 21 Renaud, Cecile (d. 1794), French revo- lutionist: her suspicious visit to Robespierre's house, 10, 300; her examination and fate, 300 Renault, French partisan: joins con- spiracy against Venice, 4, 315 Rendon, Senator (19th century), South American statesman: candi- date for president of Venezuela, 21, 95 Rene of Anjou (1409-1480), Duke of Anjou and Lorraine, King of Na- ples, Jerusalem, and Sicily and Count of Provence: requests aid from Charles VII of France, 9, 118; aban- donment of, by Louis XI of France, 124; defeats Charles the Rash, 9, 124, 13, 48, 409; recovers his land, 18, 218; death of, 9, 125 Rengg, SwitKerland: battle of the (1802), 13, 518 Rengger, Albrecht (late 18th century), Swiss patriot: upholds revolutionary ideas, 13, 503; service of, 514 Renichon, Michael (d. 1594), Belgian assassin: attempts to assassinate Maurice of Orange, 13, 161 Reno, Jesse Lee (1825-1862), Ameri- can general: death of, 24, 765 Reno, Marcus R. (late 19th century), American general: in expedition against Sitting Bull, 24, 905 Renselaer, Stephen van: see Van Renselaer, Stephen GENERAL INDEX 587 Renunciation, Act of, bill declaring Ireland's right to be bound only by the laws made by the king and the Irish Parliament (1783): account of, 12, 189 Repartimiento, The, an unfair com- comercial privilege assumed by the Spanish colonists in South America: description of, 31, 47; abolition of, 52 Repeal, Act of, bill by which England renounced authority over Ireland (1782), 12, 188 Repeal Association, an Irish society formed with the object of having the Act of Union repealed (1810), 1 3, 22s Repnin, Prince Nicholas (1734-1801), Russian general and statesman: in Poland, 15, 173; his campaigns in Turkey, 177, 180, 186 Representation, of the several states of the United States: settled in Con- stitutional convention, 23, 328 Representatives, House of: see House of Representatives Republican Martyr, The: see Marat, Jean Paul Republican Party in America: origin, 33, 356; Jefferson, leader of, 370; prosecution of, under Sedition Act, 377; rise from old Republican party, 434; division into Democrats and Whigs, 434; changes ground with Federalists on bank question, 439; becomes Federalistic, 459; national party formed, 24, 519; organized, 644; convention at Pittsburg, 653; denounces Dred Scott decision, 660; gains ground in North, 671; national convention at Chicago (i860), 680; divided on Emancipation Proclama- tion, 768; convention at Chicago (1868), 857; Reconstruction in South, 865; division of radical and conservative in South, 873; liberal Republican movement formed, 889; convention at Philadelphia (1872), 892; convention at Cincinnati (1876), 906; convention of 1880, 925; loses vote of South, 932; supports Civil Service Reform Bill, 937; concern- ing the tariff question, 939; conven- tion at Chicago (1884), 942; na- tional convention of 1888, 965; dem- onstrations over success, 968; con- vention at Minneapolis (1892), 989; convention at St. Louis (1896), 1012; convention of 1900, 1038; convention of 1904, 1062 Republican Party in France: first ap- pearance of, 10, 139; alarm of, at the increasing power of Bonaparte, 412; proscription put in force against, 432 Republics, French: first (1789-1804), 9, 278; second (1848-1852), 435; third (1870 ), 467 Requesens, Luis Zuniga y (16th cen- tury), Governor of the Netherlands, IS73-I576: appointed governor, 13, 115; administration of, 116; death of, 120 Resaca, Georgia: attack at (1864), 24, 794 Resaca de la Palma, Texas: battle of (1846), 22, 290, 24, 547 Reseby, John (d. 1408), Scotch scholar: martyrdom of, 12, 290 Resenius (17th century), Norse scholar: services of, 16, 8 Reshid Pasha (early 19th century), Grand Vizier of Turkey: in Russo- Turkish war, 14, 429; quells insur- rections, 433; services of, 439, 442; campaign against Russia, 15, 284; defeated by Ibrahim Pasha, 290 Resht, Russia: Russia takes possession of (1722), 15, 79 Resht, Treaty of, peace between Per- sia and Russia (1733), 15, 117 Restitution, Edict of, a decree issued by Ferdinand II of Germany, order- ing that all the former territory of the Catholic Church which had be- come Protestant should be restored to Catholic hands (1629): issued, 18, 276; withdrawn, 294 Restoration, Society of, a secret com- mittee formed in Switzerland against Napoleon (1813), 13, 524 Restoration, The, return of Charles 588 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS II to the throne of England: ac- count of, ii, 374; effect on Ireland, 13, 129; effect on Virginia, 23, 64; accepted by Connecticut, 93; effect on the Confederation, 97, 99 Restorer of Cities, The: see Sancho I, King of Portugal Resumption Act, a resolution of Con- gress that at the earliest possible moment the government would re- sume specie payments (1869), 24, 898 Rethel, France: battle of (1650), 9, 203 Reubel (late 19th century), Alsatian jurist: urges war against Switzer- land, 13, 507 Reunion (Bourbon), island off the African coast: sketch of, 19, 213; occupied by the French, 5, 170; French policy concerning, 20, 100; taken by the English (1810), 143; history of, 279 Reuterholm, Gustaf Adolf, Baron (late 18th century), Swedish statesman: promotes a Russian alliance, 16, 250 Reutern (late 19th century), Russian statesman: becomes minister of fi- nance, 15, 324 Reuti, Flanders: battle of (1552), 9, 147 Revel, Russia: attack on (1790), 15, 188 Revere, Paul (1735-1818), American engraver and patriot: rides to Lex- ington, 23, 226 Revilla-Gigedo, Francisco Guernes y Horcasitas, viceroy of New Spain, 1746-1755: administration of, 22, 196 Revilla-Gigedo, Count Juan Vicente Guemes Pacheo, viceroy of New Mexico, 1789-1794: administration of, 22, 217 Revolution, Financier of the: see Morris, Robert Revolution, The American (1775- 1782): account of, from the English point of view, II, 513, 20, 127; causes, 23, 201, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221; first Con- tinental Congress (1774), 222; Lex- ington and Concord, 227; Ticondero- ga and Crown Point, 228; second Continental Congress, 229; battle of Bunker Hill, 231; Washington chos- en to command Continental Army, 230; siege of Boston, 235; Declara- tion of Independence signed (1776), 241; battle of Long Island, 243; re- treat across New Jersey, 244; battles of Trenton, 248; Princeton, 249; Bur- goyne's invasion, 251; Brandywine, Germantown, and Valley Forge, 257; British occupy Philadelphia, 259; Charles Lee and battle of Mon- mouth, 262; British evacuate Phila- delphia, 262; French Alliance, 265; British success in the South, 271; campaign in South under Gates, 274; Arnold's treason, 275; General Greene in the South, 280; surrender of Yorktown (1782), 285; Treaty of Peace signed, 288; naval encounters, 290; compared to war of 1812, 435; effect on the question of slavery, 24, 562; results, 23, 298 Revolution, The Belgian (1815-1832): causes, 13, 291; rising at Brussels (1830), 295; Holland separated from Belgium (1831), 301 Revolution, The English, struggle for the crown of England between Wil- liam of Orange and James II (1688), 9, 217, 11, 431, 12, 132 Revolution, The French, 8, 482, 9, 251, , 539, 18, 354, 20, 30, 136; effects Washington's second administra- tion, 23, 357; see also French Revo- lution, History of Revolution, The Swedish (1520-1523): cause, 16, 150; Gustaf Eriksson Vasa enters Stockholm (1523), 154; result, 155 Revolution, The Swiss (1798): account of, 9, 306 Revolution in the Netherlands, The (1566-1609): causes, 13, 85; surren- der of Valenciennes (1566), 13, 102; Alva at Brussels (1567-1573), 104; Pacification of Ghent (1576), 122; assassination of William of Orange (1584), 142; expedition of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 150; bat- GENERAL INDEX 589 tie of Zutphen (1586), 151; death of Philip II (1598), 164; Truce of Ant- werp (1609), 186 Revolution of 1820, Portuguese: ac- count of, 8, 534 Revolution of 1820, Spanish: account of, 8, 493 Revolution of 1830, The French: ac- count of, 9, 389; influence in Ger- many, 18, 395 Revolution of 1854 in Spain: account of, 8, 503 Revolutionary Movement of 1848, The: in France, 9, 415; in Austria, 17, 361; in Germany, 18, 398 Revolutions : 1566-1580. Netherlands against Spain, 13, 85 1640-1660. In England, 11, 340 1688. In England, 9, 217, 11, 420, 12, 132 I775-I783. American, 9, 254, II, 510, 514, 12, 180, 20, 127, 23, 201 1789. French, 4, 342, 9, 253, 10, 3, 11, 539, 20, 136 1810. Argentine Republic, 31, 57 181 1. Paraguay, 21, 69, 147 1816. Peru, 21, 70 1820-1849. Of Italy, 4, 352 1821-1829. Greece from Turkish rule, 2, 542, 14, 411, 415, 505, 15, 268 1821. Mexico, 22, 253 1822. Brazil, 21, 166 1825. Bolivia, 21, 182 1825. Chili, 21, 215 1830. In France, 9, 389 1830. In Belgium, 13, 295 1830. Uruguay, 21, 137 1831. Ecuador, 21, 108 1848. In France, 9, 432, 13, 306, 14, 444 1848. Hungary, 17, 368 1848. Germany, 18, 399 1858. Venezuela, 21, 96 1865. Peru, 21, 207 1889. Brazil, 21, 251 Rewbell (Reubell), Jean Baptiste (1746-1807), French republican and Director: elected a member of the Directory, 9, 296, 10, 361 Rex, head of Roman republic: power of, 3, 12 Reyes, Rafael, president of Colombia, South America, 1904 : election of, 21, 245, 24, 1059; sent to plead Colombian cause, 24, 1060 Reynafe, General (early 19th century), Argentine soldier: death of, 21, 124 Reynier, General: see Regnier, Jean Louis Ebenezer Reynolds, John Fulton (1820-1863), an American soldier: killed at Gettys- burg, 24, 779 Reynolds, Thomas (late 18th century), an Irish citizen: betrays plot for rebellion, 12, 209 Rezin (d. 732 B. C), King of Damas- cus: defeated by Assyrians, 1, 83 Rhaeti, the inhabitants of Rhaetia: come in contact with Roman power, 17, 11; conquered by the Romans, 12 Rhaetia, an ancient Roman province below the Danube: invaded by the barbarians, 17, 14, 15; recognizes the authority of Theodosius, 16 Rhampsinitos: see Ramses III Rhegium, an ancient city of Italy, now Reggio: Messenians settle in, 2, 73; founded, 84; tyrants of, 216; at war with Syracuse, 299; Athenians at, 333', Roman campaign against, 3, 99; see also Reggio Rheims (Reims), France: convention of chiefs held at, 18, 24 Rheinberg, Belgium: surrenders to the States-General, 13, 178 Rheinbund: see Confederation of the Rhine Rhenish Cities, Union of, union of Mayence, Speyer, Worms, Strass- burg, and Basel, 18, 175 Rhenish Mission, a German mission in Africa: work of, 19, 94 Rhett, Robert Barnwall (1800-1876), an American politician: opposes Slade in Congress, 24, 578 Rhianus (3rd century B. C), a Greek poet: epic poet of Sparta, 2, 72, 74 Rhigas (18th century), a Greek poet: national poet of Greece, 14, 413 590 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Rhine, Confederation of the: see Con- federation of the Rhine Rhode Island, called Little Rhody: founded, 23, 94; receives liberal charter, 94; religious freedom, 94, 147; condition of Jews, I, 425; snubbed by New England Confed- eration, 23, 96; favored after Resto- ration, 99; colonial government, 114; evades Sugar Act, 135; rum trade (1750), 135; educational growth, 140; franchise denied Catholics, 148; colonial suffrage laws, 148; jealousy of Connecticut, 164; The Gaspee Af- fair, 218; opposes amendment to Articles of Confederation, 313; suf- fers from paper currency craze, 314; appoints delegates for Annapolis convention, 322; refuses to send delegates to Constitutional Conven- tion, 323; ratifies the Constitution, 338; attitude toward War of 1812, 431; in Hartford convention, 431; re- bellion of 1841, 24, 530; meas- ures toward abolition of slav- ery adopted, 564; abolition societies formed, 571; state election of 1855, 646; Presidential election of 1892, 992 Rhodes, an island in the ^Egean Sea: Greek colonization of, 2, 56; revolts from Athens, 353; joins naval league, 429; engages in Social War, 454; conquered by Mausolus, 455; maritime importance of, 513; De- metrius repulsed at, 514; the cham- pion of Greek cities, 3, 138; becomes subject to Rome, 150; conquered by the Saracens, 1, 289; occupied by Order of St. John, 2, 536; siege of (1480), 14, 85; campaign of Sulei- man against, 136, 148 Rhodes, Cecil John, South African statesman and promoter: born at Bishop-Strotford, England, July 5, 1853; going to Natal for his health became interested in diamond min- ing and in time gained a controlling interest in the Kimberley mines; be- came a member of the Assembly at Cape Town and entered the ministry there in 1884; prime minister of Cape Colony, 1890-1896, when he re- signed; secured in 1889 a charter for the British South Africa Company; in 1893 conducted the war in Bechuanaland and in 1896 put down a formidable rising of the Mata- beles; his policy was to develop a federal South African dominion un- der British control, and to build a continuous railway from Cairo to Cape Town; was at Kimberley dur- ing its siege in 1899 by the Boers; died in Cape Town, March 26, 1902 Sketch of, 19, 222; refuses to rec- ognize Boer claims in Bechuanaland, 214; organizes British South Africa Company, 20, 230; attempts to create a British protective tariff in South Africa, 19, 233; crushes Mata- bele rebellion, 243; responsible for the Jameson Raid, 20, 231; death of, 19, 283 Rhodes, Colossus of, a statue on the island of Rhodes, one of the seven wonders of the world: description of, 1, 289 Rhodesia, a local name for British Zambesia: sketch of, 20, 260; de- velopment of, 19, 243 Rhodia: see Rosas Rhumberg, Germany: battle of (1760), 9, 246 Rhyming Chronicle, a Scandinavian historical document: quoted, 16, 109 Riall, Sir Phinehas or Phineas (1775- 1851), an English major-general: in the War of 1812, 23, 426 Rib-Addi (15th century B. C), an early Phoenician prince: at war with Aziru, 1, 122 Ribas, Felix (d. 1814), a Venezuelan soldier: aids Bolivar, 21, 60; death of, 63 Ribaut (Ribault), Jean (ca. 1520-1565), a French navigator; attempts to plant colony in Carolina, 23, 47 Ribbing, Count Adolf Ludwig (1764- 1843), a Swedish conspirator: plots the assassination of Gustavus, 16, 249 GENERAL INDEX 591 Ribeaupierre (early 19th century), a Russian statesman: negotiations of, 15, 274 Ribeiro, Juan (d. 1817), a Brazilian priest and insurgent: in the rebel- lion of Pernambuco, 31, 164 Ribera (19th century), a Uruguayan military leader: expels Oribe from Uruguay, 31, 125; rebellion of, 139 Riberos (late 19th century), a Chilian naval officer: given command of Chilian fleet, 31, 235 Ribeyro (19th century), a Peruvian statesman: policy of, toward Spain, 3i, 203 Ricci, Matteo (1552-1610), an Italian Jesuit missionary in China: his la- bors in China, 6, 34 Rice: introduced into the Carolinas, 30, 78; rice industry in South Caro- lina, 23, 137 Rice, Spring (early 19th century), an English government official: Chan- cellor of the Exchequer, 11, 597 Rich, Edmund (ca. 1 175-1240), Arch- bishop of Canterbury: leads oppo- sition against Peter des Roches, 11 132 Rich Mountain, West Virginia, U. S. A.: battle of (1861), 34, 733 Richard (I) Cceur de Lion, King of .England, 1189-1199, called Dickon of the Broom: born at Oxford, England, September 8, 1157; was in- vested with the Duchy of Aqui- taine, 1169; joined his brother Henry and Louis of France in a re- volt against his father, 1173; became heir-apparent on the death of Prince Henry, 1183; was again in revolt against his father, 1189; succeeded to the English throne, the Duchy of Normandy, and the County of An- jou, 1 189; joined the Third Crusade, 1190; conquered Cyprus and married Berengaria, Princess of Navarre, at Cyprus, 1 191; was at the siege of Acre, and defeated the Saracens at Arsuf, 1 191; having concluded a truce with Saladin for three years, three months, three weeks, three days, he sailed homeward, October, 1 192, but was wrecked on the coast of Istria; attempting to pass through Germany in disguise, he was arrested by Leopold of Aus- tria, confined in a dungeon, and sub- jected to many insults until Febru- ary, 1 194, when he obtained his lib- erty by paying a large ransom; was mortally wounded by an arrow at the siege of the castle of one of his vassals near Limoges, March, 1199; died, April 6, 1199 Given possession of Aquitaine, 11, 109; accession of, 9, 75; releases Scottish king from homage, 12, 266; joins crusaders, 9, 75, 11, no, 18, 155; rebels against Henry II, 11, no; reign of, 112; persecutes the Jews, I, 419; marries Berengaria of Navarre, 8, 203; imprisoned by Leo- pold V of Austria, 11, 113, 17, 92, 18, 156; death, 11, 115 Richard II (1366-1400), King of Eng- land, 1377-1399: accession of, 9, 105, IX > 173; recognized as heir to throne, 11, 172; reign of, 173; mar- ries Anne of Bohemia, 11, 180, 17, 117; aids Flemings, 9, 107; condition of Ireland under, 12, 67; made lord lieutenant of Ireland, 69; his rela- tions with Scotland, 286; contempo- rary of Murad I of Turkey, 14, 33; statute of, restricting exports, 23, 66; appointment of commissioners of regency, 11, 181; restored to power, 182; marries Isabella of France, 183; foreign policy, 183; despotism of, 184; visits Ireland, 185; abdicates, 186; imprisoned, 187; death of, 191; his body transferred to Westminster, 196 Richard III, King of England, 1483- 1485, son of Richard, Duke of York and brother of Edward IV, was known as the Duke of Gloucester until his accession: was born at Fotheringay Castle in Northamp- tonshire, October 2, 1452; took part in battle of Tewkesbury, 1471; in 1472 married Lady Anne Nevil, daughter of the Earl of Warwick; about the end of June, 1483, he 592 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS openly usurped the royal power; soon after he ordered Edward V and his brother to be put to death in the Tower; was slain in the battle of Bosworth by the Earl of Rich- mond (afterward Henry VII), Au- gust 22, I48S Created Duke of Gloucester, 11, 214; character, 219; acknowledged Protector, 219; feud with the Wood- villes, 219; reign of, 220 Richard, Earl of Cornwall: see Plan- tagenet, Richard Richard, Duke of Gloucester: see Richard III, King of England Richard (I) The Fearless, Duke of Normandy, 942-996: accession of, 9, 56; Harald Blaatand aids, 16, 30 Richard (II) The Good, Duke of Normandy, 996-1027: forms alliance with yEthelred the Unready, 11, 58 Richard the Marshal (d. 1234), Earl Pembroke: leader of the barons against Henry III, 11, 131 Richard Strongbow: see Clare, Rich- ard de Richardson, Sir John (1787-1865), English traveler: explorations of, 16, 307 Richardson, William Alexander (19th century), American statesman: chairman of Committee on Territo- ries, 24, 637 Riche, Jean Baptiste (ca. 1780-1847), President of Hayti: made ruler of Hayti, 22, 499 Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, Duke of (1 766-1 822), French diplomat: first ministry of, 9, 367; second ministry of, 372; helps to found Odessa, 15, 268 Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal and Duke of, French statesman: born at Paris, France, September, 1585; studied at the Col- lege of Navarre; in 1607 was conse- crated at Rome as bishop; appoint- ed almoner to the queen-regnant, 1614; secretary of state, 1616; acted as mediator between the king and his mother and was rewarded with the cardinal's hat, 1622; reentered the council of state and soon after was made prime minister; he founded and endowed the French Academy, 1635; declared war against Spain and succeeded in separating Portugal from Spain, 1640; died in his palace, December 4, 1642 Enters the governing council, 9, 179; negotiates peace between Marie de' Medici and Louis XIII, 180; made cardinal, 182; career of, 183; his treaty with Sweden, 16, 181; op- poses Ferdinand II of Germany, 18, 278, 285, 288; treats with Maximilian of Bavaria, 281 ; his assassination plotted, 8, 378; death of, 13, 214 Richelieu, Louis Frangois Armand du Plessis, Duke of (1696-1788), French soldier: in the Seven Years' War, 9, 244 Richemont, Arthur de Bretagne, Count of (1393-1458), French states- man: made constable of France, 9, 114 Richiarius (5th century A. D.), King of the Suevi: taken prisoner by the Goths, 8, 38 Richie (d. 1846), American army offi- cer: death of, 22, 305 Richilan (5th century A. D.), King of Suevi: reign of, 8, 37 Richilde (nth century), Belgium countess: given the government of Flanders, 13, 26 Richmond, Virginia: population in time of Jackson, 23, 479; made capi- tal of Confederacy, 24, 718; McClel- lan's plan of attack on, 757; Lee takes command at, 761; Grant be- gins operations against, 791; demon- strations following Hampton Roads Conference, 809; fall of (1865), 810; Lincoln visits, 826 Richmond, Duke of (18th century), English Parliament member: asks for manhood suffrage and annual Parliaments (1780), II, 520 Richmond, Henry Tudor, Earl of: see Henry VII, King of England Richu (4th century A. D.), Emperor of Japan: appoints historigraphers throughout Japan, 7, 13 GENERAL INDEX 593 Ricimer (Ricimir) (d. 472 A. D.), Chief of the Suevi: career of, 18, 43; expels Avitus from Rome, 4, 149; rules Western Empire, 150 Ridania, plain near Cairo, Egypt: bat- tle of (1517), 14, 130 Riddarhus, Swedish house of lords: Gustavus Adolphus inaugurates the, 16, 178; augmentation of the, 205; charged with the public administra- tion, 225 Ridgeway, Sir Joseph West (living), English diplomat: delimits the boundary between Russian territo- ries and Afghanistan, 5, 265 Ridley, Nicholas (1500-1555), English bishop: martyrdom of, ix, 271 Ridolfi Plot, a conspiracy in England which had for its purpose the de- thronement of Elizabeth, and the placing of Mary on the throne, II, 287 Riedi, Thomas (15th century), Swiss patriot: at battle of Ulrich, 13, 393 Rieger, Franz Ladislaus (1818-1903), Hungarian statesman: leads Czech party, 17, 403; attempts to gain more political rights for Bohemia, 409 Riego y Nunez, Rafael del (1785- 1823), Spanish soldier: leader of Spanish revolution, 8, 492; death of, 495 RieL Louis (1844-1885), Canadian rebel leader: leads rebellions of French half-breeds, 20, 169, 173 Rienzi (Rienzo), Cola di, Italian po- litical reformer: born in Rome about 1313; received a liberal educa- tion; about 1340 anarchy prevailed in Rome and Rienzi went to Avig- non in 1342 to persuade the pope to return to Rome; in 1347, by popular favor, he obtained power, with the title of tribune and made some re- forms; about the end of 1347 he was driven out of Rome; having passed seven years in Germany as a fugi- tive, he was arrested and taken to Avignon in 1352; in 1354 he was sent to Rome with the title of sena- tor, by the Pope, who proposed to use the talents and influence of Rienzi for the restoration of order in that capital; the nobles never acknowledged his government and he was killed by a crowd on the Capitol stairs, October 8, 1354 Leads revolution in Rome, 4, 222; his relations with Charles IV of Germany, 18, 193 Riesco, Jerman (1851 ), South American statesman: elected presi- dent of Chili (1901), 31, 240 Riffault, Jacques (17th century), French buccaneer: his attempts at colonization in Brazil, ai, 32 Riga, Russia: founded, 15, 10; cap- tured by the Swedes, 16, 179; sieges of (1700), 16, 215; (1710-1711), 15, 55; battle of (1702), 42 Rigault de Genouilly (1807-1873), French admiral: made minister for naval affairs, 9, 459 Right, Petition of, a bill which became a law of England during the reign of Charles I (1628): account of, II, 324 Right, The, one of the sections into which the Continental parliaments are divided: origin and use of the term, 10, 82; its principal speakers, ,154 Rightboys, an Irish society: account of, 12, 196 Rights, Declaration of: see Declara- tion of Rights Rights of Man, Society of the: organ- ized, 9, 404 Rights of Men, Declaration of (French): its effect in South Ameri- ca, 21, 52 Rigny, Henry Gauthier, Count of (1783-1835), French vice-admiral in the Greek war, 15, 276; at battle of Navarino, 9, 387; becomes minister for foreign affairs, 405 Rig-Veda, ancient sacred book of the Hindus: description of, 5, 38 Rijp, Jan Corneliszoon (16th century), Dutch navigator: discovers Spitz- bergen, 13, 167; explorations of, 16, 302 594 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Rikissa (13th century), Queen of Sweden: marriage of, 16, 103 Rikken Seiyn Kwai: see Constitutional Political Association Rileeks, Konrad (19th century), Rus- sian poet: in the plot of the Deka- brists, 15, 273 Riley, Bennet (middle 19th century), American general: in the Mexican War, 22, 326; governor of Cali- fornia, 24, 598 Riminants, Belgium: battle of (1578), 13, 130 Rimini, Italy: battle of (1815), 17, 314 Rimnik River, Roumania: battle of (1789), 14, 356, 15, 185 Rinjifo (19th century), South Ameri- can financier: financial administra- tion of, 21, 218 Rink (16th century), Swedish Anabap- tist: excesses of, 16, 155 Rintimbur, India: siege of (1300), 5, ." Rinuccini, Baptist (17th century), Italian prelate: sent as Papal Nuncio to Ireland, 12, 120 Rio Branco, J. M. da Silva Paranhos, Viscount of (1810-1880), Brazilian statesman: his efforts against slav- ery, 21, 248 Rio Colorado, United States: massa- cre of (1847), 22, 305 Rio de la Hacha, South' America: burned by Drake (1596), 21, 30 Rio de la Plata, South America: de- scription of, 21, 118 Rio de Oro, Africa: under Spanish rule, 20, 299 Rio de Tabasco, Mexico: battle of the (1519), 22, 13 Rio Grande, river of North America: becomes boundary between Mexico and Texas, 24, 552 Rio Grande, Republic of the, Mexico: formed, 22, 275 Rio Grande do Norte, South America: resists the creation of the empire of Brazil, 21, 167 Rio Grande do Sul, South America: foreign element in, 21, 251; rises against Fonseca, 254 Rio Janeiro, South America: increased importance of, 20, 105; taken by the French (1711), 20, 106, 21, 34; third Pan-American Conference at (1906), 31, 255 Rio Muni, Africa: under Spanish rule, 20, 299 Rio Negro, South America: insurrec- tion in (1829), 21, 83 Rioomantsof (Riumiantzof) : see Rumiantsov Rios, Montero (living), a Spanish politician: administration of, 8, 522 Riot, The Bread, an incident in the French Revolution, 10, 93 Ripon, Earl and Marquis of: see Rob- inson Ripperda, Jan Willem, Duke de (1680- ^tf), a Spanish adventurer and diplomat: negotiates treaties be- tween Philip V of Spain and the Emperor, 8, 409 Risakov, Nicholas Ivanovitch (d. 1881), a Russian conspirator: execu- tion of, 15, 339 Risbrich, Captain (early 19th century), a Danish naval officer: at the battle of Copenhagen, 16, 256 Rissi, Peter (early 15th century), a Swiss soldier: his campaign in Italy, 13, 395 Rita: see Dalta Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), an American astronomer: orrery of, destroyed, 23, 249 Rivadavia, Bernardino (1780-1845), President of Argentine Republic, 1825-1827: made Minister of For- eign Affairs and of the Interior, 21, 120; made president of Argen- tine Republic, 121 Rivarola, Cirilo Antonio (19th cen- tury), President of Paraguay, 1870- 1871: member of provisional gov- ernment of Paraguay, 21, 159; made president, 160 Rivas (late 19th century), an Argen- tine insurgent: joins insurrection of Mitre, 21, 135 Rivas, Angel de Saavedra, Duke of (1791-1865), a Spanish diplomatist: administration of, 8, 504 GENERAL INDEX 595 River Raisin, Michigan: massacre at (1813), 23, 424 Rivera (late 16th century), a Mexican priest: quarrels with Almanza, 22, 130 Rivera, Payo Enrique de (1610-1684), Archbishop of Mexico: made vice- roy of New Spain, 22, 174 Rivera, Primo de (living), a Spanish governor in the Philippines: con- cludes treaty with Filipino insur- gents, 20, 314 Rivers, Anthony Woodville (Wyde- ville), Earl of (1442-1483), an Eng- lish peer: taken prisoner by Glou- cester, 11, 219; execution of, 220 Rivet- Vitet Law, a law conferring on Thiers the title, " President of the French Republic" (1871), 9, 475 Riviere, Charles Frangois de Riffar- deau, Duke of (1763-1828), a French Royalist officer: plots against Na- poleon's life, 9, 322 Rivoli, a town in the province of Tu- rin, Italy: battle of (1629), 4, 319 Rivoli, a village in the province of Verona, Italy: battle of (1797), 9, 302, 17, 282 Riza (19th century), Turkish minister: ministry of, 14, 442 Riza Kuli (early 18th century), a son .of Nadir Shah of Persia: conquests of, 5, 352; blinded, 354 Rizal, Jose (late 19th century), a Fili- pino author and physician: sketch of, 20, 313; exiled, 314 Rizzio (Riccio), David (d. 1566), a favorite of Mary Queen of Scots: his relations with Mary Queen of Scots, 12, 315; murder of, II, 282 Rjumanzow; see Rumiantsov " Roanoke," a United States battle- ship: at the battle between the " Merrimac " and the " Congress," 24, 755 Roanoke Island, an island on the east- ern coast of North Carolina: at- tempts to colonize, 23, 53 Robe (19th century), a British co- lonial official: governor of South Australia (1845), 20, 195 Robert I, King of France, 922-923: saves Paris, 9, 33; elected king, 54 Robert II (971-1031), King of France, 996-1031: reign of, 9, 66 Robert (I) Bruce, King of Scotland, 1306-1329, called King Hob and The Joshua of Scotland: born March 21 or July 11, 1274; as Earl of Car- rick, swore fealty to Edward I of England, 1296, but soon joined the Scottish leaders who were fighting for the independence of Scotland; made peace with Edward I and be- came one of the four regents of Scotland, 1299; quarreled with and killed the Red Comyn, 1305; crowned at Scone, March, 1306; was defeated and escaped to Ire- land, 1306; defeated the English at Loudon Hill, 1307; continued the war against Edward II of England whom he finally defeated at the bat- tle of Bannockburn, June 24, 1314; invaded England, 1318; concluded a truce with England, 1323; was rec- ognized as independent King of Scotland by England in the Treaty of Northampton, 1328; died June 7, 1329 Reign of, 11, 152; secures inde- pendence of Scotland, II, 156, 12, 275; invades Ireland, 12, 60; leads revolt against England, 277; death of, 157 Robert II (1316-1390), King of Scot- land, 1370-1390: becomes regent of Scotland, 12, 285; accession of, 286 Robert (John) III, King of Scotland, 1390-1406: reign of, 12, 287; sends his son to be educated in France, 11, 194 Robert the Strong (d. 866), Count of Anjou: intrusted with defense of the northern frontier, 9, 51 Robert (I) the Frisian, Count of Flan- ders, 1071-1093: career of, 13, 26; . forms an alliance with Knud, 16, 72 Robert (early nth century), Count of Namur: claims duchy of Lower Lor- raine, 13, 22 596 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Robert, Earl of Gloucester: see Glou- cester, Earl of Robert (I), Duke of Normandy, 1028- 1034; accession of, 11, 82; aids Henry I of France, 9, 67; his poor government, II, 86; leads crusade, 9, 70, 11, 87; attempts invasion of England, 11, 88; defeated at Tin- chebrai, 89 Robert (12th century), Archbishop of St. Andrews: consecrated, 12, 262 Robert Guiscard (1015-1085), Norman Duke of Apulia and Calabria: ca- reer of, 4, 185; ravages Greece, 2, 535; aids Gregory VII against Henry IV of Germany, 18, 136 Robert of Anjou (1275-1343), King of Naples, 1309-1343: his aspirations for Italy, 4, 218; reign of, 260; struggles of, 18, 186 Robert of Artois (14th century), pre- tender to the lordship of Artois: career of, 9, 93 Robert of Belleme (early 12th cen- tury), a Norman baron: revolts against Henry I, 11, 89; imprisoned, 89 Robert of Geneva: see Clement VII Robert of Jumieges, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1051-1052: deposed by Earl Godwine, 11, 63 Robert of Mowbray (early 12th cen- tury), Earl of Northumberland: re- bels against William Rufus, 11, 86 Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, Earl of Kandahar, Pretoria, and Water- ford, an English field-marshal: born at Cawnpur, India, Sep- tember 30, 1832; was educated at Eton, Sandhurst, Addiscombe, and Oxford; made second lieutenant of Bengal Artillery, December 12, 1851; lieutenant, June 3, 1857; cap- tain, November 12, i860; brevet ma- jor, November 13, i860; brevet lieu- tenant colonel, August 15, 1868; brevet colonel, January 30, 1875; major-general, December 31, 1878; lieutenant-general, July 26, 1883; general, November 28, 1890; field- marshal, May 25, 1895; served in the Indian Mutiny, 1857; in Abys- sinian Expedition, 1867-1868; Lu- shai Expedition, 1871-1872; com- manded Kuram Field Force, No- vember, 1878-September, 1879; com- manded Kabul Field Force, Sep- tember, 1879-April, 1880; commanded Kabul-Kandahar Field Force, Au- gust to September, 1880; com- manded in southern Afghanistan, September to October, 1880; com- mander-in-chief (Madras), Novem- ber, 1881-August, 1885; commander- in-chief in India, November, 1885- April, 1893; commander in Ireland, 1895-1899; commander-in-chief, South Africa, 1899-1900; relieved Kimberley, February, 1900; took commandant Cronje and Western Army prisoners, February 27, 1900; received thanks of both Houses of Parliament, 1902; commander-in- chief of British army, 1901-1904; lives, London, England His campaign against Yakub Khan, 5, 257; his plans for frontier defense, 269; reforms of, 272; his campaign in South Africa, 11, 641, 20, 233 Robertson, Sir George Scott (1852- ), a British political officer in India: besieged in Chitral, 5, 278 Robertson, William H. (1823-1898), an American politician: opposed to Conkling, 24, 933 Roberval, Frangois de la Roque (Roche), Lord of (16th century), a French colonist: attempts to make settlements in America, 20, 81, 23, 46 Robespierre, Augustin Bon Joseph (1763-1794), a French revolutionist, younger brother of Maximilien Robespierre: arrest and death of, 9, 291 Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore (1758-1794), a French Revolution- ist, called The Incorruptible, The King of Terror, and The Cromwell of France: character of, 10, 219; elected member of the States-Gen- eral, 39; rules the Jacobin club, 9, 272; opposes war, io, 165; demands GENERAL INDEX 597 that the fate of the king be left with the people, 141; leader of the Mountain, 9, 278; animosity of the convention towards, 10, 218; again accused by Louvet, 222; excuses himself, 223; leads movement to crush Girondists, 9, 284, 10, 254; made member of the committee of safety, 9, 285; attacks the Hebert- ists, 10, 284; accused of moderation, 289; his speech regarding legal gov- ernment, 290; his interview with Danton, 290; forms triumvirate with Saint-Just and Couthon, 9, 289; his power and position, 10, 300; Cecile Renaud's visit to his house, 300; of- ficiates at the celebration of the new religion, 301; appointed presi- dent of the convention, 301; his speech demanding a renewal of the committees, 308; violently attacked by Billaud-Varennes, 310; his arrest, 9, 291, 10, 314; liberated and taken in triumph to the Hotel de Ville, 10, 315; death of, 9, 291, 10, 319, , 543 Robin Bluestring: see Walpole, Sir Robert Robinson, Frederick John, Earl of Ripon (1782-1859), an English statesman: commercial "reforms of, 11, 576; made Prime Minister, 582; ' member of Peel's ministry, 602 Robinson, George Frederick Samuel, Marquis of Ripon (1827 ), an English politician: in Joint High Commission, 24, 883; his governor- generalship of India, 5, 258 Robinson, Sir Hercules, Baron Ros- mead (1824-1895), British colonial governor: his mission to Bechuana- land, 19, 86; governor of Cape Col- ony, 95; concludes treaty with Lo- bengula, 219 Robinson, John (1 575-1625), an Eng- lish Independent minister: leads Presbyterian refugees, 23, 84 Robinson, Sir Thomas (18th century), an English diplomat: becomes lead- er of the House of Commons, 11, 495 Robles, Francisco, an Ecuadorian general and politician: his adminis- tration as president of Ecuador, 21, no Robles, Manuel (19th century), a Mexican soldier: his report on Cerro Gordo, 22, 324; in the Re- form War, 383 Robustelli (early 17th century), a Swiss insurgent: leads the massacre of the Valtelline, 13, 462 Roca, Julio A. (1843 ), Argentine general and politician, President of Argentina, 1880-1886, 189&-1904: ad- ministrations of, 21, 256, 257 Roca, Vincente (1 790-1850), Ecuado- rian politician, President of Ecuador, 1845-1849: administration of, 21, 109 Rccafuerte, Vicente (1783-1847), Ecuadorian statesman, President of Ecuador, 1835-1839: leads the Lib- erals in Ecuador, 21, 107; made president of Ecuador, 108; obliged to leave Ecuador, 109; death of, 109 Rochambeau, Marquis (19th century), French peer: in centennial of Corn- wallis's surrender, 24, 940 Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Dona- tien de Vimeur, Count of (1725- 1807), French marshal: his cam- paign in America, 9, 255, 23, 284; his campaign in Belgium, 9, 273; his opinion respecting the war with Holland and Belgium, 10, 173 Rochambeau, Marie Joseph de Vimeur, Vicomte (1750-1830), French gen- eral: his campaign in Hayti, 20, 140 Roche-Abeille, France: battle of (1569), 9, 156 Rochechouart, Casimir Louis Victur- nien, Due of Mortemart (1 787-1 875), French general and diplomat: helps to found Odessa, 15, 268 Rochefort, Henri (Victor Henri, Mar- quis de Rochefort-Lucay) (1830- ), French journalist and poli- tician: edits "La Lanterne," 9, 457; persecution of, 458; publishes the " Marseillaise," 460 *9S THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Rochelle, La, France: sieges of (1572), 9, 158; (1621), 181; (1627- 1628), 9, 185, 11, 322, 13, 209 Rochensalm, northern Europe: battle of (1789), 15, 188 Roches, Peter des (d. 1238), Bishop of Winchester, English prelate: fa- vorite of Henry III, 11, 131; dis- missed, 132 Rochester, England: siege of (1088), 11,82 Rochester, New York: speech of Sen- ator Seward at, 24, 671; popular demonstration for the funeral of Lincoln, 827 Rochester, Lawrence Hyde, Earl of: see Hyde, Lawrence, Earl of Roch- ester " Rock of Chickamauga ": see Thomas, George Henry Rock of Famine, Mexico: description of, 22, 83 Rockingham, Charles Watson Went- worth, Marquis of (1730-1782), Eng- lish statesman: becomes leader of the Whigs, 11, 507; becomes pre- mier, 11, 509, 23, 212; favors repeal of the Stamp Act, 23, 214; second ministry of, II, 522; death of, 523 Rockingham, The Council of, a meet- ing of English barons to discuss the refusal of William II to acknowl- edge ecclesiastical authority (1095), ",8s Rockingham County, Virginia: devas- tated by Sheridan's army, 24, 793 Rocks, City of the: see Nashville, Tennessee Rocky Mountains, North America: dispute of boundary beyond, 23, 443 Rocoux, Belgium: battle of (1746), 9, 240 Rocroi, France: battle of (1643), 9, 199, I3 ; 214 Roda, De (16th century), Spanish of- ficial: member of governing council of the Netherlands, 13, 120 Roda Boken, liturgy of Johan of Swe- den: account of, 16, 165 Roderic, King of the Goths, 710-711: usurps the throne, 1, 310; reign of, . 8, 46; death of, 1, 313, 18, 50 Rodgers, John (1771-1838), American admiral: commands squadron, 23, 375 Rodney, Caesar (1728-1784), American statesman: delegate to the first Con- tinental Congress, 23, 223 Rodney, George Brydges, Baron, British admiral: born at Walton- upon-Thames, Surrey, England, February 19, 1718; entered the navy in his twelfth year; governor of Newfoundland, 1748; reentered navy, 1752; rear-admiral, 1759; vice- admiral, 1762; baronet, 1764; master of Greenwich Hospital, 1765; com- mander-in-chief in Jamaica, 1771; admiral and commander-in-chief, December, 1779, at Barbados; de- feated a Spanish fleet near Cape Saint Vincent, 1780; in war against Holland, captured Dutch Guiana, 1781; gained an important victory over the French admiral, De Grasse, in the West Indies, 1782; was raised to the peerage, as Baron Rodney, 1782; died in London, May 23, 1792 Takes Martinique, 20, 118; bom- bards Havre, 11, 501; defeats Fran- co-Spanish fleet, 8, 416; defeats De Grasse, 9, 256, 11, 522, 20, 128 Rodolph, King of France: see Rudolf, King of France Rodriguez, island off the coast of Af- rica: sketch of, 19, 213 Rodriguez (early 19th century), South American statesman: made gov- ernor of Buenos Ayres, 21, 120 Rodriguez, Alejandra (early 20th cen- tury), Cuban statesman: appointed chief of the Rural Guard, 22, 468 Rodriguez, Mendo (14th century), Spanish knight: attempts to save Pedro the Cruel from Enrique, 8, 170 Rodwald, King of Italy, 7th century A. D.: reign of, 4, 108 Roe, Pierce (16th century), Earl of Ormond: made lord deputy of Ire- land, 12, 77 GENERAL INDEX 599 Roe, Sir Thomas (i 568-1644), English statesman: sent to the court of Ja- hangir, 5, 160; quoted, 14, 213, 214 Rcederer, Pierre Louis, Comte (1754- 1835), French politician: sent for by Marie Antoinette and questioned as to the safety of the king, 10, 192 Roene, De (late 16th century), Span- ish officer: at the siege of Calais, 13, 163 Roeskilde, Peace of, treaty between Denmark and Sweden (1658): ac- count of, 16, 208 Roger II (1097-1154), King of Sicily and Naples, 1130-1154: supports the anti-Pope, 18, 143 Roger, Archbishop of York (12th cen- tury), English ecclesiastic: crowns Henry, son of Henry II of England, 11, 105 Roger, Bishop of Salisbury (12th cen- tury), English statesman: chief minister of Henry I, 11, 91; quar- rels with King Stephen, 94 Roger de Nesh (13th century), French statesman: appointed regent, 9, 84 Roger Guiscard (nth century), Nor- man commander: conquers Sicily, 4, 185 Roger of Hoveden (late 12th cen- tury), English historian: account of, 11, 116 Roggendorf (d. 1540), Austrian gen- eral: death of, 17, 217 Rognvald, Jarl of Maere (d. 920 A. D.), Danish King of Dublin: sketch of, 16, 42 "Rogue's Harbor": name given to Albemarle, 23, 74 Rohan, Henry, Duke of (1579-1638), French general: leads Huguenot up- rising, 9, 183; goes into exile, 187; his campaign in Switzerland, 13, 463 Rohillas, African tribe: defeat of, 5, 191 Rohlfs, Friedrich Gerhard (1831 ), German explorer in Africa: desires increase of German influence in Africa, 19, 128; appointed consul- general of Zanzibar, 128 Rojas, Miguel de (16th century), Moorish statesman: death of, 8, 369 Rojas Paul, Jose Pablo (1845 ), Venezuelan politician, President of Venezuela, 1888-1890: Minister of the Interior, 21, 97; death of, 101 Rokh (early 18th century), Shah of Persia: reign of, 5, 354 Rokuhara, Japan: destroyed (1333), 7, 86 Roland, a hero celebrated in the ro- mances of chivalry: was supposed to have been a nephew of Charle- magne; killed at the battle of Rou- cesvalles, in 778 A. D. Death of, 18, 81 Roland (12th century), nephew of William the Lion of Scotland: sub- dues Galloway, 12, 267 Roland, Marie-Jeanne Philipon (Ma- dame Roland), one of the most no- ble and highly-gifted women of France: born in Paris, France, March 17, 1754; daughter of an en- graver; was liberally educated, and sent to a convent for a year; her mother died and her father's house being an undesirable residence she returned to the convent and after living here five months she mar- ried M. Roland in 1780, after which they resided successively at Paris, Amiens, and Lyons; visited Eng- land with her husband, 1784, and Switzerland, 1787; assisted M. Ro- land in his official duties while he was minister of the interior, 1792; composed the important letter ad- dressed by her husband to Louis XVI in May, 1792; was arrested in June, 1793, and was beheaded on November 9, 1793 Condemned to death, 10, 280 Roland de la Platiere, Jean Marie (1732-1793), French statesman: member of Girondist ministry, 9, 273, 10, 169; anecdote of him on going to court, 10, 170; kills himself on hearing of the death of his wife, 280 Rolf (Rollo) (ca. 860-ca. 930), Nor- 600 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS wegian viking, Duke of Normandy: his treaty with Charles the Simple, 16, 15; reign of, 9, 54; sketch of, 16, 42; followers of, become Chris- tians, 4, 185 Rolf, Krake (d. 522 A. D.), legendary King of Scandinavia: the legend of, 16, 18 Rolle, Christoph (19th century), Swiss politician: leads the Democratic party, 13, 565 Romain, Paul (19th century), Grand Marshal of Hayti and Prince of Limbi: death of, 22, 495 Roman Philosophy, The Father of: see Cicero, Marcus Tullius Roman Senate, the aristocratic body of the government in ancient Rome: origin and character, 3, 15; preroga- tives increased, 33; influence of, 34, 54; mode of admission changed, 233; increased powers, 234 Roman Walls: built in England, n, 11 Romana, President of Peru, 1889- 1903: administration of, 21, 242 Romana, Marquis de la (19th century), Spanish commander: in Slesvig- Holstein, 16, 257 Romano, Alberic da (13th century), Italian Ghibeline leader: power of, 4, 203 Romano, Eccelin da (1 194-1259), Ital- ian Ghibeline leader: power of, 4, 203 Romanov: royal house of Russia: es- tablishment of the, 15, 21 Romanov, Anastasia (17th century), Russian noble lady: marries Ivan the Terrible, 15, 21 Romanov, Philarete (17th century), Patriarch of Russia: sketch of, 15, 21 Romans: invade Scotland, 12, 249 Romanus (7th century A. D.), Gov- ernor of Bosra: treason of, 1, 269 Romanus, Saint (ca. 500 A. D.), Christian missionary: sketch of, 13, 338 Romanus, Diogenes, Emperor of Rome, 1068-1071: defeated by Per- sians, 5, 330 Romanzof: see Rumiantsov Rome, City of, called the Seven-Hilled City and The Eternal City: burned, 4, 64; taken by Alaric (ca. 408 A. D.)> 18, 36; sack of, by Goths, 4, 140, 18, 36; sacked by Vandals (455 A. D.), 18, 43; sacked by Genseric, 4, 149; pillaged by the barbarians (472 A. D.), 150; Popes assume government of, 18, 51; attacked by the Saracens, 1, 354; siege of (962 A. D.), 18, 114; taken by Henry IV of Germany, 136; besieged by Fred- erick Barbarossa, 4, 194; revolution of Rienzi, 222; capture and sack by French under Constable de Bour- bon, 9, 140, 18, 246; siege of, 4, 304; riots at, 10, 399; changed into a republic, 4, 366, 10, 399; republic overthrown, 18, 362; French under Marshal Oudinot attack (1849), 4, 367, 9, 439; becomes the capital of Italy, 4, 391 Rome, History of: Italy, 3, 3; Latin settlements, 7; the Roman consti- tution and reforms of Servius Tul- lius, 11; the regal period, 20; estab- lishment of the republic, 29; the tribunate of the plebs and the de- cemvirate, 37; strife of the patri- cians and plebeians, 47; her conquest of Austria-Hungary, 10, 17; fall of Etruscan power and the coming of the Celts, 3, 56; Greek culture in, 2, 513; advance of Rome to the con- quest of Italy, 3, 62; war with Pyr- rhus and union with Italy, 74; Carthage, 89; the first Punic War, 99; the second Punic War, in; a review of the West and East, 133; interferes with Carthaginian rule in Spain, 8, 14; war with Antiochus and the final conquest of the East, 3, 143; allies with Aetolian League, 2, 518; the government and the governed, 3, 153; the subject countries down to the Gracchan epoch, 161; the reforms of the Gracchi, 171; the rule of the res- toration, 185; Marius as revolu- tionist and Drusus as reformer, 196; the revolt of all Italy, 205; GENERAL INDEX 601 the Mithradatic War, 213; the democratic revolution and its over- throw by Sulla, 221; the Sullan con- stitution, 230; economic condition of the empire during the revolution period, 242; the rule of the Sullan restoration, 253; wars with the Ger- mans, 18, 10; fall of the oligarchy and the rule of Pompeius, 3, 265; party struggles in Rome Pom- peius, Caesar, and Crassus, 278; Caesar in Gaul, 292; the joint rule of Pompeius and Caesar, 322; the Civil War, 334; the old republic and the new monarchy, 362; Greece favored by emperors of, 2, 523; lit- erature of, in time of Augustus, 524; decline of power, 18, 26; mod- ern civilization's debt to, 20, 7; see also Italy Rome, The Sword of: see Marcellus, Marcus Claudius Romer, Ole (Olaus) (1644-1710), Dan- ish astronomer: sketch of, 16, 235 Romero, Matias (1837-1898), Mexican diplomat: his mission to Washing- ton, 22, 393; aids President Diaz, 407 Romilly, Sir Samuel (1757-1818), Eng- lish lawyer and statesman: advo- cates reform of the criminal law, ", 575 Romme, Gilbert (1750-1795), French Jacobin: appointed the organ of the insurrection of Germinal, 10, 337 Romodanovski, General (17th cen- tury), Russian military officer: his campaign against the Turks, 15, 25 Romorantin, Edict of, a measure pub- lished in France, which attributed to the prelates of the kingdom the knowledge of the crimes of heresy (1560), 9, 152 Romulus Augustulus, last Emperor of the West, 475-476 A. D.: reign of, 4, 151; deposed by Odoacer, 2, 531; retirement of, 18, 45 Roncaglia, Diet of, 4, 192 Roncesvalles, Spain: battle of (778 A. D.), 18, 81 Rondeau, General (19th century), South American soldier and states- man: made provisional president of Uruguay, 21, 137 Rondeau, Lady (18th century): at the Russian court, 15, 77 Rondeau, Claudius (18th century), English diplomat: at the Russian court, 15, 98, 109 Rook (Rooke), Sir George (1650- 1709), English admiral: his cam- paign against the French, 8, 394, 13, 250; at battle of Vigo, 9, 221; captures Gibraltar, 11, 456 Roon, Count Albrecht Theodor Emil von (1803-1879), Prussian general and writer: in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 417 Roosbeke, Belgium: battle of (1382), 13, 35 Roosevelt, Theodore, twenty-sixth President of the United States: born in New York, October 27, 1858; prepared for college in private schools and graduated at Harvard in 1880; became a member of the New York Assembly in 1882; he was nominated for mayor of New York City in 1886, served as civil service commissioner, 1889-1895; president of New York police board, 1895-1897; assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1897-1898; resigned to take part in war in Cuba as lieutenant colonel and colonel of the First United States Cavalry Volunteers, usually known as the Rough Riders; in 1899 he was elected Governor of New York; in 1900 was elected Vice- President of the United States; suc- ceeded as President on the assassi- nation of President McKinley in September, 1901; in 1904 he was unanimously renominated by the Republican convention and was elected; is the author of valuable works on history and biography In Santiago campaign, 24, 1029; controversy between Sampson and Schley, 1035; nominated for Vice- President (1900), 1037; campaign tour (1900), 1040; becomes Presi- 602 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS dent, 1050; sketch of, 1068; nom- inated for President (1904), 1063; second election, 1067; Intervention in Russo-Japanese War, 6, 314, 7, 316, 15, 364, 24, 1079; proposes Fed- eral regulations of life insurance companies, 24, 1081; favors com- mercial treaty, 6, 321 Root, Elihu, an American statesman: born at Clinton, New York, Febru- ary 15, 1845; studied law; was United States district attorney for the southern district of New York, 1883-1885, and succeeded Alger as Secretary of War in the McKinley cabinet in 1899; resigned, 1904; mem- ber Alaskan Boundary Tribunal, 1903; Secretary of State since July I, 1905 In Roosevelt cabinet, 24, 1052; in Alaskan boundary commission, 1055; in Republican convention (1904), 1062; aids in reform of Con- sular service, 1084; his visit to South America, 31, 255 Root and Branch Bill, drawn up in England for total abolition of bish- ops, deans, and other officers con- nected with Episcopal constitution (1641), 11, 341 Rosamund (Rosamunda) (6th cen- tury), wife of Alboin, King of the Lombards: poisons Alboin, 4, 164 Rosas (Rhodia), Spain: founded, 8, 12; battle of, 246 Rosas, Juan Manuel Ortiz de (1793- 1877), dictator of Buenos Ayres: sketch of, 21, 123; made dictator, 124; fall of, 126; aids Oribe of Uru- guay, 139 Rosch, Ulrich (late 15th century), a Swiss ecclesiastic, Abbot of St. Gall: people revolt against, 13, 416 Roscius, Sextus (d. 81 B. C), a Ro- man citizen: a typical rural gentle- man, 3, 382 Rose, Hugh Henry, Baron Strath- nairn (1803-1885), a British gen- eral: his campaign in central India, 5, 238 Rose, Sir John (late 19th century), an English diplomat: in Alabama claims controversy, 24, 883 Rosebek, Belgium: battle of (1382), 9, 107 Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, Earl of (1847 ), a British Lib- eral statesman: becomes Prime Minister, 11, 637; his African pol- icy, 19, 198 Rosecrans, William Starke (1819- 1898), an American general: with Grant in North Mississippi, 24, 773; sketch of, 774; succeeds Buell, 773; made major-general, 774; operations in East Tennessee, 782; mistake at Chickamauga, 784; succeeded by Thomas, 784 Rosen, Baron, Russian ambassador to the United States, 1905: appointed peace commissioner, 7, 318 Rosen, Conrad, Count de (1628-17 15), a Flemish soldier in the service of James II of England: at siege^ of Derry, 12, 137 Rosenberk, Ulrich of (15th century), a Bohemian soldier: leads Catholic forces in Bohemia, 17, 143 Roses, Wars of the: see Wars of the Roses Roseta (early 19th century), a South American soldier: defeated by Boli- var, 21, 63 Rosmead, Baron: see Robinson, Sir Hercules Rosmini, Carlo de' (1 758-1 827), an Italian writer: work of, 4, 409 Rosny, The Iron Calvinist of: see Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of Ross (early 18th century), a Swedish soldier: at the siege of Poltava, 15, 52 Ross, Sir James Clark (1800-1862), an English Arctic navigator: his ex- plorations in the Arctic, 16, 308; his explorations in the Antarctic, 333, 334 Ross, Sir John (1777-1856), an Arctic navigator: explorations of, 16, 308 Ross, Robert (early 19th century), an English general: in the War of GENERAL INDEX 1812, 23, 426; killed in attack on Baltimore, 427 Rossbach (Rosbach), a village in Sax- ony: battle of (1757), 9, 245, 499, 17, 244, 18, 336 Rossi, Count Pellegrino Luigi Odo- ardo (1787-1848), an. Italian orator and statesman: appointed president of the Papal States, 3, 362; assas- sination of, 364 Rossini, Gioachino Antonio (1792- 1868), an Italian musician: sketch of, 4, 415 Rostislav (Rastiz) (9th century), King of Moravia: accession of, 17, 31 Rostoff: see Rostov Rostoptchin (Rastopchin), Count Feo- dar Vassilivitch (1765-1826), a Rus- sian general: account of, 15, 206; sets fire to Moscow, 9, 342; aban- dons Moscow, 15, 228, 234 Rostov (Rostoff), Russia: annexed to Moscow, 15, 12 Roth (early 19th century), Russian military officer: his campaign against Turkey, 15, 284 Roth, Hans (late 14th century), a Swiss peasant: discovers the plot to surprise Soleure, 13, 379 Rothesay (Rothsay), David, Duke of (1378-1402), the eldest son of Rob- . ert III of Scotland: regent of Scot- land, 12, 287 Rothschild, Sir Lionel de (19th cen- tury), an English politician: elected member of Parliament, 1, 422 Rothschild, Mayer Anselm (1743- 1812), a Jewish banker: rise of, 17, 328 Rotunda Bill, a reform bill in the Irish Parliament (1783), 12, 192 Rouairie, Count de la (18th century), Vendean leader: arrest of, for the insurrection of La Vendee, 10, 248 Roubli, Wilhelm, (16th century), a Swiss ecclesiastic: marriage of, 13, 435 Rouen, France: sieges of (1419), 11, 199; (1562), 9, 154; (1591), 13, 158 Rouher, Eugene (1814-1884), a French statesman; becomes minister of state, 9, 454; becomes president of the senate, 459 Rouille, Pierre, Seigneur de Marbeut (1657-1712), a French diplomat: peace envoy to Holland, 9, 223 Roumanians: see Rumanians Round Top, a small mountain in Penn- sylvania: in battle of Gettysburg, 24, 780; held by Sickles, 780 Roupinho, Fuaz (12th century), a Portuguese military leader: his cam- paign against the Mohammedans, 8, 276 Rous (ca. 5th century), a Slav chief: leads migration of the Czechs, 17, 18 Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778), a Swiss philosopher and author: his influence on American Constitution, 23, 330 Rousseau, Lovell Harrison (1820- 1869), an American general: organ- izes Kentucky troops, 24, 722 Roussin, Albin Reine, Baron (1781- 1854), a French admiral: his expe- dition against Portugal, 9, 399; sent by France to aid Mahmud II of Turkey, 14, 434; threats of, 15, 291 Rouville, Hertel de (late 17th cen- tury), a French soldier in America: attacks Salmon Falls, 23, 158; in Queen Anne's War, 160 Rouvroy, Louis de: see Saint-Simon, Duke of Roveredo (Rovereto), Austria: battle of (1796), 9, 300 Rowan, Archibald Hamilton (late 18th century), an Irish religious agi- tator: his labors in behalf of Cath- olic emancipation, 12, 201 Rowley, Old: see Charles II, King of England Roxalana: see Khurrem Roxana (d. 311 B. C.) the wife of Alexander the Great: espoused by Alexander, 2, 503; causes murder of Statira, 511 Roxburgh, Scotland: siege of (1460), 12, 296 Roy, Count Antoine (early 19th cen- tury), a French politician: becomes minister of finance, 9, 372 604 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Royal African Company, a British trading company: formed (1672), 19, 31; interests of, in America, 23, 128; British sovereigns members of, 24, 562 Royal Butcher, The: see Henry VIII, King of England Royal Colonies, colonies under the di- rect authority of the Crown: in America, 23, 114 Royal Council of the Indies, a Span- ish council for the control of col- onies in America: established (1511), 20, 45 Royal Geographical Society, a British society: establishes an African Ex- ploration Fund, 19, 62 " Royal George," an English man-of- war: built, 5, 163 Royal Indian Engineering College, an English college in India: estab- lishes a course in forestry, 5, 7 Royal Niger Company, a British trad- ing company in Africa: organized, 19, 156; sketch of, 20, 258 Royal Philippines Company, a Span- ish trading company: chartered (1785), 20, 313 Royal Society of Sciences, a society in Austria: founded (1784), 17, 341 Royal Titles Act, an act proclaiming Queen Victoria, Empress of India (1876), 5, 255 Royalist Conspiracy, a conspiracy in the French Revolution, 10, 379 Royalist Party, The, a party in the French Revolution: its opposition to the reelection of two-thirds of the members of the convention, 10, 355; insurrection of, 356 Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul (1763- 1845), French philosopher and statesman: leads constitutional party, 9, 358; leader of the Doc- trinaires, 371; opposes the Septem- ber Laws, 408 Royhestvenski, Admiral (ca. 1900), Russian naval officer: commands Baltic fleet, 7, 313, i 5 , 363 Rozriadnia Knigi, Russian books of pedigrees: destruction of the, 15, 25 Rubatino Navigation Company: cedes its coaling station in the Bay of Assab to the government, 4, 404 Rubens, Peter Paul (1577-1640), Flem- ish painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Rubicon, river in Italy: Caesar crosses, 3, 333 Rubio, General (late 19th century), Venezuelan general: deserts Paez, 31, 98 Rubruquis (early 13th century), trav- eler in China: his description of the Chinese, 6, 18 Rud, Otte (early 16th century), Dan- ish admiral: defeats the Liibeckers and Swedes, 16, 140 Rudiger, Count Feodor (early 19th century) : his campaign against Tur- key, 15, 285; in the Hungarian in- surrection, 302; Gorgey surrenders to, 18, 401 Rudini, Antonio de, Marquis of (1839 ), Italian statesman: succeeds Crispi, 4, 404 Rudio (d. 1858), Italian conspirator: attempts to assassinate Napoleon III, 9, 449 Rudolf (I) of Hapsburg (1218-1291), Holy Roman Emperor, 1273-1291: career of, 13, 361, 17, 99; reign of, 18, 179; aids Hungary against Bo- hemia, 17, 59, 75; invades Bohemia, 78 Rudolf II (1552-1612), Holy Roman Emperor, 1576-1612: educated in Spain, 18, 262; reign of, 17, 180, 18, 263; protects Gustaf, 16, 164; pat- ronizes Tycho Brahe, 198; his reign as King of Bohemia, 17, 198; his reign as King of Hungary, 222; offers to mediate between Spain and the Netherlands, 13, 133 Rudolf I, King of Burgundy, 888-912: his war with Arnulf, 18, 99; con- quers Savoy, 4, 272 Rudolf II, King of Burgundy: see Ru- dolf, King of France Rudolf III, King of Burgundy, 993- 1032: character of, 13, 345; makes Henry II his heir, 18, 122; his rela- tions with Conrad II of Germany, 125 GENERAL INDEX 605 Rudolf (Rodolph), King of France, 923-936, and of Burgundy, 912-936: reign of, 9, 54; his conquests in Switzerland, 13, 344 Rudolf of Austria, King of Hungary, 1306-1307: reign of, 17, 113 Rudolf II (d. 1290), Duke of Austria, 1282-1290: receives Austria, 18, 181; death of, 182 Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, 1358- 1365: reign of, 17, 102 Rudolf (d. 1080), Duke of Suabia (Alamannia) : career of, 13, 347; supplants Henry IV of Germany, 18, 136 Rudolf II (d. 1249), Count of Haps- burg: his struggle with the Swiss towns, 13, 359 Rudolf III, Count of Hapsburg: see Rudolf I, Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf (d. 1899), Crown Prince of Austria: death of, 17, 456 Rudolf (d. 1309), son of Albert I of Germany: death of, 18, 184 Rudolf von Balm (early 14th cen- tury), a Thuringian patriot: plots against Albert I of Austria, 13, 364 Rudolf von Erlach: see Erlach Rudolf von Stadek (13th century), a German minnesinger: sketch of, 17, 98 Rudolf von Wart (d. 1308), a Thurin- gian patriot: plots against Albert I of Austria, 13, 364 Rudolf von Werdenberg, Count (15th century) : aids rebellion of Appen- zell, 13, 390 Rudolph: see Rudolf Ruel, Peace of, a truce between the parties of Anne of Austria and Car- dinal Mazarin, on one side, and of Louis XIV on the other (1649): ac- count of, 9, 202 Ruffin, Edward (19th century), Amer- ican Confederate volunteer: fires second shot of Civil War (1861), 24, 7ii Rufinus (335-395 A. D.), Roman court- ier of Gallic birth: guardian of Ar- cadius, 18, 35; proves a traitor to the interest of Arcadius, 4, 137; murder of, 18, 35 Rufio (1st century B. C), son f a Roman freedman: governs Egypt, 3, 371 Rufus, Marcus Caelius (82-48 B. C.) Roman orator: reforms of, 3, 365 Rufus, Quintus (early 1st century B. C), Roman general: takes command of the army of the north of Italy, 3, 212; death of, 212 Rufus Pompeius, Roman statesman, consul, 88 B. C. : opposes reforms of Sulpicius, 3, 210 Rufus Publius, Roman statesman, con- sul, 105 B. C. : his method of drill, 3, 197; charged with maladministra- tion of his province, 202 Ruhrart, Holland: battle of (1604), 13, 179 Rule of 1756, a regulation of colonial trade with neutral countries in time of war: enforcement sought by Eng- land, 23, 361; debars neutrals from colonial trade, 406 Rulhiere, Claude Carloman de (1735- 1791), French historian: memoirs of, 15, 154, 156 Rum Trade, in New England, 23, 135; with the Indians, 175 Rumanians, Latin race of eastern Eu- rope: contribute to Austro-Hunga- rian history, 17, 5; location of, 8; origin of, 19; dissatisfied with the dual system of government, 430; rupture of, with Greeks, 2, 549 Rumelia, southeastern Europe: occu- pied by Turks, 14, 32 Rumiantsov (Rioomantsof, Rjuman- zow), Alexander (1680-1749), Rus- sian diplomat: searches for Alexis, 15, 74; confirms treaty with Tur- key, 80 Rumiantsov (Rioomantsof-Zadoonai- ski, Rioumiantzof-Zadunaiski), Pe- ter, Count (1725-1796), Russian gen- eral: his campaigns against the Turks, 15, 176, 184; commands Rus- sian forces, 14, 324, 325; crosses the Danube, 334 Runeberg, Johan Ludwig (1 804-1 877), Swedish poet: sketch of, 16, 264 Runes, letters used by the Northmen: description of, 16, 9 606 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Runich, Dmitri (early 19th century), Russian statesman: encourages Al- exander's reactionary views, 15, 265 Runjeet Singh: see Ran jit Singh Runnimede, England: meeting of John and the barons at, II, 127 Rupert (1215) (14th century), King of Germany, 1400-1410: defeats the Suabian cities, 18, 197; election of, 18, 198, 17, 118; death of, 18, 200 Rupert, Prince (Robert of Bavaria) (1619-1682), German soldier: at the battle of Edgehill, 11, 344; in the war with the Dutch, 13, 234 Rurik, Norse chief, Russian emperor, 862 A. D.: invited to Russia, 15, 5, 16, 39; death of the last of the Rurikovitches, 15, 19 Rusas (d. ca. 715 B. C), King of Urartu: defeated by Assyrians, 1, 85 Ruscuk: see Rustchuk Rush, Benjamin (1745-1813), Ameri- can physician and philanthropist: plots against Washington, 23, 261; Jefferson's letter to, 390 Rush, Richard (1780-1859), American statesman: minister to England, 23, 447 Russ, Melchior (15th century), Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 427 Russell, Edward, Earl of Oxford (1651- 1727), English admiral: at the bat- tle of La Hogue, 9, 219 Russell, Edward, Earl of Oxford (1651-1727), an English admiral: sketch of, 11, 439; First Lord of the Admiralty, 441; resigns his of- fice, 447; impeached, 450 Russell, John, 4th Duke of Bed- ford (1710-1771), an English states- man: leader of Parliamentary fac- tion, 11, 507; admitted to office, 508; death of, 514 Russell, John, 1st Earl Russell (1792- 1878), an English statesman, ora- tor, and author: election reforms of, 11, 583; introduces the first Reform Bill, 587; member of Grey's Cab- inet, 588; becomes Home Secretary in Melbourne's ministry, 595; at- tempts to form a ministry, 606; first ministry of, 606; quoted on Polk's inaugural address, 24, 543; in the Crimean War, 15, 306; his relations with Poland, 384; second ministry of, 11, 623; remonstrances of, 15, 330; refuses arbitration of claims controversy, 24, 882 Russell, Jonathan (early 19th cen- tury), an American statesman: ap- pointed on peace commission, 23, 429 Russell, William, Lord Russell (1639- 1683), an English statesman: im- plicated in the Rye House Plot, 11, 414 Russellville, Kentucky:, secessionists hold convention at, 24, 722 Russia: the Varingjar settle in, 16, 39; reduced by Tartars, 14, 4; under Mongol subjection, 32, 46; appears in Turkish history, 117; assumes im- portance in the Eastern Question, 7; rise of, 192; decline of, 211; sends embassy to China (1664), 6, 59; signs Treaty of Nerchinsk, 67; de- velopment of hostility to Turkey, 14, 244, 247; armistice with Turkey, 269; in relation to Greece, 2, 539, 548; effects thirty years' peace with Turkey, 14, 274; establishes perma- nent footing in Peking, 6, 80; es- tablishes college at Peking, 125; army of, disciplined by Miinnich, 14, 308; allies against France, 380; cooperates with Turkey against France, 384; Servia appeals to, 392; rivalry with France, 392; in Peace of Tilsit, 404; aids France against Austria, 406; at war with France, 10, 484; offers to mediate between United States and Great Britain, 23, 428; in Holy Alliance, 14, 411; sides with Greece, 2, 542; attitude toward Northwest, 23, 447; allusion to, in Monroe Doctrine, 449; treaties with the United States (1824 and 1825) 23, 449, 24, 541; her attitude toward Turkey, 14, 421; joins Eu- ropean powers in intervention for Greece, 423; aids Mahmud II against Mohammed AH, 434; in GENERAL INDEX 607 agreement of the Dardanelles, 437; cedes Alaska to the United States, 24, 878; Alaskan purchase ends do- minion of, in America, 878; friendly attitude during Civil War, 878; Behr- ing Sea rights of, 980; concessions to, 6, 271; in Manchuria, 308; in Korea and Manchuria, 7, 275; ob- struction policy of, 6, 272, 286, 306; in Boxer rebellion, 311; disputes with, over Behring Sea, 24, 1055 Russia, History of: the period of na- tional development, 15, 3; the ac- cession of Peter the Great, 24; the conflicts with Charles XII of Swe- den, 38; the epoch of reforms, 63; the reigns of Catherine I and Peter II, 93; ascendency of German influ- ence under Queen Anne, 103; Russia as a factor in the politics of Europe, 126; the assassination of Peter III, 152; Catherine the Great, 161; the reign of Paul, 200; Alexander I and Napoleon, 213; Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, 242; the reactionary period, 261; the rule of absolutism under Nicholas I, 271; the Crimean War, 304; Alexander II and liberal progress, 321; the reign of Alexan- der III, 341; the reign of Nicholas II, 345 Russia, The Jerusalem of: see Mos- cow Russia, The Key of: see Smolensko Russian-American Company, a com- pany which controlled Alaska until 1861: charter expires, 24, 877 Russians, Holy Mother of the: see Moscow Russkaya Pravda, a Russian code of laws: description of, 15, 181 Russo-Chinese Bank, a bank estab- lished in St. Petersburg in 1895: established, 7, 276 Russo-Japanese Peace Conference (1905): held at Portsmouth, N. H., 7, 318, 24, 1079 Russo-Japanese War, a war begun by Japan to enforce the promised evac- uation of Manchuria by the Russians (1904-1905): causes, 6, 308, 15, 359; Admiral Togo attacks Russian fleet, 7. 304, 308; Admiral Kamimura at- tacks Vladivostok squadron, 309; battle of Liao-yang, 309; capture of the pass by Mo-tien-ling, 310; bat- tle of Sha River, 311; capture of Port Arthur, 312; Russians defeated at Mukden, 312; battle of the Sea of Japan, 315; President Roosevelt's part in, 24, 1079; Peace Conference at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 7, 318; treaty of peace signed, 320; ar- ticles of the treaty, 320; effect of, on Norway, 16, 286; new agreement between England and Japan in, II, 642 Russo-Turkish Wars: I736-I739- Russia and Austria against Turkey, ended by Peace of Belgrade, 16, 227 1877-1878. A war between Russia and Turkey, brought about by the misdeeds of Turkish officials, ended by the Treaty of Berlin, 11, 632 Rustam (early 7th century), a Persian general: at the battle of Cadesia, 1, 260; death of, 5, 322 Rustchuk (Ruscuk), a city in Bulgaria: assault on (1810), 14, 406 Rutgers, Elizabeth (late 18th century), an American woman who took part in the New York Trespass Act con- troversy: sues Joshua Waddington, 23, 309 Rutgers College, a college at New Brunswick, New Jersey: founded, 23, 141 Ruthenians, a race of peasants in Ga- licia: condition of, 17, 347 Ruthven, Lord (late 16th century), a Scotch conspirator: concerned in the murder of Rizzio, 12, 316 Ruthven, Alexander (d. 1600), a Scotch conspirator: attempts to hold James VI as a prisoner, 12, 328 Rutledge, Edward (1740-1800), an American jurist and signer of the Declaration of Independence: dele- gate to first Continental Congress, 23, 223; member of South Carolina ratifying convention, 336 Rutledge, John (1739-1800), an Amer- 608 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ican jurist and orator: delegate to first Continental Congress, 23, 223; in Constitutional Convention, 324; member of South Carolina ratifying convention, 336 Rutulians (Rutuli), a legendary peo- ple of Latium: wars with Rome, 3, 22 Ruysdael: see Rysdael Ruyter (Ruiter), Michel Adriaanszoon de (1607-1675), a Dutch admiral: at battle of Plymouth, 13, 230; in the war with Sweden, 13, 232, 16, 209; his struggles against the French and English, 9, 210; death of, 9, 212, 13, 240, note Ryder, Charles Henry Dudley (1867- ), an English soldier: visits the Tashi Lama, 5, 302 Rye (19th century), a Danish general: in the Slesvig-Holstein War, 16, 271 Rye House Plot, in English history, a conspiracy to kill Charles II and the Duke of York (1683), II, 414 Ryhove, Francis de Kethulle, Lord of (late 16th century), a Flemish poli- tician: becomes a demagogue, 13, 129; death of, 141 Rypergherste, Giles de (14th century), a Flemish military officer: in the English army, 13, 34 Rysdael (Ruysdael), Jakob (1625- 1682), a Dutch landscape painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Ryswick (Ryswijk), Peace of, a treaty between France on one side and England, the Netherlands, and Spain on the other (1697): 4, 326, 8, 384, 9, 219, ii, 445, 13, 245, 18, 306, 20, 76, 114, 23, 159 Rzad, a secret committee in Russia (1863) : sketch of, 15, 326 Rzuchowski, Kajetan (early 19th cen- tury), a Polish insurgent: leads the Cracow revolutionists, 15, 299 s Saa, Colonel (19th century), South American military commander: crushes insurrection in the province of San Juan, Argentina, 21, 129 Saa, Duarte de (16th century), Gov- ernor of the Moluccas: administra- tion of, 8, 437 Saadat Ali Khan (18th century), Per- sian Shah: becomes an independent ruler, 5, 126 Saadia ben Joseph (892-942 A. D.): Jewish theologian and philosopher: sketch of, 1, 415 Saarbrucken (Saarbruck), Prussia: battle of (1870), 9, 463, 18, 421 Saardam, Holland: Peter the Great at, 15, 33 Saatz, Bohemia: siege of (1421), 17, 131 Saavedra (16th century), South American military officer: his cam- paign in Chili, 21, 22 Saavedra, Angel de: see Rivas, Duke of Saba (Sheba), Arabia: rise and fall of, 1, 186 Sabako (Shabaka) (8th century B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, I, 30 Sabbatai, Levi (1626-1676), a Jew of Smyrna: claims to be the Messiah, 1, 421 Sabbath Day: New England observ- ance of, 23, 145 Sabeans, an Arabic people: migration of, 1, 186 Sabine River, Texas: as Florida boundary, 23, 445 Sabines, ancient people of central Italy: wars with Rome, 3, 22 Sabinus, Cornelius (ca. 40 A. D.), prae- torian tribune: assassinates Caligula, 4, 58 Sabinus, Quintus (ca. 55 B. C), lieu- tenant of Caesar's: his campaign in Gaul, 9, 9; defeated by Gauls, 3, 305 Sable, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between France and Brittany (1488), 9, 128 Sablukov (18th century), Russian courtier: memoirs of, 15, 200, 209 Sac Indians, North America: in Black Hawk War, 23, 506 Sacheverell, Henry (ca. 1672-1724), English churchman and Tory: im- peached, 11, 459 Sacken (19th century), a general of the allied forces against Napoleon: his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 346 Sackville, George, known also as Lord George Germain (1716-1785), Eng- lish general: at battle of Minden, 11, 501 Sackville Episode: in political cam- paign of 1888, 24, 967 Sacra di San Michele, Italy: battle of, 4, 174 Sacramento, California: center of gold-mines, 24, 596 Sacramento, Mexico: battle of (1846), 22, 304 Sacred Mount Secession, a secession of the Roman farmers: cause, 3, 40; result, 41 Sacred Wars, wars waged by mem- bers of Amphictyonic League in de- fense of the shrine of Delphi: the first (ca. 590 B. C), 2, 103; the second (356-346 B. C), 460; the third (339-338 B. C), 475; end of, 468 Sacriportus, ancient locality in Italy: battle of (82 B. C), 3, 227 Sad (Mirza) Ali Mohammed, called " the Bab " (d. 1850), Persian Mo- hammedan: founds the Babis, 5, 362 609 610 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sa'd ibn Walik (7th century A. D.), Arabian commander: conquers Per- sia, 5, 322 Sadamori, Taira-no: see Taira-no- Sadamori Sadducees, The, political and religious party in Judaea: rise of, 1, 407; power of, destroyed, 409 Sa'di (Muskhu-'d-Din) (ca. 1190- 1291), Persian poet: sketch of, 5, 323 Sadoleto, Jacopo (i477-i547)> Italian writer and cardinal: labors for the restoration of letters, 4, 299 Sadowa, Bohemia: battle of (1866), (called also battle of Koniggratz), 4, 390, % 455, 16, 275, 17, 392, 18, 411 Sadyk Pasha: see Czaikowski, Michael Saemund (ca. 1056-1133), Iceland scholar and historian: sketch of, 16, 8 Safarik (1795-1861), Hungarian phi- lologist and antiquary: sketch of, 17, 3435 belongs to the Slovaks, 356 Safawi Dynasty, Persia: reign of, 5, 340 Safdar Jang (18th century), nawab of Oudh: reign of, 5, 126 Saffah (8th century), Mohammedan caliph: accession of, 1, 340 Saffarid Dynasty (Soffarides), a Mo- hammedan dynasty which reigned in Persia, 872-902 A. D.; rise of, 1, 364; reign of, 5, 3^7 Safi (Sophi) I, Shah of Persia, 1628- 1642: reign of, 5, 346 Safi (Sophi) II, Shah of Persia, 1666- 1694: reign of, 5, 347 Safiye (16th century), Venetian fa- vorite of Murad III of Turkey: in- fluence of, 14, 201, 204, 205, 8 Sagamoso, South America: battle of (1819), 21, 68 Sagas, The, mediaeval chronicles: main treatment, 16, 7; Ynglingar, 37; Eyrbyggja, 45, 49 Sagasta, Proxedes Mateo (1827- I 903), Spanish statesman: adminis- tration of, 8, 516; recalls Weyler, 24, 1023; returns to power, 8, 521; death of, 521 Sage Hen State, The: see Nevada Sagrse, southeastern Europe: taken by Murad, 14, 29 Saguier (19th century), South Ameri- can statesman: president of Para- guay (1878-1881), 21, 260 Saguntum, Spain: attacked by Hanni- bal, 3, 114; siege of, 8, 15; makes alliances with Rome, 3, 113 Saguta (Saegud), Asia Minor: pos- sessed by Ertoghrul, 14, 10 Sah Dynasty, The, India: reign of, 5, 74 Sahara, The, Africa: value of, 19, 168 Sahu (18th century), Maratha king: reign of, 5, 132 Saicho (ca. 8th century), Japanese priest: teachings of, 7, 41 Said (7th century A. D.), Moham- medan soldier: captures Persian capital, 1, 261 Said AH, Sultan of Egypt, 1854-1863: reign of, 1, 38 Saif ad-Daula (10th century A. D.), Mohammedan caliph: deserts Alep- po, 1, 369 Saigo Takamori (19th century), Jap- anese statesman: joins lord of Choshii against the shogun, 7, 165; made Sanyo, 167; negotiates treaty for surrender of Tokugawa Yoshi- nobu, 169; rebellion of, 178 Saigo Tsugumichi, Marquis (19th cen- tury), Japanese statesman: attempts to negotiate treaties with European powers, 7, 190; his campaign in For- mosa, 192; accompanies Count ltd to China, 196; made minister of the army, 220 Saigon, Farther India: occupied by the French, 20, 272 Sailor King, The: see William IV Sai-ma-tsi, Manchuria: captured by the Japanese (1894), 7, 208; (1904) 310 Saimei: see Kolsyoku St Albans, England: battles of (1455), 11, 211; (1461), 212 GENERAL INDEX 611 St. Albans, Assembly of, jury from all England convened by King John to assess the damages of the clergy (1213): account of, II, 125 Saint-Aldegonde, Philippe Maruix de (1538-1598), Flemish writer: de- fends Antwerp, 13, 150 Saint Andre, Jacques d'Albon, Marshal (d. 1562), French commander: forms league with the Guises, 9, 152; death of, 154 St. Annunziata (Collar of Savoy), Or- der of, association of fifteen knights founded by Amadeus VI of Italy: account of, 4, 275 Saint-Antoine, France: battle of (1653), 9, 205 St. Arnaud, Arnaud Jacques Leroy de (1800-1854), French general: assists schemes of Napoleon III, 9, 442; in the Crimean War, 9, 447, 11, 615, 14, 452, 15, 311 Saint Aubin du Cormier, France: bat- tle of (1488), 9, 128 St. Augustine, Florida: founded, 23, 43, 48; captured by Drake, 22, 135; bombarded by Oglethorpe, 22, 194, 23, 81 Saint Bartholomew, Massacre of (1572) : account of, 9, 157, 18, 262, 20, 298 St. Brice, Massacre of (1002 A. D.), II, 158 St. Charles, Canada: battle of (1837), 20, 156 St. Christopher, one of the West In- dies: settled, 20, 68; English ex- pelled, 76 Saint Clair, General Arthur (1734- 1818), American officer: surrenders Ticonderoga, 23, 252; court-mar- tialed, 252; governor of Northwest Territory, 319; defeat of, 365 Saint Cloud, Convention of, a meeting of commissioners from the French, English and Prussian forces (1815): account of, 9, 365 St. Croix, Island of, one of the West Indies: under Danish government, 20, 297 St. Croix River, North America: dis- pute as to location, 23, 362, 24, 530 Saint-Cyr, Souvion (1 764-1830), French statesman: his reforms in the army, 9, 366; minister of war in Richelieu ministry, 367 St. Denis, France: battles of (1562), 13, 460; (1567), 9, 155; (1837), 30, 156 Saint-Denis, Mathieu de (13th cen- tury), French statesman: appointed regent, 9, 84 Saint Domingo: see Santo Domingo St. Elmo, Castle of, Naples: fall of (1565), 14, 173 St. Eustache, Canada: battle of (1837), 20, 156 St. Eustatius, island of the Dutch West Indies: under Dutch rule, 20, 73 St. George of the Mine, Africa : growth of, 8, t> 22 Saint-Germain, Claude Louis, Comte de (1707-1778), French general and statesman: made minister of war, 9, 253 Saint Germain, Peace of, a treaty be- tween the French Roman Catholics and Huguenots (1570): account of, 9, 157 St. Germain, Treaty of, a peace be- tween France and Brandenburg (1679): account of, 16, 212 St. Gilles, Council of (1212): men- tioned, 9, 78 Saint-Gothard, Hungary: battle of (1664), 9, 208, 14, 238, 241, 17, 228 St. Gotthard Railways: building of the, 13, 563, 574 St. Helena, island off the coast of Af- rica: sketch of, 19, 213, 20, 263 Saint Jacques (St Jacob or St. Jakob), Switzerland: battle of (1444), 9, 118, 13, 400, 18, 213 St. Jakob an der Birs, Hospital of, Switzerland: battle of (1445), 13, 402 St. Jean d'Acre, Asia Minor: sieges of (1 194), 9, 75 ; (1799), 9, 309, 10, 409, 14, 381 St. Jean Pied de Port, Spain: siege of (1516), 8, 340 St John, North American island: dis- covered, 20, 49 612 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS St. John, Henry, Viscount Boling- broke (1678-1751), English author, orator, and politician: holds office as a moderate Tory, 11, 455; cre- ated Viscount Bolingbroke, 463; be- comes Secretary of State to the Pre- tender, 469; his opposition to Wal- pole, 478; his influence on Voltaire, 10, 13 St. John, John Pierce (1833 ), American lawyer and statesman: nominated for President (1884), 24, 946 Saint John, Knights of: founded, 18, 173; occupy Rhodes, 2, 536; settle in Malta, 540; in crusade against Turks, 14, 39; receive Prince Djem, 109; defend Malta, 170 St. John, Oliver (1596-1673), English jurist and Republican: his mission to The Hague, 13, 229 St John Lateran, Council of, a coun- cil of the bishops of the Roman Catholic Church (1513): account of, 9, 135 St. John's River, North America: dis- covered, 23, 47; made boundary be- tween Maine and Canada, 24, 531 St. Jorge da Mina: see El Mina St. Julien, Peace cf, truce between the Protestants and Catholics in Switzerland, 13, 447 Saint Just, Antoine Louis Leon (1767- 1794), French Revolutionist: made member of the committee of safety, 9, 285; his speech on the king's in- violability, 10, 230; his threatening speech in the convention, 291; recalled from the army, 307; forms triumvirate with Robespierre and Couthon, 289; arrested, 314; re- leased, 315; arrest and death of, 9, 291, 10, 318; his person and char- acter, 10, 299 St. Knud's Guild, a Scandinavian guild of the 12th century: 16, 76 "St Lawrence," an American frigate: in the battle with the " Merrimac," 24, 755 St. Lawrence, Gulf of, an arm of the Atlantic, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence river: fishery privileges granted to the United States, 24, 959 St. Lawrence River, a river of North America: as boundary of Nova Sco- tia, 23, 167; as British boundary, 169 Saint-Leger (late 18th century), a French revolutionist: conduct and reception of, at the convention, 10, 338 St. Leger, Sir Anthony (16th century), Lord Deputy of Ireland: adminis- tration of, 12, 83; preaches Protes- tant doctrines in Ireland, 85 St. Leger, Barry (d. 1789), a British soldier: attempts to capture Fort Stanwix, 23, 254 St. Leger, Sir William (17th century), an English official in Ireland: his campaign against the Irish rebels, 12, 116 St. Louis, Brazil, South America: founded, 21, 33 St. Louis, Missouri, called The Queen of the Mississippi Valley: Confed- erates attempt to gain possession of arsenal, 24, 721; headquarters of the Whiskey Ring, 894; Democratic convention (1876), 908; labor dis- turbances, 961; Republican conven- tion (1896), 1012; Populist conven- tion (1896), 1015; National Silver Party convention (1896), 1015; Democratic convention (1904), 1064 St. Lucia (St. Lucie), British West Indies: French policy concerning, 20, 100; restored to France by Treaty of Paris, 23, 198; battle of (1782), 9, 256 St. Lucia Bay, an inlet of the Indian Ocean in Zululand: annexed to Cape Colony, 19, 106 St. Marks, Florida: Spanish settlers aid Seminoles, 23, 444 St. Martin's Church, Canterbury: first used by Bertha, II, 27 St. Mary's, the first settlement in Maryland: settled, 23, 70 St. Omer, France: siege of (1677), 13, 241 Saint-Ouen, Declaration of, a declara- tion made by Louis XVIII in which GENERAL INDEX 613 he guaranteed to France the liber- ties promised by the senatorial con- stitution (1814), 9, 355 St. Paul, Brazil, South America: founded, 20, 94 St. Paul de Loanda, Angola, South Africa: founded, 19, 21 St. Paul's School, a boy's school in London, founded by Colet in 1510: founded, II, 239 St. Petersburg, Russia: founded, 15, 45; building of, 87; floods at (1824), 266 St. Philip, Minorca, Balearic Islands: siege of (1756), 9, 244 St. Pierre, a small island near the coast of Newfoundland: history of, 20, 268; retained by France in Treaty of Paris, 23, 198; destroyed (1902), 20, 271 Saint Pierre (18th century), a French soldier in America: commands Fort le Boeuf, 23, 171 Saint Pol, General (16th century), French military officer: his cam- paign in Italy, 9, 141 Saint Pol, Louis de Luxembourg, Count of (1418-1475), a French gen- eral: execution of, 9, 124 St. Quentin, France: battle of (1557), 4, 307, 8, 354, 355, II, 272, 13, 70 St. Ruth (d. 1691), a French general: his campaign in Ireland, 12, 150 St. Sacrament, a Portuguese settle- ment near Buenos Ayres, South America: battles of (1680), 20, 95; (1705), 95 Saint Sebastian, Spain: taken by the French (i795), 10, 347; siege of, 8, 53i Saint-Severin, French ambassador at Stockholm (1738): negotiations of, 16, 227 Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of (1675-1755), a French writer and diplomat: made member of the council of regency, 9, 227 St. Sophia, Church of, the famous metropolitan church of the Greeks at Constantinople: Constantine re- ceives sacrament in, 14, 78; con- verted into mosque by the Turks, 80 St. Stephen, Order of, an order insti- tuted by Maria Theresa of Austria for civil merit (1764): founded, 17, 255 St. Thomas, Island of, an island of the West Indies: taken by the Danes, 20, yy, history of, 297; failure of proposed purchase of, by the United States, 24, 879 Saint Thome, a suburb of Madras, India: battle of (1746), 5, 179 St. Thome, Island of: see San Thome St. Vacslav, Convention of, a union of the citizens of Prague against the nobles (1517), 17, 149 St. Vincent, an island of the British West Indies: ceded to England, 20, 120; seized by France (1778), 128 St. Vincent, France: battle of (1793), 10, 249 St Vincent, John Jervis, Earl: see Jervis, John, Earl St. Vincent St. Vit, Cathedral of, a cathedral at Prague: founded, 17, 62 Sainte Marie, a small island east of Madagascar: reoccupied by the French, 19, 56, 212, 20, 277 Sainte-Menehould, Treaty of, a treaty between Marie de' Medici and the members of the insurrection led by the Prince of Conde (1614), 9, 178 Saintes, France: battle of (1242), 9, 81 Saintfield, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 213 Saints, The Isle of: see Ireland Saionji, Marquis, a contemporary Japanese statesman: made president of the Constitutional Political Asso- ciation, 7, 238 Saka (Scythian) Era, an era in the history of India: founded (78 A. D.), 5, 74 Sakai Tadakiyo (17th century), Jap- anese statesman: influence of, 7, 140 Sakanoue-no-Tamuramaro (8th cen- tury), a Japanese soldier: his cam- paign against the Emishi, 7, 27 614 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sakhalin, an island in the Sea of Okhotsk: occupied by Japan, 7, 188, 318, 15, 364; treaty regulations con- cerning, 7, 319 Sakuma Shozan (late 19th century), a Japanese politician: assassination of, 7, 177 Sala ben Sala (early 15th century), a Moorish governor in Spain: at siege of Ceuta, 8, 301; at siege of Tan- gier, 306 Salaberry (19th century), a Peruvian general: seizes the governing power in Peru, 31, 195 Saladin (Salah-ed-Din Yusuf ibn- Ayub), Sultan of Egypt and Syria: reign of, 1, 36; conquests of, 9, 75; takes Jerusalem, 11, 10, 18, 155 Saladin Tithe, a tax imposed by Henry II of England, 11, no Salado, a river in Spain: battle of, 8, 286 Salaethus (5th century B. C.)> a Greek soldier: at Mitylene, 2, 292; slain, 294 Salah-ed-Din Yusuf ibn-Ayub: see Saladin Salamanca, Spain: battle of (1812), 8, 486, 530, 9, 343, 11, 565 Salamanca, Juan de (16th century), a Spanish soldier: slays the Aztec leader, 22, 40 "Salaminia," an Athenian state-galley: arrives in Sicily, 2, 334 Salamis, an island of ancient Greece: taken by Megara, 2, 102; battle of, 202, 247; ravaged by Spartans, 290 Salamis, a city in Cyprus: Greek col- ony of, 2, 57 Salankeman (Slankamen), a town in Slavonia, Austria-Hungary: battle of (1691), 14, 260 Salary Grab, The, a name applied to a law passed in the United States increasing the salary of members of Congress (1873), 24, 896 Salas, Mariano (19th century), a Mex- ican statesman: made president of Mexico, 22, 310; member of pro- visional government, 387 Salazar, Pedro Castro Figueroa, Duke de la Conquista (d. 1742), Viceroy of New Spain, 1740-1742: his ad- ministration, 22, 194 Salazar y Baquijano (19th century), a Peruvian statesman: deposed from power, 21, 193 Salazar y Mazarredo, Eusebio (19th century), a Spanish official in South America: seizes the Chincha Islands, 21, 203 Salbai, Treaty of, a treaty between the British and the Marathas (1782), 5, 136, 193 Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, Duke of (ca. 1791-1876), Portuguese states- man and marshal: administration of, 8, 537 Saldivar, Vicente (16th century), Mexican colonist: gathers emi- grants, 22, 141 Sale, Sir Robert Henry (1 782-1846), British soldier: defends Jalalabad, 5, 218 Salem, Massachusetts: arrival of set- tlers under Endicott, 23, 87; re- moval of Winthrop from, 88; gov- ernment of colony, 88; religious dissension in, 89; persecutions for witchcraft, 89; becomes seat of gov- ernment of Massachusetts, 220 Sales, Francis de (1567-1622), French bishop and writer: teachings of, 13, 458 Salgar, E. (19th century), South American statesman: elected presi- dent of Colombia (1870), 21, 90 Salic Law, that part of the Salic laws which forbids the succession of women to the throne of any Salic land: first application of, in France, 9, 90; introduced in Spain, 8, 403; abolished by Ferdinand VII of Spain, 496 Salim: see Jahangir Salisbury, Earl of (13th century), English soldier: defeated at Bou- vines (1214), 11, 126 Salisbury, Richard, Earl of (15th cen- tury), English soldier: beheaded, 11, 212 Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gas- coyne Cecil, Marquis of, Viscount Cranborne (1830-1903), English GENERAL INDEX 615 statesman: resigns from Lord Der- by's ministry, 1 1, 624; his view of the Treaty of San Stafano, 14, 487; first ministry of, II, 635; second ministry of, 636; agrees to make annexations in Africa that would interfere with the German sphere, I9 138; refuses to recall Lord Sack- ville, 24, 967; third ministry of, 11, 637; the Venezuelan affair, 24, 1000; on the Armenian massacres, 14, 500 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of, Vis- count Cranborne (ca. 1563-1612), English statesman: favored by James I, 11, 307; made Lord Treas- urer, 309 Salisbury, Thomas.de Montague, Earl of (1388-1428), English soldier: summons Welshmen to aid Richard II (1399), 11, 186 Salisbury Cathedral, England: nave of, built, 11, 141 Salis-Soglio, General von (19th cen- tury), Swiss military officer: chosen general of Conservative forces, 13, 551 Salivahana (1st century A. D.), Indian king: at war with the Scythians, 5, 74 Salles, Jean Baptiste (d. 1794), French revolutionist: death of, 10, 279 Salles, Manuel Campos, South Amer- ican statesman: president of Brazil (1898-1902), 21, 255 Sallier Papyrus, Egyptian manuscript: description of, 1, 18 Salm, Club of, France, 10, 388 Salm, Count of (16th century), Ger- man soldier: at siege of Vienna, 14, 155; death of, 156 Salmeron, Juan de (16th century), Mexican statesman: made member of the audiencia, 22, 107 Salmeron, Nicolas (19th century), Spanish statesman: president of the republic, 8, 513 Salmon Falls, New Hampshire: attack on (1690), 23, 158 Salnave, Haytian statesman: elected president of Hayti (1867), 22, 501 Salomon (9th century A. D.), Count of Barcelona: reign of, 8, 223 Salomon, Haym (18th century), Amer- ican financier: aids American revo- lution, 1, 426 Salomon, Louis fitienne Felicite: Hay- tian statesman: elected president of Hayti (1879), 22, 501 Salomons, Sir David, English states- man: elected member of Parliament (1851), 1, 422 Salt Lake City, Utah: Mormon em- pire founded at, 24, 982 Salvador, Central America: history of, 22, 439 Salvandy, Count of (1 795-1856), French statesman: made minister of public instruction, 9, 412 Salvatierra, Portugal: sieges of (1211), 8, 100; (1704), 393 Salvatierra, Father (17th century), Mi- lanese Jesuit: his work among the Indians, 22, 180; plans conquest of the Californias, 183 Salvatierra, Garcia Sarmiento, Conde de, Viceroy of New Spain, 1642- 1647: administration of, 22, 166 Salverte, Anne Joseph Eusebe Bacan- niere (1771-1839), French writer and statesman: his relations to the revolution of 1830, 9, 391 Salzbach, Germany: battle of (1675), 9, 211 Salzburg, Austria-Hungary: Taurisci settle in, 17, 11; insurrection of, 11 Salzburgers: as American colonists, 23, 127 Sam, Simon, President of Hayti, 1896- 1902: administration of, 22, 501 Samail (8th century A. D.), Arabian leader: his campaigns in Spain, 8, 68 Samanid Dynasty, the dynasty ruling Persia, 874-999: reign of, 5, 328; bravery of, I, 364 Samar, island of the Philippine group: visited by Magellan, 23, 37 Samaria, Asia Minor: made capital of Israel, 1, 390; besieged by the Hada- dezer of Damascus, 390; siege of (724-722 B. C), 394 616 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Samarin, Yuri (19th century), Russian revolutionist: labors of, 15, 324 Samarkand, city in Turkestan: chosen capital by Timur, 14, 46; captured by the Moguls (1497), 5, 109 Sama-Veda, collection of Hindu hymns: rise of, 5, 42 Sambhaji, Maratha king, 1680-1689: reign of, 5, 132; death of (1689), 122, 132 Samkiv (19th century), Russian ivory hunter: explorations of, 16, 306 Samnite Wars: First (343-341 B. C), 3, 66; Second (327-304 B. C.) 69; Third (298-290 B. C), 72 Samnites, an Italian people: descrip- tion of, 3, 65 Samo the Merchant (7th century A. DO, leader of Slavs: unites Slavonic tribes, 18, 65; career of, 17, 20; death of, 21 Samoan Dispute, The, a diplomatic complication concerning the Sa- moan islands, 24, 977 Samoan Islands, South Pacific Ocean: part of, annexed by Germany, 20, 302; Pago Pago ceded to the United States, 321 Samoilovich (17th century), Cossack hetman: accession of, 15, 25 Samory (Samadu) (19th century), Af- rican lord: sketch of, 19, 148; at war with the French, 149; captured by the French, 151 Samos, an island of the Aegean Sea: Ionic settlement of, 2, 55; coloniza- tion from, 82; Polycrates tyrant at, 126; fleet of, at Lade, 137; recon- quered by Persians, 137; revolts from Persia, 212; revolts from Ath- ens, 260; in Peloponnesian War, 353; Athenian fleet at, 355; sedition at, 357; taken by Lysander, 382; taken by the Athenians, 453 Samoset (17th century), American In- dian chief: welcomes Englishmen, 23, 85 Sampeyo, Lopo Vaz de (early 16th century), Spanish statesman: vice- roy of the Indies, 8, 434 Sampson, William Thomas, an Amer- ican naval officer: born at Palmyra, N. Y., February 9, 1840; graduated at the Naval Academy at Annapolis, i860; commissioned lieutenant, 1862; served in the South Atlantic block- ading squadron, 1865; commissioned lieutenant-commander, 1866; ordered on special duty by Congress, 1872; given a commander's commission, 1874; served in the Asiatic sta- tion, 1879-1882, and at the Naval Observatory, 1882-1885; superin- tendent of the Naval Academy, 1886-1890; delegate to the interna- tional maritime conference in Wash- ington, 1889; made Captain, 1889; became chief of the Bureau of Ord- nance, 1893; president of the board of inquiry regarding the cause of the destruction of the " Maine " in Havana Harbor, 1898; made acting rear-admiral in command of the North Atlantic Squadron at the out- break of the Spanish-American War; commissioned commodore, July 3, 1898, and rear-admiral, Au- gust 10, 1898; retired, 1902; died in Washington, D. C, May 6, 1902 Commands the North Atlantic Squadron, 8, 520, 22, 458, 24, 1028; controversy with Schley, 24, 1035; member of Spanish-American Com- mission, 22, 463 Samrah, Persia: battles of (363 A. D.), 5, 318; (1733), 35 1 Samsoun, Asia Minor: annexed by Bayezid, 14, 38 Samuel (1 170-1075 B. C), Hebrew prophet and judge: account of, 1, 381 Samuel ha-Nagid (993-1055), Jewish statesman: minister of state at Gra- nada, 1, 417 Samund: see Saemund Samus (early 19th century), Russian soldier: his guerrilla warfare, 15, 249 Samvat Era, an Indian system of reckoning historical dates, begin- ning 57 B. C. : founded, 5, 73 San Andres, Mexico: founded, 22, 138 GENERAL INDEX 617 San Antonio, Texas: founded, 22, 189; army stores given to Confederates, 34, 691 San Antonio Abad, Mexico: battle of (1847), 22, 348 San Cosme, Aqueduct of, Mexico: built, 22, 152 San Domingo: see Santo Domingo San Felipe de Linares, Mexico: found- ed, 22, 187 San Felipe Yztlahuaca, Mexico: founded, 22, 117 San Fernando, Texas: founded, 22, 191 San Francisco, California, called The City of the Golden Gate: taken by the Americans, 22, 297; growth in 1849, 24, 597; destroyed by earth- quake, 1084 San Francisco de Borja, Mexico: burned, 22, 167 San Gabrielle, river of California: bat- tle of the (1847), 22, 300 San Ildefonso, Treaty of, an agree- ment between France and Spain (1800): account of, 20, 269, 23, 395 San Jacinto, Texas: battle of (1836), 22, 281, 34, 534 " San Jacinto," American sloop of war: in the "Trent Affair," 24, 729 San Jacinto, Hero of: see Houston, Sam San Juan, Central America: waterway seized by Central American States, 24, 627; bombardment of (1854), 642 San Juan Hill, Cuba: battle of (1898), 22, 459, 24, 1029; Roosevelt dis- tinguished at, 24, 1069 San Juan Island, off the African coast: under Spanish rule, 20, 299 San Leopoldo, Brazil: insurrection in (1874), 31, 178 San Lucia, Brazil: battle of (1842), 31, 170 San Luis Potosi, Mexico: founded, 33, 138 San Martin, one of the Antilles: dis- covered, 3i, 9 San Martin, Jose de (early 19th cen- tury), Chilian patriot: aids revolu- tionists in Chili, 31, 71; president of Chili, 215 San Martino, Italy: battle of (1859), 4, 373 San Miguel, Virginia or North Caro- lina: founded, 23, 38 San Miguel Arcangle de Linares de Adayes, Presidio de, Spanish for- tress in Texas: founded, 22, 189 San Miguel el Grande: see Allende San Miguel Mesqitic, California: founded, 22, 138 San Paulo, Brazil, South America: insurrection in (1841), 21, 170; for- eign element in, 251 San Pedro de Gormaz, Spain: battle of, 8, 135 San Raphael, California: battle of (1846), 22, 296 San Roman, Miguel (1802-1863), Pe- ruvian general, President of Peru, 1862-1863: denounces Lafuente, 21, 196; attempts an insurrection, 199; made president of Peru, 201 San Salvador, one of the West Indies: discovered by Columbus, 21, 6, 23, 31; assaulted by the Dutch (1624), 8, 460, 20, 59; growth of, 19, 20 San Sebastian: see Saint Sebastian San Souci, The Philosopher of: see Frederick (II) the Great, King of Prussia San Stefano, Treaty of, peace between Russia and Turkey (1878): account of, 11, 632, 14, 486, 15, 337, 17, 420 San Thome (San Tome or St. Thome), Island of, an island in the Gulf of Guinea: sketch of, 19, 213; burned (1617), 21, 31; under Portu- guese rule, 20, 298 Sanballat (6th century B. C), Prince of Samaria: attempts to hinder the rebuilding of Jerusalem, 1, 402 Sanborn, Benjamin H. (19th century), American abolitionist: John Brown aided by, 24, 673 Sancerre, France: siege of (1572), 9, 158 618 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sanchez (d. 1870), Paraguayan soldier and statesman: death of, 31, 160 Sanchez, Andres Manuel (d. 1826), Cuban patriot: death of, 22, 451 , Sanchez, Manuel Antonio (19th cen- tury), Bolivian statesman: member of Council of State of Bolivia, 21, 188 Sanchez, Pedro (late 16th century), Spanish Jesuit: founds Jesuit Col- lege in Mexico, 22, 129 Sancho (I) Ramirez (IV of Navarre), King of Aragon, 1076-1094; invades Andalusia, 90; his campaign against the Moors, 100; accession to throne of Navarre, 201; reign of, 231 Sancho (I) the Fat, King of Asturias and Leon, 955-967: revolt of, 8, 136; reign of, 137 Sancho (II) the Brave, King of Leon and Castile, 1065-1072: reign of, 8, 142 Sancho III, King of Leon and Castile, 1157-1158: reign of, 8, 146 Sancho IV, King of Leon and Castile, 1284-1295: rebellion of, 8, 155; ac- cession of, 156 Sancho I (Garces Abaraca), King of Navarre, 905-925: reign of, 8, 197 Sancho (II) el Mayor, King of Na- varre, 970-1035: invades Leon, 8, 139; reign of, 199 Sancho III, King of Navarre, 1054- 1076: reign of, 8, 200 Sancho (IV) Ramirez, King of Na- varre: see Sancho (I) Ramirez, King of Aragon Sancho V, King of Navarre, 1150- 1194: reign of, 8, 203 Sancho VI, King of Navarre, 1194- 1234: reign of, 8, 204 Sancho I (1154-1211), King of Portu- gal, 1185-1211, called The Restorer of Cities: forms alliance with Al- fonso IX of Leon, 8, 147; his cam- paigns against the Moors, 276; reign of, 277 Sancho II, King of Portugal, 1223- 1248: reign of, 8, 279 Sancho (13th century), Count of Rous- sillon: regent of Aragon, 8, 239 Sancho Inigo, Count of Bigorre and King of Navarre, ca. 9th century: reign of, 8, 195 Sanclamente, M. A., President of Co- lombia, 1898-1900: election and dep- osition of, 21, 245 Sand, Karl Ludwig (early 19th cen- tury), German student: assassinates Kotzebue, 18, 394 Sandeman, Sir Robert Groves (1838- 1892), British statesman: sketch of, 5, 266 Sanderson's Hope, island in the Arc- tic Ocean: discovered, 16, 302 Sandi, Don Alvaro de (16th century), Spanish military officer: captured by Turks, 14, 166 Sandon: see Herakles Sandoval, Francisco Tello de (early 16th century), Spanish statesman: commissioned to enforce the abo- rigine laws in Mexico, 22, no Sandoval, Gonzalo de (1496-1528), Spanish soldier; joins Cortez, 22, 10; at the siege of Mexico, 52; his conquests in Mexico, 66; death of, 70 Sandwich, Edward Montague, Earl of (1625-1672), English admiral: death of, 13, 236 Sandwich Islands, Pacific Ocean: dis- covered, 20, 124; history of, 307 Sandys, Sir Edwin (1 561-1629), Eng- lish politician and author: appoint- ed councilor, 23, 57 Saneha (ca. 20th century B. C), Egyptian adventurer: account of, 1, 18 Sangala, India: battle of (327 B. C), 5, 68 Sangamon River, Illinois: Lincoln family settle on, 24, 666 Sangipan (early 5th century A. D.), King of the Alans: forms alliance with Aetius, 18, 41 Sanitary Commission, The, in Amer- ican Civil War: work of, 24, 825 Sanjar (d. 1141), Persian sultan: reign of, 5, 331 Sanjo Sanetomi (early 19th century), Japanese courtier: accompanies Mori Yoshichika to his fief, 7, 163; restored to his former rank, 167 GENERAL INDEX 619 Sankara Acharya (ca. gth century A. D.), Hindu religious reformer: sketch of, 5, 80 Sankolinsin, General (late 19th cen- tury), Chinese military officer: men- tioned, 6, 171, 179 Sano Takenosuke (late 19th century), Japanese assassin: leader of the murderers of Naosuki, 7, 161 Sanquhar Declaration, the protest of a sect of Covenanters against the English government: account of, 12, 348_ San-sin, China: occupied by Russia (1900), 7, 285 Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de (1795- 1876), a Mexican general and poli- tician: leads revolts (1823), 22, 258; (1828), 268; defeats the Spanish, 270; leads revolt against Bustamante, 271; elected president of Mexico, 271; attempts to change form of Mexican government, 24, 532; orders garrison of the Alamo to be shot, 534; defeated at San Jacinto, 22,275, 24, 534; captured, 24, 534; made dictator, 22, 277; his return to power, 310; elected president of Mexico (1846), 315; defeated at Buena Vista, 22, 307, 24, 548; at battle of Cerro Gordo, 24, 549; leaves Mexico, 22, 377; returns to Mexico (1853), 381; career of, 400 Santa Catharina, a state in Brazil: foreign element in, 21, 251 Santa Cruz, a small island in the West Indies: discovered, 21, 9 Santa Cruz, a seaport of the Canary Islands: battle of (1657), n, 371 Santa Cruz, Conde de (late 16th cen- tury), a Portuguese governor in In- dia: sends expeditions against pi- rates, 8, 458 Santa Cruz, Andres (1794-1865), a Bo- livian general and politician: invades Peru, 21, 186; made president of Bolivia, 186; arrested, 188; his mis- sion to Paris, 189; president of the Supreme Council of Peru, 192; made protector of Bolivia and Peru, 195; aids exiled Chilians, 217 Santa Cruz de Rosales, Mexico: bat- tle of (1848), 22, 378 Santa Fe, New Mexico: founded, 23, ^ 43; siege of (1680), 22, 176; occu- ' pied by Kearny, 24, 549 " Santa Maria," the flagship of Colum- bus in the voyage of 1492: fitted out for Columbus, 23, 29; wrecked, 32 Santa Maria (19th century), President of Chili: presidency of, 21, 238 Santa Maria de la Concepcion, a small island in the West Indies: discov- ered and named, 21, 6 Santa Maria la Antigoa, a small island in the Antilles: discovered, 21, 9 Santa Maria la Redonda, a small island in the Antilles: discovered, 21, 9 Santa Marta, Colombia, South Amer- ica: founded, 21, 16; burned by Drake (1596), 30 Santa Rosa de Carchi, Treaty of, a treaty between Ecuador and New Granada (1846), 21, no Santa Sophia: see St. Sophia Santals, a tribe in India: description of, 5, 29 Santander, Francisco de Paula (1792- 1840), a New Granadan general and politician: honored, 21, 84; elected president of New Granada, 85 Santangel, Luiz de (late 15th century), a Spanish courtier: aids Columbus, 21, 4 Santarem, Portugal: battles of (1072), 8, 143; (1 184), 98 Santee, a river in South Carolina: battle of the (1780), 23, 278 Santerre, Antoine Joseph (1752-1809), a French revolutionist and general: leader of the populace, 9, 272 Santiago, Chili: founded, 21, 26; mar- tial law declared (1858), 218; inter- national exhibition at (1875), 229 Santiago de Cuba, a seaport of Cuba: founded, 22, 447; battles of (1537), 449; Virginius' trial at, 24, 887; bat- tle of (1898), 8, 520, 20, 329, 22, 460, 24, 1030; surrenders to General Shafter, 1030 Santo Domingo, an island of the West Indies; main treatment, 22, 491; 620 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS settled, 23, 33', Isabella (San Do- mingo) built, 31, 10; sacked by- Drake (1580), 30; conquered by the English, 20, 71; traces of pirates in, 69; under French colonization, 72; condition of, at the outbreak of the French Revolution, 137; revolt of (1791), 10, 160, 445, 20, 138; failure of expedition to, 23, 397; trade of, ruined, 20, 237; Roosevelt urges treaty with, 24, 1077; see also Do- minican Republic Santo Stefano, Hieronimo di (late 15th century), an Italian voyager: visits India, 5, 141 Santos, Maximo (late 19th century), Uruguayan statesman, President of Uruguay, 1886; administration of, 21, 258 Sanuki, Japan: battle of, 7, 62 Sapor: see Shahpur Sappho (ca. 600 B. C.)> Greek lyric poetess: sketch of, 2, 115 Saracens, name given by mediaeval Christians to Arab followers of Mo- hammed and later to Mohammedans in general: invade Spain, 8, 46; in- vade France, 18, 73; foes of Byzan- tine empire, 2, 533; invade Italy, 4, 179; see also Arabia Saragossa, Spain: captured by Charle- magne (778 A. D.), 8, 70, 18, 81; captured by Christians (1118 A. D.), 8, 92, 233; battle of (1710), 8, 399, 9, 223; besieged by French (1808), 8, 489, 10, 477 Saragossa, Treaty of, agreement con- cluded between Spain and Portugal (1529), 5, 146 Sarakos: see Sin-shar-ishkum Saratoga, New York: battle of (1777), 9, 254, 11, 517, 12, 181, 20, 128, 23, 255 Sarawak, a British protectorate in .the island of Borneo: sketch of, 20, 255 Sardanapaleus : see Ashur-bani-pal Sardes (Sardis), capital of Lydia, Asia Minor: battle of (early 7th century B. C), 1, 145; captured by Cyrus (546 B. C.)> 1, 146, 2, 124; Athe- nians burn, 1, 166, 2, 135; submits to Alexander, 2, 489 Sardinia, island in the Mediterranean: Phoenicians colonize, I, 121; added to the Roman empire, 3, 107; con- quered for Caesar, 342; revolts against Aragon, 8, 255; rebels against Martin I of Sicily, 258 Sardinia, Kingdom of, a former king- dom of Italy, including the duchy of Savoy, and the island of Sar- dinia: founded, 18, 316 Sarduris, King of Armenia, ca. 735 B. C: defeated by Assyrians, 1, 83 Sargent, John (early 19th century), American statesman: nominated for Vice-President (1831), 23, 498 Sargon I (Shargani-shar-ali, Sharru- kin), King of Agade in Babylonia, ca, 3800 B. C. : reign of, 1, 75 Sargon II, King of Assyria, 722-705 B. C: captures Carchemish (717 B. C.) i> !4 2 ; places Dalta on the throne of the Medes, 158; captures Samaria, 394; reign of, 840 Sarmatians or Saurometae, Scythian tribe: settle on the banks of the lower Danube, 17, 15; repulsed by the Romans (356 A. D.), 15 Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (181 1- 1888), Argentinian statesman: sketch of, 21, 118; made president of the Argentine Republic, 133 Sarmizegethusa, Transylvania: battle of (101 A. D.), 17, 13 Sarpi, Paolo (1552-1623), Italian writ- er and theologian: attempts to bring about a reformation in Venice, 4, 314 Sarsfield, Patrick, Earl of Lucan (d. 1693), Irish Jacobite general: at the battle of the Boyne, 12, 143; at the siege of Limerick, 144; signs Treaty of Limerick, 153; death of, 154 Sartorius, Count de San Luis (19th century), Spanish statesman: be- comes premier, 8, 503 Saskatchewan, Province of, Canada: created and admitted to the Cana- dian union, 20, 170 GENERAL INDEX 621 Sass, General (19th century), Austrian military officer: in the Hungarian insurrection, 15, 301 Sassanids or Sassanians, dynasty of Persian kings (218-643 A. D.) : reign of, 5, 313 Satara, a district in India: escheats to the British government, 5, 228 Satchar (17th century), Mongol chief- tain: threatens frontier of China, 6, 64 Satrapies, system of government: in- stituted by Darius, 2, 130 Saturninus, Claudius Sentius, Roman governor in Germany, 4-6 A. D.: his campaign in Gaul, 4, 44 Saturninus, Lucius Antonius (1st cen- tury A. D.), Roman soldier: rebel- lion of, 4, 84 Saturninus, Lucius Appuleius (d. 99 B. C), Roman statesman: leader of the populace, 3, 199; rupture with Marius, 201; death, 201 Sauchieburn, Scotland: battle of (1488), 12, 298 Saul ben Kish (nth century B. C), King of the Israelites, 1055-1033 B. C: reign of, 1, 381; death of, 384 Saurometae: see Sarmatians Saussure, Horace Benedict de (1740- x 799)> Swiss naturalist: sketch of, . 13, 494 Sauzet, Jean Pierre Paul (1800-1876), French advocate and politician: made minister of justice, 9, 409 Savage Station, Virginia: battle of (1862), 24, 761 Savannah, Georgia: founded by Ogle- thorpe, 23, 81; only town during colonial period of Georgia, 81; cap- tured by British (1778), 271; popu- lation in time of Jackson, 479; cap- tured by Sherman (1864), 24, 805 Savenay, France: battle of (1793), 10, 248 note, 276 Savile, George, Marquis of Halifax: see Halifax, George Savile, Marquis of Saviour of the Nation, The: see Crom- well, Oliver Savonarola, Girolamo, an Italian po- litical and religious reformer: born at Ferrara, Italy, September 21, 1452; became a Dominican monk at Bologna, 1475; removed to Florence, 1482, and was elected prior of San Marco, 1491; was one of the chief instruments in the overthrow of the Medici and the restoration of the republic, 1494; summoned to Rome, 1495; was forbidden to preach by the Vatican; submitted to this com- mand at first, but declared he was unable to resist the prophetic spirit, and was excommunicated, 1497; death sentence was pronounced on May 22, 1498, and on the day fol- lowing he and two fellow monks were publicly hanged and then burned, and their ashes were thrown into the Arno Sketch of, 4, 282 Savoy, House of, a royal family of Europe, now the reigning house of the kingdom of Italy: history of, during the Middle Ages, 4, 272 Savoy Conference, a conference held at the Savoy in London for the purpose of securing ecclesiastical unity between Episcopalians and Presbyterians (1661), n, 382 Saxe, Count Maurice de (Maurice of Saxony) (1696-1750), a French mar- shal: expelled from Courland, 15, 99; his campaigns in the War of the Austrian Succession, 9, 237, 13, 2 55, I 8, 331; his campaign in the Netherlands, 11, 487 Saxe-Coburg, Friedrich Josias, Prince of: see Coburg, Friedrich Josias, Prince of Saxo Grammaticus (13th century), a Danish historian: his "History of Denmark," 16, 7, 17, 18, 178 Saxon League, The, a union of the maritime tribes on the shores of the German Ocean (250-800), 13, n Saxons, the people that formerly lived in the northern part of Germany: origin of, II, 15; location of, 18, 6; growth of, 28; struggle of, with the Franks, 13, n; harass Romans, 11, 15; their conquests in Britain, 18; their wars with Charlemagne, iS, 622 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 79; accept Christianity, 81; suprem- acy of the West Saxons, II, 41; their relations with Henry IV of Germany, 18, 132; defeated by Henry V of Germany, 140; settle in Hungary, 17, 53 Saxony, a kingdom of Germany: granted to Albert the Bear of Bran- denburg, 17, 91; division of, 18, 255 note; concludes an alliance with Maria Theresa, 17, 241 Say, Lord (15th century), an English lord: beheaded by Jack Cade, 11, 210 Saybrook, Connecticut: established, 33, 92 Saye and Sele, William Fiennes, Vis- count (1582-1662), an English poli- tician: proprietor of Connecticut Colony, 23, 92; secures charter for Connecticut, 93 Sayle, William (late 17th century), an early American colonist: brings set- tlers from Barbadoes, 23, 75 Sayyid Ahmad Khan Bahadur, Sir (d. 1898), Mohammedan reformer: founds the Mohammedan Anglo- Oriental College, 5, 256 Sayyid Dynasty, a family ruling in India, 1414-1451: reign of 5, 104 Sazava, a river in Bohemia: battle of (1422), 17, 132 Scaepio, Quintus (1st century B. C.) a Roman politician: opposes reforms of Drusus, 3, 203 Scaevola, Publius Mucius (2nd cen- tury B. C.)> a Roman jurist: influ- ence of, 3, 175 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (d. 82 B. C.) a Roman jurist and orator: character of, 3, 202; Fimbria at- tempts to kill, 224 Scala, Mastino della (1298-1351), Prince of Verona: Venice joins Florence against, 4, 249 "Scalawags," a name applied to ex- Confederates who became Repub- licans: meaning of term, 24, 864 Scanderbeg (Skanderbeg) (originally George Castriota) (1404-1467), an Eastern warrior: born in Albania: his successes against Turks, 14, 60, 69, 82; death of, 85 Scandinavia, History of: the primi- tive north, 16, 3; sagas and eddas mediaeval chronicles, 7; the emer- gence of Denmark, 16; Christianity in the far north, 25; Harald Haar- fager and Scandinavian expansion, 34; kings and heroes of the Yng- lingar line in Norway, 51; rise of the church in Denmark under the Estridsens, 67; Denmark's age of glory under the Valdemars, 80; Nor- way and Sweden before the Union of Calmar, 97; Denmark and the Union of Calmar, no; a century of Danish domination, 126; Gustavus Vasa and the Swedish revolution, 147; the rise of Sweden into Euro- pean prominence, 161; Gustavus Adolphus and the Thirty Years' War, 175; Denmark in eclipse, 189; Sweden's advances in acquisitions and prestige, 204; the Great North- ern War and the decline of abso- lute power, 214; benevolent despot- ism in Denmark, 230; Scandinavia in the age of political revolution, 247; Slesvig-Holstein, 265; constitutional government in the three kingdoms, 267 Scapula, Ostorius, Roman governor of Britain, 50 A. D.: his campaign in Britain, 4, 59; rules Britain, 11, 9 Scarlatti, Alexander (ca. 1656-1725), an Italian composer and musician: sketch of, 4, 414 Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius (163-89 B. C), a Roman soldier and statesman: member of African commission, 3, 188; his campaigns against the Celts, 3, 192, 17, 11; leader of senatorial party, 3, 201; trial of, 202; aids Dru- sus in his reforms, 203 Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, a son of the preceding: leads expedition against Aretas, 3, 274 Scaurus, Marcus Aurelius (d. 105 B. C.)> Roman legate in Gaul: defeated by Cimbri, 3, 193 GENERAL INDEX 623 Schaal, John Adam (1591-1669), a German Jesuit missionary in China: account of, 6, 39, 61; succeeded by Verbiest, 62 Schafarik (Safarik) Paul Joseph (1795-1861), a Hungarian philolo- gist: his work on the Slavonic peo- ples, 15, 288 Schaffhausen, a canton of Switzer- land: annexed to Switzerland, 18, 214; insurrection in (1798), 13, 509 Schamyl (1797-1871), a Caucasian leader: career of, 15, 298, 329 Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von (1755-1813), a German general: his efforts to liberate Germany, 18, 375> 379; his mission to Austria, 17, 307; death of, 18, 382 Schassburg, southeastern Europe: battle of (1849), 15, 301 Schauenburg (late 18th century), French general: his campaign in Switzerland, 13, 510 Schauensee, Meyer von (late 18th cen- tury), Swiss patriot: his speech be- fore the Helvetic Society, 13, 503 Schaumburg-Lippe, Frederick Wil- liam, Count of (1724-1777), a German soldier: takes command of Portu- guese army, 8, 473 Schehadeddin (15th century), Turkish commander: his expedition against Hungary, 17, 157 Schenck, Martin (d. 1590), Dutch sol- dier: career of, 13, 155 Schenck Robert Cumming (late 19th century), American statesman: in Joint High Commission, 24, 883 Schenectady, New York: attack on (1690), 23, 158 Scheremetjev: see Sheremetriev Scherer, Barthelemy Louis Joseph (1747-1804), French soldier: his campaigns against the allied forces, 9, 293; commands army in Italy, 308 Schering, Captain (late 19th century), German naval officer: annexes An- gra Pequena to Germany, 19, 104 Scherr, Thomas (early 19th century), Swiss educator: directs training school for teachers, 13, 542 Schertlin, Sebastien (early 16th cen- tury), German soldier: campaigns of, 18, 250, 254 Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob (1672- 1733), Swiss scientist: sketch of, 13, 482, 488 Scheveling, Holland: battle of (1653), 13, 230 Schibi, Christian (d. 1653), Swiss rev- olutionist: leads insurrection, 13. 472; death of, 473 Schiefer, Wolfgang (Severus) (16th century), Austrian scholar: his influ- ence on Maximilian II of Austria, 17, 179 Schill, Ferdinand von (1 776-1 809), Prussian soldier: defends Colberg, 18, 372; revolt of, 376 Schiller, Johann Christ oph Friedrich von (1759-1805), German poet: at Weimar, 18, 353, 381 Schilling, Diebold, of Berne (14th cen- tury), Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 427 Schilling, Diebold, of Lucerne (14th century), Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 427 Schimmelmann, Count (18th century), Danish statesman: ministry of, 16, 240 Schinner, Matthew, Bishop of Sion (early 16th century), Swiss ecclesi- astic and statesman: raises troops for the Pope, 13, 421 Schism Act, a measure to force con- formity to the Church of England (1714): account of, II, 466 Schlegel, Frederick (1772-1829), Ger- man scholar and critic: in the Aus- trian service, 17, 320 Schlegel, Johann Heinrich (1724- 1780), German historian: in Den- mark, 16, 240 Schleppegrell, General (early 19th century), German general: in the Slesvig-Holstein War, 16, 271 Schleswig (Slesvig, Slesvick), Ger- many: Olaf invested with, 16, 72; incorporated with Denmark, 226, 236; added to the German em- pire, 18, 107; restored to Den- mark, 125; controversy between Denmark and Russia about, 15, 80; 624 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS controversy settled, 117; revolt of, 18, 399, 404; Austria and Prus- sia dispute Denmark's possession of, 17, 390, 18, 408 Schley, Winfield Scott, an American naval officer: born at Frederick, Maryland, October 9, 1839; gradu- ated at the Naval Academy in i860; served in the Gulf Squadron in the Civil War, and in 1871, as lieuten- ant-commander took part in the at- tack on the Salu River forts in Korea; in 1884, commanded the Greely relief expedition and rescued Lieutenant Greely and six compan- ions at Cape Sabine, Greenland; was captain of the " Baltimore " at Val- paraiso, Chili, in 1891; in the same year, carried Captain Ericsson's body to Sweden, receiving a gold medal from the king of that coun- try; was made commodore, Febru- ary, 1898, and commanded the Fly- ing Squadron in Cuban waters dur- ing the war with Spain; commanded the blockading fleet at the destruc- tion of the Spanish fleet off Santi- ago, July 3, 1898; was promoted rear admiral in August, 1898 Rescues the Greely party, 16, 320; commands Flying Squadron, 24, 1028; in battle of Santiago, 1030; controversy with Sampson, 1035 Schlick, Count of (early 17th century), Austrian politician: leads conspir- acy, 17, 201 Schlippenbach, General (early 17th century), Swedish military officer: campaigns of, 15, 41 Schliisselburg, Russia: occupied by the Russians (1702), 15, 44 Schmalkalden League, The, an asso- ciation of Reformers in Germany: sketch of, 18, 249 Schmalkalden League, War of, war between the Catholics and Luther- ans (1546-1555): account of, 18, 254 Schmerling, Anton von (1805-1893), Austrian jurist and statesman: made prime minister, 17, 386; resigns, 389 Schmidt (early 19th century), a lawyer of Vienna: made president of the diet of Vienna (1849), 17, 374 Schmied, Konrad (16th century), Swiss monk and reformer: reforms of, 13, 436 Schnell, Karl (early 19th century), Swiss barrister and politician: de- mands a reform in the constitution, 13, 533 Schnell, Ludwig (early 19th century), Swiss reformer of German birth: demands a reform in the constitu- tion, 13, 533; sketch of, 534 Schoeffer, Peter (15th century), Ger- man printer: partner of Fust, 18, 221 Schofield, John McAllister (1831 ), American general and statesman: in Sherman's march to Atlanta, 24, 794; attacked by Hood, 803; joins Sherman at Goldsboro, 808; Secre- tary of War, 855; retires from Cab- inet, 861; retained in Grant's Cab- inet, 861 Schomberg, Friedrich von, Duke of Schomberg (1615-1690), Protestant soldier of German birth: campaign of, in Ireland, II, 437, 12, 141; death of, 12, 142 Schomberg, Henry, Count of (1575- 1632), French marshal: draws up the Edict of Nantes, 9, 171 Schomburgh, Sir Robert (1804-1865), German traveler: his mission to Venezuela, 21, 263 Schonbrunn, Germany: Napoleon at, 18, 367, 377 Schonbrunn, Treaties of: 1805. An offensive and defensive alliance between France and Prus- sia, 9, 326 1809. A treaty concluded between Napoleon I and Francis I of Aus- tria, 17, 299 Schoolmen, The, mediaeval Scholastic philosophers: account of, II, 192 Schools, Public: established in Massa- chusetts, 23, 140; in the South, 24, 589 Schoosshalde, Switzerland: battle of (1289), 13, 361 GENERAL INDEX 625 Schreiner, William P., Premier of Cape Colony, 1898-1900: leads Af- rikander Bund, 20, 232 Schuhmacher, Placidus (d. 1764), Swiss citizen: leads burgesses of Lucerne, 13, 499 Schulenberg, Johan Matthias, Count von (1661-1747), Prussian general: at the battle of Punitz, 16, 217 Schumacher, Peder: see Griffenfeld, Peder Schumacher, Count Schurman, Jacob Gould (1854 ), American educator: member of the Philippine commission, 20, 316, 24, 1042 Schurz, Carl (1829-1906), American publicist of German birth: joins lib- eral movement, 24, 800; Secretary of the Interior, 916; opposes election of Blaine (1884), 946 Schuyler, Eugene (1840-1890), an American diplomat and author: in- vestigates Bulgarian troubles, 14, 477 Schuyler, Philip (1733-1804), an Amer- ican general and politician: appoint- ed major-general, 23, 231; abandons Fort Edward, 253; censured, 252; re- lieved from command of army in New York, 254; in first Congress, 343 Schwaderloo, Switzerland: battle of (1499), 13, 418 Schwanstadt, Austria: battle of (1800), 9, 317 Schwarz (late 18th century), a Russian educator: cooperates with Novikov, 15, 194 Schwarz, Martin (late 15th century), a German soldier: joins insurrec- tion of Lambert Simnel, 11, 225 Schwarzenberg (Schwartzenberg), Count (late 16th century), a Ger- man diplomatist: proclaims the friendliness of the princes of the empire toward the Belgians, 13, 86; at the Breda Conference, 119 Schwarzenberg, Felix Ludwig Johann Friedrich, Prince von (1800-1852), an Austrian diplomat: made prime- minister, 17, 377; ministry of, 18, 403 Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp, Prince von (1771-1820), an Austrian gen- eral: his campaign against France, 15, 214; protects the Poles, 256; commands Austrian troops in Na- poleon's Russian campaign, 17, 305; his mission to Paris, 306; given su- preme command of coalition forces, 17, 307, 18, 383; defeated at Dres- den, 15, 261, 18, 384; defeated by Napoleon, 18, 387 Schwatka, Frederick (1849-1892), an American army officer and ex- plorer: commands Franklin search party, 16, 314 Schweidnitz, Prussia: taken by the Prussians (1578), 18, 338; taken by Laudon (1761), 342; siege of (1762), 343 Schweinfurth, Georg August (1836- ), an African explorer and bot- anist: arouses an interest in Africa, 19, 59 Schweizer, Alexander (1 808-1 888), a German theologian of the Reformed Church: sketch of, 13, 584 Schweizer, Kaspar (17th century), a Swiss scholar: sketch of, 13, 482 Schwerin, Count Kurt Christoph (1684-1757), a German general: campaigns of, 18, 329, 335 Schwyz, a Swiss canton: secures inde- pendence, 18, 184 Schwyz, Diets of: 1802. A diet called to receive the new Swiss constitution, 13, 518 1833. A special diet in which the Sonderbund was formed, 13, 541 Science : ANTARCTIC REGIONS: geo- graphic, 16, 333 ARABIA: Grecian influence, 1, 345; skilled in medicine, 348; knowledge of anatomy, botany, and chemistry, 348; astronomy, 348 ARCTIC REGIONS: contributions to, 16, 295; geographic, 305; Frank- lin search, 311; Weyprecht's contri- butions to, 318 BABYLONIA and ASSYRIA: as- tronomy and astrology, 1, 109; knowledge of mathematics, no; 626 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS books on astronomy and astrology, no BELGIUM: establishment of state in Congo Valley, 13, 311 BOHEMIA: founding of the Royal Society of Sciences, 17, 275 CHINA: scientific writings, 6, 34; advances in, 39 DENMARK: scientific research, 16, 198; encouragement of, 240 EGYPT: mathematical papyrus, 1, 21; early examples of, 51; early medicine and anatomy, 15, 52 ENGLAND: Francis Bacon, II, 302; Royal Society founded, 392, 419; Victorian era, 612; nautical, 20, 122 EUROPE: growth of astronomy and geography, 13, 168; eastern in- fluences, 18, 172 FRANCE: advances in, 9, 490; Ob- servatory of Astronomical Studies, 10, 363 GERMANY: establishment of Acad- emy of Science, 18, 320 HUNGARY: founding of the Royal Society of Sciences, 17, 341 INDIA: of the Brahmans, 5, 47 IRELAND: medical manuscripts, 12, 7 ITALY: progress of Tartaglia, 4, 296; Galileo's additions to, 321; electricity, 339; Vico's " Scienza Nuva," 408 JAPAN: instruction in, 7, 4; book on botany, 142; encouraged, 149 NETHERLANDS: founding of University of Louvain, 13, 63; Ger- ard Mercator, navigation, 20, 122; progress of 17th century, 13, 219 PERSIA: original research, 5, 327; astronomical observatory, 331 PHOENICIA: influenced by neigh- bors, I, 133 PORTUGAL: academy of sciences, 8, 476 RUSSIA: Academy of Sciences, 15, 82, 113 SPAIN: encouragement of, 8, 72; Astronomical Tables, 156; natural history, 425 SWEDEN: encouraged by Chris- tina, 16, 204 SWITZERLAND: institutions for advancement of, 13, 583 TURKEY: books on, 14, 164 Scinde: see Sind Scione, in ancient Greece: revolts from Athens, 2, 315; retaken, 318 Scipio, Publius Cornelius (d. 212 B. C), a Roman general: defeated at battle of Vercellae, 3, 116; his cam- paigns in Spain, 3, 122, 8, 16; death, 3, 125 Scipio, Quintus Metellus Pius (d. 46 B. C.)> a Roman politician and sol- dier: becomes consul (52 B. C.) 3, 321; Pompeius marries daughter of, 326; at the Corcyra council of war, 350; succeeds to command of Pom- peian army, 355; at battle of Thap- sus, 358; death, 359 Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, Publius Cornelius, a Roman gen- eral: born about 185 B. C; he was liberally educated and was well versed in Greek literature and phi- losophy; in 168 B. C, fought at the battle of Pydna; formed an inti- mate friendship with the historian Polybius; as military tribune he went to Spain in 151 B. C, and killed a gigantic Spanish chief; in the third Punic War, which began about 149, he displayed great mili- tary ability in Africa; returned to Rome in 148; was elected consul for, 147; became censor with Lucius Mummius in 142; endeavored to re- strain the growing love of luxury of the Romans and to maintain the simple habits and austere virtues of their ancestors; but in this he was not successful; having been elected consul in 134 B. C, obtained the chief command in Spain; was an inflexible supporter of the aristo- cratic party and approved the execu- tion of Tiberius Gracchus, but lost his popularity by his course in this affair; was found dead in his bed in 129 B. C; although the public GENERAL INDEX 627 suspected he was murdered, no per- son was convicted of the crime Reduces Numantia, 3, 162, 8, 19; at the siege of Carthage (149 B. C.) 3, 164; made consul, 164; captures Carthage, 165; favors suspension of the land commission, 178; estab- lishes the pretorian cohort, 198; death, 179 Scipio Africanus Major, Publius Cor- nelius, a Roman general: born in 235 or 234 B. C; fought at the bat- tle of the Ticino, and rescued his wounded father there, in 218 B. C; in 216, as military tribune, took part in the battle of Cannae; was elected aedile in 212 B. C, and appointed commander-in-chief of the army in Spain in 210; was successful in sev- eral campaigns and became master of nearly all Spain; having complet- ed the conquest of Spain, in 206 B. C, returned to Rome and was elect- ed consul for 205, although under the legal age; was refused an army to carry the war into Africa, so he raised an army of volunteers, in- vaded Africa in 204, and was joined by King Massinissa; was suc- cessful in several battles; in Octo- ber, 202, Scipio defeated Hannibal in the memorable battle of Zama, which decided the fate of Carthage; on his return to Rome, in 201, was received with great enthusiasm and obtained the surname of Africanus; the people proposed to make him dictator for life, but he declined the honor; he was chosen censor in 199, and consul in 194 B. C; about 187 B. C. was publicly accused of re- ceiving bribes from Antiochus; was prosecuted and made a speech in his defense, which was partially suc- cessful, as his enemies and judges abandoned the case; deeply affected by the ingratitude of the people he left Rome and died at Liternum in 183 B. C. Chosen extraordinary general of army, 3, 126; his campaigns in Spain, 8, 18; at battle of Baecula, 3, 127; chosen consul, 129; invades Af- rica, 2, 518, 3, 129; in the war with Antiochus, 3, 144; changes the seat- ing of members of the senate, 154; death, 146 Scipio Asiaticus, Lucius Cornelius, Ro- man consul, 190 B. C. : elected con- sul, 3, 225; his soldiers desert him for Sulla, 226 Scipio Calvus, Gnaeus Cornelius, Ro- man consul, 222 B. C. : captures Mi- lan, 3, 109; his campaigns in Spain, 3, 122, 8, 16; death, 3, 125 Scipio Nasica Corculum, Publius Cor- nelius, a Roman jurist, consul, 155 B. C. : opposes plan to destroy Car- thage, 3, 163 Scipio Nasica Serapio, Publius Cor- nelius, Roman consul, 138 B. C. : be- gins civil war against the Gracchi, 3, 176 Sciritis, a district in Greece: taken from Sparta, 2, 479 Sclopis de Salerano, Count Federigo (1798-1878), an Italian politician and jurist: in Geneva commission, 24, 885 Scodra, the ancient name of Scutari, a city in Albania: capture of, 3, 150 Scone, Monastery of, an abbey in Scotland: founded, 12, 262 Scordisci, a Celtic tribe in Austria: lo- cation of, 17, 11; defeated by the Romans, 3, 192; defeat the Boii, 17, 12 Scoresly, William (1789-1857), Eng- lish physicist and Arctic navigator: exploration of, in Arctic seas, 16, 315 Scot, Michael (d. ca. 1290), Scottish writer: sketch of, 12, 269 Scotch, natives of Scotland: included in Penn's Colony, 23, 113 Scotch-Irish, Scotch Protestant set- tiers in Ireland: arrive in Virginia, 23, 67; aid settlement of Pennsyl- vania, 113; in Pennsylvania and other colonies, 126 Scotland: the Gaelic period, 12, 247; the English period, 261; invaded by Hakon, 16, 99; struggle for inde- pendence, 12, 271; the independent 628 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS kingdoms, 282; the Jameses, 291; the Reformation, II, 335, 12, 311; the Union of the crowns, II, 457, 12, 332; discontent with the Union, 12, 360 Scotland, Leper King of: see Robert Bruce, King of Scotland Scotland, The Hammer of: see Ed- ward I, King of England Scotland, The Joshua of: see Robert Bruce, King of Scotland Scotland, The Scourge of: see Ed- ward I, King of England Scots, or Scoti, a Gaelic tribe of Ire- land and Scotland: sketch of, 12, 248; harass Romans, 11, 15 Scott, Dred (19th century), American negro slave: famous case of, 24, 658 Scott, Robert Falcon (1868 ), Eng- lish naval officer and explorer: com- mands British National Antarctic Expedition, 16, 334 Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832), English novelist and poet: sketch of, II, 577 Scott, Winfield, an American general: was born near Petersburg, Virginia, June 13, 1786; studied law at Wil- liam and Mary College and was ad- mitted to the bar, 1806; in 1807 he became a volunteer in a troop of horse, called out under the procla- mation which President Jefferson issued; was then appointed a cap- tain of artillery; in 1809 was or- dered to New Orleans to join the army under General Wilkinson; having indiscreetly censured the conduct of his general and even in- timated his complicity with the trea- son of Burr, Scott was tried by a court-martial and sentenced to be suspended for one year; he spent the year of his suspension in study- ing and laid the foundation of his thorough acquaintance with Mili- tary Science; at the outbreak of the War of 1812, he was made a lieuten- ant-colonel and ordered to the Can- ada frontier; succeeded Colonel Van Renselaer as chief commander of the American troops; in 1813, joined General Dearborn's army as adju- tant-general; distinguished himself at Fort George in May, 1813; was taken prisoner at Queenstown; was made brigadier-general, 1814; was at the capture of F"ort Erie, July 3, 1814, and at the battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25, 1814; for his services was raised to the rank of major- general and received a gold medal from President Monroe; de- clined the offer of secretary of war; in 1832, the nullification difficulties began in South Carolina and Gen- eral Scott was sent by President Jack- son to take measures to prevent, or, if need be to quell the threatened insurrection and he was successful; on the death of General Macomb in June, 1 841, Scott succeeded to posi- tion of commander-in-chief of the army of the United States; in the war with Mexico, Scott was in chief command of the army in Mexico, and was successful in all engage- ments; in 1852, Scott was nominated by the Whig party as candidate for Presidency; in 1855 the honorary rank of lieutenant-general was con- ferred upon Scott; in 1861, Scott re- signed his active duties in Washing- ton and retired to private life; died at West Point, May 29, 1866 In War of 1812, 23, 421, 424, 433; victory at Chippewa, 425; sent to Canadian border, 515; proposed as nominee for Whig Party, 24, 521; sent to Mexico, 549; takes command in Mexico, 22, 301; at battle of Cerro Gordo, 24, 549; opposes peace commissioner, 551; candidate for President, 557; receives Presidential nomination (1852), 620; in the cam- paign of 1852, 621; advises the gar- risoning of Southern forts, 696; pro- tects Lincoln at inauguration, 707; approves plan of battle for Bull Run, 734; succeeded by McClellan, 757; early army comrade of Lee, 760 Scottish Antarctic Expedition (1903), 1 6, 336 GENERAL INDEX 629 Scottish Reformers, The Apostle of the: see Knox, John Scott-Moncrieff, Sir Colin Campbell (1836 ), English colonial officer: president of the irrigation commis- sion, 5, 280 Scourge of Europe, The: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Scourge of God: see Attila Scourge of Scotland, The: see Edward (I), King of England Scourge of the English, The Hammer and: see Wallace, William Scranton, Pennsylvania: riots at, dur- ing railroad strikes, 24, 919 Scribonia, wife of Octavius: marriage, 4, 20 Scrope, Richard (ca. 1350-1405), Arch- bishop of York: leader of insurrec- tion, 11, 194 Sculpture: see Art Scutage, a tax on a knight's fee: origin of, 11, 100 Scutari: see Scodra Scylax of Caryanda (ca. 500 B. C) Greek admiral, 2, 131 Scythian Era: see Saka Era Scythians, in ancient history the in- habitants of an undefined region in the north and eastern part of Eu- rope and in central and northern Asia: invade India, 5, 72; territory of, invaded by Alexander, 2, 500; territory of, invaded by Darius, I, 165, 2, 131; Greek relations with, 2, 81 Sea, King of the: see Edward III, King of England Sea, The Queen of the: see Tyre Sea of Darkness: see Atlantic Ocean Sea of Japan: battle of (1905), 7, 316, 15, 364 Seabury, Samuel (1729-1796), Ameri- can divine: consecrated, 12, 372 Seadeddin (14th century), Oriental historian, 14, 30, 35 note; quoted, 37; influence on Mohammed III of Tur- key, 205, 206, 207 Seal Fisheries: dispute in Behring Sea, 24, 979 Seankh-ka-ra, King of Egypt, ca. 2000 B. C: reign of, I, 18 Search Warrants, General: issued by British Government to be used in colonies, 23, 205 Seas, The Queen of the Northern: see Elizabeth, Queen of England Seasons, Society of the, French secret organization: instigates a riot, 9. 417 Sebasteia: see Sivas Sebastian (1554-1578), King of Portu- gal, 1557-1578: birth of, 8, 440; reign of, 440 Sebastiani, Count Francois Horace Bastien (1772-1851), French soldier and diplomat: ambassador to Tur- key, 9, 330, 14, 396, 398; his rela- tions to the revolution of 1830, 9, 391; made minister for foreign af- fairs, 399 Sebastopol (Sevastopol), Russia, called the Queen of the Euxine: Russian port founded by Catherine, 14, 350; siege of (1854-1855), 9, 447, 11, 616, 14, 455, 15, 314 Secession in the United States: threats of disunion in Constitutional Con- vention, 23, 326; agitated in New England in War of 1812, 431; threat- ened by Georgia on account of inter- ference in land surveys, 471; agitated on account of protective tariff, 472; suggested by the opposition to ad- mission of Louisiana, 24, 568; Cal- houn's speech of 1850, 604; proposed by Nashville Convention (1850), 611; advocated in Mississippi, 611; in campaign of 1856, 655; South threatens, 678; campaign of i860, 683; of Southern States, 684; Greeley quoted on right of, 714 " Secretary Dynasty," a name given to the first four presidencies after John Adams: growth of opposition to, 23, 463 Sectional feeling, between portions of the United States: on land question, 23, 489; increased by Jackson's methods, 499; exemplified in atti- tude toward execution of John 630 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Brown, 24, 675; see also Civil War Sections, The, political divisions of Paris during the Revolution: reduc- tion in the meetings of, 10, 323; dis- perse the insurgents of Germinal, 337 Security, Act of, an act passed by the Scottish Parliament, providing that the successor to the Scottish Crown, after the queen's death, should not be the same person as the successor to the crown of England (1703), ix, 457 Sedan, France: battle of (1870), 9, 464, 18, 423 Sedan, The Man of: see Napoleon III, Emperor of the French Sedgemoor, tract of land in Somerset- shire, England: battle of (1685), II, 422 Sedgewick, John (1813-1864), Ameri- can soldier: retreats before Lee, 24, 771 Sedition Act,' an act passed by the United States Congress, the object of which was to destroy freedom of speech and of the press (1798), 23, 377 Sef ben Sultan (17th century), Imaun of Oman: his campaign in Africa, 19, 39 Segauli, Treaty of, an agreement con- cluded between England and Nepal (1815), 5, 207 Segesta: see Siscia Segestes (1st century A. D.), Cherus- can chief: his feud with Hermann, 18, 19; death of, 21 Sego or Segu, Africa: captured by the French (1890), 19, 151 Segur (17th century), French states- man: in council of Louis XIV, 9, 207 Seid Bokhari (15th century), Moham- medan dervish: leads Turkish as- sault, 14, 59 Seidlitz (Seydlitz), Friedrich Wilhelm von (1721-1773), Prussian cavalry leader: in the Seven Years' War, 18, 336, 338 Sei-Shonagon (10th and nth cen- turies A. D.), Japanese writer: works of, 7, 43 Seiwa (9th century A. D.), Emperor of Japan: reign of, 7, 46 Sejanus .ffilius (d. 31 A. D.), favorite and minister of Emperor Tiberius: his influence over Tiberius, 4, 50; death, 52 Sekenen-Ra (Seqenen-Ra) I (ca. 1600 B. C.)> Prince of Thebes: defeats the Hyksos, 1, 21 Sekigahara, Japan: battle of, 7, 124 Sekunder: see Sikandar Sekydianos: see Sogdianos Selectmen, town officials in United States: election and duties of, 23, 123 Seleucia, Asia Minor: siege of, 3, 322; destroyed, 4, 89 Seleucus (I) Nicator (ca. 358-280 B. C), Macedonian general: receives Bactria and India, 5, 69; death of, 2, sis Self-denying Ordinance, The, in Eng- lish history, a measure intended to remove inefficient commanders from the army (1644), II, 351 Self-denying Ordinance, The, in French history, an act which provid- ed that no member of the national assembly might sit in the legisla- tive assembly (1791), 10, 145 note Selim I (ca. 1465-1520), Sultan of Tur- key, 1512-1520: intrigues for sover- eignty, 14, 115; accession of, 117; reign of, 119; at war with Persia, 5, 341; conquers Egypt, 1, 36, 20, 42; death of, 14, 137; compared to Sulei- man I, 146 Selim II (d. 1574), Sultan of Turkey, 1566-1574; intrigue to secure suc- cession of, 14, 168; accession of. 178; reign of, 191; concludes a treaty with Hungary, 17, 220; at war with Venice, 4, 309; death of, 14, 200 Selim III (1761-1808), Sultan of Tur- key, 1780-1807: reign of, 14, 355; forced abdication of, 400; death of, 401; his encouragement of educa- tion, 412 GENERAL INDEX 631 Selim Ghirai (17th century), Khan of the Crimea; flight before Sobieski, 14, 250; aids Kiuprili against Aus- trians, 258, 259 Selim Ghirai (18th century), Khan of the Crimea: account of, 14, 330 Selinus, Sicily: at war with Segesta, 2, 328; aids Syracuse, 339; destroyed by Carthaginians, 408 Seljirks, Turkish dynasty, reigning in central and western Asia in nth, 12th and 13th centuries, founded by Toghrul or Toghril Bey, grandson of Seljirk: overrun Asia Minor, 14, 4; rise of, 5, 329; establish empire, 14, 10 Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of (1771-1820), Scottish colonizer and author: receives grant of land from the Hudson Bay Company, 20, 168 Sellasia, Greece: battle at (221 B. C.) 3, 517 Selous, Frederick (1851 ), English hunter: his work in South Africa, 19, 228 Selymbria, in ancient geography a town in Thrace, situated on the Propontis: taken by Athenians, 2, 3^7 Seminara, Italy: battle of (1503), 9, 133 Seminary Ridge, Pennsylvania: in bat- tle of Gettysburg, 24, 780; Lee masses forces on, 780 Seminole Indians, a tribe of North American Indians: location, 23, 8; removed to Indian Territory, 488, 515; trouble with, 506; Indian Ter- ritory acquired from, 24, 985 Seminole Wars: 1817-1818. Account of, 23, 444 1835-1842. Account of, 23, 507; cost of, 515; Taylor defeats Indians, 24, 592 Semmes, Raphael (1809-1877), a Con- federate naval commander: com- mands the " Alabama," 24, 881 Sempach, Switzerland: battle of (1386), 13, 381, 17, 106, 18, 197 Sempach, Convention of, a military ordinance formed by the Swiss states (1393), 13, 383, 387 Sempach, Society of, a patriotic so- ciety in Switzerland: work of, 13, 530 Sempronius, Tiberius, Roman consul, 218 B. C: at battle of the Trebia, 3, 117 Senate of Rome : see Roman Senate Senate of the United States, the upper branch of the legislature: composi- tion, 23, 332; salary of members, 346 Senators in France: under Napoleon (1799), 10, 436 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (ca. 4 B. C- 65 A. D.), a Roman Stoic philoso- pher: charged with education of Nero, 4, 62; retires from court, 64; joins conspiracy against Nero, 65 Senef (Seneffe), Belgium: battle of (1674), 9, 311, 13, 240 Senegal, a colony in western Africa: taken by the English, 9, 246; ceded to England, 23, 198 Senegal Company, French, a company in Africa: oppose settlement of Swedes in Africa, 20, 130 Senegambia, a region in western Af- rica: description of, 20, 281 Senhouse, Sir Fleming (19th century), an English admiral: in China, 6, 137 Seniofredo (10th century), Count of Barcelona: reign of, 8, 225 Senlac, a hill in England, near Has- tings: battle of (1066), 11, 66 Senlis, Treaty of, a treaty in which Charles VIII of France gave up some land to Maximilian of Austria (1495), 9, 129 Sennacherib, King of Assyria, 705- 681 B. C: reign of, I, 87; invades Judah, 397 Sens, France: battle of (ca. 600 A. D.), 9, 30 Sentinum, the old name for Sentino, Italy: battle of (295 B. C), 3, 72 Senufs, a race of Africans: sketch of, 19, 148 Separatists: see Puritans Sepharvaim: see Sippara Sephuris: see Snefru Sepoy Mutiny, The, the revolt against 632 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS British authority in India (1857- 1858), 5, 232 September, Laws of, in French his- tory, laws restricting the freedom of the press (1835), 9, 408 September Massacres, a series of mur- ders during the French Revolution (1792), 11, S4i Septennial Act, in English history, an act which prolonged to seven years the possible life of Parliament (1716), II, 470 Septimius, Lucius (1st century B. C), a Roman politician: assassinates Pompeius, 3, 351 Sepulveda, Spain: battle of, 8, 144 Seqenen-Ra I: see Sekenen-Ra Sequani, an ancient people of eastern Gaul: at war with the Haedui, 3, 300; form alliance with Arverni, 18, 10 Serajevo (Serajewo), the capital of Bosnia: insurrection in (1878), 17, 423 Serampur (Serampore), Bengal, Brit- ish India: founded, 5, 171 "Serapis," a British man-of-war: fight with the " Bonhomme Richard," 23, 290 Serfdom: see also Slavery AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: revolt of peasants, 17, 168, 173; reform of, 256; abolished in Moravia, Galicia, and Hungary by Joseph II, 268; abolished in Polish Galicia by Fran- cis II, 289 BOHEMIA: oppressive to peasants, 17, 119; after Thirty Years' War, 213 DENMARK: decline of peasantry, 16, 94; steps toward freedom, 190; reimposed restrictions, 193; under Frederick III, 233; under Christian V, 234; efforts to abolish, 238; aboli- tion of, 255 ENGLAND: serfs, 11, 52; Wyc- liffe's influence, 171; Wat Tyler's re- bellion, 174; Jack Cade's rebellion, 209 FRANCE: position of serfs, 9, 23, 65 GERMANY: under Charlemagne, 18, 87; condition of serfs, 177 GREECE: the Helots, 2, 71 IRELAND: condition of peasants, 12, 174 MEXICO: under Spanish conquer- ors, 22, 104 NETHERLANDS: time of Charle- magne, 13, 16; nth century, 28 NORWAY: under Danish rule, 16, 233 RUSSIA: condition of peasants un- der Polish landlords, 15, n; insti- tuted by Boris Godunov, 19; condi- tions under Peter the Great, 73; conditions under Catherine the Great, 182; efforts for emancipation, 264; emancipation of serfs, 323 SCOTLAND: colliers and salters, 12, 370 SWITZERLAND: 13th century, 13, 351; villainage abolished, 437 TURKEY: position of the Rayas, 14, 99, 186 UNITED STATES: early New York, 23, 102 Sergeant, John (1779-1852), an Ameri- can jurist and statesman: as dele- gate to Panama Congress, 23, 468 Sergent, Antoine Francois (1751- 1847), a French revolutionist: leader of the commune, 10, 203 Sergius (1857-1905), Grand Duke of Russia: assassination of, 15, 365 Seringapatam (Srirangapatam), My- sore, India: siege of (1799), 5, 200, 20, 145 Serpa Pinto: see Pinto, Alexandre Al- berto da Rocha Serpa Serpent Mound, a mound in Ohio, supposed to have been made by a prehistoric race, 23, 5 Serrano y Dominguez, Francisco, Duke de la Torre (1810-1885), a Spanish statesman and general: joins revolutionists, 8, 508; made president of provisional government, 510; regent of Spain, 9, 461; presi- dent of the republic, 8, 513 Serre, Pierre Frangois Hercule, Comte de (1776-1824), a French orator and GENERAL INDEX minister of state: made keeper of the seals, 9, 370 Serrurier, Jean Mathieu Philibert, Comte (1742-1819), a French gen- eral: his campaign against the al- lied powers, 9, 294; .his campaigns under the directory, 299 Sertorius, Quintus (d. 72 B. C), a Ro- man general: member of conspiracy against Sulla, 3, 221; his campaigns against Sulla, 8, 20; attempts to raise new levies in Etruria, 3, 226; his career in Spain, 256; assassina- tion of, 3, 257, 8, 21 Servants, Indented, a social class in the early days of America: status of, 23, 130 Servet (d. ca. 1543), Spanish heretical Calvinist: death of, 13, 449 Servia, a kingdom in southeastern Europe: conquered by the Turks, 17, 155; leads Slav revolt, 14, 32; independent from Turkey, 63; re- conquered by Turks, 68; made Turk- ish province, 82; troubles in, 386; independent principality formed, 17, 324; reconquered by Turks, 14, 410; in Treaty of Adrianople, 432; incor- porated in Hungary, 17, 398; de- clares war against Turkey (1876), 419; brought into close relationship with Austria-Hungary, 424 Servian Wall, one of the boundaries of early Rome: built, 3, 22 Servians, race of southeastern Europe: emigrate to Russia, 15, 124; revolt against Turkey, 332 Servilian Rogation, a bill for the founding of colonies in Italy: di- rected against Pompeius, 3, 279; proposed and withdrawn, 281 Servilius, Publius, Roman consul, 490 B. C. : suspends the law of debt, 3, 40 Servilius Geminus, Gnaeus, Roman consul, 217 B.C.: his army defeated by Hannibal, 3, 118; death of, 3, 121 Servilius Vatia, Publius (Isauricus), Roman consul, 79 B. C. : defeats the pirate fleet, 3, 260 Servius Tullius, legendary King of Rome: reforms of, 3, 18 Sese, Martin (late 18th century), Mexican botanist: establishes a bo- tanical garden, 22, 217 Seskar, Island of, Gulf of Finland: battle of the (1790), 15, 188 Seslavin (early 19th century), Russian commander: his guerrilla warfare, 15, 246 Sesostris, The Corsican: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Sesshn (14th century), Japanese art- ist: sketch of, 7, 106 Sestos, Thrace, northern Greece: tak- en by Athenians, 2, 222; Athenian fleet at, 364 Seta, Japan: battle of, 7, 62 Seti Menephtah I (Sethos) (14th cen- tury B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, I, 25 Set-Nekht (12th century B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 28 Settlement, Act of, a bill regulating the occupation of Irish lands (1661), II, 390, 12, 129 Settlement, Act of, a bill by which the succession to the English throne was settled after Anne's death on Sophia, Electress of Hanover and her descendants (1701), 11, 448 Seul, Korea: uprising of 1884, 7, 256; captured by the Japanese, 260 Sevastopol: see Sebastopol Seven Cities of Cibola, Arizona and New Mexico: search for, 23, 41 Seven Days' Battles, in the American Civil War: account of, 24, 761 Seven Days' King, The: see Masa- niello Seven Hills, City of the: see Rome, also Constantinople Seven Months' War, The: see Franco- Prussian War Seven Pines, Virginia: battle of (1862), 24, 758 Seven Weeks' War (1866), between Prussia and Austria, 9, 455, 18, 410, 412 Seven Years' War, The, conflict main- tained by Frederick II of Prussia against Austria, Russia, and France (1756-1763): mentioned, 9, 244, 11, 634 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 497, 13, 256, 14, 318, 16, 228; cause, 15, I3i> l8 3345 Frederick invades Prussia, 18, 335; siege of Prague (i757)> 3355 Frederick defeated at Kollin (1757), 335; Frederick routs the French at Rossbach (1757), 336; Frederick routs the Austrians at Leuthen (1757), 337; French driven from northern Germany (1758), 338; Frederick defeats the Russians at Zorndorf (1758), 338; Frederick is defeated at Kunersdorf (1758), 339; Berlin surrendered to Austria and Russia (1760), 341; peace with Rus- sia and Sweden (1762), 343; peace at Hubertsburg (1763), 344; effect of, in India, 5, 179; on England's colonial possessions, 20, 76 Seven Years' War, The Scandinavian (1562-1569): account of, 16, 162, 196 Seventh of March Speech, Webster's, in favor of compromise, 24, 605 Seventy Isles, City of the: see Venice Severus, Flavius Valerius, Roman Em- peror, 306-307 A. D.: becomes Cae- sar for Constantius, 4, 116 Severus, Libius, Roman Emperor, 461- 465 A. D.: reign of, 4, 149 Severus, Lucius Septimus, Roman Emperor, 193-21 1 A. D.: reign of, 4, 100; visits Britain, II, 11, 12, 249 Severus, Marcus Aurelius Alexander (Alexander Severus), Roman Em- peror, 222-235 A. D.: reign of, 4, 105 Sevier, Ambrose H. (early 19th cen- tury), American statesman: plenipo tentiary to Mexico, 22, 378 Sevier, John (18th century), American Revolutionary leader: at the battle of King's Mountain, 23, 279 Seville, Spain: conquest of (713 A. D.), I 315, 8, 5i; sieges of (1015), 8, 80; (1247), 106; taken by French (1810), 9, 337 Seville, Treaty of, a peace between England, France, and Spain (1729): account of, 8, 410, 13, 253 Sewall, Arthur (d. 1900), American politician: nominated for Vice- President (1896), 23, 1014 Sewall, Samuel (1652-1730), American jurist of English birth: first anti- slavery agitator in Massachusetts, 23, 130 Seward, William Henry, an American statesman: born at Florida, Orange Co., New York, May 16, 1801; was educated at Union College, Schenec- tady, N. Y., which he entered in 1816; taught school in one of the southern States for six months in 1819 and returned to Union College 'in 1820; was admitted to the bar in 1822; became a resident of Auburn, N. Y., in 1823; acquired a high repu- tation as a lawyer and in criminal trials acted almost exclusively as counsel for the defendant; in 1828 he was president of the State Con- vention which favored the reelection of John Quincy Adams to the Presi- dential chair; joined the Anti-Ma- sonic party by which he was elected to the Senate of New York in 1830, by a large majority; in 1832 he made a speech in favor of the United States Bank, became leader of the opposition party in his own State and a supporter of the national party which afterwards was named Whig; in 1833 he crossed the Atlantic and made a tour through Great Britain, Ireland, Holland, Germany, and France; published some observa- tions on those countries in a series of letters; was nominated as the Whig candidate for Governor of New York in 1834, but was defeat- ed; in 1838 elected Governor of the State; supported General Harrison for President in 1840 and at that time was reelected for Governor for two years; declined to be a candi- date in 1842, and resumed the prac- tice of law; in the Presidential elec- tion of 1844 he was an active sup- porter of Henry Clay, and opposed the annexation of Texas to the United States; in 1848, advocated the nomination and election of Taylor to the Presidency; in 1849 was elected by the State legislature to the Senate of the GENERAL INDEX 635 United States; soon became an intimate friend and favorite coun- sellor of President Taylor; in March, 1850, made a speech in favor of the admission of California into the Union; in 1852 voted for Scott, Whig candidate for President, and was one of the chief founders of the Republican party; reelected a Sena- tor of the United States in 1855; visited Europe a second time in 1859; was appointed Secretary of State in March, 1861; made a tour around the world, 1870-1871; died at Auburn, N. Y., October 1, 1872 Opposes nomination of Clay for Presidency, 24, 520; influence over Taylor, 594; speech on compromise measures, 607; aids slaves to escape from South, 617; proposes repeal of Missouri Compromise, 633; answers Douglas's speech (1853), 634; leader of Republican Party, 653; favors Douglas's reelection, 664; speech at Rochester, 671; his principles blamed for John Brown's raid, 676; qualifications for presidential can- didate, 680; quoted on Buchanan's speech of December 4, i860, 698; Lincoln's Secretary of State, 708; denies that the Confederacy is an in- dependent nation, 709; disavows act of Captain Wilkes, 729; quoted on Sherman and Farragut, 801; in Hampton Roads Conference, 809; at- tempted assassination of, 826; ad- vises Johnston as to reconstruction of the South, 832; prepares veto message for Tenure of Office Act, 853; and French occupation of Mexico, 876; acquires Alaska for the United States, 20, 305, 24, 878; ambitious for American ex- pansion, 24, 878; alarm over the "Alabama," 882; negotiates treaty with China, 919 Sextius, Lucius, a Roman tribune, 377 B. C: reforms of, 3, 49 Seychelles, a group of islands east of Zanzibar: sketch of, 19, 213; taken by England, 20, 263 Sey'id Burghash (late 19th century), Sultan of Zanzibar: his negotiations with the British, 19, 84 Sey'id Majid (19th century), an Imaum of Muscat: confirmed in his possessions, 19, 53 Sey'id Said (early 19th century), an Imaum of Muscat: sketch of, 19, 53 Seymour, Edward, Duke of Somerset (1500-1552), an English politician: his campaigns in Scotland, XI, 262, 12, 305, 306; made Protector, 11, 264; death of, 268 Seymour, Sir Edward Hobart (1840- ), an English admiral: in Boxer Rebellion, 6, 281, 300, 304, 7, 279 Seymour, Sir George (early 19th cen- tury), an English admiral: in Cali- fornia, 22, 297 Seymour, Sir George Hamilton (1797- 1880), a British diplomat: his inter- views with Nicholas I of Russia, 14, 447, 15, 304 Seymour, Horatio (1810-1886), an American politician: governor of New York, 24, 779; in Democratic convention, 800; nominated Presi- dent, 859 Seymour, Jane (ca. 1510-1537), the third queen of Henry VIII: marries Henry VIII, 11, 256; death of, 258 Seymour, Sir Michael (1802-1887), a British admiral: takes Canton, 6, 160 Seymour, Thomas, Lord Sudely (ca. 1508-1549), lord high admiral of England: executed, 11, 266 Seymour, William (early 17th cen- tury), an English nobleman: his claims to the throne of England, 11, 304 Seze, Raymond, Count de (1748-1828), a French advocate and royalist: counsel for Louis XVI, 9, 280, 10, 234 Sforza, Blanca Maria (late 15th cen- tury), an Italian noblewoman, niece of the Duke of Milan: marries Maximilian I of Germany, 18, 226 Sforza, Francesco (1401-1465), an Italian soldier: leader of the condot- tieri, 4, 254 Sforza, Galeazzo Maria (1 444-1476), 636 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Duke of Milan: career of, 4, 265, 289 Sforza, Giacomuzzo Attendolo (ca. 1370-1424), an Italian soldier of fortune: leader of the condottieri, 4, 253 Sforza, Gian Galeazzo Maria (1468- 1494), Duke of Milan: reign of, 4, 289, 9, 130 Sforza, Ludovico (Louis), surnamed II Moro (The Moor) (1451-1510), Duke of Milan: attempts to unite Italy in one body, 9, 130; usurps duchy of Milan, 4, 265, 271, 289; joins league against Charles VIII of France, 9, 131; defeated by the French, 13, 420 Sforza, Massimiliano (Maximilian) (d. 1530), Duke of Milan: drives French out of Lombardy, 4, 293; given the key of Zurich, 13, 421 Sha River, Manchuria: battle of, 7, 3ii Shabaka: see Sabako Shabats, Fortress of, a fortress on the Save river in Austria: built, 17, 163 Shabatuk (8th century B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 30 Shadrach, a Virginia negro: rescued by Boston mob, 24, 615 Shad-ul-Mulk (15th century), a Per- sian woman: her relations with Kulil Sultan, 5, 339 Shatter, William Rufus (1835 ), an American general: in the Spanish- American War, 22, 459, 24, 1029; receives surrender of Santiago, 24, 1030 Shaftesbury, Earls of: see Berkeley and Cooper Shah Alam (Schah-Alem) II (d. 1806), Emperor of India: claims Bengal, 5, 185; at war with the English, 135, 187 Shah Jahan (Shah-Jehan) (d. 1666), the fifth Mogul Emperor of India: reign of, 5, 119; captures Hugh (1629), 150 Shah Rokh (d. 1446), Persian ruler: reign of, 5, 339 Shahab-ud-din : see Mohammed of Ghor Shahin Ghirai (18th century), Khan of the Crimea: account of, 14, 331, 345 Shahji Bhonsla (17th century), Mara- tha soldier: rise of, 5, 130 Shahpur (Sapor) I, King of Persia, ca. 240-ca. 273 A. D.: reign of, 5, 316 Shahpur (II) the Great, King of Per- sia, 310-ca. 381 A. D.: reign of, 5, 3i8 Shahr Barz (7th century A. D.), Per- sian general: defeated by Heraclius, 5, 321 Shakban Khan (16th century), leader of Uzbegs: overthrows the Timurid dynasty in Turkestan, 5, 341 Shakespeare, William, English poet and dramatist: was born at Strat- ford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, Eng- land, in April (probably on the 23rd), 1564; of his childhood after his christening, which took place on April 26, and his early youth we know absolutely nothing; married in his nineteenth year Anne Hatha- way; appears soon after his mar- riage to have gone to London, where he followed the profession of an actor; tradition says he fled from Warwickshire in consequence of having been detected in deer- . stealing; it is not known when he first began to write plays or which he wrote first; his first published play appeared in 1594; passed, it is said, the last years of his life in his native Stratford in honor and affluence; died at Stratford, April 23, 1616 Sketch of, 11, 302 Shakloviti (17th century), Russian conspirator: death of, 15, 31 Shakovski, Prince (19th century), Rus- sian commander; occupies Moscow, 15, 242 Shallum ben Jabesh, King of Israel, 770 B. C. : usurps throne, 1, 393 Shalmaneser II, King of Assyria, 860- 824 B. C: reign of, 1, 80; besieges Damascus (842 B. C), 392 Shalmaneser IV, King of Assyria, 727-722 B. C. : reign of, I, 84; be- sieges Tyre, 124; compels Tyre to GENERAL INDEX 637 resume homage, 2, 78; besieges Samaria, 1, 394 Shamash-shum-ukin (7th century B. C), Assyrian prince: made viceroy of Babylon, 1, 90; revolt of, 91 Shamshi-Adad I, King of Assyria, 1830-1810 B. C. : reign of, 1, 78 Shamshi-Adad II, King of Assyria, ca. 1800 B. C. : reign of, 1, 81 Shang (Yin) Dynasty, The, Chinese rulers, 1766-1153 B. C, 6, 7 Shanghai, China: evacuation of (1902), by allied forces, 7, 292; boy- cott of American goods at, 6, 320 Shangti Hui, a society established in China by a man named Hung (1851), 6, 148 "Shannon," British frigate: defeats " Chesapeake," 23, 423 Shantung, China: province of, 6, 278; attacks on foreigners in, 299 Shargani-shar-ali: see Sargon I Sharp, Granville (1734-1813), English philanthropist: his efforts in behalf of slaves, 19, 40, 20, 130 Sharp, James (1618-1679), Scottish prelate: made archbishop, 12, 344; death of, 347 Sharp, John (1644-1714), English prelate: James II orders suspension of, 11, 424 Sharp Knife: see Jackson, Andrew Sharpay (17th century), English sea captain: obtains grant of free trade at Aden, 5, 160 Sharpsburg, Maryland: battle of An- tietam near (1862), 24, 765 Sharrukin: see Sargon I Shavirov, Baron (18th century), Rus- sian diplomat: his negotiations with Turkey, 15, 60; sketch of, 89; his negotiations with Persia, 116 Shawnee Indians, North America: be- long to Algonquian stock, 23, 8; trouble in Northwest, 416 Shays, Daniel (1747-1825), American insurgent: leads insurrection, 23, 315 Shays's Rebellion, a popular revolt in Massachusetts (1786-1787), caused by economic distress, and precipitat- ed by heavy taxation, 23, 316, 321 Sheares, Henry (d. 1798), Irish bar- rister and insurgent: arrest and death of, 12, 209 Sheares, John (d. 1798), Irish barris- ter and insurgent: arrest and death of, 12, 209 Sheba: see Saba Shechem, ancient city of Palestine: battle of (nth century B. C), 1, 380 Sheehy, Nicholas (18th century), Irish priest: trial of, 12, 175 Sheerness, seaport in Kent, England: captured by the Dutch (1667), 13, 234 Shehaddedin Pasha (15th century), Turkish general: account of, 14, 61 Sheil, Richard Lalor ( 1793-185 1), Irish orator and patriot: his efforts for Catholic emancipation, 12, 220 Shein, Alexei (17th century), Russian commander: campaign of, 15, 32 Shelburne, William Petty, Earl of (1737-1805), English statesman: member of Rockingham's ministry, 11, 522; made Prime Minister, 523 Shelby, Isaac (1750-1826), American officer: at battle of King's Mountain, 23, 279 Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822), English poet: sketch of, 11, 577 Shemarpa (18th century), Chinese traitor: invites invasion by Gurkhas, 6, 100 " Shenandoah," vessel of American Confederacy: built in English ship- yard, 24, 882 Shenandoah Valley, valley in Virginia: settled by Scotch-Irish, 23, 67; oc- cupied by General Patterson, 24, 734; campaign in, 759; Jackson's military genius in, 772; Sheridan's campaign in, 791; political effect of devastations in, 801 Shenir, Syria, Asia Minor: battle of (842 B. C), 1, 81 Shennung (ca. 2000 B. C.) Chinese leader: reign of, 6, 5 Shepherd, Oliver L. (ca. 1845), Ameri- can officer: in the Mexican War, 22, 349 Shepherd, The Gentle: see Grenville, George (1712-1770) 638 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Shepherdstown, West Virginia: Lee arrives at, 24, 779 Shepley, George Forster (1819-1878), American soldier and jurist: mili- tary governor of Louisiana, 24, 833 Shepses-ka-f (Asykhis) (3rd century B. C.) King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 16 Shepstone, Sir Theophilus (1817- 1893), British soldier and colonial officer: his mission to South Africa, 20, 229 Sher AH (Shere Ali) (1825-1879) amir of Afghanistan, 1863-1878: dis- puted accession of, 5, 247; intrigues with Russia, 256 Sher Shah (d. 1545), governor of Ben- gal: defeats Humayun the Mogul, 5, no Sheremetiev (Sheremetrev, Schere- metjev), Count Boris Petrovitch (1652-1719), Russian soldier: his campaign against Turkey, 15, 32; travels of, 36; his campaigns against Sweden, 39; at battle of the Pruth, 14, 279; becomes hostage to Tur- key, 282 Sheremetiev, Michael (18th century), Russian commander: at the battle of Rapino, 15, 42 Sheridan, Philip Henry, an American general: born at Albany, N. Y., March 6, 1831; graduated at West Point, 1853; served several years in Oregon; promoted captain at the outbreak of the Civil War, 1861; ap- pointed quartermaster of the army in the southwest, December, 1861, and was quartermaster under Hal- leck during the advance on Corinth, 1862; was appointed colonel of cav- alry, May 22, 1862, and brigadier- general of volunteers, July 1, 1862; was division commander at the bat- tle of Perryville, October 8, 1862, and at Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862-January 2, 1863; appointed major-general of volunteers, Decem- ber 31, 1862; served at Chickamauga and at Missionary Ridge, 1863; be- came commander of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, April, 1864; was in the battle of the Wilderness, May 5-6, 1864; was as- signed to the command of the Mid- dle Military Division, August 7, 1864; attacked Early on the 19th near Winchester, defeated him and took several thousand prisoners; was also victorious at Fisher's Hill on the 20th; soon after this battle was appointed a brigadier-general in the regular army; after being suc- cessful at Cedar Creek and Stras- burg on October 19, was appointed a major-general of the regular army, November, 1864; on February 27, 1865, starting out with 10,000 cav- alry, destroyed the Virginia Central Railroad, The James River Canal and was successful at the battle of Waynesboro; rejoined Grant before Petersburg, March 27; commanded at the battle of Five Forks, March 31-April 1; pursued Lee's army, which was retreating from Richmond and Petersburg, attacked it near Sailor's Creek on April 6 and took about 6000 prisoners; in 1867 was appointed commander of the Fifth Military District, comprising Louisi- ana and Texas, but incurring the displeasure of President Johnson, was removed and ordered to take command of the Department of the Missouri; during the Franco-Ger- man war (1870-1871), visited Eu- rope and was entertained with dis- tinguished consideration at the head- quarters of the German army; in March, 1869, was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general; in 1883 suc- ceeded General Sherman as com- mander-in-chief; received the rank of general from Congress, June 1, 1888; died at Nonquitt, Mass., Au- gust 5, 1888 Sent to attack Lee's flank, 24, 788; in Shenandoah Valley, 791; de- feats Early at Opequan Creek, 792; criticised for devastations, 793; at Five Forks, 810; sent to Texas, 877 Sheriff, the chief civil officer charged with administering justice within a GENERAL INDEX 639 county, under direction of the courts or of the crown or other executive head of the state: origin and duties of, II, 53 Sheriffmuir, plateau in Scotland: bat- tle of (1716), 11, 470, 12, 363 Sheriffs, The Inquisition' of the, an in- quiry held by Henry II of England into the conduct of the sheriffs (1170), 11, 104 Sherman, John (1823-1900), an Ameri- can statesman and financier: in con- test for Speaker of the House, 24, 677; Secretary of the Treasury, 916; prepares for resumption of specie- payments, 922; Presidential nominee, 926; nominated by Garfield, 928; loses Presidential nomination to Gar- field, 929; candidate for Presidential nomination, 965; prepares Anti-trust Act, 971; the fur seal controversy, 1020 Sherman, Roger (1721-1793), an American patriot: delegate to first Continental Congress, 23, 223; mem- ber of committee to draft a declara- tion of independence, 240; in Con- stitutional Convention, 324; in first Congress, 342 Sherman, William Tecumseh, an American general: born at Lancas- ter, Ohio, February 8, 1820; after the death of his father, which occurred in 1829, was adopted as a son by Thomas Ewing, through whose in- fluence he was admitted into the military academy of West Point in 1836; graduated from there, June, 1840, standing sixth in the order of general merit among a class of for- ty; immediately after his graduation was appointed second lieutenant in the artillery and ordered to Florida; became first lieutenant, January, 1842, a few months after which his company was stationed at Fort Moultrie near Charleston; went with his company to California by sea in 1846, returned to the Atlantic States in 1850, and in May, 1850, married Ellen Ewing, a daughter of Thomas Ewing; in 1851 obtained the rank of captain and in 1853 resigned his commission in the army and en- gaged in the business of banker at San Francisco, in the early part of i860 he accepted position of superin- tendent of a new military academy founded by the State of Louisiana; resigned his office in January, 1861; in March he went to Washington and endeavored in vain to convince the authorities, who were then un- able to realize the greatness of the crisis, of the necessity of preparing for war on a large scale; received a commission as colonel of the thirteenth regiment of infantry in June, 1861, and commanded a bri- gade at the battle of Bull Run, July 21; on August 3, was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers; in March, 1862, obtained command of the fifth division of Grant's army of the Tennessee; he displayed great coolness, energy, and skill in the battle of Shiloh on April 6-7, 1862; he received a com- mission as major-general and his di- vision took a prominent part in the siege of Corinth, which the enemy evacuated on May 29; appointed commander of the military post of Memphis, July, 1862; was in the campaign against Vicksburg; was appointed commander of the depart- ment of the Tennessee, October, 1863, and moving his army by rapid marches, joined the army of Grant at Chattanooga, about November 15; occupied Missionary Ridge on the 24th; rendered important serv- ices at the battle of Chattanooga; moved his army to the relief of Burnside at Knoxville; returned to Chattanooga and thence to Mem- phis, arriving January, 1864; marched from Vicksburg, destroying rail- roads and entered Meridian about February 14; after destroying depots and arsenals at Meridian, returned to Vicksburg; in 1864 was appointed to the command of the Military Di- vision of the Mississippi; on May 6 640 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS moved from Chattanooga against General Joseph E. Johnston in Dal- ton, Georgia; after several battles in which Sherman was successful, Gen- eral Hood, who had succeeded John- ston, attacked Sherman near Atlan- ta and was repulsed with great loss; in August, 1864, Sherman was appointed a major-general in the regular army; leaving Atlanta in ruins, Sherman began his famous march to the sea, November 14, with about 65,000 men, and arrived safe, December 10; he left Savannah on January 15, 1865, marched north- ward, and took Columbia on Febru- ary 17. After being successful in several smaller battles he entered Raleigh on the 13th, had an inter- view with Johnston on the 17th and agreed with him on a basis of peace, which was disapproved by the President and cabinet; on April 26, Johnston surrendered his army and the war ended. Sherman was ap- pointed lieutenant-general in place of Grant, promoted, 1866; he was nominated general by brevet in Feb- ruary, 1868, by President Johnson, but declined; succeeded Grant (when Grant became President) in March, 1869, as general and com- mander-in-chief of the army, but re- tired from the command in the fall of 1883; went to St. Louis, but later removed to New York, where he died February 14, 1891 At battle of Pittsburg Landing, 24, 747; in siege of Vicksburg, 775; at Vicksburg, 777; his Georgia cam- paign, 786; expels inhabitants of At- lanta, 797; political effect of his vic- tories, 801; official report of his march through Georgia, 806; ap- proves Lincoln's reconstruction plans, 836 Sherman Silver Law, an act of Con- gress (1890): account of, 24, 974; causes panic of 1893, 994 Sherwood (early 19th century), an Englishman in Russia: sketch of, 15, 267 Sheshank I (10th century B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 29 Sheshbazzar (6th century B. C), a governor of Jerusalem: appoint- ment of, 1, 401 Sheshkovski (18th century), a Russian official: head of the secret police, 15, 153 Shiahs (Shiites), a division of the Mo- hammedans: rise of, I, 243; aid Korkud and Ahmed, 14, 115; their schism with the Sunnites, 122 Shield 1 of Rome, The: see Fabius Maximus, Quintus Shigemori, Taira-no-: see Taira-no- Shigemori Shih Hwangti (3rd century B. C), a Chinese ruler: establishes Chinese Empire, 6, 11 Shih K'ofa (17th century), a Chinese scholar: champions the Ming cause, 6, 55 Shiites: see Shiahs Shijonawate, Japan: battle of, 7, 90 Shiloh, an ancient town in Palestine: the Ark placed in, 1, 377 Shiloh, Battle of: see Pittsburg Land- ing Shimabara, Japan: rebellion of, 7, 137 Shimazu Hisamitsu (19th century), a Japanese Samurai chief: attempts to restore tranquillity to Japan, 7, 161; causes a breach between Japan and England, 162 Shimazu Narishige (19th century), a Japanese baron: attempts to restore tranquillity to Japan, 7, 161 Shimonoseki, Treaty of, a treaty which settled the hostilities between Japan and the other countries whose ships had been fired on in the Strait of Shimonoseki (1895), 7, 165, 15, 350 Shimonoseki Affair, The, the trouble caused by Japan's firing on foreign vessels in the Strait of Shimonoseki, 7, 163, 165 Shingon Sect, a Buddhist sect in Ja- pan: founded, 7, 41 Shinsai, Korea: battle of, 7, 121 Shipka Pass, a pass in the Balkans: battle of (1877), 14, 481, 15, 334 GENERAL INDEX 641 Shippen, Margaret (late 18th century), a Philadelphia woman of Tory fam- ily: engaged to Benedict Arnold, 23, 275 Shiragi, Korea: revolt of, 7, 25 Shirakawa, Emperor of Japan, 1073- 1087: gives influence to Buddhist priests, 7, 54 Shiraz, Persia: siege of (1790), 5, 356 Shires, the name given to counties in England: origin and growth of, II, S3 Shirley, English minister to Russia, 1762: at the Russian court, 15, 155 Shirley, Sir Anthony (1 565-1 630), an English traveler and navigator: re- organizes Persian army, 5, 343 Shirley, Robert (ca. 1570-1628), an English traveler, brother of Sir An- thony: reorganizes Persian army, 5, 343 Shirley, William (ca. 1705-1771), an Anglo-American governor: plans capture of Louisburg, 23, 164; son killed at Fort Duquesne, 179; plans attach on Fort Niagara, 182 Shiroyama, Japan: battle of, 7, 182 Shisen, Korea: battle of, 7, 121 Shishkin, a contemporary Russian statesman: appointed minister of foreign affairs, 15, 348 Shishkov (Schischkow), Alexander Semenovitch (1754-1841), a Russian writer and minister of state: made minister of public instruction, 15, 265; memoirs of, 201, 204 Shiva- worship : see Siva-worship Sho Tai (19th century), King of Loo- choo: his relations with Japanese government, 7, 193 Shohei-ko, a school in Japan: growth of, 7, 141 Shokei (Keishoki) (15th century), a Japanese artist: sketch of, 7, 106 Shoko, Emperor of Japan, 1413-1429: accession of, 7, 93 Shokoku-ji, a temple in Kyoto, Ja- pan: built, 7, 93 Shomei, Emperor of Japan, 629-642: accession of, 7, 20 Shdmu, Emperor of Japan, 131-192: reign of, 7, 10; aids the spread of Buddhism, 32; marriage of, 45 Shoni Kagesuke (late 13th century), a Japanese soldier: his campaign against the Chinese, 7, 76 Shoovalof: see Shuvalov Shore, John, Lord Tiegnmouth (1751-1834), an English statesman and writer: financial reforms of, 5, 196; made governor-general of In- dia, 196 Short Parliament, The, in English his- tory, the Parliament which sat from April 13 to May 5, 1640: account of, II, 337 Shotoku (5th century), a Japanese prince: distinguishes' himself as a scholar, 7, 14 Shovel, Sir Cloudesley (ca. 1650-1707), an English admiral: his services for the Dutch, 13, 250 Shozui (16th century), a Japanese pot- ter: aids the development of ceram- ics, 7, 107 Shrewsbury, England: battle of (1403), , 193 Shrewsbury, Parliament of, a Parlia- ment called by Richard II (1398): account of, 11, 184 Shu Shun (d. 1861), a Chinese con- spirator: account of, 6, 188, 189 Shuban (early 15th century), a Japa- nese painter: sketch of, 7, 106 Shuiski, Vassili Ivanovitch: see Vas- sili (IV or V) Shuiski Shuja (early 19th century), an Afghan ruler: exiled, 5, 216; attempts to re- gain his throne, 217 Shuja-ud-daula, governor of Oudh, 1753-1775: reign of, 5, 126; at war with the English, 187 Shumla (Shumna), Bulgaria: surren- ders to the Turks (1389), 14, 34; Russians repulsed at, 427; surren- ders to the Russians (1829), 430 Shun (ca. 2000 B. C), a Chinese em- peror: reign of, 6, 6 Shunchih (17th century), a Chinese emperor: reign of, 6, 57 Shushan: see Susa Shuvalov (Shoovalof), Count Ivan 642 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Ivanovitch (1727-1798), a Russian statesman: favorite of Elizabeth, 15, 145; educational work of, 149; com- missioned by Catherine, 197 Shuvalov (Shoovalof), Count Paul (1830 ), a Russian general and diplomat: appointed governor of Poland, 15, 345 Shuvalov (Shoovalof), Count Peter (1827-1889), a Russian diplomat: at Berlin Congress, 14, 487 Siam, kingdom of southeastern Asia: concludes treaty with France, 20, 273 Siamese Tribute, a tribute paid by Siam to China, 6, 118 Sian Fu: see Hsian Fu Siberia, Russian possession in Asia: sketch of, 16, 317; conquest of, 15, 18 Sibilla (14th century), queen of Pedro IV of Aragon: treatment of, by Juan I of Aragon, 8, 257 Siboney (Las Guasimas), Cuba: bat- tle of (1898), 22, 459 Sibylla (16th century), wife of John Frederick: defends Wittenberg, 18, 256 Sicambrians, a German tribe: location of, 18, 6; relation of, to Franks, 28 Sicarius (7th century A. D.), Frankish envoy: his mission to Samo the Merchant, 17, 20 Siccius Dentatus, Lucius (5th century B. C), Roman soldier: murder of, 3, 45 Sicels (Siceleotes or Siculi), native Sicilian people: aid the Athenians, 2, 337 Sicilian Vespers, name applied to the massacre of the French in Sicily by the Sicilians (1282), 4, 257, 9, 85, 18, 170 Sicily, an island in the Mediterranean, called the Jewel of Europe: Phoeni- cian colonization in, 1, 121; Greek colonization in, 2, 83, 84; early his- tory of, 214; Athenians send rein- forcements to, 301; invaded by the Athenians, 328; ravaging in, 408; in- vaded by Carthaginians, 409; in the power of Dionysius I, 413; freed by Timoleon, 417; after death of Timo- leon, 515; succumbs to Rome, 2, 516, 3, 100; Hasdrubal invades, 3, 102; surrenders to Pompeius, 228; conquered for Caesar, 342; recovered by Belisarius, 2, 532; conquered by the Saracens, 1, 353; united with Aragon, 4, 263; condition under Spanish rule, 323; revolts against the King of Naples, 353; insurrec- tion in (i860), 377; condition under the kingdom of Italy, 400 Sickingen, Franz von (1481-1523), German soldier: power of, 18, 228: befriends Luther, 239 Sickles, Daniel Edgar (1822 ), American general: at Gettysburg, 24, 780 Sicyon, city of Peloponnesus, Greece: revolt from oligarchy in, 2, 76; joins Laconian League, 77; tryanny in, 94; sends ships to Salamis, 199; at- tacked by Athenians, 246; taken by Epaminondas, 443; joins Achaean League, 516 Siddhartha: see Buddha Sidi Ali (16th century), Turkish ad- miral: eminence of, 14, 164 Sidi Okba: see Okbah Sidler, Landammann (19th century), Swiss statesman: joins movement for revision of the Confederation, 13, 539 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Vis- count: see Addington, Henry, Vis- count Sidmouth Sidney, Algernon (ca. 1622-1683), Eng- lish politician: trial of, 11, 415 Sidney, Sir Philip (1554-1586), English general and author: aids the Dutch Republic, 11, 293; sketch of, 13, 157 Sidon, Phoenicia, called The Fishing City: location of, 1, 119; supremacy of, in Phoenicia, 124; destroyed (680 B. C), I, 89, 2, 78; (351 B. C), x, 168; return to commercial power, I, 126; Sigurd Jorsalafari at the cap- ture of, 16, 97 Sidonia, Spain: battle of, 8, 102 Siebnerkonkordat, an alliance formed between seven of the Swiss cantons GENERAL INDEX 643 for the mutual security of their new constitutions, and for the car- rying out of Federal reform (1832), 13, 540 Siedlice, Russian Poland: massacre of (1906), 15, 368 Siegfried (9th century), Norse king: at the siege of Paris, 16, 23 Siegric, King of Leire, ca. 9th cen- tury A. D.: driven from his throne, 16, 21 Siegwart-Miiller, Konstantin (19th century), Swiss chancellor: leads the Ultramontanists, 13, 547 Siemashko, Joseph (19th century), leader of the Russian Greco-Uniate bishops: his petition to the tsar, 15, 297 Siena, Italy: siege and fall of (1554- 1555), 4, 307, 9, 147 Sierakowski (19th century), Russian insurgent: in the Polish insurrec- tion, 15, 328 Sierra Leone, Africa: English attempt to colonize, 19, 37, 20, 130; sketch of, 20, 257 Sieyes, Count Emmanuel Joseph (1748-1836), French publicist and statesman: his pamphlet on the third estate, 10, 38; elected member of the States-General, 39; instigates the formation of a national assem- bly, 9, 262; at the meeting of the assembly (1789), 10, 52; directs the Feuillant Club, 128; demands the re- call of the proscribed conventional- ists, 331; elected a member of the directory, 361; replaced by Carnot, 361; made member of the directory, 9, 309; forms alliance with Napo- leon, 310; appointed consul, 9, 315, 10, 432; labors to establish legal reform, 9, 405; attacks the Jacobins, 408; sketch of, 10, 83 Siffin: battles of (ca. 657 A. D.), I, 246 Sigbrit (16th century), mother of Dy- veke: influence of, 16, 191 Sigebut (8th century A. D.), King of the Goths: restored to his throne, 1, 319 Sigeric, King of the Goths, ca. 415 A. D.: reign of, 8, 36 Sighelmus of Sherborne (ca. 883), English envoy: said to have visited India, 5, 156 Sigibert (Sigbert) I (d. 575 A. D.), King of Austrasia: reign of, 9, 26, 18, 61 Sigibert II (ca. 601-613), King of Austrasia: reign of, 9, 31 Sigibert III (d. 654 A. D.), King of Austrasia: reign of, 9, 33 Sigibert (d. 509 A. D.), King of the Ripuarian Franks: assassination of, 9, 21 Sigismund (1361-1437), Holy Roman Emperor, 1410-1437, called The Light of the World: receives Bran- denburg, 18, 194; marries Mary of Hungary, 17, 153; his accession to the throne of Hungary, 117; makes war on the Turks, 14, 37, 38; ap- pointed vicar of the empire, 18, 198; imprisons Wenzef, 199; elected emperor, 17, 122; reign of, 18, 201; sanctions the Council of Constance, I 3, 396; invades Bohemia, 17, 129; Erik appeals to, 16, 126; his reign as king of Hungary, 17, 141, 155 Sigismund, Burgundian King, 516-524 A. D.: conversion of, 13, 337; aids spread of Christianity, 338; death of, 9, 24 Sigismund I (1467-1548), King of Po- land, 1507-1548: reign of, 15, 379 Sigismund (II) Augustus (1520-1572), King of Poland, 1548-1572: his rela- tions with the Russians, 15, 17; reign of, 379 Sigismund (III) Vasa (1556-1632), King of Poland, 1587-1632, and Sweden, 1592-1604: elected to the throne of Poland, 16, 166; reign of, 15, 380; oppresses the Cossacks, 25; his reign in Sweden, 16, 168; de- posed from the throne of Sweden, 171; supports pretenders to the Rus- sian throne, 15, 19, 20; aids Ferdi- nand II of Germany, 18, 270; at war with Gustavus Adolphus, 16, 179 644 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sigismund, Duke of Austria, 1439- 1496: accession of, 17, 107; opposes Swiss leagues, 13, 403; his relations with Charles the Bold of Burgundy, 18, 216; acquires part of the Ten Jurisdictions, 13, 394; death of, 18, 227 Sigismund Korybutovicz (15th cen- tury), Polish prince: invades Bohe- mia, 17, 132; accepts regency of Bo- hemia, 133; leads Bohemian army, 134; driven out of Bohemia, 134 Sigovesius (4th century B. C), a Cel- tic chief: tradition of, 17, 10 Sigrid (16th century), a Scandinavian princess, daughter of Erik XIV: sketch of, 16, 164 Sigsbee, Charles Dwight (1845 ), an American naval officer: advises against haste in the Maine Affair, 24, 1024 Sigtrygg (9th century), a Viking chief in Ireland: establishes his kingdom, 16, 43 Sigurd (late 8th century), King of Skaania and the Danish Islands: the legend of, 16, 20 Sigurd (early 10th century), Prince of Norway, son of Harald Haarfager: defeated by Erik Blodoxe, 16, 52 Sigurd (late 9th century), a Scandi- navian chief in the Orkneys: made earl, 12, 255 Sigurd (late nth century), pretended son of Magnus Barfod: career of, 16, 98 Sigurd Jarl (10th century), a Scandi- navian courtier: at the Drontheim Thing, 16, 53 Sigurd Jorsalafari (Sigurd I) King of Denmark, 1103-1130: career of, 16, 97 Sigurd Ring, King of Denmark, 736- 750: at the battle of Bravalla, 16, 19 Sihon (15th century B. C), King of the Amorites: defeated by the He- brews, 1, 2,76 Sikandar (Sekunder) (16th century), an Afghan military leader: at bat- tle of Sirhind, 5, no Sikh War, a war between the British and the Sikhs in India (1848 i? assassination of British officers at Multan, 5, 225; general rising in the Punjab, 226; battle of Chilian- wala, 226; British victory at Gujrat, 226; the Punjab becomes a British province, 226 Sikhs, the members of a politico-re- ligious community in India: sketch of, 5, 220 Siladitya (7th century A. D.), an In- dian king: reign of, 5, 6s Silanus, Marcus Junius, Roman consul, 109 B. C: defeated by Cimbri, 3, 193 Silanus, Marcus Junius (d. 196 B. C), Roman soldier: accompanies Scipio to Spain, 3, 126 Silanus, Marcus Junius, Roman con- sul, 19 A. D.: death of, 4, 56 Silchester, England: ruins of old church found at, 11, 14 Silence, The Man of: see Napoleon III, Emperor of the French Silesia, a region of central Europe: conquered by Bohemia, 17, 64; Ger- man influence in, 15, 2731 invaded by the king of Poland, 17, 142; part of, given to Hungary (1475), 163; ceded to Frederick II of Prussia, 17, 241, 18, 330; in the struggle against the French Revolution, 17, 286 Silesian Wars, The, wars waged by Frederick the Great of Prussia against Austria for the possession of Silesia: (1), a war in which Prussia was allied with Saxony, Bavaria, and France, and Austria with Great Britain (1740-1742): Breslau sur- renders to Frederick, 18, 329; Prussian victory at Mollwitz, 329; Maria Theresa yields Silesia to Prussia, 17, 241, 18, 330 (2), a war in which Austria was aided by Saxony (1744-1745): Frederick invades Bohemia, 18, 330; retreats, 330; Prussian vic- tories at Hohenfriedberg, Svor, and Kesselsdorf, 331; peace con- cluded at Dresden, 331 Silistria, Bulgaria: Russian defeat at GENERAL INDEX 645 (1773), M> 334; taken by Russians (1810), 406; siege of (1854), " 615, 14, 453 Silk: production and manufacture of, introduced into Japan, 7, 18 Silken Lord, The: see Kildare, Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Sillery, Charles Alexis Brulart, Mar- quis de, Count de Genlis (1737- I793)> a French officer: aids Dutch Protestants, 13, 113; death of, 10, 279 Silliman, Benjamin (1779-1864), an American scientist: his work, 23, 481 Silly: see Marlborough, John Church- hill, Duke of Silly Billy: see William IV, King of England Silo, King of Asturias and Leon, 774- 783: reign of, 8, 131 Silva, Lucius Flavius (1st century A. D.), a Roman military leader: cap- tures Masada, 1, 412 Silveira, Gonsalvo da (d. 1561), a Portuguese missionary in Africa: explorations of, 19, 23 Silvela, Premier of Spain, 1899-1900 and 1902-1903: first ministry of, 8, 520; second ministry of, 521 Simancas, Spain: battle of (939 A. D.), 8, 136 Simba (19th century), a sultan of Witu, Africa: his relations with Eu- ropeans, 19, 133 Simeon, Joseph Jerome (1749-1842), a French minister of state: made min- ister of the interior, 9, 2>73 Simeon, Tribe of, one of the tribes of the Israelites: attempts to win Ca- naan, 1, 277 Simla, a district in the northern part of British India: sketch of, 5, 207 Simmler, Josias (16th century), a Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 454 Simms, William Gilmore (1806- 1870), an American novelist, historian, and poet: his work, 23, 76 Simnel, Lambert (ca. 1487-1525), a pretender to the throne of England: insurrection of, 11, 224, 12, 72 Simon I (3rd century B. C), high priest of Jerusalem: reign of, 1, 404 Simon III (2nd century B. C.) high priest of Jerusalem: becomes high priest, 1, 407 Simon, Jules (Jules Francois Simon- Suisse) (19th century), a French statesman and philosopher: in the elections of 1869, 9, 458 Simon ben Giora (1st century A. D.), one of the leaders of the Zealot party during the Judeo-Roman war: leader of Jewish revolt (67 A. D.), 1, 411 Simon ben Kochba (2nd century A. D.), a Jewish leader: leads Jewish revolt (132 A. D.), 1, 413 Simon de Montfort: see Montfort, Simon de Simon-Suisse, Jules Frangois: see Si- mon, Jules Simovich, Count (early 19th century), a Russian envoy to Persia: his influ- ence in Persia, 5, 360 Simplon Tunnel, a tunnel through the Simplon Mountain, Switzerland: built, 13, 578 Simpson, Sir James (1 792-1868), a British general: in the Crimean War, 9, 447 Simpson, Thomas (1808-1840), a Brit- ish explorer: explorations of, 16, 309 Sims, a Georgia negro, arrested in Boston (1851): case of, 24, 616 Sinclair, Malcolm (18th century), an English officer in the Swedish serv- ice: account of, 15, in; murder of, 16, 227 Sind (Sinde, Scinde, or Sindh), a prov- ince of British India: conquered by the Moguls (1592), 5, 113 Sineus (9th century), a Scandinavian leader: settles in Russia, 16, 40 Singapore, an island south of the Ma- lay Peninsula: growth of, 20, 251 Siniavin (early 19th century), a Rus- sian admiral: gains victory over Turkish fleet, 14, 398; surrender of, 15, 218 646 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sinnott, David (17th century), an Irish military leader: defends Wex- ford, 12, 124 Sinope (Sinub), Asia Minor: rise of, 2, 81; destroyed by Simmerians, I, 144, 2, 116; taken by Cossacks, 14, 211; battle of (1853), 11, 615, 14, 45i, 15, 307 Sin-shar-ishkun (7th century B. C.) King of Assyria: reign of, 1, 91 Sinub: see Sinope Sinuessa, in Italy: established, 3, 73 Sion, Switzerland: battle of (1475), 13, 407 Siouan Indians, a stock of North American Indians: independent of other families, 23, 7; early migra- tions, 8 Sioux Indians, a tribe of North Amer- ican Indians: war with the United States, 24, 905 Sippara (Sippar or Sepharoaim), Mes- opotamia: battle of (539), 1, 401 Siqueira, Diogo Lopes de, Portuguese governor in India, 1518: administra- tion of, 8, 331 Siraj-ud-daula (Surajah Dowlah) (d. 1757). nawab of Bengal: at war with English, 5, 182 Sirensk, Russia: taken by Shereme- tiev, 15, 42 Sirhind, India: battle of (1556), 5, no Siris, in ancient geography, a small river in southern Italy: battle of, 3, 77 \ Sirmium (Sirmia), an ancient city of Slavonia: abandoned to Attila, 17, 16; conquered by Bajan (584 A. D.), . IQ . Sirmium, Council of, a council held at Sirmium in which the doctrines of Arius were condemned (380 A. D.), 17, IS Sirovotskov (early 19th century), a Russian Arctic explorer: explora- tions of, 16, 306 Siscia (Sisca or Segesta), an ancient town in Austria-Hungary, the mod- ern Sisek: becomes a Roman mili- tary post, 17, 12; battle of (389 A. D.) 4, 135; see also Sisek Sisebert (d. 621), King of the Goths: reign of, 8, 44 Sisek, a town in Bosnia, Austria-Hun- gary, the ancient Siscia: battle of (1592), 17, 223; see also Siscia Sistova, a town in Bulgaria: occupied by the Russians (1877), 15, 333 Sistova, Treaty of, a treaty between Turkey and Austria (1791), account of, 14, 357, 386, 17, '276 Sisvan (14th century), King of Bul- garia: account of, 14, 30, 34 Sisygambis (4th century B. C), mother of Darius III: captured by Alexander, 2, 493, 499 Sitabaldi, India: battle of (1817), 5, 209 Shakes (d. 424 B. C), King of Thrace: reign of, 2, 284 Sitklan Island, a small island on the coast of Alaska: awarded to United States, 24, 1055 Sitric of the Silken Beard (nth cen- tury), King of Dublin: at war with Brian Boru, 12, 42 Sitting Bull (ca. 1837-1890), an Amer- ican Indian chief: leader of Indian war, 24, 905 Sittius, Publius (1st century B. C), a Roman military officer: aids Cae- sar, 3, 358 Sitvatorok, Treaty of, a treaty be- tween Austria and Turkey (1606): account of, 14, 208, 210, 374 Siu-yen, Manchuria: battle of (1894), 7, 208; captured by Japanese (1904), 310 Sivaji (Sivajee), a Maratha leader: at war with Aurangzel, 5, 122; career of, 130; pillages Surat, 165 Sivas, a city in Asiatic Turkey, the an- cient Sebasteia: annexed by Baye- zid, 14, 38; assailed by Timur, 47 Siva-worship, the worship of Siva or Shiva, a Hindu god: description of, 5, 81 Siward (d. 1055), Earl of Northumber- land: at war with Macbeth of Scot- land, 12, 257 Six Acts, The, measures passed by the English Parliament (1819), II, 572 GENERAL INDEX 647 Six Articles, Statute of, in English his- tory, an act passed 1539, II, 259 Six Nations: see Iroquois Indians Six Weeks' War, a war between Prus- sia and Austria (1866): Austrian de- feat at Sadowa, 16, 275; Prussia becomes supreme in Germany by Treaty of Prague, 276 1660, Act of: see Act of 1660 Sixth of George I, The, an act of the English Parliament (1719), 12, 171 Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere), (1414-1484), Pope, 1471-1484: inter- venes between Bohemia and Hun- gary, 17, 147; contention with Lo- renzo de' Medici, 4, 269; disapproves the Spanish Inquisition, 13, 83 note Sixtus V (Felice Peretti) (1521-1590), Pope, 1585-1590: pontificate of, 4, 313; excommunicates Henry of Na- varre, 9, 161; concludes an alliance with the Swiss Catholics, 13, 458; excommunicates Henry III of France, 9, 165 Skalitz, Bohemia: battle of (1866), 18, 411 Skanderbeg: see Scanderbeg Skandersborg, Denmark: battle of (1841), 16, 114 Skariatin (d. 1849), a Russian general: death of, 15, 301 Skavronskaya, Martha: see Catherine I, Empress of Russia Skeffington, Sir William (d. 1535), a British statesman, lord deputy of Ireland: besieges Maynooth, 12, 80 Skiold, a mythical King of Denmark: the legend of, 16, 17 Skioldungs (Skjoldungs), the descend- ants and followers of Skiold: found- ers of the dynasty of, 16, 9 Skjold: see Skiold Skjoldungs: see Skioldungs Skobelev (Skobeleff), Mikhail (1845- 1882), a Russian soldier: in Russo- Turkish War, 14, 482; at siege of Plevna, 15, 335; storms Geok Tepe, 5, 367 Skoropadski (early 18th century), a Cossack chief: election of, 15, 51 Skraelingar (Skrellings), the name given by Leif Ericson to the natives of Vinland: attacks of the, 16, 49; description of, 23, 20 Skrzynecki, Jan Boncza (1787-1860), a Polish general: in the Polish in- surrection, 15, 294 Skytte (Schroderus), Johan (1577- 1645), a Swedish statesman and writer: educates Gustavus Adolphus, 16, 175; leads the democrats, 204 Slade, William (early 19th century), an American statesman: champion of the abolitionists, 24, 578 Slaghoek, Didrik (early 16th century), a Swedish officer of state: provokes the blood bath of Stockholm, 16, 149; regent of Sweden, 152 Slankamen: see Salankeman Slashes, The Mill-boy of the: see Clay, Henry Slatin Bey (19th century), a Turkish military officer in Egypt: defeat of, 19, 271 Slatius, Henry (early 17th century), an Armenian preacher: plots against life of Maurice of Nassau, 13, 205 Slaughter Act, an act passed in Switz- erland to amend the constitution (1893), 13, S87 Slavata, William of (early 17th cen- tury), an Austrian statesman: ac- cused of inciting the Emperor Ma- thias against the Protestants, 17, 201 Slave Kings, Dynasty of, a dynasty in India in the early 13th century: founded, 5, 97 Slaves, Slavery, and Slave Trade: AFRICA: main treatment, 19, 35; colonization of Sierra Leone, 37; sketch of, 38; colonization of Libe- ria, 49; Arabian slave trade, 58; com- bination of powers to suppress, 115, 122, 310; domestic slavery, 183, 279, 310; abolished in the Witu country, 200; in the Lake Nyasa region, 238; in the Congo Free State, 252; slave- trade abolished at the Cape, 20, 221; present condition of, 19, 310 ARABIA: purchase of female slaves, 1, 288; price of slaves, 305 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: traffic for- bidden in Dalmatia, 17, 39; St. 648 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Stephen, of Hungary improves con- dition; 49 BELGIUM: plans for the suppres- sion of, 13, 3i 1 DENMARK: slave trade abolished, 16, 255, 19. 40, 20, 297 EGYPT: the mamelukes, 1, 36, 14, 127 ENGLAND: method of securing slaves, 11, 20; conversion of free- men into serfs, 51; Englishmen transported to West Indies, 423; successful attempt to abolish slave trade, 540, 558, 559; slavery abol- ished in colonies, II, 592, 20, 240; slave trade in Africa, 19, 30; slave trade in Africa abolished, 40; influ- ence on African slave trade, 84 EUROPE: Christians sold into slavery, 9, 142 FRANCE: slaves, 9, 5; emancipa- tion in colonies, 20, 134 GERMANY: classes of slaves, 18, 8, 57 GREECE: debtors sold as slaves, 2, 103; slaves freed by Cleisthenes, 146; women and children abducted by Turks, 544 HOLLAND: slave trade in Africa, 19, 30 INDIA: absence of, 5, 70 MEXICO: abolished, 24, 532 PHOENICIA: inhabitants of Tyre sold as slaves, 1, 126 PORTUGAL: slave traffic, 8, 322; freeing of slaves, 473, 526; slave trade in Africa, 19, 17, 28 ROME: position of slaves, 3, 11; introduction of slaves, 41; captives sold into slavery, 151, 303; increased use of slaves, 160; trade in slaves becomes a profession, 172; slave in- surrections, 173, 186; evils of slav- ery, 261 SCOTLAND: abolition, 12, 370 SOUTH AMERICA: abolished in Ecuador, 21, 107; abolished in Para- guay, 155; in Brazil, 163; not recog- nized by the constitution of the empire of Brazil, 172; slave-trade abolished in Peru, 202; abolished in Chili, 217; abolished in Brazil, 248 SPAIN: slavery decreased, 8, 32; condition of slaves, 55 TURKEY: origin of Janissaries, 14, 20; position of slaves, 100; sale of Christians, 152 UNITED STATES: among the In- dians, 23, 14; introduced into Vir- ginia, 61; slaves brought to South Carolina, 75; use of Indians as slaves, 77; in Georgia, 80, 81; law against fugitive slaves in New Eng- land Confederation, 96; slavery prac- ticed in Penn's colony, 112; statistics at the outbreak of the Revolution, 126, 128; status at outbreaK of the Revolution, 128; proposal to pro- hibit it in the Northwest Territory, 318; prohibited in Northwest Terri- tory, 319; slave trade compromise of the Constitution, 328; affects of the Louisiana purchase, 399; impor- tation of slaves forbidden, 19, 40, 20, 130, 240; suppression of slave trade agreed to in Treaty of Ghent, 23, 430; fugitives seek refuge in East Florida, 444; comparison of condi- tions in North and South, 450; ef- fect of cotton gin, 450; slave-holding territory extended, 451; growth of sentiment against, 452; Missouri Compromise, 455; prohibited in Maine, 455; agreement between Great Britain and United States for sup- pression of slave trade, 24, 531; con- troversy over annexation of Texas, 5355 presidential election of 1848, 559; rise of the controversy, 561; in the territories, 594, 630, 659, 766; prohibited in California, 598; Com- promise of 1850, 601; Calhoun's idea of slavery, 604; Dred Scott case, 658; constitutionality of exclusion from territories, 659; citizenship of the negro under Federal Constitu- tion, 660; plenary powers of Con- gress, 660; Lecompton Constitution, 662; feeling in Kansas, 663; Lin- coln's utterances respecting slavery, 667; John Brown's convictions con- cerning, 673; Helper's view of the system, 677; secession of the south- ern States, 684; slave importation GENERAL INDEX 649 prohibited by Confederacy, 695; the Civil War, 19, 58, 24, 7H', abolished by purchase in District of Colum- bia, 24, 766; abolished in territories, 766; Confiscation Act (1862), 766; preliminary Emancipation Procla- mation, 767; abolished by thirteenth amendment, II, 623, 20, 240, 24, 841; negro suffrage question, 24, 858, 932; negro suffrage endorsed by Chase, 859; negro suffrage in Demo- cratic platform (1868), 860; influ- ence of carpet bag rule in South, 864; the Ku-Klux-Klan, 868; rights of the negro in South, 874; Force Bill, 970 WEST INDIES: introduction of negroes into the West Indies, 20, 74; slaves imported from Africa, 19, 38; condition of slaves, 20, 132; slave-trade in the West Indies, 13, 315, 20, 238; slave-trade and slavery abolished by Denmark in Danish West Indies, 16, 255, 20, 297; ef- fect of Haytian independence, 20, 492; slave revolt in San Domingo, 10, 161, 445, 20, 138; abolishing of, in Cuba, 20, 327 Slavonia, a region in Austria-Hun- gary: Scordisci settle in, 17, 11; comes under Frankish rule, 38; in- . corporated in Hungary, 398 Slavs or Slavonians, race of eastern Europe: location of, 15, 4, 9; con- tribute to Austrian history, 17, 5; influence of, 8; history of, 18; in- vade the Roman empire, 17, 15, 2, 533 Sleeman, Sir William Henry (1788- 1856), English officer and writer: suppresses " thags " in India, 5, 214 Slesvig: see Schleswig Slesvig, the capital of the province of Slesvig-Holstein: burned by Harald Haardrade, 16, 67; battle of (1848), 270 Slesvig-Holstein, a province of Prus- sia: Knud Hlaford invested with, 16, 76; bestowed on Albert, 85; its union with Denmark, 135; the his- tory of, 265; see also Slesvig-Hol- stein Wars and Schleswig Slesvig-Holstein Wars: first, 16, 95; (1412), 124; (1848), 270; (1864), 274 Sleswick: see Schleswig Slidell, John (1793-1871), American politician: sent to Mexico, 22, 283, 24, 544; appointed Confederate rep- resentative at Paris, 24, 728; see also Mason anc] Slidell Incident Slivinitza, Bulgaria: battle of (1885), 14, 494, 15, 343 Sloat, John Drake (19th century), American naval commander: in the Mexican War, 22, 289; sent to seize California, 24, 548 Slobasia, Truce of, between Russia and Turkey (1807), 14, 398, 400, 403 Slocum, Henry Warner (1827-1894), American soldier and politician: commands army of the Cumberland, 24, 804; commands Sherman's left, 806 Sloughter, Henry (d. 1691), colonial governor of New York: appoint- ment of, 23, 106 Slovenes, a slavic race: origin of, 17, 19; history of, 37 Sluys or Sluis, Netherlands: naval battle of (1340), 11, 160, 13, 33; surrenders to the States-General, 13, 178 Smalkalde, League of, league formed at Smalkalde by several Protestant princes against Charles V (1531), 9, 142 Small Germans, a political party of Germany: sketch of, 18, 399, 402 Smendes (Nes-bi-n-dedi) (Se-Amen), King of Egypt, ca. 1090 B. C. : reign of, 1, 29 Smerwick, Ireland: battle of (1580), 11, 291, 12, 90 Smirnov, Madame (18th century), Russian writer: memoirs of, 15, 200 Smith, King: see Louis Philippe, King of France Smith, Adam (1723-1790), Scottish philosopher and political economist: publishes his " Wealth of Nations," 18, 345, 23, 201; writings of, 20, 134 Smith, Adamson (18th century), 650 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS American statesman: in first Con- gress, 23, 342 Smith, Caleb (19th century), American statesman: Lincoln's Secretary of the Interior, 24, 708 Smith, Charles Euan (1842 ), Brit- ish statesman: British consul-gen- eral in Africa, 19, 140; recommends expedition to Uganda, 191 Smith, Charles Ferguson (1 806-1 862), American general: at siege of Fort Donelson, 24, 744 Smith, Edmund Kirby (1825-1893), American general: in the Mexican War, 22, 364; at battle of Bull Run, 2 4> 735J surrenders the forces of the West, 814 Smith, Gerrit (1797-1874), American philanthropist: member of American Anti-Slavery Society, 24, 574; heads negro rescue at Syracuse, 616; aids cause of negro abduction, 617; John Brown aided by, 673; becomes in- sane, 675 Smith, Green Clay (1832-1895), Amer- ican general and lawyer: nominated for President, 24, 909 Smith, Harry (1788-1860), English general: wins battle of Aliwal, 5, 221 Smith, Hoke (1855 ), American lawyer: Secretary of the Interior, 2 4> 993 note Smith, Hyrum (19th century), an American Mormon: murdered by mob, 24, 982 Smith, J. M. (19th century), American military officer: in the Mexican War, 22, 349 Smith, Jacob Hurd (1840 ), Amer- ican general: court-martialed, 24, 1043 Smith, John (1579-1631), English ex- plorer and historian: sketch of, 23, 58; explores coast of New England, 86 Smith, Joseph (1805-1844), American religious leader: founder of Mor- monism, 24, 982 Smith, Maxwell J. (living), wireless telegraph expert: member of the Wellman Expedition, 16, 341 Smith, Persifor F. (19th century), American military officer: in the Mexican War, 22, 345 Smith (Smythe), Sir Thomas (ca. 1558-1625), governor of the English East India Company: administra- tion of, 5, 158; appointed councilor, 23, 57 Smith, William (19th century), Eng- lish whaler: his discoveries in the Antarctic, 16, 333 Smith, Sir William Sidney, often called Sir Sidney Smith, an English admiral: born at Westminster, July 21, 1764; entered the navy at the age of eleven; won a lieutenancy in the battle off Cape St. Vincent, Jan- uary, 1780; advised the King of Swe- den in his war with Russia, 1788- 1790; joined Lord Hood at Tou- lon, 1793; was captured by the French 1796, and sent to Paris, but escaped in 1798; was sent to Constantinople as plenipotentiary, 1798; went to the relief of St. Jean d'Acre and com- pelled Napoleon to raise the siege, 1799; was at the battle of Aboukir, 1799; was member of Parliament for Rochester, 1802; was sent to Sicily and Naples on secret service, 1805; joined Sir John Duckworth against the Turks, 1807, and de- stroyed the French fleet at Abydos, February 7, 1807; died at Paris, May 26, 1840 In Franco-Turkish war, 14, 382, 383, 384; defends Saint Jean d' Acre, 9, 309 Smolensk, Russia, called The Key of Russia: under the Varangians, 15, 5; battle of (1812), 10, 485, 15, 223, 18, 380 Smolka (19th century), Polish states- man: made vice-president of the diet of Vienna (1849), 17, 374; elect- ed president of the diet, 377 Smuggling: in the Spanish- American colonies, 23, 45; in New England prior to the Revolution, 205; under Jefferson's Embargo Act, 410; trou- bles in East Florida, 444 Smyrna, Asia Minor: sacked by Timur GENERAL INDEX 651 (1402), 14, 51; taken by Mohammed I of Turkey, 55; Turkish massacre at, 2, 543; taken by Ibrahim Pasha, 290 Smythe, Alexander (19th century), American general: succeeds Van Rensselaer, 23, 421 Snefru (Sephuris) (ca. 2840 B. C), King of Egypt: founds the fourth dynasty, 1, 15 Sneyders (Snyders), Francis (1579- 1657), a Flemish painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Snorre Sturleson (Snorri Sturluson) (1178-1241), an Icelandic poet and scholar: sketch of, 16, 8, 99 Snow Queen, The: see Christina, Queen of Sweden Snowstorms in Mexico, 22, 187 note Snyders: see Sneyders So Yoshitomo (16th century), Japa- nese statesman; invites the king of Korea to visit Japan, 7, 116 Soares, Lope (early 16th century), a Portuguese viceroy in India: his campaigns in the East, 8, 328; made viceroy of India, 330 Sobeslav I, King of Bohemia, 1126- 1140: reign of, 17, 66 Sobieski, John: see John (III) So- bieski Sobraon, India: battle of (1846), 5, 221 Social Conditions: AFRICA: of the Boers, 19, 276 ARABIA: freedom of the Arabi- ans, I, 193; condition of Chris- tians, 324 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: the Slavs, 17, 23, 26; latter part of 17th cen- tury, 189; 18th century, 331 BABYLONIA and ASSYRIA: early civilization, 1, 105, 112 CHINA: 13th century, 6, 19; the miaotzu, 94; position of foreigners, 142, 145, 278, 282 DENMARK: development of feud- alism, 16, 94; under Christian II, 189; under Christian VI, 238 EGYPT: as pictured by the papyri, 1, 55; early civilization, 58 ENGLAND: Roman influence, 11, 9, 12; influence of the Angles and Saxons, 19; morality of the clergy, 48; 10th century, 54; feudal system, 74, 84; persecution of Jews, 112, 145; decay of asceticism, 115; Chau- cer's England, 177; under Edward IV, 215; under Elizabeth, 298; un- der Charles II, 384, 417, 420; under George III, 535; early Victorian era, 599; early condition of Jews, 1, 419; naturalization of Jews, 422 EUROPE: after the crusades, 18, 172 FRANCE: the Gauls, 3, 294, 4, 115, 9, 5; feudalism, 9, 63, 65; before the revolution, 10, 7, 17, 21; rem- nants of feudalism destroyed, 75; abolition of titles, 120; of 1815, 9, 368; early condition of Jews, 1, 419; bettered condition of Jews, 422 GERMANY: early civilization, 18, 7: under Maximilian I, 230; end of 16th century, 264; after the Thirty Years' War, 296; middle of 18th cen- tury, 325; early condition of Jews, 1/420; later condition of Jews, 422 GREECE: in Homeric state, 2, 35; in Sparta, 66; Solon's division of classes, 105; at present time, 550 HUNGARY: 10th century, 17, 45; European influence, 61; under Vladislav, 168; 19th century, 430 ICELAND: under Christian VI, 16, 239; from Sagas, 299 INDIA: pursuits of the people, 5, 16; overcrowding of the people, 21; of various tribes, 27; castes, 43, 77; of the Brahmans, 44, 49; aboli- tion of inhumane rites, 113; aboli- tion of widow-burning, 213 IRELAND: early civilization, 12, 9; 5th and 6th centuries, A. D., 33; after Bruce's invasion, 61; forced migration of, 1654, 126; position of Catholics, 163; improved condition of Catholics, 224; growth of the temperance cause, 225 ISRAEL: changes in, 1, 378 ITALY: town life in the 12th cen- tury, 4, 188; town life in the 13th century, 207; divisions of Floren- tine society, 226; at present day, 652 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 401; early condition of Jews, 1, 418 JAPAN: primitive civilization, 7, 7; Korean and Chinese influences, 17; establishment of charitable in- stitutions, 32; degeneration, 44, 45; feudal system, 78; 18th century, 144; house construction, 148; classes of society, 150; growth of disso- lute habits, 153; decline of feudal- ism, 223 LYDIA: early civilization, 1, 152 MEXICO: the Aztecs, 23, 7; 19th century, 22, 262 NETHERLANDS: ancient civil- ization, 13, 4, 7; feudalism, 28; progress of the common people, 30; after the Reformation, 61; after victories of Prince of Parma, 146; early 17th century, 222; asylum for Jews, 1, 421 PERSIA: early civilization, I, 180; degenerate character, 5, 370 PERU: Spanish influence in Lima, 21, 213 PHCENICIA: commercial spirit of, 1, 135 POLAND: 16th and 17th centuries, 15, 378; early condition of Jews, 1, 420 PORTUGAL: 18th century, 8, 476 ROME: comparison of Greek and Roman society, 3, 5; family life, 11; land tenure, 37; changes of 445 B. C, 47; mercantile spirit, 160; decadence of society, 248; under Caesar, 378, 382; Nero's persecution of the Christians, 4, 65; under Domitian, 84; trouble between Jews and Christians, 90; persecu- tion of the Christians by Marcus Aurelius, 97; provincials made citi- zens, 4, 103; Christians under Julian, 129 RUSSIA: Western influence, 15, 14; marriage festivals, 57; in the 18th century, 70, 71; creation of a middle class, 84, 85; late 18th cen- tury, 175; middle classes, 182 SCANDINAVIA: 9th century, 16 11; nth century, 63, 64; under Gus- tavus III of Sweden, 247 SCOTLAND: compared with Eng- land, 11, 335; influence of England, 12, 269; French influence, 307; feudal system, 329; after the union with England, 357; feudalism over- thrown, 377 SOUTH AMERICA: after the Spanish conquest, 21, 46; natives of the Amazon plain, 310 SPAIN: early civilization, 8, 4, 5, 8, 9; classes of society, 54; early customs, 57; condition of the Jews, 1, 416, 8, 209; reign of Carlos III, 8, 419 SWITZERLAND: lake dwellings, J3, 3 2 7> Roman influence, 332; feudalism, 340, 350; 15th century, 429; before the Reformation, 432; after the Reformation, 450; 17th century, 484; bigotry of the aristoc- racy, 497 TURKEY: early condition of Jews, 1, 421 UNITED STATES: of the In- dians, 23, 10; women brought to Virginia, 62; classes of society, 129; of the negro, 24, 874; condition of Jews, 1, 424 Social Democrat, a German news- paper: issued, 18, 446 Social Democratic Party, a political party in the United States: Debs nominated President by, 24, 1067 Social Democrats (Socialists), a po- litical party in Germany; descrip- tion of, 18, 437 Social War, The, a war in which Athens was defeated by Byzantium, Chios, Cos, and Rhodes (ca. 357- 355 B. C): account of, 2, 454 Socialism : AUSTRALIA: of the state, 20, 215 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: increasing strength of, 17, 438, 446, 453 BELGIUM: Socialist uprising, 13, 309; rise of, 310 BOHEMIA: newspapers, 17, 429 FRANCE: the commune, 9, 470, 471; growth of, 486 GERMANY: Social Democrats, 18, 437, 446; state's care of the working classes, 447 GENERAL INDEX 653 ITALY: spread of, 4, 399 NETHERLANDS: dissensions in Socialist party, 13, 320 NEW ZEALAND: of the state, 20, 215 PORTUGAL: elements of, 8, 539 ROME: teaching of Stoic philoso- phers, 4, 103 SWEDEN: tendency toward, 16, 280 SWITZERLAND: formation of communes, 13, 353; state owner- ship of railroads, 575; growth of, 58i UNITED STATES: Socialist La- bor Party, 24, 991, 1067; Social Democrats, 1067 Socialist Labor Party, a political party in the United States: nom- inates Simon Wing for President (1892), 24, 991; Presidential nom- ination of 1904, 1067 Society Islands, a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean: made a French protectorate, 20, 276 Society of Jesus: see Jesuits Socorro, Colombia, South America: rebellion of, 21, 52 Socctra: see Sokotra Socrates, a Greek philosopher: born at Athens about 470 B. C.; at first followed the profession of his father, a sculptor, but soon devoted himself entirely to the pursuit of philosophy; served as soldier dur- ing the Peloponnesian War and was present at Potidaea (431), Delium (424), and Amphipolis (422) ; was president of the prytanes, 406, and opposed the Thirty Ty- rants; was accused of impiety and of corrupting the Athenian youth, 399; defended himself in a famous speech, which enraged his judges and he was condemned; drank the poisonous hemlock in prison, sur- rounded by his disciples Opposes the decrees of Cal- lixenus, 2, 74; death of, 397 Sodaditas Damebiana, an academic society in Vienna, Austria; founded 17, 175 Sofala, eastern Africa: factory found- ed at, 20, 46 Soffarides: see Saffarid Dynasty Sofia (Sophia), Bulgaria: occupied by the Russians (1878), 15, 336 Sofia (13th century), Queen of Swe- den: divorce of, 16, 104 Sofia Amalia, Queen of Denmark and Norway, 1648-1670: the position of, 16, 230 Soga Dasoku (early 15th century), a Japanese artist: sketch of, 7, 106 Soga Sukenari (ca. 12th century), a Japanese soldier; kills father's foe, 7, 152 Soga Tokimune (ca. 12th century), a Japanese soldier: kills father's foe, 7, 152 Soga-no-Emishi (7th century), a Japanese prince: influence of, 7, 20 Soga-no-Iname (6th century), a Jap- anese statesman: counsels the ac- ceptance of Buddhism, 7, 14 Soga-no-Iruka (7th century), a Japa- nese prince: influence of, 8, 20 Soga-no-Mako (late 6th century), a Japanese statesman: works for the acceptance of Buddhism in Japan, 7, 15 Soga-no-Umako (late 6th century), a Japanese statesman: builds tem- ples and pagodas for Buddha, 7, 15; feud with Monobe Moriya, 19 Sogdianos (Sekydianos) (5th century B. C.), son of Artaxerxes I, King of Persia: reign of, 1, 167 Sohr: see Soor Soissons, France: battles of (486 A. D.), 18, 46; (720 A. D.) 9, 36 Sokolli (16th century), Grand Vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 176; death of, 201 Sokotra (Socotra), Island of, an is- land in the Indian Ocean: annexed by England, 5, 255, 19, 85, 20, 252 Solano (late 18th century), a Spanish general: his campaigns in America, 22, 212 Solaro, Count (early 18th century), an Italian soldier: at siege of Turin (1704), 4. 328 Solebay (Southwold), Suffolk, Eng- 654 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS land: battle of (1672), 9, 210, 13, 236 Solemn. League and Covenant, a bond between England, Scotland, and Ireland, for the preservation of reformed religion, and the extirpa- tion of papacy (1643), II, 347 Soleure, Massacre of (1382), 13, 379 Soleure, Treaty of, an alliance be- tween Switzerland and France (1663), 13, 477 Solferino, Italy: battle of (1859), 4, 373, 9, 45 1, 17, 385, 18, 405 Soliman, Pasha (16th century), a Turkish admiral: besieges Diu, 8, 435 Soliman: see Solyman or Suleiman Solis, Juan Diaz, de (ca. 1470-1516), a Spanish navigator: traces the coasts of Central America, 31, 16; explores the bay of Rio de Janeiro, 17 Sollium, Greece: retained by Athens, 2, 317 Solomon, King of Israel, 993-953 B. C: was a son of King David and Bathsheba; was born about 1033 B. C. and succeeded his father in 1015; formed an alliance with Pharaoh, King of Egypt, whose daughter he married; soon after his accession, began to build the magnificent temple which bore his name: founded the city of Tadmor or Palmyra; in his reign the Jewish kingdom rose to its highest pros- perity and greatest power; he wrote, or compiled, the collections of Proverbs which form one of the canonical books of the Bible; also the Book of Ecclesiastes, and the Book of Canticles; died 953 B. C, after a reign of forty years, and was succeeded by his son Rehoboam Anointed and crowned, 1, 386; reign of, 387; equips fleets for com- mercial voyages, 19, 6 Solomon, The British: see James I and also Henry VII, Kings of Eng- land Solon, an Athenian legislator, born in the island of Salamis about 638 B. C. : was a son of Execestides and a descendant of Codrus; in his youth he was a merchant and visited foreign countries; he gained distinction by his poetical talents in the early part of his life and fragments of his poetry are still extant and highly prized; first re- corded public service of Solon was his successful expedition to Sala- mis, which he recovered from the Megarians; in 594 B. C. he was elected archon; he relieved debtors by a reduction of the rate of in- terest and cancelled debts and lib- erated lands from mortgage; he re- fused to make himself King of Athens; repealed the laws of Draco, except those made for the punish- ment of murder; he established the council, or court, of the Areopagus, and he remodelled the political con- stitution; ordained that new meas- ures should be first considered in the senate, and if approved by that body, be proposed to the popular assembly, which had power to adopt or reject them; after finish- ing his legislative task he obtained leave of absence for ten years and visited Egypt and Asia Minor; he returned to Athens in his old age and opposed the ambitious designs of Peisistratus; he began a poem the subject of which was the fabu- lous island of Atlantis, but did not live to finish it; died about 558 B. C. Consults oracle of Delphi, 2, 44; life of, 102; legislation of, 104; trav- els and later life, 108 Solothurn: see Soleure Solouque (Faustinus I), negro poli- tician, President of Hayti, 1847- 1852, Emperor of Hayti, 1852-1858: election of, 22, 499 Soloviov (d. 1879), a Russian con- spirator: his attempt to assassinate the tsar, 15, 339 Soltichika, The, the trial and impris- onment of a Russian noblewoman for cruelty to her serfs: case of, 15, 182 Soltikov, Count Nicholas Ivanovitch (1736-1816), a Russian field-mar- shal, regent of the empire, 1813- GENERAL INDEX 655 1815): promotes Araktcheiev, 15, 203 Soltikov, Count Peter (ca. 1700-1772), a Russian field-marshal: made com- mander, 15, 148; in the Seven Years' War, 18, 340 Soltyk (18th century), a Polish ec- clesiastic: imprisonment of, 15, 174 Solway Moss, a district in England: battle of (1542), 12, 304 Solyman (Suleiman or Soliman) I (surnamed " The Magnificent ") (ca. 1490-1566), Sultan of Turkey, 1520- 1566; reign of, 14, 143; power of, 5, 101; his sovereignty contested, 120; attempts to conquer India, 5, 150; in Persia, 342; his campaign against Hungary, 17, 169; aids John . I of Hungary, 216; conquers Buda, 217; in Germany, 18, 249; besieges Malta, 8, 355; death of, 14, 176, 17, 220; extent of empire of, 14, 179; estimate of, 189 Solyman II, Sultan of Turkey, 1687- 1691: reign of, 14, 255; death of, 260 Solyman, King of Cordova, 1012- 1015: reign of, 8, 80 Solyman (8th century), Mohamme- dan caliph: death of, 1, 331 Solyman ben Abderalman (late 8th century), a brother of Hixem, ruler ' of Mohammedan Spain: revolts against Alhakem, 8, 72 Somaliland (Somali Coast Protec- torate), British, a British protector ate in eastern Africa: under British protection, 19, 209; description of, 20, 262 Somaliland, French, a French pro- tectorate in eastern Africa: gov- ernment of, 20, 282 Somaliland, Italian, an Italian pro- tectorate in eastern Africa: de- scription of, 20, 300 Sombrero, Mexico: siege of (1817), 22, 250 Sombreuil, Charles Virot de (1769- 1795). a French royalist soldier: pleads with the mob at the Hotel des Invalides, 10, 63; capture and death of, 9, 294 Somers, Sir George (d. 1610), an English colonist: takes possession of the Bermudas, 20, 249 Somers, John, Baron Somers (1652- 1716), an English statesman and jurist: Lord Keeper of the Seal, 11, 441; directs the Board of Trade and Commerce, 20, 89; impeached, 11, 450 Somerset, Dukes of, see Beaufort, John, and Seymour, Edward Somerset, Earl of: see Carr, Robert Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of (d. 1455), an English politician: fa- vorite of Henry VI, 11, 210; death of, 211 Somerset, Edward, Marquis of Wor- cester, titular Earl of Glamorgan, and called Herbert of Raglan ( 1601- 1667), an English peer: concludes treaty with the Irish, 11, 354 Somerset, Fitzroy James Henry, Baron Raglan: see Raglan, Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, Baron Sommar, Magnus (16th century), Bishop of Strangnas, a Swedish ec- clesiastic: at the diet of Vesteraas, 16, 158 Sommerhausen, Germany: battle of (1647), 9, 200 Somov, Orestes (early 19th century), a Russian conspirator: in the plot of the Dekabrists, 15, 273 Sonderhausen, Germany: battle of (1758), 9, 245 Song-hwan, Korea: battle of, 7, 262 Sonntag, Miss, a contemporary semi- official Russian diplomat in Korea: represents Russia at Seul, 7, 296 Sonoma, California: taken by the Americans, 22, 296 Sons of Liberty, associations formed in American colonies to resist the aggressions of the British govern- ment (1765): of New York, propose general congresses, 23, 222 Soochow, China: negotiations for sur- render of, 6, 203; capture of, 204 Soor (Sorr or Sohr), Bohemia: battle of (1745), 18, 331 Sopatu (3rd century B. C), a Mace- donian military leader: comes to the aid of Carthaginians, 3, 129 Sophi: see Safi 656 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sophia (d. 1877), Queen of Holland, wife of William II: influence of, 13, 314 Sophia (15th century), a Byzantine princess: marries Ivan the Great (1472), 15, 14 Sophia (1630-1714), Electress of Han- over: made heir of English crown, 11, 448 Sophia (early 15th century), wife of Wenzel, King of Bohemia: favors the Hussites, 18, 202, 205 Sophia, a contemporary Prussian princess: becomes consort of Greek heir apparent, 2, 548 Sophia: see also Sofia Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst: see Cath- erine (II) the Great, Empress of Russia Sophia of Mecklenburg, wife of Fred- erick II, King of Denmark: sketch of, 16, 200 Sophia Alexievna (1657-1704), a Rus- sian princess: guardian of her brothers, 15, 24; foments an out- break of the strelitz, 26; regency of, 27, 29; banished to a convent, 3i Sophia Dorothea (1666-1726), Elec- tress of Hanover: mother of Fred- erick the Great, 18, 326 Sophia Magdalena of Kulmbach-Bay- reuth, wife of Christian VI, of Den- mark: sketch of, 16, 238 Sophocles (495-405 B. C.) Greek tragedian: commands at Samos, 2, 260 Sophronius (7th century), patriarch of Jerusalem: treats for capitulation of Jerusalem, 1, 283 Sora, Italy: Romans capture, 3, 65 Sorata, South America: siege of (1780), 21, 52 Soreas, John de (16th century), Protestant leader of the Nether- lands: leads rebellion, 13, 101 Soria, Marquis de (late 18th century) Spanish soldier: his campaign in Portugal, 8, 415 Sorr: see Soor Sosius, Gaius, Roman consul, 32 B. C: nominee of Antonius, 4, 24 Sota la Marina, Mexico: siege of (1817), 22, 249 Sotan Ogure (15th century), Japanese artist: sketch of, 7, 106 So tar 6 Iba (early 20th century), Japanese politician: assassinates Toru Hoshi, 7, 229 Sotero, General (late 19th century), South American statesman: leads rebellion, 21, 101 Sothel, Seth (17th century): American colonial statesman: governor of Carolina, 23, 74 Soto, Hernando (or Fernando) de, a Spanish explorer: born in Estre- madura, about 1500; served with distinction under Pizarro in Peru and acquired great wealth; re- turned to Spain in 1536; soon after he was appointed governor of Cuba and Florida; he conducted an expe- dition from Spain to Florida in IS39> discovered the Mississippi River, and died in Louisiana in 1542 His expedition to Florida, 22, 447; explorations of, 23, 42; death of, 43 Sotomayor, General (late 19th cen- tury), Chilian commander: wins the battle of Calama, 21, 234 Soubise, Benjamin de Rohan, Seig- neur de (1585-1642), French noble- man: revolt of, 9,, 183 Soubise, Charles de Rohan, Prince (1715-1787), French general: in the Seven Years' War, 9, 245, 18, 336, 342 Souham, Joseph (1760-1837), French general: his campaign against the allied forces, 9, 289 Soule, Pierre (1802-1870), American jurist: minister to Spain, 24, 625; Ostend Manifesto, 628; resigns as minister, 629; demands indemnity for Black Warrior Affair, 643 Soult, Nicholas Jean de Dieu, Duke of Dalmatia (1769-1851), French general, called the Old Fox: made marshal of the empire, 9, 322; at battle of Corunna, 8, 529; his cam- paigns in Spain, 9, 334; made min- GENERAL INDEX 657 ister of war, 359; made minister of war in Perier's cabinet, 399; first ministry of, 402; second ministry of, 417; third ministry of, 420 Sousa, Alfonso de (1500-1564), Portuguese explorer: viceroy of the Indies, 8, 435 South, The, a geographical, political and social division of the United States: opposes government aid in internal improvements, 23, 442; ef- fect of cotton gin on conditions in, 450; attitude towards the question of a prohibitive tariff, 457, 472; comparison of present population with that of the time of Jackson, 479; attitude toward Carolina and nullification, 495; military govern- ments withdrawn from, 24, 870; po- litical disabilities removed, 873; re- claimed from carpet-bag rule, 873; becomes Democratic " solid South," 932; regard for McKinley, 1049; see also Confederacy, The South, The Demon of the: see Philip II, Ring of Spain South, The Empire State of the: see Georgia South Africa: history of, 20, 218; South African Republic founded, 226; South African wars, II, 640, 20, 22 South Africa Company, British: see British South Africa Company South African Wars: first (1880- 1881), 20, 229; second (1899-1902), II, 640, 20, 232 South America: discovery of, 21, 3, 23, 33; conquest of, 21, 14; col- onization of, 36; independence of, 21, 54, 23, 445, 24, 1021; Holy Alliance interferes with, 23, 446; the United States of Colom- bia (1824-1876), 21, 77; the United States of Venezuela (1829-1876), 94; the Republic of Ecuador (1831- 1876), 105; the Argentine Republic (1820-1876), 118; the Republic of Uruguay (1828-1876), 137; the Re- public of Paraguay (1811-1876), 146; the Empire of Brazil (1808- 1876), 162; Bolivar and Bolivia (1825-1876), 181; Peru (1825-1876), 192; Chili (1825-1876), 215; the Andine States and Venezuela (1876-1906), 233; Brazil (1876- 1906), 248; the states of the La Plata (1876-1906), 256; boundary disputes (1890-1906), 261; conclusion, 266; the future, 328; condition of black race in republics of, 23, 469 South Australia: organized (1829), 20, 190; ratifies the new Constitu- tion (1899), 206 South Carolina, a state of the United States, called the Palmetto State: settlement of Port Royal, 23, 47; colony planted in, 74; united with North Carolina, 74; made a royal province, 75; first permanent set- tlement, 75; Scotch-Irish settle in, 127; slave code, 129; the cultivation of rice, 137; the cultivation of in- digo, 137; colonial newspapers, 144; colonial suffrage laws, 148; Church of England established, 149; sends supplies to Boston, 222; refuses to surrender power of reg- ulating commerce, 311; fails to pay her share of national government expenses (1781), 313; chooses dele- gates for constitutional convention, 323; ratifies the Constitution, 336; favors financial plans of Hamilton, 350; denounces protective tariff, 458, 472, 493; ordinance of nullifica- tion passed, 493; test oath for pub- lic office, 494; not represented in second Democratic national con- vention, 509; delegates oppose slavery cause in Declaration of In- dependence, 24, 563; abolition lit- erature taken from the mails at Charleston, 576; opposition to com- promise measures (1850), 610, 617; delegates withdraw from Demo- cratic convention (i860), 679; se- cession, 684; Confederates seize Forts Pinckney, Moultrie, and Sum- ter, 691; appoints commissioners to negotiate for delivery of govern- ment property to State authorities, 703; indignation over Major Ander- son's occupation of Fort Sumter, 703; takes possession of Fort Moul- trie, 704; legislature approves ac- 658 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS tion of troops who fired on the "Star of the West," 705; Sherman's march through, 806; loss of mili- tary population, 824; efforts to- wards Reconstruction in, 864; ne- groes enfranchised in, 873; Presi- dential election of 1876 in, 910; col- lapse of the " negro carpet bag " governments, 915 South Carolina Exposition, name given to Calhoun's statement of nullification, 23, 491 South Church, Old: see Old South Meeting House South Dakota, a State of the United States: part of Northwest Terri- tory, 23, 631; admitted to the Union, 24, 985; Presidential elec- tion of 1892, 993; Presidential elec- tion of 1900, 1040 South Mountain, Battle of: see Boonsboro, Battle of South Sea: see Pacific Ocean South Sea Company, a company formed in England to trade with Spanish America, II, 473, 20, 103 South Sea Company of Sweden, a company formed by Gustavus Adolphus (1624): founds settle- ments in Delaware, 23, 108; aban- dons settlements on Delaware, 103 Southampton, England: burned by the French (1340), 11, 160 Southampton County, Virginia: slave uprising, 24, 575 Southern Gentlemen: see Gentlemen, Southern Southern Pacific Railroad: Gadsden Treaty, 24, 641 Southland, New Zealand: formed, 20 213 Southwark, England: burned by Wil- liam the Conqueror, 11, 67 Southwold: see Solebay Souza-Holstein, Pedro de: see Pal- mella, Duke of Soyeshima Taneomi (19th century), Japanese councilor: counsels war with Korea, 7, 178 Sozopetra, Asia Minor: siege of (ca. 840 A. D.), 1, 357 Spafield's Riot, a disturbance in Lon- don (1816), 11, 570 Spain, kingdom of Europe: early his- tory of, 8, 3; in relation to yEgean civilization, 2, 22; the Romans in Spain, 3, 127, 136, 8, 16; political and religious state under the Ro- mans, 3, 161, 8, 28; submits to Sul- lan officers, 3, 228; receives the Latin rights, 4, 81; overrun by bar- barians, 139; history of the Goths, 8, 35; Goths found kingdom in, 4, 145; condition of the people under the Goths, 8, 53; Arabs conquer, 1, 314, 14, 4; dominion of the Arabs, 1, 320, 8, 63; the Asturias, Leon and Castile, 8, 129; Counts of Bar- celonia, 218; kingdom of Navarre, 194; dominion of the Africans, 85; kingdom of Aragon, 230; kingdom of Granada, 104; struggle of Chris- tians and Moors in, 14, 33; expulsion of Jews (1492), 1, 418; the house of Austria, 339; union of kingdoms of, 14, 143; discoveries and conquests, 144; the house of Bourbon, 8, 386; general condition of the monarchy, 421; events of the critical era to the close of the first Carlist War, 479; Pinckney's treaty with, 23, 364; cedes Louisiana to France, 395; invasion of, 10, 474; boundary dispute with the United States, 23, 443; cedes Florida, 444; last years of Maria Christina and the era of Queen Isabella II, 8, 499; leads movement to restore Pius IX to the Pontifical throne, 4, 367; in joint intervention against Mexico, 24, 876; the brief reign of Amadeus, and the Bourbon restoration, 8, 510; Cuban insurrection (1868), 24, 887; concludes treaty with Japan, 7, 189; decline of her power in the Western Hemisphere, 24, 1021; ar- bitration treaty with United States, 1076; present African possessions of, 19, 247 Spalato (Spalatro) Dalmatia: made metropolis of Croatia, 17, 22 Spalato, Council of, a council held to combat the Slav liturgy, 17, 38 Spandau, Prussia: occupied by Gus- tavus Adolphus (1632), 18, 279; surrender of (1806), 372 GENERAL INDEX 659 Spanden, Prussia: battle of (1807), 9, 33 1 Spanish-American Colonies: extent 23, 43; government, 43; education, 45; commerce and trade, 45 Spanish-American War, a war waged between Spain and the United States in 1898: causes, 8, 519, 20, 328, 22, 458, 24, 1022; Congress au- thorizes President to interfere in Cuba, 24, 1025; first shot fired, 22, 458, 24, 1026; President calls for troops, 24, 1026; battle of Manila Bay (1898), 8, 520, 22, 458, 24, 1028; surrender of Santiago de Cuba, 20, 329, 22, 460, 24, 1030; conquest of Porto Rico, 24, 1030; protocol signed, 20, 329, 22, 462, 24, 1031; treaty of peace signed, 8, 520, 24, 1032 Spanish Armada: see Armada, Span- ish Spanish Blanks, The, blank papers, signed by English nobles, seized on the person of George Kerr as he was leaving the coast of Scotland (1592), 12, 327 Spanish Era, began 38 B. C, 8, 24 Spanish Fury, The, a name given to the sack of Antwerp by Spanish troops (1576), 13, 122 Spanish Main, Three Old Ports of, 21, 318 Spanish Marriages, The (1846), 9, 425 Spanish Succession, War of: see Suc- cession, War of the Spanish Sparre, General (17th century), Swedish general: at the siege of Copenhagen, 16, 209 Sparre Erik (16th century), Swedish statesman: the punishment of, 16, 166 Sparta, southern Greece: geography of, 2, 16, 17; early state of, 61; dis- cipline of, ascribed to Lycurgus, 66; supremacy of, 70; struggle with Argos, 74; allied to Croesus, 123; refuses to aid Ionia, 134; expels Cleisthenes, 141; at war with Argos, 156; sends troops too late for Mara- thon, 170; sends Leonidas to Ther- mopylae, 186; troops of, at Plata. i a, 209; attacked by revolted Helots, 246; subdues Helots, 246; at war with Athens, 247; makes peace, 249; support the Corinthians against Athens, 271; resources of, at the outbreak of the Pelopon- nesian war, 274; supremacy of, 379; after battle of Leuctra, 436; at- tacked by Epaminondas, 448; con- tinues war with Messene, 451; makes war on Megalopolis, 453; aids the Phocians, 462; attacked by troops of Philip, 470; refuses to submit to Philip, 479; opposes Alex- ander, 485, 491, 506; joins Achaean League, 516; attempts to regain su- premacy, 517; end of monarchy in, 517; dispute with Aratus, 3, 138 Spartacus (d. 71 B. C), Thracian gladiator: leader of Gladiators War, 3, 261; defeated, 262 Spasski, Peter: see Photius Spauro, Count, Bavarian statesman: aids Pius IX to escape from Rome, 4, 365 Special legislation: evil of, shown by Jackson, 23, 489 Speckbacher (early 19th century), Tyrolese leader: mentioned, 17, 297 Speckled Book, an ancient Irish re- ligious book: account of, 12, 7 "Speedwell," English vessel: carries Pilgrims from Leyden, 23, 84 Speke (19th century), African explor- er; arouses an interest in Africa, 19, 59 Spencer (early 17th century), English statesman: represents England at the Hague peace commission (1607), 13, 186 Spencer, Charles: see Sunderland, Earl of Spencer, John Charles, 3rd Earl Spen- cer, Lord Althorpe (1782-1845), English statesman: member of Grey's ministry, II, 586 Spener, Philipp Jakob (17th century), German religious writer: account of, 1 8, 308 Spenser, Edmund (1552-1599), Eng- lish poet: sketch of, 11, 302; lives in Ireland, 12, 93 660 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Speranski, Count Michael (1772- 1839), Russian statesman: banish- ment of, 15, 264; draws up procla- mation, 271 Spey, Scotland: battle of (1690), 12, 353 Speyer (Speier, Spire, Speres), Ba- . varian town: a member of the Union of Rhenish Cities, 18, 174; taken by the French (1792), 356 Speyer (Spires), Diet of, a council called by Ferdinand of Austria to take part against the Turks (1529) : account of, 18, 246 Sphacteria (Pylos), Greece: block- aded, 2, 303; captured, 307 Sphinx of Gizeh, The, Egypt: mate- rial of, 1, 8 Sphitridates (4th century), Persian satrap: mentioned, 2, 489 Sphodrias (4th century B. C.)i Spar- tan officer: attempts to seize Ath- ens, 2, 428 Spiaguine (d. 1902), Russian minister of the interior: assassination bf, 15, 356 Spicheren, Germany: battle of, (1870), 18, 421 Spinola, Ambrose (1570-1630), Italian soldier in the service of Spain: ca- reer of, 13, 177; his campaign in the palatinate, 13, 203; member of peace commission, 13, 186 Spinola, Frederick (d. 1603), Italian scholar: career of, 13, 177 Spires, see Speyer Spiridov, Admiral (late 18th century), Russian naval officer: at the battle of Tchesme, 15, 178 Spitzbergen, Arctic regions: discov- ered, 13, 167 Splitter, The Rail: see Lincoln, Abra- ham Spoils System, in American politics: introduced by Jefferson, 23, 391; development of, 24, 937 Spooner Act, authorizing the pur- chase of the property and fran- chises of the Panama Company (1901), 20, 319, 24, 1058 Sports : DENMARK: knightly accomplish- ments, 16, 74 ENGLAND: New Forest, n, 78; tournaments of Edward III, 163; " Declaration of Sports," 330 EGYPT, pictures of a hunt on walls of a tomb, 1, 16 GERMANY: tournaments, 18, 107 GREECE: Olympian games, 2, 42 IRELAND: horse races and games, 12, 14 JAPAN: hunting and fishing, 7, 8; outdoor, 45; encouragement of, 146 NETHERLANDS: archery, 13, 61 PERSIA: early methods of hunt- ing, 1, 180 ROME: gladiatorial combats, 3, 61, 382 SPAIN: bull-fights, 8, 5 SWEDEN: of Charles XII, 16, 214 SWITZERLAND: shooting match- es, 13, 429, 530 TURKEY: falconry, 14, 28; Bayezid's hunting, 49 UNITED STATES: Indian gams, 23, 16; disapproval of the congress of 1774, 224 Spot Resolutions, affirming that the first blood of the Mexican War was shed not upon American but upon Mexican soil: introduced by Lincoln, 24, 666 Spottiswood, John (1565-1639), Bish- op of Glasgow: consecrated, 12, 332 Spottswood, Alexander (1676-1740), colonial governor of Virginia, 1710- 1722: account of, 23, 66 Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia: battle of (1864), 24, 789 Spring Hill, Tennessee: battle of (1864), 24, 803 Springfield, Illinois: Lincoln removes to, 24, 666; Populist Party conven- tion at, 1067 Spurinna (1st century B. C.) Roman augur; attempts to warn Caesar, 4, 5 Spurs, Battle of the: see Courtray: Battle of (1302); see also Guine- gate: Battle of (1513) Spytihnev I, King of Bohemia, 894- 912: reign of, 17, 62 GENERAL INDEX 661 Spytihnev II (d. 1061), Prince of Bohemia: reign of, 17, 64 Squanto, New England Indian: in- structs Pilgrims in agriculture, 23, 85; negotiates treaty with Massa- soit, 85 Squatter Sovereignty, name derisively applied to Douglas's doctrine of " popular sovereignty " by which the question of slavery in new States was left to the inhabitants without congressional interference, 24, 618, 647 Staal, Baron de (late 19th century), Russian statesman: presides at The Hague, 15, 35i Stadek, Rudolf von: see Rudolf von Stadek Stadion, Count Franz Seraph (1806- 1853), Austrian statesman: his ad- ministration as governor of Ga- licia, 17, 347; his policy during the revolution of 1848, 366; made min- ister of internal affairs, 2>7T, be- comes insane, 380 Stadion, Count Johann Philipp Karl Joseph von (1763-1824), Austrian statesman: made minister of fi- nance, 17, 328; ministry of, 18, 375, 378 Stsdtlohn, Germany: battle of (1623), 18, 273 Stael-Holstein, Anne Louise Ger- maine Necker, Baronne de (Madame de Stael) (1766-1817), a French writer: leads constitutional party, 9, 358 Staempfli, Jacob (1820-1879), Swiss politician: in Geneva commission, 24, 885 Staff arde, Italy: battle of (1690), 4 326, 9, 218 Stafford, Henry, Duke of Bucking- ham: see Buckingham, Henry Staf- ford, Duke of Stagnelius, Erik Johan (1793-1823), a Swedish poet: sketch of, 16, 264 Stahremberg, Count Ernest Rudiger (1635-1701), an Austrian field-mar- shal: in siege of Vienna (1683), 14, 248, 17, 184, 18, 303 Stair, John Dalrymple, Earl of (1619- I 695), a Scottish lawyer and states- man: negotiates treaty with France, 9, 228; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 238 Stakelberg, a contemporary Russian general: defeated by Oku, 15, 361; his services in the Russo-Japanese War, 7, 310 Stalder (early 19th century), a Swiss clergyman: sketch of, 13, 521 "Stalwarts," The, in United States history, a faction in the Republican party: Guiteau, a member of, 24, 935; accession to power, 935 Stambulov (Stambuloff), Stephen (1853-1895), a Bulgarian liberal politician: career of, 15, 333; his anti-Russian policy, 342; a member of the regency, 344; ministry of, 14, 495 Stamford, England: battle of (1470), 11, 216 Stamford Bridge, Yorkshire, Eng- land: battle of (1066), 11, 66 Stamp Act, a British measure of tax- ation imposed on the American colonies (1765): general treatment, 11, 509, 20, 127; proposed, 23, 207; passed (1765), 210; opposition to, in America, 211; opposition to, in England, 212; repealed, 214 Stampfli, Jakob (1820-1879), a Swiss liberal politician: at the head of the government of Berne, 13, 563 Standard, Battle of the, a victory gained by the English over the Scots under King David (1138), 11 93, 12, 264 Standard Oil Trust, an industrial com- bination in the United States: char- acter of, 24,. 971 Stangebro, Sweden: battle of (1598), 16, 170 Stanhope, James, Earl Stanhope (1673-1721), an English general and politician: becomes head of the gov- ernment, 11, 472; death of, 474 Stanislaus (I) Leczinski (1677-1766), King of Poland, 1704-1709: acces- sion of, 15, 46, 16, 217, 18, 317; ca- reer of, 18, 317, 323; reign of, 15, 381; his relations with Mazeppa, 47, 50; deposed, 55; retires to Deux Ponts, 62; reelected to the throne, 662 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 118; receives Lorraine, 120; death of, 119 Stanislaus (II) Augustus (Poniatow- ski) (1732-1798), King of Poland, 1764-1795: accession of, 14, 321, 18, 345 ; reign of, 15, 173, 382; resists the partition of Poland, 189; resigns the crown, 191 Stanley, Edward Geoffrey Smith, 14th Earl of Derby (1799-1869), an Eng- lish statesman; his Irish policy, II, 591; abolishes slavery, 592; member of Peel ministry, 602; becomes head of Protectionists, 606; first minis- try of, 609; second ministry of, 621; third ministry of, 624 Stanley, Edward Henry Smith, 15th Earl of Derby (1826-1893), an Eng- lish statesman: opposes settlement of Alabama claims, 24, 882 Stanley, Henry Morton (originally John Rowlands) (1841-1904), an Af- rican explorer: explorations of, 19, 52; influence of his explorations, 59; goes to the relief of Emin Pasha, 138; his faith in the Cape to Cairo Railroad, 230 Stanley, Sir William (d. 1495), an English soldier: death, II, 227 Stanley, William (late 16th century), an English governor in the Nether- lands: treachery of, 13, 152 Stans, Covenant of, a covenant among the Swiss states (1478), 13, 412 Stanton, Edwin McMasters (1814- 1869), an American statesman and jurist: alarm over victories of " Mer- rimac," 24, 755; aids governor of Indiana, 818; announces Lincoln's death, 827; quarrel with President Johnson, 850; prepares veto message for Tenure of Office Act, 853; re- signs as Secretary of War, 855; ap- pointed justice of Supreme Court, 855; his removal causes breach be- tween Johnson and Grant, 861 Stanwix, Fort, New York: British at- tempt to capture, 23, 254 Stapel, Richard (late 16th century), an English merchant: sent to Con- stantinople, 14, 202; promotes the English East India Company, 5, 158 Stapfer (late 18th century), a Swiss malcontent: banished, 13, 505 Stapfer, Albrecht (late 18th century), a Swiss educator and statesman: service of, 13, 514 Star Chamber, Court of, in English history, a court of civil and crim- inal jurisdiction at Westminster, 11, 225 Star of Reformation, The Morning: see Wy cliff e, John Star of the North, The: see Gustavus (II) Adolphus, King of Sweden "Star of the West," a United States steamship: sent to Charleston, 24, 704 " Star Route " Frauds, frauds in the United States postal service: ac- count of, 24, 936 "Star Spangled Banner," a patriotic song in the United States: written, 23, 427 Star State, The Lone: see Texas Starhemberg, Count: see Stahremberg Stark, John, an American general of the Revolution: born at London- derry, New Hampshire, August 28, 1728; he served with distinction in the war against the French in 1754, and fought at Bunker Hill, Trenton, and Princeton; in August, 1777, he gained a signal victory over the British at Bennington for which he was made a brigadier-general and received the thanks of Congress; he joined the army of General Gates in September, 1777, served in Rhode Island in 1779, and in New Jersey in 1780; he had the command of the Northern Department, with his headquarters at Saratoga, in 1781; died at Manchester, N. H, May 8, 1822 Serves in expedition against Ti- conderoga, 23, 189; joins troops at Boston, 228; estimate of, 234; de- feats British at Bennington, 253; made brigadier-general, 253 " Starving-time " at Jamestown, an event in early American history: account of, 23, 60 State, Department of, a department GENERAL INDEX 663 of the United States government: organized, 23, 344 State Banks, banks in the United States: government deposits in, un- der Jackson, 23, 503 States, political divisions of the United States: powers limited in Constitution, 23, 33i; power of Congress to impose conditions on admission of, 452 States Rights, the rights of the individ- ual states as opposed to the United States government: in Washing- ton's administration, 23, 367; reac- tion in favor of, 379; agitated in War of 1812, 432; in decisions of Supreme Court, 440; sovereignty- maintained by Georgia, 471; Jack- son's sympathy with, 488 States-General, the legislative assem- blies in France before the revolu- tion of 1789: establishment of, 10, 41; conduct of, on the departure of the king, 137; commissions Mont- morin to inform the European pow- ers of their pacific intentions, 137; orders arrest of anyone leaving the kingdom, 138; question of the king's trial, 140; closed by the king, 146 Statilius, Lucius (1st century B. C), a Roman conspirator: arrested, 3, 283 Statira, the wife of Alexander the -Great: death of, 2, 511, 544 Statistical Survey of India: organized, 5, 250 Statutes, Charters, and Codes: B. C. ca. 2250. Code of Hammurabi, 1, 112 ca. 625. Lombard Code, 4, 168 621. Code of Draco, 2, 100 451. The Twelve Tables, 3, 44 A. D. 100-500. Code of Manu, 5, 49 438. Theodosian Code, 9, 23 500. Code of Yaj-Navalkya, 5, 49 511. Salic Law, 9, 23, 90 ca. 511. Loi Gombette, 9, 23 ca. 511. Code of the Ripuarian Franks, 9, 23 529. Justinian Code, 9, 82, 18, 150 701. Taiho Code, 7, 22, 30 928. Icelandic Code, 16, 47 Statutes, Charters, and Codes, cont. : 1166. Assize of Clarendon, II, 118 1181. Assize of Arms, II, 108 1212. Municipal code of the towns of Enns, 17, 95 1215. Magna Carta, 9, 77, II, 127, 130, 149 1221. Code granted to Vienna, 17, 96 1222. Golden Bull, 17, 56, 116 1241. Jutish code, 16, 89 1258. Provisions of Oxford, II, 138 1271. Norse Code, 16, 299 1278. Charter given to Nicholas III, 4, 220 1279. Statute De Religiosis (Stat- ute of Mortmain), n, 145, 183 1290. Statute Quia Emptores, n, 145 1295. Swedish code of laws, 16, 106 1319. Charter of Denmark, 16, 113 1349. Statute of Labours, II, 163 1351. Statute of Provisors, 11, 168, 183 1352. Statute of Treasons, 11, 164 J 3S3- Statute of Praemunire, n, 169, 183 1364. Statute of Kilkenny, 12, 64, 74 1370. " Priests' Charter," 13, 387 1390. Statute prohibiting mainte- nance, 11, 183 1 397- Calmar Act of Union, 16, 122, 132 1401. Statute Dehaeretico Combur- endo, 11, 192 1416. " Statuta Subandiaen," 4, 277 1424. Beginning of statute law, 12, 293 1436. Compactata, 17, 144, 146 1453. Charter granted to the Greeks of Constantinople, 14, 81 1465. Acts passed by Irish Parlia- ment, 12, 71 1489. Charters of Waldmann, 13, 467 1494. Poyning's Law, 11, 227, 12, 74 ca. 1520. Kanuni Raya, 14, 186 IS3I- " Charter of Kappel," 13, 445 1532. Act of Annates, 11, 250 664 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Statutes, Charters, and Codes, cont.: 1533. Act of Appeals, 11, 250 1534. Act concerning condition of the clergy, II, 252 1534. Act concerning Peter's pence, II, 252 1534. Act of Succession, II, 254 1534. Act of Supremacy, II, 254 1534. Act of Treasons, 11, 254 1534. Second Act of Annates, 11, 252 1536. Act of Succession, 11, 256 1539- Statute of Six Articles, 11, 259 1539. Acts of Henry VIII, 11, 260 1544. Act of Succession, 11, 262 1547. Act concerning Chantries, 11, 266 1551. Acts of Parliament to An- glicize the Irish, 12, 85 1554. Statutes against heretics, 11, 271 1559. Act of Supremacy, 11, 275, 12, 86, 108 T 559- Act of Uniformity, II, 275, 12, 86, 108, 130 1579- " Union of Utrecht," 13, 133 1581. Recusancy laws, 11, 292 1585. Act of Banishment, 11, 293 !593- Act against Separatists, 11, 301 1600. Charter of East India Com- pany, 5, 158, 11, 501 1606. Charter for the London and the Plymouth Companies, 23, 56 1618. " Great Charter or Commis- sions of Privileges, Orders, and Laws," 23, 61 1621. Dutch West India Company Charter, 23, 102 1628. Petition of Right, 11, 324 1629. Charter for Massachusetts Bay Colony, 23, 87 1629. Code of French law, 9, 185 1640. Triennial Act, 11, 337, 385 1641. Acts stripping crown of ex- traordinary powers, 11, 339 1641. " Body of Liberties," 23, 89 1643. Charters of Rhode Island, 23, 94 1648. Act of Classes, 12, 341 1649. Code of Laws, 15, 71 1649. Toleration Act, 12, 372, 23, 71 1649. Ulozhenie, 15, 181 1651-1696. Act of Navigation, 11, 364, 609, 12, 344, 20, 22, 70, 78, 128, 163, 23, 66, 67, 72, 99, 104, 202, 204, 205 1653. Reform Bill, II, 365 1659. Act Rescissory, 12, 344 1660. Act of Indemnity, 11, 381 1661. Corporation Act, 11, 382, 583 1661. Act of Settlement, 11, 390 1662. Act of Indemnity, 12, 345 1662. Act of Uniformity, 11, 382 1663. Charter of Rhode Island, 23, 94 1663. 1665. Charters of the Caro- linas, 23, 73 1663-1699. Acts against Irish com- merce, 12, 165, 167 1664. Conventicle Act, 11, 385 1665. Five Mile Act, 11, 387 1670. Conventicle Act, 11, 394 1673, Act prohibiting colonial ex- portation, 23, 203 1673. Test Act, 11, 399, 423, 4/2, 583, 12, 181 1679. Habeas Corpus Act, 11, 407 571, 12, 206 1680. Cohabitation Act, 23, 155 1685. Code Noir, 20, 75 1689. Toleration Act, 11, 435 1689. Act of Settlement repealed, 12, 135 1689. Mutiny Act, II, 435, 12, 185 1690. Act of Grace, 11, 438 1694. Triennial Act, 11, 442 1695. Penal Code, 12, 158 1701. Act of Settlement, 11, 448 1703. Act of Security, 11, 457, 12, 356 1704. Act against dissenters, South Carolina, 23, 78 1711. Occasional Conformity Bill, 11, 463, 472 1713. Pragmatic Sanction, 17, 191, 215, 253, 18, 319 1714. Schism Act, II, 466, 472, 12, 161 ca. 1716. Criminal Code of Japan, 7, 145 GENERAL INDEX 665 Statutes, Charters, and Codes, cont.: 1716. Septennial Act, 11, 470 1719. " The Sixth of George I," 12, 171 1720. Swedish charter, 16, 243 1731. Swedish East India Com- pany; 5, 175 1733. British Sugar Act, 23, 135, 203 1765. Stamp Act, ix, 208, 210, 509 1766. Code of Catherine the Great, 15, 181 1766. Declaratory Act, II, 509, 23, 214 1767. Act imposing import duties on America, II, 510 1767. Octennial Bill, 12, 177 1767. Townshend Acts, 23, 215 ca. 1768. Pacta Conventa, 15, 382 1773- Regulating Act, 11, 526 1774. Boston Port Act, 23, 220 1774- Quartering Act, 23, 221 1774- Quebec Act, 20, 151, 23, 221 1774. Regulating Act, 23, 220, 226 1774. Transportation Act, 23, 221 1775- Charter to Russian nobles, 15, 181 1781 and 1783. East India Com- pany, charter renewed, 5, 239 1782. Economical Reform Bill, 11, 522 1782. Act of Repeal, 12, 188 1782. Acts for the relief of Cath- olics in Ireland, 12, 187 1783. Act of Renunciation, 12, 189 1789. Tariff Act, 23, 347 1789. Judiciary Act, 23, 389 I 793- Act against foreigners, II, 542 !793- Convention Act, 12, 201 !793- Fugitive Slave Law, 24, 567 J 793- Gunpowder Act, 12, 201 1793. Law of Maximum, 9, 286, 10, 426 1793- Treasonable Correspondence Act, 11, 542 1795. Military code of France, 10, 342 1796. Insurrection Act, 12, 207 1798. Naturalization Act, 23, 376, 392 1798. Alien and Sedition Acts, 23, 377, 379 1800. Act of Union, II, 550, 12,225 1801. Act of Union, 12, 217 1801. Civil code of France, 9, 319 1803. Act of Mediation, 9, 320, 13, 519 1803. Penal code of Austria-Hun- gary, 17, 303 1804. Code of Napoleon, 11, 555, 13, 271 1807. Embargo Act, 23, 410 1809. Of Alexander I, 15, 217 1809. Non-Intercourse Act, 23, 411 1809. Swedish charter, 16, 252 181 1. Civil code of Austria-Hun- gary, 17, 303 181 1. Code-Henri, 22, 495 1813. East India Company's char- ter renewed, 5, 239 1814. Constitutional Charter of France, 9, 356 1815. Act of Union, 16, 261, 281 1815. Additional Act, 9, 361, 368 1815. Corn Law, 11, 600 1816. Act of Independence of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, 21, 70 1816. National Bank Act, 23, 439 1816. Tariff Act, 23, 437 1817. Electoral Law, 9, 369 1820. Electoral Law, 9, 374, 398, 459 1821. Plan of Iguala, 22, 252 1824. Tariff Act, 23, 456 1825. Acts for giving freedom to labor, 11, 576 1826. Charter of Portugal, 8, 535, 539 1826. Code Rural, 22, 497 1828. Tariff Act, 23, 473 1829. Emancipation Act, 12, 158, 222 1830. Charter of France, 9, 395, 408 1832. British Reform Act, 11, 589, 12, 377 1832. Tariff Act, 23, 493 1833. Force Act, 23, 496 1834. Poor Law, II, 592 1835. Laws of September, 9, 408 1835. Municipal Corporations Bill, 11, 595 1837. Civil code of Ecuador, 21, 108 666 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Statutes, Charters, and Codes, cont.: 1837. Penal code of Ecuador, 21, 108 1838. Poor Law for Ireland, 11, 596 1838. Tithe Act, 11, 596 1840. Act of Union, 20, 157 1841. Independent Treasury Act, 23, 514 1842-1847. Acts for bettered labor conditions for women and chil- dren, 11, 603 1843. Arms Act, II, 604 1846. Tariff Act, 24, 554 1848. Coercion Act, 11, 607 1848. Encumbered Estates Act, 11, 607 1849. Indemnity Law, 20, 159 1850. Australian Government Act, 20, 198 1850. Fugitive Slave Law, 24, 602, 610, 614, 672 1852. Australian Colonies Act, 20, 194 1853. East Indian Company, char- ter renewed, 5, 240 1854. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 24, 629, 630 1858. Great Charter, India, 5, 242 1859. Bengal Tenancy Act, 5, 244 i860. Penal Code, 5, 244 1861. Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure, 5, 244 1861, 1862. Confiscation Acts, 24, 739, 766 1861. Indian Councils Act, 5, 240 1861. Indian Civil Service Act, 5, 241 1861. Indian High Courts Act, 5, 241 1862. Legal Tender Act, 24, 819 1863. National Bank Law, 24, 820 1864. Law of the Vilayets, 14, 472 1866. Civil Rights Act, 24, 844 1866. Freedman's Bureau Act, 24, 844 1867. British North American Act, 20, 167, 174 1867. Reconstruction Acts, 24, 846 1867. Tenure of Office Act, 24, 850, 863, 951 1868. Oudh Tenancy Act, 5, 245 1868. Civil code of Uruguay, 21, 145 1868. The Second Reform Act of Great Britain, 11, 624 1870. Education Act, 11, 626 1870. Enforcement Act, 24, 870, 873 1870. Irish Land Act, 11, 625 1870. Ku-Klux Acts, 24, 870, 873 1870. Tariff Act, 24, 939 1871. Civil Service Act, 24, 938 1871. Rivet- Vitet Law, 9, 475 1872. Ballot Act, 11, 627 1872. Indian Evidence Act, 5, 251 1872. Tariff Act, 24, 939 1873. Demonetization Act, 24, 899, 922 1874. " May Laws," 17, 412 1875. Resumption Act, 24, 899 1876. Royal Titles Act, 5, 255 1877. Electoral Commission Act, 24, 912 1877. Factory Act, 13, 570 1877. German criminal code, 18, 434 1878. Bland-Allison Act, 5, 384, 24, 922 1878. Vernacular Press Act, 5, 256 1880. Deccan Agricultural Relief Act, 5, 256 1881. Land Act, 11, 633, 636 1882. Edmunds Act, 24, 983 1883. Pendleton Civil Service Act, 24, 938, 95i 1883. Tariff Act, 24, 939 1884. Reform Act, 11, 635 1885. Bengal Tenancy Act, 5, 244 1885. Bengal and Oudh Rent Acts, 5, 260 1886. Crimes Act, 1 1, 636 1886. "Home Rule" Bill, 11, '636 1886. Monopoly Act, 13, 579 1886. Presidential Succession Act, 24, 953 1887. Act concerning importation, 13, 579 1887. Edmunds-Tucker Act, 24, 983 1887. United States Electoral Count Law, 24, 954 1887. Interstate Commerce Act, 24, 956 GENERAL INDEX 667 Statutes, Charters, and Codes, cont: 1888. Act prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers, 24, 957 1889. Charter of British South Af- rica Company, 19, 224 1890. Anti-lottery laws, 24, 973 1890. " Original package " law, 24, 972 1890-1891. Statutes of reorganiza- tion in Japan, 7, 185 1890. Mckinley Tariff Law, 24, 968 1890. Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 24, 971 1890. Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 5, 384, 24, 974, 994 1892. Indian Councils Act, 5, 271 1893. Coinage Act, 5, 384 1893. Slaughter Act, 13, 587 1894. Finance Act, II, 637 1894. Wilson Tariff Law, 24, 995 1895. Accounting law, 13, 576 1896. Irish Land Act, 11, 637 1897. Agricultural Employers' and Workmen's Act, 17, 452 1897. German Commercial Code, 18, 434 1898. Federal Bankruptcy Act, 24, 1020 1900. Australian Constitution Act, 20, 207 1900. Foraker Act, 24, 1040 1900. German civil code, 18, 434 1902. Philippines Civil Government Act, 20, 319 1902. Spooner Act, 24, 1058 1903. Elkins Law, 24, 1052 1904. Universities Act, 5, 291 1905. Police Reform Act, 5, 292 1906. National Pure Food Law, 24, 1082 1906. National Quarantine Law, 24, 1082 1906. Railway Rate Bill, 24, 1082 1906. National Meat Inspection Law, 24, 1083 Stavuchani, Russia: battle of (1739), 15, 124 Stcherbatov (18th century), a Rus- sian general: in the Pugatchev in- surrection, 15, 169 Steady Habits, Land of: see Connecti- cut Steamboat: invention of, 23, 401; on western waterways, 479 Stearns, George P. (19th century), an American merchant: John Brown aided by, 24, 673 Stedinger, a Teutonic people dwelling along the lower Weser: extermina- tion of, 18, 162 Steele's Bayou, Mississippi: in Vicks- burg campaign, 24, 776 Steen, Johannes Wilhelm Christian (1827 ), a Norwegian states- man: government of, 16, 285 Steenkirk (Enghien), Belgium: battle of (1692), 9, 218, 11, 440, 13, 245 Steibrsky, Jaboubek: see Stribro, Ja- koubek de Steiger, Von (late 18th century), a Swiss politician: leads peace party in Berne, 13, 511 Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron von (1757-1831), a Prussian states- man: forms alliance with Russia, 18, 373; reforms of, 374, 381 Steinkirk: see Steenkirk Steinmetz, Karl Fredrich von (1796- 1877), a Prussian military officer: in the Franco-Prussian War, 9, 463 Stellaland, an ephemeral Boer repub- lic founded in 1882: founded, 19, 214 Stenay, France: battle of (1870), 9, 464 Stenbock (17th century), a Swedish general: at the siege of Copenha- gen, 16, 209 Stenbock, Count Magnus von (1664- 1717), a Swedish general: campaign of, 15, 56; defeats the Danes, 16, 221; seeks shelter in Holstein, 15, 80 Stenkil, King of Sweden, 1056-1066; reign of, 16, 101 Stephanie (19th century), Princess of Hohenzollern: marries Pedro V of Portugal (1857), 8, 538 Stephanus (1st century A. D.), a Ro- man steward: assassinates Domi- tian, 4, 85 Stephen II, Pope, 752-757: makes treaty with Astolphus, 4, 172; asks aid from Pippin I, 9, 40, 18, 76 668 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Stephen IV, Pope, 816-817: visits Lewis the Pious, 18, 90 Stephen II (d. 1090), King of Dal- matia and Croatia: reign of, 17, 39; death of, 51 Stephen I (1105-1154), King of Eng- land, 1135-1154: his struggle for the crown, 9, 72; accession, 11, 93; reign of, 93; struggle with David of Scot- land, 11, 93, 12, 263; civil war of the barons, 94; quarrels with the clergy, 94; captured by Matilda, 95; death, 96 Stephen (I), Saint, King of Hungary, 997-1038: baptism of, 17, 46; reign of, 47; his war with Albert of Aus- tria, 18, 126 Stephen II, King of Hungary, 1114- 1131, called The Lightning or The Thunderbolt: reign of, 17, 53 Stephen III, King of Hungary, 1161- 1173: reign of, 17, 54 Stephen IV (d. 1164), King of Hun- gary: made King of Styria, 17, 59 Stephen V (or IV), King of Hun- gary, 1270-1272: opposes annexation of Carinthia and Carniola to Bo- hemia, 17, 74 Stephen (I) Dusan, Czar of Servia, 1336-1355: account of, 14, 32 Stephen (1817-1867), Archduke of Austria: at the head of the Bohe- mian government, 17, 350; made palatine, 354! resigns as palatine, 370 Stephen, General (late 18th century), an American general: at battle of Germantown, 23, 260 Stephen, The Realm cf St.: see Hun- gary Stephen Bathory: see Bathory, Ste- phen Stephen Laserovic, King of Servia (late 14th century), yields as vassal to Turkey, 14, 37; in battle of Ni- copolis, 42; at battle of Angora, 50; does homage to the King of Hun- gary, 17, 156; death of, 14, 60 Stephens, Alexander Hamilton (1812- 1883), an American statesman: fa- thers Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 24, 637; opposes secession of Georgia, 688; Vice-President of Confederacy, 692; earlier career, 693; concludes con- vention with Virginia, 718; in Hampton Roads Conference, 809 Stephens, James (1824-1901), an Irish agitator: founds Fenian Brother- hood, 12, 234 Stephens, Thomas (16th century), an English traveler: visits India (1579), 5, 156 Stephenson, George, an English engi- neer and inventor: born at Wylam in Northumberland, England, June 9, 1781; at the age of fourteen he became an assistant fireman in a colliery; learned to read and write at a night school; promoted to brakesman, married Fanny Hender- son about 1802; exercised his me- chanical skill in mending clocks, studied mechanics and acquired a knowledge of steam-engines; in 1812 he became chief engineer of Kil- lingworth Colliery; his first locomo- tive engine was completed in July, 1814, and drew eight loaded cars four miles an hour; he made an- other with important improvements, and applied the steam blast-pipe, in 1815, and soon after improved the construction of the railway; in 1822 he was employed to construct a rail- way from Stockton to Darlington, which was opened in 1825 and was the first railway made for public use; about 1824 Mr. Stephenson and Edward Pease, of Darlington, es- tablished a manufactory of locomo- tives at Newcastle; he was chief engineer of the Liverpool and Man- chester Railway, finished in 1830; a prize of 500 pounds for the best locomotive was awarded to the "Rocket," made by Stephenson and his son Robert, 1830; this engine is said to have run 30 miles an hour; he was employed as engineer of the Grand Junction Railway, of that which connects London with Bir- mingham and of others; his latter years were spent in the superin- tendence of extensive coal mines GENERAL INDEX 669 which he owned; died at Tapton, August 12, 1848 Invents a locomotive, 11, 590 Sterling, General (late 18th century), an American Revolutionary soldier: taken prisoner by English, 23, 243 Sternberg, Adam of (early 17th cen- tury), an Austrian official: accused of inciting the Emperor Mathias against the Protestants, 17, 201 Stettin, Prussia: occupied by Gustavus Adolphus, 18, 279; taken by the Great Elector, 301; acquired by Prussia, 15, 64 Stettin, Peace of, a peace recognizing the dissolution of the union of Den- mark and Sweden (1570), 16, 166 Stettler, Michael (17th century), a Swiss chronicler: sketch of, 13, 482 Steuben, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand von (1730-1794), a Prussian-American general: drills American soldiers, 23, 262; his services to America, 269; in centennial of Cornwallis's surrender, 24, 940 Stevens, John L., United States min- ister to Hawaii, 1893: recognizes the provisional government of Ha- waii, 24, 998 Stevens, Thaddeus (1793-1868), an American statesman: aids cause of negro abduction, 24, 617; opposes Lincoln, 799; opposed to Lincoln's reconstruction plans, 836 Stevenson, Adlai Ewing (1835 ), an American lawyer and politician: nominated for Vice-President, (1892), 24, 989; (1900), 1038 Stewart, Alexander Turney (1803- 1876), an American merchant and capitalist: chosen by Grant for Cab- inet, 24, 861; declared ineligible, 861 Stewart, Sir Donald Martin (1824- ), an English soldier: his cam- paigns against the Afghans, 5, 257; made commander-in-chief of Indian forces, 261 Stewart, James (late 19th century), a British engineer: constructs a rail- road in Africa, 19, 83; establishes industrial school in Africa, 205 Stewart, Robert, 2nd Marquis of Lon- donderry (also known as Viscount Castlereagh) (1769-1822), a British statesman: aids Pitt to secure union of Ireland and Great Britain, IX, 550; member of Portland ministry, 559; at the Congress of Vienna, 15, 262; his interview with Metternich, *7> 325; quoted on Jefferson's Em- bargo Act, 23, 411; death of, II, 573 Steyer, Armistice of, a truce between the French and the Austrians (1800), 10, 442 Sthenelaidas (5th century B. C.) Spartan ephor: opposes the Athe- nian supremacy, 2, 270 Stig, Marshal (d. 1293), Danish rebel: death of, 16, no Stigand (d. 1072), Archbishop of Can- terbury: made archbishop, II, 63 Stilicho, Flavius (d. 408 A. D.), Ro- man general and statesman: career of, 4, 137, 18, 35; death, 139 Stirling, royal burgh of Scotland: bat- tles of (1297), 11, 150, 12, 275; (1314), 12, 279; (1746), 367 Stirling, Earl of: see Alexander, Wil- liam Stirum, Count (early 19th century), leader of the Dutch: leads patriotic movement, 13, 272 Stith, William, Virginia colonial cler- gyman: historical writings of, 23, 143 Stockach, Germany: battle of (1799), 9, 308, 10, 403 Stockholm, Sweden: foundation of, 16, 104; battle of (1518), 140; the blood bath of (1520), 149; taken by Gus- tavus Vasa, 154; revolutionary up- risings in (1848), 277 Stockholm, Treaties of: 1719. A treaty between Sweden and Hanover, 18, 318 1720. A treaty between Sweden and Prussia, 18, 318 Stockings, The Little Man in Red: see Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Stock-raising: in the colonies, 23, 134 Stockton, Robert Field (1 795-1866), American naval officer and politi- cian: in the Mexican War, 22, 289, 34, 548 670 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Stockton and Darlington Railways, England: opened, II, 590 Stoeckel Baron (19th century), Rus- sian diplomatist: in Alaska purchase, 24, 877 Stoerkodder, King of Denmark: leg- end of, 16, 18 Stoessel, General (1848 ), Russian military officer: surrenders Port Arthur, 7, 312 Stofflet, Nicholas (1751-1796), Ven- dean general: leads insurrection in the Vendee, 9, 283; death of, 297 Stoglav or Book of the Hundred Chap- ters, a book published by the Rus- sian council of 1551, 15, 115 Stoke, England: battle of (1487). " 225 Stokes, Whitley (1830 ), British author: sketch of, 5, 262 Stolbova, Peace of, treaty concluded between Russia and Sweden (1617), 16, 177 Stolypin, Count, Russian statesman: becomes premier (1906), 15, 366 Stone, William (ca. 1603-1695), Eng- lish colonial governor: imprisoned by Puritans, 23, 72 Stone Age, early period in civiliza- tion of mankind: relics of, in Aus- tria-Hungary, 17, 10; in America, 23, 6 Stone of Destiny or Stone of Scone, part of coronation chair of Scotch kings: carried to England, II, 148, 12, 274 Stone River, Tennessee: winter quar- ters of Bragg at Murfreesborough on, 24, 774 Stongarde, Netherlands: battle of (1013), 13, 23 Stopford, Admiral (19th century), English naval commander: in Turko-Egyptian war, 14, 437 Storms, Cape of: see Cape of Good Hope Story, Joseph (1779-1845), American jurist: describes Jackson's inaugu- ration, 23, 481 Stoss, The, a mountainspur of Switz- erland: battle of (140S), 13, 390 Stoutenburg, William van (17th cen- tury), Dutch conspirator: plots against life of Maurice of Nassau, 13, 205 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, American authoress: born at Litchfield, Con- necticut, June 14, 181 1 ; when but four years old her mother died; at the age of thirteen she became a pupil of her sister Catherine, then principal of the Female Seminary at Hartford, remaining there sev- eral years; accompanied her father to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was elected president of Lane Seminary in 1832; in 1836 she was married to Prof. Calvin E. Stowe; a sketch en- titled " Uncle Tim," written in 1834, and afterward published in " The Mayflower " first attracted public attention to her as a writer of rare promise; in 1850 she accompanied her husband who had been appoint- ed to a professorship in Bowdoin College to Brunswick, Maine; while here she wrote " Uncle Tom's Cabin"; in 1853 visited England and the European continent; in 1864 re- moved to Hartford, Connecticut, where she died, July 1, 1896 Aids cause of negro abduction, 24, 617; publishes "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 638 Stow-on-the-Wold, England: battle of (1646), II, 3SS Strabo (40 B. C.-60 A. D.), Greek ge- ographer: quoted, 2, 15; his ridicule of Pytheas, 16, 4; believes the earth to be a sphere, 23, 23 Strabo (d. 87 B. C), Roman com- mander: assumes command of troops in Rome, 3, 222; death, 223 Strachan, Sir Richard (19th century), English admiral: commands fleet sent against Napoleon, 11, 563 Strachey, John (1825 ), British statesman: acting governor-general of India, 5, 253 Strachey, Richard (1817 ), British officer: sketch of, 5, 246; president of the famine commission, 255 Straeten, Van (d. 1568), burgomaster of Antwerp: arrest of, 13, 105; death of, 108 Strafford, Edward, Duke of Bucking- GENERAL INDEX 671 ham: see Buckingham, Edward Strafford, Duke of Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of: see Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of Strafford Straits, The City of the: see Detroit, Michigan Straits of Magellan, South America: discovered, 23, 37 Straits Settlements, Malay peninsula: history of, 20, 251 Stralsund, Prussia: sieges of (1628), 18, 276; (1715), 15, 63, 16, 222; (1809), 18, 376 Stralsund, Treaty of, a treaty conclud- ed between Denmark and the Ger- man Hanse League (1370), 16, 118 Strangi, a ruling body common in the democratic states of Greece: in Ath- ens, 2, 148; privileges of, 174 Strasburg (Strassburg), capital of Al- sace-Lorraine: founded, 18, 15; bat- tles of (357 A. D.), 9, 14; (496 A. D.), 18, 47; a member of the Union of Rhenish Cities, 18, 174; embraces the Reformation, 243; submits to the emperor, 255; taken by the French (1681), 302; siege of (1870), 9, 464, 18, 424 Stratford, John (d. 1348), Archbishop of Canterbury: quarrels with Ed- ward III, 11, 162 Stratford de Redcliffe: see Canning, Stratford Strathclyde, an ancient kingdom of Great Britain: formation of, II, 32 Strathnairn, Hugh Henry Rose, Ba- ron: see Rose, Hugh Henry, Baron Strathnairn Stratimirovic (19th century), Servian military officer: in the Croatian rev- olution, 17, 369; arrest of, 420 Strauch, Colonel (19th century), Bel- gian military officer: secretary of the African Association (1879), 19, 65 Strauss, David (1808-1874), German theologian and philosopher: given chair of theology at the University of Zurich, 13, 545 Straw, Jack (d. 1381), assumed name of leader of the peasants of Eng- land in the Wat Tyler rebellion: leads peasants to London, 11, 174 Strelitz (Strelsi or Strelzi), bodyguard instituted by Ivan the Terrible: outbreak of the (1682), 15, 26; (1698), 36 Strelnikov (d. 1882), Russian procur- or-general: assassination of, 15, 341 Strelsi: see Strelitz Stribro (Steibrsky), Jakoubek de (15th century), Bohemian reformer: teachings of, 17, 125; summoned before the Council of Constance, 126 Strickland, Walter (17th century), English statesman: his mission to The Hague, 13, 229 Strict Constructionists, advocates of the giving to the several states of all the powers not expressly dele- gated to the Federal Government by the Constitution: account of, 23, 352 Strindberg, Dr. (late 19th century), Swedish experimenter: attempts to find the North Pole, 16, 327 Strode, William (1598-1644), English divine and poet: impeached, II, 343 Strohbach (early 19th century), Hun- garian statesman: made vice-presi- dent of the Diet of Vienna (1849), 17, 374 Stromboli, island off the coast of Si- cily: battle of (1676), 9, 212 Stromfeldt (early 18th century), Swedish statesman: represents Swe- den at Nystad, 15, 68 Strong, Caleb (1745-1819), American politician: member of Massachu- setts ratifying convention, 23, 336; in first Congress, 342 Strong, William (1808-1895), Amer- ican jurist: member of the Electoral Commission, 24, 903 note Strong, William L. (late 19th cen- tury), mayor of New York City: mentioned as advocate of reform, 24, 1069 Strongbow, Richard: see Clare, Rich- ard de 672 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Strossmayer, Joseph Georg (1815- ), Croatian bishop: exiled, 17, 406 Strozzi, Piero (1500-1558), French general: defends Siena, 4, 307 Struensee, Johan Frederick, Count von (1737-1772), German statesman: ca- reer of, 16, 241 Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870), Ger- man political writer: leads insurrec- tion, 18, 399 Stryker, Herman (16th century), Ger- man reformer: sketch of, 13, 92 Stuart, Sir Charles (early 19th cen- tury), English statesman: influences John VI of Portugal to acknowl- edge the independence of Brazil, 21, 167 Stuart, Charles Edward: see Pre- tender, The Young Stuart, Esme, Lord of Aubigny (late 16th century), French courtier: fa- vorite of James VI of Scotland, 12, 325 Stuart, Henry, Lord Darnley: see Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord Stuart, James, Earl of Arran (1713- 1788), English antiquary and archi- tect: favorite of James VI of Scot- land, 12, 324 Stuart, James, Earl of Mar, Earl of Murray (Moray) (i533- T 57o), Re- gent of Scotland, 1567-1570, called The Good Regent: opposes the Con- gregation, 12, 312; created Earl of Murray, 314; regent for James VI of Scotland, 318; death of, 321 Stuart, James Ewell Brown, an Amer- ican general: born in Patrick Co., Virginia, February 6, 1833; grad- uated at West Point in 1854; be- came a brigadier-general of the in- surgents in September, 1861, and obtained command of a body of cav- alry; in August, 1862, he surprised General Pope's headquarters at Cat- lett's Station and captured some of his private papers; in October, 1862, he conducted a daring and success- ful raid to Chambersburg, Penn.; commanded the cavalry at the bat- tle of the Wilderness in May, 1864, and was mortally wounded in a bat- tle against General Sheridan at Yel- low Tavern, May 12, 1864 Commands Lee's advance, 24, 764; commands rear guard, 778; mortally wounded at battle of Yel- low Tavern, 788 Stuart, James Francis Edward: see Pretender, The Old Studer, Bernhard (1 794-1 887), Swiss savant and author: sketch of, 13, 584 Stuhlweissenburg, Council of, con- cludes religious peace between Hussites and Catholics in Bohemia (1435): account of, 17, 139 Stuhm, Poland: battle of (1629), 16, 180 Stumpf, Johannes (late 16th century), Swiss historian: sketch of, 13, 454 Stur (early 19th century), Bohemian statesman: leads Slovaks, 17, 357 Sture, Sten (d. 1503), Swedish states- man: proclaimed regent of Sweden, 16, 134J defeated by Hans, 138; death of, 139 Sture, Sten, the Younger, Swedish statesman and soldier, regent of Sweden, 1512-1520: succeeds his father, 16, 140; his war with the archbishop's party, 148; death of, 141 Sture, Svante, regent of Sweden, 1503-1512: succeeds Sten Sture, 16, 140 Sturleson, Snoore: see Snoore Sturle- son Sturm, Jakob (16th century), Swiss official: quoted on the Swiss Con- federates, 13, 442 Sturt, Sir Charles (1796-1869), Eng- lish explorer: his explorations in Australia, 20, 187 Stiissi, Rudolf (15th century), Swiss official: opposes Reding, 13, 398 Stuyvesant, Peter (1602-1682), last Dutch governor of New Amster- dam, 1645-1664: administration of, 23, 103; surrenders to the Duke of York, 104; restricts privileges of the Jews, I, 424 Styger, Paul (late 18th century), Swiss monk: leads opposition to the new constitution, 13, 513 GENERAL INDEX 673 Styria, Austrian province: united with Hungary and Bohemia, 17, 4; Ger- man element in, 6; Taurisci settle in, n; under control of Hungary, 59; conquered by the Count of Ty- rol, 75; surrendered to the empire (1278), 17, 75, 18, 181; added to Aus- tria, 17, 91; insurrection of, 177; progress of the Reformation in, 178; advent of the Jesuits in, 179 Styx, waterfall in Arcadia: description of, 2, 15 Su, Tartar or Scythian tribe: drive out the Greek dynasty from the Bactrian kingdom, 5, 72 Sti, Prince (early 20th century), Chi- nese noble: native Christians as- semble in palace of, 6, 301 Suabian League, a union of the Sua- bian cities and nobles under Fred- erick III: sketch of, 18, 219 Suabian War, struggle in Switzerland which established the alliance of the Grisons with the Confederation (1498): mentioned, 13, 394 Suan: see Assuan Subervie, General (late 19th century), French military officer: member of the provisional government, 9, 435 Sublime Porte: see Porte, The Subuktigan (d. 997), Ghaznivide prince: at war with Jaifall of La- hore, s, 91 Succession, Act of, bill passed by Par- liament, declaring Elizabeth and not Mary to be heir to the crown (1534): account of, 11, 254 Succession, War of Austrian, war be- tween England and France, with nearly all Europe on one side or the other (1740-1748): mentioned, 14, 318; cause, 4, 333, 9, 236, 11, 485, 17, 239, 18, 329; battle of Det- tingen (1743), 18, 330; Frederick the Great invades Bohemia (1774), 17, 241, 18, 330; war extends to the American Colonies, 20, 107, 23, 163; French invade Italy (1745), 4, 333, 9, 239; ended by Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle (1748), 9, 243, 11, 488, 17, 242, 18, 332; effect of, on India, 5, 179 Succession, War of Spanish, between France on one side and Germany and England on the other (1702- 1713) : cause, 9, 220, 13, 247, 18, 311; Queen Anne's War in America (1702-1714), 23, 160; English and Dutch attack Cadiz (1702), 8, 390; battles of Blenheim (1704), 9, 221, 18, 313; Ramillies (1706), 9, 222, 18, 314; Peace of Utrecht (1713), 9, 224, 18, 315; mentioned, 4, 327, 13, 478, 16, 215, 238, 17, 190, 233, 20, 106 Succession, War of the Polish, be- tween France in conjunction with Spain and Sardinia, attempting to reinstate Stanislaus on one hand, and Russia and Austria, on the oth- er (1733-1738): cause, 15, 381, 18, 323; Peace of Vienna (1738), 15, 381, 18, 324; England's attitude to- wards, ii # 480; effect of, in Austria, 17, 192 Succession of Cleves, dispute as to the succession to the dukedoms of Ju- lech, Cleves, and Berg and the countships of Ravensberg and Mark (1609): account of, 18, 266 Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Duke of Albu- tera (1770-1826), French marshal: his campaign in Spain, 9, 337; joins Napoleon after his return, 10, 501 Sucker State, The: see Illinois Sucre (Chuquisaca), Bolivia, South America: description of, 21, 181 Sucre, Antonio Jose de (1793-1830), a South American patriot and gen- eral, President of Bolivia, 1825- 1830: wins battle of Pinchincha, 21, 73; elected president of Bolivia, 185; overthrown in Bolivia, 82; death of, 84 Sudan, Africa: history of, 19, 271; de- scription of, 20, 262 Sudbury, Simon of, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1381), English prel- ate: beheaded, 11, 175 Sudder-ud-Din (14th century), Persian scholar: sketch of, 5, 340 Sudebniks, Russian law-books: de- scription of, 15, 181 Sudeikin (d. 1882), Russian police of- ficer: assassination of, 15, 341 674 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Suderrnanland, Duke of (late 18th century), Swedish naval officer: commands Swedish fleet, 15, 187 Sudras, conquered non-Aryan tribes in India: rise of, 5, 43 Suetonius Paullinus (d. ca. 70 A. D.): Roman general: sent to Britain, 11, 9 Suevi, German tribe: aid the Sequani, 18, 10; defeated by Caesar, 12; at war with the Celts, 17, 11; invade Spain, 8, 26; see also Hermunduri and Chatti Suez Canal, artificial passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Seas: Grand Vizier Sokolli projects canal (1570), 14, 195; canal con- structed, 467, 496; opened, 1, 39, 5 138, 19, 56, 20, 224 Sufetula, Africa: conquered by the Saracens, 1, 302 Suffold, General (early 15th century), English officer: at siege of Orleans, 9, "5 Suffolk, political division of England: origin of, 11, 19 Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of (early 16th century), English noble: marries Mary Tudor, 11, 237 Suffolk, Henry Grey, Earl of: see Grey, Henry, Earl of Suffolk Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, Earl of: see Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suf- folk Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of: see Pole, William de la, Earl of Suf- folk Suffrage: AUSTRALIA: manhood suffrage demanded in Victoria, 20, 194; qual- ifications of electors, 198, 199 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: electoral law, 17, 363, 368; Schmerling's elec- toral system, 387, 401, 402; popular, 400; qualifications, 400; electoral law of 1896, 401; election law of 1871, 410; electoral law of 1873, 412; demands for universal, 432, 446; bills for universal, 439, 447, 457 BELGIUM: universal, 13, 310 BOHEMIA: right of burgeoisie, 17, 149; demand for universal, 428; proposed reform of electoral law, 429 DENMARK: right of, 16, 288 ENGLAND: proposal for manhood suffrage (1780), 11, 520; procured by second Reform act, 624 FRANCE: universal, 9, 441, 442, 471; qualifications, 10, 38 GERMANY: universal, 18, 430 IRELAND: changes in, 11, 625; Catholics disfranchised, 12, 161 ITALY: enlargement of, 4, 398 NETHERLANDS: restricted suf- frage of Socialist party, 13, 320 PARAGUAY: universal, 21, 160 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: qualifi- cations, 20, 392, 24, 1044 SCOTLAND: changed in, II, 625 SWEDEN: basis of, 16, 278; re- forms of Charles XV, 278; univer- sal, 280, 285 SWITZERLAND: right of, 13, 384; universal, 513 UNITED STATES: in colony of Maryland, 23, 72; Roman Catholics in Rhode Island, 94; New England qualifications for, 147; disfranchise- ment of free negroes, 480; general extension of, 480; extended in Rhode Island, 24, 530; free negroes, 660, 845, 858, 970; see also Slaves Suffren, de Saint-Tropez, Pierre An- dre (1726-1788), French naval com- mander: his campaigns in India, 5, 194, 9, 257 Sufyan (ca. 7th century A. D.), Turk- ish general: commands forces be- sieging Constantinople (668 A. D.), 1, 327 Sugar Act, British: passed (1733), 23, !35> 203; evaded by colonists, 135 Sugawara-tu-Michizane (9th century, A. D.), Japanese statesman: influ- ence of, 7, 47; disgraced, 47; hon- ored, 48 Suger, Abbot of Saint Denis (12th century), French prelate: manages government of France, 9, 73 Sugiyama (d. 1900), a Japanese dip- lomat: murdered, 6, 300, 301, 7, 280 Suiko, Empress of Japan, 591-629: ac- cession of, 7, 20 GENERAL INDEX 675 Suinin, Emperor of Japan, 29 B. C- 71 A. D.: condition of the empire under, 7, 9 Suisei, Emperor of Japan, 581-549 B. C: accession of, 7, 7 Sujin, Emperor of Japan, 97-29 B. C: separates shrine and palace, 7, 9; condition of the empire under, 9 Sulcoit, Ireland: battle of (ca. 975 A. D.), 12, 40 Suleiman, Shah of Persia: see Safi II Suleiman Pasha (14th century), son of Orkhan: account of, 14, 25, 27 Suleiman Pasha (1840-1892), a Turk- ish general: his campaign against Russia, 15, 334; besieges Shipka Pass, 14, 481; his forces defeated (1879), 19, 167 Suleiman: see also Solyman Suleimaniye, The, the tomb of the Sultana Khurrem, wife of Suleiman I: account of, 14, 167, 179 Sulf AH (early 18th century), a Per- sian military leader: fall of, 5, 348 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (ca. 138-78 B. C), a Roman general and dictator: captures Jugurtha, 3, 190; his cam- paign in southern Italy (89 B. C), 208; opposes reforms of Sulpicius, 210; leads an army against Rome, 210; reforms of, 211; embarks for the East, 212; attempts to arbitrate affairs in the East, 215; at the bat- tle of Chaeronea, 218; at battle of Orchomenus, 218; concludes peace with Mithradates, 219; returns to Italy, 220; overthrows the demo- cratic revolution, 221; returns to It- aly, 225; constitution of, 230; elected consul, 240; sketch of his career, 240; death, 241; his constitution abolished, 267 Sullivan, Timothy Daniel (19th cen- tury), an Irish patriot: commem- orates the Manchester Martyrs, 12, 235 Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Baron de Rosny, a French statesman, called The Iron Calvinist of Rosny: born at Rosny, near Mantes, December I3 1560; he was a student in Paris when the Massacre of Saint Bar- tholomew occurred; in 1575 entered the service of Henry of Navarre, whom he accompanied in his escape from Paris; he gained the friendship of Henry, who appointed him a councilor of Navarre in 1580; mar- ried Anne de Courtenay in 1583; he directed the artillery at Contras, re- ceived several wounds at battle of Ivry, and was severely wounded at siege of Chatres in 1591; advised Henry IV to adopt the Roman Cath- olic religion; appointed councilor of state and finances in 1596, and superintendent in 1599; by order and economy he greatly improved the financial condition of France and prosperity of the people; he turned his attention to other depart- ments of government and soon be- came prime minister; he encouraged agriculture and projected a system of canals to unite all the large rivers of France; in 1606 he received the title of Due de Sully; he resigned the direction of the finances and re- tired from court but retained the position of grand master of artillery and some other offices; in 1634 he received the baton of marshal of France; he employed his latter years in writing memoirs of his life and times; died at Villebon, Decem- ber 22, 164 1 Assists Henry IV to raise army and money against Spain, 9, 170; ad- ministration of, 173 Sulpicius Peticus, Gaius, Roman con- sul, 355 B. C: defeats a Gallic host, 3, 59 Sulpicius Rufus, Publius (124-88 B. C.)> a Roman orator: reforms of, 3, 209; death, 211 Sultan, the title given to the head of the Turkish government: power of, 14, 88 Sultan-G2ni, a name given to his prin- cipality by Sultan Alaeddin (13th century): origin of name, 14, 11; description of, 12 676 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sulu, an archipelago lying northeast of Borneo: occupied by Americans (1899), 20, 317 Sulzer, Johann Georg (1 720-1 779), a Swiss-Prussian philosopher and writer: sketch of, 13, 494 Sumarokov, Alexander Petrovitch (1718-1777), a Russian poet: ac- count of, 15, 150, 192 Sumatah (early 6th century), a Chi- nese scholar: introduces Buddhism into Japan, 7, 14 Sumatra, an island of the Malay Ar- chipelago: settled by the Dutch, 20, 56; history of, 289 Sumner, Charles, an American lawyer and Senator: born in Boston, Mas- sachusetts, January 6, 181 1; gradu- ated at Harvard College in 1830; was pupil of Judge Story in the law school of Cambridge; admitted to bar in 1834; practised law in Bos- ton, appointed reporter in the cir- cuit court of the United States; passed about three years in visits to various countries of Europe (1837-1840); pronounced an oration in Boston on July 4, 1845, which at- tracted much attention both in United States and Europe; opposed the annexation of Texas to the United States in 1845; separated from Whig party and joined Free Soilers; supported Martin Van Buren for the Presidency in 1848; elected Senator of the United States in 1850; opposed the Fugitive Slave bill and took part in the debate on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854; on May 19-20, 1856, he made in the Senate an eloquent speech on the contest in Kansas and on the ag- gressions of slave power, some pas- sages of his speech excited the an- ger of Preston S. Brooks, a South- ern member of Congress, who on May 22, 1856, assaulted Mr. Sumner while he was sitting in the Senate- chamber and beat him on the head with a cane until he became insensi- ble; Mr. Sumner was so severely injured that he was disabled for public service for several years and sailed to Europe in March, 1857, for the benefit of his health; was reelected to the Senate, January, 1857, returning home in the autumn of that year but made another voy- age to Europe in the spring of 1858; in i860 advocated election of Abra- ham Lincoln for President; was ap- pointed chairman of committee on foreign relations in March, 1861, and at the end of 1862 was again elected Senator for six years, end- ing March 4, 1869; after the Civil War he advocated the reconstruc- tion of the seceded States; during the rebellion he was the confidential adviser of President Lincoln; among his important services was the pro- duction of the Freedman's Bureau Bill; chairman of committee on for- eign affairs from 1861-1870; in April, 1869, he made an elaborate speech on the Alabama claims; he died at Washington, D. C, March 11, 1874 Quoted on the nomination of Van Buren in 1848, 24, 559; signs ad- dress against Douglas, 633; replies to Douglas's speech (1853), 634; as- saulted by Preston Brooks, 650; op- posed to Lincoln's reconstruction plans, 836; opposes annexation of West Indian Islands, 20, 322; in Congress (1869), 24, 862; informed of Alaska purchase, 878; breach with Grant, 880; supports Alaska treaty, 880; on Johnson-Clarendon treaty, 882; his speech on Republic- anism v. Grantism, 890; joins liberal movement, 890; Lamar's tribute to, 916 Sumner, Edwin Vose (1797-1863), an American general: at the siege of Mexico, 22, 363; saves victory at Seven Pines, 24, 758 Sumter, Thomas (1734-1832), an American Revolutionary general: sketch of, 24, 273; in first congress^ 342 HISTORICAL NOVELS 677 Sumu-abi, King of Babylonia, 2450 B. C: reign of, 1, 76 Sunderland, Charles Spencer, Earl of (1674-1722), an English statesman: becomes Secretary of State, 11, 458; leader of Whig party, 472 Sung (early 19th century), a Chinese statesman: remonstrates with the emperor, 6, 122 Sung-ching, a contemporary Chinese general: his campaigns against the Japanese, 7, 267 Suniario (10th century), Count of Ur- gel: regent of Barcelona, 8, 225 Sunna, The, the traditional law of Islam: fixed and consecrated, 1, 212; defined, 14, 89 Sunnites, art orthodox Mohammedan sect: rise of, 1, 244; their schism with the Shiites, 14, 122 Superstition: in religious worship of New England, 24, 147 Supremacy, Acts of: 1534. An English statute which proclaimed Henry VIII supreme head of the English Church, 11, 254 1559- An English statute vesting spiritual authority in the crown, to the exclusion of all foreign jurisdiction, 11, 275 Supreme Court Decisions: decision on limitation of powers of State, 23, 440; decision on implied powers un- der Constitution, 440; Jackson com- bats United States Bank decision, 486; favoring Indians in Georgia suit, 487; on constitutionality of United States Bank, 501; the Dred Scott decision, 24, 658; sustaining negro disfranchisement in South, 873; respecting social rights of ne- gro, 873; the Legal Tender Act, 899; against railroad merger, 972; sustains act of Congress restoring State Prohibition laws, 972; sustains legislation against lotteries, 973; respecting Mormon polygamy, 983; constitutionality of Foraker Act, 1041; right of colonial subjects to trial by jury, 1045 Supreme Court of the United States: provided for, in Constitution, 23, 333', elevated by Marshall, 390; de- nounced by the Democratic Party, 24, 1014 Surajah Dowlah: see Sirag-ud-daula Surat, India: obtained by the French (1668), 20, 114; French establish factory at, 9, 214; raided by the Marathas, 5, 131 Surat, Treaty of, an agreement be- tween the English and Raghuba, a claimant of the headship of the Marathas (1775), 5, 192 Surinan, South America: settled by the English (1634), 20, 37 Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of (1517-1541), an English poet: death of, 11, 262 Surrey, John de Warenne, Earl of (late 13th century), English states- man: appointed guardian of Scot- land, 11, 148 Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of: see Howard, Thomas, Earl of Surrey and 3rd Duke of Norfolk Suruga, Japan: battle of (i335) 7> 88 Susa (Sushan), Persia: made center of the Persian Empire, 1, 164; cap- ital of Cyrus, 2, 123; Themistocles at, 231; Pelopidas at, 445; Alex- ander the Great at, I, 169, 2, 497 Susa, Treaty of, a peace signed by the Duke of Savoy and securing to the Duke of Nevers the peaceable pos- session of Mantua and Montferrat (1628), 9, 186 "Susan Constant," English ship: car- ries settlers to Virginia, 23, 57 Sussex, England: origin of the name, 11, 18; pillaged by William the Con- queror, 67 Suter, Anton Joseph (d. 1784), Swiss politician: leads popular faction in Inner Rhodes, 13, 501 Sutherland, Earl of (early 18th cen- tury), Scotch Whig: his campaign against the Pretender, 12, 362 Suthul, town in Numidia: siege of, 3, 189 678 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sutoku (12th century A. D.), Em- peror of Japan: deposed, 7, 56; leads rebellion, 56 Sutter, Captain (19th century), Cali- fornian of 1848: employs the work- man who discovers gold, 24, 595 Suvarov (Soovorof, Souvorof, Su- vorov, Souvarof, Suworow or Su- warrow), Alexander Vasilievitch Rymnikski (1729-1800), Russian general: commands Russian force (1769), 14, 324; defeats the Turkish forces (1773-1774), 14, 338; in the Pugatchev insurrection (1774-1775), 15, 170; quells Tartar rising, 14, 345; defends Kilburn (1787), 35IJ his campaign in the Crimea (1787), 15, 184; at the siege of Ochakov (1788), 14, 354; sent into Moldavia (1789), 356; captures Ismail (1790), 359; in Poland (1794), 15, 190, 18. 358; assumes command of the forces of the second coalition (i799) I7 285, 18, 362; his cam- paigns in Italy (i799)> 8, 527, 9, 309, 13, 517; refuses to communi- cate his plans to the Austrian Coun- cil of War (1799), 17, 286; offends Paul, 15, 204; recall of, 205; death of, 206 Suzdal, Prince of (12th century), Rus- sian noble: revolt of, 15, 9 Svane, Hans (early 17th century), Danish statesman: at the diet of Copenhagen, 16, 231 Svatopluk I (9th century A. D.), Mo- ravian prince: career of, 17, 32; reign of, 34; death of, 35 Svatopluk II (early 10th century), Moravian prince: at war with his brother, 17, 36 Sveaborg, Sweden: surrender of (1809), 15, 217 Svend I (late 10th century A. D.), King of Denmark: baptism of, 16, 29; his detestation of Christianity, 30; reign of, 31; defeats Olaf Tryg- vasson, 55 Svend (II) Estridsen, King of Den- mark, 1047-1076; befriended by Magnus the Good, 16, 33; his rela- tions with Henry IV of Germany, 18, 132; his ecclesiastical policy, 16, 60, 68; reign of, 67 Svend (III) Erik (late 12th century), King of Denmark: his struggle for the throne, 16, 80 Svend (nth century), King of Nor- way, 1030-1035, son of Knud the Great: reign of, 16, 32, 57 Svend (10th century), Viking chief- tain: attacks London, 11, 57; con- quers England, 58; death of, 59 Svend Aagesen: see Aagesen, Svend Sverdruj (late 19th century), Nor- wegian naval officer: explorations of, 16, 327 Sverdrup, Johan (late 19th century), Norwegian politician: leads the pa- triotic Democratic Party, 16, 282 Sverker, Karlsson, King of Sweden, II35-II55: reign of, 16, 101, 103 Sverre (d. 1202), King of Norway: career of, 16, 98 Sviatopolk-Mirski, Prince (late 19th century), Russian statesman: ap- pointed minister of the interior, 15, 360 Svinimir: see Zvonimir Svold, Germany: battle of (1000), 16, 56 Swallow, Silas C. (1839 ), Amer- ican politician: Prohibition nominee for President, 24, 1067 Swally, India: battle of (1612), 5, 160 Swan River Colony: see Western Australia Swartwort (19th century), American politician: defaulter, 24, 520 Swatopluk: see Zwentebold Swaziland, South Africa: sketch of, 20, 259 Sweden, northern Europe: legendary history of, 16, 34; Adam of Brem- en's description of, 63; before the Union of Calmar (1693-1397), 97; her advance on the Baltic coast, 15, 9, 21; at the close of the Middle Ages, 16, 142; revolts against Erik (i435)> i 2 7> dissolves the union with Denmark (1523), 154; rises into European prominence (1560-1611), 161; claims in Delaware, 23, 107; colonists from, invited to remain in GENERAL INDEX 679 Penn's colony, in; colonists in New Jersey and Delaware, 126; attacked by Peter the Great (1699), 15, 38; falls from power (1709), 54; inter- vention of, in Turkey, 14, 307; re- lations of, with France, 16, 227; al- lied with Russia, 14, 322; in the age of political revolution, 16, 247; war between Sweden and Russia, I4> 35 2 > treaty with Catherine II of Russia, 357; constitutional gov- ernment in, 16, 277; commercial treaty with the United States, 23, 347; concludes treaty with Japan, 6, 221, 7, 189; appoints Behring Sea arbitrator, 24, 980 Sweden, The Lion of: see Banner, Johan Swegen (nth century A. D.), son of Earl Godwine: misdeeds of, II, 60; death of, 62 Swellendam, South Africa: magistracy established at, 19, 37 Swen, King of Denmark: see Svend (III) Estridsen Sweveghem, de (1577), Dutch states- man: mission of, to England, 13, 126 Sweyn, King of Denmark: see Svend Tveskaeg, King of Denmark Swieten, Gerhard von (18th century), Dutch professor of medicine: in- trusted with the improvement of education in Austria, 17, 260 Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745), English satirist: sketch of, II, 462; opposes the Court Party, 12, 171 Swinburne, Algernon Charles (1837- ), English poet: pleads for the Manchester Martyrs, 12, 235 Swinburne, Sir John (19th century), English explorer: spreads British influence in Africa, 19, 83; forms mining company, 217 Swintila (7th century A. D.), King of the Goths: reign of, 8, 44 Swiss Brotherhood, a conspiracy against the centralists and the Hel- vetic government (1802): account of, 13, 5 18 Swiss Club, association in Paris to extend the Revolution to Switzer- land (1790): sketch of, 13, 504 Swiss Regiment: at the insurrection of Nancy, 10, 125 note Switzerland, southern Europe: the ancient races and their civilization, *3 327', union under Carlovingian and German rule, 340; territorial division, 347; formation of the leagues, 13, 357, 18, 184; growth of the Confederation, 13, 372; Switzer- land at the height of her power, 389; the era of Reformation, 431; religious wars and the aristo- cratic constitutions, 461; political disunion of the 18th century, 487; revolution and attempts at re- organization, 503; internal reorgan- ization, 10, 399, 13, 533; consolida- tion of the Federal States, 13, 556; centralization and socialism, 569; concludes treaty with Japan, 7, 189; arbitration treaty with the United States, 24, 1076 Switzerland, The Marathon of: see Morgarten: battle of (1315) Switzerland, The Wallace of: see Hofer, Andreas Sword, Brothers of the, an order es- tablished for the protection of the German colonies on the eastern shore of the Baltic (1199), 18, 173 Sword of Mars, The: see Attila Sword of Rome, The: see Marcellus, Marcus Claudius Swordsman, The Good: see Murat, Joachim Swynford, Catherine (late 14th cen- tury), English courtesan: marries John of Gaunt, II, 183 Syagrius (4th century A. D.), Roman general: governs Roman posses- sions in Gaul, 9, 18, 18, 46; defeated by the Franks, 9, 19 Sybaris, city of Magna Grsecia in Italy: founded, 2, 84, 3, 26; wealth of, 2, 85; destroyed by Croton, 215; Thurii colonized by, 260 Sybilla of Cleves (early 16th century), Belgian heroine: excites her people against the Spaniards, 13, 170 680 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Sybota, Grecian island: sea-fight off, 2, 268 Sydenham, Charles Ponlett Thomp- son, Lord (early 19th century), Eng- lish statesman: his administration as governor of Canada, 20, 158 Sydney, Australia: convict settlement established at, 20, 132; settled, 182 Sydney, Lord (late 17th century), Irish statesman: lord lieutenant of Ireland, 12, 155 Sydney, Sir Henry (16th century), English statesman: attempts to re- store peace among the natives of Ireland, 12, 89 Sydney Conference, The, a conference of the Australian colonies including New Zealand (1880), 20, 203 Syene: see Assuan Sylla: see Sulla Sylva-Xavier, Joseph de (d. 1789), South American revolutionist: at- tempts to lead rebellion in Brazil, 21, 69 Sylvester (15th century), Russian priest: domostroi of, 15, 70 Sylvester II (Gerbert of Rheims) (d. 1003), Pope, 999-1003: accepts the homage of Hungary, 17, 47; account of, 18, 119 Sylvius, iEneas: see Pius II, Pope Symmachus (ca. 2nd century A. D.), Roman orator: leader of Roman sentiment, 4, 131 Syphax (d. 203 B. C.) Numidian prince: defeated by Scipio, 3, 129 Syr ben Ali Bekir (nth century), Mo- hammedan general: his campaigns in Spain, 8, 89 Syracuse, Sicily: founded, 2, 83, 92; rise of, 3, 57; tyranny at, 2, 94, 217, 219; at war with Catana, 299; de- stroys Leontini, 328; siege of, 337; victory of, over Athens, 346; sends ships to the iEgean, 352; at war with its neighbors, 408; war with Carthage, 408; subject to Dionysius I and II, 415; anarchy at, 416; freed by Dion, 416; freed by Timoleon, 417; ruled by Agathocles, 515; cap- tured by Franks (3rd century A. D.), 18, 30; conquered by the Sara- cens, I, 354; siege of (1298), 8, 248 Syracuse, New York: rescue of negro (1851), 24, 616; popular respect to Lincoln's remains, 827 Syria, Asiatic Turkey: assigned to Antigonus after the death of Alex- ander, 2, 512; conquered by Anti- ochus (275 B. C), 3, 143; made a Roman province (63 B. C), 275; surrenders to the Saracens, 1, 287, 2, 533; reduced by the Arabs, 14, 4; wasted by Timur, 48; conquered by Selim I of Turkey, 136; massacres in (i860), 14, 465; conquered by the Egyptians (1831-1832), 1, 38 Szabolcz, Council of, assembly of prelates, nobles, and citizens con- vened by Ladislas (1092), 17, 51 Szapary (19th century), Hungarian statesman, premier of Hungary (1890), 17, 431 Szapolyai, George (early 16th cen- tury), Hungarian commander: at the battle of Mohacs, 17, 169 Szapolyai, John: see John (I) Szapol- yai, King of Hungary Szapolyai, John Sigismund (16th cen- tury), Vo'ievode of Transylvania: accession of, 17, 217; death of, 220 Szathmar, Treaty of, a peace between the Hungarians and the Hapsburgs (1708), 17, 234 Szechenyi, Stephen, Count (1792- 1860), a Hungarian nobleman: in the diet of Presburg, 17, 338; favors moderation (1847), 354J made min- ister of public works, 368 Szegedin, Peace of, treaty between Turkey and Hungary (1444): ac- count of, 14, 63, 65 Szell, Hungarian statesman, premier of Hungary, 1899-1903: policy of 17, 440; resignation of, 442 Sziget (Szigeth), Hungary: siege of (1566), 14, 175, 17, 219 Szilagy, Hungarian statesman and soldier: chosen governor of Hun- gary, 17, 161 Taaffe, Count Edward von (1833- 1895), Austrian statesman: made premier, 17, 426 Tabar, Bohemia: battle of (1645), 18, 291 Tabasco, Mexico: captured by the Americans (1847), 22, 309 Taborites, The, Bohemian sect, the extreme of the Hussites, 18, 207 Taboureau (18th century), French financier: made minister of finance, 9, 254 Tache, fitienne Paschal (19th cen- tury), French statesman: at the Quebec convention, 20, 165 Tachilana Moroye (8th century A. D.), Japanese anthologist: collects Japanese poems, 7, 35 Tacitus, Cornelius (55-117 A. D.), Roman historian: his account of the barbarians, 16, 7 Tacitus, Marcus Claudius, Roman Emperor, 275-276 A. D. : reign of, 4, in Tacna, town in Peru: battle of (1880), , 237 Tacna, territory in southern Peru: given to Chili (1883), 21, 238; taken by the Congressionalists (1891), 239 Tacuba, Plan of, a Mexican legal document, 22, 277, 382 Tadaranohama, Japan: battle of, 7, 88 Tadatsune, Taira-no-: see Taira-no- Tadatsune Tadmir: see Theodomir Tadpole State, The: see Mississippi Tafalla, Spain: siege of (1035), 8, 231 Tafna, Treaty of, a treaty between Abdul Kadir and the French (1837), 9, 413 Taft, William Howard (1857 ), American statesman: member of Philippine Commission, 20, 318, 24, 1043; proclaims United States pro- tection in Cuba, 22, 490 Taga, Japan: built, 7, 27 Tagesons, Henrik (15th century), Danish renegade nobleman: in the Danish revolt, 16, 130 Tagliacozzo, Italy: battle of (1268), 4, 215, 18, 170 Tagliamento, Italy: crossed by Omar Pasha, 14, 85 Taharka (Tirhakah, Tarakos), King of Egypt, ca. 693-670 B. C: reign of, 1, 30; defeated by Esarhaddon, 90 Tahir Pasha (19th century), comman- der of the Albanians: assumes the government of Cairo, 1, 37 Tahirites, a dynasty of Persia, 813- 872 A. D.: reign of, 1, 364 Tahmasp: see Tamasp Taikwa Reform, a period of Japanese history: account of, 7, 22 Taillebourg, Bridge of, France: battle of (1242), 9, 81 T'aip'ings, name given to Chinese in- surgents: establishment of dynasty of, 6, 151; advance on Peking, 152; retreat to Nanking, 153; later suc- cesses, 195 Taira, Clan of, Japanese family prom- inent in the 10th century: rise of, 7, 5i Taira-no-Kiyomori (12th century), Japanese chieftain: supports acces- sion of Emperor Goshirakawa, 7, 56; crushes rebellion of Nobuyori and Yoshitomo, 57; influence of, 58 Taira-no-Masakado (10th century A. D.), Japanese soldier: revolt of, 7, 53 Taira-no-Munemori (12th century), Japanese chieftain: influence of, 7, 60; death of, 62 681 682 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Taira-no-Sadamori (ioth century A. D.), Japanese soldier: defeats Tairo- no-Masakado, 7, 53 Taira-no-Shigemori (12th century), Japanese soldier: crushes rebellion of Nobuyori and Yoshitomo, 7, 57 Tairo-no-Tadamasa (12th century), Japanese statesman: supports plans of Emperor Sutoku, 7, 56 Taira-no-Tadatsune (nth century), Japanese statesman: rebellion of, 7, 53 Taira-no-Takamochi (9th century A. D.), Japanese statesman: vice-gov- ernor of Kazusa, 7, 52 Taitsung, Emperor of China, 620-649 A. D.: aids Yezdegerd, King of Per- sia, 1, 265 Taiwon-kun (19th century), Japanese conservative statesman: anti-foreign policy of, 7, 195, 255 Taj Mahal, a mausoleum at Agra, India: built, 5, 119 Tajes, Maximo, President of Uruguay, 1886-1890: his presidency of Uru- guay, 31, 258 Takahira, Kogoro (1842 ), Japa- nese diplomat: appointed peace commissioner, 7, 317 Takakura, Emperor of Japan, 1169- 1180: reign of, 7, 58 Takamochi, Taira-no-: see Taira-no- Takamochi Takanaga, Prince (14th century), Japanese military commander: his campaign against Ashikaga Takau- ji, 7, 87 Takasugi Shinsabeu (19th century), Japanese statesman: leader of anti- Tokugawa party, 7, 165 Takeuchi Shikibu (19th century), Japanese ronin: plots against the Tokugawa, 7, 160 Takezoye (19th century), Japanese diplomat: minister to Korea, 7, 256 Takhos (Teher), King of Egypt, ca. 360 B. C. reign of, 1, 33 T'aki (ca. 1100 B. C.)> Chinese prin- cess: concubine of Chow Sin, 6, 7 Takishimimi, Prince (ca. 660 B. C), Japanese usurper: attempts to usurp the throne, 7, 7 Taku Forts, fortifications guarding the approach to Tientsin and Pe- king: capture of, 6, 165; defeat be- fore, 170; recapture of, 172; de- mands of powers respecting, 285, 286; in Boxer Rebellion, 301, 305 Ta-ku-shan, Manchuria: taken by the Japanese, 7, 268 Talavera, Spain: battles of (918 A. D.), 8, 135; (1809), 8, 486, 530, 9, 337, ". 563 Talbot, John, Earl of Shrewsbury (ca. I373-I4S3), English soldier: his government of Ireland, 12, 69; at siege of Orleans, 9, 115; defeats the Burgundians, 11, 205 Talbot, Richard, Earl of Tirconnell (1630-1691), Irish royalist: made commander of forces in Ireland, 12, 131 Talca, Chili: seized by the Radicals (1859), 21, 219 Talcahuano, Chili: declared to be in a state of blockade (1865), 21, 221 Ta-lien-wan, Manchuria: captured by the Japanese, 7, 268; leased to Rus- sia, 277 Talikot, British India: battle of (1565), 5, 90, 107, 151 Ta-ling Pass, Manchuria: capture of, 15, 361 "Tallahassee," vessel of American Confederacy: built in English ship- yard, 24, 882 Tallahatchie River, Mississippi: Grant attempts passage of, 24, 776 Tallard, Camille de la Baume (1652- 1728), French general: at battle of Blenheim, 9, 211, 11, 455 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de, Bishop of Autun, Prince of Ben- evento (1754-1838), French diplo- mat: elected member of the States- General, 10, 39; proposes that the clergy give up their possessions, 9, 207, 10, 109; takes oath of loyalty to the nation, 10, 113; at the confeder- ation of the kingdom, 122; Ameri- can envoys refused audience with, 3 3, 374; appointed minister of for- eign affairs, 10, 436; consents to receive ambassador, 23, 375; ne- GENERAL INDEX gotiations of, 18, 364; member of provisional government, 9, 349; made minister of foreign affairs, 356; favors the formation of the king- dom of Holland, 13, 280; at the Congress of Berlin, *8, 389, 391; plans restoration of the Bourbons, 10, 498; made president of Louis XVIII's ministry, 9, 365 Tallien, Jean Lambert (1767-1820), French revolutionist: leader of the commune, 10, 203; resists Robes- pierre's views, 9, 290, 10, 313; pro- poses to annul the third, 360; ex- posed by Thibaudeau, 360 Tallmadge, James W. (1778-1853), American lawyer: proposes amend- ment prohibiting slavery in Mis- souri, 23, 453 Talma, Frangois Joseph (1763-1826), French tragedian: at Erfurt, 15, 218 Talmadge Amendment, an amendment proposed to the bill to admit Mis- souri to the United States (1819): dispute over, 23, 454 Talmont (18th century), Vendean no- bleman: supports insurrection in the Vendee, 9, 283 Tamasese (19th century), Samoan chief: made king of Samoa by Ger- many, 24, 977 Tamasp (Tahmasp, Thamasp, Tham- as) I (d. 1576), Shah of Persia, 1523- 1576: reign of, 5, 342 Tamasp (Tahmasp Thamasp, Tham- as) II, Shah of Persia, 1730-1732: aided by Peter, 15, 79; restored to the throne by Nadir, 5, 350, 15, 115; dethroned, 5, 351 Tamatave, Madagascar: bombardment of (1883), 20, 278 Tamayos, The, a South American tribe: their relations to the Euro- peans, 21, 30 Tamerlane the Great: see Timur Tammany Hall, political organization of New York City: in election of 1888, 24, 968; returns to power in New York, 1069 Tampico, Mexico: captured by the Americans (1847), 22, 309; revolt of (1871), 402 Tamworth Manifesto, profession by Sir Robert Peel of principles of moderate but conservative reform (1834): account of, 11, 594 Tanagra, Greece: battle of, 2, 244 Tancred (1078-1112), King of Sicily: defeats Henry VI of Germany, 18, 156 Tandy, James Napper (1747-1803), Irish insurgent: secretary of the Society of United Irishmen, 12, 198 Taney, Roger Brooke (1777-1864), American jurist: appointed Secre- tary of Treasury, 23, 503; in Dred Scott decision, 24, 658; controversy with Lincoln, 816 T'ang Dynasty, The, Chinese ruling family: growth of literature under, 6, 14, 15; persecution of Christians under, 16; conquests of, 15 Tanganyika, Lake, Africa: discovered, 19, S3 Tangier, Africa: siege of (1437), 8, 306; under English rule, 19, 34 Tangier(s), Treaty of, a peace be- tween France and the Empire of Morocco (1844): account of, 9, 423 Tani, Tateki (late 19th century), Jap- anese major general: attempts to defend Kumamoto Castle, 7, 180 Tanis: see Zoan Tanneguy-Duchatel (15th century), French general provost of Paris: rescues the dauphin, 9, 112; exile of, 9, 114 Tannenberg, Germany: battle of (1410), 15, 376, 18, 199 Tanning Industry: started in the South, 24, 823 Tantia Topi (d. 1859), Indian insur- gent: career of, 5, 239 Tanut-Amen (7th century B. C), King of Egypt: at war with Assyria, I, 30 Taokwang (1781-1850), Emperor of China, 1820-1850: his accession, 6, 123; his martial habits, 124; his death, 155 Taos, New Mexico: massacre of (1847), 22, 305 Tapia, Christoval de (early 16th cen- 684 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS tury), Spanish official: commis- sioned to arrest Cortez, 22, 63 Taping-ling, Manchuria: battle of, 7, 310 Tappan, Lewis (early 19th century), American abolitionist: secretary of American Anti-Slavery Society, 24, 574 Tar State, The: see North Carolina Tara, Ireland: battles of (ca. 450 A. D.), 12, 38; (979 A. D.), 41 Tarahumares, tribe of Mexican Indi- ans: rebel against the Spaniards, 22, 167 Tarakos: see Taharka Taranaki, New Zealand: receives its name, 20, 214 Tarapaca, South America: battle of (1879), 21, 236; given to Chili (1881), 238; taken by the Congres- sionalists (1891), 239 Tarascos, tribe of Mexican Indians: account of, 23, 6 Tarentum, southern Italy: settled, 2, 73> 84, 3, 26; trade of, 3, 27; wars of, with Iapygians, 2, 220; later wars with Lucanians, 418; forms alliance with Pyrrhus, 3, 76; sur- renders to Rome (272 B. C), 80 Target, Jean Baptiste (late 18th cen- tury), French deputy of the third estate: elected member of the States- General, 10, 39 Targowitz, Confederacy of, formed to resist change in government in Po- land (1792): account of, 15, 385 Tarichaea, Palestine: siege of (67 A. D), 1, 411 Tarifa, town in Spain: siege of (1340), 8, 113 Tariff: AFRICA: Lord Granville promises moderate tariffs for the Congo Re- gion, 19, 75; the Mozambique tariff 78; tariff at the Cape hampers Ger- man trade, 95; in Congo Free State 120, 124, 125; in Zanzibar, 134, 136; under Royal Niger Company, 157; Africa (West), agreement between France and England, 177; Togoland and Kamerun, 19, 177, 20, 303; free trade, 19, 246, 247; custom dues in British East Africa, 205; Zanzibar, 206; in Portuguese East Africa, 232; in the British Central Protect- orate, 242 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: protective system, 17, 269, 289; prohibition in Hungary, 329; protection, 442; treat- ies, 451 CHINA: Likin tax, 6, 273; Russia demands that the customs tariff of Niu-chwang in Manchuria be man- aged by the Russo-Chinese Bank, 7, 294 CUBA: reduction of, 22, 471, 24, 1046; reciprocity, 22, 485; higher du- ties, 486 ENGLAND: increase of duties, 11, 144; duty on tobacco, 479; import duties on America, 510, 514; duty on imported corn, 600, 606; under Peel, 602, 604; present status, 642 GERMANY: at the beginning of the empire, 18, 442; need of pro- tection, 443; advantages of protec- tion, 444; attempts to pass a pro- tective tariff, 445; protection gained (1879), 446; results, 447; new tariff of 1902, 451 HONDURAS: duty on mahogany, 20, 245 INDIA: under James Wilson, 5, 243; export duties repealed, 253; im- port duties abolished, 260; under Lord Elgin, 274 IRELAND: embargo, 12, 180 JAPAN: autonomy, 7, 189, 191; five per cent, import duty, 243; partial autonomy, 244 MEXICO: duty on oriental mer- chandise, 22, 192; duties, 208 NETHERLANDS: duties, 13, 270; grain free of duty, 283 PORTO RICO: Foraker Act, 24, 1040, 1042 ROME: under the empire, 3, 243 SCOTLAND: free trade introduced, 12, 357 SOUTH AMERICA: Paraguay, 21, 156; Peru, 199; Venezuela, 234 SWEDEN: controversy between the free-traders and the protection- ists, 16, 280 GENERAL INDEX 685 SWITZERLAND: duty on import- ed liquors, 13, 580 TURKEY: under Suleiman the Great, 14, 187 UNITED STATES: in colony of Virginia, 23, 57; inter-state, 311; im- port duty, 313; restrictions, 331; Act of 1789, 347; protective policy, 354; demand for protection, 437; pro- tective character of Act of 1816, 437; Webster opposes for New England, 438; Calhoun advocates for South, 438; Clay advocates for West, 438; Act of 1824, 456; Tariff of 1824 causes dissatisfaction, 471; in Calhoun's theory of nullification, 491; new measure in 1832, 23, 493, 24, 1094; reduced by Congress, 23, 495; Force Bill, 496; law of 1842, 24, 530; law of 1846, 530, 554; Whig . tariff, 538; increased in Civil War, 739. 819; Horace Greeley favors pro- tection, 892; duties lowered, 899; in Democratic platform, 930; Act of 1864, 939; Act of 1870, 939; Act of 1872, 939; Act of 1883, 939; revision demanded by Republicans of the West, 939; issue in 1888, 963; Cleve- land's views on, 963; McKinley Tariff, 968; Republican platform (1892), 990; Democratic platform (1892), 990, 991, 993; Wilson Tariff, 995-996; Dingley Tariff, 1019; Phil- ippine Islands, 20, 313, 360, 375, 376, 24, 1045 Tariff Union (Zollverein), The, union of all the German states in a cus- toms union: advantages of, 18, 395 Tarik-ben-Zeyad (early 8th century A. D.), Arab chief: campaigns in Spain, 1, 312, 8, 48; fate of, 1, 319 Tarkhan (7th century A. D.), Prince of Fargaua: entertains Yezdegerd 1, 264 Tarki, Russia: surrenders to Peter (1722), is, 79 Tarleton, Sir Bannastre (1754-1833), English officer: at the battle of Cowpens, 23, 281 Tarqui, Quito, South America: battle of (1829), 21, 193 Tarquin the Proud, son of Tarquinius Priscus, and 7th King of Rome: in 534 B. C, he succeeded Servius Tullius, whom he had caused to be assassinated, and whose daughter Tullia he married; put to death the senators who had favored the re- forms of Servius; conquered several neighboring cities, built the capitol and other public edifices and estab- lished colonies at Signia and Circeii; the outrage committed by his son Sextus upon Lucretia roused the people, already exasperated by his tyranny, to throw off the yoke, and Tarquin was deposed by an armed force led by Junius Brutus; after several attempts to regain his power, he formed an alliance with Lars Porsena of Clusium, in con- junction with whom he fought the battle of Lake Regillus (496 B. C.) ; they were totally defeated by the Romans, and Tarquin escaped to Cumae, where he died 495 B. C. Fails to consult with the senate, 3, 29 Tarsus, Asia Minor: conquered by the Saracens (639-655" A. D.), I, 288; siege of (nth century A. D.), 368 Tartaglia of Brescia (1500-1559), Ital- ian mathematician: revives the mathematical sciences, 4, 296 Tartars: see Tatars Tarwitz, Austria: battle of (1809), 9, 336 Tasco, Mexico: captured by the in- surgents (1812), 22, 242 Tashi-chiao, Manchuria: battle of, 7, 310 Tashilumbo, Thibet: taken by the Gurkhas, 6, 101 Tasman, Abel Jansz (17th century), Dutch navigator: explorations of, 16, 332 Tasmania, island south of Australia: receives its name, 20, 189; ratifies the new Constitution (1899), 206; see also Van Diemen's Land Tassels (d. 1830), a Cherokee Indian: condemned for murder in Georgian court, 23, 487 686 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Tassilo (d. 794), Duke of Bavaria: espouses the cause of Grifo, 18, 75; opposes Charlemagne, 83 Tasso, Torquato (1544-1595), an Ital- ian poet: sketch of, 4, 320 Tast, Hermann (early 16th century), a Danish priest: preaching of, 16, 193 Tatars or Tartars, Tungusic tribes whose original home was in Chi- nese Tatary, and who are now rep- resented by the Fishshin Tatars in Manchuria, the Solons and Daurians in Mongolia, and the Manchus in China: invasions of, 14, 4, 15, 10; their power overthrown, 15, 13; campaigns against, 29, 120; devas- tate the Ukraine, 61; Turkey ac- knowledges their independence, 180; insurrection of, 183; repelled by the Poles, 376 Tat-ef-Ra (Ra-tatf) (ca. 2800 B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 16 Tatistchev, Basil (1686-1750), a Rus- sian statesman and historian: his history of Russia, 15, 151, 195 Tat-ka-ra-Assa (ca. 2600 B. C.) King of Egypt: reign of, 1, 16 Tatsumi, a contemporary Japanese military officer: his campaigns in the Chino-Japanese War, 7, 267 Ta-tung-kan, Manchuria: taken by the Japanese, 7, 268 Tatwil, Switzerland: battle of (1351), 13, 376 Tau Tze-tung (d. 1899), a Chinese reformer: executed, 6, 294 Taurisci, a Celtic people in ancient Noricum: location of, 17, 11; defeat- ed by the Romans, 11 Tauromenium, the Roman name of Taormina, Sicily: captured by Ro- mans, 3, 173 Tausen, Hans (16th century), a Dan- ish priest: preaching of, 16, 193 Tavannes, Gaspard de Saulx de (1509- I573). a marshal of France: at bat- tle of Jarnac, 9, 156; gives the or- ders for the Massacre of Saint Bar- tholomew, 157 Tavira, Spanish minister to Chili (1865): recalled from Chili, 21, 220 Tawara-saka, Kinshu, Japan: battle of 7, 180 Taxation: AFRICA: Oil Rivers, 19, 159; in Egypt, 267; in the Transvaal, 279 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: in the 17th century, 17, 188, 189; the right of voting certain of the indirect taxes taken from the diets, 258; customs, 262; under Chotek, 262; under Jo- seph II, 268; under Leopold II, 275; tax on printed matter, 289; tax on coupons, 402 BOHEMIA: by nobles, 17, 67; power of the diet, 83, 84; crown rev- enues formed by captains, 114; Cath- olic clergy taxed, 138; diet gives all legislative functions, retaining only the right of giving its consent to the taxes, 209 CANADA: inequality of, 20, 153; direct, 166 CHINA: effect of an overflowing of the Yellow River, 6, 255 CUBA: condition from 1893 to 1898, 22, 481; internal, 487 DENMARK: toll tax on vessels, 16, 127; Ditmarshers refuse to pay taxes to Holstein princes, 196 ENGLAND: Danegeld paid, 11, 57, 58; Domesday Book, 79; end of the Danegeld, 101; Saladin Tithe in England, no; on movable goods, 113; under Walter Hubert, Arch- bishop of Canterbury, 114; under King John, 122; fixed feudal reliefs, 127; right of Great Council, 134; Edward I increases export duty on wool, 144; provision of Confirmatio Cartarum, 150; export duties on wool under Edward III, 159; tall- age, 162; Parliament imposes a poll- tax, 174; impositions of James I, 309; tonnage and poundage, 324, 327; decrees of Parliament, 339; de- cision of the Rump, 373, 374; on colonies, 11, 509, 20, 108, 125, 127; Burke's theory, ix, 510; income tax, 602, 604; on sugar, 20, 244 FRANCE: feudal dues, 9, 63; for the second crusade, 74; under Philip IV, 89; la gabelle and an GENERAL INDEX 687 " aide," 97; arbitrary, 102; taxes abol- ished, 107; direct permanent tax, 117; effect of the wars of Louis XII, 135; "Pancarte Tax," 173; burden of, 193; taille reduced, 200; only by edict, 200; on colonies, 9, 214, 20, 72; under Colbert, 9, 215; heavy, 234; raised, 256; under the councils, 10, 4; clergy, 7, 21; ine- quality of, 9; new species of, 11; Quesnay's theory, 14; nobility ex- empt, 21; under Malesherbes, 26; reforms by Turgot, 9, 253, 10, 27; under Necker, 9, 254, 10, 28, 106; under Calonne, 9, 258, 10, 31; under Lomenie of Brienne, Archbishop of Sens, 9, 258, 10, 33; appeal to priv- ileged orders, 10, 40; decree of na- tional assembly, 49; sacrifices by privileged classes, 75; tithes abol- ished, 109; excise, 423; Cambon's report, 425; under Napoleon, 448; annual voting of, 9, 356; associa- tion concerning, 389; reduced, 398; reduction promised, 458 GERMANY: under Frederick Wil- liam II, 18, 354; the navigation of the Rhine released from taxation, 392; the Zollverein established, 395; right of Prussia, 430; under the em- pire, 444 GREECE: modern times, 2, 547 HUNGARY: demands of diet, 17, 253; Magyar comitats refuse to pay, 337; participation by nobles, 368 INDIA: under Akbar, 5, 116; land tax under Lord Cornwallis, 195; under Munro, 212; under Lord Wil- liam Bentinck, 213; under James Wil- son, 243; under Samuel Laing, 244; on salt, 250; under Baron North- brook, 253; taxes revived, 274; under Lord Curzon, 282; reduction of taxes under Edward VII, 288; re- form, 291; connection with famine, 387 IRELAND: Boru tax, 12, 39; on estates, 135; Commons' right of, 178; Church-rate or Church-cess, 195 JAPAN: new taxes, 7, 23; effect of usurpation of fertile lands by nobles and temples, 50; under Yoshimasa, 97; non-payment of taxes, 99; land regulations, 115; land tax, 145, 222; regulations, 183; increased, 217; un- der Matsukata, 218; increased tax measures, 227; negation of land tax, 235; increased and new taxes, 240 MEXICO: under Montezuma, 22, 15, 48; tribute to Spain, 30, 103; under Philip II, 139; on the Indians, 196; on metals, 209; for war, 230 NETHERLANDS: provision of contract at Cortenbergh, 13, 32; to support mercenaries, 45; on Flan- ders and Ghent, 58; under Alva, no; in Flanders, 114; under Requesens, 116; at the close of the 16th cen- tury, 171; in Holland, 269; on the Belgians, 294 NORWAY: tribute to Denmark, 16, 29; right of, 261 PERSIA: under Khusru Anushir- wan, 5, 320; present status of, 372, 373 ROME: on land, 3, 40; under the monarchy, 376, 389; under Augustus, 4, 37; under Antoninus, 94, 95; un- der Diocletian, 115 RUSSIA: under the Tartars, 15, 10; on beards, 71; tax on salt re- mitted, 172; consent of council, 105; remission of, 128; under Alexander, 217; reforms of Nicholas II, 347, 357 SCOTLAND: on ale, 12, 364 SOUTH AMERICA: Argentine Republic, 21, 122; Bolivia, 234; Bra- zil, 255; Chili, 225, 226 SPAIN: revenues, 8, 429 SWEDEN: new taxes, 16, 133; lightened, 226; right of diet, 247, 252; reduction of land tax, 279; in- come tax, 280 SWITZERLAND: in Zurich, 13, 386; monasteries assessed, 386; on Appenzell, 390; in Lucerne, 416; im- perial, 417; bailiffs, 424; demand of peasants, 437; by towns, 468; revolts concerning, 469; war tax, 513; alco- hol tax, 579 TURKEY: on Christians, 14, 95; under Suleiman the Great, 184, 186, 688 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 187; under Ibrahim, 227; increased by Mustapha, 262; coffee tax, 14, 265; under Ahmed III of Turkey, 293; military exemption tax of Chris- tians, 440; reforms in, 442; legislative consent, 479; under Abdul Hamid, 491 UNITED STATES: in colony of Massachusetts, 23, 100; equality of, granted in New York, 104; reserved to Parliament by Penn's charter, 111; in New England, 123, 124, 125; in southern colonies, 149; policy of England, 207, 213; partial repeal of, 216; tea tax, 218; Congress not in- vested with power of taxing, 293; power of Congress and States, 304; apportionment of, 328; tariff act of I/89, 347; excise tax on whiskey, 366; under Federalists, 392; on cir- culation of Second United States Bank, sought by Maryland, 440; for war, 24, 739, 819; South Carolina, 866; New Orleans, 867; Acts of 1870, 1872 and 1873, 898; tariff ques- tion in campaign of 1884, 946; Wil- son Tariff Law, 995; income tax, 996; revenue for Spanish-American War, 1026; in Porto Rico, 1036; in Philippine Islands, 20, 376, 379, 382; war taxes repealed, 24, 1051; on al- cohol, 1083 WEST INDIES: conditions at be- ginning of 19th century, 20, 237; conditions in the Dutch possessions, 287; in Hayti, 22, 497 Taxation Without Representation, the motto of the American colonists in the Revolutionary War: opposed in New Jersey (1686-1702), 23, 109 Tax-farmers, agents who collected the revenues in Roman provinces: ad- vent of, 3, 39 Taxfin ben AH, ruler of Spain, 1126- 1145: made governor of Spain, 8, 95; reign of, 96 Taxiles, a general of Mithridates the Great: at the battle of Chaeronea, 3, 218 Tayef, a fortress in Arabia: siege of 1, 232 Taygetus Mountains, a mountain range in Greece: description of, 2, 15 Taylor, Hudson (19th century), an English missionary in China: in China Inland Mission, 6, 221 Taylor, Reynell George (1822-1886), an English official in India: his career in India, 5, 223 Taylor, Richard (1826-1879), a Con- federate general: surrenders, 24, 814 Taylor, Zachary, an American general and statesman, President of the United States, March 4, 1849-July 9, 1850: born in Orange County, Virginia, September 24, 1784; edu- cated in Kentucky; entered the army in 1808, and married Margaret Smith in 1810; in the War of 1812 he served as captain against the Indians; obtained the rank of colo- nel in 1832 and served in Black Hawk War; defeated the Seminoles at Okechobee in December, 1837, and was appointed commander-in- chief of army in Florida in April, 1838; about 1840 he purchased an estate near Baton Rouge on which he settled; he commanded an army which was sent in the summer of 1845 to Corpus Christi; gained two other victories and was promoted to major-general; was successful at battle at Buena Vista; in June, 1848, he was nominated as candidate for the Presidency by the Whig Na- tional Convention and was elected in November; was inaugurated, March 4, 1849; in his message of December, 1849, the President rec- ommended the admission of Cali- fornia, which was opposed by the Southern members of Congress; this difficulty was settled by Clay's Compromise Bill; before the passage of this compromise bill President Taylor died, July 9, 1850 Early life, 24, 592; character, 593; his campaigns in the Mexican War, 22, 288, 24, 545; at battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 24, 547; at siege of Monterey, 548; occu- GENERAL INDEX 689 pies Matamoras, 548; candidate for President, 557; election, 559; inau- guration, 593; recommends admis- sion of California, 599; death, 609 Tchekmedji, Bridge of, Turkey: built, 14, 188 Tchenguyz Khan: see Genghis Khan Tchernaya, a small river in Crimea: battle of the (1855), 9, 448, 15, 321 Tcherniaiev (Tcherniayef), Mikhail Grigorievitch (1828-1898), a Russian general: demonstrations in Prague in favor of, 17, 420 Tchesme (Chesme), Asia Minor: Turkish fleet destroyed at (1770), 14, 327, 15, 178 Tchin, a table of ranks in Russia, which classifies all the free inhabit- ants in their ecclesiastical, civil, or military capacity: institution of, 15, 73 Tchitchagov (Tchitschakoff), Paul Vassilievitch (1765-1849), a Russian admiral: defeats the Swedes, 15, 188; his campaign against Napo- leon, 9, 342, 15, 219 Tcholyuskin (early 18th century), a Russian Arctic explorer: explora- tions of, 16, 305 Tea: introduced in England, II, 418; taxed by the Townshend Acts, 23, 215; American colonists refuse to allow taxed tea to be brought into America, 219 "Tearless Battle," The, a battle in Greece (367 B. C), 2, AAA Tears, The Queen of: see Mary of Modena, wife of James II of Eng- land Tebego, Paraguay: founded, 31, 152 Tecoac, Mexico: battle of (1876), 22, 406 Tecumseh (ca. 1768-1813), an Amer- ican Indian chief: member of Shaw- nee tribe, 23, 8; seeks to form In- dian Confederacy, 416; killed at Bat- tle of the Thames, 425 "Tecumseh," an iron-clad vessel in the United States navy during the Civil War: destroyed in Mobile Bay, 24, 798 Teeling, Bartholomew (d. 1798), an Irish insurgent: death of, 12, 214 Tefnekht (Tnephakhthos), Egyptian king, ca. 75 B. C: defeat of, 1, 30 Tegea, an ancient city in Greece: feud with Mantinea, 2, 18; submits to Sparta, 76; troops of, at Plataea, 210; battle at, 237; troops of, at Mantinea, 325; massacre at, 438; troubles at, 447 Tegethoff (Tegetthoff), Baron Wil- helm von (1827-1871), an Austrian admiral: at battle of Lissa, 17, 392 Tegnapatam (Fort St. David), a ruined town on the coast of India, south of Pondicherry: founded, 5, 166 Tegner, Esaias (1782-1846), a Swed- ish poet: sketch of, 16, 264 Teher: see Takhos Teheran, Treaty of, a treaty between England and Persia for mutual mili- tary aid (1814), 5, 360 Teias (Teja) (d. 553 A. D.), King of the Ostrogoths, 552-553 A. D.: elected king, 4, 161; reign of, 18, 50 Teignmouth, Lord: see Shore, Sir John Teiling, Frischhans (d. 1487), a Swiss soldier: sketch of, 13, 414 Teispes (7th century B. C), a Kim- merian chief: defeated by Esarhad- don, 1, 89 Tekeli, Count Emeric (1659-1705), a Hungarian patriot: rebellion of, 14, 269 Telamon, in ancient geography, a place on the coast of Etruria, Italy: battle of, 3, 109 Telegraphs, Swiss: pass into the con- trol of the government, 13, 578 Teleki, Vladislas (19th century), a Magyar leader: attempts to obtain foreign aid for the Magyars, 17, 372 Tel-el- Amarna : see Tell-el-Amarna Tel-el-Kebir: see Tell-el-Kebir Telemaque, The Northern: see Alex- ander I, Emperor of Russia Telford, Thomas (1757-1834), a Scot- 690 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS tish civil engineer: sketch of, 12, 375; improves roads in Scotland and Wales, 11, 589 Telha (7th century), an Arabian chief: rebels against Ali Talib, I, 245 Telissu, Manchuria: battle of, 7, 310 Tell, William, a Swiss hero and pa- triot, called The Mountain Brutus: born in the Canton of Uri in the latter part of the 13th century; in 1307, he entered into a league with his father-in-law and others to resist the tyranny of the Aus- trian governor, Hermann Gess- ler, who insolently required the Swiss to make obeisance to his hat, which was hung up in public; Tell refused to comply, upon which Gessler commanded him to shoot an apple from the head of his son and if he failed to hit the mark, his life should be the penalty, but he struck the apple; he was then taken prisoner on the governor's vessel, but during a violent storm while he was steering the boat he sprang to the shore; Gessler landing soon after was shot by Tell; according to tradition, William Tell was drowned about 1350 while attempting to save a child Legends of, 13, 367 Tell-el-Amarna, a residence of Amen- ophis IV, in Egypt: made capital of Egypt, 1, 24 Tell-el-Kebir, Lower Egypt: battle of (1882), 1, 40, 5, 259, 11, 634, 14, 497, 19, 267 Teller, Henry Moore (1830 ), an American lawyer and politician: leader of Free Silver Republicans (1896), 24, 1012 Tello, Don (14th century), Spanish prince, brother of Pedro the Cruel: rebellions of, 8, 164; at battle of Logroho, 168 Temenus, legendary Dorian hero: ac- count of, 2, 48 Temes, a river in southern Hungary: battle of the (ca. 1080), 17, 51 Temesvar, Hungary: battles of (101 A. D.), 17, 13; (1513), 168; siege of (1716), 14, 289 Temesvar, Banate of: occupied by the Dacians, 17, 11 Temesvar, Diet of, council to lay the basis for the representative system of government in Hungary (1397), 17, 155 Temin ben Yussef (early 12th cen- tury), brother of the Emperor Ali, general of the Almoravides: his campaign against the Christians, 8, 91; his campaign against Moham- med ben Abdalla, 94; defeated by Alfonso I of Aragon, 233 Temmu (Prince Kusakabe), Emperor of Japan, 673-690 A. D.: rebellion of, 7, 29; reign of, 30; aids the spreading of Buddhism, 31 Tempe, Vale of, Greece: location of, 2, 8; Xerxes in, 185 Templars, Knights, chivalrous order: account of, 18, 173; suppression of, 8, 158, 249, 9, 88 Temple, Colonel (16th century), Eng- lish officer: his campaign in the Netherlands, 13, 122 Temple, Henry John, Viscount Palm- erston: see Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount Temple, Richard, Baron Temple (1850 ), English officer: his ca- reer in India, 5, 223; sketch of, 251; in charge of the famine relief ad- ministration, 255 Temple, The, of Jerusalem: built, 1, 388; restored, 402; rebuilt by Herod the Great, 409 Temple of Music, Buffalo: President McKinley shot during reception in, 24, 1049 Temuchin, Temuchen, Temudjin, or Temujin: see Genghis Khan Ten Thousand, governing body of Ar- cadia: account of, 2, 440 Ten Thousand, Retreat of the, the re- turn of the Greek mercenaries who had served under Cyrus the Young- er against the Persians (401 B. C.) : account of, 2, 389 Ten Years' War, name given to the GENERAL INDEX 691 first Cuban struggle for independ- ence (1868-1878), 22, 453 Tenchi (Prince Nakano-oye), Emperor of Japan, 668-672: plots against Soga-no-Iruka, 7, 20; reign of, 25 Tencteri (Tencteres), German tribe: migration of, 3, 301; defeated by Caesar, 18, 12 Tendai, Buddhist sect: founded, 7, 4i Teneriffe, Mount: see Mount Tene- riffe Teniers, David (1582-1649), Flemish painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Tennessee, one of the United States, means " the river of the big bend " and is called Big Bend State: Scotch-Irish and Germans settle, 23, 126; riflemen at New Orleans, 428; admitted, 451; slave state, 452; charges of legislature against Adams and Clay, 465; legislature repudiates President and renominates Jackson, 474; Jackson's removal to, 477; Polk elected governor (1839), 24, 540; separated from North Carolina, 567; Presidential election of i860, 683; secedes, 719; military operations in, 742, 773, 783; effort to draw Sher- man into, 803; agriculture, 831; re- construction policy of Lincoln, 833; reconstructed, 834; Ku-Klux-Klan said to have originated in, 868; Dem- ocrats regain control, 873; yellow fever epidemic, 923 "Tennessee," Confederate frigate: de- scription of, 24, 798 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord (1809-1892), English poet: sketch of, II, 613 Tenochititlan: see Mexico, City of Tenure of Office Act, a measure passed over the veto of President Johnson to prevent him from re- moving without the consent of the Senate all officers whose appoint- ment required the confirmation of the Senate: passed, 24, 850; modi- fied, 863; repealed, 951 Teocalli (House of God), Mexican re- ligious edifice: description of, 22, 28 Teos, Asia Minor: revolts from Ath- ens, 2, 352 Teplitz, Treaty of, a treaty of alli- ance between the monarchs of Rus- sia, Austria, and Prussia against Na- poleon (1813): account of, 17, 308 Terburg (Ter Borch), Gerard (1608- 1681), Dutch painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Terentilius Arsa, Gaius, Roman trib- une of the people, 462 B. C: re- forms of, 3, 44 Teresa of Portugal (12th century), daughter of Sancho I: marries Al- fonso IV of Leon, 8, 277 Tergoes, the Netherlands: siege of (1572), 13, 114 Ternate, one of the Dutch East In- dies: taken by the English (1810), 20, 143 Terra Australis, fabulous continent round the South Pole: Cook search- es for, 20, 123 Terra Firma, name given by Columbus to the South American continent: conquest of, 20, 50; made part of New Granada, 104 Terray, Joseph Marie, Abbe (1715- 1778), French financier: controleur- general of finances, 9, 249, 10, 12; account of, 10, 25 note Terre Napoleon: see Australia Terrien de Lacouperie, Professor (late 19th century), French ethnolo- gist: his investigations in China, 6, 4 Territorial Expansion: see Expansion, Territorial Territories, portions of the United States which have not yet received the rights of states: powers of Con- gress over, 23, 452; exclusion of slavery from, 24, 659; plenary pow- ers of Congress respecting slavery in, 660; Jefferson Davis's resolutions respecting slavery in, 678 "Terror," English Arctic exploring vessel: placed in commission, 24, 1008 Terror, Reign of (March, 1793-July, 1794), the period during the first 692 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS French Revolution in which the rul- ing faction executed all persons who were considered obnoxious to their government: account of, 9, 285, 10, 265, 11, 542 Terror, The King of: see Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore Terry, Alfred Howe (1 827-1 890), American general: in expedition against Sitting Bull, 24, 905 Tertullus (5th century A. D.), leader of the Pagan party in Rome: made consul, 4, 141 Teschen, Treaty of, peace between Austria and Prussia to terminate the war of the Bavarian Succession (1719), 17, 250 Tesse, Rene de Froulai, Count of (early 18th century), French gen- eral: in the War of the Spanish Succession, 9, 222 Test Act, an act by which no one was to hold office who refused to make a declaration of his disbelief in the doctrine of Transubstantiation and to receive the Sacrament according to the rites of the Church of Eng- land (1673), 11, 399 Testaments, Old and New: see Bible Teste (19th century), French peer: scandal concerning, 9, 428 Testry, France: battle of (687 A. D.), 9, 35, 18, 69 Teta, King of Egypt, ca. 3300 B. C: reign of, 1, 15 Tetricus, Caius Pivesus (3rd century A. D.), Roman senator: surrenders to Aurelian, 9, 13 Tetuan, Morocco: battle of (i860), 8, 507 Tetzel (Tezel, Diez, Deze), Johann (1455-1519), German Dominican monk: sketch of, 18, 236 Teucer of Salamis, leader of Achai- ans: legend of, 2, 57 Teuhtls (16th century), native Mex- ican governor: receives Cortez, 22, 14 Teutoboch (ca. 100 B. C.)> Prince of the Teutons: taken prisoner by the Romans, 18, 5 Teutoburger Forest, Germany: bat- tles of (9 A. D.), 18, 18; (15 A. D.), 20; (782 A. D.), 82 Teutonic (German) Order of Knights, a military order founded at Acre in Palestine in 1190: description of, 18, 173; colonize the Prussians, 15, 375; realm of, 18, 195; army of, defeated by Poles and Lithuanians, 199; revolt against, 215; Albert of Brandenburg as Grand Master of, 15, 215 Teutons, a people of central Europe: characteristics of, 20, 7, 25; naviga- tion of, 10; invade Roman terri- tory, 18, 4; see also Germans Teuts (ca. 3rd century B. C), Queen of the Ulyrians: pays tribute to Rome, 17, 11 Tewfik (1852-1892), Khedive of Egypt, 1879-1892: succeeds Ismail Pasha, 14, 496; reign of, 1, 39 Texas, a state of the United States, was so named from an Indian con- federation called " Texas," " Tejas," or " Friends," and is called the Lone Star State: settled, 22, 180, 183; United States gives up claims to, 23, 445, 24, 531; refused annexation, 23, 515; importation of slaves for- bidden, 24, 532; efforts of United States to purchase, 532; united with Coahuila, 532; revolt of, 22, 272, 24, 534; Declaration of Independence adopted, 24, 534; independence rec- ognized, 534; annexation of, 22, 282, 24, 535, 539; western boundary dis- pute, 24, 600; government of the United States assumes debt of, in Compromise of 1850, 601; boundary dispute of, with New Mexico in Compromise of 1850, 601; state elec- tions of 1855, 646; delegates with- draw from Democratic convention (i860), 679; secession, 689; Confed- erates seize Fort Brown, 691; com- plies with Johnson's scheme of re- construction, 845; under military rule, 847; readmitted, 848; in Presi- dential election (1868), 860; read- mitted to representation, 863; Dem- ocrats regain control in, 873; end of carpet-bag rule, 873 GENERAL INDEX 693 Texeira, Gonsalvo de (17th century), Portuguese diplomat: envoy to Chi- na, 6, 44 Texel, island in the North Sea: bat- tle of (1673), 11, 399 Texte du Sacre, the book upon which the French kings took their oath of coronation: account of, 15, 86 Thabcr, Mount: see Mount Thabor Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811- 1863), English novelist and humor- ist: sketch of, 11, 612 Thags, Indian hereditary assassins: suppression of, 5, 214 Thalaba ben Salema (8th century A. D.), Syrian leader: his campaign in Spain, 8, 65 Thales of Miletus (ca. 640-550 B. C.) Ionian philosopher, 2, 115 Thamas or Thamasp: see Tamasp Thames, The, a river in Canada: bat- tle of (1813), 24, 525 Thaneswar, India: battle of (1191), 5, 94 Thanet, Isle of, an island at the east- ern extremity of Kent, England: Jutes land in, II, 17; Northmen plunder, 42; Louis the Lion lands on, 128 Thangbrand (9th century A. D.), Saxon priest: his mission in Nor- way, 16, 56 Thankmar (10th century A. D.), -Ger- man conspirator: conspiracy of, 18, 109 Thann, Alsace-Lorraine: battle of (1809), 9, 335 Thannyras, King of Libya: accession, 1, 33 Thapsus, Africa: battle of (46 B. C), 3, 358 Thasos, an island in the JEgean Sea: a Phoenician possession, 2, 27; re- volts from Athens, 235; revolts a second time and is recovered, 367; taken by Etonicus, 376 Thauss, central Europe: battle of (1431), 18, 210 Thayendanegea: see Brant, Joseph Thayer, Eli (19th century), American politician: directs organization of Emigrant-Aid Society, 23, 647 Thebau, Burmese king, 1878-1885: at war with the British, 5, 266 Thebes (Diospolis, No-Amen), city of ancient Egypt: location of, 1, 6; made the capital of Egypt, 18; de- stroyed by Assyrians, 90 Thebes, city in Bceotia, Greece: pre- dominence of, 2, 13; rise in Boeo- tian League, 47; at war with Ath- ens, 143, 244, 245; joins Xerxes, 196; troops of, at Plataea, 211; taken by the Greeks, 211; freed, 248; foments Peloponnesian war, 262; makes at- tempt on Plataea, 277; troops of, at Delium, 311; advocates destruction of Athens, 377; insults Agesilaus, 393; war of, with Sparta, 397, 428; suffers the peace of Antalcides, 419; seized by Phoebidas, 422; freed by the exiles, 424; supremacy of, in Greece, 469; strife of, with Phocis, 459; joins Athenian alliance, 476; troops of, at Chaeroneia, 477; taken by Philip, 478; destroyed by Alex- ander, 486 Thelwall (18th century), English sub- ject: trial of, 11, 543 Themistocles, an Athenian statesman, orator, and commander of great celebrity: born about 514 B. C; was a son of Neocles and a citizen of Athens; in early life he was ad- dicted to pleasure, but, having lost his patrimonial estate he changed his entire course of life; he spent his leisure hours and vacation in composing declamations; his prin- cipal rival, Aristides, was ostracized in 483 B. C, after which Themis- tocles became the foremost states- man of Athens; he was elected archon eponymus in 481, and when Xerxes invaded Greece he was chos- en commander-in-chief; he induced the people of Athens to abandon the city and embark in the fleet; the Greeks gained a decisive victory at the great naval battle of Salamis, 480 B. C, due to the sagacity and conduct of Themistocles; in 471 B. C. he was banished by ostracism and retired to Argos; having been 694 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS accused of treason he sought refuge at the court of Persia in 465, and was kindly treated by Artaxerxes over whom he acquired much influ- ence; died or killed himself in Per- sia about 449 B. C. Character of, 2, 160; founds Pei- raeus, 161; fosters Athenian navy, 175; convokes congress of Corinth, 178; commands in Thessaly, 185; commands at Artemisium, 189; ad- vocates evacuation of Athens, 196; disputes with the admirals, 199; se- cret dealings of, with Xerxes, 202, 205; his embassy to Sparta, 225; his exile and death, 230 Theobald: see Thibault Theodatus, Gothic king, ca. 534-536 A. D.: reign of, 4, 159 Theodebald, Frankish king, 547-554 A. D.: reign of, 9, 25 Theodebald (8th century A. D.), grandson of Pippin of Heristal: made mayor of the palace, 9, 36 Theodebert I (504-547 A. D.), Frank- ish king, King of Austrasia: acces- sion of, 9, 25 Theodebert II, Frankish King, King of Austrasia, ca. 596-600 A. D.: reign of, 9, 30 Theodemir (d. after 713 A. D.), chief of the Visigoths: concludes treaty with Saracens, 1, 316; defeated by the Saracens, 8, 48; reign of, 50 Theodolinda (Theodolind), Queen of Lombardy, 589-625 A. D. : marries Autharis, King of Lombardy, 4, 166; persuades her people to become Christians, 18, 53 Theodora (10th century A. D.), Ro- man courtesan: her influence on the Papacy, 4, 182 Theodora (14th century), Greek prin- cess: married to Orkhan, 14, 25 Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury, 669-690 A. D.: conse- crated, 11, 37; introduces peniten- tial system, 38; founds school at Canterbury, 38 Theodored, King of the Visigoths, 419-451 A. D.: reign of, 8, 37 Theodoric I (Theuderic or Thierry), Frankish king, 511-534: his cam- paign against Auvergne, 9, 20; reign of, 9, 24, 18, 60 Theodoric II (d. 613), Frankish king: reign of, 9, 30; assisted by Clotar II, 18, 64 Theodoric III (d. 691), Frankish king: reign of, 9, 34; captured by Pippin of Heristal, 18, 69 Theodoric IV (d. 737), Frankish king: reign of, 9, 37 Theodoric the Great (455-526), King of the Ostrogoths, 475-526: career of, 18, 45; invasion of, 2, 532, 4, 155; takes possession of Italy, Dal- matia, Noricum, and Rhaetia, 17, 16; attempts to aid Alaric II against the Franks, 9, 20; his campaign in Spain, 8, 39; death of, 4, 157 Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths, 420-451: reign of, 8, 38; forms alli- ance with Aetius, 18, 41; his cam- paign against Attila, 9, 17; death of, 18, 42 Theodosius (I) the Great, Emperor of the East, 379-395 A. D.: was born in Spain in 346 A. D.: accompanied his father in his various campaigns and acquired at an early age great proficiency in the art of war; in 379 A. D., the Emperor Gratian con- ferred upon him the title of Augus- tus, with the command over the Eastern provinces: received into Christian Church, he distinguished himself by his zeal against the Arians and in 380 appointed Gregory Nazianzen, Archbishop of Constantinople; he carried on a successful war with the Goths; he reigned at Constantinople and after the death of Valentinian II in 392, Theodosius was sole emperor of the Roman world; before his death he divided his dominions be- tween his two sons; he died in 395 A. D. Placed on the throne of Constan- tinople, 4, 133; makes treaty with Goths, 18, 34; separates Eastern GENERAL INDEX 695 and Western Empires, 2, 527; death of, 17, 16, 18, 35 Theodosius II (401-450), Emperor of the East, 408-450: pays tribute to the Huns, 17, 16; recognizes Valen- tinian III as Emperor of the West, 4, 147 Theodosius (d. 376 A. D.), a Roman general: his campaign in Britain, 12, 250 Theodosius (9th century), a deacon of Syracuse: fate of, 1, 354 Theogony of Hesiod, Greek poem: ac- count of, 2, 39 Theophania (d. 991), Byzantine prin- cess: marriages of, I, 367, 18, 114; regent for Otto III, 18, 118 Theophilanthropie, attempt of La Re- veillere to establish the deistical re- ligion under that name, 10, 372 Theophilus, Byzantine Emperor, 829- 842 A. D.: wars with the Saracens, 1, 357 Theot, Catherine (late 18th century), French charletan: made use of by committees against Robespierre, 10, 305 Theotokis (contemporary), Greek pol- itician: account of career, 2, 548 Thera, one of the Sporades: island of, 2, 19; colonized by Dorians, 56 Theramenes (d. 404 B. C), Athenian politician and commander: heads opposition in faction of the Four Hundred, 2, 360; accuses the gen- erals after Arginusae, 373; his em- bassy to Sparta, 377; joins the Thirty Tyrants, 383; slain by Crit- ias, 386 Theresienstadt, Austria: built, 17, 252 Thermidorian Party, the more mod- erate party in the French revolu- tion: composition of, 10, 321; re- places the democratic members in the committee, 322; attacks the Jac- obin Club, 327 Thermopylae, a pass in northern Greece: geography of, 2, 11; Leoni- das at, 186; battle of (192 B. C.), 2, 190, 3, 144; the Athenians seize, 2, 462; Philip passes, 476; Antiochus defeated at, 518 Thero, Tyrant of Acragas, 488-472 B. C.: account of, 2, 218 Therouenne, France: razed to the ground, 9, 147 Thersites, rebellious and talkative slave: in Homer's Iliad, 2, 36 Theseus, the national hero of Attica: was the son of Aegeus, King of Athens and a cousin of Hercules, whose exploits he emulated by the destruction of monsters and rob- bers; volunteered to go as one of victims destined to be devoured by the Minotaur in the Labyrinth; killed the Minotaur and found his way out of the Labyrinth by means of a clue (ball of thread) which Ari- adne, a daughter of Minos, had given him; he afterwards became King of Athens; defeated the Ama- zons, who invaded Attica, took part in the Argonautic expedition and abducted the famous Helen from Sparta while she was a girl; married Antiope, Queen of the Amazons and after her death he married Phoedra, daughter of Minos; was an intimate friend of Pirithous, whom he aided, the legend says, in an audacious attempt to abduct Proserpine from, the palace of Pluto; they failed and Thesus was confined in Tartarus, but finally released by Hercules; tradition adds that he was treacher- ously killed by Lycomedes, King of Scyros Skeleton of, discovered in Scyros, 2, 233 Thespiae, Greece: troops of, at Ther- mopylae, 2, 193; refuses to surren- der to Xerxes, 196; aids Sparta, 428; taken by Thebans, 430; destroyed, 437 Thessalonica, Macedonia: captured by Turks, 14, 60 Thessaly, southeastern Europe: geog- raphy of, 2, 8; settled, 46; submits to Xerxes, 185; troops of, desert Athens at Tanagra, 244; towns of, allied to Athens, 275; Brasidas in, 313," Agesilaus crosses, 400; subdued by Jason, 437; Pelopidas in, 444; 696 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Alexander in, 444; joins Thebes against Phocians, 460; Philip in, 462; becomes subject to Philip, 471; joins Aetolian League, 2, 516; sub- mits to Caesar, 3, 348; ceded to Greece, 2, 546, 14, 492 Thetes, lowest class in Athenian so- ciety: archonship opened to, 2, 252 Theudebert (Dietbert) (d. 548 A. D.), King of Austrasia, 534~548 A. D.: death of, 18, 64 Theuderic: see Theodoric Theudis, King of the Visigoths in Spain, 531-548 A. D.: administers government of Spain, 8, 39; acces- sion of, 40 Theudisel, King of the Visigoths in Spain, 548 A. D.: reign of, 8, 40 Theudowald (d. 714 A. D.), Frankish prince: career of, 18, 70 Thianges, Chevalier de (18th century), French impostor: impersonates Stanislaus Leczinski, 15, 118 Thibaudeau, Antoine Claire, Count de (1765-1854), French revolutionist and historical writer: exposes plan for annulling election, 10, 360 Thibault (Thibaut, Thibaud, Theo- bald) I (1201-1253), Count of Cham- pagne and King of Navarre: reign of, 8, 205; accused of poisoning Louis VIII of France, 9, 80 Thibault II, King of Navarre, 1253- 1270; reign of, 8, 206 Thibaut, Colonel, French commander of a legion in South America: in the service of Montevideo, 21, 126, 139 Thibet: see Tibet Thibron (4th century B. C.) Lacedae- monian general: employs the rem- nant of the Ten Thousand, 2, 390 Thierry: see Theodoric Thiers, Louis Adolphe, French his- torian and minister of state: born at Marseilles, April 16, 1797; stud- ied law at Aix; in 1818, was received as advocate at the bar at Aix, but went to Paris in 1821, and became assistant editor of the " Constitu- tional"; in 1823 published the first volume of the " History of the French Revolution"; used his influ- ence to raise Louis Philippe to the throne, and was made councillor of state in 1830; he was elected a mem- ber of the Chamber of Deputies; was under-secretary of state, 1830- 1831, and minister of interior in October, 1832; admitted into the French Academy in 1834; he was president of the council and minis- ter of foreign affairs from February to August, 1836, when he resigned; in March, 1840, he was again ap- pointed chief minister but resigned in October, 1840; he voted for Louis Napoleon as president in December, 1848; in 1863 he was elected to the legislative body, in which he acted with the opposition and to which he was reelected in 1869; in 1867 he made a speech against Napo- leon's foreign policy; in July, 1870, he boldly opposed the war against Prussia; declined to serve as a mem- ber of the provisional government formed in September, 1870, but on the organization of the French Re- public, he accepted the Presidency, to which he was elected in Febru- ary, 1870, and served until his resig- nation, May 24, 1873; died at St. Germain, September 3, 1877 Opposes the decrees of July 25, 1830, 9, 390; in Soult's ministry, 402; becomes minister of the interior, 405; first ministry of, 409; second ministry of, 418; leads opposition, 424; opposes Guizot's foreign policy, 430; arrest of, 441, elected to the assembly, 458; canvasses Europe to obtain aid for France, 467; made "head of the executive power," 469; becomes president of the French Republic, 475 Thietmar (10th century A. D.), Bish- op of Prague: account of, 17, 63 Thionville, France: battle of (1639), 9, 193 Thirty Tyrants, The, an aristocratic body which usurped the government of Athens, 404-403 B. C. : account of, 2, 383 GENERAL INDEX 697 "Thirty Years' Peace," The, truce concluded between Athens and Sparta (445 B. C.) : account of, 2, 250, 251 Thirty Years' War, The, a religious and political war in central Europe which involved Germany and vari- ous countries (1618-1648): cause, 11, 313, 17, 204, 18, 265; king of Bohe- mia defeated at Prague (1620), 17, 206, 18, 270; Wallenstein defeats Mansfeld at Dessau (1626), 17, 210, 18, 275; Rochelle taken (1628), 9, 185; Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly at Breitenfeld (1631), 18, 280; Gustavus Adolphus killed at Liitzen (1632), 16, 184, 17, 211, 18, 284; Swedes defeated at Nordlingen (1634), 16, 186, 18, 289; French take Arras (1640), 9, 194; Swedes defeat Austrians at Leipzig (1642), 16, 187, 18, 291; French defeat Spaniards at Rocroy (1643), 9, 199; Conde victor at Friedburg (1644), 9, 199; Turenne defeats the Austrians at Nordlingen (1644), 9, 199; Holland aids the Protestant states, 13, 203; Poland's connection with, 15, 372; principle of neutrality adopted, 13, 462 This: see Tini Thistlewood Conspiracy, a conspiracy formed by a certain Thistlewood to murder the English cabinet (1820), 11, 573 Thomas I, Prince of Savoy, 1 188-1233: reign of, 4, 273 Thomas (ca. 7th century A. D.), Bish- op of Constantinople: at siege of Damascus, 1, 272 Thomas (17th and 18th centuries), Jesuit missionary, 6, J7 Thomas a Becket, an English prelate, Archbishop of Canterbury: born in London, December 21, 1118; studied at Oxford and Paris; appointed High Chancellor of England, 1155; elected Archbishop of Canterbury, 1 162, and immediately entered upon a conflict with the king, Henry II, which end- ed in the assassination of Becket on December 29, 1170; he was pro- claimed a martyr by the people and canonized by the Pope in 1173; his bones were deposited in a beautiful shrine at Canterbury and became the object of pilgrimages; Henry VIII destroyed the shrine and scat- tered Becket's ashes Made Chancellor, 11, 98; made Archbishop of Canterbury, 100; quarrel with Henry II, 101; perse- cuted, 102; returns to England, 106; murder of, 9, 74, II, 106 Thomas von Falkenstein (15th cen- tury), Austrian commander: be- sieges Brugg, 13, 401 Thomas, Clement (1809-1871), French soldier: made commander of the national guard, 9, 437; captured by the commune, 470 Thomas, George Henry, an American general: born in Southampton coun- ty, Virginia, July 31, 1816; entered the Academy at West Point in 1836, graduated in 1840; having become first lieutenant in 1843, served with distinction in the Mexican war at Monterey and Buena Vista (1847) and gained the rank of captain, 1853; employed in Texas, 1856-1860; in 1861 appointed colonel of the fifth United States cavalry and in August became a brigadier-general of vol- unteers; ordered to Kentucky in September, obtained command of a division of the army of Buell and defeated General Zollikoffer near Mill Spring, January 18, 1862; in April, 1862, he was raised to rank of major-general and in May he ob- tained command of five divisions, forming the right wing of Halleck's army operating against Corinth; was second in command of the army of the Ohio, September, 1862; took part at Battle of Stone River, De- cember 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863; Chattanooga, September 9, and bat- tle of Chickamauga, September 19 and 20; he succeeded Rosecrans as commander-in-chief of the army of the Cumberland on October 19, 1863, and was appointed brigadier- general of the regular army in the 698 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS same month; served under Sherman in campaign against Atlanta, May, 1864, and took part in the battles at Dallas and Kenesaw Mountain and defeated Hood at Nashville, De- cember 15, 1864; soon after this vic- tory, was appointed a major-gen- eral in the regular army; was of- fered the brevet of lieutenant-gen- eral and of general in 1868 by Presi- dent Johnson but declined the com- pliment; died at San Francisco, March 28, 1870 In Mexican War, 24, 554; early army comrade of Lee, 760; at Stone River, 774; saves Federal victory at Chickamauga, 784; his general- ship, 784; in Sherman's march to Atlanta, 794; sent to oppose Hood, 803; estimate of, 804 Thomas, Jesse B. (1777-1850), Amer- ican politician: proposes Missouri Compromise, 23, 455 Thomas, Junker (16th century), com- mandant of Abo: sketch of, 16, 154 Thomason, James (1804-1853), Brit- ish statesman: his services in India, 5, 223 Thompson, Sir Augustus Rivers (d. 1890), British statesman: sketch of, 5, 262 Thompson, David (ca. 1600), Ameri- can colonist: settles New Hamp- shire, 23, 95 Thompson, George (19th century), British abolitionist: mobbed in Bos- ton (1834), 24, 575 Thompson, Jacob (ca. 1600), Ameri- can statesman: influence over Bu- chanan, 24, 696; resigns from Cabi- net, 704 Thomson, Charles (ca. 1730-1824), American patriot: organizes first United States Congress, 23, 341 Thomson, Joseph (1857-1895), Scot- tish explorer: his work in Africa, 19, 155, 239 Thorbecke, Jan Rudolph (1 796-1 872), Dutch statesman: career of, 13, 314 Thorberg, Peace of, a treaty conclud- ed between Austria and Switzerland (1368), 13, 378 Thorgny (10th century A. D.), Swed- ish layman: compels Olaf Skat-Ko- nung to yield, 16, 59 Thorismond (Thorismund) (d. 452 A. D.), King of the Goths: proclaimed king, 18, 42; reign of, 8, 38 Thorleif the Wise (10th century A. D.), Norwegian scholar: his knowl- edge of law, 16, 47 Thorn, Prussia: taken by the Swedes ( l 73)t 16, 216; taken by the Rus- sians (1758), 15, 148; taken by the Prussians (1793), 189 Thorn, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between the Teutonic Knights and Poland (1466), 15, 376, 18, 216 Thornton, Sir Edward (d. 1817), Eng- lish diplomat: proposes joint High Commission for Alabama claims, 24, 883 Thorolf-Mostrar-Skegg (9th century A. D.), Norwegian outlaw: account of his settlement of Iceland, 16, 45 " Thorough Scheme," a policy adopted by the radicals in the Congress of the United States (1866), 24, 846 Thorstein (10th century A. D.), Earl of the Orkneys: harasses Scotland, 12, 255 Thorstein Eriksson (nth century A. D.), Norse explorer: in Vinland, 16, 49 Thorwald Eriksson (nth century A. D.), Norse explorer: in Vinland, 16, 49 Thorwardr: see Truvor Thothmes I, King of Egypt, ca. 1535 B. C. : reign of, 1, 22 Thothmes III, King of Egypt, 15th century B. C. : reign of, I, 23 Thothmes IV, King of Egypt, ca. 1435 B. C. : reign of, I, 23 Thou, Christopher de (1 508-1 582), French judge: approves the Massa- cre of Saint Bartholomew, 9, 158 Thou, Frangois Auguste de (1609- 1642), French politician: death of, 9, 195 Thou, Jacques Auguste de (1553- 1617), French historian and states- man: draws up the Edict of Nantes, 9, I7i GENERAL INDEX 699 Thouret, Jacques Gillaume (1746- 1794), French legislator and political writer: dismisses the national as- sembly, 9, 271; death of, 289 Thrace, country of southeastern Eu- rope: conquered by the Persians, 1, 166; assigned to Lysimachus, 2, 512; Antiochus invades, 3, 143; be- comes part of province of Macedo- nia, 257; occupied by Turks, 14, 32 Thracian Chersonese, peninsula be- tween the Hellespont and the Gulf of Melas: Ottomans settle in, 14, 27 Thracians, inhabitants of Thrace, liv- ing between the Nestus and the Styrmon: slay Aristagoras, 2, 136; defeat the Athenians, 236 Thrasybulus (ca. 580 B. C), ruler of Miletus: sends message to Perian- der, 2, 93 Thrasybulus (d. ca. 389 B. C), Athe- nian commander and statesman: at Samos, 2, 359; at Cyziceis, 364; ex- iled, 384; leads attack on the tyrants, 386; his victory, 387; death of, 404 Thrasydaeus (5th century B. C), Si- cilian ruler: tyrant of Acragas, 2, 219 Thranyllus (d. 406 A. D.),- Athenian commander: general at Samos, 2, '359; taken Colophon, 367 Three Collections, The, a collection of Buddha's teachings: description of, 5, 60 Three Emperors, Battle of the: see Austerlitz: battle of Three Emperors, League of the, alli- ance between Germany, Austria, and Russia (1872), 14, 474 Three F's Act, the second Irish land bill proposed by Gladstone (1870), 12, 239 note Three Henries, War of the, waged in France between the Catholics and Calvinists, 9, 161 Three Kingdoms, The, in China, 6, 13 Three Old Ports of the Spanish Main, 21, 318 Three Rocks, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 211 Three Years' War of Reform, The, a war waged in Mexico (1858-1861), 22, 383 Throgmorton, Francis ' (16th cen- tury) : reveals Spanish plot to in- vade England, II, 292 Thucydides (ca. 491-401 B. C), Greek statesman and historian: on Ho- meric kingdoms, 2, 34; commands Athenian squadron, 314 Thucydides (5th century B. C), son of Melesias, Athenian statesman: opposes Pericles, 2, 256; exiled, 257 Thugut, Baron Franz Maria von (i739-i8i8), Austrian diplomat and politician: interviews the Reis Ef- fendi, 14, 332; interprets treaty of Kainardji, 341; career of, 17, 287 Thule, the name given by Pytheas of Marseilles to a region or icland north of Great Britain, the position of which has been for more than two thousand years the subject uf investigation and a matter of con- troversy, 16, 4, 297 Thun, Count Franz Anton (1847 ), Austrian statesman: made premier of Austria, 17, 435 Thun, Count Leo (1811-1888), Aus- trian statesman: summons the diet of the kingdom, 17, 365 Thunder, The Duke of: see Nelson, Horatio Thunderbolt, The: see Stephen II, King of Hungary Thuresson, Thure (15th century), Scandinavian soldier, called the Peasants' Butcher: cruelties of, 16, 134 Thurii (Thurium), an ancient city of Italy: founded, 2, 260; aids Athens, 342; at war with the Lucanians, 414; taken from Sparta, 479; at- tacked by Lucanians, 3, 74 Thiiring von Hallwil (15th century), Austrian statesman: made governor of Zurich, 13, 400 Thuringia, a region in central Ger- many: divided between the Franks and the Saxons, 18, 60; status of, 66; peasant war in, 243 Thuriot de la Rosiere (d. 1829), French lawyer and Jacobin: at the 700 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS siege of the Bastile, 10, 63; sketch of, 66 note; demands the abolition of the commission of twelve, 258 Thurman, Allen Granbery (1813- 1895), American statesman and ju- rist: in Democratic Convention, 24, 800; in Congress (1869), 862; mem- ber of the Electoral Commission, 913 note; nominated for Vice-Presi- dent, 965 Thurn, Count Heinrich Matthias von (1580-1640), Bohemian Protestant leader: leads conspiracy, 17, 20; leads revolution in Bohemia, 18, 268; defeated by Wallenstein, 286 Thurston, Abbot of Glastonbury (nth century), Norman monk: orders English monks to be shot, II, 76 Thusnelda, German princess: marries Hermann, 18, 17; taken captive by Romans, 20 Thyra (9th century A. D.), Queen of Denmark, wife of Gorm the Old: sketch of, 16, 28 Thyra (d. 1000 A. D.), Queen of Norway, wife of Olaf Trygvasson: death of, 16, 56 Thyrea, Greece: given to the Aegine- tans, 2, 281; taken from Sparta, 479 Ti, King of Egypt, ca. 26th century B. C. : reign of, 1, 16 Tiberias, Palestine: siege of (67 A. D.), 1, 411; battle of (1187), 9, 75 Tiberius (I) Claudius Nero Caesar (42 B. C.-37 A. D.), Emperor of Rome, 14-37 A. D. : invades Arme- nia, 4, 39; campaigns of, in Gaul, 42; campaign against the Marco- manni, 17, 13; campaign of, against the Germans, 18, 15; invades Arme- nia, 4, 39; account of ancestry, 41; disgraced, 43; adopted by Augustus as his son, 43; celebrates his tri- umph over the Pannonians, 45; recalls Germanicus, 18, 21; reign of, 4, 46; death, 54; condition of Spain under, 8, 25 Tiberius, The French: see Louis XI, King of France Tiberius Gemellus (19-37 A. D.), Ro- man prince: sketch of, 4, 53; death of, 56 Tibet, central Asia: opening of, 5, 297, 377; disputes between China and Great Britain concerning, 6, 316 Tibni ben Ginath (ca. 8th century B. C.)> Hebrew usurper: claims throne of Israel, 1, 390 Tibur, Italy: war with Rome, 3, 64 Ticino Question, The, the decision of the line of demarcation between the functions of the canton and the confederation in Switzerland, 13, 58i Ticonderoga, New York: built, 23, 184; English fail to capture (1758), 189; captured by the English (i759)> 193; captured by the Amer- icans under Ethan Allen (1775), 11, 515, 23, 228; recaptured by Bur- goyne (1777), 23, 252 Tie-ling, Manchuria: captured by Jap- anese, 7, 313 Tien-chwang-tai: destroyed by the Japanese, 7, 272 Tientsin, China: massacre at, 6, 223; convention at (1885), 7, 256; at- tacked by allied forces (1900), 24, 1047; invested by troops (1900), 6, 281, 7, 280; foreigners refuse escort to, 301; rescue party from, reaches Peking, 303 Tientsung, Manchu ruler, 1626-1643, Emperor of China, 1635-1643: ac- count of, 6, 46 Tiflis, Czar of: see Heraclius of Geor- gia Tiglath-Pileser I (12th century B. C.)> King of Assyria: reign of, 1, 79; subjugates the Kommagenians, 142 Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria, 744-727 B. C: reign of, I, 82; con- quers Musre, 86; invades Israel, 393; conquests of, in Syria, 393; captures Aradus, 2, 78 Tigranes I, King of Armenia, 96-55 B. C: unites Armenia, 3, 213; in- crease of his power, 257; Lucullus defeats, 258; rupture with Mithra- dates, 273; war with Pompey, 273 GENERAL INDEX 701 Tihoo, Central America: battle of (1542), 22, 425 Tik Ho (16th century), Chinese of- ficer: his campaign against the Jap- anese, 7, 120 Tilden, Samuel Jones, an American governor: born at New Lebanon, New York, February 9, 1814; was , educated at Yale College and New York University; became a promi- nent lawyer and Democratic poli- tician of New York; he was Gov- ernor of New York State, 1875- 1876, and Democratic candidate for President of United States in 1876, but the result of the election be- coming a matter of dispute and be- ing referred to a commission ap- pointed by Congress the Presidency was given to Mr. Hayes; died at Graystone, New York, August 4, 1886 In Democratic convention, 24, 800; elected governor of New York, 897; early career, 908; nominated for President (1876), 909; election of 1876 claimed for, 909; declines Democratic nomination, 930 Tilley, Samuel Leonard (19th cen- tury), Canadian statesman: at the Quebec convention, 20, 165 Tilly, Johann Tzerklas, Count von ' (1559-1632), military commander on the Catholic side in the Thirty Years' War: account of, 18, 272; in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 190; crushes rebellion of the Count of Mansfeld and Christian of Bruns- wick (1622), 13, 204; defeated at Breitenfeld (1631), 181; ravages Protestant districts of southern Germany, 201; death of, 18, 282 Tilsit, Peace of, treaty between France and Russia, concluded (1807), 8, 485, 9, 331, 10, 471, 11, 559, 14, 403, 15, 215, 16, 251, 18, 374 Tiltoni (contemporary), Italian statesman: ably manages foreign relations, 4, 406 Timbuktu, northern Africa: descrip- tion of, 19, 149; occupied by the French, 152 Timmerman, Antony (d. 1583), Do- minican monk: plots death of Wil- liam of Orange, 13, 138 Timocrates (4th century B. C), Gre- cian diplomat: aids Persian suprem- acy in Asia Minor, 2, 395 Timolaus (5th century B. C), a Co- rinthian: advice of, 2, 399 Timoleon (d. ss7 or 336 B. C), Corinthian general: liberates Sicily, 2, 417, 418; slays his brother, 453 Timophanes (ca. 360 B. C), Corin- thian tyrant: death of, 2, 453 Timotheus (4th century B. C.), Athe- nian commander: at Corcyra, 2, 430; fails at Chios, 454 Timur (Timour or Timur-leng [Timur the Lame], corrupted to Tamer- lane) (ca. 1336-1405), Tartar con- queror, called the Mongolian Bona- . parte: born at Kesh, in Independ- ent Tartary in 1336; was of Mongol extraction and a descendant of Jen- gis Khan; in 1361 he supported the cause of Husein, Khan of Northern Khorassan, against several neigh- boring tribes and in this war re- ceived a wound in the thigh: he afterwards quarreled with Husein, took Balkh, his capital (1369), and caused himself to be proclaimed Khan of Jagatai; he successively brought into subjection Khorassan, the principal part of Persia, and Ar- menia, and in 1387 turned his arms against Toktamish-Khan in west- ern Tartary whom he defeated: Ti- mur's capital was Samarcand; hav- ing taken Bagdad and Damas- cus, subdued Georgia and advanced as far as Moscow, he next invaded India, where in 1398 he gained a signal victory near Delhi over the forces of Mahmud, then Emperor of Delhi; in 1402 met the famous Bayezid, Sultan of Turkey, in An- gora, and after one of the most sanguinary battles on record took the sultan prisoner; he was prepar-* 702 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ing for the invasion of China when he died on his march in 1405 Attacks Egypt, 1, 36; invades Persia, 5, 337; invades India, 104; defeats the Turks, 14, 5; account of, 46; death of, 51 Timur ben Balkin (nth century), King of Malaga: dethroned, 8, 89 Tinchebrai, France: battle of (1106), 11, 89 Ting, Admiral (d. 1895), Chinese naval commander: at the battle of the Yalu River, 6, 268; suicide of, 270 Ting Ju-Chang, Admiral, Chinese naval commander: at battle of Wei- hai-Wei (1895), 7, 270 Ting Yuch'wan (17th century), Chi- nese artist: sketch of, 6, 39 Tinghai or Tinghae, in the island of Chusan, China: recapture of, 6, 138 Tini (This), Egypt: location of, 1, 6 Tippecanoe, river in Indiana: battle of the (1811), 24, 416, 525 " Tippecanoe and Tyler too," a cam- paign song in the Presidential elec- tion of the United States (1841), 24, 524 Tippermuir, Scotland: battle of (1644), 12, 340 Tippoo Sahib or Tipu Saib (1749- !799)> Sultan of Mysore: ravages the Carnatic, 9, 256; concludes peace with the English, 5, 194; conspires against the English, 197; death of, 20, 145 Tirah Campaign, a campaign in India against the Waziris, the Swatis and the Mohmands (1897), 5, 278 Tirano, Switzerland: battle of (1620), 13, 463 Tirconnell, Richard Talbot, Earl of: see Talbot, Richard, Earl of Tir- connell Tirhakah: see Taharka Tiribazus (4th century B. C), satrap of Lydia: accession of, 2, 403; ar- ranges for peace between Greece and Persia, 405 Tirnova (Tirnovo), Bulgaria: surren- der of (1389), 14, 34 Tirol (17th century), Mexican officer: arrests De la Serna, 22, 156 Tiryns, an ancient city of Greece: archaeological remains of, 2, 22; im- portance in prehistoric Greece, 49 Tirzah, Asia Minor: siege of, 1, 390 Tisamenus, leader of the Achaians: in Dorian legend, 2, 48 Tissaphernes (d. 395 B. C.)> Persian satrap: aids the Spartans, 2, 352; in- trigues with Alcibiades, 354; im- prisons Alcibiades, 364; superseded by Cyrus, 369; returns to Asia Minor, 390; besieges Cyme, 391; exe- cuted, 394 Tissowski (19th century), Russian revolutionary leader: leads the Cra- cow revolutionists, 15, 300 Tisza, Count (contemporary) Hun- garian statesman: son of preceding: made premier of Hungary, 17, 443; resigns, 445 Tisza von Borosjeno, Koloman (1830- 1902), Hungarian statesman: directs affairs in Hungary, 17, 429; resigns, 430 Tite, Prince: see George II, King of England Tithe Act, in Ireland (1838), 11, 596 Tithe War, a rising of the Irish against paying tithes (1830-1838), 12, 224 Tithes in France: abolition of, 10, 109 Tithing-Man, an official of the New England colonies: duties of, 23, 146 Tithraustes (4th century B. C), Sa- trap of Asia Minor: accession of, 2, 394 Tities, an ancient Latium people of Sabellion stock: settle on the Tiber, 3, 9 Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespa- sianus) (40-81 A. D.), Roman em- peror, called the Delight of Man- kind: appointed consul, 4, 74; be- sieges Jerusalem, 1, 411, 4, 79; con- dition of Spain under, 8, 26; reign of, 4, 82 Tjumen (Tyumen, Tiumen), Siberia: founded, 16, 317 Tlascalans (Tlaxcalans, Tlaxcaltecs), a tribe of Mexican Indians: become hostile to the Spaniards, 22, 19 Tnephakhthos : see Tefnekht GENERAL INDEX 703 Toba, Japan: battle of, 7, 168 Toba (12th century), Emperor of Ja- pan: intrigues of, 7, 55; death of, 56 Tobacco: introduced into Turkey, 14, 212; industry in Virginia, 23, 61, 136; made a government monopoly in New Spain, 22, 202 Tobago, an island of the British West Indies: ceded to England, 20, 120; restored to France (1783), 128; an- nexed to Trinidad, 246 Tobiesen (19th century), Arctic ex- plorer; explorations of (1863), 16, 315 Tobolsk, Siberia: founded, 16, 317 Todar Mall, Raja (16th century), In- dian financier: services of, 5, 112, 116 Todleben (Totleben), Franz Eduard (1818-1884), Russian general and engineer: in the Crimean War, 11, 616, 15, 312; his campaign against Turkey, 15, 335 Todleben, Gottlieb Heinrich (1710- T-772>)> Russian soldier: in the cam- paign, of 1760, 15, 149 Toekoeli, Emerich (17th century), Hungarian revolutionist: leads Hungarian insurrection, 17, 229 Toghrul (Togrul, Togril) (d. ca. 1063), founder of the Seljirk dynasty in Persia: conquests of, 5, 330; Sel- jirkian Turks powerful under, 14, 10 Togo, Heihachiro (1857 ), Japa- nese admiral: in Russo-Japanese War, 7, 303, 15, 362 Togoland, Africa: condition of, 19, 179, 20, 300; made a German pro- tectorate, 19, in Tokoly, Count Emeric: see Tekeli Tokugawa Hidetada (early 17th cen- tury), Japanese ruler: concludes peace with Korea, 7, 121; reign of, as shogun, 127 Tokugawa Iyeharu, Japanese court- officer, 1761-1787: reign of, as sho- gun, 7, 149 Tokugawa Iyemitsu, Japanese court- officer, 1624-1651: character of, 7, 127 Tokugawa Iyemochi, Japanese court- officer, 1857-1866: accession of, 7, 158; marriage of, 161; visits Kyoto, 162; death of, 166 Tokugawa Iyenari, Japanese court-of- ficer, 1787-1837: reign of, as shogun, 7, 149 Tokugawa Iyesada, Japanese court-of- ficer, 1854-1857: reign of, as shogun, 7, 156 Tokugawa Iyeshige, Japanese court- officer, 1745-1761: reign of, as sho- gun, 7, 149 Tokugawa Iyetsuna, Japanese court- officer: shogunate of, 7, 140 Tokugawa Iyeyasu (Ieyasu) (d. 1616), Japanese shogun, 1603-1605: rebels against Hashiba Hideyoshi, 7, 113; member of council of state, 114; sketch of, 122; death of, 127; en- courages literature, 141 Tokugawa Nariakira (Rekko) (mid- dle of the 19th century), Japanese statesman: urges a policy of na- tional seclusion, 7, 156 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese court-officer: shogunate of, 7, 140 Tokugawa Yoshimune, Japanese court-officer, 1716-1745: reign of, as shogun, 7, 144 Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese court- officer, 1866-1867: his succession discussed, 7, 158; his reign, as shogun, 166 Tokunegi, Korea: captured by the Japanese (1592), 7, 117 Tolbiac, Gaul: battles of (496 A. D.), 9, 19; (612 A. D.), 31 Toledo, Spain: conquered by the Sara- cens (713 A. D.), 1, 314, 8, 51; sieges of (736 A D.), 66; (854-859 A. D.), 74; (1083 A. D.), 143; battle of (1 176), 98 Toledo, Ohio: Wayne's victory near (1794), 23, 366; Lincoln makes speech at, 24, 706 Toledo, Don Sebastian de, Marques de Mancera, Spanish statesman, viceroy of New Spain, 1664-1673: administration of, 22, 172 Tolentino, Italy: battle of (1815), 9, 362, 17, 314 Tolentino, Treaty of, a peace between 704 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS the Pope and the French republic (1797): account of, 9, 302 Toleration, Edict of, a bill granting to Lutherans, Calvinists, and non- Uniate Greeks (1781), 17, 266 Toleration Act, a bill passed in Mary- land, granting freedom of worship to all persons professing Christian- ity (1649), 23, 71 Toleration Act, a bill giving to Dis- senters in England the legal right to worship publicly (1689), II, 435 Toll, Baron von (contemporary), Si- berian explorer: explorations of, 16, 3i8 Tolmides (5th century B. C.) Athe- nian naval officer: harries Messenia, 2, 246; slain at Coroneia, 248 Tolomi, Mexico: battle of (1832), 22, 271 Tolosa, Las Navas de, Spain: battle of (1212), 8, 101, 148, 204, 238 Tolstoi, Count Dmitri (late 19th cen- tury), Russian statesman: policy of, 15, 341 Tolstoi, Count Leo Nikolaivitch (1828 ), Russian novelist and social reformer: his description of the battle of Borodino, 15, 227; at Tchernya, 321; his relations with the government, 355 Tolstoi, Count Peter (d. 1728), Rus- sian statesman: brings Alexis back to Moscow, 15, 75; accompanies Peter to Persia, 79; in the supreme privy council, 95 Tome, South America: declared to be in a state of blockade (1865), 21, 221 Tommasso (early 16th century), Ital- ian scholar: mentioned, 4, 299 Tompkins, Daniel D. (1774-1825), American statesman: nominated for Vice-President, 23, 434 Tomu-cheng, Manchuria: captured by the Japanese (1894), 7, 268; battle of (1904), 7, 3io Tonchin (17th century), Swiss linguist and theologian: sketch of, 13, 482 Tone, Matthew (d. 1798), Irish patri- otic leader, brother of T. W. Tone: death of, 12, 214 Tone, Theobald Wolfe (1763-1798), Irish' politician and revolutionist: founds society of United Irishmen, 11, 545; sketch of, 12, 198; plans French invasion of Ireland, 207; death of, 214 Tonga Treaty, agreement by which British suzerainty was established in Africa as far as the Portuguese territory (1887), 19, 81 Tonghak Rebellion, revolt of a secret faction in Japan: account of, 6, 265, 7, 257 Tongking (Tonkin), Farther India: war in, 6, 247, 250; under French rule, 20, 273 Tonningen (Tonning), Slesvig-Hol- stein: siege of (1700), 16, 214 Tooke, Home (John Home) (1736- 1812), English politician and phi- lologist: trial of, 11, 543 Toombs, Robert (1810-1885), Ameri- can politician: opposes slavery pro- hibition in Territories, 24, 595; Con- federate Secretary of State, 694; votes against Crittenden's compro- mise measures, 701; opposes pro- ject to attack Fort Sumter, 710 Topal Osman (Osman Pasha) (d. I733)> Turkish soldier: his campaign against the Persians, 5, 351; res- cues Bagdad, 14, 295; death of, 298 Topeka, Kansas: meeting of Free Soil convention, 24, 649 Toral (19th century), Spanish general: surrenders Santiago (1898), 22, 460 Tordenskjold (Tordenskiold), Peder Vessel (18th century), Danish naval commander: searches for Charles XII of Sweden, 15, 64, 16, 222; sketch of, 16, 237 Tordesillas, Treaty of, a treaty be- tween Spain and Portugal (1494), 5. 146, 20, 43, 23, 33 Torgau, Saxony: battle of (1760), 9, 246, 18, 341 Torgau, Alliance of, a league formed at Torgau (1526) by Saxony and Hesse and other Protestant powers against the Roman Catholic States, 18, 245 Torghud: see Dragut GENERAL INDEX 705 Tories, members of royalist party in England and America: origin of the term, II, 409; in American colonies, 23, 294, 295 Torkel, Knutsson (late 13th century), Scandinavian soldier: regency of, 16, 106 Tormasov, General (early 19th cen- tury), Russian military officer: his campaign against France (1812), 15, 219 Tornory, Paul (16th century), Arch- bishop of Kalosca: at the battle of Mohacs, 17, 169 Torone, Macedonia: founded, 2, 79; revolts from Athens, 314; retaken by Cleon, 316 Toronto, Ontario, Canada: burned by Americans (1813), 23, 425; British retaliate for burning of, 427 Torquatus, Titus Manlius, Roman dic- tator, 208 B. C: at battle of Tri- fanum, 3, 67 Torre, Baron della (19th century), governor of Novara, Italy: reestab- lishes regal power in Turin, 4, 356 Torre, Martin della (13th century) Italian chief of Milan: accession of 4, 217 Torrens, Henry Whitelock (1806- 1852), Anglo-Indian statesman: sec retary to Lord Auckland, 5, 215 Torres (19th century), Colombian pa- triot: death of, 21, 65 Torres Vedras, lines of fortifications in Portugal: battle of (1810), 9, 338 Torres y Rueda, Marcos (17th cen- tury), Bishop of Yucatan: made viceroy of New Spain, 22, 167 Torrey, Charles (19th century), Amer- ican abolitionist: aids slaves to es- cape, 24, 617 Torrices (19th century), South Amer- ican statesman: aids Bolivar, 21, 60; death of, 65 Torrico, Juan Crisostomo (19th cen- tury), South American soldier: pro- claims himself dictator of Peru (1842), 21, 196 Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of: see Herbert, Arthur, Earl of Tor- rington Torstensson (Torstenson), Lennart, Count of Ortala (1603-1651), Swed- ish soldier: in the Thirty Years' War, 16, 187, 17, 212, 18, 291; re- signs the command, 16, 188 Tortona, Italy: surrenders to Fred- erick Barbarossa (1155), 4, 192, 18, 148; destruction of (1163), 18, 151 Tortosa, Spain: sieges of (804 A. D.), 8, 220; (1147), 236 Torn Hoshi (19th century), Japanese statesman: influence of, 7, 222; sketch of his career, 229 Tosa Mitsunobu (15th century), Japa- nese painter: sketch of, 7, 105 Tosabo Shoshun (12th century), Japa- nese soldier: sent to destroy Mina- moto-no-Yoshitsune, 7, 66 Toscanelli, Paolo del Pozza (1397- 1482), Italian astronomer: his cor- respondence with Columbus, 23, 27 Tostig (d. 1066), Earl of North-hum- berland: appointed earl, 11, 63; al- lies himself with Harold Hardrada, 65; killed at Stamford Bridge, 66 Totem Poles, used among American Indians to denote clans: elaborately decorated, 23, 14 Totila (Totilas) (d. 552 A. D.), an East-Gothic King of Italy: reign of, 4, 160, 18, 49 Totonacs, a Mexican tribe: form an alliance with Cortez, 22, 18 Tott, Baron Francois de (1733-1793), French officer of Hungarian extrac- tion: aids Turkey, 15, 180 Toul, France: siege of (1870), 18, 424 Toulon, France: battle of (1744), 9, 238; (1793), 10, 275, 18, 357 Toulouse, France: plundered by Clo- vis, 18, 47; sieges of (721 A. D.), I, 335; (1216), 9, 78; battle of (1814), 8, 486, 532 Tourgots, Chinese tribe: flight of, 6, 89 Tourgueniev: see Turgeniev Tournay, Belgium: siege of (1581), 13, 137; (i74S), 9, 239; battle of (1794), 290 Tournon, Charles Maillard de (early 18th century), Papal legate: ap- pointed legate from Rome to China, 706 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 6, 75; issues decree against Jesuits, 76; suspicious illness of, 76; death of, 77 Touroon Shah (d. 1264), Sultan of Egypt: last of Eyoub dynasty in Egypt, 14, 128 Tours, France: battles of (507 A. D.), 8, 39, 9, 20; (1356), 9, 98, II, 164 Tours or Poictiers (Poitiers), Battle of, fought at a place between Tours and Poictiers (732 A. D.), I, 338, 8, 65, 9, 37, 14, 4, 18, 73 Tours, Truce of, between England and France (1444), II, 206 Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Contentin, Count of (1642-1701), French ad- miral: his expedition against Eng- land, 9, 219, 11, 438 Toussaint 1' Ouverture, Dominque Frangois, a negro general and lib- erator: born near Cap Frangois in Hayti, in 1743; was descended from an African prince; his parents were both slaves and of pure negro blood; he learned to read and write and by his good conduct and intel- ligence gained the confidence of his master, who appointed him steward of the implements employed in making sugar; in August, 1791, be- gan a general insurrection of the slaves of Hayti, who massacred many of the whites; was innocent of these acts of cruelty and saved the lives of his master's family; after they had escaped from the island he joined the army, which was fighting for liberty; obtained chief command of the negroes and after the French Convention had decreed the liberation of the slaves (February, 1794), he fought against the English and Spaniards and aid- ed the French general, Laveaux, to expel those invaders; he gained a number of victories, and was ap- pointed commander-in-chief by the French Commissioner in 1796; re- stored order and prosperity and un- der his auspices a liberal constitu- tion was formed and he was elected president for life; Bonaparte sent an army of about 35,000 men under Leclerc to Hayti about the end of 1801 to subdue Toussaint, but Toussaint defeated the French and Leclerc resorted to negotiation and offered the negroes their liberty; these conditions were accepted by Toussaint, who concluded a peace and retired to his estate; he was taken by treachery in June, 1802, and carried to France and confined in the dungeon in the castle of Joux, near Besangon, where he died in April, 1803; according to some authorities he was starved to death Leads insurrection in Hayti, 20, 138; made president of Hayti, 139; death of, 140 Tovar, Manuel Felipe de (19th cen- tury), Venezuelan statesman: elect- ed president of Venezuela (i860), 31, 97 Tower of London: see London, Tower of Towns (Cities, Communes, Munici- palities) : AFRICA: destruction of Moorish cities, 1, 308 ARABIA: Svrian, 1, 278 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY : staple towns, 17, 97 DENMARK: origin of, 16, 77, 78 ENGLAND: early government in the township, 11, 22; growth and origin of, 52; growth in the 12th century, 116; growth of London, 117; social conditions in the 13th century, 133 FRANCE: revolt against feudal sys- tem, 9, 67; rise of, 173; Huguenot, 196 GERMANY: free cities granted a representation in the diet, 18, 167; commercial unions of free cities, 174; the League of Marbach, 199; influence of the free cities (ca. 1500), 229 GREECE: Cretan, 3, 19; Athens, 152 ITALY: growth of republicanism in cities, 4, 186; opposition to the em- pire, 191, 202; status of (ca. 1200), GENERAL INDEX 707 206; government of, 209; fall under the yoke of some leading citizen, 216; Florence and Pisa jn the Mid- dle Ages, 225; Genoa and Venice in the Middle Ages, 238; Naples and Florence (1282-1494), 257; Genoa in the 16th century, 305 NETHERLANDS: maritime towns in Brabant, 13, 28; development of, 30; military organization of, 31; Bruges, 32; Ghent, 32; of Flanders, 36, 41; declaration for liberty, 113; independence of, 222 ROME: Latin, 3, 83; conditions in the city of Rome (264 B. C), 95 SWITZERLAND: rise of, 13, 353; [ join the Emperor against the aris- tocracy, 358; alliance of, 372; strug- gles in Zurich against the aristoc- racy, 37s; league of, 411; power of, 413; condition of, 451; increased privileges of, 468 UNITED STATES: unit of gov- ernment in New England, 23, 122; 1 town-meetings, 123; in the middle colonies, 125 Townsend-Esch Bill, a bill proposing to retain the Interstate Commerce Commission and to clothe it with power to regulate rates and sched- ules (1904), 24, 1075 Townshend, Charles (1 725-1 767), Eng- lish statesman: attempts to enforce the Declaratory Act, 23, 215; suc- ceeded by Lord North, 216; gets the "bog act" passed, for the bene- I fit of Irish Catholics, 12, 178; power of, 11, 510; death of, 511 Townshend, Charles, Viscount Town- shend (1674-1738), English states- man: becomes Secretary of State, 11, 468; made Lord Lieutenant of. Ireland, 472; resigns from office, 478 Townshend Acts, a bill taxing exports of tea, paper, glass and painters' colors from the American colonies to England (1767): enacted, 20, 127, 23, 215; repealed (1770), 23, 216, 269 Towrson, William (16th century), English trader: his voyages to Africa, 19, 29 Towton, England: battle of (1461), 11, 213 Toyatomi Hidetsugu (late 16th cen- tury), Japanese official: regency and death of, 7, 121 Toyotomi Hideyori (early 16th cen- tury), Japanese official: accession of, to his father's position, 7, 121; regency of, 123; influence of, 125 Toyotomi Hideyoshi (originally Tok- ichi, then Hashiba, then Kinoshita) (16th century), Japanese soldier: guards the shogun, 7, 111; crushes rebellion of Akechi Mitsuhide, 112; sketch of, 113 Trade, Board of: see Lords of Trade and Plantations Trade and Commerce: AFRICA: by Venetians, 19, 16; English ventures, 28, 31, 84; under the Dutch, 30; under Germany, 31; under the French, 19, 32, 20, 283; English monopoly, 19, 33; African Company, 36, 38; slave-trade, 38, 40, 44, 106, 115, 121, 165; Austrian at- tempts, 39; of Portugal, 19, 39, 20, 35, 46; value of, 19, 46; by Arabs, 58, 121; Portugal and Eng- land, 76; competition in, 78; in Zan- zibar, 87, 127; by the Germans, 92, 107, 139, 144; by German mission- aries, 95; Guinea Coast, 106; in Congo Free State, 124; along the Niger, 152, 156; under the United African Company, 154; Royal Niger Company, 156; with Gambia, 162; across the Sahara, 169; freedom of, in West Africa, 177; "Plantation Company," 179; in Togobnd, 180; in Tunis, 265; in the south, 19, 309, 20, 225; condition and prospect of, 19. 312 AUSTRALIA: in wool, 20, 186; in wheat, 195 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY : Vienna aided by Leopold the Proud, 17, 93; under Leopold VI, 96; growth of Triest, 262; under Joseph II, 269; present status, 450 708 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS BABYLONIA and ASSYRIA: ac- count of, I, 112 CAPE BRETON ISLAND: fish- ing, 20, 87; terms of treaty with England, 141; West River, 168 CHINA: by Portuguese, 6, 32, 20, 46; with England under Queen Eliz- abeth, 6, 107; with England under Charles I, 107, 127; treatment of foreign traders, 109; opium trade, 128, 130; embargo removed, 129; prohibition of, 129, 130, 136; policy of England, 273; provision regarding Manchuria, 314 CUBA: sugar, tobacco, 20, 325; with United States, 487 DENMARK, growth under Chris- tian III, 16, 196 EGYPT: during the Old Empire, 1, 58; in Alexandria, 331 ENGLAND: in ancient Britain, 11, 8; growth under Henry I, 91; in- crease of, 117; under Edward III, 159; under Henry VII, 230; monopo- lies, 304, 315; disputes with Dutch, 364, 386; East India Company, 501; Pitt's proposal, 530; treaty with France, 530; impulse to, 532; effect of Continental system, 8, 484, 11, 560; revival of, 11, 575; proposition of free trade, 601; Commercial Treaty with France, 621; no cotton from United States, 623; whale fish- eries, 16, 304; with the East, 20, 59, 62; with West Indies, 78; Hudson Bay Company, 16, 305, 20, 86, 169; treatment of colonies, 20, 89; com- panies, 102; with Pennsylvania, 108; plan for colonies, 126; in slaves, 238 EUROPE: with India, 20, 11; with colonies, 22; influence of science, 122 FRANCE: depressed, 9, 97; in- crease of, 117; monopolies abolished, 200; free circulation of corn pro- hibited, 252; free-trade in grain, 9, 253. 10, 33; increase of, 10, 424; un- der Napoleon, 446; treaty with England, 9, 451; no cotton from United States, 453; extension of free trade, 454; in French possessions, 20, 72, 79, 270 GREECE: Aegean peoples, 2, 22; in age of Greek colonization, 78; ef- fect of tyranny on, 95; Ionian ac- tivity in, 114; merchant navy of modern Greece, 549, 550 GERMANY: special ministry for, established, 18, 328; treaty with the United States, 345; under the Em- pire, 443; new treaties, 451 INDIA: influence of caste, 5, 78; in ancient times, 138; English East In- dia Company, 158; General So- ciety or English Company, 158; the Assada Merchants, 158; the London Company, 158; Company of Mer- chant adventurers, 158; The United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, 159; un- der the Dutch, 5, 162; 20, 291; under the English, 5, 162; under the Company, 163; French East In- dia Companies, 169, 170; Company of the West, 170; The Perpetual Company of the Indies, 170; Danish East India Company, 171; The Com- pany of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies, 171 Ostend Com- pany, 171, 173, 175; Austrian Orien- tal Trading Company, 173; Asiatic Trading Company, 174; The Ben- gal Company of Embden, 174, 175; Swedish Company, 175; Prussian Company, 175; the open door, 177; after the Mutiny, 254; increase of, 290; by Italian cities, 23, 22; by Portuguese, 20, 40, 41, 42, 23, 25; freedom of, 20, 141 IRELAND: with North America, 12, 180; encouraged, 190; with Eng- land, 193 ITALY: of Italian cities, 4, 208, 20, 14; Genoa, 4, 241, 5, 141; Venice, 4, 245, 5, 141; increase of, 4, 400. JAPAN: progress of, 7, 81; with China, 101; with the Portuguese, 7, 104, 20, 47; with Korea, 7, 134, 296; under the Dutch, 134, 139; nature of, 135; exclusion of, 139; relations with United States, 155, 157, 158; East- ern, 241; increase of, 244, 247; con- dition of, 248 MEXICO: under Spain, a, 53, 22, GENERAL INDEX 709 101; increase of, 132; contraband 173; oriental, 184, 191; by Count Re- villa-Gigedo, 198; under Bucareli, 208; internal, 225; decline of, 230; development of, 404; rise of, 413 NETHERLANDS: of Flanders, 13, 25; growth of, 30; with England, 33, 51; of Holland, 36; between Flan- ders and England, 37; in southern provinces, 53; in wool, 58; expan- sion of, 166; decline of, 167; Dutch East India Company, 167, 320; su- premacy of, 168; monopolies, 221; reestablished, 252; effect of Con- tinental System on Holland, 269; in northern provinces, 294; in Belgium, 294; increase in, 319; modern condi- tion of, 322; whale fisheries, 16, 304, 305; with East, 20, 55, 61, 73, 79, 113; with Brazil, 59, 70; with West Indies, 78 NORWAY: treaties, 16, 262 PERSIA: left to the subjects of the empire, I, 179; with England, 5, 354; contest between Russia and England for commercial privileges in, 369 PORTUGAL: under Maria I, 8, 476; in colonies, 541; in slaves, 20, 46,' 48 ROME: in the 1st century B. C, 3, 246 RUSSIA: railways through Man- churia, 6, 308; cause of policy to- ward China, 308; encouraged by Anna Leopoldovna, 15, 128; bureau OI > 3575 encouraged by Peter the Great, 20, 102; make settlements in America for skin trade, 129 SCOTLAND: restrictions removed, 12, 357; Navigation Act, 357; effect of Union, 12, 357, 377; freedom of, 374 SOUTH AMERICA: Jesuits in Brazil, 20, 93; status in Colombia (1873), 21, 91; status in Venezuela (1862), 99; Buenos Ayres affected by neighboring provinces, 129; be- tween Paraguay and Brazil, 150, 161; between Paraguay and France, England, Sardinia, and the United States, 155; products of Brazil, used in international commerce, 179; exploited by the government of Peru, 199; Chili prefers trade with Great Britain, 229; Chili exports minerals, 242; Brazil with Germany, 251; importance of, 269; provisions of International Conference, 278; present status of Colombia, 302; fu- ture possibilities of the Atlantic coast, 330, 332 SPAIN: under Philip II, 8, 425; un- der Philip IV, 376; contraband, 414; impulse to, 428; with colonies, 8, 429, 491, 20, 103, 133 SWEDEN: decline of, 16, 224; treaties, 260 SWITZERLAND: development of, I3> 332; in towns, 354; freedom of, 415 TURKEY: opened with western Europe, 14, 202; protected by Peace of Pruth, 281 UNITED STATES: Henry VII places first restriction on, 23, 34; colonies with Spain, 44, 45; ham- pered in New France, 51; in Virginia, 20, 24, 23, 61; policy of England to- ward Virginia colonists, 23, 66; Navigation Acts, 20, 108, 23, 67; Carolinas, 23, 75; importance in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 101; New York, 107; in slaves, as colonies, 20, 74, 23, 128; with West Indies, 20, 77, 23, 134; New Eng- land, 23, 134; middle colonies, 136; southern colonies, 136; restriction of, 202; smuggling, 205; decline of, 212; Boston Port Bill, 220, 222; non- intercourse act, 224; effect of the Revolution, 20, 128; power of States, 23, 305; order in council, 310; naviga- tion act, 311; in slaves as states, 23, 329, 24, 531, 562, 570, 601; treaties between United States and foreign powers, 23, 347; increase of, 355; American carriers benefited by An- glo-French war, 360; French colo- nies, 405; destruction of, 406; Jeffer- son's embargo, 410; Rambouillet Decree, 415; effect of war of 1812, 430; effect of free trade, 436; con- sidered by Panama Congress, 468; 710 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS restriction of trade with West In- dies, 471; reciprocity with England, 507; reciprocity with Canada, 24, 641; interrupted between North and South, 678; blockade of South, 727; Interstate Commerce Law, 917; trusts, 971; liquor laws, 972; amendment to Interstate Commerce Act, 1050; department of Commerce and Labor, 1051; Elkins Law, 1052; Interstate Commerce Commission, 1075; Hay-Bond Commercial Reci- procity Treaty, 1077; National Purv. Food Law, 1082; Chicago packing houses, 1083; Consular Service, 1084; Philippines, 20, 52, 313; Alas- ka, 306; Porto Rico, 24, 1036, 1041 WEST INDIES: Barbados in su- gar, 20, 70; growth of Jamaica's trade with England and the Ameri- can colonies, 71; privileges granted in the English islands, 108; status at close of 18th century, 242; pres- ent status, 248 Trade and Plantations, Committee of, a body of men appointed for gov- erning English colonies: formed, 20, 89 Trafalgar Bay, near the Straits of Gi- braltar: battle of (1805), 8, 484, 9, 326, 10, 463, 11, 557, 23, 406 Tragedy, the Greek: religious origin of, 2, 41 Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Tra- janus) (52-117 A. D.), Emperor of Rome, 98-117 A. D.: adopted by Nerva, 4, 87; reign of, 87; condition of Spain under, 8, 26; his campaign in the Danube valley, 17, 13; treat- ment of Greece, 2, 523; death of, 4, 89 Tranquebar, Africa: founded, 5, 171 Transoxiana, Persia: conquest of, by the Arabs, I, 265 Transportation : AFRICA: caravans in Portuguese West Africa, 19, 51; Congo rail- road, 126; railroad from Senegal to the Niger, 149, 152; Trans-Saharan Railway, 168, 265; in Mombasa, 186; Stevenson Road, 236; railroads in Congo Free State, 251; railroad along the Nile, 299; along the Congo, 300; steamers, 300; rail- roads in French Africa, 20, 282 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: improve- ment of roads and canals under Maria Theresa, 17, 262; construc- tion of roads in Carniola, Croatia, Bohemia, and Moravia, 289; con- struction of railroads in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 424 CANADA: under Lord Elgin, 20, 159; railway, 170; Grand Trunk, In- tercolonial and Canadian Pacific Railway, 176 CHINA: first railroad, 6, 243; rail- road under Li Hung Chang, 244; railroad from Peking to Canton, 275 CUBA: improvements under Ameri- can protection, 22, 464 ENGLAND: in Chaucer's time, 11, 177; coaches, 419; canal, 533; first steamboat, 589; Telford and Maca- dam roads, 589; railroad between Liverpool and Manchester, 590 FRANCE: under Napoleon, 10, 446; railroads, 9, 482, 483 GERMANY: improvements under Frederick the Great, 18, 333 INDIA: Anatolian Railroad, 5, 139; Ganges Canal, 223; Lower Ganges Canal, 223; Great Indian Peninsular Railways, 223; Peninsular and Ori- ental Steam Navigation Company, 224; steam communication with England, 224; under Samuel Laing, 244; under Lord Lawrence, 246; canals in the Punjab, 289; extension of railroads, 289; connection with famine, 387 IRELAND: in olden times, 12, 15 JAPAN: water-ways, 7, 145; rail- roads, 6, 314, 7, 241 MEXICO: turnpikes of Guadalupe, and San Cristoval constructed, 22, 144; Mexican Railroad, 403; devel- opment of railways, 409, 417, 419 NETHERLANDS: roads and rail- roads in Belgium, 13, 315 NEWFOUNDLAND: railroad, 20, 178 PERSIA: canals, 5, 320; under Ni- GENERAL INDEX 711 zam-ul-Mulk, 331; first railroad, 364 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: roads, 20, 383; railroads, 384; electric street railway in Manila, 385 PORTUGAL: colonial railroads, 8, S4i PRUSSIA: building of railroads, 18, 438; brought under government control, 447 RUSSIA: Trans-Caucasian and Trans-Caspian Railways, 5, 139; roads, 12, 375 SCOTLAND: Caledonian Canal, I2 > 375; first railroad, 375 SOUTH AMERICA: in Colombia, 21, 85, 304; in Ecuador, in, 116; in Argentine Republic, 135; in Brazil, 178, 179; in Chili, 225, 227, 242, 243; in Brazil, 255; in Uruguay, 259; Pan- American Railway, 279, 333; Inter- oceanic Railway, 331; in Bolivia, 333 SPAIN: new roads and canals, 8, 420 SWITZERLAND: roads and rail- roads, 13, 543, 573. 576; railroad through St. Gotthard, 574; Simplon line, 578 TIBET: agreement concerning railroads, 6, 317 TURKEY: Suez Canal, 5, 138, 14, 468; condition of, 14, 491 UNITED STATES: in colonies, 23, 151; public works as State enter- prises, 441; steam, 477, 479; Erie Canal, 479; Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 480; railroad across Pan- ama, 24, 613; railroads, 896; trans- continental railway, 901, 1096; Pan- ama Canal, 1055 Transportation Act, a bill providing for the removal to England for trial of any royal official in the American colonies (1774): passed, 23, 221 Trans-Saharan Railway: schemes for, 19, 168; building of, 265 Trans-Siberian Railroad: first sod turned, 15, 345; completed, 355 Transvaal, South Africa: founded, 19, 51; under British occupation (1877- 1881), 214; annexed by England (1877), 11, 633, 19, 279; organized as Transvaal Colony (1900), 19, 283, 20, 233: see also South African Re- public Transvaal War: see Boer Wars Transylvania, a principality of the Austrian empire, called the Gold Mine of Europe: Rumanian element in, 17, 8; occupied by the Dacians, 11, invaded by the Gepidae and Bur- gundians, 14; occupied by the Visi- goths and Gepidae, 16; invaded by the Slavs, 19; granted to a voievode of the race of Arpad, 47; revolt of (1467), 163; invaded by Turks (1479), 164; acquired by Suleiman the Great (1547), 14, 159; revolt of ( I 593)> 2 3> seeks peace with Tur- key, 208; conditions in (1848), 17, 357; incorporated with Hungary, (1867), 398 Trapezus (Trebizond), seaport on the Black Sea: founded, 2, 81; the "Ten Thousand " at, 390 Trautenau, Austria: battles of (1866), 18, 411 Trautmansdorff, Count (late 18th cen- tury), Austrian statesman: policy of, in Belgium, 13, 260 Travel, Means of: see Transporta- tion Travendale, Treaty of, a peace be- tween Charles XII of Sweden and Frederick IV of Denmark (1700), 15, 80 Travis, Colonel (d. 1842), American soldier: at siege of the Alamo, 24, 533 Treasonable Correspondence Act, bill passed in England to prevent the giving of assistance to the French (1793), 11, 542 Treasons, Act of, a bill passed in Eng- land which made it high treason to speak with disrespect of the king, the queen, and their heirs (1534): account of, 11, 254 Treasons, Statute of, in English his- tory, a bill by which offenses amounting to treason were defined (1352): account of, 11, 164 712 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Treasury, Department of the, branch 1474. of the United States government: 1482. organized, 23, 344J Independent 1488. Treasury Bill passed, 514; the 1492. "Whiskey Ring," 24, 894 1493- Treaties, Peaces, and Truces: 1494- B. C. 33 ca. 753. Truce of God, 3, 9 1495- 415. Sparta, 2, 352 1495- 387. Antalcidas, 1, 168 1499- 256. Asoka, 5, 71 227 A. D. 1500. 843. Verdun, 4, 179, 13, 341 1504. 870. Mersen, 18, 95 1513- 874. Forcheim, 17, 33 15 16. 878. Chippenham, II, 43 1526. 878. Wedmore, 11, 43, 16, 15 1529. 1 153. Wallingford, 11, 96 141, 1 169. Montmirail, 9, 74 1529- 1 174. Falaise, n, 108 1529. 1 183. Constance, 4, 195, 18, 153 1530. 1229. Paris, 9, 79 1531. 1242. Bordeaux, 9, 81 1538. 1258. Corbeil, 9, 83 1543- 1259. Abbeville, 9, 83 1544- 1267. Marat, 13, 361 18, 1295. Anagni, 9, 86 1547- 1312. Cortenbergh, 13, 32 1552. 1328. Northampton, 11, 283 1555. 1330. Hagenaw, 17, 101 1555. 1352. Brandenburg, 13, 377 I 559- 1355- Regensburg, 13, 378 1560. I3SS- Valognes, 9, 96 1568. 1360. Bretigny, 9, 101, II, 166 1570. 1365. Guerande, 9, 103 1570. 1368. Tharberg, 13, 378 1576. 1370. Stralsund, 16, 118 1577. 1375. Bruges, 9, 105 1578. 1381. Turin, 4, 241 1580. 1407. Underhand, 9, no 1585. 1420. Troyes, 9, 113, 11, 200 1598. 1425. Voszice, 17, 133 176 1435. Arras, 9, 117, 13, 41 1601. 1435- Vordingborg, 16, 127 1606. 1444. Szegedin, 14, 63, 65 1606. 1444. Tours, 11, 206 1608. 1465. Conflans, 9, 122 1613. 1466. Thorn, 15, 378, 18, 216 1614. 1468. Ancenis, 9, 123 1614. 1468. Pironne, 9, 123 1614. 1468. Vilemov, 17, 146 1616. 1468. Waldshut, 13, 404 1617. Perpetual, 13, 406 Arras, 9, 125 Sabli, 9, 128 Etaples, 9, 129, 11, 226 Barcelona, 9, 129 Tordesillas, 5, 146, 20, 43, 23, Senlis, 9, 129 Vercelli, 9, 131 Basle, 13, 419, 17, 173, 18, Grenada, 9, 133 Blois, 9, 133 Orthez, 9, 135 Noyon, 9, 137 Madrid, 4, 303, 9, 140 Cambrai or Ladies' Peace, 9, 13, 56, 18, 246 Kappel, 13, 445 Saragossa, 5, 146 St. Julien, 13, 447 Kappel, 13, 445 Varad, 17, 217 London, 12, 305 Crespy (near Laon), 9, 144, 251 Guines, 9, 144 Passau, 18, 258 Augsburg, 9, 146, 17, 197 Vaucelles, 9, 147 Chateau-Cambresis, 9, 148 Edinburg, 12, 313 Longjumeau, 9, 156 St. Germain, 9, 157 Stettin, 16, 166 Monsieur, 9, 159 Bergerac, 9, 160 Nerac, 9, 160 Fleix, 9, 161 Nemours, 9, 161 Vervins, 9, 171, 13, 164, 17, Lions, 9, 172 Sitavtorok, 14, 208, 210, 374 Vienna, 17, 224 Libno, 17, 199 Knaerad, 16, 176 Paltry, 9, 178 Sainte-Menehould, 9, 178 Xanten, 13, 191 Loudun, 9, 179 Stolbova, 16, 177 GENERAL INDEX 713 Treaties, Peaces, and Truces: 1619. Defense, 5, 161 1619. Presburg, 17, 205 1620. Nicolsburg, 17, 226 1625. Moncon, 9, 183 1628. Susa, 9, 186 1629. Alais, 9, 187 1629. Altmark, 16, 180 1629. Lubeck, 9, 190, 16, 201 1631. Barwalde, 16, 181 1635. Prague, 18, 288 1638. Berwick, II, 336 1640. London, 12, 339 1645. Bromsebro, 16, 187, 201 1645. Linz, 17, 227 1648. Munster, 13, 217, 20, 114 1648. Newport, ix, 360 1648. Westphalia, 9, 200, 10, 135, note, 13, 219, 465, 16, 188, 17, 183, 18, 293 1649. Ruel, 9, 202 1653. Murifeld, 13, 473 1656. Baden, 13, 476 1658. Roeskilde, 16, 208 1659. Pyrenees, 8, 379, 465, 9, 207, 13, 232 1660. Copenhagen, 16, 210, 231 1660. Oliva, 16, 210 1661. Kardis, 16, 211 1663. Soleure, 13, 477 1664. Vasvar, 17, 228 1667. Andrusshovo (Andrussovo), 14, 244, 15, 22, 380 1667. Breda, 9, 208, II, 389, 20, 76, 87 1668. Aix-la-Chapelle, 9, 209, II, 393, 13, 478, 18, 300 1668. Triple Alliance, II, 393 1670. Dover, 11, 394 1672. Busacz, 14, 245 1676. Zurawna, 14, 246 1678-1679. Nimeguen, 8, 383, 9, 212, 11, 405, 13, 240, 18, 302, 19, 33, 20, 64, 72 1683. Ratisbon, 9, 212 1689. Nerchinsk, 6, 67, 80 1691. Limerick, 12, 153 1697. Ryswick, 4, 326, 8, 384, 9, 219, 11, 445, 13, 245, 18, 306, 20, 76, 114, 23, 159 1699. Carlowitz, 2, 539, 14, 268, 287, 374, 17, 231, 18, 304 1700. Travendale, 15, 80 1701. Grand Alliance, 11, 451 1703. Methuen Commercial, 8, 525, 11, 454, 20, 106 1706. Altranstadt, 15, 46, 16, 219 1708. Szathmar, 17, 234 1710. Hague, 15, 63 171 1. Pruth, 14, 280, 15, 61, 16, 221 1712. Aaran, 13, 480 1713. Adrianople, 15, 61 1713. Assiento, 11, 464, 22, 187 1713. Utrecht, 8, 401, 9, 224, 11, 463, 13, 251, 479, 18, 315, 20, 85, 107, 23, 77 1713-1714. Rastadt, 4, 330, 9, 225, 18, 316 1715. Barrier, 13, 252 1717. Triple Alliance, 8, 405, 9, 228, 11, 471 1718. Quadruple Alliance, 11, 472 1718. Passarowitz, 14, 6, 290, 374, 17, 235, 18, 320 1719-1720. Stockholm, 18, 318 1721. Nystad, is, 68, 381, 16, 226 1725. Hanover, 9, 234, 13, 253 1726. Treaty of, 15, 121 1729. Seville, 8, 410, 13, 253 1731. Vienna, 13, 253 1733- Resht, 15, 117 1735- Vienna, 8, 410, 17, 192, 18, 324 1738. Vienna, 15, 383 1739. Belgrade, 14, 274, 315, 15, 124, 16, 227, 17, 192, 235 1741. Nymphenberg, 16, 227 1742. Berlin, 17, 241 1742. Breslau, 11, 485 1743. Abo, 15, 152, 16, 228 1743- Worms, 9, 238 1744. Lancaster, 23, 168, 170 1745. Dresden, 17, 242, 18, 332 1745. Fussen, 17, 242 1748. Aix-la-Chapelle, 4, 336, 5, 179, 9, 240, 11, 488, 13, 256, 15, 141, 17, 242, 18, 332, 20, 85, 107, 23, 166, 167 1752. Logtown, 23, 168, 170 1756. Versailles, 15, 144, 17, 243 1761. Family or Compact, 9, 247 1762. Fontainebleau, 18, 343 1762. Hamburg, 16, 228 1763. Hubertsburg, 11, 505, 17, 244 714 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Treaties, Peaces, and Truces. 1763. Paris, 5, 181, 9, 247, II, 505, 20, 76, 120, 23, 197 1767. Copenhagen, 16, 267 1770. Teschen, 17, 250 1774. Kainardji, 14, 339, 342, 374, 17, 249 1775. Surat, 5, 192 1778. Versailles, 23, 267 J 783. Versailles or Paris, 5, 194, 9, 257. " 523, 20, 128, 33, 288, 362 1790. Varela (Verela), 15, 188, 16, 249 1790. Sistova, 14, 357, 386, 17, 276 1791. Pilnitz, 9, 270 1792. Jassy, 10, 134, 14, 362, 374, 15, 187 1795. Algiers, 23, 364, 394 1795. Basel, 8, 482, 9, 293, 10, 347, 18, 357 1795. Greensville, 23, 366 1795- Jay, 23, 372 1795. Paris, 10, 347, 17, 281 1796. Cherasco, 10, 380 1797. Campo-Formio, 10, 395, 11 548, 14, 384, 17, 283, 18, 361 1797. Leoben, 9, 303, 10, 383, 13, 264 1797. Tolentino, 9, 302 1797. Austro-Venetian, 17, 283 1800. Mont Lugon, 10, 441 1801. Paris, 10, 444 1801. Campo-Formio, 9, 303 1801. Florence, 10, 444 1801. Luneville, 8, 483, 9, 317, 10, 442, 17, 285 1801. Madrid, 10, 444 1801. San Ildefonso, 20, 269, 23, 395 1802. Amiens, 5, 197, 8, 483, 9, 318, 10, 444, 11, 552, 13, 164, 23, 396, 405 1802. Bassein, 5, 136, 200 1805. Presburg, 9, 326, 10, 415, II, 557, 14, 395, 17, 294 1805. Schonbrunn, 9, 326 1807. Bartenstein, 16, 251 1807. Fontainebleau, 8, 528, 9, 332 1807. Slobosia, 14, 383, 384, 398 1807. Tilsit, 8, 485, 9, 331, 10, 471, 11, 559, 14, 403, 15, 215, 16, 251, 18, 374 808. Erfurt, 9, 334, 18, 374 809. Fredrikshamn, 15, 217 809. Schonbrunn, 17, 299 809. Vienna, 9, 336, 17, 336, 18, 377 811. Asuncion, 21, 147 812. Bucharest, 14, 398, 407, 15, 219 813. Gulistan, 5, 359 813. Kalisch, 15, 261 813. Pleisswitz, 15, 261 813. Reichenbach, 17, 307 813. Teplitz, 17, 308 813. Valenqay, 9, 344 814. Chaumont, 9, 347, 17, 311 814. Fontainebleau, 15, 262, 17, 3ii 814. Kiel, 16, 254, 258 814. London, 13, 281 814. Paris, 9, 356, 13, 280 814. Teheran, 5, 360 814. Vienna, 16, 254 815. Paris, 8, 532, 17, 314, 20, 221 815. Segauli, 5, 207 815. Vienna, 16, 267 817. Poona, 5, 209 820. El Pilar, 21, 71, 119 820. Trujillo, 21, 72 825. Indian Springs, 23, 470 826. Akerman, 14, 422 826. London, 17, 325 826. Yandabu, 5, 212 827. London, 14, 423, 15, 275 828. Turkmanchai, 5, 359, 15, 283 829. Adrianople, 14, 431, 15, 287, 17, 326 830. London, 15, 288 831. Twenty-four Articles, 9, 400 833. Miinchengratz, 17, 328 833. Unkiar-Skelessi, 9, 403, 15, 291 837. Tafna, 9, 413 840. Waitangi, 20, 211 842. Nanking, 5, 213 842. Pasco, 21, 188 844. Tangiers, 9, 423 848. Guadalupe, 22, 377 848. Malmo, 16, 270 850. Bulwer-Clayton, 24, 613, 1056, 1058 850. Olmiitz, 16, 272 852. London, 16, 273 GENERAL INDEX 715 Treaties, Peaces, and Truces: 1853. Gadsden, 24, 641 1854. Japanese-America, 7, 157 1856. Paris, 14, 460, 470, 15, 322, 17, 384 1858. Austria-Hungary with Japan, 7, 189 1858. Newchwang, 6, 166, 311, 315 1858. Paris, 5, 364 1858. Tien-tsin, 9, 449 1859. Villafranca, 9, 451, 17, 385 1859. Zurich, 4, 374, 17, 385 i860. Anglo-French Commercial, 11, 621 i860. Peking, 9, 451 1863. Pensaqui, 31, 113 1864. Miramar, 22, 389 1864. Vienna, 16, 275, 17, 391 1865. Belgium-Japanese, 7, 189 1865. Callao, 21, 204, 220 1865. Danish-Japanese, 7, 189 1865. Gastein, 17, 391 1865. Hawaii-Japan, 7, 189 1865. Italian-Japanese, 7, 189 1865. Swedish-Japanese, 7, 189 1866. Nicolsburg, 17, 392, 18, 412 1866. Prague, 16, 275, 17, 392, 18, 412 1867. Chino-United States, 6, 221 1867. London, 13, 317 1871. Chino-Japanese, 7, 192 1871. Frankfort, 9, 469, 18, 426 1871. Washington, 24, 959 1873. La Paz, 21, 227 1878. Berlin, 5, 256, 11, 632, 14, 488, 491, 15, 338, 17, 421 1878. San Stefano, 11, 632, 14, 486, 15, 337, 17, 420 1878. Zanjon, 20, 328 1879. Gandamak, 5, 257 1879. United States-Japan, 7, 190 1884. Ancon, 21, 238, 264 1884. Congo, 19, 76 1887. Tonga, 19, 81 1887. Bayard-Chamberlain, 24, 961 1895. Shimonoseki, 15, 350 1897. Biacnabate, 20, 314 1898. Anglo-Chinese, 7, 277 1898. German-China, 7, 277 1898. Paris, 22, 468, 24, 1032 1900. Anglo-German, 7, 285 1901. Anglo-Chinese, 7, 286 1901. Hay-Pauncefote, 29, 331, 34, 1058 1902. Anglo-Japanese, 7, 231, 289 1903. Hay-Herran, 20, 332 1903. Hay-Varilla, 24, 1060 1905. Portsmouth, 7, 318, 15, 364, 24, 1080 Treaty, City of the Violated: see Lim- erick Treaty of 1726, a compact between Russia and Austria: mentioned, 15, 121 Treaty of 1783, peace between the United States and Great Britain: account of, 11, 523; defects of, mended by Jay Treaty, 23, 362; fish- ery purchase under, 429; Great Brit- ain determined to enforce, 443 Treaty of 1819, compact between Spain and the United States: 24, 531, 541 Treaty of 1854, treaty between the United States and Great Britain: 24, 641 Treaty Ports, harbors on the coast of China thrown open to European trade: account of, 6, 273 Trebbia, Italy: battle of (1799), 9, 309, 10, 403 Trebellius, Lucius (1st century B. C.) Roman statesman: opposes meas- ures proposed against the pirates, 3, 270 Trebia, river in Italy: battle of the, 3, "7 Trebizond: Greek empire in, 2, 536; see also Trapezus Trebonius, Gaius (d. 43 B. C), Roman soldier: besieges Massilia, 3, 341; succeeds to command in Spain, 356; plots against Caesar, 4, 4 Trediakovski, Vassili Kirelovitch (1703-1769), Russian man of letters: Volinski's treatment of, 15, no; sketch of, 150 Tregua, Pacta de, truce between Bo- livia and Chili (1884): account of, 21, 265 Treilhard (Trelliard), Jean Baptiste (1742-1810), French statesman: 716 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS made member of the directory, 9, 305; deposed, 10, 404 Tremecen, Spain: battle of (1142), 8, 96 Trencsin, Hungary: battle of (1708), 17, 233 Trent, Council of, the 18th general council of the Roman Catholic Church (1545-1563), 4, 285, 9, 155, 13, 456, 17, 178, 18, 251, 260 Trent Affair, The: account of, 24, 728 Trenton, New Jersey: battle c 1- (1776), 11, 516, 23, 248; erects tri- umphal arch for Washington, 341; Lincoln makes speech at, 24, 706 Trepov, General (d. 1906), Russian military dictator: regime of, 15, 366; dies, 368 Tresilian, Chief Justice (d. 1388), Eng- lish statesman: hanged, II, 181 Trevelyan, Charles Edward (1807- 1886), Anglo-Indian financier: sketch of, 5, 247 Trevett v. Weeden, a case by which the forced acceptance of paper money was declared unconstitu- tional (1787): account of, 23, 315 Treviri, Gallic tribes: defeated by Ce- realis, 18, 24 Trevisa (Trevise, Treviso), Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, Duke of (1768-1835), French soldier: minis- try of, 9, 407 Triad Society, secret society in China (ca. 1851): account of, 6, 148, 280 Trial by jury: introduced in New York, 23, 104; denied slaves, 24, 615 Triana, Rodrigo de (ca. 1492), seaman with Columbus: sights land, 21, 6 Trianon Decree, an edict issued by Napoleon I (1810), placing an im- port duty of 50 per cent, on colonial products, 10, 473 Tribbles, T. H., American politician: Populist nominee for Vice-Presi- dent (1904), 24, 1067 Tribunate of the Plebs: organized, 3, 41 Tribunes, in French history: nomina- tion of, ic, 436 Tribunes, in Roman history, the of- ficial representatives of the people: declared inviolable, 3, 41; powers, 42; number increased (471 B. C), 43; (457 B. C), 44 Trichinopoly, India: siege of (1750), 9, 242 Tricoupi (Trikupis), Spyridon (1791- I 873), Greek historian and diplo- mat: expects Russian aid, 15, 266 Triennial Act, in English history, a statute directing (1) that no Parlia- ment should last longer than three years and (2) that a Parliament must be summoned within three years from the dissolution of the last parliament: passed (1641), II, 337'> repealed, 385; passed (1694), 442 Trientbach, Switzerland: battle of (1844), 13, 549 Triesen, Switzerland: battle of (1499), 13, 418 Triest, a crownland belonging to the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hun- gary: condition of peasants relieved by Maria Theresa, 17, 259 Triest, seaport of Austria-Hungary: founded, 17, 11; seeks the protection of Leopold of Austria, 106; made a free port, 193 Trifanum, a town in Italy: battle of, 3, 67 Trihkala (Trikala), Greece: in mod- ern Greece, 2, 549 Trimumpara (ca. 1500), governor of Cochin: forms alliance with Manuel of Portugal (1501), 8, 326 Trinidad, British West Indies: dis- covered, 21, 11, 23, 23', early condi- tions in, 20, 73; growth of, 237; his- tory of, 246 Trinidad, Cuba: founded, 22, 447 Trinobantes, a pre-Roman nation in Britain: state of, formed, n, 6; seek protection of Caesar, 7 Triphylia, Greece: disputed by Eleians and Arcadians, 2, 444 Triple Alliance, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between Brazil and Eng- land (1865), 21, 176 GENERAL INDEX 717 Triple Alliances: 1596. An alliance between England, France, and the Netherlands against Spain, 13, 162 note 1668. An alliance between England, Holland, and Sweden to check the conquests of Louis XIV, 9, 209, 11, 393, 13, 235 1717. An alliance between England, France, and the Netherlands, against Spain (became the Quad- ruple Alliance on the accession to it of Austria, 1718), 8, 405, 9, 228, II, 471 1882. An alliance between Ger- many, Austria-Hungary, and It- aly, sometimes called Dreibund, t 17, 426, 449, 18, 442 Tripoli, capital of Tripoli, Africa: siege of, 1, 301; Italian claims in, 19, 249; war with the United States, 23, 393 Tripoli, Asiatic Turkey: captured by Saracens, 1, 286 Tripolitza, Greece: battle of (1770), 14, 327 Trist, Nicholas P. (19th century), United States diplomat: his mission to Mexico (1847), 22, 330, 24, 551; signs treaty with Mexico, 22, 377, 24, 552 Tristam, Nuno (15th century), Portu- guese explorer: explorations of, 19, \7 Tristan DAsunba, a group of islands in the South Atlantic: occupied by Great Britain, 19, 213, 20, 263 Triumvirate, The Democratic, a com- mittee in France during the revolu- tion, composed of Robespierre, Saint-Just, and Couthon: formed, 10, 209; general attack upon, 311; arrest of, 314; released, 315; death of, 318 Triumvirate, The Second, in Roman history a term applied to division of government between Octavian (Augustus), Anthony, and Lepidus (43 B. C.), 4, 10 Trivulzio, Giovanni (early 16th cen- tury), Milanese soldier in the serv- ice of France: leads French forces into Italy, 4, 293 Troad, The, the region at the north- western extremity of Asia Minor, included between the iEgean, the Hellespont, the Sea of Marmora, Mount Ida, and the Gulf of Adra- myttium: Greek civilization in the, 2, 53 Trochu, Louis Jules (1815-1896), French soldier: defends Paris, 9, 415; in the Franco-Prussian War, 18, 421; assumes presidency of pro- visional government, 9, 466 Troezen, ancient Greece: receives ex- iled Athenians, 2, 97; allied to Ath- ens, 247; aids Sparta, 274 Trojan Cycle: see Cyclic poems Trolle, Gustaf (d. 1535), Archbishop of Upsala: supports Christian II of Denmark, 16, 148; supports Didrik Slaghoek, 152 Tromp, Cornells (Cornelius) (1629- 1691), Dutch admiral: commands fleet against the English, 11, 365 Tromp, Marten Harpertzoon van (1597-1653), Dutch admiral: gains the Battle of the Downs, 13, 213; at the battle of Dover, 229; in the war with the English, 230 Tronchet, Francois Denis (1726-1806), French jurist: counsel for Louis XVI, 9, 280 Tropau (Troppau), Congress of, a congress of European monarchs, assembled at Tropau, to consider revolutionary disturbances in Italy (1820), 15, 266 Tropenkoller (Tropic -madness) : de- scription of, 19, 259 Trot of Turriff, the name given to the battle between the Cavaliers and the Covenanters which opened the Civil War in Scotland (1639), 12, 337 Troubles, Council of (1567), tribunal in the Netherlands for punishing those hostile to Spanish rule and Roman Catholicism: established, 13, 105 Troublous Times, The, in Russian his- 718 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS tory, a period of anarchy in the early 17th century: account of, 15, 21 Trouin, Duguay (17th century), French soldier: commands expedi- tion against Brazil, 21, 34 Troup, George Mcintosh (1780-1856), American politician: resents United States interference in Indian trou- ble in Georgia, 23, 470; condemns Tassels, the Cherokee, 487 Troxler (19th century), Swiss au- thor: deprived of his appointment (1821), 13, 529 Troy, Asia Minor: archaeological re- mains of, 2, 22; story of, 29 Troyes, de (17th century), French colonist: his campaign against the Hudson Bay Company, 20, 86 Troyes, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between Henry V of England and Charles VI of France (1420), 9, 113, 11, 200 Truber, Primus (16th century), Sla- vonic scholar: aids the Reformation in Carinola, 17, 178 Truce of God, name applied at differ- ent times in middle ages to a sus- pension of private quarrels in Ger- many, France, England and else- where, 9, 68, 18, 128 " True-blooded Yankee," American privateer: in the War of 1812, 23, 424 Trujillo, Colombian military officer: his administration as president of Colombia (1878-1880), 21, 244 Trujillo (Truxillo), Peru: rising of the garrison in, 21, 209 Trujillo (Truxillo), Armistice of, be- tween the Spanish and Colombian generals, 21, 72 Trumbull, Jonathan (1740-1809), American statesman: in first Con- gress, 23, 342 Trumbull, Lyman (19th century), American statesman: joins liberal movement, 24, 890; candidate for Presidential nomination (1872), 891 Trusts: legislation respecting, 24, 971; recommendations in Roosevelt's message concerning, 1050; "pub- licity bureau " created for, 1052; leg- islation against, 1052 Truvor (Thorwardr), Varingian prince: settles in Russia, 16, 40 Truxton (Truxtun), Thomas (1755- 1822), American naval officer: com- mands " Constellation," 23, 375 Tryon, William (ca. 1725-1788), co- lonial governor of New York: de- feated at battle of Alamance, 23, 218 Tsang-chi, Tartar general: concludes treaty with Admiral Alexiev (1900), 7, 286 Tsaritsin, Russia: battle of (1774), I5> 170 Tschendereli, Kara Khalil (14th cen- tury), Turkish statesman: his plan for organizing the Janissaries, 14, 20 Tschudi, Giles (1505-1572), Swiss his- torian and Roman Catholic theo- logian: sketch of, 13, 454 Tschudin, Valentine (16th century), Swiss clergyman: reforms of, 13, 439 Tseng, Marquis (19th century), Chi- nese diplomat: advises against war, 6, 302 Tseng Kwofan (19th century), Chi- nese soldier: opposes T'aip'ings (1852), 6, 149; captures Nanking, 205; at Tientsin, 224 Tshuli Ali (early 18th century), Grand Vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 275 Tsimandroho (19th century), King of the Sakalaves: concludes treaty with the French (1840), 20, 277 Tsinliang (17th century), Chinese chieftain: heroism of, 6, 46 Tso Chungt'ang (19th century), Chi- nese soldier: in Mohammedan Re- bellions, 6, 218 Tso Shingnor (16th century), Chinese soldier: sent to aid the Koreans, 7, 118 T'sungcheng (17th century), Chinese Emperor: reign of, 6, 47 Tsungli Yamen, Chinese Board of Foreign Office: establishment of, p, GENERAL INDEX 719 220; in Boxer Rebellion, 284, 299, 301, 303; powers demand abolish- ment of, 286; superseded, 305 Tsushima, islands belonging to Japan, in the channel of Korea: battle of (1419), 7, 103 Tsushima Straits, between Korea and Japan: strategic value of, 6, 310 Tu (19th century), Mohammedan rebel, 6, 211 Tu Fu, Chinese poet: sketch of, 6, 15 Tuamotu (Paumota or Paumotu) Islands or Low Archipelago, a group of islands of the South Pacific: un- der French rule, 20, 276 Tuan, Prince, Chinese official: in Boxer Rebellion, 6, 279, 302; sen- tenced (1900), 285, 305 Tuan Fang (ca. 1900), Chinese states- man: aids foreigners in Boxer Re- bellion, 6, 304 Tuaregs, African tribe: resist the French, 19, 152 Tubaal: see Ethbaal Tubman, Harriet, American abolition- ist: aids slaves to escape from South, 24, 617 Tubuai Islands, a group of islands in Polynesia: under French rule, 20, 276 Tubulus, Gaius Hostilius (3rd century B. C), Roman general: at battle of Grumentum, 3, 128 Tucker, Henry St. George (1771- 1851), Anglo-Indian statesman: secretary for Wellesley, 5, 202 Tuckey (early 19th century), African explorer: explorations of, 19, 47 Tudela, Spain: battle of (1808), 9, 334 Tudor, Henry, Earl of Richmond: see Henry VII, King of England Tugendbung: see Victory, League of Tughlak Dynasty, line of rulers of India: founded, 5, 101 Tuileries, Palace of the, a royal resi- dence, formerly existing in Paris: deserted by the king, 10, 195; at- tack of, on the 10th of August, 196; blockade of, 260; burned, 9, 472 Tuillibardine, Marquis of (early 18th century), Spanish military officer: his campaign in Scotland, 12, 365 Tukulti-Ninib, King of Assyria, 13th century B. C: conquers Babylonia, 1, 78 Tulga, King of the Goths, 640-642 A. D.: reign of, 8, 44 Tulliot, Henri (living), French engi- neer: associated with the Wellman Expedition, 16, 340 Tuman Beg or Bey (d. 1517), Sultan of Egypt: succeeds Kansu, 14, 130; reign of, 1, 36; his capture and death, 14, 133 Tunebos, South America: Indians de- stroy themselves at, 21, 50 Tung Chow, China: Boxer troubles at, 6, 300 Tung Fuhsiang (ca. 1900), Chinese commander: in Boxer Rebellion, 6, 279; sentenced to banishment, 285 T'ungcheh (d. 1875), Emperor of China: name of, selected, 6, 190; marriage of, 229; assumes control of the empire, 230; death of, 236 Tunis, province of North Africa: United States purchases immunity from, 23, 394; occupied by the French, 19, 80; under French pro- tection, 19, 262, 20, 280; Italian claims in, 19, 249 Tunis, city in Africa: captured by Barbarossa, 14, 162; taken and plun- dered by Christians, 163; retaken by Turks, 200 Tunja, a province in South America: rebels against Spanish authority, 21, 56; taken by the revolutionists (1819), 68 Tupac Amaru (1742-1781), Peruvian Inca: leads revolt in Peru, 20, 133 Tupper, Sir Charles (1821 ), Cana- dian statesman: leads movement in Nova Scotia for union with Canada, 20, 164; at the Quebec convention, 165 Tur, village in Hungary: battle of (1849), 15, 302 Turcoin, France: battle of (1794), 9, 290 Turenne, Henri de La Tour d'Au- vergne, Viscount of (1611-1675), 720 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS French soldier: German campaign of, 18, 292; joins the Fronde, 9, 202; joins queen's party, 204; his campaigns against Conde, 206; his campaigns against the Dutch, 9, 210, *3, 235, 18, 300; death of, 9, 211 Turgeniev (Turgenieff, Tourgieniev, or Tourguenev), Ivan Sergeivitch (1818-1883), Russian novelist: ac- count of, 15, 199, 332 Turgesius (Turges) (9th century A. D.), a viking: leads invasion of Danes into Ireland, 12, 39 Turgot (12th century), Archbishop of St. Andrews: consecrated, 12, 262 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de (1727-1781), French statesman, political economist, and financier: made comptroller-general of fi- nances, 9, 253; disgraced, 254; sketch of, 10, 14, 26 Turin, Italy: battle of (312 A. D.), 4, 118; siege of (1640), 323; taken by Prince Eugene (1706), 4, 330, 9, 222, 16, 218; revolution of the Car- bonari, 4, 354 Turin, Peace of, a treaty concluded between the Venetians and the Gen- oese (1381), 4, 241 Turin Papyrus, The, an Egyptian man- uscript: value of, 1, 13 Turk, J. C. (late 19th century), Amer- ican engineer: builds the Gokteik viaduct, 5, 290 Turkestan, western Asia: reduced by Arabs, 14, 4 Turkey, absolute monarchy of west- ern Asia and of eastern Europe: the Eastern Question, 14, 3; the rise of the Ottomans, 9; the Otto- mans enter Europe, 19; conquests of the Ottomans, in Europe and Asia, 29; the struggle for the Bal- kan, 52; Mohammed II and the Con- quest of Constantinople, 71; poli- tical institutions and government under Mohammed II, 88; Bayezid II and Prince Djem, 107; Selim I and the conquest of Egypt and Syria, 119; first years of the epoch of Suleiman the Great, 143; last years of the epoch of Suleiman the Great, 158; Selim II and the begin- nings of decline, 191; de^ay of the empire, 201; revival of te empire under Murad IV, 215; the age of the great viziers, 225; Kara Musta- pha and the siege of Vienna, 247; the war of the Holy Alliance, 255-, Peter the Great and Turkey, 273; Mahmud I and wars with Russia, Austria, and Persia, 295; Catherine II of Russia and loss of the Crimea, 320; renewal of the struggle with Russia, 342; the Ottoman empire in the 18th century, 364; Turkey in the age of revolution, 377; Mah- mud II and the birth of modern Turkey, 408; Abdul Medjid and the Crimean War, 439; Sultan Abdul Aziz and Turkish efforts at reform, 462; Abdul Hamid and the empire to-day, 489; condition of the Jews in, 1, 421 Turkey, The Granary of: see Egypt Turkheim, Germany: battle of (1674), 9, 211 Turkmantchai, Treaty of, a peace be- tween Russia and Persia (1828), 5, 359, 15, 283 Turks: capture Constantinople, 23, 20: invade Carinthia and Carniola, ij, 109; see also Ottoman Turks Turner, George (1850 ), American jurist and statesman: in Alaskan boundary commission, 24, 1055 Turner, Sir James (17th century), Eng- lish soldier: his campaign against Scottish conventicles, 13, 346 Turner, Nat, negro insurrectionist: heads slave uprising, 24, 575 Turnhout, the Netherlands: battles of (1597), 13, 164; (1789), 261 Turpentine State, The: see North Carolina Turpin, Bishop (9th century), scholar and writer of chronicles: at court of Charlemagne, 18, 86 Turretin (Turretini), Francois (1623- 1687), Swiss theologian: sketch of, 13, 482 Turriff, Trot of: see Trot of Turriff Tuscany, Italy: republic declared, 4, 366 GENERAL INDEX 721 Tuscarora Indians, tribe of American Indians: have survived surrounding tribes, 23, 117; massacre settlers in North Carolina, 74 Tusculum, Italy: war with Rome, 3, 64 Tusmula, South America: battle of (1825), 31, 182 Tusum AH (early 19th century), Egyp- tian officer: given command of Egyptian army, 1, 38 Tutilo (d. 896), Swiss monk: sketch of, 13, 343 Tuttlingen, Germany: battle of (1643), 9, 199 Tutuila, island in the Pacific: ceded to the United States, 20, 322, 34, 978, 1034 Tuxetapec, Plan of, manifesto of Gen- eral Diaz (1776): account of, 22, 406 Tuyl, Baron (early 19th century), Rus- sian statesman: Russian minister, 23, 447 Tver, Russia: annexed to Moscow, 15, 12 ! . ! J Tweed Ring, American political union: account of, 24, 897 Twelve, The Commission of, French committee of safety in the first rev- olution (1793): appointment of, 10 256; insurrection against, 256 Twelve Tables, The, Roman legal code: established, 3, 44 Twenty-First Rule, in American his- tory, a rule of the House against the consideration of the petitions of the Abolitionists (1840), 24, 579 Twenty-Four Articles, Treaty of the, treaty regulating the separation of Holland and Belgium (1831), 9, 400 Twenty-Four Parganas, district in In- dia: transferred to the Company, 5, 184 Twiggs, David Emanuel (1790-1862), American general: in the Mexican War, 22, 326; surrenders army stores to Confederates, 24, 691 "Two-ninety," name given to the " Alabama," 24, 882 Two-Penny Act, bill passed by the Virginia legislature, providing that all debts payable in tobacco might at the option of the debtor be dis- charged in money, 23, 151 Tyler, John (1790-1845), President of the United States, 1841-1844: nom- inated for Vice-President, 24, 521; becomes President, 526; early ca- reer, 526; on the question of na- tional banks, 526; alienated from Whig Party, 528; settles dispute in Rhode Island, 530; annexation of Texas, 535, 538; renominated for President, 537; president of the Compromise Convention (1861), 702; his disapproval of treaty with Nicaragua, 1056 Tyler, Wat (d. 1381), English rebel: leads Peasants' Revolt, II, 174; death, 175 Tyng, Captain (early 18th century), English colonial sea-captain: given charge of Pepperell's fleet, 23, 165 Type Quarrel, The, a discussion of questions of precedence between Frederick IV of Sweden and Duke Charles Frederick of Holstein-Got- torp (1721), 16, 236 Tyranny, in Greek history, the rule of one who usurped absolute power: succeeds oligarchy at Corinth and Sicyon, 2, 76; age of, 90; in Greek political cycle, 91 Tyrawly (early 18th century), Eng- lish statesman: at the Russian court, 15, 140 Tyrconnel, Richard Talbot, Earl of (d. 1691), Irish royalist of Norman descent: sent to Ireland, II, 425 Tyre, Asia Minor, called The Queen of the Sea: location of, I, 119; sieges of (701 B. C), 1, 124, 2, 78; (670 B. C), I, 9o; (598-585 B. C), 125; stormed by Alexander (332 B. C.) 1, 125, 168, 2, 494; conquered by the Saracens, 1, 286, 11, no; see also Phoenicians Tyrisval, Sweden: battle of (983 A. D.), 16, 58 Tyrol, country of Austria-Hungary: part of, united with Hungary and 722 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bohemia, 17, 4; German element in, 6; Italian element in, 8; united to Austria, 104; insurrection of, 177; progress of the Reformation in, 178; advent of the Jesuits in, 179; condition of peasants relieved by Maria Theresa, 259; in the struggle against the French Revolution, 286; insurrection of (1809), 17, 296, 18, 375. 377', dismembered, 17, 300 Tyrrheni: see Etruscans Tyrtaeus (d. 685 B. C), Greek poet: sketch of, 2, 72, 74 Tzympe, Castle of, southeastern Eu- rope: taken by Suleiman Pasha, 14, 26 u Uah-ab-ra: see Apries Uberti, Farinata degl' (13th century), Florentine leader: saves Florence from destruction, 4, 212 Ubii, Germanic tribe: location of, 18, 6; submit to Caesar, 13 Uchh (Alexandria), India: founded, 5, 69 Uchida (living), Japanese diplomatist: protests against Russian demands (1903), 7, 294 Ucles, Spain: battle of, 8, 91 Uda, Emperor of Japan, 893-898 A. D.: reign of, 7, 47 Udhunala, India: battle of (1763), 5, 187 Uganda, a region in Africa: English attempt to gain a foothold in, 19, 190; made over in perpetuity to British protection, 195; description of, 20, 261 Ugolino, Count of the Gherardesca (d. 1289), Pisan leader: treachery and fate of, 4, 236 Uhlefeld: see Ulfeld Ujejski (19th century), Polish poet: sketch of, 15, 299, 17, 348 Ukita Hideiye (16th century), Jap- anese statesman: member of coun- cil of state, 7, 114; his campaign against Korea, 116; at battle of Se- kigahara, 123 Ulefeld: see Ulfeld Ulema, The, a Turkish order of men learned in law: account of, 14, 98, 369 Ulfeld (Uhlefeld, Ulefeld), Eleanor Kristine, sister of King Frederick III of Denmark: sketch of, 16, 202, 230 Ulfeld (Uhlefeld, Ulefeld), Korfitz (d. 1664), Danish courtier: influence of, 16, 202; at the Swedish court, 207; flees from Denmark, 230 Ulfilas (Ulphilas, Wulfila) (311-381 A. D.), Gothic bishop: missionary to the Goths, 4, 136; his Gothic gos- pels, 16, 9; career of, 18, 32 Ulfliot (Ulfljot), Constitution of, a code of laws drawn up for the gov- ernment of Iceland (930 A. D.), 16, 299 Ulfljot (Ulfliot) (10th century), Ice- landic legislator: studies the laws of Norway, 16, 46 Ullerup, Germany: battle of (1849), 16, 271 Ulloa, Francisco de (d. ca. 1540), Spanish captain: explores the coast of California, 22, 73 Ulloa, Lope de (16th century), Mex- ican diplomat: in the New Mexico expedition, 22, 141 Ulm, Germany: submits to the em- peror (1547), 18, 255; seized by the French (1702), 312 Ulm, Capitulation of, the surrender of Austrian army to Napoleon (1805), 4, 347, 10, 464, 11, 557, 17, 293, 18, 367 Ulozhenie, Russian code of laws pub- lished by Alexis (1649): description of, 15, 71, 181 Ulphilas: see Ulfilas Ulric (13th century), Count of Wiir- temberg: revolt of, 18, 180 Ulric (d. 1269), Duke of Carinthia and Carniola: death of, 17, 74 Ulric (Ulrich) (1487-1550), Duke of Wiirtemberg: oppressions of, 18, 229; reinstated, 250; submits to the emperor, 255 Ulrica (Ulrika) Eleanora (1688-1744), Queen of Sweden: accession of, 16, 723 724 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 225; continues the Northern War, IS, 67 Ulrica Eleanora of Denmark (1656- 1692), Queen of Sweden: marriage of, 16, 212 Ulrich, Switzerland: battle of (1419), 13, 393 Ulrich of Rosenberk: see Rosenberk, Ulrich of Ulrika: see Ulrica Uludj Ali (Kilidj Ali), Turkish ad- miral (16th century) : at siege of Malta, 24, 638 Ulysses (Odysseus), legendary Greek hero: home of, 2, 10; in Homeric poems, 29, 33, 82 Uncle Tom's Cabin, novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, directed against slavery: its effect, 24, 638 Uncrowned Monarch, The: see O'- Connell, Daniel Underground Railroad, a method of transveying fugitive slaves of Amer- ica to Canada: account of, 24, 616 Underhand Peace, The: see Chatres, Treaty of Unfortunate Peace, The: see Cateau Cambresis, Treaty of Uniate Church, composed of members of the Greek Church who had sub mitted to the authority of the Pope description of, 15, 297, 381 Uniformity Acts: 1559- An act passed by the Eng- lish Parliament forbidding the use of any form of public prayer other than that of the new Prayer Book, 11, 275 1662. An act passed by the Eng- lish Parliament establishing the Episcopal religion, 11, 382 Union, Acts of: 1707. A statute uniting the king- doms of England and Scotland, 11, 457, 12, 356 1801. A statute uniting the king- doms of Great Britain and Ire- land, 11, 545, 12, 215 1815. A statute uniting Norway and Sweden, 16, 261 1840. A statute uniting the French and English in Canada, 20, 157 Union, Edicts of: 1588. An act proclaimed at Blois, by which Henry III was declared chief of the league of Catholics in France against the Huguenots, 9, 163 1648. An act passed by the French government declaring that all crown courts should be treated alike, 9, 200 Union of Bohemian Brothers: see Bo- hemian Brothers Union of Rhenish Cities, formed by Mayence, Speyer, Worms, Strass- burg, and Basel (1254), 18, 175 Union Pacific Railroad, United States: built, 24, 902 Unitarians, a religious sect: denied rights of " Toleration Act," 23, 72 United African Company, English trading company: formed, 19, 78; assumes all the British interests on the Niger River, 154 United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, The, English trading company: or- ganized, 5, 159; founded, 20, 63; end of, 141 United Concessions Company, British trading company: organized, 19, 224 United Irishmen, Irish reform society founded by Wolfe Tone in 1791: founded, II, 545, 12, 198 United States, History of: aboriginal America, 23, 3; discoveries and ex- plorations, 19; the planting of the southern colonies, 56; the planting of the northern colonies, 83; colo- nial governments, 114; colonial life and institutions, 126; inter-colonial wars, 157; the French and Indian War, 167; the rupture with the mother country, 201; revolution and independence, 229; the war in the middle colonies, 242; the war in the southern colonies, 271; transition from colonies to states, 298; estab- lishment of the republic, 321; the first eight years of the constitution, 340; the federalist supremacy, 370; Jeffersonian republicanism, 383; the second war with Great Britain, 413; GENERAL INDEX 725 the era of good feeling and indus- trial development, 434; rise of the democratic party, 459; the Jackson- ian epoch, 477; the Whig ascend- ency, 24, 519; Polk's administration and the war with Mexico, 540; rise of the slavery controversy, 561; Tay- lor and Fillmore administration, 592; Pierce's administration and the renewal of the slavery controversy, 623; administration of Buchanan, 657; secession of the southern states, 684; the outbreak of the Civil War, 714; the war in the west, 738; operations in the east, 754; Vicks- burg and Gettysburg, Tjy. last year of the war, 786; general observa- tions on the war, 815; Andrew Johnson and reconstruction, 830; treaty with China, 6, 221; the ad- ministration of President Grant, and the results of reconstruction, 24, 857; Grant's second term, 889; Hayes and the end of the southern question, 906; Garfield and Arthur, 925; the administration of Grover Cleveland, 942; the administration of Benjamin Harrison, 963; Cleveland's second term, 988; William McKin- ley the war with Spain, ion; pro- tests against action of Russia, 6, 311; administration of Roosevelt, 24, 1049; treaty with China revised, 6, 318; Chinese in, 320; concludes treaty with Japan, 7, 190; progress of a century, 24, 1086 "United States," American frigate: built, 23, 375; captures "Mace- donian," 422 United States Bank: founded, 23, 352; re-chartered, 438; proposed, 439; Jackson opposed to re-charter, 485; account of Jackson's war on, 500; Democratic Party opposes the re- newal of its charter, 24, 522; re- establishment question raised, 527 Universities and Colleges: ARABIA: college at Bagdad, 1, 346 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: Zwingli at Vienna, 13, 433; Fiinfkirchen, 17, 154; Academia Corviniana, 166; Prague founded (1348), 18, 192; Jes- uit Colleges (17th century), 17, 182; Innsbruck and Breslau (ca. 1700), 189; Vienna, managed by the gov- ernment, 260; Oriental Academy (1754), 262; Lemberg (1783), 268; Czech language taught at Prague, 341; Wiclif's teachings condemned by Prague, 120; Prague closed, 126, 200, 274; Prague divided into Ger- man and Czech (1882), 427; Huss at Prague, 18, 202; Prague reorgan- ized, 205; Cracow, 17, 115; academy at Cracow (1871), 417; Academy of Sciences (1847), 357; Agram (1874), 417; Czernowitz (1876), 417; acad- emy at Agram, 417; Pesth, 417 CHINA: at Peking (1866), 6, 260; Imperial College, 2^, 291; Saigon (1874), 20, 274 DENMARK: Copenhagen (1479), 16, 136, 197: military and naval col- leges, 200; academy at Soro reor- ganized, 240 ENGLAND: East India College near London, 5, 202; Oxford (12th century), 11, 116; Merton founded, 142; King's College, Cambridge, 231; reformers at Oxford, 239; Ips- wich (1524), 244; Wolsey's College at Oxford refounded as Christ- church, 247; Oxford confers degree on Schwarzenberg, 17, 311 FRANCE: University of Paris sup- ports Philip IV against the Pope, 9, 88; College" Louis-le-Grand at Paris, 10, 218; established under the Convention (i795), 363, 364; Uni- versity of France (College de France and the Sorbonne), 10, 448, II, 116; Paris reorganized, 9, 490; political power of Paris (1410), 18, 203 GERMANY: Leipsic (1409), 17, 121, 18, 202; Luther at Erfurt, 18, 234; Wittenberg (1505), 234; library at Heidelberg, 272; Halle (1694), 320; Academy of Science in Berlin (171 1), 320; liberal movement (1819), 394; Strasburg, 436 GREECE: at Athens (1836), 2, 550 INDIA: Xavier's college at Goa (1600), 20, 97; medical college un- 726 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS der British government, 5, 48; in the 14th century, 104; college at Fort William, 202; Universities Act (1904), 291; Mohammedan Anglo- Oriental College (1877), 5, 256 IRELAND: before 700 A. D., 13, 34, 35 ITALY: Galileo at Pisa, 4, 320; Tu- rin founded (1559), 308; reestablish- ment of university in Turin, 331; Piacenza (1750), 338; low standard of, 402; Bologna, II, 116, 18, 176; Padua, 18, 176; Salerno, 18, 176 JAPAN: Kyoto (750 A. D.), 7, 34 MEXICO: antiquities at, 22, 94; (iS53), 22, 117, 170; Jesuit college founded (1572), 129, 204 NETHERLANDS: Louvain (1425), 13, 63; Leyden (1574). 169; at Douay (1562), 169 PERSIA: at Susa (570 A. D.), 5, 320; in the 12th century, 331 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Manila (1603), 20, 312 POLAND: Warsaw, 15, 329 PORTUGAL: royal academy of his- tory, 8, 471; academy of sciences, 476 RUSSIA: St. Athanasius, 15, 72; Academy of Sciences (1735), 113, 195; Moscow (1755), 149; Dorpat, 331 SCOTLAND: St. Andrews (1410), 12, 290; Aberdeen (1513), 301; Glas- gow, 296 SOUTH AMERICA: in Argentine Republic, 21, 120, 135; in Bolivia, 243; in Brazil, 20, 92, 21, 178; in Chili, 21, 228, 241; in Colombia, 92, 301; in Ecuador, 106; in Paraguay, 260; in Peru, 214; in Uruguay, 259 SPAIN: Jesuits expelled from, 8, 419; Cordova, 18, 176; Salamanca founded (1415), 8, 430 SWEDEN: Upsala (17th century), 16, 179 SWITZERLAND: St. Gall the cen- ter of learning, 13, 345; Basle (1500), 428, 439; Lausanne (1536), 448, 452; Zurich (1832), 543; Berne (1833), 543; since 1870, 583 TURKEY: under Mohammed (15th century), 14, 98 UNITED STATES: Harvard, 23, 91, 140; William and Mary College (1692), 137, 141; Yale (1701), 140; Brown, 140; Dartmouth, 140; King's College (Columbia) (1754), 140; Princeton (1746), 141, 249; Rutgers (1765), 141; Pennsylvania (1749), 141; Williams, 183; in the South, 24, 589; Oberlin College and the Fugitive Slave Law, 672; for the ne- groes in the South, 874; Leland Stanford, 1084 Universities Act, an act passed to harmonize and unify the work of the colleges and universities of In- dia (1904), 5, 291 Unkian-Skelessi, Treaty of, a treaty concluded between Russia and Turkey (1833), 9, 403, 14, 435, 443, 15, 291 Unni (10th century A. D.), Arch- bishop of Bremen: mission of, 16, 28 Unstrut, Germany: battle of (1075), 17, 90 Unterwalden, a canton of Switzer- land: secures independence, 18, 184 Upingtonia, name given to an intend- ed republic in Africa: attempts to establish, 19, 173 Upper Austria: united with Hungary and Bohemia, 17, 3; relics of the stone age found in, 10; settled by the Vandals, 14; surrendered to the Em- pire, 75 Upper Burgundy, Kingdom of: estab- lishment of, 18, 98 Upper Peru: see Bolivia Upsala Burning, The, the burning of six minor kings of Sweden by the king, Ingjald Illraada, 16, 36 Upsala Mota, the form of religion adopted by the Swedes, 16, 168 Uraga (19th century), Mexican gen- eral: at the battle of Cerro Gordo (1847), 22, 325 Uranienborg, a castle on the island of Hven, Sweden: description of, 16, 198 GENERAL INDEX 727 Urban II (d. 1099), Pope, 1088-1099: appointed by the Normans and the French, 18, 136; preaches the first crusade, 9, 70, 11, 87; his relations with Eric Ejegod, 16, 74 Urban III (Uberto Crivelli), Pope, 1185-1187: opposes Frederick Bar- barossa, 18, 155 Urban IV (Jacques Pantaleon), Pope, 1261-1264: pontificate of, 18, 169 Urban V (Guillaume de Grimoard) (d. 1370), Pope, 1362-1370: preaches crusade against the Turks, 4, 276, 14, 30; his relations with Charles IV of Germany, 18, 194; sanctions the establishment of the University of Fiinfkirchen, 17, 154 Urban VI (Bartholomew Prignano), Pope, 1378-1389: election of, 9, 105; sanctions dethronement of Joanna of Naples, 4, 261; opposes Juan I of Portugal, 8, 173 Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini), Pope, 1633-1644; favors the natives of Brazil, 31, 38 Urban (19th century), Slovak patriot: leads his people (1843), 17, 357 Ur-Bau (ca. 3200 B. C.)> King of Bab- ylonia: reign of, I, 76 Urbicus, Lollius (2nd centuty A. D.), legate of Antonius Pius: his cam- paign against the Picts, 12, 249 Urbina, Jose Maria, radical leader in Ecuador: made dictator of Ecuador (1851), 21, no; invades Ecuador, 114 Urbino, Duke of (16th century), Ital- ian soldier: raises an army for the defense of Italy, 9, 140 Ureta (19th century), Peruvian states- man: candidate for the presidency (1872), 31, 210 Urgel, Spain: siege of (1691), 8, 384 Urgel, Count de (15th century), Span- ish nobleman: claims the throne of Aragon, 8, 260 Ur-Gur of Ur (3rd century B. C), King of Sumer and Accad: reign of, 1, 76 Uri, Swiss canton: secures independ- ence, 18, 184 Uri, Landammann of (17th century), Swiss statesman: at the Miinster Conference, 13, 465 Uribe, Paraguayan statesman: his presidency of Paraguay (1875-1878), 21, 260 Uriburn, Jose (19th century), Argen- tine statesman: his presidency of Argentina (1895-1898), 21, 257 Uriqua, South America: battle of (1814), 21, 63 Urosan, Korea: siege of, 7, 120 Urquiza, Justo Jose de (1800-1871), Argentine general and politician: joins insurrection against Rosas, 21, 126; wins battle of Cepeda, 129; his power in Entre Rios, 131 Urraca (d. 1126), Queen of Leon and Castile: reign of, 8, 143; marries Al- fonso I of Aragon, 233 Urseolus (10th century A. D.), Doge of Venice: marriage of, 17, 46 Ursua, Pedro de, Spanish soldier: ex- plorations of, 21, 28 Ursus, Saint (4th century A. D.): martyred, 13, 334 Uruguay, republic in South America: from 1828 to 1876, 21, 137; from 1876 to 1906, 258 Uryn (ca. 1900), Japanese Rear Ad- miral: his services in the Russo- Japanese War (1904-1905), 7, 303 Uscocchi, a band of Italian assassins: attack Venice, 4, 314 Usertesen I, King of Egypt, ca. 1980 B. C: reign of, 1, 18 Usertesen II, King of Egypt, ca. 1905 B. C. : reign of, I, 19 Usertesen III, King of Egypt, ca. 1875 B. C. : reign of, 1, 19 Usipetes (Usipites), German tribe: mi- gration of, 3, 301; defeated by Csesar, 18, 12 Usman, Khalif (7th century A. D.), Mohammedan ruler: sends expedi- tion to Bombay coast, 5, 88 Usselinx, William, Swedish trader: founds the South Company of Swe- den (1624), 16, 179 Uster, Assembly of, a Swiss assembly held at Uster (1830), the purpose of which was to remodel the constitu- tion, 13, 533 728 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Uster, Memorial of, the wishes of the people as embodied in a new form by the Swiss assembly, 13, 535 Usteri, Martin (1763-1827), Swiss poet: sketch of, 13, 522 Usteri, Paul (1768-1831), Swiss states- man: upholds revolutionary ideas, I3 S03; leads the Centralists, 518; influence of, 531 Ustrialov, N., Russian historian: quoted, 15, 51, 73 Utah, United States: ceded to United States, 24, 552; meeting of the Cen- tral and Union Pacific Railroads near Ogden, 902; admitted, 984; Presidential election of 1900, 1040 Utica, Africa: made capital of prov- ince of Africa, 3, 165; siege of (49 B. G), 342; battle of (699 A. D.), I, 307 Utica, New York: Barnburners' con- vention, 24, 559 Utrecht, Netherlands: taken by the French, 18, 300 Utrecht, Congress of (1690), gather- ing of delegates to oppose Louis XIV, 13, 244 Utrecht, Peace of, compact concluded between European powers after War of Spanish Succession (1713): provisions of, 8, 401, 9, 224, 11, 463, 13, 251, 18, 315, 20, 85, 107, 23, 162; transfer of Neuchatel to Prus- sia ratified by 13, 497; disregarded by Spanish settlers, 23, 77; defects of, 163; boundary dispute arising from, 167; British claims and, 168 Utrecht, Union of (1579), compact to secure Dutch independence, 13, 133 Utsunomiya, Japan: battle of, 7, 170 Uvakhshatara : see Kyaxares Uxelles (1652-1730), French general: president of the colonial council of foreign affairs, 9, 227 Uxellodunum, Gaul: siege of, 3, 308 Uyesugi Kagekatsu (16th century), Japanese statesman: member of council of state, 7, 114; at battle of Sekigahara, 123 Uyesugi Norizam (15th century), Jap- anese kwanryo: crushes revolt of Ashikaga Mochiuji, 7, 95 Uyttenbogaert (17th century), Neth- erlander clergyman : his attempts for peace in religious quarrels, 13, 198; arrest of, 201 Uzziah, King of Judah, 810-758 B. C: reign of, 1, 395 Vaca, Cabeza de (Alvarez Nunez) (d. 1564), Spanish explorer: his gov- ernment of the La Plata provinces, 21, 41; wanderings of, 23, 41 Vacslav (Wenceslaus or Wenzel) (1361-1419), Holy Roman Emperor, 1376-1419, (King of Germany, 1378- 1400, VI, King of Bohemia, 1363- 1419): account of, 14, 33; crowned king of Bohemia, 17, 117, 18, 194; reign of, 18, 196; creates duchy of Milan, 4, 219; imprisoned by Sigis- mund, 18, 199; death of, 206 Vacslav (Wenceslas, Wenzel), Saint (907-935), Prince of Bohemia: sketch of, 17, 62 Vacslav (Wenceslas) IV, King of Bo- hemia, 1278-1305 (I, King of Hun- gary, 1301-1305): reigns of, 17, 77, 151; marries daughter of Rudolf of . Hapsburg, 18, 181; supports Albert I of Germany, 183 Vacslav (Wenceslas) V, King of Bo- hemia, 1305-1306: reign of, 17, 81 Vacslav VI, King of Bohemia: see Vacslav, Holy Roman emperor Vacslav: see also Wenceslaus Vadian, Joachim: see Watt, Joachim von Vadier, Marc Guillaume (1736-1828), French revolutionist: arrest and trial of, 10, 333 Vadimonian, Lake: battle of, 3, 71 Vadstena, Diet of, a Swedish council convened by Gustavus Vasa (1526), 16, 155 Vaga, Numidia, Africa: revolts against Roman rule, 3, 189 Vaidyas, Indian medical caste (600- 1000 A. D.) : rise of, 5, 48 Vaillant, Frangois le (1753-1824), Af- rican traveler and naturalist: his work in Africa, 20, 130 Val de Junquera, Spain: battle of (921 A. D.), 8, 135, 198 Val de Presle, Switzerland: battle of the (1635), 9, 192 Valaze, Charles Dufriche (d. 1793), French revolutionist: death of, 10, 279 Valdemar (I) the Great, King of Den- mark, 1157-1182: his struggle for the throne, 16, 80; reign of, 81; his relations with Slesvig, 266 Valdemar (Waldemar) (II) Sejr the Victorious, King of Denmark, 1202- 1241: subdues the Slesvig revolt, 16, 84; reign of, 85; aids Svesker Karls- son, 103; taken prisoner by Henry of Schwerin, 18, 162; his relations to Slesvig, 16, 266; death of, 90 Valdemar (III) Atterdag, King of Denmark, 1340-1375: his relations with Magnus Smek, 16, 108; reign of, 114; defeated by Hanseatic League, 18, 195 Valdemar, King of Sweden, 1250- 1275: reign of, 16, 103; forced to renounce the crown, 105 Valdemar (1208-1231), Prince of Den- mark: taken captive by Henry of Schwerin, 16, 87; death of, 91 Valdemar (d. 1257), Prince of Den- mark, Duke of Slesvig: retains his duchy, 16, 95, 266 Valdemar (d. 1318), Prince of Swe- den: plots of, 16, 106 Valdemar (late 12th century), Bishop of Slesvig: revolt of, 16, 84 Valdemar: see also Waldemar Valdenama (late 16th century), Span- ish official: made visitador of New Spain, 22, 119 Valdez (16th century), Spanish com- mander in the Netherlands: his campaign, 13, 118 729 730 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Valdez, Manuel (late 18th century), Mexican journalist: publishes the " Gazette," 23, 213 Valdivia, Pedro de (1500-1554), Span- ish soldier: his work in Chili, 31, 25 Valdonne, Chevalier de (late 19th cen- tury), French statesman: made min- ister for the interior, 9, 459 Valencay, Treaty of, agreement be- tween Napoleon, Emperor of the French, and King Ferdinand of Spain (1813), 9, 344 Valencia, South America: occupied by the revolutionists (1821), 21, 73 Valencia, Spain: siege of (1238), 8, 242; rises against the nobles and clergy, 344 Valencia, General (19th century), Mexican soldier: at the siege of Mexico, 22, 344 Valencia, Padre (16th century), Span- ish missionary: preaches in Mexico, 22, 67 Valenciennes, France: sieges of (1567), 13, 100; (1677), 240; taken by the allied powers (1793), 10, 271 Valens (328-378 A. D.), Roman and Byzantine Emperor: 1 reign of, 4, 130; assists the Goths, 18, 33; re- ceives the eastern part of the em- pire, 17, 15; death of, 4, 133, 18, 34 Valens, Fabius (d. 69 A. D.), Roman soldier: supports claims of Vitel- lius, 4, 71 Valentine (early 17th century), Eng- lish statesman: takes part in House disturbance, 11, 327; fined and im- prisoned, 329 Valentinian I (Flavius Valentinianus) (321-375 A. D.), Roman Emperor: reign of, 4, 130; his relations with the barbarians, 17, 15 Valentinian II, Roman Emperor, 375- 392 A. D.: associated with Gratian in the Empire, 4, 133; reign of, 18, 34 Valentinian III (Flavius Placidius Valentinianus), Roman Emperor, 425-455 A. D.: birth of, 4, 146; ac- cession of, 147; reign of, 9, 16 Valenzuela, Pedro Jacinto (late 18th century), Mexican official: sketch of, 22, 223 Valerian (Publius Aurelius Licinius Valerianus) (d. ca. 269 A. D.), Ro- man Emperor, 253-260 A. D.: reign of, 4, no; captured by the Persians, 5, 317 Valerian Law, Roman law regulating appeals (509 B. C.) : passed, 3, 31 Valerio-Horatian Laws, a compromise between the Patricians and the Ple- beians in Rome (449 B. C.) : account of, 3, 45 Valerius, Manius (5th century B. C), Roman soldier: dictator, 3, 40 Valerius, Marcus (late 2nd century B. C.)> Roman praetor: at battle of Nola, 3, 123 Valerius, Quintus (1st century B. C.) Roman military commander: cap- tures Sardinia, 3, 342 Valerius Maximus, Marcus (3rd cen- tury B. C.) Roman military com- mander: defeats the forces of Car- thage and of Syracuse, 3, 100 Valero, Texas: founded (1718), 22, 189 Val-es-dunes, Normandy: battle of (1047), 11, 62 Valian (2nd- century A. D.), Persian advocate of Christianity: leads re- ligious revolt, s, 318 Vallablea-Swami (early 16th century), religious teacher of the Hindus: ac- count of, s, 86 Vallandigham, Clement Laird (1822- 1871), American politician: in Dem- ocratic Convention, 24, 800; arrested and banished, 816; defeated for gov- ernor of Ohio, 817 Valle, Marques del (16th century), son of Hernando Cortez: alleged con- spiracy of, 22, 120 Vallette, John de la: see La Vallette, John de Valley Forge, Pennsylvania: head- quarters for American army, 23, 260 Valmy, France: battle of (1792), 9, 277, 10, 210, 18, 356 Valnyev, Count (19th century), Rus- GENERAL INDEX 731 sian statesman: becomes minister of the interior, 15, 324 Valognes, Treaty of, a treaty con- cluded between John of France and Charles of Navarre (1355), 9, 96 Valor, Spain: battle of (1569), 8, 370 Valparaiso, Chili: battle of (1835), 21, 217; martial law declared (1858), 218; blockaded by Spanish fleet (1865), 221; bombarded (1866), 207, 222; battle of (1891), 239; incident of the "Baltimore" (1891), 21, 240, 34, 978 Valtelline, Massacre of (1620), 13, 462 Valverde, Vincent de (16th century), Spanish priest: accompanies Pizar- ro, ax, 18; death of, 27 Varna, Bulgaria: battle of (1444), 17, 158 Van Artavelde: see Artavelde, van Van Borselen, Vrank: see Borselen, Vrank van Van Buren, Martin (1782-1862), Amer- ican statesman, President of the United States, 1837-1841: opposes internal improvements, 33, 467; aids Jackson, 475; in Jackson's Cabinet, 485; Jackson demands his nomina- .tion for President, 498; Jackson's satisfaction over nomination of, 509; elected, 510; sketch of, 511; inaug- urated, 511; views on government deposits, 513; foreign relations, 514; secures independent treasury, 514; characterized, 516; renominated for Presidency, 522; refuses to annex Texas, 535; proposed as candidate for President (1844), 536; nomi- nated for President (1848), 558; in- terest in Panama Canal during ad- ministration of, 1055 Van Cortlandt, Colonel (19th cen- tury), officer of Rinjit Singh: trains the Sikh army, 5, 221 Vancouver, George (ca. 1755-1798), English navigator: voyages of, 20, 129, 24, 541 Vancouver Island, British Columbia: joined to British Columbia, 20, 170 Vandals, a powerful branch of the Germanic race: location of, 18, 6; settle in the Danube country, 17, 14; sketch of, 18, 31; settle in north- ern Africa, 39; sack Rome, 3, 530, 18, 43; destruction of, 18, 49 Vandamme, Dominique Josephe (1770- 1830), French general: in the Na- poleonic wars, 18, 383 Vandenburg, Adrien (16th century), Netherlander boat master: aids plot to capture Breda, 13, 156 Van den Kolk, Admiral: see Kolk, Admiral van den Vanderbilt, Cornelius (1794-1877), American navigator: stockholder in Accessory Transit Company, 34, 626; Nicaragua Canal, 1056 Van der Does, Admiral: see Does, Admiral van der Van der Duye, John: see Dousa Van der Mersch, Francis (1734-1792), Belgian soldier: commands patriot army in Belgium, 13, 261 Van der Noot, Hendrik Nikolaas (1750-1827), Belgian revolutionist: leads malcontents in Belgium, 13, 260 Vanderwerf (16th century), Dutch burgomaster: at the siege of Ley- den, 13, 118 Van de Weyer, Sylvanus (1 802-1 874), Belgian diplomat and lawyer: mem- ber of Belgian provisional govern- ment, 13, 297 Van Diemen's Land, island and Brit- ish colony in Australasia: settlement of, 20, 132; history of, 188; see also Tasmania Van Dorn, Earl (1820-1863), Ameri- can soldier in Confederate service: at battle of Corinth, 24, 774; attacks Holly Springs, 775 Vandyke, Sir Anthony (1599-1641), Flemish painter: sketch of, 13, 220 Vane, Sir Henry (or Harry) (1612- 1662), English statesman: governor of Salem Colony, 23, 90; produces evidence against the Earl of Straf- ford, 11, 338; negotiates treaty be- tween England and Scotland, 347; introduces a reform bill, 365 Van Eyck, John: see John of Bruges Van Hasselaar, Catherine: see Has- selaar, Catherine van 732 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Van Ness, William P. (ca. 1800), American attorney: preceptor of Martin Van Buren, 23, 511 Van Rensselaer, Stephen (1 764-1 839), American statesman and soldier: riots on estate of, 23, 103; estate of, 132; defeated at Queenston, 421 Vansittart, Henry (1 732-1 770), Eng- lish agent in Bengal: attempts to compromise with Mir Kasim, 5, 187 Van Straelen: see Straelen, van Van Twiller, Wouter (or Walter) (ca. 1580-ca. 1646), American colonial officer: governor of New York, 23, 103 Van Wert, Isaac (18th century), American patriot: aids in capture of Andre, 23, 277 Varad, Hungary: taken by the Mon- gols, 17, 58 Varad, Treaty of, a treaty between Hungary, Austria, and the Empire (1538), 17, 217 ^ Varangians (Varingjar or Varings), Norse warriors: settle in Russia, 15, 4, 16, 40 Varas, Count of (16th century), Span- ish soldier: death of, 13, 164 Varberg, Sweden: siege of (1569), 16, 162 Varela, Pedro (19th century), Uru- guayan statesman: his administra- tion as president of Uruguay (1875- 1876), 21, 146 Varela, Treaty of, treaty concluded between Sweden and Russia (1790), 15, 188 Varennes: see Billaud Vargas (16th century), Spanish states- man: made vice-president of the Council of Troubles, 13, 105 Vargas, Jose (19th century), Venezue- lan statesman: made president of Venezuela (1835), 21, 95 Varings or Varingjars: see Varan- gians Varinius, Roman pretor, 73 B. C: campaign against the gladiators, 3, 261 Varius (Q. Varius Hydrida), Roman tribune, 90 B. C. : proposes a com- mission to investigate Italian con- spiracy, 3, 207 Varna (Warna), Bulgaria: siege of (1444), 14, 65; Russians repulsed at (1773), 336; siege of (1828), 14, 427, 15, 280 Varro, Marcus Terentius, Roman con- sul, 216 B. C: elected consul, 3, 120 Varro, Marcus Terentius (116-28 B. C), Roman antiquary, grammarian, and philosopher: defeated by Cae- sar. 3, 34i> 8, 23; flees to Mace- donia, 3, 343 Vartan (6th century A. D.), Persian patriot: leads religious revolt, 5, 3i8 Varthema, Ludovico di (16th cen- tury), Italian explorer: visits In- dia, 5, 142 Varus, Publius Atius (d. 45 B. C), Roman soldier: defeated (49 B. C), 3, 342 Varus, Publius Quintilius: see Varus, Quintilius Varus Quintilius or Quinctillius (d. 9 A. D.), Roman soldier: policy of, 18, 16; defeat of, 4, 44, 18, 18 Vasa, Erik Johansson (d. 1520), father of Gustavus I of Sweden: execution of, 16, 149 Vasa, Gustaf Eriksson: see Gustavus (I) Vasa Vasco da Gama: see Gama, Vasco da Vascones, Gallic tribe: description of, 8, 8 Vasilchikov, Prince (d. 1847), Russian statesman: his relations with the tsar, 15, 267 Vasili: see Vassili Vasog, southeastern Europe: battle of, 14, 61 Vassili (Vasili) III (IV) (Vasili Ivan- ovitch), Grand Prince of Moscow, ISOS-I533: reign of, 15, 15; contem- porary of Suleiman the Great, 14, 145; frees Moscow from Tartars, 192 Vassili (Vasili) IV (V) (Shuiski) (1552-1612), Emperor of Russia: his struggles for supremacy, 15, 18; as- sumes the throne, 20 GENERAL INDEX 733 Vassy, France: massacre of (1562), 9, 153 Vassy, The Butcher of: see Guise, Frangois, Duke of Vasvar, Peace of, treaty between Hun- gary and Turkey (1664), 17, 228 Vasvary (19th century), Hungarian orator: takes part in the revolution of 1848 in Hungary, 17, 368 Vatinius, Publius (d. ca. 43 B. C.)i Ro- man politician and soldier: pro- poses to give the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul to Caesar, 3, 289; trial of, 319: defeats Octavius (47 B. C), 355 Vauban, Sebastien Le Prestre of (1633-1707), French soldier and mili- tary engineer: his campaign in Ger- many, 9, 217 Vaublanc, Vincent Marie Vienot, Count of (1756-1845), French politi- cian:, leads deputation to the king, 10, 162; made minister of the in- terior, 9, 367 Vaubois, Henri Belgrand, Count of (1748-1839), French soldier: his campaigns under the directory, 9 301 Vaucelles, Treaty of, treaty concluded between Spain and England (1555), 9, 147 Vauchamps, France: battle of (1814) 9, 346, xo, 491 Vaudreiul-Cavagnal, Pierre Frangois de Riguad, Marquis de (1698-1765), French colonial governor: in the French and Indian war, 23, 176 Vazquez (19th century), Mexican gen- eral: at the battle of Cerro Gordo (1847), 22, 325 Veda, collective term for the ancient sacred literature of the Hindus: composed, 5, 25 Vedel, Anders Sorenson (16th cen- tury), Scandinavian historian: sketch of, 16, 198 Vega, la (19th century), Mexican gen- eral: at the battle of Cerro Gordo (1847), 23, 325 Vehm, The Holy, an institution of northern Germany in the 15th century, 18, 230 Veii, city of ancient Italy: wars with Rome, 3, 58 Veintemila (d. 1869), South American military officer: attempted rebellion of, 31, 116 Veintemilla (19th century), South American military general: holds the power in Ecuador (1876-1882), 21, 244 Vela, Nunez (16th century), Spanish statesman: made viceroy of Peru, 21, 27 Velasco, Jose Antonio Manso de (ca. 1695-ca. 1762), Spanish soldier and administrator: administrations of 22, 118 Velasco, Jose Miguel de (1795-1859), Bolivian general and politician: seizes the dictatorship in Bolivia, 21, 186; made provisional president of Bolivia, 187; arrested, 187; recov- ers his power, 188 Velasco, Luis de, Count of Santiago (ca. 1500-1564), viceroy of Mexico: first administration of, 22, 116; ca- reer of, 137; second administration of, 145 Velasquez, Diego (ca. 1465-ca. 1523), Spanish soldier and administrator: explorations of, 22, 3; plots against Cortez, 63; colonizes Cuba, 447; death of, 66 Velasquez, Rodrigo (late 10th cen- tury), Spanish rebel: encourages Mohammedans to invade Leon, 8, 138 Velasquez de Leon, Juan: see Leon, Juan Velasquez de Veli Pasha (18th century), Turkish soldier: campaign of, 15, 124 Velia (Hyeli), a locality in ancient Rome: founded by Phocaeans, 2, 125, 3, 28 Velitrae (Vellitri), Italy: conquered by Rome, 3, 67 Velleda (Veleda) (1st century A. D.), German prophetess: prophesies vic- tory of Germans, 18, 23 Vellitri: see Velitrae Vellore, Mutiny of, uprising of the Sepoys at Vellore (1806), 5, 204 Venables (17th century), English mill' 734 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS tary officer: his campaign in Ire- land, 12, 125; his expedition to the West Indies, II, 370, 20, 71 Venceslas: see Vacslav Vendee, La, department of France: insurrection of, 10, 248; pacification of, 374 Vendome, Francois de, Due de Beau- fort (1616-1669), French politician and admiral: conspires against Richelieu, 9, 184; commands troops of Conde against Anne of Austria, 204; his campaign against the pi- rates, 208 Vendome, Louis Joseph, Duke of, Duke of Penthievre (1654-1712), French general: his campaign in the War of the Spanish Succession, 9, 220, 11, 458 Venegas, Don Francisco (early 19th century), viceroy of Mexico: his ad- ministration, 22, 235 Venelin (early 19th century), Malo- Russian scholar: his work, 15, 288 Venero (16th century), Spanish clerk: plots death of William of Orange, 13, 138 Veneti, Gallic tribe of the first century B. C. : revolt of, 9, 9; Publius Cras- sus defeats, 3, 303; sold into slavery, 303 Venetia, Italy: its relation to Austria, 17, 4 Venetians, Italian tribe: invade Greece, 2, 536, 538; Morea relin- quished to, 539; severity of, towards Greeks, 540 Venezuela, South America: declared to be a republic (181 1), 21, 57; re- covered by the royalists, 60; liberat- ed, 61; declared a republic (1816), 66; united with New Granada, 69; separated from Colombia, 84; formation of, 84; from 1829 to 1876, 94; from 1876 to 1906, 245 Venezuelan Boundary Dispute, dis- pute between Venezuela and Great Britain over the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana (1840-1809): account of, 11, 639, 20, 248, 21, 263, 24, 1000 "Vengeance," French frigate: cap- tured, 23, 375 Venice, Italy, called the City of St. Mark, The City of the Seventy Isles, The Merchant Queen and The Queen of the Adriatic: founded, 4, 148, 18, 42; sketch of, 4, 177; his- tory in the Middle Ages, 4, 238; condition of the Jews, 1, 418; at war with Genoa, 14, 25; makes treaty with Mohammed I of Turkey, 54; at war with the Turks, 56, 60, 84, 113; Selim II breaks treaty with, 195; acquisition of territory, 4, 292; at- tempted reformation of Sarpi, 314; struggles of (1508-1511), 18, 227; joins the Holy League (1511), 11, 236; concludes alliance with the Swiss Protestants (1531), 13, 444! the colonial system of, 20, 40; at war with Turkey (1570), 8, 355; peace of 1573 negotiated, 14, 199; leader in commerce with the East, 23, 22; her commerce ruined, 25; de- cline of, 14, 211; treaty with Tur- key, 269; weakness of, 285; cedes the Morea to Turkey (1718), 4, 330, 14, 291; concludes treaty with Aus- tria (1797), 17, 282; overthrown (1797), 18, 360; siege of (i797), 17, 283; surrender to Napoleon, 4, 344; part of Italian kingdom, 390; popu- lar uprising in (1848), 17, 367; siege of (1849), 18, 402 Venice, League of, union of Italian princes to drive the French out of Italy (1495): account of, 4, 290 Veniero (Venerio), Sebastiano (d. !578), Venetian admiral: leader of expedition against Turks, 4, 310, 311 Venlo, the Netherlands: siege of (1646), 13, 217 Ventidius Bassus, Publius (1st cen- tury B. C), Roman general: cam- paign against the Parthians, 4, 19 Ventura, General (early 19th century), Italian general in the service of In- dia: trains Sikh army, 5, 221 Venusia, Italy: established, 3, 73 Vera Cruz, Mexico: taken by Drake (i573) 21, 30; taken by pirates GENERAL INDEX 735 (1683), 20, 68, 22, 178; blockaded by the French, 22, 274; the cam- paign against (1846), 302; siege of (1847), 22, 322, 23, 549; taken by patriots (1867), 22, 398; arrival of European vessels to sequestrate revenues at, 24, 876 Verazua, Duke of (late 19th cen- tury), Italian nobleman: at the opening of the World's Fair, 24, 1010 Verazzano (Verrazano), Giovanni da (early 16th century), Italian explor- er in the service of England: his voyage to America, 20, 49, 81 Verbiest, Pere (17th century), Dutch missionary in China: secures the favor of the emperor, 6, 62 Verboczy, Stephen (15th century), Hungarian patriot and lawyer: sketch of, 17, 167, 168; leads Hun- garian patriots, 216; refuses to rec- ognize Ferdinand of Austria as King of Hungary, 217 Vercellae, Italy: battles of (218 B. C), 3, 116; (101 B. C)i 3, 195, 17, lit 18, 5 Vercelli, Treaty of, a peace between Charles VIII of France and Louis the Moor (1495): account of, 9, 131 Vercingetorix (d. ca. 45 B. C), Gallic chief: made King of the Gauls, 3, 306; sketch of, 307; leads rebellion against Rome, 9, 10; taken prisoner by Romans, 18, 12; death of, 3, 307 Verden, Germany: massacre at, 18, 82 Verdun, France: sieges of (985 A. D.), 9, 59; (1792), 9, 276, 10, 205, 18, 356 Verdun, Treaty of, a peace between Lothaire, King of Italy, and his brothers (843 A. D.) : account of, 4, 179, 9, 50, 13, 341, 18, 93 Vere, Sir Francis (1554-1608), English military officer: at the battle of Nieuport, 13, 174; at the siege of Ostend, 177 Vere, Sir Horace, Baron Vere of Til- bury (1565-1635), English general: at the battle of Nieuport (1600), 13, 174; his campaign in the Nether- lands, 13, 179; his campaign in the Palatinate, 11, 313, 13, 203 Vere, Robert de, Earl of Oxford (late 14th century), favorite of Richard II: character of, II, 180; condemned to death, 181 Verela, Treaty of, peace between Sweden and Russia (1790): account of, 16, 249 Veremundo: see Bermudo Vereshchagin, Vassili Vassilivitch (1842-1904), Russian painter: sketch of, 15, 227, 251; death of, 7, 307, 15, 361 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count of (1717-1787), French statesman and diplomat: made minister for foreign affairs, 9, 253; in Stockholm, 16, 229, 247; promises aid to Americans, 23, 265; suspicious conduct of, 287 Verginius, Lucius (5th century B. C), Roman centurion: slays his daugh- ter, 3, 45 Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien (1759- 1793), French orator and Girondist: his picture of the peril in which the country stood in the middle of 1792, 10, 182; leads Girondist party, 9, 272; attacked by Robespierre and Marat, 10, 254; accuses the Girond- ists of conspiring with Dumouriez, 260; death of, 279 Verhaeren, Emile (1855 ), Belgian poet: sketch of, 13, 312 Verhoef, Captain (early 17th century), Dutch naval commander at the bat- tle of the Bay of Gibraltar, 13, 183 Vermont, one of the United States, means " Green Mountain," called Green Mountain State: origin, 23, 95; quarrel between New York and New Hampshire over, 312; paper- currency riots, 316; disorders in col- ony, 321; admitted to the Union, 23, 257, 24, 567; experiments with a sin- gle legislative house, 10, 88 note; attitude toward War of 1812,23,431; in Hartford Convention, 431; free state, 452; presidential election of 1848, 24, 559; abolition of slav- ery, 563; election of 1854, 645; elec- tion of 1896, 1018; election of 1904, 1072 Vernacular Press Act, a bill passed by 736 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS the British government in India to restrict criticism by the native jour- nals: passed (1878), 5, 256; repealed (1882), 260 Verneuil, France: battle of (1424). 9> 114, 11, 202, 12, 289 Verneuil, Henrietta d' Eutragues, Marquise of (early 17th century), French courtisan: her intrigues with Henry IV of France, 9, 172; her arrest, 174 Vernon, Edward (1684-1757), English admiral, called Old Grog: captures Porto Bello and Cartagena, 22, 194 Verona, Italy: founded, 3, 58; battles of (249 A. D.), 4, 109; (312 A. D.), 118; (403 A. D.), 138; (489 A. D.), 156; conquered by Venice (1404), 250; battle of (1799), 10, 403 Verona, Congress of, a council of Eu- ropean sovereigns (1822): account of, 9, 379, 15, 266, 17, 323 Verona, Diet of, a council of the Aus- trian Empire (1245): account of, 17, 94 Verrazano, Giovanni (1486-1527), Ital- ian navigator: searches ior the Northwest Passage, 23, 46 Verres, Gaius (112-42 B: C), Roman governor: indicted by Cicero, 3, 266; governor of Sicily, -389 Verrua, Italy: siege of, 4, 327 Versailles, Peace of, treaty between Great Britain and the United States (1783): account of, 5, 194, 9, 257, 20, 128, 23, 286 Versailles, Treaties of, secret alliances between France and Austria (1756 and 1757), 15, 144, 17, 243 Versailles, Treaty of, compact be- tween France and the United States (1778): account of, 23, 267 Verseghy (late 18th century)-, Hun- garian poet: account of literary work of, 17, 333; arouses the Hun- garian nation, 334 Verus, Caius Commodus (d. 138 A. D.), Emperor of Rome, ca. 135-138 A. D.: associated with the Emperor Hadrian, 4, 93 Verus Caesar, Lucius Aelius, Roman Emperor, 161-169 A. D. : adopted by Antoninus, 4, 93; raised to the pur- ple, 96; death, 97 Vervins, Peace of, a truce between Philip II of Spain and Henry IV of France (1598): account of, 9, 171, 13, 164, 17, 176 Vespasian (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus) (9-79 A. D.), Roman Emperor, 69-79 A. D., called the Darling of Mankind: his campaigns in the East, 1, 410, 4, 78; his cam- paign in Britain, 4, 59; proclaimed imperator, 72; reign of, 81; strength- ens the Roman forces in Austro- Hungarian territory, 17, 12; condi- tion of Germany under, 18, 23; con- dition of Spain under, 8, 26, 28; death of, 4, 82 Vespucci, Amerigo, an Italian navi- gator, who gave his name to the New World: was born at Florence, March 9, 1451; educated by his un- cle, Giorgio Antonio Vespucci, an eminent scholar, and applied himself especially to astronomy and cos- mography; in his early life was en- gaged in mercantile pursuits; in 1490 removed to Spain, where, it is said, he became acquainted with Columbus in 1492; Vespucci was employed as a merchant at Seville for several years; accompanied an expedition which Ojeda conducted to America in 1499; according to a letter written by Vespucci he took part in an expedition sent by the King of Spain in 1497 and discov- ered new islands and lands; made four voyages to the New World, but he had not chief command of any one of these expeditions; the part of the country he discovered was near the equator; entered the service of the King of Portugal and sailed in 1501 on an exploring expe- dition to Brazil; on his return, Sep- tember, 1502, he was received with great honor and rejoicing at Lisbon; about 1505 he returned to Spain; died at Seville, February 22, 1512 Accompanies Ojeda, 21, 15; gives his name to the New World, 16; GENERAL INDEX 737 first to call America a new world, 23, 35 Vessel, Peder: see Tordenskiold, Pe- der Vessel Vesteraas, Sweden: battle of (1521), 16, 153 Vesteraas, Diet of (1527), 16, 155 Vesteraas Recess, Swedish statute (1527), 16, 158 Vesuvius, mountain in Italy: eruptions of (79 A. D.), 3, 524, 4, 83; (1906), 4, 406 Veszprim (Veszprem), Hungary: bat- tle of (ca. 1000 A. D.), 17, 47 Veto, Madame: see Marie Antoinette, Queen of France Veto, Monsieur: see Louis XVI, King of France Veto Act, an act of the General As- sembly of Scotland providing that no minister should be placed in any parish against the will of the con- gregation (1834), 12, 373 Vetranio (4th century A. D.), Roman officer: proclaimed emperor, 4, 124 Vetsera, Marie, Austrian baroness: death of (1899), 17, 456 Vettius, Titus (2nd century B. C.) Roman knight: leads slave revolt (104 B. C.)f 3, 186 Viazemski, Prince Alexander (1727- 1796), Russian soldier: Catherine's advice to, 15, 182 Viazma, Russia: battle of (1812), 15, 246 Viborg, Denmark: battle of (1157), 16, 80 Viborg Manifesto, The, issued by the outlawed duma, at Viborg, Finland (1906), 15, 367 Vicalvaro, Spain: battle of (1854), 8, 504 Vice-President of the Confederacy: term of office, 24, 695 Vice-President of the United States: election and powers, 23, 333; salary, 346; succeeds to office of President, 24, 526 Vicksburg, Warren County, Missis- sippi: campaign against, 24, 775; siege of (1863), 777; turning point in Civil War, 783; election battle of 1874, 872 note; yellow fever epi- demic, 923 Victor II, Pope, 1055-1057: appointed by Henry III of Germany, 18, 130 Victor IV, anti-Pope, 1159: recognized by Frederick Barbarossa, 18, 151 Victor, Saint (d. 303 A. D.), early Swiss Christian: martyred, 13, 334 Victor, Claude Perrin, Duke of Bel- luno (1766-1841), a French marshal: his campaign against Russia, 15, 249 Victor Amadeus I (1666-1732), King of Sardinia (II, Duke of Savoy) : reign of, 4, 326; at war with the French, 9, 218; forms alliance with French, 219; forms an alliance with Germany, 18, 312; joins the allies against Spain, 8, 407 Victor Amadeus II (1726-1796), King of Sardinia (III, Duke of Savoy): concludes peace with Napoleon, 9, 298 Victor Amadeus I (1617-1636), Duke of Savoy, 1630-1636: reign of, 4,319; at war with France, 9, 187 Victor Amadeus II and III, Dukes of Savoy: see Victor Amadeus I and II, Kings of Sardinia Victor Asmodeus: see Victor Ama- deus Victor Emanuel I, King of Italy: see Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sar- dinia Victor Emanuel III (1869 ), King of Italy, 1900 : reign of, 4, 397, 405 Victor Emmanuel I (1759-1824), King of Sardinia, 1802-1821: abdicates, 4, 355 Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878), King of Sardinia (I, King of Italy) : accession to Sardinian throne, 4, 359, 17, 373, 18, 402; accession to Ital- ian throne, 4, 376; accession to throne of the Two Sicilies, 384; unites all Italy, 18, 405; joins allies against Russia, 11, 617 Victoria, Africa: founded, 19, 50; placed under British protection, in; ceded to Germany, 177; battle of (1893), 233 738 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Victoria, Australia: named, 20, 189; ratifies the new Constitution (1899), 206 Victoria, Hong-Kong: founded, 20, 255 "Victoria," one of Magellan's vessels: completes the circumnavigation of the world, 23, 37 Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria), Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 1837-1901, and Empress of India, 1877-1901, called The Mirror of Jus- tice: born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819; was the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent (son of George III) and Marie Louisa Vic- toria of Saxe-Coburg, who was a sister of Leopold I of Belgium; her education was directed by the Duch- ess of Northumberland; she re- ceived instructions in political af- fairs and principles from Lord Mel- bourne; on the death of her uncle, William IV, succeeded to the throne, June 20, 1837, and was crowned June 28, 1838; on February 10, 1840, she was married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; be- tween 1840 and 1843 three attempts were made to assassinate her; visited Louis Philippe in France in 1843, and traveled with Prince Albert in Germany in 1845; after the death of Prince Albert, December 14, 1861, she lived a life of comparative re- tirement; some important events of succeeding years of her reign were: the passage of Disraeli's Reform Bill of 1867, the Gladstone minis- try's great measures, including the disestablishment of the Irish church (1868-1874), the passage of the Irish Land Acts, the Ballot Act, the Ele- mentary Education Act, and the abolition of purchase in the army, the ministry of Beaconsfield (1874- 1880), during which the Queen was proclaimed Empress of India (Janu- ary 1, 1877) and the Home Rule movement in Ireland, during the premiership of Mr. Gladstone; in the more recent years of her reign occurred several minor foreign wars, as in Ashantee, Afghanistan, Zulu- land, the Transvaal, and Egypt, and the important war of 1900-1901 with the Boer Republics in South Africa; this war and the considerable loss of life among the British troops af- fected the queen seriously and her health began to fail; her weakness increased rapidly in the early days of 1901, and she died January 22, 1901 Reign of (1837-1901), 11, 595; is- sues proclamation of neutrality to- ward American belligerents, 24, 723; visits Napoleon III, 9, 448; pro- claimed Empress of India, 5, 254; death of, 5, 287, 11, 641 Victoria, Guadalupe (1789-1843), Mexican soldier and politician: hero- ism of, 22, 244; in hiding, 248; joins revolt of Santa Anna, 258; made member of triumvirate, 258; declared president of Mexico, 264 Victoria Land, a land in the Antarctic regions: discovered, 16, 333 Victoria Nyanza, a lake in Africa: dis- covered, 19, 53 Victorinus, Marcus Piavvonius (d. 268 A. D.), Roman general: con- version of, 4, 128 Victory, The City of: see Cairo, Egypt Victory, The Favored Child of: see Massena, Andre Victualing (Vitalen) Brotherhood, The, society of Freebooters, 16, 122 Vicuna, Claudio, Chilian statesman: elected president of Chili by the Balmacedists (1891), 21, 239 Vidal (17th century), Brazilian pa- triot: leads rebellion against foreign rule in Brazil (1654), 21, 33 Vidal (19th century), South American general: proclaims himself supreme head of Peru, 21, 196 Vidal, Francisco A. (19th century), Uruguayan statesman: made acting president of Uruguay, 21, 144; made president of Uruguay, 258 GENERAL INDEX 739 Vidaure (19th century), Peruvian statesman: opposes plans of Bolivar (1826), 21, 80 Vieilleville, de, French marshal; op- poses persecution of Protestants by Parlement (i559)> 9, *49 Vieira, Fernandez (17th century), Brazilian patriot: leads rebellion against foreign rule in Brazil (1654), M, 33 Vienna (Vindobona), Austria-Hun- gary: as a fortified town of the Ro- man empire, 17, 12; restored by Henry II of Austria, 91; under Leo- pold the Proud, 93; made a free city, 18, 164; taken by Rudolf of Haps- burg (1276), 17, 75, 18, 180; revolt of (1286), 17, 100; placed under the ban of the empire, 108; besieged by the Magyars (1485), 164; surrender of, demanded (1490), 18, 219; be- sieged by the Turks (1529), 14, 152 17, 179, 18, 250; (1682), 14, 6, 248, 15, 382, 17, 184, 230, 18, 303; advent of the Jesuits in, 17, 179; Count Thurns encamps before (1619), 18, 269; occupied by the French (1805), 10, 464, 17, 293, 18, 367; (1809), 17, 298, 18, 377; popular uprising in (1848), 17, 370, 18, 398; siege of (1848), 18, 401; revolution in (1849), 374; taken by the Prussians (1866), 18, 412; internal improvements in, 17, 414, 415 Vienna, Concordat of (1448), 18, 213 Vienna, Congress of (1814-1815), re- constructing Europe after the Na- poleonic wars: account of, 4, 350, 9, 359, 11, 567, 15, 262, 386, 16, 258, 17, 312, 18, 388; Turkey excluded from, 14, 410 Vienna, Council of (1312): abolishes the Knights Templars, 8, 249 Vienna, Treaties and Peaces of: 1606. Concluded between the Transylvanians and the Magyars of Upper Hungary on one side and the imperialists of Hungary on the other, 17, 224 1731. An alliance concluded be- tween the Emperor, Great Britain, and Holland, to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanction, 13, 253 1735- A preliminary treaty between France and Germany, 8, 410, 17, 192, 18, 324 1738. Concluded between Charles VI of Germany and Louis XV of France, 15, 383 1809. Concluded between Napoleon I of France and Francis II of Germany, 9, 336, 10, 396, 17, 336, 18, 377 1814. A treaty by which the condi- tions of the Treaty of Abo were carried out, 16, 254 1815. Concluded between Denmark and Prussia, 16, 267 1864. Concluded between Den- mark, Prussia, and Austria, 275 Vienna, University of: founded, 17, 104 Vienna Note, a scheme to prevent war between Russia and Turkey (1853), 11, 614, 14, 450, 15, 305 Vieyra, John Ferdinand de (17th cen- tury), Brazilian merchant and revo- lutionist: leads Brazilian revolt, 20, 61 Vieyra, Martin (15th century), Portu- guese chaplain: treason of (1437), 8, 307 Vigee (d. 1793), Girondist deputy in the French Revolution: death of, 10, 279 Vigier, Wilhelm, Swiss popular states- man: work of, 13, 564 Vigilance Committees, in United States history, associations for the protection of the community in times of danger: agreed upon by first Continental Congress, 23, 224; recommended by the Nashville Con- vention, 611; compared in the South to the Ku-Klux-Klan, 871; mails searched by, in the South, 24, 576; instituted in California, 597 Vigilius van Zwychen van Ayta (1507-1577), Dutch jurist and states- man: sketch of, 13, 76; becomes Primate of the Lowlands, 8i; op- poses Alva's taxation, no 740 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Vigo, Spain: battle of (1703), 9, 221 Vijayanagar (Uarsingha), Kingdom of, India: account of, 5, 105 Vikings, Scandinavian tribe: age of, 16, 12; in Northumbria, 16, 20; in Russia, 22; lay siege to Paris, 23; in Ireland, 43; settle Iceland, 44; see also Northmen Vikramaditya Sakari, King of Ojjain in Malwa in India: reign of, 5, 73 Vilas, William Freeman (1840 ), American statesman: Postmaster- General, 24, 950 note Vilemov, Truce of, a peace between Mathias Corvinus, on the part of the Pope, and the Polish nation (1468): account of, 17, 146 Vilhelm, Bishop of Roeskilde (nth century), Danish ecclesiastic: his relations with Svend Estridsen, 16, 68 Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, Mexico: founded, 22, 18 Villadarias, Francisco de Castilla, Marquis of (early 18th century), Spanish military commander: at- tempts to defend Cadiz, 8, 391 Villafafia, Antonio (early 16th cen- tury), Spanish soldier in Mexico: conspires against Cortez, 22, 50 Villafranca, Italy: battles of (1515), 4, 294; (1866), 390 Villafranca, Armistice of, peace be- tween France and Austria (1859): concluded, 4, 374, 9, 451, 17, 385 Village, The Little: see London, Eng- land Villagos, southeastern Europe: Gorgei surrenders at, 15, 302 Villalba (19th century), president of Uruguay, 1865: election of, 21, 144 Villalobos, Pedro de (late 16th cen- tury), Spanish statesman: member of governing audiencia, 22, 120 Villalobos, Ruy Lopez de (16th cen- tury), Spanish explorer: explora- tions of, 22, 109 Villanueva (late 16th century), Span- ish statesman: appointed to the gov- ernment of Mexico, 22, 126 Villaragut, Dona Carraza (14th cen- tury), Spanish court-lady: promotes the follies of the Aragonese court, 8, 258 Villaret-Joyeuse, Louis Thomas, Count (1750-1812), French naval officer: at battle of Belle-Isle, 9, 294 Villars, Admiral de (late 16th cen- tury), French naval officer: his cam- paign against the French, 13, 162 Villars, Claude Louis Hector, Duke of (1653-1734), French marshal: his campaigns in the War of the Span- ish Succession, 9, 221, 18, 313, 323; president of the council of war, 9, 227; member of the king's council, 234; his campaign in Italy, 235 Villars, Pierre de (16th century), Protestant minister: believed to have written the " Apology " of William of Orange, 13, 136 Villaverdi (contemporary), Spanish statesman: ministries of, 8, 521 Villaviciosa, Portugal: battles of (1657), 8, 466; (1664), 3795 (1710), 9, 224, 13, 251 Ville, Ambrose (16th century), French Calvinist: preaches Protestantism, 13, 92 Villegagnon, island off the coast of Brazil: settled, 21, 29 Villegagnon, Nicolas Darand, Cheva- lier (1510-1571), French admiral: attempts to make a settlement in Brazil, 20, 82 Villekens, Admiral (early 17th cen- tury), Dutch naval officer: his ex- pedition against Brazil, 21, 33 Villele, Count Jean Baptiste Seraphin Joseph de (1773-1854), French statesman: admitted to the council, 9, 375; made minister of finance, 378 Villemain, Abel Francois (1790-1870), French critic, orator, and minister of state: his relations to the resolu- tion of 1830, 9, 391; opposes the September Laws, 408 Villemoes, Captain (early 19th cen- tury), Danish naval commander: at the battle of Copenhagen, 16, 256 Villeneuve, France: battle of (1814), 9, 346 GENERAL INDEX 741 Villeneuve, Nicholas, Marquis of (early 18th century), French statesman: negotiations of, 15, 123 Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Bap- tiste Silvestre . de (1 763-1 806), French admiral: commands Toulon fleet, 9, 325 Villeroi, Frangois de Neufville, Duke of (1644-1730), marshal of France: defeated at Ramillies, 16, 218; taken prisoner by Eugene of Savoy, 9, 220; policy of, 228 Villeta, South America: battle of (1868), 31, 159 Villiers (late 18th century), French commander in America: succeeds Jumonville, 23, 172 Villiers, Charles (b. 1802), English politician: presents bill for repeal of Corn Law, II, 600; introduces a reso- lution concerning the repeal of the Corn Law, 610 Villiers, George, Marquis of Bucking- ham: see Buckingham, George Vil- liers, Marquis of Villiers de Lisle, Adam Philippe de (1464-1534), Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem: surrenders to Suleiman, 14, 148 Vilmanstrand, Finland: battle of (1741), 16, 228 Vilmanstrand: see Wilmanstrand Vilmergen, Switzerland: battles of (1656), 13, 476; (1712), 480 Vilna: see Wilna Vimeiro (Vimiera), Portugal: battle of (1808), 8, 486, 9, 333, 11, 562 Vine, France: battle of (717 A. D.), 9, 36 Vincennes, Indiana: in French claims, 23, 168 Vincennes, Chateau of, France: at- tacked by mob, 10, 129 Vindelici, inhabitants of Vindelicia: conquered by the Romans, 17, 12 Vindex, Caius Julius (d. 68 A. D.), Roman general: conspires against Nero, 4, 67 Vindex, Macrinus (2nd century A. D.), Roman legate: defeated by the barbarians (170 A. D.), 17, 14 Vindobona: see Vienna Vinea, Peter de (ca. 1 190-1249), Ital- ian jurist and statesman: treachery of, 18, 166 Vinegar Hill, Ireland: battle of (1798), 12, 212 Vinland (Vinland the Good), sup- posed to be a portion of America: the discovery of, 16, 49 Viol, Hans (early 15th century), Swiss poet: sketch of, 13, 427 Violante, queen of Juan I of Aragon, 1387-1395: conduct of, 8, 258 Violated Treaty, City of the: see Limerick, Ireland Violet, Corporal: see Napoleon. (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Violet, Father: see Napoleon (I) Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Violet Crown, City of the: see Athens, Greece Vionville, France: battle of (1870), 9, 464 Virasoro (d. 1868), South American statesman: assassinated, 21, 129 Viret, Peter (1511-1571), Swiss re- former: teaches in the University of Lausanne, 13, 448 " Virgen de Covadonga," Spanish gun- boat: captured by the " Esmeralda," 21, 221 Virgil (Publius Virgilius Maro) (70- 19 B. C), Roman poet: anachron- isms of, 2, 31; his description of Car- thage, 20, 21 Virgin, The, mother of Christ: mi- raculous appearance to Mexicans, 24, 552 Virginia, colony and state of the United States, called the Old Do- minion State and the Mother of States: colony planted (1607), 23, 56; liberties insured by the first charter, 56; growth of, II, 313; con- dition of Jews in, 1, 426; named, 23, 53; colonial government of, 56, 115; slave uprising (1687), 129; status of indented servants, 131; tobacco in- dustry, 136; educational methods as a colony, 141; population at begin- ning of the Revolution, 126; print- ing press introduced (1729), 143; colonial newspapers, 144; franchise 742 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS denied Catholics, 148; colonial suf- frage laws, 148; Church of England established, 149; religious persecu- tions, 149; clergy made subject to laws, 150; salary of clergy paid with tobacco, 150; postal system estab- lished, 153; Cohabitation Act, 155; territory of, granted to colonization companies, 170; opposition to Stamp Act, 21 1; opposes the Town- shend law, 216; appointment of a committee of correspondence, 218; proposes first Continental Congress, 222; adopts a constitution, 238; pro- poses a declaration of independence, 239; cedes to United States her claims to western lands, 302; gives up claims to Northwest Territory, 317; commissioners appointed to decide Potomac commercial policy, 321; chooses delegates for Constitu- tional Convention, 322; ratification of the national Constitution, 337; opposes financial schemes of Hamil- ton, 349; rank as to population, 479; opposes R. M. Johnson's nomina- tion, 510; Declaration of Rights, 24, 564; slavery regarded with disfavor, 564; slavery conditions in, 20, 75; abolition societies formed, 24, 571; slave uprising in Southampton County, 575; John Brown plans raids from, 673; Presidential election of i860, 683; Confederates seize Norfolk navy yard, 692; calls a com- promise convention, 702; gathering of Confederate troops, 716; secedes, 717; Arlington Heights and Alex- andria taken by Federals, 731; Grant's plan for campaign in, 787; sword presented to Lee by legisla- ture of, 812; Booth shot, 826; re- construction policy of Lincoln, 833; under military rule, 847; readmitted, 848; in Presidential election (1868), 860; readmitted to representation, 863; Democrats regain control in, 873; negro franchise, 873 Virginia, University of: founded by Jefferson, 383 Virginia Dynasty, name popularly given to the earlier presidents of the United States, 23, 434 Virginia Gazette, the first newspaper printed in the United States (1736): founded, 23, 144 Virginia Military Institute, school at Lexington, Virginia: Jackson re- signs from faculty of, 24, 772 Virginia Plan, the outline of a consti- tution proposed by Governor Ran- dolph of Virginia, 23, 325 Virginius (1st century A. D.), Roman officer: conspires against Nero, 4, 67 " Virginius," American merchant ves- sel: captured by the Spanish, 24, 887 Viriathus (2nd century A. D.), Span- ish hero: leads revolt, 3, 161, 8, 19; death, 3, 162 Virieu, Frangois Henri, Count de (1754-1793), French officer: pleads for the constitution, 10, 59; pro- poses abolition of law protecting doves and pigeons, 74; given com- mand of the insurrectionists at Ly- ons, 269 Virtue, League of (Tugenbund), a pa- triotic association in Germany (1809): description of, 18, 376, 379 Visby: see Wisby Viscaino, Sebastian (late 16th cen- tury), Spanish military commander: explorations of, 22, 140 Vischer, Colonel (early 19th century), Swiss military officer: at the battle of Pratteln, 13, 541 Visconti, House of, Ghibelline family in Italy: power of, 4, 217, 218 Visconti, Galleazzo (1277-1328): Duke of Milan: assisted by Lewis of Bavaria, 18, 187 Visconti the Great, Matteo (1250- 1322), Italian statesman: becomes chief of Milan, 4, 217 Viseu, Portugal: sieges of (1027), 8, 139, 272; (1057), 142, 272 Vishnu-worship, an East Indian cult: description of, 5, 82 Visigoths, the westerly division of the Goths: location of, 17, 14; attacked GENERAL INDEX 743 by the Huns, 15; drive back Huns, 16; their relations with Clovis, 18, 47; see also Goths Visin (Vizin, Wisin, Von-Vezin), Denis Ivanovitch (1745-1792), Rus- sian dramatist: account of, 15, 193 Visp, Switzerland: battle of (1388), 13, 392 Vitelli, Ciapino (d. 1576), Italian gen- eral: at the siege of Mons, 13, 113 Vitellius, Aulus (1569 A. D.), Roman soldier, Emperor of Rome, 69 A. D.: accession of, 4, 71; death of, 74 Vitiges, King of the Ostrogoths, 536- 540 A. D.: reign of, 4, 159, 9, 25, 18, 49 Vitimer (4th century A. D.), King of the Ostrogoths: defeated by the Huns, 18, 33 Vitold, Prince (early 15th century), Grand Duke of Lithuania: offered the crown of Poland, 17, 131 Vitovt, Alexander (late 14th century), Grand Duke of Lithuania: his rule in Lithuania, 15, 379 Vittoria, Spain: battle of (1813), 8, 486, 488, 9, 344 Vivanco, Colonel (early 19th century), South American patriot: rebellion of, 21, 196; supports the claims of Vidal, 196; sketch of, 197; made president of Peru, 197; defeated by Castille, 199; his negotiations with Spain, 205 Vizarron y Eguiarreta, Juan Antonio de, Archbishop of Mexico, viceroy of New Spain, 1734-1740: his admin- istration, 22, 194 Vladimir (I) the Great or Saint, (late 10th century), Grand Prince of Russia: promotes Christianity, 15, 8 Vladimir (II) Monomachus, Grand Prince of Russia, 1113-1125: reign of, 15, 8 Vladimiresco (d. 1821), Prince of Wal- lacia: pretensions of, 15, 266 Vladislav (I) Jagiello, King of Po- land, 1354-1433: marries Hedwiga, x 5, 375; accession of, 376; supports Witold of Lithuania, 18, 208 Vladislav VI, King of Poland, 1434- 1444, King of Hungary, 1440-1444: account of, 14, 61, 62; reign of, 15, 379; resists breaking of treaty, 14, 65; slain at Varna, 14, 67, 17, 158 Vladislav (Ladislaus) VII, King of Poland, 1632-1648: on the Muscovite throne, 15, 81; reign of, 380 Vladislav Jagellon (15th century), son of Vladislav II, King of Poland: promised the crown of Bohemia, 17, 136; death of, 139 Vladislav or Vladislaus: see also Lad- islaus Vladivostok, Manchuria: Russian stronghold, 6, 310 Vladivoz (10th century), Polish prince, ruler of Bohemia: reign of, 17, 64 Voadicea: see Boadicea Vocel (early 19th century), Slav pa- triotic poet: sketch of, 17, 343 Vodnik (early 19th century), Illyrian poet: praises Napoleon, 17, 301 Voelkersam, Admiral (contemporary), Russian naval officer: his services in the Russo-Japanese War, 7, 314 Vogelinseck, Switzerland: battle of (1403), 13, 390 Vbgg, legendary Norse hero: avenges death of Rolf Krake, 16, 18 Vohsen, Herr (late 19th century), German official: in German East Africa, 19, 140 Voinarovski, Cossack leader: influ- ences Mazeppa, 15, 47 Vojtech: see Adalbert, St. Volaterrae, Italy: siege of (ca. 82-80 B. C), 3, 228 Volhynia, Russia: added to Russia, 15, 192 Volinski, Artemii (d. 1733), Russian statesman: in the war with Persia, 15, 78; his library, 86; death of, no Volkov, Theodore (1729-1763), Rus- sian dramatist: opens a theater, 15, 149 Volney, Constantin Frangois, Count (1757-1820), French philosopher, author and traveler: his prediction for Turkey, 14, 373 744 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Volscians (Volsci), Italian tribe: wars with Rome, 3, 22; conquered by the Romans, 63 Volso, Lucius Manlius (3rd century B. G), Roman consul, 256 B. C: joins invasion of Africa, 3, 101 Volta of Como> Alessandro (1745- 1827), Italian electrician: sketch of, 4, 339 Voltaire (Frangois Marie Arouet), French philosopher and scholar, called The Dictator of Letters, The Patriarch or Philosopher of Ferney, The Apostle of Infidelity and The Great Pan: born in Paris, Febru- ary 20, 1694, or November 21, 1694; his education was received at the Jesuit college, Louis-le-Grand; at the age of sixteen he left college and at his father's wish began the study of law, though he had no taste for it; his wit and facility in turn- ing verses made him a favorite in the houses of great lords, but also brought him into trouble with the authorities; some scandalous lines on the regent led to his banishment from Paris in May, 1716, and just a year later, for a satire that really was not his, was sent to the Bastile; during his eleven months' confine- ment he laid the foundations of his poetic fame; the relations he culti- vated with the nobility exposed him to a rude insult from the Chevalier de Rohan, who had him beaten and thrown into the Bastile when he showed himself revengeful; he was set free only on condition that he retire to England (1726); the three years spent there and the acquaint- ance they gave him with English literature, institutions, philosophy, and life were of the utmost impor- tance for the development of his ideas and criticisms; he returned to France, 1729, and after three years of almost continual movement, but great productivity, he settled down to a quiet and industrious life at Cirey with Mme. du Chatelet, where he remained until her death in 1749; in these years he was interested in the study of the natural sciences; he had already established relations by correspondence with Frederick II of Prussia and in 1750 accepted his invitation to live at his court, but rivalries and jealousies, his own du- plicity and petulance and the King's steady mastery filled his stay in Berlin with irritations and quarrels; he fled in anger in 1753; after some years of wandering he purchased an estate at Ferney, near Geneva, where the rest of his life centered; in these years Ferney became the resort of literary men from all part's of Europe and the " patriarch of Ferney " was the foremost man-of- letters of the world; died in Paris, May 30, 1778; the Revolution gave him the honor of public burial in the Pantheon Anticipates the French Revolu- tion, 16, 112; his relations with Fred- erick the Great, 18, 328, 345; sketch of, 10, 13; in Switzerland, 13, 489; incites Swiss reforms, 500; his account of Charles XII of Sweden, 15, 66; Catherine's correspondence with, 197; his account of Peter Ill's death, 198; his estimate of Charles XII of Sweden, 16, 224; his esti- mate of the Holy Roman Empire, 18, 297; quoted, 23, 172 Volunteer Movement, name given to the forming of military companies among the Irish Protestants (1778): account of, 12, 182 Vonck, Francis (1735-1792), a Flem- ish jurist: leads republican move- ment in Brussels, 13, 261 Vondel, Joost van den (1587-1679), Dutch poet: sketch of, 13, 220 Vop River, Russia: battle of the (1812), 15, 248 Vordingborg, Peace of, a truce be- tween Erik of Denmark and Adolf of Holstein (1435): account of, 16, 127 Vorontsov, Count Michael Ilariono- vitch (1710-1767), Russian states- man in the conspiracy to place Eliz- GENERAL INDEX 745 abeth on the throne, 15, 133; made minister, 136; Frederick's gifts to, 141; made chancellor, 148; plots for Catherine, 156 Vorontsov, Prince Michael Semeno- vitch (1782-1856), Russian general and statesman: made governor of the Caucasus, 15, 299 Vorstius, Conrad (early 17th century), religious leader in Holland: leads Remonstrants, 13, 194 Vortigern (5th century A. D.), British chieftain: invites Jutes to Britain, 11, 17; defeated by Jutes, 18 Voszice, Treaty of, an agreement among the Catholic and Protestant states of Austria-Hungary (1425), 17, 133 Vougle, France: battle of (507 A. D.), 9, 20 Voznitsin (late 17th century), Russian statesman: ambassador to western Europe, 15, 33 Vratislav II, King of Bohemia, 1061- 1092: reign of, 17, 64 Vysocki (19th century), Hungarian officer: in the Hungarian insurrec- tion, 15, 302 w Wachtendenck, Netherlands: taken by- Prince Maurice, 13, 172 Wadai, a Mohammedan kingdom of the eastern Sudan, Africa: descrip- tion of, 19, 164; recognized as with- in the French sphere of influence, 19, 167, 20, 280 Waddington, Joshua (late 18th cen- tury), a Tory merchant: sued by Elizabeth Rutgers, 23, 309 Waddington, William Henry (1826- 1894), a French statesman and arch- aeologist: at Berlin Congress, 14, 487 Wade (18th century), an English gen- eral: his campaign in Scotland, 12, 365 Wade, Benjamin Franklin (1800-1878), an American lawyer and statesman: signs address against Douglas, 24, 633; opposed to Lincoln, 838; popu- larity of, 855; in San Domingo com- mission, 880 Wade, James F. (1843 ), an Ameri- can general: member of Spanish- American Commission, 22, 463 Wade, Sir Thomas (19th century), an English diplomat: sent to negotiate preliminary convention, 6, 177; on the Tientsin massacre, 224; ar- ranges difficulty between China and Japan, 235; on the murder of Mar- gary, 240; hauls down his flag, 241 Wade-Davis Bilk a measure for the reconstruction of the Southern States (1864): passed, 24, 837 Wadenswil, Switzerland: insurrection of (1646), 13, 469 Wadenswil, Steffan von (19th cen- tury), a Swiss patriot: at the As- sembly of Uster, 13, 535 Wadstrom (Wadstroem), Carl Berns (1746-1799), a Swedish philan- thropist: leads settlement of Swedes in Africa, 20, 130 Wadsworth, Captain (late 17th cen- tury), an American soldier: story of rebuff of Fletcher, 23, 93 Wafangao Pass: see Feng-Shui Pass Wagner, Sebastian (16th century), a Swiss reformer: reforms of, 13, 439 Wagram, Austria: battle of (1809), 9, 336, 10, 480, 17, 299, 18, 377 Wahab, Abdul (1691-1787), Arabian religious leader: founds the sect of the Wahabites, 14, 317 Wahabites (Wahabees or Wahabis), the followers of Abdul Wahab, a Mohammedan reformer: rise of, 14, 317; ascendency in Arabia, 365, 385; conquered by Mohammed AH, 1, 38, 14, 408 Waiblinger: see Ghibbeline Waifar (ca. 725-768), Duke of Aqui- taine: reign of, 9, 41 Waitangi, Treaty of, a treaty by which New Zealand recognized British sovereignty (1840), 20, 211 Waite, Morrison Remick (1816-1888), an American jurist: counsel in Ge- neva Commission, 24, 885 Waizen, Austria-Hungary: taken by the Mongols (1235), 17, 58 Wajid Ali (Wajeed Alee) (d. 1887), King of Oudh, 1842-1856: deposed, 5, 230 Wakefield, Yorkshire, England: bat- tle of, 11, 212 Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796- 1862), an English political econo- mist: colony system of, 20, 190 Wake-no-Kyomaro (8th century), a Japanese courtier: opposes influence of Dokyo, 7, 36 Wala-jah: see Mohammed Ali Waldeck, Georg Friedrich, Prince of (1620-1692), a German field-marshal: his campaign against the French, 9, 217 746 GENERAL INDEX 747 Waldemar, The False (14th century), a pretender to margravate of Bran- denburg: pretensions of, 18, 192 Waldemar: see also Valdemar Waldenses (Waldensians), a body of Christian reformers, followers of Peter Waldo: persecutions of, 4, 317, 9, 144 Waldhauser, Conrad (d. ca. 1368), a German reformer: teachings of, 17, 119 Waldmann, Hans (Johann) (ca. 1426- 1490), a Swiss magistrate: at the siege of Nancy, 13, 409; at the bat- tle of Morat, 409; sketch of, 413; death of, 415 Waldseemiiller (Waltzeemuller), Mar- tin (1470-ca. 1513), a German geog- rapher: first calls the New World America, 23, 35 Waldshut, Baden, Germany: siege of (1468), 13, 404; Waldshut, Peace of, a treaty between Austria and the Swiss Confederacy (1468), 13, 404 Waldstein: see Wallenstein Wales, a titular principality of Great Britain, now a part of the United .Kingdom: Harold reduces, 11, 64; revolt of, 192 Wales, Albert Victor, Prince of: see Albert Victor, Prince of Wales Wales, George Frederick, Prince of: see George Frederick Ernest Al- bert, Prince of Wales Wales, Statute of, laws enacted for Wales by Edward II (1284), 11, 144 Walewski, Count Alexandre Florian Joseph Colonna (1810-1868), a French politician, diplomat, and au- thor: at the Congress of Paris (1856), 17, 384 Walfish Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of Africa: sketch of, 20, 259; claimed by the Dutch, 19, 38; annexed to the Cape, 82, 106; value of, 94 Walid, Mohammedan caliph, 705-715: reign of, 1, 329; death, 318 Walker, George (1618-1690), an Irish clergyman: leader of the defense of Derry, 12, 135 Walker, Sir Hovenden (ca. 1656-1728), an English naval officer: sent to conquer Canada, 23, 161 Walker, John Grimes (1835 ), an American naval officer: member of Panama Commission, 20, 333, 24, 1057 Walker, Leroy Pope (d. 1884), American statesman: Confederate Secretary of War, 24, 694 Walker, Obadiah (1616-1692), an Eng- lish author and teacher: professes Catholicism, 11, 424 Walker, Robert James (1801-1869), an American statesman and financier: Secretary of the Treasury, 24, 554; governor of Kansas, 662; denounces Lecompton constitution, 662; re- signs, 663 Walker, William (1 824-1 860), an American filibuster: his filibustering attempts in Nicaragua, 22, 439, 24, 626; president of Nicaragua, 627; second attempt to establish repub- lic, 627; third attempt, 627 Wall, Edward C. (1843 ), an American politician: in Democratic Presidential nomination, 24, 1065 Wallace, Lew (1 827-1905), an Ameri- can general, diplomat, and author: at siege of Fort Donelson, 24, 744; at battle of Pittsburg Landing, 747; defeated by Early, 792 Wallace, William, a Scottish patriot and national hero, called the Ham- mer and Scourge of the English: born about 1270; son of Sir Malcolm Wallace of Ellerslie, in Renfrew- shire; while attending school at Dundee, he killed the son of the English governor of Dundee Castle in revenge for an insult received and was compelled to take refuge among the mountains; having gath- ered around him a band of devoted followers he carried on for several years a successful partisan warfare against the English forces; after the capture of the garrisons of Aber- deen, Forfar, and other towns, he was engaged in the siege of Dun- dee; gained a signal victory at Stir- 748 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ling Bridge (1297) and, entering England, ravaged the northern part of the country; was soon after de- feated with great loss near Falkirk by the English, led by Edward I in person, 1298; the office of guardian of the kingdom which he had held for a short time was now taken from him and after several years spent in border warfare he was be- trayed into the hands of the Eng- lish, condemned a traitor, and exe- cuted, August 23, 1305 Revolts against England, II, 150, 275; defeated at Falkirk, 150; death of, ia, 276 Wallace of Switzerland, The: see Hofer, Andreas Wallachia, a division of Roumania: occupied by the Dacians, 17, 11; in- vaded by the Slavs, 19; menaced by Murad, 14, 30; conquered by the Turks, 14, 37, 17, 155; under the rule of the Turks, 17, 162; given to Hungary, 14, 63; revolts under Murad of Turkey, 204; seeks peace with Turkey, 208; relation to Tur- key, 365 Wallenstein (Waldstein), Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von, Count of and Duke of Mecklenburg, Friedland, and Sagan, a German general: born at the castle of Hermanic, in Bo- hemia, September 24, 1583; was a son of Wilhelm, Baron von Wald- stein; after the death of his par- ents, who were Protestants, he was sent to the Jesuit College at Olmutz and was converted into a Roman Catholic; also studied several sci- ences and languages; about 1606 he fought against the Turks at the siege of Geau; he married a rich widow in 1610, and at her death in 1614, inherited a large estate; raised a troop of horse in 1617; fought with distinction for the Austrian archduke, Ferdinand, against the Ve- netians; in 1619, at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, he joined the Imperial Army and was appoint- ed quartermaster-general; he de- feated Bethlen Gabor, in Hungary, in 1621, and was created Duke of Friedland and a prince of the Holy Empire in 1624; in 1625 he raised, at his own expense, a large army, which he resolved to support by pil- lage and exactions from the enemy; he defeated Count Mansfeld in 1626 and invaded Denmark; for his services the emperor gave Wallen- stein the duchy of Mecklenburg in 1628, and added the title of admiral; was dismissed from command, 1630, at the same time that Gustavus Adolphus entered Germany to fight for the Protestant cause; Ferdinand implored the aid of Wallenstein as the only man who was able to save the empire; consented to serve him again and displayed great skill in defense of the lines near Nurem- berg in 1632; in November, 1632, he was defeated by Gustavus Adol- phus at the great battle of Lutzen; afterwards gained victories in Si- lesia, but refused to march to the relief of Bavaria; in January, 1634, was deprived of his command and secret orders were given to arrest or assassinate him; attempted to se- cure himself by negotiations with the Swedes, but his overtures were rejected and he retired to the castle of Eger or Egra, where he was assassinated, February 25, 1634 Sketch of, 17, 210, 18, 274, 278, 282; his campaigns in the Thirty Years' War, 9, 190, 16, 180, 201; as- sassinated, 17, 211, 18, 287 Wallia, King of the Visigoths, 415- 419 A. D.: rules the Gothic king- dom, 4, 146, 8, 36; his campaign against the Vandals, 18, 39 Wallingford, Treaty of, a treaty be- tween Stephen and Prince Henry of England (1153), n, 96 Wallo (early 9th century), a Scandina- vian abbot: introduces Anscarius to the emperor, 16, 26 Walloons, a people found in Belgium and the neighboring parts of France: description of, 13, 3 GENERAL INDEX 749 Walloons, Huguenot settlers in America from Artois, France: settle along the Delaware, and the Con- necticut and on Long Island, 23, 102 Walpole, Horace (1717-1797), an Eng- lish author: quoted on Washing- ton's military capacity, 23, 250 Walpole, Sir Robert (1676-1745), Earl of Oxford, an English statesman, called the Grand Corrupter and Bluestring Robin: opposes George I of England, 11, 471; career of, 474; ministry of, 16, 226 Walsham, Sir John (19th century), English diplomat: minister in China (1891), 6, 262 Walter, Hubert (d. 1205), archbishop of Canterbury: his administration as Justiciar, IX, 114; his death, 11, 122 Walter, John (d. 1492), an Irish pa- triot: death of, 12, 73 Walter de Brienne (d. 1356), titular Duke of Athens: given military command in Florence, 4, 229 Walter the Penniless (d. 1097), a French knight: leads the Crusaders, 9, 70 Walter von der Vogelweide (ca. 1170- ca. 1230), a German minnesinger: sketch of, 17, 97, 18, 178 Walter von Eschenbach (early 14th century) : plots against Albert I of Austria, 13, 364 Waltheof (d. 1076), Earl of Northum- bria: beheaded, 11, 78 Waltzeemiiller: see Waldseemuller Wamba (7th century), King of the Goths: reign of, 8, 45 Wampum Belts, belts made by the American Indians: used to record treaties, 23, 12 Wanborough (Wodnesbeorh), an English town: battle of (ca. 585 A. D.), ii, 25 Wandewash, a town in southern India: battle of (1760), 5, 180, 11, 502, 20, 119 Wang Chao (late 19th century), a Chinese social reformer: proposes radical reforms, 6, 291 Wang Wen Shao, a contemporary Chinese statesman: in Boxer move- ment, 6, 302 Wani (3rd century), a Chinese scholar: introduces Chinese learn- ing into Japan, 7, 13 Wanli (Wan-Lee), Emperor of China, 1572-1619: reign of, 6, 38, 42 Wapenaer (early 18th century), a Dutch admiral: in the war with France, 13, 250 War, Department of, a department of the United States government: or- ganized, 23, 344 War of Clubs (Klubbekriget), a rebel- lion of the Finnish peasantry (1594), 16, 170 War of 1812, a war between the United States and Great Britain: causes, 11, 566, 23, 414; "Little Belt " captured by the " President," 23, 416; hostilities declared, 417; failure of land operations, 420; naval victories, 422; success of land opera- tions, 424; capture of Washington, 426; defense of New Orleans, 429; Treaty of Ghent, 429; cost of war, 430; political results, 433; military results, 433; compared to the Revo- lution, 435; economic results, 435 War of 1643-1645, a war between Sweden and Denmark: cause, 16, 201; naval battle of Femern, 202 note; treaty of Bromsebro, 201 War of Spanish Succession: see Suc- cession, War of Spanish War of the Palatinate (King William's War), a war between England and France (1689-1697): cause, 23, 157; spreads to colonies, 157; Indian Massacres, 158; attack on Quebec, 158; Treaty of Ryswick, 159 War of the Three Henries, a civil war in France (1584-1593): cause, 9, 161; battle of Courtras, 162; Edict of Union, 163; assassination of Duke of Guise, 164; death of Henry III, 165; battle of Ivry, 167; battle of Aumale, 168; battle of Fontaine- Franqaise, 170; Edict of Nantes, 171 Waratho (7th century), Prankish rul- er: reign of, 9, 35 750 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Warbeck, Perkin (d. 1499), a pretender to the English crown: insurrection of, II, 227, 12, 73, 298; execution of, 11, 229 Ward, Artemas (1 727-1 800), an American general and politician: appointed major-general, 23, 231; at siege of Boston, 231 Ward, Frederick Townsend (1831- 1862), an American adventurer: enters the service of China, 6, 195; commands ever victorious army, 196; death of, 198 Wardlaw, Henry (early 15th century), a Scottish bishop: founds university at St. Andrews, 12, 290 Warenne or Warrenne, John de, Earl of Surrey: see Surrey, John de War- renne, Earl of Warfare and Military Methods: ARABIA: after Mohammed, I, 260 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: among the early Slavs, 17, 26, 42; plan of de- fense (16th century), 14, 155 CHINA: artillery first used (1634), 6, 49; plan of defense, 173; in 1900, 283 EGYPT: the Mamelukes (1200), 1, 36, 14, 128, 409 ENGLAND: the early Britons, II, 20, 54; Norman vs. English methods, II, 66, 12, 47; new methods (1300), II, 150; plan of attack, 12, 146, 151; at Cre 1775. falling near the spot where Bunker Hill monument now stands Appointed to wait on governor of Massachusetts, 23, 225; head of committee of safety, 225; death, 233 Warren, Sir Peter (1703-1752), an J Irish admiral: in Louisburg expedi- '' tion, 23, 165 Warrior of Freedom, The: see Gari- baldi, Giuseppe Wars: ( B. C. , ca. 1580. Expulsion of the Hykos from Egypt, 1, 21 ca. 1400. Religious War in Egypt, 1, 24, 25 ca. 1400. Wars of Israel, 1, 373 ca. 1320. Egyptian War in Nubia, I, 25 1300. Egyptian War with Hittites, 1, 26 ca. 1230. Egyptian War with Li- byans, 1, 27 1193-1184. Trojan, 2, 31 1055-1015. Philistine wars, 1, 377 753- Volscians with Rome, 3, 22 753. Sabines with Rome, 3, 22 753-509. Aequi with Rome, 3, 22 743-669. Messenian, 2, 71, 237, 470 ca. 700. Lelantine war, 2, 115 670-525. Egyptians with Assyrians, I, 30 ca. 666-525. Greco-Egyptian, 1, 32 ca. 645. Second Messinian, 2, 74 ca. 600. Athens with Megara, 2, 102 588. Egypt with Tyre and Sidon, 1, 399 549. Media-Babylon, 2, 123 525. Egyptian-Persian, 1, 32, 33 510-508. Athens with Cleomenes, 2, 141 508. Thebes with Athens, 2, 143 508. Boeotia with Athenians, 2, 143 ca. 505. Sparta with Argos, 2, 156 500-264. Rome with Carthage, 3, 89 495-382. Latin wars with neighbor- ing tribes, 3, 63 492. Chalcis with Athens, 2, 163 490. Persian-Athenian, 1, 166 490. Corinth with Athens, 2, 173 ca. 487. Athens with Aegineta, 2, 173 478-465. Tarentum with Iapygians, 2, 220 458. Epidaurus with Athens, 2, 240 458. Corinth with Athens, 2, 240 458. Athens with Boeotia, 2, 243 457. Thebes with Athens, 2, 244 457. Phocis with Sparta, 2, 244 454. Thebes with Athens, 2, 245 454. Sparta with Athens, 2, 247 447. Athens with Sparta, 2, 248 435-433- Corinth with Corcyra, 2, 265, 269 433. Epidamnus civil war, 2, 264 431-404. Peloponnesian wars, 2, 274 427. Syracuse with Catana, 2, 299 427-424. Naxos in Sicily with Syra- cuse, 2, 299 426-406. Veii with Rome, 3, 58 426. Ambracia with Athens, 2, 300 425. Athens with Sicily, 2, 301, 408 420. Athens with Sparta, 2, 321 752 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Wars, cont. 410. Syracuse with Carthage, 2, 408 405. Carthaginian War with Dio- nysius, 2, 412 399. Orchomenian-Theban, 2, 397 399. Locrian-Phocian, 2, 397 397. Eleian-Arcadian, 2, 446 395. Corinth with Sparta, 2, 398 384-358. Tusculum with Rome, 3, 64 383. Lanuvium with Rome, 3, 64 382-380. Praeneste with Rome, 3, 64 381. Tusculum with Rome, 3, 64 370. Elis with Sparta, 2, 440 365-357. Athenian Social, 2, 454 362. Sparta with Messene, 2, 451 361-353. Sparta with Megalopolis 2, 453* 352-350. Euboean wars, 2, 464, 474 344. Macedonian Civil, 2, 470 338. Greco-Macedonian, 2, 475 338-336. Tarentum-Lucanian, 2, 418 328-321. Samnite War, 3, 69 299-290. Samnite War, 3, 72. 289. Carthage with Syracuse, 2, 515 280-268. Roman war with Pyrrhus, 3, 74 264-241. First Punic War, 3, 99 241. Rome with Falerii, 3, 109 218-202. Second Punic war, 3, 111 217-205. First Macedonian war, 3, 125 200-197. Second Macedonian war, 3, 140 192-190. War with Antiochus, 3, 144 192-168. Roman War in the East, 3, 143 185-179. Third Macedonian War, 3, 147 172-168. Fourth Macedonian war, 3, 149 155-110. Roman War with Celts, 3, 192 152-87. Roman war with the Cim- bri, 3, 194 149. Carthage with Rome, 3, 164 146. Greco-Roman, 2, 521 146. Achaean League declares war against Sparta, 3, 166 146. Mithridates with Rome, 2, 521 139. Numantia with Rome, 3, 162 134-133. Roman civil war against the Gracchi, 3, 176 1 12-104. Jugurthine, 3, 187 90. Roman Social, 3, 208, 215 88-84. Mithradatic, 3, 213 73-67. Gladiatorial war, 3, 261 71-61. Sequani-Haedui, 3, 300 70-63. Civil war between Aristobu- lus II, King of Judaea, and his brother, 3, 274 67-66. Roman in East, 3, 271 66-63. Pompeius and Mithradates, 3, 273 58-51. Caesar in Gaul, 3, 292, 332 49-46. Roman Civil, 3, 334 32-31. Egyptian-Roman, 4, 24 A. D. 67-135. Jewish-Roman, 1, 410, 413, 3, 524 476-529. Justinian with Persia, 2, 532 710-1492. Saracen-Moslem, 1, 292- 370 933-1005. Arabian-Persian, 1, 365 960. Greek wars, 1, 367 977-1001. Hindu-Mohammedan, 5, 91 1073. Investitures, 9, 69 1095-1099. First Crusade, 9, 70, 11, 87, 16, 75, 18, 138 1 1 19. Wars with Pisa, 4, 236 1147-1149. Second Crusade, 18, 145 1189-1192. Third Crusade, 18, 155 1202-1204. Fourth Crusade, 2, 535, 16, 85 1205-1461. Turkish wars with Per- sia, 2, 537 1208-1215. Albigenses, 9, 77 1224. Kildare, 12, 57 1228-1229. Fifth Crusade, 18, 161 1281-1282. Mongol, 7, 76 1282-1305. French War with James of Aragon, 4, 258 1337-1453- Hundred Years, 9, 92, ix, 157 1352-1379. Italian wars, 4, 253 1409-1492. Civil in Naples and Florence, 4, 269 1412. Slesvig-Holstein, 16, 124 1419-1436. Hussite, 18, 201 GENERAL INDEX 753 Wars, cont. I43S-I4SO. Neapolitan war, 4, 263 1455-1485. The Roses, 9, 123, 11, 211, 12, 70 1498. Suabian, 13, 394 1500-1506. Guelders, 13, 52 1514-1524. India with Persia, 5, 341 1559- France with Spain, 4, 307 1560. War with Venice, 4, 309 1562-1569. Scandinavian Seven Years', 16, 162, 196 1570-1572. Venetian-Turkish, 8, 355 i577-i58o. Lovers, 9, 160 1580-1601. French War with Charles Emmanuel, 4, 317 1585-1589. Three Henries, 9, 161 1594. Farthings, 13, 469 1598. Of Clubs, 16, 170 1611. Calmar, 16, 174 1618-1648. Thirty Years', 9, 183, 11, 313, 13, 203, 462, 15, 382, 17, 101, 204, 18, 265 1637-1639. First Bishop's, II, 336 1640. Second Bishop's, 11, 337 1675. King Philip's, 23, 97 1680-1707. Mogul in India, 5, 122 1687-1688. The English Revolu- tion, 12, 132 1689-1697. Palatinate or King Wil- liam's, 33, 157 1700-1721. Northern, 15, 383, 16, 214 1702-1746. Spanish Succession or Queen Anne's, 4, 327, 8, 390, 9, 220, 17, 190, 233, 18, 311, 20, 106, 23, 160 1711-1856. Russo-Turkish, II, 632 1733-1738. Polish Succession, 4, 332, 11, 480, 15, 381, 17, 192, 18, 319 1736-1739. Russo-Turkish, 16, 227 1740-1742. First Silesian, 18, 330 1740-1748. Austrian Succession, 4, 333, 5, 179, 9, 238, 14, 318, 18, 331, 20, 107, 23, 163 1743-1748. Hindu War with Eng- lish, 5, 187 1744-1745. Second Silesian, 18, 331 1744-1748. King George's, 23, 163, 166 1756-1763. Seven Years' or French and Indian, 5, 179, 9, 244, II, 497, 13, 256, 14, 318, 15, 131, 16, 228, 18, 335, 20, 76, 23, 167 1768-1771. Burmese, 6, 93 I 775 _I 783. American Revolution, 9, 254, 11, 513, 12, 180, 13, 257, 20, 127, 23, 229 1779-1781. First Maratha War, 5, 136, 193 1783. Aroostook, 24, 530 1789-1798. Mysore Wars, 5, 196 1793-1815. Napoleonic, 10, 344, 501 1798-1807. Mameluke-European, 1, 37 1801-1805. Tripoli and the United States, 23, 393 1802-1805. Second Maratha War, 5, 136, 201 1811-1828. Turkish-Mameluke, 1, 38 1812. England and the United States, 11, 566, 23, 417, 435 1813. Liberation, 16, 268 1814. Gurkhas War, 5, 207 1815. Holy Alliance, 15, 265 1817-1829. Third Maratha War, 5, 208 1817-1818. First Seminole, 23, 444 1820-1849. Italy with Austria, 4, 352 1821-1828. Greek Independence, 2, 539, 542, 14, 411, 15, 268, 274 1823-1824. First Burmese War, 5, 210 1828-1829. Russo-Turkish, I, 38 1830-1838. Tithe, 12, 224 1833. Black Hawk, 23, 506 1835-1842. Second Seminole, 23, 507 1837-1843. England with Persia, 5, 361, 363 1840-1842. Opium, 5, 213, 6, 130 1845-1846. Sikh or Punjab, 5, 225 1846-1848. Mexican, 22, 278, 24, 547 1848-1849. Sikh or Punjab, 5, 226 1848-1850. Schleswig-Holstein, 16, 126, 270 1850-1858. Second foreign (China), 6, 155 1852-1856. Second Burmese War, 5, 226 754. THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Wars, cont. 1853-1856. Crimean, 9, 446, 14, 45i, 15, 304, 16, 264, 286, 17, 383 1858-1861. Three Years' Reform, 22, 383 1859-1860. Anglo-French War, 6, 169 1860-1861. Italy against Pope, 4, 38i 1861-1865. American Civil War, 11, 621, 24, 684 1864. Slesvig-Holstein, 16, 274 1866. Austro-Prussian or Seven Weeks', 9, 455, 16, 275, 18, 410, 412 1868-1878. Ten Years' (Cuba), 22, 453 1870-1871. Franco-P russian or Seven Months', 13, 309, M 473, 15, 387, 17, 408, 18, 415 1870-1884. Tongking, 6, 247 1876. Sioux, 34, 905 1876. Turkish, 17, 419 1880-1881. Hindu with British, 5, 258 1880-1903. Abyssinia with Italy, 4 404 1880-1881. Boer, 13, 318, 20, 229 1884-1887. Afghan-British, 5, 265 1894-1895. Chino-Japanese, 6, 265, 275, 7, 252 1895-1898. Afghans with British, 5, 278 1897. Greco-Turkish, 14, 504 1898-1899. Spanish-American, 8, 520, 20, 329, 22, 458, 24, 1026 1899-1902. Transvaal or South Af- rican, 11, 640, 20, 232 1904-1905. Russo-Japanese, 6, 308, 7, 303, 11, 642, 15, 359, 16, 286, 24, 1079 Wars of the Roses (1455-1485), be- tween House of York and House of Lancaster: mentioned, 9, 123, 12, 70; cause, 11, 211; battle of St. Albans, 211; York named Protector, 211; compelled to resign, 211; the king captured by Yorkists at Nor- thampton, 211; York promised the succession, 212; battle of Wakefield, 212; battle of Mortimer's Cross, 212; second battle of St. Alban's 212; battle of Towton, 213; Edward IV crowned, 213 Warsaw, the capital of Russian Po- land: battle of (1656), 16, 207, 18, 300; occupied by the Swedes, 15, 41, 16, 216; sieges of (1793), 15, 189; (1794), 15, 191, 18, 358; (1831), 15, 295; taken by the Austrians (1809), 17, 298 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, a duchy created by Napoleon (1807): formed, 15, 215, 18, 374 Wart, Rudolf von: see Rudolf von Wart Wartenburg, Cenek of: see Cenek of Wartenburg Warwick, an early settlement in Rhode Island: united to Providence Plantations, 23, 94 Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of (1475-1499), a claimant of the English throne: execution of, 11, 229 Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of: see Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of Warwick, Richard Nevill, Earl of (ca. 1428-1471), an English politi- cian and commander, called the King-Maker, and The Last of the Barons: rupture with Edward IV, 11, 216; reconciled to Lancastrian party, 217; death of, 217 Warwick, Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of (d. 1401), an English baron: takes up arms against Richard II, 11, 181; banished to Isle of Man, 184 Waser (d. 1780), a Swiss patriot: draws up a charter, 13, 475; trial and death of, 499 Washburne, Elihu Benjamin (1816- 1887), an American statesman and diplomatist: in Grant's cabinet, 24, 861; minister to France, 862; de- feated for Vice-President, 929 Washington, one of the United States: admitted to the Union, 24, 986; Presidential election of 1900, 1040 Washington, the capital of the United States, situated in the District of GENERAL INDEX 755 Columbia, called The City of Mag- nificent Distances: planned, 23, 350; condition of, when made seat of government, 380; tak6n by British, 426; garrisoned, 24, 730; defended from Confederate attack, 758; threatened by Early, 792; Union armies reviewed at, 814; Grange movement organized, 917 Washington, Booker Taliaferro (ca. 1859 ), an American negro edu- cator: makes speech at opening of the Atlanta Exposition, 24, 1010 Washington, Bushrod (1 762-1 829), American jurist, a nephew of George Washington: president of American Colonization Society, 24, 571 Washington, George, an American general, statesman, and patriot, President of the United States, 1789-1797, called The Father of his Country: was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, February 22, 1732; received a common-school educa- tion; was engaged in surveying, 1748-1751; was appointed adjutant of Virginia troops, 1751; inherited Mount Vernon, 1752; made com- mander of a military division of Virginia, 1753, was sent on a mis- sion to the French beyond the Alle- gheny River, 1753-1754; made lieu- tenant-colonel, 1754; defeated the French, 1754, but was afterward obliged to surrender Fort Necessity to them; served as a volunteer aide- de-camp to Braddock in his expedi- tion against Fort Du Quesne, 1755; served on the frontier, 1755 1757; married Mrs. Martha Curtis, Janu- ary 9> !759> an d settled as a planter at Mount Vernon; was a delegate to the Continental Congresses of 1774 and 1775; was made commander-in- chief of the Continental forces, June l 5> 1775; was successful in his siege of Boston, 1776; was defeated at the battles of Long Island, August 27, 1776, and of White Plains, October 28, 1776; retreated across New Jer- sey; surprised the Hessians at Tren- ton, December 26, 1776, and cap- tured nearly 1000 prisoners; won a victory at Princeton, January 3, 1777; lost the battles of Brandy wine and Germantown, 1777; spent the winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge; was present at the battle of Mon- mouth, 1780; began the siege of Yorktown, September 28, 1781, and Cornwallis surrendered, October 19; resigned his commission as com- mander-in-chief at Annapolis, De- cember 23, 1783, and retired to Mount Vernon; was president of the Constitutional Convention, 1787; was unanimously elected President of the United States, February, 1789, and inaugurated at New York City, April 30, 1789; was unanimous- ly reelected, 1793; issued his fare- well address to the people, Septem- ber, 1796; at the termination of his second term, March 4, 1797, retired to Mount Vernon; was appointed lieutenant-general and commander- in-chief of the army in anticipation of a war with France, 1798; died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799, and was buried there Member of Ohio Company, 23, 170; in the French and Indian Wars, 9, 243, 23, 171; in expedition against Fort Du Quesne, 23, 190; delegate to first Continental Congress, 223; delegate to second Continental Con- gress, 229; given command of American forces, II, 516, 23, 230; takes command of army, 23, 233; besieges Boston, 235; opposed to independence of colonies, 237; abandons Long Island, 243; refuses to receive Howe's message, 242; at battle of White Plains, 244; re- treats across New Jersey, 246; re- crosses the Delaware, 247; escapes from Cornwallis at Trenton, 249; goes into winter-quarters at Mor- ristown, 250; at battle of Brandy- wine, 259; his campaign in New Jersey against Howe (1777), 259; at battle of Germantown, 260; estab- lishes headquarters at Valley Forge, 756 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 260; Conway Cabal attempts to se- cure removal of, 261; orders arrest of Lee, 263; reprimands Arnold, 276; sends Greene to succeed Gates, 279; goes to Yorktown, 284; plot to make him king, 306; in Constitu- tional Convention, 323; president of Constitutional Convention, 324; elected first President of the United States, 340; inauguration, 341; in- augural address, 343; signs bill for a National Bank, 352; annoyed with the "National Gazette," 356; reelec- tion, 357; character of second ad- ministration, 357; criticism of se- verity, 365, 373; refuses third term, 368; farewell address of, 368; state- ly manner of, 371; death of, 380; Stuart portrait of, rescued by Mrs. Madison, 427; his principles reflected in Monroe Doctrine, 449; only president to receive unanimous vote, 459; quoted on slavery in Vir- ginia, 24, 564; precedent regarding third terms, 926 Washington, William (1752-1810), an American Revolutionary officer: at battle of Guilford Court House, 23, 281 Washington, Treaty of, a treaty be- tween Great Britain and the United States (1871), 24, 959 Washington Colonization Society, an American society for colonizing free negroes, founded, 1817: work of, 19, 49 "Wasp," an American war vessel: captures the " Frolic," 23, 422 Watanabe, a contemporary Japanese statesman: causes downfall of Ito cabinet, 7, 228 Watanabe Kazuma (ca. 12th century), a Japanese nobleman: slays Kawai, 7, 152 Waterford, Ireland: siege of (1170), 12, 50 Waterloo, a village in Belgium: bat- tle of (1815), 4, 350, 8, 487, 532, 9, 362, 10, 501, 11, 568, 13, 288, 17, 314, 18, 390, 23, 405 Watling Island, a small island of the Bahama group, West Indies: dis- covered by Columbus, 23, 31 Watson, Charles (1714-1757), an Eng- lish admiral: at the capture of Cal- cutta, 5, 182 Watson, Thomas E. (1856 ), an American lawyer and politician: nominated for Vice-President (1896), 24, 1015; Populist nominee for President (1904), 1067 Watt, James, a British engineer, phi- losopher, and inventor: born at Greenock, Scotland, January 19, 1736; educated mostly at home; having adopted the trade of maker of mathematical instruments he went to London in 1755 and served for one year with John Morgan; in 1756 he returned to Scotland with the intention of settling at Glasgow; was appointed instrument-maker to the university at Glasgow; in 1764, married his cousin, Miss Miller, and then opened a shop in Glasgow; ceased to make mathematical instru- ments in 1768 and pursued the busi- ness of land-surveyor and civil en- gineer; was employed as surveyor or engineer in the construction of several canals, bridges, and other works in Scotland during the period, 1769-1773; in 1782 he took out a patent for the invention of the double acting engine; he made an important chemical discovery, the composition of water; he was elect- ed a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1785; retired from busi- ness in 1800; was elected one of the eight foreign associates of the French Institute in 1814; died at Heathfield, near Birmingham, Eng- land, August 25, 1819 Invents a steam-engine, 11, 534 Watt (Vadian), Joachim von (1484- JSSi). a Swiss scholar: reforms of, 13, 439 Wattenwil, von (early 19th century), a Swiss general: refuses to fight the Allies, 13, 524 Wattignies, France: battle of, 10, 277 GENERAL INDEX 757 Waymouth (early 17th century), an English captain: explorations of, 16, 303 Wayne, Anthony, American general called Mad Anthony Wayne: born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, January 1, 1745; educated at the Philadelphia Academy; became a surveyor; married Miss Penrose of Philadelphia and settled on a farm in Chester county; was elected a member of the General Assembly in 1774, and was a member of the com- mittee of public safety in 1775; raised a regiment and entered the army as colonel; served at battle of Three Rivers, Canada, June, 1776; took command of Fort Ticonderoga and was appointed a brigadier-gen- eral; about May, 1777, he joined the army of Washington in New Jer- sey; commanded a division at battle of Brandywine, and also in battle of Germantown, October, 1777; was in battle of Monmouth, June, 1778; his most brilliant achievement was the capture of Stony Point, on the Hudson River, July 15, 1779; he was wounded in the head in this battle; served in the battle of Green Springs, Virginia, in July, 1780, and took part in the capture of the Brit- ish army at Yorktown, October 19, 1781; was a member of the conven- tion which ratified the Constitution of the United States in December, 1787; was raised to rank of major- general and in 1792 was appointed commander of the army sent against the Indians; in August, 1794, he gained a complete victory over the Miamis in western Ohio; died at Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, De- cember 15, 1796 At battle of Brandywine, 23, 259; succeeds St. Clair, 365; victory in Northwest aids immigration, 442 Weaver, James B. (1833 ), an American soldier and politician: Greenback Party nominee (1880), 2 4, 930; nominated for President (1892), 991 Webb, James Watson (1802-1884), an American journalist: favors Taylor for Presidency, 24, 557 Weber, Ernest von (19th century), a German colonial pioneer in Africa: influences German colonization ef- forts, 19, 92 note; desires increase of German influence in Africa, 127 Weber, Johannes (late 18th century), a Swiss soldier: at battle of Neue- neck, 13, 51 1 Weber, Veit (late 15th century), a German poet: sketch of, 13, 427 Webster, Daniel, American statesman, jurist and orator: born at Salisbury, New Hampshire, January 18, 1782; on account of feeble health he was educated at home but spent nine months at the Phillips Academy, Exeter; in 1797 he entered Dart- mouth College; graduated in Au- gust, 1801, and began to study law; took charge of an academy at Frye- burg, in Maine; he remained here for eight months then returned to the study of law, and later entered the office of Christopher Gore, an eminent lawyer and statesman, and was admitted to the bar in March, 1805; practiced nearly two years at Boscawen and in 1897 removed to Portsmouth, New Hampshire; in November, 1812, he was elected as a Federalist to the House of Repre- sentatives and took his seat, 1813; opposed war against Great Britain; reelected to the fourteenth Con- gress, which met in December, 1815; retired from public life, 1816, and moved from Portsmouth to Boston; soon became the foremost lawyer in New England; was a member of the Convention which met in 1820 to revise the Constitution of Massa- chusetts; in 1822 was elected a mem- ber of the Congress which met in December, 1823, reelected, 1824, and supported John Q. Adams for presi- dent; served in House of Repre- sentatives until 1828, when he was transferred to the Senate; supported Clay for President in the election 758 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS of 1832; opposed Clay's Compro- mise Bill in 1833; visited England, Scotland, and France in 1839; re- elected to the Senate, January, 1839; in 1841 he was appointed secretary of state by President Harrison; re- signed in May, 1843; again elected a Senator in the winter of 1844- 1845; in 1850, President Fillmore appointed Webster secretary of state; made several famous speeches in the Senate; died at Marshfield, Mass., October 24, 1852 Quoted on government of North- west Territory, 23, 318; opposes tar- iff for New England, 439; defends Monroe Doctrine, 449; opposes pro- tective tariff, 457; describes Jack- son's inauguration, 481; on question of Jackson's appointments, 482; re- plies to Hayne, 489; favors United States Bank, 502; offered nomination for Vice-President, 24, 521; makes campaign speeches (1840), 523; member of Harrison's Cabinet, 525; recognizes the independence of the Hawaiian Islands, 20, 308; negoti- ates settlement of Northeast Bound- ary Dispute, 24, 529, 530; attempts to settle Northwest 'Boundary Dis- pute, 542; opposes Mexican War, 554; candidate for President, 557; refuses nomination for Vice-Presi- dent (1848), 558; opposes election of Taylor, 593; opposes Calhoun's resolutions, 595; summary of his ca- reer, 605; his Seventh of March speech, 605; candidate for Presi- dential nomination (1852), 620; death, 620; his communication to Austrian diplomat, 639 Webster, Noah (1758-1843), an Amer- ican lexicographer and author: in American literature, 23, 481 Webster-Hayne Debate, a debate be- tween Daniel Webster and Senator Hayne of South Carolina (1830): account of, 23, 489 Weddell (17th century), an English captain: takes the Pogue Forts, 6, 107 Weddell (early 19th century), an Ant- arctic explorer: explorations of, 16, 333 Wedderburn, Sir William (1838 ), an English statesman: supports the Indian National Congress, 5, 270 Wedel, Karl Heinrich (1712-1782), a Prussian general: in the Seven Years' War, 18, 339 Wedmore, Peace of, a peace between Guthrun, King of the Danes, and Alfred the Great (878 A. D.), n f 43, 16, 15 Weed, Thurlow (1797-1882), an Amer- ican journalist and politician: op- poses nomination of Clay for Presi- dency, 24, 520; quoted on nomina- tion of Tyler, 521; decides to nom- inate Taylor for Presidency, 557; opposes Lincoln, 799 Weehawken, New Jersey: duel ground of Hamilton and Burr, 23, 402 Wehrli (early 19th century), a Swiss educator: directs training school for teachers, 13, 542 Wei-hai-Wei, a port in China: surren- der of, 6, 269, 7, 270; naval battle of, 7, 270; lease of, 6, 273, 7, 278 Weinsberg, Wurtemberg: battle of (1140), 17, 91, 18, 144 Weissenburg, Alsace-Lorraine: battles of (1795), 10, 345; (1870), 18, 421 Weitzel, Godfrey (1835-1884), an American general and military en- gineer: enters Richmond, 24, 811 Wekerle, Alexander (1844 ), a Hungarian statesman: made pre- mier of Hungary, 17, 431; second premiership of, 447 Welch, John (ca. 1570-1622), a Scot- tish minister: sketch of, 12, 358 Welf (Guelf) II, Duke of Bavaria, 1101-1120: his relations with Henry V of Germany, 18, 141 Welf VI (1115-1191), Duke of Ba- varia: wars of, 18, 144, 145 Welf (Guelf or Guelph), Italian papal and popular party of the middle ages: rise of, 4, 199; sketch of, 18, 144 Welhaven, Johan Sebastian Cammer- meyer (1807-1873), a Norwegian lyric poet: sketch of, 16, 264 GENERAL INDEX 759 Wellesley, Sir Arthur: see Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellesley, Richard Cowley or Welles- ley, Marquis of (1760-1842), older brother of the Duke of Wellington: made governor-general of India, 5, 196 Wellington, New Zealand: settled, 20, 211 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, an English general and states- man, called The Great Duke, The Iron Duke, Nosey, and The Hero of the Peninsula: born at Daugan Castle, County Meath, Ireland, May 1, 1769; educated at Eton College and at the military academy of Au- gers, France; received in March, 1787, a commission as ensign in the seventy-third regiment of foot; be- came a lieutenant in December, 1787; raised to rank of major in April, 1793; then lieutenant-colonel of the thirty-third regiment in Sep- tember, 1793; in 1794, served under the Duke of York; promoted to rank of colonel in 1796; obtained the rank of major-general in April, 1802, and gained a decisive victory over the Mahrattas at Assaye in September of 1803; returned to Eng- land, 1805; in November he was sent to Holland but returned with- out having encountered the enemy; appointed chief secretary for Ire- land, 1807; served in the expedition against Copenhagen in 1807; made lieutenant-general and commander of the forces in the Peninsula, 1808; gained the victory of Vimiero, Aug- ust 21, 1808; returned to England after the Convention of Cintra; was again Irish secretary in 1809, and again commander-in-chief in the Peninsula, April, 1809; gained the victory of Talavera in 1809, and was made Viscount Wellington the same year; fortified the lines of Torres Vedras; repulsed the French at Bu- saco in 1810; gained the victory of Fuentes d'Onoro in 1811; stormed Ciudad, Rodrigo and Badajoz in 1812; gained the victory of Sala- manca in 1812; made Earl and Mar- quis of Wellington, 1812; occupied Madrid; besieged Burgos unsuccess- fully in 1812; gained the victory of Vittoria in 1813; won various bat- tles in the Pyrenees; captured San Sebastian and Pamplona in 1813; in- vaded France and won the victories of Orthez and Toulouse in 1814; in 1814, was made Duke of Welling- ton; was ambassador at Paris, 1814- 1815, and plenipotentiary at the Con- gress of Vienna, 1815; gained the victory of Quatre-Bras, June 16, 1815; commanded with Blucher at Waterloo, June 18, 1815; negotiated in the restoration of the Bourbons and in the Peace of Paris in 1815; was commander-in-chief of the army of occupation in France, 1815-1818; attended the Congresses of Aix-la- Chapelle in 1818 and of Verona in 1822; became master-general of the ordinance in 1819, and member of the cabinet; was made ambassa- dor to Russia in 1826; became com- mander-in-chief of the army in 1827; and was prime minister, 1828- 1830; Catholic emancipation was carried in his administration, but he opposed parliamentary reform; was foreign secretary, 1834-1835, and a member of the cabinet, 1841- 1846; died at Walmer Castle, Sep- tember 14, 1852 His campaign in Spanish penin- sula, 8, 486, 528, 9, 333, 10, 477, n, 562; his campaigns against Napo- leon, 9, 362, 13, 287, 17, 314, 18, 375 389; at the battle of Waterloo, 10, 501; at the Congress of Verona, 9 3795 becomes Prime Minister, 11, 582; opposes Belgian independence, 13, 298; favors Catholic emancipa- tion, 12, 222; protects London against Chartists, 11, 608; death of, 610 Wellman, Walter (1858 ), an American Arctic explorer: explora- tions of, 16, 339 Wellman Airship Expedition, a pros- 760 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS pective attempt to reach the North Pole in an airship, 16, 339 Wells, David Ames (1828-1898), an American politician: joins liberal movement, 24, 890 Wells, Gideon (1802-1878), an Ameri- can politician: Lincoln's Secretary of the Navy, 24, 708 Wels, Austria: battle of (ca. 912 A. D.), 17, 43 Welsh, the people of Wales: sketch of, 12, 248 Wenceslaus (III) the One-eyed, King of Bohemia, 1230-1253: aids Hun- gary against the Mongols, 17, 58; reign of, 69 Wenceslaus or Wenceslas: see also Vacslav Wends, a branch of the Slavic race: description of the, 16, 39; ravages of the, 67; disloyal to the empire, 18, 139; invade Slesvig, 16, 76; con- version of the, 81 Weng T'ungho (19th century), a Chinese social reformer: sponsor for K'ang, 6, 276 Wengi, Nicholas (early 16th century), a Swiss patriot: crushes the at- tempt at civil war in Soleure, 13, 446 Wentworth, Charles Watson, Marquis of Rockingham: see Rockingham Charles Watson Wentworth, Mar- quis of Wentworth, Thomas (1593-1641) Earl of Strafford: leader of third Parliament of Charles I, II, 323; joins Charles I, 328; made chief advisor of Charles I, 336; made lord lieutenant of Ireland, 12, 11 1; impeached and imprisoned, II, 337; death of, 11, 339, 12, 113 Wenzel: see Vacslav or Wenceslaus Werdan (7th century), a Byzantine general: commands army for con- quest of Saracens, 1, 270 Werden, Karl von, a Swedish sailor: enters Peter's service, 15, 91 Werdenberg, Rudolf von: see Rudolf von Werdenberg Werder, Count August Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold von (1808-1887), a Prussian general: in the Franco- Prussian War, 18, 425 Werdmiiller, Conrad (17th century), a Swiss general: leads peasant re- volt, 13, 473 Werdmiiller, Rudolf (17th century), a Swiss general: in the Religious Wars, 13, 476; trial of, 483 Werenfels, Samuel (1657-1740), a Swiss scholar and theologian: at- tacks abuses of aristocracy, 13, 475 Wergeland, Henrik Arnold Thaulow (1808-1845), a Norwegian poet: leads the patriotic party, 16, 262, 264 Wergild, money or goods paid for in- juries inflicted, a Viking custom: de- scription of the, 16, 12, 41 note, 71 Werner (early nth century), Count of Kyburg: sketch of, 18, 126 Werner (early nth century), Bishop of Strasburg: builds the castle of Hapsburg, 17, 99 Werner von Attinghausen (early 14th century), a Swiss knight: leads Swiss patriots, 13, 364 Werner von Homberg (early 14th cen- tury), a Swiss knight: appointed bailiff of Switzerland, 13, 364 Wernier (18th century), a Swiss con- spirator: leader of uprising in Berne, 13, 498 Wernsfeld, Holland: battle of (1586), 13, iSi Wertingen, Bavaria: battle of (1805), 9, 326, 10, 464 Wesen, Massacre of, a massacre of the Swiss by the Austrians (1388), 13, 382 Wesley, Charles, English clergyman and poet: born at Epworth, Decem- ber 18, 1708; in 1716 he was sent to Westminster School under his elder brother, Samuel Wesley; then en- tered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1726, when his strictness in religion pro- cured for him the name of Metho- dist; sailed for Georgia with his brother John in 1735; served as sec- retary to Oglethorpe; returned to England about the end of 1736; Charles became an able preacher GENERAL INDEX 761 and cooperated with John in many of his religious enterprises; married Sarah Gwynne in 1749, after which he preached in London, Bristol and other places, and propagated the Methodist doctrines; also gained great distinction as a writer of hymns and composed many of those used in the Methodist Church; died in London, March 29, 1788 Work of, 23, 81 Wesley, John, English religious re- former, founder of The Society of Methodists: born at Epworth, Lin- colnshire, England, June 17, 1703; at an early age he was sent to the Charter-House; in 1720 was sent to Christ Church, Oxford; was or- dained deacon in 1725; graduated as M.A. in 1726; obtained a fellowship in Lincoln College, Oxford, March 17, 1726; during that year assisted his father at Epworth; was made Greek lecturer and moderator of the classes; employed as curate of his father at Wroote, but it being necessary for him to reside at Ox- ford he resigned the curacy and re- turned to Oxford, November, 1729; became the head of the society, at Oxford, composed of his brother Charles and others, called Metho- dists; in October, 1735, John and Charles accepted an invitation to go to Georgia to preach to the Indians and the settlers of a colony founded by Oglethorpe; arrived there in Feb- ruary, 1736, but was not popular with the settlers at Savannah and in December, 1737, sailed for England, arriving February, 1738; preached in the open air at Bristol, where the foundations of the society of Metho- dists as an independent sect were laid; continued to profess the doc- trines of the Church of England after he ceased to conform to its discipline; usually traveled on horse- back and often preached several ser- mons a day; published many reli- gious tracts, wrote hymns and also was the author of books; died in London, March 2, 1791 Sketch of, 11, 493, 23, 81 Wesley, Samuel (ca. 1664-1735), an English clergyman: preaches against James II's Declaration of Indul- gence, 11, 427 Wessenberg, Ignaz Heinrich Karl, Baron von (1774-1860), a German Catholic theologian: persecuted, 13, 529 Wessex, one of the Saxon kingdoms in England: conquered by Mercians (779 A. D.), 11, 39 West, Benjamin (1738-1820), an American-English painter: celebrat- ed painting of, 23, 112 West, Garden of the: see Kansas West, The Pennsylvania of the: see Missouri West Florida: see Florida West India Company, Dutch, a com- mercial association formed in the Netherlands in 1621 : chartered, 20, 59; powers of, under charter, 23, 102; sketch of, 20, yy, loses its last possession in Brazil, 13, 231 note West India Company, French, a com- mercial company founded 1664: founded, 9, 214, 20, 68, 88 West Indies, Danish: history of, 20, 297; slave trade declared illegal in, 16, 255 West Indies, Dutch: description of, 20, 285 West Indies, English: condition of (1776), 20, no; effect of the Ameri- can Revolution on, 131 West Indies, History of: description of, 20, 66; exploration and settle- ment, 11,445; French possessions in, threatened, 23, 357; British restric- tions on trade with, 362; England closes ports to American commerce, 471; conspiracies and revolutions in Cuba, 22, 451; the American inter- vention in Cuba, 456; military gov- ernment in Cuba, 464; the republic of Cuba to-day, 474; reciprocity be- tween Cuba and the United States, 482; Hayti and San Domingo, 491 762 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS West Indies, The Gibraltar of the: see Bermudas, The West Point, a village in New York: command of, given to Arnold, 23, 276 West Virginia, a state of the United States, called the Panhandle State: colonized by Ohio Company, 23, 170; refuses to secede, 24, 731; ad- mitted to the Union, 733; railroad strikes (1877), 919; Blaine's cam- paign speeches (1884), 947; Presi- dential elections (1896), 1018; (1904), 1072 Westermann, Frangois Joseph (d. 1794), a French revolutionist and general: death of, 9, 288 Western Australia, a British colony in Australia: founded, 20, 187; govern- ment of, 199; ratifies the new Consti- tution (1900), 207 Western Reserve, a name for a part of Ohio on Lake Erie, reserved by Connecticut: created, 23, 318; agi- tation over Fugitive Slave Law, 24, 672 Westland, New Zealand: formed, 20, 213 Westland, James, a British official in India, 1893-1899: finance member of the governor-general's council, 5, 274 Westminster Abbey, a church in Lon- don: built by Eadward the Confes- sor, 11, 64; rebuilt by Henry III, 142 Weston, Thomas (ca. 1575-1624), an English adventurer: founds com- mercial settlement on Massachusetts Bay, 23, 85 Westphalia, a province of Prussia: early inhabitants of, 18, 6; invaded by Caesar, 12; peasant war in, 243; given to Jerome Bonaparte, 10, 471 Westphalia, Peace of, the treaties which ended the Thirty Years' War (1648), 9, 200, 10, 135 note, 13, 219, 465, 16, 188, 17, 183, 18, 293 Wettstein (Wetstein) John Rudolf (1594-1666), a Swiss diplomat: at the Miinster Conference, 13, 465 Wexford, Ireland: sieges of (1169), 12, 49; (1649), 11, 363, 12, 124 Weyler, Valeriano y Nicolau (1836- ), a Spanish soldier: his ad- ministration in Cuba, 8, 519, 20, 328, 22, 455, 24, 1022; recalled, 1023 Weymouth, George (early 17th cen- tury), an English navigator: ex- plores New England coast, 23, 54 Weyprecht, Charles (1838-1881), a Ger- man Arctic explorer: aids scientific polar research, 16, 318 Wharton, Thomas, Marquis of Whar- ton (ca. 1640-1715), an English Whig politician: Comptroller of the Household, 11, 441 Wheat: raised in the Middle Colonies, 23, 136 Wheaton, Henry (1785-1848), an American diplomat and jurist: sketch of, 23, 481 Wheeler, Joseph (1836 ), an American general: commands Con- federate cavalry, 24, 805; appointed major-general, 1028; in Santiago campaign, 1029 Wheeler, William A. (18 19-1887), an American statesman: nominated for Vice-President (1876), 24, 907; elected Vice-President (1876), 913 Wheeling, West Virginia: loyalist con- vention at, 24, 731; State Constitu- tional convention, 732 Wheelright, John (1592-1679), a New England clergyman: in Salem col- ony, 23, 90 Whiggamore's Raid, a dash on Edin- burgh made by the Presbyterians in 1648, 12, 341 Whigs, an American political party: organized, 24, 520; convention at Harrisburg, 520; alienated from Tyler, 528; convention at Baltimore (1844), 536; convention meets at Philadelphia (1848), 556; dissolution, 637; convention at Baltimore (1852), 620; remnant in Constitutional Union Party, 680 Whigs, an English political party: origin, 23, 434; origin of the term, 11, 409, 23, 510 GENERAL INDEX 763 Whiskey Rebellion, a rebellion in Pennsylvania against a duty on spirits distilled in the United States (1794): account of, 23, 367 Whiskey Ring, The, a conspiracy of distillers and United States govern- ment officials, to defraud the gov- ernment of the excise duties (1872- 1875) : account of, 24, 894 Whiskey Tax, an excise duty on spirits distilled within the United States (1791): imposed, 23, 348; re- pealed, 348 White, Andrew Dickson (1832 ), an American educator, historian, and politician: in San Domingo Commission, 24, 880 White, Sir George Stuart (1835 ), an English soldier: sketch of, 5, 278 White, Horace (1834 ), an Ameri- can journalist: joins liberal move- ment, 24, 890 White, Hugh Lawson (1 773-1840), an American statesman: nominated for Presidency, 23, 510 White, John (late 16th century), Eng- lish colony founder: leaves a colony in Virginia, 23, 53 White, John Claude, a contemporary English official in India: member of the Tibetan mission, 5, 297 White City: see Columbian Exposi- tion, World's; also Belgrade White Company, a band of assassins organized in Toulouse in the 13th century: in Italian wars, 4, 253 White Hill: see White Mountain White House, The, the residence of the Presidents of the United States in Washington, D. C.: burned by British, 23, 427 White Lily Sect, The, a Chinese sect, 6, 116, 144 White Mountain, a hill near Prague: battle of (1620), 9, 189, 11, 313, 17, 206, 226, 18, 270 White Pass, The, a pass in Alaska: awarded to the United States in Alaskan boundary dispute, 24, 1054 White Plains, a village in New York: battle of (1776), 23, 244 White Queen, The: see Mary Queen of Scots Whiteboys, an illegal agrarian asso- ciation in Ireland (1761): sketch of, 13, 175 Whitefield, George, English preacher: born at Gloucester, England, De- cember 16, 1714; was sent to a grammar school and in 1733 entered Pembroke College, Oxford; at col- lege he became an intimate friend of John and Charles Wesley; was or- dained a deacon in 1736 and began soon after to preach; in 1737 preached in London; went to Geor- gia, 1738; instituted an orphan- house at Savannah and returned to England in September, 1738; in the autumn of 1739 he again crossed the Atlantic to America preaching in Philadelphia, New York, and other places, and in 1741 he returned to England; revisited the American colonies in 1744; sailed from Eng- land in 1769 on his seventh visit to America and died at Newburyport, Massachusetts, September 30, 1770 Sketch of, 11, 493, 23, 81 Whitelocke, Bulstrode (1605-1676), an English statesman: at the court of Christina, 16, 205 Whitgift, John (i530?-i6o4), Arch- bishop of Canterbury: appointed, XX, 300 Whitman, Marcus (19th century), an American missionary: saves Oregon for the United States, 24, 542 Whitman, Walt or Walter (1819-1892), an American poet: his poem on the death of Lincoln, 24, 827 Whitney, Eli, the American inventor of the cotton gin: born at Westboro, Massachusetts, December 8, 1765; graduated at Yale in 1792, went to Georgia to teach school; about the end of 1792, he invented the cotton- gin for separating the cotton from the seed; before he had obtained a patent his premises were broken open by night and the model stolen; engaged in the manufacture of fire- 764 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS arms near New Haven in 1798 and acquired an independent fortune in that business; died at New Haven, January 8, 1825 Increases value of slavery to the South, 23, 128; invents cotton gin, 450 Whitney, William Collins (1841-1904), an American lawyer and politician: Secretary of the Navy, 24, 950 note Whittier, John Greenleaf (1 807-1 892), an American poet: in American lit- erature, 24, 481; secretary of Ameri- can Anti-Slavery Society, 24, 574; joins liberal movement, 890; his Centennial Hymn sung, 903 Whitworth, Sir Charles, Earl Whit- worth ( 1 754-1825), an English dip- lomat: quits St. Petersburg, 15, 207 Wickes, Lambert (late 18th century), an American naval commander: naval exploits of, 23, 290 Wickliffe: see Wycliffe Wickmand (ca. 9th century), an early ruler in Flanders: gains a footing in the Netherlands, 13, 20 Wiclif: see Wycliffe Widdin (Widin), Bulgaria: surren- ders to Sigismund, 14, 40 Widow-burning, a custom in India: abolished, 5, 213 Wieland, Christopher Martin (1733- 1813), a German poet: at Weimar, 18, 353 Wielopolski, Marquis (19th century), a Polish statesman: becomes direc- tor of public instruction in Poland, 15, 325 Wiener-Neustadt, Lower Austria : diet of (1502), 17, 174 Wifredo (Hunfrido), I, Count of Barcelona, 858 A. D.: reign of, 8, 222 Wifredo II (d. 912), Count of Barce- lona: reign of, 8, 224 Wight, Isle of, an island off the south coast of England: Jutes form settle- ments in, 11, 18 Wilberforce, William, English philan- thropist and statesman: born at Hull, England, August 24, 1759; was sent to grammar school at Hull, and in 1776 entered St. John's College, Cambridge; while at Cambridge, formed an acquaintance with Wil- liam Pitt; was elected a member of Parliament in 1780; in 1783 he visited France in company with Mr. Pitt, and as a supporter of Pitt was elected a member for Yorkshire; he passed part of the years 1784 and 1785 in a continental tour; in 1787 he began a series of efforts for the ref- ormation of manners and especially for abolishing the African slave trade; he opened the debate against the traffic on May 12, 1789, and was supported by Burke, Pitt, and Fox; although defeated he renewed the effort and finally, in 1807, after a struggle of nearly twenty years, the bill was passed making it illegal for a British citizen to carry on the slave traffic; in 1825 Wilberforce re- tired from Parliament and went to live upon a small estate at High- wood, near London; died in Cado- gan Place, London, July 29, 1883 His crusade against slave-trade, 11, 541, 19, 40, 20, 238 Wilbrod: see Willebrod Wilderness, Battle of the, a battle fought in Virginia, United States, during the Civil War (1864): ac- count of, 24, 787; political effects of, 801 Wildhans von Breitenlandenberg (15th century), a Swiss soldier: defends Greifenses, 13, 401 Wildman, Edwin (1867 ), an American journalist and author: his negotiations with the Filipinos, 20, 315 Wilfrid, Saint (ca. 634-708 A. D.), an English prelate, Archbishop of York: makes English church con- form with church of Rome, 11, 2>7 Wilhelm (9th century), Count of Barcelona: attempts to gain his fief, 8, 222 Wilhelm: see also William Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina Helena GENERAL INDEX 765 Paulina Maria) (1880 ), Queen of Holland, 1890 : birth of, 13, 318: reign of, 318 Wilhelmine, Friederike Sophie (1709- 1758), Margravine of Bayreuth: marriage of, 18, 327 Wilkes, Charles (1801-1877), an American naval officer and explorer: explorations of, 16, 334; in the Trent Affair, 24, 729 Wilkes, John (1727-1797), an English politician and agitator: arrested, 11, 507; trials of, 508: reflections of, 511 Wilkinson, James (1757-1825), an American soldier: betrays Burr, 23, 403 Willamette River, a river in Oregon, United States: settlements made on, 24, 542 Willard, Samuel (1640-1707), a New England divine, 23, 139 Willebrod (Willibrod), Saint (ca. 657- ca. 738), an English missionary, later, Bishop of Utrecht: his efforts among the Frisons, 13, 15; the mis- sion of, 16, 25 Willekens, Jacob (early 17th century), a Dutch admiral: conquers San Sal- vador, 8, 460, 20, 59 Willi (d. 1804), a Swiss insurgent: leads insurrection, 13, 520 William (I) the Conqueror, King of England, 1066-1087: born at Falaise, Normandy, in 1025; was educated at the court of King Henry I of France, succeeded his father in 1035, as William II of Normandy; Wil- liam resolved to invade England, he landed at Pevensey, in Sussex, about September 28 and defeated the Eng- lish under Harold, King of England, near Hastings, on October 14, 1066; was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey on December 25; confiscated the estates of those partisans of Harold who had been killed at Hastings and took care to place all real power in the hands of the Normans; while he was absent on a visit to Normandy, in 1067, conspiracies were formed against him; he returned about the end of 1067 and ordered his army to lay waste by fire the country between the Humber and the Tees; in 1068 the curfew bell was introduced; be- sides the establishment and consoli- dation of his power in England Wil- liam carried on a series of wars on the continent with his son, with Brittany, and with the King of France; in the campaign against France he was injured by a fall from his horse at Mantes-sur-Seine, was brought to Rouen, and died there, September 9, 1087 Visits England, 11, 62; named as successor of Eadward the Confes- sor, 62; wins battle of Val-es-dunes, 62; claims the English crown, 64; in- vades England, 65; conquers Eng- land, 9, 68, 12, 257; receives assist- ance from Flanders, 13, 25; corona- tion, 11, 68; conquest of the west and north, 72; invades Scotland, 73; refuses obedience to Pope Gregory, 77; orders the compilation of the Domesday Book, 79; Svend Estrid- sen demands tribute of, 16, 68; erects Palatinate of Durham, 23, 68; protects the Jews, 1, 419; death, 11, 81 William (II) Rufus (1056-1100), King of England, 1087-1100: character and reign of, 11, 82; refuses to acknowledge papal supremacy, 85; at war with his brother Henry, 86; his relations with Scotland, 12, 258; death of, 11, 87 William (III) of Orange, King of England, 1689-1702: born at The Hague, November 4th or 14th, 1650; in 1672, when France and England attacked The Netherlands, William was made stadtholder and comman- der-in-chief and by his military and diplomatic talents he freed the coun- try from the grasp of Louis XIV; in 1677, he married Mary, a daughter of James, Duke of York, afterwards James II of England; in 1688, he was invited by a large number of the most prominent men in England to come with an army for the de- 766 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS fense of liberty and the Protestant religion in England; in November, 1688, he landed at Torbay, with an army of about 14,000 men; he was joined by numerous peers, and was favored by a general defection in the army of King James, who threw the great seal into the Thames and absconded on December 11, 1688; the revolution was thus accom- plished without much bloodshed; he called a convention, composed of peers, and the surviving members of the former House of Commons, which, in February, 1689, voted that James had abdicated and that William and Mary should be de- clared King and Queen of England; in May, 1689, he declared war against the King of France; on July I, 1690, he gained a decisive victory over the French and Irish at the fa- mous battle of the Boyne, and de- feated the French at La Hogue; was defeated at Steenkerke, August, 1692; England had just determined and publicly announced that it would take part in the Spanish war of succession when William died at Kensington, March 8, 1702, in conse- quence of a fall from his horse Birth of, 13, 228; placed at the head of affairs in the Dutch Repub- lic, 236; his connection with the death of the De Witts, 238 note; his relations with Louis XIV of France, 242; his campaigns against the French, 9, 210; marries Mary, daughter of James, 11, 404, 13, 241; invited to England, II, 428; be- comes leader of the League of Augsburg, 9, 217; accession of, to English throne, 11, 431, 12, 132, 350, 13, 244, 23, 72, 157; reign of, II, 435; his campaign in Ireland, 12, 141; proclaimed in New York, 23, 105; unfavorable to Lord Baltimore, 72; condition of the colonies under, 20, 89, 23, 93, 101; his relations with Peter the Great, 15, 33, 35, 73; aids Sweden, 16, 215; death of, 11, 451, 13, 247 William IV (1765-1837), King or Great Britain, 1830-1837, called The Sailor King: reign of, 11, 585; death of, 595 William I, King of Prussia, 1861-1888, and Emperor of Germany, 1871- 1888: born March 22, 1807, in Ber- lin, son of Frederick William III of Prussia; married, in 1829, Maria Louisa Augusta, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar; in 1848 he was compelled to leave the country and go to England; commanded the army which suppressed the insur- rection in Baden in 1849; ascended the Prussian throne on the death of his brother Frederick William IV, January, 1861; in 1864 King William united with the Emperor of Austria in an aggressive war against Den- mark and in 1866 victories were won over Austria and her German allies; placed himself at the head of the newly formed North German Union; the greatest glory was gained by the king in the war with France (1870- 1871); the alliance of the German States in this war led to the per- manent union known as the Empire of Germany, with William as the first emperor; he was proclaimed Emperor from the palace of the French kings at Versailles, January 18, 1871; the remainder of his reign was peaceful; he died at Berlin, March 9, 1888 Regency of, 18, 404; reign of, 405; German policy of, 17, 390; at the battle of Sadowa, 392; condition of Jews under, 1, 423 William II (1859 ), Emperor of Germany, 1888 : accession of, 18, 437; reign of, 449; visits Japan, 7, 191; his policy in the Eastern Question, 14, 508 William (I) Frederick (1 772-1 843), King of Holland, 1815-1840: pro- claimed, 13, 272; reign of, 279; ab- dication of, 313 William II (1792-1849), King of Hol- land, 1840-1849: in the Waterloo campaign, 13, 287, 289; in the GENERAL INDEX 767 Belgian Revolution, 296; reign of, 313 William III (1817-1890), King of Hol- land, 1849-1890: reign of, 13, 314 William (I) the Silent, Prince of Orange, and Nassau, called The High-born Demosthenes: born at Dillenburg, in Nassau, April 14, 1533; i n J544 ne inherited from his cousin the principality of Orange in Provence, whence he derived the title of Prince of Orange; he was educated as a Protestant by his par- ents, but about the age of fifteen he became a page of the Emperor Charles V, who quickly discerned his excellent qualities and admitted him into his secret councils; Charles appointed him general-in-chief of the army in 1554 and leaned on his shoulder at the ceremony of his own abdication in I5SS; William was one of the hostages given by Philip II of Spain to Henry II of France, in 1559 for the execution of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis; Henry II, in conversation with his hostage (whom he supposed to be a Catholic and to be privy to the se- crets of the Spanish court) impru- dently revealed to him a plot which those two kings had formed to mas- sacre all their Protestant subjects; he received the surname of " The Silent " from the manner in which he received these communications from Henry without revealing by look or word the enormous blunder which had been committed; as gov- ernor of Holland and Zealand he re- fused in 1564 to allow the establish- ment of the Spanish Inquisition in these provinces; a mutual but dis- sembled enmity existed between him and Philip II; in 1566 a great insur- rection was provoked by the attempt of Philip to establish the Inquisition in all its rigor in The Netherlands; William refused to take a new oath of unlimited obedience and offered to resign all his offices in 1567; when Philip II sent the Duke of Alva as governor-general to The Netherlands, with a large Spanish army, William resigned and retired with his family to Germany; in Feb- ruary, 1568, a sentence of the In- quisition condemned to death as heretics all the inhabitants of the Netherlands, with a few exceptions; in 1568 William entered Brabant with a large army and offered battle to Alva, who declined to fight; he founded a famous republic by the union of the seven Protestant prov- inces of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Groningen, Overyssel, and Guelderland, in 1579, and was chosen Stadtholder; was assassinat- ed at Delft, Netherlands, July 10, 1584 Sketch of, 13, 79; pays his re- spects to Philip II of Spain, 73; per- mits no persecutions in his prov- inces, J7; opposes policy of Philip II of Spain, 78; attempts to gain the regency of the Low Countries, 8, 357; joins confederates, 13, 89; sent to Antwerp, 92; exiles himself, 102; summoned before the Council of Blood, 107; heads rebellion, 108; campaigns of, 8, 359; made governor of the Low Countries, 360; attempt- ed assassination of, 13, 135; death of, 8, 361, n, 293, 13, 142 William (II) of Nassau, Prince of Orange, 1626-1650: betrothed to Mary II of England, 13, 213; be- comes Prince of Orange, 217; sketch of, 225; death of, 228 William (III) of Nassau, Prince of Orange: see William (III) of Orange, King of England William (IV) Charles Henry Friso (1711-1751), Prince of Orange: marries Princess Anne of England, 13, 254; made stadtholder of all the provinces, 255; death of, 256 William V (1748-1806), Prince of Orange: accession of, 13, 256; his campaign against France, 9, 286; re- signs his powers, 13, 265 William the Lion (d. 1214), King of Scotland, 1165-1214: reign of, 12, 768 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS 266; aids the revolt of the English barons, 11, 108; released from doing homage to English king, 112 William (I) the Bad, King of Sicily, 1154-1166: reign of, 4, 196 William (II) the Good, King of Sicily, 1166-1189: reign of, 4, 196 William X (d. 1137), Duke of Aqui- taine and Count of Poitou: supports claims of Geoffrey Plantagenet, 9, 72 William I, Duke of Austria, 1395-1411: reign of, 17, 105, 106 William (17th century), Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel: unites with Gustavus Adolphus, 18, 280; defeats the im- perialists, 285 William IV (d. 1345), Count of Hol- land and Hainault, 1337-1345: aids John the Pitiless, 13, 38 William (late 13th century), Marquise of Montferrat: war with Amadeus V of Savoy, 4, 274 William (17th century), Count of Nassau, nephew of William of Orange: his expedition against Cadiz, 13, 163; his campaign against the Spanish, 210 William (1783-1851), Prince of Prus- sia: his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 346 William IV (d. 1127), Count of Upper Burgundy: death of, 13, 348 William (13th century), Bishop of Valence: his influence over Henry III of England, 11, 134 William, The People's: see Gladstone, William Ewart William Longsword, Duke of Nor- mandy, 927-943: invites Louis IV to come to France, 9, 55; death of, 9, 56 William Longsword (12th century), an English crusader: at siege of Lis- bon, 8, 275 William of Holland (ca. 1227-1256), titular King of Germany: his strug- gles for the throne, 18, 167, 168 William of Lobkovitz: see Lobkovitz, William of William of Longchamps (late 12th century), Bishop of Ely: appointed Justiciar, 11, 112; driven from Eng- land, 113 William of Malmesbury (ca. 1095- 1142), an English historian and monk: work of, n, 92 William of Nassau, Prince of Orange: see William (I) the Silent William of Newburgh (b. 1136), an English chronicler: English his- torian, 11, 116 William of Slavata: see Slavata, Wil- liam of William of Wykeham, Bishop of Win- chester: see Wykeham, William of William Shortnose (late 8th century), Duke of Toulouse: appointed guard- ian of Louis the Pious, 9, 43 William the Marshal (d. 1219), Earl of Pembroke: appointed guardian of Henry III of England, 11, 130; de- feats Louis at Lincoln, 130 William and Mary College, Williams- burg, Virginia: founded, 23, 141; graduates of, in Constitutional Con- vention, 323 William Frederick (17th century), Count of Nassau: becomes stadt- holder of Friesland (1640), 13, 213; attempts to seize Amsterdam, 227 William Henry, Fort, an English fort on Lake George, New York: cap- tured by the French, 23, 186 William von Hochberg (15th century), an Austrian governor of Zurich: made governor, 13, 400 Williams, Captain (late 16th century), an Irish soldier: defends Portmore, 12, 96 Williams, Mrs. (d. 1704), the wife of John Williams, a New England clergyman: captivity among Indians, 23, 160 Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury (1709- I 7S9)> an English writer and diplo- mat: negotiates a convention with Russia, 15, 142; intrigues of, 144; re- called, 147 Williams, David (1754-1831), an American Revolutionary soldier: aids in capture of Andre, 23, 277 GENERAL INDEX 769 Williams, Ephraim (1715-1755), an American military officer: in the French and Indian Wars, 23, 183 Williams, George Henry (1823 ), an American jurist and politician: in Joint High Commission, 24, 883 Williams, James (1740- 1780), an American Revolutionary soldier: killed at battle of King's Mountain, 23, 279 Williams, John (1582-1650), Arch- bishop of York: impeached, XI, 343 Williams, John Sharp (1854 ), an American lawyer and politician: in Democratic convention (1904), 24, 1064 Williams, Roger, founder of the State of Rhode Island: born in London, England, in 1607 (or 1599); studied at Sutton's Hospital (later the Char- ter-House School) and graduated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, Jan- uary, 1626; became master of several ancient languages and was ordained a minister of the Church of Eng- land; in 1631 he emigrated to Mas- sachusetts in search of religious lib- erty and preached for a short time at' Salem; but was banished from the colony in 1635 on account of his doctrines; was censured by the court because he taught that magis- trates should not punish the breach of the Sabbath or dictate on the sub- ject of worship; founded the city of Providence, 1636, and there opened an asylum in which men of all creeds might enjoy full religious lib- erty; it is stated he became a Bap- tist in 1639, but that he soon began to doubt the validity of baptism; made a voyage to England, 1643; obtained a charter for the new col- ony, and returned in 1644; after a second voyage to England, he was elected President of Rhode Island, in 1654; lived in peace and amity with the Indians, over whom he ac- quired much influence; in 1657, ceased to be president of the col- ony; died at Providence, March or April, 1684 Sketch of, 23, 89; founds Provi- dence, 94; early colonial author, 142 Williams, Sir William Fenwick (1800- 1883), an English military offi- cer: his defense of Kars, 15, 314, 322 Williams College, an institution of learning at Williamstown, Massa- chusetts: founded, 23, 183 Williamsburg, Virginia: reached by Washington on return from Fort le Boeuf, 23, 171; battle of (1862), 24, 758 Willibrod: see Willebrod Willigis (975-101 1), Archbishop of Mayence: aids Theophania, 18, 118 Willis (late 18th century), an English physician: attends George III, 11, 531 Willis, Albert L. (19th century), United States minister to Hawaii (1893): appointed, 24, 998 Willis, Nathaniel Parker (1 806-1 867), an American poet and author: in American literature, 23, 481 Willis Creek, a small river in western Pennsylvania, United States: Wash- ington withdraws to, 23, 173 Willisen, Wilhelm (1 790-1 879), a Prus- sian general and military writer: in the Slesvig-Holstein War, 16, 272 Willoughby, Sir Hugh (d. 1554), searches for the Northeast Passage, 5, 156, 16, 300 Wilmanstrand (Wilmanstand), Rus- sia: battle of (1741), 15, 131 Wilmington, a city in North Carolina: taken, 24, 809 Wilmington, Earl of: see Compton, Spencer Wilmot, David (1814-1868), an Ameri- can legislator: proposes the Wilmot Proviso, 24, 551 Wilmot Proviso, in United States his- tory, a proviso added to the bill for the purchase of Mexican territory (1846): proposed, 24, 551; effect on South, 594; Lincoln votes for, 666 Wilna (Vilna), Russia: battle of (1389), 18, 199 Wilson, Henry (1812-1875), an Ameri- can statesman: member of Buffalo 770 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS convention (1848), 24, 558; nominat- ed for Vice-President (1872), 891 Wilson, James (1742-1798), an Ameri- can patriot and jurist: in Constitu- tional Convention, 23, 324; wins ratification of Constitution in Penn- sylvania, 335; absent from first Con- gress, 343 Wilson, James (1805-1860), a British economist: financial member of the Indian council, 5, 243 Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas (1777- 1849), an English soldier and au- thor: with the Russian army, 15, 235, 246, 259 Wilson, T. F. (d. 1886), an English official in India: becomes military member of the governor-general's council, 5, 261 Wilson, William L. (1843 ), an American statesman: Postmaster- General, 24, 993 note; introduces a bill to change McKinley Tariff, 995 Wilson Scandal, The, the discovery of the sale of state offices in France (1887), 9, 484 Wilson Tariff Law, a tariff bill passed by the United States Congress (1894): passed, 24, 995 Wilson's Creek, a small river in Mis- souri: battle of (1861), 24, 739 Wilton, Lord Arthur Grey of: see Grey of Wilton, Lord Arthur Wimpfen, Germany: battle of (1622), 18, 272 Wimpfen, Baron Felix de (1744-1814), a French soldier: leads army of in- surrectionists, 9, 285 Wimpffen, Emmanuel Felix de (181 1- 1884), a French soldier: in the Fran- co-Prussian War, 9, 465, 18, 423 Winceby, England: battle of (1643), 11, 348 Winchelsey (late 13th century), Arch- bishop of Canterbury: refuses to al- low taxation of clergy, 11, 149 Winchester, England : founding of first great public school in England at, 11, 170 Winchester, Virginia: occupied by Johnston, 24, 734; battle of (1864), 760; Sheridan's ride from, 793; po- litical effect of victory at, 801 Winchester, James (1752-1826), an American general: defeated at River Raisin, 23, 424 Winder, William H. (1775-1824), an American lawyer and general: fails to defend Washington, 23, 426 Windham, Thomas (16th century), an English voyager: his voyages to Africa, 19, 28 Windischgratz, Count, a contemporary Austrian statesman: his administra- tion as premier of Austria, 17, 432 Windischgratz, Alfred Candidus Fer- dinand, Prince of (1787-1862), an Austrian field-marshal: campaigns of, 18, 401; in the Hungarian insur- rection, 15, 300; enters Vienna, 17, 370; enters Presburg, 371; his cam- paign against Vienna, 376 Windom, William (1827-1891), an American politician and financier: in Garfield's cabinet, 24, 932 note; in- vestigates charges against the rail- ways, 956 Windsor, Connecticut: founded, 23, 92 Windthorst, Ludwig (1812-1891), a German statesman and lawyer: leads the Clericals, 18, 439 Windward Islands, a group of islands in the West Indies: government of, 20, 246 Winfield, a battlefield in Germany: battle of (9 A. D.), 18, 19 Wing, Simon (19th century), Ameri- can politician: nominated for Presi- dent (1892), 24, 991 Winifred: see Boniface Winkelried, Arnold of (d. 1386), a Swiss patriot: legend of, 13, 381; at the battle of Sempach, 18, 197 "Winning of the West," a book by Theodore Roosevelt: published, 24, 1069 Winnington Bridge, England: battle of (1659), , 374 Winslow, Josiah (1629-1680), an American colonial governor: expels Acadians, 23, 180 Winter, Sir James Spearman (1845- GENERAL INDEX 771 ), a Canadian statesman: fall of his ministry, 20, 178 Winter, Jan Willem de (1761-1812), a Dutch admiral and diplomat: com- mands expedition for invasion of Ireland, 12, 208; at the battle of Camperdown, 13, 266 Winter King, The: see Frederick V, Count Palatine and King of Bo- hemia Winterfeldt, Baron de (18th century), a Prussian diplomat: mission of, 15, 135 Winterthur, Switzerland: battles of (919 A. D.), 13, 344; (1292), 3&3 Winthrop, John (1588-1649), an American colonial governor: re- moves colony to Boston Harbor, 23, 88; disputes over rights of colo- nists, 88; sent to England, 93; early colonial author, 142 Winthrop, John (1 606-1676), an American colonial governor, a son of the preceding: founds Saybrook, 23, 92 Winthrop, Robert Charles (1 809-1 894), an American statesman and orator: opposed for Speaker of House, 24, 598; at centennial of Cornwallis's surrender, 940 Winton, Sir Francis de (19th century), an Anglo-African statesman: suc- ceeds Stanley in Africa, 70; gov- ernor of the International Congo Association, 116 Wintzenrode (Wintzingerode), Count Ferdinand (1770-18 18), a German officer: campaigns of, 15, 214 Winwaed, a river in England: battle of the (655 A. D.), 11, 35 Winwood, Sir Ralph (ca. 1564-1617), an English diplomat and statesman: represents England at the Hague peace commission (1607), 13, 186 Wirt, William (1 772-1834), American lawyer and author: nominated for President, 23, 498; quoted on Jack- son's popularity, 499 Wisby (Visby), Sweden: captured by Valdemar IV (1361), 16, 115 Wischart: see Wishart Wisconsin, a state of the United States, means " a wild, rushing river," called The Badger State: mounds of the Mound Builders in, 23, 5; part of Massachusetts, 317; Presidential election of 1892, 24, 992 Wise, Henry Alexander (1806-1876), an American politician: opposes Slade in Congress, 24, 578 Wishart (Wischart), George (d. 1546), a Scottish Protestant reformer: mar- tyrdom of, 12, 307 Wisniowiecki, Michael (18th century), a Lithuanian statesman: supports Augustus III of Poland, 15, 118 Wissmann, Hermann von (1853 ), a German explorer and East Af- rican governor: explorations of, 19, 90; appointed Imperial Commission- er in East Africa, 141 Witchcraft: made capital offense by "Body of Liberties"; persecutions at Salem, 23, 91 Witekind: see Witikind Witenagemot, in English history, an assembly of bishops and warriors: consulted by yElfred the Great, II, 44; powers of, 54; changes in, under William the Conqueror, 80 Witepsk, Russia: battle of (1812), 10, 48S Witeric (7th century), King of the Goths: reign of, 8, 43 Witherspoon, John (1722-1794), an American divine: British soldiers pillage house of, 23, 250 Witikind (Witekind), a Saxon histo- rian and monk: sketch of, 13, 15 Witiza, King of the Goths, ca. 701- 708: reign of, 8, 46 Witold (Witwald) (d. 1430), Prince of Lithuania: seeks alliance with the Hussites, 18, 208 Witt, John de (1625-1672), a Dutch statesman: grand pensionary of Holland, 13, 231; leader of the Triple Alliance, 9, 209; advocates colonial enterprise, 20, 65; death of, 13, 238 Witte, Cornelius de (d. 1672), a Dutch 772 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS naval officer and statesman: relieves Copenhagen, 16, 209; arrest of, 13, 226; death of, 238 Witte, Count Sergei Yulievitch (1840- ), a Russian statesman: organ- izes the exposition of all the Rus- sias, 15, 347; his plans for indus- trial improvements, 352; completes the Trans-Siberian railroad, 355; promotion of, 358; at the Ports- mouth Conference, 7, 317, 15, 364; appointed premier, 365 Wittekind (Witikind) (d. 807 A. D.), chief of the Saxons: his campaigns against Charlemagne, 18, 80 Wittenbach, Thomas (15th century), a Swiss scholar: sketch of, 13, 428; attacks existing institutions, 432 Wittenberg, Prussia: defended by- Sibylla, 18, 256 Wittenberg, The Monk of: see Luther, Martin Wittenberg, University of, a univer- sity at Wittenberg, Prussia: found- ed, 18, 234 Wittenhorst, van (early 17th century), a Dutch diplomat: negotiates treaty with the estates of the Netherlands, 13, 184 Wittgenstein, Ludwig Adolf Peter, Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Lud- wigsburg (1769-1843), a German military commander: his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 342, 15, 219; his campaign against Turkey, 15, 278 Witthoeft, contemporary Russian rear- admiral: his services in the Russo- Japanese War, 7, 308 Wittstock, Prussia: battle of (1636), 16, 186 Witwald: see Witold Witwatersrand, South Africa: discov- ery of gold at, 19, 275 Wodnesbeorh: see Wanborough Woerth: see Worth Wogastiburg, Bohemia: battle of (630 A. D.), 17, 20 Wohlegemuth (late 19th century), a German police officer: his mission to Switzerland, 13, 590 Wohlenswil (Wohlenschwyl), Switz- erland: battle of (1653), 13, 473 Wolf II (8th century), King of the Basques: at war with Charlemagne, 9. 42 Wolf (Wolff), Karl Hermann (1862- ), an Austrian politician: his duel with Badeni, 17, 435 Wolf of America, The: see Montgom- ery, Richard Wolfe, James, English military offi- cer: born at Wester ham, Kent, England, January 15, 1726; entered the army as second lieutenant at an early age; served with great dis- tinction in Germany in the early campaigns of the Seven Years' War; commanded a regiment in the High- lands of Scotland, 1749-1754; quar- termaster-general in the expedition against Rochefort, 1757; and briga- dier-general in the expedition against Louisburg, 1758; major-gen- eral and placed in command of an expedition for the conquest of Can- ada, 1759; arrived with 8,000 men in the St. Lawrence in June; was re- pulsed by Montcalm in a first at- tack July 31 and fell in the moment of victory in the battle on the Plains of Abraham, September 13, 1759 At siege of Louisburg, 23, 188; at the battle of Quebec, II, 500, 20, 118, 23, 194; death, 23, 196 Wolfenbuttel, Germany: battle of (1641), 9, 194 Wolfe's Cove, an inlet of the St. Law- rence River: origin of name, 23, 195 Wolfgang, William (early 17th cen- tury), Count Palatine of Neuburg: in the Succession of Cleves dispute, 18, 266 Wolfram of Eschenbach (early 13th century), a German minnesinger: sketch of, 18, 178 Wolgast, Prussia: taken by the Danes, 18, 276 Wollaston (17th century), a New England colonist: founds commer- cial settlement, 23, 85 Wollaston Land, a region in the arc- GENERAL INDEX 773 tic lands of North America: discov- ered, 16, 310 Wolleb, Heinrich (d. 1499), a Swiss soldier: at the battle of Frastenz, 13, 418 Wolleran, Switzerland: siege of (1798), 13, 514 Wolmar, Livonia, Russia: battle of (1219), 16, 86 Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, 1st Viscount Wolseley (1833 ), a British gen- eral: his Egyptian campaign, I, 40, ii, 634 Wolsey, Thomas, an English courtier and cardinal, called the Boy Bache- lor and the Butcher's Dog: born at Ipswich, Suffolk, England, March, 1471; educated at Mag- dalene College, Oxford, where he obtained the degree of B.A. at the early age of fifteen; was ordained a priest, and appointed a chaplain to Henry VII; went on a mission to the Emperor Maximilian and to Scotland, 1508; the next year went on a similar errand and for his success was rewarded with the deanery of Lincoln; Henry VIII made him his almoner in 1509; he became Canon of Windsor, 151 1, Dean of York and Bishop of Tour- nay, 1513, Bishop of Lincoln in March, 1514, Archbishop of York, 1514, Cardinal, 1515, and Lord Chan- cellor of England, 1515; built Hamp- ton Court, founded Christ Church College and seven lectureships at Oxford; aspired to the papacy and was a candidate for it at the death of Leo X, 1522, but was defeated; in 1523 he was appointed legate of the Pope for life; fortified the king's scruples in relation to his marriage with Queen Catherine, but lost the favor of Henry, probably because he failed to gain the Pope's consent to the divorce of Cather- ine; on October 29, 1529, the great seal was taken from him and he was dismissed in disgrace; on No- vember 4, 1530, he was arrested at Cawood on a charge of high trea- son; was conducted to London but on the way fell ill and died at Lei- cester Abbey, November 29, 1530 Plans military operations against France, 11, 236; made Archbishop of York, 237; his peace policy, 237; contest with parliament, 241; schemes for the papal tiara, 241; asked for an Amicable Loan, 242; negotiates treaty with France, 242; papal legate, 243; seduced by Fran- cis I of France, 9, 138; aids Em- peror Charles V against Francis I of France, 13, 56; sketch of, II, 244; decides to aid Henry VIII to obtain divorce from Catherine, 246; attempts to crush French influence in Scotland, 12, 302; fall of, 11, 247 Wolverines, State of: see Michigan Woman, The Dreadful: see Caroline, wife of George IV of England Women, Status of: AMERICA: status of, among Az- tecs, 23, 7; heard by proxy in In- dian councils, 13; first arrival in American colony, 62; excluded from colonial colleges, 142 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: marriage made a civil contract, 17, 267, 450 BABYLONIA: under the laws, 1, 112 CHINA: condition of nobility, 6, 229; great power of the empress, 280, 292, 300 EGYPT: in early times, I, 59 ENGLAND: in the 10th century, 11, 55; lack of education in 17th cen- tury, 420; labor laws (1842-1847), 603 FRANCE: ancient Gaul, 9, 5; Salic Law enforced (1317), 90 GERMANY: in early times, 18, 4, 8 GREECE: in Homeric times, 2, 35, 36; in Sparta under the Lycurgan constitution, 67 INDIA: as shown in the Rig-Veda, 5, 38; in the primitive tribes, 27, 29, 30, 32, 75; under Buddhist religion, 66; under the Vishnuite doctrines, 85; suppression of widow-burning, 213; reform of social evils (1893), 271 774 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS IRELAND: in the 12th century, 12, 10, 14 ITALY: right of succession, 4, 196 JAPAN: in Hei-an Epoch, 7, 8, 45 LYDIA: the Amazons, 1, 148 MEXICO: under Montezuma, 22, 88 PERU: in Lima, 21, 214 PHILIPPINES: education of, 20, 369 ROME: in ancient times, 3, II ; in the 1st century B. C, 248, 384; greater emancipation, 384 RUSSIA: western idea introduced by Peter, 15, 70; 18th century, 162 SPAIN: in early times, 8, 5; under the Goths, 57 SWEDEN: laws of Erik, 16, 102 SWITZERLAND: marriage and di- vorce laws (1874), 13, 570 Wonderful Parliament, The, the name applied to the English Parliament of 1388, ix, 181 Wood (early 18th century), an Eng- lish explorer: explorations of, 21, 34 Wood, Charles, Viscount Halifax, (1800-1885), an English statesman: president of the board of control, 5, 225; his estimate of the Circassians, 15, 331 Wood, Leonard (i860 ), an Amer- ican soldier: in Santiago campaign, 24, 1029; his administration in Cuba, 20, 329, 22, 464; transfers government of Cuba to Cuban au- thorities, 24, 1046; made military commander of Sulu, 20, 318 Wooden Nutmeg State, The: see Con- necticut Woodford, Stewart Lyndon (1835- ), an American diplomat: leaves Madrid, 22, 458, 24, 1025 Woodruff, Wilford, a contemporary Mormon leader in the United States: issues manifesto respecting Mormon polygamy, 24, 984 Wood's Half-pence, copper coins made by Wood in Ireland: account of, 11, 477, 12, 172 Woodville (Wydeville), Anthony: see Rivers, Earl of Woodville, Elizabeth (d. 1488), wife of Edward IV of England: marries Edward IV, 11, 215 Wool, John Ellis (1789-1869), an American general: colonel in War of 1812, 23, 421; in the Mexican War, 22, 289, 294, 24, 548, 549 Woolman, John (1720-1772), an Amer- ican Quaker preacher and philan- thropist: arouses Quakers against slavery, 23, 130 Worcester, England: battle of (1651), 11, 364, 12, 343 Worcester, Marquis of: see Somerset, Edward Worcester, Dean Conant (1866 ), an American scientist: member of the Philippine commission, 24, 1042 Worcester, Thomas Percy, Earl of: see Percy, Thomas, Earl of Wor- cester Worden, John Lorimer (1818-1897), an American naval commander: com- mands the " Monitor," 24, 756 Wordsworth, William (1770-1850), an English poet: sketch of, 11, 577 World, The Light of the: see Sigis- mund, Holy Roman Emperor World's Columbian Exposition: see Columbian Exposition, World's Worms, Germany: a member of the Union of Rhenish Cities, 18, 174; battle of (1388), 197; Jews expelled from, 1, 423; taken by the French (1792), 18, 356 Worms, Concordat of, the agreement settling the dispute between the Emperor and the Pope about the right of investiture of the bishops (1122), 18, 141 Worms, Diets of: (1495), 18, 226; (1521), 13, 55, 18, 240, 241 Worms, Treaty of, a treaty concluded by Maria Theresa of Austria with England and Sardinia (1743), 9, 238 Worth, Alsace: battle of (1870), 9, 464, 18, 421 Worth, William Jenkins (1794-1849), an American general: at the siege of Mexico, 22, 363 Wrangel (18th century), a Swedish general: defeated at Wilmanstrand, 15, 131 GENERAL INDEX 775 Wrangel, Count Friedrich Heinrich Ernst (1784-1877), a Prussian sol- dier: in the Slesvig-Holstein con- troversy, 16, 270 Wrangel, Herman (1587-1635), a Swedish general: in the war with the Dutch, 13, 232 Wrangel, Count Karl Gustaf (1613- 1676), a Swedish soldier: in the Thirty Years' War, 16, 188, 18, 292 Wrangell, Baron Ferdinand Petrovich von (1796-1870), a Russian vice-ad- miral and explorer: explorations of, 16, 317 Wreckers, a Protestant secret society in Ireland, 12, 196 Wrede, Prince Karl Philipp (1767- 1838), a Bavarian soldier: at the battle of Hanau, 18, 385 Wren (18th century), an English cap- tain: restores the English in St. Christopher, 20, 76 Wren, Sir Christopher (1632-1723), an English architect: rebuilds St. Paul's, 11, 419 Wright, Silas (1795-1847), an Amer- ican politician: defeated for govern- orship of New York, 24, 555 Writing: AMERICA: Indian pictures, 23, 12 ASSYRIA: a Sumerian invention, I, 105 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: among the early Slavs, 17, 26 CHINA: designed by Fuhsi, 6, 5, 19 EGYPT: cuneiform on tablets of clay, 1, 24; the demotic form, 31; system of survivals, 56 FRANCE: Greek alphabet intro- duced, 9, 4 GERMANY: improved under Char- lemagne, 18, 86 GREECE: in earliest times, 2, 22; alphabet introduced by the Phoeni- cians, 27; Cretan script, 27; Cypriot syllabary, 27, 56 HITTITES: hieroglyphic form, I, 143- 151 INDIA: two systems (250 B. C), 5, 47 IRELAND: early manuscripts, 12, 6 JAPAN: from the Chinese, 7, 16, 18; reform in syllabaries, 42 MEXICO: Aztec pictures, 22, 15, 75, 88, 23, 7 PHOENICIA: introduction of the alphabet, 1, 120, 2, 27 RUSSIA: reforms of Peter, 15, 86 SCANDINAVIA: runic characters, 16, 9 SWITZERLAND: cultivated as an art at St. Gall, 13, 343 Wu, Empress of China, 684-710: reign of, 6, 15 Wu Sankwei (d. 1678), a Chinese gen- eral: account of, 6, 49; in command at Ningyuan, 51; avenges his slave girl, 52; defeats the rebel Li, 53; pursues Kwei Wang into Burma, 58; resists summons to Peking, 63; death of, 65 Wu Ting Fang, a contempory Chinese statesman: minister to United States, 6, 284 Wuilleret (19th century), a Swiss agi- tator: leads riot, 13, 563 Wulfhere (d. 675), King of Mercia: leads revolt of Mercians, 11, 36 Wulfila: see Ulfilas Wulfoald (7th century), an early French courtier: made mayor of the palace, 9, 34 Wulfstan (9th century), a Scandina- vian voyager: his conversations with Alfred, 16, 7, 40; voyages of, 299 Wurmser, Dagobert Siegmund, Count of (1724-1797), an Austrian soldier: his campaigns against the French, 9, 287, 299, 17, 282 Wurtemberg, a state of the German Empire: peasant war in, 18, 243; becomes a member of the League, 250; erected into a kingdom, 10, 466 Wurzburg, Bavaria: taken by Tilly (1631), 18, 281; battle of (1796), 9, 300 Wyatt, Sir Thomas (1 520-1 554), an English soldier: rebellion of, II, 270 Wych, Sir Cyril (18th century), an English diplomat: at the Russian court, 15, 138 Wycliffe (Wickliffe or Wiclif), John 776 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS (ca. 1324-1384), an English religious reformer, called The Morning Star of the Reformation: born at Spres- wel (now Hipswell) near Richmond, Yorkshire, England, about 1324; was educated at Baliol College, Oxford; began to write against the mendi- cant monks in 1360; became master or warden of Balliol College, Ox- ford, 1361, and rector of Fylingham, in Lincolnshire, 1361; in 136s ap- pointed master of Canterbury Hall, from which he was ejected in 1366; exchanged the rectory of Fyling- ham for that of Ludgershall in 1368; took his degree of D.D. in 1372; appointed chaplain to Edward III; about this time he began to censure openly the doctrines and corruptions of the Roman Church and to advocate religious liberty; Wycliffe was a member of a lega- tion sent by Edward III to Pope Gregory XI in 1374; soon after his return to England he denounced the Pope as " Antichrist, the proud worldly priest of Rome"; was pros- ecuted for heresy before the Bishop of London, 1377, but was protected by his friend John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, whose favor he had gained; was accused of heresy by Pope Gregory VI and May, 1377, he appeared before a synod assembled at Lambeth; was saved from active persecution by the intervention in his behalf of the Princess of Wales; was allowed to depart with an ad- monition to refrain from preaching the obnoxious doctrines; was sup- ported by the chancellor and many of the officers of Oxford Univer- sity; he sent out many disciples who under the name of poor priests preached his doctrines in all parts of the Kingdom, and further he pre- pared, with the assistance of his pupils, a version of the entire Bible into English (1382); he opposed episcopacy, or at least did not con- sider the episcopal order essential to the legitimate constitution of the Church; died at Lutterworth, De- cember 31, 1384 Belief and teaching of, 11, 171; summoned before an ecclesiastical court, 172; translates the Bible into English, 173, 188; his teachings, 173; his influence in Germany, 18, 202; last years of, 11,' 175 Wykeham, William of (1324-1404), Bishop of Winchester: founds first great public school in England, 11, 170; member of the Council, 172 Wyndham, George (1863 ), an Irish statesman: introduces a bill creating a commission to buy Irish estates, 12, 242 Wynecken (19th century), a German general: in the Slesvig-Holstein War, 16, 271 Wyntoun (Winton), Andrew (early 15th century), a Scottish chronicler: sketch of, 12, 290 Wyoming, a state of the United States: affected by Missouri Com- promise, 23, 456; Northwest Terri- tory includes part of, 24, 631; ad- mitted to the Union, 986; Presiden- tial elections of 1892, 993; 1900, 1040 Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, Uni- ted States: massacre of (1778), 23, 296; quarrel between Pennsylvania and Connecticut over, 312 Wyse (18th century), an Irish Cath- olic leader: assumes leadership of Catholic movement, 12, 173 Wyss, Johann Rudolf (1781-1830), a Swiss author: sketch of, 13, 530 Wysshart: see Wishart Wythe, George (1726-1806), an Amer- ican statesman and jurist: elevates the legal profession, 23, 138; pre- ceptor to Jefferson, 383 X "X. Y. Z. Dispatches," dispatches from French agents who tried to bribe the American embassy (1797): in French imbroglio, 23, 374 Xaltocan, Mexico: taken by Cortez, 22, 46 Xamarillo, Juan (16th century), a Spanish adventurer: marries Mar- iana, 22, 432 Xanten, Treaty of, a treaty between the Elector of Brandenburg and the Duke of Neuburg (1614), 13, 191 Xanthippus (3rd century B. C), a Lacedaemonian soldier: joins Car- thaginian army, 3, 102 Xanthippus (5th century B. C.) an Athenian soldier: accuses Miltiades, 2, 171; commander at Mycale, 212 Xativa, Spain: battle of (1347), 8, 252 * Xavier, Saint Francis: see Francis Xavier, Saint Xenil, a river in Spain: battle of the, 8, 37 Xenophon (ca. 430-357 B. C), a Greek historian and soldier: his expedition with the " Ten Thousand," 1, 167, 2, 389 Xeres de la Frontera, a city in Spain: battle of, 1, 312, 8, 49 Xerifs, founders of a Mohammedan sect: rise of, 8, 333 Xerxes, King of Persia, 485-465 B. C. : born about 519 B. C; succeeded to the throne on the death of his father in 485 B. C. and began to raise an army for the invasion of Greece; several years were ex- pended in cutting a canal through the isthmus of Mount Athos and in building a bridge of boats or ships across the Hellespont, over which Xerxes and his army passed in the spring of 480 B. C; marched through Thrace and Thessaly; the Greeks attempted to defend the pass of Thermopylae but the Per- sians captured Athens; an indecisive naval action was fought by the two fleets at Artemisium, where the Per- sian fleet was much damaged by a storm; Xerxes mustered a fleet of twelve hundred vessels which in the autumn of 480 B. C. was defeated at the decisive battle of Salamis; Xerxes in a lofty position on the ad- jacent shore, witnessed this disas- trous defeat of his vainglorious project; he retreated hastily by land to the Hellespont, and crossed over to Asia, leaving an army under Mardonius, who was defeated at Plataea in 479 B. C; Xerxes was murdered in 465 B. C. by Artabanus, an officer of his court Comes to the throne, 2, 172; his character, 177; reign of, 1, 166; crushes Egyptian rebellion, 32; in- vades Greece, 2, 181; returns to Asia, 206; assassinated, 231 Xerxes II, King of Persia, 424 B. C: reign of, I, 167 Xicotencatl (early 16th century), a Mexican soldier: at the siege of Mexico, 22, 52 Ximines de Quesada, Gonsalo: see Quesada, Gonzales Ximines de Xisuthros (Xisuthrus), a mythical King of Babylonia: reign of, 1, 73 Xochimilco, Mexico: battle of (1521), 22, 48 Xuares, Catalina (early 16th century), a Cuban woman: her relations with Cortez, 22, 8 Xuares, Lorenzo, Conde de la Coruna (d. 1582), Viceroy of Mexico: ad- ministration of, 22, 131 Xucar, a river in Spain: battle of the, 8, 21 777 Yacoub (late 14th century), an Otto- man soldier: account of, 14, 36 Yacub ben Yussef, surnamed Alman- sor (d. 1 199), a Mohammedan ruler: reign of, 8, 99 Yagushinski, Paul (18th century), Russian diplomat: estimate of, 15, 89; appointed procurer-general of the senate, 107; supports Anne, 105 Yahia Alkadia (nth century), King of Toledo: reign of, 8, 87 Yahia ben Anasir (13th century), a Moorish prince: attempts to usurp Moorish throne, 8, 102 Yahia ben Edris (10th century), sov- ereign of Fez: besieged by Obei- dala, 8, 76; made caliph of Cordova, 82 Yahia ben Tafut (16th century), a Portuguese soldier: his campaigns against the Xerifs, 8, 334; death of, 335 Yahya: see Yahia Yajnavalkya, Code of, collection of laws of the Brahmans: account of, 5, 49 Yajur-Veda, Hindu sacred literature: rise of, 5, 42 Yakoob Khan (1849 ), Ameer of Afghanistan: reign of, 5, 257, 6, 217 Yakshibey (14th century), Turkish soldier: lieutenant of Ali Pasha, 14, 34 Yakub (19th century), ruler of east- ern Turkestan: seeks recognition from Indian government, 5, 249 Yakubovo, Russia: battle of (1812), 15, 250 Yale, Elihu (1648-1721), an English official in India: governor of Mad- ras, 5, 166; makes bequests to Yale College, 23, 140 Yale University, an institution of learning at New Haven, Connecti- cut: founded, 23, 140 Yalu River, Korea: battles of (1894), 6, 268, 7, 266; (1904), 7, 309 Yamada Nagamasa (or Nizayemon), Japanese military adventurer: ca- reer of, 7, 136 Yamagata Aritomo, Count (1840 ), a Japanese statesman: attempts to crush rebellion of Saigo, 7, 179; be- comes minister president, 190; made premier, 221; in Chino-Japanese War, 6, 268, 7, 267 Yamagata-Lobanov Protocol, agree- ment between Russia and Japan concerning Korea (1896), 7, 296 Yamaji, Baron Motoharu (ca. 1840- ), a Japanese soldier: his cam- paign in Chino-Japanese War, 7, 268 Yamana Mochitoyo (15th century), Japanese soldier: crushes revolt of Akamatsu Mitsusuke, 7, 96 Yamana Sozen (15th century), Japan- ese noble and statesman: rebellion of, 7, 97 Yamana Ujikiyo (14th century), Jap- anese noble and soldier: rebellion of, 7, 94 Yamanouchi Soyonobu, Lord of Tosa (19th century), Japanese statesman: attempts to restore tranquillity to Japan, 7, 161 Yamassees (Yamasi), a tribe of North American Indians: attack on colo- nists, 33, 77; expense of war with, 78 Yamato-dake, Prince (1st century B. C.) Japanese soldier: his campaign against the Kumaso, 7, 9; his cam- paign against the Emishi, 10; death, 10 Yamazaki, Japan: battle of, 7, 112 778 GENERAL INDEX 779 Yamburg, Russia: occupied by the Russians, 15, 44 Yanagiwara Sakimitsu (19th century), Japanese statesman: warns the Shimazu against joining rebellions, 7, 180; sent as ambassador to China, 192 Yanagizawa Yoshiyasu (17th century), Japanese courtier: rise of, 7, 142 Yancey, William Lowndes (1814- 1863), an American politician and lawyer: denounces Northern Demo- crats, 24, 679 Yandabu, Treaty of, a treaty between the King of Ava and the English (1826), 5, 212 Yarlez (early 19th century), Venezue- lan insurgent: defeated by Bolivar, M, 63 Yafiez, Colonel (d. 1862), Bolivian in- surgent: leads insurrection in La Paz, 31, 188; death of, 189 Yangchow, China: taken by the Man- chus, 6, 55; riot at, 221 Yangti (Yang-Tee), Emperor of China, 605-617 A. D.: constructs ca- nals, 6, 14 Yang-tse Agreement, The: see Anglo- German Agreement Yang-tsu-ling, Manchuria: captured by the Japanese (1904), 7, 310 Yao, Emperor of Japan, ca. 2300 B. C. : reign of, 6, 5 Yaroslav (Yaroslaff), a government of Russia: annexed to Moscow, 15, 12 Yaroslav the Great (d. 1054), Grand Prince of Russia, 1016-1054: reign of, IS, 8 Yates, Richard (1818-1873), an Ameri- can politician: war governor of Illi- nois, 24, 818 Yatung, China: opened for trade, 6, 316 Ya'ubidi: see Ilubidi Yavorski, Stephen (early 18th cen- tury), Russian ecclesiastic: career of, 15,73 Yazoo River, Mississippi: Sherman as- cends the, 24, 776 Yeamans, Sir John (ca. 1605-1676), an English colonial governor: leads company of settlers from Barba- dos, 23, 73; brings slaves to South Carolina, 75 Yeardley, Sir George (ca. 1580-1627), an English colonial governor: gov- ernor of Virginia, 23, 63 Yegen Mohammed Pasha (early 18th century), Grand Vizier of Turkey: account of, 14, 311 Yegros, Fulgencio (early 19th cen- tury), South American statesman: made president of Paraguay, 21, 147; death of, 153 Yeh (middle of 19th century), Chinese official: governor of Canton, 6, 146; refuses to receive Parkes, 157; exile and death of, 163 "Yellow Book of Lecan," book of Irish learning: mention of, 12, 7 Yellow Fever Epidemic: in southern United States in 1878, 24, 923 Yellow Ford (Bellanaboy), Ireland: battle of (1598), 12, 96 Yellow Sea (Hwang-hai), an arm of the Pacific Ocean, between China and Korea: battle of, 7, 309 Yellow Tavern, Virginia: battle of (1864), 24, 788 Yelverton, Barry (late 18th century), Irish statesman: proposes repeal of Poynings' Act, 12, 186; opposes the Rotunda Bill, 192 Yeni Tscheri: see Janissaries Yenta (16th century), Mongol leader: submits to China, 6, 36 Yerger, Judge (middle of 19th cen- tury), American jurist: quoted on slave labor, 24, 588 Yermak (Iermak) (d. 1583), a Cos- sack chief: conquers Siberia, 15, 18 Yermo, Gabriel (early 19th century), Mexican proprietor of Spanish birth: leads France partisans in Mexico, 22, 231 Yermolov, General (early 19th cen- tury), Russian soldier: at the Bere- sina, 15, 253; sent to Piedmont, 266 Yermuk, Asia Minor: battle of, 1, 281 Yezdigerd (Yesdigerd) III, King of Persia, ca. 632-651 A. D.: reign of, 1, 259, 5, 321; defeated by Arabs, 1, 263 780 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Yezid (7th century A. D.), Mohamme- dan caliph: accession of, 1, 248; at the siege of Constantinople, 327 Yguain, General (early 19th cen- tury), Peruvian military comman- der: aids Castilla, 21, 199 Yin (Shang) Dynasty, Chinese royal house: reign of, 6, 7 Ying Kai (16th century), Chinese sol- dier: commands army against Ja- pan, 7, 120 Ying-kau, Manchuria: captured by the Japanese, 7, 272 Ylo Pacocha, South America: occu- pied by the Chilians (1880), 21, 236 Ynglingar, ancient kings of Sweden and Norway: founder of, 16, 35; kings and heroes of, 51 Yoglan Beg (14th century), Turkish commander: defends Nicopolis, 14, 40 Yokoi Heishiro (late 19th century), Japanese statesman: assassination of, 7, 177 Yoland of Hungaria (13th century), wife of Jayme I of Aragon: marriage of, 8, 243 Yorck, Count Hans David Ludwig (1759-1830), a Prussian general: his campaign against Napoleon, 9, 346 York, the former name of Toronto, Canada: taken by the Americans, 20, 154 York, Maine: attacked by French and Indians, 23, 159 York, Pennsylvania: meetings of con- gress at, 23, 262 York, Archbishop of: see NevilL George York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of (1763-1827), the second son of George III: at siege of Dunkirk, 9, 286; his campaign against France, 11, 541, 13, 264; disembarks in Hol- land with an Anglo-Russian army, 10, 403; his campaign in the Neth- erlands, 18, 363; commands the Prussian contingent, 381; his treaty with Diebitsch, 15, 256 York, James, Duke of: see James II, King of England York, Richard, Duke of (1411-1460), an English statesman: succeeds Bedford in France, 11, 205; sent to Ireland, 207; returns to England, 210; admitted to the Council, 210; first protectorate of, 210; wins bat- tle of St. Alban's, 211; marries Cicely Nevill, 211; second protecto- rate of, 211; claims the throne, 212; receives aid from Ireland, 224; death of, 212 York, Richard, Duke of (1474-1483), the second son of Edward IV: in the power of Gloucester, 11, 220; murdered, 221 York, Roland (16th century), English soldier: treachery of, 13, 152 Yorke, Charles, Lord Morden (1722- 1770), an English jurist: accepts the Chancellorship, 11, 512 Yorkinos, The, Mexican political so- ciety: sketch of, 22, 265 Yorktown, Virginia: Cornwallis sur- renders (1781), 9, 256, 12, 186, 20, 128, 23, 285; in Bull Run campaign, 24, 734; McClellan's siege of (1862), 758; centennial of Cornwallis's sur- render celebrated, 940 Yoruba, African district: made a Brit- ish protectorate, 19, 159 Yoshiaki, Prince (early 19th century), Japanese noble: made gijo, 7, 167; sent to crush rebellion of Eto Shim- pei, 177 Yoshino, Japan: battle of, 7, 85 Youkinna (7th century), Greek sol- dier: becomes a proselyte to the Mohammedan faith, 1, 285 Young, Brigham (1801-1877), Ameri- can religious leader: succeeds Smith in Mormon church, 24, 982 Young, Samuel Baldwin Marks (1840- ), American soldier: in Santiago campaign, 24, 1029 Young Czechs, the radical party of Slavs in Bohemia: work of, 17, 428 Young Ireland Movement, The, an Irish patriotic association: account of, 12, 228 Young Ireland Party, Irish patriotic association: founded, 12, 226 Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1863 ), British military com- GENERAL INDEX 781 mander: in charge of the Tibetan mission, 5, 297; in India, 6, 316 Yozei (9th century A. D.), Emperor of Japan: reign of, 7, 46 Ypres, France: sieges of (1789), 13, 261; (1794), 9, 290 Ypsilanti (Ipysilante), Alexander (1792-1828), Greek patriot: rebellion of, 2, 541, 542, 14, 416, 15, 266, 17, 324; defeat of, 2, 543 Yrujo (late 18th and early 19th cen- turies), Spanish minister to the United States: Burr's correspond- ence with, 23, 404 Yser, river in Belgium: battle of the (1793), 9, 286 Yii (20th century B. C.) Chinese Em- peror: founds Hsia Dynasty, 6, 6 Yii Hsien (d. 1900), Chinese states- man: governor of Shansi, 6, 282; sentence of, 285; appointed gov- ernor of Shantung, 297; massacres missionaries, 304; beheaded, 305 Yuan (d. 1900), Chinese statesman: beheaded, 6, 282 Yuan Ch'ang (d. 1900), Chinese states- man: in Boxer movement, 6, 302 Yuan Shih-kai (late 19th and early 20th centuries), Chinese statesman: minister to Korea, 7, 256; betrays order to behead Yunglu, 6, 293; de- graded, 297; appointed governor of Shantung province, 298 Yuan-ming-yuan, China: occupied by Prince Kung, 6, 182; described, 183; burned, 185 Yucatan, Central America: discovered, 22, 4; revolt in (1848), 378; history of, 423 Yuino Shosetsu (17th century), Japa- nese soldier: attempts to revolt, 7, 140 Yukon, Province of, division of the Dominion of Canada: organized, 20, 170 Yule, Sir Henry (1820-1889), British geographer: mentioned, 6, 18 Yuman Indians: found in Mexico, 23, 6 Yung Ch'ing Hsien, China: mission- aries murdered at, 6, 300 Yungcheng (early 18th century), Em- peror of China: accession of, 6, 72; his edict against Roman Catholics, 73; deports missionaries, 78; ad- dresses the Jesuits, 80; disasters in reign of, 82; death of, 82 Yunglo (Yen) (early 15th century), Emperor of China: forces abdica- tion of Chieniven, 6, 30; reign of, 30; his Encyclopaedia, 31 Yunglu (late 19th century), Chinese military commander: generalissimo of Peking forces, 6, 278; in siege of legations, 282; opposes reforms, 290; plot to behead, 293; in Boxer movement, 302; made plenipoten- tiary, 303 Yunnan, Province of, district of China: account of opium crop, 6, 128, 278 Yuriev: see Dorpat Yu-shu-lin-tsu, Manchuria: captured by the Japanese, 7, 310 Yussef (I) Abul Hegiag ben Ismail, King of Granada, 1333-1354: reign of, 8, 113 Yussef (II) Abu Abdalla ben Mo- hammed, King of Granada, 1391- 1408: reign of, 8, 117 Yussef (III) ben Mohammed, King of Granada, 1408-1423: reign of, 8, 117 Yussef Abu Yacub (12th century), sovereign of Mohammedan Spain: campaigns of, in Andalusia, 8, 98; reign of, 98, 101; invasion of Por- tugal, 277 Yussef ben Taxfin (nth century), Moorish soldier: his campaigns in Spain, 8, 88 Yussef ben Zeragh (15th century), Moorish statesman, Hagib of Gran- ada: wisdom of, 8, 118 Yussuf (8th century A. D.), Moorish statesman and general: refuses to acknowledge Abderahman as caliph, 8, 67; leads rebellion, 69 Yussuf ben Amru (9th century A. D.), Persian official: tyranny of, in To- ledo, 8, 73 Yussuf (Yussef) Pasha (19th cen- tury), Turkish military commander: treachery of, 14, 427 782 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Yusuf (Yussuf) (late 18th century), Yusuf (Yussef) Pasha (early 18th cen- Grand Vizier of Turkey: jealousy tury), Turkish statesman: made of, towards Gazi Hassan, 14, 350 vizier, 15, 61 Yusuf (Yussuf) ben Leis (d. 878 A. Yvri (Ivry-la-Bataille), a village in D.), Persian conqueror: founds Saf- the department of Eure, France: farid dynasty, 5, 327 battle of (1590), 13, 156 z Zab, Asia Minor: battle of the, I, 340 Zacarias de Goes e Vasconcellos (middle 19th century), Brazilian statesman: first and second minis- tries of, 31, 176; third ministry of, 176 Zachariah (8th century B. C.) King of Israel: reign of, 1, 393 Zacharias, Pope, 741-752 A. D.: re- proves Rachis, 4, 172; at war with the Lombards, 9, 40; his relations with Pippin the Short, 18, 76 Zacynthus, island off the coast of Greece: ravaged by Corinthians, 2, 283; allied to Athens, 300; ravaged by Iphicrates, 431 Zafar Khan (14th century A. D.), Afghan general: becomes sovereign of the Deccan, 5, 105 Zajaczek, Joseph (late 18th century), Polish general: commands Polish forces, 15, 191; appointed viceroy of Poland, 264 Zaku Sadik (late 18th century), Shah of Persia: reign of, 5, 355 Zalaca, Spain: battle of, 8, 88 Zaldo, Carlos de (late 19th and early 20th centuries), Cuban statesman: chosen Secretary of State, 22, 468 Zama, Africa: tattle of (202 B. C), 3, 130 Zama (8th century A. D.), Arabian soldier: death of, 1, 335 Zamojski, Prince Andrew (19th cen- tury), Russian reformer: sketch of, 15, 325 Zamora, Spain: battle of, 8, 134 Zanardelli, Giuseppi, Italian jurist, Premier of Italy, 1900-1903: minis- try of, 4, 405 Zannekin, Nicholas (nth century), Flemish soldier: at the battle of Cassel, 13, 32 Zante (Zacynthus), island off the coast of Greece: in modern Greece, 2, 549 Zanyon, Peace of, treaty between the Spanish government and the Cuban insurgents (1878), 20, 328 Zanzan, Persia: siege of (1848), 5, 362 Zanzibar, Africa: conditions in, 19, 206; secured by the Portuguese, 30, 46 Zanzibar Protectorate: description of, 20, 262 Zapolski, John Sigismund: see Szapol- yai, John Sigismund Zapolya, John: see John (I) Szapolya, King of Hungary Zapotecs, tribe of Mexican Indians: account of, 23, 6 Zara, sea-port of Dalmatia: taken by the Venetians, 17, 54 Zaragoza, General (middle of 19th century), Mexican soldier: in the Reform War, 22, 383; at the battle of Puebla, 384 Zarephathites : see Philistines Zassulitch (early 20th century), Rus- sian general: his services in the Russo-Japanese War, 7, 309 Zavadovski, Count Peter Vassilivitch (1738-1812), Russian statesman: fa- vorite of Catherine, 15, 174; labors of, 195; his quarrel with Radistchev, 196 Zavala, Lorenzo de (early 19th cen- tury), Mexican revolutionist: leads rebellion, 22, 268 Zavisa of Falkenstein (ca. 13th cen- tury), Polish nobleman: career of, 17, 79 Zayd Aben Kesadi (early 8th cen- tury A. D.), Moorish general: be- sieges Malaga, 8, 50 Zazan, Persia: battle of (521 B. C), 1, 95, 163 783 784 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Zbyriek (early 15th century), Arch- bishop of Prague: his relations with John Huss, 17, 120 Zealots, a Jewish political party: rise of, 1, 410 Zehra, Spain: constructed, 1, 344 Zeid (7th century A. D.), Arabian servant of Mohammed: accepts the doctrines of Mohammed, 1, 218; commands Mohammedan forces, 234 Zeid ben Cassim (9th century A. D.), Arabian soldier: assassination of, 8, 74 Zeila, Africa: held by England, 19, 85 Zeinos, Francisco de (16th century), Spanish statesman: member of gov- erning audiencia, 22, 119 Zeitoun (Lysimachia), southeastern Europe: surrendered to the Turks (1424), 14, 60 Zeman, (19th century), Amir of Af- ghanistan: reign of, 5, 216 Zemstvas, Russian provincial assem- blies: created, 15, 324; Alexander's attitude toward the, 346; their agi- tation for more power, 356, 359 Zen Sect, religion introduced from China into Japan: teachings of, 7, 80 Zend Dynasty, reigning family of modern Persia: reign of, 5, 355 Zend-Avesta, religious book of Per- sia: compiled, 5, 316 Zenger, Peter (18th century), Ameri- can journalist: contends for freedom of the press, 23, 190 Zeno, Emperor of the East, 474-491 A. D.: as Byzantine Emperor, 2, 532; gives Theodoric permission to conquer Italy, 4, 155, 18, 45 Zeno, Carlo (14th century), Venetian admiral: comes to the relief of Ven- ice, 4, 241 Zenobia, a famous and ambitious Queen of Palmyra: was a daughter of Amroo, an Arab chief; was re- nowned for her beauty, learning, and martial and political abilities; was mistress of the Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Egyptian languages; her hus- band, Odenathus, King of Palmyra, died about 266 A. D. and she then assumed the title of Queen of the East; Aurelian conducted in person an army against her and defeated her forces in two battles near An- tioch and Emesa; he then besieged Palmyra, which she defended for a long time with heroic courage but it was taken in 272 or 273 and she was carried to Rome fettered with golden chains, and walked before Aurelian's chariot on his triumphal entry into Rome in 273; he gave her a villa at Tibur, where she pass- ed the rest of her life with her chil- dren; died, 273 A. D. Invades Egypt, 1, 35; captured by Aurelian, 2, 525, 4, 111 Zenta, Hungary: battle of (1697), 13, 246, 14, 263, 17, 231, 18, 304 Zeriksee, Netherlands: battle of (1303), 9, 87 Zerotin, Charles of (17th century), Moravian religious leader: leads Bohemian Brothers, 17, 198; re- mains loyal after the defenestration of Prague, 204; emigrates from Mo- ravia, 210 Zeugites, member of the second low- est class of Athenian society: ar- chonship opened to, 2, 252 Zeus, Greek god: oracle of, at Do- dona, 2, 8; in Greek theology, 39; and Olympian Games, 42; Lycurgus enjoins worship of, 63; temple of, commenced by Peisistratus, 2, in; temple of, finished by Hadrian, 2, 523 Zevin, Turkey: battle of (1877), 15, 335 Zeyad (8th century A. D.), Evali of Barcelona: career of, 8, 219 Zhelabovski, A. J. (d. 1881), Russian conspirator: execution of, 15, 339 Zhelnikov (d. 1881), Russian conspira- tor: assassinates the tsar, 15, 339 Zhukovski, Vassili Andreivitch (1783- 1816), Russian poet: sketch of, 15, 243, 269 Zichy (late 19th century), Hungarian artist: sketch of, 17, 416; in Dr. Wekerle's ministry, 447 Ziegenbalg (early 18th century), Dan- GENERAL INDEX 785 ish evangelist: missionary efforts of, 5, I7li 16, 237 Ziegler, William (1843-1895), Ameri- can capitalist: supports polar expe- dition, 16, 328 Ziela, Asia Minor: founded, 3, 275; battle of (48 B. C), 354 Zieten, Hans Joachim von (1699- 1786), Prussian general: campaigns of, 18, 335, 337, 341 Ziklag, Judaea: under David's rule, I, 383 Zimisces, John I: see John (I) Zimisces Zimmermann, General (late 19th cen tury), Russian soldier: his cam- paign against Turkey, 15, 3^3 Zimri (d. 929 B. G), King of Israel: usurps throne, I, 389 Zimrida (ca. 13th century B. C), King of Sidon: besieges Tyre, I, 122 Zingg, Michael (late 17th century) Swiss ecclesiastic and mathemati- cian: persecution of, 13, 483 Zintgraff (late 19th century), African explorer of German birth: his ex pedition in Africa, 19, 178 Zinzendorf, Count (late 18th century), Austrian statesman: aids Joseph II in his commercial enterprises, 15, 143, 17, 269 Zip, Netherlands: battle of the (1799), 10, 403 Zisca or Ziska: see Zizka, John Zizan, southwestern Asia: battle of (1827), 5, 359 Zizka (Zisca, Ziska), John (ca. 1360- 1424), Hussite and Bohemian sol- dier: instructs the Bohemians in the art of war, 4, 256; becomes a leader of the people, 17, 127; sketch of, 18, 206; death of, 17, 133 Zoan (Tanis or Raamses), Egypt: cap ital of Egypt, 1, 21; built, 27 Zobeir (7th century A. D.), Arabian chief: rebels against Ali Tahib, I 245; at the battle of Tripoli, 302 Zofingen, Association of, Swiss scien- tific and patriotic association: work of, 13, 530 Zoller, Matthias (ca. 15th century), Swiss poet: sketch of, 13, 427 Zollverein: see Tariff Union, The Zoltan (10th century A. D.), Magyar chieftain: rule of, 17, 43 Zoraya (15th century), wife of Abul Hassan, Moorish ruler: leads re- bellion, 8, 121 Zorilla, Manuel Ruiz (1834 ), Spanish politician: made minister of commerce in provisional govern- ment, 8, 510; prime minister under Amadeus, 512 Zorich (late 18th century), Russian courtier: favorite of Catherine, 15, 175 Zorndorf, a village in Brandenburg, Prussia: battle of (1758), 9, 245, 15, 148, 18, 338 Zoser (ca. 30th century B. C), King of Egypt: reign of, I, 15 Zoutman, Admiral (late 18th century), Dutch naval officer: at battle of Dogger Bank, 13, 258 Zringi (d. 1671), Hungarian conspira- tor: leads conspiracy, 17, 229 Zrinyi (Zrinski or Zriny), Helen (17th century), Hungarian popular her- oine: heroism of, 17, 230 Zrinyi (Zriny, Zrinski), Nicholas (1518-1566), Ban of Croatia: resists Turkish invasion, 14, 175, 17, 219 Zrinyi, Nicholas (1616-1664), Ban of Croatia: his campaign against the Turks, 17, 228 Zschokke, Johann Heinrich Daniel (1771-1848), German popular writer: sketch of, 13, 531 Zubov, Count Plato (late 17th cen- tury), Russian soldier: his cam- paign against Persia, 5, 358; im- plicated in the assassination of Paul, 15, 208 Zug, canton of Switzerland: a member of the Swiss republic, 18, 196; up- risings in, 13, 501; siege of (1847), 13, 552 Zuheir (7th century A. D.), governor of Egypt: rule of, 1, 305 Zul-fikar Khan (d. ca. 1712), Indian general: controls the Mogul em- perors, 5, 125 Zuloaga, General (early 19th century), Mexican military commander: re- 786 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS forms of, 22, 382; in the Reform War, 383 Zumalacarregui (1788-1835), Spanish soldier: successes of, 8, 497 Zumarraga, Juan de (early 15th cen- tury), Archbishop of Mexico: sketch of, 22, 75 Zuniga, Alvaro Enrique de, Marques de Villa Manrique, Spanish states- man, viceroy of Mexico, 1585-1589: administration of, 22, 134 Zuniga, Dona Juana (born ca. 1510), Spanish lady: marries Cortez, 22, 71 Zuniga Acebedo, Gaspar de, Count of Monterey, Viceroy of New Spain, 1595-1603: his administration as viceroy of Mexico, 22, 140; made viceroy of Peru, 143 Zurawua, Peace of, treaty between Poles and Turks (1676), 14, 246 Zurich, Switzerland: a member of the Swiss confederation, 13, 376, 18, 196; sieges of (1351). 13, 376; (1352), 377; (1354), 378; (1444), 401; insur- rection of (1489), 415; battles of (June 4, 1799), 516; (September 26, 1799), 9, 3io, 10, 407; 13, 516, 18, 362; siege of (1802), 13, 518 Zurich, Compromise of, a union made between the Calvinistic and Zwin- glian churches (i549) *3, 450 Zurich, League of, Swiss confedera- tion, 13, 385 Zurich, Peace of, treaty between Aus- tria and France (1859), 4, 374, 17, 385 Zuriczee, Netherlands: siege of (1575), 13, 120 Zutphen, Netherlands: battle of (1586), 13, 151 Zuyder Zee, bay indenting the coast of Holland: battles of (1573), 13, 114; (1666), 11, 387 Zvonimir (Svinimir) (nth century A. D.), King of Dalmatia: sketch of, 17, 38 Zwentebold (9th century A. D.), King of Bohemia: his war vith Ludwig the German, 18, 96; his war with Arnulf, 97 Zwier, General (17th century), Swiss soldier: at the battle of the Bridge of Gislikon, 13, 473 Zwingli, Ulrich or Huldreich (1484- I53 1 ), Swiss religious reformer: sketch of, 18, 246; founds the Swiss Reformation, 13, 433; death of, 444 WORLD CHRONOLOGY WORLD CHRONOLOGY B. C. 5867. Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt 2300. Elamites invade Babylonia 2250. Code of Hamurabi, King of Babylonia, compiled ca. 1921. Call of Abraham ca.1706-1491. Sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt ca.1095-1055. Saul, King of the Jews ca. 1048. Jerusalem made capital of Judaea by David ca.1048-1015. David, King of all Israel ca.1015-975. Solomon, King of all Israel ca. 1012. Temple of Jerusalem built by Solomon 975-721. Kingdom of Israel 971-587. Kingdom of Judah 743-668. Messenian Wars 594. Solon gives laws to Athens 586-519. Babylonish captivity of the Jews 546. Sardis taken by Cyrus 544. Poems of Theognis of Megara 538. Babylon taken by Cyrus 560-527. Peisistratus, Tyrant of Athens 515. Temple of Jerusalem restored 510. Hippias driven out of Athens 510. The Tarquinii driven out of Rome 490. Battle of Marathon 480. Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis 479. Battles of Plataea and Mycale 477. Greek Confederacy under Athens 472-388. Early Greek dramatic poets 444-429. Leadership of Pericles at Athens 431. Beginning of the Peloponnesian War ca.431-411. Thucydides 415. Athenian expedition against Syracuse 413. Battle of Syracuse ca.410-362. Xenophon 406-367. Dionysius I, Tyrant of Syracuse 405. Battle of Aegospotami 404. Government of the Thirty at Athens 403. Deliverance of Athens by Thrasybulus 399-394. Spartan campaigns in Asia Minor 396. Veii taken by Camillus 390. Battle of the Allia; Rome taken by the Gauls 394. Corinthian War 387. Peace of Antalcidas 382. Cadmeia of Thebes taken by the Spartans 379. The Spartans driven out of Thebes; leadership of Pelopidas and Epaminondas 379. Olynthian confederacy suppressed by Sparta 371. Battle of Leuctra 369. The Arcadian League; foundation of Megalopolis 789 790 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS B. C. 369. Restoration of Messene 367-356. Dionysius II, Tyrant of Syracuse 366. Lucius Sextius, first Plebeian Consul 362. Battle of Mantinea; death of Epaminondas 359. Philip, King of Macedonia ca.356-322. Demosthenes 347. Olynthus taken by Philip 343. First Samnite War 340. Latin War 338. Battle of Chaeroneia 336. Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia 335. Thebes destroyed by Alexander 334. Battle of the Granicus 333. Battle of Issus 332. Foundation of Alexandria 331. Battle of Arbela 326. Second Samnite War 323. Death of Alexander 323. The Lamian War 322. Submission of Athens to Antipater ca. 310-286. Agathocles, Tyrant of Syracuse 301. Battle of Ipsus 298-290. Third Samnite War 295. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus 294. Demetrius Poliarcetes 281. War between Pyrrhus and the Romans 280. Gaulish Invasion of Greece and Macedonia 280, Revival of the Achaean League 280. Beginning of Kingdom of Pergamus 279. Gaulish Settlement in Asia 275. Battle of Beneventum 272. Death of Pyrrhus at Argos 270-216. Hiero II, King of Syracuse 264-241. First Punic War 251. Sicyon joins the Achaean League 250. Rise of the Parthian Dynasty 247. Aratus, General of the Achaean League 236. Cleomenes, King of Sparta 229. War between Rome and Illyria 227. War between Sparta and the Achaean League 223. Corinth given up to Antigonus Doson 221. Battle of Sellasia 221. Death of Cleomenes 220-217. The Confederate War 218. Second Punic War 218-206. The Scipios in Spain 217. Battle of Lake Trasimene 216. Battle of Cannae 213-205. First Macedonian War 207. Battle of Metaurus 206-201. Publius Cornelius Scipio in Africa 202. Battle of Zama 200. Second Macedonian War 197. Battle of Cynoscephalae 191. Defeat of Antiochus the Great at Thermopylae 191. Roman Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul 191. Defeat of Antiochus at Magnesia WORLD CHRONOLOGY 791 B. C. 189. Roman Conquest of ^Etolia ca. 182-146. Polybius 171. Third Macedonian War 168. The Lycian League 168. Battle of Pydna 149. Third Punic War 149. Fourth Macedonian War 148. Macedonia becomes a Roman Province 146. Carthage taken by the Romans 146. War between Rome and Achaea; destruction of Corinth 133. Attalus bequeaths Pergamus to the Romans 133. Roman Conquest of Numantia 133. Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus 125. First Roman Province in Transalpine Gaul 123. Tribunate of Caius Gracchus III-106. Jugurthine War 109. Invasion of Gaul by Cimbri and Teutons 107. Caius Marius, Roman Consul 102. Defeat of the Teutons at Aquae Sextise 101. Defeat of the Cimbri at Vercellae 90. The Social War 88-82. Civil War between Marius and Sulla 88. First Mithridatic War 87. Battles of Chaeroneia and Orchomenus 82. Dictatorship of Sulla in Rome 74-64. Second Mithridatic War 64. Roman Conquest of Syria 63. Jerusalem taken by Pompeius 58-51. Conquests of Caesar in Gaul 55-54. Caesar's Invasions of Britain 54-53. Parthian Expedition and Death of Crassus 49. Civil War of Pompeius and Caesar in Rome 48. Defeat of Pompeius at Pharsalus 45. Perpetual Dictatorship of Caesar 44. Death of Caesar 43. Second Civil War in Rome 42. Battle of Philippi 32. War between Octavius and Antonius 31. Battle of Actium 27. Title of Augustus taken by Octavius 27. Beginning of the Roman Empire 1 1-9. Campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius in Germany ca. 4. Jesus Christ born. A. D. 9. Defeat of Varus by Arminius 13. Germanicus leads the Romans into Germany 14. Tiberius, Emperor of Rome 15-16. Campaigns of Germanicus 33. Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ 37-41. Caligula, Emperor of Rome 41-54. Claudius, Emperor of Rome 42-66. St. Peter, first Bishop of Rome 43. Claudius in Britain 54-68. Nero, Emperor of Rome 66-78. St. Linus, Bishop of Rome 68-69. Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Emperors of Rome 69-70. Revolt of Civilis 792 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 70-79. Vespasian, Emperor of Rome 70. Destruction of Jerusalem 78-91. St. Cletus, Pope of Rome 79-81. Domitian, Emperor of Rome 81-96. Titus, Emperor of Rome 84. Final Conquest of Britain by Agricola 86. Dacian War 91-100. St. Clement II, Pope of Rome 96-98. Nerva, Emperor of Rome 98-117. Trajan, Emperor of Rome 100-109. St. Evaristus, Pope of Rome 109-119. St. Alexander, Pope of Rome 1 17-138. Hadrian 1 19-127. St. Sixtus I, Pope of Rome 127-139. St. Telesphorus, Pope of Rome 138-161. Antoninus Pius 139-142. St. Hyginus, Pope of Rome 142-157. St. Pius, Pope of Rome 157-168. St. Anicetus, Pope of Rome 161-180. Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome 168-177. St. Loterus, Pope of Rome 177-193. St. Eleutherius, Pope of Rome 180-193. Commodus, Emperor of Rome 193-211. Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome 193-202. St. Victor I, Pope of Rome 202-219. St. Zephyrinus, Pope of Rome 211-217. Antoninus Caracalla, Emperor of Rome 219-222. St. Calixtus, Pope of Rome 222-235. Alexander Severus, Emperor of Rome 223-230. St. Urban I, Pope of Rome 226. Sassanid Dynasty in Persia 230-235. St. Pontianus, Pope of Rome 235-236. St. Anterus, Pope of Rome 236-250. St. Fabian, Pope of Rome 251. St. Cornelius, Pope of Rome 252. St. Lucius, Pope of Rome 253-260. Valerian, Emperor of Rome 253-257. St. Stephen I, Pope of Rome 257-258. St. Sixtus II, Pope of Rome 259-269. St. Dionysius, Pope of Rome 260-268. Gallienus, Emperor of Rome 261. Kingdom of Palmyra formed 268-270. Claudius II, Emperor of Rome 269-270. Defeats of the Goths by Claudius 269-275. St. Felix I, Pope of Rome 270-275. Aurelian, Emperor of Rome 273. Overthrow of the Kingdom of Palmyra 275-283. St. Eutychianus, Pope of Rome 283-296. St. Caius, Pope of Rome 284-305. Diocletian, Emperor of Rome 286-305. Maximian, joint Emperor of Rome with Diocletian 296-304. St. Marcellinus, Pope of Rome 308-310. St. Marcellus, Pope of Rome 311-314. St. Miltiades, Pope of Rome 314. Commencement of temporal power of the Popes 314-336. St. Silvester, Pope of Rome 323-337. Constantine the Great, sole Emperor of Rome WORLD CHRONOLOGY 793 A. D. 324. Foundation of Constantinople 325. Council of Nicaea 336-337- St. Marcus, Pope of Rome 337-352. St. Julius I, Pope of Rome 350. Constantius becomes sole Emperor of Rome 352-355. Liberius, Pope of Rome 355-358. Felix II, Pope of Rome 356-360. Campaigns of Julian in Gaul 359-365. Liberius again Pope of Rome 360-363. Julian, Emperor of Rome 366-367. St. Damascus becomes Pope; opposes the Arians; St. Jerome, his secretary, corrects Latin Bible 367-384. Ursinus, Pope of Rome 376. The Goths cross the Danube 376. Russia invaded by the Huns 378. Battle of Hadrianople 384-398. Siricius, Pope of Rome 393. Theodosius the Great becomes sole Emperor of Rome 395. Roman Empire divided 398-402. St. Anastasius, Pope of Rome 402. Alaric in Italy 402-417. St. Innocent I, Pope of Rome 403. Stilicho defeats Alaric 410. Rome taken by Alaric 410. The Roman Legions leave Britain 414. Beginning of the Gothic Kingdom in Spain and Gaul 417-418. St. Zozimus, Pope of Rome 418-422. St. Boniface I, Pope of Rome 422-432. St. Celestine I, Pope of Rome 429. Settlement of the Vandals in Africa 432-440. Sixtus III, Pope of Rome 440-461. St. Leo (I) the Great, Pope of Rome 445. Attila founds the city of Buda 449-547. Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Britain 451. Defeat of Attila at Chalons 457-461. Majorian, Emperor of the West 461-468. St. Hilary, Pope of Rome 468-483. St. Simplicus, Pope of Rome 476. Reunion of the Roman Empires under Zeno 476. Odoacer extinguishes the Roman Empire 483-492. St. Felix III, Pope of Rome 492-496. St. Gelasius, Pope of Rome; fixes canon of Scriptures 493-526. Reign of Theodoric in Italy 496-498. St. Anastasius II, Pope of Rome 498-514. Symmachus, Pope of Rome 514-523. Hounisdas, Pope of Rome 523-526. John I, Pope of Rome 526-530. Felix IV, Pope of Rome 527-565. Justinian, Emperor of the East 530-533. Boniface II, Pope of Rome 531-579- Chosroes (Khusru) or Anushirwan, King of Persia 533-535- John (II) Mercurius, Pope of Rome 534. Campaigns of Belisarius in Africa 535-536. Agapetus, Pope of Rome 536-554. Italy recovered by Belisarius and Narses 536-537. St. Silverius, Pope of Rome 537-555- Vigilius, Pope of Rome 794 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 555-560. Pelagius I, Pope of Rome 560-573. John III, Pope of Rome 568. Lombard Settlements in Italy 569. Birth of Mohammed 574-578. Benedict (I) Bonosus, Pope of Rome 578-590. Pelagius II, Pope of Rome 582-602. Maurice, Emperor of the East 590-628. Chosroes (Khusru) Parviz, King of Persia 590-604. St. Gregory the Great, Pope of Rome 597-681. Conversion of the English 602-610. Phokas, Emperor of the East 604-606. Sabinianus, Pope of Rome 606. Boniface III, Pope of Rome 607-614. Boniface IV, Pope of Rome 609. Beginning of Mohammed's Mission 610-641. Heraclius, Emperor of the East 611-615. Campaigns of Chosroes 614-617. St. Deusdedit, Pope of Rome 617-625. Boniface V, Pope of Rome 623-628. Heraclius overthrows the Persian power 625-639. Honorius I, Pope of Rome 632. Death of Mohammed; Abu-Bekr Caliph 632-639. Saracen Conquest of Syria 632-651. Saracen Conquest of Persia 638. Saracen Conquest of Egypt 640. Library at Alexandria burned 640. Severinus, Pope of Rome 640-642. John IV, Pope of Rome 642-649. St. Theodorus I, Pope of Rome 647-709. Saracen Conquest of Africa 649-654. Martin I, Pope of Rome 654-657. Eugenius I, Pope of Rome 657-672. Vitalianus, Pope of Rome 672-676. Adeodatus, Pope of Rome 673. First Siege of Constantinople 676-678. Domnus I, Pope of Rome 678-682. St. Agathon, Pope of Rome 682-683. St. Leo II, Pope of Rome 684-685. Benedict II, Pope of Rome 685-686. John V, Pope of Rome 686-687. Conon, Pope of Rome 687-701. Sergius, Pope of Rome 698. Carthage taken by the Saracens 701-705. John VI, Pope of Rome 705-708. John VII, Pope of Rome 708. Sisinnius, Pope of Rome 708-715. Constantine, Pope of Rome 710-713. Saracen Conquest of Spain 711. Roderic, King of Spain 7 T S-73 T - St. Gregory II, Pope of Rome 716. Second Siege of Constantinople 718-741. Leo the Isaurian, Emperor of the East 728. Iconoclast Controversy in Italy 731-741. Gregory III, Pope of Rome 732. Battle of Tours; defeat of the Saracens by Charles Martel 741-752. St. Zacharias, Pope of Rome 741-775- Constantine Copronymus, Emperor of the East WORLD CHRONOLOGY 795 A. D. 750. End of the Ommiad Dynasty at Damascus 752. Stephen II, Pope of Rome 752-768. Pepin the Short, King of France 752-757. Stephen II, Pope of Rome 753. Pepin, King of the Franks 755. Abd-al-rahman founds the Ommiad Dynasty in Spain 755. The Saracens driven out of Gaul 757-767. Paul I, Pope of Rome 767-768. Constantine Theophylactus 768-772. Stephen IV, Pope of Rome 768-814. Charles the Great (Charlemagne), King of France 772-795. Adrian I, Pope of Rome 774. Charles the Great overthrows the Lombard Kingdom 795-816. Leo III, Pope of Rome 800. Charles the Great, Emperor of the West 802-837. Ecgberht, King of West-Saxons 814-840. Louis (I) le Debonnaire, King of France 816-817. Stephen V, Pope of Rome 817-824. Pascal I, Pope of Rome 823. Saracen Conquest of Crete 824-827. Eugenius II, Pope of Rome 827. Valentinius, Pope of Rome 827-837. Egbert, King of England 827-844. Gregory IV, Pope of Rome 827-878. Saracen Conquest of Sicily 837-857. Ethelwolf, King of England 840-855. Lothaire I, King of France 840-877. Charles the Bald, King of France 843. Treaty of Verdun 844-847. Sergius II, Pope of Rome 847-855. Leo IV, Pope of Rome 855-858. Benedict III, Pope of Rome 855-875. Louis II, King of France 857. Ethelbald, King of England 858-867. Nicholas I, Pope of Rome 860-866. Ethelbert, King of England 862. Rurik the Norman arrives at Novgorod 867-872. Adrian II, Pope of Rome 867-1028. The Macedonian Emperors in the East 871-901. Alfred the Great, King of England 872-882. John VIII, Pope of Rome 875. Charles the Bald of France made Holy Roman Emperor 881-887. Arnulf, King of Germany 882-884. Martin II, Pope of Rome 884-885. Adrian III, Pope of Rome 885. Paris besieged by the Northmen 885-891. Stephen VI, Pope of Rome 887. Division of the Carolingian Empire 889. Turks or Magyars colonize Hungary 891-896. Formosus, Pope of Rome 894. The Danes ravage Mercia 896. Arnulf, King of Germany, crowned Emperor of Rome 896-897. Boniface VI, Pope of Rome 897. Stephen VII, Pope of Rome 897-898. Romanus, Pope of Rome 898. Theodorus II, Pope of Rome 898-900. John IX, Pope of Rome 796 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 899. Louis (III) the Blind, Emperor of Germany 899-911. Louis (IV) the Child, King of Germany 900-903. Benedict IV, Pope of Rome 901-925. Edward the Elder, King of England 903. Leo V, Pope of Rome 903. Christopher, Pope of Rome 904-911. Sergius III, Pope of Rome 911-913. Anastasius III, Pope of Rome 911-918. Conrad I, King of Germany 913. Settlement of Rolf in Gaul 913-914. Landonius, Pope of Rome 914-928. John X, Pope of Rome 918-936. Henry (I) the Fowler, King of Germany 922-923. Robert, King of France 924. Edward the Elder, Lord of all Britain 925-940. Athelstan, King of England 928-929. Leo VI, Pope of Rome 929-931. Stephen VIII, Pope of Rome 931-936. John XI, Pope of Rome 936-939. Leo VII, Pope of Rome 936-973. Otho (I) the Great, King of Germany 939-942. Stephen IX, Pope of Rome 940-946. Edmund I, King of England 942-946. Martin III, Pope of Rome 946-955. Eadred, King of England 946-956. Agapetus II, Pope of Rome 955-958. Edgar the Peaceable, King of England 956-963. John XII, Pope of Rome 962. Otho I, King of Germany, crowned the Holy Roman Em- peror 963-964. Leo VIII, Pope of Rome 964-965. Benedict V, Pope of Rome 965-972. John XIII, Pope of Rome 972. Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor 972-974. Benedict VI, Pope of Rome 974-975. Domnus II, Pope of Rome 975-979- Edward the Martyr, King of England 975-984. Benedict VII, Pope of Rome 977-995- Hakon Jarl, King of Norway 979-1013. Sweyn, King of England 983. Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor 984. John XIV, Pope of Rome 984. John XV, Pope of Rome 985-996. John XVI, Pope of Rome 986. Louis (V) the Indolent, King of France 987-996. Hugh Capet the Great, King of France 995-1000. Olaf (I) Trygvaeson, King of Norway 996-999. Gregory V, Pope of Rome 996-1031. Robert (II) the Sage, King of France 999-1003. Sylvester II, Pope of Rome 1000. Leif Ericson winters in Vinland 1001-1026. Mohammedan Invasion of India 1003. John XVII, Pope of Rome 1003-1009. John XVIII, Pope of Rome 1009-1012. Sergius IV, Pope of Rome 1012-1024. Benedict VIII, Pope of Rome 1013-1016. Danish Conquest of England WORLD CHRONOLOGY 797 A. D. 1014-1035. Canute, King of England 1024-1033. John XIX, Pope of Rome 1024-1039. Conrad (II) the Salique, King of Germany 1027. Conrad (II), Holy Roman Emperor 1031. End of the Ommiad Dynasty in Spain 1031-1060. Henry I, King of France 1032. Union of Burgundy with the Empire 1033-1044. Benedict IX, Pope of Rome 1035. Rise of the Seljuk Turks 1035-1040. Harold I, King of England 1039-1056. Henry (III) the Black, King of Germany 1040-1042. Edward the Confessor, King of England 1042-1066. Harold II, King of England 1044. Sylvester III, Pope of Rome 1044-1046. Gregory VI, Pope of Rome 1046. Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 1046-1047. Clement II, Pope of Rome 1047-1048. Benedict IX, Pope of Rome 1048. Damasus II, Pope of Rome 1048-1054. St. Leo IX, Pope of Rome 1055. Togrel Beg helps the Caliph Al Kayem against the Dilemites 1055-1057. Victor II, Pope of Rome 1056. Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 1057-1058. Stephen X, Pope of Rome 1058. Benedict IX, Pope of Rome 1058-1061. Nicholas II, Pope of Rome 1060-1090. Norman Conquest of Sicily 1060-1108. Philip (I) the Fair, King of France 1061-1073. Alexander II, Pope of Rome 1066. Battle of Senlac (Hastings); Norman Conquest of England 1066-1087. William the Conqueror, King of England 1071. Battle of Manzikert 1073. Revolt of the Saxons against Henry IV I 073-io8o. St Gregory VII, Pope of Rome 1077. Henry IV at Canossa 1080-1085. Clement III, Pope of Rome 1084. Alfonso of Leon takes Toledo 1087. Dynasty of the Almoravides in Spain 1086-1088. Victor III, Pope of Rome 1087-1100. William (II) Rufus, King of England 1088-1099. Urban II, Pope of Rome 1092. Division of the Seljuk Empire 1095. Council of Clermont 1095. Portugal taken from the Saracens by Henry of Besangon 1096. The First Crusade 1099-1118. Pascal II, Pope of Rome 1099. Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders 1100-1135. Henry (I) Beauclerc, King of England 1106-1125. Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 1108-1137. Louis (VI) the Lusty, King of France 1 1 18. Alfonso of Aragon takes Saragossa 1118-1119. Gelasius II, Pope of Rome 1118-1143. John Comnenus, Eastern Emperor 1119-1124. Calixtus II, Pope of Rome 1 122. The Concordat of Worms 1124-1130. Honorius II, Pope of Rome 1125-1138. Lothar of Saxony, Emperor 798 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. 1130- "35- 1138- "38- "38- "43- "43- "44- "45- 1150- "52- "53- "54- "54- "59- i\77- 1180- 1181- 1185- 1187- 1189- 1190- 1191- "94- 1198- 1198- "99- 1213- 1215- 1216- 1216- 121 7- D. 130. Norman Kingdom of Sicily 138. Innocent II, Pope of Rome 154. Stephen, King of England 180. Louis (VII) the Young, King of France 257. House of Hohenstaufen or Suabia rules in Germany 152. Conrad III, Holy Roman Emperor 143. Victor IV, Pope of Rome 180. Manuel Comenus, Eastern Emperor 144. Celestine II, Pope of Rome 145. Lucius II, Pope of Rome 153. Eugenius III, Pope of Rome 146. The Dynasty of the Almohades in Spain 147. The Second Crusade 177. Henry II, Duke of Austria 190. Frederick (I) Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor 154. Anastasius IV, Pope of Rome 189. Henry (II) Plantagenet, King of England 159. Adrian IV, Pope of Rome 156. Austria became a duchy 181. Alexander III, Pope of Rome 167. The Lombard League 171. English Conquest of Ireland 171. Saladin overthrows the Fatimite Dynasty 176. Manuel, Eastern Emperor, defeated by the Turks 194. Leopold V, Duke of Austria 223. Philip (II) Augustus, King of France 185. Lucius III, Pope of Rome 183. Peace of Constance 187. Urban III, Pope of Rome 187. Saladin takes Jerusalem 187. Gregory VIII, Pope of Rome 191. Clement III, Pope of Rome 199. Richad (I) Cceur de Lion, King of England 198. Henry (VI) Asper, King of Germany 198. Celestine III, Pope of Rome 194. Conquest of Sicily by Henry VI 198. Frederic (I) the Catholic, Duke of Austria 195. Battle of Alarcon 216. Innocent III, Pope of Rome 230. Leopold (VI) the Glorious, Duke of Austria 216. John, King of England 201. Alliance between the Crusaders and Venetians 203. First Latin Siege 204. Constantinople taken by Venetians and Crusaders 206. Invasion of the Mongols under Jenghiz Khan 208. Crusade against the Albigenses 212. Battle of Tolosa 276. James the Conqueror, King of Aragon 214. Battle of Bouvines 215. Magna Carta granted by John 246. Frederick 11, King of Germany 227. Honorius III, Pope of Rome 272. Henry III, King of England 252. Ferdinand III, King of Castile 222. Mongol Invasion of Persia 222. Andrew II signs the Golden Bull securing the liberty of Aus- tria WORLD CHRONOLOGY 799 A. D. ca. 1223. Tartar conquests in Russia 1223-1226. Louis (VIII) Coeur de Lion, King of France 1226-1270. Louis IX (Saint Louis), King of France 1227-1241. Gregory IX, Pope of Rome 1228. Frederick II crowned King of Jerusalem 1229. The Country of Toulouse joined to France 1230. Ferdinand III permanently unites Castile and Leon 1230-1246. Frederic (II) the Warlike, Duke of Austria 1232. Gregory IX appoints inquisitors in Spain 1237. Kingdom of Granada founded 1240. Rise of the Ottoman Turks 1241. Battle of Liegnitz 1241. Celestine IV, Pope of Rome 1243-1254. Innocent IV, Pope of Rome 1246-1276. Interregnum in Austria 1248. First Crusade of St. Louis of France 1250-1256. Conrad IV, Holy Roman Emperor 1254-1261. Alexander IV, Pope of Rome 1256-1273. The Interregnum in Germany 1258. Manfred, King of Sicily 1258. End of the Bagdad Caliphate 1259-1282. Michael Palaeologus, Eastern Emperor 1261. Recovery of Constantinople from the Latins 1261-1265. Urban IV, Pope of Rome 1265. Battle of Evesham 1265. Dante born 1265-1268. Clement IV, Pope of Rome 1266. Conquest of Sicily by Charles of Anjou 1270-1285. Philip (III) the Hardy, King of France 1271-1276. Gregory X, Pope of Rome 1272-1307. Edward I, King of England 1273. Rudolph, son of Albert IV, founds the Hapsburg Line 1276. Vicedominus, Pope of Rome 1276. Adrian V, Pope of Rome 1276. Innocent V, Pope of Rome 1276-1277. Nicholas III, Pope of Rome 1276-1282. Rudolph I, Duke of Austria 1277-1280. Nicholas III, Pope of Rome 1281-1285. Martin IV, Pope of Rome 1282. The Sicilian Vespers 1282. Wales united to England 1282-1308. Albert I and Rudolph II, Dukes of Austria 1284. Genoese defeat the Pisans off Meloria 1285-1288. Honorius IV, Pope of Rome 1285-1314. Philip (IV) the Fair, King of France 1288-1292. Nicholas IV, Pope of Rome 1291. Acre taken by the Mohammedans 1291. The Swiss cantons form a league for protection and coopera- tion 1292-1298. Adolphus, King of Germany 1294. St. Celestine V, Pope of Rome 1294-1303. Boniface XI, Pope of Rome 1298-1308. Albert I, King of Germany 1299-1326. Othman, Emir of Turkey 1300. Moscow made the capital of Russia 1302. Battle of Courtray 1305-1314- Clement V, Pope of Rome 800 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 1307-1327. Edward II, King of England 1308-1312. Henry VII, Emperor of Germany 1308-1326. Frederic I and Leopold I, Dukes of Austria 1309. Robert, King of Naples 1309. The Papal Seat removed from Rome to Avignon 1313. Interregnum in Germany 1314. Lewis of Bavaria, King of Germany 1314. Philip the Fair annexes Lyons to France 1314-1316. Louis (X) Huntin, King of France 1314-1330. Louis IV of Bavaria and Frederick III of Austria, rival Ger- man Emperors 1315. Battle of Morgarten 1316. John I, King of France 1316-1322. Philip (V) the Long, King of France 1316-1334. John XXII, Pope of Rome 1322-1328. Charles (IV) the Handsome, King of France; last of the House of Capet 1326-1330. Frederic I, Duke of Austria (alone) 1326-1360. Orchan, Sultan of Turkey 1327-1377. Edward III, King of England 1328. Lewis of Bavaria, Emperor of Germany 1328. Independence of Scotland 1328-1350. Philip (VI) de Valois, the Fortunate, King of France 1330-1339. Albert II and Otho, Dukes of Austria 1330-1349. Louis IV of Bavaria, German Emperor 1334-1342. Benedict XII, Pope of Rome 1337- English invasion of France, begins Hundred Years' War 1339-1358. Albert II, Duke of Austria 1341-1347. First Passage of the Turks into Europe 1342. Louis, King of Hungary 1342-1352. Clement VI, Pope of Rome 1343- Joanna I, Queen of Naples 1346. Battle of Creqy 1347. Rienzi at Rome 1347-1378. Charles (IV) of Luxemburg, German Emperor 1348. Persecution of the Jews begun at Chillon 1350-1364. John (II) the Good, King of France 1352-1362. Innocent VI, Pope of Rome 1356. Golden Bull, fundamental law of the German Empire 1356. The Battle of Poitiers 1358-1365. Rudolph IV, Duke of Austria 1360. Peace of Bretigny 1360-1389. Amurath I, Sultan of Turkey 1361. Philip of Valois, Duke of Burgundy 1361. Hadrianople taken by the Turks 1361. King Waldemar wars against the Hanseatic League 1362-1370. Urban V, Pope of Rome 1364-1380. Charles (V) the Wise, King of France 1365-1395. Albert III and Leopold II or III, Dukes of Austria 1366. Battle of Najara 1370. Rise of Timour I37-I378. Gregory XI, Pope of Rome 1376. Return of the Popes to Rome I377-I399. Richard II, King of England 1378-1400. Wenceslas, King of Bohemia 1378. Urban VI, Pope of Rome 1378-1389. Clement VII, Pope of Rome WORLD CHRONOLOGY 801 A. D. 1378. Beginning of the Great Schism 1378. Beginning of the War of Chioggia 1380. Tartar war in Russia 1380-1393. Timur conquers Persia 1383. Moscow burned 1385. John the Great, King of Portugal 1386. Battle of Sempach 1386. Union of Poland and Lithuania 1389-1397. Margaret, Queen of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark 1380-1394. Boniface IX, Pope of Rome 1389-1403. Bajazet (I) Ilderim, Sultan of Turkey 1394-1404. Benedict XIII, Pope at Avignon 1395- Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan I395-I4II- William I and his brothers and their cousin Albert IV, Dukes of Austria 1396. Victory of Bajazet at Nicopolis 1397- The Union of Calmar 1399-1413. Henry IV, King of England 1402. Bajazet defeated by Timur at Angora 1403-1410. Solieman, Sultan of Turkey 1404. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy 1404-1406. Innocent VII, Pope of Rome 1405. Death of Timur 1406. Pisa becomes subject to Florence 1406-1409. Gregory XII, Pope of Rome 1409. Sicily united to Aragon 1409. Council of Pisa 1409-1410. Alexander V, Pope of Rome 1410-1438. Sigismund, King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor 1410-1413. Musa-Chelebi, Sultan of Turkey 1410-1417. John XXIII, anti-Pope 1411-1439. Albert V, Duke of Austria 1412-1431. Joan of Arc 1413-1421. Mohammed I, Sultan of Turkey 1413-1422. Henry V, King of England 1415. Council of Constance 1415. John Huss burned 1415. Battle of Agincourt 1416. Alfonso V, King of Aragon 1417-1424. Martin V, Pope of Rome 1419. Henry V takes Rome 1419. Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy 1419. Jane II, Queen of Naples 1420. Treaty of Troyes 1421-1451. Amurath II, Sultan of Turkey 1422. Siege of Constantinople 1422-1461. Henry VI, King of England 1422-1461. Louis XI, King of France 1424-1429. Clement VIII, Pope of Rome 1429. Battle of Orleans 1431. Council of Basle 1431-1439. Eugenius IV, Pope of Rome 1435. Treaty of Arras 1438. Imperial House of Austria begins to rule in Germany with Albert II as Emperor 1439. Council of Florence 1439-1449. Felix V, Pope of Rome 802 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 1439-1457. Ladislaus, Duke of Austria 1440-1493. Frederick (IV) the Pacific, Emperor of Germany 1444. Battle of Varna 1444. Battle of St. Jacob near Basle 1447. Death of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan 1447-1455. Nicholas V, Pope of Rome 1448. Christian I, King of Denmark 1448-1453. Constantine Palaeologus, Emperor of the East 1450. Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan 1451-1481. Mohammed II, Sultan of Turkey 1452. End of the Hundred Years' War 1453. The Turks take Constantinople 1455-1458. Calixtus III, Pope of Rome 1455-1485. Wars of York and Lancaster 1456. John Hunyady drives back the. Turks from Belgrade 1457-1493. Emperor Frederic III and Albert VI, Dukes of Austria 1458-1490. Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary 1458-1464. Pius II, Pope of Rome 1461. Mohammed II conquers the Empire of Trebizond 1461-1483. Edward IV, King of England 1461-1483. Louis XI, King of France 1462. Spaniards capture Gibraltar 1464-1471. Paul II, Pope of Rome 1466. Casimir IV, King of Poland, wins West Prussia from the Teu- tonic Knights 1471. Union of Castile and Aragon 1471-1484. Sixtus IV, Pope of Rome 1477. Ivan Vasilovitch frees Russia from the Moguls 1480. The Inquisition is established in Spain 1481-1512. Bajazet II, Sultan of Turkey 1483. Luther born 1483-1485. Edward V, King of England 1483-1498. Charles (VIII) the Affable, King of France 1484-1492. Innocent VIII, Pope of Rome 1485-1509. Henry VII, King of England i486; Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope 1492. Granada taken by Ferdinand II 1492. Christopher Columbus discovers America 1492-1503. Alexander VI, Pope of Rome 1493-1519. Maximilian I, Emperor of Germany 1493-1804. Austria merged in Germany 1494. Charles VIII of France enters Italy 1494. Florence gets rid of the Medici 1494. Pisa regains her liberty 1498. Sebastian Cabot sails along the North American coast from Maine to Cape Hatteras 1498-1515. Louis XII, King of France 1499. Swiss Independence is established 1500. Louis XII of France conquers the Duchy of Milan 1501. Shah Ismail, first Sopli of Persia 1503. Pius III, Pope of Rome 1503-1513. Julius II, Pope of Rome 1504. Ferdinand of Spain and Sicily conquers Naples 1507. Luther consecrated as a priest 1508. Luther becomes professor in the University of Wittenberg 1508. League of Cambray 1508. Maximilian I takes the title of Emperor-elect WORLD CHRONOLOGY 803 A. D. 1509. Accession of Henry VIII, King of England 151 1. Pope Julius II forms the Holy League 1512. Ferdinand conquers Navarre 1512. Battle of Ravenna 1512. The Medici return to Florence 1512. Germany divided into Circles 1512. Luther returns from an embassy to Rome disgusted with the frivolity of the clergy 1512-1516. Ferdinand V, King of all Spain 1512-1520. Selim (I) the Inflexible, Sultan of Turkey 1513. James IV of Scotland defeated by the English at Flodden Field 1513-1522. Leo X, Pope of Rome 1513-1523. Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway 1515. Battle of Marignano I SI5 -I 547 Francis I, King of France; ideas of the Renaissance intro- duced 1516-1556. Charles I, King of Spain 1517. Luther, opposing the sale of indulgences, issues his ninety- five propositions 1519. Charles I of Spain elected Emperor as Charles V 1519. In consequence of the Leipzig controversy, Luther excom- municated . 1519. Magellan sails in the expedition that first circumnavigates the globe 1519. Ulrich Zwingli preaches at Zurich 1519-1521. Mexico conquered by Hernando Cortez 1520. Christian II of Denmark becomes King of Norway 1520. Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway conquers Sweden 1520-1566. Suleiman (I or II) the Magnificent, Emperor of Turkey 1521. Suleiman takes Belgrade 1521. War between Charles V and Francis I 1521. Luther before the Diet of Worms 1522. Knights of St. John driven out of Rhodes 1522-1523. Adrian VI, Pope of Rome 1523-1534. Paul III (Alexander Farnese), Pope of Rome 1523. Frederick I, King of Denmark and Norway 1523-1560. Gustavus (I) Vasa, King of Sweden 1525. Bourbon sacks Rome 1525. Battle of Pavia 1525. Foundation of the Duchy of Prussia 1526. Lewis II of Hungary killed at the Battle of Mohacs 1527. Sack of Rome by the Imperialists 1527. The Medici driven out of Florence 1529. Peace of Cambray 1529. Diet of Speyer 1529. Sultan Suleiman besieges Vienna 1530. Henry VIII assumes the title of Supreme Head of the Church of England 1530. Confession of Augsburg 1530. Fall of Florence 1530. Charles V crowned Emperor 1531. Diet of Ratisbon 1531. Union of Germany 1531. The League of Schmalkalden 1531. Death of Zwingli 1531. The Portuguese colonize Brazil 804 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. I53I-I537- Alexander I, Duke of Tuscany 1532-1536. Peru conquered by Francisco Pizarro 1533. Cramner in opposition to the Pope declares the marriage of Henry VIII with Catherine of Aragon to be void 1533-1584. Ivan (IV) the Terrible, Emperor of Russia 1534. Authority of the Pope in England transferred to the Crown 1534. Duke Charles of Savoy besieges Geneva 1536. Calvin makes Geneva his home I537-I569- Cosmo de' Medici, Duke of Tuscany 1538. Truce of Nice 1538. Unfortunate German expedition to Algiers 1540. The Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius Loyola 1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi 1542. Birth and accession of Mary Queen of Scots 1543. Nissa besieged by the Turks 1544. Peace of Crespy- 1545- Council of Trent 1546. Death of Luther 1547. Battle of Miihlberg 1547. Edward VI succeeds Henry VIII as King of England 1547-1559. Henry II, King of France; civil wars in France I550-I555- Jules III, Pope of Rome 1552. Treaty of Passau 1553. Arctic Expedition under Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor 1553- Calais taken by the English 1553- Death of Edward VI of England 1553- Lady Jane Grey claims the English crown 1553-1558. Mary, Queen of England; persecution of English Protestants 1555. Peace of Augsburg 1555- The Fall of Sienna 1555. Abdication of Charles V 1555. Marcellus II, Pope of Rome 1555-1559- Paul IV, Pope of Rome 1555-1564. Ferdinand I, Emperor of Germany 1556. Arctic Expedition under Stephens Burrough 1556-1598. Philip II, King of Spain 1556. Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan 1557- Cosmo de' Medici, Duke of Florence, gets possession of Sienna I 557- Battles of St. Quentin and Gravelines 1558. Death of Charles V 1558. The French take Calais 1558-1603. Elizabeth, Queen of England; Protestantism restored in Eng- land 1559. Peace of Cateau-Cambresis 1559. Frederick II of Denmark and Norway 1559-1560. Francis II, King of France 1560. Death of Gustavus Vasa 1560-1574. Charles IX, King of France 1562. Religious Wars in France begin 1562. First French Settlement of Carolina 1564. Shakespeare born 1564-1576. Maximilian II, Emperor of Germany 1565. St. Augustine founded 1566. The Netherlands revolt against Philip II of Spain 1566-1572. St. Pius V, Pope of Rome 1566-1574. Selim II, Sultan of Turkey WORLD CHRONOLOGY 805 A. D. 1568-1586. Mary Queen of Scots claims the English crown 1569-1574. Cosmo de' Medici, Grand-Duke of Tuscany T 57i. Cyprus taken by the Turks 1571. Battle of Lepanto; Turkish naval power destroyed by the Holy League 1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew 1572-1585. Gregory XII, Pope of Rome 1 573- The Polish Crown becomes purely elective 1574-1587. Francis I, Grand-Duke of Tuscany I574-IS89. Henry III, King of France; last of the House of Valois 1574-1595- Amurath III, Sultan of Turkey 1576. Frobisher's attempt to discover a Northwest Passage 1576-1612. Rudolf II, Emperor of Germany 1580. Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy 1580. Philip II annexes Portugal to Spain 1581. Union of the Seven Provinces 1584. Death of William the Silent 1584-1598. Feodor or Theodor I, Emperor of Russia 1585. Davis passes up Davis Strait to latitude 72 41' N 1585. Sir Walter Raleigh founds the Colony of Virginia 1585-1590. Sixtus V, Pope of Rome 1587. Mary Queen of Scots beheaded 1587-1608. Ferdinand I, Grand-Duke of Tuscany 1588. Philip II sends the Armada to England 1588-1648. Christian IV of Denmark and Norway 1589. End of the Dynasty of Rurik in Russia 1589-1610. Henry (IV) the Great of Bourbon, King of France and Na- varre 1590-1591. Gregory XIV, Pope of Rome 1591. Innocent IX, Pope of Rome 1592-1605. Clement VIII, Pope of Rome 1594. William Barents traces the course of Nova Zembla to latitude 77 N. 1595-1603. Mohammed III, Sultan of Turkey 1598. Edict of Nantes 1598-1605. Boris-Godonof, Emperor of Russia 1598-1621. Philip III, King of Spain 1601. Treaty of Lyons 1603. King James version of the Bible made 1603-1604. Lady Arabella Stuart claims the English crown 1603-1617. Achmet I, Sultan of Turkey 1603-1625. James I, King of England 1605. Jehangir, Emperor of Hindustan 1605-1606. Feodor II, Emperor of Russia 1605-1621. Paul V (Camille Borghese), Pope of Rome 1606-1610. Vasali-Chouiski or Zouinski, Emperor of Russia 1607. Jamestown founded 1608-1621. Cosmo II, Grand-Duke of Tuscany 1609. Henry Hudson explores and names the Hudson River 1610. Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain 1610. Henry Hudson explores Hudson Bay 1610-1613. Ladislaus of Poland, Emperor of Russia 1610-1643. Louis XIII, King of France; rule of Marie de' Medici and Richelieu 1611. Union of Prussia and Brandenburg 1611-1632. Gustavus (II) Adolphus the Great, King of Sweden 1612. Evangelical Union and Catholic League; Revolt in Bohemia 806 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 1613-1645. Michael-Feodorovitch of the house of Romanov, Emperor of Russia, begins the Romanov dynasty 1614. The Dutch settle New York 1617. Finland ceded to Sweden by Russia 1617-1618. Mustapha I, Sultan of Turkey 1618-1622. Osman II, Sultan of Turkey 1618. Beginning of the Thirty Years' War 1619. Negro slaves introduced into Virginia 1619. Accession of Ferdinand II, who was resolved to suppress re- bellion and to restore Catholicism 1620. Frederick, Elector Palatine, King of Bohemia, defeated in the Battle of Prague 1620. Pilgrims land at Plymouth 1621-1623. Gregory XV, Pope of Rome 1621-1665. Philip IV, King of Spain 1621-1670. Ferdinand II, Grand-Duke of Tuscany 1622-1623. Mustapha I, Sultan of Turkey 1623. Massacre of Amboyna 1623-1640. Amurath IV, Sultan of Turkey 1623-1644. Urban VIII, Pope of Rome 1625. Christian IV of Denmark, Head of the Protestant League 1625. Accession of Charles I to the throne of England; struggles with people for royal prerogative 1626. Peter Minuit founds New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island 1627. Shah Jehan, Emperor of Hindustan 1630. Gustavus Adolphus, Head of the Protestant League 1630. Boston founded by Puritans 1631-1700. John Dryden 1631. Battle of Breitenfeld (Leipzig) 1632. Gustavus Adolphus killed 1632. Battle of Lutzen 1632. Christina, Queen of Sweden 1634. First settlement in Maryland 1634. Wallenstein disgraced and murdered 1637-1658. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 1638. Harvard College establised at Cambridge, Massachusetts 1638. Colonies of Rhode Island and New Haven in Connecticut founded by settlers from Massachusetts 1639. Beginning of the Dynasty of Braganza in Portugal 1639. Free constitution of Connecticut 1640. The Long Parliament meets 1640. English Settlement at Madras 1640-1648. Ibrahim, Sultan of Turkey 1643. Louis XIV of France 1643-1661. Anne of Austria and Mazarin rule France 1643-1715. Louis (XIV) the Great, King of France 1644-1655. Innocent X, Pope of Rome 1645. Charles I defeated by the English Commons at Naseby 1645. War of Candia 1645-1676. Alexis, Emperor of Russia 1648. Peace of Westphalia secures religious toleration throughout Germany and limits the power of the Emperor 1648-1687. Mohammed IV, Sultan of Turkey 1649. Religious toleration proclaimed in Maryland 1649. Charles I of England beheaded 1649-1658. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England 1650-1651. Charles II claims the English crown WORLD CHRONOLOGY 807 A. D. 1655-1667. Alexander VII, Pope of Rome 1657. Prussia independent of Poland 1657-1705. Leopold I, Emperor of Germany 1658. Death of Oliver Cromwell 1658. Aurangzeb, Emperor of Hindustan 1659. Peace of the Pyrenees 1660. Denmark becomes an absolute Monarchy 1660. Treaties of Olivia and Copenhagen 1660-1685. Restoration of the Stuart Line in England with the reign of Charles II; change in national character 1663. Charles II sells Dunkirk to Louis XIV 1664. New York taken by the English 1664-1667. War between England and the United Provinces 1665. The Plague of London 1665-1700. Charles II, King of Spain 1667-1670. Clement IX, Pope of Rome 1668. The Triple Alliance against Louis XIV 1669. The Turks take Candia 1670-1723. Cosmo III, Grand-Duke of Tuscany 1670-1676. Clement X, Pope of Rome 1672. William (III) of Orange becomes Stadtholder of the Nether- lands 1674-1696. John Sobieski, King of Poland 1676-1682. Feodor or Theodor II, Emperor of Russia 1676-1689. Innocent XI, Pope of Rome 1678-1679. Peace of Nymwegen 1681. Louis XIV seizes Strassburg 1682. La Salle explores the Mississippi 1682. Philadelphia founded by William Penn 1682. The Turks besiege Vienna 1682. Sweden becomes an absolute Monarchy 1682-1689. Ivan V and Peter I, Emperors of Russia 1685. Argyle and Monmouth claim the English throne 1685. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1685-1689. James II, King of England; attempts to restore Catholicism in England 1686. The League of Augsburg 1687. Louis XIV conquers Franche Comte and part of Flanders 1687-1691. Suleiman (II or III), Sultan of Turkey 1687. The Hungarian Crown becomes hereditary 1688. Invasion of England by William of Orange 1688. Louis XIV seizes Avignon 1689. Tyranny of Andros in New England 1689. William and Mary, King and Queen of England 1689-1691. Alexander VIII, Pope of Rome 1689-1725. Peter (I) the Great, sole Emperor of Russia 1691-1695. Ahmed II, Sultan of Turkey 1691-1700. Innocent XII, Pope of Rome 1695-1703. Mustapha II, Sultan of Turkey 1696. Russian Conquest of Azof 1697. Peace of Ryswick 1697. Augustus the Strong, King of Poland 1697-1718. Charles XII, King of Sweden 1698. English Settlement at Calcutta 1699. Peace of Carlowitz 1700. Peter the Great defeated by Charles XII at Narva 1700-1721. Clement XI, Pope of Rome 808 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 1700-1724. Philip V, King of Spain 1701. Yale College, Connecticut, founded 1701. Frederick I crowned first King of Prussia 1701-1713. War of the Spanish Succession 1702-1714. Anne, Queen of England 1703. St. Petersburg founded by Peter the Great as new capital of Russia 1703-1730. Ahmed III, Sultan of Turkey 1704. Stanislaus, King of Poland 1704. Gibraltar taken by the English 1704. Battle of Blenheim 1705-1711. Joseph I, Emperor of Germany 1707. Union of England and Scotland 1708. Beginning of the East India Company 1709. Charles XII defeated by Peter at Poltowa 1711-1740. Charles VI, Emperor of Germany 1713. Pragmatic Sanction 1713. Treaty of Utrecht 1713. Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, made King of Sicily 1713-1740. Frederick William I, King of Prussia 1714-1727. George I, King of England 1715. War between Austria and Turkey 1715. The Turks win back Peloponnesus from Venice I 7 I 5- Jacobite Rebellion in England 1715-1774. Louis (XV) the Well-beloved, King of France 1718. Quadruple Alliance against Spain 1718. Death of Charles XII of Sweden 1718. Peace of Passarowitz 1718. Jesuits expelled from Russia 1720. Victor Amadeus II cedes Sicily to Austria and becomes King of Sardinia 1721-1724. Innocent XIII, Pope of Rome 1723-1737. John Gaston, Grand-Duke of Tuscany 1724. Klopstock born 1724-1730. Benedict XIII, Pope of Rome 1 724-1 746. Philip V, King of Spain 1725-1727. Catherine I, Empress of Russia 1727-1730. Peter II, Emperor of Russia 1727-1760. George II, King of England 1730-1740. Anne, Empress of Russia 1730-1740. Clement XII, Pope of Rome 1730-1754. Mahmud I (or Mohammed V), Sultan of Turkey l 733- James Oglethorpe establishes colony at Savannah in Georgia 1733- War of the Polish Succession 1737-1765. Francis II, Grand-Duke of Tuscany 1738. Princeton College founded at Princeton, New Jersey 1739. Peace of Belgrade 1740. Frederick the Great conquers Silesia 1740. Accession of Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary and Archduch- ess of Austria 1740-1741. Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia 1740-1748. War of the Austrian Succession 1740-1758. Benedict XIV, Pope of Rome 1741-1762. Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 1743. Tcholyuskin reaches the most northern point of Siberia at latitude 77 41' N 1745. Second Jacobite Rebellion WORLD CHRONOLOGY 809 A. D. I745-I76S- Francis I, Emperor of Austria (co-regent with Maria Theresa) 1746. Battle of Culloden 1746-1759. Ferdinand VI, King of Spain 1749. Goethe born 1754-1757- Osman III, Sultan of Turkey 1755- Braddock's expedition against Fort Duquesne defeated by the French and Indians 1756. Suraj-ad-dowla takes Calcutta 1756-1763. Seven Years' War 1757. Battle of Plassey 1757-1774. Mustapha III, Sultan of Turkey 1758. Fort Duquesne captured by the English 1758-1769. Clement XIII, Pope of Rome 1759- Schiller born 1759. English Conquest of Canada 1759-1788. Charles III, King of Spain 1760-1820. George III, King of England 1761. The Family Compact 1762-1796. Catherine II, Empress of Russia 1763. Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain 1763. Conspiracy of Pontiac to unite the Indian tribes in an en- deavor to exterminate the white settlers in North America 1763. Peace of Paris 1765. England passes the Stamp Act 1765-1790. Joseph II, co-regent with Maria Theresa in the Austrian Monarchy 1765-1790. Leopold I, Grand-Duke of Tuscany 1766. England repeals the Stamp Act 1766. Annexation of Lorraine to France 1768. Annexation of Corsica to France 1769. Napoleon born 1769-1775. Clement XIV, Pope of Rome 1769-1784. Successful invasion of the Crimea by Russia 1770. The Boston Massacre 1771-1792. Gustavus (III) Adolphus, King of Sweden 1772-1795. Dismemberment of Poland 1 773- Abolition of the Society of Jesus 1774. Russia by the treaty of Kutschouc Kainardji grants the inde- pendence of the Crimea and the freedom of the Black Sea 1774. The first Continental Congress in North America 1774-1775. Rebellion of the Cossacks 1774-1789. Abdul-Ahmed, Sultan of Turkey 1774-1793. Louis XVI, King of France 1775. Battles of Lexington and Concord 1775- The second Continental Congress 1775-1783. American colonies win their independence from England by the American Revolutionary War 1775-1800. Pius VI, Pope of Rome 1776. American Declaration of Independence 1777. Battle of Saratoga 1778. Captain Cook discovers Cape Prince of Wales 1779. John Paul Jones wins the first victory of the American navy 1780. Death of Maria Theresa 1781. Great Britain cedes Florida to Spain 1782. Independence of Ireland 1786-1797. Frederick William II, King of Prussia 1788-1808. Charles IV, King of Spain 810 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 1789. Constitution of the United States 1789. Convocation of States-General in France 1789-1797. George Washington, President of the United States 1789-1807. Selim III, Sultan of Turkey 1790. The Quakers of Pennsylvania ask Congress to abolish slavery 1790-1792. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 1790-1800. Ferdinand III, Duke of Tuscany 1792. National Convention in France 1792. Francis II succeeds Leopold II as Emperor of Germany 1792. Treaty of Jassy 1792. Battle of Valmy 1792. An order issued that the slave-trade should cease in all Danish possessions from the end of 1802 1792-1795. National Convention rules in France 1792-1809. Gustavus (IV) Adolphus, King of Sweden 1793. Eli Whitney invents the cotton-gin 1793-1795. Louis XVII, King of France 1793-1815. Wars of the French Revolution 1793. Second Partition of Poland 1793. Execution of Louis XVI 1793-1815. War between England and France; Nelson establishes Eng- land's naval supremacy I795- Third Partition of Poland 1795. Batavian Republic 1795-1799. Directory reigns in France 1796-1801. Paul, Emperor of Russia 1797. Frederick William III, King of Prussia 1797-1801. John Adams, President of the United States 1798. Russian treaty with Austria and England 1798. French Fleet defeated at Aboukir 1798. Switzerland invaded by the French 1798. Helvetic Republic 1799. Napoleon abandons siege of Saint Jean d'Acre 1799-1804. Consulate rules in France 1800. Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1800. The American Congress meets at Washington for the first time 1800-1823. Pius VII, Pope of Rome 1801. Peace of Luneville 1801. Rise of the Democratic party in the United States 1801-1809. Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States 1802. Napoleon makes a Concordat between the French nation and Rome 1802. Peace of Amiens 1803. Napoleon gives Switzerland a new constitution 1804-1814, 1814-1815. Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French 1804-1835. Frances I, Emperor of Austria 1805. Battle of Austerlitz 1805. Battle of Trafalgar 1805. Peace of Pressburg 1805. Russia joins the coalition against France 1806. Great Britain acquires Cape Colony 1806. Francis I, Emperor of Germany, assumed the title of Francis II, Emperor of Austria 1806. Battle of Jena 1807. Peace of Tilsit 1807. Mahmud II, Sultan WORLD CHRONOLOGY 811 A. D. 1807-1808. 1808. 1808. 1808-1813. 1808-1839- 1809. 1809. 1809. 1809-1817. 1809-1818. 1810. 1810. 1810-1825. 1812. 1812-1814. 1812-1815. 1813. 1813-1833. 1814. 1814. 1814. 1814. 1814-1824. 1815. 1815. 1815. 1815. 1816. 1817-1821. 1818-1844. 1820. 1 820-1 829. 1821. 1821. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1823. 1823-1829. 1824. 1 824-1 830. 1825-1829. 1825-1855. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1829-183 1. 1829-1837. 1 829- 1 837. 1830. 1830. 1830. 1 830-1 848. Mustapha IV, Sultan of Turkey- Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, forced to abdicate by Napoleon The Peninsular War begun Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain Mahmud II (or Mohammed VI), Sultan of Turkey Napoleon marries Marie Louise Battles of Aspern and Wagram Pope excommunicates Napoleon James Madison, President of the United States Charles XIII, King of Sweden The Papal States added to France Revolt of the Spanish Colonies in America Alexander I, Emperor of Russia Louisiana admitted to the United States War between Russia and France War between the United States and England Battle of Leipzig Ferdinand VII, King of Spain First Peace of Paris Napoleon retires to Elba Norway falls under the sovereignty of Sweden The British take Washington Louis XVIII, King of France; House of Bourbon restored The Congress of Vienna makes of Germany a confederation of independent states under the hegemony of Austria Corn Laws passed in Great Britain Second Peace of Paris Return of Bonaparte; Battle of Waterloo Frederick William III of Prussia concludes the Holy Alliance with the sovereigns of Russia and Austria James Monroe, President of the United States Charles XIV (John Bernadotte), King of Sweden Passage of the Missouri Compromise George IV, King of England Florida acquired from Spain by the United States Greek War of Independence Nobility abolished in Norway Separation of Brazil from Portugal Reform of Criminal law in England President Monroe formulates the Monroe Doctrine Leo XII, Pope of Rome Death of Byron in Greece Charles X, King of France; last of the House of Bourbon on the French throne John Quincy Adams, President of the United States Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia Franklin reaches the mouth of the Mackenzie River Turkish naval power destroyed at Navarino War between Russia and Turkey Catholic Relief Bill passed in England Pius VIII, Pope of Rome Andrew Jackson, President of the United States William IV, King of England French Revolution of July Separation of Belgium from the Netherlands War for the independence of Poland against Russia Louis Philippe, King of France 812 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 1831. Insurrection in central Italy 1831. Polish Revolution 1831-1846. Gregory XVI, Pope of Rome 1832. Reform Bill passed in England 1832. Parry discovered the channel leading from the head of Hudson Bay 1832. South Carolina attempts nullification 1832. Poland united with Russia 1833. Act for the Emancipation of Slaves passed in England 1833. Oxford Movement begun in England 1833. Civil War in Spain 1833-1870. Isabella, Queen of Spain 1834. System of national education begun in England 1835-1848. Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria 1836. South Australia first colonized 1837-1841. Martin Van Buren, President of the United States 1837-1901. Victoria, Queen of England and Empress of India 1838. Daguerre invents photography 1838. Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph 1839-1848. Christian VIII, King of Denmark 1839-1861. Abdul-Medjid, Sultan of Turkey 1840. Frederick William IV, King of Prussia 1841. Independence of Egypt 1841-1845. William Henry Harrison, President of the United States 1844-1859. Oscar I, King of Sweden 1845-1847. Sir John Franklin practically accomplishes the Northwest Passage 1845-1849. James Knox Polk, President of the United States 1846. California acquired by the United States 1846. The Corn Laws repealed in England 1846-1848. War between the United States and Mexico 1846-1878. Pius IX, Pope of Rome 1847. War of the Sonderbund in Switzerland 1848. Discovery of gold in California 1848. On the abdication of Ferdinand I, Francis Joseph becomes Emperor of Austria 1848. War beween Schleswig and Holstein 1848. First War of Independence in Italy 1848. Frederick William IV grants a Prussian constitution 1848. Switzerland adopts a new constitution 1848-1852. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, President of the Second French Republic 1848-1863. Frederick VII, King of Denmark 1849. Battle of Novara 1849. Fall of Rome and Venice 1849-1853. Zachary Taylor, President of the United States 1850. Fugitive Slave Law passed in the United States 1851-1878. Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy 1852-1871. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France 1853-1857. Franklin Pierce, President of the United States 1854. Perry's mission to Japan induces that government to open its ports to commerce 1854. The Missouri Compromise abolished 1854-1856. The Crimean War 1855. Siege of Sebastopol 1855. Concordat between Austria and Rome giving the Roman clergy control over public instruction WORLD CHRONOLOGY 813 A. D. 1855-1881. 1856. 1857. 1857. 1857-1861. 1858. 1859. 1859- 1859-1872. i860. i860. i860. 1861. 1861. 1861. 1861. 1861-1865. 1861-1865. 1 861-1876. 1862. 1863. 1863. 1 863- 1 906. 1864. 1864. 1865. 1865. 1865. 1865. 1865-1869. 1866. 1866. 1866. 1866. 1866. 1867. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1869-1877. 1870. 1870. 1870. 1870-1871. 1870. 1870-1873. 1870-1875. 1871. 1871. 1871. 1871. Alexander II, Emperor of Russia Peace of Paris The Dred Scott decision in the United States Indian Mutiny James Buchanan, President of the United States Jewish Relief Bill passed in England Austria gives up Lombardy Charles Darwin publishes his " Origin of Species " Charles XV, King of Sweden Emperor of Russia protests against the recognition of the sovereignty of peoples Dr. Hayes reaches a latitude of 8i 35' N Garibaldi frees Sicily and Naples Confederate States of America organized at Montgomery, Ala- bama Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederate States of America Decree for the total emancipation of slaves in Poland Russian nobles sign a petition for a political constitution Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States Civil War in the United States Abdul-Aziz, Sultan of Turkey Bismarck becomes first minister in Prussia Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln Insurrection in Poland Christian IX, King of Denmark Provincial institutions established throughout Russia In war with Prussia, Denmark loses Schleswig and Holstein Lee's surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Lincoln Thirteenth amendment to the American Constitution adopted Russian emperor refuses request of nobles for two houses of representatives Andrew Johnson, President of the United States Trial by jury introduced into Russia War between Prussia and Austria Battle of Konigsgratz Schleswig and Holstein joined to Prussia Austria cedes Venetia to Italy Amnesty in favor of the Poles on the part of Russia Austria and Hungary united as a dual monarchy Polish language interdicted in public places in Poland Opening of the Suez Canal Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States Loss of the temporal power of the Pope Rome made the Capital of Italy Hall reaches 82 11' N War between France and Prussia Battle of Sedan Amadeo I, King of Spain Reconstruction troubles in the southern States of the United States The Commune in Paris Siege and capture of Paris Peace of Frankfort William I, King of Prussia, proclaimed German Emperor and the House of Hohenzollern begins to rule in Germany 814 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS A. D. 1871-1873. Louis Adolphe Thiers, President of the French Republic 1872. Accession of Oscar II, King of Sweden 1873. Commercial crisis in the United States 1873-1874. Republic in Spain 1873-1880. Marshal M. E. Patrice MacMahon, President of the French Republic 1874. Payer reaches 82 5' N 1874. The Swiss constitution again changed 1874-1886. Alfonso XII, King of Spain 1876. Amurath V, Sultan of Turkey 1876. Accession of Abdul-Hamid II, Sultan of Turkey 1877. Queen of England proclaimed Empress of India 1877. Trial of Nihilists for Revolutionary Propagandism in Russia 1877-1878. War between Russia and Turkey 1877-1881. Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States 1878. The Berlin Congress gives Bosnia and Herzegovnia to Austria 1878-1879. Nordenskiold accomplishes the Northwest Passage 1878-1900. Humbert, King of Italy 1878-1903. Leo XIII, Pope of Rome 1880. Revolt of the Boers of Transvaal 1880-1887. Frangois Paul Jules Grevy, President of the French Republic 1881. Assassination of the Russian Emperor, Alexander II 1881. James A. Garfield, President of the United States 1881-1885. Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States 1881-1890. Germany consolidated 1881-1894. Alexander III, Emperor of Russia 1882. Circumpolar station, Fort Conger, established by the United States at latitude 8i 24' N 1882. Greely reaches 83 24' N 1882. Compulsory Education Act in force in France 1884. Trades-unions legalized in France 1885. Surrender of Khartum to the Mahdi and death of General Gor- don 1885-1889. Grover Cleveland, President of the United States 1886. Birth and accession of Alphonso XIII, King of Spain 1887. Plot against the Emperor of Russia; universities closed; 200 students arrested 1887-1894. Marie Frangois Sadi Carnot, President of the French Republic 1889. Fridjof Nansen journeys across Greenland 1889-1893. Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States 1889. Accession of Carlos I, King of Portugal 1890. Bismarck resigns the Chancellorship of the German Empire 1891. The Triple Alliance renewed 1891-1906. Arctic explorations of Lieutenant Robert E. Peary 1892. Bill passed in France for regulating the labor of women and children in factories 1893. Columbian Exposition in Chicago 1893. Commercial panic in the United States 1893. Repeal of the anti-Jesuit law in Germany 1893-1897. Grover Cleveland, President of the United States 1894. Emperor of Russia reestablishes the imperial committee of control 1894. Trial and sentence of Captain Dreyfus 1894. Wilson Tariff passed 1894-1895. Casimir Perier, President of the French Republic 1894. Accession of Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia 1895. Nansen reaches 86 14' N WORLD CHRONOLOGY 815 A. D. 1895. Emperor of Russia declares his intention to maintain the prin- ciple of autocracy 1895-1899. Felix Faure, President of the French Republic 1897. Failure of a Swedish expedition to reach the North Pole by balloon 1897. Railway from Moscow to Archangel completed 1897. Turkey at war with Greece 1897-1901. William McKinley, President of the United States 1898. Battleship " Maine " blown up in Havana Harbor 1898. War between the United States and Spain 1898. By the Treaty of Paris, Spain cedes the Spanish West Indies, Guam and the Philippines to the United States 1898. The Hawaiian Islands annexed by the United States 1898. Empress Elizabeth of Austria assassinated 1898. The United States establishes military government in Cuba 1899. Insurrection in the Philippines 1899-1902. War between Great Britain and the two Dutch Republics in South Africa 1899. Emile Loubet becomes President of the French Republic 1900. Cagni, member of an Italian Arctic expedition, reaches 86 33' 49" N _ 1900. Paris Exhibition 1900. Russian ukase largely abolishing banishment to Siberia 1900. Accession of Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy 1901. Passage of Religious Associations Bill in France 1901. Accession of Edward VII to the throne of England 1901. Famine in Russia 1901. Civil government established in the Philippines 1901-1908. Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States 1902. Peary reaches 84 , 17' N. 1902. Republic of Cuba established 1902. Reciprocity treaty between the United States and Cuba 1902. The Triple Alliance renewed 1903. Kishineff riots against the Jews 1903-1904. Arctic expedition under Anthony Fiala, supported financially by William Ziegler 1903. Pius X becomes Pope of Rome 1904. Religious orders prohibited from teaching in France 1904. Petition of the Zemstvoists presented to the Russian Emperor 1904. Roland Amundsen in the "Gjoa" accomplishes the Northwest Passage 1904-1905. Russo-Japanese War 1905. Rioting among the peasants throughout Russia 1905. New agreement between England and Japan 1905. Liberal proclamation issued by the Emperor of Russia 1906. Earthquake in San Francisco 1906. Marriage of Alphonso XIII, King of Spain to the English Princess of Battenberg 1906. Eruption of Mount Vesuvius 1906. Son born to the Crown-prince of Germany 1906. Vindication and release of Dreyfus 1906. Peary reaches 87 6' N. 1906. Accession of Frederick VIII, King of Denmark 1907. Son, Prince of Asturias, born to the King of Spain 1907. Death of Oscar II, King of Sweden, and Accession of Gus- tavus V BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTORICAL NOVELS INTRODUCTION WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY says " Novels are sweets. All people with healthy literary appetites love them; almost all women; a vast number of clever hard-headed men. Judges, bishops, chancellors, mathematicians, are notorious novel readers, as well as young boys and girls, and their kind tender mothers." No class of fiction is more enjoyed and certainly none is more profitable than that known as the Historical Novel. The background of fact has an attraction that no purely imaginary tale can ever hope to equal and though the chronology may be inaccurate and the statements biased, a good story will succeed in making a period live in our imaginations when text books are mere skeletons. This thought has been clearly expressed by Charles Reade in " The Cloister and the Hearth " : " Epitomes are not narratives, as skeletons are not human figures. Thus records of prime truths remain a dead letter to plain folks ; the writers have left so much to the imagination, and imagination is so rare a gift. Here then, the writer of fiction may be of use to the public as an interpreter." In the pages following we have classified the books in chrono- logical order under the name of the country in which their scenes are laid. The names of countries are arranged in the same sequence in which they are treated in volumes one to twenty-four of " The History of Nations." A star (*) indicates which books are con- sidered as especially good; while those for children and the young are marked "(juv.)" but because a book is designated as being suited to the younger people, it does not follow that their elders will not also find it interesting reading. At the close of this Bibliography of Historical Novels will be found an Index of Authors and Titles which will prove very useful to the reader who wishes to find any particular novel of which he does not know the subject-matter. 819 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTORICAL NOVELS ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY EGYPT SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Rameses II (Thebes, Syria, etc.) TJarda Georg Ebers (trans.) Rameses II (Israelites) *The King's Treasure House Wilhelm Walloth Rameses XIII (struggle between the Secular and Ecclesiastical forces, nth century B.C.) *The Pharaoh and the Priest (Faraon) A. Glovatski (trans.) Amasis and Cambyses (6th cen- tury B.C.) *An Egyptian Princess Georg Ebers (trans.) Ptolemy Philometer and Euergetes (2nd century B.C.) The Sisters Georg Ebers (trans.) Latter years of Cleopatra Cleopatra Georg Ebers (trans.) Alexandria in its early growth un- der the Ptolemies (3rd century B.C.) Tychiades Alfred Dickeson Alexandria in time of Emperor Car- acalla Per Aspera Georg Ebers (trans.) Worship of Isis The Epicurean Thomas Moore Alexandria, 391 a.d. (Time of Theo- dosius I) Serapis Georg Ebers (trans.) Alexandria, early 5th century *Hypatia Charles Kingsley 643 A.D. The Bride of the Nile Georg Ebers (trans.) Napoleon (1799 1800) The Companions of Jehu Dumas (trans.) BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA A tale of the priests of Baal Cyrus. Cambyses and the prophet Daniel play a part in this story The Fall of Babylon 'Sarchedon Istar of Babylon: a Phantasy Belshazzar G. J. White Melville Margaret Horton Potter William Stearns Davis 821 822 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS PERSIA SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Times of Darius, Daniel, and Bel- shazzar Zoroaster F. Marion Crawford Nestorians Julamerk Mrs. J. B. Webb Omar Khayyam Omar the Tentmaker N. H. Dole Life in early 19th century *The Adventures of Hajji of Ispahan Baba James Justinian Morier ARABIA Zenobia and Longinus Chrysostom (late 4th-early 5th cen- tury) Haroun al Raschid (ca. 786809) The story of a Saxon, who was carried into Asia by Turkish marauders and afterwards became the favorite officer of Ali Bey Mehemet Ali's conquest of Syria The Syrian coast, Druses' massacre of Christians, and merchant life in Damascus Oriental life "The Last Days and Fall of Palmyra (Zenobia) Gathering Clouds Tales of the Caliph * Hermann Agha: an Eastern Narrative The Honour of Henri de Valois 'Said the Fisherman The Arabian Nights' Enter- tainments (Alif. Laila) W. Ware Dean Farrar H. N. Crellin W. Gifford Palgrave David M. Beddoe Marmaduke Pickthall Anonymous ISRAEL Early history Joseph the Dreamer Robert Bird Israel in Bondage The Pillar of Fire (juv.) J. H. Ingraham The exodus of Israel from Egypt, the wanderings in the desert and the death of Moses Pilgrimage of the Ben Beriah (juv.) Charlotte M. Yonge The Exodus Joshua, a tale of Biblical Times Georg M. Ebers Ahab and Jezebel Jezebel Miss L. McLaws Death of Elijah, career of Ahab and Jezebel, and Elisha, the in- By the Ramparts of Jezreel Arnold Davenport vasion of the Syrians Maccabxan Times The Hammer A. J. Church and R. Seeley Maccabaean Times Deborah J. M. Ludlow First century B.C. The Glory of the House of Israel F. A. Strauss The Jews in the century Christ before Helen's Pilgrimage to Jeru- salem F. A. Strauss. HISTORICAL NOVELS 823 ISRAEL continued. The story of Christ and life in the Holy Land; Herod, Pilate, etc. Scenes in the life of Christ The Christ A study of the life of Christ and his relations with his disciples Judas Iscariot and the man of Nain whom Christ raised from the dead The betrayal and crucifixion of Christ The feast at Bethany, the death and restoration of Lazarus and the tragedy of Passion Week The dawn of Christianity from the old Hebraic point of view Memoirs of a disciple of the Lord The days of the Messiah Saint Stephen Saint Paul Saint Paul Memoirs of a disciple of St. Paul Early Christianity (54 a. d.) Early Christianity Wandering Jew Fall of Jerusalem (1st century A.D.) Fall of Jerusalem (1st century A.D.) The last days of Jerusalem (67-70 A.D.) The Crusades Third Crusade (1 188 1 199) A tale of the Crusades (1189) Crusades and Mongol conquest St. Louis; Seventh Crusade (1248) The Jews in Europe Jews in Prague (early 17th cent.) Julian; or, Scenes in Judaea The Prince of the House of David (juv.) Jesus, the Carpenter of Naza- reth Emmanuel, the Story of the Messiah A Son of Issachar Barabbas: a Dream of the World's Tragedy The Life of Saint Mary Mag- dalen The Cross Triumphant "Philochristus Ben Hur Stephen, a Soldier of the Cross Paul, a Herald of the Cross Paul of Tarsus "Onesimus, Christ's Freedman As Others Saw Him Titus (juv.) Salathiel, the Immortal or Tarry Thou Till I Come "The Gladiators Pearl Maiden Naomi (juv.) The Brethren Winning his Spurs (juv.) Lady Sybil's Choice (juv.) The Blue Banner (juv.) The Boy Crusaders (juv.) 'Dreamers of the Ghetto Gabriel William Ware J. H. Ingraham Robert Bird William Forbes Cooley Elbridge S. Brooks Marie Corelli Anonymous Florence Morse Kings- ley Edwin A. Abbott Lew Wallace Florence Morse Kings- ley Florence Morse Kings- ley Robert Bird Edwin A. Abbott Anonymous Florence Morse Kings- ley George Croly G. J. Whyte Melville H. Rider Haggard Mrs. J. B. Webb H. Rider Haggard G. A. Henty Emily S. Holt Leon Cahun (trans.) J. G. Edgar Israel Zangwill S. Kohn 824 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ISRAEL continued. SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR The Jews in Europe Poet and Merchant Berthold Auerbach (trans.) Israel Zangwill 1 8th century beggars "The King of Schnorrers A scheme for repossessing the Holy Land Daniel Deronda George Eliot Partly Sweden, partly Jerusalem "Jerusalem Selma Lagerlof Marriage of a Jew with a Christian The Zionists Winifred Graham GREECE Mythical period Mythical period Mythical period The Life of Ulysses Ulysses The son of Ulysses in the quest for his father Mythical period Ancient Hellas (551 B.C.) The private life of the ancient Greeks (551 B.C.) The philosophy of Plato Abdera and its inhabitants at the time when the " laughing philoso- pher " Democritus was a citizen and Euripides and Hippocrates were visiting the metropolis 470 B.C. The intellectual and social life of Athens in the golden age Athens (469 b.c.) Great Athenian War (420-404 B.C.) Peloponnesian War, Socrates and Alcibiades Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great Alexander the Great The later developments of Socratic thought, the Platonic, Cynic and Cyrenaic philosophies Wonder Book (juv.) Tanglewood Tales (juv.) The Heroes (juv.) The Story of the Odyssey The Boy's Odyssey (juv.) The Adventures of Telema- chus The World's Desire Aphrodite Charicles The History of Agathon The Republic of Fools: being the History of the State and People of Abdera in Thrace Pausanias, the Spartan 'Pericles and Aspasia Pericles Alkibiades Gorgo Iskander A Young Macedonian Aristippus poraries and his Contem Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne Charles Kingsley A. J. Church Walter Copland Perry F. de S. Fenelon H. R. Haggard and A. Lang Ernst Eckstein (trans.) Wilhelm Adolf Becker Christoph Martin Wie- land Christoph Martin Wie- land Lord Lytton Walter Savage Landor Anonymous Charles Hamilton Bromby Charles K. Gaines M. M. Kirkman A. J. Church Christoph Martin Wieland HISTORICAL NOVELS 825 GREECE continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR A Lucianic dialogue Peregrinus Proteus Christoph Martin Wieland Christians at Athens, Alexandria, Rome, etc. (ca. 160 a.d.) Narcissus W. Boyd Carpenter In the days of the French Dukes of Athens The Dryad Justin Huntly McCar- thy The Siege of Rhodes A Kni?ht of the White Cross (juv.) G. A. Henty Greek and Turkish life (late 18th century) *Anastasius; or Memoirs of a Greek Thomas Hope War of Independence Loukis Laras Demetrios Bikelas War of Independence A Daughter of the Klephts Mrs. John R. Mayo War of Independence The Black Pilgrim Michael Czajkowski War of Independence Tales from the Isles of Greece Argyris Ephtaliotis War of Independence The Vintage Capsina E. F. Benson War of Independence In Greek Waters (juv.) G. A. Henty Disorders of Modern Greece (ca. i860) *The King of the Mountains Edmond About Gneco-Turkish War (1897) Active Service Stephen Crane ROME, ROMAN EMPIRE, and ITALY Second Punic War The Second Punic War Hannibal; Battle of Cannae Fall of Carthage and Corinth The Slave Revolt under Sparta- cus Spartacus and Mithridates (73~7i B.C.) Roman Life (73 B.C.) Pompey and Caesar (s-47 B.C.) Caesar and the Gallic War Manners and customs in the time of Augustus (ca. 31 B.c-14 a.d.) Rome under Tiberius (26 a.d.) Rome in the time of Christ The banishment of the Jews, St. Paul's preaching, The Isthmian games and the exploits of a Greek athlete (ca. 41-48 a.d.) Anercestes the Gaul Kallistratus The Lion's Brood Lords of the World *Prusias Two Thousand Years Ago (juv.) Woe to the Conquered *A Friend of Caesar Marcus, the Young Centurion (juv.) Gallus Neaera *Ben Hur The Crown of Pine (juv.) E. M. Smith A. H. Gilkes Duffield Osborne A. J. Church Ernst Eckstein (trans.) A. J. Church Alfred Clark William Stearns Davis G. Manville Fenn Wilhelm Adolf Becker (trans.) John W. Graham Lew Wallace A. J. Church 826 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ROME, ROMAN EMPIRE, and ITALY continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Persecutions under Nero Darkness and Dawn F. W. Farrar Rome in the time of Nero (ca. 54- 68 A.D.) *Nero Ernst Eckstein (trans.) Christianity in Rome and Britain Pomponia (juv.) Mrs. J. B. Webb Rome in the time of Nero (64-70 A.D.) The Burning of Rome A. J. Church Rome in the time of Nero (64-70 A.D.) *Empress Octavia Wilhelm Walloth Paganism vs. Christianity (64-70 A.D.) Quo Vadis? H. Sienkiewicz (trans.) Rome in the time of Nero (64-70 A.D.) Acte Hugh Westbury The Reign of Terror under Do- mitian (67-96 a.d.) Domitia S. Baring-Gould Rome and Judaea (6970 a.d.) The Gladiators G. J. Whyte-Melville Time of Vespasian (79 a.d.) *The Last Days of Pompeii Lytton A Story of the Coliseum Gaudentius (juv.) G. S. Davies Time of Domitian (67-96 a.d.) Masters of The World Mary A. M. Hoppus Christians at Carthage Lapsed, but not Lost (juv.) Elizabeth Charles Early Christians The Victory of the Van- quished (juv.) Elizabeth Charles Time of Domitian (ca. 81-96 a.d.) Quintus Claudius Ernst Eckstein (trans.) 95-105 A.D. Amor Victor: a Novel of Ephesus and Rome (juv.) 0. Kenyon Persecution of Christians in time of Trajan (no a.d.) Valerius John Gibson Lockhart Christians and the Younger Pliny To The Lions (juv.) A. J. Church Time of Hadrian (1 17-130 a.d.) *Antinous George Taylor (trans.) Marcus Aurelius (161-180 a.d.) The Emperor Georg M. Ehers (trans.) Life and manners during the time of Marcus Aurelius (161 180 A.D.) Marius The Epicurean Walter Pater The Decian and Valerian persecu- tions (early 3rd century) ^Emilius (juv.) A. D. Crake The Fall of Palmyra (ca. 225-270 A.D.) The Last Days and Fall of Palmyra (Zenobia) William Ware Persecutions of Christians under Aurelian (3rd century a.d.) Aurelian William Ware An adventure in Rome in the reign of Diocletian (ca. 284-305 A.D.) The Chaldean Magician Ernst Eckstein (trans.) The Church in the Catacombs (4th century) Fabiola N. Wiseman HISTORICAL NOVELS 827 ROME, ROMAN EMPIRE, AND ITALY continued SUBJECT Tenth Persecution under Dio- cletian (303-313 A.D.) Constantine the Great (early 4th century) 362 A.D. The Emperor Julian The Early Church and St. Augus- tine (late 4th century) The Romans and the Alemanni (Germans), near Lake Con- stance; the poet Ansonius (378 A.D.) Roman Society and the Christian Church in time of Jerome (362- 403 A.D.) Early days of Papal Rome St. Chrysostom (387-438 a.d.) Invasion of Alaric (408410 a.d.) Jerome and St. Augustine (early 5th century) The Invasion of the Huns (mid- dle 5th century a.d.) The German Migrations (476 a.d.) Overthrow of the Vandal King Gelimar by Belisarius (533~534 a.d.) The Ostrogoths and Belisarius (533-534 a.d.) The Gothic invasion under Tobi- las (544-546 A.D.) Sicily in the Middle Ages Period of Emperor Frederick II The career of Eccelin da Romano, Lord of Verona (1 194-1259) In the days of the great houses in Florence Conradin of Swabia and the bat- tle of Tagliacozzo (1267-1268) Siena in the wars of Guelfs and Ghibellines (1268 1269) The death of St. Francis of Assisi (1290) Cola di Rienzi, the Tribune, and his fight for Italian freedom and unity (1313-1354) The Egyptian Wanderers Evanus (juv.) Julian's Dream The Death of the Gods Alypius of Tagaste *A Captive of the Roman Eagles Sancta Paula Jovinian (juv.) Gathering Clouds Antonina Conquering and to Conquer (juv.) Attila; or the Huns *Felicitas *The Scarlet Banner *A Struggle for Rome Veranilda The Proud Prince La Battaglia di Benevento The Lord of the Dark Red Star Buondelmonte's Saga Cristina: a Romance of Italy in the Olden Days Provenzano the Proud The Story of Antonio *Rienzi, The Last of Tribunes J. M. Neale A. D. Crake G. S. Davies Dmitri Merejkowski (trans.) Mrs. G. B. Webb Felix Dahn (trans.) W. Copland Perry W. H. G. Kingston F. W. Farrar Wilkie Collins Elizabeth Charles G. P. R. James Felix Dahn Felix Dahn Felix Dahn (trans.) George Gissing Justin Huntly McCarthy F. D. Guerrazzi Eugene Lee Hamilton Maurice Hewlett Emily Underdown Evelyn Gifford Madame James Darmes- teter Lytton 828 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ROME, ROMAN EMPIRE, and ITALY continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Castruccio Castracani, Duke of Lucca (Guelphs and Ghibellines, 14th century) Valperga Mary Shelley Milan about 1340 Margherita Pusterla Cesare Cantu Guelphs and Ghibellines in Milan and Lake Como District (early 14th century) Marco Visconti T. Grossi (trans.) A romance of Siena in the 14th century Felicita Christopher Hare Venice, late 14th century *The Lion of St. Mark (juv.) G. A. Henty Milan (ca. 1390-1402) *A Man-at-Arms Clinton Scollard Lippi the Painter (1412-1469) *Fra Lippo Lippi Margaret Vere Farring- ton Sforza Period (ca. 1470) *The Love Chase Maurice Hewlett The Medici (15th century Isabella Orsini F. D. Guerrazzi (trans.) Venice, 1470 Marietta F. Marion Crawford Life of the Middle Ages in Netherlands, Germany, France, and Italy *The Cloister and the Hearth Charles Reade Genoa, Italy, and America (1485- 1506) Westward with Columbus (juv.) W. Gordon Stables 14th century life 'Little Novels of Italy Maurice Hewlett Savonarola's crusade and death (ca. 1492-1498) Agnes of Sorrento Harriet Beecher Stowe Charles VIII's invasion of Italy, Caesar Borgia, and Leonardo da Leonora d'Orco; or, _ The Times of Cssar Borgia G. P. R. James Vinci (1494-149 5) Character and career of Leonardo da Vinci (1494-1519) *The Forerunner Dmitri Merejkowski The Rome of the Borgias (1495) Don Tarquinio : a Kataleptic Romance Fr. Rolfe Gonsalvo di Cordova (ca. 1496) *The Challenge of Barletta M. D'Azeglio (trans.) Florence Savonarola (1492-1509) Romola George Eliot The Borgias and Machiavelli (ca. 1500-1504) The Honour of Savelli Sidney Kilner Levett Yeats Early 16th century The Girlhood of Catherine de' Medici T. Adolphus Trollope Adventures in Renaissance times The Cloistering of Ursula Clinton Scollard The Borgias Valentino William Waldorf Astor ca. 1 500 Caesar Borgia Emma Robinson Florence Savonarola (1509) Desiderio Edmund G. Gardner Florence, 1 529-1 530 The Maid of Florence (Nic- colo de' Lapi) M. D'Azeglio (trans.) HISTORICAL NOVELS 829 ROME, ROMAN EMPIRE, and ITALY continued SUBJECT Benevenuto Cellini (1540) Milan (16th century) Tasso and Leonora d'Este (ca. 1565-1571) Venice in time of Tintoretto Venice and Florence in the later days of the Renaissance (1578) Late 1 6th century Republic v. Church in Venice (1565-1607) Venice, time of Fra Paolo Sarpi (ca. 1600) The Plague in Milan, 1630 1622-1685 The ten days' revolt in Naples against the Spanish domination (1647) 1686 17th century Rosicrucians (late 17th century) War of Spanish Succession Prince Eugene in Italy (1702) 1721-1741 Venice, Bohemia, Vienna, and Berlin (1 740-1 786) Italian society at the time of the French Revolution (1774-1795) Campaigns of Napoleon in Italy (ca. 1800) 1705-18151 1794-ca. 1800 A French privateer and Nelson (1798-1799) Battle of Maida (1806) Private life and manners at Rome (early 18th century) Ascanio Sforza; a Story of Milan Commentaries of Ser Panta- leone *The Master Mosaic Workers The Cardinal's Pawn Beatrice Cenci The Golden Book of Venice Signors of the Night The Betrothed John Inglesant The Company of Death The Key to the Riddle (juv.) Paul (V), the Pope, and Paul the Friar Zanoni Lally of the Brigade The Fool Errant, being the Memoirs of Francis Strelley, Esq., Citizen of Lucca Consuelo I The Countess of Rudolstadt ) The Valley of Decision Beatrice of Venice The Key of Paradise His Eminence: a Story of the Last Century Wing-and-Wing; or Le Fen- follet The Aide-de-Camp Tolla the Courtesan Alexandre Dumas (trans.) W. W. Astor Anne Manning George Sand (traps.) K. L. Montgomery F. D. Guerrazzi (trans.) Mrs. Lawrence Turnbull Max Pemberton Alessandro Manzoni (trans.) J. H. Shorthouse Albert Louis Cotton Margaret S. Comrie T. Adolphus Trollope Lord Lytton L. McManus Maurice Hewlett George Sand (trans.) Edith Wharton Max Pemberton Sidney Pickering Lady Helen Forbes J. Fenimore Cooper James Grant E. Rodocanachi 830 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ROME, ROMAN EMPIRE, and ITALY continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Apulia in the time of Franco- Austrian struggle The Silver Skull S. R. Crockett Young Italy before the Revolu- tion (1833-1846) *The Gadfly E. L. Voynich The fortunes of a legitimate son of the young Pretender Gerald Fitzgerald the Cheva- lier Charles Lever Life in 1835 Improvisatore; or, Life in Italy Hans Christian Ander- sen England and Italy (1835) Clara Hopgood W. Hale White [Mark Rutherford] The agricultural, domestic, and re- ligious life of the peasants of Romagna Beppo the Conscript Thomas Adolphus Trol- lope Conspiracies and revolution (1831) Lorenzo Benoni Giovanni Domenico Ruf- fini Italian Revolution (1848) *Dr. Antonio Giovanni Domenico Ruffini 1848-1859 Allegra Mary West 1848-1864 The Rule of the Monk Giuseppe Garibaldi The battlefields of Montebello and Palestro (1859) Silcote of Silcotes Henry Kingsley Life of Rome (1848) *Manasseh M. Jokai (trans.) Revolution (1848) *Vittoria George Meredith Revolution (1848) Mademoiselle Mori Margaret Roberts Revolution (1848) A Soldier for a Day E. Spender Venice in the Revolution (1848- 1849) Adria Alexander Nelson Hood Problems of modern Italy Tolla Edmond About War of Liberation (1859) Out With Garibaldi (juv.) G. A. Henty War of Liberation (1859) *For Freedom Tighe Hopkins Annals of a princely house (1865- ca. 1900) C*Saracinesca "j Sant 'Ilario (sequel) < Don Orsino (sequel) > Corleone: a Sicilian Story I (sequel) J F. Marion Crawford The tradespeople and lazzaroni of Naples (1872-1878) * Stories of Naples and the Camorra Charles Grant Bread Riots of 1898 and assassina- tion of King Humbert The Torchbearers Mary Bradford Whiting The Riots at Milan Frederic Uvedale Edward Hutton INDIA Queen Chand Beebee (16th cen- tury) A Noble Queen Meadows Taylor HISTORICAL NOVELS 831 INDIA continued Rise of the Mahrattas (1657) East India Company, 1697 Beginnings of English rule (1751- 1757) Black Hole of Calcutta and attend- ent incidences (i755-i757> Battle of Plassey (1757) Fifeshire and India (1780) Native life and character (18th century) Warren Hastings (1779-1785) The Nawab and The Begum of Bengal (late 18th century) Wars in India (1 788-1 789) Hindustan (ca. 1795-1804) Tippoo and the siege of Seringapa- tam ( 1 798-1 799) Mysore War (1799) Mogul empire; fights under Lord Lake (ca. 1800) Battle of Assaye Early 19th century Anarchy among the Mahrattas be- fore British occupation (early 19th century) Ochterlony's victorious campaign against the Gurkhas (18 14-18 15) ca. 1820-1830 The First Burmese War (1824- 1826) First Afghan War The Sikh War (1846) Second Sikh War and battle of Chillianwallah (ca. 1849) Anglo-Indian life before the Mu- tiny (ca. 1845) The period just before the Mutiny Frontier life The Mutiny in an up-country sta- tion (1857) Tara *In Furthest Ind With Clive in India (juv.) *Like Another Helen Ralph Darnell The Surgeon's Daughter Confessions of a Thug The Great Proconsul Chandra Shekhar Tippoo Sultaun A Free Lance in a Far Land The Duke's Own (juv.) The Tiger of Mysore (juv.) Before the British Raj At the Point of the Bayonet (juv.) The Old Missionary Pandurang Hari The Prisoner of the Gurkhas (juv.) The Young Zemindar On the Irrawaddy (juv.) To Herat and Cabul (juv.) Through the Sikh War (juv.) Oakfield The Wetherbys The Advanced Guard The Warden of the Marches The Dilemma Meadows Taylor Sydney C. Grier G. A. Henty Sydney C. Grier Meadows Taylor Scott Meadows Taylor Sydney C. Grier Rai Bahadoor Bankim Chandra Chatterjei Meadows Taylor Herbert E. Compton J. Percy Groves G. A. Henty Arthur Griffiths G. A. Henty Sir William Wilson Hunter Anonymous Frederick P.. Gibbon Horace Bickerstaff Rowney G. A. Henty G. A. Henty G. A. Henty W. Delafield Arnold John Lang Sydney C. Grier Sydney C. Grier Sir G. T. Chesney 832 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS INDIA continued. SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR The eight days of the escape from Delhi (1857) * Eight Days R. E. Forrest An English officer escaping from among the revolted Sepoys (1857) The Sword of Azrael R. E. Forrest Cawnpore, Delhi, Lucknow (1857) A Hero of Lucknow (juv.) F. Brereton The Mutiny (1857) For the Old Flag Clive Robert Fenn The Mutiny (1857) Terrible Times (juv.) G. P. Raines The Mutiny (1857) Stretton Henry Kingsley The Mutiny In Times of Peril (juv.) G. A. Henty Siege of Delhi and Massacre at Meerut (1857) *On the Face of the Waters Mrs. F. A. Steel The Mutiny (1857) Seeta Meadows Taylor Siege of Delhi (1857) Flotsam H. Seton Merriman Siege of Delhi (1857) Jenetha's Venture A. F. P. Harcourt The march to Cawnpore and the relief of Lucknow (1857) The Peril of the Sword A. F. P. Harcourt The Mutiny, siege of Delhi; por- traits of Nicholson Edwardes and the Lawrences (1857) The Disputed V. C. (juv.) Frederick P. Gibbon Annexation of Oudh and the siege and relief of Lucknow (1850 i860) With Sword and Pen H. C. Irwin The Mutiny in a small district Brenda's Experiment H. M. Greenhow Anglo-Indian life at Simla (1869- 1872) A True Reformer Sir George Tomkyns Chesney Through Afghan Passes (1877- 1878) For Name and Fame (juv.) G. A. Henty The Second Afghan War (1878- 1879) Helen Treveryan Sir Henry Mortimer Du- rand Second Afghan War (1 878-1 880) The Duke of Albany's High- landers James Grant Afghan Life *A Vizier's Daughter: a Tale of the Hazara War Lillias Hamilton The Burmese War A Galahad of the Creeks; and other Stories S. K. Levett Yeats The wars in Chitral, Tirah, and Kumassi Through Three Campaigns (juv.) G. A. Henty JAPAN Feudal Age (early 17th century) Hojo times For his People: being the True Story of Sogoro's Sac- rifice The Stolen Emperor Viscount Hayashi Mrs. Hugh Fraser HISTORICAL NOVELS 833 JAPAN continued SUBJECT In the fifties Japan at the outbreak of the Rus- sian war Russo-Japanese War Mito Yashiki The Breath of the Gods *Brown of Mukden A. C. Maclay Sydney McCall Herbert Strang SPAIN AND PORTUGAL St. Eucratida, one of the Martyrs of Saragossa (304 a.d.) Pedro the Cruel (1361) Period of Edward III of England (ca. 1363) Columbus and the Discovery of America (1469-1493) Conquest of Granada (1491 1492) Jewish Persecution in Spain (ca. 1492) Conquest of Granada (ca. 1492) Conquest of Granada (ca. 1492) Legends and fairy tales of the Al- hambra Battle of Pavia (1525) Flemish Struggle with Spain (1566) Seville; The Inquisition (1559) Moors and Christians in time of Philip II Time of Philip II Spain and Portugal: Charles I and Buckingham in Spain (1643) Life of the people (ca. 1600) In the days of the Inquisition (1687-1688) Campaign of the Earl of Peter- borough (1705) Brazil, and Portugal, and the earth- quake of Lisbon (1755) Cartagena and Quiberon (1758) The siege of Saragossa (1808-1809) Charles IV and Napoleon In Holiest Troth Agenor de Mauleon God, the King, my Brother (juv.) Mercedes of Castile Leila 'The Vale of Cedars The Black Disc Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada The Alhambra St. Leon L'Annee des Merveilles (In't Wonderjaer) The Spanish Brothers (juv.) In Fair Granada (juv.) *In the Palace of the King The Spanish Match *Don Quixote de la M'ancha A Flame of Fire The Bravest of the Brave; or, With Peterborough in Spain Torn from the Foundations (juv.) Fortune's My Foe *Saragossa Rafael Sister Mary Fidelis Alexandre Dumas Mary F. N. Roulet J. Fenimore Cooper Lytton Grace Aguilar Albert Lee Washington Irving Washington Irving William Godwin Hendrick Conscience Deborah Alcock E. Everett Green F. Marion Crawford W. Harrison Ainsworth Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Joseph Hocking G. A. Henty David Ker J. Bloundelle Burton B. Perez Galdos Ernest Daudet (trans, by Mrs. Cashel Hoey) 834 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS SPAIN AND PORTUGAL continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Peninsular War (Vittoria) The Story of a Scout J. Finnemore A village in Andalusia 1812) (1804- The Three-cornered Hat Don Pedro de Alarcon (trans. by Lady Goodenough) Queen Cristina and the (ca. 1829 1840) Carlists The Firebrand S. R. Crockett The Carlist insurrection 1840) (1829- Viva Christina (juv.) Edith E. Cowper The Carlist wars (1836) With the British Legion (juv.) G. A. Henty The Carlists In Kedar's Tents H. S. Merriman Carlist Insurrection (1868) The School for Saints Mrs. Craigie (John Oli- ver Hobbes) The Carlists (1870) *The Velvet Glove H. S. Merriman FRANCE Persecution of Christians at Nimes (beginning of 3rd century a.d.) Perpetua S. Baring-Gould Time of Clovis (465-511 a.d.) Ierne of Armorica J. C. Bateman The tale of Roncesvalles, and other episodes (8th century) Stories of Charlemagne and the Twelve Peers of France (juv.) A, J. Church Exploits of a Norse hero on sea and land (8th century) For the White Christ (juv .) Robert Ames Bennet Franks and Saxons in the Ar- dennes District (9th century A.D.) *Passe Rose A. S. Hardy Normandy Richard the Fearless (943-988 A.D.) *The Little Duke Charlotte M. Yonge The Waldenses Lyons in time of Pierre Waldo (ca. 11 79) *In His Name Edward Everett Hale Times of Richard Cceur-de-Lion (1188-1199) Richard Yea and Nay Maurice Hewlett Feudal France (ca. 1200) The Heart's Key Maurice Hewlett Struggle with John of England (ca. 1200-1214) Philip Augustus G. P. R. James Persecution of the Albigenses The Most Famous Loba Nellie K. Blisset (1207-1218) The young St. Louis (ca. 1230) Falaise of the Blessed Vo ice William Stearns Davis The Vaudois (middle 13th century) Julio (juv.) Mrs. J. B. Webb Troubadours The King's Fool Michael Barrington Obscure episodes in the history of the Middle Ages (1290-1595) A Mediaeval Garland Madame J. Darmesteter (A. Mary F. Robin- son) HISTORICAL NOVELS 835 FRANCE continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Gaston Phoebus, Count de Foix De Foix (juv.) Mrs. Bray (I343-I39I) Cressy and Poictiers, Manny and Chandos (1347-1365) *Brakespeare; or, The Fortunes of a Free Lance G. A. Lawrence The Hundred Years' War and Jacquerie (1358) The Jacquerie G. P. R. James The Hundred Years' _ War, the events of the Jacquerie, and old French family life, manners and customs (14th century) The Cross of Pearls (juv.) Mrs. Bearne Women under feudalism (1380) The Castle of Twilight Margaret H. Potter The Duke of Lancaster in France (1385) *The White Company Sir A. Conan Doyle Time of Charles VI (ca. 1400) A Lord of the Soil Hamilton Drummond Life of southern France (1424- 1483) By Weeping Cross Lady Laura Ridding Joan of Arc (ca. 1412-1431) *Days of Jeanne d'Arc Mary H. Catherwood Joan of Arc (ca. 1412-1431) Joan the Maid Elizabeth Charles Cherbourg at the time of Joan of Arc's rising (1429) Philip the Leal Madame James Darmes- teter Joan of Arc (1429 1431) *A Monk of Fife Andrew Lang Joan of Arc (1410-1431) Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, by the Sieur Louis de Conte Mark Twain Joan of Arc A Noble Purpose Nobly Won Anne Manning In Joan of Arc's days (ca. 1430) The White Standard (juv.) E. F. Pollard Joan of Arc (1429-1431) The Flower of France Justin Huntly McCar- thy Agnes Sorel, mistress of Charles VII (1431-1450) Our Lady of Beauty Lucas Cleeve The Dauphin Margaret, daughter of James I of Scotland (1446) The Ballads of the Dauphine Madame James Darmes- teter Guienne Time of Charles VII Noemi S. Baring-Gould Mediaeval Paris (15th century) Perronelle Valentine Hawtrey Feudalism (1464) The Countess of Dammartin Madame James Darmes- teter France and Flanders Louis XI (1468) *Quentin Durward Scott Charles the Bold, Margaret of An- jou (1474) *Anne of Geierstein Scott Life of the Middle Ages (ca. 1470) *The Cloister and the Hearth Charles Reade Paris (late 15th century) Notre Dame Victor Hugo (trans.) Chevalier de Bayard, Battle of Ravenna (1512) Under Bayard's Banner Henry Frith 836 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS FRANCE continued Reign of Francis I (ca. 1515-1547) Reign of Francis I (1518) Period of Francis I (1520) Battle of Pavia, sack of Rome, Bayard (1 523-1 527) Exploration of Canada Benvenuto Cellini (1540) Court life and adventure (ca. 1550) Jeanne, daughter of Marguerite d' Angouleme, sister of Francis I Francis I and Henri II of France (1521-1574) Francis I and Henri II of France (1521-1574) Geneva in the days of Calvin (ca. 1550-1560) Diana of Poictiers and Henry II of France (1558-1559) The Huguenot conspiracy of Am- boise (1560) Charles IX and the eve of St. Bartholomew (1550-1574) Catherine de' Medici and her Pol- icy (ca. 1570) The Guises and the French Re- ligious Wars ( 1 562-1 564) Coligny and the Huguenots (1564- 1568) St. Bartholomew (1 564-1 574) Period of 1567-1573 Religious Wars (1558 et seq.) The third religious war and St. Bartholomew (1569 1572) Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572) Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572) Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572) Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572) A Ward of the King The True Story of White Rose and the Fair Sibyl John of Strathbourne The Constable de Bourbon Marguerite de Roberval Ascanio Under the Rose The Gage of Red and White The Two Dianas The Page of the Duke of Sa- voy Under Calvin's Spell *The Brigand; or, Corse de Leon The Traitor's Way *A Chronicle of the Reign of Charles IX *About Catherine de' Medici A Cardinal and His Con- science I *For the Religion ) < *A Man of His Age J Gaston de Latour St. Bartholomew's Eve (juv.) *The Princess of Cleves The Man at Arms; or, Henri de Cerons The House of the Wolf *Count Hannibal The Chaplet of Pearls Marguerite de Valois Katherine S. Macquoid Madame J. Darmesteter R. D. Chetwode W. Harrison Ainsworth T. G. Marquis Dumas (trans.) Frederic S. Isham Graham Hope Dumas (trans.) Dumas (trans.) Deborah Alcock G. P. R. James S. K. Levett Yeats Prosper Merimee (trans.) Balzac (trans.) Graham Hope Hamilton Drummond Walter Pater G. A. Henty Marie de La Fayette G. P. R. James Stanley Weyman Stanley Weyman Charlotte M. Yonge Dumas (trans.) HISTORICAL NOVELS 837 FRANCE continued SUBJECT Court of Henry III (1578) Court of Henry III (1585) 'The Admirable Crichton " (1560- 1585) France and Poland (1570-1626) Henry of Guise (1578-1589) Period of the League (1588-1589) Life at a ducal court (16th cen- tury) Henry of Navarre Henry of Navarre (1584) The Three Henries (ca. 1588) Henry of Navarre Assassination of 2nd Duke of Guise and the battle of Ivry (1589-1590) Battle of Ivry (1590) Henry of Navarre Henry of Navarre Early pioneers in Florida Struggles of the League and the Huguenots (late 16th century) Religious wars (late 16th century) Richelieu (1602-1617) Strolling players (1610-1643) Richelieu and Anne of Austria (1625-1628) Scottish Guard (1634-1637) Time of Richelieu (ca. 1635) Time of Richelieu (1637) Time of Richelieu Conspiracy of Cinq Mars (1642) Conspiracy against Richelieu (1642) Time of Mazarin, Anne of Austria, and Conde Mazarin and Madame de Chevreuse *La Dame de Monsoreau The Forty-Five *Crichton The Lord of Lowedale (juv.) An Enemy to the King *A Gentleman of France The Secret of Narcisse The King's Henchman ) Under the Spell of the > Fleur de Lis ) A King's Pawn Henry of Guise; or, the States of Blois Chevalier D'Auriac One in a Thousand Rose d'Albret The Helmet of Navarre From the Memoirs of a Min- ister of France Dominique's Vengeance In Kings' Byways: Short Stories The Abbess of Vlaye His Heart's Desire *Captain Fracasse The Three Musketeers Arthur Blane; or the Hundred Cuirassiers Under the Red Robe The Man in Black Richelieu *Cinq Mars Marie de Mancini The Silver Cross Dumas (trans.) Dumas (trans.) Harrison Ainsworth R. D. Chetwode Robert N. Stephens Stanley Weyman Edmund Gosse W. H. Johnson Hamilton Drummond G. P. R. James S. Levett Yeats G. P. R. James G. P. R. James Bertha Runkle Stanley Weyman E. Everett Green Stanley J. Weyman Stanley J. Weyman Katharine S. Macquoid Theophile Gautier Dumas James Grant Stanley Weyman Stanley Weyman G. P. R. James A. de Vigny (trans.) Madame Sophie Gay (trans.) S. R. Keightley 838 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS FRANCE continued SUBJECT Paris in Mazarin's time and Can- ada Plots and Battles of the New Fronde (ca. 1 642-1 648) Mazarin and Anne of Austria .(ca. 1642-1655) Early Louis XIV period War of the Fronde. Sequel to "The Chaplet of Pearls" (1648- 1653) Court intrigues in the days of Louis XIV (1648) Regency of Anne of Austria (1648- 1649) Imprisonment of the Prince de Conde (1650) Time of Mazarin Port Royal (ca. 1650) Louis XIV and Mazarin's minis- try (1660-1671) Turkish Wars (1 663-1 664) Marquis de Brinvilliers, the poi- soner (1665 1676) Protestant religious story of the reign of Louis XVI (1675) Louis XIV Old and New World Louis XIV Old and New World (ca. 1680) Old and New Worlds (ca. 1680) Madame de Maintenon Hugue- not family Wars of Turenne Old Anjou Towards end of the Louvois Min- istry (1687) The Dragonnades (1 683-1 687) Poitou at time of the Dragonnades and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) Last days of the Dragonnades Henri de Tonti The Grey Cloak John Marston Hall Sister Louise; or the Story of a Woman's Repentance Captain Satan Stray Pearls (juv.) His Indolence of Arras Twenty Years After The War of Women The Lovers of Yvonne The Friends of Pascal (juv.) *The Vicomte de Bragelonne The Golden Fleece The Marchioness of Brinvil- liers The Preacher and the King The Refugees The Black Wolf's Breed Margot, the Court Shoemak- er's Child The King's Signet (juv.) The Clash of Arms The Heiress of the Forest (juv.) *In the Day of Adversity Asylum Christi (juv.) The Huguenot Jacques Bonneval A Rose of Normandy Harold MacGrath G. P. R. James G. J. Whyte Melville Louis Gallet (trans.) Charlotte M. Yonge W. J. Eccott Alexandre Dumas (trans.) Alexandre Dumas Rafael Sabatine D. Alcock Alexandre Dumas Amedee Achard (trans.) Albert Smith L. F. Bungener Sir Arthur Conan Doyle H. Dickson Millicent E. Mann Eliza Pollard J. Bloundelle Burton Eleanor C. Price J. Bloundelle Burton E. Gilliat G. P. R. James Anne Manning William R. A.Wilson HISTORICAL NOVELS 839 FRANCE continued SUBJECT Ireland, Brittany, Paris and Mar- tinique The slave-market (i697-699) Persecution of the Huguenots, and Jean Cavalier's rising in the Cevennes (i 702-1 704) . The Camisards and their leader, Jean Cavalier (1 702-1 704) The close of Louis XVI's reign (1708-1716) Protestants in the Cevennes at time of Jean Cavalier and the Cami- sards Louisiana under Iber- ville, Crozat, and Cadillac (ca. 1710-1720) Louis XIV's last days and the Regency of Orleans Conspiracy of Cellamare (1718) Final stages of the conspiracy of Cellamare (1719) The Regency (ca. 1720) The Orleans Regency; the plague at Marseilles (1 715-1723) John. Law (1716-1720) Mississippi scheme (1 705-1 729) Reign of Louis XV Time of Mme. de Pompadour The Court of Versailles, the Peace of Utrecht, and the Jacobites (1712-1722) Maurice Saxe, Adrienne Lecouv- reur, and Voltaire Cardinal Fleury the Jesuits (1727-1729) Rebellion in Corsica (1735) Court of Louis XV and the camps and battlefields of the Low Countries (1740-17 50) Versailles, Paris, and Maryland (1741-1748) Fontainebleau Madame de Pompadour (Irish Bri- gade stories) Adventure in time of Louis XV The Singer of Marly The Scourge of God Flower o' the Corn Sylvandire The Siege of Lady Resolute Cerise *Le Chevalier d'Harmenthal *The Regent's Daughter From Behind the Arras Servants of Sin *The Mississippi Bubble John Law, the Projector A Broken Rosary The Hand of Leonare SA Kent Squire ? Gwynett of Thornhaugh J Francezka *01ympe de Cleves King for a Summer " No. 101 " The House of Demailly The Little Huguenot (juv.) The Last Recruit of Clare's (juv.) The Favor of Princes I. Hooper J. Bloundelle Burton S. R. Crockett Alexandre Dumas Harris Dickson G. J. Whyte Melville Alexandre Dumas (trans.) Alexandre Dumas (trans.) Mrs. Philip C. de Cres- pigny J. Bloundelle Burton Emerson Hough W. Harrison Ainsworth Edward Peple H. Noel Williams F. W. Hayes Molly Elliot Seawell Dumas (trans.) E. Pickering Wymond Carey Margaret Horton Potter Max Pemberton S. R. Keightley Mark Lee Luther 840 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS FRANCE continued SUBJECT The reigns of Madame de Pompa- dour and Madame de Barry (1770-1774) Court life at the close of Louis XV's reign (1774) The Diamond Necklace Affair (1784-1785) Early Revolutionary forces in Provincial France Church and State (1 788-1 789) Revolutionary period (1789-1815) Storming of the Bastile (1789) Hocke, Danton, and Robespierre (1789-1793) Valley of the Rhone (1789) The Marseilles Battalion; the Ter- ror; and the Royalists in the South (1792-1815) The flight, the arrest, and the death of the King and Queen (1789-1794) The Republic before the advent of Napoleon (1 792-1 793) Reign of Terror (1 789-1 794) Reign of Terror (1793) Aristocrats in captivity (1793) The Chouans (1 790-1 793) The American Embassy at Paris during the Revolution La Vendee (1793) Execution of Marie Antoinette (i793) The Reign of Terror (1793) The Rising in La Vendee (1791- 1796) Guerrilla fighting in La Vendee (1 791-1796) Caroline of Denmark and Marie Antoinette (1772-1793) Royalists in Paris (1793) Camille Desmoulins Memoirs of a Physician Monsieur de Chauvelin's Will The Queen's Necklace *A Romance of Dijon In Exitu Israel The Story of a Peasant Ange Pitou Robert Tournay *The Red Cockade ( *The Reds of the Midi ) < *The Terror > ( *The White Terror ) *La Comtesse de Charny Madame Therese (juv.) *A Tale of Two Cities The Woman with the Velvet Necklace A Girl of the Multitude (Eglee) The Little Saint of God Calvert of Strathore *Ninety-three Chevalier de Maison Rouge The Year One No Surrender (juv.) Foes of the Red Cockade (juv.) Two Queens An Episode of the Terror Crowned with the Immortals Dumas (trans.) Dumas (trans.) Dumas (trans.) M. Betham Edwards S. Baring-Gould E. Erckmann and A. Chatrian Dumas (trans.) William Sage Stanley J. Weyman Felix Gras (trans.) Dumas (trans.) Erckmann and Chatrian Dickens Dumas (trans.) W. H. Trowbridge Lady Fairlie Cunning- ham Carter Goodloe Victor Hugo Dumas (trans.) J. Bloundelle Burton G. A. Henty F. S. Brereton J. G. L. Hesekiel H. de Balzac Mrs. Hylton Dale HISTORICAL NOVELS 841 FRANCE continued SUBJECT The Terror Adventures of a Westminster boy The Reign of Terror (1793) Art student in the Terror (1793) Cascony (1793) Paris, Charlotte Corday, and the Luxembourg (1792-1793) Battle of Jersey and the French Revolution (1781-1815) Marat, Robespierre and Camille Desmouhns Paris during the Terror (1777- 1793) Normandy time of Charlotte Cor- day Danton's career The Terror England, Bury St. Edmunds, and France The Terror Batz conspiracy Robespierre (1794) Son of Louis XVI (1795-1815) The Dauphin (Louis XVII) The Dauphin (Louis XVII) Rise of Napoleon (1 793-1799) Royalist Conspiracy under the Con- sulate Royalist struggle in Brittany (1799-1800) Royalist insurrection in Vendee and Brittany (1799-1800) Napoleon and Josephine Georges Cadoudal and the Breton peasantry's conspiracy against Napoleon (1 803-1 804) Napoleon and a Parisian actress (1804) Napoleonic schemes for Invasion of England Nicole In the Reign of Terror (juv.) In the Lion's Mouth (juv.) *The Atelier du Lys On the Edge of the Storm Citoyenne Jacqueline The Battle of the Strong Mademoiselle Mathilde The Adventures of Francois Founder The Dream Charlotte A Storm-Rent Sky The Adventures of the Comte la Muette Our Lady of Darkness The Red Shirts *At the Sign of the Guillotine *Lazarre The Shadow of a Throne A Castle in Spain The Whites and the Blues The Adventures of a Gold- smith *The Chouans The Companions of Jehu Romance of the First Consul General George The Fortunes of Fifi Uncle Bemac Owen Johnson G. A. Henty Eleanor C. Price Margaret Roberts Margaret Roberts Sarah Tytler Gilbert Parker Henry Kingsley S. Weir Mitchell M. Betham Edwards M. Betham Edwards Bernard Capes Bernard Capes Paul Gaulot (trans.) Harold Spender Mary Hartwell Cather- wood F. W. Hayes Bernard Capes Alexandre Dumas (trans.) M. H. Bourchier Balzac (trans.) Alexandre Dumas (trans.) Mathilda Mailing (trans.) Moreton Hall M. E. Seawell Sir A. Conan Doyle THE HISTORY OF NATIONS FRANCE continued SUBJECT Fouche, etc. (1806- Napoleon, 1815) Westphalia under Jerome Bona- parte (1807-1813) French Wars, Consulate and Em- pire (1783-1812) Napoleonic Wars, the French at- tempt in Ireland (1 793-1809) Time of Napoleon Time of Napoleon Places and manners in Auvergne (1804) The Chouans and Georges Cadou-- dal (1804-1814) Invasion of Tyrol (1809) Russian campaign (1 805-1 820) Madame Walewska's self-abandon- ment to Napoleon for her coun- try's sake (1806-1812) Joseph Bonaparte's usurpation of the throne of Spain (1808-1813) Peninsular War (1808-18 10) Anjou and contemporary politics (1811) Napoleon's Russian campaign Napoleon's Russian campaign Napoleon and his time Napoleonic Wars Napoleon's Russian campaign Jean Lafitte and Napoleon Napoleon's Russian campaign (181 2) Mecklenburg during French occu- pation (1813) Napoleon and his time Invasion of France by the Allies Napoleon at Elba A Boy of the First Empire (juv.) Love and Honour Tom Burke of " Ours " Maurice Tiernay, the Soldier of Fortune A Prisoner of War (juv.) The Island of the English Madeleine; a Tale of Auvergne The House of the Combrays ( With the Red Eagle ) I A Red Bridal (sequel) J *War and Peace Napoleon's Love Story The King's Revoke Dona Ysabel Angelot Kenneth (juv.) Through Russian Snows (juv.) Face to Face With Napo- ) leon (juv.) I In the Year of Water- f loo (juv.) ) I! Exploits of Brigadier Gerard The Adventures of Gerard Barlasch of the Guard Lafitte of Louisiana Moscow In the Year '13 The Conscript The Blockade Vengeance is Mine AUTHOR Elbridge S. Brooks M. E. Carr Charles Lever Charles Lever G. Norway Frank Cowper Julia Kavanagh G. Le Notre William Westall Count L. Tolstoy (trans.) Waclaw Gasiorowski Margaret L Woods Mathilda Mailing (trans.) Eleanor C. Price Charlotte M. Yonge G. A. Henty O. V. Caine Sir A. Conan Doyle Henry Seton Merriman Mary Devereu Fred Whishaw Frit* Reuter Erckmann and Chatrian (trans.) Erckmann and Chatrian (trans.) Andrew Balfour HISTORICAL NOVELS 843 FRANCE continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Napoleon at Elba Grantley Fenton M. M. Blake The Hundred Days (1815) *The Shadow of the Sword R. Buchanan Battle of Waterloo (1815) Waterloo Erckmann and Chatrian (trans.) Waterloo *The Great Shadow Sir A. Conan Doyle Waterloo (1815) *Les Miserables Victor Hugo (trans.) Napoleon's return (1815) The Hundred Days Max Pemberton Duchesse de Berri (1 831-1832) The She Wolves of Machecoul Alexandre Dumas (trans.) Duchesse de Berri ( 183 1 1832) The Fiery Dawn M. E. Coleridge Society under Louis Philippe Madelon Edmond About Revolution of 1848 Journeyman Love Maud Stepney Rawson Louis Philippe and Napoleon III (1848-1868) Ishmael M. E. Braddon Revolution of 1848 A Man of the People (juv.) Erckmann and Chatrian The court life of Louis Philippe and the sanguinary events of the Third Revolution (1848) A Romance of the Tuileries Francis Grible The Coup d' Etat (1848) The Mysteries of Marseilles Emile Zola The Dauphin, Louis XVII (1849- 1850) *The Last Hope H. Seton Merriman Effect of the Revolution of 1848 on The Fortunes of the Rougons Emile Zola the provinces After the Coup d'etat of 1848 *The Conquest of Plassans Emile Zola Eugene Rouher *His Excellency Emile Zola Contrasts the old-fashioned noblesse with the bourgeois Mile, de la Seigliere Jules Saudean Manners and morals in mid-ioth century Paris The Sentimental Education Gustave Flaubert War with Algiers (1871) A Campaign in Kabylia Erckmann and Chatrian Napoleon III The Member for Paris E. C. Grenville Murray Corsica (1 858-1870) The Isle of Unrest H. S. Merriman Franco-German War from the standpoint of the ceded Prov- inces (1870-1871) Story of the Plebiscite (juv.) Erckmann and Chatrian (trans.) The Commune (1870-1871) The Dayspring W. Barry The Commune The Parisians Lytton The Franco-German War and The Commune (1870-1871) The Maids of Paradise Robert W. Chambers Franco-German War Lorraine Robert W. Chambers 844 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS FRANCE continued SUBJECT Franco-German War Worth and Strassburg Siege of Strassburg (1871) Wissembourg and Worth Mars la Tour, Gravelotte, and other battlefields in the Franco-German War Franco-Prussian War Franco-German War Sedan and Paris Sedan Metz and Sedan Crown Prince of Germany- Paris Escape of the Empress The Commune Siege of Paris Franco-German War Franco-Prussian War (1 870-1 871) Paris life during the Siege Franco-German War and the siege of Paris Life in the provinces during Fran- co-Prussian War Brittany and the Franco-Prussian War A tale of two sieges of Paris Paris Commune Algerian war (1871) The Garden of Swords Max Kromer (juv.) The Castle of the White Flag (juv.) John of Gerisau The Young Franc-Tireurs (juv.) "The Downfall Valentin "The Disaster The Crimson Wing Ashes of Empire 'The Commune Robert Helmont The Attack on the Mill; and other Sketches of War Under the War Clouds (juv.) Workman and Soldier (juv.) Under the Iron Flail Iseulte The White Month A Woman of the Commune (juv.) The Red Republic A Modern Legionary Max Pemberton Hesba Stretton Evelyn Everett Green John Oxenham G. A. Henty Emile Zola Henry Kingsley Paul and Victor Mar- gueritte H. C. Chatfield Taylor Robert W. Chambers Paul and Victor Mar- gueritte Alphonse Daudet Emile Zola Eliza F. Pollard J. Cobb John Oxenham C. L. H. Dempster Frances M. Peard G. A. Henty Robert W. Chambers John Patrick Le Poer ENGLAND Beowulf; Arthur and the Round Table; Treasure of the Nibelungs (Legendary) Roman invasion; Boadicea; Burning of Rome (ca. 60-70 a.d.) Druids and Romans (middle 2nd century) Heroes of Chivalry and Ro- mance (juv.) Beric, the Briton (juv.) One Traveller Returns A. J. Church G. A. Henty David Christie Murray and Henry Herman HISTORICAL NOVELS 845 ENGLAND continued SUBJECT Early Christianity in Britain (2nd century) Early Christianity in Britain 3rd century A tale of the tenth persecution in Britain (3rd century) A tale of the Roman British Church (3rd century) Rome and Britain (3rd century) Roman occupation of Britain (4th century) Evacuation of Britain by the Ro- mans (306451 A.D.) King Arthur's father and mother (ca. 490 A.D.) Arthurian legends Briton and Angle in the days of the Saxon conquest of Deira (Yorkshire) (ca. 547) Mission of St. Augustine (597 A.D.) Old Grimsby and Lincoln (6th cen- tury) The conversion of the Surrey Bor- der in the time of Ethelbert Edwin of Northumbria (the Bret- walda), the introduction of Chris- tianity into Deira, the coming of Augustine (ca. 600-630 a.d.) Early 7th century Conversion of the early Saxons The conversion of Northumbria (7th century) The times of St. Aidan (636-651 a.d.) The Saxons in the Isle of Wight Days of the Heptarchy (ca. 792 A.D.) Viking raids (middle 9th century) The Vikings (middle 9th century) Edmund the Martyr (9th century) Alfred's boyhood Daybreak in Britain (juv.) Edol the Druid (juv.) The Romans in Britain (juv.) The Camp on the Severn The Villa of Claudi No. XIII; or, The Story of the Lost Vestal A Duke of Britain The Count of the Saxon Shore (juv.) Uther and Igraine The Story of King Arthur and his Knights (juv.) Builders of the Waste Imogene (juv.) Havelock, the Dane (juv.) The Shaven Crown (juv.) The Paladins of Edwin the Great (juv.) Sketches of Christian Life in England in the Olden Time St. Cedd's Cross (juv.) The Son of ylla (juv.) A Scholar of Lindisfarne (juv.) Caed walla (juv.) A King's Comrade (juv.) A Thane of Wessex (juv.) The Thrall of Leif the Lucky The Wooing of Osyth (juv.) The King's Sons (juv.) O. E. W. H. G. Kingston Mrs. Jerome Mercier A. D. Crake E. L. Cutts Emma Marshall Sir H. Maxwell A. J. Church and R. Putnam Warwick. Deeping Howard Pyle Thorpe Forre Emily S. Holt C. W. Whistler M. Bramston Sir Clements R. Mark- ham Elizabeth Charles E. L. Cutts Gertrude Hollis Gertrude Hollis Frank Cowper C. W. Whistler C. W. Whistler Ottilie A. Liljencrantz Kate T. Sizer G. Manville Fenn 846 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued Alfred's boyhood, St. Boniface, etc. A Story of Saga the Dane (871- 878 A.D.) Alfred's fights with the Danes in Wessex and elsewhere Edward Atheling, Siege of Roches- ter, and the refounding of London (885 A.D.) Saxon and Dane (871901) First English Fleet Winchester, the Danes, etc. Alfred and his times (ca. 871896 A.D.) Early British Christians King Alfred's times The Danes The Northmen (913-945 a.d.) Dunstan (955-958 a.d.) The times of Dunstan Saxon slavery in Sherwood Forest (late 10th century) Her brave defence of Corfe Castle Last struggle of British against Danes (early nth century) Danes in East Anglia Danes in Wessex; Canute (ca. 1016) Edmund Ironside and Canute Edward the Confessor (middle Ilth century) The Norman Conquest (ca. 1066) The Norman Conquest (ca. 1066) The Norman Conquest (ca. 1066) The Norman Conquest (ca. 1066) The Norman Conquest (1070) The Norman Conquest (1066 1099) Annals of an Anglo-Saxon Family (juv.) In Alfred's Days (juv.) Hastings the Pirate (juv.) *God Save King Alfred The Dragon and the Raven (juv.) King Alfred's Viking (juv.) A Hero King A Lion of Wessex Glastonbury (juv.) Twixt Daydawn and Light (juv.) The Black Danes (juv.) *Thorstein of the Mere: a Saga of the Northmen in Lake- land Edwy the Fair The Sins of a Saint (juv.) The Wages of Battle Brave Dame Mary (juv.) King Olaf's Kinsman Wulfric the Weapon Thane *Alfgar the Dane The Ward of King Canute Edward the Exile Hereward the Wake Harold; or the last of the Saxon Kings William the Conqueror Wulf the Saxon The Camp of Refuge The Rival Heirs Elizabeth Charles Paul Creswick Paul Creswick E. Gilliat G. A. Henty C. W. Whistler Eliza F. Pollard Tom Bevan Mrs. A. Payne Gordon Stables Anonymous W. G. Collingwood A. D. Crake J. R. Aitken W. H. Herbert Anonymous C. W. Whistler C. W. Whistler A. D. Crake Ottilie A. Liljencrantz Mary M. Davidson Charles Kingsley Lytton Sir Charles Napier G. A. Henty Charles Macfarlane A. D. Crake HISTORICAL NOVELS 847 ENGLAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR The last struggle against the Con- queror (1073 1096) The Siege of Norwich Castle (juv.) M. M. Blake 1087-1100 Rufus; or the Red King J. Gregor Grant Reign of William Rufus (ca. 1100) In the Days of St. Anselm Gertrude Hollis The England of William Rufus (ca. 1 1 00) Count Robert of Paris Sir Walter Scott End of reign of William Rufus (1100) The Red King's Burial (juv.) H. Cadwallader Adams The Norman Kings (1 100 1 135) Pabo, the Priest S. Baring Gould Social conditions in the time of Stephen (1136) The Serf C. Ranger Gull Wars of Stephen and Matilda; excellent description of the anti- Jewish outbreak at Norwich (1137-1146) For King or Empress (juv.) C. W. Whistler Period of Stephen The Knight of the Golden Chain (juv.) R. D. Chetwode Wars of Stephen and Matilda (1137-1158) A Legend of Reading Abbey Charles Macfarlane Wallingford Castle (middle 12th century) Brian Fitzcourt A. D. Crake Convent life (middle 12th century) Westminster Cloisters M. Bidder Plantagenet Period Court Life under the Plan- tagenets Hubert Hall Henry II, Hugh of Lincoln, Robin Hood, and Clym of the Clough (1 1861200) Forest Outlaws (juv.) E. Gilliat Henry II Wales (1187) The Betrothed Sir Walter Scott Thomas a Becket *Der Heilige C. F. Meyer Henry II, Richard I, and Robin Hood *Maid Marian Thomas Love Peacock Richard as Prince and King Europe and the East (1188-1199) *The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay Maurice Hewlett Richard I Yorkshire and Leices- tershire (1194) *Ivanhoe Scott Crusades With Richard the Fearless: a tale of the Red Crusade (juv.) Paul Creswick The Third Crusade Lady Sybil's Choice (juv.) Emily S. Holt Rosamond and Becket (late 12th century) The Lady and the Priest Mrs. Maberley The Third Crusade Brothers in Arms (juv.) F. B. Harrison The Third Crusade Sir Geoffrey de Skeffington Bryan W. Ward Reign of Henry II (late 12th cen- tury) Fair Rosamond Thomas Miller 848 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued Londoners against their Norman oppressors (1192-1196) Richard I Robin Hood (1192) Time of John Robin Hood Manners, customs, dress, life, and ideas of the 12th and 13th cen- turies Time of John Papal Interdict (1208 1212) Monastic life in the time of King John Time of John the Charter (1215- 1218) The Great Charter Sherwood Forest (ca. 1200) Sherwood Forest Robin Hood days Robin Hood Robin Hood Robin Hood Robin Hood Period of Henry III (1224 1227) Period of Henry III Hampshire and France The days of Roger Bacon (middle 1 2th century) Prince Edward Simon de Montfort; the Barons' Wars, and the Welsh marches (1262) The Barons' Wars (1264 1265) The Barons' Wars (1264-1265) The Barons' Wars (12641265) Oxford, Kenilworth, Battle of Lewes (1264) Kenilworth in the time of the Ba- rons' Wars Longbeard; or, the Revolt of the Saxons In Lincoln Green (juv.) Wolf's Head (juv.) *The Forest Lovers Royston Gower Uncanonized Runnymede and Lincoln Fair Spurs and Bride (juv.) Robin Hood, Romance of the English Forest Robin Hood; or, The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest The Boy Foresters (juv.) The Romantic History of Robin Hood The Life and Adventures of Robin Hood Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (juv.) Robin Hood and his Adven- tures (juv.) The Robber Baron of Bedford Castle A Stout English Bowman (juv.) John o' London The Forest Prince The Adventures of Humfrey Chatteris (juv.) The House of Walderne (juv.) How I Won My Spurs *A Clerk of Oxford Princess Adelaide (juv.) Charles Mackay E. Gilliat E. Gilliat Maurice Hewlett Thomas Miller Margaret H. Potter J. G. Edgar Gertrude Hollis A. Alexander Pierce Egan the Younger Anne Bowman Barry Pain John B. Marsh Howard Pyle Paul Creswick A. J. Foster and E. E. Cuthell E. A. Pickering S. Gibney Bryan W. Ward Sheila E. Braine A. D. Crake J. G. Edgar E. Everett Green Emily S. Holt HISTORICAL NOVELS 84.9 ENGLAND continued Henry III, De Montfort, Robin Hood (1265) Henry III and the 8th Crusade Hubert de Burgh Reign of Edward I (1273) Welsh Wars (1275) Welsh wars Edward I's children Edward II Edward III Period of Edward III Welsh border warfare Crecy, Poictiers, and Calais Cregy and Poictiers Invasion of France and Battle of Cregy (1346) The Black Prince Black Prince, Van Artevelde, and Manny (1347) Edward Ill's time Black Death (ca. 1348-1350) Black Prince in Spain (middle 14th century) Black Prince in Spain Time of Edward III Edward III Winchelsea and Rye (ca. 1377) Sir John Chandos and other knights in England, France, and Spain Philippa de Rouet, Chaucer's wife, and her sister, the wife of John of Gaunt (ca. 1360-1396) Peasant Revolt (1379-1385) Peasant Revolt Kent, Wat Tyler, and Chaucer (1380) The Black Death and the Peasants' Revolt (1381) Peasant Revolt in Herts and Essex (1381) Richard II, Will Langland, Chaucer, Wat Tyler, and the Peasant Re- volt leaders (1381) Forest Days "The Prince and the Page (juv.) The Constable's Tower The Merchant and the Friar *The King's Reeve (juv.) The Lord of Dyneover (juv.) My Lady Joanna (juv.) In the Shadow of the Crown The Countess Alys (in " New Canterbury Tales ") In the Days of Chivalry (juv.) St. George for England (juv.) With the Black Prince Cregy and Poictiers Hugh the Messenger The Gathering of Brother Hilarius The Lances of Lynwood Agenor De Mauleon God, the King, my Brother (juv.) God Save England I Eric the Archer (juv.) In Chaucer's Maytime Robert Annys, Poor Prit John Standish Red Dickon the Outlaw (juv.) The Banner of St. George Long Will G. P. R. James Charlotte M. Yonge Charlotte M. Yonge Sir Thomas T. Palgrave E. Gilliat E. Everett Green E. Everett Green M. Bidder Maurice Hewlett E. Everett Green G. A. Henty W. O. Stoddard J. G. Edgar Gertrude Hollis Michael Fairless Charlotte M. Yonge Dumas (trans.) Mary F. Nixon Roulet F. Breton Maurice H. Hervey Emily Richings Annie Nathan Meyer E. Gilliat Tom Bevan M. Bramston Florence Converse 850 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued SUBJECT Peasants' Revolt (1381) Peasants' Revolt (1381) Black Prince, Du Guesclin, and Chandos (1385) Peasant Revolt and Flanders Battle of Otterbourne (1388) Struggles on the Welsh and Scotch Borders (14001425) Welsh rebellion against Henry IV: Hotspur, Glendower, and Morti- mer (1400) The days of Prince Hal Henry IV to Henry V Lyndhurst District and Winchester Sir John Oldcastle Falstaff and Agincourt (1413-1415) Henry V (1413-1415) The White Hoods of Paris (1415) Henry V and the Princess Cath- erine of France (1417) Bohemia, Prague, Burgstein, and England (1422-1432) Sisters of James II of Scotland Wars of the Roses (1422-1435) A Canterbury pilgrimage in the time of Jack Cade's rebellion (1450) Wars of the Roses The King- maker, Charles the Bold, etc. (1467) Wars of the Roses Richard of Gloucester (ca. 1471) Struggle of Lancaster and York Wars of the Roses Richard of Gloucester Wars of the Roses - Tewkesbury Prince Edward, son of Henry VI (1459-1485) Edward IV and Warwick the King- maker and the battle of Barnet (1467-1471) The Mediation of Ralph Har- delot The Dream of John Ball *The White Company A March on London (juv.) Otterbourne Both Sides of the Border Cambria's Chieftain (juv.) *Every Inch a King In the Days of Prince Hal A Champion of the Faith Coronation Agincourt At Agincourt (juv.) When Spurs were Gold (juv.) The Cardinal's Page Two Penniless Princesses (juv.) The Old English Baron *Brazenhead the Great Grisly Grissell The Black Arrow (juv.) The Wars of the Roses (juv.) How Dickon Came by His Name (in " The Deserter and other Stories ") Where Avon Into Severn Flows (in " The Deserter and other Stories ") In the Wars of the Roses The Last of the Barons William Minto William Morris Sir A. Conan Doyle G. A. Henty Edward Duros G. A. Henty Evelyn Everett Green Josephine C. Sawyer H. Erlington J. M, Callwell Bernard Hamilton G. P. R. James G. A. Henty Russell M. Gamier James Baker Charlotte M. Yonge Clara Reeve Maurice Hewlett Charlotte M. Yonge Robert Louis Stevenson J. G. Edgar Harold Frederic Harold Frederic Eveleyn Everett Green Lytton HISTORICAL NOVELS 851 ENGLAND continued SUBJECT Wars of the Roses Wars of the Roses Margaret of Anjou Margaret of Anjou Wars of the Roses Wars of the Roses Wars of the Roses Battle of Tewkesbury (1471-1485) London, Wales, Brecknock Castle Battle of Bosworth (1483-1485) Richard III Henry VII Time of Henry VII Carisbrooke Castle (1488) Time of Henry VII Shrewsbury Last years of Henry VII; with Henry VIII as Prince of Wales The rising of Perkin Warbeck .(1492-1499) Northumberland and the Border in reigns of Henry VII-VIII (1497- 1513) Time of Wolsey Field of the Cloth of Gold (1519) Early years of reign of Henry VIII up to Fall of Wolsey Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk and Mary Tudor Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk Wolsey, Cranmer, etc. (1527) More and Erasmus (1522-1535) The dawn of Protestantism; Can- terbury Anne Boleyn Wolsey, Anne Boleyn, and Jane Seymour (1 529-1 536) Anne Boleyn and Wolsey (1529- 1543) In Steel and Leather White Wyvill and Red Ruth- ven (juv.) A Stormy Life For the Red Rose (juv.) The Chantrey Priest of Barnet (juv.) Red and White (juv.) The Queen's Man (juv.) Malvern Chase Red Rose and White The Woodman Perkin Warbeck The Captain of the Wight Wild Humphry Kynaston *The Heir of Hascombe Hall (juv.) A Trusty Rebel (juv.) The Arrow of the North "Darnley The Armourer's Prentices (juv.) "When Knighthood Was in Flower The White Oueen Westminster Abbey The Household of Sir Thomas More Tonford Manor: a pre-Refor- mation Story My Friend Anne (juv.) Windsor Castle Defender of the Faith R. H. Forster Eveleyn Everett Green Lady Georgiana Fuller- ton Eliza F. Pollard A. J. Church Emily S. Holt Eleanor C. Price W. S. Symonds Alfred Armitage G. P. R. James Mary Shelley Frank Cowper H. Hudson Eveleyn Everett Green Mrs. H. Clarke R. H. Forster G. P. R. James Charlotte M. Yonge Charles Major Russell M. Gamier Emma Robinson Anne Manning Sardius Hancock Jessie Armstrong W. Harrison Ainsworth Frank Mathew 852 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued SUBJECT Tyndal, Cardinal de la Pole, early years of the Reformation Destruction of the Monasteries dS36) More, Fisher, and Cromwell (ca. IS35-I539) Thomas Cromwell Wolsey (1535) Pilgrimage of Grace in Lincolnshire (1536) Destruction of the Monasteries (1539) The Marriage of Anne of Cleves (i539) Cornwall in the reign of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary O539-1558) 1 543-1 547 1546 1546-1547 Edward VI as prince and king Ket's Rebellion (1549) Fall of the Protector Somerset (1549-1552) Edward VI and Mary Edward VI and Mary Lady Jane Grey (i537-554) Prelude to Mary's reign (1553) Lady Jane Grey Wyatt's Attack on London Persecutions under Mary (1553- IS58) Persecutions under Mary (1553- 1559) The marriage of Philip of Spain and Mary (1554) Times of Mary (1555-1558) The wife of Cranmer Robert Aske (juv.) Like a Rasen Fiddler The King's Achievement The House of the Wizard (juv.) The Last Foray Dorothy Dymoke (juv.) The Last Abbot of Glaston- bury The Fifth Queen Pendower Henry VIII and His Court; or, Catherine Parr Passages in the Life of the Faire Gospeller, Anne As- kew (juv.) Lettice Eden; Tale of Last Days of Henry VIII (juv.) *The Prince and the Pauper The Maid of London Bridge The Constable of the Tower Seething Days (juv.) The Colloquies of Edward Osborne The Tower of London The Royal Sisters A Queen of Nine Days (juv.) I Crown Thee King The Protestant Lest We Forget Cardinal Pole The Story of Francis Cludde A Noble Wife Eliza F. Pollard Mary E. Shipley Robert Hugh Benson M. Imlay Taylor R. H. Forster E. Gilliat A. D. Crake Ford Madox Hueffer Marianne Filleul Louise Muhlbach (trans.) Anne Manning Emily S. Holt Mark Twain S. Gibney W. Harrison Ainsworth Caroline C. Holroyd Anne Manning Harrison Ainsworth Frank Mathew Edith C. Kenyon Max Pemberton Anna Eliza Bray Joseph Hocking W. Harrison Ainsworth Stanley Weyman John Saunders HISTORICAL NOVELS 853 ENGLAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth England's Elizabeth: Mem- ories of Matthew Bedale E. A. Parry The girlhood of Elizabeth Tower or Throne (juv.) Harriet T. Comstock End of Mary's reign and beginning of Elizabeth's *The Mischief of a Glove Mrs. Philip Champion de Crespigny Old Liverpool and the siege of Havre (1562) Willoughby Manor George Norway Elizabeth and Leicester (iS7S) *Kenilworth Sir Walter Scott Reign of Elizabeth Sweet Dol of Haddon Hall J. E. Muddock Time of Elizabeth Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall Charles Major Religious intrigues in early part of reign of Elizabeth The Black Familiars L. B. Walford Drake's early voyages to the West Indies, action at Nombre de Dios, burning of Porto Bello and first sight of the Pacific (i557-i573) At Sea under Drake (juv.) C. H. Eden Drake's third voyage to Darien, and the attack on Nombre de Dios (IS72-I573) Hurrah for the Spanish Main! (juv.) Robert Leighton The Spanish Main and Eldorado The Splendid Knight (juv.) H. A. Hinkson Sir Francis Drake (1572-1586) Under Drake's Flag (juv.) G. A. Henty Sir Francis Drake (ca. 1 572-1 588) Drake and his Yeomen James Barnes Cambridge and West Indies Drake For God and Gold Julian Corbett Reign of Elizabeth (1571-1606) The Knight of the Needle Rock and his Days Mary J. Wilson England and Holland (1574) Sons of Adversity L. Cope Cornford A Huguenot in Jersey and at the English Court A Ladder of Swords: a tale of Love, Laughter and Tears Gilbert Parker The Armada and the Spanish Main (1575-1588) Westward Ho! Charles Kingsley The Devonshire Tinneries Guavas the Tinner S. Baring-Gould Sir Philip Sidney (1581-1590) Penshurst Castle (juv.) Emma Marshall Time of Sir Philip Sidney A Gentleman of England (juv.) Eliza F. Pollard Sir Philip Sidney's sister, the Countes of Pembroke, and her family His Most Dear Ladye (juv.) Beatrice Marshall The Spanish Main (1 583-1 585) Sir Mortimer Mary Johnston Mary Queen of Scots One Queen Triumphant Frank Mathew Mary Queen of Scot's captivity in England (1 568-1 597) Unknown to History Charlotte M. Yonge 854 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR The Freeing of the Netherlands (1585-1604) By England's Aid (juv.) G. A. Henty War with Spain and the Civil War (i574- 1658) Stories of the Wars (juv.) J. Tillotson England and Ireland and the Ar- mada *Sir Ludar (juv.) Talbot Baines Reed The Spanish Armada (1588) Clare Avery (juv.) Emily S. Holt Sir Richard Grenville and Raleigh (1590 The Golden Galleon R. Leighton Elizabethan London *Captain Ravenshaw Robert N. Stephens Shakespeare Warwickshire and London (1596) Master Skylark John Bennett England and Scotland (1596) Court Cards: chiefly the Knave of Hearts Austin Clare Warwickshire at the close of the Elizabethan Age The Spanish Poniard T. A. Pinkerton Shakespeare (1601) A Gentleman Player Robert N. Stephens London and neighborhood (1604) *The Fortunes of Nigel Sir Walter Scott Witchcraft at Lancaster (161 2) *The Lancashire Witches W. Harrison Ainsworth Trial of Sir James Mompesson (1621) The Star Chamber W. Harrison Ainsworlh Peak of Derbyshire The Black Tor (juv.) G. Manville Fenn Princess Elizabeth and Prince Henry (1602-1613) The Young Queen of Hearts (juv.) Emma Marshall Time of James I (1603-1615) *In The Days of King James S. H. Burchell Arabella Stuart (1578-1615) Romance of the Lady Arbell Mrs. F. T. Marryat Arabella Stuart and William Sey- mour (1603-1615) Arabella Stuart G. P. R. James The Gunpowder Plot (1605) Guy Fawkes W. Harrison Ainsworth The Gunpowder Plot Father Darcy (juv.) Anne Marsh The Gunpowder Plot The Lost Treasure of Trevlyn (juv.) Evelyn Everett Green Stratford-on-Avon (ca. 1612) Judith Shakespeare William Black The Duke of Buckingham (1624- 1628) *The Duke's Servants S. H. Burchell George Herbert (1613-1633) "Under Salisbury Spire (juv.) Emma Marshall Earlier years of Charles I Whitehall Emma Robinson Draining of the Fens by Cornelius Vermuyden (1627) The MS. in the Red Box John Arthur Hamilton Earlier years of Charles I In High Places May E. Braddon Bishop Hall of Exeter and Nor- wich (1637-1656) Winifrede's Journal Emma Marshall HISTORICAL NOVELS 855 ENGLAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Lord Strafford (1639) Anthony Everton (juv.) J. S. Fletcher Van Dyck (1620-1642) Old Blackfriars Beatrice Marshall The Civil War Naseby and the Storming of Bristol (1636-1645) The Dogs of War (juv.) Edgar Pickering Strafford (1640-1645) The Love of Comrades Frank Mathew Earlier stages of the Civil War With the King at Oxford A. J. Church England and Ireland in Charles I- Cromwell period Earl of Or- mond ( 1 633-1 649) Dauntless Ewan Martin Thomas, Lord Fairfax (1641-1644) The Siege of York (juv.) Beatrice Marshall Charles I, Cromwell, and William Armstrong (1641-1645) Over the Border Robert Barr In the service of the Charleses (ca. 1641-1660) Silk and Steel H. A. Hinkson Parliamentarian Cambridge (1642) The Lady of Loyalty House Justin Huntly Mc- Carthy Early stages of the Civil War (1642) Arrah Neil G. P. R. James Two sieges of Hull the Protec- torate and Charles II (1 640-1 678) Andrew Marvel and his Friends (juv.) Marie Hall Battle of Edgehill (1642) *Hugh Gwyeth Beulah Marie Dix The Civil War the campaign in Cornwall (1642-1643) *The Splendid Spur A. T. Quiller Couch The Civil War (1 642-1 644) Mistress Spitfire J. S. Fletcher Civil War: Cavaliers, Parliamenta- rians, and the battle of Lans- down ( 1 596-1 643) Sir Bevill Arthur Christopher Thynne Cornwall (1643) Captain Fortune H. B. Marriott Watson John Hampden To Right the Wrong Edna Lyall Civil War to the battle of Marston Moor ( 1 640-1 644) Cromwell's Own A. Paterson Falkland, Laud, etc. (1640-1645) In Spite of All Edna Lyall Civil War to the battle of Marston Moor (1640-1645) Follow the Gleam Joseph Hocking Civil War Period between Mars- ton Moor and Fall of Bristol ( 1 644-1 645) Cornet Strong of Ireton's Horse Dora Greenwell Mc- Chesney Marston Moor and siege of Pon- tefract (1632-1649) When Charles the First was King (juv.) J. S. Fletcher Civil War From Edgehill to Naseby and Death of Charles I Miriam Cromwell, Royalist Dora Greenwell McChes- ney Civil War Raglan Castle and Newbury (ca. 1645) St. George and St. Michael George Macdonald Civil War Naseby Stanhope (juv.) E. L. Haverfield 856 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued SUBJECT Montrose and the cavaliers in strife with the Presbyterians (1629- 1645) Montrose, Argyle, and the battle of Inverlochy (1642-1645) Civil War in Wales, Siege of Con- way Castle, battle of Naseby (1641-1649) Newbury, Naseby, and Charles' cap- tivity and death (1 644-1 649) Cromwell and Charles Caris- brooke (1644- 1649) Civil War near Lymington (1647) Cromwell from the Naseby period to his death (ca. 1646-1658) John Milton Oxfordshire and London (1 643-1 646) The Vale of Belvoir (1 642-1 648) Manners and atmosphere of the Great Civil War Nicholas Ferrar and the Quietists Nicholas Ferrar and the Quietists (1622-1685) Civil War, the Commonwealth, and the Restoration (1637-1650) The war in Lancashire; siege of Manchester; Earl of Derby's ex- ploits (1642-1651) Royalist and Parliamentarian (1 642-1 653) The atmosphere of Puritanism The Great Civil War Plot for placing Prince Rupert on the English throne Royalists and Roundheads (ca. 1645-1651) Dutch Settlers in Bedford Level Assassination of Buckingham; death of Charles I (1629-1649) Cromwell's Invasion of Ireland Bristol ( 1 636-1 720) A Northumberland and Scots Bor- der story (1649-1650) The Angel of the Covenant *John Splendid Battlement and Tower *Holmby House *The Cavaliers The Children of the New Forest (juv.) King " By the Grace of God " (Von Gottes Gnaden) "The Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell A Cavalier Stronghold The Fair Maid of Gray- stones A Haunt of Ancient Peace (juv.) *John Inglesant The Draytons and the Da- nants On Both Sides of the Sea (sequel) The Leaguer of Lathom Friends, though Divided (juv.) Dagonet the Jester Cavaliers and Roundheads (juv.) Rupert, by the Grace of God Henry Masterton The Settlers at Home (juv.) Twenty Years After In the King's Service (juv.) In Colston's Days (juv.) Magnus Sinclair J. MacLaren Cobban Neil Munro Owen Rhoscomyl G. J. Whyte Melville S. R. Keightley F. Marryat J. Rodenberg (trans.) Anne Manning Mrs. Chaworth Musters Beulah Marie Dix Emma Marshall J. H. Shorthouse Elizabeth Charles W. Harrison Ainsworth G. A. Henty Malcolm MacMillan J. G. Edgar Dora Greenwell Mc- Chesney G. P. R. James Harriet Martineau Alexandre Dumas F. S. Brereton Emma Marshall Howard Pease HISTORICAL NOVELS 857 ENGLAND continued SUBJECT Wanderings of Charles II after Battle of Worcester (1650-1651) The King's flight after Worcester (1651) Wanderings of Charles II after Battle of Worcester (1651) Prince Charles's escape after Wor- cester (1651) Wanderinsrs of Charles II after Bat- tle of Worcester Blake's pursuit of the Royalist fleet into the West Indies after death of Charles I (1651-1652) Cromwell and Charles II before the Restoration (1652) The Commonwealth (1653) Salisbury and Holland (1655) Holland and England Holland, England, and America Cromwell, Rupert, and Elizabeth of Bohemia Oliver Cromwell's later years Death of Oliver Cromwell (1658) George Fox, the Quaker Quakers at the Restoration (ca. 1650-1660) George Fox and William Penn The siege of Skipton Castle, Charles I and II, Falkland, Prince Rupert, Elizabeth of Bo- hemia and General Lambert (1642-1660) Cavaliers and Roundheads The Princess Elizabeth Caris- brooke (ca. 1649) Commonwealth Charles II James de la Cloche, Charles IPs oldest natural son Period of Charles II William III Plaeue, Lady Castlemaine (1649- 1678) Time of Charles II Highwayman Time of Charles II London and Holland After Worcester Wanderer and King (juv.) Patricia at the Inn Boscobel, or the Royal Oak Ovingdean Grange Prince Rupert the Buccaneer Woodstock, or The Cavalier John Gilbert, Yeoman "Captain Jacobus (juv.) *A Little Captive Lad (juv.) *Penruddock of the White Lambs (juv.) The Red Men of the Dusk The Lord Protector *The Lion's Whelp *Friend Olivia The Shadow of a Crime A Gallant Quaker The Last of the Cliffords (juv.) Brambletye House The White King's Daughter (juv.) God Save the King Yesterday's To-morrow A Reputed Changeling London Pride I Lived as I Listed Silas Verney E. Everett Green O. V. Caine J. C. Snaith W. Harrison Ainsworth W. Harrison Ainsworth C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne Sir Walter Scott R. G. Soans L. Cope Corn ford Beulah Marie Dix S. H. Church John Finnemore S. Levett Yeats Amelia E. Barr Amelia E. Barr Hall Caine Margaret H. Roberton Eliza F. Pollard Horace Smith Emma Marshall Ronald Macdonald Dora Greenwell Mc- Chesney Charlotte M. Yonge Mary E. Braddon Arthur L. Maitland Edgar Pickering 858 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR London, Somerset, and Devon (1664-1665) *His Grace 0' the Gunne I. Hooper Plague and Fire (1665-1666) Cherry and Violet Anne Manning Lady Castlemaine, the Plague O665) Daniel Herrick S. H. Burchell The Plague (1665) The Brave Men of Eyam (juv.) E. N. Hoare Italy and Plague at Eyam (1665) The Dagger and the Cross Joseph Hatton The Plague (1665) A Set of Rogues Frank Barrett The Plague (1665) The Puritan's Wife Max Pemberton Plague and Fire (1 665-1 666) Old St. Paul's W. Harrison Ainsworth London Fire (1665) When London Burned (juv.) G. A. Henty Time of Charles II Court Life (ca. 1662-1665) Sir Ralph Esher Leigh Hunt Milton and his daughters (1665) 'Deborah's Diary Anne Manning Great Fire and after (1666-1683) *Whitefriars, or The Court of Charles II Emma Robinson De Ruyter and the Peace of Buda (1667) The Dutch in the Medway Charles Macfarlane Time of Charles II court life Nell Gwynn, Comedian Frankfort Moore Charles II and his sister Henrietta (1669-1670) The Silver Key Nellie K. Blissett Early Restoration Days in London and Chelsea Isaac Newton (ca. 1678) *My Lord Winchenden Graham Hope Time of Charles II Derbyshire, Isle of Man, and London (1678) *Peveril of the Peak Sir Walter Scott Time of Charles II Nell Gwynne (1680) Simon Dale Anthony Hope Algernon Sidney's home-life at Knowle Park (ca. 1682) In the Golden Days Edna Lyall Rye House Plot (1683) Traitor or Patriot? Mary C. Rowsell Political intrigue in James IPs reign (ca. 1680-1690) Beaujeu H. C. Bailey Rye House Plot (1683) In the Service of Rachel, Lady Russell (juv.) Emma Marshall Purcell the Composer (1658-1695) In Westminster Choir (juv.) Emma Marshall Grinling Gibbons The Carved Cartoon Austin Clare Rising at Taunton (1684) The Rebel H. B. Marriott Watson \Vars of Turenne John Churchill .(1671-1702) His Counterpart Russell M. Gamier puke of Monmouth (1 674-1 686) The Baton Sinister George Gilbert HISTORICAL NOVELS 859 ENGLAND continued SUBJECT TITLE. AUTHOR Bishop Ken (1637-1711) Winchester Meads (juv.) Kmma Marshall Monmouth's Rebellion (ca. 1673- 1687) *Lorna Doone R. D. Blackmore Monmouth's Rebellion Barbados (1662-1688) *For Faith and Freedom Sir Walter Besant Monmouth* Rebellion (1678-1685) *Urith S. Baring-Gould Monmouth's Rebellion The Blue Flag Max Hillary Monmouth's Rebellion In Taunton Town Evelyn Everett Green Monmouth's Rebellion (1685) *Micah Clarke Sir A. Conan Doyle Dorsetshire in time of Monmouth's Rebellion Deb Clavel Mary E. Palgrave Monmouth's Rebellion Duke of Monmouth Gerald Griffin The Duke of Monmouth, Lady Wentworth Judge Jeffreys and William of Orange Fortune's Castaway W. J. Eccott The Bloody Assizes (1685) Barbara Winslow, Rebel Beth Ellis Battle of Sedgemoor (1685) Duke's Winton; a Chronicle of Sedgemoor J. R. Henslowe Monmouth's Rebellion and the Tyrol (1685-1687) *The Courtship of Morrice Buckler Arthur Edward Wood- ley Mason Monmouth's Rebellion and Judge Jeffreys (1685-1689) By Dulvercombe Water Harold Vallings Hampshire in the days following Monmouth's Rebellion (1685- 1688) *The Lover Fugitives John Finnemore William of Orange and James II of England (1 678-1 688) *The Sword of the King Ronald Macdonald Accession of William of Orange, Jacobite conspiracies, and the IJoyne campaign (1688-1690) The Lifeguardsman H. J. Schimmel (trans.) Devonshire from landing of Wil- liam of Orange to the burning of Teignmouth In Jacobite Days (juv.) Mrs. Henry Clarke Judge Jeffreys, Marlborough, and accession of William of Orange (1685-1688) Mistress Dorothy Marvin John Collis Snaith Marriage of Mary to William My Mistress the Queen (juv.) Mary Anna Paull Jacobite plots (ca. 1689) Hope the Hermit Edna Lyall William III Hardwich, France, and The Hague (1673-1691) *The Blue Pavilions A. T. Quiller Couch Seizure of the Bass Rock (1691- 1694) My Lady of the Bass S. H. Burchell Marlborough and the forger Young's plot against William III (1692) The King's Agent Arthur Paterson 860 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued SUBJECT Cromwell's Granddaughter (1694- 1729) Mary Stuart (1696) Conspiracy of 1696 against Willianr. Conspiracy of 1696 against William III Robert Ferguson, the Plotter Sir John Fenwick's Jacobite plot (1688-1713) Conspiracy of 1696 against William III (1696-1697) Jacobite Plots Social life (ca. 1690-ca. 1720) Social life (ca. 1690-ca. 1720) English buccaneers in the West In- dies (ca. 1 672-1 700) English buccaneers in the West In- dies (1683) Welsh piracy; Sir Henry Morgan the Buccaneer (ca. 1 670-1 680) Darien Scheme (1698) William Paterson and the Darien Scheme Windsor William III Anne A Christian slave in Morocco Reign of Queen Anne (1691-1714) Court of Queen Anne (1707-1714) London and country life in reign of Anne Highwaymen in time of Anne Wars with French and Spaniards ( 1 702-1 704) Battle of Ramillies Peterborough in Spain Duke of Marlborough (1 702-1 709) Marlborough's campaigns (ca. 1704) By the North Sea (juv.) Kensington Palace A Woman's Courier The Jacobite For Liberty's Sake "Shrewsbury The King's Highway *Snarleyyow, or The Dog Fiend A Lady of Quality His Grace of Osmonde Leonard Lindsay; or, The Story of a Buccaneer The Hispaniola Plate The Jewel of Ynys Galon A Gentleman Adventurer Darien, or, The Merchant Prince *In King's Houses The Fortunes of Farthings *Henry Esmond St. James's The Baronet in Corduroy < Tom Tufton's Travels I Tom Tufton's Toll Across the Salt Seas Fallen Fortunes (juv.) The Bravest of the Brave (juv.) The Cornet of Horse (juv.) The Adventures of Harry Rochester (juv.) Emma Marshall Emma Marshall W. J. Yeoman Harry Lindsay J. B. Marsh Stanley J. Weyman G. P. R. James F. Marryat Frances Hodgson Bur- nett Frances Hodgson Bur- nett A. B. Reach J. B. Bloundelle Bur- ton Owen Rhoscomyl J. Bloundelle Burton B. E. G. Warburton Julia C. R. Dorr A. J. Dawson William Makepeace Thackeray W. Harrison Ainsworth Albert Lee Evelyn Everett Green J. Bloundelle Burtor Evelyn Everett Green G. A. Henty G. A. Henty Herbert Strang HISTORICAL NOVELS 861 ENGLAND continued SUBJECT )uke of Marlborough ? oreign Wars under Marlborough Sent and Spanish America (1709- 1713) sir Christopher Wren (1709-1723) Swift and " Vanessa," Addison, Steele, Pope, and Bolingbroke (1712-1723) 'acobites and Marlborough (ca. 1712-1722) Somersetshire in reign of Queen Anne Bolingbroke, Pope, Swift, Fielding, Steele, and Addison (ca. 17 15) The Stuarts in exile, St. Germains (1708-1712) Jacobite plots Battle of Sheriffmuir (1715) Battle of Sheriffmuir (1715) Cornish Jacobites Jacobite rebellion of 1715 Jacobite rebellion of 1715 Lord Derwentwater and the Nor- thumbrian rising (171 5) Jacobite rising (1715) Mar's Rebellion Jacobite intrigues just before battles of Sheriffmuir and Preston (1715) Jacobite atmosphere (1715-1719) Traditions of Rob Roy (ca. 1715) Period of Jacobite Rebellion Devon and Cornwall (1715) Jacobites in Northumberland The Swedish War (1699-17 19) The English and Continental Jaco- bites (1716-1719) Stuarts in exile (17 19) The Old Pretender and Princess Gementina Sobieski (1720) A Lady's Honour In the Irish Brigade Guv.) The Queen's Serf Under the Dome of St Paul's (juv.) Esther Vanhomrigh j A Kent Squire ) l Gwynett of Thornhaugh J No Soul Above Money Devereux A Fair Jacobite (juv.) The Heritage of Langdale Balmoral To Arms! Duance Pendray Preston Fight Lucy Arden 'Dorothy Forster In the Fifteen (juv.) A Loyal Little Maid Rob Roy Parson Kelly Adventures of Rob Roy A Deal with the King Hartland Forest Strained Allegiance Monsieur Martin For the White Rose Madamscourt; Adventures of a fugitive Princess (juv.) 'Clementina Bass Blake G. A. Henty Elsa d'Esterre Keeling Emma Marshall Margaret L. Woods F. W. Hayes Walter Raymond Lytton H. May Poynter Mrs. Alexander A. Allardyce Andrew Balfour G. Norway W. Harrison Ainsworth James Grant Sir Walter Besant H. C. Adams Sarah Tyler Sir Walter Scott A. E. W. Mason and A. Lang James Grant J. F. Findlay Anna E. Bray R. H. Foster Wymond Carey Wymond Carey H. May Poynter A. E. W. Mason 862 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued Jane Stuart, natural daughter of James (II) Duke of York (1657- 1745) Jacobite outbreaks of 17 19 and the South Sea Bubble (1719-1720) Somerset at the time of the South Sea Bubble (1720) London in time of George I and II Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, Sir Robert Walpole, Pope, Car- oline of Anspach, and Prince George II (1720) Dissenting life in the provinces (early 18th century) London in days of Bolingbroke and Walpole ( 1 709-1 727) Social life (1732) Deptford (ca. 1 740-1 760) Spanish Main Battle of Fontenoy (1745) Bath, middle of 18th century The Jacobites Yorkshire Moors (I74S) The Jacobites of England and France (1746) London and Epsom (middle 18th century) Pirates (ca. 1750) Smugglers in Kent (middle 18th century) The Gypsies (ca. 1750) The Young Pretender's visit to London (1 744-1 750) Life (ca. 1750) Social and political condition (ca. 1750) The sister of the Wesleys (1723- 1803) Methodist Revival (ca. 1750) The Wesleys in a northern village Whitefield and the Wesleys (1745- i7So) The Royal Quaker The Rose-Spinner Jacob and John French Nan In Clarissa's Day (juv.) The Courtship of Sarah (juv.) Mohawks *The House Divided The World Went Very Well Then Ned Leger (juv.) Treasure Trove ( *The Bath Comedy ? t Incomparable Bellairs J *Ricroft of Withens Denounced The Chaplain of the Fleet Treasure Island (juv.) The Smuggler Smalilou High Treason: a Romance of The Days of George II The Lady of Lynn Bernicia Hetty Wesley The Infidel The Coming of the Preachers Diary of Mrs. Kitty Trevelyan Mrs. Bertram Tanqueray Mary Deane Walter Raymond Agnes and Egerton Castle Sarah Tytler Sarah Tytler Mary E. Braddon H. B. Marriott Watson Sir Walter Besant G. Manville Fenn S. Lover Agnes and Egerton Castle Halliwell Sutcliffe J. Bloundelle Burton Sir Walter Besant and J. Rice Robert Louis Stevenson G. P. R. James James Henry Yoxall Anonymous Sir Walter Besant Amelia E. Barr A. T. Quiller Couch Mary E. Braddon John Ackworth Elizabeth Charles HISTORICAL NOVELS 863 ENGLAND continued Cornish people in Wesley's times (ca. 1750) Wesley in Cornwall (ca. 1758) Smugglers in Dorsetshire (1757- 1758) Methodism (1758) The Scots Greys in the Seven Years' War (1758-1759) Eugene Aram (ca. 1759) George III and Hannah Lightfoot (1760) Newgate (ca. 1760) Society (ca. 1 746-181 1) Exmoor gypsies (1763) Last days of Chatham (1767) Life at Olney Cowper and John Newton (ca. 1 767-1 787) R. B. Sheridan and Johnson (1771- 1773) Goldsmith, Garrick, Johnson, and Burke (1774) Life in the Isle of Man (ca. 1775) Liverpool (1776) The Attempt to fire Portsmouth Dockyard (1776-1777) Old Rye and its smugglers (1763- 1779) Washington, Johnson, Fielding, and Richardson (1756-1783) Siege of Gibraltar (1 779-1 783) The Siege of Gibraltar Gordon Riots (1780) Art Reynolds and Angelica Kauffman (ca. 1 780-1 781) Society (18th century) Sir Joshua Reynolds and Miss Bur- ney (1780) Slavery emancipation (1791) English Jacobin clubs (1793) Smuggling and life on the coast near Flamborough (177 7- 180 5) The Strange Adventures of Israel Pendray The Birthright *Moonfleet The Eveshams Second to None Eugene Aram A Fountain Sealed *The Orange Girl Memoirs of Barry Lyndon *Katerfelto *The Castle Inn On the Banks of the Ouse (juv.) A Nest of Linnets *The Jessamy Bride The Deemster Cap'n Nat's Treasure The King's Yard: a Story of Old Portsmouth Denis Duval The Virginians The Rock of the Lion (juv.) Held Fast for England (juv.) Barnaby Rudge *Miss Angel The Fatal Gift L'Eleve de Garrick * God's Providence House St. Katherine's by the Tower Mary Anerley S. K. Hocking Joseph Hocking J. Meade Falkner James Blythe Patton James Grant Lord Lytton Sir Walter Besant Sir Walter Besant William Makepeace Thackeray G. J. Whyte Melville Stanley J. Weyman Emma Marshall F. Frankfort Moore F. Frankfort Moore Hall Caine Robert Leighton Walter Jeffery William Makepeace Thackeray William Makepeace Thackeray M. E. Seawell G. A. Henty Charles Dickens Miss Thackeray F. Frankfort Moore Augustin Filon Isabella Varley Banks Sir Walter Besant R. D. Blackmore 864 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued SUBJECT North Devon (1793) Capture of Guadeloupe (1794) Reign of Terror at Paris, and Revolution of Naples (1 793-1798) Society life in George Ill's days (1796) Mutiny at the Nore (1797) Sussex Smugglers and French Con- spirators Gretna Green and Botany Bay (1799) Hannah More William Crotch and Old Crome Iceland and the Isle of Man in the Napoleonic period (1800) Life (1800) Life (1800) Lychgate Hall Yorkshire moors (ca. 1800) Battles of St. Vincent and Aboukir Cape St. Vincent and Nelson in the Mediterranean Nelson and Napoleon the battle of the Nile Battle of the Nile Wars with France (1 798-1 801) Lead miners near Cheddar (early 19th century) Wreckers and Smugglers in Corn- wall Social Life (early 19th century) Nelson and the Baltic campaign (1803-1805) Nelson's campaigns (1803-1805) Nelson, Napoleon, and the French attempt to invade England Hannah More and William Wilber- force (early 19th century) George III and family at Wey- mouth The riots caused by introduction of steam machinery (1 780-1834) * Ropes of Sand Oliver Ellis; or The Fusiliers (juv.) The Extraordinary Confes- sions of Diana Please The Orangery: a Comedy of Tears The King's Own A Business in Great Waters (juv.) The Inimitable Mrs. Mas- singham Bristol Diamonds (juv.) Castle Meadow (juv.) The Bondman *Adam Bede * Silas Marner; the Weaver of Raveloe Lychgate Hall The Luck of Barerakes Chris Cunningham (juv.) The Commander of the Hiron- delle (juv.) The Two Captains In Press-Gang Days (juv.) At Aboukir and Acre *Two Men o' Mendip When George III was King Rodney Stone *A Friend of Nelson Diana's Crescent *Springhaven Under Cheddar Cliffs, a Hun- dred Years Ago (juv.) The Trumpet-Major John Halifax, Gentleman R. E. Francillon James Grant Bernard Capes Mabel Dearmer Marryat Julian Corbett Herbert Compton Emma Marshall Emma Marshall Hall Caine George Eliot George Eliot M. E. Francis Caroline Marriage Gordon Stables W. H. Fitchett Cyrus Townsend Brady E. Pickering G. A. Henty Walter Raymond Amyot Sagon Sir A. Conan Doyle Horace G. Hutchinson Anne Manning R. D. Blackmore Edith Seeley Thomas Hardy Dinah Mulock Craik HISTORICAL NOVELS 865 ENGLAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Spanish War of Independence Trafalgar B. Perez Galdos (trans.) Trafalgar Afloat with Nelson (juv.) C. H. Eden Nelson and British naval victories (1797-1805) By Conduct and Courage (juv.) G. A. Henty Life of Nelson The Admiral Douglas Sladen Battle of Trafalgar (1805) 'Twas in Trafalgar's Bay Besant and Rice Battle of Maida (1806) The Adventures of an Aide- de-Camp James Grant Impressment during the French wars 'Sylvia's Lovers Mrs. Gaskell Peninsular War and Waterloo (1795-1815) The Follies of Captain Daly F. Norreys Connell Exmoor, the Peninsular War and Corunna (1 808-1809) The Drummer's Coat (juv.) John W. Fortescue Battle of Corunna and siege of Saragossa (1808-1809) Boys of the Light Brigade (juv.) Herbert Strang Peninsular War 'Charles O'Malley Charles Lever Peninsular War and Napoleon (1783-1812) Tom Burke of " Ours " Charles Lever Peninsular War and Waterloo cam- paign (1808-1815) *The Romance of War James Grant Peninsular War f With Moore at Corunna "") J (juv.) 1 J Under Wellington s Com- | l mand (juv.) J G. A. Henty Peninsular War Sir John Moore (1808-1809) *Sons of the Sword Margaret L. Woods Peninsular War The Young Buglers (juv.) G. A. Henty Peninsular War, from Siege of Burgos to Vittoria (1812-1813) The Story of a Scout (juv.) John Finnemore Peninsular War Vittoria and Bad- ajos The Bivouac W. H. Maxwell Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo The Adventures of Harry Revel A. T. Quiller Couch The war prison at Prince Town (1814) The American Prisoner Eden Phillpotts Caroline of Brunswick and the Prince Regent (1810) The Palace of Spies: an Episode Herbert Compton Smuggling (181 1) The Longshoremen George Bartram Luddite agitation (1811-1813) *Bond Slaves Mrs. G. L. Banks The Orders in Council; Luddite agitation (ca. 1807-18 12) Shirley Charlotte Bronte Luddite riots Forest Folk James Prior Luddite riots Through the Fray (juv.) G. A. Henty 866 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS ENGLAND continued SUBJECT Napoleonic Wars (1811-1814) Privateering in 181 2 French invasion Napoleonic Wars (1804-1815) French prisoner in England (1813- 1814) Wars in India and the Peninsula (1795-1815) Napoleon at Elba (1814-1815) Waterloo Napoleonic Wars (181 5) Smugglers and preventives in the Essex fens (1815) Waterloo (18 15) The Hundred Days French and English on Sussex coast (1815) The Fen Riots (1815) The Regency of George IV (181 1- 1820) George IV, Mrs. Fitzherbert, and Beau Brummell Time of George II Dartmoor Last Years of the Regency Queen Caroline last few years of her life (1818-1821) The Peterloo Massacre and the Cato Street Conspiracy (1819) Admiral Cochrane, Earl of Dundon- ald (1818-1825) Smugglers in Kent, and pirates in the West Indies (ca. 1825) Brunei's Folly (ca. 1820) Peterloo riots Manchester (1820) Manchester and ( 1 799-1831) Queen Caroline, Princess Charlotte, and Brougham (1796-1821) Plot to rescue Napoleon (1821) Recollections of Althea Allingham (1785-1842) Alice Lorraine An Ocean Free Lance The French Prisoner One of the 28th (juv.) *St. Ives A Royal Rascal Grantley Fenton The Great Shadow From Powder-Monkey to Admiral (juv.) Brown: a story of Waterloo Year (juv.) * Stories of Waterloo The Light of Scarthey *The Bonnet Conspirators Cheap Jack Zita Twisted Eglantine *Yeoman Fleetwood Royal Georgie Mis'ess Joy *A Lady of the Regency Starvecrow Farm With Cochrane the Dauntless (juv.) Romance Kitty Alone; a story of Three Fires Mervyn Clitheroe "The Manchester Man *The Queen can do No Wrong Taken from the Enemy In Four Reigns (juv.) R. D. Blackmore Clark Russell Thomas A. Pinkerton G. A. Henty Robert Louis Stevenson Arthur Griffiths M. M. Blake Sir A. Conan Doyle W. H. G. Kingston Dorothea Moore W. H. Maxwell Egerton Castle Violet A. Simpson S. Baring-Gould H. B. Marriott Watson M. E. Francis (Mrs. Blundell) S. Baring-Gould John Le Breton Mrs. Stepney Rawson Stanley J. Weyman G. A. Henty Joseph Conrad and Ford Madox Hueffer S. Baring-Gould W. Harrison Ainsnrorth Isabella Varley Banks Herbert Compton Henry Newbolt Emma Marshall HISTORICAL NOVELS 867 ENGLAND continued Eastern Devon just before the Re- form Bill of 1832 Rural life in Suffolk before the re- peal of the Corn Laws Yorkshire woolcombers and the cot- ton industry in the days before machinery (1830) Somerset rustics in the days before railways Bristol Riots (1831) Reform Bill agitation (1831-1832) The aftermath of the Reform Bill (1832) Yorkshire (1837) London life (1833-1834) Farmer class in Devon and Corn- wall (ca. 1840) Seafaring life (ca. 1840) The miners of the Land's End peninsula (ca. 1840) The struggle for life in the west country before the repeal of the Corn Laws (ca. 1850) Portsmouth and the Crimea (1854- 1855) Crimean War (1854-1855) Sebastopol and Balaclava (1854- 1855) Crimean War (1854-1855) Crimean War (1854-1855) Crimean War (1854-185 5) Crimean War (1854-1855) Crimean War (1854-1855) Crimean War (1854-1855) The Lancashire cotton famine of 1863 The politics of Palmerston's period British in China Perlycross The Lord of the Harvest Mistress Barbara Cunliffe 'Good Souls of Cider Land Under the Mendips I, Thou and the Other One (Felix Holt, the Radical The Plunder Pit Clement Lorimer; or The Book with the Iron Clasps *Red Spider *The Nigger of the Narcissus Esther Pentreath Driven By Celia's Arbour Sevastopol A Gallant Grenadier (juv.) In the Trenches (juv.) The Interpreter {Lady Wedderburn's Wish "^ Laura Everingham The Lord Hermitage ( One of the Six Hundred Under the Red Dragon J The Thin Red Line Jack Archer (juv.) True unto Death (juv.) Probation The Mantle of Elijah With the Allies to Pekin (juv.) R. D. Blackmore M. Betham Edwards Halliwell Sutcliffe Walter Raymond Emma Marshall Amelia E. Barr George Eliot Keighley Snowden Angus Bethune Reach S. Baring-Gould Joseph Conrad J. H. Pearce Margaret Watson Sir Walter Besant Tolstoy (trans.) F. S. Brereton John Finnemore G. J. Whyte Melville James Grant A. Griffiths G. A. Henty Eliza F. Pollard Jessie Fothergill Israel Zangwill G. A. Henty 868 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS WALES SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Legendary The Misfortunes of Elphin T. L. Peacock Time of Henry I Pabo the Priest S. Baring-Gould Border feud (1187) The Betrothed Sir Walter Scott The Welsh marches, the Cymry, the last of the Druids, battles of Lewes and Evesham (1262-1265) The Forest Prince Bryan W. Ward Time of Edward II (ca. 1325) The Whistling Maid Ernest Rhys Rebellion against Henry IV Glen- dower, Hotspur, and Mortimer Cambria's Chieftain (juv.) Evelyn Everett Green (1400-1415) Owen Glendower Hearts of Wales Allen Raine Tudor Epoch The Shrouded Face (juv.) Owen Rhoscomyl Civil War and Battle of Naseby (1641-1649) Battlement and Tower Owen Rhoscomyl The Civil War The Wonderful Story of Agnes and the White Dove: a Tradition of Wales Z. Mather Piracy and Sir Henry Morgan (ca. 1 670-1 680) The Jewel of Ynys Galon Owen Rhoscomyl Jacobite Rebellion (1745) *For the White Rose of Arno (juv.) Owen Rhoscomyl Smugglers, pirates and detectives of Lundy and the Severn (1745) The Man at Odds Ernest Rhys Reform Bill (ca. 1832) Trewern R. M. Thomas Pembrokeshire and the Rebecca riots ( 1 843-1 844) In Dewisland S. Baring-Gould The Rebecca Riots (1833- 1834) *The Sheep Stealers Violet Jacob The Singing Revival (1 904-1 905) A Prophet of Wales Max Baring IRELAND Heroic legends The Sons o' Cormac; an' Tales of other Men's Sons (juv.) Aldis Dunbar Heroic Age The Coming of Cuculain Standish O'Grady Ireland and Northern Europe in sec- ond half of the 8th century The Invasion Gerald Griffin Anglo-Irish History (1 534-1 537) The Weird of Silken Thomas R. Manifold Craig Time of the Armada Sir Ludar (juv.) Talbot Baines Reed The struggle between English and Irish Grace O'Malley Robert Machray Elizabethan Ireland The Spanish Wine Frank Mathew Desmond's rebellion and the sack of Youghal ( 1 574-1 580) Ralph Wynward (juv.) H. Erlington HISTORICAL NOVELS 869 IRELAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Irish Rebellion (1579) *Maelcho Emily Lawless Connaught (1588) A Queen of Men William O'Brien Social and political conditions under Elizabeth (1588-1591) Red Hugh's Captivity Standish O'Grady The rebellion in Tyrone (1599) *With Essex in Ireland Emily Lawless Philip Ill's Armada, battle of Kin- sale and the clan feuds (1602) Ulrick the Ready Standish O'Grady 1637-1641 Kathleen Clare Dora G. McChesney The Civil War (ca. 1641) Silk and Steel H. A. Hinkson The Civil War (1640-1645) The Love of Comrades Frank Mathew An Irish episode of the Great Civil War (1641) Dauntless Ewan Martin Drogheda Massacre and battle of Clonmel (1649) *Castle Omeragh Frank Frankfort Moore Cromwellian wars John Marmaduke S. H. Church Cromwellian wars In the King's Service (juv.) F. S. Brereton Cromwellian wars *Ethne Mrs. E. M. Field Tht Cromwellian settlement (1654) Nessa L. MacManus Protestants and Catholics in Ulster and siege of Londonderry (1689) *A Man's Foes Euphans H. Strain Siege of Londonderry (1689) *The Crimson Sign S. R. Keightley Siege of Londonderry (1689) True to the Watchword Edgar Pickering The Boyne and Limerick (1689- 1691) Orange and Green (juv.) G. A. Henty Battle of the Boyne (1690) The Boyne Water John Banim Battle of the Boyne (1690) The MacMahon Owen Blayney Siege of Limerick (1690) The Wager L. MacManus Battle of Aughrim (1691) Redmond, Count O'Hanlon, the Irish Rapparee William Carleton Siege of Londenderry (1691-1700) In the Wake of King James Standish O'Grady The broken-down gentry of the early 18th century Castle Rackrent Maria Edgeworth Persecution of the priests (1745- 1752) Willie Reilly and his Dear Colleen Bawn William Carleton Dublin Society (ca. 1750) A Left-handed Swordsman George Newcomen Gentry of the 18th century The Point of Honour H. A. Hinkson Goldsmith, Burke, Garrick, and Johnson In the Days of Goldsmith M. McD. Bodkin The '98 Rebellion Two Chiefs of Dunboy James Anthony Froude Dublin in time of Grattan The King's Deputy H. A. Hinkson 870 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS IRELAND continued SUBJECT Protestant landowners and dispos- sessed Catholics in the north of Ireland (1761-1779) Political conditions (1 780-1 797) The Rebellion of '98 Curran The French attempt on Ireland (1793-1809) Irish soldiers in the Napoleonic Wars (1783-1812) Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1798) Lord Edward Fitzgerald Rebellion of '98 Rebellion of '98 Wolfe Tone and the Rebellion of '98 Lord Edward Fitzgerald and the Rebellion of '98 Rebellion of '98 Rebellion of '98 The O'Hara Family Rebellion of '98 United Irishmen (1798) French Expedition Rebellion of '98 in Wexford Ireland at the Union (1 800-1 801) Robert Emmet (1 797-1 808) Peninsular War Legislative Union (1808-1824) Politics in Connell's time A legendary daughter of Napoleon (1832) The Famine and Smith O'Brien agi- tation (1846-1847) The Irish Famine '48 and '49 Catholic society in Dublin (ca. 1850) Fenians *John Maxwell's Marriage *The Lost Land The O'Donoghue *Jack Hinton Maurice Tiernay Tom Burke of " Ours " A King's Woman (juv.) Kilgorman (juv.) Lord Edward Fitzgerald *Rory O'More Kathleen Mavourneen The Rebels Up for the Green Corrageen The Croppy Croppies Lie Down: a Tale of 1798 The Pikemen (juv.) The Round Tower The Wood of the Brambles My Lords of Strogue The Island of Sorrow Charles O'Malley The Knight of Gwynne A Lad of the O'Friels' Vive l'Empereur Castle Daly Castle Richmond The D'Altons of Crag Hagan, M. P. A Fair Saxon Stephen Gwynn Julia M. Crottie Charles Lever Charles Lever Charles Lever Charles Lever H. A. Hinkson Talbot Baines Reed Matthias McDonnell Bodkin Samuel Lover Randal McDonnell Matthias McDonnell Bodkin H. A. Hinkson Mrs. Orpen John and Michael Banim William Buckley S. R. Keightley Florence Scott and Alma Hodge Frank Mathew Lewis Wingfield George Gilbert Charles Lever Charles Lever Seumas MacManus Mary R. S. Andrews Annie Maria Keary T. Anthony Trollope Dean O'Brien Mrs. Hartley Justin McCarthy HISTORICAL NOVELS 871 IRELAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Secular rivalry- Christie Carew Justin McCarthy Fenians and Nationalist agitation When We Were Boys William O'Brien The Land League Norah Moriarty or, _ Revela- tions of Modern Irish Life Amos Reade SCOTLAND Picts and Romans (4th century) Michael Scott, or Scot the famous scholar and magician (ca. 1175- 1234) Norse Invasion (1263) Norse Invasion (1 262-1 263) Wallace and Bruce (1290-1315) Wallace and Bruce and the war of Scottish independence (1296- I3H) War of Independence (1298-1314) Scotch Wars Ayrshire and Lan- arkshire ( 1 306-1 307) War of Independence Bannock- burn (13 14) Aberdeen and Braemar district (end of 14th century) Speyside region and Morayshire (1388-1390) Perthshire, in the reign of Robert III (1402) James I of Scotland and England (ca. 1407-1422) Times of James I (15th century) William, 6th Earl of Douglas Gal- loway, Stirling, Edinburgh, and Brittany (1439-1440) The Hebrides (Barra) and Stirling; times of James I and II (1448) The Debatable Land House of Douglas (1444-1455) Close of the reign of James III (1488) James V Flodden Field (1503-1513) A Duke of Britain Sir Michael Scot Sir Valdemar the Ganger (juv.) The Thirsty Sword In Freedom's Cause (juv.) The Scottish Chiefs The Days of Bruce Castle Dangerous *The Chevalier of the Splendid Crest Kate Cameron of Brux The Wolfe of Badenoch The Fair Maid of Perth The Caged Lion (juv.) Catharine Douglas Black Douglas St. Clair of the Isles (juv.) The Mawkin of the Flow The Captain of the Guard The Yellow Frigate A Prince of Good Fellows For Stark Love and Kindness Sir Herbert Eustace Maxwell Allan Cunningham Josephine Fothering- hame Robert Leighton G. A. Henty Jane Porter Grace Aguilar Sir Walter Scott Sir Herbert Maxwell J. E. Muddock Sir Thomas Dick Lauder Sir Walter Scott Charlotte M. Yonge Rachel Willard S. R. Crockett Elizabeth Helme Lord Ernest William Hamilton James Grant James Grant Robert Barr Allan Macdonald 872 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS SCOTLAND continued SUBJECT Flodden Field (1513) Flodden Field (1513) James V's disasters (1537) Dundee (1544) Battle of Pinkie (1547) Melrose and District (1550) Mary Queen of Scots (1 567-1 568) John Knox (1547-1560) Mary Queen of Scots (1558-1565) Mary Queen of Scots (1 561-1567) Mary Queen of Scots The _ attempt of Earl Gilbert to seize the properties of Crossrag- nel Abbey (1 564-1 571) Career of Bothwell (1566-1577) Mary Queen of Scots Holyrood and Arabella Stuart Captivity of Mary in England (1568-1597) Mary Queen of Scots Moray, Darnley, and Mary Hamilton The Babington Plot and execution of Mary Queen of Scots (1586) Captivity of Mary Queen of Scots Fife, Devon, and West Indies Drake (ca. 1585) Border fighting in Elizabethan times Liddesdale and Border district (1587) The western Highlands Lisbon, the Azores, and the Shet- land Isles The Gowrie Conspiracy (1 599-1600) Galloway just after the Reformation (1601-1611) Montrose and the Covenant (1629- 1645) Solemn League and Covenant, Coronation of Charles II at Scone and other events of the Civil War (1 632-1 651) The Braes of Yarrow In The King's Favor Jane Seton No Cross, no Crown (juv.) Mary of Loriaine *The Monastery *The Abbot Magdalen Hepburn Basile the Jester (juv.) "The Queen's Quair Queen Mary's Holdfast The Dule Tree of Cassillis Bothwell; or the Days of Queen Mary The Queen's Maries Unknown to History (juv.) Mary Hamilton One Queen Triumphant The Master of Gray By Stroke of Sword (juv.) Rosslyn's Raid; and other Tales The Outlaws of the Marches The Lost Pibroch, and other Shieling Stories The Treasure of Don Andres Gowrie The Grey Man The Angel of the Covenant Harry Ogilvie; or The Black Dragoons Charles Gibbon J. E. Muddock James Grant Deborah Alcock James Grant Sir Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott Margaret O. Oliphant J. E. Muddock Maurice Hewlett Sir John Skelton William Robertson James Grant G. J. Whyte Melville Charlotte M. Yonge Lord Ernest Hamilton Frank Mathew H. C. Bailey Andrew Balfour Beatrice Helen Barmby Lord Ernest Hamilton Neil Munro J. Haldane Burgess G. P. R. James S. R. Crockett J. Maclaren Cobban James Grant HISTORICAL NOVELS 873 SCOTLAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Montrose and the Covenant *John Splendid Neil Munro Montrose's campaigns from Tipper- muir to Phihphaugh (1644-1645) The Red Reaper John A. Stewart Montrose and the Covenant (1645- 1646) *The Legend of Montrose Sir Walter Scott Montrose and the Covenant Journal of the Lady Beatrix Graham Mrs. Fowler Smith Traditionary tales The New Border Tales Sir George Brisbane Scott Douglas Kirk and Covenant Cameronian rebellion of 1679 (1 638-1 680) Adam Hepburn's Vow (juv.) Annie S. Swan The famous Warlock (1 660-1 670) Major Weir K. L. Montgomery Montrose and the Covenant The Cherry Ribband S. R. Crockett Bothwell Bridge (1679) *01d Mortality Sir Walter Scott Bothwell Bridge *Bible and Sword P. Hay Hunter Bothwell Bridge (1679) *The Men of the Moss Hags S. R. Crockett The Covenanters (ca. 1678-1683 John Burnet of Barns John Buchan Persecutions of the Covenanters (1680) For Crown and Covenant (juv.) Cyril Grey Witchcraft (late 17th century) The Witch-Wife Sarah Tytler Persecutions of the Covenanters (ca. 1685-1690) The Standard Beai S. R. Crockett Battle of Killiecrankie (1688) *Lochinvar S. R. Crockett The Covenanters, Grahame of Claverhouse, and Battle of Killie- crankie Ronald Lindsay (juv.) May Wynne Battle of Killiecrankie (ca. 1688- 1689) *Ringan Gilhaize John Gait Battle of Killiecrankie (1689) *The Scottish Cavalier James Grant East Lothian (1695) The Bride of Lammermoor Sir Walter Scott Shetland and Orkney (ca. 1700) The Pirate Sir Walter Scott Border country, Jacobite intrigues (1706) The Black Dwarf Sir Walter Scott Jacobite intrigues (1715) *Rob Roy Sir Walter Scott Rob Roy (ca. 171 5) The Adventures of Rob Roy James Grant Jacobites in London and Highlands (171s) Balmoral A. Allardyce The Jacobites, Edinburgh, and Bat- tle of Sheriffmuir (1715) To Arms! A. Balfour Jacobite rebellion (171 5) Lucy Arden James Grant Mar's Rebellion A Loyal Little Maid (juv.) Sarah Tytler 874 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS SCOTLAND continued Politics (1715-174S) Solway Moss and the Border (ca. 1720-1730) Gentlefolk in Fife (ca. 1 710-1740) Porteous Riots (1736) Fontenoy and Culloden (1 728-1 746) Time of the '45 Rebellion (174s) The Jacobites Highlands and Edinburgh The Jacobites Stirling, Edin- burgh, London, and Preston-pans Jacobite Intrigues in London (1745) Welsh connection with the Derby March (1745) The Jacobites Highland plots and campaign (1745-1746) The march to Derby and the battle of Culloden Culloden (1745) Jacobite rebellion in Yorkshire (i74S) Flora Macdonald (1746) The Jacobites The year after the '45 The Jacobites Culloden (1745- 1746) The Jacobite rebellion and the Ap- pin murder (1 746-1 750 The Jacobites Mission from Abroad to Charles Edward after Culloden (1 744-1 746) The abduction of Lady Grange, kinswoman of the Earl of Mar, and the search for her among the Hebrides (1 745-1 746) The Jacobites in the years after the '45 ( 1 745-1 764) A Jacobite refugee at Capetown (1746-1748) Jacobites and the Young Pretender (i7S5) ., Jacobite exiles in Par' Jacobite plots (1763) By Allan Water ( *The Raiders ) ( *The Dark o' the Moon ) A Daughter of Strife The Heart of Midlothian Bonnie Prince Charlie (juv.) Thyra Varrick (juv.) A Lost Lady of Old Years Waverley Sir Hector; the Story of a Scots Gentleman For the White Rose of Arno 'Poor Sons of a Day The Fortunes of Claude (juv.) The Stone of Dunalter J Ricroft of Withens ? { Willowdene Will J The Macdonald Lass Sir Sergeant A Hero of the Highlands (juv.) David Balfour ) Kidnapped > Catriona ) Spanish John The Lady of Hirta *The Master of Ballantrae *An Exiled Scot The Shoes of Fortune Favours from France Redgauntlet Catherine Steuart S. R. Crockett Jane H. Findlater Sir Walter Scott G. A. Henty Amelia E. Barr John Buchan Sir Walter Scott Robert Machray Owen Rhoscomyl Allan McAulay Edgar Pickering William Robertson Halliwell Sutcliffe Sarah Tytler W. L. Watson Evelyn Everett Green Robert Louis Steven- son William McLennan W. C. Mackenzie Robert Louis Steven- son H. A. Bryden Neil Munro Sarah Tytler Sir Walter Scott HISTORICAL NOVELS 875 SCOTLAND continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Edinburgh, Robert Burns, and Wil- liam Pitt (1768-ca. 1795) Nancy Stair Elinor Macartney Lane Fifeshire, Isle of Wight, India; Hyder Ali, Tippoo Sahib (1780) The Surgeon's Daughter Sir Walter Scott Fifeshire (late 18th century) The Green Graves of Bal- gowrie Jane H. Findlater Life and manners (close of 18th century) *The Antiquary Sir Walter Scott Robert Burns (1781-1796) *The Rhymer Allan McAulay Manners and society in Edinburgh (late 1 8th century) Lady Jean's Son Sarah Tytler Perthshire (ca. 1800) Black Mary Allan McAulay Life in the Hebrides (ca. 1800) Children of Tempest Neil Munro Life and manners on the east coast (1801-1802) *The Interloper Violet Jacob Lord Braxfield (1813-1814) *Weir of Hermiston Robert Louis Stevenson Adventure in Scotland and in France during the Hundred Days (1815) Vengeance is Mine Andrew Balfour Highland village life just after Waterloo (1815-1816) Gilian the Dreamer Neil Munro The Irvingite Church, and the passing of the Reform Bill (ca. 1830-1833) Because of the Angels Matilda Hope The. Disruption of the Kirk (1843) Chronicles of Glenbuckie Henry Johnston The Disruption of the Kirk (1843) Inchbracken Robert Cleland The Disruption of the Kirk (1843) The Banner of Blue S. R. Crockett The Disruption of the Kirk (1843) The Heritage of the Free; or, More than Conquerors David Lyall Struggle of the ministers after the great Disruption (1843 et seq.) A Daughter of the Manse Sarah Tytler THE NETHERLANDS Bruges and the Battle of Courtrai ( 1 298-1 302) Ghent in the days of Philip von Artevelde, and his defeat and death at the battle of Roosebeke (1380-1382) Revolt of the citizens of Ghent Philip von Artevelde Rebellion in Flanders against Philip the Good of Burgundy (ca. 1450- 1460) The Revolt of Ghent (1456-1477) "The Lion of Flanders A Turbulent Town (juv.) The White Hoods (juv.) Old Margaret Mary of Burgundy H. Conscience (trans.) E. N. Hoare Mrs. Bray Henry Kingsley G. P. R. James 876 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS THE NETHERLANDS continued SUBJECT Eve of the Reformation (ca. 1470) Flemish Life (late 16th century) Abdication of Charles V; growth of the Reformation (1528-1580) Flemish revolt against Philip II Days of Philip II Spanish reign of terror in the low countries 0559-1573) The persecution of the Lutherans (156S) Flemish rebellion against Spain (1576) The Revolt and the Inquisition ( 1 568-1 570) Antwerp and the Spanish occupa- tion The Revolt and Inquisition Confederacy of the Gueux (1568- 1572) The struggle with Spain; the Gueux; the terrible siege of Haar- lem (1572-1573) Alva and the revolt of the Gueux (1567-1575) The Revolt and Inquisition (1567- 1575) Prince of Orange and Alva The Siege of Leyden (1754) The Siege of Leyden (1754) Margaret of Parma, Alva, and the Prmce of Orange (1574 et seq.) Siege of Haarlem, Leyden, and Antwerp (1 572-1 585) Later years of the Prince of Or- ange ( 1 576-1 584) Siege of Antwerp (1585) Overthrow of Spain Surprise of Breda (1585-1604) The capture of Breda (1590) William of Orange and the broth- ers De Witt (1672-1675) Spinoza the Philosopher (1632- 1677) The Cloister and the Hearth Quentin Matsys The Page of the Duke of Savoy *Lysbeth The Merchant of Haarlem (juv.) Jan van Elselo A Woman and a Creed The Year of Miracles (juv.) The Master Beggars Monsieur le Capitaine Douay The Scarlet Judges The Beggars Beggars of the Sea (juv.) Ludovic and Gertrude True to the Prince My Lady of Orange Wind and Wave The Burgomaster's Wife In Troubled Times By Pike and Dyke (juv.) For Faith and Fatherland (juv.) Shut In By England's Aid (juv.) Walter's Escape The Black Tulip *Spinoza Charles Reade Caroline Pichler Dumas H. Rider Haggard W. H. G. Kingston Gilbert and Marion Coleridge H. Garton Sargent Hendrik Conscience L. Cope Cornford Seth Cook Comstock Eliza F. Pollard Jacob B. de Liefde Tom Bevan Hendrik Conscience Gertrude Bell H. C. Bailey H. E. Burch Georg Ebers (trans.) A. S. C. Wallis (trans. ) G. A. Henty M. Bramston E. Everett Green G. A. Henty Jacob B. de Liefde Dumas (trans.) Berthold Auerbach (trans.) HISTORICAL NOVELS 877 THE NETHERLANDS continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Spinoza *The Maker of Lenses Israel Zangwill Siege of Liege and Marlborough (1702) The Sword of Gideon J. Bloundelle Burton Invasion of Belgium by the French (ca. 1793) Veva; or the War of the Peasants Hendrik Conscience The French Revolution (1794) The Fisherman's Daughter (juv.) Hendrik Conscience Life and manner (ca. 1800) Kitwyk Mrs. John Lane SWITZERLAND Prehistoric Realmah Sir Arthur Helps Charles the Bold and the Switzers, Margaret of Anjou (1474) *Anne of Geierstein Sir Walter Scott Reformation Time *True Heart Frederick Breton The Reformation in Savoy The Mountain Patriots Mrs. Alexander S. Orr Reformation The City and the Castle Annie Lucas Geneva in Calvin's time Under Calvin's Spell D. Alcock Defence of Geneva against Savoyards (1602) the *The Long Night Stanley J. Weyman Thirty Years War the Grisons district *Jurg Jenatsch C. F. Meyer Franco- Austrian war (late 18th tury) cen- The Rose of Disentis J. H. D. Zschokke RUSSIA Zaporogian Cossacks (16th century) Taras Bulba Nikolai Vasilievitch Gogol Ivan IV A Boyar of the Terrible Fred Whishaw Ivan IV The Terrible Czar Count A. K. Tolstoy (trans.) Ivan IV The Tiger of Muscovy Fred Whishaw The false Dmitri (1603-1605) A Splendid Imposter Fred Whishaw The false Demetrius (1602-1603) Dmitri F. W. Bain Peter the Great *On the Red Staircase M. Imlay Taylor Peter the Great The Lion Cub Fred Whishaw The Princess Sophia, the wars of the Naryshkins and the strelitz ( 1 698-1 704) The Rebellion of the Princess M. Imlay Taylor Life in early 18th century Peter and Alexis Dmitri Merejkowski Mazeppa and the Cossacks; Battle of Pultowa ( 1 687-1 709) Mazeppa Fred Whishaw 878 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS RUSSIA continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Peter the Great *An Imperial Lover M. Imlay Taylor Peter the Great and Alexis (1718) She That Hesitates Harris Dickson Peter the Great and Alexis (1718) *Near the Tsar, near Death Fred Whishaw Peter the Great *The Triumph of Count Ostermann Graham Hope Middle 18th century Ivan de Biron Sir Arthur Helps Court of Catherine the Great Many Ways of Love Fred Whishaw Court of Catherine the Great A Forbidden Name Fred Whishaw Court of Catherine the Great The Turkish Automaton Sheila . Braine Napoleon's Russian campaign chiefly Dantzic Barlasch of the Guards H. Seton Merriman The French invasion (1812) Moscow Fred Whishaw Austerlitz, Borodino, and Moscow (1805-1820) War and Peace Tolstoy (trans.) French invasion (1812) The Shalonski Family Eugenia Tur Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow (1812) Kenneth Charlotte M. Yonge Napoleon's Retreat Through Russian Snows (juv.) G. A. Henty Nihilist conspiracy under Alex- ander I of Russia *The Green Book Maurus Jokai (trans.) Conspiracy of Redemski Piincess Jarakanova: a Dark Chapter of Russian History G. P. Danilevski Persecution of the Jews (ca. i8ss) By Order of the Czar Joseph Hatton Nihilists On Peter's Island A. R. and M. E. Ropes Nihilist movement (1873-1875) In Two Moods V. Korolenko Russo-Turkish campaign (1877) *Stories V. M. Garshin Siberian fugitives Sons of Freedom (juv.) Fred Whishaw Late 19th century A Tsar's Gratitude Fred Whishaw Contemporary history The White Terror and the Red A. Cahan POLAND The Teutonic Knights (14th cen- tury) Knights of the Cross H. Sienkiewicz (trans.) France and Poland (1570-1626) The Lord of Lowedale (juv.) R. D. Chetwode Revolt of the Ukraine Cossacks With Fire and Sword H. Sienkiewicz (trans.) Invasion of the Swedes (1654-1655) The Deluge H. Sienkiewicz (trans.) War with the Tartars Pan Michael H. Sienkiewicz (trans.) HISTORICAL NOVELS 879 POLAND continued SUBJECT In the Carpathians, John Sobieski, and the Turks the Strong The fugitive Stuarts (1719) Court of Augustus (1706-1727) Princess Clementina Sobieski and the old Pretender to English throne (1720) Wars with Catharine II of Russia (i775) Madame Walewska's self-abandon- ment to Napoleon for her coun- try's sake (1806-1812) Count Thaddeus Sobieski (ca. 1830) Insurrection of 1831 Insurrection of i860 Russian Nihilists and insurgent Poles The Wizard King (juv.) The Countess Cosel Madamscourt: Adventures of a Fugitive Princess (ju v -) Clementina The Captain's Daughter Napoleon's Love Story Thaddeus of Warsaw The Maid of Warsaw *The Jew The Vultures David Ker Joseph Ignatius Kraszewski H. May Poynter A. E. W. Mason A. S. Pushkin Waclaw Gasiorowski Jane Porter Ernest Jones Joseph Ignatius Kraszewski H. Seton Merriman TURKEY First Crusade Constantinople (1098) Fall .of Constantinople (1443-1456) Fall of Constantinople (i4S3) Fall of Constantinople (1453) Fall of Constantinople (14S3) Siege of Rhodes (1480) Siege of Rhodes (1480) Louis XIV the Turkish Wars (1663-1664) Life in Constantinople (17th cen- tury) Stambul (1730) The struggle for religion and free- dom in the Balkan peninsula Ali Pasha of Janina (1819-1822) Bulgarian revolt (1875-1876) The Russo-Turkish War (1877) Count Robert of Paris *Captain of the Janizaries "Theodora Phranza The Fall of Constantinople (juv.) The Prince of India The Constable of St. Nicho- las (juv.) A Knight of the White Cross (juv.) The Golden Fleece Romances of the Old Seraglio Halil the Pedlar The Black Pilgrim *The Lion of Janina Under the Yoke The War Correspondent Sir Walter Scott James Meeker Ludlow J. M. Neal A. Wall Lew Wallace E. Lester Arnold G. A. Henty Amedee Achard H. N. Crellin Maurus Jokal (trans.) Michael Czajkowski Maurus Jokai (trans.) Ivan Vazoff V. Vereshchagin 880 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS TURKEY continued SUBJECT Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) Greco-Turkish campaign (1897) In the Track of the Troops Active Service R. M. Ballantyne Stephen Crane SCANDINAVIA The Viking Age (3rd~4th century) The days of trolls and giants Times of Alfred the Great of Eng- land An old Norse tale The Vikings (early 10th century) The Vikings (last quarter of 10th century) Career of Olaf Tryggvason Olaf Trygvasson (ca. 995-1000) Pre-Columban Discovery of Amer- ica (ca. 986-1006) Life in the 10th century Introduction of Christianity into Norway (ca. 1000-1030) Harold Haardraada; Battle of Stamford Bridge (1030-1066) Denmark (1204) The Black Death (ca. 1340) Reign of Gustavus Vasa (1523- 1560) Goran Perrson (ca. 1560) Life of Gustat Ericson Vasa (1568- 1606) Dawn of the Gustavian period Charles X and Charles XI (1654- 1697) Charles XII (1697-1700) Charles XII (ca. 1697-1719) Charles XII; Battle of Pultowa (1697-1718) The Great Swedish War (1699- 1718) Ivar the Viking The Saga of Jarl the Neat- herd (juv.) Kormak the Viking (juv.) A Man's Fear *Erling the Bold The Vikings of the Baltic Olaf the Glorious (juv.) *The Thrall of Leif the Lucky The Norsemen in the West (juv.) Grettir the Outlaw (juv.) *The Fall of Asgard Harold the Norseman (juv.) Waldemar "Singoalla: Legend Karine a Mediaeval * Royal Favour Not for Crown or Sceptre (juv.) The Times of Alchemy Times of Battle and Rest A Jacobite Exile (juv.) Times of Charles XII "A King and His Campaigners Monsieur Martin Paul Du Chaillu H. Escott Inman J. F. Hodgetts H. Drummond R. M. Ballantyne Sir G. W. Dasent Robert Leighton Ottilie A. Liljencrantz R. M. Ballantyne S. Baring-Gould Julian Corbett Fred Whishaw B. S. Ingemann (trans.) Viktor Rydberg Wilhelm Jensen (trans.) A. S. C. Wallis (trans.) D. Alcock Zachris Topelius Zachris Topelius G. A. Henty Zachris Topelius Verner von Heidenstam (trans.) Wymond Carey HISTORICAL NOVELS 881 SCANDINAVIA continued Life in the 18th century The period succeeding: the reign of Charles XII (1741 et seq.) Progress of Industrialism (18th cen- tury) Caroline Matilda and Marie An- toinette (1772-1792) Events that led to the assassination of Gustavus III of Sweden (1789- 1792) The Isle of Man in the days of the Napoleonic Wars Struggle of the peasants against re- action The Snow Man The Times of Frederick I The Barque Future; Life in the Far North Two Queens "The King with Two Faces The Bondman (Emanuel; or, Children of ] the Soil f The Promised Land (sequel) George Sand (trans.) Zachris Topelius J. L. I. Lie J. G. L. Heselriel M. E. Coleridge Hall Caine Henrik Pontoppidan AUSTRIA-HUNGARY Hungary the Tartar Invasion (13th century) The Hussites wars in Bohemia (early 15 th century) Bohemia, Prague, Burgstein, and England (1422-1432) Of Old Styria (1493) Jews in Prague Elizabeth of Bohemia and offer of Crown to Charles Hungary (middle 17th century) The Carpathian District John Sobieski and the Turks Transylvania and the struggle with the Turks (1666) The Turks in Hungary (1674-1690) The Tyrol (1685-1688) Late 17th century life Maria Theresa, Haydn, Metastasio, and Frederick the Great (1740- 1786) Moravia (1 771-1773) Vienna in the last decade of the 1 8th century The Alpine forests (ca. 1800; "Neath the Hoof of the Tar- tar; or, The Scourge of God "The Gleaming Dawn The Cardinal's Page The God Seeker Gabriel The Last of the Cliffords Pretty Michal The Wizard King 'Midst the Wild Carpathians The Slaves of the Padishah The Courtship of Morrice Buckler Told by the Death's Head: a Romantic Tale f *Consuelo j *The Countess of Rudol ' stadt (sequel) The Pride of Jennico i The Hungarian Brothers The Forest Schoolmaster Baron Nicolas Josika (trans.) James Baker James Baker Peter K. Rosegger S. Kohn Eliza F. Pollard Maurus Jokai (trans.) David Ker Maurus Jokai (trans.) Maurus Jokai (trans.) Arthur Edward Wood- ley Mason Maurus J6kai (trans.) George Sand (trans.) Agnes and Egerton Castle Anna Maria Porter Peter Rosegger 882 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS AUSTRIA-HUNGARY continued SDBTECT TITLE AUTHOR Hungary in Napoleonic period (1804-1809) *The Nameless Castle Maurus Jokai (trans.) Hungarian life (early 19th cen- tury) The Day of Wrath Maurus Jokai (trans.) Bavaria in Napoleon's time, and Hofer's insunection in Tyrol At Odds Baroness Tautpheus The Tyrolese struggle under Hofer (1809) ( "With the Red Eagle I *A Red Bridal (sequel) ) William Westall The insurrection in the Tyrol (1809- 1810) Andreas Hofer Louise Muhlbach (Mrs C. M. Mundt) Life in Hungary (ca. 1822) *An Hungarian Nabob Maurus Jokai (trans.) Carpathian district (1835) For the Right Karl Emil Franzos (trans.) Hungarian Revolution (1848) The Baron's Sons Maurus Jokai (trans.) Transylvania (1848-1859) *Manasseh Maurus Jokai (trans.) Political movements in Hungary (19th century) *Eyes Like the Sea Maurus Jokai (trans.) Hungarian Revolution (1848) Debts of Honour Maurus Jokai (trans.) The Revolution in Vienna (1848) The Storm Bird Axel Lundegard Hungarian Revolution (1848-1859) *The New Landlord Maurus Jokai (trans.) The Crimean War period (1854- 1855) The Interpreter G. J. Whyte Melville GERMANY From the great migration to the time of Charlemagne Heidelberg under the Romans (4th century) The German migrations (476 a.d.) Charlemagne (ca. 800) The Huns (10th century) Black Forest Frederick (I) Bar- barossa (12th century) Cologne and Robber Barons of the Rhine (12th century) Robber Knights (beginning of 13th century) The Vehmgericht of Westphalia Thuringia and the suppression of the robber knights by Rudolf I (13th century) *Our Forefathers (Die Ahnen) Jetta *Felicitas Passe Rose *Ekkehard Hohenzollern (juv.) Farina The Castle of Ehrenstein The Strong Arm The Saint of Dragon's Dale: a Fantastic Tale Gustav Freytag (trans.) George Taylor (trans.) Felix Dahn A. S. Hardy Johann Victor von Scheffel (trans.) Cyrus T. Brady George Meredith G. P. R. James Robert Barr William Stearns Davis HISTORICAL NOVELS 883 GERMANY continued SUBJECT Nurcmburg (early 15th century) Bohemia (middle of 15th century) The father of Erasmus (ca. 1470) Robber barons (1472-1531) Charles the Bold, the Switzers, and Margaret of Anjou The Renaissance period Berlin (late 15th century) Reformation times in Switzerland (1514-1525) Nuremberg, prior to the Reforma- tion (i57) Wurtemburg (1519) Luther and His Family The Peasants' War Manners in Pomerania (early 10th century) Duke Maurice of Saxony, Charles V, and Luther (i539-i5S3) Charles V and the Protestants (1546-1576) Erastus; Lutherans, Calvinists, and Catholics Frederick V, Elector Palatine (1619-1622) Thirty Years* War; Tilly and Richelieu (1619-1648) Thirty Years' War Scotch sol- dier of fortune (1626-1629) Pomerania in times of Gustavus Adolphus (late 17th century) Gustavus Adolphus The Finns and the Croats in the Thirty Years' War Wallenstein and the siege of Stralsund (1628) Scotsmen in Army of Gustavus Adolphus Thuringia in the Thirty Years' War (1632) Gustavus Adolphus in Germany (1632-1648) Margery, a Tale of Old Nuremberg The Cardinal's Page *The Cloister and the Hearth 'The Dove in the Eagle's Nest Anne of Geierstein; or, The Maiden of the Mist Joan of the Sword Hand The Burgomaster of Berlin True Heart In the Blue Pike Marie of Lichtenstein Chronicles of the Schonberg Cotta Family In the Olden Time Sklonia the Sorceress The Duke's Page; or, In the Days of Luther Barbara Blomberg Klytia Heidelberg Baron and Squire Philip Rollo The Amber Witch The King's Ring A Trooper of the Finns (juv.) A Brave Resolve The Lion of the North (juv.) My Lady Rotha Memoirs of a Cavalier Georg M. Ebers (trans,) James Baker Charles Reade Charlotte M. Yonge Sir Walter Scott S. R. Crockett Wilibald Alexis (trans.) Frederick Breton Georg M. Ebers (trans.) Wilhelm Hauff Elizabeth Charles Margaret Roberts J. Wilhelm Meinhold Sarah M. S. Clarke Georg M. Ebers (trans.) George Taylor (trans.) G. P. R. James Wilhelm Noeldechen James Grant J. Wilhelm Meinhold Zachris Topelius (trans.) Tom Bevan Jacob B. de Liefde G. A. Henty Stanley J. Weyman Defoe 884 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS GERMANY continued SUBJECT Thirty Years' War Villingen ( i 633-1 634) Thirty Years' War just prior to the battle of Nordhngen (1633- 1634) Gustavus Adolphus and Wallen- stein Thirty Years' War the Dukes of Wolfmark Thirty Years' War Turenne and Mazarin Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, and King of Poland ( 1 706-1 727) Protestantism Frederick William I of Prussia and his Giant Grenadiers Frederick William I of Prussia and the Giant Grenadiers (1730) Early life of Frederick the Great; the execution of Katte (1712- 1730) Maria Theresa; the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) Frederick the Great and the battles of the Seven Years' War (1756- 1763) The Seven Years' War (1 756-1 763) Moses Mendelssohn (ca. 1 729-1 786) Frederick the Great and his Friends Saxony during the Napoleonic Wars Bavaria in the Napoleonic Wars ( 1 800-1 809) Westphalia in time of Jerome Bona- parte (1807-1813) Napoleonic Wars (1812-1813) French occupation of Mecklenburg French in Prussia (1814-1815) Foreign wars (1 864-1870) Austro-Prussian and Franco-German Wars (1866-1870) Beleaguered Klosterheim The Fortune-Hunter Red Axe Won by the Sword (juv.) The Countess Cosel Claude the Colporteur (juv.) The King's " Blue Boys " (juv.) The Red Cravat The Little Marquis of Brand- enburg The Lively Adventures of Gavin Hamilton Under which King? With Frederick the Great (juv.) A Gendarme of the King *A Fallen Star Poet and Merchant Berlin and Sans Souci The Fiddler of Lugau At Odds Love and Honour Face to Face with Napoleon (juv.) In the Year '13 *Regina Lay Down Your Arms John of Gerisau AUTHOR Herman T. Koerner Thomas De Quincey Harold Molander S. R. Crockett G. A. Henty J. I. Kraszewski Anne Manning Sheila E. Braine Alfred Tresidder Shep- pard W. R. H. Trowbridge Molly E. Seawell Hubert Rendel G. A. Henty Philip L. Stevenson C. Lowe Berthold Auerbach Louise Muhlbach Margaret Roberts Baroness J. von Taut- pheus M. E. Carr O. V. Caine Fritz Reuter (trans.) Hermann Sudermann Baroness von Suttner (trans.) John Oxenham HISTORICAL NOVELS 885 GERMANY continued SUBJECT Austro-Prussian War (1866) The Austrian War Life in Mecklenburg (1 870-1 871) Social life in Germany (ca. 1873) "For Scepter and Crown Maid, Wife, or Widow? *Seed Time and Harvest *The Breaking of the Storm G. Samarow (trans.) Mrs. Alexander Fritz Reuter F. Spielhagen AFRICA Central Africa (ca. 1700) The Golden Kingdom (juv.) Andrew Balfour A Jacobite refugee in the neighbor- hood of Capetown (1746-1748) *An Exiled Scot: Passages in the Life of Ranald Cam- eron H. A. Bryden The Great Trek (1836) Swallow H. Rider Haggard British South Africa in the Forties The War of the Axe (juv.) J. Percy Groves Kaffir wars (1834-1851) Sword and Assegai Anna Howarth Zulu Wars; Dingaan and kasi (1836-1840) Umzili- The Induna's Wife Bertram Mitford The jjreat epidemic of small-pox (1859) Katrina: a Tale of the Karao Anna Howarth Zulu and Boer Wars (1873 -1879) The Young Colonists (juv.) G. A. Henty The Ashanti War (1877) By Sheer Pluck (juv.) G. A. Henty Kaffir Wars 'Tween Snow and Fire Bertram Mitford Zulus' (1877-1878) A Romance of the Cape Frontier Bertram Mitford Zululand (1 870-1 879) The Gun-Runner Bertram Mitford Zululand The Luck of Gerald Ridgeley Bertram Mitford Zulu War The Word of the Sorceress Bertram Mitford Zulus Haviland's Chum Bertram Mitford Zulu War, Isandhlwana, Drift and Ulundi Rorke's The Yellow Shield (juv.) William Johnston Boer War (1881) Cease Fire J. Mac Laren Cobban Matabeleland (ca. 1890-1893) The Sign of the Spider Bertram Mitford Matabeleland (1893) The King's Assegai Bertram Mitford Matabeleland The White Witch of the Matabele (juv.) Fred Whishaw Rhodesianism Atbara and Omdurman Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland With Kitchener in the Sou- dan (juv.) Olive Schreiner G. A. Henty Battle off Omdurman The Four Feathers Arthur Edward Wood- ley Mason 886 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS AFRICA continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) The Colossus Morley Roberts Transvaal Prinsloo of Prinsloosdorf Douglas Blackburn Life of Dutch and English in the Transvaal Nora Lester Anna Howarth Transvaal A Daughter of the Transvaal Alys Lowth Transvaal Under the Sjambok George Hansby Russell Boer invasion Aletta Bertram Mitford Boer War (1900) From the Front: Stories from the Seat of War Anonymous Magersfont ein (1900-1901) The Eternal Quest J. A. Steuart Boer War (1900-1902) For the Queen in South Africa C. D. Haskins Boer War (1900) Three Scouts (juv.) Fred Wishaw Boer War ( 1 900-1 901) *Derwent's Horse Victor Rousseau Boer War ( 1 900-1 901) Taken by Assault Morley Roberts Boer War (1900-1901) One of the Fighting Scouts: a Tale of Guerrilla Warfare in South Africa (juv.) F. S. Brereton Boer War ( 1 900-1 901) *Max Thornton (juv.) Ernest Glanville Boer War (1900-1901) Driscoll, King of Scouts A. G. Hales Australians in the Boer War (1900-1902) Plain and Veldt J. H. M. Abbott Boer War (1900-1902) Abraham's Sacrifice Gustaf Janson (trans.) CANADA Early Canada Jacques Cartier (ca. 1542) The struggle between the Estab- lished Church and Puritanism in Bermuda (time of James I of England) Quebec, New England and Acadia (1637-1647) Acadia (1645) Mme. Hutchinson and the Indians French in Canada (1660) Old Indian wars Canadians of Old Marguerite de Roberval Mary Paget The Plowshare and the Sword: a Tale of Empire (juv.) *The Lady of Fort St. John (juv.) The Golden Arrow *The Romance of Dollard The White Islander S. A. de Gaspe T. G. Marquis Minna Caroline Smith Ernest George Henham Mary Hartwell Ca'her- wood Ruth Hall Mary Hartwell Cather- wood Mary Hartwell Cather- wood HISTORICAL NOVELS 887 CANADA continued SUBJECT French wars France and Acadia The French and Indian Wars French in Canada LaSalle (1678-1687) LaSalle and Henri de Tonty French Occupation of Canada (1687) French Occupation of Canada (ca. 1690-1700) Quebec, in the days of Louis XV (1697) The capture of Louisburg (174s) The capture of Louisburg The capture of Louisburg Acadia in the French and English wars ( 1 746-1 747) Louisburg and Quebec (1746-1759) Penrith, Westerham, and Canada; Wolfe The Expulsion of the Acadians (i755) Capture of Ticonderoga Battle of Quebec; Montcalm and Wolfe (1758-1760) Wolfe's campaign (i7S5 -I 759) Ticonderoga and Quebec (1758- I77S) Capture of Quebec (ca. 1 759-1763) Capture of Quebec Life in the northwest (early 19th century) French Refugees on the shores of Lake Ontario (early 19th cen- tury) The Hudson Bay Company Great fur-trading companies Papineau's insurrection (1837) Canadian Rebellion (1837-1838) The Chase of Saint Castin A Daughter of France (juv.) The Prisoner of Mademoiselle A Daughter of New France *The Story of Tonty (juv.) A Rose of Normandy The Road to Frontenac The Trail of the Sword *The Golden Dog (Le Chien d' Or) Boys of 1745 Fife and Drum at Louisbourg Englishman's Haven (juv.) The Forge in the Forest The Span o' Life Amyot Brough (juv.) A Sister to Evangeline A Soldier of Manhattan With Wolfe in Canada (juv.) Fort Amity The Quiberon Touch The Seats of the Mighty Old Kaskaskia (juv.) The Trail of the Grand Seigneur Conjurer's House Lords of the North The Pomp of the Lavilettes The Old Judge; or Life in a Colony Mary Hartwell Cather- wood Eliza F. Pollard Charles George Douglas Roberts Mary C. Crowley Mary Hartwell Cather- wood William R. A. Wilson Samuel Merwin Sir Gilbert Parker William Kirby James Otis J. Macdonald Oxley W. J. Gordon Charles George Doug' las Roberts William McLennan and Jean N. Mcllwraith E. Vincent Briton Charles George Douglas Roberts Joseph A. Altsheler G. A. Henty A. T. Quiller Couch Cyrus T. Brady Sir Gilbert Parker Mary Hartwell Cather- wood Olin L. Lyman Stewart Edward White Agnes C. Laut Sir Gilbert Parker Thomas Chandler Hal- iburton 888 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS CANADA continued SUBJECT Fenian movement Hudson Bay Company (i 867-1 869) Louis Riel Rebellion (1869-1870) Red River Expedition (1871) Lome Administration in New- foundland (1878-1883) Riel's rebellion (1885) TITLE In the Midst of Alarms The Silent Places Menotah (juv.) The Red Man's Revenge (juv.) Under the Great Seal The Prodigal's Brother Robert Barr Stewart Edward White Ernest G. Henham R. M. Ballantyne Joseph Hatton John Mackie AUSTRALIA and NEW ZEALAND The Maoris (1777) Founding of New South Wales (1764-1793) The Mutiny of the " Bounty " ( 1 789-1 790) Botany Bay Botany Bay (early 19th century) Tasmania (ca. 1830) Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Early New South Wales Ballarat gold-fields, Inkerman, and England (1853) Life of immigrants in Melbourne and at the Goldfields (ca. 1850) Victoria (ca. 1850) Australia in the Sixties Maori War in New Zealand (the sixties) The New Zealand War (the six- ties) Outside and Overseas (juv.) *A First Fleet Family The Mutineer Helen Adair This Man's Wife For the Term of His Natural Life Tales of Early Australian Days Tales of the Isle of Death The Rogue's March Denis Dent Stephen Kyrle; an Australian Story The Wisdom of Esau Euancondit War to the Knife; or, Tau- gata Maori Maori and Settler (juv.) George Makgill G. Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery G. Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery G. Louis Becke G. Manville Fenn Marcus A. H. Clarke Price Waning Price Warung E. W. Hornung E. W. Hornung Mrs. T. R. Andrews R. L. Outhwaite and C. H. Chomley Henry Goldsmith Rolf Boldrewood G. A. Henty SOUTH AMERICA Antiquarian discoveries Conquest of Peru (ca. 1 524-1 533) The Aztec Treasure-House: a Romance of Contempo- raneous Antiquity The Inca's Ransom Thomas A. Janvier Albert Lee HISTORICAL NOVELS 889 SOUTH AMERICA continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR The conquest of Peru (ca. 1524- 1533) The Virgin of the Sun George Griffith Peru after the conquest by the Spaniards (ca. 1561-1588) Under the Southern Cross (juv.) Deborah Alcock The Peruvian struggle for Inde- pendence (1821-1824) *At the Point of the Sword (juv.) Herbert Hayens The Pampas (1879) *E1 Ombii W. H. Hudson MEXICO and CENTRAL AMERICA Conquest of Mexico By Right of Conquest (juv.) G. A. Henty Conquest of Mexico The Fair God Lew Wallace Conquest of Mexico Montezuma's Daughh H. Rider Haggard Cortez and his defeat of Monte- zuma (1519-1521) The White Conquerors of Mexico (juv.) Kirk Munroe Spain and Mexico; the daughter of Montezuma The Spoils of Empire Francis N. Thorpe Yucatan (16th century) Maya; a Story of Yucatan William Dudley Foulke The project for seizing Panama from the Spaniards (1698) A Gentleman Adventurer J. Bloundelle Burton Maximilian's empire (1865-1867) Roderick Taliaferro George Oram Cook WEST INDIES Buccaneers (1672-ca. 1700) Leonard Lindsay A. B. Reach Loss of the Hispaniola plate off San Domingo (1683) The Hispaniola Plate J. Bloundelle Burton Martinique; the girlhood of Jose- phine, Empress of the French Mamzelle Fifine Eleanor Atkinson Toussaint L'Ouverture; Hayti and France (1791-1803) *The Hour and the Man Harriet Martineau Rebellion against the whites in Hayti *Bug-Jargal Victor Hugo The Black Insurrection of Hayti ( 1 791-1804) Martinique (1848) A Roving Commission (juv.) Youma G. A. Henty Lafcadio Hearn Cuba Conspiracy A. Badeau Cuba (ca. 1858) A Cuban Expedition J. H. Bloomfield Cuban Rebellion (ca. 1870) Caoba, the Guerrilla Chief P. H. Emerson 890 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS DISCOVERY OF AMERICA SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Pre-Columban Discovery of Amer- ica (986-1006) The Norsemen in the West (juv.) R. M. Ballantyne Viking settlers The Vinland Champions (juv.) Ottilie A. Liljencrantz Columbus's voyage (1460-1493) Mercedes of Castile (juv.) J. Fenimore Cooper Christopher Columbus (1492) Westward With Columbus Gordon Stables Columbus Out of the Sunset Sea Alboin W. Tourgee Columbus Columbia (juv.) John R. Musick THE UNITED STATES Florida; Hernando de Soto (ca. 1519-1542) The Huguenots in Florida (ca. 1564-1567) Struggle between French and Spaniards for possession of Flor- ida (1565) The Lost Colony (late 16th cen- tury) Dutch in New York Pilgrim Fathers (ca. 1620) The Pilgrims Colonial times Miles Standish Pilgrim Fathers Pilgrim Fathers; Indians Old Virginia (1622) Old Virginia (1622) Plymouth Colony Maryland (1636) Connecticut Valley (1638) Massachusetts and Rhode Island ( 1 640-1 650) Maryland (1644) Dutch Colonists in Hudson River Districts (1 640-1 650) Quaker persecutions (ca. 1652) Vasconcelos (juv.) The Flamingo Feather (juv.) The Sword of Justice John Vytal Knickerbocker's History of New York 'Standish of Standish (juv.) Betty Alden David Alden's Daughter Soldier Rigdale The Little Chief (juv.) Longfeather the Peacemaker (juv.) ( *By Order of the Company ) I To have and to Hold J The Head of a Hundred Merry-Mount Mistress Brent The Bay Path A New England Cactus Sir Christopher Antonia The Making of Christopher Ferringham W. Gilmore Simms Kirk Munroe Sheppard Stevens William F. Payson Washington Irving J. G. Austin J. G. Austin J. G. Austin Beulah Marie Dix Eliza F. Pollard Kirk Munroe Mary Johnston Maud W. Goodwin J. L. Motley Lucy M. Thruston Josiah Gilbert Holland Frank Pope Humphiey Maud Wilder Goodwin Jessie Van Zile Belden Beulah Marie Dix HISTORICAL NOVELS 891 THE UNIITED STATES continued Indian warfare and conflicts be- tween French and English on the frontier New Amsterdam and Long Island (middle 17th century) Puritans in Massachusetts (1650) Virginia under the Restoration Founding of New York and Mary- land (1664) Devon settlers in old Virginia and Massachusetts Bay La Salle (ca. 1669) La Salle King Philip's War (ca. 1675-1676) King Philip's War (1675-1676) Caseo Bay, Maine; Indian raids (1676) Bacon's rebellion in Virginia (1676) Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia (1676) Plymouth Colony (ca. 1675) La Salle Frontier life in Louisiana (ca. 1680) Tobacco riots in Virginia (1682) South Carolina (1684) The Florida border (ca. 1685) Sir William Phips; witchcraft per- secutions (1686) Lincolnshire and America (1687- 1697) Jacob Leisler and the militia in- surrection (1688-1691) Jacob Leisler and the militia in- surrection (1689-1690) Witchcraft trials at Salem and Boston ( 1 691-1692) Connecticut valley The Block House on the Prairie Maid of Montauks The Scarlet Letter *The Old Dominion (Pris- oners of Hope) Barnaby Lee (juv.) *King Noanett The Young Pioneers (juv.) With Sword and Crucifix The Wept of the Wish-Ton- Wish (juv.) Uncrowning a King An Island Refuge (juv.) White Aprons Vivian of Virginia A Nameless Nobleman ) Dr. Le Baron and his > Daughters (sequel) ) Robert Cavalier The Black Wolf's Breed The Heart's Highway The Cassique of Kiawah (juv.) When the Land Was Young The Coast of Freedom Children of Wrath In Leisler's Times (juv.) The Begum's Daughter The Black Shilling (juv.) Steadfast Friedrich Spielhagen Forest Monroe Nathaniel Hawthorne Mary Johnston John Bennett F. J. Stimson Evelyn Everett Green E. S. Van Zile J. Fenimore Cooper E. S. Ellis James Otis [J. O. Kaleu-] Maud W. Goodwin Hulbert Fuller J. G. Austin William Dana Orcutt Harris Dickson Mary E. Wilkins W. Gilmore Simms Lafayette McLaws Adele Marie Shaw J. Provand Webster Elbridge S. Brooks Edwin L. Bynner Amelia E. Barr Rose Terry Cooke 892 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS THE UNIITED STATES continued SUBJECT South Carolina, the Indian Con- spiracy (171 5) Colonial New York (18th century) John Law (ca. 1704-1729) Mississippi scheme Boston (middle of 18th century) Boston (i75S) Valley of the Shenandoah (1748- 1781) The early days of Washington (1755) Dutch society in New York (1757) Dutch in New York (1756) Washington and Braddock's defeat (1754-1773) Frontier and Indian life (1756- 1760) Struggles of French and English in the Mississippi Valley (1762) Siege of Detroit by Pontiac (ca. 1763-1765) Pontiac's War (1763-1765) Early career of Washington (1756- 1783) The Pennsylvania woods and Bun- ker Hill ( 1 760-1 780) French War (1758) Roger's Rangers (1758-1759) New England life (18th century) Indian war Indian wars Pontiac (1763) Life in Virginia (1 763-1 765) Colonial Period New York before and during the Revolution The Yemassee Free to Serve The Mississippi Bubble John Law Agnes Surriage Free Soil, Free Soul Fairfax With Washington in the West The Domine's Garden The Bow of Orange Ribbon A Soldier of Virginia The Leatherstocking Ro- mances A Spectre of Power At War with Pontiac (juv.) The Heroine of the Strait The Virginians The Road to Paris: a Story of Adventure The Story of Old Fort Lon- don Ben Comee (juv.) Twicetold Tales Mosses from an Old Manse Silence; and other Stories A Sword of the Old Frontier The Virginia Comedians Bonnybel Vane Leather Stocking and Silk Maurice Mystery My Lady Pokahontas Stories of the Old Dominion Surry of Eagle's Nest . Virginia Bohemians Cardigan ) The Maid at Arms 5 W. Gilmore Simms E. Rayner Emerson Hough W. Harrison Ainsworth Edwin L. Bynner Lucas Cleeve John Esten Cooke Edward Stratemeyer Imogen Clark Amelia E. Barr Burton Egbert Steven- son J. Fenimore Cooper C. E. Craddock Kirk Munroe Mary C. Crowley William Makepeace Thackeray Robert Neilson Ste- phens C. E. Craddock Michael Joseph Canavan Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne Mary E. Wilkins Randall Parrish John Esten Cooke John Esten Cooke Robert W. Chambers HISTORICAL NOVELS 893 THE UNIITED STATES continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Georgia and the Savannahs in the i 8th century Return Grace MacGowan and Alice MacGowan Cooke Outbreak of the Revolution, the state of public feeling, Boston Massacre, Tea Party, and battle of Lexington (i 767-1 776) Daughters of the Revolution and their Times Charles C. Coffin Undergraduate life at Yale before the war, and adventures with the American Army Brinton Eliot; from Yale to Yorktown James Farmer New England in the early days of the Revolution From Kingdom to Colony Mary Devereux The Boston Tea-Party and the seige of Boston (1772-1776) The Colonials Allen French Boston; Washington and Warren (1773-1776) Old Boston (juv.) A. de Grasse Stevens Frontier fighting at the outbreak of the Revolution Won in Warfare (juv.) Charles Kenyon Shenandoah (1 774-1775) Henry St. John John Esten Cooke The Revolution True to the Old Flag (juv.) G. A. Henty Boston; battle of Bunker Hill (i77S) Lionel Lincoln J. Fenimore Cooper Benedict Arnold and Montgomery's failure before Quebec (177s) At the Siege of Quebec James Otis [J. O. Kaler] The siege of Boston (1775) My Lady Laughter Dwight Tilton The siege of Boston (177s) Under Colonial Colours (juv.) E. T. Tomlinson Ticonderoga and Burgoyne's inva- sion (I77S-I777) The Green Mountain Boys (juv.) Daniel Pierce Thompson The New Jersey Campaign (1776- 1777) Washington's Young Aids (juv.) E. T. Tomlinson South Carolina (ca. 1776) Doris Kingsley Emma Rayner South Carolina (1757-1780) *Horse Shoe Robinson J. P. Kennedy North Carolina during the Revo- lution Joscelyn Cheshire Sara Beaumont Kennedy The South in the Revolution ( The Partisan ) < Mellichampe ( Katherine Walton ) William Gilmore Simms The South in the Revolution ( The Foragers ) ( Eutaw ) William Gilmore Simms Aaron Burr and Theodosia Prevost; Pennsylvania and New York (i777) The Stirrup Cup J. Audrey Tyson The New Jersey campaign (1777) In the Camp of Cornwallis (juv.) E. T. Tomlintoa George Rogers Clarke (1779) The Rangers N. P. Thompson 894 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS THE UNITED STATES continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Washington's campaigns from the battle of Brandywine to Valley Forge ( i 777-1 778) A Lieutenant under Wash- ington (juv.) E. T. Tomlinson Washington, Hamilton, Paul Re- vere, Nathan Hale Guert Ten Eyck (juv.) W. O. Stoddard Capitulation of Burgoyne (1777) *The Sun of Saratoga Joseph A. Altsheler Life among the Dutch of the Hud- son Valley (1757-1780) In the Valley Harold Frederic Maryland and Connecticut (1760- 1778) Barbara Ladd Charles George Doug- las Roberts Battle of Yorktown and St. Clair's Expedition (1 776-1 781) The Heritage Burton Egbert Steven- son John Paul Jones (1 778-1 779) *The Pilot (juv.) J. Fenimore Cooper Siege of New York (1779) A Song of a Single Note (juv.) Amelia E. Barr John Paul Jones The Tory Lover Sarah Orne Jewett Washington and other heroes of the Revolution (1780) The Spy (juv.) J. Fenimore Cooper Fort Vincennes; Clark's conquest (1780) Alice of Old Vincennes Maurice Thompson Benedict Arnold and Major Andre (1780) *A Great Treason Mary A. M. Hoppus West Point; time of Arnold's treachery (1780) Cadet Days (juv.) Charles King Washington, Lafayette, and Bene- dict Arnold (ca. 1780) In Blue and White (juv.) Elbridge S. Brooks Washington New Jersey and New York Janice Meredith Paul Leicester Ford Maryland and London Richard Carvel Winston Churchill George Washington Philadelphia Hugh Wynne S. Weir Mitchell New York and London (1 763-1 786) Philip Winwood R. N. Stephens New York and South Carolina Scouting for Washington (juv.) J. P. True Greene and Morgan; Tarleton and Cornwallis (1780) Morgan's Men J. P. True Greene's retreat through the Caro- linas (1781) On Guard Against Tory and Tarleton J. P. True Lafayette's campaign and the sur- render of Cornwallis (1 773-1 781) The Scarlet Coat (juv.) Clinton Ross Oneidas and Washington (1781) The Reckoning Robert W. Chambers Massachusetts ; Shays's Rebellion (1786-1787) The Duke of Stockbridge Edward Bellamy George Rogers Clark The Crossing Winston Churchill HISTORICAL NOVELS 895 THE UNITED STATES continued New York (1791) New England settlers in Ohio (late 1 8th century) Campaign against the Indians in Ohio (1792) Virginia, England, and Continental Europe; the Prince Regent, Sher- idan, Napoleon, and Goethe (ca. I79S) Kentucky (179s) Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) American quarrel with France ' (1798-1800) The American quarrel with France (i799) New York (ca. 1800) America and Paris prior to the Louisiana purchase (1803) The Louisiana purchase (1803) Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Indian warfare in Kentucky The western expedition of Aaron Burr (1804) Social life in a Massachusetts vil- lage (ca. 1800) Creole life in New Orleans Newport (ca. 1800) The Dauphin Louis XVII (ca. (1803) Puritan life and character (ca. 1803) Kentucky; the battle of Tippe- canoe Indiana; Tippecanoe campaign (1811) Pirates of the Gulf of Mexico and the defense of Orleans Jean Lafitte and Napoleon; France and New Orleans Attack on Washington and the bat- tle of New Orleans (1811-1815) War of 1812 The Maid of Maiden Lane East and West; a story of New Ohio On the Frontier with St. Clair (juv.) "The Mills of God The Choir Invisible *The Conqueror Little Jarvis The _ Cruise of the " Enter- prise " Trinity Bells In the Eagle's Talon Philip Nolan's Friends Blennerhassett A Son of the Revolution Nick o' the Woods; or, The Jibbenainosay Zachary Phips ( Oldtown Folks < Sam Lawson's Oldtown ( Fireside Stories The Grandissimes The Minister's Wooing Lazarre The Beau's Comedy Round Anvil Rock Roxy Out of the Cypress Swamp Lafitte of Louisiana *A Herald of the West Boy Soldiers of 1812 (juv.) Amelia E. Barr Edward Everett Hale Charles Wood Elinor Macartney Lane J. Lane Allen Gertrude Atherton Molly E. Seawell James Otis [J. O. Kaler] Amelia E. Barr Sheppard Stevens Evelyn Everett Hale C. F. Pidgin Elbridge S. Brooks Robert Montgomery Bird Edwin Lassetter Bynner Harriet Beecher Stowe George W. Cable Harriet Beecher Stowe Mary Hartwell Cather- wood Marie Beulah Dix and Carrie A. Harper Nancy H. Banks Edward Eggleston Edith Rickert Mary Devereux Joseph A. Altsheler E. T. Tomlinson THE HISTORY OF NATIONS THE UNITED STATES continued SUBJECT War of 1812 Duel between the " Constitution " and the " Guerriere " Battle of Lake Champlain (1812) Fighting with Indians during War of 1812 The Last Cruise of the " Essex " (1814) Tecumseh and Tippecanoe (1812) Massacre of Fort Dearborn (1812) War of 1812 Farragut and Porter (181 2-18 14) British attack on Baltimore General Jackson; Mobile and New Orleans (18 14) Naval engagements (1811-1815) War-period of 1812-1813 Dutch in New York (181 2-1 8 14) War with Tripoli (1815) California war of independence (ca. 1 830-1 840) Southampton massacre (1831) Far west in the thirties; Lincoln and Jefferson Davis Texas Rebellion against the Mexicans (1835-1836) Florida Second War with the Seminoles (1835-1842) Texas revolution (1836) Catholic missions in California (early 19th century) California under the Spaniards Creoles in New Orleans Joseph Smith (1823-1844) John Brown at Harper's Ferry Illinois; Lincoln as a young man Mexican War (1845-1846) The Mexican War (1846- 1847) A Loyal Traitor (juv.) For the Freedom of the Sea (juv.) Midshipman Paulding (juv.) The Big Brother Midshipman Stuart (juv.) The Sign of the Prophet The Shadow of Victory: a Romance of Fort Dear- born Will o' the Wasp Midshipman Farragut Jack and his Island The Errand Boy of Andrew Jackson (juv.) Smith Brunt Within the Capes The Belle of Bowling Green Decatur and Somers (juv.) John Charity The Old Dominion The Romance of Gilbert Holmes With Crockett and Bowie Through Swamp and Glade Remember the Alamo Isidro The Valiant Runaways Old Creole Days The Mormon Prophet Time and Chance Spanish Peggy A Dream of a Throne In the War with Mexico (juv.) James Barnes C. T. Brady Molly E. Seawell G. C. Eggleston Kirk Munroe James Ball Naylor Myrtle Reed Robert C. Rogers James Barnes Lucy M. Thruston W. O. Stoddard Waldron R. Post Howard Pyle Amelia E. Barr Molly E. Seawell Gertrude Atherton G. P. R. James M. M. Kirkman Kirk Munroe Kirk Munroe Amelia E. Barr Mary Austin Gertrude F. Atherton G. W. Cable Lily Dougall Elbert Hubbard Mary Hartwell Cather- wood Charles Fleming Embru Cyrus Townsend Brady HISTORICAL NOVELS 897 THE UNITED STATES continued SUBJECT Pioneer life in Indiana (ca. 1850) Illinois pioneers; Abraham Lincoln (ca. 1850) South Carolina; slave sentiment California in the early fifties Slavery (ca. 1850-1851) People and manners in Kentucky (ca. 1850) Illinois in the pioneer days The Quakers on the Ohio Life on the James River (ca. 1850) Richmond before the war Life in Georgia Life and manners in a country town in Kentucky Adirondack's : Horace Greeley and Abraham Lincoln John Brown and the Abolitionists (1856) Country life in Tennessee (1861) St. Louis; Lincoln, Sherman, and Grant; causes of the Civil War (1860-1865) Causes of the Civil War Georgian life before and after the Civil War New Orleans before the war Life in Kentucky mountains; Gen- eral Morgan The Negro Question The Civil War Virginia in the early days of the Civil War Bull Run to Gettysburg Civil War after Gettysburg (1863- 1865) Life in Cincinnati before and dur- ing the Civil War (1861-1862) *The Hoosier Schoolmaster *The Graysons Kate Beaumont Gabriel Conway Uncle Tom's Cabin 5 A Kentucky Cardinal ? ( Aftermath (sequel) > ( Zury, the Meanest Man in I Spring Country ( The M'Veys; an Episode Down the O-hi-'o Homoselle Suzette East Angels Oldfield Eben Hoi den: a Tale of the North Country Diane In Connection with the De Willoughby Claim The Crisis Pine and Palm Free Joe Dr. Sevier *The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come Pactolus Prime Aladdin O'Brien The Master of Warlock Who Goes There? *A Friend with the Counter- sign They that Took the Sword AUTHOR Edward Eggleston Edward Eggleston J. W. DeForest Bret Harte Harriet Beecher Stowe James Lane Allen Joseph Kirkland C. H. Roberts Mary Spear Nicholas Tiernan Mary Spear Nicholas Tiernan Constance Fenimore Woolson Nancy H. Banks Irving Bacheller Katharine Holland Brown Frances E. Hodgson Burnett Winston Churchill Moncure D. Conway J. Chandler Harris G. W. Cable John Fox Albion W. Tourgee Gouverneur Morris George Cary Eggleston B. K. Benson B. K. Benson Nathaniel Stephenson 898 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS THE UNITED STATES continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Stuart and Stonewall Jackson (1862) Bayard's Courier B. K. Benson Burnside's expedition to North Carolina (1862) The Drummer Boy (juv.) J. T. Trowbridge Gettysburg Stonewall's Scout Reginald Horsley Stonewall Jackson (1861-1863) Surry of Eagle's Nest John Esten Cooke The Army of the Potomac; Lincoln and Grant The Iron Brigade (juv.) Charles King The Army of the Potomac *The Captain Churchill Williams Confederate camp stories Southern Soldier Stories George Cary Eggleston Civil War in Mississippi The Cavalier George W. Cable Battle of Chancellorsville (1863) "The Red Badge of Courage Stephen Crane The Gettysburg campaign (1863- 1864) Old Squire: the Romance of a Black Virginian B. K. Benson The Civil War (1863) With Lee in Virginia (juv.) G. A. Henty Grant; Vicksburg and Richmond (1863-1865) The Claybornes William Sage Charleston in the Civil War A Little Traitor to the South (juv.) Cyrus T. Brady Blockade of Charleston The Blockade Runners Jules Verne Blockade of Charleston (1863) *Bale marked Circle X George Cary Eggleston New York State in the Civil War period The Copperhead and other Tales Harold Frederic New York State in the Civil War period Marsena and other Stories Harold Frederic Adirondacks in the Civil War period The Deserter, and A Day in the Wilderness (In " The Deserter and other Sto- ries ") Harold Frederic Virginia, before and during Civil War The Battle Ground Ellen Glasgow Civil War period On the Wing of Occasions Joel Chandler Harris Camps and battles of the Civil War Roland Blake S. Weir Mitchell Southern guerrilla warfare The Man from Texas Henry Oldham Tennessee in the Civil War period The Three Scouts (juv.) J. T. Trowbridge Home life in Virginia during the war Two Little Confederates (juv.) Thomas Nelson Page Children in the South during the war Among the Camps (juv.) Thomas Nelson Page Lincoln and Judge Williams The Vagabond Frederick Palmer Politics in Washington (1864) The Washingtonians P. B. Mackie HISTORICAL NOVELS 899 THE UNITED STATES continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Campaign of General Nathan Bed- ford Forrest (1864) *A Little Union Scout (juv.) Joel Chandler Harris Shenandoah (1864) Hilt to Hilt John Esten Cooke Shenandoah (1864) My Lady of the North Randall Parrish Mobile in the war-time (1864- 1865) The Southerners Cyrus T. Brady Richmond (1863) Jack Horner Mary S. Tiernan Grant's advance upon Richmond, and the surrender of Lee (1865) Before the Dawn Joseph A. Altsheler Last days of Lee Mohun John Esten Cooke Virginia during and after War (1861-1866) *Henry Bourland Albert Elmer Hancock Time of War and Reconstruction Clarence Bret Harte Reconstruction period in Southern States Red Rock Thomas Nelson Page Reconstruction period (ca. 1865- 1880) Sketches from Old Virginia A. G. Bradley Reconstruction period John March, Southerner George W. Cable Virginia in the Reconstruction period The Voice of the People Ellen Glasgow Mexican War of Independence An Emperor's Doom (juv.) Herbert Hayens The Ku Klux Klan The Clansman Thomas Dixon, Jr. The carpet-baggers (1865-1880) *A Fool's Errand Albion W. Tourgee Social conditions in the South, re- sulting from slavery- Bricks without Straw Albion W. Tourgee Reconstruction period in Georgia, Florida, North and South Caro- lina Rodman the Keeper Constance Fenimore Woolson Reconstruction period in Virginia Throckmorton Molly Elliot Seawell Arkansas at close of the war Expiation Octave Thanet Development of the West The Girl at the Halfway House E. Hough The Santa Fe Trail in the seven- ties Son of the Plains Arthur Henry Paterson Government policy toward the In- dians *Ramona Helen M. Jackson The Indian Question *The Heritage of Unrest Gwendolen Overton Frontier wars with the Sioux The Westerners Stewart E. White The defeat and massacre of Gen. Custer by the Sioux (1876) Master of the Strong Hearts (juv.) Elbridge S. Brooks The Cuban War Crittenden John Fox 900 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS THE UNITED STATES continued SUBJECT TITLE AUTHOR Spanish-American War (1898) Spanish-American War (1898) Spanish- American War (1898) The Spirit of the Service Under the Spangled Banner Wounds in the Rain Edith Elmer Woods F. S. Brereton Stephen Crane INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES QUOTED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF VOLUMES ONE TO TWENTY-FIVE INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES A. L. O. E.: Daybreak in Britain, 25, 845 Abbess of Vlaye, The, 25, 837 Abbot, The, 25, 872 Abbott, Edwin A.: Onesimus, Christ's Freedman, 25, 823 Philochristus, 25, 823 Abbott, Evelyn: History of Greece, 2, 555 Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens, 2, 556 Abbott, F. F.: Roman Political Institutions, 3, 401 Abbott, J. H. M.: Plain and Veldt, 25, 886 Abolition de 1' esclavage au Bresil, 21, 360 Aboriginal America, 21, 357 Aboriginal Races of North America, The, 24, 1 107 About, Edmond: King of the Mountains, The, 25, 825 Madelon, 25, 843 Tolla, 25, 830 About Catherine de' Medici, 25, 836 Abraham's Sacrifice, 25, 886 Acadia, 24, 1 107 Account of English Settlements in America, 24, 1108 Account of Ireland, An, 12, 382 Account of the Abipones, an Eques- trian People of Paraguay, 20, 401 Account of the Gypsies of Spain, An, 8, 550 Account of the Life and Times of Francis Bacon, An, 11, 649 Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, An, 1, 433 Account of the War in India between the English and the French on the coast of Coromandel, 1750-1760, 5, 396 Achard, Amedee: Golden Fleece, The, 25, 838, 879 Ackworth, John: Coming of the Preachers, The, 25, 862 Acland, A. H. D.: Handbook of English Political His- tory, 11, 645 Across Africa, 19, 325 Across India at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century, 5, 395 Across the Salt Seas, 25, 860 Acte, 25, 826 Active Service, 25, 824, 880 Acts of Parliaments of Scotland, 12, 382 Adair, James: History of the American Indians, 24, 1 107 Adam Bede, 25, 864 Adam Hepburn's Vow, 25, 873 Adamnan (Adamannus or Adomnan), Bishop : Life of St. Columba, 12, 381 Adams, Charles Francis, 24, 11 14 Adams, Charles Francis, Jr.: Antinomianism in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 24, 1109 Charles Francis Adams, 24, 1114 John Adams, 24, mi Three Episodes of Massachusetts History, 24, 1108 Adams, Charles Kendall: Christopher Columbus, 24, 1107 Adams, F. O.: History of Japan to 1871, 7, 332 Swiss Confederation, The, 13, 599 Adams, G. B.: Growth of the French Nation, 9, 496 903 904 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Adams, H. Cadwallader: In the Fifteen, 25, 861 Red King's Burial, The, 35, 847 Adams, Henry: History of the United States, 24, 1 105 Life of Albert Gallatin, 34, 11 12 Life of John Randolph, 24, 11 12 Travels in France during the Years 1787, 1788, 1789, 10, 508 Adams, John, 34, 11 11 Adams, John: Voyage to South America, 20, 402 Adams, Samuel,. 24, mi Administration of Dependencies, The, 20, 411 Administration of the American Rev- olutionary Army, 24, 11 10 Admiral, The, 25, 865 Adria, 25, 830 Advanced Guard, The, 25, 831 Adventures of a Goldsmith, The, 25, 841 Adventures of an Aide-de-camp, The, 25, 829, 865 Adventures of Francois Founder, The, 35, 841 Adventures of Gerard, 25, 842 Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispa- han, The, 25, 822 Adventures of Harry Revel, 25, 865 Adventures of Harry Rochester, The, 35, 860 Adventures of Humphrey Chatteris, The, 35, 848 Adventures of Rob Roy, 35, 861, 873 Adventures of Telemachus, The, 35, 824 Adventures of the Comte de la Muette, 25, 841 Aegypten, 1, 431 Aegypten einst und jetzt, 1, 432 Aegyptens, Geographie des alten, I, 432 Aegyptische Chronologie, I, 433 jEmilius, 25, 826 Afghan War of 1879-1880, 5, 397 Afloat on the Ohio, 24, 11 12 Afloat with Nelson, 25, 865 Africa, 19, 322 Africa in the Nineteenth Century, 19, 323 Africa; its Partition and Future, 19, 324 African Exploration from Herodotus to Livingstone, 19, 322 Africana: or the Heart of Africa, 19, 326 Africanders, The, a Century of Dutch-English Feud in South Af- rica, 19, 322 Afrika. Eine Allgemeine Landes- kunde, 19, 324 After Worcester, 25, 857 Aftermath, 25, 897 Age of Discovery, The, 21, 358 Age of Pericles, The, 2, 557 Agenor de Mauleon, 25, 833, 849 Agincourt, 25, 850 Agnes of Sorrento, 25, 828 Agnes Surriage, 25, 892 Aguilar, Grace: Days of Bruce, The, 25, 871 Vale of Cedars, The, 25, 833 Aide-de-Camp, The, Adventures of, 25, 829, 865 Ainsworth, William Harrison: Boscobel; or The Royal Oak, 25, 857 Cardinal Pole, 25, 852 Constable de Bourbon, The, 25, 836 Constable of the Tower, The, 25, 852 Crichton, 25, 837 Guy Fawkes, 35, 854 John Law, the Projector, 25, 839, 892 Lancashire Witches, The, 25, 854 Leaguer of Lathom, The, 25, 856 Melvyn Clitheoe, 25, 866 Old St. Paul's, 25, 858 Ovingdean Grange, 25, 857 Preston Fight, 25, 861 St. James's, 25, 860 Spanish Match, The, 25, 833 Star Chamber, The, 25, 854 Tower of London, The, 25, 852 Windsor Castle, 25, 851 Aitchison, Sir Charles U.: Collection of Treaties, Engage- ments, Sunnuds . . . relating to India and Neighboring Coun- tries, 5, 394 AUTHORS AND TITLES 905 Aitken, J. R.: Sins of a Saint, 25, 846 Akers, Charles Edward: History of South America, 1854- 1904, 21, 360 Akten des Wiener Kongresses, 17, 467 Aladdin O'Brien, 25, 897 Alarcon, Don Pedro de: Three Cornered Hat, The, 25, 834 Alaska, Its History and Resources, 24, 1 1 14 Alberg, A.: Gustavus Vasa and his Stirring Times, 16, 345 Albert N'yanza and Exploration of the Nile Sources, The, 19, 324 Albuquerque, 5, 400 Alcock, Deborah: Friends of Pascal, The, 25, 838 No Cross, no Crown, 25, 872 Not for Crown or Sceptre, 25, 880 Spanish Brothers, The, 25, 833 Under Calvin's Spell, 25, 836, 877 Under, the Southern Cross, 25, 889 Aletta, 25, 886 Alexander, Mrs.: Heritage of Langdale, The, 25, 861 Maid, Wife, or Widow?, 25, 885 Alexander, A.: Robin Hood, Romance of the Eng- lish Forest, 25, 848 Alexander the Great (" Heroes of the Nations " series), 2, 557, 5, 400 Alexander I of Russia, Life and Times, 15, 389 Alexander III of Russia, 15, 389 Alexander's Empire, 2, 557 Alexis, Wilibald: Burgomaster of Berlin, The, 25, 883 Alfgar the Dane, 25, 846 Alfonso X: Chronica General, 8, 546 Algue, P. Jose: Atlas de Filipinos, Colleccion de 30 Mapas Trabajados por delinean- tes Filipinos Bajo la Direccion del P. Jose Algue, S. J., Director del Observatorio de Manila, 20, 410 Alhambra, The, 25, 833 Alice Lorraine, 25, 866 Alice of Old Vincennes, 25, 894 Alkibiades, 25, 824 All the Russias, 15, 389 Allan, William: Army of Northern Virginia in 1862, The, 24, 1 1 14 History of the Campaign of Gen- eral T. J. Jackson in the Shenan- doah Valley of Virginia, Nov. 4, 1861-June 17, 1862, 24, 1 1 14 Allardyce, A.: Balmaral, 25, 861, 873 Allcroft, A. H.: History of Rome, 3, 400 Allegra, 25, 830 Allen, C. F.: Haandbog i Faedrelaudets Historie, 16, 345 Allen, Ethan, 24, 1111 Allen, James Lane: Aftermath, 25, 897 Choir Invisible, The, 25, 895 Kentucky Cardinal, A, 25, 897 Alps, The, 13, 560 Alps from End to End, The, 13, 599 Altsheler, Joseph A.: Before the Dawn, 25, 899 Herald of the West, A, 25, 895 Soldier of Manhattan, A, 25, 887 Sun of Saratoga, The, 25, 894 Alypius of Tagaste, 25, 827 Amber Witch, The, 25, 883 Amicis, Edmond d': Holland, 13, 597 Spain and the Spaniards, 8, 550 America, 20, 402 America before Columbus, 21, 357 America, Historical, Statistical and Descriptive, 24, 1112 America Not Discovered by Colum- bus, 24, 1 108 American Administration in the Philippine Islands, 20, 411 American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, The, 24, 1108 American Commonwealth, 24, 1104 American Conflict, The, 24, 1112, 1113 American Diplomacy, A Century of, 24, 1 105 American Diplomacy in the Orient, 6, 326, 24, 1 105 American Economic Association: Essays in Colonial Finance, 19, 321 906 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS American Engineer in China, An, 6, 329 American Girl in Mexico, 22, 516 American History Told by Contem- poraries, 24, 1 104 American Indian, The, 24, 1107 American Indians, 24, 1107 American Nation, The, 20, 401, 24, 1 103 American Navy, The, 24, 11 14 American Prisoner, The, 25, 865 American Race, The, 24, 1107 American Revolution, The, 24, mo American Statesman Series, 24, 1104 Among Swamps and Giants in Equa- torial Africa, 19, 324 Among the Camps, 25, 898 Among the Spanish People, 8, 550 Among the Wild Ngoni, 19, 325 Amor Victor: a Novel of Ephesus and Rome, 25, 826 Amory, Thomas C: Life of James Sullivan, 24, 11 13 Anastasius; or, Memoirs of a Greek, 25, 824 Ancient Athens, 2, 557 Ancient Cities of the New World, 22, 516 Ancient City, The, 3, 400 Ancient Classical Drama, The, 2, 558 Ancient Fragments of Phoenician, Chaldean, Egyptian and other Writers, 1, 431 Ancient India, 2000 B. C.-800 A. D., 5, 393 Ancient India as described by Kte- sias the Knidian, 5, 398 Ancient India as described by Me- gasthenes and Arrian, 5, 398 Ancient India as described by Ptol- emy, 5, 398 Ancient Mycene, 2, 559 Ancient Records of Egypt; Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, I, 431, 432 Ancient Regime, The, 10, 508 Ancient Rome in the Light of Re- cent Discoveries, 3, 402 Ancient Society, 24, 1107 Andersen, Hans Christian: Improvisatore, 25, 830 Anderson, B. R.: America Not Discovered by Colum- bus, 24, 1 108 Anderson, F. M.: Constitutions and Other Docu- ments Illustrative of the History of France, 9, 500 Anderson, James Stuart Murray: History of the Church of England in the Colonies, 24, 1109 Anderson, Rasmus B jorn : History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North, 16, 348 Norse Mythology, 16, 347 Anderson, T. S.: My Wanderings in Persia, 5, 401 Andre, John, 24, mi Andreas Hofer, 25, 882 Andrew Marvel and his Friends, 25, 855 Andrews, CM.: River Towns of Connecticut, 24, 1 108 Andrews, E. B.: History of the United States in Our own Time, 24, 1105, 11 13 United States During the Last Quarter of a Century, 24, 11 13 Andrews, Mary R. S.: Vive 1' Empereur, 25, 870 Andrews, Mrs. T. R.: Stephen Kyrle; an Australian Story, 25, 888 Anercestes the Gaul, 25, 825 Ange Pitou, 25, 840 Angel of the Covenant, The, 25, 856, 872 Anglican Episcopate and the Ameri- can Colonies, The, 24, 1109 Anglo-Boer Conflict, The, Its His- tory and Causes, 19, 322 Anglo-Indian Codes, 5, 394 Annalen der deutschen Geschichte in Mittelalter, 18, 458 Annali d' Italia, 4, 420 Annals, 12, 381 Annals, 1591-1659, 14, 514 Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, or The Central and Western Raj- poot States of India, 5, 400 Annals of an Anglo-Saxon Family, 25, 846 AUTHORS AND TITLES 907 Annals of Indian Administration, 1856-1875, s, 393 Annals of Rural Bengal, 5, 398 Annals of the Artists of Spain, 8, 549 Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, 12, 381 Annals of the Reformation, 11, 649 Annals of Witchcraft in New Eng- land, 24, 1 108 Anne of Geierstein, 25, 835, 877, 883 Annotated Constitution of the Aus- tralian Commonwealth, The, 20, 406 Annual Register, 17, 468 Ansprung und Beginn der Revolu- tionskriege, 1791-1792, 18, 458 Anthony Everton, 25, 855 Antinomianism in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 24, 1109 Antinous, the Roman, 25, 826 Antiquary, The, 25, 875 Antiquities, 22, 515 Antologia Portugueza, 8, 549 Antonia, 25, 890 Antonina, 25, 827 Aphrodite, 25, 824 Appleton's Guide to Mexico, 22, 516 Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of Roman Do- minion, The, 19, 321 Arabella Stuart, 25, 854 Arabia, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, I, 439 Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The, (Alif. Laila), 25, 822 Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, I, 438 Arabien von dem Islam, 1, 439 Arber, Edward: Works of Captain John Smith, 24, 1 109 Archir fur Kunde der Geschichtsquel- len Oesterreichs, 17, 466 Aristippus and his Contemporaries, 25, 824 Armenia and the Campaign of 1877, 14, 514 Armenia, Travels and Sketches, 14, 514 Armitage, Alfred: Red Rose and White, 25, 851 Armitage, John: History of Brazil from the Ar- rival of the Braganza Family in 1808 to the Abdication of Don Pedro I in 1831, 20, 400 Armourer's Prentices, The, 25, 851 Armstrong, Edward: The Emperor Charles V, 18, 456 Armstrong, F.: Lorenzo de' Medici, 4, 420 Armstrong, Jessie: My Friend Anne, 25, 851 Army of Northern Virginia in 1862, The, 24, 1 1 14 Arneth, Alfred von: Correspondance de Marie Therese avec le Comte de Merci-Argen- teau, 17, 467 Geschichte Maria Theresias, 17, 466 Memories du Cardinal Bernis, 17, 467 Arnold, Benedict, 24, nil Arnold, Edwin Lester: Constable of St. Nicholas, 25, 879 Arnold, Isaac Newton: Benedict Arnold, 24, nil History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Planta- tion, 24, 1 108 Arnold, Thomas: Second Punic War being Chap- ters in the History of Rome, The, 3, 400 Arnold, W. T.: Roman System of Provincial Ad- ministration to the Accession of Constantine, 3, 401 Arnold, William Delafield: Oakfield, 25, 831 Arnold's March from Cambridge to Quebec, 24, 1110 Arrah Niel, 25, 855 Arrest of the Five Members, The, 11, 646 Arrivabene, C: Italy under Victor Emmanuel, 4, 422 Arrow of the North, The, 25, 851 Art of War in the Middle Ages, The, 11, 648 Arthur Blane; or, The Hundred Cui- rassiers, 25, 837 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS As Others Saw Him, 25, 823 As the Chinese See Us, 6, 329 Asakawa, K.: Institutional Life of Japan, 7, 332 Russo-Japanese Conflict: Its Causes and Issues, 7, 332 Asbjornsen, Peter Christen and Moe, Jorgen: Norse Folke-og Huldre-enentyr og Folkesagn, 16, 347 Ascanio, 25, 829, 836 Ashes of Empire, 25, 844 Ashley, E.: Life of Viscount Palmerston, II, 645 Ashley, W. J.: Introduction to English Economic History and Theory, An, II, 645 Ashton, John: Historical Essays, 10, 508 Asiatic Studies, Religious and Social, 5, 395 Assyria: its Princes, Priests, and People, 1, 435 Assyria and Babylonian Literature, I, 434 Assyrien und Babylonien nach den neuesten Entdeckungen, 1, 434 Aston, W. G.: History of Japanese Literature, 7, 333 Astor, William Waldorf: Sforza: a Story of Milan, 25, 829 Valentino, 25, 828 Astoria, 24, 11 12 Asylum Christi, 25, 838 At Aboukir and Acre, 25, 864 At Agincourt, 25, 850 At Odds, 25, 882, 884 At Sea Under Drake, 25, 853 At the Point of the Bayonet, 25, 831 At the Point of the Sword, 25, 889 At the Siege of Quebec, 25, 893 At the Sign of the Guillotine, 25, 841 At War with Pontiac, 25, 892 Atelier du Lys, The, 25, 841 Athenian Empire, The, 2, 556 Atherton, Gertrude Franklin: Conqueror, The, 25, 895 John Charity, 25, 896 Valiant Runaways, The, 25, 896 Atkinson, Eleanor: Mamzelle Fifine, 25, 889 Atlas de Filipinos, Coleccion de 30 Mapas Trabajados por delineantes Filipinos Baja la Direccion del P. Jose Algue, S. J., Director del Ob- servatorio de Manila, 20, 410 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, An, 1, 432 Atlas of India, 5, 395 Attack on the Mill, The; and Other Sketches of War, 25, 844 Atterbury, A. P.: Islam in Africa, 19, 324 Attila; or, The Huns, 25, 827 Atwater, E. E.: History of the Colony of New Haven to Its Absorption into Connecticut, 24, 1108 Auerbach : Les Races et les Nationalites en Autricke-Hongrie, 17, 466 Auerbach, Berthold: Christian Gellert, 25, 884 Poet and Merchant, 25, 824, 884 Spinoza, 25, 876 Stepmother, The, 25, 884 Auf alten Wegen in Mexiko und Guatemala, 22, 517 Augelot, 25, 842 Aulard, Prof.: La Diplomatic du premier Comite de Salut public, 10, 507 Le Cult de la Raison et de 1' Etre supreme, 10, 507 L'filoquence parlementaire pendant la Revolution, 10, 507 Aurelian, 25, 826 Aus der Zeit Friedrich des Grossen und Friedrich Wilhelms III: Ab- handlungen zur preussischen Ge- schichte, 18, 456 Aus Mexico, Reiseskizzen aus den Jahren 1874-1875, 22, 517 Austin, H. H.: Among Swamps and Giants in Equatorial Africa, 19, 324 With Macdonald in Uganda, 19, 324 Austin, James Trecothic: Life of Elbridge Gerry, 24, 1113 Austin, Jane Goodwin: Betty Alden, 25, 890 David Alden's Daughter, 25, 890 Dr. Le Baron and his Daughters, 35, 891 AUTHORS AND TITLES 909 Nameless Nobleman, A, 25, 891 Standish of Standish, 25, 890 Austin, Mary: Isidro, 25, 896 Australian in China, An, 6, 329 Austria, 17, 465 Austro-Hungarian Empire, The, 17, 467 Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, 17, 465 Autobiografia, 21, 360 Autobiography of Seventy Years, 24, 1 1 14 Autour d'un Trone Catherine II de Russie, 15, 389 Awakening of a Nation, The, 22, 516 Awakening of the East, 6, 328 Azevedo, Morera: Historia do Brazil, 21, 360 Aztec Treasure-House: a Romance of Contemporaneous Antiquity, The, 25, 888 Aztecs, Their History, Manners and Customs, The, 24, 1107 Babel und Bibel, I, 434 Babylonians and Assyrians: Life and Customs, 1, 435 Babylonisch-Assyrische Geschichte, I, 435 Bacheller, Irving: Eben Holden: a Tale of the North Country, 25, 897 Back, S.: Geschichte des judischen Volkes, I, 439 Backus, Isaac: History of New England with Particular Reference to the Bap- tists, 24, 1 109 Bacon, Alice M.: In the Land of the Gods, 7, 332 Japanese Girls and Women, 7, 332 Japanese Interior, A, 7, 332 Bacon, R. H.: Benin, the City of Blood, 19, 321 Bibliotheque Coloniale Internation- ale, 19, 321 Badeau, Adam: Conspiracy, 25, 889 Life of U. S. Grant, 24, 11 14 Baden-Powell, B. H.: Land Systems of British India, 5, 394 Baedeker, Karl: Aegypten, 1, 431 Spain and Portugal, 8, 550 Bagwell: Ireland under the Tudors, 12, 381 Bailey, H. C: Beaujeu, 25, 858 Master of Gray, The, 25, 872 My Lady of Orange, 25, 876 Bain, F. W.: Calendar of Documents, 12, 382 Christina, Queen of Sweden, 16, 345 Dmitri, 25, 877 Bain, Robert Nisbet: Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 16, 345 Daughter of Peter the Great, The, 15, 389 First Romanovs, The, 15, 389 Gustavus III and his Contempo- raries, 16, 345 Peter III, 15, 389 Pupils of Peter the Great, The, 15, 389. Scandinavia, 16, 345 Baird, Henry Martyn: History of the Rise of the Hugue- nots of France, 9, 496 Baker, C. A.: True Stories of New England Captives Carried to Canada Dur- ing the Old French and Indian War, 24, 1 108 Baker, Grenfell: Model Republic, The, 13, 599 Baker, James: Cardinal's Page, The, 25, 850, 881, 883 Gleaming Dawn, The, 25, 881 Baker, Samuel White: Abert N'yanza and Exploration of the Nile Sources, The, 19, 324 Balaguer, Victor: Historia de lostrovadores, 8, 549 Bale marked Circle X, 25, 898 Balfour, Andrew: By Stroke of Sword, 25, 872 Golden Kingdom, The, 25, 885 910 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS To Arms!, 25, 861, 873 Vengeance is Mine, 25, 842, 875 Balkans, The (Story of the Na- tions), 14, 513 Ball: Legislative Systems from Henry II to the Union, 12, 381 Ball, J. Dyer: Things Chinese, 6, 327 Ballads of the Dauphine, The, 25, 835 Ballaert, William: Wars of Succession in Portugal and Spain from 1826 to 1840: with a Resume of the Political History of Portugal and Spain to the Present Time, 8, 546 Ballantyne, R. M.: Erling the Bold, 25, 880 In the Track of the Troops, 25, 880 Norsemen in the West, The, 25, 880, 890 Red Man's Revenge, The, 25, 888 Balmoral, 25, 861, 873 Balzac, Honore de: About Catherine de' Medici, 25, 836 Chouans, The, 25, 841 Episode of the Terror, An, 25, 840 Bancroft, F.: Life of Seward, 24, 11 12 Bancroft, George: History of the Constitution, 24, nil History of the United States, 24, 1 104 Bancroft, Hubert Howe: Antiquities, 22, 515 California Pastoral, 1769-1848, 20, 401 Civilized Nations, 22, 515 History of Central America, 20, 400, 24, 1 107 History of Mexico, 15 16-1887, 20, 400 Myths and Languages, 22, 515 Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, The, 22, 515, 24, 1 107 Popular History of the Mexican People, A, 22, 515 Primitive History, 22, 515 Resources and Development of Mexico, 22, 515 Wild Tribes, The, 22, 515 Bandelier, Adolph Francis: Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portion of the United States, 24, 1107 On the Social Organization and Mode of Government of the An- cient Mexicans, 22, 515 Banim, John: Boyne Water, The, 25, 869 Croppy, The, 25, 870 Banks, Mrs. George Linnaeus: Bond Slaves, 25, 865 God's Providence House, 25, 863 Manchester Man, The, 25, 866 Banks, Nancy Houston: Oldfield, 25, 897 Round Anvil Rock, 25, 895 Banner of Blue, The, 25, 875 Banner of St. George, The, 25, 849 Barabbas: a Dream of the World's Tragedy, 25, 823 Barbara Blomberg, 25, 883 Barbara Ladd, 25, 894 Barbara Winslow, Rebel, 25, 859 Barbary Corsairs, The (Story of the Nations), 14, 514 Barbier de Meynard, C. A.: Dictionnaire geographique, histori- que et litteraire de la Perse et des Contrees adjacentes, 1, 437 Barbour, John: Bruce, 12, 383 Baring, Max: Prophet of Wales, A, 25, 868 Baring-Gould, Sabine : Germany, Past and Present, 18, 459 Iceland, its Scenes and Sagas, 16, 347 Barlasch of the Guard, 25, 840, 878 Barmby, Beatrice Helen: Rosslyn's Raid; and other Tales, 25, 872 Barnaby Lee, 25, 891 Barnaby Rudge, 25, 863 Barnes, James: Drake and his Yeoman, 25, 853 Loyal Traitor, A, 25, 896 Midshipman Farragut, 25, 896 Baron and Squire, 25, 883 AUTHORS AND TITLES 911 Baron de Worms: Austro-Hungarian Empire, The, a Political Sketch of Men and Events, 17, 467 Baronet in Corduroy, The, 25, 860 Baron's Sons, The, 25, 882 Barque Future, The; Life in the Far North, 25, 881 Barr, Amelia E.: Belle of Bowling Green, 25, 896 Bernicia, 25, 862 Black Shilling, The, 25, 891 Bow of Orange Ribbon, The, 25, 892 Friend Olivia, 25, 857 I, Thou, and the Other One, 25, 867 Lion's Whelp, The, 25, 857 Maid of Maiden Lane, The, 25, 895 Remember the Alamo, 25, 896 Song of a Single Note, A, 25, 894 Thyra Varrick, 25, 874 Trinity Bells, 25, 895 Barr, Robert: In the Midst of Alarms, 25, 888 Over the Border, 25, 855 Prince of Good Fellows, A, 25, 871 Strong Arm, The, 25, 882 Barras, Paul Francois Jean Nicolas, Comte de: Memoirs, 10, 508 Barrett, Frank: Set of Rogues, A, 25, 858 Barrett, Jay Amos: Evolution of the Ordinance of 1787, 24, nil Barrett, Joseph Hartwell: Life of Abraham Lincoln, 24, n 14 Barrington, Michael: King's Fool, The, 25, 834 Barros, Araua D.: Historia general de Chili, 21, 360 Barrows, William: Oregon, the Struggle for Posses- sion, 4, 1 1 12 Barry, William: Dayspring, The, 25, 843 Barry Lyndon, Memoirs of, 25, 863 Bartels: Geschichte der deutschen Litera- tur, 18, 460 Bartholomew, J. G.: Hand Atlas of India, 5, 395 Bartram, George : Longshoremen, The, 25, 865 Basile the Jester, 25, 872 Basis of American History, 1500-1900, 21, 357, 24, 1 107 Basse tt, James: Persia, the Land of the Imaums, 5, 401 Bateman, J. C: Ierne of Armorica, 25, 834 Bates, Katherine Lee: Spanish Highways and Byways, 8, 550 Bate son, Mary: French in America, The, 1608-1744, 20, 408 Bath Comedy, The, 25, 862 Baton Sinister, The, 25, 858 Battle Ground, The, 25, 898 Battle of the Strong, The, 25, 841 Battlement and Tower, 25, 856, 868 Battles and Leaders, 24, 1105, 1113 Battles of the American Revolution, 24, 1 1 10 Baudissin, W. W. F. von: Studien zur semitischen Religions- geschichte, 1, 436 Baumgarten, Hermann: Geschichte Spaniens von Ausbruch des franzosischen Revolution bis auf unsere Tage, 8, 546 Bax, Ernest Belfort: German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages, 18, 459 Baxter, J. P.: Pioneers of France in New Eng- land, 24, 1 107 Baxter, S.: Spanish-Colonial Architecture in Mexico, 22, 515 Bay Path, The, 25, 890 Bayard's Courier, 25, 898 Beach, H. P.: India and Christian Opportunity, 5, 394 Beamish, N. L.: Discovery of America by the Northmen, 24, 1108 Beard, Charles: Martin Luther, 18, 456 912 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bearne, Mrs.: Cross of Pearls, The, 25, 835 Beath, R. B.: History of the Grand Army of the Republic, 24, 11 14 Beatrice Cenci, 25, 829 Beatrice of Venice, 25, 829 Beatson, A.: View of the Origin and Conduct of the War against Tippoo Sul- taun, 5, 395 Beaujeu, 25, 858 Beautes de l'histoire de la domination des Arabes et de Maures en Es- pagne et en Portugal, 8, 547 Beau's Comedy, The, 25, 895 Beazley, Charles Raymond: John and Sebastian Cabot, 24, mo Prince Henry the Navigator, 20, 400, 24, 1 106 Because of the Angels, 25, 875 Becke, G. Louis: First Fleet Family, A, 25, 888 Helen Adair, 25, 888 Mutineer, The, 25, 888 Becker, Wilhelm Adolf: Charicles, 25, 824 Gallus, 25, 825 Beddoe, David M.: Honour of Henri de Valois, The, 25, 822 Beebe, C. W.: Two Bird-Lovers in Mexico, 22, SIS Beer, George Louis: Commercial Policy of England to- ward the Colonies, 20, 403, 24, 1110 Beesley: Robespierre, 10, 507 Beesly, A. H.: Gracchi, Marius and Sulla, The, 3, 401 Beesly, Edward Spencer: Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius, 3, 401 Before the British Raj, 25, 831 Before the Dawn, 25, 899 Beggars, The, 25, 876 Beggars of the Sea, 25, 876 Beginners of a Nation, 24, 1108 Beginnings of Maryland, 24, 1109 Beginnings of New England, The, 24, 1 108 Begum's Daughter, The, 25, 891 Belden, Jessie Van Zile: Antonia, 25, 890 Beleaguered, 25, 884 Belknap, Jeremy: History of New Hampshire, 24, 1 108 Bell, C. N.: Tangweera, 22, 515 Bell, Gertrude: True to the Prince, 25, 876 Bellamy, Edward: Duke of Stockbridge, The, 25, 894 Belle of Bowling Green, The, 25, 896 Belloc, Hilaire: Danton, 9, 496, 10, 507 Robespierre, 9, 496 Beloch, Julius: Greichische Geschichte, 2, 555 Belshazzar: a Tale of the Fall of Babylon, 25, 821 Belt, T.: Naturalist in Nicaragua, The, 22, 515 Ben Comee, 25, 892 Ben Hur, 25, 823, 825 Benin, the City of Blood, 19, 321 Benjamin, Samuel Green Wheeler: Persia and the Persians, 1, 437, 5, 401 Story of Persia, The, 1, 437, 5, 401 Bennet, Robert Ames: For the White Christ, 25, 834 Bennett, John: Barnaby Lee, 25, 891 Master Skylark, 25, 854 Benson, Blackwood Ketcham: Bayard's Courier, 25, 898 Friend with the Countersign, A, 25, 897 Old Squire: the Romance of a Black Virginian, 25, 898 Who Goes There, 25, 897 Benson, E. F.: Vintage Capsina, The, 25, 825 Benson, Robert Hugh: King's Achievement, The, 25, 852 Bent, James Theodore: Ruined Cities of Mashonaland, The, 19, 324 AUTHORS AND TITLES 913 Benton, Thomas Hart: Thirty Years' View, 24, 11 12 Benzinger, J.: Hebraische Archaologie, 1, 439 Beppo the Conscript, 25, 830 Berard, V.: La Turquie et l'Hellenisme con- temporaine, 2, 556 Beresford, Lord Charles: Break-up of China, The, 6, 327 Beric, the Briton, 25, 844 Berkeley : Tracts, 12, 382 . Berlin and Sans Souci, 25, 884 Bermudez, Juan Augustin Cean: Sumario de las Antiguedades Ro- manas en Espaha, 8, 549 Bernard, F.: La Hollande, Geographique, Eth- nologique, etc., 13, 597 Bernicia, 25, 862 Bernier, Frangois: Travels, 5, 395 Bertha, A. de: La HoUgrie Moderne, 17, 468 Besant, Sir Walter: By Celia's Arbour, 25, 867 Chaplain of the Fleet, The, 25, 862 Dorothy Forster, 25, 861 For Faith and Freedom, 25, 859 Fountain Sealed, A, 25, 863 Lady of Lynn, The, 25, 862 Orange Girl, The, 25, 863 St. Katherine's by the Tower, 25, 863 'Twas in Trafalgar's Bay, 25, 865 World went very well Then, The, 25, 862 Betrothed, The (Manzoni), 25, 829 Betrothed, The (Scott), 25, 847, 868 Betty Alden, 25, 890 Between the Andes and the Ocean, 21, 361 Bevan, Tom: Beggars of the Sea, 25, 876 Lion of Wessex, A, 25, 846 Red Dickon, the Outlaw, 25, 849 Trooper of the Finns, A, 25, 883 Beveridge, H.: Comprehensive History of India, Civil, Military and Social, 5, 393 Beverly, Robert: History of Virginia, 24, 1 109 Biart, Lucien: Aztecs, The, 24, 1107 Bible and Sword, 25, 873 Bible in Spain, The, 8, 550 Bibliographic de l'histoire de France, 9, 495 Bibliographic japonaise depuis le XVe siecle jusqu'a 1859, 7, 331 Bibliography of the Japanese Em- pire, 7, 331 Bibliotheca de autores espafioles, 8, 549 Bibliotheca Sinica, 7, 331 Bibliotheque Coloniale Internation- iale, 19, 321, 20, 398 Bickford-Smith, R. A. H.: Greece under King George, 2, 556 Bidder, M.: In the Shadow of the Crown, 25, 849 Westminster Cloisters, 25, 847 Biddle, A. J. D.: Land of the Wine, The, 8, 550 Big Brother, The, 25, 896 Bigelow, John: France and the Confederate Navy, 24, 1114 Memoirs of the Life of John Charles Fremont, 24, 11 13 Samuel J. Tilden, 24, 1114 Bigelow, Poultney: History of the German Struggle for Liberty, 18, 456 Biggar, H. P.: Early Trading Companies of New France, 24, 1108 Bikelas, Demetrius: La Grece Byzantine et moderne, 2, 556 Loukis Laras, 25, 825 Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangen- heit, 18, 457 Billerbeck, A.: Eine Studie zur alten Geschichte Westasiens, 1, 436 Bingham, D. A.: Letters and Dispatches of the First Napoleon, 9, 500, 10, 509 Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiser- thums Oesterreich, 17, 466 Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 24, mi 914 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Birch, Samuel: Records of the Past; being English Translations of the Assyrian and Egyptian Monuments, i, 431 Bird, Robert: Jesus, the Carpenter of Nazareth, 25, 823 Joseph the Dreamer, 25, 822 Paul of Tarsus, 25, 823 Bird, Robert Montgomery: Nick of the Woods; or, The Jib- benainosay, 25, 895 Bird's-eye View of Picturesque In- dia, 5, 395 Bird's-eye View of the Civil War, 24, 1 105, 11 13 Bire, Edmond: La Legende des Girondins, 10, 507 Birney, W.: Life of J. G. Birney, 24, 11 12 Birthright, The, 25, 863 Bishop, J. L.: History of American Manufactures, 24, 1 105 Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von: Bismarck, The Man and the States- man; Reflections, etc., by Him- self, 18, 456 Letters, 18, 456 Bismarck and German Unity, 18, 459 Bismarck and State Socialism, 18, 460 Bismarck in the Franco-German War, 9, 501 Bismarck: Some Secret Pages of his History, 18, 456 Bismarck, The Man and the States- man, Reflections, etc., by Himself, 18, 456 Bivouac, The, 25, 865 Black, J. Sutherland: Encyclopaedia Biblica, I, 439 Black, John: Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, 20, 402 Black, William: Judith Shakespeare, 25, 854 Black Arrow, The, 25, 850 Black Danes, The, 25, 846 Black Disc, The, 25, 833 Black Douglas, 25, 871 Black Dwarf, The, 25, 873 Black Familiars, The, 25, 853 Black Mary, 25, 875 Black Pilgrim, The, 25, 824, 879 Black Shilling, The, 25, 891 Black Tor, The, 25, 854 Black Tulip, The, 25, 876 Black Wolf's Breed, The, 25, 838, 891 Blackburn, Douglas: Memoirs of the Operations of the British Army in India during the Maratha War, 5, 395 Prinsloo of Prinsloosdorp, 25, 886 Blackman, William Tremont: Making of Hawaii, The: A Study in Evolution, 20, 411 Blackmar, Frank W.: Spanish Colonial Policy, 20, 397 Blackmore, Richard Doddridge: Alice Lorraine, 25, 866 Lorna Doone, 25, 859 Mary Anerley, 25, 863 Perlycross, 25, 867 Springhaven, 25, 864 Blaikie, William Garden: Personal Life of David Living- stone, 19, 324 Blaine, James Gillespie: Twenty Years of Congress, 24, 1 1 12, 1 1 13 Blair, Emma. Helen: Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, 2, 401 Blake, Bass: Lady's Honour, A, 25, 861 Blake, M. M.: Grantley Fenton, 25, 843, 866 Siege of Norwich Castle, The, 25, 847 Blayney, Owen: MacMahon, The, 25, 869 Blennerhassett, 25, 895 Blisset, Nellie K.: Most Famous Loba, The, 25, 834 Silver Key, The, 25, 858 Block House on the Prairie, The, 25, 891 Blockade, The, 25, 842 Blockade Runners, The, 25, 898 Blok, P. J.: History of the People of the Netherlands, 13, 597, 24, 1106 Blond, Mrs. A. de: Cities and the Sights of Spain, 8, 550 AUTHORS AND TITLES 915 Bloomfield, J. H.: Cuban Expedition, A, 25, 889 Blue Banner, The, 25, 823 Blue Flag, The, 25, 859 Blue Pavilions, The, 25, 859 Blunt, Mrs. John E.: People of Turkey, 14, 515 Bodkin, Matthias M'Donnell: In the Days of Goldsmith, 25, 869 Lord Edward Fitzgerald, 25, 870 Rebels, The, 25, 870 Bodley, John Edward Courtenay: France, 9, 496 Boeckh, Augustus: Public Economy of the Athenians, 3, 556 Boer States, Land and People, The, 19, 325 Bohemia, an Historical Sketch, 17, 466 Bohemia from the Earliest Times to 1620, 17, 466 Bohn, W. G.: Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars, 3, 399 Boissier, G. : Cicero and his Friends, 3, 401 Boiteau: La France en 1789, 10, 507 Boldrewood, Rolf: War to the Knife; or, Tangata Maori, 25, 888 Bolingbroke, 11, 647 Bolivia, 21, 359 Bolivie et Peron, 21, 359 Bolles, A. S.: Financial History of the United States, 24, 1 105 Bolton, Charles Knowlton: Private Soldier under Washington, The, 24, 1110 Bonaparte, Joseph de: Memoirs, 10, 509 Bonaparte, Louis: Historical Documents and Reflec- tions in the Government of Hol- land, 13, 597 Bonaparte, Prince Roland: Le Mexique au Debut XX e Siecle, 22. 515 Bond Slaves: the Story of a Strug- gle, 25, 865 Bondman, The, 25, 864, 881 Bonnet Conspirators, The, 25, 866 Bonnie Prince Charlie, 25, 874 Bonnybel Vane, 25, 892 Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Vene- tian, concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, The, 5, 401, 6, 330 Book of the Dead, The, 1, 432 Border Wars of New England, 24, 1 108 Bordoni: Montevideo e la republica del Uraguay, 21, 36b Borrow, George: Bible in Spain, The, 8, 550 Zincali, The: An Account of the Gypsies of Spain, 8, 550 Boscobel; or, The Royal Oak, 25, 857 Boshart, A.: Zehn Jahre africanischen Lebens, 19, 32i Bosquejo historico de Venezuela, 21, 360 Both Sides the Border, 25, 850 Bothwell; or, The Days of Queen Mary, 25, 872 Botsford, G. W.: History of Rome, 4, 419 Botta, Paul Emil: Monuments de Ninive, 1, 434 Boulger, Demetrius Charles: History of Belgium, 13, 597 History of China, 6, 325 India in the Nineteenth Century, 5, 393 Bourchier, G.: Eight Months' Campaign against the Bengal Sepoy Army during the Mutiny of 1857, 5, 396 Bourchier, M. H.: Adventures of a Goldsmith, The, 25, 841 Bourienne, Louis: Memoirs de Napoleon Bonaparte, 9, 500 Bourinot, Sir John George: Canada under British Rule, 1760- 1900, 20, 407 Historical and Descriptive Account of Cape Breton, 24, 1107 Story of Canada, The, 20, 407 916 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bourne, Edward Gaylord: Essays in Historical Criticism, 19, 321, 20, 400 Narrative of Hernando de Soto, 24, 1 107 Spain in America, 1450-1580, 20, 401, ai, 357, 358 Bourne, H. E.: French Colonial Experiment in the Far East, A, 30, 408 Bourne, H. R. F.: English Seamen Under the Tudors, 24, 1 108 Boutwell, George S.: Reminisciences of Sixty Years, 34, 1114 Bow of Orange Ribbon, The, 25, 892 Bowditch, C. P.: Mexican and Central American An- tiquities, 32, 515 Bowman, Anne: Boy Foresters, The, 25, 848 Bowman, H. M.: Preliminary Stages of the Peace of Amiens, 10, 508 Bowring, L. W.: Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, and the Struggle with the Mussulman Powers of the South, 5, 396 Boy Crusaders, The, 25, 823 Boy Foresters, The, 25, 848 Boy of the First Empire, A, 25, 842 Boy Soldiers of 1812, 25, 895 Boyce, George: Remarkable History of the Hud- son's Bay Company, including that of the French Traders of Northwestern Canada and of the Northwest, X. Y., and Astor Fur Companies, 20, 407 Short History of the Canadian People, A, 20, 407 Boyer of the Terrible, A, 25, 877 Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth: Essays on Scandinavian Literature, 16, 348 Story of Norway, 16, 345 Boyne Water, 25, 869 Boynton, Charles Brandon: History of the Navy During the Rebellion, 24, 11 14 Boy's Odyssey, The, 25, 824 Boys, Henry Scott: Some Notes on Java and its Ad- ministration by the Dutch, 20, 409 Boys of 1745, 35, 887 Boys of '61, 24, 1114 Boys of '76, 24, 11 n Boys of the Light Brigade, 25, 865 Bozman, John Leeds: History of Maryland, 24, 1109 Brackett, J. R.: Negro in Maryland, 24, 11 12 Braddon, Mary E.: In High Places, 35, 854 Infidel, The, 35, 862 Ishmael, 35, 843 London Pride, 25, 857 Mohawks, 25, 862 Bradford, William: History of Plymouth Plantation, 24, 1 108 Bradley, Arthur Granville: Conquest of Canada 1744-1761, 20, 408 Fight with France for North America, 20, 408, 24, 1107 Sketches from Old Virginia, 25, 899 Bradshaw, John: Norway, Its Fjords, Fjelds and Fasses, 16, 348 Sir Thomas Munro and the British Settlement of the Madras Presi- dency, 5, 396 Brady, Cyrus Townsend: For the Freedom of the Sea, 25, 896 Hohenzollern, 25, 882 In the War with Mexico, 25, 896 Little Traitor to the South, A, 25, 898 Quiberon Touch, The, 25, 887 Southerners, The, 25, 899 Two Captains, The, 25, 864 Braes of Yarrow, The, 25, 872 Braine, Sheila E.: Adventures of Humfrey Chatteris, The, 25, 848 King's " Blue Boys," The, 25, 884 Turkish Automaton, The, 25, 878 Brakespeare; or, The Fortunes of a Free-Lance, 25, 834 Brambletye House, 25, 857 AUTHORS AND TITLES 917 Bramston, M.: Banner of St. George, The, 25, 849 For Faith and Fatherland, 25, 876 Shaven Crown, The, 25, 845 Brandt, Max von: History of the World: A Survey of Man's Record, 7, 332 Brave Dame Mary, 25, 846 Brave Little Holland, 13, 598 Brave Men of Eyam, The, 25, 858 Brave Resolve, A, 25, 893 Bravest of the Brave, The, 25, 833, 860 Bray, Anna Eliza: De Foix, 25, 835 Hartland Forest, 25, 861 Protestant, The, 25, 852 White Hoods, The, 25, 875 Brazenhead the Great, 25, 850 Breaking of the Storm, The, 25, 885 Break-up of China, The, 6, 327 Breasted, James Henry: History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, 1, 431, 432 Breath of the Gods, The, 25, 833 Brenda's Experiment, 25, 832 Brereton, F. S.: Foes of the Red Cockade, 25, 840 Gallant Grenadier, A, 25, 867 Hero of Lucknow, A, 25, 832 In the King's Service, 25, 856, 869 One of the Fighting Scouts: a Tale of Guerilla Warfare in South Africa, 25, 886 Under the Spangled Banner, 25, 900 Brethren, The, 25, 823 Breton, Frederick: God save England!, 25, 849 True Heart, 25, 877, 883 Brewer, John Sherren: Reign of Henry VIII from his Accession to the Death of Wolsey, 11, 645, 24, 1 106 Brian Fitz-Court, 25, 847 Bricks Without Straw, 25, 899 Bride of Lammermoor, The, 25, 873 Bride of the Nile, The, 25, 821 Brigand, The, 25, 836 Briggs, J.: History of the Rise of the Moham- medan Power in India, 5, 397 Brigham, T.: Guatemala, the Land of the Quet- zal, 22, 515 Bright, J. Franck: History of England, II, 645 Brine, Lindesay: The Taeping Rebellion, 6, 325 Brinkley, Frank: China: Its History, Arts and Literature, 6, 325 Japan, 7, 331 Oriental Series, 7, 331 Brinton, Daniel Garrison: American Race, The, 24, 1107 Brinton Eliot: from Yale to York- town, 25, 893 Bristol Diamonds, 25, 864 British Colonies, Their History, Ex- tent, Conditions, and Resources, 5, 395 British Empire, The, 19, 321 British Empire in America, 24, 1108 British Empire Series, 20, 403 British Honduras, 22, 516 British India, 5, 393 British India and its Problems, 5, 395 British Rule and Jurisdiction Be- yond the Seas, 20, 404 British West Africa, its Rise and Progress, 19, 326 Briton, E. Vincent: Amyot Brough, 25, 887 Brocklehurst, T. W.: Mexico To-day, 22, 515 Brodbeck, A.: Zoroaster, ein Beitrag zur verglei- chenden Geschichte der Religion- en und philosophischen Systeme des Morgen- und Abendlandes, I, 437 Brodhead, John Romeyn: History of New York, 24, 1109 Broehner, Jessie H.: Danish Life in Town and Country, 16, 348 Broglie, Duke of: King's Secret, The; Being the Se- cret Correspondence of Louis XV with his Diplomatic Agents from 1752 to 1774, 9, 501 Broken Rosary, A, 25, 839 Bromby, Charles Hamilton: Alkibiades, 25, 824 918 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Bronte, Charlotte: Shirley, 25, 865 Brooks, Elbridge S.: Boy of the First Empire, A, 25, 842 In Blue and White, 25, 894 In Leisler's Times, 25, 891 Master of the Strong Hearts, 25, 899 Son of Issachar, A, 25, 823 Son of the Revolution, A, 25, 895 Broome, A.: History of the Rise and Progress of the Bengal Army, 5, 394 Brothers in Arms, 25, 847 Brown, A. S.: Madeira and the Canary Islands, 8, 550 Brown, Alexander: First Republic in America, 24, 1109 Genesis of the United States of America, 24, 1109 Brown, J. C: People of Finland in Archaic Times, 16, 348 Brown, J. M.: Historical Review of the Revolu- tions of Portugal, 8, 546 Political Beginnings of Kentucky, The, 24, mi Brown, John: Pilgrim Fathers of New England, The, 24, 1 108 Brown, Katharine Holland: Diane, 25, 897 Brown, P. Hume: Early Travellers in Scotland, 12, 382 Scotland before 1700 from Con- temporary Documents, 12, 382 Brown, Robert: Story of Africa and its Explorers, 19, 321 Brown, W. G.: Lower South, The, 24, n 12 Brown: a Story of Waterloo Year, 25, 866 Brown of Mukden: a Story of the Russo-Japanese War, 25, 833 Browne, M.: Chaucer's England, 11, 645 Browne, William Hand: George and Cecilius Calvert, 24, IIIO History of Maryland, 24, 1109 Life of Alexander H. Stephens, 24, 1 1 14 Browning, Oscar: England and Napoleon in 1803, 10, 509 Peter the Great, 15, 389 Bruce, H.: Life of Oglethorpe, 24, n 10 Bruce, P. A.: Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, 24, 1 109 Bruce, W. M.: Alaska, Its History and Resources, 24, 1 1 14 Bruce (Barbour), 12, 383 Bruce (Maxwell), 12, 383 Brugsch, Heinrich Carl: History of Egypt under the Pha- raohs, 1, 432 Brun-Renaud, C. G. N.: La Perse politique et Militaire au XIX. siecle, 1, 437 Brunialti, A.: Le Colonie degli Italiani, 19, 321 Brunnow, Rudolf E.: Die Charidschiten unter den ersten Omayyaden, 1, 438 B run ton: Wallace, 12, 383 Bruyn, Theophilo: Antologia Portugueza, 8, 549 Cancioneiro Portuguez, 8, 549 Bryant and Gay: Popular History of the United States, 24, 1103 Bryce, James: Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, The, 20, 406 Holy Roman Empire, 18, 455 Impression of South Africa, 19, 321, 20, 405 Two South African Constitutions, 20, 405 Bryden, H. A.: Exiled Scot, An, 25, 874, 885 Buch, W. T. and Chapman, A.: Wild Spain, 8, 550 Buchan, John: John Burnet of Barns, 25, 873 Lost Lady of Old Years, A, 25, 874 AUTHORS AND TITLES 919 Buchanan, George: Rerum Scoticarum Historia, 12, 382 Buchanan, Robert: Shadow of the Sword, The, 25, 843 Buckingham, James Silk: America, Historical, Statistical and Descriptive, 24, 11 12 Slave States of America, 24, 11 12 Buckland, C. E.: Dictionary of Indian Biography, 5, 394 Buckle, E.: Memoir of the Services of the Bengal Artillery, 5, 394 Buckle, Henry Thomas: History of Civilization, 10, 507 Buckley, William: Croppies Lie Down: a Tale of 1798, 25, 870 Budde, Karl: Die Religion des Volkes Israel bis zur Verbannung, I, 439 Buddhism, being a Sketch of the Life and Teachings of Guatama, the Buddha, 5, 399, 400 Buddhism, its History and Litera- ture, 5, 400 Buddhist India, 5, 399 Budge, Ernest A. Wallis: Book of the Dead, The, 1, 432 Egypt from the End of the Neo- lithic Period to the Death of Cleopatra VII, 30 B. C, 1, 432 Egypt in the Neolithic and Archaic Period, I, 432 Mummy, The: Chapters on Egyp- tian Funeral Archaeology, 1, 432 Buell, A. C: Life of Sir William Johnson, 24, 1110 Buenos Ayres, la Pampa et la Pata- gonie, 21, 359 Bug-Jargal, 25, 889 Buhler, J. G. and Kielhorn, F.: Grundriss der indo-arischen philolo- gie und altertumskunde, 5, 396 Builders of Great Britain, 20, 405 Builders of the Waste, 25, 845 Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the Orient, 14, 514 Bulle, C: Geschichte der Neuesten Zeit, 17, 467 Bullock, C. J.: Essays on the Monetary History of the United States, 24, 1109 Financial History of the Revolu- tion, 24, 1 1 10 Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, 24, 1114 Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton and Ash- ley, E.: Life of Viscount Palmerston, 11, 645 Bungener, Louis Felix: Preacher and the King, The, 25, 838 Bunsen, Baron Christian Karl Josias von: Egypt's Place in Universal His- tory, I, 432 Buondelmonte's Saga, 25, 827 Burch, H. E.: Wind and Wave, 25, 876 Burchell, S. H.: Daniel Herrick, 25, 858 Duke's Servants, The, 25, 854 In the Days of King James, 25, 854 My Lady of the Bass, 25, 859 Burckhardt, Johann: Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien, 4, 420 Burgess, J. Haldane: Treasure of Don Andres, The, 25, 872 Burgess, J. W.: Battles and Leaders, 24, 1105, 11 13 Century War Book, The, 24, 1105, 1113 Civil War and the Constitution, The, 24, 1 105, 1 1 13 Middle Period, The, 24, 11 12 Burgomaster of Berlin, The, 25, 883 Burgomaster's Wife, The, 25, 876 Burke, Edmund: Account of English Settlements in America, 24, 1108 Burke, Edmund, 24, nil Burke, John Doly: History of Virginia, 24, 1109 Burke, Ulick Ralph: History of Spain to the Death of Ferdinand, 8, 545 Life of Benito Juarez, 22, 515 Burke: An Historical Study, II, 648 920 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Burman, his Life and Notions, The, 5, 400 Burnaby, Andrew: Travels through the Middle Set- tlements of North America, 1759- 1760, 24, 1 109 Burnett, Frances Hodgson: His Grace of Osmonde, 25, 860 In Connection with the De Wil- loughby Claim, 25, 897 Lady of Quality, A, 25, 860 Burning of Rome, The, 25, 826 Burnside, Ambrose Everett, Life and Public Services of, 24, 11 14 Burr, Aaron, Conspiracy, The, 24, 1 106 Burton, J. Bloundelle: Across the Salt Seas, 25, 860 Clash of Arms, The, 25, 838 Denounced, 25, 862 Fortune's My Foe, 25, 833 Gentleman-Adventurer, A, 25, 860, 889 Hispaniola Plate, The, 25, 860, 889 In the Day of Adversity, 25, 838 Scourge of God, The, 25, 839 Servants of Sin, 25, 839 Sword of Gideon, The, 25, 877 Year One, The, 25, 840 Burton, John Hill: History of Scotland, from the In- vasion of Agricola to the Union, 12, 382 Burton, Richard: Personal narrative of a pilgrimage to El Medinah and Meccah, 1, 438 Burton, Richard Francis: Across the Rocky Mountains to California, 24, 11 12 City of Saints, The, 24, 11 12 Bury, John B.: History of Greece, 2, 555 Busch, Moritz: Bismarck in the Franco-German War, 9, 501 Bismarck: Some Secret Pages of his History, 18, 456 Busch, W.: England Under the Tudors, 24, 1 106 Bushido, 7, 332 Business in Great Waters, A, 25, 864 Busolt, Georg: Griechische Geschichte bis zur Schlacht bei Chaeroneia, 2, 555 Busteed, H. E.: Echoes from Old Calcutta, 5, 396 Butler, General, in New Orleans, 24, 1114 Butler, A. J.: Arab Conquest of Egypt and the last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion, 19, 321 Butler, Charles: Life of Hugo Grotius, 13, 597 Butler, William: Mexico in Transition, 22, 515 Butterfield, Consul Wiltshire: History of Brule's Discoveries and Explorations, 1610-1636, 24, 1108 By Allan Water, 25, 874 By Celia's Arbour, 25, 867 By Conduct and Courage, 25, 865 By Dulvercombe Water, 25, 859 By England's Aid, 25, 854, 876 By Order of the Company, 25, 890 By Order of the Czar, 25, 878 By Pike and Dyke, 25, 876 By Right of Conquest, 25, 889 By Sheer Pluck, 25, 885 By Stroke of Sword, 25, 872 By the North Sea, 25, 860 By the Ramparts of Jezreel, 25, 822 By Weeping Cross, 25, 835 Bynner, Edwin Lassetter: Agnes Surriage, 25, 892 Begum's Daughter, The, 25, 891 Zachary Phips, 25, 895 Byrdsall, F.: History of the Loco-foco, or Equal Rights Party, 24, 11 12 Cable, George Washington: Cavalier, The, 25, 898 Creoles of Louisiana, 24, 1112 Dr. Sevier, 25, 897 Grandissimes, The, 25, 895 John March, Southerner, 25, 899 Old Creole Days, 25, 896 Cabot, John and Sebastian, 24, 1110 Caddick, Helen: White Woman in Central Africa, A, 19, 324 AUTHORS AND TITLES 921 Cadet Days, 25, 894 Csedwalla, 25, 845 Caesar, Caius Julius: Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars, 3, 399 Caesar, 3, 401 Caesar: a Sketch, 3, 401 Caesar Borgia, 25, 828 Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 3, 400 Caged Lion, The, 25, 871 Cahan, A.: White Terror and the Red, The, 25, 878 Cahun, Leon: Blue Banner, The, 25, 823 Caine, Hall: Bondman, The, 25, 864, 881 Deemster, The, 25, 863 Shadow of a Crime, The, 25, 857 Caine, O. V.: Face to Face with Napoleon, 25, 842, 884 In the Year of Waterloo, 25, 842 Wanderer and King, 25, 857 Calendar of Documents, 12, 382 Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland, 12, 382 California and Oregon Trail, The, 24, 1112 California Pastoral, 1769-1848, 20, 401 Caliphate, its Rise, Decline, and Fall, The, 1, 438 Callahan, J. M.: Diplomatic History of the South- ern Confederacy, 24, 1106 Callaway, H.: Nursery Tales, Traditions and His- tories of Zulus, 19, 325 Religious System of the Amazulu, 19, 325 Callwell, J. M.: Champion of the Faith, A, 25, 850 Calvert, George and Cecilius, 24, mo Calvert of Strathore, 25, 840 Cambria's Chieftain, 25, 850, 868 Cambridge Modern History, 21, 358, 24, 1 103 Cambridge, Richard Owen: Account of the War in India be- tween the English and the French on . the coast of Coro- mandel, 1750-1760, 5, 396 Cameron, Verney Lovett: Across Africa, 19, 325 Camoens, Luiz de: Os Lusiadas, 5, 396 Camp of Refuge, The, 25, 846 Camp on the Severn, The, 25, 845 Campaign in Kabylia, A, 25, 843 Campaign of Burgoyne and the Ex- pedition of St. Leger, The, 24, 11 10 Campaign of 1815, The, 10, 509 Campaign of Marengo, The, 10, 510 Campaign of Waterloo, The, 10, 509 Campaigning in South Africa and Egypt, 19, 326 Campaigns of the Civil War, 24, 11 14 Campbell: Mediaeval Scotland, 1093-1513, 12, 383 Campbell, Charles: History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia, 24, 1109 Puritan in England, Holland and America, The, 24, 1106 Campbell, Rean: Complete Guide and Descriptive Book of Mexico, 22, 515 Canada under British Rule, 1760-1900, 20, 407 Canadians of Old, 25, 886 Canavan, Michael Joseph: Ben Comee, 25, 892 Cancioneiro Portuguez, 8, 549 Canini, I. E.: Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba, 22, 517 Cantemir, Paul Demetrius: History of the Growth and Decay of the Othman Empire, 14, 513 Cantu, Cesare: Delia Indipendenza Italiana, 4, 421 Histoire des Italiens, 4, 419 Margherita Pusteria, 25, 828 Caoba, the Guerilla Chief, 25, 889 Capes, Bernard: Adventures of the Comte de la Muette, 25, 841 Castle in Spain, A, 25, 841 Extraordinary Confessions of Di- ana Please, The, 25, 864 Our Lady of Darkness, 25, 841 922 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Cap'n Nat's Treasure, 25, 863 Captain, The, 25, 898 Captain Fortune, 25, 855 Captain Fracasse, 25, 837 Captain Jacobus, 25, 857 Captain of the Guard, The, 25, 871 Captain of the Janizaries, 25, 879 Captain of the Wight, The, 25, 851 Captain Ravenshaw, 25, 854 Captain Satan, 25, 838 Captain Sir Richard Burton: His Early, Private and Public Life, 19, 325 Captain's Daughter, The, 25, 879 Captive of the Roman Eagles, A, 25, 827 Caracter de la conquista Espahola en America y en Mexico segun los textos de los historiadores primi- tivos, 21, 358 Cardigan, 25, 892 Cardinal and his Conscience, A, 25, 836 Cardinal Pole, 25, 852 Cardinal's Page, The, 25, 850, 881, 883 Cardinal's Pawn, The, 25, 829 Carew Papers, 12, 381 Carey, Wymond: For the White Rose, 25, 861 Monsieur Martin, 25, 861, 880 "No. 101," 25, 839 Carleton, William: Redmond, Count O'Hanlon, the Irish Rapparee, 25, 869 Willie Reilly and his Dear Colleen Bawn, 25, 869 Carlson, Frederick Ferdinand and Geijer, E. J.: Geschichte Schwedens, 16, 346 Carlyle, Thomas: French Revolution, The, 9, 496, 10, 507 History of Friedrich II, called Frederick the Great, 18, 456 Carpenter, Frank G.: South America: Social, Industrial, and Political, 21, 360 Carpenter, W. Boyd: Narcissus, 25, 825 Carr, M. E.: Love and Honour, 25, 842, 884 Carrington, H. B.: Battles of the American Revolution, 24, 1 1 10 Carson, H. L.: History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 24, 1105 Carte: History of the Dukes of Ormond, 12, 381 Carthage and the Carthagenians, 3, 401 Cartier to Frontenac, 24, 1108 Carved Cartoon, The, 25, 858 Cary, E.: George William Curtis, 24, 11 14 Case of Ireland, 12, 382 Casket Letters (Gardiner), 12, 383 Casket Letters (Henderson), 12, 383 Cassique of Kiawah, The, 25, 891 Cassius Dio's Roman History, 3, 399 Castilian Days, 8, 550 Castle, Agnes and Egerton: Bath Comedy, The, 25, 862 French Nan, 25, 862 Incomparable Bellairs, 25, 862 Pride of Jennico, The, 25, 881 Castle, Egerton: Light of Scarthey, The, 25, 866 Castle Daly, 25, 870 Castle Dangerous, 25, 871 Castle in Spain, A, 25, 841 Castle Inn, The, 25, 863 Castle Meadow, 25, 863 Castle of Ehrenstein, The, 25, 882 Castle of the White Flag, The, 25, 844 Castle of Twilight, The, 25, 835 Castle Omeragh, 25, 869 Castle Rackrent, 23, 869 Castle Richmond, 25, 870 Castlereagh, Lord: Correspondence, 10, 509 Catherine de' Medici, The Girlhood of, 25, 828 Catherine Douglas, 25, 871 Catherwood, Mary Hartwell: Chase of St. Castin, The, 25, 887 Days of Jeanne d'Arc, 25, 835 Lady of Fort St. John, The, 25. 886 Lazarre, 25, 841, 895 AUTHORS AND TITLES 923 Old Kaskaskia, 25, 887 Romance of Dollard, The, 25, 886 Spanish Peggy, 25, 896 Story of Tonty, The, 25, 887 White Islander, The, 25, 886 Catiline, Clodius and Tiberius, 3, 401 Catlin, George: Manners, Customs, etc., of the American Indians, 25, 1107 Catriona, 25, 874 Catterall, R. H. C: United States Bank, The, 24, 1106 Causes of the Revolution, 24, 1110 Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista and Crowe, Joseph Archer: New History of Painting in Italy, A, 4, 421 Cavalier, The, 25, 898 Cavalier Stronghold, A, 25, 856 Cavaliers, The, 25, 856 Cavaliers and Roundheads, 25, 856 Cavallius, H., and Stephens, George: Old Norse Fairy Tales, gathered from the Swedish Folk, 16, 349 Cavour, Count Camillo Benso: Lettere Edite ed Inedite, Raccolte ed Illustrate da S. Chiala, 4, 421 Cawnpore, 5, 400 Ce que l'lnde doit a la Grece, 5, 397 Cease Fire, 25, 885 Celtic Britain, 11, 648 Celtic Scotland, 12, 382 Central and South America and West Indies, 22, 516 Century of American Diplomacy, A, 24, 1 105 Century War Book, The, 24, 1105, 1113 Cerise, 25, 839 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de: Don Quixote de la Mancha, 25, 833 Cesnola, Louis Palmadi: Cyprus, Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples, 1, 436 Cevallos : Resumen de la historia del Ecua- dor, 21, 360 Chadsey, C. D.: Struggle Between President John- son and Congress over Recon- struction, 24, 1 1 14 Chadwick, E. M.: People of the Long House, The, 24, 1 107 Chailley, Bert P.: La Tanisie et la Colonisation Fran- caise, 19, 321 Chaldean Magic: Origin and Devel- opment, 1, 434 Chaldean Magician, The, 25, 826 Challenge of Barletta, The, 25, 828 Chalmers, George: History of the Revolt of the Ameri- can Colonies, 24, 11O8 Opinions of Eminent Lawyers on Various Points of English Juris- prudence, Chiefly Concerning the Colonies, Fisheries and Com- merce of Great Britain, 20, 404 Political Annals of the Present United Colonies, 24, 1108 Chamberlain, B. H.: Hand-book of Colloquial Japanese, 7, 333 Moji-no-Shirube, a Practical Intro- duction to the Study of the Japanese Writing, 7, S33 Simplified Grammar of the Japa- nese Language, A, 7, 333 Things Japanese, 7, 331 Chamberlain, N. A.: Samuel Sewall and the World He Lived In, 24, 1110 Chambers, Robert W.: Ashes of Empire, 25, 844 Cardigan, 25, 892 Lorraine, 25, 843 Maid-at-Arms, The, 25, 892 Maids of Paradise, The, 25, 843 Reckoning, The, 25, 894 Red Republic, The: a Romance of the Commune, 25, 844 Chamounix and the Range of Mount Blanc, 13, 600 Champion of the Faith, A, 25, 850 Champollion, Jean Frangois: Description de l'Egypte, 1, 432 Monuments de l'Egypte et de la Nubie, 1, 432 Chandra Shekhar, 25, 831 Channing and Hart: Guide to American History, 24, 1 103 924 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Channing, Edward: Navigation Laws, 24, mo Student's History of the United States, 24, 1 104, 1 108 Chantry Priest of Barnet, The, 25, 8Si * Chaplain of the Fleet, The, 25, 862 Chaplet of Pearls, The, 25, 836 Chapman, Abel: Wild Norway, 16, 348 Wild Spain, 8, 550 Chapman, B.: Gustavus Adolphus and the Thirty Years War, 16, 345 Chapman, T. J.: French in the Allegheny Valley, The, 24, 1 108 Chapters from the Religious History of Spain, 24, 1106 Chapters on the Law Relating to the Colonies, 20, 405 Charicles, 25, 824 Charles, Elizabeth: Annals of an Anglo-Saxon Fam- ily, 25, 846 Chronicles of the Schonberg-Cotta Family, 25, 883 Conquering and To Conquer, 25, 827 Diary of Mrs. Kitty Trevelyan, 25, 862 Draytons and the Davenants, The, 25, 856 Joan the Maid, 25, 835 Lapsed, but Not Lost, 25, 826 On Both Sides of the Sea, 25, 856 Sketches of Christian Life in Eng- land in the Olden Time, 25, 845 Victory of the Vanquished, The, 25, 826 Charles O'Malley, 25, 865, 870 Charles the Great, 9, 497 Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 16, 345 Charme, P. de: Campagnies et Societes Coloniales Allemandes, 19, 321 Der deutsche Export nach den Tropen, 19, 321 Char nay, Desire: Ancient Cities of the New World, 22, 516 Chase, B. G.: Lowndes of South Carolina, 24, 1113 Chase, L. B.: History of the Polk Administration, 24, 1112 Chase of Saint Castin, The, 25, 887 Chase, Samuel Portland, 24, 11 14 Chatrian, A., and Erckmann, E.: Blockade, The, 25, 842 Campaign in Kabylia, A, 25, 843 Conscript, The, 25, 842 Madame Therese; or, The Volun- teers of '92, 25, 840 Man of the People, A, 25, 843 Story of a Peasant, The, 25, 840 Story of the Plebiscite, The, 25, 843 Waterloo, 25, 843 Year One, 25, 840 Chatterjee, Rai Bahadoor Bankim Chandra: Chandra Shekhar, 25, 831 Chaucer's England, 11, 645 Cheap-Jack Zita, 25, 866 Cherry and Violet, 25, 858 Cherry Ribband, The, 25, 873 Cheseny, C: Waterloo Lectures, 10, 509 Chesney, Francis Rawdon: Russo-Turkish Campaigns, 1828- 1829, The, 14, 5 13 Chesney, Sir George: Indian Polity, a View of the Sys- tem of Administration in India, 5, 394 Chesney, Sir George Tomkyns: Dilemma, The, 25, 831 True Reformer, A, 25, 832 Chetwode, R. D.: John of Strathbourne, 25, 836 Knight of the Golden Chain, The, 25, 847 Lord of Lowedale, The, 25, 837, 878 Chevalier, Michel: Le Mexique ancien et moderne, 22, 5i6 Chevalier d'Auriac, The, 25, 837 Chevalier de Maison-Rouge, 25, 840 Chevalier d'Harmental, Le, 25, 839 Chevalier of the Splendid Crest, The, 25, 871 AUTHORS AND TITLES 925 Cheyne, Thomas K.: Encyclopaedia Biblica, I, 439 Cheyney, Edward Potts: European Background of American History, 1300-1600, 5, 396 Childers, Robert Caesar: Dictionary of Pali Language, 5, 396 Children of Tempest, 25, 875 Children of the New Forest, The, 25, 856 Children of Wrath, 25, 891 Chili et Chiliens, 21, 360 China, 6, 328 China: Her History, Diplomacy and Commerce, 6, 325 China in Convulsion, 6, 326 China in Decay, 6, 326 China in Law and Commerce, 6, 328 China in Transformation, 6, 328 China: Its History, Arts and Liter- ature, 6, 325 China: Its State and Prospects, 6, 329 China Past and Present, 6, 325 China, the Long-Lived Empire, 6, 329 China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle Kingdom, 6, 329 China under the Search Light, 6, 326 Chinaman, John, 6, 329 China-Japan War of 1894-1895, 6, 325 China's Open Door, 6, 326 China's Relations with the West, 20, 411 Chinese and Their Rebellions, The, 6, 326 Chinese Boy and Girl, The, 6, 327 Chinese Characteristics, 6, 329 Chinese Heroes, 6, 326 Chinese Mother Goose Rhymes, 6, 327 Chinese Porcelain, 6, 328 Chinese, The: Their Education, Phi- losophy, and Letters, 6, 327 Chipiez, Charles, and Perrot, Georges : History of Art in Ancient Egypt, I. 433 History of Art in Chaldsea and Assyria, 1, 435 History of Art in Persia, 1, 438 History of Art in Phoenicia and its Dependencies, 1, 436 History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia, 1, 437 Choir Invisible, The, 25, 895 Choiseul-Gouffier, Comtesse de: Historical Memoirs of the Em- peror Alexander I, 15, 389 Chomley, C. H., and Outhwaite, R. L.: Wisdom of Esau, The, 25, 888 Chouans, The, 25, 841 Choublier, M.: La Question d' Orient, 14, 514 Chris Cunningham, 25, 864 Christian Recovery of Spain, The, 8, 548 Christie Carew, 25, 871 Christina, Queen of Sweden, 16, 345 Christopher Columbus (Adams), 24, 1 107 Christopher Columbus (Harrisse), 24, 1 107 Christopher Columbus (Thatcher), 24, 1 107 Chronica General, 8, 546 Chronica gentis Scotorum, 12, 382 Chronicle of Picts and Scots, 12, 382 Chronicle of the Cid, 8, 548 Chronicle of the Reign of Charles IX, 25, 836 Chronicles (Froissart), 9, 501 Chronicles (Holinshead), 12, 381 Chronicles of Glenbuckie, 5, 875 Chronicles of the Conquest of Gra- nada, 25, 833 Chronicles of the Crusades, 9, 501 Chronicles of the Schonberg-Cotta Family, 25, 883 Chuquet, A.: Les guerres de la Revolution, 10, 508 Church, Alfred John: Burning of Rome, The, 25, 826 Chantry Priest of Barnet, The, 25, 851 Count of the Saxon Shore, The, 25, 84S Crown of Pine, The, 25, 825 Hammer, The, 25, 822 Heroes of Chivalry and Romance, 25, 844 Lords of the World, 25, 825 Roman Life in the Days of Cicero: Sketches drawn from his Letters and Speeches, 3, 402 Stories of Charlemagne and the Twelve Peers of France, 25, 834 926 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Story of Carthage, 3, 400 Story of the Odyssey, The, 25, 824 To the Lions, 25, 826 Two Thousand Years Ago, 25, 825 With the King at Oxford, 25, 855 Young Macedonian, A, 25, 824 Church, S. H.: John Marmaduke, 25, 869 Penruddock of the White Lambs, 35, 857 Church and State in New England, 24, 1 109 Church in Spain, The, 8, 548 Churchill, Lord Randolph Spencer: Men, Mines and Animals in South Africa, 19, 325 Churchill, Winston Spencer: Crisis, The, 25, 897 Crossing, The, 25, 894 Richard Carvel, 25, 894 River War, The, 19, 321 Cicero, Marcus Tullius: Letters of Cicero, 3, 399 Select Orations of Cicero, 3, 399 Cicero and his Friends, 3, 401 Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic, 3, 401 Cinq-Mars, 25, 837 Cinquante Annees de 1' Histoire Federate de 1' Allemagne. fitude historique et politique, 18, 456 Cities and Bishoprics in Phrygia, The, 1, 437 Cities and Sights of Spain, 8, 550 Cities of India, 5, 395 Citizen of India, 5, 394 Citoyenne Jacqueline, 25, 841 City and the Castle, The, 25, 877 City of Saints, The, 24, 11 12 City-State of the Greeks and Ro- mans, The, 3, 400 Civil and Political History of New Jersey, A, 24, 1109 Civil History of the Government of the Confederate States with Some Personal Reminiscences, 24, 1114 Civil Law in Spain and Spanish America, The, 20, 403, 21, 361 Civil War, The, 24, 11 13 Civil War and Reconstructien in Ala- bama, 24, 1 1 14 Civil War and the Constitution, The, 34, 1 1 13 Civil Wars and Monarchy in France, 9, 498 Civilization in Congoland, 19, 325 Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times, 16, 346 Civilized Nations, 22, 515 Clansman, The, 25, 899 Clara Hopgood, 25, 830 Clare, Austin: Carved Cartoon, The, 25, 858 Court Cards: chiefly the Knave of Hearts, 25, 854 Clare Avery, 25, 854 Clarence, 25, 899 Clark, Alfred: Woe to the Conquered, 25, 825 Clark, Imogen: Dominie's Garden, The, 25, 892 Clark, William J.: Commercial Cuba, 22, 517 Clarke, Sir George .Sydenham: China-Japan War of 1894-1895, 6, 325 Russian Sea Power, 15, 389 Clarke, H. Butler: Spanish Literature: An Elementary Handbook, 8, 549 Clarke, Mrs. Henry: In Jacobite Days, 25, 859 Trusty Rebel, A, 25, 851 Clarke, James Freeman: Confucius and the Chinese Classics, 6, 327 Ten Great Religions, 6, 327 Clarke, Marcus A. H.: For the Term of His Natural Life, 25, 888 Clarke, Mrs, S. M. S.: Duke's Page, The, 25, 883 Clarke, W. J.: History of Rome and the Roman People, 3, 399 Clarkson, Thomas: Memoir of William Penn, 24, 1110 Clash of Arms, The, 25, 838 Classic Myths, 2, 558 Claude the Colporteur, 25, 884 Claybornes, The, 25, 898 Cleeve, Lucas: Free Soil, Free Soul, 25, 892 Our Lady of Beauty, 25, 835 Cleland, Robert: Inchbracken, 25, 875 AUTHORS AND TITLES 927 Clement, E. W.: Hand-book of Modern Japan, 7, 331 Clement Lorimer; or, The Book with the Iron Clasps, 25, 867 Clementina, 25, 861, 879 Cleopatra, 25, 821 Clerk of Oxford, A, 25, 848 Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, Southwest Colorado, The, 24, 1107 Cloister and the Hearth, The, 25, 828, 835, 876, 883 Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V, The, 18, 459 Cloistering of Ursula, The, 25, 828 Club of the Jacobines, The, 9, 496 Coast of Freedom, The, 25, 891 Cobb, J.: Workman and Soldier, 25, 844 Cobb, S. H.: Rise of Religious Liberty in Amer- ica, 24, 1 106, 1 109 Cobban, James MacLaren: Angel of the Covenant, The, 25, 856, 872 Cease Fire, 25, 885 Code of Hammurabi, King of Baby- lon, about 2250 B. C, The, 1, 434 Coffin, Charles Carleton: Boys of '61, 24, 1 1 14 Boys of '76, 24, 11 1 1 Daughters of the Revolution and their Times, 25, 893 Drum Beat of the Nation, 24, 1114 Old Times in the Colonies, 24, 1 109 Coffin, Victor: Quebec Act, The, 24, 11 10 Coleccion de libros y documentos referentes a la historia de Ameri- ca, 21, 358 Coleccion nueva de documentos para la historia de Mejico, 22, 516 Collection of Treaties, Engagements, Sunnuds . . . relating to India and Neighboring Countries, 5, 394 Coleman, Ann Mary: Life of John J. Crittenden, 24, 1113 Coleridge, Gilbert and Marion: Jan van El'selo, 25, 876 Coleridge, M. E.: Fiery Dawn, The, 25, 843 King with Two Faces, The, 25, 881 Collado, M. Danvila: El Poder Civil en Espafia, 546 Collignon, Maxime: Histoire de la sculpture grecque, 2, 557 Collingwood, W. G.: Thorstein of the Mere: a Saga of the Northmen in Lakeland, 25, 846 Collins, Wilkie: Antonina, 25, 827 Colloquies of Edward Osborne, 25, 852 Colonial Civil Service: The Selection and Training of Colonial Officials in Holland, England and France, 20, 398 Colonial Era, The, 24, 1108, 1109 Colonial France, 20, 408 Colonial Government: An introduc- tion to the Study of Colonial In- stitutions, 20, 399 Colonial King of Spain; The War of Independence in the South, 20, 402 Colonial Life in New Hampshire, 24, 1 109 Colonial Office List, 20, 404 Colonials, The, 25, 893 Colonies, The, 24, 1108 Colonization of Africa, The, 8, 547 Colossus, The, 25, 886 Colquhoun, Archibald Ross: China in Transformation, 6, 328 Key of the Pacific the Nicaragua Canal, The, 22, 516 Matabeleland: the War and our Position in South Africa, 19, 321 Overland to China, 6, 328 Colquhoun, J. A. S.: With the Kurram Field Force, 1878-1879, 5, 396 Columbia, 25, 890 Colvin, Sir Auckland: John Russell Colvin, the last Lieu- tenant-Governor of the North- west under the Company, 5, 396 Coming of Cuculain, The: a Romance of Ireland, 25, 868 Coming of the Friars and other His- toric Essays, 11, 647 Coming of the Preachers, The, 25, 862 928 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Commander of the Hirondelle, The, 25, 864 Commentaries of Sir Pantaleone, 25, 829 Commentaries on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, 7, 333 Commerce and Navigation of the Erythrean Sea, The, 5, 398 Commercial Cuba, 22, 517 Commercial Policy of England To- ward the American Colonies, The, 20, 403, 24, 1 1 10 Commercial Relations between Eng- land and Ireland, 12, 381 Commercial Relations of the United States with the Far East, 20, 411 Commercial Restraints, 12, 382 Commines, Philippe de: Memoirs, 9, 501 Commonwealth of Australia Parlia- ment, Acts . . . passed . . . in the . . . first and second sessions of the first parliament, 20, 406 Commune, The, 25, 844 Compagnies et Societes Coloniales Allemandes, 19, 321 Companions of Jehu, The, 25, 821, 841 Company of Death, The, 25, 829 Compendium of Geography and Travel, 19, 322 Complete Guide and Descriptive Book of Mexico, 22, 515 Complete History of Connecticut, 24, 1 108 Comprehensive History of India, Civil, Military, and Social, 5, 393 Comptes rendues de la session 1895, 20, 398 Compton, H.: Indian Life in Town and Country, 5, 395 Compton, Herbert E.: Free Lance in a Far Land, A, 25, 831 Inimitable Mrs. Massingham, The, 25, 864 Palace of Spies, The: an Episode, 25, 865 Queen can do no Wrong, The, 25, 866 Comrie, Margaret S.: Key to the Riddle, The, 25, 829 Comstock, Harriet T.: Tower or Throne, 25, 853 Comstock, Seth Cook: Monsieur le Capitaine Douay, 25, 876 Comyn, Sir Robert: History of the Western Empire, 18, 456 Confederation, The, 24, mi Confessions of a Thug, 25, 831 Confucius and the Chinese Classics, 6, 327 Congo, The, 19, 321 Congo and the Founding of the Free State, The, 19, 324 Conjurer's House, 25, 887 Conkling, A. R.: Appleton's Guide to Mexico, 22, 5i6 Conkling, Howard: Coronado's Letter to Mendoza, 1540, 22, 516 Cortes's Account of the City of Mexico, 22, 516 Mexico and the Mexicans, 22, 516 Connecticut, 24, 1108 Connell, F. Norreys: Follies of Captain Daly, The, 25, 865 Connelly, W. E.: Provisional Government of Nebras- ka Territory, 24, 11 12 Conquering and To Conquer, 25, 827 Conqueror, The, 25, 895 Conquest of Britain, The, II, 647 Conquest of Canada, 1744-1761, The, 20, 408, 24, 1 107 Conquest of Granada, The, 8, 547 Conquest of New Mexico and Cali- fornia, 24, 1 1 12 Conquest of Plassans, The, 25, 843 Conrad, Joseph: Nigger of the Narcissus, The, 25. 867 Romance, 25, 866 Conscience, Hendrik: Fisherman's Daughter, The, 25, 877 L'Annee des Merveilles, 25, 833, 876 AUTHORS AND TITLES 929 Lion of Flanders, The, 25, 875 Ludovic and Gertrude, 25, 876 Veva; or, The War of the Peasants, 35, 877 Year of Miracles, The, 25, 833, 876 Conscript, The, 25, 842 Conspiracy, 25, 889 Conspiracy of Pontiac, The, 20, 408, 24, 1 107 Constable de Bourbon, The, 25, 836 Constable of St. Nicholas, The, 25, 879 Constable of the Tower, The, 25, 852 Constable's Tower, The, 25, 849 Constantinople, 14, 514 Constitution and Reconstruction, The, 24, 1 105 Constitution and the Civil War, The, 24, 1 105 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, The, 20, 406 Constitution of the United States, The, 24, 1111 Constitution Suedoise et le Parlemen- tarisme Moderne, 16, 346 Constitutional Aspect of the Govern- ment of Dependencies, 20, 411 Constitutional Development of Japan, 7, 333 _ Constitutional History of England, 11, 647, 12, 381, 24, 1 106 Constitutional History of England in its Origin and Development, 11, 649 Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George III, 11, 648 Constitutional History of the Ameri- can People, 24, 1 105, mi Constitutional History of the House of Lords, 24, 1 106 Constitutional History of the United States (Curtis), 24, 1105, nil Constitutional History of the United States (Landon), 24, 1106 Constitutional History of the United States (Thorpe), 24, 1105, 1113 Constitutional History of the United States (Von Hoist), 24, 1104 Constitutions and Other Documents Illustrative of the History of France, 9, 500 Consuelo, 25, 829, 881 Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution, 9, 497 Contemporary France, 9, 497 Contemporary Spain as Shown by Her Novelists, 8, 549 Continuation of the History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, 1748-1765, 24, 1 108 Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portion of the Unit- ed States, 24, 1 107 Conty, Dr.: Le Bresil en 1884, 21, 360 L'esclavage au Bresil, 21, 360 Conversations with M. Thiers, M. Guizot, and Other Distinguished Persons During the Second Em- pire, 9, 502 Converse, Florence : Long Will, 25, 849 Conversion of India from Pantaenus to the Present Time, A. D. 193- i893, 5, 394 Conway, Maurice Daniel: Life of Thomas Paine, 24, mi Omitted Chapters of History Dis- closed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph, 24, 1113 Pine and Palm, 25, 897 Conway, Sir William Martin: Alps from End to End, The, 13, 599 Cook, George Oram: Roderick Taliaferro, 25, 889 Cooke, Alice MacGowan, and Grace MacGowan: Return, 25, 893 Cooke, John Esten: Bonnybel Vane, 25, 892 Fairfax, 25, 892 Henry St. John, 25, 893 Hilt to Hilt, 25, 899 Leather Stocking and Silk, 25, 892 Maurice Mystery, 25, 892 Mohun, 25, 899 My Lady Pokahontas, 25, 892 Stories of the Old Dominion, 25, 892 Surry of Eagle's Nest, 25, 892, 898 Virginia Bohemians, 25, 892 Virginia Comedians, The, 25, 892 930 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Cooke, Philip St. George: Conquest of New Mexico and Cali- fornia, 24, 1 1 12 Cooke, Rose Terry: Steadfast, 25, 891 Cooley, William Forbes: Emmanuel: the Story of the Mes- siah, 25, 823 Cooper, Frank: see Simms, William Gilmore Cooper, James Fenimore: Leatherstocking Romances, The, 25, 892 Lionel Lincoln, 25, 893 Mercedes of Castile, 25, 833, 890 Pilot, The, 25, 894 Spy, The, 25, 894 Wept of the Wish-Ton-Wish, The, 25, 891 Wing-and-Wing; or, Le Feu-follet, 25, 829 Coppee, Henry: General Thomas, 24, 11 14 History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors, with a Sketch of the Civilization They Achieved and Imparted to Eu- rope, 8, 546 Copperhead, The: and other Stories of the North, 25, 898 Corbett, Julian Strafford: Business in Great Waters, A, 25, 864 Drake and the Tudor Navy, 24, 1110 Fall of Asgard, The, 25, 880 For God and Gold, 25, 853 Cordier, Henri: Bibliotheca Sinica, 7, 331 Barabbas: a Dream of the World's Tragedy, 25, 823 Corleone: a Sicilian Story, 25, 830 Cornaby, A. : China under the Search Light, 6, 326 Crisis in China, The, 6, 326 Cornaby, W. Arthur: String of Chinese Peach Stones, A, 6, 327 Cornell, W. M.: Life and Public Career of Horace Greeley, 24, 11 14 Cornet of Horse, The, 25, 860 Cornet Strong of Ireton's Horse, 25, 855 Cornford, L. Cope: Captain Jacobus, 25, 857 Last Buccaneer, The; or, The Trus- tees of Mrs. A., 25, 889 Master Beggars, The, 25, 876 Sons of Adversity, 25, 853 Cornill, Carl Heinrich: Einleitung in das alte Testament, I, 439 Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542, The, 24, 1 107 Coronado's Letter to Mendoza, 1540, 22, 516 Coronation, 25, 850 Corrageen, 25, 870 Correspondance de Guillaume d' Orange, 13, 597 Correspondance de Marguerite d' Autricte et Philippe II, 13, 597 Correspondance de Marie Therese avec le Comte Merci-Argenteau, 17, 466 Correspondence (Castlereagh), 10, 509 Correspondence (Frederick the Great), 18, 457 Correspondence (Motley), 13, 598 Cortes, Hernando, Conqueror of Mexico, 22, 517 Cortes, Manuel Jose: Ensayo sobre la historia de Bolivia, 31, 359 Cortes's Account of the City of Mex- ico, 22, 516 Corwithen, James: History of the Church of England, 24, 1 109 Cory, Isaac Preston: Ancient Fragments of Phoenician, Chaldean, Egyptian and other Writers, I, 431 Costa, B. F. de: Pre-Columbian Discovery of Amer- ica by the Northmen, 24, 1108 Cotton, Albert Louis: Company of Death, The, 25, 829 Cotton Mather and Salem Witch- craft, 24, 1 1 10 Cotton States in 1875, The, 24, 1114 AUTHORS AND TITLES 931 Couch, A. T. Quiller: Adventures of Harry Revel, The, 35, 865 Blue Pavilions, The, 25, 859 Fort Amity, 25, 887 Hetty Wesley, 25, 862 Spendid Spur, The, 25, 855 Count Beust, 17, 468 Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV, 24, 1107 Count Hannibal, 25, 836 Count of the Saxon Shore, The, 25, 845 Count Robert of Paris, 25, 847, 879 Countess Cosel, The, 25, 879, 884 Countess of Dammartin, The, 25, 835 Countess of Rudolstadt, The, 25, 829, 881 Court Cards: Chiefly the Knave of Hearts, 25, 854 Court Life under the Plantagenets, 25, 847 Courtship of Morrice Buckler, The, 25, 859, 881 Courtship of Sarah, The, 25, 862 Cowper, Edith E.: Viva Christina, 25, 834 Cowper, Frank: Caedwalla, 25, 845 Captain of the Wight, The, 25, 851 Island of the English, The, 25, 842 Cox, Sir George: Greeks and the Persians, The, 2, 556 General History of Greece to the Death of Alexander, 2, 556 Cox, Samuel Sullivan: Three Decades, 24, 11 13 Coxe, William: History of the House of Austria, 17, 465, 18, 456 Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon from the Accession of Philip V to the Death of Charles III (1700-1788), 8, 546 Craddock, Charles Egbert: Spectre of Power, A, 25, 892 Story of Old Fort London, The, 25, 892 Cradle of the Confederacy, 24, n 12 Craig, R. Manifold: Weird of Silken Thomas, The, 25, 868 Craigie, Mrs.: School for Saints, The, 25, 834 Craik, Dinah Maria: John Halifax, Gentleman, 25, 864 Crake, A. D.: ^Emilius, 25, 826 Alfgar the Dane, 25, 846 Brian Fitz-Court, 25, 847 Camp on the Severn, The, 25, 845 Edwy the Fair, 25, 846 Evanus, 25, 827 House of Wallderne, The, 25, 848 Last Abbot of Glastonbury, The, 25, 852 Rival Heirs, The, 25, 846 Crane, Stephen: Active Service, 25, 825, 880 Red Badge of Courage, The, 25, 898 Wounds in the Rain, 25, 900 Crawford, Francis Marion: Corleone: a Sicilian Story, 25, 830 Don Orsino, 25, 830 In the Palace of the King, 25, 833 Marietta: a Maid of Venice, 25, 828 Sant 'Ilario, 25, 830 Saracinesca, 25, 830 Zoroaster, 25, 822 Crawford, Samuel Wylie: Story of Fort Sumter, 24, 1113 Crawfurd, Oswald: Portugal, Old and New, 8, 546 Round the Calendar in Portugal, 8, 550 Crawson and Keane: Early English Chartered Com- panies, 24, 1 106 Cregy and Poictiers, 25, 849 Creeds and Platforms of Congrega- tionalism, 24, 1 109 Creighton, John N.: Narrative of the Siege and Cap- ture of Bhurtfore, 5, 396 Crellin, H. N.: Romances of Seraglio, 25, 879 Tales of the Caliph, 25, 822 Creoles of Louisina, 24, 11 12 932 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Crespigny, Mrs. Philip Champion de: Mischief of a Glove, The, 25, 853 Creswick, Paul: Hastings the Pirate, 25, 846 In Alfred's Days, 25, 846 Robin Hood and his Adventures, 25, 848 With Richard the Fearless: A Tale of the Red Crusade, 25, 847 Crichton, 25, 837 Crimson Sign, The, 25, 869 Crimson Wing, The, 25, 844 Crisis, The, 25, 897 Crisis in China, The, 6, 326 Cristina: a Romance of Italy in the Olden Days, 25, 827 Critical Period of American History, The, 24, mi Critical Study of Nullification, 24, 1106, 1112 Critical Study of the Various Dates Assigned to the Birth of Christo- pher Columbus, 21, 358 Crittenden, 25, 899 Crockett, Samuel Rutherford: Banner of Blue, The, 25, 875 Black Douglas, 25, 871 Cherry Ribband, The, 25, 873 Dark o' the Moon, The, 25, 874 Firebrand, The, 25, 834 Flower o' the Corn, 25, 839 Grey Man, The, 25, 872 Joan of the Sword-Hand, 25, 883 Lochinvar, 25, 873 Men of the Moss-Hags, The, 25, 873 Raiders, The, 25, 874 Red Axe, The, 25, 884 Silver Skull, The, 25, 830 Standard Bearer, The, 25, 873 Croffut, W. A.: Folks Next Door, 22, 516 Croly, George: Salathiel, the Immortal: a History, 25, 823 Cromwell, 11, 648 Cromwell and the Rule of the Puri- tans in England, 11, 646 Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 13, 382, 24, 1 106 Cromwell's Own, 25, 855 Crooke, W.: Things Indian, being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects Con- nected with India, 5, 395 Croppies Lie Down: a Tale of 1798, 25, 870 Croppy, The, 25, 870 Cross, A. L.: Anglican Episcopate and the Amer- ican Colonies, The, 24, 1109 Cross of Pearls, The, 25, 835 Cross River Natives, 19, 326 Cross Triumphant, The, 25, 823 Crossing, The, 25, 894 Crottie, Julia M.: Lost Land, The, 25, 870 Crowe, Eyre Evans: History of France, 9, 495 Crowe, Joseph Archer, and Cavalca- selle, Giovianni Battista: New History of Painting in Italy, A, 4, 421 Crowley, Mary C: Daughter of New France, A, 25, 887 Heroine of the Strait, The, 25, 892 Crown of Pine, The, 25, 825 Crowned with the Immortals, 25, 840 Cruise of the " Enterprise," The, 25, 895 Crusade of St. Louis, 9, 501 Cuba and Porto Rico with the other Islands of the West Indies, 22, 518 Cuba, Past and Present, 22, 518 Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, The, 22, 518 Cuban Expedition, A, 25, 889 Cubas: Mexico: Its Trade, Industries, and Resources, 22, 516 Cuinet, Victor: La Turquie d' Asie, 14, 515 Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, The, 1, 435 Cunningham, Allan : Sir Michael Scot, 25, 871 Cunningham, C. D., and Adams, Sir F. O.: Swiss Confederation, The, 13, 599 Cunningham, William: Growth of English Industry and AUTHORS AND TITLES 933 Commerce during the Early and Middle Ages, II, 646, 20, 404 Western Civilization in its Eco- nomic Aspects, 3, 402 Cunningham, Lady Fairlie: Little Saint of God, The, 25, 840 Currency and Banking in Massa- chusetts Bay, 24, 1 109 Curry, Jabez Lamar Monroe: History of the Government of the Confederate States, 24, 1106, 11 14 Southern States of the American Union, The, 24, 1106 Curtis, George Ticknor: Constitutional History of the United States, 24, 1105, 1111 Life of Buchanan, 24, 11 12 Life of Daniel Webster, 24, n 13 Curtis, George William, 24, 11 14 Curtis, William Elroy: Between the Andes and the Ocean, 21, 361 Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 16, 348 Curtius, Can. A. M.: Macedonian Empire, The, 2, 557 Curtius, Ernst: History of Greece, 2, 555 Curzon, George Nathaniel: Persia and the Persian Question, . 5, 401 Problems of the Far East, 6, 326 Cusack: Student's Manual of Irish History, 12, 381 Life of St. Patrick, 12, 381 Cushing, Caleb: Treaty of Washington, 24, 1106 Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, The, 2, 558 Customs of New England, 24, 1109 Cuthell, E. C, and Foster, A. J.: Robber Baron of Bedford Castle, The, 25, 848 Cutts, E. L.: St. Cedd's Cross, 25, 845 Villa of Claudius, The, 25, 845 Cycle of Cathay, A, 6, 328 Cypress, Its Ancient Cities, Tombs and Temples; a Narrative of Re- searches and Excavations, 1, 436 Czajkowski, Michael: Black Pilgrim, The, 25, 825, 879 D Dabney, R. L.: Stonewall Jackson, Life of, 24, 11 14 Dacraux, En.: Buenos Ayres, la Pampa et la Patagonie, 21, 359 Dagger and the Cross, The, 25, 858 Dagonet, the Jester, 25, 856 Dahlinger, C. W.: German Revolution of 1849, 18, 456 Dahlman, Friedrich Christoph : Geschichte von Danemark bis zur Reformation, mit Inbegriff von Norwegen und Island, 16, 345 Dahlmann-Waitz : Quellenkunde der deutschen Ge- schichte, 17, 465 Dahn, Felix: Captive of the Roman Eagles, A, 25, 827 Felicitas, 25, 827, 882 Scarlet Banner, The, 25, 827 Struggle for Rome, A, 25, 827 Dai Nippon, A Study in National Evolution, 7, 332 Dale, Mrs. Hylton: Crowned with the Immortals, 25, 840 Dall, William Healey: Tribes of the Extreme Northwest, 24, 1 107 D'Altons of Crag, The, 25, 870 Daly, Charles Patrick: Settlement of Jews in North America, 1, 439 Dana, Charles Anderson: Recollections of the Civil War, 24, 1114 Dandy, Richard : Sultan and His Subjects, The, 14, 515 Danes and Northmen in England, Scotland and Ireland, The, 16, 347 Daniel Deronda, 25, 824 Daniel Herrick, 25, 858 Daniell and Forster: Life and Letters of Ogier de Bus- becq, 14, 514 Danilevski, G. P.: Princess Jarakanova: a Dark Chap- ter of Russian History, 25, 878 Danish Greenland, Its People and Its Products, 16, 349 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Danish Life in Town and Country, 1 6, 348 Danton, 9, 496 Danton emigre, 10, 508 Danton et les massacres de Septem- bre, 10, 508 Danvers, F. C: History of the Portuguese in In- dia, 5, 396, 8, 546 Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on the Portuguese Records relating to the East Indies at Lisbon and Evora, 5, 396 Darien; or, The Merchant Prince, 25, 860 Dark o' the Moon, The, 25, 874 Darkness and Dawn, 25, 826 Darmesteter, James: Essais orientaux, 1, 437 Etudes iraniennes, 1, 437 Haurvatat et Ameretot, essai stir la mythologie de TAvesta, 1, 437 Ormuzd et Ahrman, 1, 437 Zend Avesta, in Sacred Books of the East, 1, 437 Darmesteter, Madame James: Ballads of the Dauphine, The, 25, 835 Countess of Dammartin, The, 25, 835 Mediaeval Garland, A, 25, 834 Philip the Leal, 25, 835 Story of Antonio, The, 25, 827 True Story of White-Rose and the Fair Sibyl, The, 25, 836 Darnley, 25, 851 Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Gra- fen York von Wartenburg, 18, 456 Das Leben Muhammeds, 1, 439 Das Nordliche Mittel-Amerika, 22, 517 Das Stattsrecht des Konigreichs Por- tugal, 8, 548 Das Zeitalter der Revolution, des Kaiserreichs und der Befreiungs- Kriege, 17, 467 Dasent, Sir George Webbe: Vikings of the Baltic, The, 25, 880 Daudet, Alphonse: Robert Helmont, 25, 844 Daudet, Ernest: Rafael, 25, 834 Daughter of France, A, 25, 887 Daughter of New France, A, 25, 887 Daughter of Peter the Great, The, 15, 389 Daughter of Strife, A, 25, 874 Daughter of the Klephts, A, 25, 824 Daughter of the Manse, A, 25, 875 Daughter of the Transvaal, A, 25, 886 Daughters of the Revolution and Their Times, 25, 893 Dauntless, 25, 855, 869 Davenport, Arnold: By the Ramparts of Jezreel, 25, 822 Davey, R.: Cuba, Past and Present, 22, 518 David Alden's Daughter, 25, 890 David Balfour, 25, 874 Davidson, Mary M.: Edward the Exile, 25, 846 Davidson, Thomas: Education of the Greek People, 2, 558 Davies, C. M.: History of Holland and the Dutch Nation, 15, 597, 24, 1106 Davies, G. S.: Gaudentius, 25, 826 Julian's Dream, 25, 827 Davies, Sir John: Discoverie, 12, 381 Davis, A. McF.: Currency and Banking in Massa- chusetts Bay, 24, 1 109 Davis, Jefferson: Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 24, 1 113 Davis, Richard Harding: Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, The, 22, 518 Davis, William Stearns: Belshazzar: a Tale of the Fall of Babylon, 25, 821 Falaise of the Blessed Voice, 25, 834 Friend of Caesar, A, 25, 825 Saint of Dragon's Dale, The: a Fantastic Tale, 25, 882 Dawkins, William Boyd: Early Man in Britain, II, 646 Dawn of Italian Independence, The, 4, 422 AUTHORS AND TITLES 935 Dawson, A. J.: Fortunes of Farthings, The, 25, 860 Dawson, Thomas Cleland: South American Republics, 21, 360 Dawson, W. H.: Bismarck and State Socialism, 18, 459 Germany and the Germans, 18, 460 Dawson, W. S.: Social Switzerland, 13, 599 Day, Clive: Dutch Colonial fiscal system, 20, 397 Policy and Administration of the Dutch in Java, 5, 396, 20, 409 Day of Wrath, The, 25, 882 Daybreak in Britain, 25, 845 Days of Bruce, The, 25, 871 Days of Jeanne d'Arc, 25, 835 Dayspring, The, 25, 843 Dayton, A. C: Last Days of Knickerbocker Life in New York, 24, 1109 D'Azeglio, M.: Challenge of Barletta, The, 25, 828 Maid of Florence, The, 25, 826 Scritti Politice Letterarie, preceduti da uno studio sull'autore, di M. Tabarrini, 4, 421 Deal with the King, A, 25, 861 Deane, Mary: Rose-Spinner, The, 25, 862 Dearmer, Mabel: Orangery, The: A Comedy of Tears, 25, 864 Death of the Gods, The, 25, 827 Deb Clavel, 25, 859 Debidour: Histoire diplomatique de l'Europe, 1814-1878, 18, 456 Deborah, 25, 822 Deborah's Diary, 25, 858 Debts of Honour, 25, 882 Decatur and Somers, 25, 896 Decisive Battles of India, 5, 399 Declaration of Independence, The, 24, 1110 Decle, Lionel: Three Years in Savage Africa, 19, 325 Decline and Fall of Napoleon, The, 10, 510 Decline and Fall of the Roman Re- public, 3, 400 Decouvertes en Chaldee, 1, 435 Deemster, The, 25, 863 Deeping, Warwick: Uther and Igraine, 25, 845 Defence de Sebastapol, 14, 514 Defence of the Revolutionary History of North Carolina, 24, 11 10 Defender of the Faith, 25, 851 Defense of Plevna, The, 14, 514 Defoe, Daniel: Memoirs of a Cavalier, 25, 883 De Foix, 25, 835 DeForest, J. W.: Kate Beaumont, 25, 897 Deguignes, Joseph: Histoire general des Huns, des Tures, des Mongols, et des antres Tartars occidentaux, 6, 325 De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes, 19, 323, 20, 398, 21, 359 Delitzsch, Friedrich: Babel and Bibel, 1, 434 Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyr- iens, 1, 435 Handel, Recht, und Sitte im alten Babylonien, 1, 434 Delia Indipendenza Italiana, 4, 421 Dellenbaugh, Frederick S.: North Americans of Yesterday, 21, 357, 24, 1 107 Deluge, The, 25, 878 Demmler, Franz: Memoirs of the Court Aristocracy and Diplomacy of Austria, 18, 459 Democracy in America, 24, 1105 Dempster, Charlotte L. H.: Iseulte, 25, 844 Deniche, H.: Von der deutschen Hansa: eine Historische Skizze, 18, 456 Denis: Huss et la Guerre des Hussites, 17, 466 Denis Dent, 25, 888 Denis Duval, 25, 863 Denk wiirdig keiten des Staatskan- zlers Fiirsten von Hardenberg, 18, 458 Denkmaler aus Aegypten und Aethi- opien, 1, 433 936 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Denmark, 16, 347 Denmark and Germany Since 1815, 16, 346 Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 16, 348 Denmark, Past and Present, 16, 347 Dennison, C. G.: Fight to a Finish, A, 19, 321 Denounced, 25, 862 Dent, C. T.: Mountaineering, 13, 599 De Opkomst van het Nederlandsch Gezag in Oost-Indie, 5, 398 De Quincey, Thomas: Klosterheim, 25, 884 Der Aufenthalt Israels in Aegypten im Lichte der aegyptischen Monu- mente, 1, 433 Der babylonische Ursprung der aegyptische Kultur, 1, 434 Der deutsche Export nach den Tro- pen, 19, 321 Der deutsche-franzosiche Krieg, 1870 und 1871, 18, 457 Der deutsche Kapital-markt, 18, 456 Der Heilige, 25, 847 Der Islam in Morgen- und Abend- land, 1, 438, 5, 393 Der Sturm des Kaiserthrons im Bra- silien, ax, 360 Derwent's Horse, 25, 886 Description de l'Egypte, 1, 432 Description Geographique, etc., de la Chine, 6, 328 Deserter, and other Stories, The, 25, 850, 898 Desidero, 25, 828 De Soto and His Men, 24, 1107 Destruction and Reconstruction, 24, 1113 Destruction of Greek Empire and the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks, The, 14, 514, 24, 1106 Det Norske Folks Historie, 16, 346 Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, 18, 459 Deutsche Geschichte vom Tode Friedrichs des Grossen bis zur Grundung des deutschen Bundes, 18. 457 Deutsche Kolonialzeitung. Organ der deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft, Re- dacteur, Gustav Meinecke, 20, 410 Deutsches Kolonial-Handbuch nach amtlichen Quellen bear-beitet, 19, 322, 20, 410 Deutschlands Kolonien, 19, 324, 20, 410 Deventer, M. L. van: Cinquante Annees de l'Historie Federale de l'Allemagne. fitude historique et politique, 18, 456 Devereux, Mary: From Kingdom to Colony, 25, 893 Lafitte of Louisiana, 25, 842, 895 Devereux, 25, 861 Dewey, D. R.: Financial History of the United States, 24, 1 105 Dewitt, D. M.: Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson, 24, 11 14 Dexter, E. G.: History of Education in the United States, 24, 1 105 Diana's Crescent, 25, 864 Diane, 25, 897 Diary of a Cavalry Officer in the Peninsular and Waterloo Cam- paigns, 10, 510 Diary of an Idle Woman in Spain, 8, 550 Diary of Mrs. Kitty Trevelyan, 25, 862 Dicey, A. V.: Privy Council, The, 24, 1106 Dickens, Charles: Barnaby Rudge, 25, 863 Tale of Two Cities, A, 25, 840 Dickeson, Alfred: Tychiades, 25, 821 Dickinson, G. Lowes: Letters from a Chinese Official, 6, 328 Dickson, Harris: Black Wolf's Breed, The, 25, 838, 891 She That Hesitates, 25, 878 Siege of Lady Resolute, The, 25, 839 Dickson, W. P.: History of Rome, 3, 399 Provinces of the Roman Empire, 3, 402 Dictionary of English History, 11, 645 AUTHORS AND TITLES 937 Dictionary of Indian Biography, 5, 394 Dictionary of the Bible, A, 1, 440, 441 Dictionary of the Pali Language, 5, 396 Dictionnaire geographique, historique et litteraire de la Perse et des cou- trees adjacentes, 1, 437 Diderot and the Encyclopaedists, 9, 498 Die Aegyptische Religion, 1, 432 Die Altertiimer des Volkes Israel, 1, 439 Die argentinische Republik als Ziel der europaischen Auswanderung, 21, 359 Die argentinische Republik Buenos- Ayres, 31, 359 Die Charidschiten unter den ersten Omayyaden, 1, 438 Die deutschen Kolonien in Wort und Bild, 19, 323, 20, 410 Die Entstehung der Judenthums, 1, 440 Die Entstehung des Volkes Israel, 1, 441 Die Euphratlander und das Mittel- meer, 1, 435 Die europaischen Kolonien, 20, 399, 400, 403, 405, 409 Die gottesdienstlichen Vortrage der Juden, 1, 441 Die Hittiter, 1, 436 Die Insel Haiti, 22, 518 Die Keilinschriften und das alte Tes- tament, 1, 435 Die Kolonialpolitik der Niederlander, 20, 409 Die Kolonialpolitik Frankreichs, 20, 409 Die Kolonialpolitik Grossbritanniens, 19, 324, 20, 405 Die Kolonialpolitik Portugals und Spaniens, 8, 549, 20, 400, 403, 21, 358 Die Kultur der Renaissance in Ital- ien, 4, 420 Die La Plata Lander, 21, 359 Die Oesterreich-Ungarische Mon- archic in Wort und Bild, 17, 466, 468 Die Phonizier, 1, 436 Die punischen Texte im Penules des Plautaus kritisch gewurdigt und erklart, 1, 436 Die Rechsverhaltnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete, 19, 324 Die Religion des Volkes Israel bis zur Verbannung, 1, 439 Die Romer in Deutschland, 18, 457 Die Schweiz, 13, 599 Die Volker Vorderasiens, 1, 437 Diego Velasquez and His Times, 8, 549 Diehl, Charles: Excursions archiologiques in Grece, 2, 558 Dieulafoy, J.: L'acropole de Suse, d'apres les fouilles de 1884-1886, 1, 437 La Perse, la Chaldee et la Susiane, 1, 437 L'art antique de la Perse, 1, 437 Digby, W.: Prosperous British India, 5, 395 Dilemma, The, 25, 831 Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth: British Empire, The, 19, 321 Problems of Greater Britain, 5, 395, 20, 404 Dinwiddie, William: Porto Rico, Its Conditions and Pos- sibilities, 22, 518 Dio, Cassius: Roman History, 3, 399 Diplomacy of the Revolution, 24, 1 1 10 Diplomatic and Other Correspond- ence, 1794-1807, 10, 509 Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy, 24, 1106 Diplomatic Relations of the United States and Spanish America, 21, 359 Dirom, A.: Narrative of the Campaign in In- dia which terminated the War with Tippoo Sultan in 1792, 5, 397 Disaster, The, 25, 844 Discourses and Sayings of Confucius.. The, 6, 327 Discoverie, 12, 381 938 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Discovery of America, 24, 1107 Discovery of America by the North- men, 24, 1108 Discovery of the Nineteenth Cen- tury, 19, 323 Dispatches of Colonel T. Graham on the Italian Campaign of 1796-1797, 10, 509 Dispatches of Wellington, 17, 467 Disputed V. C, The, 25, 832 Division and Reunion, 24, 11 12 Dix, Beulah Marie: Beau's Comedy, The, 25, 895 Fair Maid of Graystones, The, 25, 856 Hugh Gwyeth, 25, 855 Little Captive Lad, A, 25, 857 Making of Christopher Ferring- ham, The, 25, 890 Soldier Rigdale, 25, 890 Dixon, R. W.: History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction, 11, 646 Dixon, Thomas, Jr.: Clansman, The, 25, 899 Dmitri, 25, 877 Dobrizhoffer, Martin: Account of the Abipones, an Equestrian People of Paraguay, 20, 401 Dr. Antonio, 25, 830 Dr. Le Baron and his Daughters, 25, 891 Dr. Sevier, 25, 897 Documentos para la historia de Mej- ico, 22, 516 Dodge, L., and Preston, H. W.: Private Life of the Romans, 3, 402 Dodge, R. I.: Our Wild Indians, 24, 1107 Dodge, Theodore Ayrault: Bird's-eye View of the Civil War, 24, 1 105, 1 1 13 Caesar, 3, 401 Gustavus Adolphus, 16, 345 Hannibal, 3, 401 Dogs of War, The, 25, 855 Dole, Nathan Haskell: Omar the Tentmaker, 25, 822 Dom Pedro II, 21, 360 Dominie's Garden, The, 25, 892 Dominique's Vengeance, 25, 837 Domitia, 25, 826 Don John of Austria, 13, 598, 14, 514, 18, 459 Don Orsino, 25, 830 Don Quixote de la Mancha, 25, 833 Don Tarquinio: a Kataleptic Ro- mance, 25, 828 Dona Ysabel, 25, 842 Doniol, H.: La Revolution et la Feodalite, 10, 508 Doolittle, Justus: Social Life of the Chinese, 6, 328 Doris Kingsley, 25, 893 Dorothy Dymoke, 25, 852 Dorothy Forster, 25, 861 Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall, 25, 853 Dorr, Julia C. R-: In King's Houses, 25, 860 Dougall, Lily: Mormon Prophet, The, 25, 896 Doughty, A. G.: Siege of Quebec and Battle of the Plains of Abraham, 24, 1108 Douglas, G.: Eastern Questions from the Treaty of Paris, 1856, to the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, and to the Second Afghan War, 5, 397 Douglas, Sir George Brisbane Scott: New Border Tales, The, 25, 873 Douglas, Robert Kenneway: Europe and the Far East, 6, 326 Society in China, 6, 328 Douglass, Frederic: Life and Times of Frederic Doug- lass, 24, 1 1 12 Dove in the Eagle's Nest, The, 25, 883 Down the O-hi-o, 25, 897 Downfall, The, 25, 844 Downfall of Spain, The: Naval His- tory of the Spanish-American War, 8, 548 Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan: Adventures of Gerard, 25, 842 Exploits of Brigadier Gerard, 25, 842 Great Shadow, The, 25, 843, 866 Micah Clarke, 25, 859 Refugees, The, 25, 838 Rodney Stone, 25, 864 AUTHORS AND TITLES 939 Uncle Bernac, 25, 841 War in South Africa, The, Its Cause and Conduct, 19, 322 White Company, The, 25, 835, 850 Doyle, J. A.: English in America, The, 24, 1108 Dragon and the Raven, The, 25, 846 Drake, Benjamin: Life of Tecumseh and of His Brother the Prophet, 24, 11 13 Drake, Francis Samuel: General Knox, 24, nil Drake, Samuel Adams: Border Wars of New England, 24, 1 108 Making of New England, 24, 1108 Drake, Samuel Gardner: Annals of Witchcraft in New Eng- land, 24, 1108 Aboriginal Races of North Amer- ica, 24, 1 107 Drake and his Yeomen, 25, 853 Drake and the Tudor Navy, 24, 11 10 Draper, John William: History of the Civil War, 24, 11 13 Draytons and the Davenants, The, 25, 856 Dream Charlotte, The, 25, 841 Dream of a Throne, A, 25, 896 Dream of John Ball, The, 25, 850 Dreamers of the Ghetto, 25, 823 Driscoll, King of Scouts, 25, 886 Driven, 25, 867 Driver, Samuel R.: Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament, An, 1, 439 Droysen, Gustav: Gustav Adolph, 18, 456 Droysen, Johann Gustav: Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen York von Wartenburg, 18, 456 Droz, Thomas: Histoire du regne de Louis XVII, 10, 508 Drum Beat of the Nation, 24, 11 14 Drummer Boy, The, 25, 898 Drummer's Coat, The, 25, 865 Drummond, Hamilton: For the Religion, 25, 836 King's Pawn, A, 25, 837 Lord of the Soil, A, 25, 835 Man of His Age, A, 25, 836 Man's Fear, A, 25, 880 Dryad, The, 25, 824 Duance Pendray, 25, 861 Dubois, Jean Antoine: Hindu Manners, Customs, and Cer- emonies, 5, 397 Du Bose, J. W.: Life of Yancey, 24, 11 12 Dubost, Antonin: Danton et les massacres de Sep- tembre, 10, 508 Du Chaillu, Paul: Ivar the Viking, 25, 880 Land of the Long Night, The, 16, 348 Land of the Midnight Sun, The, 16, 348 Viking Age, The, 16, 345 Duff, J. G.: History of the Marathas, 5, 397 Duffy, Charles Gavan : Young Ireland, 12, 382 Duke of Albany's Highlanders, The, 25, 832 Duke of Britain, A, 25, 845, 871 Duke of Monmouth, 25, 859 Duke of Stockbridge, The, 25, 894 Duke's Own, The, 25, 831 Duke's Page, The, 25, 883 Duke's Servants, The, 25, 854 Duke's Winton, 25, 859 Dule Tree of Cassillis, The, 25, 872 Diimichen, Johannes: Geographie des alten Aegyptens, I, 432 Dumas, Alexandre: Agenor de Mauleon, 25, 833, 849 Ange Pitou, 25, 840 Ascanio, 25, 829, 836 Black Tulip, The, 25, 876 Chevalier d'Harmental, Le, 25, 839 Chevalier de Maison Rouge, 25, 840 Companions of Jehu, The, 25, 821 Forty-Five, The, 25, 837 La Comtesse de Charny, 25, 840 La Dame de Monsoreau, 25, 837 Marguerite de Valois, 25, 836 Memoirs of a Physician, 25, 840 Monsieur de Chauvelin's Will, 25, 840 940 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Olympe de Cleves, 25, 839 Page of the Duke of Savoy, The, 25, 836, 876 Queen's Necklace, The, 25, 840 Regent's Daughter, The, 25, 839 She-Wolves of Machecoul, The, 25, ,843 Sylvandire, 25, 839 Three Musketeers, The, 25, 837 Twenty Years After, 25, 838, 856 Two Dianas, The, 25, 836 Vicomte de Bragelonne, The, 25, 838 War of Women, The, 25, 838 Whites and the Blues, The, 25, 841 Woman with the Velvet Necklace, The, 25, 840 Dunbar, Aldis: Sons o' Cormac, The; an' Tales of other Men's Sons, 25, 868 Duncker, Max: Aus der Zeit Friedrich des Gros- sen und Friedrich Wilhelms III: Abhandlungen zur preussischen Geschichte, 18, 456 History of Antiquity, I, 431 History of Greece to End of the Persian War, 2, 555 Dunham, S. Astley: History of the Germanic Empire, 18, 455 History of Poland, 15, 390 History of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, 16, 345 Dunlap, John: Memoirs of Spain during the Reigns of Philip IV and Charles II (1621-1700), 8, 546 Dunning, W. A.: Essays on the Civil War and Re- construction, 24, 1 105, 1 1 13 Durand, Sir H. M.: Helen Trevevyan, 25, 832 Life of Major General Sir Henry Marion Durand, 5, 397 Duros, Edward: Otterbourne, 25, 850 Duruy, George: Histoire de France, 10, 508 Duruy, Victor: History of France, 9, 496 History of Rome and the Roman People, 3, 399 Dutch and Quaker Colonies in Amer- ica, 24, 1 108 Dutch in the Medway, The, 25, 858 Dutch Life in Town and Country, 13, 598 Dutt, R. C: Economic History of British In- dia, 1757-1837, 5, 393 History of Civilization in Ancient India based on Sanskrit Litera- ture, 5, 393 Dwight, Theodore: Hartford Convention, The, 24, 1106 Dyer, Henry: Dai Nippon, a Study in National Evolution, 7, 332 Dysing, John: Kongeriget Norge, 16, 345 E Eager, W. H.: History of Pennsylvania, 24, 1109 Earle, Alice Morse: Home Life in Colonial Days, 24, 1 109 Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, 1, 431 Early Age of Greece, The, 2, 557 Early English Chartered Companies, The, 24, 1 106 Early History of Charles James Fox, The, 11, 649 Early History of India from 600 B. C. to the Mohammedan Conquest, including the Invasion of Alexan- der the Great, 5, 393 Early Institutional Life of Japan, 7, 332 Early Man in Britain, 11, 646 Early Plantagenets, The, 11, 649 Early Rome, 3, 400 Early Trading Companies of New France, 24, 1108 Early Travellers in Scotland, 12, 382 Earth and its Inhabitants, The, 5, 399 East and West: a Story of New Ohio, 25, 895 East Angels, 25, 897 Eastern Question from the Treaty of Paris, 1856, to the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, and to the Second Afghan War, 5, 397 AUTHORS AND TITLES 941 Eben Holden: a Tale of the North Country, 25, 897 Ebers, Georg: Barbara Blomberg, 25, 883 Bride of the Nile, The, 25, 821 Burgomaster's Wife, The, 25, 876 Cleopatra, 25, 821 Egyptian Princess, An, 25, 821 Emperor, The, 25, 826 In the Blue Pike, 25, 883 Joshua: a Tale of Biblical Times, 25, 822 Margery: a Tale of Old Nurem- berg, 25, 883 Per Aspera, 25, 821 Serapis, 25, 821 Sisters, The, 25, 821 Uarda, 25, 821 Ecclesiastical History of New Eng- land, 24, 1 109 Eccott, W. J.: Fortune's Castaway, 25, 859 His Indolence of Arras, 25, 838 Echoes from Old Calcutta, 5, 396 Eckstein, Ernst: Aphrodite, 25, 824 Chaldean Magician, The, 25, 826 Nero, 25, 826 Prusias, 25, 825 Quintus Claudius, 25, 826 Economic and Social History of New England, 24, 1109 Economic History of British India, 1758-1837, 5, 393 Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, 24, 1109 Eden, Charles Henry: Afloat with Nelson, 25, 865 At Sea under Drake, 25, 853 West Indies, The, 20, 407 Eden, Nils: Sweden for Peace; the Programme of Sweden in the Union Crisis, 16, 346 Edersheim, A.: History of the Jewish Nation after the Destruction of Jerusalem un- der Titus, 1, 439 Edgar, J. G.: Boy Crusaders, The, 25, 823 Cavaliers and Roundheads, 25, 856 Creqy and Poictiers, 25, 849 How I won my Spurs, 25, 848 Runnymede and Lincoln Fair, 25, 848 Wars of the Roses, The, 25, 850 Edgeworth, Maria: Castle Rackrent, 25, 869 Edkins, J.: Revenue and Taxation of the Chi- nese Empire, 6, 328 Edol the Druid, 25, 845 Education of the Greek People, 2, 558 Educational Conquest of the Far East, The, 6, 328 Edward the Exile, 25, 846 Edwards, Amelia B.: Thousand Miles up the Nile, A, 1, 432, 19, 325 Edwards, B. Betham: Dream Charlotte, The, 25, 841 Lord of the Harvest, The, 25, 867 Romance of Dijon, A, 25, 840 Storm Rent Sky, A, 25, 841 Edwards, Bryan: History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, 20, 407 Edwards, Edward: Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, 11, 646, 24, 1 1 10 Edwy the Fair, 25, 846 Egan, Pierce, the Younger: Robin Hood, or The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest, 25, 848 Egerton, Hugh Edward: Origin and Growth of English Co- lonial Policy, 11, 646, 20, 404 Short History of British Colonial Policy, 19, 322, 20, 404, 24, 1 106, 1 108 Eggleston, Edward: Beginners of a Nation, 24, 1108 Graysons, The, 20, 897 Hoosier Schoolmaster, The, 25, 897 Roxy, 25, 895 Eggleston, George Cary: Bale marked Circle X, 25, 898 Big Brother, The, 25, 896 Master of Warlock, The, 25, 897 Southern Soldier Stories, 25, 898 Eginhard: Life of Charlemagne, 9, 501 Egypt and the Hinterland, 19, 325 942 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Egypt Exploration Fund : Atlas of Ancient Egypt, An, I, 432 Publications, I, 432 Egypt in 1898, 19, 324 Egypt in the Neolithic and Archaic Period, 1, 432 Egyptian Princess, An, 25, 821 Egyptian Wanderers, The, 25, 827 Egypt's Place in Universal History, I, 432 Eight Days, 25, 832 Eight Months' Campaign against the Bengal Sepoy Army during the Mu- tiny of 1857, 5, 396 Eight Months in an Ox-Wagon, 19, 326 Eighteen Years in the Khyber, 1879- 1898, 5, 400 Eine Studie zur alten Geschichte Westasiens, 1, 436 Einleitung in das alte Testament, 1, 439 Ekkehard, 25, 882 El archipelago Filipino, Coleccion de Datos Geographicos, Estadisticos, Cronologicos, y Cientificos, Rela- tivos al mismo, Entresacados de Anteriores Obras u Obtenidos con la Propria Observacion y Estudio por Algunos Padres de la Mision de la Companion de Jesus en Estas Islas, 20, 411 El Ombu, 25, 889 El Poder Civil en Espana, 8, 546 Elberstadt: Der deutsche Kapital-markt, 18, 456 Eliot, George: Adam Bede, 25, 864 Daniel Deronda, 25, 824 Felix Holt, the Radical, 25, 867 Romola, 25, 828 Silas Marner; the Weaver of Rave- loe, 25, 864 Elliot, Frances Minto: Diary of an Idle Woman in Spain, 8, 550 Old Court Life in Spain, 8, 546 Elliot, Sir Henry Miers: History of India as told by its own Historians, the Mohammedan Pe- riod, 5, 397 Elliott, H. W.: Our Arctic Province, 24, 11 14 Ellis, A. B.: Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa, 19, 325 History of the Gold Coast, 19, 322 Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa, 19, 325 Ellis, Beth: Barbara Winslow, Rebel, 25, 859 Ellis, E. S.: Life and Times of Colonel Daniel Boone, 24, 1113 Uncrowning a King, 25, 891 Ellis, George Edward: Puritan Age and Rule in the Col- ony of Massachusetts Bay, 24, 1 108 Red Man and White Man, 24, 1106 Elmslie, W. A.: Among the Wild Ngoni, 19, 325 Elphinstone, Mountstuart : History of India, the Hindoo and Mohammedan Periods, 5, 397 Elrington, Henry: In the Days of Prince Hal, 25, 850 Ralph Wynward, 25, 868 Elson, H. W.: History of the United States, 24, 1 104 Elton, C. I.: Origin of English History, 11, 646 Elton, Romeo: Life of Roger Williams, 24, 11 10 Eltzbacher, O.: Modern Germany, 18, 457 Embree, Charles Fleming: Dream of a Throne, A, 25, 896 Emerson, P. H.: Caoba, the Guerilla Chief, 25, 889 Emigration and Immigration: A Study in Social Science, 20, 399 Emin Pasha: Letters and Journals, 19, 325 Emin Pasha, his life and work, 19, 325 Emmanuel; or, Children of the Soil, 25, 881 Emmanuel: the Story of the Messiah, 25, 823 AUTHORS AND TITLES 943 Emmett, T. A.: Ireland under English Rule, 12, 381 Emperor, The, 25, 826 Emperor Charles V, The, 18, 456 Emperor William and his reign, 18, 459 Emperor's Doom, An, 25, 899 Empire of the Hittites, The, 1, 437 Empress Octavia, 25, 826 Encyclopaedia Biblica, I, 439 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 7, 331, 21, 359 End of an Era, 24, 11 14 Enemy to the King, An, 25, 837 Engelhardt, E.: La Turquie et le Tangirnat, 14, 5H England, 12, 381 England and Napoleon in 1803, 10, 509 England and Russia Face to Face in Asia, Travels with the Afghan Boundary Commission, 5, 401 England of Elizabeth, The, 24, 1106 England in Egypt, 11, 648, 19, 323 England in Ireland, 12, 382 England in the Eighteenth Century, 12, 381 England Under Protector Somerset, 24, 1 106 England Under the Tudors, 24, 1106 England's Elizabeth: Memories of Matthew Bedale, 25, 853 English Caricature and Satire on Na- poleon I, 10, 508 English Church During the Reforma- tion, The, 24, 1 106 English Colonies in America, The, 24, 1 108 English Democratic Ideas of the Seventeenth Century, 24, 1106 English in America, The, 24, 1108 English in the West Indies, The, 22, 5i8 English-Japanese Etymology, 7, 333 English Seamen under the Tudors, 24, 1 108 Englishman's Haven, 25, 887 Enriquez, R. de Zayas: Las Estados Unidas Mejicanos, 1877-1897, 22, 516 Ensayo sobre la historia de Bolivia, 21, 359 Ephtaliotis, Argyris: Tales from the Isles of Greece, 25, 825 Epicurean, The, 25, 821 Episode of the Terror, An, 25, 840 Epistolary Literature of the Assyr- ians and Babylonians, The, 1, 434 Epocas del Peru, 21, 360 Epochs of Modern History, 9, 497, 10, 507 Erasmus, Sarel: see Blackburn, Doug- las Erckmann, E., and Chatrian, A.: Blockade, The, 25, 842 Campaign in Kabylia, A, 25, 843 Conscript, The, 25, 842 Madame Therese; or, The Volun- teers of '92, 25, 840 Man of the People, A, 25, 843 Story of a Peasant. The, 25, 840 Story of the Plebiscite, The, 25, 843 Waterloo, 25, 843 Year One, 25, 840 Eric the Archer, 25, 849 Erling the Bold, 25, 880 Erman, Adolf: Die Aegyptische Religion, 1, 432 Life in Ancient Egypt, 1, 432 Errand Boy of Andrew Jackson, The, 25, 896 Erskine, W.: History of India under the two first Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, 5, 397 Espaha Sagrada, 8, 545 Essais orientaux, 1, 437 Essay on Ancient Inhabitants of Scot- land, 12, 382 Essays in Colonial Finance, 19, 321, 20, 397 Essays in Colonization, 19, 323, 20, 410 Essays in Constitutional History of the United States, 24, 11 11 Essays in Historical Criticism, 19, 321, 20, 400 Essays Introductory to the Study of English Constitutional History, 11, 650 944 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Essays on French History, 9, 496 Essays on Scandinavian Literature, 16, 348 Essays on the Administration of Great Britain, 1783-1830, II, 647 Essays on the Civil War and Recon- struction, 24, 1 105, 1 1 13 Essays on the Monetary History of the United States, 24, 1109 Establishment of Spanish Rule in America, The, 20, 402, 24, 1107 Esther Pentreath, 25, 867 Esther Vanhomrigh, 25, 861 EtCrnal Quest, The, 25, 886 Ethne, 25, 869 fitudes Critiques sur la die de Golomb avant ses decouvertes, 21, 358 fitudes iraniennes, 1, 437 Euancondit, 25, 888 Eugene Aram, 25, 863 Eugene, Prince of Savoy: Memoirs, 18, 457 Europaischer Geschichts Kalendar, 17, 468 Europe and the Far East, 6, 326 Europe in Africa in the Nineteenth Century, 19, 323 European Background of American History, 1300-1600, 5, 396 European Concert in the Eastern Question, The, 14, 514 Eutaw, 25, 893 Evanus, 25, 827 Eve of the French Revolution, The, 9, 498, 10, 588 Every Inch a King, 25, 850 Eveshams, The, 25, 863 Evolution of the Japanese, Social and Psychic, 7, 333 Evolution of the Ordinance of 1787, 24, mi Evrie, J. H. van: Negroes and Negro Slavery, 24, 1112 Ewald, Georg Heinrich August: Die Altertiimer des Volkes Israel, I, 439 Geschichte des Volkes Israel, 1, 439 Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa, The, 19, 325 Examen de quelques points de l'his- toire du Bresil, 21, 360 Excavations and Discoveries in As- syria, 1, 43s Excursions archiologiques in Grece, 2, 558 Execution of the Due d'Enghien, The, 10, 509 Exiled Scot, An, 25, 874, 885 Exotics and Retrospectives, 7, 332 Expansion of Egypt under the An- glo-Egyptian Condominium, 19, 324 Expansion of England, 11, 649, 20, 405, 24, 1 1 06 Expansion of Russia, 15, 390 Expansion of the American People, 24, 1112 Expiation, 25, 899 Exploits of Brigadier Gerard, 25, 842 Extraordinary Confessions of Diana Please, The, 25, 864 Eyes like the Sea, 25, 882 F Fabiola, 25, 826 Face to Face with Napoleon, 25, 842, 884 Face to Face with the Mexicans, 22, 5i6 Fahlbeck, P.: Constitution Suedoise et le Parle- mentarisme Moderne, 16, 346 Fair God, The, 25, 889 Fair Jacobite, A, 25, 861 Fair Maid of Graystones, The, 25, 856 Fair Maid of Perth, The, 25, 871 Fair Rosamond, 25, 847 Fair Saxon, A, 25, 870 Fairfax, 25, 892 Fairless, Michael: Gathering of Brother Hilarius, The, 25, 849 Falaise of the Blessed Voice, 25, 834 Falkner, J. Meade: Moonfleet, 25, 863 Falkner, Roland P.: Finances of British possessions in South Africa, 20, 397 Fall of Asgard, The, 25, 880 Fall of Constantinople, The, 25, 879 Fall of the Congo Arabs, The, 19, 322 AUTHORS AND TITLES 945 FaJl of the Roman Republic, The, 3, 400 Fallen Fortunes, 25, 860 Fallen Star, A, 25, 884 Fallot, E.: L'Avenir Colonial de la France, 19, 322 Fang, Wu Ting: China's Relations with the West, 20, 411 Farina, 25, 882 Farmer, J. E.: Essays on French History, 9, 496 Farmer, James: Brinton Eliot: from Yale to Yorktown, 25, 893 Farmer, Silas: History of Detroit and Michigan, 24, 1 108 Farnam, C. H.: Life of Francis Parkman, 24, 1108 Farragut, Loyall: Life of David Glasgow Farragut, 24, 1 1 14 Farrand, Livingston: Basis of American History, 1500- 1900, 21, 357, 24, 1 107 Farrar, Frederic William: Darkness and Dawn, 25, 826 Gathering Clouds, 25, 822, 827 Farrington, Margaret Vere : Fra Lippo Lippi, 25, 828 Fassett, J. H.: Colonial Life in New Hampshire, 24, 1 109 Fatal Gift, The, 25, 863 Father Darcy, 25, 854 Favour of Princes, The, 25, 839 Favours from France, 25, 874 Fay, S. B.: Execution of the Due d'Enghein, 10, 509 Federal Constitution of Switzerland, The, 13, 599 Federalist, The, 24, 1105 Felicita, 25, 828 Felicitas, 25, 827, 882 Felix Holt, the Radical, 25, 867 Felt, Joseph Barlow: Customs of New England, 24, 1109 Ecclesiastical History of New England, 24, 1109 Felton, Cornelius Conway: Greece, Ancient and Modern, 2, 558 Fenelon, Francois de Salignac de la Mother Adventures of Telemachus, The, 25, 824 Fenn, Clive Robert: For the Old Flag, 25, 832 Fenn, G. Manville: Black Tor, The, 25, 854 King's Sons, The, 25, 845 Marcus, the Young Centurion, 25, 825 Ned Leger, 25, 862 This Man's Wife, 25, 888 Fergusson, James: History of Architecture, 1, 432, 5, 397 Ferishta, Mohammed-Kasim: History of the Rise of the Moham- medan Power in India, 5, 397 Fernald, James C: Spaniard in History, The, 8, 547 Fertig, J. W.: Secession and Reconstruction of Tennessee, 24, 11 14 Fiddler of Lugau, The, 25, 884 Fidelis, Sister Mary: In Holiest Troth, 25, 833 Field, Mrs. E. M.: Ethne, 25, 869 Fiery Dawn, The, 25, 843 Fife and Drum at Louisbourg, 25, 887 Fifth Queen, The, 25, 852 Fifty Years in the Making of Aus- tralian History, 20, 406 Fifty Years of Concessions to Ire- land, 12, 382 Fight for Canada, The, 24, 1107 Fight to a Finish, A, 19, 321 Fight with France for North Amer- ica, The, 20, 408, 24, 1 107 Fighting Veres, The, 13, 598 Filleul, Marianne: Pendower, 25, 852 Filon, Augustin: L'Eleve de Garrick, 25, 863 Final French Struggles in India and the Indian Seas, 5, 399 Financial History of the Confederacy, 24, 1113 946 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Financial History of the Revolution, 24, 1 1 10 Financial History of the United States (Bolles), 24, 1105 Financial History of the United States (Dewey), 24, 1105 Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution, The, 24, 11 11 Finch, Harry T.: Spain and Morocco, 8, 550 Finding of Wineland the Good, The, 24, 1 108 Findlater, Jane Helen: Daughter of Strife, A, 25, 874 Green Graves of Balgowrie, The, 25, 875 Findlay, J. T.: Deal with the King, A, 25, 861 Findlay, George: History of Greece from the con- quest by the Romans to the Pres- ent Time, 2, 557 Finnemore, John: In the Trenches, 25, 867 Lover Fugitives, The, 25, 859 Red Men of the Dusk, The, 25, 857 Story of a Scout, The, 25, 833, 865 Firebrand, The, 25, 834 First Blows of the Civil War, 24, 1113 First Fleet Family, A, 25, 888 First Napoleon, The, 9, 499, 10, 509 First Nine Books of the Danish His- tory, 16, 347 First Republic in America, 24, 1109 First Romanovs, The, 15, 389 First Steps in Human Progress, 24, 1 107 Firth, C. H.: Cromwell and the Rule of the Puri- tans in England, 11, 646 Fischer and Kounv: Norway, 16, 348 Fisher, George Park: Colonial Era, The, 24, 1108, 1109 Fisher, Herbert A. L.: Studies in Napoleonic Statesman- ship, 10, 509, 18, 457 Fisher, Sidney George: Making of Pennsylvania, 24, 1109 Men, Women, and Manners in Co- lonial Times, 24, 1109 Trial of the Constitution, 24, 11 13 True History of the Revolution, 24, ino Fisher, W. E. G.: Transvaal and the Boers, The. A Short History of the South Af- rican Republic with a Chapter on the Orange Free State, 19, 322 Fisherman's Daughter, The, 25, 877 Fiske, Amos Kidder: History of the Islands of the West Indian Archipelago, 22, 518 Fiske, John: American Revolution, The, 24, 11 10 Beginnings of New England, 24, 1 108 Critical Period of American His- tory, 24, in 1 Discovery of America, 24, 1107 Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America, 24, 1108 Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, 24, 1 109 Fitchett, W. H.: Commander of the Hirondelle, The, 25, 864 Fitzner, Rudolf: Deutsches Kolonial-handbuch, 19, 322, 20, 410 Fitzpatrick, T. P.: Transvaal from Within, The, 19, 322 Five Great Monarchies of the An- cient World, The, I, 431 Five Years in the War Department Following the War with Spain, 1899-1903, as Shown in the Annual Reports of the Secretary of War, 20, 412 Five Years' Residence at Nepaul, 1841-1845, 5, 400 Flack, H. E.: Spanish American Diplomatic Re- lations Preceding the War of 1898, 22, 518 Flame of Fire, A, 25, 833 Flamingo Feather, The, 25, 890 Flandrin, E., and Botta, Paul Emil: Monuments de Ninive, 1, 434 AUTHORS AND TITLES 947 Flaubert, Gustave: Sentimental Education, The, 25, 843 Fleming, Walter Lynwood: Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, 24, 11 14 Fletcher, J. S.: Anthony Everton, 25, 855 Mistress Spitfire, 25, 855 When Charles the First was King, 25, 855 Fletcher, S.: History of Poland from the Earli- est Period, 15, 390 Flick, A. C: Loyalism in New York, 24, 11 10 Flint, H. M.: Mexico under Maximilian, 22, 516 Flitcher, C. R. L.: Gustavus Adolphus and the Strug- gle of Protestantism for Exist- ence, 16, 346 Flood, Fell and Forest, 16, 348 Florence, The Maid of, 25, 828 Flotsam, 25, 832 Flower o' the Corn, 25, 839 Flower of France, The, 25, 835 Fliigel, Gustav: Geschichte der Araber bis auf den Sturz des Chalifats von Bagdad, If 438 Foes- of the Red Cockade, 25, 840 Folks Next Door, 22, 516 Follies of Captain Daly, The, 25, 865 Follow the Gleam, 25, 855 Fontes rerum Austriacarum, 17, 466 Fontes rerum Bohemicarum, 17, 466 Fool Errant, The, 25, 829 Fool's Errand, A, 25, 899 Foote, Andrew H., Life of, 24, 11 14 Foote, Henry Samuel: Texas and the Texans, 24, 11 12 For Crown and Covenant, 25, 873 For Faith and Fatherland, 25, 876 For Faith and Freedom, 25, 859 For Freedom, 25, 830 For God and Gold, 25, 853 For his People; being the True Story of Sogoro's Sacrifice, 25, 832 For King or Empress, 25, 847 For Liberty's Sake, 25, 860 For Name and Fame, 25, 832 For Sceptre and Crown, 25, 885 For Stark Love and Kindness, 25, 871 For the Freedom of the Sea, 25, 896 For the Old Flag, 25, 832 For the Queen in South Africa, 25, 886 For the Red Rose, 25, 851 For the Religion, 25, 836 For the Right, 25, 882 For the Term of His Natural Life, 25, 888 For the White Christ, 25, 834 For the White Rose, 25, 861 For the White Rose of Arno, 25, 868, 874 Foragers, The, 25, 893 Forbes, Archibald : Franco-German War, 18, 458 Forbes, Lady Helen: His Eminence: a Story of the Last Century, 25, 829 Forbes, James D.: Norway and its Glaciers, 16, 348 Travels through the Alps, 13, 599 Forbes-Lindsay, S. H.: India, Past and Present, 5, 395 Forbidden Name, A, 25, 878 Ford, G. S.: Hanover and Prussia, 10, 509 Ford, John, and Ford, Worthington C: Commercial Relations of the Uni- ted States with the Far East, 20, 411 Ford, Paul Leicester: Benjamin Franklin, 24, nil Janice Meredith, 25, 894 Washington, 24, mi Foreign Commerce of the United States during the Confederation, The, 24, mi Foreign Policy of the United States, Political and Commercial, The, 20, 411 Foreman, John: Philippine Islands, 20, 401 Forerunner, The, 25, 828 Forest Cantons of Switzerland, 13, 560 Forest Days, 25, 849 Forest Folk, 25, 865 Forest Lovers, The, 25, 848 Forest Outlaws, 25, 847 948 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Forest Prince, The, 25, 848, 868 Forest Schoolmaster, The, 20, 881 Forester, John: Chronicles of James I, 8, 547 Forests of the West Indies, The, 22, 5i8 Forge in the Forest, The, 25, 887 Formation of the Union, 24, 11 11 Forrest, G. W.: Cities of India, 5, 395 Forrest, General N. B., Life of, 24, 1114 Forrest, R. E.: Eight Days, 25, 832 Sword of Azrael, The, 25, 832 Forrest, Thorpe: Builders of the Waste, 25, 845 Forster : Life of Deak, 17, 468 Forster and Daniell: Life and Letters of Ogier de Bus- becq, 14, 514 Forster, John: Arrest of the Five Members, 11, 646 Grand Remonstrance, The, 11, 646 Life of Sir John Eliot, II, 646 Statesmen of the Commonwealth of England, The, 11, 646 Forster, R. H.: Arrow of the North, The, 25, 851 In Steel and Leather, 25, 851 Last Foray, The, 25, 852 Strained Allegiance, 25, 861 Forsyth, William: Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero, 3, 401 Fort Amity, 25, 887 Fortescue, John W.: Drummer's Coat, The, 25, 865 Fortune of the Rougons, The, 25, 843 Fortune-Hunter, The, 25, 884 Fortune's Castaway, 25, 859 Fortune's My Foe, 25, 833 Fortunes of Claude, The, 25, 874 Fortunes of Farthings, The, 25, 860 Fortunes of Fifi, The, 25, 841 Fortunes of Nigel, The, 25, 854 Forty Years in Zululand, 19, 327 Forty Years of American Life, 24, 1112 Forty-Five, The, 25, 837 Forty-Five, or Rebellion in Scotland of 1745, The, 12, 383 Foster, A. J., and Cuthell, E. C.J Robber Baron of Bedford Castle, The, 25, 848 Foster, H. B.: Cassius Dio's Roman History, 3, 399 Foster, John Watson: American Diplomacy in the Orient, 6, 326, 24, 1 105 Century of American Diplomacy, A, 24, 1 105 Fothergill, Jessie: Probation, 25, 867 Fotheringhame, Josephine: Sir Valdemar the Ganger, 25, 871 Foulke, William Dudley: Life of O. P. Morton, 24, 11 14 Maya: a Story of Yucatan, 25, 889 Foundation of the German Empire, The, 1817-1871, 18, 457 Foundations of American Foreign Policy, 20, 411 Foundations of England, The, 11, 648 Founders of Maryland, 24, 1109 Founding of the German Empire, The, 18, 459 Fountain Sealed, A, 25, 863 Four Books of the Chinese Classics, The, 6, 327 Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba, 22, 517 Four Feathers, The, 25, 885 Four Years of Irish History, 12, 382 Fournier, August: Napoleon the First, 9, 497, 10, 509 Fowler, W. W.: City-State of the Greeks and Ro- mans, The, 3, 400 Julius Caesar and the Foundation of the Roman Imperial System, 3, 40i Fox, John, Jr.: Crittenden, 25, 899 Little Shephered of Kingdom Come, The, 25, 897 Fox-Bourne, H. R.: Civilisation in Congoland, 19, 3 2 5 Fra Lippo Lippi, 25, 828 AUTHORS AND TITLES 949 France, 9, 496 France and the Confederate Navy, 24, 1 1 14 France Before the Revolution of 1789, 9, 500, 10, 508 France Under Louis XV, 9, 498 France Under Mazarin, 9, 498 France Under the Regency, 9, 498 Francezka, 25, 839 Francillon, R. E.: Ropes of Sand, 25, 864 Francis, M. E.: Lycngate Hall, 25, 864 Yeoman Fleetwood, 25, 866 Francke, Kuno: History of German Literature, 18, 460 Franco-German War of 1870-1871, The, 9, 501, 18, 458 Franklin, Benjamin, 24, 1111 Franklin in France, 24, 11 10 Franzos, Karl Emil: For the Right, 25, 882 Fraser, Mrs. Hugh: Stolen Emperor, The, 25, 832 Fraser, J. B.: Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia, 5, 401 Frazer, R. W.: British India, 5, 393 Literary History of India, 5, 394 Frederic, Harold: Copperhead and other Stories, The, 25, 898 Deserter and other Stories, The, 25, 850, 898 In the alley, 25, 894 Marsena; and other Stories, 25, 898 Frederic Uvedale, 25, 830 Frederick the Great: Works, 18, 457 Free Joe, 25, 897 Free Lance in a Far Land, A, 25, 831 Free Soil, Free Soul, 25, 892 Free to Serve, 25, 892 Freeman, Edward Augustus: Greater Greece and Greater Brit- ian, 2, 558 History and Conquests of the Sar- acens, 14, 513 History of Federal Government in Greece, 2, 557 History of the Norman Conquest, 11, 646 Ottoman Power in Europe, 14, 513 Sketches of Travel in Greece and Italy, 2, 558 Freiderich, Karl: Die La Plata Lander, 21, 359 French, Allen: Colonials, The, 25, 893 French Colonial Experiment in the Far East, A, 20, 408 French in America, 1608-1744, The, 20, 408 French in the Allegheny Valley, The, 24, 1 108 French Monarchy, The, 9, 497, 24, 1 106 French Nan, 25, 862 French People, The, 9, 496 French Prisoner, The, 25, 866 French Revolution, The, 9, 496, 497, 498, 10, 507 French Revolution and Religious Re- form, The, 9, 499 French Revolution and the First Em- pire, The, 10, 507 French Revolution Tested by Mira- beau's Career, The, 9, 497 French War and the Revolution, The, 24, 1110 Fresh Light from the Ancient Monu- ments, 1, 435 Freytag, Gustav: Bilder aus der deutschen Vergan- genheit, 18, 457 Neue Bilder aus dem Leben des deutschen Volkes, 18, 457 Our Forefathers, 25, 882 Friedenwald, H.: Declaration of Independence, The, 24, 1110 Friedrich der Grosse als Kronprinz, 18, 457 Friend of Caesar, A, 25, 825 Friend of Nelson, A, 25, 864 Friend Olivia, 25, 857 Friend with the Countersign, A, 25, 897 Friends of Pascal, The, 25, 838 Friends though Divided, 25, 856 950 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Frith, Henry: Under Bayard's Banner, 25, 835 Froissart, Jean: Chronicles, 9, 501 From Empire to Republic, 22, 516 From Kingdom to Colony, 25, 893 From Manassas to Appomattox, 24, 1114 From Powder-Monkey to Admiral, 25, 866 From the Front: Stories from the Seat of War, 25, 886 From the Memoirs of a Minister of France, 25, 837 Frontenac, 20, 408 Frontiersmen of New York, 24, 1108 Frothingham, A. L.: Rise of the Republic, 24, 11 10 Frothingham, Octavius B.: Theodore Parker, 24, 11 13 Frothingham, Richard: History of the Siege of Boston, 24, 1 1 10 Joseph Warren, 24, 11 n Froude, James Anthony: Caesar: a Sketch, 3, 401 England, 12, 381 England in Ireland, 12, 382 English in the West Indies, The, 22, 518 History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, II, 646, 24, 1 106 Two Chiefs of Dunboy, 25, 869 Frown of Majesty, The, 25, 838 Fryxell, Anders: History of Sweden, The, 16, 346 Fuller, F. W.: Egypt and the Hinterland, 19, 325 Fuller, Hulbert: Vivian of Virginia, 25, 891 Fullerton, Lady Georgiana: Stormy Life, A, 25, 851 Furtwangler, Adolph: Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture, 2, 558 Fustel de Coulanges: Ancient City, The, 3, 400 Fyffe, Charles Allen: History of Greece, 2, 556 History of Modern Europe, 10, 507 Gabriel, 25, 823, 887 Gabriel Conway, 25, 897 Gachard, Louis Prosper: Correspondance de Guillaume Orange, 13, 597 Correspondance de Margurite d' Autriche et Philippe II, 13, 597 Gadfly, The, 25, 830 Gaffarel, Paul Louis Jacques: Les Colonies Francaises, 20, 408 Gage of Red and White, The, 25, 836 Gaines, Charles K.: Gorgo, 25, 824 Gairdner, James: Henry the Seventh, 11, 646 Houses of Lancaster and York, 11, 646 Richard III, 11, 646 Galahad of the Creeks, A; and other Stories, 25, 832 Galdos, B. Perez: Saragossa, 25, 833 Trafalgar, 25, 865 Galland, W. G.: Chinese Porcelain, 6, 328 Gallant Grenadier, A, 25, 867 Gallant Quaker, A, 25, 857 Gallenga, Antonio: Invasion otf Denmark in 1864, The, 16, 346 Gallet, Louis: Captain Satan, 25, 838 Gallus, 25, 825 Gait, John: Ringan Gilhaize; or, The Covenan- ters, 25, 873 Garcia, Francisco Blanco: Literatura Espanola en el Siglo XIX, 8, 549 Garcia, Genaro: Caracter de la conquista Espanola en America y en Mexico segun los textos de los historiadores primitivos, 21, 358 Garcin de Tassy, Joseph Heliodore Sagesse Vertu: Les auteurs hindoustainis et leurs ouvrages, 5, 397 Garden of India, or Chapters on AUTHORS AND TITLES 951 Oudh History and Affairs, The, 5, 398 Garden of Swords, The, 25, 844 Gardiner : Casket Letters, 12, 383 Gardiner, Bertha M.: French Revolution, The, 9, 497, 10, 507 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson: History of England from 1603 to 1642, 11, 646, 24, 1 106 History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-1656, 11, 646, 24, 1 106 History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649, 11, 646, 24, 1 106 Thirty Years' War, The, 18, 457 Volumes on English History from James I to the Restoration, 12, 381 Gardner, Edmund G.: Desiderio, 25, 828 Gardner, Ernest Arthur: Ancient Athens, 2, 557 Hand Book of Greek Sculpture, 2, 558 Gardner, Percy: New Chapters in Greek History, 2, 558 Garibaldi, Giuseppe: I Mille, 4, 421 Rule of the Monk, The, 25, 830 Garner, James Wilford: Reconstruction in Mississippi, 24, 1114 Gamier, Russell M.: His Counterpart, 25, 858 When Spurs were Gold, 25, 850 White Queen, The, 25, 851 Garrau, Robert Randolph, and Quick, John: Annotated Constitution of the Aus- tralian Commonwealth, The, 20, 406 Garrison, William Lloyd: Life of W. L. Garrison, 24, 1112 Garshin, V. M.: Stories, 25, 878 Gasiorowski, Waclaw: Napoleon's Love Story, 25, 842, 879 Gaskell, Mrs.: Sylvia's Lovers, 25, 865 Gaspe, S. A. de: Canadians of Old, 25, 886 Gaston de Latour, 25, 836 Gathering Clouds, 25, 822, 827 Gathering of Brother Hilarius, The, 25, 849 Gaudentius, 25, 826 Gaulot, Paul: Red Shirts, The, 25, 841 Gautier, Theophile: Captain Fracasse, 25, 837 Un Voyage en Russie, 15, 389 Gay and Bryant: Popular History of the United States, 24, 1 103 Gay, Madame Sophie: Marie de Mancini, 25, 837 Gayarre, Charles Etienne Arthur: History of Louisiana, 24, mi Gayley, Charles M.: Classic Myths, 2, 558 Geiger, W.: Ostiranische Cultur in Alterthum, 1,438 Geijer, Erik Gustaf, and Carlson, F. F.: Geschichte Schwedens, 16, 346 Gendarme of the King, A, 25, 884 General George, 25, 841 General History of Greece to the Death of Alexander, 2, 556 General History of New England to 1680, 24, 1 108 General History of Rome, A, 4, 420 General History of the Turks, The, 14, 513 Genesis of the United States of America, 24, 1109 Gentleman Adventurer, A, 25, 860, 889 Gentleman of England, A, 25, 853 Gentleman of France, A, 25, 837 Gentleman Player, A, 25, 854 Geografia de Centro America, 22, 516 Geographical and Statistical Notes on Mexico, 22, 517 Geographie des alten Aegyptens, 1, 432 Geography of Africa South of the Zambesi, 19, 325 George, H. B.: Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, 10, 509 952 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS George III, 24, 1106 Gerald Fitzgerald the Chevalier, 25, 830 Gerlache, fitienne Constantin de: Histoire du royaume des Pays Bas, 1814-1839, 13, 597 German Element in the War of American Independence, 24, 11 10 German Political Leaders, 18, 459 German Revolution of 1849, The, 18, 456 German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages, 18, 459 Germany, 18, 459 Germany and England: Their Rela- tions in the Great Crises of Euro- pean History, 1500-1900, 18, 458 Germany and the Germans, 18, 460 Germany, Past and Present, 18, 459 Gerrare, W.: Great Russia, 15, 389 Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyr- iens, 1, 434, 435 Geschichte der Araber bis auf den Sturz des Chalifats von Bagdad, 1, 438 Geschichte der Chalifen, 1, 439 Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, 18, 457 Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur, 18, 460 Geschichte der Hebraer, 1, 440 Geschichte der Hebraischen Zeit- alters, I, 440 Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit, 18, 458 Geschichte der islamitischen Volker von Mohammed bis zur Zeit des Sultan Selim ubersichtlich darges- tellt, 1, 439 Geschichte der jiidischen Volkes in Zeitalter Jesu Christi, 1, 440 Geschichte der Karthage, 1, 436 Geschichte der Konige von Lydien, I, 437 Geschichte der Neuesten Zeit, 17, 467 Geschichte der Neuzeit Oesterreichs vom 18. Jahrh. bis auf die Gegen- wart, 17, 467 Geschichte der Niederlande, 13, 509 Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sassaniden, 1, 438 Geschichte der Revolutionszeit von 1 789-1 800, 17, 466 Geschichte der Rhonezier, 1, 436 Geschichte der Stadt Babylon, 1, 435 Geschichte des Abbasidenchalifats in Aegypten, 1, 439 Geschichte des alten Aegyptens, 1, 433 Geschichte des alten Indiens, 5, 393 Geschichte des Alterthums, 1, 431 Geschichte des deutschen Reiches vom Ende des vierzehnten Jahr- hunderts bis zur Reformation, 18, 455 Geschichte des griechischen Plastik, 2, 558 Geschichte des jiidischen Volkes, I, 439 Geschichte des Levantshandels im Mittelalter, 4, 420 Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs in Europa, 14, 513 Geschichte des siebenjahrigen Krieg, 18, 458 Geschichte des Volkes Israel, I, 439, 440, 441 Geschichte Deutschlands seit dem Tode Friederichs des Grossen bis zur Griindung des Deutschen Bunds, 17, 466 Geschichte Irans von Alexander den Grossen bis zum Untergang der Arsakiden, I, 438 Geschichte Israels in Eingeldarstel- lungen, 1, 441 Geschichte Italiens von Griindung der regierenden Dynastien bis auf die Gegenwart, 4, 422 Geschichte Maria Theresias, 17, 466 Geschichte Oesterreichs, 17, 465 Geschichte Oesterreichs seit dem Wiener Frieden, 1809, 17, 467 Geschichte Schwedens, 16, 346 Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch des franzosischen Revolution bis auf unsere Tage, 8, 546 Geschichte von Alt-Aegypten, 1, 433 Geschichte von Bohmen, 17, 466 Geschichte von Danemark bis zur Reformation, mit Inbegriff von Norwegen und Island, 16, 345 Geschichte von Italien, 4, 419 AUTHORS AND TITLES 953 Geschichte von Spanien, 8, 545 Geschichtlicher Ueberblick der Ad- ministrativen, rechtlichen und fian- ziellen Entwicklung der Nieder- landisch-Oostindischen Compagnie, 5, 398 Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Bezittingen, 5, 399 Gibbon, Charles: Braes of Yarrow, The, 25, 872 Gibbon, Edward: History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 4, 420 Gibbon, Frederick P.: Disputed V. C, The, 25, 832 Prisoner of the Gurkhas, The, 25, 831 Gibbs, J. R.: British Honduras, 22, 516 Face to Face with the Mexicans, 22, 516 Gibney, S.: John o' London, 25, 848 Maid of London Bridge, The, 25, 852 Giesebreckt, Wilhelm von: Geschichte der deutschen Kaiser- zeit, 18, 457 Gifford, Evelyne: Provenzano the Proud, 25, 827 Gilbert, George: Baton Sinister, The, 25, 858 Island of Sorrow, The, 25, 870 Giles, Herbert A.: Glossary of Reference on Subjects connected with the Far East, 6, 328 Gilian the Dreamer, 25, 875 Gilkes, A. H.: Kallistratus, 25, 825 Gilliat, E.: Asylum Christi, 25, 838 Dorothy Dymoke, 25, 852 Forest Outlaws, 25, 847 God Save King Alfred, 25, 846 In Lincoln Green, 25, 848 John Standish, 25, 849 King's Reeve, The, 25, 849 Wolf's Head, 25, 848 Gilman, Arthur, and Lane-Poole, S.: Story of the Moors in Spain, 8, 547 Gilman, Daniel Coit: Life of Monroe, 24, 1112 Gindely, Anton: History of the Thirty Years' War, 18, 457 Girl at the Halfway House, 25, 899 Girl of the Multitude, A, 25, 840 Girlhood of Catherine de' Medici, The, 25, 828 Girondists, The, 9, 497 Gissing, George: Veranilda, 25, 827 Gladiators, The, 25, 823, 826 Gladstone, William E.: Bulgarian Horrors and the Ques- tion of the Orient, 14, 514 Studies in Homer and the Homeric Age, 2, 558 Glanville, Ernest: Max Thornton, 25, 886 Glaser, Eduard: Skizze der Geschichte und Geog- raphic Arabiens von den altesten Zeiten bis zum Propheten Mu- hammad, 1, 438 Glasgow, Ellen: Battle Ground, The, 25, 898 Voice of the People, The, 25, 899 Glastonbury, 25, 846 Gleaming Dawn, The, 25, 881 Gleanings in Buddha-fields, 7, 332 Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, 7, 332 Glories of Spain, 8, 550 Glory of the House of Israel, The, 25, 822 Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land and Other Terms and Words in Common Use, 5, 394 Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms and of Useful Words occur- ring in Official Documents relating to the Administration of the Gov- ernment of British India, 5, 394 Glossary of Reference on Subjects Connected with the Far East, A, 6, 328 Glovatski, A.: Pharaoh and the Priest, The, 25, 821 Goblet d'Alviella, Albert Joseph: Ce que l'lnde doit a la Grece, 5, 397 954 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS God Save England!, 25, 849 God Save King Alfred, 25, 846 God Save the King, 25, 857 God Seeker, The, 25, 881 God, the King, my Brother, 25, 833, 849 God's Providence House, 25, 863 Godwin, Parke: History of France, 9, 497 Godwin, William: St. Leon, 25, 833 Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievitch: Taras Bulba, 25, 877 Golden Arrow, The, 25, 886 Golden Book of Venice, The, 25, 829 Golden Dog, The, 25, 887 Golden Fleece, The, 25, 838, 879 Golden Galleon, The, 25, 854 Golden Kingdom, The, 25, 885 Goldsmith, Henry: Euancondit, 25, 888 Goll, H.: Kulturbilder aus Hellas und Rome, 2, 558 Gonzales, D.: Geografia de Centro America, 22, 5i6 Gooch, G. P.: English Democratic Ideas of the Seventeenth Century, 24, 1106 Good Souls of Cider Land, 25, 869 Goodell, W.: Slavery and Anti-Slavery, 24, 11 12 Goodloe, Carter: Calvert of Strathore, 25, 840 Goodwin, J. A.: Pilgrim Republic, The, 24, 1108 Goodwin, Maud Wilder: Head of a Hundred, The, 25, 890 Sir Christopher, 25, 890 White Aprons, 25, 891 Gordon: History of Ireland, 12, 381 History of the Rebellion of 1798, 12, 382 Gordon, W. J.: Englishman's Haven, 25, 887 Gordon, William: Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America, 24, 11 10 Gordy, J. P.: History of Political Parties, 24, 1 106 Gorgo, 25, 824 Gorham, George C: Life of E. M. Stanton, 24, 11 14 Gorst, Harold Edward: China, 6, 328 Gosch, Charles A.: Denmark and Germany since 1815, 16, 346 Goss, E. H.: Life of Colonel Paul Revere, 24, mi Gosse, Edmund: Secret of Narcisse, The, 25, 837 Gottesdienst von Israel, 1, 440 Gould, S. Baring: Cheap-Jack Zita, 25, 866 Domitia, 25, 826 Germany, Past and Present, 18, 459 Grettir the Outlaw, 25, 880 Guavas, the Tinner, 25, 853 Iceland, Its Scenes and Sagas, 16, 347 In Dewisland, 25, 868 In Exitu Israel, 25, 840 Kitty Alone; a story of Three Fires, 25, 866 Noemi: a Story of Rock-Dwellers, 25, 835 Pabo, the Priest, 25, 847, 868 Perpetua, 25, 834 Red Spider, 25, 867 Royal Georgie, 25, 866 Urith, 25, 859 Government of Dependencies, The, 20, 411 Government of India, 5, 394 Government of M. Thiers, from the 8th of February, 1871, to the 24th of May, 1873, The, 9, 502 Government of Tropical Colonies, The, 20, 411 Governments and Parties in Co.iti- nental Europe, 9, 498 Gowrie, 25, 872 Gracchi, Marius and Sulla, The, 3, 401 Grace O'Malley, 25, 868 Grady, Henry Woodfin: New South, The, 24, n 13 AUTHORS AND TITLES 955 Graeme, Alastor: Romance of the Lady Arbell, 25, 854 Graetz, Heinrich: History of the Jews, 1, 440 Graham, John W.: Neaera, 25, 825 Graham, R. B. Cunningham: Vanished Arcadia, A, 30, 401, 21, 358 Graham, Winifred: Zionists, The, 25, 824 Grand Remonstrance, The, 11, 646 Grande Encyclopedic, 21, 359 Grandissimes, The, 25, 895 Grant, A. J.: French Monarchy, The, 9, 497, 24, 1 106 Grant, Charles: Stories of Naples and the Camorra, 25, 830 Grant, J. Gregor: Rufus: or, The Red King, 25, 847 Grant, James: Adventures of an Aide-de-Camp, The, 25, 829, 865 Adventures of Rob Roy, 25, 861, 873 Arthur Blane; or, The Hundred Cuirassiers, 25, 837 Bothwell; or, The Days of Queen Mary, 25, 872 Captain of the Guard, The, 25, 871 Duke of Albany's Highlanders, The, 25, 832 Harry Ogilvie; or, The Black Dra- goons, 25, 872 Jane Seton, 25, 872 Lady Wedderburn's Wish, 25, 867 Laura Everingham, 25, 867 Lord Hermitage, 25, 867 Lucy Arden, 25, 861, 873 Mary of Lorraine, 25, 872 Oliver Ellis; or, The Fusiliers, 25, 864 One of the Six Hundred, 25, 867 Philip Rollo, 25, 883 Romance of War, The, 25, 865 Scottish Cavalier, The, 25, 873 Second to None, 25, 863 Under the Red Dragon, 25, 867 Yellow Frigate, The, 25, 871 Grant, Ulysses S.: Memoirs, 24, 11 14 Grant, Ulysses, 24, 11 14 Grantley Fenton, 25, 843, 866 Gras, Felix: Reds of the Midi, The, 25, 840 Terror, The, 25, 840 White Terror, The, 25, 840 Graysons, The, 25, 897 Great African Island, The, 19, 327 Great African Travellers, from Mun- go Park to Stanley, 19, 323 Great Britain Board of Trade: Statistical Abstract for the Several Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom, 20, 404 Great Company (The Hudson Bay Company), The, 20, 407, 24, 1107, 1 108 Great Conspiracy, The, 24, n 14 Great French Writers, The, 9, 499 Great India Epics, the Stories of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, 5, 399 Great Proconsul, The, 25, 831 Great Shadow, The, 25, 843, 866 Great Treason, A, 25, 894 Greater Greece and Greater Britain, 3, 558 Greater Russia, 15, 389 Greece, Ancient and Modern, 2, 558 Greece from the Earliest Times to the Present, 2, 556 Greece in the Nineteenth Century, 2, 557 Greece: Pictorial, Descriptive and Historical, 2, 559 Greece: Present Condition and Re- cent Progress, 2, 557 Greece under King George, 2, 556 Greek Life and Thought, 2, 558 Greek Studies, 2, 558 Greek World Under Roman Sway, The, 2, 557 Greeks and the Persians, The, 2, 556 Greeley, Horace: American Conflict, The, 24, 11 12, 1113 Green Book, The, 25, 878 Green, Evelyn Everett: After Worcester, 25, 857 Cambria's Chieftain, 25, 850, 868 956 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Castle of the White Flag, The, 35, 844 Clerk of Oxford, A, 25, 848 Dominique's Vengeance, 25, 837 Fallen Fortunes, 25, 860 Heir of Hascombe Hall, The, 25, 851 Hero of the Highlands, A, 25, 874 In Fair Granada, 25, 833 In Taunton Town, 25, 859 In the Days of Chivalry, 25, 849 In the Wars of the Roses, 25, 850 Lord of Dyneover, The, 25, 849 Lost Treasure of Trevlyn, The, 25, 854 My Lady Joanna, 25, 849 Shut In, 25, 876 Tom Tufton's Toll, 25, 860 Tom Tufton's Travels, 25, 860 White Wyvill and Red Ruthven, 25, 851 Young Pioneers, The, 25, 891 Green Graves of Balgowrie, The, 25, 875 Green, H.: Scotch-Irish in America, 24, 1106 Green, J. M.: Spanish Conspiracy, The, 24, nil Green, John Richard: Conquest of Britain, 11, 647 History of the English People, II, 645 Making of England, 11, 647 Green, Kate Norgate: Henry II, 11, 647 Green Mountain Boys, The, 25, 893 Greene, E. B.: Provincial Governor, The, 24, 1108 Greene, Francis Vinton: General Nathanael Greene, 24, nil Russian Army and its campaigns in Turkey, The, 14, 514 Greene, General Nathanael, 24, nil Greene, George Washington: General Nathanael Greene, 24, 1111 German Element in the War of American Independence, 24, 11 10 Historical View of the Revolution, 24, 1 1 10 Greenhow, H. M.: Brenda's Experiment, 25, 832 Greenidge, A. H. J.: History of Rome during the later Republic and Early Principate to Vespasian, 3, 400 Roman Public Life, 3, 402 Greswell, William Henry Parr: Geography of Africa south of the Zambesi, 19, 325 Grettir the Outlaw, 25, 880 Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke: Memoirs, 11, 647 Grey Cloak, The, 25, 838 Grey, Cyril: For Crown and Covenant, 25, 873 Grey Man, The, 25, 872 Gribble, Francis: Romance of the Tuileries, A, 25, 843 Lake Geneva and its Literary Land- marks, 13, 599 Griechische Geschichte, 2, 555 Griechische Geschichte bis zur Schlacht bei Chaeroneia, 2, 555 Grier, Sidney C.: Advanced Guard, The, 25, 831 Great Proconsul, The, 25, 831 In Furthest Ind., 25, 831 Like Another Helen, 25, 831 Warden of the Marches, The, 25, 831 Griffin, A. P. C.: List of Books with reference to Periodicals Relating to the Theory of Colonization, Govern- ment of Dependencies, 19, 322 Griffin, Gerald: Duke of Monmouth, 25, 859 Invasion, The, 25, 868 Griffis, William Elliot: Brave Little Holland, 13, 598 Life of M. C. Perry, 7, 332 Life of Townsend Harris, 7, 332 Mikado's Empire, 7, 331 Pilgrims in Their Three Homes, England, Holland and America, 24, 1 108 Griffith, George: Virgin of the Sun, The, 25, 889 Griffiths, Arthur: Before the British Raj, 25, 831 Royal Rascal, A, 25, 866 Thin Red Line, The, 25, 867 Grinnell, George Bird: Story of the Indian, 24, 1107 Grisly Grisell, 25, 850 AUTHORS AND TITLES 957 Grober: Grundriss des romanischen Phi- lologie, 8, 549 Grossi, T.: Marco Visconti, 25, 828 Grosvenor, Edwin A.: Constantinople, 14, 515 Grote, George: History of Greece, 2, 555 Groves, J. Percy: Duke's Own, The, 25, 831 War of the Axe, The, 25, 885 Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry, The, 2, 558 Growth of British Policy, 11, 649 Growth of English Industry and Commerce, during the Early and Middle Ages, The, 11, 646, 20, 404 Growth of the American Nation, The, 24, 1 1 10 Growth of the Constitution, 24, 1106 Growth of the French Nation, The, 9, 496 Grundriss der indo-arischen philologie und altertums-kunde, 5, 396 Grundriss der Oesterreichischen Ge- schichte, 17, 465 Grundriss des romanischen Philologie, 8, 549 Guatemala, the Land of the Quetzal, 23, 515 Guavas, the Tinner, 25, 853 Guerazzi, F. D.: Beatrice Cenci, 25, 829 Isabella Orsini, 25, 828 La Battaglia di Benevento, 25, 829 Guerber, Helene Adeline: Myths of Greece and Rome, 2, 558 Guerra do Paraguay, 21, 360 Guerre de la Prusse et de l'ltalie con- tre l'Autriche et la Confederation Germanique en 1866, 18, 457 Guert Ten Eyck, 25, 894 Guide to American History, 24, 1103 Guide to the Archives of the United States, 24, 1 103 Guillemard, F. H. H.: Life of Ferdinand Magellan and the First Circumnavigation of the Globe, 24, 1 107 Guinness, L. E.: Across India at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century, 5, 395 Guiterrez: La Constituciones politicas que ha tenido la republica Boliviana 1826- 1868, 21, 359 Guizot, Francois Pierre Gillaume: Popular History of France, 9, 496 Gulicks, S. L.: Evolution of the Japanese, Social and Psychic, 7, 333 Gull, C. Ranger: Serf, The, 25, 847 Gun Runner, The, 25, 885 Gustav Adolph, 18, 456 Gustavus III and his Contemporaries, 16, 345 Gustavus Adolphus, 16, 345 Gustavus Adolphus and the Struggle of Protestantism for Existence, 16, 346 Gustavus Adolphus and the Thirty Years' War, 16, 345 Gustavus Adolphus in Germany, 16, 347 Gustavus Vasa and his Stirring Times, 16, 345 Guthe, Hermann: Geschichte des Volkes Israel, 1, 440 Gutschmid, Alfred von: Geschichte Irans von Alexander den Grossen bis zum untergang der arsakiden, 1, 438 Kleine Schriften. 1, 436 Phoenicia, in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, x, 436 Guy Fawkes, 25, 854 Gwynett of Thornhaugh, 25, 839, 861 Gwynn, Stephen: John Maxwell's Marriage, 25, 870 H Haandbog i Faedrelaudets Historie, 16, 345 Hadley, J.: Introduction to Roman Law, 3, 402 Haetler, Konrad: Colonial Kingdom of Spain; The War of Independence in the South, 20, 402 Hagan, M. P., 25, 870 Haggard, H. Rider: Brethren, The, 25, 823 958 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Lysbeth, 25, 876 Montezuma's Daughter, 25, 889 Pearl Maiden, 25, 823 Swallow, 25, 885 Haggard H. R., and Lang, A.: World's Desire, The, 25, 824 Haidar AH and Tipu Sultan, and the Struggle with the Mussulman Pow- ers of the South, 5, 396 Halde, Jean Baptiste du: Description Geographique, etc.. de la Chine, 6, 328 Hale, Edward Everett East and West: a Story of New Ohio, 25, 895 Franklin in France, 24, 11 10 In His Name, 25, 834 Philip Nolan's Friends, 25, 895 Seven Spanish Cities, 8, 550 Story of Mexico, 22, 516 Hale, Edward Everett, and Hale, Susan: Spain, 8, 545 Hales, A. G.: Driscoll, King of Scouts, 25, 886 Half Century of Conflict, A, 20, 408, 24, 1 104 Haliburton, Thomas Chandler: Old Judge, The, 25, 887 Halil the Pedlar, 25, 879 Hall, Basil H.: History of Eastern Vermont to the close of the Eighteenth Cen- tury, 24, i 108 Hall, H. F.: Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 10, 508 Hall, H. R.: Oldest Civilization of Greece, The, 2, 558 Hall, Henry: Ethan Allen, 24, mi Hall, Hubert: Court Life under the Plantagenet Kings, 25, 847 Hall, Marie: Andrew Marvel and his Friends, 25, 855 Hall, Moreton: General George, 25, 841 Hall, Ruth: Golden Arrow, The, 25, 886 Hallam, Henry Fitzmaurice: Constitutional History of England. 11, 647, 12, 381, 24, 1 106 Hallo well, R. P.: Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts, 24, 1 109 Hamel, Ernest: Histoire de Robespierre, 10, 508 Hamilton, Alexander: New Account of the East Indies, 5, 397 Hamilton, Alexander, 24, 11 11 Hamilton, Alexander; Jay, John; and Madison, James: Federalist, The, 24, 1105 Hamilton, Bernard: Coronation, 25, 850 Hamilton, Lord Ernest William: Mary Hamilton, 25, 872 Mawkin of the Flow, The, 25, 871 Outlaws of the Marches, The, 25, 872 Hamilton, Eugene Lee: Lord of the Dark Red Star, The, 25, 827 Hamilton, John Arthur: MS. in the Red Box, The, 25, 854 Hamilton, John C: Alexander Hamilton, 24, mi Hamilton, Lillias: Vizier's Daughter, A: A Tale of the Hazara War, 25, 832 Hamm, M. A.: Porto Rico and the West Indies, 22, 518 Hammer, The, 25, 822 Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von: Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman, 14, 513 Hancock, General, 24, 11 14 Hancock, Albert Elmer: Henry Bourland, 25, 899 Hancock, Sardius: Tonford Manor: a Pre-Reforma- tion Story, 25, 851 Hand Atlas of India, 5, 395 Hand of Leonore, The, 25, 839 Handbok e Sveriges Geograph, 16, 348 Hand-book for Travelers in Japan, 7, 331 AUTHORS AND TITLES 959 Hand-book of Colloquial Japanese, 7, 333 Handbook of English Political His- tory, 11, 645 Hand Book of Greek Sculpture, 2, 558 Handbook of Jamaica, The, 22, 518 Hand-book of Modern Japan, A, 7, 33i Handbuch der spanischen Litteratur, 8, 549 Handel, Recht, und Sitte im alten Babylonien, 1, 434 Hannibal, 3, 401 Hannibal and the Great War be- tween Rome and Carthage, 3, 401 Hanotaux, Gabriel: Contemporary France, 9, 497 Hanover and Prussia, 1795-1803, 10, 509 Hansa Towns, The, 18, 459 Harcourt, A. F. P.: Jenetha's Venture, 25, 832 Peril of the Sword, The, 25, 832 Hardy, Arthur Sherburne: Passe Rose, 25, 834, 882 Hardy, Thomas: Trumpet-Major, The, 25, 864 Hare, Augustus John Cuthbert: Sketches in Holland and Scandina- via, 13, 598 Wanderings in Spain, 8, 550 Hare, Christopher: Felicita, 25, 828 Hare, Julius Charles: History of Rome, 3, 399 Harold, 25, 846 Harold the Norseman, 25, 880 Harper, Carrie A., and Dix, Marie Beulah: Beau's Comedy, The, 25, 895 Harper, Robert Francis: Assyrian and Babylonian Litera- ture, 1, 434 Code of Hammurabi, King of Baby- lon, about 2250 B. C, 1, 434 Harris, Joel Chandler: Free Joe, 25, 897 Little Union Scout, A, 25, 899 On the Wing of Occasions, 25, 898 Harrison, F. B.: Brothers in Arms, 25, 847 Harrison, Frederick: William the Silent, 13, 598 Harrison, James Albert: Story of Greece, 2, 556 Harrisse, H.: Christopher Columbus, 24, 1107 Harrop, R.: Bolingbroke, II, 647 Harry, Blind: Wallace, 12, 383 Harry Ogilvie; or, The Black Dra- goons, 25, 872 Hart and Channing: Guide to American History, 24, 1 103 Hart, Albert Bushnell: American History Told by Contem- poraries, 24, 1 104 American Nation, The, 24, 1103 Formation of the Union, 24, 1111 Foundations of American Foreign Policy, 20, 411 Life of S. P. Chase, 24, 11 14 Hart, Sir Robert: These from the Land of Sinim, 6, 326 Harte, Bret: Clarence, 25, 899 Gabriel Conway, 25, 897 Hartford Convention, The, 24, 1106 Hartland Forest, 25, 861 Hartley, May: Hagan, M. P., 25, 870 Harvard, H.: In the Heart of Holland, 13, 598 Haskins, C. D.: For the Queen in South Africa, 25, 886 Hassall, Arthur Hill: Essays Introductory to the Study of English Constitutional His- tory, 11, 650 French People, The, 9, 496 Louis XIV, 9, 497 Hastings, James: Dictionary of the Bible, 1, 440 Hastings the Pirate, 25, 846 Hatch, L. C: Administration of the American Revolutionary Army, 24, mo Hatton, Joseph: By Order of the Czar, 25, 878 960 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Dagger and the Cross, The, 25, 858 Under the Great Seal, 25, 888 Hauff, Wilhelm: Marie of Lichtenstein, 25, 883 Haunt of Ancient Peace, A, 25, 856 Haurvatat et Ameretot, essai sur la mythologie de l'Avesta, 1, 437 Hausrath, Prof.: Jetta, 25, 882 Klytia, 25, 883 Hausser, Ludwig: Geschichte Deutschlands seit dem Tode Friedrichs des Grossen bis zur Griindlung des deutschen Bundes, 17, 467, 18, 457 Havelock, the Dane, 25, 845 Haverfield, E. L.: Stanhope, 25, 855 Haviland's Chum, 25, 885 Hawkins, John, 24, 11 10 Hawks, Francis Lister: History of North Carolina, 24, 1 109 Hawley, Sir Edward: War in the Crimea, The, 14, 514 Hawthorne, Nathaniel: Mosses from an Old Manse, 25, 892, Scarlet Letter, The, 25, 891 Tanglewood Tales, 25, 824 Twicetold Tales, 25, 892 Wonder Book, 25, 824 Hawtrey, Valentina: Perronelle, 25, 835 Hay, John: Castilian Days, 8, 550 Life of Lincoln, 24, 11 12, 11 14 Hayashi, Viscount: For his People: being the True Story of Sogoro's Sacrifice, 25, 832 Hayens, Herbert: At the Point of the Sword, 25, 889 Emperor's Doom, An, 25, 899 Hayes, F. W.: Gwynett of Thornhaugh, 25, 839, 861 Kent Squire, A, 25, 839, 861 Shadow of a Throne, The, 25, 841 Hayti, 22, 518 Hazen, C. D.: Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution, 9, 497 Hazzledine, G. D.: White Man in Nigeria, The, 19, 325 Head of a Hundred, The, 25, 890 Headlam, J. W.: Foundation of the German Empire, 1817-1871, The, 18, 457 Headland, Isaac Taylor: Chinese Boy and Girl, The, 6, 327 Chinese Heroes, 6, 326 Chinese Mother Goose Rhymes, 6, 327 Second War with England, 24, 1112 Hearn, Lafcadio: Exotics and Retrospectives, 7, 332 Gleanings in Buddha-fields, 7, 332 Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, 7, 332 In Ghostly Japan, 7, 332 Japan: An Interpretation, 7, 332 Japanese Miscellany, A, 7, 332 Kokoro: Hints and Echoes of Jap- anese Inner Life, 7, 332 Kwaidan, 7, 332 Out of the East, 7, 332 Romance of Milky Way, 7, 332 Shadowings, 7, 332 Youma, 25, 889 Heart of Africa, The, 19, 326 Heart of Midlothian, The, 25, 874 Heart's Highway, The, 25, 891 Heart's Key, The, 25, 834 Hearts of Wales, 25, 868 Hebbard, S. S.: Wisconsin Under French Domin- ion, 24, 1 108 Hebraische Archaologie, I, 439 Heckewelder, John: History of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States, 24, 1107 Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig: Historical Researches into the Pol- itics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Carthaginians, Ethiopians, and Egyptians, I, 431 Heidelberg, 25, 883 AUTHORS AND TITLES 961 Heidenstam, O. G. von: Swedish Life in Town and Coun- try, 1 6, 348 Heidenstam, Verner von: King and His Campaigners, A, 25, 880 Heimskringla: or, The Sagas of the Norse Kings, 16, 346, 349 Heinrich, L.: Geschichte von Italien, 4, 419 Heir, J. C: Die Schweiz, 13, 599 Heir of Hascombe Hall, The, 25, 851 Heiress of the Forest, The, 25, 838 Held Fast for England, 25, 863 Helen Adair, 25, 888 Helen Treveryan, 25, 832 Helen's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 25, 822 Helme, Elizabeth: St. Clair of the Isles, 25, 871 Helmet of Navarre, The, 25, 837 Helmott, Hans Ferdinand: History of the World: a Survey of Man's Record, 21, 357 Helper, Hinton Rowman: Impending Crisis, The, 24, 1112 Lord of Gold, 24, 11 12 Helps, Sir Arthur: Ivan de Biron, 25, 878 Realmah, 25, 877 Spanish Conquest in America, The, 20, 402, 24, 1 107 Spanish Conquest in Mexico, 22, 5i6 Henderson: Casket Letters, 12, 383 Henderson, E. F.: History of Germany in the Mid- dle Ages, 18, 457 Short History of Germany, 18, 455 Henderson, G. F. R.: Stonewall Jackson and the Amer- ican Civil War, 24, 11 14 Henham, Ernest George: Menotah, 25, 888 Plowshare and the Sword, The: a Tale of Empire, 25, 886 Henne, Alexander: Histoire du regne de Charles V en Belgique, 13, 598 Henry, Patrick, 24, nil, 11 13 Henry, W. W.: Patrick Henry, 24, nil, 1113 Henry Bourland, 25, 899 Henry VIII and his Court: or, Cath- erine Parr, 25, 852 Henry Esmond, 25, 860 Henry Masterton, 25, 856 Henry of Guise; or, The States of Blois, 25, 837 Henry of Navarre, 9, 500 Henry St. John, 25, 893 Henry the Seventh, 11, 646 Henry II, 11, 647 Henslowe, J. R.: Duke's Winton: a Chronicle of Sedgemoor, 25, 859 Hensman, H.: Afghan War of 1879-1880, 5, 397 History of Rhodesia, 19, 322 Henty, George Alfred: At Aboukir and Acre, 25, 864 At Agincourt, 25, 850 At the Point of the Bayonet, 25, 831 Beric, the Briton, 25, 844 Bonnie Prince Charlie, 25, 874 Both Sides the Border, 25, 850 Bravest of the Brave, The; or, With Peterborough in Spain, 25, 833, 860 By Conduct and Courage, 25, 865 By England's Aid, 25, 854, 876 By Pike and Dyke, 25, 876 By Right of Conquest, 25, 889 By Sheer Pluck, 25, 885 Cornet of Horse, The, 25, 860 Dragon and the Raven, The, 25, 846 For Name and Fame, 25, 832 Friends Though Divided, 25, 856 Held Fast for England, 25, 863 In Freedom's Cause, 25, 871 In Greek Waters, 25, 825 In the Irish Brigade, 25, 861 In the Reign of Terror, 25, 841 In Times of Peril, 25, 832 Jack Archer, 25, 867 Jacobite Exile, A, 25, 880 Knight of the White Cross, A, 25, 825, 879 Lion of St. Mark, The, 25, 828, 883 Maori and Settler, 25, 888 962 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS March on London, A, 25, 850 No Surrender, 25, 840 On the Irrawaddy, 25, 831 One of the 28th, 25, 866 Orange and Green, 25, 869 Out with Garibaldi, 25, 830 Roving Commission, A, 25, 889 St. Bartholomew's Eve, 25, 836 St. George for England, 25, 849 Through Russian Snows, 25, 878 Through the Fray, 25, 865 Through the Sikh War, 25, 831 Through Three Campaigns, 25, 832 Tiger of Mysore, The, 25, 831 To Herat and Cabul, 25, 831 True to the Old Flag, 25, 893 Under Drake's Flag, 25, 853 Under Wellington's Command, 25, 865 When London Burned, 25, 858 Winning His Spurs, 25, 823 With Clive in India, 25, 831 With Cochrane the Dauntless, 25, 866 With Frederick the Great, 25, 884 With Kitchener in the Soudan, 25, 885 With Lee in Virginia, 25, 898 With Moore at Corunna, 25, 865 With the Allies to Pekin, 25, 867 With the British Legion, 25, 834 With Wolfe in Canada, 25, 887 Woman of the Commune, A, 25, 844 Won by the Sword, 25, 884 Wulf the Saxon, 25, 846 Young Buglers, The, 25, 865 Young Colonists, The, 25, 885 Young Franc-Tireurs, The, 25, 844 Herald of the West, A, 25, 895 Herbert, Hilary Abner: Why the Solid South, 24, 1113 Herbert, W. H.: Wages of Battle, The, 25, 846 Herbert, W. V.: Defense of Plevna, 14, 514 Herculano, Alexandria: Historia de Portugal, 8, 545 Herder, Johann Gottfried von: Outlines of the Philosophy of the History of Man, 1, 431 Hereward the Wake, 25, 846 Heritage, The, 25, 894 Heritage of Longdale, The, 25, 861 Heritage of the Free, The: or, More than Conquerors, 25, 875 Heritage of Unrest, The, 25, 899 Herman, Henry, and Murray, David Christie : One Traveller Returns, 25, 844 Hermann, Binger: Louisiana Purchase and Our Title West of the Rocky Mountains, The, 24, 1 1 12 Hermann Agha: an Eastern Narra- tive, 25, 822 Hero King, A, 25, 846 Hero of Lucknow, A, 25, 832 Heroes, The, 25, 824 Heroes of Chivalry and Romance, 25, 844 Heroes of the Nations, 20, 400 Heroic Japan, 7, 332 Heroine of the Strait: a Romance of Detroit in the Time of Pontiac, The, 25, 892 Hertslet, Sir E.: Map of Africa by Treaty, The, 19, 322 Hervey, Maurice H.: Eric, the Archer, 25, 849 Herstfeld, L.: Geschichte des Volkes Israel, I, 440 Jewish Encyclopaedia, The, 1, 440 Hesekiel, J. G. L.: Two Queens, 25, 840, 881 Hessians in the Revolution, The, 24, 1110 Hetty Wesley, 25, 862 Hewlett, Maurice: Brazenhead the Great, 25, 850 Buondelmonte's Saga, 25, 829 Fool Errant, The, 25, 829 Forest Lovers, The, 25, 848 Heart's Key, The, 25, 834 Life and Death of Richard Yea- and-Nay, The, 25, 847 Little Novels of Italy, 25, 828 Love Chase, The, 25, 828 New Canterbury Tales, 25, 849 Queen's Quair, The, 25, 872 Richard Yea and Nay, 25, 834 Heyd, W. von: Geschichte des Levantshandels im Mittelbalther (Histoire du com- AUTHORS AND TITLES 963 merce du Levant au moyen age), 4, 420, 5, 397 Higgins, J.: Spanish Life in Town and Coun- try, 8, 550 Higginson, Thomas Wentworth: Larger History of the United States, 24, 1 103 Hildreth, Richard: History of the United States, 24, 1 104 Japan as it was and is, 7, 332 Hildreth, Samuel Prescott: Pioneer History, 24, 11 12 Hill, Robert T.: Commercial Relations of the United States with the Far East, 20, 411 Cuba and Porto Rico with the other Islands of the West Indies, 22, 518 Hillary, Max: Blue Flag, The, 25, 859 Hilprecht, Hermann: Recent Researches in the Bible Lands, I, 434 Hilt to Hilt, 25, 899 Himly: Histoire de la formation territoriale des Etats de l'Europe centrale, 17, 466 Hinde, Sidney Langford: Fall of the Congo Arabs, The, 19, 322 Hinds, A. B.: England of Elizabeth, The, 24, 1106 Hindu Manners, Customs, and Cere- monies, 5, 397 Hindu Tribes and Castes, 5, 400 Hinkson, H. A.: King's Deputy, The, 25, 869 King's Woman, A, 25, 870 Point of Honour, The, 25, 869 Silk and Steel, 25, 855, 869 Splendid Knight, The, 25, 853 Up for the Green, 25, 870 Hinsdale, Burke Aaron: Old Northwest, The, 24, 1105 Hirobumi, Count Ito: Commentaries on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, 7, 333 His Counterpart, 25, 858 His Eminence, 25, 829 His Excellency, 25, 843 His Grace o' the Gunne, 25, 858 His Grace of Osmonde, 25, 860 His Heart's Desire, 25, 837 His Indolence of Arras, 25, 838 His Most Dear Ladye, 25, 853 Hispaniola Plate, The, 25, 860, 889 Histoire de Belgique, 13, 598 Histoire de France, 9, 495, 10, 508 Histoire de France depuis les origines jusq' a la revolution, 9, 496 Histoire de la formation territoriale des Etats de l'Europe centrale, 17, 465 Histoire de la guerre du Mexique, 22, 516 Histoire de la litterature hindouie et hindoustanie, 5, 397 Histoire de l'Art, 2, 558 Histoire de la Russie, 15, 389 Histoire de la sculpture grecque, 2, 557 Histoire de la Suisse, 13, 599 Histoire de la Terreur, d'apres Docu- ments authentiques et inedits, 10, 508 Histoire de TAutriche Hongrie, 17, 465 Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman, 14, 513 Histoire de Napoleon Ier, 10, 509 Histoire de Robespierre, 10, 508 Histoire des Hongrois et de leur lit- terature politique de 1790 a 1815, }7, 467 Histoire des Italiens, 4, 419 Histoire des Republiques Italiennes, 4, 420 Histoire diplomatique de l'Europe, 18 14-1878, 18, 456 Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen age, 5, 397 Histoire du peuple d' Israel, 1, 440 Histoire du regne de Charles V en Belgique, 13, 598 Histoire du regne de Louis XVII, 10, 508 Histoire du royaume des Pays Bas, 1814-1839, 15, 597 Histoire generale, 15, 390, 19, 323, 21, 359 Histoire generale de la Chine, 6, 325 964 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Histoire generale des Hongrois, 17, 466 Histoire generale des Huns des Tures des Mongols et des autres Tartars occidentaux, 6, 325 Histoire philosophique et politique des etablissements et du commerce des Europeens dans les deux Indes, 5, 399 Histoire Politique de l'Espagne Mod- erne, suivie d' un Apenju sur les Finances, 8, 548 Histoire Resumee d'ltalie, 4, 419 Historia antigua y de la conquista, 22, 517 Historia de la dominacion espafiola en Mexico desde 1521 a 1808, 22, 517 Historia de la Revolucion de Mexico contra la dictadura del General Santa Anna, 22, 517 Historia de las Ideas Esteticas en Espana, 8, 549 Historia de los trovadores, 8, 549 Historia de Portugal, 8, 545 Historia del Uruguay, 21, 360 Historia do Brazil, 21, 360 Historia do Brazil de 1831-1840, 21, 360 Historia general de Chili, 21, 360 Historia general de Espana, 8, 545, 548 Historiae Hungaricae fontes domes- tici, 17, 466 Historians of Scotland, 12, 382 Historic Highways of North Amer- ica, 24, 1 107 Historic Studies in Vaud, Berne and Savoy, 13, 599 Historical Account of the Black Em- pire of Hayti, Comprising a View of the Principal Transactions in the Revolution of St. Domingo with its Ancient and Modern State, 22, 518 Historical and Descriptive Account of Cape Breton, 24, 1107 Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia, 5, 401 Historical Documents and Reflections in the Government of Holland, 13, 597 Historical Essays, 10, 508 Historical Geography of the British Colonies, A, 20, 405 Historical Geography of the Holy- Land, The, 1, 441 Historical Geography of the United States, 24, 1 105 Historical Introduction to the Pri- vate Law of Rome, 3, 402 Historical Memoirs of the Emperor Alexander I, 15, 389 Historical, Military, and Picturesque Observations on Portugal, 8, 547 Historical Record of the Madras Eu- ropean Regiment, 5, 394 Historical Researches into the Poli- tics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Carthaginians, Ethiopians, and Egyptians, 1, 431 Historical Review of the Revolutions of Portugal since the Close of the Peninsular War, 8, 546 Historical Review of the State of Ireland from Henry II to the Un- ion, 12, 381 Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States and Great Britain, 24, 11 12 Historical Sketches of the South of India in an attempt to trace the History of Mysore, 5, 400 Historical View of the Revolution, 24, 1 1 10 Historien der Nederlanden, 13, 599 Histories of Polybius, The, 3, 399 Historisch geographischer Atlas des Oesterreichischen Staats, 17, 466 History and Conquests of the Sara- cens, The, 14, 513 History and Digest of the Interna- tional Arbitrations to Which the United States Has Been a Party, 24, 1 105 History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, 20, 407 History of Agathon, The, 25, 824 History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 11, 648 History of Alabama, 24, 11 12 History of America, 20, 403, 24, 1108 History of American Manufactures, 24, 1 105 AUTHORS AND TITLES 965 History of American Political The- ories, 24, 1110 History of Ancient Egypt, A, 1, 433 History of Ancient Sanskrit Litera- ture, 5, 399 History of Antiquity, 1, 431 History of Architecture, 1, 432, 5, 397 History of Art in Ancient Egypt, 1, 433 History of Art in Chaldsea and As- syria, I, 435 History of Art in Persia, 1, 438 History of Art in Phoenicia and its Dependencies, 1, 436 History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria and Lycia, 1, 437 History of Babylonia and Assyria, A, 1, 435 History of Belgium, The, 13, 597 History of Bengal from the first Mo- hammedan Invasion until the Vir- tual Conquest of that Country by the English, A. D. 1757, 5, 400 History of Brazil, 20, 400 History of British India, 5, 393 History of Brule's Discoveries and Explorations, 1610-1636, 24, 1108 History of California, 24, 11 12 History of Canada, 24, 407, 24, 1107, 1 1 10 History of Canada Under French Regime, 24, 1107 History of Central America, 20, 400 History of Central America and of Mexico, 24, 1 107 History of Charles the Bold, 9, 497 History of China, 6, 325 History of Christianity in India from the Commencement of the Chris- tian Era, 5, 394 History of Civilization, 10, 507 History of Civilization in Ancient In- dia based on Sanskrit Literature, 5, 393 History of Civilization in Scotland, 12, 382 History of Classical Greek Litera- ture, 2, 558 History of Colonization from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, 20, 399 History of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, 16, 345 History of Detroit and Michigan, 24, 1 108 History of Eastern Vermont to the Close of the Eighteenth Century, 24, 1 108 History of Education in the United States, 24, 1 105 History of Egypt, I, 433 History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, 1, 432 History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the XXXth Dynasty, A, I, 433 History of Egypt from the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death of Cleopatra VII, B. C. 30, A, 1, 432 History of Egypt in the Middle Ages, A, 1, 433 History of Egypt under Roman Rule, A, 1, 433 History of Egypt under the Pha- raohs, 1, 432 History of Egypt under the Ptole- maic Dynasty, A, 1, 433 History of England, 11, 645 History of England, 1701-1713, 24, 1 106 History of England, 1713-1783, 24, 1 106 History of England, comprising the Reign of Anne until the Peace of Utrecht, 11, 649 History of England during the Reign of George III, A, 11, 648, 24, 1106 History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace, A, 11, 647 History of England from 1603-1642, II, 646, 24, 1 106 History of England from 1815, 24, 1 106 History of England from the Acces- sion of James II, 11, 647, 24, 1106 History of England from the begin- ning of the XIX. Century to the Crimean War, 24, 1106 History of England from the Con- clusion of the Great War in 1815, A, 11, 650 966 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Span- ish Armada, II, 646, 24, 1106 History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Ver- sailles, 11, 649 History of England from the Year 1830-1874, 11, 648 History of England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century, 11, 648 History of England in the Eighteenth Century, 11, 647, 24, 1106, 11 10 History of England Principally in the Seventeenth Century, 24, 1106 History of Federal Government in Greece, 3, 557 History of Florence; the Prince, 4, 421 History of France, The, 9, 495, 496 History of Friedrich II, called Fred- erick the Great, 18, 456 History of Georgia (Jones), 24, 1109 History of Georgia (Stevens), 24, 1 109 History of German Literature as De- termined by Social Forces, 18, 460 History of Germany, 18, 456 History of Germany from the Earli- est Period to the Present Time, The, 18, 455 History of Germany from the Earli- est Times, A, 18, 455 History of Germany in the Middle Ages, 18, 457 History of Greece, 2, 555, 556 History of Greece from the Com- mencement to the Close of the In- dependence of the Greek Nation, 2, 556 History of Greece from the Con- quest by the Romans to the Present Time, 2, 557 History of Greece to the End of the Persian War, 2, 555 History of Greek Art, 2, 559 History of Gustavus Adolphus and his Time, 16, 347 History of Harvard University, 24, 1 1 10 History of Herodotus, 1, 433 History of Holland and the Dutch Nation, 13, 597, 24, 1106 History of India as told by its own Historians, the Mohammedan Pe- riod, 5, 397 History of India from the Earliest Ages, 5, 393 History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dal- housie's Administration, 5, 393 History of India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, 5, 393 History of India, the Hindoo and Mohammedan Periods, 5, 397 History of India under Queen Vic- toria from 1836 to 1880, 5, 393 History of India under the two first Sovereigns of the House of Tai- mur, Baber and Humayun, 5, 397 History of Ireland, 12, 381 History of Italian Unity, The, 4, 422 History of Italy, 4, 419 History of Japan during the Century of Early Foreign Intercourse ( 1542-165 1), 7, 332 History of Japan to 1871, 7, 332 History of Japanese Literature, 7, 333 History of Java, The, 20, 409 History of Julius Caesar, 3, 401 History of Louisiana, 24, 11 11 History of Maine, 24, 1108 History of Mankind, The, 19, 323 History of Maryland (Bozman), 24, 1 109 History of Maryland (Browne), 24, 1 109 History of Massachusetts, 24, 1108 History of Mexico, 1516-1887, 20, 400 History of Modern Europe, 10, 507 History of My Own Times, 18, 457 History of My Time, A, 9, 501 History of New England, 24, 1108 History of New England with Par- ticular Reference to the Baptists, 24, 1 109 History of New Hampshire, 24, 1108 History of New Jersey, 24, 1109 History of New York, 24, 1109 History of New York in the Revolu- tion, 24, 11 10 History of Newfoundland, from the English, Colonial and Foreign Rec- ords, A, 20, 407 History of North Carolina, 24, 1109 AUTHORS AND TITLES 967 History of Our Navy, 1775-1797, 24, nil History of Our Own Times, 1837- 1897, 11, 647, 12, 381, 24, 1 1 13 History of Pennsylvania, 24, 1109 History of Persia, 5, 401 History of Philip II, King of Spain, 14, 515 History of Plymouth Plantation, 24, 1 108 History of Poland, The, 15, 390 History of Poland from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, 15, 390 History of Political Parties, 24, 1106 History of Portugal, 8, 547 History of Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania, 24, 1108, 1109 History of Prussia to the Accession of Frederick the Great, 1 134-1740, 18, 459 History of Prussia under Frederick the Great, 1740-1756, 18, 459 History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania, A, 24, 1109 History of Reconstruction, 24, 11 14 History of Rhodesia, A, 19, 322 History of Roman Literature, 3, 402 History of Rome, 3, 399, 400, 4, 419, 420 History of Rome and the Roman People, 3, 399 History of Rome by Titus Livius, The, 3, 399 History of Rome during the Later Republic and Early Principate to Vespasian, A, 3, 400 History of Rome to the Battle of Actium, A, 3, 400 History of Rome to the Death of Caesar, A, 3, 399 History of Sanskrit Literature, 5, 398 History of Scotland, 12, 382 History of Scotland (1542-1603), 12, 383 History of Scotland, from the Inva- sion of Agricola to the Union, 12, 382 History of South Africa, 1486-1691; 1691-1795, 19, 324 History of South Africa; History of the Boers or Emigrant Farmers, 19, 324 History of South America, 1854-1904, 31, 361 History of South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, 24, 1109 History of South Carolina under the Royal Government, 24, 1107 History of Spain to the Death of Ferdinand, 8, 545 History of Spanish Literature, 8, 549 History of Sweden, The, 16, 346 History of the American Episcopal Church, 24, 1 109 History of the American Indians, 24, 1 107 History of the American People, 24, 1 103 History of the Australasian Colonies from Their Foundation to the Year 1903, A, 20, 406 History of the Bengal European Regi- ment, now the Royal Munster Fu- siliers, 5, 394 History of the British Empire in In- dia, 5, 393 History of the Campaign of General T. J. Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, Nov. 4, 1861- June 17, 1862, 24, 1 1 14 History of the Church and State in Norway, 16, 347 History of the Church of England, 24, 1 109 History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction, II, 646 History of the Church of England in the Colonies, 24, 1109 History of the City of New York, 24, 1 109 History of the Civil War, 24, 1113 History of the Colonization of Af- rica by Alien Races, 19, 322 History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia, 24, 1109 History of the Colony of New Ha- ven to its Absorption into Con- necticut, 24, 1 108 History of the Colony of New Jer- sey, 24, 1 109 History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 11, 646, 24, 1106 History of the Confederate States Navy, 24, 1 1 14 968 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS History of the Conquest of Mexico, 22, 517 History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, with a Sketch of the Civilization They Achieved and Imparted to Europe, 8, 546 History of the Constitution, 24, 1111 History of the Consulate and the Empire of France Under Napo- leon, 9, 500 History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The, 4, 420 History of the Dukes of Ormond, 12, 381 History of the Egyptian Revolution from the Period of the Mamelukes to the Death of Mehemet Ali, 1, 433 History of the English Church, A, 11, 649 History of the English People, 11, 645 History of the French in India from the founding of Pondicherry in 1674 to the capture of that place in 1761, 5, 399 History of the French Revolution, 9, 498, 499. Soo, 10, 507 History of the French Revolution, the Consulate, and the Empire, 10, 507 History of the German People, 18, 455 History of the German Struggle for Liberty, 18, 456 History of the Germanic Empire, A, 18, 455 History of the Gold Coast, A, 19, 322 History of the Government of the Confederate States, 24, 1106 History of the Grand Army of the Republic, 24, 11 14 History of the Great Civil War, II, 646, 24, 1 106 History of the Greek Revolution, 2, 557 History of the Growth and Decay of the Othman Empire, 14, 513 History of the Hebrew People, A, 1, 440 History of the House of Austria, 18, 456 History of the House of Austria from Rudolph of Hapsburg to the Death of Leopold II, 17, 465 History of the Huguenots of the Dis- persion at the Recall of the Edict of Nantes, A, 9, 498 History of the Indian Mutiny, 5, 398 History of the Indian Mutiny, 1857- 1858, 5, 399 History of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States, 24, 1107 History of the Indian Navy, 1613- 1863, 5, 394 History of the Indian Tribes of Hud- son's, 24, 1 107 History of the Indian Wars in New England, 24, 1108 History of the Insurrection in Mas- sachusetts in the Year of 1786, and the Rebellion Consequent Thereon, 24, mi History of the Islands of the West Indian Archipelago, 22, 518 History of the Jewish Nation after the Destruction of Jerusalem under Titus, 1, 439 History of the Jewish People during the Babylonian, Persian and Greek Periods, A, 1, 440 History of the Jews, 1, 440 History of the Jews from the Earli- est Period to the Present Time, The, 1, 440 History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal, 1, 440 History of the Kingdom of Bohemia, 17, 466 History of the Literature of the Scan- dinavian North, 16, 348 History of the Loco-foco, or Equal Rights Party, 24, 1112 History of the Low Country Warres, The, 13, 599 History of the Madras Army, 5, 394 History of the Marathas, 5, 397. 400 History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from the year 1745. 5, 399 History of the Mogul Emperors of Hindustan illustrated by their Coins, 5, 398 AUTHORS AND TITLES 969 History of the Mongols from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century, 6, 325 History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, 8, 548 History of the Navy During the Re- bellion, 24, 1114 History of the Negro Race in Amer- ica, 24, 1 106, 1 1 12 History of the Netherlands, 13, 599 History of the Norman Conquest, II, 646 History of the Northmen, or Danes and Normans, from the Earliest Times to the Conquest of William of Normandy, 16, 347 History of the Pacific States, 20, 401 History of the Peninsular War, 10, 509 History of the People of the Nether- lands, 13, 597, 24, 1 106 History of the People of the United States, 24, 1 104 History of the Polk Administration, 24, 1112 History of the Portuguese in India, 5, 396 History of the Presidency, 24, 1105 History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America, 24, 1109 History of the Puritans, 24, 1109 History of the Rebellion of 1798, 12, 382 History of the Reformation in Ger- many, 18, 458 History of the Reformation in Scot- land, 12, 382 History of the Reign of Emperor Charles V, 18, 458 History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, 8, 548 History of the Reign of Philip II, 8, 548 History of the Renaissance in Italy, A, 4, 421 History of the Revolt of the Amer- ican Colonies, 24, 1108 History of the Revolution in South Carolina, 24, 1110 History of the Revolutionary Period, 9, 499 History of the Rise and Progress of the Bengal Army, 5, 394 History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France, 9, 496 History of the Rise of the Moham- medan Power in India, 5, 397 History of the Rise, Progress and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America, 24, 1 1 10 History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American War, 24, 1 1 10 History of the Romans under the Empire, 3, 400 History of the Saracens, 1, 439 History of the Second Army Corps in the Army of the Potomac, 24, 1114 History of the Second Pan-Amer- ican Congress, 22, 516 History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-1858, 5, 398, 399 History of the Siege of Boston, 24, mo History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantation, 24, 1 108 History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 24, 1105 History of the Thirty Years' War, 18, 457 History of the United Netherlands, 13, 598 History of the United States (Adams), 24, 1105 History of the United States (Bancroft), 24, 1104 History of the United States (Channing), 24, 1108 History of the United States (Elson), 24, 1104 History of the United States (Hildreth), 24, 1104 History of the United States (Schouler), 24, 1105 History of the United States (Smith), 24, 1 104 History of the United States in Our Own Time, 24, 1105 History of the United States Navy, 24, 1 105 970 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS History of the United States Sani- tary Commission, 24, 11 14 History of the United States Since the Compromise of 1850, 24, 1105 History of the Virginia Company of London, 24, 1109 History of the War in the Peninsula and the South of France, 8, 548 History of the Western Empire, 18, 456 History of the Whig Party, 24, 1106 History of the World: A Survey of Man's Record, 7, 332, 20, 402 History of Virginia (Beverly), 24, 1 109 History of Virginia (Burk), 24, 1 109 History of Virginia (Stith), 24, 1 109 History of Wyoming [Valley], 24, 1 109 Hitchman, Francis: Captain Sir Richard Burton, His Early, Private and Public Life, 19, 325 Hittiter und Armenien, 1, 436 Hoar, George F.: Autobiography of Seventy Years, 24, 1 1 14 Hoare, E. N.: Brave Men of Eyam, The, 25, 858 Turbulent Town, A, 25, 875 Hobbes, John Oliver: Imperial India, Letters from the East, 5, 395 School for Saints, The, 25, 834 Hobhouse, John Cam: Journey through Albania, A, 14, SIS Hobson, John Atkinson: War in South Africa, The, Its Cause and Effects, 19, 322 Hocking, Joseph: Birthright, The, 25, 863 Flame of Fire, A, 25, 833 Follow the Gleam, 25, 855 Lest We Forget, 25, 852 Hocking, Silas Kitto: Strange Adventures of Israel Pen- dray, The, 25, 863 Hodge, Alma, and Scott, Florence: Round Tower, The, 25, 870 Hodgetts, J. F.: Kormak the Viking, 25, 880 Hodgkin, Thomas: Charles the Great, 9, 497 Italy and Her Invaders, 4, 420 Hodgson, Joseph: Cradle of the Confederacy, 24, 11 12 Hogarth, David George: Mycenaean Civilization, 2, 558 Hohenzollern, 25, 882 Holcombe, Chester: Real Chinese Question, The, 6, 328 Holcroft, Thomas: Works, 18, 457 Holden, Edward Singleton: Mogul Emperors of Hindustan, 5, 397 Holdich, Sir Thomas H.: India, 5, 395, 398 Holinshead: Carew Papers, 12, 381 Chronicles, 12, 381 Irish Statutes, 12, 381 Holland, Josiah Gilbert: Bay Path, The, 25, 890 Holland, Thomas E.: European Concert in the Eastern Question, 14, 514 Holland, 13, 597, 598 Hollis, Gertrude: Hugh the Messenger, 25, 849 In the days of St. Anselm, 25, 847 Scholar of Lindisfarne, A, 25, 845 Son of yElla, The, 25, 845 Spurs and Bride, 25, 848 Hollis, Porter: Reconstruction in South Carolina, 24, 1114 Hollister, O. J.: Life of Schuyler Colfax, 24, 11 14 Holm, Adolf: History of Greece from the com- mencement to the close of the Independence of the Greek Na- tion, 2, 556 Holmby House, 25, 856 Holmes, T. R.: Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 3, 400 History of the Indian Mutiny, 5, 398 Holroyd, Caroline C: Seething Days, 25, 852 AUTHORS AND TITLES 971 Hoist, Hermann von: French Revolution Tested by Mira- beau's Career, 9, 497 Life of Calhoun, 24, 1112 Holt, Emily S.: Clare Avery, 25, 854 Imogene, 25, 845 Lady Sybil's Choice, 25, 823, 847 Lettice Eden: Tale of Last Days of Henry VIII, 25, 852 Princess Adelaide, 25, 848 Red and White, 25, 851 Holwell, John Z.: Indian Tracts, 5, 398 Holy Roman Empire, 18, 455 Home Life in Colonial Days, 24, 1109 Hommel, Fritz: Der babylonische Ursprung der aegyptische Kultur, 1, 434 Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyr- iens, 1, 434 Semitsche Volker und Sprachen, 1, 434 Homoselle, 25, 897 Honour of Henri de Valois, The, 25, 822 Honour of Savelli, The, 25, 828 Hood, Alexander Nelson: Adria, 25, 830 Hoogt, C. W. van der: Story of the Boers, Narrated by Their Own Leaders, 19, 322 Hooker, L. Roy: Africanders, a Century of Dutch- English Feud in South Africa, 19, 322 Hooker, Thomas, 24, 1110 Hooper: Forests of the West Indies, 22, 5i8 Hooper, I.: His Grace o' the Gunne, 25, 858 Singer of Marly, The, 25, 839 Hoosier Schoolmaster, 25, 897 Hope, Anthony: Simon Dale, 25, 858 Hope, Graham: Cardinal and his Conscience, A, 25, 836 Gage of Red and White, The, 25, 836 My Lord Winchenden, 25, 858 Triumph of Count Ostermann, The, 25, 878 Hope, Matilda: Because of the Angels, 25, 875 Hope the Hermit, 25, 859 Hope, Thomas: Anastasius; or, Memoirs of a Greek, 25, 825 Hopkins, E. W.: India, Old and New, 5, 395 Hopkins, J. M.: Life of Andrew H. Foote, 24, 11 14 Hopkins, Samuel: Puritans and Queen Elizabeth, The, 24, 1 106 Hopkins, Samuel, 24, 1106 Hopkins, Tighe: For Freedom, 25, 830 Hoppus, Mary A. M.: Great Treason, A, 25, 894 Masters of the World, 25, 826 Horn, F. W.: History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North, 16, 348 Home, Charles T.: Story of Germany, The, 18, 455 Hornung, Ernest W.: Denis Dent, 25, 888 Rogues' March, The, 25, 888 Horse Shoe Robinson, 25, 893 Horsley, Reginald: Stonewall's Scout, 25, 898 Hosack: Mary Queen of Scots and Her Ac- cusers, 12, 383 Hosie, Alexander: Manchuria: Its People, Resources, and Recent History, 6, 326 Three Years in Western China, 6, 328 Hosmer, J. K.: Life of Sir Harry Vane, 24, 11 10 Life of Thomas Hutchinson, Royal Governor, 24, 11 n Samuel Adams, 24, nn Hough, Emerson: Girl at the Half-way House, The, 25, 899 Mississippi Bubble, The, 25, 839, 892 Hough, J.: History of Christianity in India 972 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS from the Commencement of the Christian Era, 5, 394 Hough, P. M.: Dutch Life in Town and Country, 13, 598 Hour and the Man, The, 25, 889 Housard: Parliamentary Debates, 12, 382 House Divided, The, 25, 862 House of DeMailly, The, 25, 839 House of the Combrays, The, 25, 842 House of the Wizard, The, 25, 852 House of the Wolf, The, 25, 836 House of Walderne, The, 25, 848 Household of Sir Thomas More, The, 25, 851 Houses of Lancaster and York, 11, 646 Houston, D. W.: Critical Study of Nullification, 24, 1 106, 1 1 12 Houston, Sam, and the War of Inde- pendence in Texas, 24, 11 13 How, W. W.: Hannibal and the Great War be- tween Rome and Carthage, 3, 401 History of Rome to the Death of Caesar, 3, 399 How I crossed Africa, from the At- lantic to the Indian Ocean, etc., 19, 326 How I Found Livingstone, 19, 327 How I Won my Spurs, 25, 848 How Marcus Whitman Saved Ore- gon, 24, 1 1 12 Howard, George E.: Introduction to the Local Consti- tutional History of the United States, 24, 1 105 Howard, Oliver Otis: General Taylor, 24, 11 13 Howarth, Anna: Katrina: a Tale of the Karoo, 25, 885 Nora Lester, 25, 886 Sword and Assegai, 25, 885 Howell: Mexico: Its Progress and Commer- cial Possibilities, 22, 516 Howorth, Henry Hoyle: History of the Mongols from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century, 6, 325 Hoyer: Konungariket Sverige, 16, 346 Hozier, H. M.: Seven Weeks' War, The, 18, 457 Hubbard, Elbert: Time and Chance, 25, 896 Hubbard, William: General History of New England to 1680, 24, 1 108 History of the Indian Wars in New England, 24, 1108 Huber, A.: Geschichte Oesterreichs, 17, 465 Hudson, H.: Wild Humphrey Kynaston, 25, 851 Hudson, W. H.: El Ombti, 25, 889 Hueffer, Ford Madox: Fifth Queen, The, 25, 852 Romance, 25, 866 Huffcutt, E. W.: Constitutional Aspect of the Gov- ernment of Dependencies, 20, 411 Hug, L., and Stead, R.: Switzerland, 13, 600 Hugh Gwyeth, 25, 855 Hugh the Messenger, 25, 849 Hugh Wynne, 25, 894 Hugo, Victor: Bug-Jargal, 25, 889 Les Miserables, 25, 843 Ninety-Three, 25, 840 Notre-Dame de Paris, 25, 835 Huguenot, The, 25, 838 Hull, Charles W.: Finances in the British West In- dies, 20, 397 Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alex- ander von: Island of Cuba, The, 20, 402 Personal Narrative of Travels, 20, 402 Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, 20, 402 Hume, Martin Andrew S.: Modern Spain, 1 788-1898, 8, 547 Spain, its Greatness and Decay, 1479-1788, 8, 547 Spanish People, Their Origin, Growth and Influence, 8, 545 AUTHORS AND TITLES 973 Year after the Armada, The, and Other Historical Studies, 8, 547 Humphrey, Frank Pope: New England Cactus, A, 25, 890 Humphrey, George: Land of the Amazons, 21, 360 Hundred Days, The, 25, 843 Hungarian Brothers, The, 25, 881 Hungarian Nabob, An, 25, 882 Hungary, 17, 466 Hunt, C. H.: Life of Edward Livingston, 24, 11 13 Hunt, Gaillard: Life of James Madison, 24, n 13 Hunt, W.: History of Italy, 4, 419 Hunt, William, and Stephens, Wil- liam Richard Wood: History of the English Church, 11, 649 Hunter, P. Hay: Bible and Sword, 25, 873 Hunter, Sir William Wilson: Annals of Rural Bengal, 5, 398 History of British India, 5, 393 Imperial Gazetteer of India, 5, 395 India of the Queen and Other Es- says, 5, 395 Indian Empire, its People, History and Products, 5, 395 Old Missionary, The, 25, 831 Orissa, 5, 398 Statistical Survey of British India, 5, 395 Hurlburt, A. B.: Historic Highways of North America, 24, 1107 Hurrah for the Spanish Main!, 25, 853 Huss et la Guerre des Hussites, 17, 466 Hutchinson, Horace G.: Friend of Nelson, A, 25, 864 Hutchinson, Thomas: Commercial Restraints, 12, 382 History of Massachusetts, 24, 1108 Hutton, Edward: Frederic Uvedale, 25, 830 Hylten-Cavallius, G. O.: Warend och Windarne, 16, 348 Hyne, Charles John Cutcliffe: Through Arctic Lapland, 16, 348 Prince Rupert the Buccaneer, 25, 857 Hypatia, 25, 821 I Crown Thee King, 25, 852 I Lived as I Listed, 25, 857 I Mille, 4, 421 I, Thou, and the Other One, 25, 867 Icazbalceta: Coleccion nueva de documentos para la historia de Mejico, 22, 5i6 Iceland, Its Scenes and Sagas, 16, 347 Ienaga, T.: Constitutional Development of Japan, 7, 333 Ierne of Armorica, 25, 834 Ihne, W.: Early Rome, 3, 400 History of Rome, 3, 399, 4, 420 Ilbert, Sir Courtenay: Government of India, 5, 394 Ilios, 2, 559 Illinois and Louisiana Under French Rule, 24, 1 108 Illustreret Norges Historie, 16, 346 Imbries, W.: English-Japanese Etymology, 7, 333 Imogene, 25, 845 Impending Crisis, The, 24, 11 12 Imperial Gazetteer of India, 5, 395 Imperial India, Letters from the East, 5, 395 Imperial Lover, An, 25, 878 Imperial Rule in India, being an Ex- amination of the Principles Proper to the Government of Dependen- cies, 5, 394 Imperial Russian Navy, The, 15, 389 Impressions of South Africa, 19, 321, 20, 405 Improvisatore; or, Life in Italy, 25, 830 In Alfred's Days, 25, 846 In Blue and White, 25, 894 In Chaucer's Maytime, 25, 849 In Clarissa's Day, 25, 862 In Colston's Days, 25, 856 974 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS In Connection with the De Wil- loughby Claim, 25, 897 In Darkest Africa, 19, 324 In Dewisland, 25, 868 In Exitu Israel, 25, 840 In Fair Granada, 25, 833 In Four Reigns, 25, 866 In Freedom's Cause, 25, 871 In Furthest Ind, 25, 831 In Ghostly Japan, 7, 332 In Greek Waters, 25, 824 In High Places, 25, 854 In His Name, 25, 834 In Holiest Troth, 25, 833 In Jacobite Days, 25, 859 In Kedar's Tents, 25, 834 In King's Byways, 25, 837 In King's Houses, 25, 860 In Leisler's Times, 25, 891 In Lincoln Green, 25, 848 In Press-Gang Days, 25, 864 In South Africa with Buller, 19, 323 In Spite of All, 25, 855 In Steel and Leather, 25, 851 In Taunton Town, 25, 859 In the Blue Pike, 25, 883 In the Camp of Cornwallis, 25, 893 In the Day of Adversity, 25, 838 In the Days of Chivalry, 25, 849 In the Days of Goldsmith, 25, 869 In the Days of King James, 25, 854 In the Days of Prince Hal, 25, 850 In the Days of St. Anselm, 25, 847 In the Eagle's Talon, 25, 895 In the Fifteen, 25, 861 In the Golden Days, 25, 858 In the Heart of Holland, 13, 598 In the Irish Brigade, 25, 861 In the King's Favour, 25, 872 In the King's Service, 25, 856, 869 In the Land of the Gods, 7, 332 In the Lion's Mouth, 25, 841 In the Midst of Alarms, 25, 888 In the Olden Time, 25, 883 In the Palace of the King, 25, 833 In the Reign of Terror, 25, 841 In the Service of Rachel, Lady Rus- sell, 25, 858 In the Shadow of the Crown, 25, 849 In the Track of the Troops, 25, 880 In the Trenches, 25, 867 In the Valley, 25, 894 In the Wake of King James, 25, 869 In the War with Mexico, 25, 896 In the Wars of the Roses, 25, 850 In the Year of Waterloo, 25, 842 In the Year '13, 25, 842, 884 In Times of Peril, 25, 832 In Troubled Times, 25, 876 In Two Moods, 25, 878 In Westminster Choir, 25, 858 Inca Civilization in Peru, The, 21, 357 Inca's Ransom, The, 25, 888 Inchbracken, 25, 875 Incomparable Bellairs, 25, 862 Independence of the South Ameri- can Republics: a Study in Recog- nition and Foreign Policy, 21, 359 India, 5, 395, 398 India and Christian Opportunity, 5, 394 India in the Nineteenth Century, 5, 393 India in the Victorian Age, Economic History of the People, 5, 394 India, its Administration and Prog- ress, 5, 394 India of the Queen and Other Es- says, 5, 395 India, Old and New, 5, 395 India, Past and Present, 5, 395 India Portuguesa, A, 8, 548 Indian Caste, 5, 401 Indian Coinage and Currency, 5, 394 Indian Empire, 5, 395 Indian Empire, its Peoples, History, and Products, 5, 395 Indian Frontier Warfare, 5, 400 Indian Life in Town and Country, 5, 395 Indian Policy of Spain, The, 20, 402 Indian Polity, a View of the System of Administration in India, 5, 394 Indian Tracts, 5, 398 Indian Village Community, 5, 394 Induna's Wife, The, 25, 885 Industrial Cuba, 22, 518 Industrial History of the United States, 24, 1 1 10 Industries of Japan, Together with an Account of Its Agriculture, For- estry and Commerce, 7, 331 rnfidel, The, 25, 862 Influence of Sea Power Upon the AUTHORS AND TITLES 975 French Revolution and Empire, The, 9, 498, 10, 509 Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, 5, 398, 11, 647 Influence of the Breton Deputation and the Breton Club in the French Revolution, 9, 497 Ingemann, B. S.: Waldemar, 25, 880 Ingraham, J. H.: Pillar of Fire, The, 25, 822 (Prince of the House of David, The, 35, 823 Ingram, J. F.: Natalia, 19, 322 Ingwall, C. J.: Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States and Great Britain, 24, 11 12 Inhabitants of the Philippines, The, 20, 411 Inimitable Mrs. Massingham, The, 25, 864 Inman, H. Escott: Saga of Jarl the Neatherd, The, 25, 880 Innes, Cosmo: Essay on Ancient Inhabitants of Scotland, 12, 382 Scotland in the Middle Ages, 12, .382 Inness, P. R.: History of the Bengal European Regiment, now the Royal Mun- ster Fusiliers, 5, 394 Inouye, Jukicki: Japan-China War, 6, 326 Institutes: a Text-Book of the His- tory and System of Roman Private Law, The, 3, 402 Intercourse between the United States and Japan, 7, 332 Interloper, The, 25, 875 Interpreter, The, 25, 867, 882 Introduction to English Economic History and Theory, An, 11, 645 Introduction to Roman Law, 3, 402 Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament, An, 1, 439 Introduction to the Local Constitu- tional History of the United States, 24, 1 105 Introduction to the Study of Mortu- ary Customs among the North American Indians, 24, 1107 Invasion, The, 25, 868 Invasion of Canada in 1775, 24, 11 10 Invasion of Denmark in 1864, 16, 346 Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch and Justin, The, 5, 398 Invasion of the Crimea, The, 14, 514 Inwadi Yami, 19, 326 Ireland, Alleyne: American Administration in the Philippine Islands, 20, 411 Anglo-Boer Conflict, Its History and Causes, 19, 322 Tropical Colonization: An Intro- duction to the Study of the Sub- ject, 20, 398 Ireland, 12, 381 Ireland, 1498-1868, 12, 381 Ireland and Her Story, 12, 381 Ireland and the Celtic Church, 12, 38i Ireland under English Rule, 12, 381 Ireland under the Tudors, 12, 381 Irish History and Irish Character, 12, 381 Irish Land Law, 12, 382 Irish Statutes, 12, 381 Irish Tracts, 12, 382 Irish-Presbyterian Church, 12, 381 Iron Brigade, The, 25, 898 Irving, Washington: Alhambra, The, 25, 833 Astoria, 24, 11 12 Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada, 8, 547, 25, 833 Knickerbocker's History of New York, 25, 890 Life and Voyages of Columbus, 24, 1 107 Washington, 24, 11 11 Irwin, H. C: Garden of India, or Chapters on Oudh History and Affairs, 5, 398 With Sword and Pen, 25, 832 Isabella Orsini, 25, 828 Iseulte, 25, 844 Isham, Frederic S.: Under the Rose, 25, 836 Ishmael, 25, 843 976 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Isidro, 25, 896 Iskander, 25, 824 Islam in Africa, 19, 324 Island of Cuba, The, 20, 402 Island of Sorrow, The, 25, 870 Island of the English, The, 25, 842 Island Refuge, An, 25, 891 Island von seiner ersten Entdeckung bis zum Untergange des Frei- staates, 16, 346 Islandische Volkasagen des Gegen- wart gesammelt und verdentscht, 16, 348 Isle of Unrest, The, 25, 843 Istar of Babylon: a Phantasy, 25, 821 Italian Expansion and Colonies, 20, 410 Italy and Her Invaders, 4, 420 Italy under Victor Emmanuel, 4, 422 Italy's Experience with Colonies, 20, 410 Ivan de Biron, 25, 878 Ivan the Terrible, 15, 389 Ivanhoe, 25, 847 Ivar the Viking, 25, 880 Jaccaci, August F.: On the Trail of Don Quixote, 8, 550 Jack and his Island, 25, 896 Jack Archer, 25, 867 Jack Hinton, 25, 870 Jack Horner, 25, 899 Jackson, Helen: Ramona, 25, 899 Jackson, "Stonewall," 24, 11 14 Jackson, Stonewall, and the American Civil War, 24, 11 14 Jacob, Violet: Interloper, The, 25, 875 Sheep Stealers, The, 25, 868 Jacob and John, 25, 862 Jacobite, The, 25, 860 Jacobite Exile, A, 25, 880 Jacobs, Joseph: As Others Saw Him, 25, 823 Jacquerie, The, 25, 835 Jacques Bonneval, 25, 838 James, Edmund James: Federal Constitution of Switzer- land, 13, 599 James, George Payne Rainsford: Agincourt, 25, 850 Arabella Stuart, 25, 854 Arrah Neil, 25, 855 Attila; or, The Huns, 25, 827 Brigand, The, 25, 836 Castle of Ehrenstein, The, 25, 882 Darnley, 25, 851 Forest Days, 25, 849 Gowrie, 25, 872 Heidelberg, 25, 883 Henry Masterton, 25, 856 Henry of Guise; or, The States of Blois, 25, 837 Huguenot, The, 25, 838 Jacquerie, The, 25, 835 John Marston Hall; or, The Little Ball of Fire, 25, 838 King's Highway, The, 25, 860 Leonora d' Oreo; or, The Times of Caesar Borgia, 25, 828 Man-at-Arms, The, 25, 836 Mary of Burgundy, 25, 875 Old Dominion, The, 25, 896 One in a Thousand, 25, 837 Philip Augustus; or, The Brothers in Arms, 25, 834 Richelieu, 25, 837 Rose d' Albret, 25, 837 Smuggler, The, 25, 862 Woodman, The, 25, 851 James I, King of Aragon: Chronicles of James I, 8, 547 Jameson, J. A.: Constitutional Convention, The, 24, 1 105 Jameson, J. F.: Essays in Constitutional History of the United States, 24, mi Jan van Elselo, 25, 876 Jane, Frederick T.: Imperial Russian Navy, 15, 389 Jane Seton, 25, 872 Janice Meredith, 25, 894 Janson, Gustaf: Abraham's Sacrifice, 25, 886 Janssen, Johannes: History of the German People, 18, 455 AUTHORS AND TITLES 977 Janvier, Thomas A.: Aztec Treasure-House: a Romance of Contemporaneous Antiquity, The, 25, 888 Japan, 7, 332 Japan: An Interpretation, 7, 332 Japan and Its Trade, 7, 333 Japan as It Was and Is, 7, 332 Japan by the Japanese: A Survey by the Highest Authorities, 7, 332 Japan in the Beginning of the Twen- tieth Century, 7, 333 Japan: Its History, Art and Litera- ture, 7, 331 Japan: Travels and Researches Un- dertaken at the Cost of the Prus- sian Government, 7, 331 Japan-China War, The, 6, 326 Japanese Girls and Women, 7, 332 Japanese Interior, A, 7, 332 Japanese Life in Town and Country, 7, 332 Japanese Miscellany, A, 7, 332 Jastrow, Morris, Jr.: Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, 1, 434 Java; or, How to Manage a Colony: Showing a Practical Solution of the Questions Now Affecting British India, 20, 409 Jay, John; Hamilton, Alexander; and Madison, James: Federalist, The, 24, 1105 Jay, William: Life of John Jay, 24, 1112 Review of the Causes and Conse-' quences of the Mexican War, 24, 1 1 12 Jebb, Richard Claverhouse : Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry, 2, 558 Modern Greece, 2, 557 Jefferson, Thomas, 24, 11 11 Jeffery, Walter: First Fleet Family, A, 25, 888 King's Yard, The, 25, 863 Mutineer, The, 25, 888 Jemmapes et la conquete de la Bel- gique.. 10, 508 Jenetha's Venture, 25, 832 Jenkins, John S.: Life of Silas Wright, 24, 1113 Jenks, Edward: History of the Australasian Col- onies from Their Foundation to the Year 1903, 20, 406 Jenks, Jeremiah Whipple: English Colonial Fiscal System in the Far East, 20, 397 Report on Certain Economic Ques- tions in the English and Dutch Colonies of the Orient, 20, 404, 409 Jenkyns, Sir Henry: British Rule and Jurisdiction Be- yond the Seas; with a Preface by Sir Courtenay Ilbert, 20, 404 Jensen, Peter: Hittiter und Armenien, 1, 436 Jensen, Wilhelm: Karine, 25, 880 Jeremias, J.: Tyrus bis zur Zeit Nebukadnezars, I. 436 Jernigan, Thomas R.: China in Law and Commerce, 6, 328 Jerrold, Blanchard: Life of Napoleon III, 9, 497 Jerusalem, 25, 824 Jervis, W. H.: History of France, 9, 496 Jessamy Bride, The, 25, 863 Jessett, Montague George: Key to South Africa: Delagoa Bay, 8, 547, 19, 325 Jessopp, A.: Coming of the Friars and Other Historic Essays, II, 647 Jesuit Fathers, 20, 410 Jesuit Relations and Allied Docu- ments, 24, 1 108 Jesuits in North America, The, 20, 408, 24, 1 107 Jesus, the Carpenter of Nazareth, 25, 823 Jetta, 25, 882 Jew, The, 25, 879 Jewel of Ynys Galon, The, 25, 860, 868 Jewett, Sara Orne: Tory Lover, The, 25, 894 Jewish Encyclopaedia, The, I, 440 Jezebel, 25, 822 978 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Joan of Arc, 9, 498 Joan of the Sword-Hand, 25, 883 Joan the Maid, 25, 835 John Burnet of Barns, 25, 873 John Charity, 25, 896 John Gilbert, Yeoman, 25, 857 John Halifax, Gentleman, 25, 864 John Inglesant, 25, 829, 856 John Law, the Projector, 25, 839, 892 John March, Southerner, 25, 899 John Marmaduke, 25, 869 John Marston Hall, 25, 838 John Maxwell's Marriage, 25, 870 John o' London, 25, 848 John of Fordun: Chronica gentis Scotorum, 12, 382 John of Gerisau, 25, 844, 884 John of Strathbourne, 25, 836 John Splendid, 25, 856, 873 John Standish, 25, 849 John Vytal, 25, 890 Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science, 7, 332 Johnson, Andrew, Impeachment and Trial of, 24, 11 14 Johnson, E. R.: Commercial Relations of the United States with the Far East, 20, 411 Johnson, Owen: Nicole, 25, 841 Johnson, Rossiter: Civil War, The, 24, 11 13 Johnson, William Henry: King's Henchman, The, 25, 837 Johnston, Alexander: Connecticut, 24, 1108 Johnston, Christopher: Epistolary Literature of the Assyr- ians and Babylonians, 1, 434 Johnston, H. P.: Yorktown Campaign and the Sur- render of Cornwallis, 1781, 24, 1 1 10 Johnston, H. W.: Private Life of the Romans, 3, 402 Johnston, Sir Harry: Colonization of Africa, 8, 547, 19, 322 Johnston, Henry: Chronicles of Glenbuckie, 25, 875 Johnston, Sir Henry Hamilton: Kilima Njaro Expedition, 19, 325 River Congo, 19, 325 Johnston, Mary: By Order of the Company, 25, 890 Old Dominion, The, 25, 891 Sir Mortimer, 25, 853 To Have and To Hold, 25, 890 Johnston, R. M., and W. H. Brown: Life of Alexander H. Stephens, 24, 1 1 14 Johnston, William: Yellow Shield, The, 25, 885 Joinville, John de: Crusade of St. Louis, 9, 501 Jokai, Maurus: Baron's Sons, The, 25, 882 Day of Wrath, The, 25. 882 Debts of Honour, 25, 882 Eyes like the Sea, 25, 882 Green Book, The, 25, 878 Halil the Pedlar, 25, 879 Hungarian Nabob, An, 25, 882 Lion of Janina, The, 25, 879 Manasseh, 25, 830, 882 'Midst the Wild Carpathians, 25, 881 Nameless Castle, The, 25, 882 New Landlord, The, 25, 882 Pretty Michal, 25, 881 Slaves of the Padishah, The, 25, 881 Told by the Death's Head: a Ro- mantic Tale, 25, 881 Joncquiere, A. de la: Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman, 14, 513 Jones, C. H.: African Exploration from Herod- otus to Livingstone, 19, 322 Jones, Charles Colcock, Jr.: History of Georgia, 24, 1109 Jones, Ernest: Maid of Warsaw, The, 25, 879 Jones, J.: Rebel War Clerk's Diary, 24, 1113 Jones, J. S.: Defence of the Revolutionary His- tory of North Carolina, 24, 1110 AUTHORS AND TITLES 979 Jones, Thomas: History of New York in the Revo- lution, 24, 1 1 10 Jonge, J. K. J. de: De Opkomst van het Nederlandsch Gezag in Oost-Indie, 5, 398 Joscelyn Cheshire, 25, 893 Joseph the Dreamer, 25, 822 Joshua: a Tale of Biblical Times, 25, 822 Josika, Baron Miklos (or Nicholas): 'Neath the Hoof of the Tartar, 25, 881 Jourdain: Guerra do Paraguay, 21, 360 Journal of the Lady Beatrix Graham, 25, 873 Journals Kept in France and Italy from 1848 to 1852, 9, 502 Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, 24, 1 1 12 Journey through Albania, A, 14, 514 Journey through the Kingdom of Oudh in 1849 and 1855, 5, 400 Journeymen Love, 25, 843 Journeys in North China, 6, 329 Jovinian, 25, 827 Joyce, Patrick: Social History of Ancient Ireland, 12, 381 Joyneville, C: Alexander I, Life and Times, 15, 389 Judith Shakespeare, 25, 854 Judson, Harry Pratt: Growth of the American Nation, 24, 1110 Julamerk, 25, 822 Julian; or, Scenes in Judaea, 25, 823 Julian's Dream, 25, 827 Julio, 25, 834 Julius Caesar and the Foundation of the Roman Imperial System, 3, 401 Junck, Karl: Der deutsche-franzosische Krieg 1870 und 1871, 18, 457 Jungman, B.: Norway, 16, 348 Jurg Jenatsch, 25, 877 Juste, Theodore: Leopold I et Leopold II, 13, 598 Justi, Carl: Diego Velasquez and his Times, 8, 549 Kaffir Folklore, 19, 327 Kaler, J. O.: see Otis, James Kallistratus, 25, 825 Kantsch, E.: Outline of the History of the Lit- erature of the Old Testament, 1, 440 Karine, 25, 880 Kate Beaumont, 25, 897 Kate Cameron of Brux, 25, 871 Katerfelto, 25, 863 Katherine Walton, 25, 893 Kathleen Clare, 25, 869 Kathleen Mavourneen, 25, 870 Katrina: a Tale of the Karoo, 25, 885 Kaulen, Frank: Assyrien und Babylonien nach den neuesten Entdeckungen, 1, 434 Kavanagh, Julia: Madeleine: a Tale of Auvergne, 25, 842 Kawakami, K.: Political Ideas of Modern Japan, 7, 333 Kaye, Sir John William: History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-1858, 5, 398 Lives of Indian Officers, Illustra- tive of the Civil and Military Services of India, 5, 394 Kayser, Friedrich: Aegypten einst und jetzt, 1, 432 Keane and Crawson: Early English Chartered Com- panies, 24, 1 106 Keane, A. H.: Africa, 19, 322 Boer States, Land and People, The, 19, 325 Central and South America and West Indies, 22, 516 Compendium of Geography and Travel, 19, 322 Keary, Annie Maria: Castle Daly, 25, 870 980 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Keary, Charles F.: Vikings of Western Christendom, 1 6, 346 Keasby, Lindley Miller: Nicaragua Canal and the Monroe Doctrine, 24, 1106 Political Relations of the United States with the European Pow- ers in the Far East, 20, 411 Keeling, Elsa d'Esterre: Queen's Serf, The, 25, 861 Keene, H. G.: History of India from the Earliest Times, 5, 393 Keightley, S. R.: Cavaliers, The, 25, 856 Crimson Sign, The, 25, 869 Last Recruit of Clare's, The, 25, 839 Pikemen, The, 25, 870 Silver Cross, The, 25, 837 Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, 1, 435 Keller, Albert Galloway: Essays in Colonization, 19, 323, 20, 410 Italian Expansion and Colonies, 20, 410 Italy's Experience with Colonies, 20, 397, 410 Kelly, James Fitzmaurice: History of Spanish Literature, 8, 549 Kemmerer, E. W.: Fiscal System of Egypt, 20, 397 Kenilworth, 25, 853 Kennedy, Bart: Tramp in Spain from Andalusia to Andova, 8, 550 Kennedy, E. B.: Thirty Seasons in Scandinavia, 16, 348 Kennedy, John Pendleton: Horseshoe Robinson, 25, 893 Kennedy, Sara Beaumont: Joscelyn Cheshire, 25, 893 Kenneth, 25, 842, 878 Kenrick, J.: Phoenicia, I, 436 Kensington Palace, 25, 860 Kent, C. F.: History of the Hebrew People, I, 440 History of the Jewish People dur- ing the Babylonian, Persian and Greek Periods, x, 440 Kent Squire, A, 25, 839, 861 Kentucky Cardinal, A, 25, 897 Kenyon, Charles : Won in Warfare, 25, 893 Kenycn, Edith C: Queen of Nine Days, A, 25, 852 Kenyon, O.: Amor Victor: a Novel of Ephesus and Rome, 25, 826 Ker, David: Torn from the Foundations, 25, 833 Wizard King, The, 25, 879, 881 Key of Paradise, The, 25, 829 Key of the Pacific, The the Nica- ragua Canal, 22, 516 Key to South Africa: Delagoa Bay, The, 8, 547, 19, 325 Key to the Riddle, The, 25, 829 Kidnapped, 25, 874 Kielhorn, F., and Buhler, J. G.: Grundriss der indo-arischen phi- lologie und altertums-kunde, 5, 396 Kilgorman, 25, 870 Kilima Njaro Expedition, 19, 325 King, B.: History of Italian Unity, 4, 422 King, C. R.: Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, 24, 1 1 13 King, Charles : Cadet Days, 25, 894 Iron Brigade, The, 25, 898 King, Grace: De Soto and His Men, 24, 1107 King, Horatio: Turning on the Light, 24, 11 12 King Alfred's Viking, 25, 846 King and His Campaigners, A, 25, 880 King Arthur and his Knights, The Story of, 25, 845 King by the Grace of God, 25, 856 King for a Summer, 25, 839 King Leopold's Rule in Africa, 19, 326 King Noanett, 25, 891 King of Schnorrers, The, 25, 824 AUTHORS AND TITLES 981 King of the Mountains, The, 25, 824 King Olaf's Kinsman, 25, 846 King with Two Faces, The, 25, 881 Kingdom of Ireland, The, 24, 1106 Kinglake, Alexander William: Invasion of the Crimea, 14, 514 King's Achievement, The, 25, 852 King's Agent, The, 25, 859 King's Assegai, The, 25, 885 King's Comrade, A, 25, 845 King's Deputy, The, 25, 869 King's Fool, The, 25, 834 King's Henchman, The, 25, 837 King's Highway, 25, 860 King's Own, The, 25, 864 King's Pawn, A, 25, 837 King's Reeve, The, 25, 849 King's Revoke, The, 25, 842 King's Ring, The, 25, 893 King's Secret; Being the Secret Cor- respondence of Louis XV with his Diplomatic Agents from 1752 to 1774, The, 9, 501 King's Signet, The, 25, 838 King's Sons, The, 25, 845 King's Treasure House, The, 25, 821 King's Woman, A, 25, 870 King's Yard, The: a Story of Old Portsmouth, 25, 863 Kingsford, William: History of Canada, 20, 407, 24, 1 107, 1 1 10 Kingsley, Charles: Hereward the Wake; Last of the English, 25, 846 Heroes, The, 25, 824 Hypatia, 25, 821 Westward Ho!, 25, 853 Kingsley, Florence Morse: Cross Triumphant, The, 25, 823 Paul, a Herald of the Cross, 25, 823 Stephen, a Soldier of the Cross, 25, 823 Titus, 25, 823 Kingsley, Henry: Mademoiselle Mathilde, 25, 841 Old Margaret, 25, 875 Silcote of Silcotes, 25, 830 Stretton, 25, 832 Valentin, 25, 844 Kingsley, M. H.: Story of West Africa, 19, 323 Travels in West Africa, Congo, Francais, Corisco, Cameroons, *9, 325 West African Studies, 19, 326 Kingsley, W. L.: Yale College, 24, 1110 Kingston, William Henry Giles: Edol the Druid, 25, 845 From Powder-Monkey to Admiral, 25, 866 Great African Travellers, from Mungo Park to Stanley, 19, 323 Jovinian, 25, 827 Merchant of Haarlem, The, 25, 876 Kinos, Y.: Past and Present of Japanese Com- merce, 7, 333 Kinship and Marriage in Early Ara- bia, x, 439 Kirby, William: Golden Dog, The, 25, 887 Kirk, John Foster: History of Charles the Bold, 9, 497 Kirkland, Joseph: M'Veys, The; an Episode, 25, 897 Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County, 25, 897 Kirkman, M. M. : Iskander, 25, 824 Romance of Gilbert Holmes, The, 25, 896 Kitchin, George William: History of France, 9, 495 Kittel, R.: Geschichte der Hebraer, 1, 440 Kitty Alone; a Story of Three Fires, 25, 866 Kitwyk, 25, 877 Kleine Schriften, I, 436 Klerk de Reus, G. C.: Geschichtlicher Ueberblick der Administrativen, rechtlichen und finanziellen Entwicklung der Niederlandisch - Oostindischen Campagnie, 5, 398 Klose, H.: Togo unter deutscher Flagge, 19, 323 Klosterheim, 25, 884 Kluber, Johann Ludwig: Atken des Wiener Kongresses, 17, 467 982 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Klytia, 25, 883 Knapp, Frederick: Life of John Kalt, Major General in the Revolutionary Army, 24, mi Knickerbocker's History of New York, 25, 890 Knight of Gwynne, The, 25, 870 Knight of the Golden Chain, The, 25, 847 Knight of the Golden Cross, A, 25, 879 Knight of the Needle Rock and his Days, The, 25, 853 Knight of the White Cross, A, 25, 824 Knights of the Cross, The, 25, 878 Knolles, Richard, and Rycaut: General History of the Turks, 14, 513 Knowles, James Davis: Memoir of Roger Williams, 24, mo Knox, G. W.: Japanese Life in Town and Coun- try, 7, 332 Knox, John: History of the Reformation in Scotland, 12, 382 Knox, General, 24, mi Koepp, Friedrich: Die Romer in Deutschland, 18, 457 Koerner, Herman T.: Beleaguered, 25, 884 Kohn, S.: Gabriel, 25, 823, 881 Kokoro: Hints and Echoes of Japa- nese Inner Life, 7, 332 Kolonien, 20, 403 Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik und aus- wanderung, 20, 399, 21, 359 Kongeriget Norge, 16, 345 Konung Oskar II och Sveriges Folk, 16, 346 Konungariket Sverige, 16, 346 Koran, translated into English from the Original Arabic, The, 1, 439 Kormak the Viking, 25, 880 Korolenko, V.: In Two Moods, 25, 878 Koser Reinhold: Friedrich der Grosse als Kronprinz, 18, 457 Kounv and Fischer: Norway, 16, 348 Kovalevsky, M.: Russian Political Institutions, 15, 389 Kozhevar, E.: Report on the Republic of Mexico, 22, 516 Kraszewski, Joseph Ignatius: Countess Cosel, The, 25, 879, 884 Jew, The, 25, 879 Krausse, Alexis: China in Decay, 6, 326 Krones, A.: Geschichte der Neuzeit Oester- reichs vom 18 Jahrh. bis auf die Gegenwart, 17, 467 Krones, M.: Grundriss der Oesterreichischen Geschichte, 17, 465 Kruger, Johannes Stephanus Paulus: Memoirs of Paul Kruger, Four Times President of the South African Republic, 19, 323 Ku Hung-Ming: Discourses and Sayings of Confu- cius, 6, 327 Papers from a Viceroy's Yamen, 6, 328 Kuehnen, A.: Gottesdienst von Israel, 1, 440 Skizzen ous der Geschichte Israels, 1, 440 Kulturbilder aus Hellas und Rome, 2, 558 Kwaidan, 7, 332 Kypros, die Bibel und Homer, 1, 437 La Battaglia di Benevento, 25, 827 La Bedolliere, Emile G. de: Histoire de la guerre du Mexique, 22, 516 La Bible et les decouvertes modernes, 1, 43i La Chine: sa religion, ses moeurs, ses missions, 6, 329 La Cienca Espaiiola, 8, 549 Lacombe, Paul: Short History of the French Peo- ple, 9, 496 La Comtesse de Charny, 25, 840 AUTHORS AND TITLES 983 La conquete de la Pampa, 21, 359 La constituciones politicas que ha te- nido la republica Boliviana (1826- 1868), 21, 359 Lacroix, Paul: Beautes de l'histoire de la domina- tion des Arabes et de Maures en Espagne et en Portugal, 8, 547 L'acropole de Suse, d'apres les fouil- les ae 1884-1886, 1, 437 Lad of the O'Friels', A, 35, 870 La Dame de Monsoreau, 25, 837 Ladder of Swords: A tale of Love, Laughter and Tears, 25, 853 La Diplomatic du premier Comite de Salut public, 10, 507 Lady and the Priest, The, 35, 847 Lady Jean's Son, 35, 875 Lady of Fort St. John, The, 35, 886 Lady of Hirta, The, 35, 874 Lady of Loyalty House, The, 35, 855 Lady of Lynn, The, 35, 862 Lady of Quality, A, 25, 860 Lady of the Regency, A, 35, 866 Lady Sybil's Choice, 35, 823, 847 Lady Wedderburn's Wish, 35, 867 Lady's Honour, A, 35, 861 La Espaha del Siglo XIX, 8, 547 La Fayette, Madame Marie de: Princess of Cleves, The, 35, 836 Lafayette, 34, mi Lafitte of Louisiana, 35, 842, 895 La France Coloniale: Histoire, Geog- raphic, Commerce. Ouvrage publie saus la direction de M. Alfred Rambaud, 30, 409 La France en 1789, 10, 507 Lafuente, Modesta, and Valera, Juan: Historia general de Espana, 8, 545 Lagerlof, Selma: Jerusalem, 35, 824 La Grande Encyclopedic, 15, 390 La Grece Byzantine et moderne, 3, 556 La guerre de independencia, 23, 517 La Hollande, Geographique, Ethno- logique, etc., 13, 597 La Hongrie Moderne, 1849-1901, 17, 468 Laing, Samuel: Heimskungla or Chronicles of the Kings of Norway, 16, 346 Lair: L'Imperialisme Allemand, 18, 460 Lake Geneva and its Literary Land- marks, 13, 599 La Legende des Girondins, 10, 507 Lally of the Brigade, 25, 829 La Lydie et le monde grec au temps des Mermnades, 1, 437 La main d'oeuvre aux colonies, 20, 398 Lamar, L. Q. C, 24, 11 14 Lamartine, Alphonse de: Girondists, The, 9, 497 Lamb, W. J.: History of the City of New York, 24, 1 109 Lancashire Witches, The, 25, 854 Lancaster and York, 11, 648 Lances of Lynwood, The, 25, 849 Lanciani, R. : Ancient Rome in the Light of Re- cent Discoveries, 3, 402 Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, 3, 402 Land of the Dons, The, 8, 550 Land of the Midnight Sun, The, 16, 348 Land of the Wine, The, 8, 550 Land Revenue of Bombay, a History of its Administration, Rise and Progress, 5, 394 Land Systems of British India, 5, 394 Landmann, George: Historical, Military, and Picturesque Observation on Portugal, 8, 547 Landon, Judson: Constitutional History of the Uni- ted States, 24, 1 106 Landor, Walter Savage: Pericles and Aspasia, 25, 824 Lane, Edward William: Account of the Manners and Cus- toms of the Modern Egyptians, I, 433 Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, 1, 438 Thousand and One Nights, The, 1, 438 Lane, Elinor Macartney: Mills of God, The, 25, 895 Nancy Stair, 25, 875 984 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Lane, Mrs. John: Kitwyk, 25, 877 Lane-Poole, Stanley: Barbary Corsairs, The, 14, 514 History of Egypt, 1, 433 History of the Mogul Emperors of Hindustan illustrated by their Coins, 5, 398 Life of Stratford Canning, Vis- count Stratford de Redcliffe, 14, 514 Mohammedan Dynasties; Chrono- logical and Genaeological Tables, with Historical Introductions, x, 438 Story of the Moors in Spain, 8, 547 Story of Turkey, 14, 513 Lanfrey, Pierre: Histoire de Napoleon Ier, 10, 509 Lang, Andrew: History of Scotland, 12, 382 Monk of Fife, A, 25, 835 Parson Kelly, 25, 861 World's Desire, The, 25, 824 Lang, John: Wetherbys, The, 25, 831 L'Angleterre et Immigration, 10, 508 Lanin, E. B.: Russian characteristics, 15, 389 L'Annee des Merveilles, 25, 833 L'Annee Politique, 17, 468 La Paix de Bale, 10, 508 La Perse, la Chaldee et la Susiane, I, 437 La Perse politique et militaire au XIX siecle, 1, 437 Lapsed, but not Lost, 25, 826 La Question d'Orient, 14, 514 La retraite de Brunswick, 10, 508 La Revolution et la Feodalite, 10, 508 Larger History of the United States, 24, 1 103 Larned : Spanish and Portuguese America and the West Indies, 21, 357 Larned, J. N.: Literature of American History, a Bibliographical Guide, 21, 357 Literature of American History, European Discovery and Early Exploration, 21, 358 L'art antique de la Perse, I, 437 La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West, 20, 408, 24, 1107 Las Estados Unidos Mejicanos, 1877- 1897, 22, 516 Last Abbot of Glastonbury, The, 25, 852 Last Days and Fall of Palmyra, The (Zenobia), 25, 822, 826 Last Days of Knickerbocker Life in New York, 24, 1109 Last Days of Pompeii, The, 25, 826 Last Foray, The, 25, 852 Last Hope, The, 25, 843 Last Journals in Central Africa, 19, 326 Last of the Barons, The, 25, 850 Last of the Cliffords, The, 25, 857, 881 Last Recruit of Clare's, The, 25, 839 Latane, John H.: Diplomatic Relations of the United States and Spanish America, 21, 359 La Tanisie et la Colonisation Fran- chise, 19, 321 Later History of British, Spanish, and Portuguese-America, The, 21, 358 Latham: States of the River Plate, The, 21, 359 Lathrop, George Parsons: Spanish Vistas, 8, 550 Latimer, Elizabeth Wormley: Europe in Africa in the Nineteenth Century, 19, 323 Spain in the Nineteenth Century, 8, 547 Latin Literature, 3, 402 La Turquie d'Asie, 14, 514 La Turquie et le Tangirnat, 14, 514 La Turquie et l'Hellenisme contem- poraine, 2, 556 Latzina, Francisco : Die argentinische Republik rds Ziel der Europaischen Auswan- derung, 21, 359 Lauder, Sir Thomas Dick: Wolfe of Badenoch, The, 25, 871 Lauer, P. E.: Church and State in New England, 24, 1 109 AUTHORS AND TITLES 985 Laugh ton, J. K.: Life of Nelson, 10, 509 Laura Everingham, 25, 867 Laurie, W. F. B.: Our Burmese Wars and Relations with Burma, being an Abstract of Military and Political Opera- tions, 1824-1826, and 1852-1853, 5, 398 Laut, Agnes C: Lords of the North, 25, 887 L'Autriche et le Comite de Salut public, 10, 508 L'Avenir Colonial de la France, 19, 322 Lavisse and Rambaud, Alfred Nico- las: Histoire Generale, 15, 390, 19, 323 Lavisse, E.: Histoire de France depuis les orig- ines jusq' a la revolution, 9, 496 Lawless, Emily: Maelcho, 25, 869 Story of the Irish Nation, 12, 381 With Essex in Ireland, 25, 869 Lawrence, G. A.: Brakespeare; or, The Fortunes of a Free-Lance, 25, 835 Laws of the Indies, 21, 359 Lay Down Your Arms, 25, 884 Layard, Sir Austin Henry: Early Adventures in Persia, Susi- ana, and Babylonia, 1, 431 Monuments of Nineveh, 1, 434 Nineveh and Babylon, 1, 434 Nineveh and its Remains, 1, 434 Lazarre, 25, 841, 895 Lea, Henry C: Chapters from the Religious His- tory of Spain, 24, 1106 Indian Policy of Spain, The, 20, 402 Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, 12, 382 Leaguer of Lathom, The, 25, 856 Leather Stocking and Silk, 25, 892 Leather Stocking Romances, The, 25, 892 Lebon, Andre: L'Angleterre et Immigration, 10, 508. Le Bresil en 1884, 21, 360 Le Breton, John: Mis'ess Joy, 25, 866 Le Chien d'Or, 25, 887 Lecky, William Edward Hartpole: American Revolution, The, 24, 11 10 History of England, 11, 647, 12, 381, 24, 1 106 Leaders of Public Opinion in Ire- land, 12, 382 Le Colonie degli Italiani, 19, 321 Lecomte, Ferdinand: Guerre de la Prusse et de l'ltalie contre l'Autriche et la Confedera- tion Germanique en 1866, 18, 457 Le Comte de Cavour, etude de poli- tique nationale et parlementaire, 4, 421 Lecture on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as illustrated by the Re- ligion of India, 5, 399 Lectures on Colonization, 20, 398 Lectures on the History of Ireland, 12, 381 Lectures on the History of the Jew- ish Church, 1, 441 Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews, 1, 440 Le Culte de la Raison et de l'Etre supreme, 10, 507 Le Danemark, 16, 349 Le Directoire, 10, 508 Ledlie, J. C: Institutes, The: a Text Book of the History and System of Roman Private Law, 3, 402 Lee, Albert: Baronet in Corduroy, The, 25, 860 Black Disc, The, 25, 833 Frown of Majesty, The, 25, 838 Inca's Ransom, The, 25, 888 Lee, J. A.: Peaks and Pines, 16, 348 Lee, R. H.: Life of Arthur Lee, 24, mi Lee, Robert E., Life of, 24, 11 14 Lee, Robert E., Jr.: Life of R. E. Lee, 24, 11 14 Lee- Warner, Sir W.: Citizens of India, 5, 394 Protected Princes of India, 5, 394 986 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Lefmann, S.: Geschichte des alten Indiens, 5, 393 Left-handed Swordsman, A, 25, 869 Legend of Montrose, The, 35, 873 Legend of Reading Abbey, A, 25, 847 Leger, Louis: Histoire de l'Autriche-Hongrie, 17, 465 La Grande Encyclopedic, 15, 390 Legislative Systems from Henry II to the Union, 12, 381 Lehrbuch der hebraischen Archaolo- gie, 1, 440 Leigh, H. D., and How, W. W.: History of Rome to the Death of Caesar, 3, 399 Leigh ton, Robert: Cap'n Nat's Treasure, 25, 863 Golden Galleon, The, 25, 854 Hurrah for the Spanish Main!, 25, 853 Olaf the Glorious, 25, 880 Thirsty Sword, The, 25, 871 Leila, 25, 833 Leland: History of Ireland, 12, 381 Leland and Van Tyne: Guide to the Archives of the Uni- ted States, 24, 1 103 L'Eleve de Garrick, 25, 863 Lelewell, J.: Histoire de Pologne, 15, 390 L'Eloquence parlementaire pendant la Revolution, 10, 507 Lembke and Schafer: Geschichte von Spanien, 8, 545 Lemcke, E.: Handbuch der spanischen Littera- tur, 8, 549 Le Mexique ancien et Moderne, 22, 516 Le Mexique au Debut XXe Siecle, 22, 515 Le Mexique de nos Jour, 22, 517 L'Empire de Tsars et les Russes, 15, 389 Lenormant, Francois: Chaldean Magic: Origin and De- velopment, 1, 434 Les dieux de Babylone et l'Assyrie, 1, 434 Le Notre, G.: House of the Combrays, 25, 842 Leonard Lindsay, 25, 860 Leonora d'Orco; or, The Times of Csesar Borgia, 25, 828 Leopold I et Leopold II, 13, 598 Le pays des Amazone, l'El Dorado, les terres a caoutchouc, 21, 360 Le Poer, John Patrick: Modern Legionary, A, 25, 844 Lepsius, Karl Richard: Denkmaler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien, 1, 433 Le regime des protectorats, 20, 398 Le regime foncier aux colonies, 20, 398 Le Roman d'une Imperatrice, 15, 389 Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre Paul: Awakening of the East, The, 6, 328 De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Moderenes, 19, 323, 20, 398, 21, 359 L'Empire de Tsars et les Russes, 15, 389 Les Nouvelles Societes Anglo- Saxonnes, Australie, Nouvelle-Ze- land, Afrique, Australe, Nouvelle edition entierement refondue, 20, 406 Les auteurs hindoustainis et leurs ouvrages, 5, 397 Les chemin de fers aux colonies et dans les pays neufs, 20, 398 L'esclavage au Bresil, 21, 360 Les Colonies Franchises, 20, 408 Les dieux de Babylone et l'Assyrie, 1, 434 Les Etats Scandinaves de 1815 a 1847; de 1848 a 1870; de 1870 a nas jours, 16, 347 Les functionnaires coloniaux, 20, 398 Les guerres de la Revolution, 10, 508 Les langues perdues de la Perse et de l'Assyrie, 1, 435 Les marines de guerre de l'antiquite et du moyen age, 1, 436 Les Miserables, 25, 843 Les Nouvelles Societes Anglo-Saxon- nes, Australie, Nouvelle-Zeland, Af- rique, Australe, Nouvelle edition entierement refondue, 20, 406 AUTHORS AND TITLES 987 Les origines de la France contempo- raine, 'La regime moderne, 10, 510 L'Espagne Moderne, 8, 548 Les Races et les Nationalites en Autriche Hongrie, 17, 466 Les Representants en Mission, 10, 508 Lest We Forget, 25, 852 L'Etat Independent du Congo a l'Exposition de Bruxelles-Tervne- ren en 1897, 19, 323 Letteratura Assira, 1, 435 Lettere Edite ed Inedite, Raccolte ed Illustrate da S. Chiala, 4, 421 Letters and Dispatches of the First Napoleon, 10, 509 Letters and Journals, 19, 325 Letters of Cicero, The, 3, 399 Letters and Times of the Tylers, 24, 1113 Letters from a Chinese Official, 6, 328 Letters from Majorca, 8, 550 Letters on Turkey, 14, 514 Lettice Eden: Tale of Last Days of Henry VIII, 25, 852 L'Europe et le Directoire, 10, 508 L'Europe et la Revolution franchise, 10, 508, 17, 467 Levasseur : Abolition de l'esclavage au Bresil, 21, 360 Lever, Charles: Charles O'Malley, 25, 865, 870 Gerald Fitzgerald the Chevalier, 25, 830 Jack Hinton, 25, 870 Knight of Gwynn, The, 25, 870 Maurice Tiernay, the Soldier of Fortune, 25, 842, 870 O'Donoghue, The, 25, 870 Tom Burke of "Ours," 25, 842, 865, 870 Levermore, G. H.: Republic of New Haven, 24, 1108 Lewes, G. H.: Life of Maximilian Robespierre, 10, 508 Lewis, Charlton T.: History of Germany from the Earliest Times, 18, 455 Lewis, Sir George Cornwall: Essays on the Administrations of Great Britain, 11, 647 Lewis, Robert E.: Educational Conquest of the Far East, 6, 328 L'Expedition de Custine, 10, 508 Lie, J. L. I.: Barque Future; Life in the Far North, The, 25, 881 Liefde, Jacob B. de: Beggars, The, 25, 876 Brave Resolve, A, 25, 883 Walter's Escape, 25, 876 Lieutenant under Washington, A, 25, 894 Life and Adventures of Robin Hood, The, 25, 848 Life and Correspondence of James Iredell, 24, 1111 Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, 24, 1 1 13 Life and Death of Richard Yea-and- Nay, The, 25, 847 Life and Letters, 11, 649 Life and Letters of John Brown, 24, 1113 Life and Letters of John Winthrop, 24, 1 1 10 Life and Letters of Ogier de Bus- becq, 14, 514 Life and Public Career of Horace Greeley, 24, 11 14 Life and Teachings of Abbas Effendi [Babism], 5, 401 Life and Times of Aaron Burr, 24, 1113 Life and Times of Colonel Daniel Boone, 24, 1113 Life and Times of Cotton Mather, 24, 1 1 10 Life and Times of Frederic Douglass, 24, 1 1 12 Life and Times of James Madison, 24, 1113 Life and Times of John Dickinson, 1732-1808, 24, 1 1 13 Life and Times of Joseph Story, 24, 1113 Life and Times of Martin Van Buren, 34> 1113 Life and Times of Philip Schuyler, 24, mi Life and Times of S. S. Prentiss, 24, 1113 Life and Times of Sa-go-ye-u-at-ha, or Red Jacket, 24, 1113 988 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Life and Times of Sir George Grey, 20, 406 Life and Times of Stein, 10, 510, 18, 458 Life and Times of Wendell Phillips, 24, 1 1 13 Life and Times of William Brewster, 24, 1 1 10 Life and Treason of Benedict Arnold, 24, 1111 Life and Voyages of Columbus, 24, 1 107 Life and Writings of Mazzini, 4, 422 Life in Ancient Egypt, 1, 432 Life of Abraham Lincoln, 24, 11 14 Life of Albert Gallatin, 24, n 12 Life of Arthur Lee, 24, nil Life of Benito Juarez, 22, 515 Life of Benjamin Wade, 24, 1113 Life of Benton, 24, 11 12 Life of Buchanan, 24, 11 12 Life of C. L. Vallandigham, 24, 1114 Life of Calhoun, 24, 11 12 Life of Cass, 24, 1112 Life of Charlemagne, 9, 501 Life of Charles Sumner, 24, 1112, 1114 Life of Christopher Columbus, 24, , 1 107 Life of Cicero, 3, 401 Life of Clay, 24, 11 12 Life of Colonel Paul Revere, 24, 11 11 Life of Daniel Webster, 24, 11 13 Life of Danton, 10, 507 Life of David Glasgow Farragut, 24, 1 1 14 Life of Deak, 17, 468 Life of Edward Livingston, 24, 1 113 Life of Edward Preble, 24, 11 13 Life of Elbridge Gerry, 24, 11 13 Life of Ferdinand Magellan and the First Circumnavigation of the Globe, 24, 1 107 Life of Francis Marion, 24, 11 11 Life of Francis Parkman, 24, 1108 Life of General George G. Meade, 24, 1 1 14 Life of General Thomas Pinckney, 34. 1 1 13 Life of General Winfield Scott, 24, 1113 Life of George Mason, 24, 11 13 Life of Gouverneur Morris, 24, n 13 Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia, 24, 1 1 13 Life of Hugo Grotius, 13, 597 Life of Israel Putnam, 24, 11 11 Life of J. G. Birney, 24, 11 12 Life of Jackson, 24, 11 12 Life of James Madison, 24, 1113 Life of James Sullivan, 24, 11 13 Life of Jefferson Davis, 24, 11 12, 1114 Life of John J. Crittenden, 24, 11 13 Life of John Jay, 24, 11 12 Life of John Kalb, Major General in the Revolutionary Army, 24, 11 11 Life of John Milton, and History of His Time, 11, 648 Life of John of Barneveld, 13, 508 Life of John Quincy Adams, 24, 11 12 Life of John Randolph, 24, 11 12 Life of Joseph Brant, 24, 1111 Life of Joshua R. Giddings, 24, 11 13 Life of Lincoln, 24, 11 12 Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, The, 1, 438 Life of Major General James Wolfe, 24, 1 1 10 Life of Major General John Muhlen- berg, 24, mi Life of Major General Sir Henry Marion Durand, 5, 397 Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero, 3, 401 Life of Marshall, 24, 11 12 Life of Maximilian Robespierre, 10, 508 Life of Midhat Pasha, 13, 514 Life of Monroe, 24, 11 12 Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, 9, 499, 10, 510 Life of Napoleon I, 10, 509 Life of Napoleon III, The, 9, 497 Life of Nelson, 10, 509, 11, 647 Life of Nelson, the Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain, 10, 509 Life of O. P. Morton, 24, 11 14 Life of Oglethorpe, 24, 1110 Life of Paul Jones, 24, mi Life of Prince Henry of Portugal, surnamed the Navigator, 20, 400 Life of Robert Lord Clive, 5, 399 Life of Roger Williams, 24, 11 10 Life of St. Columba, 12, 381, 382 Life of St. Patrick, 12, 381 AUTHORS AND TITLES 989 Life of Saint Mary Magdalen, The, 25, 823 Life of Schuyler Colfax, 24, 11 14 Life of Seward, 24, 11 12 Life of Silas Wright, 24, 11 13 Life of Sir John Eliot, II, 646 Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, The, II, 646, 24, 1 1 10 Life of Sir William Johnson, 24, 11 10 Life of Stephen A. Douglas, 24, 11 12 Life of Stephen Decatur, 24, 11 13 Life of Stratford Canning, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, 14, 514 Life of Tecumseh and of His Brother the Prophet, 24, 11 13 Life of Thomas Hutchinson, Royal Governor of the Province of Mas- sachusetts Bay, 24, mi Life of Thomas Paine, 24, mi Life of Timothy Pickering, 24, n 13 Life of Van Buren, 24, n 12 Life of Viscount Palmerston, 11, 645 Life of W. E. Forster, 11, 648 Life of W. E. Gladstone, 11, 648, 24, 1 106 Life of W. L. Garrison, 24, 1112 Life of Webster, 24, n 12 Life of Wellington, 10, 509 Life of William III, 13, 599 Life of William Pitt, 11, 649 Life of Yancey, 24, n 12 Life of Young Sir Harry Vane, 24, nio Lifeguardsman, The, 25, 859 Light of Scarthey, The, 25, 866 Like a Rasen Fiddler, 25, 852 Like Another Helen, 25, 831 Liljencrantz, Ottilie A.: Thrall of Leif the Lucky, The, 25, 845, 880 Vinland Champions, The, 25, 890 Ward of King Canute, The, 25, 846 Lilly, W. S.: British India and its Problem, 5, 395 L'imperialisme Allemand, 18, 460 Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction, 24, 1 106 Linder, Theodore: Geschichte de deutschen Reiches vom Ende des vierzehnten Jahr- hunderts bis zur Reformation, 18, 455 Lindo, E. H.: History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal, 1, 440 Lindsay, Harry: Jacobite, The, 25, 860 Lingard, John: History of England, 11, 645 Lion Cub, The, 25, 877 Lion of Flanders, The, 25, 875 Lion of Janina, The, 25, 879 Lion of St. Mark, The, 25, 828 Lion of the North, The, 25, 893 Lion of Wessex, A, 25, 846 Lionel Lincoln, 25, 893 Lion's Brood, The, 25, 825 Lion's Whelp, The, 25, 857 List of Books with References to Periodicals Relating to the Theory of Colonization, Government of Dependencies, etc., 19, 322 L'ltalia durante il domino austriaco, 4, 422 Literary History of America, 24, 1105 Literary History of India, 5, 394 Literary History of the American Revolution, 24, 1105 Literatura Espanola en el Siglo XIX, 8, 549 Literature of American History, 24, 1 103 Literature of American History, a Bibliographical Guide, 21, 357 Literature of American History, Eu- ropean Discovery and Early Explo- ration, 21, 358 Literature of Southern Europe, 8, 549 Little, W. J. Knox: Sketches and Studies in South Africa, 19, 326 Little Captive Lad, A, 25, 857 Little Chief, The, 25, 890 Little Duke, The, 25, 834 Little Huguenot, The, 25, 839 Little Jarvis, 25, 895 Little Marquis of Brandenburg, The, 25, 884 Little Novels of Italy, 25, 828 Little Saint of God, The, 25, 840 Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come, The, 25, 897 990 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Little Traitor to the South, A, 25, 898 Little Union Scout, A, 25, 899 Lively Adventures of Gavin Hamil- ton, The, 25, 884 Livermore, F. L.: Numbers and Losses, 24, 1113 Lives of Indian Officers, Illustrative of the Civil and Military Services of India, 5, 394 Livingstone, David: Last Journals in Central Africa, 19, 326 Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, 19, 326 Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its Tributaries, 19, 326 Livy, Titus: History of Rome, 3, 399 Lloyd, Henry Demarest: Newest England: Notes of a Dem- ocratic Traveller in New Zealand, with Some Australian Compari- sons, 20, 406 Lloyd, W. Watkiss: Age of Pericles, The, 2, 557 Lochinvar, 25, 873 Lockhart, John Gibson: Valerius, 25, 826 Lodge, Henry Cabot: Alexander Hamilton, 24, nil English Colonies in America, The, 24, 1 108 Life of Webster, 24, 11 12 Story of the Revolution, 24, 11 10 Washington, 24, mi Loeb, Isidore: German Colonial Fiscal System, 20, 397 Logan, J. A.: Great Conspiracy, The, 24, 11 14 Logan, W.: Malabar, 5, 398 London Pride, 25, 857 Long, G.: Decline and Fall of the Roman Re- public, 3, 400 Plutarch's Lives of Famous Greeks and Romans, 3, 399 Long, J. D.: American Navy, The, 24, 11 14 Long Night, The, 25, 877 Long Will, 25, 849 Longbeard; or, The Revolt of the Saxons, 25, 848 Longfeather the Peacemaker, 25, 890 Longshoremen, The, 25, 865 Longstreet, J.: From Manassas to Appomattox, 24, 1114 Lopez's Expeditions to Cuba, 1850, 1851, 22, 518 Lord Cromer, a Biography, 19, 324 Lord Edward Fitzgerald, 25, 870 Lord Hermitage, The, 25, 867 Lord of Dyneover, The, 25, 849 Lord of Gold, 24, 11 12 Lord of Lowedale, The, 25, 837, 878 Lord of the Dark Red Star, The, 25, 827 Lord of the Harvest, The, 25, 867 Lord of the Soil, A, 25, 835 Lord Protector, The, 25, 857 Lords of the North, 25, 887 Lords of the World, 25, 825 Lore of Cathay, 6, 327 Lorenzo Benoni, 25, 830 Lorenzo de' Medici, 4, 420 Loring, C. W.: Nullification and Secession, 24, 1106 Lorna Doone, 25, 859 Lorraine, 25, 843 Los partidos en Colombia, 21, 360 Lossing, Benson John: Life and Times of Philip Schuyler, 24, 1 1 11 Pictorial Field Book of the Revo- lution, 24, IIIO Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812, 24, 1 1 12 Lost Cause, The, 24, 1113 Lost Lady of Old Years, A, 25, 874 Lost Land, The, 25, 870 Lost Pibroch, The, and other Shiel- ing Stories, 25, 872 Lost Treasure of Trevlyn, The, 25. 854 Lothrop, T. K.: William Henry Seward, 24, 1113 Lotz: Virkehrsentwicklung in Deutsch- land, 1800-1900, 18, 460 Louis XIV, 9, 497 AUTHORS AND TITLES 991 Louisiana Purchase and Our Title West of the Rocky Mountains, The, 24, 1 1 12 Loukis Laras, 25, 824 Love and Honour, 25, 842, 884 Love Chase, The, 25, 828 Love of Comrades, 25, 855, 869 Lover, Samuel: Rory O'More, 25, 870 Treasure Trove, 25, 862 Lover Fugitive, The, 25, 859 Lovers of Yvonne, The, 25, 838 Low, C. R.: History of the Indian Navy, 1613- 1863, 5, 394 Low, S. J. M., and Puling, F. S.: Dictionary of English History, II, 645 Lowe, C: Alexander III of Russia, 15, 389 Lowe, Charles : Fallen Star, A, 25, 884 Prince Bismarck: an Historical Biography, 18, 457 Lowell, A. G.: Life and Times of Wendell Phillips, 24, 1 1 13 Lowell, A. Lawrence: Colonial Civil Service: The Selec- tion and Training of Colonial Officials in Holland, England and France, 20, 398 Government of Dependencies, 20, 411 Governments and Parties in Con- tinental Europe, 9, 498 Lowell, Edward J.: Eve of the French Revolution, 9, 498, 10, 508 Hessians in the Revolution, 24, mo Lowell, F. C: Joan of Arc, 9, 498 Lower South, The, 24, 11 12 Lowery, Woodbury: Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States, 1513-1561, 20, 402 Lowndes of South Carolina, 24, 1113 Lowth, Alys: Daughter of the Transvaal, A, 25, 886 Loyal Little Maid, A, 25, 861, 873 Loyal Traitor, A, 25, 896 Loyalism in New York, 24, n 10 Loyalists in the Revolution, 24, 1110 Loyalists of America and Their Times, 24, 11 10 Loyd, Lady Mary: Ivan the Terrible, 15, 389 New Letters of Napoleon I, 9, 501 Peter the Great, 15, 389 Lubke, Wilhelm: Outlines of the History of Art, 2, 558 Lucas, Annie: City and the Castle, The, 25, 877 Lucas, Charles Prestwood: Historical Geography of the British Colonies, 20, 405 Luck of Barerakes, The, 25, 864 Luck of Gerald Ridgeley, The, 25, 885 Lucy Arden, 25, 861, 873 Ludlow, James Meeker: Captain of the Janizaries, 25, 879 Deborah, 25, 822 Ludovic and Gertrude, 25, 876 Lugard, F. D.: Rise of our East African Empire, 19, 323 Lumholtz, C: Unknown Mexico, 22, 516 Lummis, Charles Fletcher: Awakening of a Nation, The, 22, 516 Lundegard, Axel: Storm Bird, The, 25, 882 Lusignan, Princess Annie de: Twelve Years' Reign of Abdul Hamid II, The, 14, 514 Luther, Mark Lee: Favour of Princes, The, 25, 839 Luther, Martin, 18, 456 Liitzow, Count: Bohemia, an Historical Sketch, 17, 466 Lyall, Sir Alfred Comyns: Asiatic Studies, Religious and So- cial, 5, 395 Rise of the British Dominion in India, 5, 393 Lyall, David: Heritage of the Free, The; or, More than Conquerors, 25, 875 Lyall, Edna: Hope the Hermit, 25, 859 992 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS In Spite of All, 25, 855 In the Golden Days, 25, 858 To Right the Wrong, 35, 855 Lychgate Hall, 25, 864 Lyman, Olim L.: Trail of the Grand Seigneur, The, 35, 887 Lynch, George: War of the Civilization, 6, 326 Lynch, H. F. B.: Armenia, Travels and Sketches, 14, 515 Lysbeth, 25, 876 Lytton, Edward Bulwer, Earl: Devereux, 25, 861 Eugene Aram, 25, 863 Harold; or, The Last of the Saxon Kings, 25, 846 Last Days of Pompeii, The, 25, 826 Last of the Barons, The, 25, 850 Leila, 25, 833 Parisians, The, 25, 843 Pausanias, the Spartan, 25, 824 Rienzi, the Last of the Tribunes, 25, 827 Zanoni, 25, 829 M Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron Macaulay: History of England from the Ac- cession of James II, II, 647, 12, 381, 24, 1 106 M'Aulay, Allan: Black Mary, 25, 875 Poor Sons of a Day, 25, 874 Rhymer, The, 25, 875 McCaleb, W. F.: Aaron Burr Conspiracy, 24, 1106 McCall, S. W.: Life of Thaddeus Stevens, 24, 1114 McCall, Sidney: Breath of the Gods, The, 25, 833 McCarthy, Charles H.: Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction, 24, 1 106 McCarthy, Justin: Christie Carew, 25, 871 Fair Saxon, A, 25, 870 History of Our Own Times, 1837- 1897, 11, 647, 12, 381 Ireland and Her Story, 12, 381 McCarthy, Justin Huntly: Dryad, The, 25, 825 Flower of France, The, 25, 835 Lady of Loyalty House, The, 25, 855 Proud Prince, The, 25, 827 McChesney, Dora Greenwell: Cornet Strong of Ireton's Horse, 25, 855 Kathleen Clare, 25, 869 Miriam Cromwell, Royalist, 25, 855 Rupert by the Grace of God, 25, 856 Yesterday's Tomorrow, 25, 857 McClellan, G. B.: My Own Story, 24, 11 14 MacCoun, T.: Historical Geography of the United States, 24, 1 105 MacCrachan, W. D.: Rise of the Swiss Republic, 13, 599 McCrady, Edward: History of South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, 24, 1 109 History of South Carolina under the Royal Government, 24, 1109 South Carolina in the Revolution, 24, 1 1 10 M'Crindle, J. W.: Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch and Justin, 5, 398 McCulloch, H.: Men and Measures of Half a Cen- tury, 24, 1 1 13 McDerrte, W. A., and Bohn, W. G.: Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars, 3, 399 Macdonald, Allan: For Stark Love and Kindness, 35, 871 Macdonald, Duff: Africana, 19, 326 Macdonald, George: St. George and St. Michael, 25. 855 AUTHORS AND TITLES 993 Macdonald, James: Myth and Religion, 19, 326 MacDonald, Ronald: God Save the King, 25, 857 Sword of the King, The, 25, 859 Macdonald Lass, The, 25, 874 Macdonnell, A. A.: History of Sanskrit Literature, 5, 398 McDonnell, R. W.: Kathleen Mavourneen, 25, 870 Macfarlane, Charles: Camp of Refuge, The, 25, 846 Dutch in the Medway, The, 25, 858 4 Legend of Reading Abbey, A, 25, 847 MacGahan, and Schuyler: Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, 14, 515 McGary, E.: American Girl in Mexico, 22, 516 McGee: Popular History of Ireland, 12, 381 Macgowan, James: History of China, 6, 325 MacGrath, Harold: Grey Cloak, The, 25, 838 Machray, Robert: Grace O'Malley, 25, 868 Sir Hector: the Story of a Scots Gentleman, 25, 874 MTlwraith, Jean N., and M'Lennan, William: Span o' Life, The, 25, 887 Mackail, J. W.: Latin Literature, 3, 402 Mackay, Charles: Longbeard; or, the Revolt of the Saxons, 25, 848 McKenzie, A. S.: Life of Paul Jones, 24, mi Life of Stephen Decatur, 24, 1113 Mackenzie, J.: Scotland, 12, 382 Mackenzie, R.: Sketch of the War with Tippoo Sultaun, 5, 398 Mackenzie, W. C.: Lady of Hirta, The, 25, 874 Mackenzie, W. L.: Life and Times of Martin Van Buren, 24, 11 13 Mackie, John: Prodigal's Brother, The, 25, 888 Mackie, Mrs. P. B.: Washingtonians, The, 25, 898 Mackinnon: Union, 12, 383 Mackintosh : History of Civilization in Scotland, 12, 382 McLaughlin, A. C: Confederation, The, 24, nil Life of Cass, 24, n 12 McLaws, Lafayette: Jezebel, 25, 822 When the Land was Young, 25, 891 Maclay, A. C: Mito Yashiki, 25, 833 Maclay, E. S.: History of the United States Navy, 24, 1 105 M'Lennan, William: Span o' Life, The, 25, 887 Spanish John, 25, 874 MacMahon, The, 25, 869 McManus, L.: Lally of the Brigade, 25, 829 Nessa, 25, 869 Wager, The, 25, 869 MacManus, Seumas: Lad of the O'Friels', A, 25, 870 McMaster, John Bach: Benjamin Franklin, 24, nil History of the People of the United States, 24, 1 104 Macfnillan, Malcolm: Dagonet the Jester, 25, 856 MacMurdo, M. M., and Monteiro, M.: History of Portugal, 8, 547 McPherson, E.: History of Reconstruction, 24, 11 14 Political History of the United States During the Rebellion, 24, 1113 Macquaid, Katharine S.: His Heart's Desire, 25, 837 Ward of the King, A, 25, 836 McRee, G. J.: Life and Correspondence of James Iredell, 24, 1111 M'Veys, The, 25, 897 Maberley, Mrs.: Lady and the Priest, The, 25, 847 994 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Macedonian Empire, The, 2, 557 Machiavelli, N.: History of Florence, the Prince, 4, 421 Madagascar and Its People, 19, 327 Madame Roland, 9, 500 Madame Therese, 25, 840 Madamscourt: Adventures of a Fugi- tive Princess, 25, 861, 879 Made in Germany, 18, 460 Madeira and the Canary Islands, 8, 550 Madeiros, Tavares de: Das Staatsrecht des Konigreichs Portugal, 8, 548 Madeleine: a Tale of Auvergne, 25, 842 Madelon, 25, 843 Mademoiselle Mathilde, 25, 841 Mademoiselle Mori, 25, 830 Madison, James; Hamilton, Alex- ander; and Jay, John: Federalist, The, 24, 1105 Maelcho, 25, 869 Magdalen Hepburn, 25, 872 Magnus Sinclair, 25, 856 Magruder, A. B.: Life of Marshall, 24, 11 12 Magyars, The, 17, 468 Mahaffy, John Pentland: Alexander's Empire, 2, 557 Greek Life and Thought, 2, 558 Greek World Under the Roman Sway, The, 2, 557 History of Classical Greek Litera- ture, 2, 558 History of Egypt under the Ptole- maic Dynasty, 1, 433 Old Greek Education, 2, 558 Old Greek Life, 2, 558 Social Life in Greece, 2, 558 Survey of Greek Civilization, 2, 558 Mahan, Alfred Thayer: Influence of Sea Power upon His- tory, 1660-1783, 5, 398, 9, 498, 10, 509, II, 647 Life of Nelson, the Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain, 10, 509, 11, 647 Mahon, Lord: History of England, 1713-1783, 24, 1 106 Maid at Arms, The, 25, 892 Maid Marian, 25, 847 Maid of Florence, The, 25, 828 Maid of London Bridge, The, 25, 852 Maid of Maiden Lane, The, 25, 895 Maid of Montauks, 25, 891 Maid of Warsaw, The, 25, 879 Maid, Wife, or Widow?, 25, 885 Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell, The, 25, 856 Maids of Paradise, The, 25, 843 Mailla, J. A. M. de M. de: Histoire generale de la Chine, 6, 325 Maitland, Alfred L.: I Lived as I Listed, 25, 857 Major, Charles: Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall, 25, 853 When Knighthood was in Flower, 25, 851 Major, Richard Henry: Prince Henry the Navigator, 8, 547, 20, 400 Major Weir, 25, 873 Maker of Lenses, The, 25, 877 Makers of Modern Italy, The, 4, 422 Makgill, George: Outside and Overseas, 25, 888 Making of Christopher Ferringham, The, 25, 890 Making of England, The, 11, 646 Making of Hawaii: A Study in Evo- lution, The, 20, 411 Making of New England, 24, 1108 Making of Pennsylvania, The, 24, 1 109 Malabar, 5, 398 Malcolm, Sir John: History of Persia, 5, 401 Life of Robert, Lord Clive, 5, 399 Mallen, B.: Mexico Yesterday and To-day, 1876-1904, 22, 516 Malleson, George Bruce: Decisive Battles of India, 5, 399 Final French Struggles in India, and the Indian Seas, 5, 399 History of the French in India, from the founding of Pondicherry in 1674 to the capture of that place in 1761, 5, 399 AUTHORS AND TITLES 995 History of the Indian Mutiny, 1857-1858, 5, 399 Refounding of the German Empire, 1848-1871, 18, 458 Mallet, Charles E.: French Revolution, The, 10, 507 Mailing, Mathilda: Doha Ysabel, 25, 842 Romance of the First Consul, A, 25, 841 Malvern Chase, 25, 851 Mamzelle Fifine, 25, 889 Man at Odds, The, 25, 868 Man from Texas: a Western Ro- mance, The, 25, 898 Man in Black, The, 25, 837 Man of His Age, A, 25, 836 Man of the People, A, 25, 843 Manasseh, 25, 830, 882 Man-at-Arms, A, 25, 828 Man-at-Arms, The, 25, 836 Manatt, J. Irving, and Tsountas, Chrestas: Mycenean Age, 2, 559 Manchester Man, The, 25, 866 Manchuria: Its People, Resources and Recent History, 6, 326 Mann, J. S., and Traill, H. D.: Social England, II, 649 Mann, Millicent E.: Margot, the Court Shoemaker's Child, 25, 838 Manners and Customs of Ancient Ire- land, 12, 381 Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, The, 1, 434 .Manners, Customs, etc., of the Amer- ican Indians, 24, 1107 Manning, Anne: Cherry and Violet, 25, 858 Claude the Colporteur, 25, 884 Colloquies of Edward Osborne, The, 25, 851 Commentaries of Ser Pantaleone, 25, 829 Deborah's Diary, 25, 858 Diana's Crescent, 25, 864 Household of Sir Thomas More, The, 25, 851 Jacques Bonneval, 25, 838 Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell, The, 25, 856 Noble Purpose Nobly Won, A, 25, 835 Passages in the Life of the Faire Gospeller, Anne Askew, 25, 852 Man's Fear, A, 25, 880 Man's Foes, A, 25, 869 Mansfield, C. D.: General Winfield Scott, 24, 11 13 Mantle of Elijah, The, 25, 867 Manual of Egyptian Archaeology, 1, 433 Manual of Roman Antiquities, 3, 402 Many Ways of Love, 25, 878 Manzoni, Alessandro: Betrothed, The, 25, 829 Maori and Settler, 25, 888 Map of Africa by Treaty, The, 19, 322 Maps, Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America, 1502- 1530, 21, 358 March on London, A, 25, 850 Marchioness of Brinvilliers, The, 25, 838 Marcks, E.: Germany and England: Their Re- lations in the Great Crises of European History, 1500-1900, 18, 458 Marco Visconti, 25, 828 Marcus, the Young Centurion, 25, 825 Margery, a Tale of Old Nuremberg, 25, 883 Margherita Pusterla, 25, 828 Margot, the Court Shoemaker's Child, 25, 838 Marguerite de Roberval, 25, 836, 886 Marguerite de Valois, 25, 836 Margueritte, Paul and Victor: Commune, The, 25, 844 Disaster, The, 25, 844 Maria, de: Bosquejo historico de Venezuela, 21, 360 Mariana, J. de: Historia General de Espaha, 8, 548 Marie de Mancini, 25, 837 Marie of Lichtenstein, 25, 883 Marietta, 25, 828 Marius the Epicurean, 25, 826 Markham, Sir Clement Robert: Fighting Veres, The, 13, 598 996 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS History of Persia, 5, 401 Life of Christopher Columbus, 24, 1 107 Paladins of Edwin the Great, 25, 845 Marlani, M. de: Histoire Politique de l'Espagne Moderne, suivie d'un Aper<;u sur les Finances, 8, 548 Marquis, T. G.: Marquerite de Roberval, 25, 836, 886 Marriage, Caroline: Luck of Barerakes, The, 25, 864 Marriott, J. A. R.: Makers of Modern Italy, 4, 422 Marryat, Mrs. F. T.: Romance of the Lady Arbell, 25, 854 Marryat, Frederick: Children of the New Forest, The, 25, 856 King's Own, The, 25, 864 Snarleyyow; or, The Dog Fiend, 25, 860 Marsena and other Stories, 25, 898 Marsh, Anne: Father Darcy, 25, 854 Marsh, John B.: For Liberty's Sake, 25, 860 Life and Adventures of Robin Hood, The, 25, 848 Marshall, Beatrice: His Most Dear Ladye, 25, 853 Old Blackfriars, 25, 855 Siege of York, The, 25, 855 Marshall, Emma: Bristol Diamonds, 25, 864 By the North Sea, 25, 860 Castle Meadow, 25, 864 Haunt of Ancient Peace, A, 25, 856 In Colston's Days: a Story of Old Bristol, 25, 856 In Four Reigns, 25, 866 In the Service of Rachael, Lady Russell, 25, 858 In Westminster Choir, 25, 858 Kensington Palace, 25, 860 No. XIII; or, The Story of the Lost Vestal, 25, 845 On the Banks of the Ouse, 25, 863 Penshurst Castle, 25, 853 Under Salisbury Spire, 25, 854 Under the Dome of St. Paul's, 25, 861 Under the Mendips, 25, 867 White King's Daughter, The, 25, 857 Winchester Meads, 25, 859 Winifrede's Journal, 25, 854 Young Queen of Hearts, The, 25, 854 Marshman, J. C: History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dal- housie's Administration, 5, 393 Martin, Ewan: Dauntless, 25, 855, 869 Martin, R. M.: British Colonies, their History, Ex- tent, Conditions and Resources, 5, 395 Indian Empire, 5, 395 Martin, William Alexander Parsons: Chinese, The: Their Education, Philosophy, and Letters, 6, 327 Cycle of Cathay, 6, 328 Lore of Cathay, The, 6, 327 Report of the System of Public Instruction in China, 6, 328 Siege of Peking, 6, 326 Martineau, Harriet: History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace, A, 11, 647 History of England from the Be- ginning of the XIX. Century to the Crimean War, 24, 1106 Hour and the Man, The, 25, 889 Settlers at Home, The, 25, 856 Society in America, 24, 11 12 Marvin, A. P.: Life and Times of Cotton Mather, 24, 1 1 10 Mary Hamilton, 25, 872 Mary of Burgundy, 25, 875 Mary of Lorraine, 25, 872 Mary Paget, 25, 886 Mary Queen of Scots and Her Ac- cusers, 12, 383 Maryland as a Proprietary Province, 24, 1 109 Masni, Theodore: L'Etat Independent du Congo a L'Exposition de Bruxelles-Terv- neren, en 1897, *9> 3 2 3 AUTHORS AND TITLES 997 Mason, Arthur Edward Woodley: Clementina, 25, 861, 879 Courtship of Morrice Buckler, The, 25, 859, 881 Four Feathers, The, 25, 885 Parson Kelly, 25, 861 Mason, W. B.: Hand-book for Travelers in Japan, 7. 331 Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles: Manual of Egyptian Archaeology, if 433 Passing of the Empires, 850-330 B. C, 1, 431 Massacre of St. Bartholomew, The, 9, 500 Massey, William Nathaniel: History of England during the Reign of George III, xi, 648, 24, 1 106 Masson, Davis: Life of John Milton, and History of His Time, ix, 648 Master Beggars, The, 25, 876 Master Mosaic Workers, The, 25, 829 Master of Ballantrae, The, 25, 874 Master of Gray, The, 25, 872 Master of the Strong Hearts, 25, 899 Master of Warlock, The, 25, 897 Master Skylark, 25, 854 Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture, 2, 558 Masters of the World, 25, 826 Matabeleland: the War and our Po- sition in South Africa, 19, 321 Mather, Z. Wonderful Story of Agnes and the White Dove, The: a Tradition of Wales, 25, 868 Mathers, E. P.: Zambesia: England's El-Dorado in Africa, 19, 326 Mathew, Frank: Defender of the Faith, 25, 851 Love of Comrades, The, 25, 855, 869 One Queen Triumphant, 25, 853, 872 Royal Sisters, The, 25, 852 Spanish Wine, The, 25, 868 Wood of the Brambles, The, 25, 870 Mathews, Shailer: French Revolution, The, 9, 498, 10, 507 Matthews, Franklin: New-Born Cuba, The, 22, 518 Matthews, J. W.: Inwadi Yami, 19, 326 Mauer, Konrad: Island von seiner ersten Entdeck- ung bis zum Untergange des Freistaates, 16, 346 Maurer, S. O.: Nordische Altertumskunde, 16, 348 Maurice, C. E.: Bohemia from the Earliest Times to 1620, X7, 466 Maurice Mystery, 25, 892 Maurice Tiernay, the Soldier of For- tune, 25, 842, 870 Mawkin of the Flow, The, 25, 871 Max Kromer, 25, 844 Max Thornton, 25, 886 Maximilian in Mexico, 22, 517 Maxwell, Sir Herbert Eustace: Bruce, 12, 383 Chevalier of the Splendid Crest, The, 25, 871 Duke of Britain, A, 25, 845, 871 Maxwell, W. H.: Bivouac, 25, 865 Life of Wellington, 19, 509 Stories of Waterloo, 25, 866 Maxwell, Sir William Stirling: Don John of Austria, 13, 598, 14, 514 May, Sir Thomas Erskine: Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George III, 11, 648 Maya: a Story of Yucatan, 25, 889 Mayer: Geschichte Oesterreichs, 17, 465 Oesterreichische Geschichte fur das Volk, 17, 465 Mayers, William Frederick: Treaties Between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers, 6, 326 Mayes, Edward: J. Q. C. Lamar, 24, n 14 Mayo, Isabella Fyvie: Daughter of the Klephts, A, 25, 825 998 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Mazade, Charles de: L'Espagne Moderne, 8, 548 Mazeppa, 25, 877 Mazzini, Giuseppi: Life and Writings, 4, 422 Mead, William: Old Churches, Ministers, and Fam- ilies of Virginia, 24, 1 109 Meade, B. R.: Life of General George G. Meade, 24, 1 1 14 Medhurst, Walter Henry: China: Its State and Prospects, 6, 329 Mediaeval Garland, A, 25, 834 Mediaeval Scotland (1093-1513), 12, 383 Mediation of Ralph Hardelot, The, 25, 850 Meigs, W. M.: Growth of the Constitution, 24, 1 106 Meinecke, Gustav: Die deutschen Kolonien in Wort und Bild, 19, 323, 20, 410 Meinhold, Wilhelm: Amber Witch, The, 25, 883 Sidonia the Sorceress, 25, 883 Meinsma, J. J.: Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Post-Indische Bezittingen, 5, 399 Mellichampe, 25, 893 Meltzer, O.: Geschichte der Karthage, I, 436 Melville, G. J. Whyte: Cerise, 25, 839 Gladiators, The, 25, 823, 826 Holmby House, 25, 856 Interpreter, The, 25, 867, 882 Katerfelto, 25, 863 Queen's Maries, The, 25, 872 Sarchedon: a Tale of the Great Queen, 25, 821 Sister Louise, 25, 838 Member for Paris, The, 25, 843 Memoir (Talleyrand-Perigord), 9, 502, 10, 510 Memoir of General James Ogle- thorpe, 24, 1 1 10 Memoir of Roger Williams, 24, 11 10 Memoir of the Life of John Charles Fremont, 24, n 13 Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee, 24, mi Memoir of the Services of the Ben- gal Artillery, 5, 394 Memoir of William Penn, 24, 1110 Memoire Autobiografiche, 4, 421 Memoires, 17, 467 Memoires sur la vie privee de Dan- ton, 10, 508 Memoirs (Barras), 10, 508 Memoirs (Bonaparte), 10, 509 Memoirs (Eugene), 18, 457 Memoirs (Grant), 24, 11 14 Memoirs (Greville), 11, 647 Memoirs (Remusat), 9, 501 Memoirs (Sheridan), 24, 1114 Memoirs (Sully), 9, 502 Memoirs, 1773-1815, 18, 458 Memoirs de Napoleon Bonaparte, 9, Soo Memoirs of a Cavalier, 25, 893 Memoirs of a Physician, 25, 840 Memoirs of Paul Kruger, Four Times President of the South African Re- public, 19, 323 Memoirs of Spain during the Reigns of Philip IV and Charles II (1621- 1700), 8, 546 Memoirs of the American Revolution so Far as It Related to North and South Carolina and Virginia, 24, 1110 Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy and Diplomacy of Austria, 18, 459 Memoirs of the House of Branden- burg and History of Prussia dur- ing Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 18, 458 Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon from the Accession of Philip V to the Death of Charles III (1700-1788), 8, 546 Memoirs of the Operations of the British Army in India during the Maratha War, 1817-1819, 5, 395 Memoirs of the Reign of Louis XIV and the Regency, The, 9, 502 Memorials and Correspondence of Charles J. Fox, 10, 509 Memories du Cardinal Bernis, 17, 467 Men and Measures of Half a Cen- tury, 24, 1 1 13 AUTHORS AND TITLES 999 Men, Mines and Animals in South Africa, 19, 325 Men of the Moss-Hags, The, 25, 873 Men, Women, and Manners in Co- lonial Times, 24, 1109 Menant, Joachim: Les langues perdues de la Perse et de l'Assyrie, 1, 435 Mendes, A. Lopes: India Portuguesa, A, 8, 548 Menendezy, Pelayo: Historia de las Ideas Esteticas en Espana, 8, 549 La Cienca Espahola, 8, 549 Meneval, Baron: Napoleon et Marie Louise, 10, 509 Menotah, 25, 888 Menzies, Sutherland: Turkey, Old and New, 14, 513 Mercedes of Castile, 25, 833, 890 Merchant and the Friar, The, 25, 849 Merchant of Haarlem, The, 25, 876 Mercier, Mrs. Jerome: Romans in Britain, The, 25, 845 Meredith, George: Farina, 25, 882 Vittoria, 25, 830 Merejkowski, Dmitri: Death of the Gods, The, 25, 827 Forerunner, The, 25, 828 Peter and Alexis, 25, 877 Mereness, N. D.: Maryland as a Proprietary Prov- ince, 24, 1 109 Merimee, Prosper: Chronicle of the Reign of Charles IX, 25, 836 Merivale, Charles: Fall of the Roman Republic, The, 3, 400 General History of Rome, 4, 420 History of Romans under the Em- pire, 3, 400 Roman Triumvirates, The, 3, 400 Merivale, Herman: Lectures on Colonization Deliv- ered before the University of Ox- ford in 1839, 1840 and 1841, 20, 398 Merriam, C. E.: History of American Political The- ories, 24, 1 1 10 Merriman, Henry Seton: Barlasch of the Guard, 25, 842, 878 Flotsam, 25, 832 In Kedar's Tents, 25, 834 Isle of Unrest, The, 25, 843 Last Hope, The, 25, 843 Velvet Glove, The, 25, 834 Vultures, The, 25, 879 Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, 25, 848 Merry-Mount, 25, 890 Mervyn Clitheroe, 25, 866 Merwin, Samuel: Road to Frontenac, The, 25, 887 Messerschmidt, L.: Die Hittiter, I, 436 Mets, J. A.: Naval Heroes of Holland, 13, 598 Metternich, Prince: Memoirs, 1773-1815, 18, 458 Nachgelassene Papiere, 10, 509 Oesterreichs Theilnahme an den Befreiungskriegen, 17, 467 Mexican and Central American An- tiquities, 22, 515 Mexican Civilization, 21, 357 Mexican Resources, 22, 517 Mexico al traves de los siglos, 22, 517 Mexico and the Mexicans, 22, 516 Mexico and the United States, 22, 517 Mexico as I Saw It, 22, 517 Mexico in Transition, 22, 515 Mexico independiente, 1821-1855, 22, 517 Mexico: Its Progress and Commer- cial Possibilities, 22, 516 Mexico: Its Social Evolution, 22, 517 Mexico: Its Trade, Industries, and Resources, 22, 516 Mexico To-day, 22, 515 Mexico under Maximilian, 22, 516 Mexico Yesterday and To-day, 1876- 1904, 22, 516 Meyer, Annie Nathan: Robert Annys, Poor Priest, 25, 849 Meyer, C. F.: Der Heilige, 25, 847 Jurg Jenatsch, 25, 877 Meyer, Edward: Aegyptische Chronologie, I, 433 1000 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Die Entstehung der Judenthums, I, 440 Geschichte des alten Aegyptens, I. 433 Geschichte des Alterthums, i, 431 Meyrick, F.: Church in Spain, The, 8, 548 Micah Clarke, 25, 859 Michelet, Jules: History of the French Revolution, 9, 498 Middendorf, E. W.: Peru, Beobachtungen und Studien liber das Land und seine Be- wohner, 31, 360 Middle Kingdom, 6, 325 Middle Period, The, 24, 1 112 Middleton, J. H.: Remains of Ancient Rome, The, 3, 402 Midhat, Ali Haydar: Life of Midhat Pasha, 14, 514 Midshipman Farragut, 25, 896 Midshipman Paulding, 25, 896 Midshipman Stuart, 25, 896 'Midst the Wild Carpathians, 25, 881 Mignet, F. A.: French Revolution, The, 9, 498 Mikado's Empire, 7, 331 Miles, H. H.: History of Canada Under French Regime, 24, 1107 Militarism and Democracy, 20, 411 Military History of the Civil War, 24, 1 1 13 Military History of the Madras En- gineers and Pioneers from 1743 up to the Present Time, 5, 394 Military Operations of General Beau- regard, 24, 1 1 14 Mill, J.: History of British India, 5, 393 Miller, Thomas: Fair Rosamond, 25, 847 Royston Gower; or, The Days of King John, 25, 848 Miller, William: Balkans, The, 14, 513 Mills, L. H., and Darmesteter, James: Zend Avesta, The, in Sacred Books of the East, 1, 437 Mills of God, The, 25, 895 Milman, H. H.: History of the Jews from the Earli- est Period to the Present Time, 1, 440 Milne, J. Grafton: History of Egypt under Roman Rule, 1, 433 Milner, Sir Alfred: England in Egypt, 11, 648, 19, 323 Milyoukov, Paul: Russia and its Crisis, 15, 390 Miner, Charles: History of Wyoming, 24, 1109 Miner, Luella: Two Heroes of Cathay, 6, 326 Mines of Mexico, The, 22, 517 Minister's Wooing, The, 25, 895 Minot, G. R.: Continuation of the History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, 1748-1765, 24, 1 108 History of the Insurrection in Massachusetts in the Year of 1786, and the Rebellion Conse- quent Thereon, 24, mi Minto, William: Mediation of Ralph Hardelot, The, 35, 850 Mirabeau, 9, 500 Miriam Cromwell, Royalist, 25, 855 Mischief of a Glove, The, 25, 853 Mis'ess Joy, 25, 866 Misfortunes of Elphin, The, 25, 868 Miss Angel, 25, 863 Mission Methods in Manchuria, 6, 329 Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, 19, 326 Mississippi Basin, The, 24, 11 12 Mississippi Bubble, The, 25, 839, 892 Mistress Barbara Cunliffe, 25, 867 Mistress Brent, 25, 890 Mistress Dorothy Marvin, 25, 859 Mistress Spitfire, 25, 855 Mitchell, Silas Weir: Adventures of Francois, The, 25, 841 Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker, 25, 894 Roland Blake, 25, 898 Mitford, Bertram: Aletta, 25, 886 AUTHORS AND TITLES 1001 Gun Runner, The, 25, 885 Haviland's Chum, 25, 885 Induna's Wife, The, 25, 885 King's Assegai, The, 25, 885 Luck of Gerald Ridgeley, The, 25, 885 Romance of the Cape Frontier, A, 25, 885 Sign of the Spider, The, 25, 885 'Tween Snow and Fire, 25, 885 Word of the Sorceress, The, 25, 885 Mitford, William: History of Greece, 2, 556 Mito Yashiki, 25, 833 Mittelamerikanische Reisen und Stu- dien aus den Jahren 1888 bis 1900, 22, SI7 Mile, de la Seighiere, 25, 843 Model Republic, The, 13, 599 Modern Germany, 18, 457 Modern Greece, 2, 557 Modern Italy, 4, 422 Modern Legionary, A, 25, 844 Modern Spain, 1788-1898, 8, 547 Moe, J., and Asbjornsen, P. C: Norse Folke-og Huldre-eventyr og Folkesagn, 16, 347 Moekler-Ferryman, A. F.: British West Africa, its Rise and Progress, 19, 326 Mogul Emperors of Hindustan, 5, 397 Mohammedan Dynasties; Chronolog- ical and Genaeological Tables, with Historical Introductions, The, 1, 438, 8, 545 Mohawks, 25, 862 Mohun, 25, 899 Moji-no-Shirube; a Practical Intro- duction to the Study of the Jap- anese Writing, 7, 333 Molander, Harold: Fortune-Hunter, The, 25, 884 Molesworth, William Nassau: History of England from the Year 1830 to 1874, 11, 648 Moltke, Helmuth von: Franco-German War of 1870-1871, 9, 501, 18, 458 Molyneux : Case of Ireland, 12, 382 Molyneux, W. C. F.: Campaigning in South Africa and Egypt, 19, 326 Mommsen, Theodor: History of Rome, 3, 399, 4, 420 Provinces of the Roman Empire, 3, 402, 8, 548 Romisches Staatsrecht, 3, 402 Monastery, The, 25, 872 Money, J. W. B.: Java; or How to Manage a Col- ony: Showing a Practical Solu- tion of the Questions Now Af- fecting British India, 20, 409 Monk of Fife, A, 25, 835 Monnard, Muller, and Vulliemin: Histoire de la Suisse, 13, 599 Monroe, Forest: Maid of Montauks, 25, 891 Monsier Martin, 25, 861, 880 Monsieur de Chauvelin's Will, 25, 840 Monsieur le Capitaine Douay, 25, 876 Monstrelet: Chronicles, 9, 501 Montcalm and Wolfe, 20, 408, 24, 1 104 Montefiore, C. G.: Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews, 1, 440 Monteiro, M., and MacMurdo, M. M.: History of Portugal, 8, 547 Montelius, Oscar: Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times, 16, 346 Montelius, P.: Sveriges Historia fram aldsta Yid till vara Dagar, 16, 346- Montesquieu, 9, 499 Montevideo e la republica del Uru- guay, 21, 360 Montezuma's Daughter, 25, 889 Montgomery, K. L.: Cardinal's Pawn, The, 25, 829 Major Weir, 25, 873 Monuments de l'Egypte et de la Nu- bie, 1, 432 Monuments de Ninive, 1, 434 Monuments of Nineveh, 1, 434 Moonfleet, 25, 863 1002 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Moore, C. H.: Treason of Charles Lee, 24, 11 11 Moore, Dorothea: Brown: a Story of Waterloo Year, 25, 866 Moore, Frank: Rebellion Record, The, 24, 11 13 Songs and Ballads of the Ameri- can Revolution, 24, mi Moore, Frank Frankfort: Castle Omeragh, 25, 869 Fatal Gift, The, 25, 863 Jessamy Bride, The, 25, 863 Nell Gwyn, Comedian, 25, 858 Nest of Linnets, A, 25, 863 Moore, J. E. S.: Tanganyika Problem, The, 19, 326 Moore, John Bassett: History and Digest of the Interna- tional Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party, 24, 1 105 Political Relations of the United States with the Far East, 20, 411 Moore, Thomas: Epicurean, The, 25, 821 Morel, Edmund D.: King Leopold's Rule in Africa, 19, 326 Morey, William C: Outlines of Greek History, 2, 556 Outlines of Roman Law, compris- ing its History, Growth and Gen- eral Principles, 3, 402 Morfill, W. R.: Story of the Nations, 15, 390 Morgan, L. H.: Ancient Society, 24, 1107 Morgan's Men, 25, 894 Morier, James Justinian: Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispa- han, 25, 822 Morison, T.: Imperial Rule in India, being an Examination of the Principles Proper to the Government of De- pendencies, 5, 394 Morley, John: Burke, 11, 648, 24, 11 Cromwell, 11, 648 Diderot and the Encyclopaedists, 9, 498 Life of W. E. Gladstone, 11, 648, 24, 1 106 Rousseau, 9, 498, 10, 508 Voltaire, 9, 498, 10, 508 Walpole, 11, 648 Mormon Prophet, The, 25, 896 Morris, Gouverneur: Aladdin O'Brien, 25, 897 Diary and Letters, 9, 501, 10, 508 Morris, Henry C: History of Colonization from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, 20, 399 Morris, J.: Japan and its Trade, 7, 333 Morris, Robert, 24, nil, 1113 Morris, W. O'Connor: Campaign of 1815, The, 10, 509 French Revolution and the First Empire, The, 10, 507 Hannibal, 3, 401 Ireland, 1498-1868, 12, 381 Napoleon, 10, 509 Morris, William: Dream of John Ball, The, 25, 850 Morrison, G. E.: Austrian in China, An, 6, 329 Morse, John T.: Benjamin Franklin, 24, mi Life of Abraham Lincoln, 24, 1114 Life of John Quincy Adams, 24, 1112 Thomas Jefferson, 24, mi Morse-Stephens, H.: Portugal, 8, 545 Moscow, 25, 840, 878 Moses, Bernard: Establishment of Spanish Rule in America, 20, 401, 24, 1107 Mosquera: Los partidos en Colombia, 21, 360 Mossbach: Bolivia, 21, 359 Mosse: Dom Pedro II, 21, 360 Mosses from an Old Manse, 25, 89.2 Most Famous Loba, The, 25, 834 Motley, John Lothrop: Correspondence, 13, 598 History of the United Netherlands, 13, 598 Life of John of Barneveld, 13, 598 AUTHORS AND TITLES 1003 Merry-Mount, 25, 890 Rise of the Dutch Republic, 13, 598 Moule, Arthur Evans: New China and Old, 6, 329 Moulton, Richard Green: Ancient Classical Drama, 2, 558 Moultrie, William: Memoirs of the American Revolu- tion so Far as it Related to North and South Carolina, and Virginia, 24, 11 10 Mountain Patriots, The, 25, 877 Mountaineering, 13, 599 Movers, Franz Karl: Die Phonizier, 1, 436 Die punischen Texte im Pcenules des Plautaus kritisch gewiirdigt und erklart, I, 436 Phonizien, in Allg. Encyclop. von Ersch und Gruber, 1, 436 Phonizische Texte erklart, 1, 436 Mowry, William Augustus: Territorial Growth of the United States, 20, 411 MS. in the Red Box, The, 25, 854 Muddock, J. E.: Basile the Jester, 25, 872 In the King's Favor, 25, 872 Kate Cameron of Brux, 25, 871 Sweet Dol of Haddon Hall, 25, 853 Mueller, Wilhelm: Political History of Recent Times (1816-1875), with Special Refer- ence to Germany, 18, 458 Miihlbach, Louise: Andreas Hofer, 25, 882 Berlin and Sans Souci, 25, 884 Henry VIII and his Court: or, Catherine Parr, 25, 852 Miihlbrecht: Wegweiser durch die neuere Liter- atur der Rechts- und Staatswis- sens Chaften, 17, 465 Muhlenberg, H. A.: Life of Major General John Muhl- enberg, 24, mi Muir, John: Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the Peo- ple of India, their Religion and Institutions, 5, 399 Muir, Sir William: Caliphate, its Rise, Decline, and Fall, The, 1, 438 Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, 1, 438 Muir head, J.: Historical Introduction to the Pri- vate Law of Rome, 3, 402 Mulford, I. A.: Civil and Political History of New Jersey, A, 24, 1109 Muller, August: Der Islam in Morgen- und Abend- land, 1, 438, 5, 393 Muller, F. Max: History of Ancient Sanskrit Lit- erature, 5, 399 Lecture on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by the Religion of India, 5, 399 Muller, Monnard, and Vulliemin: Histoire de la Suisse, 13, 599 Muller, S. O.: Norges Land og Folk, 16, 348 Mullins, J. W.: Wonderful Story of Uganda, 19, 323 Mummy: Chapters on Egyptian Fu- neral Archaeology, The, 1, 432 Munch, P. A.: Det Norske Folks Historie, 16, 346 Mundt, Mrs. C. M.: see Miihlbach, Louise Munro, Neil: Children of Tempest, 25, 875 Gilian the Dreamer, 25, 875 John Splendid, 25, 856, 873 Lost Pibroch, The, and other Shieling Stories, 25, 872 Shoes of Fortune, The, 25, 874 Munroe, Kirk: At War with Pontiac, 25, 892 Flamingo Feather, The, 25, 890 Longfeather the Peacemaker, 25, 890 Midshipman Stuart, 25, 896 Through Swamp and Glade, 25, 896 White Conquerors of Mexico, The, 25, 889 With Crockett and Bowie, 25, 896 1004 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Muratori, L. A.: Annali d'ltalia, 4, 420 Murdock, Harold: Reconstruction of Europe, The, 18, 458 Murdock, James, and Yamagata, Isoh: History of Japan during the Cen- tury of Early Foreign Inter- course, 7, 332 Miirdter, F., and Delitzsch, Fried- rich: Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyr- iens, 1, 435 Murray, A. .: Commercial Relations between England and Ireland, 12, 381 Murray, David: Japan, 7, 332 Murray, David Christie, and Henry Herman: One Traveller Returns, 25, 844 Murray, E. C. Grenville: Member for Paris, The, 25, 843 Murray, R. W.: South Africa from Arab Domina- tion to British Rule, 19, 323 Musgrave, George Clarke: In South Africa with Buller, 19, 323 Musick, John R.: Columbia, 25, 890 Musson, G. P., and Roxburgh, T. L.: Hand-Book of Jamaica, 22, 518 Musters, Mrs. Chaworth: Cavalier Stronghold, A, 25, 856 Mutineer, The, 25, 888 My Dark Companions and their Strange Stories, 19, 327 My Friend Anne, 25, 851 My Lady Joanna, 25, 849 My Lady Laughter, 25, 893 My Lady of Orange, 25, 876 My Lady of the Bass, 25, 859 My Lady of the North, 25, 899 My Lady Pokahontas, 25, 892 My Lady Rotha, 25, 893 My Lord Winchenden, 25, 858 My Lords of Strogue, 25, 870 My Mistress the Queen, 25, 859 My Own Story, 24, 11 14 My Wanderings in Persia, 5, 401 Mycenaean Civilization, 2, 558 Mycenean Age, The, 2, 559 Mysteries of Marseilles, The, 25, 843 Myth and Religion, 19, 326 Myths and Languages, 22, 515 Myths of Greece and Rome, 2, 558 N Nachgelassene Papiere, 10, 509 Nama, Mustapha: Annals, 1591-1659, 14, 514 Nameless Castle, The, 25, 882 Nameless Nobleman, A, 25, 891 Nancy Stair, 25, 875 Nansen, Fridtjof: Norway and the Union with Swe- den, 16, 346 Naomi, 25, 823 Napier, Mrs. Alexander: Memoirs, 1773-1815, 18, 458 Napier, Sir Charles: William the Conqueror, 25, 846 Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick: History of War in the Peninsula and the South of France, 8, 548, 10, 509 Napoleon (Morris), 10, 509 Napoleon (Rose), 9, 499 Napoleon and English Commerce, 10, 509 Napoleon at St. Domingo, 10, 508 Napoleon Bonaparte's First Cam- paign, 10, 510 Napoleon et Marie Louise, 10, 509 Napoleon the First, 9, 497, 10, 509 Napoleon, tne First Phase, 10, 510 Napoleon, the Last Phase, 9, 499 Napoleon III, Emperor of the French : History of Julius Caesar, 3, 401 Napoleon's Addresses, 9, 502 Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, 10, 509 Napoleon's letters to Josephine, 10, 508 Napoleon's Love Story, 25, 842, 879 Napoleon's Plans for a Colonial Sys- tem, 10, 510 Napp: Die argentinische Republik Buenos- Ayres, 31, 359 Narcissus, 25, 824 Narration of the Campaign in India AUTHORS AND TITLES 1005 which terminated the War with Tippoo Sultan in 1792, 5, 397 Narrative and Critical History of America, 31, 358, 24, 1103, 1105 Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries, 19, 326 Narrative of Further Excavations at Zimbabje, 19, 327 Narrative of Hernando de Soto, 24, 1 107 Narrative of the Siege and Capture of Bhurtfore, 5, 396 Narrative of the Transactions in Ben- gal from 1760-1764, 5, 400 Natalia, 19, 322 Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, The, 22, 515, 24, 1 107 Naturalist in Nicaragua, The, 22, 515 Nature and Man in America, 24, 1107 Naval Heroes of Holland, 13, 598 Naval War of 1812, The, 24, 11 12 Navigation Laws, 24, I no Naylor, James Ball: Sign of the Prophet, The, 25, 896 Neaera, 25, 825 Neal, Daniel: History of the Puritans, 24, 1109 Neale, J. M.: Egyptian Wanderers, The, 25, 827 Theodora Phranza, 25, 879 Near the Tsar, near Death, 25, 878 'Neath the Hoof of the Tartar, 25, 881 Ned Leger, 25, 862 Needham, J. G.: War on the Rhine Frontier, The, 18, 458 Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe, 14, 515 Negotiations Preceding the Peace of Luneville, The, 10, 509 Negro in Maryland, The, 24, n 12 Negroes and Negro Slavery, 24, n 12 Neill, Edward Duffield: Founders of Maryland, 24, 1 109 History of the Virginia Company, of London, 24, 1109 Neill, James George Smith: Historical Record of the Madras European Regiment, 5, 394 Neilsen, Yngvar: Norges Histoire efter 1814, 16, 346 Nell Gwyn, Comedian, 25, 858 Nelson, J. H.: View of the Hindu Law as admin- istered by the High Court of Judicature at Madras, 5, 399 Nero, 25, 826 Nessa, 25, 869 Nest of Linnets, A, 25, 863 Neue Bilder aus dem Leben des deutschen Volkes, 18, 457 New Account of the East Indies, 5, 397 New Border Tales, The, 25, 873 New-Born Cuba, The, 22, 518 New Brazil: Its Resources and At- tractions, Historical, Descriptive, and Industrial, The, 21, 360 New Canterbury Tales, 25, 849 New Chapters in Greek History, 2, 558 New China and Old, 6, 329 New England Cactus, A, 25, 890 New Era in Old Mexico, 22, 516 New History of Painting in Italy, from the Second to the Sixteenth Centuries, A, 4, 421 New Landlord, The, 25, 882 New Letters of Napoleon I, 9, 501 New Light on Dark Africa, 19, 323 New South, The, 24, 1113, 1114 New World, The, 21, 358 New York (Roberts), 24, 1109 New York (Roosevelt), 24, 1109 Newbolt, Henry: Taken from the Enemy, 25, 866 Newcomen, George: Left-handed Swordsman, A, 25, 869 Newest England: Notes of a Demo- cratic Traveller in New Zealand, with Some Australian Comparisons, 20, 406 Nicaragua Canal and the Monroe Doc- trine, The, 24, 1 106 Nicholas I, Life and Reign, 15, 389 Nichols, Francis H.: Through Hidden Shensi, 6, 329 Nichols, T. L.: Forty Years of American Life, 24, 1112 Nick o' the Woods, 25, 895 1006 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Nicolay, John George, and Hay, John: Life of Lincoln, 24, 11 12, 11 14 Nicole, 25, 841 Niebuhr, Barthold George: History of Rome, 3, 399 Niebuhr, Carstens: Geschichte der Hebraischen Zeital- ters, 1, 440 Nigger of the Narcissus, The, 25, 867 Nights, Signors of the, 25, 829 Ninety-Three, 25, 840 Nineveh and Babylon, 1, 434 Nineveh and its Remains, 1, 434 Nippur, or Explorations and Adven- tures, 1, 43s Nitobe, I.: Bushido, 7, 332 Intercourse between the United States and Japan, 7, 332 Nixon, O. W.: How Marcus Whitman Saved Ore- gon, 24, 1 1 12 No Cross, No Crown, 25, 872 "No. 101," 25, 839 No Soul Above Money, 25, 861 No Surrender, 25, 840 No. XIII; or The Story of the Lost Vestal, 25, 845 Noble, F. P.: Redemption of Africa, 19, 326 Noble Purpose Nobly Won, A, 25, 835 Noble Queen, A, 25, 830 Noble Wife, A, 25, 852 Noel, J. V.: History of the Second Pan-Amer- ican Congress, 22, 516 Noeldechen, Wilhelm: Baron and Squire, 25, 883 Noemi, 25, 835 No Id eke, Theodor: Das Leben Muhammeds, 1, 439 Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur der Sassaniden, 1, 438 Persia, in Encyclopaedia Britan- nica, 1, 438 Noll, A. H.: From Empire to Republic, 22, 516 Short History of Mexico, 22, 516 Nora Lester, 25, 886 Norah Moriaty; or Revelations of Modern Irish Life, 25, 871 Nordenskjold, N. O. G.: Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, Southwest Colorado, 24, 1107 Nordische Altertumskunde, 16, 348 Nordhoff, Charles: Cotton States in 1875, The, 24, 11 14 Nordlund, Karl: Swedish Norwegian Union Crisis, a History with Documents, 16, 346 Norges Historie efter 1814, 16, 346 Norges Kongesagaer, 16, 349 Norges Land og Folk, 16, 348 Norman, Charles Boswell: Armenia and the Campaign of 1877, M, 514 Colonial France, 20, 408 Norman, H.: All the Russians, 15, 389 Normanby, Marquis of: Year of Revolution from a Jour- nal Kept in Paris in 1848, A, 9, SOI Norse Folke-og Huldre-eventyr og Folkesagn, 16, 347 Norse Mythology, 16, 347 Norsemen in the West, The, 25, 88o, 890 North Americans of Antiquity, The, 22, 517 North Americans of Yesterday, 21, 357, 24, 1 107 North Carolina, 24, 1109 Northern Mythology, comprising the Principal Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany and the Netherlands, 16, 349 Northern Runic Monuments, 16, 349 Norway, George: Duance Pendray, 25, 861 Prisoner of War, A, 25, 842 Willoughby Manor, 25, 853 Norway, 16, 348 Norway and Its Glaciers, 16, 348 Norway and the Union with Swe- den, 16, 346 Norway: Its Fjords, Fjelds and Fasses, 16, 348 Norway: Official publication in Eng- lish, for the Paris Exposition, 16, 348 Norwegian Byways, 16, 349 AUTHORS AND TITLES 1007 Norwegian Ramble, 16, 349 Not for Crown or Sceptre, 25, 880 Noticias secretas de America, 20, 402 Notre-Dame, 25, 835 Nouvelle geograpie Universelle, 17, 466 Nowack, Wilhelm: Lehrbuch der hebraischen Archaol- cgic, I, 440 Nullification and Secession, 24, 1106 Numbers and Losses, 24, 11 13 Nursery Tales, Traditions and His- tories of Zulus, 19, 325 Nystrom, J. Francis: Handbok i Sveriges Geografi, 16, 348 Norway, 16, 348 O'Brien, Barry: Ireland, 12, 381 Fifty Years of Concessions to Ire- land, 12, 382 O'Brien, Dean: D'Altons of Crag, The, 25, 870 O'Brien, William: Queen of Men, A, 25, 869 When We were Boys, 25, 871 O 'Curry, Eugene: Manners and Customs of Ancient Ireland, 12, 381 O'Donoghue, The, 25, 870 O 'Donovan, John: Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, 12, 381 O 'Grady, Standish: Coming of Cuculain, 25, 868 In the Wake of King James, 25, 869 Ulrick the Ready, 25, 869 Red Hugh's Captivity, 25, 869 O Brasil e as colonias portuguezas, 8, 548 Oakfield, 25, 831 Ober, Frederick Albion: Hernando Cortes, Conqueror of Mexico, 22, 517 Mexican Resources, 22, 517 Travels in Mexico, 22, 517 Oberholtzer, E. P.: Robert Morris, 24, I ill, 11 13 Obras Completas, 22, 517 Ocean Free-Lance, An, 25, 866 Ockley, Simon: History of the Saracens, 1, 439 Odysseus: Turkey in Europe, 14, 515 Oesterreich unter Maria Theresa, Jo- seph II, und Leopold II, 17, 466 Oesterreich von Vilagos bis zur Ge- genwart, 17, 467 Oesterreichische Geschichte fur das Volk, 17, 465 Oesterreichs Theilnahme en den Be- freiungskriegen, 17, 467 Ogg, F. A.: Opening of the Mississippi, 24, 1112 Ohnefalsch-Richter, Max: Kypros, die Bibel und Homer, 1, 437 Okakura, K.: Soul of the East, 7, 332 Olaf the Glorious, 25, 880 Olasgoaca, Manuel: La Conquete de la Pampa, 21, 359 Old Blackfriars, 25, 855 Old Boston, 25, 893 Old Churches, Ministers and Fam- ilies of Virginia, 24, 1109 Old Court Life in Spain, 8, 546 Old Creole Days, 25, 896 Old Dominion, The, 25, 891, 896 Old English Baron, The, 25, 850 Old Greek Education, 2, 558 Old Greek Life, 2, 558 Old Judge, The, 25, 887 Old Kaskaskia, 25, 887 Old Margaret, 25, 875 Old Missionary, The, 25, 831 Old Mortality, 25, 873 Old Norse Fairy Tales, gathered from the Swedish Folk, 16, 349 Old Northwest, The, 24, 1105 Old Regime in Canada, The, 20, 408, 24, 1 107 Old St. Paul's, 25, 858 Old Squire: the Romance of a Black Virginian, 25, 898 Old South, The, 24, 11 12 Old Testament in the Jewish Church, The, 1, 441 Old Times in the Colonies, 24, 1109 Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier, 24, 1 109 1008 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, 24, 1 109 Oldest Civilization of Greece, The, 2, 558 Oldfield, 25, 897 Oldham, Henry: Man 'from Texas, The, 25, 898 Oldmixon, John: British Empire in America, 24, 1108 Oldtown Folks, 25, 895 Oliphant, Margaret O.: Magdalen Hepburn, 25, 872 Oliver Ellis; or, The Fusiliers, 25, 864 Oliveria-Martins, J. P.: Historia de Portugal, 8, 545 O Brasil e as colonias portuguezas, 8,548 Portugal Contemporanes, 8, 548 Portugal em Africa, 8, 548 Olmsted, Frederick Law: Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, 24, 1 1 12 Olympe de Cleves, 25, 839 Oman, Charles William Chadwick: Art of War in the Middle Ages, 11, 648 History of the Peninsular War, 10, 509 Seven Roman Statesmen of the Later Republic, 3, 401 Oman, E. K.: Industrial History of the United States, 24, 1 1 10 Oman, J. C: Great India Epics, the Stories of Ramayana and the Mahabharata, 5, 399 Omar the Tentmaker, 25, 822 Omitted Chapters of History Dis- closed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph, 24, 11 13 On Both Sides of the Sea, 25, 856 On Guard Against Tory and Tarle- ton, 25, 894 On Peter's Island, 25, 878 On the Banks of the Ouse, 25, 863 On the Edge of the Storm, 25, 841 On the Face of the Waters, 25, 832 On the Frontier with St. Clair, 25, 895 On the Irrawaddy, 25, 831 On the Red Staircase, 25, 877 On the Social Organization and Mode of Government of the An- cient Mexicans, 22, 515 On the Trail of Don Quixote, 8, 550 On the Wing of Occasions, 25, 898 One in a Thousand, 25, 837 One of the Fighting Scouts: a Tale of Guerilla Warfare in South Af- rica, 25, 886 One of the Six Hundred, 25, 867 One of the 28th, 25, 866 One Queen Triumphant, 25, 853, 872 One Traveller Returns, 25, 844 Onesimus, Christ's Freedman, 25, 823 Opening of the Mississippi, 24, 1112 Opinions of Eminent Lawyers on Various Points of English Juris- prudence, Chiefly Concerning the Colonies, Fisheries and Commerce of Great Britain, 20, 404 Oporto, Old and New, 8, 550 Opzoomer, Miss: In Troubled Times, 25, 876 Orange and Green, 25, 869 Orange Girl, The, 25, 863 Orangery, The: a Comedy of Tears, 25, 864 Orcutt, William Dana: Robert Cavalier, 25, 891 Oregon, the Struggle for Possession, 24, 1112 Oregon Trail, The, 20, 408 Oriental Series, 7, 333 Origin and Growth of English Co- lonial Policy, 11, 646 Origin and Growth of the English Colonies and of their System of Government, 20, 404 Origin of English History, 11, 646 Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India, their Religion and Insti- tutions, 5, 399 Orissa, 5, 398 Orme, Robert: History of the Military Transac- tions of the British Nation in Indostan from the year 1745, 5. 399 Ormsby, R. M.: History of the Whig Party, 24, 1 106 AUTHORS AND TITLES 1009 Ormuzd et Ahriman, i, 437 Orpen, Mrs.: Corrageen, 25, 870 Orr, Mrs. Alexander Sutherland: Mountain Patriots, The, 25, 877 Orsi, P.: Modern Italy, 4, 422 Os Lusiadas, 5, 396 Osborne, Duffield: Lion's Brood, The, 25, 825 Osgood, Herbert: American Colonies in the Seven- teenth Century, 24, 1108 Ostiranische Culture in Alterthum, I, 438 Other Man's Country, The: An Ap- peal to Conscience, 20, 412 Otis, James: At the Siege of Quebec, 25, 893 Boys of 1745, 25, 887 Cruise of the Enterprise, The, 25, 895 Island Refuge, An, 25, 891 Otis, James, 24, 1111 Otterbourne, 25, 850 Ottoman Power in Europe, The, 14, 513 Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, 5, 400 Our Artie Province, 24, n 14 Our Burmese Wars and Relations with Burma, being an Abstract of Military and Political Operations, 1824-1826 and 1852-1853, 5, 398 Our Forefathers, 25, 882 Our Indian Protectorate, 5, 395 Our Lady of Beauty, 25, 835 Our Lady of Darkness, 25, 841 Our Wild Indians, 24, 1107 Out of the Cypress Swamp, 25, 895 Out of the East, 7, 332 Out of the Sunset Sea, 25, 890 Out with Garibaldi, 25, 830 Outhwaite, R. L., and Chomley, C. H.: Wisdom of Esau, The, 25, 888 Outlaws of the Marches, The, 25, 872 Outline of the History of the Litera- ture of the Old Testament, An, 1, 440 Outlines of Greek History, 2, 556 Outlines of Greek Philosophy, 2, 559 Outlines of Roman History, 3, 400 Outlines of Roman Law: Compris- ing its History, Growth and Gen- eral Principles, 3, 402 Outlines of the History of Art, 2, 558 Outlines of the Philosophy of the History of Man, 1, 431 Outside and Overseas, 25, 888 Over the Border, 25, 855 Overbeck, Johannes Adolf: Geschichte des griechischen Plas- tik, 2, 558 Overland, O. A.: Illustreret Norges Historie, 16, 346 Overland to China, 6, 328 Overton, Gwendolen: Heritage of Unrest, The, 25, 899 Oxcken, W.: Das Zeitalter der Revolution, des Kaiserreichs und der Befreiungs- Kriege, 17, 466 Oxenham, John: John of Gerisau, 25, 844, 884 Under the Iron Flail, 25, 844 Oxley, J. Macdonald: Fife and Drum at Louisbourg, 25, 887 Pabo, the Priest, 25, 847, 868 Pactolus Prime, 897 Paez: Autobiografia, 27, 360 Page, Thomas Nelson: Among the Camps, 25, 898 Old South, The, 24, 11 12 Red Rock, 25, 899 Two Little Confederates, 25, 898 Page of the Duke of Savoy, The, 25, 836, 876 Pages, Leon: Bibliographic japanaise, depuis le XVe siecle jusqua 1859, 7, 331 Paget, Sir Arthur: Diplomatic and Other Correspond- ence, 10, 509 Pain, Barry: Romantic History of Robin Hood, The, 25, 848 Palace of Spies, The, 25, 865 Palacio, Vincente Riva: Mexico al traves de los siglos, 22, 517 Palacky, Francis: Geschichte von Bohmen, 17, 466 1010 THE HISTORY OF NATIONS Paladins of Edwin the Great, The, 25, 845 Palfrey, John Gosham: History of New England, 24, 1108 Palgrave, Sir Francis T.: Merchant and the Friar, The, 25, 849 Palgrave, Mary E.: Deb Clavel, 25, 859 Palgrave, William Gifford: Arabia, in Encyclopaedia Britanni- ca, 1, 439 Herman Agha, 25, 822 Palmer, Edward Henry: Tur'an, The, 1, 439 Palmer, F. H. E.: Russian Life in Town and Country, 15, 389 Palmer, Frederick: Vagabond, The, 25, 898 Pan Michael, 25, 878 Pandurang Hari, 25, 831 Papers from a Viceroy's Yamen, 6, 328 Paradise, The Key of, 25, 829 Paris, Louis Philippe, Comte de: Military History of the Civil War, 24, 1113 Parisians, The, 25, 843 Parker, Edward Harper: China: Her History, Diplomacy and Commerce, 6, 325 China Past and Present, 6, 325 John Chinaman, 6, 329 Parker, Sir Gilbert: Battle of the Strong, The, 25, 841 Ladder of Swords, A: a tale of Love, Laughter and Tears, 25, 853 Pomp of the Lavilettes, The, 25, 887 Seats of the Mighty, 25, 887 Trail of the Sword, The, 25, 887 Parker, Theodore, 24, 11 13 Parkes, Sir Henry: Fifty Years in the Making of Aus- tralian History, 20, 406 Parkman, Francis: California and Oregon Trail, The, 20, 408, 24, 1 1 12 Conspiracy of Pontiac, 20, 408, 24, 1 107 Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV, 24, 1107 Frontenac, 20, 408 Half Century of Conflict, A, 20, 408, 24, 1 104 Jesuits in North America, 20, 408, 24, 1107 La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West, 20, 408, 24, 1107 Montcalm and Wolfe, 20, 408, 24, 1 104 Old Regime in Canada, The, 20, 408, 24, 1 107 Pioneers of France in the New World, 20, 408, 24, 1 104 Struggle for a Continent, The, 20, 409 Parliamentary Debates, 12, 382 Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies, 20, 405 Parmele, Mary Piatt: Short History of Spain, 8, 546 Parrish, Randall: My Lady of the North, 25, 899 Sword of the Old Frontier, A, 25, 892 Parry, E. A.: England's Elizabeth Memories of Matthew Bedale, 25, 853 Parson Kelly, 25, 861 Parsons, William Barclay: American Engineer in China, An, 6, 329 Partisan, The, 25, 893 Parton, James: General Butler in New Orleans, 24, 1 1 14 Life and Times of Aaron Burr, 24, 1113 Thomas Jefferson, 24, 1111 Partridge, C. Cross River Natives, 19, 326 Pasquier fitienne Denis: History of My Time, 1789-1815, 9, 501 Passages in the Life of the Fa