ltr\ LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA J . A / .. \ THE STUDIES AND TEACHING TIME OF ITS SUPPBESSION, 1750-1773. *2*4>^ TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH OF M. L'ABBE MAYNAKD, HONORARY CANON OP POITIERS? PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC AT PONTLEVOY. B^LTIMO'RE: PUBLISHED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO., No. 178 MARKET STREET. LONDON :....C. DOLMAN, 61 NEW BOND STREET. PITTSBURG : GEORGE QUIGLEY. 1855. LOAN STACK yearlSM, ENTERED, according to Act o^ Congress, in the year BT JOHN MURPHY & COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maryland. rtfw. THE translator deems that he is performing a good office to the cause of truth, in laying before the American public the facts recorded in the present work. Every day is the Society of Jesus assailed by calumny, libels are widely circulated, and with mali- cious ingenuity is history perverted ; but rarely is a voice, at least one speaking our tongue, raised in its defence, and with difficulty could an impartial man obtain, in our language, a statement of facts, upon which a candid and dispassionate judgment could be based. To aid in disseminating some of these facts has been the object of the translator. He does not pledge himself to the advocacy of every opinion expressed by the author. In the controversy which originated the present work, a controversy whose existence he de- precates, he does not in any manner participate. He would not have been induced to undertake this trans- 940 IV PREFACE. lation, had he not regarded the discussion with Father Theiner as merely incidental, and in nowise affecting the value of the facts narrated. Even in times like the present, in times of pre- judice and fanaticism, there are men whose nobleness of soul elevates them above the region of contending passions : to such the work is principally addressed. For the loyal Catholic no other defence of the Society of Jesus will be requisite, than to remind him, that it was founded with the Sanction of the Holy See, that it flourished under its protecting care, that, though suppressed, it never was condemned, even by the Pope who suppressed it, that after an experience of the void occasioned by its extinc- tion, the Sovereign Pontiff recalled it to life at the earnest supplication, and with the unanimous ap- plause of the Catholic world. No one then can be a dutiful son of the Holy See, and be hostile to the Jesuits. Still it would be satisfactory to every Catholic inquirer, it is sheer justice to the characters of injured men, that every slanderer should be re- buked, and every falsehood encounter a crushing rejoinder. But how reply to these countless attacks? The time and patience of the defender will be spent, before the inventions of his mendacious opponents are exhausted. PREFACE. V It seemed to the translator, that the Jesuits should be defended particularly in their capacity of teachers. That they might discharge the duties of instruction was the primary object of their restoration : teaching is the principal end of their Institute, and against them, as teachers, the storm of persecution is espe- cially directed. Let them but close their schools, and the strife will cease. Louis Philippe and his govern- ment would tolerate them as simple missionaries, and permit them to labor in Algeria : the German Sove- reigns would allow them to preach, and to administer the sacraments, and Espartero would suffer them to exist in the Philippines. Does not every one see that other religious orders would share more largely than they do in the persecution for Christ's sake, were it not that the teaching order inspires peculiar hatred, and excites the most determined opposi- tion ? How well the enemies of religion appreciate the truth, so clearly seen by St. Ignatius of Loyola, that he who guides the youth, directs the destinies of the man ! How well they know, that upon their success in perverting education, depends the accom- plishment of their object the triumph of error! Once, already, this plan has succeeded: with what consequences, the bloody pages recording the aberra- tions of the past generation will attest. VI PREFACE. Thinking, therefore, that as teachers the Jesuits are particularly to be cherished and protected, the diffusion of Abbe* Maynard's work seemed to the translator greatly to be desired. It was alleged, that the Society of Jesus, at the time of its suppres- sion, no longer produced eminent men ; and it was said (with all the experience of modern times before us), that its utility had ceased. To the former charge Abbe* Maynard replies, by reading the roll of her distinguished children: to the latter, by pointing out the mischievous consequences of the suppression, especially in Portugal and Ger- many. He does not tell us of those flourishing missions in foreign lands, made desolate by the brief Dominus ac Redemptor: he does not narrate the elation, the sanguine hope of further conquest, con- ceived by the enemies of religion, upon obtaining this their first victory. These topics would be foreign to his thesis. Nor does he dilate upon the results of the suppression in France ; for he wrote for French- men, to whom all he could teach on this point was already familiar. But the effects of the suppression in Germany and Portugal ; the dissemination of Jan- senistic and infidel opinions ; the corruption of morals that ensued : these were subjects not before touched upon were subjects worthy of his pen, and fruitful PREFACE. Vii in useful lessons for the lover of religion and social order. From the perusal of the Abbe"s work, and from a diligent consideration of the facts he presents, it will be manifest, that it is of the utmost importance to preserve in the Church a body of teachers capable of giving instruction in the highest branches of educa- tion, that the Jesuits were the only body which aimed at fulfilling these duties, that to the discharge of them they were fully competent. That Catholic education is necessary, reason evinces, experience has taught, and the Sovereign Pontiff and the Bishops, many of whom are now making such strenuous exertions, and undergoing such sacrifices to erect universities and colleges, authoritatively de- clare. But single colleges and universities will not satisfy the wants of Catholic youth. There may be isolated institutions perfectly unobjectionable, even highly commendable. To mention no others, one, at least, there is in our own country " the mother of Bishops," of edifying priests, of highly accomplished, and truly Catholic laymen. From her fair fame, gained by so many services rendered to Catholicity in the United States, no advocate of the Jesuits should, even by inference, detract. The translator would, on the contrary, join his feeble voice to the Vlll PREFACE. applause, which testifies her merit and success. May Mount St. Mary's College ever flourish, venerable in the hallowed recollections she inspires, but vigorous and prolific in the children she brings forth ! But the youth of our Church need a general system of education, extending through all countries, perpetua- ting itself with the Church, which shall guarantee the best instruction, religious and scientific, and afford the best moral training. This truth would seem ma- nifest. But evidently these wants cannot be supplied by one man, however gifted ; by one institution, how- ever distinguished : evidently there is required a body of men, whose teachings the sanction of the Church will guarantee, whose multitude will admit a wide ex- tension, whose permanency the law of self-propagation will insure. Thus, and thus only, will be secured, extended and perpetuated, integrity of doctrinal and soundness of moral education. In such a body, the doctrines maintained and taught do not depend upon the whims of an indivi- dual, do not change with the changing opinions of the times. They must stand the test of experience, the scrutiny of observers. An error could not es- cape detection, or avoid reprehension. In precisely the same manner moral discipline is guaranteed. Its philosophical opinions may not harmonize with the fa- PREFACE. ix vorite theory of every individual ; its discipline may be too indulgent to please one, too austere to meet the views of another ; but neither can be supposed to be faulty, as long as both can appeal to the sanction of the Pope, and the approbation of the hierarchy. The general system of teaching being thus sanctioned and approved, a particular deviation from it must be of rare occurrence, and of easy correction by an appeal to the constituted authorities of the order, and finally of the church : and thus education is secured in doc- trine and in morals, as far as human means can se- cure it. Another advantage possessed by a body of teachers, and one afterwards alluded to in the work itself, is the power of self-propagation. Does a vacancy in the corps of professors exist ? The faculty is not forced to adopt into its ranks one unknown, untried and in- experienced. Teachers, if the expression be allowed, cannot be extemporized. But able recruits are to be found in the normal schools, which are forming the future professors. The new teacher enters upon his career with every provision to secure success ; he does not regard his duties as a temporary occupation, until something more lucrative, or more attractive may pre- sent itself ; he is a teacher by profession, by choice ; he brings with him no self-seeking, no mercenary X PREFACE. spirit ; he views his class as a field for the exertion of his zeal to the greater glory of God and the salvation of souls. Such are some of the advantages afforded hy a cor- poration of teachers, advantages not to be found in an aggregation of men, whose sole bond of unity is the accident of teaching within the same walls. These advantages were and are now afforded by the Society of Jesus. It was and is the only body which professes as its peculiar object to instruct, throughout the world, Catholic youth in the highest branches of education. Such a body then should be cherished and pre- served, as long as it performs its duties in a satisfac- tory manner. Even if it does not satisfy the antici- pations of the most sanguine, and if there be no hope of its amelioration, still it should be preserved, until there may be found another, and an abler body, capable of superseding it. Not that the author con- cedes, or that the friends of the Jesuits concede that they were, at any time, unable to fulfil the expecta- tions of every reasonable man. On the contrary, he proves that up to the time of the suppression, the Society was adorned by men eminent in piety, and in every intellectual career. For this proof, the reader is confidently referred to the work itself. PREFACE. XI It did not enter into the plan of the author to con- sider the utility and necessity of Jesuit teaching since the restoration. But surely in our days, and in the pre- sent tendency to error of every species, to principles subversive of all religion and all morality, a tendency perceptible in every book, in every public journal ; if at any time, now it is especially necessary to use every means to keep pure and free from contamina- tion 4he source, whence Catholic youth imbibe religion and education. But the Society of Jesus is still the only body of religious teachers, which fulfils the con- ditions already laid down ; and its advocates assert for it a continued competency to discharge the duty of teaching, not only in a satisfactory manner, but so as to merit admiration and praise. For the men of the Society, they would not assert an invidious su- periority, or enter into any unseemly comparisons : but they may, without incurring censure, continue the catalogue of distinguished men, by adducing the names of those who have attained celebrity, posterior to the suppression. If there be any who discriminate between the an- cient Society and the restored Society, who elevate the one in order to sink the other, who, amid those incessant conflicts with the enemies of the faith in which the Jesuits are engaged, have no word of en- Xll PREFACE. couragement to offer, but depress their energies and discourage their efforts, for the Jesuits are men, by their unjust and illiberal insinuations ; they are appealed to in the name of candor and justice, to ex- amine, before pronouncing an adverse decision, the peculiar difficulties with which the restored Society has been obliged to contend. But alas ! even among those who should be their friends, there are some who place them beyond the ordinary rules of charity^ who mete out justice to all the world, save the Jesuits. Does a single Jesuit offend ? the whole order is denounced. Is there a deficiency in a single institution ? the fault is imputed to all. Does a single pupil of the Jesuits com- port himself unbecomingly ? the whole system is con- demned ; as if his instructors were possessed of some magic charm to influence the will, as if Judas had not been educated in the school of Christ. An absolute decision is made respecting the merits of the order, without any inquiry into circumstances, which should be weighed, before an accurate judgment can be formed. At the reorganization of the Society, a number of Colleges were confided to her by persons whose solicitations are equivalent to commands; thus was greatly impeded the education of the first generation. The Society, at its second birth, lacked those kind PREFACE. Xlll and generous patrons who sustained her former in- fancy : admitted into few countries and few cities, in still fewer finding a permanent abode ; occupying but few prominent positions, which would arouse the latent talent of her members ; fettered by vexatious restrictions where admitted; and by the various governments checked in the exercise of her zeal ; her Colleges closed in France ; from Spain expelled, and expelled again; in England, Ireland and Hol- land, obliged to choose between an unnoticed exer- cise of the ministry and instantaneous destruction ; in our own country, emerging from the missionary into the college life, and, in consequence of the paucity of vocations to the religious state, yet struggling for existence; but lately exiled from what seemed her only secure asylum : is it not wonderful that the So- ciety of Jesus has been able to bear up against these difficulties, which might well appal the stoutest heart, and still faithfully acquit herself of her trust ? Wherever circumstances have rendered it possible to observe her Institute, for her members to pass through their long religious probations, their pro- tracted studies, to ascend gradually in the classes as teachers ; when in the choice of careers, she could be guided by the abilities of the individual, without being forced to yield to the exigencies of the occa- 2 XIV PREPACK. sion ; where those sage rules, which have extorted the admiration of all, might be scrupulously followed ; if you can show such a place, and show that there the Society of Jesus has fallen from her pristine glory, then, indeed, she will have cause to blush for shame, and you will have confounded and silenced those who attempt her advocacy. Let every candid man weigh these difficulties, and will he not confess that there is something admirable, something amazing in a Society that could resist them, and still produce men who have acquired a world-wide reputation ? Ask those Prelates who were lately gathered together at Rome to witness the triumph of Mary, the Immaculate, in that venerable and august assemblage, what theologians were supe- rior to the Jesuits Perrone, Passaglia and Schrader ? When the Holy Father had returned from Gaeta, and looked around for fit defenders of moral and religious truth ; to the Society of Jesus he directed his gaze, and the course of the Civiltii Cattolica has not proved that his confidence was misplaced. Enter into the ecclesiastical seminaries, and what text books will you find in the hands of the students ? In theology Gury, Perrone, Passaglia, Cercia, Patrizi : in philosophy, Rothenflue, Dmowski, Liberatori, and Curci. To the philosophers, add Taparelli, Rosaven, Romano, Chas- PREFACE. XV tel ; to the theologians, Martin : recall to mind, among men of letters, the elder Secchi, Bresciani, Cahours, Daniel ; among men of science, Pianciani ; among historians, Damberger, the continuators of the Bollan- dists, those "monsters of erudition ;" among antiqua- rians, Marchi, Lambillote, Martin, Cahier; among mathematicians, Carafia, Turner, Wallace ; among astronomers, De Vico, Sestini, Secchi the younger, and the modest, but meritorious Curley ; among orators, M'Carthy, De Ravignan, Finetti, Kenny and Ryder ; and who will assert that the series of great men has ended, that the Society of Jesus, the mater felix prole virum, has become effete ? Those only have been enumerated, whose ability is publicly known ; nor is the enumeration complete, for there are biographical dictionaries of the present. But public fame, let it be remembered, although the only availa- ble, is not an entirely reliable test of literary and scientific merit. Few acquainted with the Jesuit Colleges might not name some professor, whose humi- lity conceals his worth, even from himself. Many there are whose reputation is confined to their Col- lege ; whose obscure, but praiseworthy exertions are limited to the school-room. The worldly man, whose sole object is worldly fame, writes books, and hires critics to praise them. The religious shrinks from XVI PREFACE. publicity, and with reluctance exposes himself to the public admiration, only when and where obedience and necessity require. The duties of the professor allow little time, and leave little spirit for further literary toil. Amid the numerous members of the ancient Society, some could always be set apart for the production of learned works ; but in the restored Society, the paucity of members and the multitude of their avocations have rarely conceded such opportu- nities of leisure. The same Ratio Studiorum which gave birth to the illustrious men of former days, modi- fied only where and in so much as circumstances have imperatively demanded, for every one knows the conservative spirit which characterizes all religious orders, and the Jesuits not the least, the same Ratio >rum is yet in use, and if the minds of men are unchanged, cannot have lost its former efficacy. Considerations such as these convinced the Abbe* Maynard, himself unconnected with the order, of the usefulness of the Jesuits as teachers, and prompted him to raise his disinterested voice in their behalf. The same considerations have incited him who so in- sufficiently represents him, to undertake the present version. Would that it had fallen into abler hands ! But the translator anticipates that he himself will be shielded from animadversion by the insignificance of PREFACE. XV11 his own share in the work, and hopes that abler men may be admonished of the necessity of laying before our countrymen, in an ampler manner, the facts con- nected with the history of the Jesuits, and of refuting before a Protestant public the slanders to which they have been subjected. If prognostics do not deceive the most judicious observers, over our country a fearful storm is brood- ing ; a terrible ordeal awaits the Church. Of the issue what Catholic will permit himself to doubt? Our Church is immortal, Christ himself is our captain ; the victory is certain ! There may be those who will fall in the combat, but they shall fall as " blessed martyrs;" they shall fall, feeling in the plenitude of the consolation vouchsafed them, that to fall in such a cause is " sweet and glorious." In Heaven perennial garlands are weaving, wherewith he who so falls shall be decked; everlasting crowns are preparing, wherewith his brow shall be encircled. It is per- mitted us to refresh ourselves with the hope that when the storm is over, the clouds dispersed, and a brighter sun shall beam down, if not on us, on our posterity in the faith ; they may boast of martyred ancestors, they may recount their heroic deeds, they may gather with pious veneration around their shrines, they may invoke their intercession. Do you smile at 2* XVlll PRBFACE. these anticipations as romantic, do you deride them as an enthusiast's dream ? They would be baseless, if they rested on human valor, or human firmness ; if they did not rest upon the inexhaustible merits of Christ, and the enduring virtue of His institutions. If ever, surely now, union among Catholics is de- sirable, is indispensable. The present is no time for indulging in any feelings of animosity, any bickering, any petty jealousy, any dissension respecting opinions, where a diversity of sentiment is permitted. To hasten the victory, to insure its completeness, to en- hance the brilliancy of the remunerative crown, what more necessary than united exertion ? But it is not sufficient to discard intestine feuds ; our hearts should be united, equally with our labors. When Cyrus was preparing to march his host against the Chaldean, he enjoined on his soldiers the duty of exhorting each other, and as they marched, words of encouragement flew from rank to rank. In the approaching contest, if it will not form a singular exception, it may be an- ticipated that the Jesuits, amid the Catholic phalanx, will sustain the brunt of the attack. An open oppo- nent is sometimes preferable to a lukewarm friend. Will any Catholic soldier be so lukewarm in the general cause, as to refuse his fellow-soldier a word of sympathy, of encouragement, of support ? PREFACE. xix Or if the forebodings of evil prove deceptive, and no general war menaces our faith, still the sympathy, the encouragement, the support of the generous American Catholic are needed in the struggles of a Society, which has never known a lasting calm, in her unceasing endeavors for self-amelioration, in her at- tempts to recall the heroic past, in her exertions to render our youth upright men, and fervent Christians, MAY, 1855. Caih 0f Contents. INTRODUCTION. 1. History of the Pontificate of Clement XIV. How re- ceived by the Catholic Press, . . . .25 2. Leading idea of the history. Accusations directed against the scientific acquirements of the Jesuits, and their system of teaching, .... 28 3. Passages embodying these Charges, . . .32 4. Their Insufficiency, ..... 45 5. Plan of the Present Work, . . . .50 CHAPTER THE FIRST. THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 1. Sketch of the State of that Kingdom, . . 54 2. Conduct of the Jesuits amid the Events of that Epoch, 57 3. General Causes of the Decline of Portugal, . . 66 4. Causes of the Literary and Scientific Decline, . 75 XXll TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. PAOE 1. State of the Empire at the Arrival of the Jesuits, . 89 2. Their Conduct in it, . . . . . 97 3. Its Condition at the time of their Expulsion, . .113 4. National Literature of Germany in the Eighteenth Cen- tury, 119 CHAPTER THE THIRD. REFORMATION OF THE UNIVERSITIES, ITS CAUSES AND ITS CONSEQUENCES. (1753-1792.) 1. Reformation of the University of Coimbra, . . 132 2. Reformation of the German Universities ; its Causes, 143 3. Its Consequences, . . . . .161 CHAPTER THE FOURTH. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION OF THE JESUITS AND THEIR SCHOOLS AT THE TIME OF THE SUPPRESSION. PART THE FIRST. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION OP THE JESUITS. 1. Condition of the Society of Jesus at the Middle of the Eighteenth Century, . . . . .177 2. The Jesuits in Sacred Sciences, ... 181 3. The Jesuits in Mathematical and Natural Sciences, . 190 4. The Jesuits in Philosophy and Literature, . . 196 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XX111 PAGE 5. The Jesuits in the Historical Sciences, . . . 219 6. The Jesuit Missionaries, .... 223 7. The Jesuits in the Labors of the Sacred Ministry, . 227 8. Were all these Jesuits Educated after the Suppression ? 228 PART THE SECOND. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION OF THE SCHOOLS CONFIDED TO THE SOCIETY OF JESUS. 1. Qualities of the able Professor; that these are to be found in Jesuits, . . . . . 230 2. Testimonies of their Rivals and Adversaries, . . 234 3. Objections founded on the Conduct of Frederick II., and of Maria Theresa, ..... 245 4. True State of Jesuit Instruction in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century. Their Universities, their Col- leges, their Principal Professors, . . . 249 anfr feBi 0f 1. AN unenviable notoriety, throughout Catholic Europe, has been already attained by Father Theiner's " History of the Pontifi- cate of Clement XIV." Heralded as a work of profound erudition, as revealing interesting and important facts unrecorded by previous historians, it was at first regarded with anxious forebodings by some among the faithful, who feared that they should be forced to behold in the garb of criminals, those whom they had been ac- customed to consider the victims of impiety, fraud, and wickedness. Published when minds were thus excited, and attention thus aroused, it was hailed with malignant joy by those whose sad occupation it is to combat the Church in the person of the Jesuits ; but was received with solicitude by true Christians, 26 INTRODUCTION. who, for three centuries, had understood the meaning of their disloyal warfare. But at the present day we have reason to bless that Providence which permitted Father Theiner's publication. The concordant opi- nion expressed with regard to it by the Catholic press, is a consoling proof of the harmony of thought and sentiment, which pervades our community. Henceforth we can never mistake the true interests of the Church ; it will be impossible to induce us to surrender to the wolves those who have ever been our guardians and defenders. We equally value the promises and the threats of impiety; it will be as vain to hope to delude us by the one, as to terrify us by the other. We have not been so unmindful of the teachings of history. The dreadful tragedy of the eighteenth century has been represented before our eyes. We have seen its com- mencement, its entire plot, its every scene, its fearful catastrophe. Of this plot the de- struction of the Society of Jesus was an inci- dent. Ca/t, as our fathers were, in the midst of the tragedy, and, as usually is the case, ignorant of its drift, not admitted into the secret of its contrivers, thus it was that INTRODUCTION. 27 they could so grievously mistake their inten- tions, and unwittingly bear a part in the hor- rible play. But for us to be so deceived would be a folly, if not a crime. In our own coun- try, and but a few years since, did we not see re-enacted the spectacles of 1769 and 1773 ? With the sole exception of the catastrophe, have we not seen reproduced every phase of the war against the Jesuits, even to new at- tempts made to extort from the Pope another brief of suppression ? Among us, then, Father Theiner, willing as he undoubtedly would be, in a recurrence of the same circumstances, to renew the sacrifice of the Jesuits among us he will find neither dupes, nor accomplices. This book, of itself, with all its candid avowals, its perpetually repeated contradictions, would deter us from co-operating in such a deed, as it also forbids us to subscribe to the former condemnation of the Jesuits, and to the act of indemnity, and particularly to the eulogies heaped upon their executioners, the hangmen of the infidel philo- sophy. It is not our design to write a complete refutation of Father Theiner's book, but to discuss certain points, which seem deserving 28 INTRODUCTION. of special attention. For the sake of a clearer understanding of the state of the question, let us recall to mind the leading idea of his work, the seminal principle from which it was evolved. 2. The History of the Pontificate of Cle- ment XIV is not a panegyric on that Pontiff, but an attack on M. Cre*tineau-Joly, and the men to whose defence he has devoted his pen. This opinion we have formed after a dili- gent study of the facts connected with the controversy. To rid himself, for the future, of M. Cre*tineau-Joly's embarrassing disclo- sures, he has sought to discredit his past literary labors, and thus endeavored in ad- vance to deprive his future publications of all historical value. Among the former, there was one that had afforded an occasion to many scandals, and had proved particularly troublesome to those, who were prepared to renew, at a given signal, the campaign of 1769 ; we allude to his "Cle- ment XIV and the Jesuits," published in 1847. Against it Father Theiner determined to direct his blows, and thenceforth it became his chief object, not to exculpate the Pope, but to disparage M. Cre*tineau-Joly; and hence INTRODUCTION. 29 his work, written under the influence of this resolution, proves to be, not an impartial his- tory, but an ingenious example of special pleading. To defend the Jesuits, M. Creti- neau-Joly had attacked the Pope ; to defend the Pope, Father Theiner will attack the Jesuits. Yes, notwithstanding all protesta- tions to the contrary, against the Jesuits, and by consequence against M. Cretineau-Joly, does Father Theiner direct his blows. For had his sole design been to shield Clement XIV, and to refute all false and exaggerated statements made against that Pontiff, would he have thus filled his pages with the most perfidious insinuations against the Society of Jesus ? As we have remarked elsewhere, to prove that the Pope, in the plenitude of his power, had a right to sacrifice the Jesuits, it is by no means necessary to establish their culpability. It suffices to concede that he was the victim of a deception, which the unhappy circum- stances of the times will abundantly explain, that he thought their immolation necessary in the existing exigencies of the Church. But this plan of defence did not satisfy the Father Theiner, who must erect his apology on the 3* 30 INTRODUCTION. disgrace of the Jesuits. In fact he is con- stantly endeavoring to prove that the suppres- sion of the Society was then well-timed, was legitimate, was even requisite. With this object in view, he omits no opportunity, he neglects no means of representing them as having degenerated from their early glory, nay, sometimes, as even meriting positive blame. Father Theiner has therefore drawn up against the Society a formal indictment, in order to show from it that Clement XIV, in the suppression, acted only in accordance with the inspiration of God, with the dictates of his conscience, and from a desire to procure the greatest good of the Church, and did not yield, as M. Cr6tineau-Joly maintains, to the urgent demands of the shortsighted Bourbon Courts, or to the weakness of his own cha- racter. But on what basis will this new accuser of the Jesuits found his charge ? He could not say that they had swerved from the primitive observance of their institute, when the cry has always been that they were too faithful to it; when the courts, before they had acquired sufficient audacity to demand a suppression, contented themselves with requiring a modi- INTRODUCTION. 31 fication in their rules. And how, on the other hand, cast a suspicion on their morals, which even their most virulent enemies admit to be above reproach ? In fine, as a Priest and as an Oratorian, he could not make use of certain arguments of later date, which are equally stringent against all religious orders ; he could not declaim against the relaxed principles of their moral Theology ; he could not recur to so many falsehoods, whose parentage is so shameful, nor rob the Protestants, the Jansen- ists and the Parliament-men, of slanders which are their property, nor revamp the worn-out calumnies of the Morale pratique des Jesuites, and the Extraits des Assertions. Yet it must be confessed that he does sometimes draw on these vast repertories of mendacity ; but what he borrows, he qualifies with an on-dit, and whilst he disdains not the aid of the arrows, which were rusting in the armories of the anti-christian philosophy, he seems to blush at using them himself, and on such occasion discharges his shafts through the instrumen- tality of others. In what, then, does his system consist? He depreciates the learning of the Jesuits", he decries their method of teaching, he under- 32 INTRODUCTION. rates their success, and concludes, that they had become useless to the interests of science ; that education had suffered in their hands, that the youth issued from their colleges un- shielded against the assaults of error, and in- sufficiently armed to make a brilliant defence of their faith, whether their lot was cast in the world, or whether they took their station amid the ranks of the clergy. But let us allow him to speak for himself, and we shall then reduce his accusations to certain prin- cipal points. 3. When treating of the war waged by the King of Portugal against the Society of Jesus, Father Theiner says : " Joseph de Seabra de Sylva, a learned and able advocate, and a counsellor for the crown, undertook the justi- fication of his master's proceedings. This justification was prefaced by an historical sketch of the influence exerted by the Jesuits, from their entrance into Portugal until their expulsion, over the church, over society, over the sciences, and, finally, over the state itself. This is perhaps the most important work ever published against the Society of Jesus.* * Its title is : " Deduzione Cronologica/' &c. It is directed as much against the Church as against the Society. In it INTRODUCTION. 33 Though full of fabrications and of the vilest falsehoods, it contains charges, whose complete refutation would be no easy task. Seabra assails the Society at its most vulnerable point, and essays to demonstrate, that, instead of promoting the advancement of the sciences, it restrained the lofty flight, in which, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, they had commenced to soar. To substantiate this ex- aggerated charge, he enumerates the profound theologians who reflected such lustre upon the Council of Trent, and who, by their piety and learning, edified and astonished the Fathers of that holy assembly. ' Portugal,' adds he, ' from the time the Jesuits usurped educa- tion and invaded the Universities of Evora and Lisbon, and every where expelled the secu- lar clergy from the professorships in the higher departments of Theology; among the latter, and especially among the prelates and the bishops, Portugal has not produced a single theo- logian of note. Since that time, all the learned men are to be found among the Jesuits, and, the most furious enemies of the Holy See are com- mended as most religious men, as the wise deliverers of the human race, &c. And it is to such a source Father Theiner hesitates not to recur ! 34 INTRODUCTION. consequently, their services have been of little avail to the church, to the sciences, and to the state. This fact exhibits the great decline of the sciences up to the time when the Jesuits were banished from Portugal.' "* It is evident that Father Theiner adopts the charges of Seabra, and only in order to avoid the odium, speaks by the mouth of an- other, and appends some slight palliatives. With another onrdil, his ordinary qualification, he introduces a like accusation against the Society in Spain : " Charles III," he says, "was deeply interested in the progress of science, and favored with his especial patron- age the Universities of Alcala, Salamanca, and Valladolid, once so flourishing, but now, it was said (diait- P- 423 - 38 INTRODUCTION. berg, in which might be formed priests, preach- ers, professors, catechists, and other ministers of religion."* And yet the same Elector of Bavaria, who was so deeply interested in the welfare of religion, was at this very time, as Father Theiner himself shortly after informs us, meditating a rupture with Rome, and the introduction of pernicious novelties into the discipline and the constitution of the Church ; and for this object undoubtedly did find Jesuit education very insufficient. If by the neces- sities of the times we are to understand the necessities of the schism then planned in Ger- many, in this respect, we admit, it was very defective. The Society of Jesus is destroyed; but Frederick II, of Prussia, and Catharine II, of Russia, forbid the publication and execution of the brief, Dominus ac Redemptor. Among the motives that induced these sovereigns to preserve the children of St. Ignatius in their realms, the chief was the need of ecclesiastics competent to instruct youth. It would seem that nothing could be more honorable to the Jesuits than the reason alleged ; yet see how ingeniously Father Theiner turns it to their * Tom. i, p. 423. INTRODUCTION. 39 disadvantage. "It is with regret," says he, " that we are forced to concede that the rea- son was well-founded; but ... it was at the same time the severest reproach that could be addressed to the Jesuits, and espe- cially those of Germany. There Catholic education, secular and ecclesiastic, had been intrusted entirely to them. Why had they not formed men capable of succeeding them, or at least of participating with them in the office of instruction ? Not the enemies, but the sincere friends of the Society of Jesus call for an explanation of this historical fact. When the Jesuits entered Germany, they found there illustrious theologians, who were victoriously combating the pretended refor- mation ; how then does it come to pass, that when, by a particular disposition of Divine Providence, they are compelled to abandon Germany, they leave not one behind them. Since the sixteenth century, that is, coinci- dent with their exclusive employment as pro- fessors, not a country in the Christian world has been so barren as Germany, in writers of reputation among the secular clergy. The Society itself can boast of Jesuits of great renown; its labors in Germany have been 40 INTRODUCTION. attended by the benedictions of Heaven, and followed by great success; for two centuries it opposed an insurmountable barrier to the impetuous torrent of the Reformation ; this we concede, but nevertheless, it remains true, that it produced, among the secular clergy, few really remarkable men ; we can scarcely mention one. " In the Empire, too, still more visibly than in France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, the Jesuits had, to a great degree, lost their pri- .mitive vigor. Their colleges had fallen from their ancient glory, and among their profes- sors, they could no longer point out any dis- tinguished men. When Frederick II entered Silesia, he entertained a high esteem for the Jesuits ; but he was not a little disappointed to find that the professors in their universities and in the colleges directed by them at Bres- lau, were men of mediocrity, and on that account, he required the rector and the Car- dinal Prince-Bishop to send to France and Italy, for Jesuits who were competent to teach. Everywhere through Austria were heard loud complaints of the decay of their institutions. Even Maria Theresa, who was by no means unfavorable to them, saw herself, INTRODUCTION. 41 in 1759, obliged to seek a remedy, and in the University of Vienna, until then under their exclusive control, by a decree of the 10th of September, she deprived them of many im- portant professorships in the theological de- partment, together with those of logic, ethics, metaphysics, and history, and confided them partly to secular clergymen, and partly to religious of various orders. The Catholic University of Munster, in Westphalia, founded by the Archbishop Elector of Cologne and Clement XIV, had for its object, as we have seen, to supply in ecclesiastical education deficiencies, which still gave rise to complaint. If the ecclesiastical revolution, which, in 1760, had already made such ravages on Catholic soil in Germany, has since that time advanced with such rapidity, the cause is to be found in this decline of learning among the secular clergy. This revolution the Jesuits beheld in its incipient stages, but they had lost the vigor necessary to encounter it; they could not arrest, still less could they vanquish it. To insure a wide-spread triumph it only needed a hand to burst its shackles. That office was performed by Joseph II, who after the death of his pious mother, put himself at 4* 42 INTRODUCTION. the head of the irreligious movement. It is indeed deplorable, that this decline of Catho- lic learning should occur at a time, when Protestant science, and especially theology, essayed so bold a flight, when it exhibited so much literary vitality, and when, by its ten- dency to rationalism, it endangered not only Catholicity, but Protestantism itself, and in fact all positive Christianity. This terrible revolution came on, when the clergy had not foreseen, and were incapable of resisting it. What wonder then that some should have been hurried into the vortex, and that the Catholic theologians of the time, whose duty it was to form themselves by their own exer- tions, should have suffered themselves to be dazzled by the false and deceptive science of Protestant theologians, and should have thrown themselves, so to say, in their arms. " But we shall no longer fix our gaze on this mournful picture of the condition of the clergy, particularly in Germany, at the date of the suppression. The sight will produce in them too vivid a remembrance of former degrada- tion ; and it would also be cruelly painful to a Society, otherwise so respectable, and so well deserving of the Church. We shall not pur- INTRODUCTION. 43 sue the investigation, why the Catholics, dur- ing half of the preceding century, can claim no share in the glory of our national literature. That glory, we confess it with shame, has been engrossed by Protestants, and, during the epoch of which we speak, we Catholics have not contributed to it the labors of a single poet. But let it suffice to have alluded to our past humiliation. Let us be grateful that the secular clergy of Germany, after having passed through the harsh school of experience, of hu- miliation, of wandering, have now, for more than twenty years, held their former lofty position, and are able, at the present day, not only to engage in combat with Protestant science, but even to dispute its claim to pre- eminence. Nor were the Jesuits themselves, at the time of the suppression, exempt from the general scientific inferiority. Those who, towards the end of the past century and the beginning of the present, had attained distinc- tion in the domains of science, were, with few exceptions, formed after the abolition of their order. It is, then, to be regretted that the Jesuits and their friends, particularly in France and Italy, are, even in our times, constantly reiterating such exaggerated statements with 44 INTRODUCTION. respect to their imaginary greatness at the date of the suppression. Such hyperboles cannot fail to injure the Society in the opinion of men of information."* Our extracts sufficiently explain Father Theiner's tactics, in his " History of the Ponti- ficate of Clement XIV." He incriminates the victim in order to exonerate the executioners and the Pope, who unwittingly became the tool for the gratification of their spleen and the accomplishment of their nefarious schemes. Of all the accusations embraced in his lengthy pleading, two only are capable of making any impression on a thoughtful mind : one is di- rected against the conduct of the Jesuits after the suppression, and seeks to rob them of a glory, conceded by their most cruel enemies, the glory of an heroic submission to the Holy See, in order to discover some excuse, though this cause would be posterior in existence to its effect, for the violent measures adopted in their regard ; the second is that which we have just allowed him to state for himself, and to develop at length. To the first we may at some time return, and seek to restore to * Tom. ii, p. 404-406. INTRODUCTION. 45 the Jesuits the crown of submission and obe- dience which he has endeavored to pluck from their brows ; but, for the present, we shall confine ourselves to the discussion of the lite- rary and scientific deterioration, wherewith he charges them. No accusation, as we have seen, comes more constantly from his pen ; he returns to it again and again; he dilates on it with perceptible satisfaction, we might say with a sort of malicious joy. Howsoever spe- cious it may appear to a certain class of read- ers, we are unwilling to impair its strength, ^and we have therefore given at length the pages in which it is contained. 4. The accusation itself might be easily dis- posed of, simply by transmitting it. For, should we even grant to Father Theiner, that, in the middle of the eighteenth century, the scientific and literary glory of the Jesuits had grown dim, from this admission what conse- quences could be drawn at all favorable to the proposition he strives to maintain ? His ob- ject is to prove that the suppression of the order was at that time opportune and even necessary. Does one, then, deserve to be sub- jected to pillage, proscription, death, merely because he has not preserved the elevation of 46 INTRODUCTION. a lofty name ; because he has not sustained, with sufficient brilliancy, a glorious past ? If this be just, what sentence shall be pro- nounced on everything belonging to the eigh- teenth century? What was exempt from universal deterioration : royalty, nobility, the clergy, the religious orders ? And was it pro- per that the king should mount the scaffold of January, because he was not Charlemagne or St. Louis ? Was it equitable to doom the no- bility to the sanguinary proscriptions of the Keign of Terror, because their hearts no longer thrilled at the accents of heroism and honor ? Was it just to annihilate the clergy, because there was no longer among them a Bossuet or a Fenelon ; to abolish the order of St. Dominic, because they could boast of no successor to St. Thomas ; the Benedictines, because the era of Mabillon and Montfaucon was past; the Ora- torians themselves, because they could no longer display to the admiration of the world a Malebranche or a Massillon ? Granting, then, Father Theiner's premises, what would .be the logical conclusion ? That the Jesuits had not been able to preserve themselves from ,the contagion of the times ; that they had not escaped the universal decay that impaired all INTRODUCTION. 47 institutions, that reached to all branches of instruction, to literature, the arts and the sciences. But at least they have merited this singular and glorious commendation ; they have kept intact their Catholic faith amidst a perverse and infidel generation, when schism and heresy had spread their baleful influence to the sanctuary even, and to the cloister; they have preserved unspotted their robe of innocence amid the mire and filth of the world, and have remained unharmed by a pesti- lence which had infected so many religious communities. Why single them out for an exceptional punishment, when, if they do par- take in the general evil, they are still pre- eminent in purity of morals, and in orthodoxy of faith ? For, mark well, to have the right to destroy them, especially with brutality and violence, it is not sufficient to prove that they have fallen below their primitive standard ; it must be shown that they are positively cul- pable and dangerous. Culpable ! Who will undertake to prove it ? Who will hazard the assertion ? Does Father Theiner himself dare maintain it ? Dangerous ! To whom, and to what institution, civil or religious? To the government, whose safeguard they have been 48 INTRODUCTION. from the spirit of rebellion ? To the Church, which they have defended with self-sacrificing devotion? They were dangerous to revolu- tion and infidelity alone, whose master-spirits are conscious that they could not overwhelm the world, until they had broken down the dike that confined the devastating waters. We cannot sufficiently marvel at Father Theiner's logical discrepancies, and the incon- secutive character of his arguments. Accord- ing to him, the Jesuits had permitted the decay of ecclesiastical science, whilst it was intrusted to their charge. Their educational establishments were no longer adapted to the requirements of the age. Their labors were attended with a desolating sterility. No- where had they formed professors capable of replacing them in chairs, which they had so uncreditably filled. Monarchs and bishops in vain jrazed around them to discover instruc- tors to train up the youth in literature and religion, or to fit them for the sacred ministry. The ignorance of the secular clergy was dis- graceful. There could not be found a single remarkable man, a single respectable writer, who was able to enter the lists as the cham- pion of the Church, at a time when Protes- INTRODUCTION. 49 tantism and irreligion put in motion every engine of attack, and challenged it to defend itself on the battle-field of science. Were this account strictly correct, as it is not, a rational being would conclude, that in such circum- stances the Church should redouble her energy, concentrate her forces, and march them, united, against the enemy, since their individual prowess was so insufficient; and thus seek to win the victory by the combined efforts of her soldiery. Such would be the conclusion of a man of sense : Father Thei- ner's, however, is quite different. The Jesuits, he argues, do not suffice for the defence; therefore, let them be destroyed. The Catho- lic phalanx composed of the Jesuits and their pupils, cannot cope with the enemy; there- fore discharge your best soldiers, or if he prefers the term, those that are less bad. But if you disband the Jesuits, it is triumphantly retorted, you will have none left but raw recruits : it matters not, it was a miracle of strategetic art thus to decrease the army, and he, whose happy conception it was, deserves the title of a second Alexander! Of such reasoning Father Theiner alone is capable. But we are very far from conceding, that, 50 INTRODUCTION. in the middle of the eighteenth century, the Jesuits and their teaching had fallen into that state of degradation, in which Father Theiner contemplates them with sorrow so faint, as to be near akin to joy. Let us resume his accu- sations, and endeavor to reduce his tedious declamation to a few general propositions. The three following, if we do not mistake, will embrace the whole subject : 1. In Germany and Portugal, if the Jesuits did not positively occasion, they at least failed to prevent the decline of studies and learning. In both countries they omitted to form successors : and if, during the two cen- turies preceding the suppression, eminent men may be counted in their number, scarcely one can be found in the ranks of the secular clergy educated by them. 2. At the time of the suppression, the Jesuits, as well as the rest of the clergy were, at least in Germany, undeniably inferior in point of science, and had shamefully resigned to their religious antagonists the palm of pre-eminence. Those who reflected lustre on their order to- wards the end of the last and the commence- ment of the present century, did not adorn it at the time of its abolition, as is averred by the INTRODUCTION. 51 assertors of its fictitious grandeur, but were, almost without exception, formed after the suppression. 3. The degeneracy of the Jesuits is proved by the reform then undertaken by Catholic princes. In nearly all the Universities they were deprived of their chairs, or, in order to answer the demands of the age, new Professor- ships were founded, and, in many places, they were succeeded by Professors who were stran- gers to the institute, which had incontestably failed in adapting its system of instruction to the exigencies of the times, and in keeping pace with the rapid progress of the sciences it professed to teach. To refute these charges, let us follow the Jesuits into Portugal and Germany. Let us see what they found at their entrance into these countries, what they effected in them, and what memorials they left behind them. We shall then attempt a sketch of the Society at the time of its suppression, and examine the catalogue of its Professors and distin- guished men ; and, finally, we shall estimate the true value of that University reform, about which Father Theiner talks so much, and dis- cover whether it had its origin in the neces- 52 INTRODUCTION. sity of remedying the deficiencies found in the Jesuit teaching, or in an unhallowed zeal to propagate certain doctrines, which they op- posed with all the energy of their zeal and their faith. This last investigation will prove particularly curious. It is an interesting topic connected with the literary history of the eighteenth century ; and a desire to discuss it was the chief motive that induced us to undertake the present work. It would be useless to protract with Father Theiner a controversy, on whose merits the Catholic public have already pronounced a verdict. Let him multiply editions of his work; let him reproduce it in every tongue; let him circulate it through every land : never will he be able to bring the opinion of the Catholic community to harmonize with his thesis. He fancied that in his attack on the Society of Jesus, where so many had met de- feat, his skill would guarantee him victory ; but he has only added a new name to the list of the vanquished. We wish him every con- solation that the consciousness of defeat will admit. This is certain, that he has suffered more, in point of reputation, than the Jesuits, whose deathblow he flattered himself he was INTRODUCTION. 53 dealing. Ah ! these Jesuits, weak and dege- nerate though they be, they are destined to occasion the disgrace of many a doughty knight besides Father Theiner. " Let us speak no evil of Nicholas ; it would work us harm," was Voltaire's expression when talking of Boileau. Father Theiner might once have used the same words with reference to the Jesuits; now it would be too late for them to avail him. But let us leave Father Theiner and his book; let us bid farewell to the dead ; our occupation is with the living ! tr ifee |irst. THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 1. THE sixteenth century was, in every re- spect, the golden age of Portugal. This period of splendor and wealth, of maritime conquest and literary glory, had been prepared by the wonderful discoveries of the preceding cen- tury. Don Henry had awakened among his countrymen the spirit of enterprise, by which they were stimulated to go in quest of un- known lands. Nor did his death, in 1463, extinguish it. Already had Bartholomew Diaz doubled the Cape of Good Hope (1486), and Vasco de Gama, surmounting all obstacles, the perils of the sea and the mutinous spirit of his crew, had circumnavigated Africa and landed in the Indies (1497). The route is now marked out. Alvarez Cabral followed in his wake (1500), and was himself succeeded by John de la Nueva (1501). Francis d' Almeida ex- tends the Portuguese sway over the coast of THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 55 Malabar ; and finally India beheld the landing of Alphonso d' Albuquerque (1508). Goa is founded, and becomes the centre of a vast and distant empire, depending on a petty king- dom, whose sea-washed coast had enabled it to become a second Phoenicia, and establish itself as the trading mart of the world. John de Castro aimed at completing the work of d' Albuquerque (1544) ; but the Portuguese were already affected by the enervating in- fluence of an oriental climate, and when he expired in the arms of Xavier (1548), every- where revolt broke out. In vain did Ataida offer an heroic resistance: his death (1575) closed the career of Portuguese glory and con- quest in India. Meanwhile, important events were transpiring in the mother country. Don Sebastian perished at the disastrous battle of Alcazar-Quivir (1578). He was followed by Don Henry, already almost an octogenarian. The succession to the throne was even now contested, just as, a century later, under the feeble sway of Charles II of Spain, claimants disputed in advance for the inheritance of Charles V. Don Henry dies ; Philip II fore- stalls his rivals, and remains master of his prey (1580). Henceforth he treats Portugal 56 THB JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. as a subjugated country; he deprived it of its liberty, and plundered it of its dependencies. Its yoke was so heavy, and its fall so complete, that it is difficult to conceive how it was able to rise. But this resurrection was facilitated by the weakness of its Spanish masters, and was actually accomplished by that patriotism, whose fuel is the remembrance of a glorious past. Under Philip IV the spirit of rebellion shook the foundations of the Spanish throne ; the agitation extends to Portugal, whose soil begins to heave in turn. The genius of a wo- man designs a plot, which a bold conspirator executes; and, in 1640, the house of Braganza grasps the sceptre. The struggle with Spain continued, until independence was secured. But when Portugal had thrown off the badges of her servitude, and had now leisure to turn her attention to the East, she found that the Dutch occupied the place she had vacated, and unable to regain her former possessions, she was forced to content herself with permis- sion to trade, where she had once reigned sovereign mistress. Besides, the incapacity of John IV, the misconduct and the downfall of Alphonso VI, would have rendered all her efforts unavailing. Yet under Don Pedro, THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 57 and particularly under John V, a gleam of sunshine once more illumined her, and it was only after the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury, that she almost ceased to be numbered among the nations of Europe. 2. We must follow the Jesuits into Portu- gal, amid the varied scene of the events we have sketched, if we would know the part they have played, and the agency they have had in her glory and decline.* Portugal surpassed all other Catholic states in the enthusiasm with which she welcomed the newly born Society. About 1540, John III, who had just beheld, in the Eastern world, a splendid career opened to Portuguese arms, incited by the desire of propagating the faith and by the need of securing the territo- ries he had acquired, sought missionaries for the work of evangelizing the Indies. The fame of the new Society had already reached his ears. He addresses himself to Ignatius, and requests six of his subjects for the apos- tleship of India. But the whole Society at that time numbered only ten members, and * For what we relate of the Portuguese Jesuits, we have had recourse, more than once, to M. Cretineau-Joly's His- tory of the Society of Jesus. 58 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. Kodriguez and Bobadilla, alone, were at the dis- posal of the holy founder. On the eve of their departure for Portugal, Bobadilla fell sick, and in his place was substituted Francis Xavier. The two Fathers arrive at Lisbon, take up their abode in a public hospital, and obtain their subsistence by begging alms. Mean- while they occupy themselves in evangelizing Lisbon, and so satisfactory was the result of their labors, that the king could not be per- suaded to allow the departure of both, and thus Rodriguez remains in Portugal, while Xavier starts, unaccompanied, for the Indies. Already had Rodriguez collected disciples, and the king, who was a witness of their la- bors and success, determines to found in his states an establishment, which might serve as a Seminary for new Apostles. With the con- sent of the Holy See, he applies the revenues of certain benefices to the endowment of a college at Lisbon, and in 1542 it is begun. The prosperity of the new institution trans- cended the most sanguine anticipations of its friends. The same year was founded the Col- lege of Coimbra, the most splendid and the best endowed of Ihose directed by the Society within the limits of the peninsula. The pro- THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 59 gress of the Jesuits was so rapid, that in 1546 Ignatius erected Portugal into a province of his order, and appointed Rodriguez to govern it. This new and powerful organization, then carried into effect for the first time in the his- tory of the order, was followed by the hap- piest results. After the lapse of a few years Coiinbra contained one hundred and forty Jesuits, and could supply missionaries for every quarter of the globe, instructors for other houses of the order, and even become the mother house of new foundations. Thus, by the advice of the celebrated Dominican, Louis de Granada, the Cardinal Don Henry, Bishop of Evora, was enabled to form an establish- ment in his own diocese. Meanwhile, however, the favors of the Court, and the prosperity attendant on them, and the paternal indulgence of Rodriguez, pro- duced some relaxation of discipline in the College at Coimbra, and caused serious antici- pations of future evil. Rodriguez is instantly removed, and the College subjected to a re- form. There, too, Natalis, commissary-general of Spain and Portugal, reduces to practice the newly framed Constitutions. A noviciate is founded at Lisbon, together with a professed 60 THB JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. house and a college for externs, which boasts of the names of Emmanuel Alvarez and Cyprian Suurez in the list of its earliest professors. John III died in 1557. Catharine, his widow, and Cardinal Don Henry, seek a pre- ceptor for Don Sebastian in the ranks of the Society, and Louis Gonzalves de Camera is the object of their choice. Gonzalves viewed the office with dread, and accepted of it with repugnance, for he knew the impetuous cha- racter of the Prince, and that passion for arms, which was fated to be the destruction of him- self and his family. But Laynez, the general, and Francis Borgia, thinking that such a favor could not with propriety be refused the grand- son of their benefactor, overruled his objec- tions, and thus Gonzalves was the first Jesuit appointed to the responsible office of preceptor of the King. A storm, directed against the Society, was the consequence of this appoint- ment; yet its growth was not retarded, and new colleges sprang into existence in all parts of Portugal. During the pestilence of 1569, the Jesuits displayed heroic courage ; many of them died martyrs to charity; and the rage of their enemies was disarmed. But the remem- brance of a benefit is rarely enduring, and the work of intrigue was soon resumed. The Je- THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 61 suits directed the consciences of Catherine of Austria and Don Henry, and the education of the young monarch: this was more than suffi- cient to awaken jealousy and hatred. And yet they had used no arts to ingratiate them- selves into the favor of the court. Gonzalves had opposed his own elevation, with an entire knowledge of the tremendous responsibility he was about to incur; and thus it happens that not a single Portuguese historian is found to re-echo the charges which resounded through the world. Pasquier first gave publicity to them in his Catechism of the Jesuits, and his libels were repeated by the Jansenists, and by the men of the parliaments. Pasquier asserts, that the Jesuits endeavored to make the Por- tuguese crown subservient to their purposes, and with this intent exacted that, for the fu- ture, the King of Portugal should be affiliated to their order and subject to their election, that they employed superstition as a means of operating on Don Sebastian's mind, that they prevented his marriage, and finally urged him on to that fatal expedition into Africa, which resulted in his death. The very character of the Portuguese is a sufficient refutation of these absurdities, and we therefore need not 62 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. tarry to discuss them. No one will believe, that so haughty a nation as the Portuguese then was, would suffer itself to be controlled by the Jesuits. All the misfortunes of Sebastian and his family may be traced to the stubbornness of his temper, which Father Gonzalves made fruitless attempts to subdue. This is the sub- ject of repeated complaint in his preceptor's letters ; in all of which he also mentions his own endeavors to effect a matrimonial alliance between the youthful monarch and some one of the royal houses of Europe. But the Por- tuguese Hippolytus always refused to hearken to his advice, and finally, when on the eve of uniting himself to the family of Philip II, died on the soil of Africa. At his death Spain became mistress of Por- tugal. Under the Spanish rule, the Jesuits retained their former influence, and saw their colleges multiply, and their revenues increase. But the degenerate Austrian race, soon to sink under the burden of the Spanish monarchy, could not now support the weight of the united crowns of Spain and Portugal. Portugal as- serted her independence, and received secret encouragement from France. Every patriot became a conspirator. A plot is devised by the genius of Louisa de Guzman, and its exe- THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 63 cution intrusted to the boldness of Pinto. The Duke of Braganza alone remained a stranger to a measure, of which he was to reap the fruit. Louisa and the princes of the family, aware of the influence enjoyed by the Jesuits, sought to gain their adhesion. At- tracted in opposite directions by conflicting claims, to the cause of their country by their patriotism, but by gratitude to the Spanish monarch, to whose confidence they had been admitted, and of whose favor they had parta- ken, the Jesuits determined to abstain from intermeddling in the coming strife. From this policy, the love of national independence induced a few to depart. The revolution breaks out. The Provincial enjoins upon his subjects a strict neutrality. With the excep- tion of five or six, they were obedient to his mandate. Fortune prospered the house of Braganza. Scarcely had it mounted the throne, when the Jesuits were taken into en- tire confidence, and became its representatives at foreign courts, its preachers and its con- fessors. Conformably to their custom, the Jesuits recognized the existing government. John IY declared himself their protector, and they, in return, as well in Portugal as in his trans- 64 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. marine possessions, insured the security of his empire. Not content with the benefits he had lavished upon them, with committing to them the spiritual direction of his whole family, he appointed Father Fernandez, his confessor, a member of the privy council. At the death of John IV, in 1656, the guardian- ship of Alphonso VI is intrusted to his mother, and Fernandez retains his seat in the council. Louisa wished to nominate him to the office of Grand-Inquisitor, the second dig- nity in the kingdom, but as this was incom- patible with the vows of the professed Fathers of his order, Fernandez declined. Alphonso, meanwhile, had attained his ma- jority. One of the first acts of this sovereign, so precocious in depravity, was to banish his mother from court. Abandoned now to the instigations of his evil genius, Count de Castel- Melhor, whose influence had completely bru- talized him, he is induced to espouse, in 1663, Marie-Isabelle de Savoie-Nemours, generally styled Mile. d'Aumale. Amid the debauche- ries of a court vitiated by the example of the infamous king and his adviser, Marie could count but two trustworthy friends, a Protes- tant veteran, Marshal Schomberg, and Father THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 65 Francis de Ville, who had been the director of her childhood. The sequel of this drama is known to the world. Alphonso is forced to abdicate, his brother Don Pedro assumes the regency, and espouses Marie de Savoie. In this event the calumniators of the Society represent Father de Ville as the sole actor. It may be, that, whilst his paternal affection for the Queen urged him to seek her welfare, his conduct was not entirely irreprehensible. But this is undeniable, that he played an insignificant part, where the real actors were politics and love, ambition and diplomacy, the cortes and the people. However that may be, the revolution was confined to the palace, and had no agency in effecting the downfall of Portugal; on the contrary, the kingdom once more flourished under the regent, Don Pedro, and in the reign of John V, the aug- mentation of public prosperity continued. Cardinal Pacca* informs us that in 1795, the Portuguese spoke of the latter prince with en- thusiasm. " John V embellished Lisbon and its environs with useful and splendid edifices, protected the arts and sciences, was a liberal benefactor of the church, and well merited * (Euvres completes, torn. ii ; p. 352. 6* 66 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. the title of most faithful, conferred on him by the immortal Benedict XIV. So prosper- ous was Portugal under his government, that to it may be applied the expression of Scrip- ture with regard to the days of Solomon, that then ' Silver and gold were as stones.' " 3. Don Pedro and John V, both of whom were so desirous of promoting the prosperity, and increasing the glory of their country, so well-informed respecting its true interests and the causes of its past grandeur and present decay, so anxious to usher in a brilliant futurity, exhibited towards the Jesuits the same affection as their predecessors, and fa- vored them with the same uninterrupted con- fidence. Oliva was called upon to interpose his authority as general of the order, to pre- vent Don Pedro from appointing his confessor, Emmanuel Fernandez, a deputy to the Cortes. How happens it, that these sagacious princes could not discern, what the enemies of the Jesuits are so keen-sighted in perceiving, that the influence of the disciples of Ignatius had led to, and was then completing the ruin of the country? In the first place, they were by no means so sensible, as modern philosophers are, of a decline which has been greatly exag- THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 67 gerated, since, as we have seen, Portugal flour- ished under their sway; then, and particularly, they knew very well what every unprejudiced reader of history must admit, that the Jesuits had not contributed, directly or indirectly, to the gradual decay, which, by their teaching and preaching, they did retard, but could not entirely prevent. The part taken by them in politics has been immensely overrated. There are persons who would fain discover their agency in every act of government; whereas in these matters they only inter- mingled in their connection with religion. The causes of Portugal's fall will be readily detected by a perusal of the pages of her his- tory. It began with the luxury consequent upon the influx of wealth from her transma- rine possessions. The descendants of Albu- querque, enervated by the softening influence of an oriental sky, or abandoning themselves to all the indulgences of pomp and luxury in their mother country, aimed only at a tranquil enjoyment of their pleasures ; and far from extending their territories, or even retaining those already subjugated, they were preparing a booty to allure the rapacity of some foreign power. Against this re- laxation of manners the Jesuits struggled 68 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. by their preaching, by their advice, by their example, but all was in vain. Portugal was inebriated with the cup of pleasure, and heard not their admonitions. Then followed the minority of Sebastian and a succession of rash enterprises, then the short and imbecile reign of the superannuated Cardinal, then the Spanish conquest. Assuredly the Jesuits did not despatch Sebas- tian to the fatal battle-field of Alcazar-Quiver; they did not load Don Henry with the weight of eighty years ; they did not impart to him his natural imbecility ; and these threw open Portugal to foreign arms. The Spanish con- quest and occupation, lasting sixty years, was the immediate cause of her decay. With the loss of national independence, she lost her pristine energy, she lost every principle of vitality. To effect this was the very object of Spanish rule during the long period of her bondage. In order to diminish her strength, and thus to domineer over her with greater ease, Spain suffered the English and Dutch to appropriate to themselves her colonial depen- dencies. She aimed at blotting her out, by degrees, from the list of nations, at causing the rest of Europe to forget that she had ever THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 69 existed as an independent state : and hence in the treaties then concluded with foreign po- tentates, no clause occurs to protect her in- terests, no mention even of her name. What course could her unfortunate children adopt ? Already enervated, as we have seen, by their indulgence in luxury, robbed of their national independence, not caring to win a victory, which would redound to their masters' benefit, they allowed themselves to be robbed of their conquests also, or, at most, defended them without spirit. And yet the Portuguese, de- generate as they were, and debased by sixty years of thraldom, had preserved such strength of character, in spite of the supposed Jesuit domination of a century, that, in 1640, they were able to cast off their yoke, and begin a thirty-years' struggle with Spain. But Eng- land and Holland had secured their plunder, and Portugal, wholly engrossed in her domes- tic troubles, could recover but a small part of her dependencies : for the same reason, amid the perils of war, and the din of arms, she could not divert her attention to the reorgani- zation of her institutions, to the revival of science and literature, an occupation which requires the tranquillity of peace and the 70 THE JKSUIT8 IN PORTUGAL. security of independence. In such a lamenta- ble state of affairs, what could be expected of the Jesuits ? To remedy the evil in the mother country by their labors in the schools, in the pulpit, in the confessional ; to extend, beyond the seas, the Portuguese influence by their missions : and this was really their occu- pation. But to restore Portugal to her primi- tive condition, to revive her interior prosperity and regain her foreign empire, to bring back, in a word, the golden age of Emmanuel the Fortunate and John III, would have been an impossibility, even if Portugal had been then ruled by a king of genius, and had retained in her bosom those great men, who in former times had reflected such lustre upon her by their eminence in war, science and letters. It was the peculiar felicity of Portugal to have outstripped her rivals in the great enterprises of modern Europe, at a time when they were otherwise employed, when they had not yet reached the zenith of their subsequent glory, and when they could entertain no ambitious dreams of contesting the sovereignty of the seas. Undisturbed by the religious feuds of the sixteenth century, in which they were en- gaged, but from which she was happily exempt, THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 71 she was at leisure to preserve and augment her grandeur and glory. But when a calm ensued, and the great powers of Europe were once more at rest, Portugal was doomed to an inevitable decline, for the narrowness of her territory could not supply resources suffi- cient to resist their unjust and greedy aggres- sions. The marvellous prosperity of Portugal in the sixteenth century was a phenomenon, and necessarily transient. Can any conceive as possible, the existence of the Portugal of Emmanuel and John III, of Albuquerque, John de Castro and Camoens, in the middle of the seventeenth century, with such nations around her, as Spain, England, Holland and France, with their prodigious political, mari- time and literary development ? Let us not require impossibilities : let us not upbraid the Jesuits for an unavoidable politi- cal decay, to which they had in no manner contributed. Let us rather bestow upon them the meed of our praise, for having averted entire ruin, and for having concurred in pro- ducing that comparative prosperity, in which, under Pedro and John Y, Portugal bloomed once more. Remark now that the reign of John V was prolonged until 1750, that is, to 72 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. the eve of the expulsion of the Jesuits. We are then at a loss to know when, and where, to fix the exercise of that mischievous influ- ence exerted by the Jesuits on the destinies of Portugal. Undoubtedly towards the close of the reign of John V, the public welfare suffered serious detriment; but Cardinal Pacca* points out as the cause, not the influence of the Jesuits, but the continual maladies, which weakened that prince's body, and impaired his mind. The reign of Joseph I, or rather that of Pombal, the virulent persecutor of the Jesuits, is the true epoch, from which should be dated the downfall of Portugal. Joseph seemed de- stined to be, like his contemporary of France, the dupe of unprincipled intriguers. Like Louis XV in immorality also, he was imbecile, suspicious, and cowardly. Porabal had pene- trated into his character, and resolved to make this knowledge subserve the accomplishment of his designs. After the unfavorable termi- nation of a mission to Vienna, in 1745, he lost the confidence of John V, and the possession of political power. But scarcely had Joseph I seated himself on the throne, when Pombal, by the intervention of his wife, crept into the * Loc. cit. THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 73 queen's favor, and by his own hypocrisy into the friendship of the Jesuits, and then by the patronage of both parties, gained the position of prime minister. Henceforth he adopts Henry VIII as his model, and aspires to an imitation of his schism : he aims at separating Portugal from Rome, and introducing Jansenism and infidelity. To the realization of his schemes the Jesuits are an insurmountable obstacle. They must then be destroyed at any cost. Pombal acts upon his master's fears,and unceas- ingly fills his ears with rumors of conspira- cies, in which he always intermingles the name of the Jesuits. His judgment being thus perverted by the misrepresentation of his mi- nister, Joseph affords him full scope to gratify his spleen, and to revel in revenge. He com- mences his war of persecution in Maragnon and Paraguay : he there destroys the wonder- ful creations of Jesuit zeal, and then removes the seat of hostilities to Europe itself. A re- form in the Institute was his first object ; its annihilation would, in course of time, tho- roughly satiate his rage. But his infuriated passions would suffer no reprieve. The out- rage of 1758 followed. Farther details need not now be given. The world has heard of 7 74 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. that twofold tragedy, whose catastrophe was the execution of the Tavoras, and the brutal proscription of the children of St. Ignatius. Such was the man, whose calumnies have furnished matter for so many libels against the Jesuits. Such was the man who blames them for a decline, of which he himself was the principal author. He squandered the wealth amassed by the economy of John V ; and yet, in spite of these hoards, and the treasures he obtained by his confiscations, he was unable to defray the ordinary expenses of government, and burdened the kingdom with debt. The nobles, who took umbrage at his haughtiness, and many other men, who were capable of reflecting honor upon their country, were at his instigation doomed to perpetual imprisonment, to exile, or to. an ignominious death. To complete the enormity of his crimes, he introduced those infidel principles, which are subversive of the very foundations of social order, and turned into bitter irony the title of most faithful, with which his master was invested. He burst asunder the bonds which connected Portugal with her heroic past ; he broke the chain of religious tradi- tion, and wrought a lamentable change in the THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 75 very character of a people, till then so tho- roughly Catholic. Those famous monarchs, who had in former times shaped the destinies of Portugal, boasted of their devotion to the Holy See as their crowning glory. To repeat the words of Cardinal Pacca, who borrows the idea from a Portuguese historian, the prosperity of their reign was a temporal recompense for their zeal in the propagation of the faith, which they sought to extend with more so- licitude, than they manifested for the enlarge- ment of their own territorial limits. " The decline and fall of Portugal," continues the Cardinal, " are not imputable to the principles of the Catholic religion, or to the influence of the Court of Eome (or, we add, to that of the Jesuits), as is so constantly asserted by irre- ligious writers." On the contrary, infidelity gave Portugal her deathblow. To Pombal must it be ascribed, that she lost her rank among nations, and almost her distinct politi- cal existence ; that she has now become, ac- cording to the forcible expression of M. Cre- tineau-Joly, a mere store-house for the thread- bare constitutions of England, and the refuse of her manufactures. 4. If we study the history of the decline 76 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. of Portugal in a literary and scientific point of view, which in fact should chiefly arrest our attention, we shall arrive at the same con- clusions. At the death of Emmanuel (1524), himself a distinguished writer, was inaugurated under John III, the golden age of Portuguese literature. Sa de Miranda, Antonio Ferreira, and Gil Vicente were its pioneers. The two former added precept to example, and became the lawgivers of the Portuguese Parnassus. They introduced the taste of antiquity and of modern Italy, whilst they preserved their own originality, and brought to perfection their native tongue. The pastoral world is pecu- liarly their own domain, in which, however, they have naturalized the sonnet, the ode, and the epistle, in imitation of Petrarch and Ho- race. They also cultivated a classical purity of ideas and language, and were regarded as the oracles of criticism, the models of poets, and were the founders of a numerous school. Gil Vicente, like Moli&re, an author and an actor, adorned by his countrymen with the title of the Portuguese Plautus, is, after the Italians, the first in date of modern dramatists. He too had many imitators, among whom we may number Lopez de Vega and Calderon, who THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 77 nearly a century after improved upon their model; whilst in accordance with the taste of his country and times, in his comedies, tragi- comedies and autos, both sacred and profane, he abandoned himself to the unrestrained indul- gence of a fertile imagination. Miranda and Ferreira were founding the school of the classic drama, on the imitation of the ancients. The first tragedy in modern times, written in conformity with the rules of art (with the ex- ception of the Soplionisba of Trissin), was the Inez of Ferreira. These poets and their disciples were un- doubtedly above mediocrity, but no one had yet appeared to captivate the Portuguese imagination and strongly move the heart. During the sixteenth century, we say it with- out fear of contradiction, Portugal produced but one writer gifted with the higher attributes of genius : he was Camoens, the Homer of his country. He alone has attained a European reputation ; the rest are mentioned only in the schools. Besides the superiority of his own mind, it was his peculiar privilege to be asso- ciated with all that makes up the glory of his country, of which he was the poetic personifi- cation. In his life, as in his song, he embraced 78 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. all that was splendid in her history. Born in the fortunate days of Emmanuel, he died in 1579, just after the battle of Alcazar-Quivir. The Lusiad, the greatest of his works, is, in date, the first epic poern of modern times, and according to Frederick Schlegel, the first also in merit. During this period, history assumed an epic tone. Those unknown seas, ploughed by the Portuguese keel ; those boundless regions, thrown open to a noble ambition ; those count- less hosts, vanquished by a handful of adven- turers; that fabulous wealth, flowing into every harbor of the Peninsula : all this transported the imagination back to the heroic ages per- petuated by Homer, when the West challenged the East to combat, and the confederate tribes of Greece subverted the mighty sovereignties of Asia. The most of these historians had either visited in person the newly-discovered regions, or had heard the travellers themselves recite their wondrous tales. Thus the Por- tuguese Livy, John de Barros, had been the director of several establishments in India, before he devoted the elegance and purity of his style to tell the history of its discovery. Hence that enthusiasm that breathes life into THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 7-9 his narrative : hence too, perhaps, the inspira- tion that glows in the Lusiad ; for the Decads had appeared a year before Camoens departed for the scene of Eastern adventures. Diego de Couto, the Herodotus of Portugal, who con- tinued Barros, had himself visited Africa and the Indies ; and it is probable that Ferdinand d' Albuquerque composed his commentaries from materials collected by his illustrious father. Nor should we omit mention of Jerome Oso- rio, whose copious eloquence and classical latinity obtained for him the name of the Portuguese Cicero ; or of Andrew de Resende, the first antiquary of the age. How great too was the literary fecundity of the time in books of travels, in romances, in moral essays, in works of every class ! This account would certainly impress us with a very favorable opinion of the literary advancement of that century ; and yet, we repeat, that it records the name of but one man of genius, and we affirm that this pros- perity has been greatly exaggerated, as we shall show, has been equally exaggerated the posterior literary decline. Let us take a brief glance at the condition of theological science, 80 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. which was then, it is said, so profound and so brilliant. Great theologians are spoken of, who ravished the Tridentine Fathers with amazement and admiration; and this state- ment is corroborated by the authority of Car- dinal Pacca himself.* And yet the catalogue of these eminent men is not very extensive. Don Diego Payva de Andrada is mentioned as a good theologian, the author of several treatises against heretics and in defence of the Council of Trent, all of which have, however, passed into oblivion; Francis Foreiro, a Do- minican friar, whom St. Charles Borromeo re- tained at Rome, to assist in the preparation of the Roman Catechism, sometimes called the Catechism of the Council of Trent; Father Jerome Oleastro, also a Dominican, skilful in the ancient languages, and the author of Com- mentaries on Scripture ; and Don Bartholomew of the Martyrs, Archbishop of Braga, still more celebrated for piety than for his learn- ing, are alone worthy of remembrance. As for Henry of St. Jerome, and Louis de Soto Mayor, the most erudite of our readers have probably never heard mention of their names. * Mmoires, etc., p. 352. THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 81 The Spanish conquest was, as we have seen, in every respect fatal to Portugal. But if we have denied that it effected the complete de- struction of her political and military power, with still greater reason do we deny that it wrought the complete ruin of her literary greatness. Literature and science budded forth once more in a land, which they had once filled with their fragrance; and it was not until the middle of the eighteenth century that the race of great men became extinct. The drama indeed had almost entirely dis- appeared; for, except within the court itself, theatrical representations were discontinued, and when, after a season of repose, an attempt was made to revive them, the usurpers ex- tended their tyranny even to the stage, and insisted upon the adoption of Spanish plays, and even the substitution of Spanish actors. This caused the extinction of the Portuguese drama until the nineteenth century. Com- pulsion, artifice, and the desire of advance- ment, combined to introduce the frequent use of the Spanish tongue, to the great detriment of the language and literature of Portugal. It should be remembered, also, that the Portuguese recognized but two species of legi- 82 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. timate poetry, the heroic and the pastoral, and they admitted the pastoral into the epic, and even into the drama. This preference for the pastoral was natural under the lovely sky of Lusitania, and with the gorgeous scenery of the East before their eyes ; but it is easily seen that the pastoral, almost always unnatural of itself, must become still more liable to objec- tion when transposed to the drama, and that this medley of incongruous species must be productive of injury to the cause of literature. Yet for the one hundred and fifty years en- suing, the literary horizon was not entirely obscured. The example of Camoens encou- raged many others to become votaries of the epic Muse ; such as Corta-Real, the writer of several heroic poems ; Louis Pereira, who in his Eleyiada, bewails the disaster of Alcazar- Quivir ; Manzinho Quebedo, the author of Al- phonso of Africa ; Pereira de Castro, who in the Ulyssea, a poem redolent of the classic age, sings the foundation of Lisbon ; Francis sa Menezes, who in his conquest of Malacca, takes the great Albuquerque as the hero of his tale ; Bras Mascarenhas, the composer of the V'tlaihus ; all these retained a national spirit in the bosom of an enthralled country. THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 83 In pastoral poetry the most eminent names are Manuel de Yiega and Rodrigues de Lobo, the Theocritus of his country. The list would be protracted to an irksome length, should we undertake to enumerate all the poets of the 17th century. The similarity of the Portuguese to the Latin produced a great number of poets in the latter tongue, as will be seen by taking a glance at the collection entitled, Corpus Illus- trium Lusitanorum qui latine scripserunt (8 vols. in 4 to). The most celebrated of these was Payva de Andrada, who died in 1660, the author of a very remarkable heroic poem, the CJiauleidos, or the Siege of Chaul, whose scene, like that of the Lusiad, is laid in the East Indies. In the same century, history was cultivated by Brito, the author of the Monarchia Lusi- tana ; Frey Duarte Nunez de Liao ; Jacinthe Freyre de Andrada, the biographer of John de Castro, and one of the most distinguished of the Portuguese writers ; Louis de Souza, whose Chronicles of St. Dominic, and Life of Bartholomew of the Martyrs, have merited for him the reputation of a classic ; Faria de Souza, the historian of Portugal, the commen- 84 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. tator on Camoens, a poet himself, and a copious and laborious writer in many species of com- positions, who boasted that he had, every day of his life, composed twelve pages, each page consisting of thirty lines, until his death, in 1649, put an end to this incessant activity. But of the voluminous writers of that day, the most remarkable was Francis Macedo, who had been educated by the Jesuits at Coimbra, and passed from their order to the Cordeliers. He was the prodigy of the age. At Venice he gained laurels in a public dis- pute de omni re scibili, and terminated the closing session by extemporizing one thousand, or, as some say, two thousand, Latin verses. In eight days more his ardent and impetuous genius had produced a work, which he charac- terized by the title of Literary Roarings of the Lion of St. Mark. At the end of his Myroihe- ciuni Morale, he tells us, that he had pro- nounced fifty- three panegyrics, sixty ha- rangues in the Latin language, and thirty-two funeral orations ; that he had composed one hundred and twenty- three elegies, one hun- dred and fifteen epitaphs, two hundred and twelve dedicatory epistles, seven hundred familiar letters, two thousand and six hundred THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 85 heroic poems, one hundred and ten odes, three thousand epigrams, four Latin comedies, two tragedies, a satire in Spanish ; in all, one hun- dred and fifty thousand lines, without noticing a number of treatises on theology, ethics, and various other subjects ! Such learning and such literary fecundity are without a parallel. In the ecclesiastical sciences, the most famous was Antony Vieira, or Vieyra, of whom we would speak with greater freedom were he not a Jesuit. With that enthusiasm which belongs to their national character, the Portuguese prefer him to Cicero, Demosthenes, Bossuet, and all orators, ancient or modern. Having completed his early studies and passed his youth in Brazil, Vieira comes to Europe, where his success in the pulpit, and his talents for diplomacy soon attract the favor and win the confidence of John IV and Clement X. But he withdrew from this glorious career, and returned to evangelize Brazil, where he died in 1697. His works form a collection of fif- teen quarto volumes, thirteen of which con- tain his sermons, and the remainder writings on various matters. Whatever judgment we may pass on Vieira's taste, no one can deny that he was one of the most eminent, possibly 8 86 THB JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. the very first of Portuguese writers. Nor should we forget to record the name of Au- gustin Barbosa, who merits praise for his skill in civil and canon law. Born in 1590, he died in 1649, the very year that Philip IV, to reward his services and to do honor to learning, had nominated him to the Bishopric of Urgento, in the kingdom of Naples. The complete edition of his works consists of six- teen folio volumes : the most valuable is en- titled, Remissiones in varia loca Condlii Triden- t'mi. In subjects of this kind he has been surpassed by none of his countrymen. The eighteenth century was not destitute of Portuguese writers, although the decline was now more perceptible, notwithstanding, says Pacca, the thorough education yet imparted by the Jesuits. The most famous writer was Eryceyra, the correspondent of Boileau, who wrote an heroic poem, the Henriqueida, and the History of the Restoration in Portugal. He was a man of considerable reputation, though the critical advice of Boileau could not supply the want of genius. About the same time Barbosa-Machado composed the Memoirs of i Sebastian, at the instance of the royal Academy of History, and published (1742-52) THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. 87 his great Bibliotheca Lusitana, in four folio volumes, in which he quotes several illustrious writers of the latter days of the monarchy. Finally, at the very time of the suppression of the Society, Portugal was not entirely de- prived of capable men, and from among its adversaries, one, at least, may be mentioned, Antonio Pereira de Figheredo, a celebrated theologian educated by the Jesuits themselves, who unhappily devoted his fine talents and his varied learning to the service of Pombal and Jansenism. But from the time of the banishment of the Jesuits, the light of litera- ture and science continued to dwindle, until it has finally become extinct in that unfortunate land. "At Lisbon," says Cardinal Pacca, "no works are now published which are worthy of notice; still less are they deserving of the honors of translation." And here we are for- tunate in being able to cite the authority of Father Theiner himself. In a review of the memoirs of the learned and holy Cardinal,* when he comes to treat of the reform of the University of Coimbra, effected by Pombal, he thus expresses himself: " The professors of the * Annals of Religious Sciences, for 1836, vol. ii, pp. 177, 180. 88 THE JESUITS IN PORTUGAL. University of Coimbra have utterly destroyed true science in Portugal. . . . The govern- ment of Pombal, and its effects on Portugal, furnish a most triumphant apology for the So- ciety of Jesus." To complete this sketch of the literature and science of Portugal, and of the influence of the Society of Jesus, we should here speak of the reform to which we have just alluded, and enumerate the eminent Portuguese Jesuits of the time ; but for the purpose of preserving some unity in our remarks, and of avoiding needless repetition, we deem it proper to defer giving the details we have to offer on both subjects, until we shall come to a general dis- cussion of the University reform in the middle of the eighteenth century, and the literary and scientific state of the Society at that pe- riod. Then shall we supply the particulars which in this and the succeeding chapter, we have thought it expedient to omit. THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 1. AT the time when Luther began to attract attention by his denunciation of Catholic dog- mas, the clergy of Germany offered a sad ex- ample of corrupted faith and relaxed morals. Frightful is the picture contemporaneous wri- ters present of the state of the clergy, or at least of the secular clergy, at this mournful period : when we cast our eyes upon it, we can no longer be at a loss to comprehend the secret of the rapid strides of Protestantism. Al- ready at the death of Luther, all Germany was infected with the poison of his doctrines. The seducing eloquence of Melanchthon, the glowing harangues of Bucer, Carlstadt, and Bullinger, had finished the work of destruc- tion, and princes and realms were severed from Catholic unity. Religious sects were every day springing into existence in that unfortu- nate land, and the Anabaptists were preparing 8* 90 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. to plunge it into an abyss of error, and engulf it in blood. According to Ranke, a Protestant historian, who, in support of his assertion, ap- peals to the statistics furnished by the publi- cists of the time, in the Austrian States, now almost entirely Catholic, the proportion of Catholics to Protestants was then as one to ten ! Heresy had encountered no obstacle to arrest its course ; on the contrary, corruption and ignorance on the part of the clergy, ambi- tion and cupidity in the great, fanaticism and apostacy among the people, tended to deepen its channel, augment its volume, and accelerate its speed. For ten Protestant theologians of renown, scarcely one could be found on the side of the orthodox faith. Let us see who were the defenders of Catho- lic tenets, when, in 1540, the Jesuits first ap- pea&d in Germany. The most conspicuous was John Eckius, or Eck, Professor of theo- logy at the University of Ingolstadt ; but he died only three years later. He was the Catholic leader in all controversies with the Lutherans; his associates yielded to the di- rection of his superior mind, and in his lan- guage were their sentiments embodied. We find him present at the diet of Augsburg, in THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 91 1538, at the Conference of Katisbon, in 1541, and everywhere, by the extent of his learning, the acuteness of his reasoning, and the copious- ness of his eloquence, he contested the pre- eminence with Luther, Carlstadt, and Melanch- thon. After Eck, the most famous champion of the church, was John Cochlaeus, who was born in 1479, and died Canon of Breslau in 1552 ; but, says Feller, he was neither equally esteemed by Catholics, nor feared by Protest- ants, because his object was rather to confute error, than solidly to establish truth. The order of St. Dominic entered the lists in the persons of the two Fabers, and Ambrose Storck. The first of the Fabers, born in Sua- bia, about the year 1470, by his zeal against heresy, gained the title of Malleus Hcereticorum. He was elevated to the See of Vienna, and died in 1541. The other Faber, of the same name and country, but inferior in reputation, died in 1570. Ambrose Storck and John Gropper were the only distinguished theolo- gians furnished by Germany to the Council of Trent. The former was present as the theo- logian of the Archbishop of Treves, and his eloquence gained applause; but he died at Treves, in 1557, before the third session of the 92 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. Council. Gropper, Archdeacon of Cologne, died in 1559 at Rome, whither he had been summoned by Paul IV, who made efforts, which his humility defeated, to elevate him to the dignity of cardinal. At the session of 1552, Gropper was introduced into the Coun- cil by his Archbishop, Adolphus de Schauem- burg, and he there sustained that reputation for talents and learning which he had already gained in many conferences and provincial councils, and even acquired new lustre by his thorough acquaintance with dogmatic theo- logy, history, ecclesiastical discipline, and tradition. Thus when all other Catholic countries, France, Italy, Portugal, Belgium, and espe- cially Spain, were ably represented at Trent, Germany can boast of not more than two or three names that have survived. At the present day, even among the learned, who has ever heard of Henry Gothard and George Hocheuvaster, secular priests and doctors of theology, of Leonard Haller, in the service of the Bishop of Eichstadt? Nor should we omit to add the names of Nausea, the successor of Faber in the See of Vienna, a preacher and controvertist, who died at Trent during the THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 93 session of the Council, in 1552 ; of Julius Pflug, Bishop of Naumburg, the friend of Canisius and partaker of his labors : few more of note can be discovered, at a time when Catho- lic Europe was adorned with persons who to piety united profound learning. Germany being comparatively destitute of theologians, her sovereigns and bishops sought in foreign lands for those who might fitly represent them at the general council. The Duke of Bavaria selected Father Covillon, a Belgian Jesuit; the Bishop of Augsburg, in place of Father Lefebvre, his first choice, appointed Fathers Le Jay, Olave and Canisius. The Archbishop of Saltzburg chose, as his theologian, the Do- minican Ninguarda, of Milan, and the Arch- bishop of Prague fixed upon Elyseus Capys, of Venice.* Such was the religious desolation of Germany, that in 1551, when Canisius ar- rived at Vienna, although that See had been filled by the pious and learned Faber and Nausea, more than twenty years had elapsed * On the other hand, no Prince or Bishop, outside of Germany, nor the Pope, nor the Emperor himself, deputed any German theologian ; and of about three hundred and sixty doctors, who took part in the Council, only ten were Germans ! 94 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. since the University had presented a candidate worthy of promotion to holy orders. It is not surprising, then, that the Jesuits had no sooner set foot on German soil, than their presence was everywhere demanded to rekindle the light of science in the universi- ties, and particularly to revive theological studies. Cardinal Truchses, Bishop of Augs- burg, desired to bring back his University of Dillingen to the primitive object of its institu- tion. To effect this, he had at first procured the aid of the celebrated Dominican, Peter de Soto. But De Soto was soon summoned to England, which country he left for Trent, where he died in 1562. Deprived of his assis- tance, and not finding around him theologians capable of co-operating in his designs, he adopted a decisive course; he dismissed the whole corps of Professors, and placed the Uni- versity under the control of the Jesuits. A definite arrangement on the subject was con- cluded at Botzen between the German and Italian commissaries of the Cardinal and the representatives of the Society. In 1563 the Jesuits arrived at Dillingen and took posses- sion of the chairs. In the same manner the Jesuits acquired THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 95 the University of Ingolstadt, whose annals will furnish us with the details. " His Serene Highness, the Duke of Bavaria, finding that such was the decline of theological learning since the death of Eck, that scarcely one able Professor remained, wrote this year to the Sovereign Pontiff, Paul III, to desire him to send from Italy to the University, which he wished to reform and provide with superior Professors, skilful and experienced theologians, to supply a want much felt in those times of religious revolution. The duty of comply- ing with this request devolved upon Cardinal Alexander Farnese, the Pope's nephew, who procured from Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, the destination of three theologians to Bavaria. These were Peter Canisius, Claude Le Jay, and Alphonso Salmeron."* These, with Gaudan, Luke Pi- nelli, Covillon, Alphonso de Pisa, Jerome de * Armales Ingolstadiensis Academise inchoati a Valen- tino Rotmaro et Joanne Engerdo, etc. 4 vol. in 4to, 1782; t. i, p. 208. Rotmar thus terminates his eulogy on Canisius, who arrived at Ingolstadt in 1549, and was appointed Rector the following year: "Ego unum dixero: Lumen est nostro tempore inter doctores Ecclesise." (T. i ; p. 215.) 96 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. Torres, and the famous Gregory de Valentia, all of foreign birth, were the first Jesuits who composed the faculty of Ingolstadt. The Germans do not appear until later : the first was Thyreus, who had been educated at the Germanic College ; then Tanner,Laymann, and others, whose names are yet illustrious in the annals of theology. "There were remaining among us," says Ranke, " few believers in the Papal tenets, when the Jesuits came to re-es- tablish the faith of Rome. And of what coun- try were these, the first of their order among us ? They were natives of Spain, Italy, the Netherlands. For a long time even the name of their Society was unknown, and they were styled the Spanish priests. They filled the Chairs of the Universities, and there met with disciples willing to embrace their faith. Ger- many has no part in them ; their doctrines, their constitutions, had been completed and reduced to form before they appeared in our midst. We may then regard the progress of their institute here, as a new participation of Roman Europe in German Europe. They have defeated us on our own soil, and wrested from us a share of our fatherland."* * History of the Papacy, t. iii, p. 44. THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 97 2. Such was the state of Germany at the arri- val of the Jesuits. The next subject that presents itself for our investigation is what they accomplished there, what services they rendered to education and religion. What was the general result of their labors, Kanke has already told us. Lefebvre came first. Foreseeing that the conference at Worms, to which he had been sent, would be unattended by any desirable result, he betook himself to an occupation of brighter promise. He re- forms the clergy, whose relaxed morals had contributed, more than the exertions of the Lutherans, to the progress of heresy. His suc- cess- at Worms was complete. Spire, Ratis- bon, and Nuremberg are successively the scenes of his apostolic triumphs. Upon his going into Spain, he was succeeded by Le Jay and Bobadilla, who continued the work of re- generating clergy and people. The Bishops regards the words of Le Jay as oracular. Le- febvre returns from Spain and resumes his former occupations. Mentz reaps the fruit of his zeal, where he adds Canisius to the So- ciety ; and Cologne is preserved from imitating the apostacy of its Archbishop. At the latter place he leaves Canisius with a number of his 98 TJIE JESUITS IN GERMANY. brethren to complete his labors. Canisius afterwards goes to Vienna, where, as we have seen, no ordination had taken place for twenty years. But the sanctuary is now no longer a desert, and the people once more listen to the pure teachings of Catholic faith. He himself instructs them in the tenets of our holy re- ligion, and to facilitate their acquisition, com- poses his celebrated catechism,which has passed through five hundred editions. At the same time, his was the guiding spirit of all the diets, he is charged with various nunciatures, carries on the warfare with the heretics, and replies to the centuriators of Magdeburg. The slum- bering faith of princes and clergy is awakened, and the Jesuits are everywhere called for. To respond to these demands, they seem gifted with ubiquity. They are laboring everywhere, and everywhere are their labors successful. " How wonderful a progress," exclaims Ranke, " and in so short a time ! In 1552, the Jesuits had no fixed residence in Germany; in 1566, we encounter them in Bavaria, among the Tyrolese, in Franconia, and Suabia ; they have spread over a great part of the provinces of the Rhine and Austria; they have penetrated into Hungary, Bohemia, and Moravia. The effects THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 99 of their presence are soon perceptible. In 1561, the Papal Nuncio informs us, that they had made many conversions, and rendered in- finite service to the Holy See. This was the first durable anti-protestant impulse communi- cated to Germany."* Thus it was that the Jesuits stemmed the tor- rent of victorious Protestantism, and turned it back to its Northern source : from it whole na- tions were rescued, and restored to the bosom of the Church. At a meeting of the Bohemian no- bility, the burgrave John de Lobkowitz was heard to exclaim : " If this society had been instituted one century sooner, and had then found its way into Bohemia, the very name of Protestantism would have been unknown !" Thus, too, the Duke of Bavaria acknowledged, when committing a college to their care, that it was to a great degree to the Jesuits, that Bavaria owed the revival of the ancient faith, which had suffered so much from the evils of the day. The results of their exertions were so apparent that they could not escape the observation of the most casual observer, and were remarked by the sceptical Montaigne * History of the Papacy, t. iii, p. 39. 100 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. himself. " I am of opinion," says he, " that there never appeared among us a body of men, who have held so high a rank, or effected so much. If they do not relax in the prosecution of their plans, they will very shortly gain a dominant position throughout Christendom. Their order is a seminary of men illustrious in every career, and from them the heretics of our times have more- to fear than from any other members of the Church."* That the Jesuits took the lead in this Catholic movement is so incontestably true, that even their enemies do not attempt to gainsay it. " After God," it is the avowal of Caspar Schopp, one of their most deter- mined adversaries, " to the Society of Jesus do we owe it, that the Catholic religion was not exterminated."f And after the interval of two hundred years, Ranke, with that candor that does him honor and makes his statements so trustworthy, attributes to the Jesuits the Catholic reaction in Germany and the resto- ration of the true faith. " In Poland," says he, " the Jesuit schools were frequented princi- * Voyages de Montaigne en Allemagne et en Italic, etc. p. 666. fidit. du Pantheon. f In notis ad Poggianum, t. iv, p. 423. THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 101 pally by the young nobility, who themselves undertook to spread the faith among the lower orders in cities yet remaining true to the Pro- testant cause. But Catholicity exerted its chief influence on the higher classes. Four hundred students, all of the nobility, filled the College of Pultovsk. The tendency of the times, the teaching of the Jesuits, the newly-aroused zeal of the clergy ; all these concurred to dispose the Polish nobility to re-enter the Church."* But in the provinces of Germany the progress of this counter-reformation was still more percep- tible. " The rapid, yet permanent change," continues Ranke, " which took place in these countries was most remarkable. Shall we say that Protestantism was not deeply rooted in the affections of the people, or shall we attri- bute this revolution to the skilful propagand- ism of the Jesuits ? It must be confessed that they lacked neither zeal nor prudence. You will see them extending their labors succes- sively to all the places in the vicinity of their establishments, seducing and gaining over the masses. Their churches are always thronged. Is there anywhere found a Lutheran, skilled * History of the Papacy, t. iv, p. 13. 9* 102 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. in his Bible, who, by his teachings, acquires some influence over his neighbors ? They use every means to obtain his conversion, and so habituated are they to polemic discussions, that they rarely fail. They devote them- selves to the offices of charity, they heal the sick, they reconcile enemies, and strengthen in their faith, by the contraction of new obli- gations, those whom they have succeeded in reclaiming. Under their banners the faithful are seen to flock to the places of pilgrimage ; and those now join in these processions, who were awhile before regarded as steadfast Protestants."* In the same part of his work, the Lutheran doctor speaks of the glory the Jesuits ac- quired in training up not only ecclesiastical princes, but temporal rulers, who became so many apostles devoted to the cause of Catholic restoration. We may then conclude that for the preservation of the faith in the sixteenth century, the provinces of the Rhine, Hungary, Austria, and Poland, are chiefly indebted to the Society of Jesus. The same important services were performed by it down to the *Ibid. p. 49. THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 103 middle of the seventeenth century ; and when the treaty of Westphalia, by its concessions to Protestantism, shackled the advancing strides of Catholicity in Germany, the Jesuits did not despair of the future triumph of truth ; they continued to battle successfully by mul- tiplying schools, and by announcing the salu- tary teachings of religion. From some of the particulars we have al- ready recorded, it may have been inferred that it was not only by the apostleship and the fatigues of the sacred ministry, nor even by controversial disputes, that they sought to retain the faithful and reclaim the wandering ; their schools and the instruction of youth were the chief means they made use of for preserving and propagating the faith. First of all, those destined for the sanctuary received their attention, and a German clergy was formed. How many men of learning came forth from their schools, we shall exa- mine hereafter ; now, it will suffice to notice the outpouring tide of pious and zealous priests, apostles, who spread themselves over every country of Germany, to bring back the people to the dominion of faith and virtue. Father Theiner, in the year 1833, thus addressed the 104 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. Bishops of Germany, in his Institutions of Ecclesiastical Education.* " May this work teach you to appreciate properly the services rendered by a celebrated society to the educa- tion of youth, and to the clergy in general. By the aid of this distinguished order, our ancestors kept the deposit of faith undimi- nished, and the light of science undimmed. For these great benefits, what a debt of grati- tude does not Germany owe the Jesuits!" Thus, according to Father Theiner, not only the virtues proper to the ecclesiastical state, but the sciences, too, were planted by their Jesuit instructors in the bosoms of the German clergy. But were it true that they had con- tracted the scope of their labors to the forma- tion of watchful sentinels to protect the cita- del of faith, of valiant champions to oppose error and maintain the truth, of virtuous and holy priests to stop the progress of a flood, which was sweeping off nations, should we not say, that they had conferred an inestimable benefit upon Germany, and nobly fulfilled the mission, wherewith Providence would seem to have charged them ? What matters it then, if a greater or less number of scholars issued * Tom. i, p. 165. THE JESUITS IN GEEMANY. 105 from the Jesuit schools ; or, in either supposi- tion, what conclusion will you draw to their disparagement? We do not now speak of men of genius. " Genius/' as De Maistre very justly remarks, "is not the production of schools; it is not acquired, it is innate; it recognizes no obligation to man ; its gratitude is due to the creative power of God."* "It would be as silly," continues the same dis- tinguished writer, "to do homage to the Jesuits for the genius of Descartes, Bossuet, and Conde, as to crown Port Royal with the glories of Pascal and Racine." We speak only of men, who, with ordinary abilities, by dint of labor and the opportunity of leisure, arrive at an eminent position in science. Is there any man, who does not see, that neither the learn- ing nor the zeal of the instructor suffices for the production of even such as these ? The acquisition of learning demands time, the will to acquire it, and that stubbornness of perseve- rance, which some do not distinguish, in its effects, from genius. But in the agitated state of Germany, then, when it was requisite to be ever on the alert to resist incessant assaults, to watch over nations with unslumbering vigi- * De I'feglise Gallicane, liv. i, ch. v. 106 THE JESUITS *IN GERMANY. lance in order to prevent their defection, to encourage them by words of exhortation, to strengthen them by the sacraments, in a word to multiply themselves with the multiplied dangers and wants of the Catholic cause, where find the leisure, the tranquillity, and patient study, which science exacts of her votaries? And has not the same reason been repeatedly given, and as often received as satisfactory, to explain the inferiority of our present clergy, when compared with their pre- decessors of the seventeenth century ; and has any one dreamed of imputing it to any lack of zeal on the part of the Bishops, or learning and industry in the professors of our semi- naries ? The assertion that Germany counted no great men, outside of the Society of Jesus, is by no means true. Father Theiner has pub- lished a catalogue of students, of the Germanic College at Rome, founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola. Now among these students, Germans, almost without exception, down to the end of the eighteenth century, there had been one Pope, Gregory XV, twenty-four Cardinals, six Electors of the Empire, nineteen princes, twenty-one archbishops, one hundred and THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 107 twenty-one titular bishops, one hundred bishops in partibus infidelium, six abbots or generals of religious orders, eleven martyrs for the faith, thirteen martys of charity, besides fifty- five, adds Father Theiner, conspicuous for piety and learning. He remarks, also, that among these men, all distinguished in their day, several, bishops, priests, or religious, were writers of merit. In this number may be cited John Kery, successively Bishop of Sir- mich and Veitsen, a philosopher and historian ; Andrew lilies, Bishop of Transylvania ; Peter Binsfeld, coadjutor of Treves; Sigismund Zeller, coadj utor of Freissingen ; John Vano- viczy, Bishop of Scardona; Victor Miletus, Canon of Breslau ; Gerard Vossius, Prevost of Tongres, learned in the Greek and Latin languages, the first to ransack the libraries of Kome, and to translate into Latin many writings of the Greek Fathers ; Gaspar Mal- lechich, Prior-General of the order of St. Paul ; John Gothard, Canon of Passau ; Robert Tur- ner, a learned professor of the University of Ingolstadt; Matthias Faber, a celebrated preacher, at first a curate, but finally a Jesuit; Andrew Fornerus, Canon of "Wurtzburg ; Fer- dinand Grieskirker, a celebrated writer, says 108 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. Theiner; Peter Bolla, Marquard Hergoth, Frederic Forner, Barthel, Michael Ignatius Schmidt, and many others. Thus was Germany committing the charge of her youth to the Germanic College, and thus were they returned to her learned and virtuous priests. By the purity and modesty of their lives, they answered the calumnies of heretics against the morals of the clergy and ecclesiastical celibacy ; by their devotion at the altar, they atoned to the sacred mysteries of our religion for the insults to which the irre- verence of unworthy priests had exposed them ; by their moderation and disinterested spirit, they protested against the reproach that the clergy aimed at riches and pleasures only ; by their knowledge they dissipated the suspi- cion of ignorance, under which they labored, and made the innovators more wary in offering those challenges to disputes, in which they had been accustomed to defy their opponents to solve their subtle objections. We may then readily conceive, with what affectionate admiration Germany viewed the College, and with what entire confidence she intrusted to it not only her favorite children, but even the scions of her most illustrious families, such as THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 109 the Ferdinands of Bavaria, the Counts of Har- rach, the Dietrichsteins, the Thuns, the Furs- tembergs, the Metternichs, the Esterhazys, the Frankenbergs, the Waldsteins, the Margraves of Baden, the Wartenbergs, the Holsteins. It was not in the Germanic College alone that the Jesuits formed to science the youth who aspired to the priesthood : the same la- bors occupied them throughout all Catholic Germany, and everywhere they were equally fruitful. " To bring their Universities to the highest degree of excellence," says Kanke, "was the object of their greatest solicitude. They aimed at rivalling the most celebrated schools of the Protestants. The ancient lan- guages, at that time, attracted chief attention in scientific culture. To these then did they devote themselves, and soon the Jesuit profes- sors were worthy of being compared with even the mighty restorers of ancient literature. The other sciences were not, however, ne- glected ; at Cologne, Francis Koster lectured on Astronomy, to the delight as well as the in- struction of his hearers. But theology was their peculiar province : to this they applied themselves with unsurpassed industry : no day was exempt from some theological exer- 10 110 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. else. They resumed the custom of holding public disputes, without which, they asserted, the study of theology would be devoid of life and spirit. The exercises were conducted in so urbane, agreeable, instructive, and brilliant a manner, as to afford unprecedented satisfac- tion. The public were soon convinced that, in theology at least, the Catholic University of Ingolstadt could vie with the best of the German schools of learning. Ingolstadt itself became the centre of Catholic influence, as Wittenberg and Geneva had been the seats of Protestantism."* Is it credible that with such a system of teaching, the Jesuits should have produced, among the secular clergy, no remarkable men? Without doubt, and we have already admitted it, they sought to train up priests, who should be pious, zealous, and sufficiently instructed, rather than to form profound scholars ; and, in fact, we find, that from their entrance into Germany down to their suppression, there issued from their schools numbers of virtuous prelates, whose heroic perfection prompted them to become the martyrs of faith and * T. Ui, p. 40. THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. Ill charity.* Meanwhile, however, we must not be understood as conceding that they were neglectful of the interests of learning. It is urged that at the date of their dissolution, though they had been intrusted with the ex- clusive education of the Catholic youth, they had omitted to form men capable of replacing them, or even of sharing with them in the office of instructing. The objection is not new ; it is borrowed from the Jansenist editors of the Nouvelles EccUsiastiques. But what do the objectors require? Was it the duty of the Jesuits to act the part of directors of nor- mal schools, and to devote themselves to the training up of teachers and professors ? Should they have occupied themselves with these cares, when they themselves filled almost * To confine ourselves to the very times of the suppres- sion, we may enumerate, with Father Theiner (Inst. Eccl. Educ. t. ii), the Cardinals Migazzi, Archbishop of Vienna ; Frankenberg, Archbishop of Mechlin, one of the most illustrious prelates of the eighteenth century; Prince Es- terhazy, Bishop of Agram, in Hungary, a man of apostolic virtue ; Kerens, at first a Jesuit, then Bishop of Neustadt, all pious and zealous prelates, who strenuously opposed the schismatical projects of Joseph II, and saved the Catholic faith in Belgium and Germany. See Picot, Memoirs for an Eccl. Hist. t. iv, p. 489. 112 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. every chair of importance, when they found it so easy to keep up the succession of teachers from among their own body, and when they could have had no reason to apprehend those violent and iniquitous measures, which would, at a future day, drive them from their posts ? There might have existed, there really did exist, among those who had been the pupils of the Jesuits, a multitude of men, who were well informed, but nevertheless unqualified for professorships : that office, in addition to knowledge, demands a special aptitude, a uni- formity of system, and, above all, a long ex- perience. Even if men with all these requi- sites had abounded, still it would have been difficult to provide for their salaries and sup- port in that liberal scale, which their abilities would give them a right to demand. Jesuit teaching was so cheap in comparison, that the revenues, which at Bourges had suf- ficed for the support of thirty Jesuits, after the dissolution of the Society scarcely afforded an adequate compensation for ten secular pro- fessors. These considerations had not escaped the observation of the sagacious Frederick II, who thus expresses himself in his instructions to the agent appointed to negotiate with Pius THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 113 VI on retaining the Jesuits in his states : " The surest means (to perpetuate a series of professors) is to preserve a seminary of men destined to teach. In studying the sciences, they fit themselves for the office of instructing. It would be no easy task to fill instantaneously a vacancy left by a skil- ful professor, by making a selection from among men of other occupations, whose habits of life are so different. If the education of ordinary citizens be necessary, the training up of instructors must be no less so. Besides, there are reasons of economy for preferring such a body of men to mere secular indi- viduals. The professor, taken from the latter class will cost more, because he has a greater number of wants. It is needless to remark that the property of the Jesuits would not be sufficient to remunerate their successors ; and that revenues which pass over to the adminis- tration of the government, always suffer dimi- nution."* 3. We have seen the condition in which the Jesuits found Germany, we have seen, too, what they accomplished within her limits : to complete this chapter, it only remains for * Collombet Hist, de la Supp. torn. ii ; p. 194. 10* 114 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. us to investigate her state, when they were driven from her soil. At their coming, we have said, Germany was of all Catholic countries in Europe the most destitute of theologians. At their de- parture, there was no country in Europe, with the exception perhaps of Italy, where sacred studies, the interpretation of Scripture, theo- logy, canon law, flourished with more life and vigor. That this assertion will be styled paradoxical, is what we have anticipated : but we shall prove its truth. In the middle of the eighteenth century, particularly in Ger- many, who thence dates the birth of her literature, attention was diverted from other pursuits, and turned to the cultivation of poetry. Hence the number of great poets since, whose labors were more dazzling than occupations not appealing to general sympa- thy, and hidden in the solitude of literary retirement. Then, too, the minds of men sought for nothing but glittering novelties, aspired only to an imaginary future, and cast a look of disdain, if they vouchsafed a glance at all, on studies which inclosed - themselves in the calm shrine of the majestic past, where religious truth has fixed her abode. Then THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 115 came the Revolution, with its mighty surge, spreading itself over the monuments of former ages, and almost obliterating their traces. Let us pass along the scene of devastation, and seek to detect some vestiges, perchance yet remaining : and first outside of the Society of Jesus. The name of Foster, or Froben, of the Order of St. Benedict, immediately pre- sents itself. He was professor of Philosophy and Holy Scripture at the University of Salz- burg, and the Abbey of St. Emmeran, where he was elected Prior in 1750, and Prince- Abbot in 1762. From this time until his death, in 1791, he encouraged in his own abbey the cultivation of the science that had been the object of his predilection, and to whose honor the profound learning displayed in his own writings had not a little contributed. Then comes George Christopher Neller, whose theses, embracing the whole circle of the sciences, sustained with brilliant success, when he was but twenty-two years of age, were abundantly sufficient to supersede the necessity of further proof of learning, and merited for him the title of Doctor of Theology. Already known to fame by the various stations he had adorned, and the remarkable works he had produced, 116 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. Neller was chosen professor of canon and civil law at the University of Treves, where he died in 1783, after having published a great number of critical and learned dissertations. Neller's professor at the University of Wurts- burg was John Gaspar Barthel, who, in that principality, had filled successively all the dignities, to which a secular ecclesiastic was eligible.* Barthel was one of the best canonists of the eighteenth century, and was still more celebrated for his ardent zeal for the Holy See, and his strenuous opposition to Protestantism. He reformed the system of teaching canon law, and whilst he retained the general principles of the science, he re- duced it to a form in accordance with the po- litical constitution of Germany. He died in 1771. We may pass with greater rapidity over the names of Hermann Scholliner, who, after having professed theology with distinc- tion, was appointed Director-General of Studies among the Bavarian Benedictines, and chosen, in place of Pfeffel, for the task of preparing for publication the Monumenta Boica; of Bene- dict Oberhauser, of the same order, who died * Barthel was educated by the Jesuits. So also very probably were many other theologians of his times. THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 117 in 1786, a good theologian and profound canonist, but who unfortunately embraced the tenets of Febronius; of Martin Gerbert, also a Benedictine, whose death took place in 1793, an opponent of the same doctrines, dis- tinguished for the extensive and varied erudi- tion displayed in his works ; of George Lien- hart, less illustrious for his birth than for his learning; of Paulinus Erdt, a Franciscan, who zealously combated infidelity until his death in 1800 ; and of Antony Goritz, a Capuchin, who died in 1784, the author of several learned works on Moral Theology, and on the monu- ments of sacred and profane antiquity. The list would be still further prolonged, if we were willing to admit into it the names of many other theologians of talent, who, being seduced by motives of ambition, adopted the new ideas ; such were Stock and Kautten- strauch, of whom we shall speak when treating of the reform of the Universities ; the Bene- dictines Danzer and Braun ; Dereser, the dis- calceate Carmelite, better known by the name of Thaddeus of St. Adam; Eulogius Schneider, educated by the Jesuits at Wurtsburg, a preacher at Augsburg and Stuttgard, professor 118 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. at Bonn, then an ardent revolutionist in France, where he was beheaded in 1794. Meanwhile we purposely conceal from view the most dazzling part of our picture ; for however flourishing the state of sacred science among the secular clergy, and among other religious orders, the Society of Jesus still retains the pre-eminence in the number and in the fame of her scholars. But the plan we have marked out for our- selves, compels us to defer this subject to a more appropriate occasion, when we ^hall treat of the scientific state of the Jesuits at the time of the suppression, and of the reform effected in the German Universities. We shall then be the better able to judge of the truth of the assertion, that Germany then had no profound theologians, no learned canonists, none skilful in exegetics, no eloquent apologists ; and we shall see if Germany of that century be inferior to Germany of the times of the General Council. We shall also see if it be true that the Jesuits during the last years of their ex- istence, had lost in the Empire, even to a greater extent than in France, a portion of their primitive vigor, and that their professors were no longer above mediocrity ; if it be true THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 119 that the decline in learning and the ignorance of the clergy occasioned the ecclesiastical reform, which was begun in 1760, which reached its maturity under Joseph II, and ended in the terrible catastrophe of the French Revolution ; if it be true that in the Catholic ranks, there were to be seen no champions capable of maintaining the cause of truth against her adversaries ; if it be true, in fine, that at the time of the suppression, the Jesuits were in point of science inferior to their Pro- testant rivals. But for this purpose, it will be necessary to exhibit the real condition of Germany at the time, to narrate the assaults made on the fortress of the faith, and its out- works, the Society of Jesus ; we shall then be able to comprehend the true object of this reform, this erection of new Universities : measures, it is alleged, taken to remedy defi- ciencies in clerical education. One word, however, in conclusion, of the lofty flight then taken by German literature. This, it is said, was the work of Protestants, and Catholics can claim no share in the laurels won by the poets. Let us see what force this argument has against the Jesuits and their pupils. 120 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. From the origin of the language to the close of the fifteenth century, the poem of the Niebelungen is the only great literary produc- tion, and this does not merit to be ranked, as Goethe ranks it, with the Homeric epics. When Luther appeared, the poetry of romance had departed, and the arts of the middle ages were forgotten. The language itself had fallen into neglect, and the Reformer's translation of the Bible was the era of its resurrection. Although the style is antiquated, this transla- tion is yet regarded by critics as the type of classic German. Poets now begin to rise ; Hans Sachs, the shoemaker, the prince of song- writers, with his pamphlets in rhyme, and his fertile genius ; Sebastian Brandt, and his " Ship of Fools," a caricature and a satire in the vein of Rabelais; Boehme, with his strong and enthusiastic imagination, who has dis- played, it is said, all the intellectual wealth of the language. But these were not sufficient to constitute a literature ; and this is so true, that Opitz, a didactic poet of the beginning of the seventeenth century, possessed of taste and judgment, but spiritless, and now no longer read, has been termed the father of German poetry. Flemming, a poet of the same time, THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 121 though superior in the glowing richness of his imagination, is in style far inferior. In the first half of the seventeenth century, a German literature did not yet exist. At this time, the power of Germany was shattered by civil war, and her poetry declined with the decline of her power : it was either stricken with entire sterility, or it degenerated into extravagant affectation. "From 1648 to the middle of the eighteenth century," says Fre- derick Schlegel, "was a period of barbarism. There was, what might be termed an inter- regnum in literature, a mingling of light and shadow, when the language, in a state of in- cessant fluctuation, verged now to a corrupt dialect of German, now to a jargon of half French." Amidst such unfavorable circum- stances, what could be effected by the Jesuits, who had not come to Germany to make poets, whose every thought and deed was directed to the defence of Catholic faith? It would be a folly to accuse them for the protracted slumber of German genius; if a body of teachers could have aroused it, the Society of Jesus had done it. There is no religious order so little affected by difference of coun- try, none whose principles and conduct in 11 122 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. its various members are so harmonious and uniform. Let us then see what it was mean- while effecting in France. Without wishing to ascribe to it the production of those splendid geniuses, that shed glory upon the age of Louis XIV, we can without fear of exaggeration maintain, that the Society of Jesus contributed more than Port Royal, more than all the literary and teaching bodies of the time, to that great and rapid advance in science, letters, and arts. But France was then calm ; at least she was disturbed by no internal commotion, whilst Germany was distracted by religious broils and political dissensions. Hence, the difference of results, where the preceptors were the same, and the system of teaching identical. But at the beginning of the eighteenth cen- tury, when Germany and Austria had revived, and German princes extended their patronage to literature, poetry springs into new life. Still she is undistinguished by any national character, and is devoid of the stamp of origi- nality. Men of letters divide into two con- flicting parties. The standard-bearer of the one is Gotlsched, who favors the imitation of the ancient models, of Italian and especially of French writers. The stronghold of the THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 123 other party is in Switzerland ; Breitinger and Bodmer are the chieftains, and the imitation of the English, the object of their preference. On due reflection, Frederick Schlegel seems to have been correct in extending to the mid- dle of the eighteenth century the age of bad taste and literary sterility. The Messias of Klopstock announces the advent of a new era, the golden age of German poetry. Now start forth to view Gessner, the chanter of pasto- rals; Lessing, the critic; Winckelmann, the chronicler of art ; Heyne, the first Protestant antiquary of his time. In various parts of the German heavens are forming bright clusters of poets and men of letters. Gottingen is re- splendent with Lichtenberg, Leizewitz, Holty, the two Stolbergs,. Woss, the learned translator of Homer ; Burger, the writer of the famous ballad Lenore ; Dusseldorf shines with Heinse, and the two Jacobis. The intellectual move- ment spreads to Leipsic, to Strasburg, to many points of Germany, and stars glow singly at various intervals ; Kotzebue, Werner, the phi- losopher Kant, Fichte, and Schelling, the his- torian Muller, and later Tieck and Novalis, who, with the Schlegels, represent the school of romance. But Weimar was radiant with a 124 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. galaxy of surpassing splendor, with Herder, the philosopher and poet, Goethe, the giant of German song, Wieland, John-Paul Kichter, Schiller, the prince of dramatists, the Schlegels, and many more. Under the patronage of Prince Charles Augustus, and the Duchesses Amelia and Louisa, Weimar becomes the Athens of Germany. And now to return to our argument. The Jesuits are accused of having resigned to the Protestants the undisputed possession of these literary glories. But dates will speak un- answerably in their behalf. The symphony of the Messias was heard in 1750, its last chant died away in 1769. In the interval the principal works of Gessner were published, and Heinse laid the foundation of his fame. But if the literary movement had stopped with these, would they have been able, with all their merit, to raise Germany to the first rank among literary nations ? No, assuredly not. With the exception of Klopstock, per- haps, these are not the men, the remembrance of whom dazzles the imagination, when is represented before it the splendor of German literature. Herder, Goethe, Schiller and their compeers, are they who have attained the THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 125 approbation and applause of Europe. But all these men of genius arose at the middle of the eighteenth century, and their master- pieces were produced after the expulsion of the Jesuits. The Jesuits were not at hand to encourage a spirit of rivalry among the Catho- lics, and this was perhaps one of the principal causes of that literary monopoly enjoyed by the Protestants. But, it is insisted, why did they not prepare the way for it, whilst they still taught, and when they stood by at the first resuscitation of German genius ? To the accusation couched in this interrogatory, a lengthy rejoinder might be made. Bearing in mind the often quoted verse, "Sint Msecenates, non cfeerunt, Flacce, Marones;" let us ask where was there a Msecenas to en- courage poetic development? Frederick II, wholly absorbed in his French monomania, neglected to bear in mind the literary desti- nies of his country. Maria Theresa overreach- ed, as we shall show, by the enemies of the Church, instead of fostering, paralyzed Catho- lic teaching. Joseph II was engrossed in his quarrels with Rome. The other Princes of Germany variously occupied, in like manner 126 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. left to the Duke of Saxe- Weimar the task and the glory of protecting letters. Science and literature having taken a Protestant direction, became objects of suspicion to the Catholics, as the pagan learning had been to their fore- fathers in the faith. Among the Protestants alone could learning find that tranquillity, and security, necessary for its culture, and unre- strained development. With the Catholics, at that time, the absorbing question was, as will be seen, not poetry, the ornament of life, but life itself, so much were they menaced in their faith, their worship, their very existence. As for the Jesuits in particular, their duty in this crisis was to guard the cause of orthodoxy, rather than the interests of profane letters. Besides, the signal of attack upon them had already been sounded ; the work of expulsion was begun; they already heard the distant mutterings of the storm that was to destroy them : was this a time to be thinking of the epic, the drama, and the various species of verse ? And yet they did not keep aloof from the literary movement that was spreading through Germany ; they assisted its progress in their own colleges. To cite but one example : his- THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 127 tory retains a grateful remembrance of Michael Denis. This famous Jesuit, a bibliographer and a poet, rendered a twofold service to the teaching and the literature of his country. After having lectured with distinction as a Professor, and directed the studies of the mili- tary school of Maria Theresa, he was nomi- nated as first superintendent of the library of the celebrated Garelli, and then chief officer in the imperial library at Vienna. He imme- diately sought to make known to the youth, and to men of letters, the treasures confided to his charge, and to instruct them how to use them with profit. With this design he pub- lished successively his "Library of Garelli," his " History of the Press of Vienna," in which he gives a learned account of eight hundred and thirty-two works, his Supplement to Mattaire's "Typographical Annals," which contains no- tices of six thousand three hundred and eleven pamphlets, his "Catalogue of Theological Works contained in the Imperial Library at Vienna," his " Introduction to the Knowledge of Books," a manual of bibliographical erudition. After having revealed to studious youth the treasury of the past, Denis already thought of providing for the present and the future of the 128 THE JESUITS IN GERMAN-Y. national language, and literature. In the mid- day of German history, he was one of the first of those who applied themselves to the task of polishing the language, of clothing it with ele- gance, of fostering the study of profane litera- ture, and of improving the system of teaching. Rising above the fears, and the mistrust, which in the Austrian States, kept the Catholics strangers to a poetry, flourishing only in Pro- testant soil, he had the courage to mention to his pupils, the names of Klopstock, Gellert, D'Uz, and other modern poets, and put in their hands his own " Memorials," and his " Fruits of Reading," collections full of taste, which he had made from contemporary poets (1762). By his own compositions, he merited ihe name of the Bard of the Danube. His epistle to Klopstock attracted at Vienna universal atten- tion, and drew around him the youth, who were conscious of poetical inspiration. The next work by which he sustained his claim to the title of bard, was a translation of Ossian. Adopting Ossian and the Scandinavian poets as his models, he replaced the ancient mytho- logy by the divinities of the North, and thus unsealed to his countrymen the fountain of national poetry, from which Burger and THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 129 Goethe have since drawn so copiously. In the heroic songs by which, in imitation of the ancient bards, Denis celebrated national festivals, or the events of the day, we can dis- cern the vigor of his mind, his ardent, yet discreet patriotism, his sincere affection for youth, his zeal for the interests of religion. One of his most remarkable works, is the " Temple of the .ZEons, sung by Denis, during the last Years of the Eighteenth Cen- tury." It is truly the song of the dying swan. The " Biographie Universelle," from which we have extracted the most of these particu- lars, adds, " It has not been given to any lyric poet, ancient or modern, to terminate his poetic career with so much solemnity." As far then as circumstances would permit, the Jesuits did exert themselves for the ad- vancement of the national literature; and were it true that Catholicity could boast no honored name in the literary annals of the time, the blame assuredly should not be im- puted to them. But this assertion is not rigor- ously true. Henry de Collin, born at Vienna in 1772, one of the most admired of the Ger- man dramatists, was a Catholic. Winckel- mann, the illustrious historian of ancient art, 130 THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. was converted to the faith at Rome about the year 1758. His conversion was succeeded by that of Zoega, who with Winckelmann and Visconti, formed the great archeological triad of the age ; then followed the painter Muller, the friend of Goethe ; then John Augustus Starck, a professor of the oriental languages ; then Princess Gallitzin. Her conversion was the prelude to that of her son, of Hamann (1787), a distinguished economist, a learned orientalist, a profound philosopher, a great writer, a man of rich and poetic imagination, and to that of Count de Stolberg (1800), who restored his whole family to the true faith. The Catholic movement in Germany was now so decided, and Protestant prejudice had so far abated, that Lavater, Claudius, Herder, Klop- stock, and Jacobi, pardoned the conversion of Stolberg and remained his friends. Woss alone had the hardihood to insult him. Finally, in 1803, Frederick Schlegel and his wife, who was herself the writer of several highly esteemed literary works, and is said to have contributed to her husband's productions, ab- jured the errors of Protestantism in the Cathe- dral of Cologne. Around the converted Schle- gel, there clustered at Jena, as heretofore at THE JESUITS IN GERMANY. 131 Gottingen, and at Weimar, a brilliant group of stars : among them we discern Tieck, the greatest poet and critic of modern Germany, and Frederic Yon Hardenberg, better known as Novalis. Illustrious men soon gave them- sfelves to the current, at once religious and po- etical, and they too were drawn to the shores of Catholicity. Of this number were Werner, the distinguished poet, Clement Brentano, D'Eckstein, Goerres, and others, noble by birth, or ennobled by art or literature. Can any one think that the Jesuits would have remained idle amid this Catholic reaction, and that they would not have claimed for themselves a large share of glory in this return to a faith, which they have defended with so much learning, courage, and devotion, before, as since, the suppression of their order ? A judgment may be formed from the following chapters, in which we shall narrate the war waged against them by impiety, which dreaded their influence, and in which we shall exhibit the spirit and energy wherewith they strug- gled against it. Then will it be admitted by every unprejudiced reader, that it is chiefly to the Jesuits, Germany owes the preservation of that vitality which was destined to germinate so vigorously, and to produce fruit so abundantly. Cfeapttr REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. (1753-1792.) IT was in the year 1745, that Pombal, by dint of intrigue, obtained the appointment of plenipotentiary mediator to Vienna, to adjust a difference which had arisen between Maria Theresa and the Holy See, with relation to the patriarchate of Aquileia. In Germany, then, he began his career as a diplomatist, and " in the focus of Protestantism," adds Pacca, to whose important testimony we shall have frequent occasion to refer, " he learned to hate the church and the religious orders." But the Society of Jesus was the chief obstacle to the accomplishment of the designs, which he thenceforth meditated against the Church, and consequently the Society of Jesus was honored with his especial hostility. No sooner had he reached the dignity of minister, after his re- turn to Portugal, than he eagerly set about REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES. 133 the crowning object of his life, the destruction of the Society, and the rupture with Rome, which in his mind were inseparably connected. In 1758, from the dying Benedict XIV, he obtained a brief, empowering him to order a visitation and undertake a reform of the order; and, the year following, all the Portuguese Jesuits were either thrown into prison, or ba- nished from the country. Then succeeded a rupture with the Holy See, and a long series of open or covert attacks on the papal autho- rity. Following out the detestable principles he had imbibed from his favorite authors, Gian- none and Fra Paolo, Pombal published a mani- festo, in which he conceded to the Pope a merely nominal power. In 1767, he even strove to effect a coalition between France, Spain, and Portugal, arid involve in the ini- quity of schism, the most considerable part of Catholic Europe. Whilst he was diligently procuring the translation and wide-spread dispersion of the productions of Voltaire, Eousseau, Diderot, and the other chiefs of the school of the Anti-christian philosophy, he erected at Lisbon a tribunal of censure, to pre- vent the publication and introduction of all books in which were defended the Society of 12 134 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, Jesus, or the rights of Rome. Meanwhile, however, in 1770, to gratify Donna Maria, presumptive heiress to the throne, and perhaps also to calm the conscience of the king, whom the calumnious and schismatical writings, put into his hands by Pombal, had not entirely corrupted, he opens a negotiation for the pur- pose of re-establishing friendly relations be- tween Portugal and the Holy See. This ne- gotiation was apparently successful, and a Nuncio took up his residence at Lisbon. But wo should not suppose that Pombal was in- spired with better sentiments, or that he had renounced the main object of his life ; nor should we give credence to those hypocritical protestations of love and veneration for the Holy See, with which his official correspon- dence abounds. Bernis wrote to his court, Sept. 26, 1770, that a written pledge to sup- press the Society was the basis of this recon- ciliation. Having secured this, Pombal thought that the renewal of amicable relations with Rome, would prove no effectual hindrance to the attainment of his ends. On the other hand, Cardinal Pacca informs us that " after the reconciliation, the interests of the Church were still constantly sacrificed, that the laws ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 135 infringing- her liberties and immunities, were not rescinded, that the encroachments of the civil tribunals in religious matters, were per- severed in, and that the University of Coimbra continued to propagate the most dangerous principles."* Finally, but a short time after, Pombal un- dertook to complete the religious ruin of Por- tugal by poisoning the very sources of educa- tion. His measures had been pre-arranged. We. have already noticed Seabra's work, whose object it was to prove that the Jesuits had occa- sioned the decline of science. The Jesuits them- selves no longer existed. But their doctrine survived them, and some of the opinions, in theology and philosophy, which they had intro- duced and defended, were still maintained at Coimbra.f The ferocity of Pombal could en- * Meraoires. (Euvres Compl. t. ii, p. 356. f Memoires du Marquis de Pombal. (4 vol. in 12mo, 1784.) This work is said to have been composed by Father Gusta, and was translated into French by the grammarian Gattel. It has been accused of prejudice and exaggeration ; how unjustly, a perusal of the book itself will show. It breathes throughout a spirit of moderation, candor, and impartiality, and displays the author's alacrity to commend where commendation is possible. Gusta is more favorable to Pombal's person, and less inclined to arraign his acts, 136 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, dure nothing which was in any manner con- nected with the odious Society. Besides, it was his determination to use the University as the chief engine for the dissemination of Jan- senism and impiety : to effect this, a complete change in this Institution was requisite. To prepare the public mind for this impor- tant revolution, he caused a work to be issued which is entitled : " A brief History of the University of Coimbra, from the time of the Introduction of the so-called Jesuits ; in which is shown how destructive their Intrigues and Innovations have proved to the Sciences and the Fine Arts, which had formerly prospered in that Institution." The author contrasts the ancient dignity of the University with her present degradation ; he recounts those great men who had sprung from her bosom, who had shed through Europe a light derived from her; he discloses with manifest gratification the pretended tricks by than later Catholic writers, such as Pacca, Picot, and Theiner himself. It were well for the memory of Pombal, if nothing more were known of him than can be gathered from this book. Some curious papers to avouch the truth of the facts narrated, are appended, and compose nearly one-third of the entire work. ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 137 which the Jesuits sought to dim a splendor too bright for their weak and jealous vision. He shows how they had abused the influence they possessed, to insure the appointment of such men to the presidency and visitorship of the University, as would prove indulgent and devoted to the Society, that the various col- leges in the kingdom administered by them might be able to sustain a comparison with their rival. Such was the purport of this history. Whatever may have been the decline of the University of Coimbra, which, as we have said, was greatly exaggerated, whatever abuses had made their way into the Institution, she had yet maintained an uninterrupted series of able professors in theology, in civil and canon law, and in other branches of education, and had sent forth a multitude of celebrated statesmen, learned jurisconsults, profound theologians, and skilful physicians. Still we do not retract our admission, that at the termination of the reign of John V, and under his successor, Joseph I, the University had not entirely escaped the benumbing influence of a lethargy which per- vaded the nation. There was then no occu- pation to arouse the energies of the mind, no 12* 138 REFORM OF THE rivalry to inspire activity, no encouragement to reward studious application. The few emi- nent scholars who yet remained, were not treated, even by the government, with that deference, which is the first and most flatter- ing recompense of learning.* Then, too, when baleful opinions were spreading abroad, the *0n the contrary, men of the highest merit, if they chanced to arouse the suspicion or excite the jealousy of the ruthless minister, were immured in dungeons, or sent forth to wander in exile. Barros is an example, a Portu- guese gentleman of great astronomical acquirements, and spoken of in terms of eulogy by Barbosa, Lalande, and Bailly. This Barros, a correspondent of the Scientific Academy of Paris, a member of the Royal Academy of Berlin, whose discoveries the great Be L'Isle esteemed it an honor to have given to the public j this Barros, a friend of the Jesuits, probably their pupil, at least a fruit of the literary decline of Portuyal, was implicated by Pombal in the fictitious conspiracy of the 3d Sept. 1758, and was doomed to suffer the penalties of a fabricated crime, until released, after the death of Joseph I, by order of the Queen, Donna Maria. (See Lalande, Astr. t. iv, p. 694.) To replace the Portuguese men of learning, exiled or imprisoned, Pombal, at great expense, collected from fo- reign countries, professors who produced not one scientific work, and who educated not one remarkable man. Thus this much-boasted reform accomplished nothing more than the introduction of Jansenism, and the dissemination of impiety. ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 139 distrust occasioned by dangerous novelties, the example of the aberrations, into which a false philosophy had betrayed not a few, awakened suspicions in the breasts of many good men, just as happened in Germany, and caused them to confound the use of talent with its abuse, and to discourage the pursuit of learning, which they had identified with impiety and irreligion. Even for that decline of learning which we have conceded, how can we, without ignorance or injustice, hold the Jesuits responsible ? Their teaching was confined to the faculty of arts ; their department embraced nothing more than philosophy, rhetoric, the humanities, grammar, Greek, and Hebrew. Over the rest they had no control. The entire University, of which they constituted so insignificant a part, was subject to the immediate supervision of the council of conscience, in which the Jesuits had no representative, and where it was impossible that they should domineer. But Jesuit influence must be detected every- where, in order that blame may be invari- ably imputed to them, where, in many cases, their accusers themselves were the only cul- prits.* * M4m. t. i, pref. p. xliv. 140 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, The only effect of this reform was to gratify Pombal's vanity, and to further his schisma- tical projects. The reader has not forgotten the lately quoted words of Cardinal Pacca. We shall see that in another part of his work, he thus expresses himself: "After having sounded the first signal of persecution against a Society, celebrated for the services it had rendered religion and the sciences, Pombal corrupts public instruction in the schools and Universities, particularly that of Coimbra." Father Theiner thus develops the Cardinal's idea, in reviewing his work: "Certainly no one has represented the decline of Portugal, in this, the only true point of view, so forcibly and usefully, as our illustrious writer. Having resided in the country for more than seven yuars, in his quality of Apostolic Nuncio, he enjoyed every facility for the acquisition of knowledge respecting its religious and civil state. Let us then follow in the footsteps of the noble author : let us pause to examine the important considerations he will present. We shall find that the various causes of Portuguese decline, enumerated by him, may be reduced to one, and that one is Jansenism. With the impartiality of the historian, and the wisdom ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 141 of the statesman, Pacca points out the means, by which that faction rose to greater power in Portugal, than in any other Catholic country. These were the destruction of the Society of Jesus, the exclusion of Catholic books, and finally the ruin of the University of Coimbra, once emphatically Catholic, but soon the focus of Jansenistic error." Father Theiner (whose authority we always quote with peculiar gratification), a few pages farther on, thus continues : "After the sup- pression of the Society of Jesus, which, as long as it subsisted, defended and preserved the deposit of faith in all its purity and integrity ; after the erection of a secular tribunal of cen- sure, but little was wanting to complete the triumph of Jansenism in Portugal, and that was supplied by the University of Coimbra. After the expulsion of the Jesuits, its system of teaching was entirely changed, and its govern- ment subjected to the control of infidels and innovators ; this also was the work of Pombal, and his tool, Seabra." But perhaps, notwith- standing this anti-Catholic tendency in religious matters, the sciences resumed the onward pro- gress, which the Jesuits had impeded. Father Theiner opportunely informs us: "The pro- 142 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, fessors of the University of Coimbra destroyed true science in Portugal. The administration of Pombal, and its effects on the country, are a most triumphant apology for the Society of Jesus. Under the tyrannical rule of this minister, the sciences lapsed into a state of barbarism, from which they have not yet re- covered."* Such passages need no commentary. It is manifest that the reform of the University of Coimbra, alleged as an objection against the Jesuits, redounds only to their glory. * "In Portugal/'says Lalande (PreT. Astr. p. 4), "John V erected an observatory in his own palace at Lisbon, and put it under the direction of Fathers Carboni and Copasse, of the Society of Jesus. There was another observatory at the Jesuit College of St. Antony." In 1758, 1759, the time of the expulsion of the Jesuits by Pombal, Father Eusebius de Veiga at Lisbon, Father Bernard de Oliveira at Coimbra, and Father Dennis Franco at Evora, professors of mathematics, were taking observations, and publishing useful works on astronomy and navigation. After they had been brutally driven from their own country, they continued their scientific labors in foreign lands, and Father A whose observations for 1788, 1789, are quoted by Lalande, was attached to an observatory at Rome. The same Lalande writes, that in 1787 (after Pombal's death), an observatory was built at St. George's Castle, and that at Coimbra there was another, directed by Father Monteiro. ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 143 In like manner will the history of the reform in the German Universities afford a triumphant apology for the Society of Jesus, in which their defence may be based upon the very facts adduced by their adversaries, and upon the very accusations themselves. In the wide-spread conspiracy of the eighteenth century against Catholicity and the papal power, the first measure was to destroy the influence of the Jesuits, whilst their com- plete annihilation was anxiously expected. To accomplish this, the most perfidious means were resorted to, and first put into execution in Catholic Austria, and under the name of the Catholic Maria Theresa : we refer to their ex- pulsion from professorships in the higher branches of ecclesiastical education. With this revolution, the name of Stock is intimately and disgracefully involved. Simon Ambrose Stock had been a pupil of the Jesuits, in the Germanic College, at Kome. Upon his return to Vienna, he became rector of the University in 1746, and president of the faculty of theology in 1753. In the latter year began the war against the Jesuits in Germany. The prelude to their ultimate de- struction was the reform in education through- 144 REFORM OP THE UNIVERSITIES, out the hereditary states of the Austrian family. This reform proceeded from a cir- cumstance, which seemed to bode no such im- portant result. Maria Theresa requested ot the celebrated Boerhaave. professor of medi- cine at Ley den, to select for her service two physicians, of whose ability he was to be sole judge, but with the condition, on her part, that both should be of the Catholic faith. Boer- haave's choice fell upon two of his disciples, who have since gained a celebrity of their own, Gerard Van Swieten and Antony de Hae'n. Though born of Catholic parents, these men were partisans of the schismatical Church at Utrecht, at that time the strong- hold of Jansenism. In their new office at the Austrian Court, the triumph of their party, equally with their scientific duties, occupied their attention; and they became the primary causes of the innovations then made in philo- sophical and theological instruction, and thus prepared the way for measures menacing the very existence of Catholicity in Austria. At their instigation, the Empress appointed three commissioners to carry into execution the plan of reform ; and to facilitate the latter measure, Stock was chosen president of the faculty of ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 145 theology, and Paul Joseph de Biegger and Charles Antony de Martini, professors of canon and natural law. From Italy, Stock sum- moned to his aid new professors for all the Universities, and the Jesuits were every- where dismissed from the office of instruction.* Day by day may we trace the course of this revo- lution in religious ideas, by turning over the numbers of the " Nouvelles Ecclesiastiques," a Jansenist journal, which regularly chronicled its progress in as many bulletins of victory. The details of the campaign were transmitted to them by the Abbe du Pac de Bellegarde, a partisan of the Jansenists, and in communi- cation with Van Swieten and de Hae'n. The protection which, in 1753, the pious, but too confiding, Maria Theresa was induced, by the persuasion of her physicians, to extend to schism, marks this as a memorable year in the annals of the sect. We read in the Jan- senist journal of the 9th of January, 1754 : "The august Empress, Maria Theresa, has published a decree, which will meet with universal approbation." The reference is to the decree granting certain privileges to the * Picot, Mem. t. iv, p. 354, et seq. 13 146 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, Jansenists. On the 19th of March, 1756, the Gazette speaks of another decree, dated 22d of December, 1755, by which the Belgian sub- jects of the Empress were forbidden to study elsewhere than at Louvain. "It should be remarked," says the editor, "that in the pre- amble to this edict, Her Imperial Majesty, speaking of the abuse she wished to remedy, adds : ' Which, besides operating to the disad- vantage of our University at Louvain, tends to implant in the minds of youth, sentiments at war with our interests and the common welfare of the country.' " But on the 12th of November, 1760, we have something still more explicit: "On the 15th of August, the Empress published a decree, providing for the establishment of two professorships of theo- logy, to be filled from the Dominican and Augustinian orders, in all the Universities of her States. Daily is the Empress strengthened in her determination to eradicate the corrupt doctrine, propagated by the Jesuits." Finally, on the 14th of March, 1774, in a notice of M. de Stock, Bishop of Rosone, who had died in 1772, the Gazette recounts the history of those educational reforms, in which he had so prominently participated : " When M. de Stock ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 147 was nominated assessor of the Aulic Council for the reformation of studies, he made repre- sentations to the tribunal, that in order to renovate the theological faculty at Vienna, it would be necessary to dismiss the Jesuits, who had been for a long time engaged in dif- fusing unsound principles in moral and dog- matic theology. He received the requisite authorization; and sent to Italy for Father Gervasio, an Augustinian, and Father Gazza- niga, a Dominican, to replace the Jesuit pro- fessors." " Convinced that the Jesuits had no less vitiated the teaching of canon law, of which, in the Austrian States, they were almost the only professors, De Stock obtained a decree, by which, in 1769, the Jesuits were excluded from teaching that branch of eccle- siastical education in any University within the dominions of Her Imperial Majesty. To modify the kind of teaching, whilst he changed the professors themselves, M. de Stock pub- lished at Vienna his excellent ' Summary of Canon Law/ consisting of one hundred proposi- tions, and since republished at divers places, and at Paris, by Desaint, in Latin and French, (See our announcement at the time of its appearance.) This summary is intended as 148 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, the text-book for the examination of those aspiring to degrees in the faculty of theology." The purport of this summary may be readily conjectured. Its one hundred articles, says Picot, are in entire conformity with those drawn up, in 1717, by the appellants at Paris. Indeed all the books, then put into the hands of youth, contained the same pernicious prin- ciples. The Universities now became immediately subject to the Court, by which were selected the professors of theology, without the slight- est reference to the wishes, or the rights of the Bishops. The professors of canon law were chosen from the laity ; those of theology from the schools of the Thomists and Augustinians, by which are meant unmitigated Jansenists. The pretext, under which the Jesuits were despoiled of their professorships, was that they disseminated relaxed principles in moral theo- logy, and maintained Molinism in their dog- matic teachings. The true reason was their sincere and ardent attachment to the Holy See. " They no longer professed the doctrine of Christ, the holy Fathers and the Councils; but that, so to speak, of St. Thomas and Sua- rez." (It is Father Faustin Prochaska, a ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 149 Franciscan, who holds this language) :* as if, forsooth, St. Thomas, Suarez, and the other scholastic theologians, had not merely pre- served, and explained the doctrine of Christ and the holy Fathers ! Here may be detected the spirit, and secret purpose of the innovators. With their precise and well-defined formulas of expression, the scholastic doctors leave no room for evasion to subtlety, no means of escape to bad faith. For the supporters of error, it is far more convenient to have recourse, with the Protestants, to the pure text of Scrip- ture, which will admit of any interpretation ; and if they deign to consult the holy Fathers, it is still with the condition that they them- selves may be the exponents of their sense. To leave no manner of doubt on this point- farther on, Prochaska continues :f "It was * De ssecularibus liberalium artium in Bohemia et Moravia fatis commentarius (Pragse, 1782), p. 396. f Ibid. p. 411. With Prochaska we may class Father Cosmas Smalfus, an Augustinian, who in his Ecclesiastical History shows himself favorable to Jansenism. When treating of the reform of the Universities, he says (t. v, p. 193), that "the golden age of Louis XIV is especially due to the Solitaries of Port Royal, to the Bene- dictines of Saint Maur, etc. ; that in Spain, science, arrested in its progress, not by the lack of genius, but by the iron 13* 150 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, by the exertions of Stephen Rauttenstraucb, and Chevalier Joseph de Riegger, that the science of canon law was unshackled," that is, freed from the authority of the Church, when its teaching was confided to laymen. On the next page, he adds : " After the abolition of the Society of Jesus, there was nothing to hinder the entire reformation of all the schools. Whatsoever was vicious in them, perished to the very root ; and by the patronage of the august Maria Theresa, and the labors of the illustrious Rauttenstrauch, science sprang into renewed and vigorous existence. The study of Scripture was brought back to its source, whilst patristic literature, the history of theo- logy, and all that regards the salvation of souls, took the place of bootless and interminable disputes." This style of expression we well understand. We have been accustomed to hear it from the mouths of Protestants, and of all modern in- novators. But to penetrate still more deeply laics of the Inquisition, made no advancement until the reign of Charles III, and none in Portugal until after the suppression of the Society of Jesus." He lavishes enco- miums on Simon de Stock, Rauttenstrauch, Joseph, and even the signers of the schismatical articles of Ems. ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 151 into the spirit of these reforms, let us pause over the character and conduct of this Rautten-. strauch, so warmly panegyrized by Prochaska. Stephen de Rauttenstrauch, of the Order of St. Benedict, Abbot of Braunau, commenced his career as professor of theology in his own abbacy. It was a time when it was sought to elevate the power of princes on the ruins of spiritual authority. The popular doctrine was embraced, and taught by Rauttenstrauch. He was cited to appear before the Archiepiscopal Consistory at Prague, to give an account of his opinions, and was condemned to be de- graded from his dignity as Professor. But his condemnation was the origin of his fortunes. He transmitted to Riegger, then Professor at Vienna, and basking in the smiles of the Court, his "Treatise on the Papal Authority," his theses, and his defences. The opinions main- tained in these writings then enjoyed high credit at Vienna, and Rauttenstrauch, more- over, had the adroitness to represent himself as the victim of Jesuit persecution. Reigger communicated these papers to De Stock, who in turn recommended him to the notice of Maria Theresa, and concealing the fact of his condemnation at Prague, obtained for him the 152 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, office of Director of Studies, in the very city which had witnessed his disgrace. All Raut- tenstrauch's zeal was henceforth directed to the service of his patron, and the humiliation of his antagonists. In 1771, he published his " Prolegomena" to canon law, in which his former opinions were repeated, and affirmed. But soon his triumph was complete. Still un- informed with regard to his real character, Maria Theresa, two years after. De Stock's death, appointed Rauttenstrauch his successor. Placed in a commanding position, and invested with absolute power, he was possessed of abun- dant means to propagate his doctrines, nor was he sparing in their use. He.prepared a " Plan of Theology," against which complaints were lodged at Rome. On this subject, fruitless remonstrances were addressed to the imperial government, by Cardinal Migazzi, Archbishop of Vienna, by Kerens, formerly a Jesuit, now Bishop of Neustadt, and even by the Pope. The Tribunal of Studies gave its approval of the " Plan," as also of an " Introduction to Ecclesi- astical History," by Ferdinand Stoger, Profes- sor at Vienna, in which the same objectionable principles were embodied. All the Professors were men imbued with the new ideas. One ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 153 of these, Pehem, recommended the employment of the vulgar tongue in the celebration of the Divine offices, and the administration of the Sacraments. On the 15th of July, 1784, Kauttenstrauch caused theses to be defended at Vienna, in which the party of the Jan- senist Church, at Utrecht, was espoused in opposition to the Pope, which allowed an ille- gal rate of interest, and in fine established the rights of Princes non in sacra, sed circa sacra, a subtile and futile distinction, by which every- thing substantial was sacrificed. Kautten- strauch was on his way to spread the same errors through Hungary, when he died at Eylau, Sept. 30th, 1785.* Thus the substitution of Augustinian doc- trines for those of Molina, by which we are to understand Jansenistic doctrines for Catholic, the introduction of a hitherto unheard of ecclesiastico-civil code, which disregarded the immunities of the Church, fettered her liber- ties, and gave an undue preponderance to the civil power: these were the results of the University reform in the Austrian dominions. Prior to, and for some time after the sup- * Picot, Memoires, etc. t. iv, p. 460 ; Feller, Diet. Hist, ad vocem. 154 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, pression of the Society of Jesus, Jansenism, though brought into disrepute in France by the extravagant conduct of the convulsionists, still formed a zealous, and influential party. With a hypocritical versatility, it could change with the change of circumstance. Once the avowed opponent of the government, after- wards devotedly Gallican, now it lent itself as an instrument to satisfy the grudge which the parliaments bore the king, and the rancor with which infidels persecuted the Society of Jesus, and the Church. Yet it is a remarkable fact, that when Jansenism was weakest as a sect, it was then expanding itself with the most suc- cess through Europe. " We find traces of these men," says Ranke,* "at Vienna, and at Brussels, in Spain, Portugal, and Italy itself. Sometimes publicly, but oftener in secret, they were diffusing their doctrines through all Catholic Christendom." Yet Jansenism nowhere made sincere pro- selytes. No one now cared aught for Jan- senius, or the condemned propositions. Jan- senism, at this period, meant the party of the opposition in politics and religion, and in the crusade against the Holy See. Of this we * Hist. Pap. t. iv, p. 484. ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 155 see a new proof in the irruption of Febronian- ism into Germany. It was in 1763, that John Nicholas de Hontheim, Bishop of Myriophitus (in partibus), and Suffragan of Treves, pub- lished the notorious work : " Justini Febronii, jurisconsulti, de statu praesenti Ecclesise et legi- tima po testate Komani Pontificis, liber singu- laris, etc." This wretched compilation, whose monstrous errors and gross contradictions find expression in language in no respect superior to the ideas, was well received by many in Germany, but welcomed with enthusiasm by the Jansenists, who abounded in the Nether- lands. According to some authors,* the book had been composed with a view to gain popularity in the Austrian Netherlands, where Hontheim aspired to a bishopric. He per- suaded himself that he should obtain the pa- tronage of the government by undermining the Episcopal power, and thus subjecting church to state ; and that he should deserve the suf- frages of some of the clergy, by subverting the authority of the Sovereign Pontiff. The work itself is but a medley of ideas, plagiarized from Protestants and Jansenists, where are mingled sarcasms against religious orders, * Feller, art. Hontheim. 166 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, with every species of attack on the Holy See ; it is nothing more than an anti-Catholic sys- tem, founded on the writings of the French Appellants, and containing a recipe, which teaches, with all seriousness and minuteness of detail, the proper method of concocting a schism. In the Electorate of Treves, where this doc- trine was first broached, it was productive of the same evil consequences as resulted at Vienna from the innovations of Stock and Rauttenstrauch. The next year appeared an ordinance of the Archbishop Elector of Treves, prescribing rules to guide the selection of pro- fessors of theology, and regulating the ad- ministration of the faculty. These professor- ships had been held by Jesuits. The ordi- nance states, that the prelate " having duly weighed the representations, made to him by the rector of the University, with respect to the persons who should, for the future, fill the chairs of philosophy and theology, had determined to accept offers, made to him by four abbeys of the order of St. Benedict, to supply from the number of their religious, professors of zeal and ability." The Arch- bishop then proceeds to nominate to professor- ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 157 ships three Benedictins and one secular priest. If we call to mind that many of the German Benedictins adhered to Rauttenstrauch, we shall perceive the motive influencing this selection. The doctrines of Febronius were penetrating into the Universities, and "in most of them," says Picot, " there prevailed a system of theology and canon law, which was founded on a basis altogether new, and more resembling the teachings of Protestants, than the spirit which reigned in Catholic schools/'* But in the Universities of Cologne, of Fri- burg in Brisgau and of Mentz, though des- tined to a final triumph, the revolution did not meet with instantaneous success. That of Cologne was the first to denounce the tenets of Febronius, and thus merited a brief of feli- citation from his Holiness, Clement XIII. Nevertheless there were men at Cologne, learned indeed, but, says Pacca, addicted to novelties, and ill-disposed towards the Holy See, who were little satisfied at seeing the youth of the Electorate frequenting a Univer- sity, where the Catholic doctrine, and the re- spect due to the Holy See, were preserved pure and intact. These men succeeded in * M6m. t. ii, p. 457. 14 158 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, deceiving the Elector Archbishop Maximilian de Koenigsegg, a prelate of unimpeachable piety, but little circumspect against fraud. He was persuaded, as Father Theiner relates, to conceive the project of establishing a Uni- versity at Munster, a city over which he pos- sessed episcopal jurisdiction. But finding this design impracticable, and still acting under the influence of his perfidious advisers, he planned the foundation of a University at Bonn, a city of his diocese. This was accom- plished by his successor, and in November, 1786, the institution was formally inaugu- rated. " The day after the ceremony of in- auguration," says Pacca, " a canon of the grand chapter, on his return to Cologne, informed me, that the proceedings on that occasion might be regarded as a solemn declaration of war against the Holy See. I read the dis- course, pronounced by Baron de Spiegel, and found it such as might have been anticipated from the character of the man. He was of suspicious principles, and said to be affiliated to the sect of the Illuminati." In his "History of Institutions for Eccle- siastical Education," Father Theiner corrobo- rates the testimony of Cardinal Pacca. " It was ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 159 the design to revolutionize clerical education, as general education had already undergone an entire change, and to subject it to the in- fluence of Illuminism. Brunner, in the lan- guage of the sect, Pico of Mirandola, curate of Tiefenbach, a chieftain of the Supreme Areo- pagus, formed a plan for the erection of a Scientific Academy for Catholic Germany, which should be under the complete control of the Illuminati. It would seem that the University of Bonn was selected to discharge this honorable mission. At least from its opening, in 1786, it became the secret refuge of all the so-called liberal theologians, who, trusting to the protection of the powerful German prelates, had the hardihood to treat with undisguised contempt the Holy See, the decrees of the Church, the most hallowed institutions and customs, as well as the vene- rable person of the Chief of the Christian world. Dereser, belonging to the order of the discalceate Carmelites, known at that time by the name of Brother Thaddeus of St. Adam, the preceptor of the Elector Palatine's son, was a principal agent in founding this University, and by his dexterity he had gained over it a controlling influence. The villany 160 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, and effrontery of these instructors of the fu- ture clergy, surpass belief, and were revolting even to their contemporaries. But no cry of alarm was raised Bonn became the seat of theological and Catholic education for Germany. Thence issued the declaration of war against obscurantism and pretended ultni- montanism. An attack was then commenced on the ancient University of Cologne, that celebrated fortress of the faith, and the assault was continued, until the stoutest bulwark of Catholicity in Germany was completely de- molished." Every remaining asylum of religion, of piety, and of faith was doomed to a like ihu i . In 1773, the year of the suppression, the Uni- versity of Wurtzburg was contaminated by the introduction of Jansenism. Judge from the catalogue of its text-books. They were such as the " Theologia Moralis" of Godeau, Bishop of Vence, the intimate of Saint-Cyran ; the " Theologia Mentis et Cordis" of Conten- son ; the " Breviarum Historiae Ecclesiastics" of Berti.* The same changes were effected at Friburg in Brisgau, and at Mentz, where the Universities had formerly been directed by the * Bcenike, Hist. Univ. Wurtzb. p. 213. ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 161 Jesuits. " To the Universities of Friburg and Bonn, which were charged with the task of kindling the incendiary torch of Illuminism in Catholic Germany, of overturning altars, cemented with, and sanctified by the blood of martyrs, was soon associated a third, the Academy of Mentz, which elevated its haughty head above the ruins of the ancient and famous City of the Apostle. Its founder was Frederick Charles d'Erthal, Elector and Archbishop of Mentz, a zealous propagator of Illuminism, and for that reason so popular at the present day. He had erected it on the yet smoking ruins of the University of the Jesuits."* 3. The flood-gates were now opened, and Jan- senism poured into Germany. Few of the works on theology and ecclesiastical history, which were then published, were free from its venom. Yet Jansenism was but a cloak, under which lurked Anti-christian Philoso- phy.-}- We invoke a Protestant traveller to * Theiner, Hist, des lust. d'Educ. Ecc. t. 2, p. 42. ( Then also was in preparation the revolution which was destined to imbrue France and Europe in blood. More than one passage in Pacca's Memoirs, will tend to show the affinity existing between the Jansenists, the reformers of 14* 162 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, testify the character of the doctrine taught at Vienna in the times of Joseph II. The Baron de Kiesbeck, in his travels through Germany, thus writes : " The clergy bear within their bosom a serpent which will sting them to death ; this serpent, infidel philosophy, under the false appearance of theology, has crept even as far as the episcopal throne, and has infected with its poison many young ecclesias- tics of the Universities." the Universities, and the revolutionists, the enemies of all law, human and divine. In his " Nunciature at Lisbon," the Cardinal describes the loathsome character of a certain Faria Lemos, the evil spirit of Pombal, an intruder in the See of Coimbra, whilst the legitimate bishop was pining away in the dungeons of the pitiless minister. Lemos began his episcopal career by disseminating Jansenist pro- ductions through his diocese, and putting into the hands of youth, such books as Febronius. This ravenous wolf, as Pacca calls him, was the correspondent of the infamous Gre"goire, constitutional Bishop of Blois, a fanatical Jansen- ist, republican, and regicide (p. 366). Elsewhere the learned Cardinal informs us, that "no sooner had the French Revolution consummated its fatal schism, by the sacrilegious consecration of bishops, instituted or confirmed by the National Assembly, than many professors of the German Universities flocked to the standard of the intruded clergy : a happy desertion, which purged Germany of some of those perverse men, who, from the height of their chairs of pestilence, scattered abroad the most impious maxima and pernicious errors. " (Nunc. Col. p. 266.) ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 163 From the year 1780, Joseph being now on the throne, the spirit of impiety made fright- ful progress. As long as the pious Maria Theresa survived, it was disguised under the deceptive name of reform ; but after the death of the Empress, it unmasked all its hideous reality. Then were declared open hostilities against the Holy See, against Catholicity, against all religion. The proceedings of Joseph II, and Herbestein, Bishop of Laybach, his worthy accomplice, are notorious. Joseph, without the slightest regard for the rights of the Holy See, or the episcopal order, subjected the dioceses to a new territorial division, re- moved the sacred images from the churches, declared the impediments invalidating matri- mony to be of no efficacy, legalized divorce, annulled or changed sentences of the episcopal tribunals, tore religious from their monaste- ries, and secularized them at pleasure, perse- cuted those who resisted his innovations, and even made a formal proposition to Chevalier d'Azara, the minister of Spain, to unite in open schism. But to pervert theological edu- cation was his main object. For this purpose, he abolished all the diocesan seminaries in his States, and substituted for them but five 164 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, or six, whose doctrine and discipline, he him- self determined. He also convoked the Con- gress of Ems, and incited the German bishops to oppose the papal authority. " On the 25th of August," writes Cardinal Pacca, " the Con- gress of Ems terminated its sessions. The four deputies of the archbishops of Germany subscribed the articles previously drawn up by them, and in the beginning of September, appeared the letter, addressed by the arch- bishops to Joseph, a letter written with a pen dipped in gall, a letter worthy of a Sarpi, full of calumnious accusations against the Holy See, a letter, from which they reaped nothing but shame and confusion."* Among the German clergy, impiety was now triumphant. Sceptical rationalism, which had so long besieged every gate of the temple, no longer found opponents. From the year 1753, Semler, professor of theology at the Protestant University of Halle, under pre- tence of giving a more liberal interpretation to the Holy Scriptures, was destroying all belief in divine revelation. His lectures and his works tended to debase Christianity to a doctrine purely human. He taught for the * Nunc. Coll. p. 193. ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 165 space of thirty-eight years, and towards the end of this period was particularly successful in gathering disciples into his new school. At the same time lived Teller, professor of theo- logy at Helmstadt. In 1767, he had been declared guilty of heresy, and having been compelled to resign his chair, took refuge at Berlin, where he flattered himself he would enjoy unrestricted freedom. But some years after, so popular had become these destructive principles, that he might, without encounter- ing opposition, turn into mockery the doctrinal and even the moral teachings of the Gospel, and transform into myths and allegories, every supernatural event recorded in Holy Scrip- ture. The progress made in this new system of interpretation may be inferred from an expression of Michaelis, who had witnessed the commencement of this revolution in Pro- testant ideas : " Once," said he, " I passed for a heretic, but now, to my surprise, I find myself orthodox." Then too lived Nicolai, the Berlinese book- seller and scholar, a bitter foe to Christianity. Nicolai had formed an association for the pur- pose of editing a literary review, or rather encyclopedia, which he termed the "Universal 166 REFORM OP THE UNIVERSITIES, Library of German Literature." Its publica- tion was begun in 1765, and continued to 1792. In this review Nicolai and bis cabal, under the pretext of giving an account of recent productions, fell furiously upon the dogmas of Christian faith, and denied the in- spiration and divine authority of the Scrip- tures, the divinity of Christ, prophecies, miracles, and all supernatural intervention. For a time their impious purpose was con- cealed, but the mask was at length thrown aside by Lessing, in his " Anonymous Frag- ments," where revelation, the mystery of the resurrection, the mission of Jesus Christ and of his disciples were openly impugned. Thence- forth Nicolai and his accomplices became the most zealous apostles of Illuminism, and drew over to their cause all the scientific periodicals in Germany. But their impieties now began to shock Protestants themselves, and there were some poetical and loving souls, such as Klopstock, Herder, Jacobi, Lavater, and even a follower of Rousseau, the Swiss Kirch berger, raised a warning voice against the withering influence of rationalism. Who then can harbor a doubt with regard to the intentions of these reformers ? From ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 167 their fruits shall ye know them. Say not then that it was the scientific inferiority of the Jesuits, or the decline of their schools that set in motion this reform. Nor was it any lack of able professors among them, that compelled the substitution of those whose Anti-christian work we have beheld. In the following chap- ter we shall undertake to prove that the Society then possessed a number of professors, whose brows are still encircled with the halo of learn- ing, whilst their successors are now forgotten, or, if remembered, are remembered only for the enormity of their crimes, for their frightful excesses, and for the heterodoxy of their teaching. This revolution of religion, this triumph of scepticism, was, in a great degree, owing to the expulsion of the Jesuit professors. Such is the opinion of Cardinal Pacca, who de- clares, that "so long as the Society of Jesus subsisted in Germany, with its numer- ous colleges and public schools, these destruc- tive maxims encountered an uncompromising opposition, which prevented their general adoption. But the suppression of an order so well deserving of the Church, the introduc* tion and multiplication of secret societies, were 168 REFORM OP THE UNIVERSITIES. events pregnant with lamentable and even fatal disasters. Then every obstacle was re- moved, and Germany was inundated with books of the most pernicious tendency." How unjust, then, is it not, to upbraid the Jesuits with the charge, that at a time when every rebellious and impious passion was un- chained, they had not sufficient strength to combat, still less could they arrest or van- quish them? The Jesuits might reply with the Grecian orator : " Success belongs to the immortal gods ; courage and exertion are re- quired of us, but victory must come from them." But the Jesuits were not unfrequently denied even the opportunity of exertion. What course was adopted by the infidels of France to rid themselves of these men, in whom they, no doubt, saw courage to combat and strength to vanquish them ? They drove them from the lists, without allowing them even the privilege of a combat. What in Germany by Stock, Febronius, Joseph, and the rationalists? Evidently quailing before these champions of Catholicity and the Holy See, they dragged them from their chairs, they sealed their lips, they finally obtained from kings their banishment, and their entire sup- ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 169 pression from the Pope. It is a well-attested fact in history that the Jesuits beyond all others, were an object of dread to the ene- mies of the Church and the Holy See. Of this dread several passages of Pacca's Memoirs furnish indications. " Nicolai," says the Car- dinal, " to bring these refutations into discredit, exhausted on them every abusive epithet. He had recourse to an artifice of diabolical ingenuity and malice. He announced that a great number of Jesuits were dispersed through Protestant Germany, and feigning to belong to the Lutheran or Calviriist sect, had crept in among the Protestant clergy, and from the pulpits of the reform, were sowing the doc- trines of Popery and the maxims of a fanati- cal superstition. By this malicious invention he sought to destroy the confidence of the people in the pastors, who still preserved a great part of Christian belief."* This dread will be still further evinced by a passage from Theiner.f " The system of tac- tics adopted by Nicolai and his Berlinese ac- complices, with respect to those who dared to differ in opinion from them, was continued and improved by these new heroes of II- * Page 208. f Hist - deslnst. t. ii, p. 31. 16 170 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, luminism. Whoever ventured to oppose them, was treated as an open or disguised Jesuit. Henceforth the word Jesuit comprised in its signification all 'that was flagitious, and was regarded as synonymous with scoundrel, as- sassin, enemy of religion, and disturber of pub- lic peace. This new epithet of opprobrium soon became common through Germany, and was the battle-cry wherever sedition was to be excited, or an enemy to be ruined. He, whom the propaganda of the Illuminati and the followers of the sect had once branded with this term of reproach, was so irretrievably ruined that no expedient could restore his honor and good name. By help of this epi- thet, how many disorders have been occasioned, how many revolting deeds of iniquity have been perpetrated ! Did any one plot to de- prive a Protestant prince of the affection of his subjects, it was sufficient to spread the rumor that a Jesuit had penetrated into his cabinet, and was endeavoring to proselytize him. Did any miscreant find it to his interest to pull down from his eminence some high- minded minister, or incorruptible officer of government, whether the state was Catho- lic or Protestant, it sufficed to whisper that he ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 171 was a Jesuit in disguise. The scholar even, who was suspected of being a Jesuit, however profound his learning and irreproachable his life, would vainly seek employment as a pro- fessor ; he must withdraw to his obscurity, and submit to become a victim to the infatuation of the age." It is therefore obvious that the Jesuits have been viewed with a hatred and detestation al- together peculiar. Yes, on the Jesuits have been concentrated all wrath, all rancor, all vengeance ; they were the most formidable of the enemy ; they personified all the defenders of revealed truth ; they represented all who refused to bow their heads under the yoke of infidelity, all who defended the cause of the Church, or even of a supernatural religion. And in fact these men are not entirely wrong. In spite of their efforts to hush the voice of the Jesuits ; in spite of their malig- nant determination to mark with that igno- minious name all who might prove dangerous to them, it has always been from this Society, menaced or destroyed, that have gone forth the most vigorous athletes to fight in defence of truth. Before, and for some years after, the suppres- 172 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES, sion they were the earliest and most formi- dable opponents of Febronius. That innovator was assailed successively by Father Zech and Father Antony Schmidt, both distinguished canonists, by Father Joseph Kleiner, professor of canon law at Heidelberg, by Feller, and finally by Zaccaria, who at length triumphed over Hontheim's obstinacy. Feller was one of those who displayed the most talent, and obtained the most signal suc- cess in refuting the doctrines promulgated at the Congress of Ems. It was to Feller, and the members of the suppressed Society that Car- dinal Paccahad recourse during his Nunciature at Cologne. " I entered into correspondence,'* says he, " with many ecclesiastics, the most of them ex-Jesuits, with whose worth, learning, and zeal I was acquainted. I earnestly be- sought them to write in defence of the Roman primacy, and the Apostolic Nunciatures, in order to refute the libels constantly vomited forth against the Holy See and its ministers. At my pressing solicitations, these pious and learned ecclesiastics assumed the task, and there soon appeared a number of books, which were received with joy by the good, which triumphantly repelled the calumnies of the ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 173 bad, and over the prepossessions of many ob- tained a brilliant victory for the cause of truth." Pacca then enters into a detail of his labors, and after the enumeration of some par- ticulars, he subjoins : " These six productions were from the pen of the celebrated Father Feller, who, in France, has won high reputa- tion as an author. For several years I was in constant correspondence with him. An- other writer on the same side was the famous Zallinger, an ex-Jesuit, whose treatises on natural and canon law are so highly valued."* Then returning to Feller, the Cardinal thus concludes : " As soon as Feller's work, entitled 'True State,' etc., was published, I sent a copy to Rome. The book had the good for- tune to be acceptable to his Holiness, who spoke of it in terms of admiration to Boschi and Zaccaria, deigning to add many expres- sions of benevolence and affection for me, for what he was pleased to regard my active zeal in behalf of the rights of the Holy See. Cardinal Boschi and Abbe Zaccaria joined in congratulating me for having given satisfac- * Pacca also mentions " Father Dedoyar, a Belgian, for- merly of the Society, who gained applause for other wri- tings on subjects connected with religion." 15* 174 REFORM OF THB UNIVERSITIES, tion to the Pope, and both requested a copy of the work for themselves." In whatever part of Germany the Church was engaged in conflict, we see some Jesuits enter the lists, and mingle conspicuously in the strife. In one place we find Father Thomas Aquinas Mayer, who merited praise from the mouth of Pius VI; in another, Father Weissembach, skilful and zealous in controversy ; in various places, such men as Aloysius Mertz, the scourge of Protestantism, which he combatted in no less than seventy- five works ; Sigismund Storchenau, as success- ful in polemic discussion, as in metaphysical investigation ; Antony Topp, who by his translations from the French, introduced many useful books into Germany ; Hermann Gold- hagen and Lawrence Veith, both eminent in sacred philosophy ; Malsiner and Muttschell, young, but intrepid soldiers ; James Antony Zallinger, whose eulogy Pacca has just pro- nounced, whom Pius VI summoned to Rome, that he might profit by his advice, and occupy him still more advantageously for the defence of the Church ; John Schwab, and Sailer, then just emerging from youth, afterwards Bishop of Ratisbon. And finally, let us accord a ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. 175 distinguished place to Matthias Schoenberg and Benedict Stattler ; the latter one of the most esteemed Catholic writers of the time, the former a most indefatigable and powerful antagonist of heretics and infidels, and among the first to attack the sceptical philosophy of Kant. To him the Elector of Bavaria intrust- ed the direction of the Golden Almonry, an Institution whose object was the circula- tion of instructive books among the people. "Schoenberg himself," says the Protestant Schoell, in his Universal Biography, "prepared for the press forty works of a popular charac- ter, which being printed in large and repeated editions, have greatly contributed to the ad- vancement of religion among the people of Southern Germany and the Catholic cantons of Switzerland." In the following chapter will be more fully stated the condition of the Society of Jesus at the time of its suppression, and it will be more clearly seen that the courts and their advisers, when they expelled the Jesuits from their Universities, did not aim at punishing them for their negligence, or their literary and scientific deficiencies, but at inflicting, in their 176 REFORM OF THE UNIVERSITIES. person, a deadly wound on faith, and com- pleting the Antichristian Revolution.* * In this history of the reform of the German Universi- ties, we have terminated our narrative at the year 1792, because then at length the ecclesiastical and secular princes, who had originated or promoted it, began to open their eyes, and discern the abyss into which the perilous Utopias of the innovators were conducting them. Janrifc. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION OF THE JESUITS, AND THEIR SCHOOLS AT THE TIME OF THE SUPPRESSION. PART I. 1. IN the eighteenth century, that century of religious, political, and moral decline, we should look in vain for the thoroughness of education, which had distinguished the two preceding ages, an education so favorable to the development of the mental faculties, and so productive of men eminent in intellect and profound in learning. Science had now gained in extent, but it had lost in depth. Under pretence of clearing the field of those cumber- some structures, devoid of art, sometimes even of utility, but nevertheless Cyclopean in di- mensions ; under pretence of giving form to a shapeless mass, for true science had been sub- stituted order and classification.* Two cen- * We willingly acknowledge more than one exception to this general proposition : we ourselves except the Bollan- dists, the collectors of the councils, the Hungarian annal- ists and historians, Muratori, Zaccaria, etc. 178 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. turies had exhausted the productive energies of Europe, and she now confined herself to the care of improving, or the pleasure of enjoying what already existed. Taste succeeded crea- tive power ; criticism held the place of genius. The children of St. Ignatius could not claim exemption from the law of their age; but in yielding to a sad necessity, they did not yield without resistance, and sometimes achieved a partial victory. "Their ranks," says Cre*ti- neau-Joly, " no longer numbered a Laynez, a Bellarmine, a Petavius, a Bourdaloue; they belonged to a decaying age. They did not tower above their predecessors in genius, and in sublimity of ideas ; but, though affected by a blasting influence which they had resisted so long, they were yet orators and historians, philosophers and critics, scholars and men of letters."* Let us endeavor to represent to ourselves their situation in the middle of the eighteenth century. They were free from no species of aggression. Kings, philosophers, ministers, magistrates, sometimes, alas! that it should be so, jealous and short-sighted brethren of the clergy, all were banded together in the general * Hist, de la Comp. t. v, p. 378, 3d edition. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 179 assault on the Society of Jesus. To these Catos it was a second Carthage : its destruc- tion was the peroration of every discourse, the object of all diplomacy, the constant thought of its enemies, the term to which tended all their exertions. Pursued with such fury, and assailed so incessantly, the exigencies of the present excluded care for the future, and the necessities of the defence forbade application to science or literature. In a word, to be or not to be, with them as with the hero of the English poet, was the question which absorbed every energy of the mind, and exhausted every feeling of the heart. Whilst already under sentence of death, and scarcely hoping for a day's reprieve, did they possess that tranquillity, that security, that expectation of continuous leisure, which are so requisite for scientific research and literary meditation ? But the time of execution came, and the Jesuits are scattered through every quarter of the globe. In their state of isolation, a prey to sadness and regret, they were deprived of the help of combination, which multiplies in- dividual strength; of that devoted courage which animates and sustains the religious, when he meditates, when he toils, not for his 180 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. own paltry interests, or some wretched dream of personal aggrandizement, but for the glory and exaltation of a mother, of a family he cherishes ; they were deprived of that mutual counsel, that intercourse, that commerce and exchange of thought and invention, which are the property of each, and constitute the wealth of all. And indeed we shall see exemplified in the later years of their existence, how ready the children of Ignatius were to assist each other in their intellectual pursuits, and what benefit science reaped from the diffusion of a numerous Society, which embracing every country of Europe, was ever adding new knowledge to the treasures of science, or dis- pensing every where what had been acquired by their predecessors. Remembering all the obstacles thrown in their way by their enemies, and the contests into which they compelled them to enter, reflecting on the anguish which their exile must have occasioned them, we are amazed that the Jesuits were able to bear up against the aggressions of their antagonists and their own dejection of mind, and still pursue their literary toils. Like the children of Israel, in one hand they grasped their weapon for com- SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 181 bat, whilst in the other they held the imple- ment for constructing. On the banks of the rivers of their exile, animated by the recollec- tion of the Society, their Jerusalem, and by the hope of seeing it rise from its ruins, they solaced the miseries of the past, and were pre- paring for it a new existence in the future. Let us follow them in their travels through the field of science ; let us enumerate the ex- plorers; let us examine the discoveries they have made, and the riches they have added to former acquisitions. 2. Beginning with the ecclesiastical sciences, how many theologians, canonists, exegetists, sacred orators, ascetical writers, are marshalled before our view ! Among the theologians, we distinguish the two Voglers, Conrad and Joseph, doctors of Ingolstadt ; Hermann and Seedorf, professors of the same University, and authors, the one of valuable treatises on the Divine knowledge and will, the other of twelve controversial let- ters, praised by the great Benedict XIV; Muszka, professor of theology, and afterwards Superior of the province of Vienna; J. B. Prileszki, the Hungarian, and Lineck of Bo- hemia, both erudite historians, and skilful theo- 16 182 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. logians ; Gautier, a doctor of the University of Cologne ; Pichler, who also appears among the canonists, but deserves place here for his work on polemic theology ; John Haiden ; Re uter, professor in the University of Treves, the author of the learned " Lessons," and the " Neo-confessarius," than whom, no one of that age contributed more to the propagation of theological science; Manhart, an eminent pro- fessor of Inspruck ; the Wirceburgenses, Henry Kilber, Thomas Holtzclau, Ignatius Neubaiier, who labored in common on the theology of Wurtzburg, the most celebrated in Germany during that century, and enjoying high repu- tation even now ; Edmund Voit, whose " Moral Theology," is remarkable for order, clearness, and for its judicious solutions ; Sardagna, who wrote the dogmatic theology of Ratisbon, from whose merit time has not detracted, and of whose book a new edition has lately appeared. To this catalogue of German theologians, we have other names to add, when we shall speak of the Universities. Those of Germany first attracted our attention, because, it will be remembered, the charge was that in Germany, particularly, the Society of Jesus had per- mitted the extinction of theological science. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 183 But in every country of Catholic Europe we shall find honored names. After Viva, and Antoine, who immediately preceded him in the theological arena, we award the precedence to John Baptist Faure, equally illustrious in exegesis, in philosophy, in controversy, and in theology ; in which sciences he filled professor- ships successively during a career of thirty years. Faure, without doubt, was the most eminent theologian of his age. The counsel- lor of Benedict XIV, and Clement XIII, im- prisoned under Clement XIV, he withdrew into retirement when released by Pius VI, and died at Viterbo, where the city and senate honored him with a statue and a tomb. To Faure succeed Alegre, a Mexican, who was a theologian and a man of letters ; Alticozzi, De Herce, Malsiner Navarro, Piascewich, an Illy- rian ; the French Jesuits Simonet, doctor of Pont-a-Mousson, Charles Merlin, professor at Louis-le-Grand, and the profound Dumesnil ; Lazeri, whose theological lore was equalled only by his knowledge of languages, under different Pontiffs consultor of the "Index," corrector of oriental works, and examiner of Bishops, offices which he kept even under Clement XIV ; Angeri, theologian of the Pope, 184 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. a title which Clement, who destroyed the So- ciety, wished him to retain. From the sup- pression of the Society to its restoration, the same post of honor was occupied by Jesuits, by Hyacinth Stopping Arevalo, Vincent Bol- geni, so formidable to innovators, Joseph Ma- rinovich, Vincent Giorgi, Alphonso Muzzarelli, after Faure, first in theology, controversy, and ascetical literature. Following the example of the Sovereign Pontiffs, various prelates chose the Fathers of the Society for their counsellors and guides ; they found among them, also, examiners for their synods, and the most experienced casuists. Of the Society were the most skilful inter- preters of the Sacred Scriptures; such as Videnhofer, Goldhagen, Weissembach, Weite- naiier, Lawrence Veith, the most renowned exegetists in Germany, and probably in Catho- lic Europe. Veith, professor at Ingolstadt, and after the suppression, at the Catholic Lyceum of Augsburg, is famous for his talent and eru- dition, and the merit of his works is attested by the briefs addressed to him by the Sove- reign Pontiff. Outside of Germany we see such men as Peter Curti, Professor of Hebrew at the Ro- SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 185 man College, the author of several learned and curious dissertations on various obscure passages in the Holy Scripture ; Berthier and Philip Lallemant in France; John Baptist Gener, a Spaniard, conspicuous in theology, and exegesis ; Alphonso Nicolai, whose eru- dition, displayed in the chair of Sacred Scrip- ture, at Florence, obtained his nomination as the theologian of Francis I, and who, though his writings on scriptural subjects fill thirteen quarto volumes, still found leisure for apolo- getic, literary, historical, and poetical labors. The science of law was adorned by Ignatius Schwartz, whose "Institutions of Universal Law" are well known ; by Joseph Biner, who has left us a learned treatise on ecclesiastical jurisprudence; by Francis Widmann; by Antony Schmidt ; by Antony Zallinger, pro- fessor of canon law and natural philosophy at the University of Dillingen, the author of nu- merous works on both sciences ;* and especially by Francis Xavier Zech, who succeeded his * Cardinal Pacca (Nunc. de Col. t. ii, p. 189) relates that in 1786, when passing through Augsburg, he visited the residence of the ex-Jesuits, " among whom," says he, " I found several eminent men, and particularly Zallinger the canonist, and the theologian Veith." 16* 186 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. preceptor, the famous Father Pichler, at Ingol- stadt, and is regarded, says the " Universal Biography," as the most distinguished German canonist of his age. Among the controvertists, apologists, and writers on various subjects, may be named, in Germany, Benedict Stattler, Sailer,* Manhart, Beusch, and Merz, whose works are yet in re- quest : outside of Germany, Para du Phanjas ; Antony Gu6nard, the laureate of the French Academy, whose "Apology," committed by him- self to the flames during the Reign of Terror, is still regretted ; Francis de la Marche ; the bro- thers Champion de Nilon, and Champion de Pontalier ; Francis Nonnote, the refuter of Vol- taire; John Baptist Noghera, whose numer- ous Italian productions prove him a profound * Alzog, in his "History of the Church," t. iii, p. 352, speaks of Stattler and Sailer, in the following terms : " The gifted Stattler, a Jesuit of Ingolstadt, treated of the teach- ing of dogmatic theology in accordance with the wants of the age : Sailer, Bishop of Ratisbon, himself an ex-Jesuit, as remarkable for his piety as for his talent, had been Stat- tler's professor at the University of Ingolstadt, and showed his appreciation of his merit, when he says of him : ' At that time there appeared a man in Germany, who taught us to think for ourselves, and rigorously pursue the chain of reasoning from the most elementary propositions in philoso- phy, to the last consequences of theology.' " SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 187 theologian, an able philosopher, and an emi- nent scholar ; Louis Mozzi, whose laurels were won in theology, in controversy, and in ascetic literature ; Augustin Barruel, the prophetic historian of Jacobinism, and the ingenious author of the " Helviennes ;" Joseph de Ghes- quiere, one of the Bollandists ; De Saive, who devoted his life to the triumph of faith ; and above all Xavier de Feller, whose expanded mind embraced every species of knowledge, an historian, a philosopher, a geographer, a con- trovertist ; and Zaccaria, the friend of Benedict XIV, of Clement XIII, and even of Clement XIY, the adviser of Pius VI, the brother in arms of Feller in the contest with Febro- nius, whom he finally converted, a laborious, and fertile writer, whose pen was ever con- secrated to the defence of the rights of the Holy See * It was still the voice of the Jesuits that resounded with most effect from the sacred * Pacca tells us (Nunc. de Cologne, t. ii, p. 181),' that when Pius VI announced to him that he was destined for the nunciature at Cologne, his Holiness advised him to apply himself from that day (22 June, 1785), to sacred studies under the direction of Zaccaria, that library of erudition. 188 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. pulpit : in France, the voice of such as Charles de Neuville, whose career was so glorious ; of Claudius de Marolles, Charles Perrin, Papil- lon du Rivet, Roissard, Henry de Buloude, Peter Richard, Xavier Duplessis, the apostle of the towns and country, for whose service all the bishops eagerly contended ; of Charles le Chapelain, in whose family eloquence was hereditary, and who sometimes brought back recollections of Bourdaloue; of Nicholas Beauregard, the orator of the people, who, during the jubilee of 17 75, evoked, in a moment of prophetic inspiration, the impure and bloody spectre of demagoguism, and who, assisted by his brethren of the former society, at that time filling the most of the pulpits, to use the expression of an adept of atheism, adjourned, if not for twenty-five years, at least for some time, the coming Revolution ; of Reyre, the court-preacher, and Lanfant, who, according to Guillon, recalled, in an age of mediocrity, the excellence of earlier times. In the rest of Europe were heard the voices of Wiltz, Neu- mayr, Wurs, Hausen, the apostle of Germany; of Calatayud, the preacher and ascetical writer, who during thirty years filled Spain and Portugal with the fame of his eloquence, SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 189 and of the prodigies it operated ; of the vene- rable Onuphrio Paradisi,* Centini, Nicholas Zucconi, Vanini, Saracinelli, Vassalo, the apostle of Sardinia; of Trento, who, during thirty years, evangelized the towns and coun- try ; of Pellegrini, one of the most distin- guished orators of his time ; of Venino, sur- named the Massillon of Italy. In fine, a pious celebrity is attached to the names of Ligny, Galliffet, Panizzoni, Daguet, Budardi, Griflfet, Baudrand, Minetti, Beauvais, Couturier, Tartagni, Gravina, Fontaine, John Grou and Strark, who enriched with their works ascetic literature, the chief glory of the * What Xavier Duplessis then was for France, Hausen for Germany, Wiltz for Belgium, Calatayud for Spain and Portugal, and Trento for Upper Italy, Father Onuphrio Paradisi was for the kingdom of Naples. At his death, the Bishop, the magistrates, and all the people, united in the same sentiments of veneration and regret. In honor of the pious missionary, a medal was struck, which bore the following inscription : Onuphrio Paradisi, S. J., having spent twenty-three years in traversing the country of Otranto and the adjacent provinces, with great fatigue, with prodigious fruit in the conversion of souls, with the reputation of a wonder-worker ; cherished equally by the high and lowly ; regretted by all, but especially the poor, to whose instruction and assistance he had conse- crated his life ; died holily at Lecce, Apr. 14, 1761. 190 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. Society of Jesus. All devout souls have read and admired those excellent treatises, by which Baudrand conducts them through the various phases of a holy life, the "Christian Year" of Griflet, the " Marks of True Piety" by Grou, as all ecclesiastics make constant use of the Catechism of Couturier. 3. A tendency to materialism, impelled the men of the eighteenth century to the cultiva- tion of mathematics, natural philosophy, and the kindred sciences, not unfrequently to the detriment of moral and literary studies. With such a movement the Jesuits would assuredly feel no instinct of sympathy. But theirs it was to follow the age amid its various pur- suits, in order to mingle some thought of the soul and heaven, and frequently they out- stripped it in its chosen career. In this spe- cies of knowledge, the Society of Jesus had produced, and, at the time of its suppres- sion, possessed the most distinguished men. Among the Jesuits of that day, there was car- ried on an uninterrupted commerce of learn- ing. As soon as a member of the order, in any part of Europe, attained reputation, im- mediately his brethren, from the most distant regions, flocked around his chair, received his SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 191 instructions, and then returned to benefit their own country by their acquirements. Steppling had introduced at Prague the study of the higher branches of mathematics. Among his disciples was John Tessaneck, in. the opinion of Prochaska, not inferior to his master.* By his side sat Gaspar Sagner, who was afterwards to become a philosopher of dis- tinction, and to lecture at Prague and Madrid on the system of Newton. In the skilful method of this school were formed the Polish Jesuits, Sickerzinski, Bohomeletz, and Sche- browski, who then diffused their learning through the academies of Poland.f Father Joseph Windlingen, also educated in Step- pling's seminary, kindled the light of science at Madrid, where he was Professor of Mathe- matics, Cosmographer of the Indies, and Pre- ceptor of the young Prince of the Asturias, afterwards Charles IV. At the same time Poczobut arrived from remote regions to study at Marseilles, under Father Pezenas, and then returning to Poland, became the ornament of her science. At Madrid flourished two Jesuit professors of foreign birth, Panel, the learned * De saecul. liberal, artium in Boh. p. 408. f Ibid. p. 404. 192 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. Medallist, of French origin, and Joseph Rie- ger, an Austrian, Cosmographer of the King of Spain, and Lecturer on Astronomy and Architecture. By this intercommunication, this system of exchange, carried on between the various pro- vinces of the Order, it came to pass that no one province was deprived of the means of instruction, and that all the chairs were occu- pied by capable teachers, whose chief aim was to form worthy successors. And since we have lately made mention of Spain, some no- tice of the scientific labors of the Society in that country, will not be misplaced ; and on this subject we may quote the testimony of Cox, an Anglican, and therefore biassed by no partiality to the Society :* " Azcoytia was the seat of this learned assembly" he is speaking of a Scientific Academy " which, though lately instituted, and hidden in an obscure corner of Biscay, counted its parti- sans of the systems of Nollet and Franklin.f * Spain under the Bourbons, t. vi, p. 101. ( At the same time, Zaccagnini, a Spanish Jesuit, was sent to Paris, to study under the great masters, and par- ticularly under Nollet. Having returned to his country, he taught natural philosophy at the College of Nobles, in SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 193 While the monks, who taught at Salamanca, were speculating on the useless questions of an incomprehensible metaphysics, the Jesuits of Azcoytia and Loyola acted more judiciously in seconding the views of the academy, in pursuing a road entirely opposite to that of other Spanish monks, in diffusing practical knowledge, and in substituting for the ab- stract reasonings of a school of pretended Peripatetics, sound and valuable ideas on the subjects of natural philosophy and natural his- tory." We quote another passage from the same author : " The Order of the Jesuits, at the time of their expulsion from Spain, was pos- sessed of men distinguished in every science. The names of Andres, Arteaga, Aymerich, Burriel, Gerda, Colomes, Eximeno, Isla, Lam- pillas, Lassala, Masdeu, Montengon, Nuix, and Serrano, will always be cherished by men of letters." Of these the greater part will de- serve to appear in another and a more appro- priate place : but Cerda and Eximeno vindi- cate their title to rank in the number of Madrid, and was the preceptor of the Prince of the Astu- rias, and the other royal children (Caballero, Supplem. Script., S. J.) 17 194 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. mathematicians. Cerda was the author of a highly esteemed book on the elements of mathematics ; and Eximeno, at the school of Salamanca, and afterwards at that of Segovia, instructed the young nobles in mathematics and the science of artillery, on which subjects, as well as on music, we have received con- tributions from his prolific pen. But why tarry to enumerate all the orna- ments of Spanish science? Who does not know how great was the multitude of learned men, expelled from Spain in 1767, by the infatuated Charles III and his advisers, and thrown on the coasts of Italy? Some of these exiles, Requeno, Ortiz, Clavigero, and others, whose names are yet in reserve to deck our pages, the Chevalier d'Azara, though he largely participated in the criminality of this ill-advised and barbarous measure, forget- ting his antipathy for the Society in his vene- ration for learning, received and entertained in his Roman palace. "During the sojourn of the Spanish Jesuits in Italy," our quota- tion is again from Coxe " many of them con- tinued their literary and scientific labors. These men, always eager for improvement, thronged the public libraries : their sorrows \ SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 195 needed the solace of literary pursuits. The academies, the theatres even,* resounded with their productions. They deposited in the literary journals the rich hoards of their industry ; and it should be mentioned to their glory that the frequent object of their exer- tions was to assert the honor of a country, from which they had been brutally driven, against the aspersions of certain Italian writers, who affected to undervalue the riches and the glory of her literature." Thus amply is attested the scientific and literary merit of the Spanish Jesuits at the time of their expulsion. But it does not seem to have been sufficiently remarked tha.t theirs is the honor of having kindled, in the reign of Charles III, the last ray of Spanish greatness; and that, from the date of their expulsion, science and literature have constantly declined, until they have at length reached their pre- sent state of degradation. Of the country of Ximenes the learned world no longer enter- tains a thought; and if perchance some elo- quent voice, the voice of a Balmes or a Donoso Cortes, unexpectedly strikes the ear and arouses the attention of Europe, it is imme- * Colonies wrote tragedies in Italian. 196 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. diately hushed in death, as if the maledictions of God were overhanging that unhappy land. Nor did the Society of Jesus, in other countries, furnish to the natural sciences any stinted contribution. In France, she gave her Laval, her Souciet, her Gouye, of the Scientific Academy of Paris, her Saint-Bonnet, her Bertrand Castel, of the Royal Society of London, so famed for the originality of his mathematical investigations, who received more than once the applause of France and England ; Alexander Panel, the medalist, of whose erudition Spain reaped the benefit, Be*raud, professor of mathematics at Avignon, the author of valuable dissertations on natural philosophy; Rivoire, member of the academy of Lyons, professor of natural philosophy and natural history, sciences which he illustrated by numerous works; Yautrin, to whom the same sciences owe their Memoirs; Paulian, who spent his whole life in lecturing on them, and displayed the fruit of his toils in his dictionary, which passed through nine editions; and particularly Esprit Pe*zenas, pro- fessor royal at Marseilles, who, deserting his chair in 1749, devoted himself to astronomical pursuits. The works of Pzenas on astronomy, SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 197 natural philosophy, and mathematics, were numerous, and yet amid these multiplied avocations, he did not neglect the offices of the sacred ministry, but exhibited, in his mis- sions, a fervid eloquence, whose copious foun- tain geometry had failed to exhaust. Among her mathematicians, Portugal glories in Cabral, Oliveira, Monteiro, and Yiega. Italy gave birth or an asylum to Sanvitali, Cesaris, Troili, Reggio, Asclepi, Simonelli, Gia- nella, Ludena, whose dissertation on mechanics won the crown at the Academy of Man- tua; Zabala, who studied medicine at Rome in order to succor the poor; Panizzoni, pro- fessor of mathematics at Prato, whence the scholars withdrew, when the brief of suppres- sion drove their master from his chair, and where they again assembled, when he was re- instated by Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany. High among her honored children Italy ranks Leonard Ximenes, professor of geography at Florence, geographer of the Emperor, mathe- matician of the grand duke of Tuscany, the oracle of the academies of Sienna, Bologna, and St. Petersburg, whose advice was soli- cited, when there was question of constructing roads and aqueducts, of draining the Pontine 17* 198 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. Marshes, of the embankments of rivers, and who justified this honorable confidence by the learning displayed in his mathematical and hydrographic works ; Belgrade, mathematician of the Court of Parma, member of all the Italian Academies, correspondent of the Scien- tific Academy of Paris, the author of a great number of scientific treatises; Charles Benve- nuti, the successor of Boscovich in the profes- sorship of mathematics at Rome, whose writings are yet in esteem ; Joseph Rossignol, a Frenchman, successively professor at Mar- seilles, at Wilna, at Turin, and at Milan, where he was for some time director of the observatory, and where he assisted Boscovich in preparing his publications, a prodigy of erudi- tion, as is attested by the theses de omni re scibili, which, in his youth, he defended with great applause at Warsaw, and by the one hundred treatises he has left us; Vincent Riccolati, professor of mathematics at Bologna, the author of several works, the most pro- found of which is his " Treatise on the Inte- gral Calculus," who investigated with especial care philosophical questions respecting the courses of rivers, and whom the Republic of Venice rewarded by a golden medal, struck in his honor. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 199 But a still higher rank is conceded to Joseph Eckhel and Roger Boscovich, illustrious names which, twice already, we have been called upon to pronounce. Eckhel, born in Austria, had been a long time professor of literature at Vienna, when the magnificent collection of coins in the college cabinet, and the instruc- tive conversation and example of Fathers Khell and Froelich, otherwise shaped his future career. Already meditating the great enterprise of exhausting in one work, the whole subject of his favorite study, he obtained permission from his superiors to visit Italy in order to examine the rich cabinets, in which that country abounds. Peter Leopold of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany, took advan- tage of the presence of his distinguished coun- tryman, and intrusted him with the classifica- tion of his Medicean Cabinet, which Eckhel arranged according to his own newly invented system. Returning to Vienna, he was ap- pointed by Maria Theresa, director of the cabinet of medals, and professor of antiquities. At length, after profound research and repeated experiment, he gave to the public his great work, "De Doctrina Nummorum," which con- stituted him the Linnaeus of his chosen science. 200 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. This was the work of his life ; scarcely had the eighth and last volume appeared, when he expired, at Vienna, May 16th, 1778, as if in death alone his humility could find secure shelter from universal praise. Chosen professor of philosophy and mathe- matics at the Roman College, even before he had terminated his own course of studies, Boscovich embraced the Newtonian theory, with some modifications to obviate objections urged against it, and published a treatise on attraction, considered as a universal law of the world, under the title of " Philosophise Naturalis Theoria." The doctrine advanced in this work, was assumed by many learned men of various countries as the basis of their own publications, it became the rule of New- ton's disciples in the Society of Jesus, and was taught by Benvenuti at Rome, by Paul Mako and Charles Scherffer at Vienna, by Leopold Biwald at Gratz, and by John Baptist Horvath at Tyrnau. From the time of this publica- tion, Boscovich was a man of celebrity. When the University of Pavia was re-established, his name was required to give it celebrity ; to insure the stability of the dome of St. Peter's, his opinion was demanded; the draining of SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 201 the Pontine Marshes was not prosecuted without the assistance of his learning. The Society Koyal of London, of which he was a member, deputed him to observe in California, the second transit of Yenus. After the sup- pression, Courts, Universities, and Academies, vied for the honor of his presence. How soli- citous Louis XYI was to obtain the prize in this contest, in which he was ultimately suc- cessful, is evinced by an autograph letter of that monarch, in which he invited Father Boscovich "to retire to his states, that he might devote himself to his sublime contem- plations, and satisfy his ardor for the advance- ment of science." He was appointed chief optician in the marine, with a pension of eight thousand livres. But D'Alembert and Con- dorcet, incited by hatred as philosophers, or jealousy as men of science, compelled him to resign his post.* Boscovich then removed to * To show the vexations Boscovich endured from these men, M. Cretineau-Joly (Hist. Comp. Jes. t. v, p. 373), extracts a note, written by Lalande, from Montucla's History of Mathematics (t. iv, p. 288). "Father Bosco- vich, who, in 1755, had made some ingenious and profound observations concerning this species of equilibrium, was assailed by D'Alembert (Opusc. 1761, t. 1, p. 246), who had felt no affection for the Jesuits, since they criticized 202 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. Milan, where he was appointed director of the observatory, was charged with various scientific labors, and was treated with the deference merited by his extraordinary acquirements. There he expired, in 1785, and five years after, Lalande, in the heat of the revolution, ventured to write his eulogy in the "Journal of Men of Science" (February, 1792) . By his numerous poems, and especially his verses De soils ac lunce defectibus, in which are happily united the exactness of science and the orna- ments of imagination, Boscovich merited a place among the best Latin poets of modern times. Germany counts her representatives amidst this noble array. Hers were Schcenwisner, Pilgram, Sainovits, Mako, Horvath, Luino, Triesnecker, all of whom labored at Vienna ; Weiss at Tyrnau ; Mayr and Tirneberger at Gratz ; Christian Mayer at Manheim ; and the Encyclopaedia in the Journal de Trevoux, and who per- secuted Boscovich all his life. But Boscovich gained a complete triumph by a note, inserted, in 1770, in a transla- tion of his work on the measurement of the earth (Astr. Journey, p. 449), in which he proved D'Alembert to have been entirely in the wrong. D'Alembert has done more than Boscovich for the improvement of the integral calcu- lus, but was not his superior in talent/' SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 203 Scherifer at Augsburg. Hers, too, were James Kylian, " whose works," says Feller, " show him possessed of the combined talents of Kir- cher, Schott, Bonanni, and Boscovich ;" Francis Keri, the philosopher, mathematician, and as- tronomer, who greatly contributed to the per- fection of the telescope, who gained reputation by his astronomical observations, and by his talents and zeal in the cause of science, won the applause of Cassini de Thury;* Antony Lecchi, born at Milan, at first professor of literature and mathematics in his own country, then chosen by Maria Theresa as court mathe- matician, a title which was also conferred on him by Clement XIII, when he was charged with the inspection of the rivers in the lega- tions of Bologna, Ferrara, and Ravenna, the author of numerous books on mathematics and hydrostatics ; Erasmus Froelich, who com- posed a number of treatises, sixteen of which are on the subject of medals, and are of pecu- * Cassini, who had seen Keri at Tyrnau, wrote to him, 15th July, 1761, in this enthusiastic manner : "Your literary treasures are immense, and in science you have shown your- self a Maecenas. You have laid the foundation of an en- during monument ; may you complete it for the good of society, the welfare of religion, and the advancement of learning/' 204 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. liar merit; Martin Poczobut, a Lithuanian, the scholar of Pezenas, a correspondent of all the mathematicians of his time, astronomer of the King of Poland, professor of astronomy at Wilna, where, with the assistance of Strecki, he rendered the observatory the best and most celebrated in Europe ; he also calculated with the most rigorous exactness the eclipses and phases of the moon, observed at Revel the transit of Venus, and was the first to contest the fabulous antiquity ascribed to the Zodiac of Dendera; Francis Wulfen, the learned naturalist, who had explored all the moun- tains and valleys of the Alps, whose reputation was so wide-spread, that the Societies of Stock- holm, Berlin, Erlangen, Jena, and Ratisbon, vied for the honor conferred by his presence ; and finally, Maximilian Hell, one of the most distinguished of the Jesuit astronomers. Sum- moned to Vienna, in 1755, he filled during thirty-six years, the offices of court astronomer, and director of the observatory, and published annual observations, beginning from the year 1757, and amounting at the time of his death, to thirty-five volumes. Being invited in 1768 by Christian VII, King of Demark, to observe, at Wardhuys, in Lapland, the transit of Venus, SCIENTIFIC C.ONDITION SCHOOLS. 205 during his journey of two years, he collected, on the subjects of geography, history, lan- guage, arts, religion, natural philosophy, and natural history, sufficient materials to fill three folio volumes. But the astronomical observa- tion, the chief motive of his journey, was also the chief result. The important event of its complete success was announced by the cannon of the Castle of Wardhuys. "This," says Lalande,* " was one of the five complete ob- servations, made at great distances apart, which, influencing most the duration of the transit of Yenus, gives us the means of de- termining the distance of the sun and planets from the earth : an epoch memorable in the annals of astronomy, with which shall ever be connected the name of Father Hell, whose journey was as useful, as curious, and as ardu- ous as any undertaken on that occasion. "f * Bibliogr. Astr. 1792, p. 722. ) In the Astronomical Bibliography, p. 498, occurs the following memorandum : "Year 1767. Vienna, Hell, S. J., Ephemerides anni 1768 where are collected many ob- servations made by Wargentin (a Swede), Pingre (the abbe, a Frenchman), Messier (also a Frenchman), Hell (the au- thor of the Ephemerides, a Jesuit), Gavronski (a Pole, probably a Catholic, and perhaps a Jesuit), Tonhauser (a Jesuit), Bugge (a Dane), the two Mayers (Andrew, a Pro- 18 206 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. In the preceding pages we have seen that the Jesuits did not content themselves with the mere theories of science, but that they directed their speculations to some practical result of general utility. Father Walcher, we are informed by M. Cretineau-Joly,* was de- spatched by the Court of Vienna to examine Lake Rofner-Lise : by repairing the dikes, he preserved the adjacent country from the disas- ters of a flood. As a reward for his services, Maria Theresa appointed him director of navi- gation and the department of mathematics. Father Cabral found an ingenious expedient to arrest the falling of Velino, which had al- testant; Christian, a. Jesuit), de Rohl, Scheibel (of Bres- lau), Filxmilner (a Benedictine), Wolff, Barlet (a Jesuit), Lagrange (a Jesuit), Weiss (a Jesuit), Sainovits (a Jesuit), Tiernberger (a Jesuit), Poczobut (a Jesuit), Hoffman (a Protestant)." "This catalogue shows," concludes the as- tronomer, " how widely Father Hell had extended his cor- respondence, and with what zeal astronomy was even then cultivated in Germany." Among the nineteen correspond- ents of Hell, named in this document, one was a Benedic- tine, eight of the Society of Jesus, two French Catholics, Gavronski and Schiebel, we presume were Catholics, and six were Protestants ; from which may be concluded how rash is the assertion that in science the Catholics were in- ferior to their Protestant rivals. * Hist. Comp. Jes. t. v, p. 367, 368. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 207 ready proved so destructive to the town of Terni ; and when after an absence of eighteen years, he was permitted to return to his native land, he confined the Tagus to its bed, saved the surrounding lands from devastation, and thus gloriously avenged the injuries of banish- ment. John Antony Lecchi repaired the military roads of Mantua ; Vincent Eiccati, by regulating the course of the Po, the Adige, and the Brenta, protected Venice from their desolating waters ; a like service was perform- ed in Tuscany, and at Kome, by Leonard Ximenes, who also levelled the roads and con- structed a new system of bridges. By order of Frederick II of Prussia, Father Zeplichal, in 1774, made a mineral ogical survey of the district of Glatz. It must have been remarked, that of all sciences, astronomy was to the Jesuits an ob- ject of predilection, and the reason of the pre- ference is obvious. Obliged to follow the age through the fields of science, they wished to sow there some religious thought, and to reap in them some aliment of their own devotion. But astronomy above her sister sciences, whilst demanding the help of the sublimest mathe- matics, afforded them an occasion to introduce 208 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. some religious element amid materialism and atheism, whilst their own piety might refresh itself in deciphering in the heavens that hymn to His praise, inscribed by the finger of the Creator. Thus it happened that astronomy, that admirable commentary on Cceli enarrant gloriam Dei, was cherished by them with pe- culiar love. " In Germany and the neighbor- ing countries," says Montucla, "there were few Jesuit colleges without an observatory. They were to be found at Ingolstadt, Gratz, Breslau, Olmutz, Prague, Posen, etc. Most of them seem to have shared the fate of the Society, though there are a few, as that of Prague, which survive the general destruction. The observatory of Prague, built in 1749, was for a long time under the care of Father Step- pling,* to whom the University principally owes the introduction of the exact sciences in her course of studies." In their magnificent college at Lyons, the Jesuits possessed an ob- servatory most eligibly situated, which had been erected by Father de Saint-Bonnet. To him succeeded Father Rabuel, the erudite * Prochaska, by no means partial to the Jesuits, calls Steppling one of the most brilliant luminaries of Bohemia. (De saecul. liber, artium in Boh., p. 402.) SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 209 commentator on the geometry of Descartes, Duclos, and finally. Father Beraud, an inge- nious philosopher, an excellent geometrician, a zealous and laborious observer. It affords me sincere pleasure," continues Montucla, " to cast some flowers of remembrance on the tomb of this worthy and learned Jesuit. He it was who initiated me in the science ; and the same service was performed by him for citi- zens Bossut and Lalande."* To the Jesuits we owe the multiplication of observatories in va- rious parts of Europe. Hitherto they were scarcely to be found even in the capitals ; but the Jesuits spared neither pains nor expense to erect in every considerable college a build- ing consecrated to astronomy. Thus Father Huberti superintended the building of an ob- servatory at Wurtzburg, Father Hell at Vienna. At Manhemi a third was founded by Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria, at the instance of Mayer and Metzger, and under their direc- tion. Like establishments were erected at Tyrnau by Keri, at Prague by Steppling, as * During the French revolution Montucla was engaged in preparing the second edition of his History of Mathe- matics. The last two volumes, from one of which we have made the above extract, were published by Lalande. 18* 210 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. Montucla has just informed us, at Gratz by the Jesuits of the college, at Wilna by Leb- rowski and Poczobut, at Milan by Pallavicini, after the designs of Boscovich and at the ex- pense of the Society, at Florence by Xime'n&s, at Parma by Belgrade, at Venice by Panigai, at Brescia by Cavalli, at Rome by Asclepi, at Lisbon by Carboni and Copasse, at Marseilles by Laval and Pezenas, and by Bonfa at Avignon. 4. However splendid the scientific condition of the Jesuits, at the time of which we speak, their literary glory was not inferior. In Por- tugal they numbered among them such men as Azevedo, Rodriguez de Mello, and Francis Furtado; in Germany, Michael Denis, of whom we have already spoken sufficiently, Frederick de Reiflenberg, Ignatius Wurs, and John Starck. Of these, De Reiflenberg, having completed his own course of studies at Rome, was, upon his return to his native country, chosen to instruct his younger brethren in the ancient languages, and particularly in that classical latinity, of which he himself was their best example. His own Latin poems, his " Latin and Greek Precepts and Examples," collected from the best authors, all displaying, SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 211 in composition or in selection, talent, taste, and method, show how well he acquitted himself of the duties belonging to his office. Ignatius Wurs, after having prescribed admirable rules in his "Treatise on Sacred Eloquence," re- duced them to practice in the forcible, glow- ing style, and in the pure anf elegant diction of his sermons and panegyrics, and in his translations from the French of Bossuet, and other eminent writers. Starck, also, by his translations enriched the literature of his country. But if, in the sacred and profane sciences, the German Jesuits have perhaps surpassed their brethren, the pre-eminence in literature must be conceded to the Spanish, French, and Italian members of the order. Among the Spanish Jesuits are to be seen, besides Aimerich, Lassala, and Ortiz, Vincent Requeno, a medalist, an antiquary, a man versed in literature, a writer on coins, paint- ing, and music; Andrew Burriel, an antiqua- rian, but most famous for his "Treatise on Weights and Measures ;" John Colomes, who in three Italian Tragedies, sang of Coriolanus, Scipio, and Inez de Castro ; Stephen Arteaga, author of an essay on " The Beautiful," and a sketch of the "Revolutions of the Musical 212 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. Theatre in Italy;" Francis de Isla, whose satirical and ingenious fiction, "The Life of Friar Gerund of Campazas," purified sacred eloquence from a vicious style, which, though banished from every other department of literature, yet lingered in pulpit oratory ; Xavier Lampilfas and Thomas Serrano, whose patriotism, triumphing over their partiality for their brethren, incited them to defend the literature of their country against the attacks of Bettinelli and Tiraboschi ; John Andres, in fine, honored with the favor of sovereigns, and the friendship of the great, who, amid numerous writings on philosophical, scien- tific, and literary subjects, presents to our ad- miration his great work on " The Origin and Progress of all Literatures." In Italy, Antony Zannoni and Julius Caesar Cordara were cultivators of Latin verse, in which the former celebrated the salt-pits of Cervia; Ignatius Rossi, for thirty years pro- fessor in the .Gregorian University at Rome, gained reputation by various literary labors, particularly those on the Coptic tongue; Andrew Rubbi was no less distinguished as a professor of literature than as a writer; Stephen Raflfei, for twenty years professor of SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 213 rhetoric in the Koman College, wrote two tragedies, besides essays and poems; Louis Pellegrini, whose fame as an orator we have already commemorated, by his exquisite Latin and Italian poetry, merited to be enrolled in all the literary societies of his country; John Granelli, eminent as a preacher and a poet, still more renowned as an exegetist and theolo- gian,was honored by the translation of his poems and tragedies into several languages ; Charles Santi, thoroughly acquainted with the Latin and Italian classical poets, composed, among other poems, an epic on Constantine, in imita- tion of Tasso; Xavier Bettinelli addressed to Yoltaire his famous " Letters of Virgil," which contributed to his fame, even more than his poetry, his tragedies, and his other works; Antony Benedetti, professor of rhetoric in the Koman College, deserved commendation for his literature and his knowledge of coins; Antony 'Ambroggi, during a professorship of thirty years, saw the Italian youth flock together at Rome, around his chair of elo- quence and poetry; Raymund Cunich, also professor of literature at the Roman College, cultivated oratory and wrote Latin verse, into which he translated the Greek Anthology and 214 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. the Iliad; Alexander Giorgi, by his treatise on the manner of instructing the young in the Italian and Latin languages, evinced his own skill as professor; he had also prepared the plan of an Italian Encyclopaedia, which premature death prevented him from complet- ing; Louis Lanzi, among the most illustrious of the Italian philologists and archaeologists, composed twenty-eight works, and among them a " History of Painting in the Peninsula," a standard work in its class; Antony Volpi, gifted with an extraordinary talent for Latin poetry, was for twenty-six years professor of rhetoric at the University of Padua, and, in conjunction with his brother Cajetan, founded the great publishing establishment called " Libreria-Cominiana," or Volpi-Cominiunu, from the skilful printer with whom they were associated; Jerome Lagomarsini, one of the most erudite men of the age, aided his friend Facciolati in the compilation of his dictionary, and composed an amazing number of works in pure and choice Italian, or in Ciceronian Latin, the fruit of assiduous study of that great orator, whom he selected as the subject of an immense work, by which he gained the admiration of the learned, and merited the SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 215 homage paid by them at his death; Joseph Mazzolari, the friend of Lagomarsini, was him- self conspicuous as a humanist and Latin poet; and finally Jerome Tiraboschi, professor of rhetoric at Milan, and prefect of the library at Modena, immortalized himself by his great history of ancient and modern Italian litera- ture. In the same department France boasts a long catalogue of venerated names. No less than eighteen times were the productions of Theodore Lombard declared, by various Acade- mies, worthy of the prize of excellence. John Grou, already enrolled among the ascetic writers, made an excellent version of the "Republic, the Laws and the Dialogues of Plato." At the College of Louis-le-Grand, John Baptist GeofFroy, by his skill in teaching and by his classical Latin, during the space of twenty years, showed himself able to fill a chair which had been graced by such men as Cossart, Juvency, and Poree. His brother, Julian GeofFroy, after the suppression, began his critical career in the Annee litteraire of Freron, where, with this formidable adversary of infidelity, himself a scholar of the Jesuits, he combatted Voltaire and his impious asso- 216 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. elates; and afterwards by his dramatical works established the reputation of the "Journal des Dbats," in which they were published. Another writer for the Annee litteraire was the Jesuit Grosier, who somewhat later succeeded Frron, and who continued the Journal de Tre*- voux, under the name of Journal of Lite- rature, Science, and Art. Among the jour- nalists appears also the name of Louis Coster. William Berthier, ranked among the ascetic writers for his " Psalms and Spiritual Reflec- tions," among historians for his "History of the Gallican Church," assumed the direction of the Journal de Tr6voux, and never was that periodical more replete with useful and in- teresting matter, than during his editorial term of seventeen years. A " Universal Latin- French Dictionary" was compiled by William Lebrun, and two French dictionaries, one grammatical, the other critical, by Francis Fraud. For editions of various authors we are indebted to Ives de Querbeuf; Laurent Paul, more commonly known as Abbe* Paul, deserves notice for his " Latin Course," and for his translations ; Louis Jacquet wrote elegant academic discourses, and an ingenious " Paral- lel" between the Greek and French tragedy; SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 217 whilst Bardou Duhamel taught the "Method of Reading with Utility." Ives Andre, deeply versed in literature, has supplied us with col- lections of sermons, with poetry and a philo- sophical " Essay on the Beautiful ;" Rodolph du Tertre refuted Malebranche's Metaphysics. To Bonaventure Giraudeau we are indebted for a " Method of learning Greek ;" his " Parables" en- tertained our childhood, whilst his " Meditations on the Gospel" have been the spiritual nourish- ment of our mature age ; John Baptist Blan- chard wrote works on education, and among them his " School for Manners;'* James Lenoir Duparc and Louis Domairon, professors, the one at Louis-le-Grand, the other at the Mili- tary School, wrote on literature and geography, as did also Bernard Routh, in whose arms Montesquieu expired. By his analysis of two of Seneca's treatises and the Life of the philoso- pher, which he prefixed, Ansquier du Pon^ol gained the undesirable approbation of Diderot, and his " Code of Reason" was received with equal applause. Gabriel Brotier, a worthy successor of Sirmond and Petavius, with the single exception of mathematics, was a univer- sal scholar ; his capacious mind embraced his- tory, antiquities, medicine, and the languages, 19 218 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. the Latin particularly, as is shown by admi- rable editions of the classics. His edition of Tacitus, whose eloquence is rivalled in the Supplements of his editor, was rewarded with the praise of learned Europe. Among the Latin poets may be enumerated Antony Panel, Papillon du Rivet, already named among the orators, Be*rault Bercastel, the author of the "Promised Land," and Terrasse Desbillons, the author of the Fables, styled by a critic " the last of the Romans."* In fine, * In a letter addressed to his brother by Father Desbil- lons, and written April, 1773, at Manheim, where the Elector Palatine had offered him a generous hospitality upon his expulsion from France, occurs the following passage. "I live in a very retired manner : nevertheless I sometimes enjoy the conversation of our Fathers, but in Latin, for Herman I neither know nor care to know. This does not displease them, for they are not so ready to take offence as many of our countrymen, particularly of the Parisians. Their Latin without being affectedly nice, is good, and even better than what is usually written in the North. It is devoid of solecisms and barbarisms, is easy and natural, so that without exaggeration I might say the Latin is even yet, among them, a living language. It must not be sup- posed that all Germans enjoy the same facility; our Jesuits excel, because they are constantly exercised in Latin, even from their noviciate, and with such success that I have scarcely met one, who did not express himself in the language SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 219 William Bertoud recounted the "History of the French Poets," and the antiquary Legrand d' Aussy published his " Tales of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries." 5. Ample, too, is the catalogue of historians. The same Legrand d' Aussy was the author of a " History of the Domestic Life of the French," and the "Life of Apollonius of Tyana;" Berthier continued Father Longueval's " Galli- can Church ;" Berault Bercastel wrote a his- tory of the Church ; to Francis de Ligny we are indebted for the well-known "Life of Christ;" to Joachim du Tertre, a valuable abridgment of English history, and a " History of Celebrated Conspiracies ;" to Peter Guerin du Kocher, so profound in his knowledge of oriental languages, and the historians of an- tiquity, the famous "True History of Fabu- lous Times." In the revolutionary paroxysm of September, Du Kocher was massacred with his brother, a Jesuit also, and author of a poem on architecture. The series of histo- rians is continued by the names of Claude Millot, who had once been a Jesuit, the author of the "Elements of History," and the "His- of the Romans with as much fluency as in his native tongue." (Autogr. letters in the possession of M. Terrasse de la Brosse, grand-nephew of Desbillons.) 220 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. tory of the Troubadours," productions to be commended for the talent, if not for the spirit displayed in them ; of Francis Velly, who com- posed a " History of France ;" of Henry Grif- fet, the editor, and continuator of Daniel, the author of a " History of Louis XIII," a book which, even regarded as a mere collection of materials, merited the applause of the learned, and the approbation of M. Charles Lenormant, one of the most distinguished scholars of our age.* The Portuguese Novae's was the annalist of the Popes ; the historian of Mexico was Xavier Clavigero; of Poland, Stanislaus Naruszewicz, after the suppression, Bishop of Smolensk, then translated to Luck, estimable as an his- torian, still more admired as a poet ; of Illyria, Daniel Farlati, whose " Illyriuin Sacrum," was praised even by the Protestant authors of the " Acts of Leipsic." Walstelain described the " Three Historic Ages of Belgic Gaul ;" Mark Antony Laugier, besides several works on the fine arts, wrote a history of the " Venetian Re- public," after Daru's the most complete extant ; Isla abridged the history of Spain, and Masdeu obtained a prominent position among the his- torians of Spain, and the prose writers of * Religious Assoo. (Paris, 1845), p. 43. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 221 Spain and Italy, by writing, in both languages, "A Critical History of Spain, and of its Pro- gress in Science, Literature, and the Arts." In this immense work, death interrupted him in the twentieth of the fifty quarto volumes, which his plan embraced. Here, also, the German Jesuits are distin- guished above their brethren : among them flourished every exact and profound science. They had the honor of inaugurating a new historic school, in which they have found followers among so many writers of modern Germany. To be convinced of this, it will suffice to name Henry Schiiz, of the University of Ingolstadt ; Adrian Daude, of Wurtzburg ; Francis Kery, whose learning is already known to us, the author of the history of the Eastern Emperors, from Constantine the Great down to the last of the name, and of the his- tory of the Ottoman Emperors, the latter con- tinued by Father Nicholas Schmidt ; Ignatius Schwartz, professor at Ingolstadt, who, in his "Collegia Historica," raised a monument to his genius and literary taste ; Mark Hansitz, whose " Germania Sacra" is a fit companion for the "Gallia Christiana" of the brothers of Saint Martha, and whose "Analecta" is so 19* 222 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. valuable for the history of Carinthia ; Joseph Hartzheim, the Labbe of Germany, who suc- ceeded Schannat, and was himself followed by Hermann Scholl, and Giles Neissen, in the pub- lication of the " Collection of German Councils," besides composing works of his own on subjects connected with history and antiquities. The Hungarian Jesuits, in particular, filled with a tender affection for their native land, jealously collected and transmitted to pos- terity the memorials of her glory. The " Vitse Palatinorum sub regibus Hungarian," by Nicho- las Muszka, the " Sacra Concilia Hungarise," by Charles Peterffi, the "Hungaria Diplo- matica," first written by Stephen Kaprinai, and enlarged by Joseph Pray,* exhaust the politi- cal and religious history of the country, whilst Stephen Katona, in his critical history of the Hungarian kings (forty-one volumes in octavo, which he also abridged), traced the destinies of the national monarchy. 6. To this comprehensive enumeration of men versed in every intellectual pursuit, we * Pray is an example, unhappily of too frequent occur- rence, of men eminent for learning, who are yet almost un- known in France, and whose names are not to be found in any of our historical dictionaries. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 223 have still to add names of persons no less meritorious, who were at that time engaged in distant missions. France had sent forth to the Celestial Empire men worthy to succeed Parennin, Verbiest, and Schall ; she had sent Martial Cibot, to whom astronomy, languages, history, mechanics, agriculture, all sciences were familiar ; Amiot, not inferior to Cibot, whom he assisted in collecting the most of the information respecting China, we now possess; Joseph Mailla, to whom we are indebted for various maps of China, and a version of its annals, who was so expert in the sciences, the arts, the mythology, and the language of the Chinese, that he astounded even their learned men ; Michael Benoit, an astronomer, a mathe- matician, and a philosopher, who to gain the favor of the Emperor, unriddled the problems of hydraulics, and undertook the profession of engraver; and Antony Gaubil, a 'correspon- dent of the Scientific Academy, a member of that of St. Petersburg, the astronomer and interpreter of the Court of Pekin, and so pro- found in Chinese science, literature, and his- tory, as to be capable of teaching the professors themselves. Germany contributed to the Chinese Mis- 224 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. sion, Slavislek, Goggeils, Sichelbart, a distin- guished painter ; Godfrey Leimbeckoven, who became Bishop of Nankin, and died in 1787; Kcegler, and Hallerstein, who succeeded Kceg- ler as president of the tribunal of mathe- matics. At the same period, Portugal, who had be- fore furnished the Pereiras, Antony and Tho- mas, was worthily represented by John Seixas, Ignatius Francesco, Felix de Rocha, and Jo- seph Espinha, who successively followed Hal- lerstein in the presidency of mathematics, and Joseph Bernardo, who, in 1779, succeeded Father Collas* 7. Viewing only the multitude of its mem- bers, who consecrated their lives to the study and teaching of science and profane literature, we might at first be inclined to think that the Society of Jesus was simply a learned associa- tion, or at least that it had then become ob- livious of its primary end, the salvation of souls, and the religious instruction of the igno- rant and poor. But whilst the venerable men whose names we have just transcribed, amidst their scientific labors, never lost the remem- * About the same time, Andrew Rodriguez, a Spanish Jesuit, was also president of the same tribunal. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 225 brance of their missionary duties,* and always regarded science as only a means of gaining the favor of the Prince, and aspired to the favor of the Prince, only to secure the liberty and triumph of the gospel ; so, too, in * Nothing can be more touching than the letters ad- dressed to his brethren by the celebrated Father Gaubil, himself honored as learned by all the learned men of Eu- rope. " By the order of my Superior," he writes to Father Maignan, at Paris, " I enclose several astronomical observa- tions for the Academy, and for other learned persons, what- ever I have discovered that is most interesting or important in Chinese history, or in the traditional astronomy of the nation; but for these occupations I confess I have no relish, and only perform them through obedience." Under the date of November 26th 1728, writing from Pekin to Stephen Souciet, Gaubil ingenuously discloses the benefits he nattered himself would accrue from his literary toils :- "I know that Your Reverence is full of zeal, and objects on which to exercise it are never wanting. I beseech you to take into consideration the good that may be done with respect to the poor children, that are exposed here and at Canton. I shall esteem myself fortunate, if what I send you will furnish you with an opportunity to introduce this subject to the notice of influential personages." Else- where he says, " It is of very little importance whether the gentlemen of the Observatory (at Paris) accredit my labors to me, or not. The reputation that would redound to me is a matter not worthy of concern, and of all the missiona- ries I least deserve honor." (Autograph letters of Father Gaubil Manuscripts of Father Brotier.) 226 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. Europe, the sons of St. Ignatius sought to render their mental accomplishments tributary to the spiritual improvement of those, whose esteem and confidence they had attracted. In the same catalogues of the Society, em- bracing, as they do, so many renowned pro- fessors, we shall find the names of many, who were applied exclusively to the apostolical functions. For example, the catalogue of the province of Vienna contains, besides a great number of Fathers charged with the duty of preaching the gospel in the colleges and cities, four distinct classes of missionaries ; missiona- ries, whose office it was to catechize ; mis- sionaries of stations (probably devoted to the instruction of a single town or district) ; mis- sionaries of penance, founded by Father Seg- neri, for the conversion of sinners; and, finally, missionaries of camps, attached to armies for the spiritual care of the soldiers. In the catalogue of Austria for 1761, nineteen belong to the first class. At their head ap- pears the renowned Father Parhamer, who, when torn from his poor, and appointed con- fessor of Francis I, consoled the irksomeness of his elevation in founding various useful establishments, and among them an asylum SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 227 for orphans, whose fathers had died in the military service of their country. In the same class, we find John Delpini, afterwards ap- pointed by Maria Theresa to the abbacy of Kolos-Monostros, as a recompense for services rendered to religion in Transylvania; and Stephen Mihalcz, whose nobility of birth, whose fine talents, and profound and exten- sive learning did not raise him above the lowly office of the catechist of the poor and ignorant. In the same catalogue, the second class of missionaries numbers eight, the third twenty, and fourteen were attached to camps or armies. In the catalogue for *1 7 70, the other classes remaining nearly the same, the missionaries attached to stations had increased to thirty-three. This was the period (1770- 1-2) of the astonishing conversions in Hun- gary and Transylvania, where more than seven thousand families were reclaimed to the faith. In all the catalogues are found indications of the same apostolic activity : that of the province of Upper Germany, for 1770, shows, that in the parishes surrounding the various colleges, many priests, scholastics, and profes- sors, in addition to their ordinary duties, as- sumed the office of catechizing. Of these catechists, sixteen belong to the College of 228 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. Ingolstadt, six to the College of Hall, six to Neuburg; in 1773, six are supplied by the College of Amberg, in the province of Bavaria, nine by the College of Munich, and by the rest in the same proportion. In the province of the Lower Rhine, ten catechists were fur- nished by the College of Treves, ten, of whom three were scholastics, by the College of Pa- derborn, eight by the College of Osnabruck, twenty-one by the College of Munster, and the same number by that of Cologne. This will be a sufficient evidence of the esteem in which the Society of Jesus, espe- cially at the last moments of her existence, held the charge of imparting religious instruc- tion to the poor ; and we have already proved that so far from having degenerated from her high standard of intellectual superiority, she had never been so brilliant in literature and science ; not, indeed, that her children now surpassed their brethren of earlier times, but that her scholars and men of science had never been so numerous. 8. But it is asserted that these men achieved their intellectual greatness after the suppres- sion; which is no doubt attributable to the terrible lesson they had received, and to the SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 229 leisure conceded them by the Courts and the Sovereign Pontiff. The assertion indicates great ignorance or great folly. The greater part, on the contrary, were enfeebled by old age, or at least were beyond that time of life when education is possible, or mental treasures may be stored up. Many, as Liesganig, deeming, in the extremity of their grief, that they had no longer a mother to honor, or a country to defend, withdrew from the fields of science, and found refuge in the consolations of reli- gion. Some, it is true, took advantage of the leisure, which the cessation of their sacred ministry imposed on them, to give themselves to study and to the writing of books, as did the famous Eckhel, but even he had studied the science of coins under Joseph Khell, his master and colleague ; as did Antony Morcelli, who, though his great work on inscriptions was not written until after 1773, had, about the year 1771, instituted in the apartments of the Kircher Museum, the Academy of Archaeology, of which he was prefect, and had there read several antiquarian dissertations. The most eminent among the theologians, Zaccaria, Berthier, Kilber, and the authors of the theo- logy of Wurtzburg, had published their prin- 20 230 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. cipal works prior to 1773. Those of later date, as Barruel, Stattler, Sailer, Para du Phanjas, whatever may be their merit, are of inferior fame. We are then justified in drawing the con- clusion, that the Society of Jesus, at the time of its suppression, was in point of learning not inferior, either absolutely, as we have seen in glancing over its literary history, or rela- tively, since no body of men, of the clergy or of the laity, could, at that epoch, boast of so many remarkable men. For the further elu- cidation of the latter part of our conclusion, we shall add some particulars on the Jesuit schools and education at that date. SECOND FABT. 1. Is it true that at the time of the suppres- sion, the Society of Jesus could no longer ex- hibit a roll of distinguished professors, and' that with respect to teaching, she had failed in her lofty mission? It would seem that the question has already been sufficiently answered. How many celebrated names have caught our attention, as we turned over the pages of her literary annals ! And yet these men had stored up their intellectual treasures SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 231 while professors, or while they yet filled chairs which their previously acquired renown illus- trated. Nevertheless, where proof is supera- bundant, let us suppose not sufficiently proved what we have proved, and let us make this point the object of farther investigation. But let us preface our inquiry by determin- ing the object of our search. We are to look for professors, that is, for men, who to a com- petency of learning unite zeal, aptitude, and all the means requisite for imparting it. Learning, aptitude, zeal, a judicious system, a tact for exciting emulation : these are the quali- fications of an able teacher. His science need not be pre-eminent. He may teach rhetoric without rivalling Bossuet, or even Bourdaloue; theology, without vying with St. Thomas, or even Suarez, or Bellarmine; poetry, though inferior to Racine, and even to Yaniere, and Desbillons.* By a competency of learning we mean that degree, which will enable the pro- fessor to educate his scholars, as good Catholics * When some one mentioned to Father Poree, that Vol- taire had said of him (his teacher), that he could not write good French poetry : " At least/' happily and modestly re- plied the Jesuit professor, " it must be confessed that my scholars can." 232 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. and useful citizens, according to their rank in society. We shall see if the Jesuits were des- titute of the qualifications enumerated ; quali- fications that had always been an heir-loom in their family, and the hereditary glory of their order. Zeal proceeds from a conscientious feeling, a sentiment of duty, a mission august in its dig- nity, and important in its consequences. But it is clear that the Jesuits, yet so ardent, ac- cording to the confession of their adversaries, in all that concerned the glory of God, and the salvation of souls, so tenacious of all their tra- ditions, could not have allowed to become ex- tinct in their hearts that fire, which their holy founder had kindled, and their ancestors so diligently nourished. By aptitude, we here understand a peculiar talent for imparting knowledge ; a talent, which is the gift of nature and experience. Having at his disposal many thousand subjects, the Superior selected those for professorships, in whom he discovered that faculty of sympa- thizing with his audience, which is as indispen- sable for the professor, as for the orator. But the inexperienced professor thus selected, was not at once admitted into his career, and then SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 233 abandoned to his own guidance. He was at first applied to protracted and serious study ; then, when he entered on the performance of his duties, he saw around him those, who had grown old in their occupation, who by their advice shaped his course, and saved him from those errors, which, inexperienced and un- aided, he could have scarcely avoided. Expe- rience in a religious body is not only indivi- dual, it is collective ; it results from tradition, as well as from personal observation. A good method is that course, any devia- tion from which would be retrograding from the object, to which master and scholars tend. It is a code of laws springing from the teach- ings of wisdom and experience. This code the Jesuit found in the "Ratio Studiorum," where every circumstance was pre-arranged, the discipline of the class, the relations exist- ing between teacher and scholar, the objects of study, the manner of teaching, the means of inspiring emulation, a legislation whose equilibrium neither prejudice, nor imagina- tion, nor immoderate zeal, nor an arbitrary spirit could disturb. Finally, emulation is as influential in the school-room, as it is in every career of life. 20* 234 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. By the impartial dispensation of rewards and punishments, by a thorough insight into the characters of the scholars, by affording each the general means of advancement, by the division of the class into two parties, ranged under conflicting standards, by the constant habit of appealing to motives founded on reason, or personal interests, or the higher and more efficacious incentives, which faith suggests ; thus the Jesuits fostered in the hearts of their pupils that emulation which resulted in the most brilliant success. 2. Such the Jesuits had ever been, and that such they were still, is evinced, not simply by the testimony of their friends and partisans, but by the admissions of their opponents, and their competitors. In his " History of the College of Louis-le-Grand,"* M. Emond, a member of the University, reports to us sentiments, with re- ference to the expulsion of the Jesuits, ex- pressed in 1765, by M. Louvel, principal of Harcourt College : " The expulsion of the Jesuits," said he, " will be for the University what the downfal of Carthage was for the Ro- man Republic. The emulation that animated * Page 244. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 235 the two rival bodies, produced great mental activity, and thus proved advantageous to the cause of education. Where now is that ardor which once inspired scholars as well as mas- ters ? May it not be said that the departure of the Jesuits has extinguished it ? Four years have elapsed since they quitted Paris, and from that time we have witnessed no sign of zeal for study ; and among the professors, with the exception of Le Beau, who belongs to their epoch, we possess no one of reputation. At least, you will tell me, you are freed from ambitious rivals, the objects of court patron- age, and the favors of the great. What profit, let me ask, do we reap from the change, even in this respect ? The College of the Cholets, which was able to resist the extravagant pre- tensions of the Jesuits, has been sacrificed to Louis-le-Grand. * But why speak of the Cho- lets ? The twenty-five Colleges of Paris with all their property, the University itself, with its Council, its archives, and library, are de- voted to destruction for the sake of the ag- grandizement of one institution." The Oratorians united in the avowal, that the decline of learning in France was a con- sequence of the ruin of the Society of Jesus. 236 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. " The suppression of the Order,"* says M. Col- lombet, " has proved no less filial to the Ora- tory ; this is the remark of a member of that con- gregation .f With the extinction of their rivals, ceased emulation, an efficient cause of intellec- tual exertion. Then, in the space of six years, from 1776 to 1782, the Oratorians assumed the direction of five of the Colleges left vacant by the Jesuits; the consequence was, that as a greater number of members was required for the direction of the multiplied Colleges, their theological studies were materially weakened, they could not devote the same care to them as formerly, and some even made no regular course of theology whatsoever." These consequences were not unforeseen by the Bishops of France, when, attempting to ward off the blow, with which the parliaments, and the infidels threatened religion, they thus addressed the king :J " We are of the opinion, Sire, that the closing of their schools would be an event fraught with serious evil to our " Hist. Supp. Jes. t. i, p. f Ami de la Rel. t. xviii, p. 95. | Declaration of the Bishops, in 1761, on the usefulness of the Jesuits. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 287 dioceses. In the education of youth, it would be difficult to replace them by successors who would be equally useful, particularly in the provincial cities where there are no Universi- ties." So, too, when the destruction was complete they could say to the monarch :* " The dis- persion of the Jesuits has left so lamentable a void in the functions of the sacred ministry, in which, under the direction and approbation of the Bishops, they were employed ; in the edu- cation of youth, to which they consecrated their talents, and their labors ; as well as in the sublime and arduous work of the missions, the principal object of their institute, that the clergy will never cease to offer up prayers for their restoration." From all these testimonies, some of them derived from opposite interests, it is evident that the Jesuits were then unrivalled in the offices of instructing, and that since, none have been found capable of succeeding them. " The Jesuits have been expelled," complains Abbe Emery ; " their system of teaching has been rejected. But what substitutes for them have * Proces-verbaux des assemblies generates, etc. t. viii, p. 1406. 238 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. we discovered, and in what have the new theories resulted ? Are the youth better in- structed or their morals purer? Their pre- sumptuous ignorance and the depravity of their morals force us to sigh for the old mas- ters, and the old ways."* About the same time Abbe* Maury openly declared in the Academy, that, "At Paris, the great college of the Jesuits was a central point, which attracted the attention of the best writers and the most learned men. It was a permanent tribunal of literary decisions, so that the famous Piron, in his emphatic style, was accustomed to call it 'the Star Chamber of Literary Keputations,' always viewed with awe by men of letters, as they regarded it as the source and focus of public opinion in the capital."f At the commencement of the present cen- tury, a more imposing voice was heard, ex- claiming, " In the destruction of the Jesuits, learned Europe has suffered an irreparable loss. Since that unhappy event, education * Pensees de Leibnitz, p. 429. Edit, of 1803. f Eulogy on Abbe Radonvilliers (an Ex-Jesuit), pro- nounced May 6, 1807. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 239 has never been in a state of prosperity. To the youth these religious were singularly agreeable. Their polished manners took away from their teaching that tone of pedantry, which is so disgusting to the young. As the most of their professors were men of reputation as scholars, the pupils were apt to fancy, that their class constituted an illustrious academy. They had succeeded in establishing, between students of different fortunes, a certain patron- age, which was highly advantageous to learning. These alliances, formed at an age when the heart is susceptible of generous emotions, remained constant between the prince and the man of letters, and revived the ancient and noble friendship of Scipio and Lselius."* In another place, Chateaubriand expresses himself to the same effect : " The Jesuits maintained and were increasing their reputation to the last moment of their ex- istence. Their destruction has inflicted a deadly wound on education and letters: of this, at the present time, there is no diversity of opinion."! The judgment of Chateaubriand is thus confirmed by M. de Bonald : " These * Spirit of Christianity. ( Melanges. 240 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. religious united talent with piety, elegance of manners with austerity of life, the divine science with human learning."* France was not the only country that testi- fied to the value of Jesuit instruction. When the Society was now suppressed, a Protestant, and a schismatical court carefully preserved and cherished what remained of their body, rendered homage to their services, and acknow- ledged their importance. The Russian Court, replying, in 1783, to a note of Mgr. Archetti, nuncio to Poland, thus expressed its senti- ments on the subject of the Jesuits. " The Roman Catholics of the Russian Empire, having given unequivocal proofs of their fide- lity, and having loyally discharged their duties to the Empress, have thereby acquired a right to the confirmation of their former privileges. Of this number is the instruction of youth, which has been heretofore committed to the Jesuits. The zeal animating these religious and the success crowning their efforts have * The learned publicist adds : " The suppression of this body was a part of that immense systematized destruction, which has made France a heap of ruins: it was the first act in a tragedy replete with so many shocking catastrophes." (Primitive Legislation, t. ii.) SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 241 been remarked by the Imperial Government, with the utmost satisfaction. Would it be just to deprive the inhabitants of White Kussia of this precious Institution? And yet this would be the consequence of impeding the Jesuits in the exercise of their ministry, and of forbidding them to expect a continued existence. In other countries where the Order has been suppressed, no substitutes have been found. And why single out for destruction, among the many religious orders, that which devotes itself to the education of youth, and consequently to the public welfare ?" From every part of Germany, if we hearken, we shall hear re-echoed the same loud tribute of praise. Even Father Theiner joins his voice to the general plaudits, and exhausts every expression of admiration and gratitude, whenever he speaks of the great superiority of the Jesuit Fathers, and of their indefatigable exertions in the cause of clerical education in Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.* But we should have anticipated, that he would have bounded the expressions of his enthusiastic approbation by the limits of the * Instit. Eccl. Educ. particularly, t. i, p. 280-1. 21 242 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. seventeenth century, and that to accents of laudation would have succeeded cries of sor- row, wrung from him by the sight of so mournful a degeneracy. But no : it was only at a later date that this pretended degeneracy was manifested to him : and his eulogies ac- company the teaching of the Jesuits through every age, and attend them even to the last moments of their existence. In speaking of the suppression in France, Spain, and Italy, he does not hesitate to repeat : " the wound in- flicted on education was incurable."* And when he comes to treat of Germany, patriotism adding ardor to sentiments inspired by justice, he exclaims : " The incredible exertions made by the Jesuits to improve their ecclesiastical seminaries, and the magnificent results which have attended them, fill me with wonder and admiration. At a time when their calum- niators are undeterred by fear of punishment, it is the duty of the friends of truth to expose their baseness, and brand upon their foreheads the mark of infamy, with which they would stigmatize all that is honorable."f And farther on, after having recorded the * Tom. iii, p. 400. f Tom - '> P- 78. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 243 prodigious number of men, eminent in Church or State, who had been educated at the Ger- manic College, he is moved to indignation that Germany could have ungratefully forgotten an Institution, to which she owed so large a share of her glory. "The friend of truth may reasonably ask, how does it happen that this land of piety, whose character has always been remarkable for justice and equity, has suffered herself to be deceived by the delusions of the age, and has allowed herself to view with a look, I do not say of contempt, but of coldness and disregard, the services this Institution has rendered her?"* In describing the lamentable state of the German Seminaries after the suppression, Father Theiner makes honorable exceptions of those yet directed by members of the Society of Jesus. "In Prussia, and particularly in Silesia," he tells us, " the seminaries for the longest time retained their primitive excel- lence. The theological education remained under the control of the Jesuits, even posterior to the suppression of their Order. The Episco- pal Seminary of Breslau was closely connected with the celebrated University of the Jesuits, * Tom. i, p. 224. 244 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. which has given birth to so many men, illus- trious in every department of knowledge. Its course was still attended by the young semi- narians. The other excellent colleges of the Province, those of Neustadt, Neisse, Schweid- nitz, Jaur, and Liegnitz, the pride and orna- ment of Silesia, also furnished a great number of students for the theological course, who completed their studies at Breslau."* One of these students was Father Theiner himself, who feels himself under the obligation of paying elsewhere, a tribute of gratitude to the Jesuits, as represented by his former professor. " I owe," says he, " the education of my youth to this Kcehler, so well known in Silesia, who has the glory of having introduced into that province the solid study of the oriental tongues. The services rendered by Kcehler to public in- struction are recognized equally by Catholics and Protestants. From the knowledge of the Jesuits which I afterwards acquired, I can bear witness that he was a worthy member of his illustrious order. I have often heard him express with the most amiable simplicity a pious wish to expire in the habit of the Society."! * Tom. ii, p. 48. f Tom - i; Introd. p. 51. SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 245 There is a work in which the praise of Christianity is celebrated from the mouth of Rousseau, who is condemned to become the apologist of a religion he spurned. A some- what similar character we impose upon the reluctant Father Theiner, in transforming him into the apologist of the Society of Jesus. 3. It is objected that Frederick, King of Prus- sia, who had entertained a high opinion of the Jesuits, on the occasion of his visit to Silesia (where, we have just been informed, by their labors, education had retained its primitive ex- cellence), was not a little astonished at finding in the Universities and Colleges (which, as we have just seen, were the pride and ornament of the province], even in the celebrated University of Breslau, men of a surprising mediocrity, and on that account required, that capable professors should be procured from the French and Italian provinces. We indeed know that Frederick II, after the suppression, charged the Jesuits of Silesia to invite their brethren of the other provinces to participate in his hospitality, assigning to each a pension of seven hundred florins ; but in that royal act, we discover nothing more than a deed of charity towards the proscribed, 21* 246 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. or an act of policy, inasmuch as they would be useful to his subjects ; but nowhere have we found that this invitation addressed to foreign Jesuits was prompted by a knowledge of the deficiencies of the Silesian Jesuits. Without doubt the latter were possessed of less literary taste than their brethren of France and Italy, and of this we have seen some testimony in the book of the Franciscan Prochaska, where he accuses the Jesuits of Bohemia and Mora- via (perhaps the same fault is imputable to those of Silesia), of inculcating a false taste and a declamatory style of composition ; but we have certainly proved that in erudition they were not inferior. But as for this diminution in Frederick's esteem for the Jesuits, the assertion is not supported by the slightest proof. On the con- trary, we shall quote the words of Frederick himself, in which he expresses his real senti- ments. Being determined to prefefve them in his kingdom, he wrote to Abbe* Columbini, his agent at Rome, an autograph letter, dated from Potsdam, September 13th, 1773, in which he informs him of this intention in the follow- ing terms: "I am determined that in my kingdom the Jesuits shall continue to exist, SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 247 and maintain their ancient form. In the treaty of Breslau I guaranteed the status quo of the Catholic religion ; nor have I ever seen better priests, in any point of view, than the Jesuits. You may add, that since I belong to an heretical sect, His Holiness holds no power to dispense me from the obligation of keeping my word, or from my duty as a king and an honest man." On the 15th of May, 1774, writing to D'Alembert, who was dissatisfied that the Jesuits were not completely extermi- nated, and feared that other kings, moved by the example of Prussia, might demand of Frederick seed to cultivate in their own king- doms, he replied : " I view them only as men of letters, whose place in the instruction of youth it would be difficult, if not impossible, to supply. Of the Catholic clergy of this country, they alone apply themselves to literature. This renders them so useful and necessary, that you need not fear any one shall obtain from me a single Jesuit." The contradiction between the Frederick of history and the Frederick invented by the enemies of the Jesuits, can only be paralleled by the opposi- tion between Father Theiner, the author 248 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. of "Ecclesiastical Institutions," and Father Theiner, who wrote the "History of Clement XIV." But where we find on the one side assertion without proof, and on the other authentic testimony, the choice admits of no doubt or delay. It is still objected, that in order to remedy the decline of learning in the University of Vienna, until then directed exclusively by the Jesuits, Maria Theresa was forced to deprive them of several important professorships, and confide them to secular priests and religious of various orders. Note meanwhile another contradiction. The Jesuits, we were informed, after having en- grossed the offices of education throughout Germany, had not formed one really distin- guished man; and yet see how suddenly spring up professors of the sublimest sciences, capable not only of succeeding them, but of imparting a superior education, of supplying their deficiencies. But let the names and the works of the new professors be produced. Where that renown, that splendor, which was to eclipse the glory of the Jesuits ? We turn the leaves of our historical and our bibliographical SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 249 dictionaries in vain : we discover no mention of either. Reference may be made to Michael Ignatius Schmidt, the author of a voluminous history of Germany, written in the national language. But Schmidt had been a pupil of the Jesuits at Wurtzburg ; he did not come to Vienna at the invitation of Joseph II, and only arrived at the time of the suppression ; and finally his arrival coincides with the be- ginning of those endeavors, which Joseph made, to effect a change in the constitution of the Church, a coincidence which brings into suspicion the power with which he was in- vested, and subjected him to many accusa- tions, especially those preferred by the Bishop of Wurtzburg, of connivance in the measures of the schismatical prince. It will be remem- bered that we saw in our third chapter, that the Jesuits were not expelled from the pro- fessorships, and others substituted, for the pur- pose of elevating the standard of learning, but in order to gain a favorable opportunity to introduce Jansenism and infidelity. That there was a decline of learning in the schools of the Jesuits is not proved, cannot be proved by the citation of a single authentic testimony. If the change then effected in 250 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. public instruction, had been simply to modify and enlarge the course of studies pursued in the University, to draw the schools of the Empire within the influence of that literary movement, which had passed through France, and was now gaining ground in the Protestant States, we should acknowledge its legitimacy, we should laud it as honorable. It was the aim of Cardinal Migazzi, it was what the Jesuits, first in the Catholic body, were en- deavoring to effect. It was the object of Michael Denis and his associates of the Society, who then aided in the development of the national literature. To the examples and proofs already adduced at the termination of the second chapter, we might in addition heap up other examples, and other conclusive facts. We might name Francis Schoenfeld, who, besides many German works, wrote poetry full of ardor and elevation. To some we might impart the information, that, as early as the seventeenth century, there lived a Jesuit, Father Frederick de Spe*e, who was the first to reveal the poetic richness of the German idiom, and to evince by his own example the flexi- bility with which it accommodates itself to all the necessities of lyric rhythm. This collec- SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 251 tion of sacred poetry, entitled " Trutz-Nachti- gall," is characterized by its strength and in- spiration, and Father Spee is even now ranked as the first of the religious poets. If the development of the national litera- ture among the Catholics was here retarded, the causes were the proscription of the Jesuits, and the evil influence of Stock and his accom- plices. Under the pretext of reforming in- struction, these innovators sought to substitute their schismatical doctrines. Then by blend- ing what was good and necessary with what was poisonous, they caused pious Catholics to distrust even the good and salutary. What should we say, for example, of the rule promulgated by Stock, this great reformer of education, "that no one should be ordained priest, who could not read the Holy Scriptures in the original Greek and Hebrew/' How absurd, -how utterly impracticable ! For say- ing mass, for administering the sacraments, for catechizing, for preaching, the sole duties of the greater part of priests, what indispensa- ble necessity for an acquaintance with the Hebrew language ? Are all aspirants to the sacred ministry capable of passing through so arduous a course of studies ? And then, if it 252 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. be requisite to apply themselves to the acqui- sition of these difficult languages, what time will remain to acquire knowledge indispensa- ble to the sacred ministry, what time even to exercise it ? Jansenism, under various forms, always pursues the same projects; to realize the project of Bourg-Fontaine, it would anni- hilate the sacraments, by rendering their ad- ministration impossible. It is undoubtedly desirable, that some of the Catholic clergy should devote themselves to the critical study of Scripture; but this portion must necessarily be the smaller. So thought the Jesuits, who taught all that was necessary for their ministry, and particularly the prac- tices of piety and zeal ; the few privileged by nature, they directed to the acquisition of sublimer knowledge. So thought St. Ignatius, who established this distinction in the Society itself; so thought St. Charles Borromeo, who had adopted it for his own priests: but the zeal and the wisdom of an Ignatius and a Charles Borromeo, fell short of the far-reach- ing aim of the Viennese reformers. 4. Let us examine the question proposed still more narrowly, and reply still more directly. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 253 the statistics of the Society of Jesus showed the existence of six hundred and twelve col- leges, one hundred and fifty-seven pension- nates, or normal schools, and twenty-four Universities, empowered to confer degrees. A half century later, from the same source, we find that in spite of the antagonism of infi- delity, the number of colleges had augmented to six hundred and sixty-nine ! These Colleges were almost universally in a state of prosperity, and their professors were men of more or less distinction in the learned world. It would be impossible to investigate the condition of each Institution ; but let us choose, for an indication of the rest, the Uni- versity of Wurtzburg, and the Theresan Col- lege at Vienna, in the midst of that Germany, where, as the accusation runs, the Society of Jesus had been most oblivious of its honorable traditions. Of the former, we obtain our de- tails from " An Essay on the History" of this University, by Christian Bcenike. A cursory glance at the work will remove all suspicion of any bias for the Jesuits. On the one hun- dred and sixty-first page, we find : " Father Francis Huberti, professor of the higher branches of mathematics, from the year 1754, 22 254 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. worthily filled the chair which had been adorned by Fathers Athanasius Kircher and Caspar Schott in the preceding century." On page two hundred and seventy-three, we read : " The zeal for Biblical and Hebrew studies, so happily diffused through our University by Fathers Videnhofer and Nicholas Zillich, de- creased after their death. ... To restore these studies, the Prince Bishop Adam Frederick successively appointed to the Chair of Holy Scripture Fathers Henry Kilber and Thomas Holtzclau, who had published (in 1768) their learned works on theology (the celebrated theology of Wurtzburg) ." Thus sacred and profane science were then flourishing at Wurtz- burg, under the direction of the Jesuits. Of the Theresan College, we obtain informa- tion from a published letter of Rossignol de Val-Louise, dated in 1767. After having cele- brated the Imperial Gymnasium as one of the most famous schools in the world, he thus continues : " In this institution were assem- bled the flower of the nobility from every part of the Austrian dominions : there were Germans, Hungarians, Italians, and Flemings. There were cultivated, with the utmost dili- gence and corresponding success, science, lite- SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SC'HOOLS. 265 rature, and the fine arts. Natural History was an object of particular inquiry. Collec- tions were formed by the students, and the productions of nature imitated. Mathematics, natural philosophy, geography, history, music, dancing, fencing, in fact, everything was taught that could be deemed necessary to form an accomplished cavalier.* Thirty of the pupils devoted themselves to the study of jurispru- dence. These being of a more advanced age were separated from the others. Infidel phi- losophy would scarcely appreciate the motive of this discrimination. It was not then cus- tomary to frequent the sacraments of Confes- sion and Communion more than once a month. These youths confessed and communicated monthly, and were thus inured to such prac- tices of piety, as they might be expected to retain in after-life. But what will particularly interest our countrymen of France, is the tone of amenity, politeness, and urbanity, pervading the school. A stranger was sure of hospitable entertainment, and of being made to feel as if he were in no foreign land. An interpreter was not needed. The students spoke all the * The College, at that time, counted among its profes- sors, Khell, Michael Denis, Eckhel, Paul de Mako, etc, 256 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. languages with the same degree of facility, and yet this exercise did not encroach upon their ordinary tasks. The habit was thus ac- quired. On one day of the week, all were compelled to speak German, a second was as- signed for Latin, the third for Italian, and two days were prescribed for French. Thus what I am about to relate will appear less surprising. I was seated at table by the side of the young Count Bathiani, an Hungarian, of only eleven years of age. He conversed with me for some time. I had already heard him speak Latin with the fluency and pro- priety of an experienced professor : when he spoke French, you would say that he had been educated on the banks of the Loire, at Blois, or Orleans. Our conversation was prin- cipally at the table. During the meal there was no reading, in order that the students might take advantage of that time to habituate themselves to the use of the languages, and to the manners of good society. For this object the tables were round, or oval, and constructed so as to accommodate eight students and four Jesuits, the latter so distributed as to have care of all. Each pupil, in turn, administered to the wants of his companions, and thus learned SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 257 how to do so with propriety. Such decorum regulated their whole conduct, that although I remained for some time in their midst, I never heard a single expression otherwise than in perfect harmony with the respect due to religion, with purity of morals, and with courtesy which good breeding prescribes."* This distinguished success, this splendor of the Theresan College, this reputation which attracted crowds of pupils, was principally owing to the exertions of Father Henry Ke- rens. Maria Theresa had observed his ex- traordinary qualifications, and had specially demanded him for her College, where he taught moral philosophy and history, and was afterwards appointed Eector. The Empress, after the suppression, recompensed the zeal so happily exercised in his former office, by nominating him to the See of Neustadt. There he displayed the sanctity of a worthy prelate, and was one of the few possessed of courage sufficient to resist the innovations of Joseph II. The prefect of studies was Father Francis Charles Palma, who also signalized himself by his skill in directing and forming * Letter to M. Noel, Editor of Gruthrie's Geography, p. 16. (Turin, 1805.) 22* 258 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. the young nobility. After the abolition of the Society, Maria Theresa named him Bishop Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Kolocza, in Hungary. And, finally, in the same college was displayed the ability of Father Sigismund Hohenwart, professor and prefect, a man familiar with almost every modern tongue. To his charge, Maria Theresa committed the education of her grandson, afterwards Francis II. This prince, as a mark of grateful esteem, obtained for him, in 1803, the Archiepiscopal See of Vienna, and merited, by this happy choice, the felicitations of Pius VII. An examination of the other colleges of Europe, will show the same flourishing condi- tion, and the same remarkable men. Have we not heard the honorable testimony borne by the members of the University, to the capacity of the Jesuits who directed the Col- lege of Louis-le-Grand ? But why continue the investigation ? We have already made an enu- meration of members illustrious for their learn- ing, who belonged to the Society at the date of its suppression; these men, we repeat had been, or were then professors, and in number sur- passed those of the preceding ages of the Society. Granting that in certain branches, theology, SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 259 for instance, they were behind their fathers, for this they compensated by their superiority in mathematics and the natural sciences, and in everything were in advance of their rivals. In theology, what magnificent professors were Hermann, Manhart, Reuter, Gravina, Giorgi, Piascevich, Kilber, Holtzclau, Neubaiier, Voit, Faure, Bolgeni, Iturriaga, Gener, Sardagna, Stattler, Stoppini, and Zaccaria ! Videnhofer, Veith, Nicolai, Tirsch, Haselbauer, Weite- nauer, Curti, Hartzheim, Goldhagen, Franz, Khell, Zillich, Girardeau, in holy scripture and the sacred languages ! Schwartz, Biner, Zallinger, Zech, Stefanucci, Antony Schmidt, and Vogt, in canon law ! Eximeno, Beraud, ScherfFer, Eivoire, Pezenas, Lagrange, Yeiga, Asclepi, Ximenes, Hell, Monteiro, Kratz, Ric- cati, Benvenuti, Belgrade, Walcher, Weiss, Weinhart, Wiilfen, Steppling, Huberti, Pau- lian, Liesganig, Lecchi and Boscovich, in the mathematical and natural sciences ! Contzen, Storkenau, Du Tertre, Mako, Horvath, Sag- ner, Andre, Para du Phanjas, Azevedo, Denis, Terreros, Colomes, Isla, Guenard, Grou, Wurs, Andres, Bettinelli, Mazzolari, Larraz, Rossi, Rubbi, RafFei, Santi, Lagomarsini, Lampillas, Serrano, Tiraboschi, Geoffroi, Desbillons, Bro- 560 SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. tier, Fraud, Paul, D'Aussy, Ambroggi, Nog- hera, Benedetti, Cunich, Zamagna, Morcelli, in philosophy and literature ! Masdeu, Panel, Schiiz, Keri, Daude, Schwartz, Hansitz, Hai- den, Prileszki, Katona, Holl, Frcelich, Polh, Kaprinai, Naruszewicz, Lazeri and Eckel, in antiquities and the sciences connected with history ! How then, let us ask again, with this cata- logue before us, can we be told that the pro- fessors of the Society of Jesus were absolutely, or even relatively inferior? With whom would you compare them? The Protestants? But, at least in the natural sciences and theo- logy, the Protestants of that, and former ages, present no shining names. Their advance- ment in literature, occurring in the last cen- tury, is posterior to, or atmost coincident with the dispersion of the Jesuits. The friends of the Society of Jesus, there- fore, retract none of the eulogies they have lavished on the last days of that illustrious body. They may continue to speak of the grandeur of the Colossus, at a time when an entire age combined to effect its demolition, and they will not be charged with exaggera- tion by men of intelligence, by men cognizant SCIENTIFIC CONDITION SCHOOLS. 261 of the facts. In unison with every great, every noble voice of the time, they may join in de- ploring the irreparable loss then sustained by European literature and science; they may send forth ardent prayers, that upon our age, the unlucky heir to the miseries and ruins of an age of infidelity, may not devolve the heritage of its senseless animosities, that it may permit the Society of Jesus to be con- structed on its ancient basis, and allow it to form a new generation, a generation of studi- ous, learned and spotless youth. FINIS. MURPHY & GO'S RECENT PUBLICATIONS. A Vindication of the Catholic Church, in a series of Letters to the Bight Rev. John Henry Hopkins, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont. 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BUTLER'S LIVES OF THE SAINTS. >p, and b> . just Published, MCBELU8HED WITH The Lntt of the fMhen, M'rtyrt. and ott,er Principal Snintt. compiled from the origin*! ooameata, .-, marks .sous Modern Critics and : 1 vols. super royal 8vo, cloth platea 4 50 4 roU cloth, plates, 500 3voU sheep 500 4voU 00 troU cl' cloth, gilt edges 16 " 760 Unit, gill edg es, " 7 60 4 rols imit. gilt edges, 24 " 1000 The "Lives of the Saint*." by the ROT. Alban Bntler. being a work of acknowledged merit. full of sound instruction, and abouu Preas, aad now repabUshed by John > to the Uithful. Given nudtr mv hi:',d. at Baltiu^re, tL.- ! . i. ! ..-. r M ire , !<.. r known as the Lives of the Sail ,j .. . .,, j ,. iation. Suffice it to state, th.- o-.t,-n up with the .Trr-if-l cnro. t.a.l-r tho up.-rvMon of the eminent Professors of St. Mary's . .- : . ' '- > . ! ! T M ! b .M '..j..-. *i.,::....< : I I I MtlMNMM t.. .u.'irv It a ir-i:l .. .."..I to I'- n.-rif. As r. f. '! tl.- of at t;.- -.,:,::,., ...Tin. r,: ., ; : ; ,t.-..| r. :r. t'.,- H-ril-li- Arcl,M.lio| nelasioa wo hope that a* tho cakrf motic of the publi. rmtare. thoir exert iou may j .i.d thai taooe Cathodes who are wlthowt the Uroa of tho Bainu will -. f Uio haadoone aad eaoap . wo allude." tfatt/o* Catholic. - Meairm. Xnrphy * Co. have farosr ;. rice at which the publishers have placed the work will, we are aii- .... 1, eusun ..-Uc Citixt*. he pnblishers we art todcbte* for a oopv of this standard work, whkh will itand competition with any edition httkorto Issued in this oouatry. It U a reprint of the old Metropolitan edition, aad r .,'--...-..,,-.,. - W. .' : -.:- .- - , .. . that we have never soeu a copy of tho " Lire* of th Saiata," watch, considering iu price, made a Ou'roadorT^f* aware that tho above work of the ROT. Alban Butler, U tndtsprpsable in a Catholic library, a* well a* in the library of a Cathotte. Tho pious deeds of the holy men who have in all agos given a lustre to tho Chorea, by their eminent sanctity and virtues, aad in regard to wUich. oo much skeptical ignorance prevails, are subjects with which every Catholic should be r,-:.: i*r. T!:.- praasttwWt i n, r.- IMS* ai ponont ( i!... sm ;ii;c-t mcni.-. ant ,. hPK- the application for it by the Catholic public will soon exhaust many editions." Southern Journal. lor. Alban Butler, in tho mid-darkness of the last centary as it lowered over Brit tin, aad published in Paris, his - Lives of the Saints." the flrst sacred hiogra;, Into this work he condensed all the Roman martyroloies from that attn v lown U>that of Be D ,-!i.-t XIV., printed at C-i-tftio in 17S1. F J-r.m.-. .!> n \..\t.M <'. IHMM XIV.. ,-r.n^.l at OolOJM in 1TS1. HL- i.l*. made **- of nfr:v every thing ia the oecloriastiol histories, whether national . The remit of all this learning and labor is neen in the four great volumes now before as. which were never before bettor, If M> well, printed and bound, as in Murphy's edi American Celt. Banquet of Thfodulu*. or RM'nion of ti .. hristian rommunions, by the late Baron de Starrk. i -t I > rwichor to the Court of Hew-Dannstadt. 12mo.i-.iyi#r 25 Tbename full bound cloth 50 ThU able production of Baron de Starek, ii prevented to the American public with the view to pro- not as tars* poacibto, the Re-union of the different Cbristiiti - units flrst appearance ia Germany, b produced th greatest sensatioa, aad passed rapidly ihrongh several editions. Brief BrpLmatum oft* <*r'mcit*t ffutary: from the ili>j crviun of No*, to the Battle of Ac- nnd change of the I'i'iiian KrjiuMH- into an Knipirc. By l'etr Fredet, I'. I).. Prof. .f Hi-tory in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Fourth Edition, care- fully revised and enlarged limn. rl.:i The same Library style, marble edges 1 50 /: from the cominj* of Christ and the change of the Roman Mic into an Empire, to the year of our Lord 18M. By Peter Fredet, I'. I> . I'r.'t. ..t" lIiM'.ry in >t. Miiry'- Colli'ire. Baltimore. Tenth enlarged and . iu'l v..l. !_>;: I Lib. style, mar. edges 1 50 The publishers are happy to announce that they have just issued new, enlarged, and Improved of the above works, ia uniform styte. Rack vetoaie oontaias upward* of live haadnd pages, and may justly be considered the cheapest. Boat authentic, and convenient work of reference pub- The two volumes term a complete connection or continuous chain of historical event* from ation of the World to the year 1954. Kvery one who desire* to consult reliable history, should l.rocare these work* for hi* library. The distinguished and wide-spread reputation of the author as i, historian aad Professor of History ia St. Mary* College for the last twenty year*, aad the universal tivomr with which these works have been received, precludes the necessity of giving many of the u u- nsorea* complimentary and (Uttering imilmmilsli that have been a* freely mrr^rl to them by the The rmUim rMtef says: These two volume* are plain. eopJeos, aad nseful sammaries of ancient I the i lltl a* thr | - ak the] haw aa*aafl s/U .;...., ft .,- v We observe that ia the earlier portion of ancient : . -.."rail, follow* the old established view of tb ; polar, ..f-fact aarratlre of evenu like the Tn.jsn war. the history of Romulus. *c. Ac. This, after i -I. is the best plan. Any misconceptions are easily corrected, while sommaries which are con- tracted oa the modern theories of critics. Mke Mebe.hr. labour andrv a variety of disadvantage*. - . :....-. :, I .story, Grote wouW throw aside. -.lyths.' In which ThirtwallU ready to re- i .iiie some traces of fact, aad probably a future historiau will subject the same to some new and . n the ihjecc For young minds, also, nothing can be more injurious than a doubting. >,. . r teaching even t-o.. Modern HUtory U carried down to a lat<- ; 1 -'i I. and furnishes a convenient introduction to impart to the youthful reader an acquaintance with tUe contemporary evenu of Knrope aad America." The losMtoa Ostaolie Stmmimri says : -Those two exoefleot maaaah) ef history have a wide and iug clrcolation In America, and are everywhere held la the highest esteem. The compiler, i-t . has won to himself a high reputation for hi* great acquirements and admirable skill as - r.., r . Hi* .,-ll-ramr.| f.me will u!fer no diminution frm the publication of these two excel- 1 -nt volume*. Be has achieved a task of no ordinary dlOcnlty. la compress into so email a space; la tearing untold nothing that was ef note ef U aaoaUef taoworU. No college, school, or Ittrary oaght t* be wHhoat those < The PwosTa t**ysp> say*; "Froaef* Hsrtorio* hove heea <>pn*. aa a etautiik. by the Irish 1 ..:.'- ;.' ; :v-:v:.:. -..,..::.:;-,::,..;. W...W n.>V^ll . n /4 P> A )..t. n > .. >JLl .1.1 1.-..-I. mf ^.-.-- ^T r The Catholic Inttrvftor say* : " We hope these Histories wOl soon find their way, not only into i.rary and literary Institution among us, hat also into every private family. In order that those who hate read history through false medium* may have the truth before them, whenever they * Uh to search for it ; aud that the young may learn the past from pare aad no The OuJkoUcSnOinet says: These beaatlfal treatise* are qaite deaerring of the patronage which hevootaia. If there be any thing anknown tooaraU-learne4ganeration.it U history. Aadifsach a history a* Dr. Fred . is'coald become naivermlly ased te%nr schosis. colleges/aad priv^e fa deal mere ; and could far we attaota*toaiaae4 that Dr. Fredet aaMs name takea up hy the Iri.h I ni- merica has made therein such an inroad apoa the abridged MsUries heretofore The M*i f QWm say* : - The styte i* veritably charming by Its simplicity, and by the quiet love of hie sahjeet whlenthe reverend aatbor eoostaatly displays, this interest ft* by himself is naturally infused tato the narrative, so that It Is no wsnltf H I Lion* is. however familiar, however concisely intrunl. laiini'- ' " r' *~I*" *-- *-- ^- It i* the laagaage ef a talented and MSC- rcssfol Uankrr. who rililn to Ms das* the gnat eveats of time, succinctly bat graphically, without .-, v ,,,d rirtur>..,uf manner. It i thus that history .ri..iM t* ntt-.i'for youth. .iiove sabstantlal merits of rre-iet. at this day it ls snperfloone to speak. We have but one f ..alt to ftad with hi* histories, aad some may ooasider U a marit-Uey are to* brief.- Murphy & Co.'s Standard Catholic Books. fhther Oswald, a genuine Catholic story, 18mo, cloth, 50 cl. gt. edg. 73 " This Work is intended to be a refutation of Father Clement; and as the author has been signally successful in accomplishine his design, the circulation of this work is well worthy the zeal of tho-o who have at heart the honour and propagation of the true faith." U. S. Catholic Magazine. Fenelon on the Education of a Daughter, ISino, cl. 50 cl. gt. edg. 7-3 "Nothing can be of greater importance to parents than to learn the difficult art of successfully training the youthful mind, and of giving to the female children under their charge that physical and moral education which will fit them to be useful members of society, and to fulfil the great en 1 for which they were placed in this world. The vast majority of parents are but too lamentably ;.- norant of their duties in this respect, and the consequences of it are but too keenlv felt even i> ; themselves, though at a period when it is too late to repair the effects of their culpable inattention. The work before us is a manual of excellent instructions on this all-important subject, and every family should be provided with a copy of it." U. & Catholic Magazine. Garden of finses and Valley of Lilies, by Thos. & Kempis... 32mo, cloth 25 cloth, gilt edges 38 im. tur., gilt ed. 75 turkey, sup. ex. 1 00 " Of the many admirable works written by the celebrated author, this is, perhaps, the most ge- nerally useful, as it is unquestionably the most practical. With a noble sublimity in its devotion, and an affecting unction in its piety, it unites a charming attraction in its style, and a beautiful sim- plicity in its details, equally adapted to every sex, age, state, or condition of life, interior or exterior. It is "from the pen of an author who was deeply imbued with the spirit of God, and whose lessons cannot fail to be an effectual safeguard against the dangers and temptations of the world. Whoevi r enters with proper dispositions this spiritual garden, or wanders along the quiet vale to which tlni author of this little book invites him, must necessarily imbibe the rich and delightful fragrauce it' those heavenly virtues, which form the excellence and perfection of the Christian character." U. S. Catholic Magazine. Life ofSf* Mphonsus Maria de Liguori, Bishop of St. Agatha of the Goths, and Founder of the Congregation of the Missionary Priests of the Most Holy Re- deemer. Compiled from the published Memoirs of the Saint. BY ONE OF THE KEDEMPTORIST FATHERS. Embellished with a fine steel Portrait of the illus- trious saint 12mo, cloth 1 25- cloth, gt. ed. and sides 2 ro Another edition, printed on large, fine paper, suitable for libraries 8vo, sheep 2 1:5 EXTRACTS FKOM THE PREFACE. " The compiler long since noticed with regret, that there was r-.i Life of St. Alphonsus published in the English language which adequately set forth the merits ..f that illustrious Saint, aad displayed his many claims to our admiration and respect. In order to supply this deficiency, he undertook, more than ten years ago, a translation of the Life of the Sau.t from the Italian ; bat various circumstances occurred to retard its completion. As soon, thereto." 1 , as his occupations permitted, he resumed his undertaking; but thinking that a compilation would answer his purpose better than the proposed translation, he was induced to change his original plau, and to prepare for publication the work which is now presented. While, however, he has attempted nothing beyond a mere compilation, care has been taken to unite completeness with brevity, and te believes that th portraitof St. Alphonsus which is given in the following pages, could not have be^n rendered more perfect and true otherwise than by the entire reproduction of the voluminous me- moirs already published. " There is no occasion to enlarge here upon the merits of the Saint. During a life time of ninety years, laboriously occupied in the service of God and in the salvation of souls, he exhibited con- tinually such splendid examples of every virtue, that the mere narration of them will be at once li;.s best panegyric, and the most persuasive exhortations to the imitation of his holiness." Life of St. Vincent de Paul, Founder of the Congregation of the Missions, and of the Sisters of Charity cloth extra 50 cloth, gilt edges 75 " This volume is neatly executed, and well deserves all the typographical excellence that can 1 e bestowed upon it. li is one of those books which may be said to contain the quintessence of all tt:it is admirable in the practical influence of our faith, and to place it before the reader in a form equal! v interesting and instructive. Few biographies of the saints could be found to possess a greater in- terest than that of St. Vincent of Paul ; none could be more practically useful. His life was so une- quivocally and so copiously fruitful in every species of good works, that it has been eulogized even by Protestant pens. The volume which has just appeared should for this reason be introduced into every Catholic family," U. S. Catholic Magazine. Life, of St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland to which are added the Lives of St. Bridget, Virgin and Abbess, and St. Columba, Abbot and Apostle of the Northern Picte. Embellished with a fine Portrait 12mo, cloth 50 " There is no department in Irish history which, for the Irish reader, should possess more true interest than the ecclesiastical annals of his country. They are almost the only record over wiiirli he may pore with unmixed satisfaction and unalloyed national pride. As with Italy, so also wiih Ireland, the Catholic religion has been the only unity which for centuries she possessed the only unpurchased and unpurchasable body which has survived the fiery ordeal of persecution and misery through which the country has passed. The history of the Irish Church, and consequently tb-,3 biography of those of her sons who were most eminent for their piety, has ever been a favorite study of thfi youth of Ireland, and to no more useful branch could they apply. In this countrr, where so many of our fellow countrymen have found a home and a free altar, every work which ia any way illustrates the history of their fatherland must prove invaluable. Hence, we hail with pleasure a new edition of this useful work the Life of the great Apostle of Ireland, of St. Bridget. and St. Columba. It entirely refutes the calumnies of such writers as Cauibrensis. Jocelin, aud others." Truth Teller. Murphy & Co.'s Standard Catholic Books, Lifenfi r..>nnventunt" \sliirh an-ivMiNl the l>i-votion to the Three Hour*' Agony of our Ix.ni mi i: wph t edges 75 The neriu of ihU standard work are M> well known in the Catholic community, a* worthy of the eminent sanctity of iu author, and a- a vast *ource of edification to the pioui reader, that auy oom- .V. Aunubiiu Kottia. of the Society of Jesus, Patron of Novices, clot). ..ledge* 63 ' This to one of theae works which do more for the maintenance ty among the practical advocate* of religion than BUT other clan of books, even those of a spiritual rt> The I-lfe of Saint StanUlan* la a valunVle addition to oar haglological lir.-ratun- and H. extensively circulated, particularly amoug the janlor ponioa of the community, who will discover in nil heroic example* an accomplished model for imitation." THK ri:ori :.AND. LiHfarfi History / England, abridged, with n contit. By JAJUS BUBJCB, E*q., Barrister at Law. \\ ith a Memoir of Dr. l.'.iu:mi. and b a fin- *te.-l Por- trait of Dr. Langard. 1 vol. M ,;-y style 2 50 This highly Important work U comprised in a bcwutiful octavo rolnme of nearly 700 page* ; It to printed and booud In the be*t Banner, mad may justly be considered one of the ebeapert books We teller* that it will be at once conceded, that at ao period ha* U beea of more Importance than at the present to place before the American poMic a true and Impartial history of England. Ko apology need therefore b* made for the publication of aa abridgment of Dr. Ungard History of Knglan*. < pric* fAot trill f .- UagfO Sav.n Cl.ur.-lj . laimsiaiikli aesjelslliea far the theetogtonl nudent : a* many of the controversies which, unfortn- : ' .-.:.-.-: .I..."-'.-----.:" : - : - ef the early Aagso-flMoa Church, or derive esostdetabto tight frorr - ' , The Little Sailor. Tranftlatod from the French. Knv. with S tinted illustratfons -Ig. and skiee '- We cordially thank the pnbliaber*. Mean. Murphy * Co.. of Baltimore, for introducing to our ye*ng friend* this cheap. Interesting, beautifully Illustrated, and truly Catholic story. The ' moral which it points' to ooaioease la Cod and his Blessed Mother. Would that we had more saeh stories ; friend* this cheap, Interesting, beautifully Illustrated, and truly Catholic story. The ' moral i It points* to ooaSdeaoe in God and hi* Blessed Mother. Would that we had more such stork- It. pt t^ * ^t- tf OTUT littti rnss " London Lamp. Leuarmt; or, D*ty, once nmdtrttood, RttigumAy Fulfilled. Translated from the French.. Mo, cloth 5". cloth, gilt edges 75 " We have seldom read a more Interesting tale than to contained In this book. It to precisely a novel of that sort which to waated mr the entertainment and Instruction of youth." Metropolitan. Lomuo; or, The Empire of Rdigw*, 82mo, cl. 25 doth, gt. edgen 38 m*rmet /two (* Prtfoe*." The Author of this little book, who, in embracing the Catholic roll- gloo, comprehended fall well IU grandeur and sul.limity. and how It Inspires generouidevotednesa aad heroic action*, has given in hi* work a free scope to the ardor of his imagination, and to the Uvetlncss of hi* thoughts and sentiments; their beauty, nobleness and generally cannot foil to touch the heart, and to chow that the most extraordinary action* may appear natural when iiupired by Christian charity." Murphy & Co.'s Standard Catholic Books, Mil-tier's End of Religious Controversy, in a Friendly Correspondence between a Religious Society of Protestants and a Catholic Divine. By the Right Rev. John Milner ............ 12mo, paper 25... ............ half bound 38 ............... cloth 50 The character of this book being so well established, as the very best controversial work in the English language, we deem it sufficient to add, that this edition is pviiited from large type, on good paper; and for the purpose of securing it the most extensive circulation, the price has beeu reduced to the lowest manufacturing cost. Manual of the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Second enlarged and revised edition, with appropriate hymns set to music, 32rno, cloth 25... cloth, gilt edges 38 CONTENTS. Diploma of the Sodality; Indulgences of the Sodality; General Rules of the So dality; Office of the Blessed Virgin; Office for the Dead; Rules of the Sodality; Method of Mentar Prayer; Plenary Indulgence, &c. ; Litany of the B. V. M. in Latin; do. do. in English; Occa sioual Prayers ; Mode of applying for Affiliation to Head-Sodality ; Formula of reception into th Sodality of the Holy Infant Jesus ; and the Sodality of the Holy Angels." " An excellent Manual of devotional exercises is here presented to the public, containing th various offices composed by the Church to honor the Virgin Alary, with appropriate Litanies, and Hymns set to Music. It will be found useful in our colleges, and in fact wherever the children of Mary congregate to honor her. Its charming simplicity and the fervent spirit of devotion which characterize its pages, form not the least commendable feature in the compilation of prayers." Truth Tetter. On Fashions. Translated from the French ......................... 16ino, flexible cloth 13 " This is a small book, but it has a great spirit, and is one which we recommend all parents to read and study, and all fashionable people to commit to memory. It is painful to reflect how many souls are ruiued by what passes for fashionable dress, or what is more properly denominated undress." >-ou-)ison' s Rev. Paganism in Education. By the Abbe Gaume ................................ 12mo, cloth 75 Pauline Reward, a Tale of Real Life, 12mo. cl. 1 00 ............................ cl. gt.edg. 1 50 " No prose writer of America has yet, to our knowledge, penned a more graceful or more unaffected tale thau this." London Sun. Short and, Familiar Answers to the Objections most Commonly urged against Re- ligion. From' the French of L'Abbe de Segur, formerly Chaplain of the Mili- tary Prison of Paris .................................................................. 18mo, cloth 38 " There reigns in all the book," says the Bibliographic Catholique. " a delicious simplicity of unc- tion ; whoever opens it, wishes to continue its perusal, and its charming pages shed a soft light which scatters shadows, causes difficulties to vanish, destroys prejudices, restores rectitude to the judgment, to truth its place, to religion its benefits and its splendor. Nothing can be more simply written, to be sure, but also nothing can be more touching, more natural, more loyal, more straight- forward, more persuasive. It is a discourse without pompous preparation, but full of fascination." The book has had an immense success in France : one hundred thousand copies are said to have beeu St. Liguori on the Religious State. Duties and Advantages of the Religious State; or Lesser Works of St. Alphonsus relating to the Religious State. Translated from the Italian by a Priest of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. This little work forms a complete Treatise on the " Vocation to the Religious State." ........................... ISmo, cl. 50 ........................... cl. gt. edg. and sides 75 "We have perused this little work with no little amount of pleasure and edification. As a means of ascertaining one's vocation in life, it is invaluable to youth. Age, too, may meditate on its words and precepts with benefit. We would advise every parent to purchase this little work and present it to their children, when about to choose a pathway through the thickets and morasses of life. The choice of a state of life is most important, as oa it hangs our small pittance of happiness on this side of the grave, and pur eternal welfare beyond it. True, indeed, are the words of the Scripture : ' Unusquisque proprium donum haber a Deo.' " Truth Tetter. Spiritual Combat to which is added Peace of the Soul, Happiness of the Heart, (fc., 32nio, flexible cloth, 19; cloth, 25; cloth, gilt edges, 38; roan, stamped sides 38 ................. imitation gilt edges 50 ..................... turkey, super extra 1 25 Extracts from the Preface. " This little treatise comprehends, in a concise manner, the whole system of a Devout Life, gathered from the maxims of the Gospel, particularly from those which regard humility and self-denial. " Among an infinity of encomiums which might be cited in its commendation, let it suffice to say that one of the greatest Saints these later ages have produced, St. Francis of Sales, for upwards of twenty years carried this book in his pocket, and never failed reading some pages of it every day ; he called it his Director, and recommended it to all those who consulted him in the great affair of salvation. And though that excellent book, the Imitation of Christ, like this, tends to unite the soul eutirely to God, yet St. Francis gave the preference to the SPIRITUAL COMBAT, for this reason, because the latter red'uces its maxims to practice ; whereas the former contains, indeed, abundance of choice sentiments, but does not point out the immediate application of them." Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Translated from the authorized Latin, with extracts from the literal version, and notes of the Rev. Father Rothaan, Father-General of the Company of Jesus, by Charles Seager, M. A. To which is prefixed a Preface by Cardinal Wiseman ............................... cap. 8vo, cloth 63 Spiritual Maxims of St. Vincent de Paul. 32mo, cl. 19 ........................ gilt edges 25 10 Murphy & Co.'s Standard Catholic Books. THE PICTORIAL CATHOLIC NEW TESTAMENT. Embellished with about l&O Fine Illustrations. J% New nrtamtmt of our Lnrd and Saviour J- --.mslated from the Latin Volga te, and diligently compared with thi- nri^in:u rij r- Ticd and corrected, wit> m.-st difficult pas- sage*. Published under tl ' luv. Ar.-h 1 Hughe*, embdlL-hed with nearly l.Vi Fine lllu.-tr:iii..ns. in art. -vo,emboed cloth 2 5u emb. r-1. gt. edg. and sides 3 00 The Publisher. have the pleasure to announce that the; have pnrchajed this edition of the Ca tboUc Sew Testament from the original projector. Mr. Hewet. whose successful experience of many years. In embellishing books, gives them gnat confidence in assuring the public that thU work la fat uperior to any other Catholic pictorial publication heretofore Issued from the American Press. Of the various books which are capable of illustrative enibelUshiuent, none Mem more appropriately adapted to this object. To the Bible, pictorial art U indebted for iu nUMt inspiration* : its highest achievements have been wrought In the service of the sanctuary. bodying all the most prominent subjects in the Xew Testament, I of the ancient and modern schools of art thus making The aaaw of the very leaned elrlae aader whom saperrUtoa the work has been Issued, U an ample guarantee for the correctness of the text-and the approbation of the Most Her. Archbishop ana KL BCT. Blsaeae. so freely meads*, fire full assurance that this edition is one well worthy of most liberal oaoearag esneat of the Catholics, as the Co/aoHc rerftsseriMvesTiata* Cmited That the Catholic community may judge of the lively interest manifested by many of the Catholic hierarchy in behalf of this work, we subjoin the following APPROBATIONS. Jesrtaws, Iteemisr 14/, 1847. Mr DtsSia:-You have my cheerful approbation of roar proposed edition of the New Testa- R-. :. . - i .'..-.:.:.- - . . ;:.:. K. . i 01 Vea v. rfc V rerj mstiMdaMB MtttOkrist, t SAMUEL, Archbishop of Baltimore. Mr. H. W. Hawar. New York. Data 8n : The pai|isos which yea hare made known to me. of pablishlng a pictorial and Illumi- , ,;, ...... x ,..........., : ......... ... ... K the aaerler advantage, of year esNMHhmSt la executing such a work, with appropriate embellish? meats, I cbeerfblly recommend to the patronage of the Catholie public the enterprise in which yoa are iijiaTl The IIP seal tare oa year part la accomplishtag It mast necessarily be large, and yet ; .. . . ,:...-'.'-..- _-.: ,->-., .-...-.. ,.. 1 .,,...,.-;.. dally the CathonVportioa of H. S. work of equal artistSeel beauty has, as yet/been pabllshedte this country : while, oa the ether head, the eheapaess _at which yoa furnish It to subscribers, will brittJC tt Vtttttsl 0M aV^VtaJ rf I fsnhof thearoa*ste< ttysffssuKl I remaia. very rtoeerely.'yoor obedtent serraBt, ' f J - . Bishop of Xew York. MR. Hcwrr being about to undertake the pabllcatloo of ao edition of the New Testament, with Illustration., with the sanction of the Bishop of Xew York. I cheerfully concur In recommending U t UmMaMMel tt* !. mm. Mi :, leraq haa4 " .- nthdaj sFXeromher, 1847. t FRV llICK, Bishop of Philadelphia. Mr Data SIR : It Is with a great pleasure that I see yoar Illustrated edition of the Catholic Xew Testament about to be published, aad I cheerfully recommend it to the faithful of this diocess. qnsfoarf, JM* th, 1848. t AMEDEUS, Bishop of Cleveland. Mr DAR Star I hare read yoer prospectus of an Tllamlnated Testament, which yoa propose r - .- .-. : - ' , - . ' i:.-"!' . ' N.-v V.rk : I'.-JM,. t l-ut approve the undertaking, and I will cheerfully recommend It to the faithful of this diocess. Ijemain. most sincerely.vonr obedient servant, Bishop of New Orleans. I><4a SIR :-I am highly pleased with yoer very landaMe undertaking.-" an edition ' the Illns. trated Catholic Xew Testameat,- aad treat yoar enterprise will meet with the encouragement which It so well merits. 1 shall sebecribe to H, and will endeavor to Induce others to do the same. Very truly, yoar servant In Christ, t IOU8. AL. REYNOLDS, Bishop of Charleston. Otariestea, A Aa Sta : The names of the Archbishop of Baltimore, and of the Bishops of New York and Philadelphia, are such a recommendation to year Illustrated Testament as to render any other eanecessary. With them I heartily join In their expresMon of a PP robtion. V. rv r.-r^tr-i:;r nn 1 .in^rvlv Tncr*. t RICHARD VINCENT, Bishop of Richmond. ITaeeUMf, A*y**t lit*, 1846. 11 Murphy & Co.'s Standard Catholic Books. THE PICTORIAL NEW TESTAMENT. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. From a larye number of highly complimentary notices of the Press, we select the following, as embodying the spirit of others: " We must recommend our readers to examine this volume; we have never seen an American publication at once so artistically and tastefully got up; in fact, it is a regular chefd'aiuvre in its way. It is unnecessary to say that the work is'published under proper approbation. The publica- tion, in such highly ornamental editions, of the sacred volume is sure evidence of the good taste of our fellow Catholics in the United States." Toronto Catholic Citizen. " We have rarely seen a work that pleased us more, or which for the beauty and elegance of its illustrations is so creditable to the publishers. Every page is profusely covered with these illustrations, an dfroni the style in which they have been got up, ihe outlay must have been very large. Every Catholic who wishes to have one of the best and most elegant editions of the inspired writings cu his table should procure the Illustrated New Testament. The work has been got up under the sanction of the illustrious Archbishop of New York, and we presume this affords a sufficient guarantee of the accuracy of the translation." Halifax Catholic. " This edition of the New Testament filled with illustrations, nearly all of which are creditable and some really beautiful, is a proof that we take some interest in the sacred volume. But this method of showing love to the Scriptures, and attracting the popular mind to their perusal, i.s, indeed, peculiarly Catholic ; all Europe, the walls of churches, of convents, nay, of palaces and the very bridges and the public ways, being adorned with the testimonials of it. This edition of ti o New Testament, from its possessing in its degree the same charm, is especially suited to inspire the love of Holy Scripture and of sacred art, above all, in the young , and our humble opinion here is corroborated by the numerous high recommendations prefixed to the work." Metropolitan. A NEW AND BEAUTIFUL POCKET BIBLE. Tlit, Holy Bible, translated from the Latin Vulgate, diligently compared with the Hebrew, Greek, and other editions, in divers languages. The Old Testament, first published by the English College at Douay, A. D. 1609, and the New Testa- ment, first published by the English College at Rheims, A. D. 1582. With an- notations, references, and an historical and chronological index 24mo, sheep 75 The same, roan, $1 ; roan, gilt edges, 1 25 turkey, sup. extra 2 50 Cj= This is a new stereotype edition, beautifully printed from new type, cast expressly for the purpose ; and may be relied on as the handsomest and most correct edition of the Sacred Volume ever presented to the Catholics of the United States "A pocket edition of the Holy Bible has been much needed in our country, and we take great pleasure in recommending this as the most compact, portable and cheap edition that we have yet seen." Metropolitan. The Power of the Pope in the Middle Ages; or, Historical Researches into the Origin of the Temporal Sovereignty of the Holy See, and on the Constitutional Law of the Middle Ages relative to the Deposition of Sovereigns, preceded by an Introduction respecting the Honours and Temporal Prerogatives accorded to Religion and its Ministers by Ancient Nations, particularly under the first Christian Emperors. By M. Gosselin, Director of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris. Translated by the Rev. Matthew Kelly, Professor of French and Belles- Lettres, St. Patrick's College, Maynooth 2 vols., 8vo, cloth 3 75 " Perhaps no work could be more opportunely presented to the English and American public thru this. Thfi temporal power of the Popes during the Middle Ages has been so intimately blended with the public law and acts of the civilized world, as to form an inseparable part of its history ; and EO student of either the period referred to, or of that of the present time, who closes his books without viewing, through a correct medium, that history, from Rome as the stand-point and centre of influ- ences which have swayed movements of the most vital importance, can ever appreciate those mo- mentous questions upon which the peace, and, it may be, the salvation of the world, has so often, ai.4 may yet again, depend. The English and American publishers, therefore, do well to furnish us \vi 'i such books. It is the duty, and let it be the care of all Christians, who can do so, to disseminate them, that a too long abused public may be set right upon what so intimately concerns their present and their everlasting peace. ' Catholic Weekly Instructor. In Press, and will be ready early in 1855. The Prinuicy of the Apostolic See Vindicated. Fourth Revised Edition. By the M. Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, D. D., Archbishop of Baltimore 8vo, cloth 1 50 In announcing a new edition of this highly important work, which is universally acknowledge I the best vindication of the Primacy, and the most triumphant answer to the entire Protestant state- ment ever written in the English language, the publishers deem it sufficient to state, that three large editions have been sold in a few years, and that the fourth will be carefully revised and enlarged. 12 Murphy & Co.'s Standard Catholic Books, Tkt Spawift, or Me Quefit .: of the Tim.-< <>r t>u.-. n : Paul repimrjorass, Eaq., author of Sluutdy Mafftiirt ; with by Rowee. 'JvoN >. gilt becks 150 The publishers have the pleasure to announce that this work has already met with aa extensive sale, and has been received with universal favor by the press and the pui.lie through. Ia England It has been most favorably received, and 1s Je.st. ..the statements of the Knglish press, to become a standard popular work. T\t learnt* Dr. BaowmoN, (n noticing thi, work, says : "The work itself is one of I as an historical novel, and has been elaborated with great care and pains, by n: advantageously known to our public, and from whom we have received, generally commended by the Catholic press, and men whose literary tast- we are bound to respect have pronounced it a masterpiece of its kind. It is written with ability, and is certainly a very Interesting production." The London Catholic Standard says; " 'The Spa-wife' is t! the author of the work Shandy Magaire.' It is an historical novel of the time and reign of Queen I the character of that great enemy of Catholicity in the most masterly manner. I vigorous, full of romantic incident, and the persecution of the helpk*s. unoffending Cath<. with a pen of fire. It will be read with Interest, and we have no Joi.M mill soon become a popular and standard The London Jfasa&Ior. In noticing this work, says : " When we add that the book Is from the same pen as - Shandy MagulrV they will know that there can be no lack or In the mode of handling it." "In this work there an socae man which we venture to say are unequalled, since the days of Gerald Griffin, by any Catholic writer of a, ->iat noble scene in the hiding place of the recusant.-' Whlnstone Bellow-where Alice Went worth meet, with a disguised ',;,....,..,, ,., , :: ,. in I .: i,.| I'.., lr:i:,,(i ; ., r we have not seen its eqaal la many a day." " The book, as the author tolls us la his preface. Is neither religions nor controversial, but a plain ' : ; ' 1. - I- :.,,i', ..,,",..,. U I- MMi.-i, ,.....-, !l,;,i, '..:-. ||. w- ever. It Is a highly entertaining and w.-!l-riit.-u tale. We heartily reconmend reader* a* Instructive aad entertain I. t.V. : . . ::.-...... ; . .:..::(. ubllgasJaM t.. !,nn I., l.i. JUHI ,, ,,,l,.:...| work." flaayasnf of th Tht Jno of Verona. An IllrtoriraJ Tal of t! 2 Yobu, 12 mo, cli ;' 2 00 The Publishers feel great pleasure in announcing the unprecedented sale of this work, and Invite attention to the following brief extract* from Notices of the English and American press, as the very rised that the i.is extraordinary work In an reserved for the American press. Ai: T . ; - . ! \ . ,,....::: I. -..,;. i , i t: .t ;; i;|... i, tfi.- Mgaltu . :,:.!.-,.-,-..:% %.-! ".r -,,,,.. Of >i : . , ,........, I, A .-,.>.:.: --!'.,!.., !t,: lt :, ,ary romance- % the Imaglnatioi. a writer of fiction. The ' Jew of Verona* Cransocads the fluent work ! '- - ' .' ' ' : . ' ' . } ' . r : . : -. ' : :. ' ;-.-;.;.-.-.. -,...,:.. .......^.^^//.^''l.rn^^M^^:;;',;;-:!?, 1 : 1 - hai Ita i ::. fnrtatg ai r ni .- u, ,t .li.tin^ji.i,.-. 11,,- v>..-k i sail :.: .-. SjM ..:.. Of J I bSSJl :.i..l r^r ,.| . :'..-r in n . thrilling, captivating, or horrifying, as the subjects vary, an<1 the truth Is placed before the mind by the poweWul pencil of the pain wr. Shah ipeare present us w Babette ; indeed the whole of that part of the work which I . dcvou-d to an elucidation workings of the secret societies) is replete with fearful interest." London Oath The I>u>.lin Tablet r of Terona, as most of our readers are aware, is a roi. . an i:intrion Italian Jesuit, Father Bresciaui. It ha* attracted more attention than an\ work slneo tat /Vasassrt 8pt*i, and while it probably equals that exquisite story, it la the ibierbiag interest of Its incidents. ' " This Is aa eTOOOfllaglj clever historical novel, written to expose the designs, operations, and Iharacter* of the Revolutionary party in Italy from IHtfi to IMS*. Every Cat!. i it. and M discover of what stuff the Mazzluf party really are made of." London Lamp. " The facts contained ia It are of peculiar Interest just now. as giving an insight into the murderous ean secret capacity haracter of the European secret societies, whose ramifications in America are showing by their of their capacity for evil. As a tale. It cannot fall to interest- while the fact* are ance to all Catholics of these times." Catholic Telegraph. " With a skin of esjsablaatioa which proven him to be poateeaed of the highest order of talent, the SMthor has so intermingled narration with dialogue, description of scenery with the portraiture of araeUr, as U Invest bis work with all the charms of an interesting romance, and to make the tataaisat of real facts seem stranger than Dctlon. We earnestly recommend a careful perusal of this work to the attention of oar readers.- Metropolitan. 2 13 Miirphy & Co.'s Standard Catholic Books. Tfte Catholic Bride, translated from the Italian by Dr. Pise. A beautiful gift book, 18mo, cloth 50 turkey, super extra 1 50 The same.'. cloth, gilt edges 75 white calf 2 00 The same, imit. gilt edges 1 00 " This little book is one that nil may read with pleasure and profit. Parent and child -will alike bo touched by the useful lessons it contains, which are conveyed with a delicacy and tl- ling which con- stitute its peculiar charm. If instead of the trash with which our country is flooded in the shape of cheap reading, the public taste would turn to such works as the ' Catholic Bride,' we might soo;i look for a visible improvement in the moral and intellectual tone of communities, and a highe-r standard of social refinement. The work deserves encouragement, as well for the very neat style ia which it is presented to the reader, as for the more cogent reason that it is a valunhle "acquisition to our language, and a ' precious pearl' among the ' treasures of American Catholic literature." In giv- ing us these interesting letters in an English dress, the reverend translator has adduJ another to tho many obligations of gratitude which the American Catholics already owe him." V. S. Oath. Mag. The Poor Man's Catechism ; or, The Christian Doctrine Explained. 12mo paper 19 flexible cloth 25 cloth extra 33 " This work was called the Poor Man's Catechism, we presume, because the author intended it prin- cipally for the use of the less educated portion of society, and for this reason conveyed his instruction in an easy and familiar style. But this feature of the book does not prevent it from being equally adapted to all classes of persons, and its circulation among the rich and the poor, the learned and the unlearned, as an excellent exposition of the Catholic faith, is a oroof of what we here assert. The present edition has been issued in a very good style, and possesses, Independently of its intrinsic worth, a quality which will render it as much the poor man's catechism as that of the more wealthy ; it is the excellent quality of cheapness which sometimes even the rich themselves do not disregard. The very low price at which it is offered will place this admirable work in the hands of all." U. S. Catholic Magazine. The Rosary of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary, with the Litany of Loretto, and other Devotions. Translated and arranged by a Priest of the Order of Charity. Pub- lished with the approbation of the Most Rev. Archbishop Kenrick ; with 15 fine illustrations 24mo, paper 6% cloth 13 This edition is embellished with fifteen beautiful Engravings, illustrating each Mystery. It is neatly printed on fine paper, and can be recommended with confidence as the neatest and cheapest edition of this little book of devotions ever presented to the Catholic community. The Holy Way of the Cross, with Devout Exercises for the Fourteen Stations. Illustrated with Beautiful Engravings 32mo, paper 6 cloth 12 " This is the neatest edition of the Stations which we have yet seen. It is prefaced by a short in- troduction, and illustrated by fine engravings." JPittsburg Catholic. Think Well On't ; or, Reflections on the Great Truths of Hie, Christian If elision. By the Rt. Rev. Dr. Challoner 32mo., cloth 19 cloth, gilt edges 38 " This little standard book of devotion among Catholics has been translated into different languages for the use of the faithful ; a circumstance which of itself evinces the high estimation in which it is held. The present edition is sold at an unusually moderate price." U. S. Catholic Magazine. The Fallowing of Christ, in Four Books, by Thomas & Kempis to vrliirh are added -Practical Reflections, and a Prayer at the end of each chapter ; from the French, by Rev. J. Jones. 550 pp. 48mo cloth 25 roan, extra gilt 75 cloth, gilt 88 tur. morocco, sup. oxtra gt. 1 25 fine paper roan 50 tur., sup. extra ilium, sides 1 50 Another edition, 32mo, with Reflections, &c., fine paper, cloth 33 cl. gt. edge 50; roan, extra gilt... 75; turkey, super oxtra gilt 1 i) In preparing the present edition for the press, no pains have been spared to renfl-:-r it in every way worthy of patronage. The text was carefully examined by a reverend gei;:',';;;uin, e>.: .':. cully qualified. The printing and binding are in a style of neatness corresponding with the present highly improve.! state of the art. The whole is comprised in a neat volume of about 55i) pages, aucl may justly bo considered the neatest, cheapest and most convenient edition of this excellent wo-;t that has ever been issued from the press in this country. It is to be hoped, that ti.ese will bo s . 'Jlcient induce- ments for all to supply themselves with the work, pronounced by Fcntanelle C.c best that ever came from the pen of man the Bible being of divine origin. The Oriental Pearl. A Catholic Tale, by Mrs. Anna H. Dorsey. 32mo. cloth 25 cloth, gilt edges 3S " It is written with a taste and ease which exhibits indications of considerable talent. We com- mend it as a very pleasant and agreeable companion for one's leisure hours." National Tntettigencer. " This is oneof the most beautiful and touching stories we ever read. TVe recomn-nd it confident 1 } to our readers." Godey's Lady's Book. 14 Murphy & Co.'s Standard Catholic Books, .- / '. /./-;,' .,:_ t! I - ..MlM-lin.!,..^ IV.,,-.],.n.will, n : hart 5iu-T:,Ti n<-tb MMraM ktto* : tegttf U.-'AM.I i-i,. ; . , r T 'iir-. the i.ii-l r.". r t!... !.u , ; . to iv.t rpn t!:- BeripUin*- i'r. t.-tiin; evidence* of Cat 1> ; .-.iutfliau* : ; ,. <-l..ih 38 We have here collected tot* OM volume three of Ik* tuort nveful eaeayi that could be coatul tc'l with avlewtodbo "',V \ , L . t,. .-,-',.* .-,- t :"-Y:, HM >:' Wt pared at all time* with the necessary armor for the) defence of h which treat of the proaer aee of the fahto, of the awaotittv of a II >f private judgment, this holds a eoni i-: \ awvaaiami n* to commend to the public In gene iil It with especial gratlaeatioB, a trmtU of an Trith Gentleman in Search of a Beliffion, by Tho.v Moon, Es ; The aarne of the distinguished author mar be deemed a enrr ,.f this work, which he has dedicated to the people of Ireland, as a defence of the well known In the Catholic world, ee combining more of wit interest of narrative, and withal, a greater Mere of learning, than most controversial works of the The JKrfory of the Reformation in AW'tirf and I impoverished the main body <) . C7 The second Talame coo taint a llrt of the priories, annnertes, abbeye. heoaitals. and other re- llgtone foundations alaisd on, or alienated, by the Protestant Kef igus and Par- " Though the Reformation was vary tragical In its consequences. Its pretension*, as an i- Mat Of religion, have justly been oonsldered In the llghtof a oomerfr. Esperially In Kmclaad does -...- - . .-.. :.: - ,r> i ' '."' it, ! .- ,:,,i ; ,,t. pe* -r. matter-of-fact style, has inrested it with a degree of Interest which it would not possess In a graver and more polUaed form. As he relates met* which the best hi.torlans confirm, nbMatemenu UI be received as authoritative. The present edition offered at a very asoderate price, eireumstances which, la addition to its Intrinsic worth, injure it a -..I-,,.:,,-..,.... ...-.,. L: S. CatkMc Magazine Oaud Aloytiut, by the Rev. ! ilully ti 25 Thf Letter of ArettbUhap Huohtj on tkt Jfcdtat- Uneech of fl i- Caw on religion* freedom abroad L. Caas, and in salf vindfca; -\... paper 12 Sach as may deslrv to pMen Tilh the afiprnhatlea *f tho Ilnlr Clra To ; :.-.... :.:>.-... : ... - i .:.;..,: . . ! I.,;,,, . ' . ;, 1 fxt The aame. . . . :..th. gilt edge* and side* 1 M I of Ctfmmenltt. for the o*c of the f^lhail* Chmrehe* la the United Bute* of America. PuUUhed by order of the Pirat Council of Baltimore, with the approbation of the I! l^mo. cloth to onr tteek of Catholic book* came from the The Buna Pilot aays : The r rr, of Murphy. ,.f Baltimore. It i. i for everybody know* that they are. Any bom*e mlgt U an eUborate work. ptiblUhed by erdei r. - : . .- :,M ir ! eoktoall p It wai poblUked by order of the CUBCU ; it ( Ucrwfbre lai> I HAN I AU, BKIYIABtd, AC. *C. MCBTIT * Co. h.Te the ptesmre of a.oouoeln that they batre been appointed by Mr. H **icq. of , agenU lor the aJe of hlerf*Vo/*a *ric-'l^4l and reCaU, at rry low ^rio. with !l the I 4 TOU. Stmo. with all U: , from 5 to tJO, according to rite and .tylc of binding. > i Totum Remanum. 18mo. A new and beautiful edition. 1853. 2 T5 r-. . d in a neat 33mo volume of 3S4 pages, printed on fine par*r, illustrated with tine Engravings, JLe. plmin sheep 25 The same turk.. cup. ex.. ill. sides S 00 r, rwin M " tm -It edge. 50 " i : edges 1 25 elcpantly I urk., .up. ex., gilt edge* 1 50 " < .' legantly bound in velvet extra, * iih i. " This book, both in iu eontenu and the *lvle in which it i. finished, wants nothing to - a quick tale, a. It to uaoaestioaably the be*t we hare ever seen." Catholic Herald, CkUd" Prayer and Jtymn Book, for the use of Catholic Sunday-schools. 25th edition, greatly enlarged and improved. 256 pages, illustraU-d with .V. Engravings. This little work, compiled by as eminent clergyman, contains Morning and Evening Prayers, short Prayers at Mass, Instructions and Devotion* for Confession, Communion and Confirmation ; also, the rasper*, and a svftaMe collection of Piotu Hymns, Benrdic- tion o/tke B. Sacrament, and Me JfesjxmMS be/on and during High Jfcus, 4 to cloth 19 The same w*n adapted to the use ef ehHdren. whether la the Braday-eeUel, or other eceasloai : and the extraordinary cheapness of the volume U an ad- ditloaal BiasKsratlsa to isspsiking for it a wide ctrcttlaUoo." i'. S. OriuKc Magazine. Daily JEJewwe; a Beat little Bliniatnre Prayer Book, consisting of the Holy Mass and Vespers, with Morning aad Evening Prayers. To which are added a selection of Hymns, Prayers for Confession, Communion, *c. Enlarged and improved, 48mo, cloth 13 Thesaaae ...bewp 1* roan, (rl)t edges M ... roan, gilt sldeSi TM< hlthlr pnp.iUr little i every tUaV Mo**al drl CMoHn Ameritnno. (A New Spanish Catholic Prayer Book.) T adornado COB lamina, finas. 8 dedica al Bello Sexo de las Republics* Amcricanas. Su| 32mo, illustrated with fine Engravings, is various bindings . '.- -m $1 to 8 00 El Kfcro els Jfisasts IM A'tno.. (a new Miniature Prayer Book for Children.) Illustrated neat and appropriate Engravings from 25 to 50 FK! I BOOKS.- A choice collection in every variety of Plain and Fancy Bindings, constantly on hand. STAWBARB SCHOOXi BOOKS, Published by MURPHY & Co. ; 178 Market St., Baltimore. KEKNEY'S POPULAE SCHOOL BOOKS. IN calling public attention to the following works by Mr. KERNEY, the publishers deem it unnecessary to enlarge on their respective merits. The author's experience as a teacher for a number of years, enabled him to acquire a practical knowledge of the wants of pupils in pur- suing the different branches of learning. The very liberal patronage extended to them, and the favor with which they have been received, especially by many practical Tea.chers, and their immediate introduction into several of the principal institutions of learning in the country, is the best evidence of their practical utility. A liberal discount to Booksellers, Teachers, &c., when purchased in quantities. A Compendium of Ancient and Modern History, with QUESTIONS, adapted to the use of Schools and Academies ; also an APPENDIX, containing the De- claration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, a Biographical Sketch of Eminent Personages, with a Chronological Table of Remarkable Events, Discoveries, Improvements, etc., from the Creation to the year 1850. By M. J. KERNEY, A. M. Tenth revised Edition 12mo, hf. arabesque 75 RECOMMENDATIONS. The Compendium of History, by M. J. Kerney, has been in my possession several months, and, after a careful reading, I believe it to be a very useful book in the department of study to which it belongs. I take pleasure in recommending it to teachers. J. N. M'JILTON, Chairman Central High School of Baltimore. I have carefully examined " Kerney' s Compendium of History," and " Kerney's Abridgment of Murray's Emjlish Grammar." I have the pleasure to inform you that they have both been intro- duced into the Public Schools in our city. I take great pleasure in recommending them to the atten- tion of Teachers. J. P. CALLAN, Trustee Public School 2d.,Washington, D.C. " Kerney' s Compendium of History" condenses much matter in a small compass ; and, as a school book, is calculated to interest and please the student; while it makes him master of the principal and most important facts of Ancient .and Modern History. To speak of its merits comparatively, I think it, equal, if not superior, to any of its kind within my knowledge. JOS. H. CLARK, A. M. Having carefully perused the " Compendium of Ancient and Modern History," by M. J. Kerney, I feel no hesitation in stating it to be, in my opinion, one of the best arranged works for the use of schools and academies that I have seen. JAMES SHANLEY, 59 Conway street, Bait. EXTRACTS PROM NOTICES OF THE PRESS. " Our leisure has not served us to enter into a very critical examination of Mr. Kerney's volume : we have looked through it with some attention, and must confess that we have been favorably im- pressed with its merits. In the History, more especially, where it is impossible to avoid the relation of facts touching various religious creeds, the compiler seems to have scrupulously refrained from any remark that could arouse sectarian prejudice a fault in which too many of those who have given their labors to the compilation of school histories have been prone to indulge." National Intelligencer. " This very useful work was compiled for the use of schools and academies, and fully meets the wants it was intended to supply ; we therefore shall not only adopt it in the schools under our own care, but recommend it as much as we can to others." Pittsburg Catholic. " We confess ourselves well pleased with this volume, and believe it is destined to find favor in the r' ere for which the author has designed it. Its style is didactic and terse, and while agreeable to cultivated intellect, is adapted to the humblest comprehension. There is one characteristic of the work which pleases us above all others, and that is the studied care with which the author avoids all allusions and comments that might be in the slightest degree wounding to the religious sensibilities of members of any creed. This is a great desideratum in books designed for schools, as the evil of sectarianism, so manifest in most of our elementary class books, has been long and loudly complained of. We cannot but hope that this work will be acceptable to our citizens, because of its fitness for the objects for which the author designed it, because of its impartial character, and because it is the production of a worthy and intelligent member of our own community." U. S. Catholic Magazine. " It is a work containing much useful information, and, as a school book, and for general historical reference, it will be found invaluable." Baltimore American. " A cursory examination of this volume has led us to form a very favorable opinion of its merits as a school book." Catholic Herald. " We noticed some months ago the first edition of this work, and are much gratified to find, from the speedy appearance of the second, that our anticipations of its complete success were not vain. We not only cheerfully, but earnestly recommend it to the favorable notice of tutors and directors of gchools and academies." St. Louis News-Letter. " As an elementary treatise, this work will, we should suppose, be, and deservedly so, a favorite in our schools. The appendix of biographical notices of prominent individuals is an original and de- sirable addition to the book." iMtheran Observer. " It fills a place long vacant in our school books. Its style is good, plain, and easy ; it is well con- densed, and the narrative correct and justly sustained." Fred. Exam. " Mr. Kerney has done good service to the cause of education and general intelligence in preparing this valuable work." Odd Fellows' Mirror. 23 Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. The First Class It >! for ]>uj>ils commencing the Study of History : it I. J , an d School*. By M. J. KEKXKV. .25 t request of many who used the author's Compendium M above work. It I* ehicfly designed for pupil* about to enter upon a cour*. In the arrangement of the work, and in the general matter of content* . th- is* course which hi* long experience In teaching ha* pointed out as the best to faclll- t oT the pcpU IM aeeulrlac a knowledge of history. A* the history of oar own country poasesee* peculiar attractions, be has placed the history of the United State* first in the order ef arrangement, so that it may flrst claim the attention of the young. This b succeeded by an interesting account of the most Important events in the history of England. Franoe, Ireland, and Italy, together with an inu-rvstiug view of the Middle Ages, the The work is embelliihed with a number of Engraving*, and has questions at the bottom of ech page to facilitate the labor both of the teacher aod pupils. V History of tl with a Chronological Table of American History, from iU Discovery i:> with Engraving*. R,ri~da**. The favor tt has boesi received with, and its extensive circulation, are the beat comments on its merits nearly 15.000 copies having been dUpOM* of within two yean. The present edition has been carefully revled and enlarged ; and In order to render the work more attractive, a num- ber of appropriate and Instmctive engravings hare been Introduced. Tbeso Improvements add much I* Its merits, and render it far superior to any work of the kind now before the public. This ls likely to {trove a popular book lor primary hUtory classes In our schools. It Is well ar- This little work U woD oatertatod to (Ire the learner a succinct knowledge of the leading events In the history of the American Republic, from its first discovery down to the present rear. It Is adml- '' ...;-! - ' - ' ' rably adapted for the am of adtoela." A Catechism of Scripture History, compiled 1 is of Mercy tor the OM of the children attending their school*. .Revised and corrected merican. from ' , A. M. Second American, from the last London Edition . . h 50 " The preface to this work In form i as that tt was originally compiled for the use of the pupils srttonding the schools of the Sitters of Mercy In the city of Limerick. Ireland. It has been by Mr. M. J. Kerney, tad a valuable appendix added, containing some pages of extracts from the prophets, with the evidence from the New Teotament of the fulfilment of the pn placed in juxtaposition with the prophetic sentences. It is an admirable book lor schools, and csl- ewlated to give a mr more rivid and lasting knowledge of sacred history than could b* obtained from year* of desultory and mechanical Blbta-readiag. 1 " Mr** flaManW. ' This excellent work U BOW used In nearly all Catholic Institutions throughout England and Ire- : . . . , ........ , : . ... ,.-.,.;; ., ....,,... The object of the Catecaism. according to the preface 'to to render children early acquainted with th trwthr.1 and Interesting erenu recorde/la the .acred Scriptures; to familiarise them ith the prophecies relatiag to the coming of the Messiah, aod lead them to regard the Old Testa- meot as a figure and a foreshadowing of the New.' The present edition ha* bora much improved, the ayertJoBe to the answer* being- made more eoncise, so aa to admit of tfceir betnc eaTlly eonualttod to ssemory. An appendix has al*o been - ' .. -,-- r ' -:...- -.,-'. r: ..-!..-. t :! h r - . --. i . . . ;..:.-..! ',...-,, ,. -,;... -. : i-.. !: V . .!..:.,-.. r : -::-,.. -. .: - : !!.;,:...<, ! U : " We hope soon to see the work introduced Into all Catholic Schools in the British Provinces, "and own we arc pretty certain It would meet with a circulation similar to that wkfch it ha* acquired U England and the United States." Wic. "This Mule school-book, compiled by the Sisters of Mercy, and revised by M. J. Kerney. Oils a want which aa* existed too lone. The importance of an exact history of the princii . In the Bible. Is one which all will acknowledge, and the friends of Catholic education are under spe- cial obligations to Ike compilers, a* also to ta* reviser and publisher of this work." South. JoumJ " Of the merit* of the book itself, it would be superfluous to speak, bat we may observe that the labors of the American editor bare added rery oonsUcraWy to lu valne." M-> . Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. KERNEY'S MURRAY'S GRAMMAR. An Abridgment of Murray's Grammar and Exercises, designed for the use of Academies and Schools ; with an Appendix, containing Rules for Writing with Perspicuity and Accuracy : also a Treatise on Epistolary Composition. By M. J. KERNEY, A. M. 18mo, hf. bd. 15 This Grammar is used in the Public Schools of Baltimore, and several of the principal schools and academies throughout the country. In point of arrangement, this work is superior to any other Abridgment of Murray's Grammar tfcut has yet appeared before the public. It combines the Grammar and Exercise, by adapting Exer- cises to every chapter and section throughout the work, so that the pupil may have, at every stage of his progress, a practical illustration of the portion under his immediate study. The present edition has been carefully revised by the author, and many valuable improvements made in the work. A Treatise ou Epistolary Composition has been added, containing directions for writing Letters, Notes, Cards, &c., with a variety of examples of the same. EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OF THE PRESS. " Mr. Kcrney's Abridgment of it is just what it professes to be, and not a new superstructure upon an old foundation. Those who think Murray's the best of all grammars, therefore, will not hesitate much to think this the best of all abridgments." National Intelligencer. " This abbreviation of the large and unwieldy volume of the Patriarch of Grammarians has been effected without the omission of any important matter, and is presented to the public in a neat and convenient form. It must find favor in schools." Baltimore Patriot. " We most cheerfully recommend this Grammar to schools.' St. Louis yews-Letter. " This is an excellent abridgment of Murray, long a favorite in schools. Fred. Examiner. " On a cursory examination, it appears to be well adapted to the purposes for which it was designed, and worthy to be extensively introduced into schools and academies." Baltimore Clipper. "We are very much pleased with this abridgment, and think the improvements Mr. Kerney has made admirably calculated to accelerate the progress of the learner, and to lessen the labor of the teacher. \V"e feel great pleasure in commending the work to the favorable notice and patronage of teachers of youth." Odd Fellows' Mirror. " This popular little work seems to contend for the palm of usefulness with Mr. Chandler's grammar, which we noticed a few months ago. The Presentation Brothers, who conduct St. Paul's School in this city, and who are good practical judges, as well as excellent teachers, prefer this abridgment, especially for the junior classes." Pittsburg Catholic. " This little work appears to be exceedingly well suited to the use of the scholar who is about enter- ing upon the study of the English language. It will, no doubt, prove an aid to the tutor, and, by its simplicity and explanatory style, be of great advantage to the pupil." Baltimore American. " The general arrangement of Murray's Grammar is admitted to be the best extant. Mr. Kerney has presented all that is truly valuable in any abridgment of Murray's that we have seen, and has made several valuable suggestions to instructors. The book cannot fail to meet with success among intelligent teachers." Methodist Protestant. " We take particular pleasure in recommending this abridgment to the public. The notes and ob- servations taken from the original are copious and well selected. In point of arrangement, it is su- perior to any other abridgment of Murray's Grammar. Besides embracing in a narrow compass all that is important or essential in the original grammar and exercise, this abridgment contains in its appendix several additional matters which will be found highly interesting and useful to the loarner ; such as the Art of Reasoning, Oratory, Elliptical Phrases, Popular Latin Phrases, with a literal English Translation." U. S. Catholic Magazine. MURRAY'S GRAMMARS, &C. Murray's English Grammar, adapted to the different classes of lep.rners, with an APPE.VDIX, containing rules ani observations for assisting the more advanced students to write with perspicuity and accuracy. By LINDLEY MURRAY. 12mo, half bound 20 In presenting a new edition of Murray's Grammar, which is universally considered the best extant, we deem it sufficient to state, that the present edition is printed from an entirely new set of plates, and that it has been carefully revised, and free from many of the inaccuracies and blemishes which are to be found in other editions, printed from old stereotype plates. This, together with the very low price affixed to it, are the only claims urged in favor of this edition. An Abridgment of Murray's English Grammar, with an APPENDIX, containing Exercises, in Orthography, in Parsing, in Syntax, and in Punctuation. Designed for the younger classes of learners 18mo, half bound 13 This little Abridgment contains, in a compact and cheap form, a brief outline of the elementary principles of grammar, and is well calculated to impart to children the rules and definitions of the study, without over-burdening their minds. Murray's English Reader 18mo 25 GERMAN SCHOOL BOOKS. ABC und BuchstaMr und Lesebuch 13 Katholisclier Katechismus 19 Biblische, Geschichte des Alien und Ntutn Testaments 26 25 Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. ry, designed for pupils commencing By M. 3. KEKXKV, A. M. Eighth revised edition . 25 At th earnest request of mmn.r who used the author s Compendium of Ancient and Modern History, he compiled the mbore work. It to chiefly designed for popiU about to cuter MI.U a cour*. torleal study. In the arrangement of the work, and in the general matter of content*, the author has pursued that coarse which his long experience in teaching has pointed out as the best to fmeili As the hiitonr of our own country possesses r t" '1 ' " I . tr tint ftiTti fee history of the United Bute* first In the order of arrangement. M that it mar dm claim the attention of the young. This fa succeeded by an interesting account of the mo*t Important events it England. France. Ireland, and Italy, together with an interesting view of the Middle Ages, the Crusades, and Monastic Institutions. The work is embellished with a number of Engravings, and has questions at the bottom of etch page to facilitate the labor both of the teacher and pupils. V Iftstory of t/. .Vrvr; with a Chronological Table of American History, from its Discovery i- I ll!utratcd with Engraving*. Rev*** a*d enlargni t r IS The peeullar merits of this little HUtory are to be found in the accuracy of Its details, and in the adaptation of its style and arrangement to the capacity of that class of learners for which it was iaHfB.nl The favor it has been received with, and Its extensive circulation, are the best comments on iu merits nearly 15.000 copies having been disposed of within two years. The present edition hat been carefully revised and enlarged ; and In order to reader the work more attractive, a num- ber of appropriate and instructive engravings hare been Introduced. These Improvements add much la Iu merits, and render it flu- superior to any work of the kind now before the public. in onr schools. It to well ar- t be too highly praised." Detroit Vindicator. - This little work li well eatertntod to give the learner a succinct knowledge of the leading events In the history of the American Republic, from iu first discovery down to the present vrar. It is admi- rably adapted for the use of schools." Xlnti/oz OrfAotfc. hum of Scriptwe History, compiled by the Sisters of Mercy for the use of the children attending their schools. Revised and corrected bv M. J. KERXET. A. M. Socood American, from the U . 18mo, hf. cloth 50 1 The preface to this work Informs ui that it wan orleinallv compiled for the use of the pupils sliding the schools of the Slaters of Mercy In the city of Limerick. Ireland. It has been rivGed Mr. M. J. Kerney, and a valuable appendix added, containing some pages of extracts from the prophets, with the evidence from the New Testament of the fulfilment of the p. placed la juxtaposition with the prophetic sentences. It Is an admirable book for schools, and cal- . .-.,. I .-,..- . ..:. I ..:,;;..' ... years of desultory and mschs.io.1 Bible-reading. 1 - DMrott Vindicator. This excellent work to now used in nearly all Catholic institutions throughout Knrland and Ire- land. and has also acquired an extensive circulation throughout the neighboring rf. The object of the Cetoohtoen, according to the preface to to render children earlv acquainted familiarise them improved, the questions to the answers bring- made easil committed to memor. An aendix has also of the lives of ; - \ . : ., --. . ..... ... . ....,,-. ,. ..,:.; ... siderably enlarged, flies the dates of the moat remarkable events recorded in the Sacred Writings. " We hope soon to sea the work introduced into all Catholic Schools in the British Provinces, and er- iu merits fully known w are pretty certain It would meet with a circulation similar to that which it has acquired in England and the United States." Halifax Catholic. "This little school-book, compiled by the Sisters of Mercy, and revised by M. J. Kerney, fills a want which has existed too long. The importance of an exact history of the principal event's related la the Bible, to one which all will acknowledge, and the friends of Catholic education are under spe- cial obligations to the compilers, as also to the reviser and publisher of this work." South. Journal/ " Of the merits of the book Itself, It would be superfluous to speak, but we may observe that the labors of the American editor have added very considerably to iu value." Metropolitan. C7- The foregoing works, which form a complete series of School Historic*, the publishers are happy to state, have me* with very liberal patronage, Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. KERNEY'S MURRAY'S GRAMMAR. An Abridgment of Murray's Grammar and Exercises, designed for the use of Academies and Schools ; with an Appendix, containing Rules for Writing with Perspicuity and Accuracy : also a Treatise on Epistolary Composition. Bv M. J. KEUNEY, A. M 18mo,"hf. bd. 15 This Grammar is used in the Public Schools of Baltimore, and several of the principal schools and academies throughout the country. In point of arrangement, this work is superior to any other Abridgment of Murray's Grammar tbat has yet appeared before the public. It combines the Grammar and Exercise, by adapting Exer- cises to every chapter and section throughout the work, so that the pupil may have, at every stage of his progress, a practical illustration of the portion under his immediate study. The present edition has been carefully revised by the author, and many valuable improvements made in the work. A Treatise on Epistolary Composition has been added, containing directions for writing Letters, Notes, Cards, &c., with a variety of examples of the same. EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OF THE PRESS. " Mr. Kcrney's Abridgment of it is just what it professes to be, and not a new superstructure upon an old foundation. Those who think Murray's the best of all grammars, therefore, will not hesitate much to think this the best of all abridgments." National Intelligencer. " This abbreviation of the large and unwieldy volume of the Patriarch of Grammarians has been effected without the omission of any important matter, and is presented to the public in a neat and convenient form. It must find favor in schools." Baltimore Patriot. " We most cheerfully recommend this Grammar to schools.' St. Louis yews-J.etter. "This is an excellent abridgment of Murray, long a favorite in schools. Fred. Examiner. " On a cursory examination, it appears to be well adapted to the purposes for which it was designed, and worthy to be extensively introduced into schools and academies." Baltimore Clipper. "'We are very much pleased with this abridgment, and think the improvements Mr. Kerney has made admirably calculated to accelerate the progress of the learner, and to lessen the labor of the teacher. \\'e feel great pleasure in commending the work to the favorable notice and patronage of teachers of youth." Odd Fellows' Mirror. " This popular little work seems to contend for the palm of usefulness with Mr. Chandler's grammar, which we noticed a few months ago. The Presentation Brothers, who conduct St. Paul's School in this city, and who are good practical judges, as well as excellent teachers, prefer this abridgment, especially for the junior classes." Pittsburg Catholic. " This little work appears to be exceedingly well suited to the use of the scholar who is about enter- ing upon the study of the English language. It will, no doubt, prove an aid to the tutor, and, by its simplicity and explanatory style, be of great advantage to the pupil." Baltimore American. " The general arrangement of Murray's Grammar is admitted to be the best extant. Mr. Kerney has presented all that is truly valuable in any abridgment of Murray's that we have seen, and has made several valuable suggestions to instructors. The book cannot fail to meet with success among intelligent teachers." Methodist Protestant. " We take particular pleasure in recommending this abridgment to the public. The notes and ob- servations taken from the original are copious and well selected. In point of arrangement, it is su- perior to any other abridgment of Murray's Grammar. Besides embracing in a narrow compass all that is important or essential in the original grammar and exercise, this abridgment contains in its appendix several additional matters which will be found highly interesting and useful to the Jo.arner ; such as the Art of Reasoning, Oratory, Elliptical Phrases, Popular Latin Phrases, with a literal English Translation." U. S. Catholic Magazine. MURRAY'S GRAMMARS, &C. Murray's English Grammar, adapted to the different classes of learners, with an APPENDIX, containing rules ani observations for assisting the more advanced students to write with perspicuity and accuracy. By LINDLEY MURRAY. 12rao, half bound 20 In presenting a new edition of Murray's Grammar, which is universally considered the best extant, we deem it sufficient to state, that the present edition is printed from an entirely new set of plates, and that it has been carefully revised, and free from many of the inaccuracies and blemishes which are to be found in other editions, printed from old stereotype plates. This, together with the very low price affixed to it, are the only claims urged in favor of this edition. An Abridgment of Murray's English Grammar, with an APPENDIX, containing Exercises, in Orthography, in Parsing, in Syntax, and in Punctuation. Designed for the younger classes of learners 18mo, half bound 13 This little Abridgment contains, in a compact and cheap form, a brief outline of th elementary principles of grammar, and is well calculated to impart to children the rules and definitions of the study, without over-burdening their minds. Murray's English Reader 18mo 25 GERMAN SCHOOL BOOKS. ABC und BuclistaUr und Lesebuch 13 Katholisclier Katechismus 19 Biblische Geschichte dcs Alien und Ntuen Fcstamentes 26 25 Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. KERNE Y'S ARITHMETICS. The Columbian Arithmetic, designed for the use of Academit .1. KKR.MET, A.M. $ixth improved edition ThU work pos*es*e* meriu of a superior nature In that department of science to which tt belongs. It is a book of practical itutructi** ; one in which the science of figures is thoroughly explained, ad clearly elucidate*. The examples for practice are generally such as the pupil will meet In th of life. The arrangement of the work is entirely progressive, all ng solved by rule* previously explained. Introduction to the Columbian Arithmetic, designed for the use of Academic* and Schools. By M. J. KERNEY, A. M. Sixth edition 1.1 This little work Is designed as aa introduction to the former, and Is Intended for children about to commence the study of Arithmetic. The first principle* of the science are familiarly explained la the form of question aad answer, aad the pupil* an conducted In the study as far as the end of oompouad numbers. It is replete with practical examples, adapted to the capacity of that class of for which It to designed, aad It aUo contains all the Tahiti. ling public attention to the foregoing work*, the publishers take gnat pleasure In .toting that they hare already passed through several large editions, which is the met concluiive evidence of the high estimation in which they are held by the Instructors of youth, as far as they are known. The iresse* editioas have been carefully revised and corrected by the author, and no pains will be spared to reader them, at all times, aeeoMlni of the high reputation they have already acquired. many teachers In favor of old r.. November 18th, 1M9. Aa OTamlatHoa of the Colambiaa Arithmetic." by M. J . Kerney. has convinced ns of it- .tiling , aad we shall accordingly make arrangemmu tor lU immediate introduction Into our school, lain, sufficiently ooacice. aad x*U adapted to the comprehension of vouu of the theory of Proportion is simple, perspicuous, and accurate. We I oks late oar school. J II .s SLATTKRY, Principal Washington S L. WHITTLESEY * SON. I hare examlaed the " ColambUa Arithmetic." and " Introduction" to it, by M. J. Kerney, and eeasMer them exeelleat hooka ; they an Judiciously arranged, and practical in their application. The rales an plain, sufficiently ooacice. aad x*U adapted to the comprehension of vouug persons. us, and accurate. We Intend to in- Principal Washington Seminary. I have examlaed with much can the " Columbian Arithmetic." by M. J. Kerney. It appears to me to be a work of considerable merit, and I* letter calculated fur schools of lh United State*, and for eoantiag-honsea, thaa aay other book oa the subject that I have yet seen. The general ar> rangemeat is systematic, aad aceordiag to the affinities of different rales. Under the Impression that It is aa Improvement Mpoa every other work of th. kind now befon the public, I will Immedi- . ,::.:.:.- 1. .:. -.-.-.< :i: ; r. . : , . ...... , r, ; q : ;.. ITMAUfto*. SOT. 1.1. 8. B. RITTEXHOU8K. Principal Washington Institute. As aa evidence of the Ugh opsatoa I eaterteia of the Columbian Arithmetic.- I hre superseded the aeeof /tarfof, by its immeiHele introduction. The " Introduction to the Columbian Arithmetic" Is so admirably adapted to Its purpose, that we have introduced It In the place of others la thl seminary. .!., over one hundred. McLetxft 5sm faery, WaM*gtvhich wilful perverters of truth have long palmed upon the public both Catholic and Protestant as histories and abridgments of histories." The Dublin Tablet says : " These two volumes are plain, copious, and useful summaries of history, and the number of editions through which they have passed attest their popularity." The Catholic Instructor says : " We hope these Histories will soon find their way into every literary institution among us, in order that the young may learn the past from pure aud uucorrupted sources." The Catholic Sentinel says : " These beautiful treatises are quite deserving of the patronage which they obtain. They are most commendable for their Christian and unbiassed spirit. And we are not astonished that Dr. Fredet has his name taken up by the Irish University, proud that America has made therein such an inroad upon the abridged histories heretofore existing." The Metropolitan says : " The style is veritably charming by its simplicity, and by the quiet love of his subject which the reverend author constantly displays. It is the language of a talented and suc- cessful teacher, who relates to his class the great events of time, succinctly but graphically, without bombast, yet in a lively and picturesque manner. It is thus that history should be written for youth." L.ingard'8 England Abridged, for the Use of Schools. An Abridgment of the History of England. By JOHN LINGARD, D.D. With a con- tinuation from 1688 to the reign of Queen Victoria, by JAMES BURKE, Esq., A.B. With Marginal Notes, adapted to the use of schools in the United States, by M. J. KERNEY, A. M 12mo, half arabesque 1 00 An abridgment of Dr. Lingard's great work, adapted to the use of schools, has been long and anxiously looked for in this country. The publishers take great pleasure in inviting the earnest at- tention of the conductors of schools, and others interested in the cause of education, to this edition. Although Lingard's England has been nearly half a century before the public, not one fact stated by him has been proved to be erroneous, while the critics of all creeds have joined in expressing their approbation of his great work. In style without a superior, in truthfulness without an equal, Lingard stands before the historic student as the model of what an historian should be. Having thus spoken of the style of Lingard, it is right to add that the student will find that the ipsissima verbaof the great Catholic historian of England have been religiously preserved in the Abridgment. Of the continuation we shall merely say that it has been written by an author who has been long and fa- vorably known in literature. The publishers therefore feel confident that Mr. Burke will be found to have written in strict accordance with the spirit which dictated the great work of the historian whose pages he has followed. The sketch or the British Constitution, the abstract of the geography of England in Saxon times, the list of eminent natives, and the marginal notes, will add much to the interest of the work, and will be found useful by way of reference. McSherry's History of Maryland, with QUESTIONS, &c 75 This work is used in the Public Schools of Baltimore, and is strongly recommended by the Com- 27 Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. nm is OF sniiini. minuses, IN i\\m\: PARTS, Revised by M. J. Kerney, A. M. T long-established reputation M*, and the very extensive circula- tion which they have had. not oaly in England, but also in : . their utility. The plan of his works is the very best that could be adopted. The cat of instruction is now admitted by the most experienced teachers, to be the best adapted to the nature aad capacity of youth ; a system by which children will acquire a knowledge of a science ia ices time than by aay oti. Murphy * Co.. having become the publishers of this standard and highly popular series of Cate- chisms, wish to inform the public that they have Issued entirely new editions, with all new disco- veries and modern improvements la each branch, under the careful supervision of M . J. K . Esq.. who has prepared for the series a CATECHISM OF THE HISTORY OK HTATKS an entirely new work. flU/oUOMMff rvn.tituU the Strie* : Agronomy: containing the Motions, MM. i -ds, Distances, and he Heavenly Bodies, foaaded on the laws of Gravitation. With en- graved Illustrations 13 This little volume poosesses the peculiar merit of reducing to the comprehension of children the r-. ;' i :' .-- :.... . we. II explains tl - lar system, the courses aad the revolutions of the planets, eclipses, the theory of tide*, and many other Description of tbe mort familiar and interesting ) to the Lianvaa System, with an ArrE.xoix on the form aa Herbarium. With eagraved Illustrations . . . .13 This popular little work U Intended for children who are about to enter on tbe study of the In- teresting science of Botany. .The plan of the work Is admirably adapted to that class of learners for which It Is designed. It presents to the mind of the pupil. In an easy an<1 attractive style, the various beauties of the science, aad the many advantages to be derived from i: - Practical Chemitlry: being a Familiar 1 with aa ArrESDtx, containing many safe, easy, and pleasing Experiments. With eagraved Illustrations . . 13 oa the study orOiomN- trestiag * ' I the young, U will be found to contain lessons that may be read with by the more advanced ia years. MytMogy: being a Compendious History of tl. Mesws, and Heroes; designed chiefly as an Introduction to t!.- Mudv { i.ssics. . engraved n lustrations IS To the Kagiisa scholar this work will prove highly interesting; but to tbe classical si will be found a mo.t desirable compendium. It embraees all that Is interesting or ini|>ortant In the subject of which It treats ; while, at the same time, the brevity and clearnes* of Its style render it preferable to other works of the same kind which are of much greater dtuer,- . .... . : nphy: containing an Account of the Lire* of the most oag UM Ancteat Greeks aad Romans. With eagraved Illustrations student, la particular, the above named work will be found to possess peculiar U compass, the most interesting events in the lives of those whose the historic pages of Greece and Rome. Oittory of Lhf Unit-d StaUt: with Chronological Table of American History, from its discovery ia 1490, to the year 1854 . . 13 This valuable little work comprises within a small compass all the most important and Interest- bat events ia the history of the Unlu-d State*, from the dlsooverv of America to the present time. The arrangement aad style are admirably adapted to the capacity of children about to commence the study of history. It Is seAdcaUy eomumheaslvt for that class of Warners for which It U de- signed. * From its instructive page* the child will learn to revere the names and imitate the actions of those illustrious men of America who have gone before us ia the path of usefulness and of fame. Orteian History, from the Earliest Times to tbe Period when Greece became a Roman Province. With engraved Illustrations 13 Roman History: containing a concise Account of the moxt Striking Kv.-nt.-. fr>m the Foundation of the City to the Fall of the Western Empire. With engraved These two works contain all the most Important and interesting event. In the history of Oreece aad Rome. As introductory worts, to be placed In the handinf children, they will be. found to possess peculiar merits. The arrangement aad style are happily adapted to tbat class of learners for which they are designed. (MtcMtm of Sacrtd Hittnry : Abridged for tbe am of Schools, translate! from tbe French, by a Friend of Youth : designed to accompany Irving'* Series of Catechisms IS Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. Hisfrtry c>f Ent;liitl: containing the most Striking Events from the Earliest Pe- riod to the Present Time 13 This work comprises, in a few pages, the most important events in the history of England, from a period prior to the invasion of the Romans to the present time. The present edition has been carefully revised and corrected ; everything reflecting on the American character has been erased, and every thing of a sectarian nature has been removed. Jewish Antiquities: containing an Account of the Classes, Institutions, Rites, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, &c., of the Ancient Jews. With engraved Illustrations 13 Grecian Antiquities: being an Account of the Religion, Government, Judicial Proceedings, Military and Naval Affairs, Dress, Food, Baths, Exercises, Marriages, Funerals, Coins, Weights, Measures, &c., of the Greeks to which is prefixed a De- scription of the Cities of Athens and Sparta. With engraved Illustrations 13 Roman Antiquities; or, An Account of the Religion. Civil Government, Military and Naval Affairs, Games, Names, Coins, Weights and Measures, Dress, Food, Exer- cises, Baths, Domestic Employments, Marriages, Funerals, and other Customs and Ceremonies of the Roman People ; with a Description of the Public Buildings of the city of Rome. With engraved Illustrations 13 The above works are highly interesting in themselves, and may be read with pleasure and profit by every member of the community. But for the classical student they possess particular attrac- tions. For his benefit they were chiefly intended, and years of experience prove that they are pe- culiarly adapted to the end for which they were designed. A familiarity with the laws, manners, and customs of the ancient nations will often render clear and explicit the most obscure passages, BO frequently met with in the authors of antiquity. CLASSICAL BOOKS, &c. I.\ calling attention to the following Works, it is deemed it sufficient to state, that the pre- sent editions have been issued under the careful supervision of the eminent Professors of St. Mary's College, Baltimore, and may justly be considered the best and cheapest editions published. Epitome Historice Facrcs Auctore, L'homoncl, edito Nova Proscdice. signes vo- cumque interpretatione adornata 30 As an elementary work, Historite Sacra; is beyond exceptions. The easy arrangements of its style in the beginning, and the gradual introduction of the Latin construction, relieve the pupil of much embarrassment and labor, and tend in a material degree to facilitate his advancement. This possesses advantages over any previous edition. The vocabulary has been carefully revised, and the work has received such improvements as greatly enhance its merits. Phceilri Auguxti Liberti 1'abularum TFsopium. Libri Quinque 30 A new edition, carefully revised and greatly improved. This little work has long been held in high estimation in our colleges and schools. The many moral and interesting lessons it contains render it a text-book peculiarly adapted to the young; and, indeed, no work could be better designed to initiate the pupil into the study of Latin poetry. De, Viris lEustribus Urlsis Rcmice,. A Romulp ad Augustum, Auctore L'homond, in Universitate, Puriaiensi Profe.ssore Emerito 38 This work possesses the rare quality of being admirably adapted to the capacity of those com- mencing the study of the Latin language, without deviating from the purity of the Latin style. The materials of which it is compiled are most interesting and instructive in their nature, thus affording the pupil the double advantage of acquiring a knowledge of the Latin tongue, and, at the same time, of storing his mind with historical facts. This edition has been lately revised, and put into a neat, convenient form. These improvements, it is believed, will add to its merits, and will tend to advance the pupil in his study. Fables Choisies de la Fontaine, Nouvelle Edition 63 Few works have elicited more general admiration, or have been more generally used in schools, than the Fables of La Fontaine. For the pupil engaged in the study of the French language they possess peculiar advantages. Many beautiful and moral lessons are inculcated in a style at once easy and attractive, while, at the same time, a taste for poetical composition is cultivated. This edition has been carefully revised, and contains much desirable improvement. Ruddimari's Rudiments of the Latin Tongue, ; or a Plain and Easy Introduction to Latin Grammar: wherein the principles of the language are methodically digested, both in the English and Latin. With useful Notes and Observations. Thirtieth Edi- tion, Corrected and Improved. By WM. MANN, M. A 12mo, half arab. 33 The cheapest and best Latin grammar published. Elementos de Sicologio, Elements of Pyschology .....' 75 Pizarro's Dialogues. Select Original Dialogues, or Spanish and English Conver- sations : followed by a collection of pieces in prose and verse adapted to the use of Spanish classes in schools and academies. By J. A. PIZARRO, Professor of the Spanish Language in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Third edition, im- proved and enlarged by the author 12mo 75 This new edition of a very popular work, by one of the most distinguished instructors in the eountrv, is greatly improved, and particularly adapted to the present style of teaching and self-im- provement. The prior editions have become'established as standard in some of the best institutions In the United States, and the present doubles its advantages. 3* 29 Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. SB STINTS ALGEBRA. Eltmentary Algebra. By I',. SK-MM. S. .1.. author of Analytical Geometry, Professor of Natural rhilusophy and Astronomy in Georgetown College VJino 60 The main object of this treatise Is to reader the science of Algebra intelligible to pupils whoM Binds are yet unaccustomed to such studies. The beginner will here be furnished with such proofs as are salted to his capacity ; examples will afford new light to what might be otherwise obscure ; with regard to the operations founded on higher principles, he will, for the present, content himself with merely practical rules, exemplified in the same manner. With a mind thus gradually led on to n. he may then resume his course with profit, by the aid of a i now in preparation, which U intended as a sequel to this, and, by more exact and thorough investi- gation, complete his study of Algebra. BRIEF EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OF THE V " This work recommends itself to faror by the admirable order of its parts, and the condseaeM an4 BJarnss with which its principles are expounded. One needs but open the book to perceive that the author has brought to the execution of his tank a ripened judgment and well-tried experience. He U not a cosipiler-his work ha* the rare merit of originality, and every student of Algebra will thank him for having given in a few page* what has usually occupied a large volume, and for bar- lag rendered Intelligible what has often proved an enigma to many." Metropolitan. " This book night very properly be called " Algebra without a master." One very important im- provement that the author has made upon all our text-book*, and which deserves to be mentioned, U this, that h- keeps monomials and polynomials <*iM%, and explains and applies to them separately the various rules as laid down In his Algebra. The work only wants to be known, in order to be universally approved." Wattrn Tablet. " We feel moch pleasure IB recommending U as containing nearly all neoeasary to be known on the subject of which It treats. It is eminently adapted for the use of young person* who wish to ac- quire a knowledge of the difflcoll science of Algebra. erfully recommend Mr. Sentlnl's work, as r* have to overcome in their first attempt* Pitubrg Catkolic. l book It wfll be found eminently useful in schools and colleges." Da. Vindicator. r is well known as a man of great ability, and his work cannot fail to be of good ser- 8ESTIM < ANALYTICAL r,K"MI.TKY. ' of Analytical Geometry, proposed by B. SKSTINI, S. J M author of Elementary Algebra, Profesaor of Natural Philosophy and Astro- Doo.y to Georgetown College ...................................................... 8vo, paper 1 26 under consideration by a purely who do and U well adapted to the modern plan embraced by learned professors, bat dlv. The new treatise U aa aeqM- ,..-..; : esteemed in Paris for his scientific M4lm-itMlrwMlfSMi^Umas^ysls,aa4iMk*dMalysia. -. - - .,..:.....:.:.. : method t of the Baron Caochy . a savant well known, and highly est new treatise ls Intended for the ase of Georgetown College, we are inclined to form a very favorable opinion of the proficiency of the student* in the f n.r.smittn.. and U U a subject ea which we congratulate the teacher. from this congratulate tO- 3- Mr-RFHT t CO. have the pleasure to announce, that in addition to their own list of School Books, their arrangements with the principal publishers are such as to receive ALL NEW 'WORKS ox EDUCATION as soon as issued and to keep a Isrge stock constantly on hand, which enables them to supply orders with the least possible delay. SCHOOL AND CLASSICAL BOOKS. PAPER, STATIONERY, Ac. A large stock, comprising every variety, constantly on hand. FRENCH SCHOOL BOOKS. 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