EXCHANGE . STATE OF NEW YORK MILITARY TRAINING COMMISSION BUREAU OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING OUR BOYS A study of the 245,000 sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old employed boys of the State of New York HOWARD G. BURDGE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Commissioners Major-General JOHN F. O'RYAN, Chairman GEORGE J. FISHER, M. D. JOHN H. FINLEY Secretary THOMAS G. STOWELL ALBANY J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 1921 CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgment 3 Introductory Chapter " Our Boys " 5 Chapter I Making the Survey <) Its Purpose Enrolling the boys Method of Making Random (Samplings of Data Xote on the Reliability of Prediction based on Random Samplings Personal interviews with over ten thousand boys II Enrollment Statistics 33 III Nationality- 38 IV Guardianship- ; 49 V Size of Families 50 VI Persistence in School 04 VII Age Leaving School 74 VIII Last Grades Completed 87 IX Reasons for Leaving School 115 X Kind of School Last Attended 124 XI Kind of Shop. Work Done in School 128 XII Best and Least Liked Studies 133 XIII Money Earned While in School 170 XIV Night School Enrollment 181 XV Beginning Weekly Wage . . '. 187 XVI Present Weekly W T age 190 XVII How They Obtained Employment 194 XVIII Number of Jobs Held 197 XIX The Length of Time on the Present Job 200 XX Why Boys Liked Their Jobs 202 XXI Lack of. Care Used in Hiring Boys 206 XXII How They Saved Their Money 210 XXIII Contributions Toward Family Support 215 XXIV Occupations 217 Mothers' Occupations Fathers' Occupations Boys' Occupations Boys' Desired Occupations [Hi] 5744 CONTENTS PAGE Chapter XXV Findings and Conclusions 238 Appendix 243 Code used in Punching Hollerith Cards 244 Detail tables for individual cities, villages and other groups used in connection with Chapter I Tables 1A to 1C 253 II Tables 2A to 2C and 2E to 2(J 2. "if. III Tables 3A to 3 25< IV Tables 4A to 4C 261 V Tables 5A to 5C, 5E to 51 and 5M to 50 2(>3 - VI Tables 6A to CC 269 VII Tables 7A to 7N 271 VIII Tables SC to SE, 8L to SZ, 8AA to 8GG and SMM to 8XX 276 IX Tables 9A to 9C 2!>:; X Tables 10A to IOC 295 XI Tables 11A to 11C 297 XII Tables 12F to 12M and 12T to 12ZZ. 299 XIII Tables 13A to 13C 305 XIV Tables 14B to 14D 307 XV Tables 15A to 15C 309 XVI Tables 16A to 16C . 311 XVII Tables 17A to 17C 313 XVIII Tables 18A to 18C 315 XIX Tables IDA to 19C 317 XX Tables 20A to 20C 319 XXI Tables 21 A to 21C 32 1 XXII Tables 22A to 22C 323 XXIII Tables 23A to 23C 325 XXIV Tables 24 to 2 IK , . 327 LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS PAGE ENROLLMENT Diagram A. Comparative enrollment by groups 35 Diagram B. Percent of all boys of each age group in and out of school 30 Diagram C. Boys of each age in school 36 Diagram D. Boys in and out of school 37 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION Diagram E. Percent orf population living in urban and rural communities ;>7 NATIONALITIES Diagram F. Proportion of American and foreign born boys 38 Diagram G. Proportion of American and foreign born parents 38 Diagram II. Boys of American, mixed and foreign parents 38 Chart 3 American and foreign birth. State summary and cities over 25,000 40 Chart 3A Same for cities under 25.000 41 Chart 3B Same for villages over 5,000 42 Chart 3C Parents of American and foreign birth. State summary. . 4.'5 Chart 3D Same for cities over 25,000 44 Chart 3E 'Same for cities under 25,000 47 Chart 3F Same for villages over 5,000 48 GUARDIANSHIP Diagram I, Four boys out of five claim fathers as guardians 49 Chart 4 Boys naming father, mother and others as guardians. State summary and cities over 25.000 52 Chart 4A Same for cities under 25,000 53 Chart 4B Same for village over 5,000 54 FAMILIES Chart 5 Oldest, second, third, fourth oldest, etc., boys coming from families of from two to eight children 01 Chart 5A Boys coming from families of from one to ten or more children. State summary 02 Chart 5B Families of American, mixed and foreign parentage groups. Greater New York and cities over 25,000 (13 PERSISTENCE IN SCHOOL Chart 6 Persistence in school. Cities over 25,000 Co Chart 6D State summary OS Chart OA Same for cities under 25,000 70 (hart (>!} Same for villages over 5 ; 000 71 Chart OC Percent of American and foreign boys in and out of school . 72 AGE LEAVING SCHOOL Chart 7 Percent of various groups leaving school at each age 82 Chart 7A Percent of lm*s of various nationality groups leaving school at each age S3 Chart 7B Percent of boys of various groups who dropped out of school under each age 84 [v] VI LlST OF I >JA(iK. \.\IS AM) ('JIAKTS PAGE Chart 7C Above continued 85 Chart 7D Above continued 8(5 LAST GRADES COMPLETED Chart 8C Percent completing each grade, percent dropping out, and total percent who had dropped out by the end of each grade ] 04 Chart SD Last grade completed and age leaving school. Stale summary 10.~> Chart 8E Same for Greater New York parentage groups 100 Chart SF Same for cities over 25,000 parentage groups 107 Chart SG Percent of oldest, second oldest, etc., boys of different parentage groups dropping out of school at the end of each grade and total percent completing each grade. Greater Xew York 110 Chart. 811 Same for cities over 25,000 Ill Chart 81 Percent of oldest, second oldest, etc., boys of different parentage groups dropping out of school at end of each grade and total percent who had dropped out at end of each grade. Greater New York 112 Chart 8J Same for cities over 25,000 i ] :j REASONS FOR LEAVING SCHOOL Chart 9 Reasons for leaving school. State summary and cities over 25,000 120 Chart 9A Same for cities under 25,000 121 Chart 9B Same for villages over 5,000 122 Chart 9C .Same for age and parentage groups. Greater New York. . 123 KIND OF -SCHOOL LAST ATTENDED Chart 10 Kind of school last attended. State summary and cities over 25,000 125 Chart 10A Same for cities under 25,000 126 Chart 10B Same for villages over 5,000 127 KIND OF SHOP WORK DONE IN SCHOOL Chart 11 Kind of shop work done in school. State summary and cities over 25,000 130 Chart 11A Same for cities under 25,000 131 Chart 11B 'Same for villages over 5,000 132 BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES Chart 12 Best and least liked studies. State summary for 5th grade 135 Chart 12 A State summary for 6th grade 136 Chart 12B State summary for 7th grade 137 Chart 12C State summary for 8th grade 138 Chart 12D State summary for 1st year high school 139 Chart 12E State summary for 2nd year high school 140 Chart 12F State summary for 3rd year high school 141 Chart 12G State summary for 4th year high school 142 Chart 12H Mathematics. State summary for all grades 145 LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS vn Chart 12P Mathematics and History. Grade summary for city, village and farm groups Chart 121 English. State summary for all grades Chart 12Q English and Languages. Grade summary for city, village and farm groups Chart 12 J History. State summary for all grades Chart 12K Spelling and Geography. State summary for all grades. Chart 12R Geography and Drawing. Grade summary for city, village and farm groups Chart 12S Spelling and Elementary Science. Grade summary for city, village and farm groups Chart 12L Drawing. State summary for all grades Chart 12M Elementary Science. State summary for all grades.. . . . Chart 12N Advanced Science and Commercial subjects. State sum- mary for all grades Chart 120 Languages. State summary for all grades Chart 12T Advanced Science and Commercial subjects. Grade sum- mary for city, village and farm groups Chart 12U Mathematics. Grade summary by parentage groups. Greater New York and cities over 25,000 Chart 12V History. Greater New York and cities over 25,000 Chart 12W Geography. Greater New York and cities over 25,000. . Chart 12X Spelling. Greater New York and cities over 25,000 Chart 12Y English. Greater New York and cities over 25,000 Chart 12Z Correlation between best and least liked studies. Greater New York, American and foreign parents combined BOYS WHO EARNED MONEY WHILE IN .SCHOOL Chart 13 Boys who earned money while in school. Summary for New York State and cities over 25,000 Chart 13A Same for cities under 25,000 Chart 13B Same for villages over 5,000 NIGHT SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Chart 14 Night school enrollment. State summary, cities over 25,000 and ten nationality groups Chart 14A Same for cities under 25,000 Chart 14B Same for villages over 5,000 BEGINNING WEEKLY WAGE Chart 15 Beginning weekly wage. Summary for New York State. . PRESENT WEEKLY WAGE Chart 16 Present weekly wage. Summary for New York State.... WHO HELPED THEM GET THEIR JOBS Chart 17 Who helped them get their jobs. Summary for New York Sftate NUMBER OF JOBS HELD Chart 18 Number of jobs held. Summary for New York State PAGE 146 148 149 151 153 154 156 159 160 161 157 162 164 165 166 167 168 170 178 179 180 184 185 186 189 193 196 199 VI 11 LlST OF DlAGEAMS AND CHARTS PAGE LENGTH OF TIME ON PRESENT JOB Chart 19 Length of time on present job. Summary for New York State 201 WHY BOYS LIKED THEIR JOBS Chart 20 Why boys liked their jobs. Summary for New York State 203 LACK OF CARE USED IN HIRING BOYS Chart 21 Percent filling out application and reference blanks. Summary for New York State and cities over 25yOOO. . 207 Chart 21 A Same for cities under 25,000 208 Chart 21B Same for villages over 5,000 209 HOW THEY SAVED THEIR MONEY Chart 22 How they saved their money. Summary for New York State and cities over 25,000 212 Chart 22A Same for cities under 25,000 213 Chart 22B Same for villages over 5,000 214 WEEKLY CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD FAMILY SUPPORT Chart 23 Weekly contributions toward family support. Summary for New York State 216 OCCUPATIONS Mothers', fathers', boys' present and desired Cities over 25,000 including Greater New York Chart 24 Correlation between father's occupation and boy's present occupation. 16, 17 and 18 year old boys combined. . . . 220 Chart 24A Same for 16 year old boys 221 Chart 24B Same for 17 year old boys 221 Chart 24C Same for 18 year old boys 221 Chart 24D Correlation between father's occupation and boy's desired occupation. 16, 17 and 18 year old boys combined. . . . 223 Chart 24E Same for 16 year old boys 224 Chart 24F Same for 17 year old boys 224 Chart 24G Same for 18 year old boys 224 Chart 24H Correlation between boy's present and desired occupa- tion. 16, 17 and 18 year old boys combined 226 Chart 241 Same for 16 year old boys 227 Chart 24J Same for 17 year old boys 228 Chart 24K Same for 18 year old boys 229 Chart 24L Correlation between last grade completed and boy's present occupation 230 Chart 24M Correlation between last grade completed and boy's desired occupation 230 Chart 24P Correlation between boy's desired occupation and best liked study 233 Chart 24Q Correlation between boy's desired occupation and least liked study 233 Chart 24N Correlation between boy's present occupation and best liked study 235 Chart 240 Correlation between boy's present occupation and least liked study 235 Chart 24R Percent of fathers and boys in each occupation and number of boys desiring to be in each occupation .... 237 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The task of conducting and completing a survey of such magni- tude could never have been accomplished had it not been for the cooperation of the Governor, Charles S. Whitman ; the Commissioner of Education, Dr. John H. Finley; the Deputy Commissioner, Dr. Thomas E. Finegan ; the school superintendents and all the teachers of the State. I am particularly indebted to Professors George D. Strayer, Nickolaus L. Engelhardt, Arthur D. Dean, William C. Bagley and Edward S. Evenden of Teachers College, Columbia University, and to Don C. Bliss, Superintendent of Schools of Montclair, New Jersey, for their invaluable criticisms and suggestions. I cannot commend too highly the fine spirit of cooperation which prompted the employes of this bureau to work overtime, on holi- days, and even to shorten their vacation periods that the work on this report, done in many instances in addition to their regular routine duties, might be completed. For a bureau, organized for other purposes than research work, to undertake and complete such a .stupendous task would have been utterly impossible without the intelligent cooperation displayed ait all times by the following employes of the bureau : Chief Inspector Fred F. Moran, Inspec- tors Louis Dicker, Joseph J. Endres, E. J. M. Herd, Thomas G. Russell, James McC. Shillinglaw, Clyde B. Simson, George Stein and E. W. Thurston; James Marsh, Edward J. Matthew, Ritie L. Winnie and Susie J. Caddick, Stenographers ; Beulah W. Carroll and Mary A. Dingivan, Sorting-machine Operators, and Marie A. Dolan, Statistical Clerk. I am also deeply appreciative of the cordial support and interest of my colleagues, Brigadier-General William H. Chapin, Chief Supervising Officer of the Bureau of Technical Military Training and Dr. Thomas A. Storey, State Director of Physical Training. It is impossible to mention by name scores of others, prominent in education and boy welfare work, who have assisted in the com- pilation of this report. HOWAKD G ^^ 525 West 120th Street, JSTew York City. [3] OUR BOYS INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER We are all more or less familar with the social group known as the "school-boy." We went to school with him, played with him, bartered with him, quarreled with him, shared his punishments, his disappointments and his pleasures. In early adolescence, wearied by the game of books, pencils and make-believe shops, many of us shared his desire to leave school, to be a man, to earn money, to pos- sess and to continue his education in the great, rough game of life, being played so enticingly all around him by grown men. This school-boy group continues to occupy a definite place in our minds because we assemble these boys en masse in our schools, and see them in large numbers as they romp back and forth on our thoro- fares. We have an abiding interest in them, we love them, we study them physically and mentally and know something of their psychology. During the World Wai 1 we suddenly became aware of another large social group, " the dough-boys." Like magic they appeared, conspicuous because of their uniforms. We immediately became interested in them, trained, studied and tested them, physically, mentally and vocationally. We became thoroly conscious of this yocial group simply because they were assembled en masse and made conspicuous as a group. Never before did the soldier boys them- selves realize that they belonged to so numerous and powerful a group of vigorous young men. Here was a new game from which all weaklings were barred. They lived and mingled with their fellows on equal footing, rich and poor alike. Again, as when school-boys they shared their hardships and their pleasures, they lived, bled and conquered together. As a result of having been assembled shoulder to shoulder in this great struggle for humanity these young men will go thru life more conscious of their individual responsibilities to their comrades and to the members of other social groups. There is another large and important group of boys concerning whom we have known little and for whom we have done little. We have been unaware of their presence because we have never thot of [5] , BOYS them as a distinctive, economic group. These are the employed boys from sixteen to eighteen inclusive, of whom there are now 245,000 in New York State. Until recently they have never been assembled with their fellows and have never themselves realized that they belonged to an important and well-defined group six times as large as the school-boy group of the same ages. On leaving school, as most of them do at ages fourteen, fifteen and sixteen ? unprovided with definite guidance and counsel at the very period in life when it is most needed, they become separated from their mates and are soon lost to view. As a group they have never until recently been trained either mentally, physically or vocationally and little or nothing is known of their psychology. The New York State compulsory training law, requiring all the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old boys of the State to assemble for a course of citizenship training prescribed by the State Military Training Commission, composed of Major-General John F. O'Ryan, commanding the National Guard, chairman, ex-officio; Dr. John H. Finley, Commissioner of Education and George J. Fisher, M. D., Deputy-Chief Scout Commissioner for the United States, made necessary a survey of these employed boys. This survey has brot to light many interesting and important facts concerning their nationality, parentage, guardianship, families, schooling, occupa- tions, wages, savings and future aims. The returns from 150,000 of these boys have been studied, in all sorts of groupings such as Greater New York, other large cities, small cities, large villages, small villages, rural sections, by nation- alities, boys with fathers, without fathers, with mothers, without mothers, American boys, foreign boys, oldest boys, second oldest, third oldest, fourth oldest, fifth oldest and sixth oldest of both Ameri- can and foreign birth, and it has been found that regardless of birth, family conditions and environments approximately 73,000 or thirty percent of these 245,000 boys leave school before fifteen, 172,000 or seventy percent before sixteen and by the end of the sixteenth year less than ten percent or 20,000 are still in school. About 61.000 or twenty^five percent drop out on or before com- pleting the seventh grade, 132,000 or fifty percent on or before completing the eighth grade, and 220,000 or ninety percent before completing the first year of the high school. Investigations made by the Inter-church World Movement show that boys desert the OUR BOYS 7 Sunday schools at these same ages and the leaders in the Boy Scouts of America report that most boys drop out of the scout troops before reaching sixteen. The employer, prone to criticize the schools and welfare organ- izations, has not himself succeeded in stopping the excessive boy lahor turnover. Do these facts not challenge the school, the church, boy welfare organizations and business men to supply programs of education, recreation and training that will appeal to and hold the interest of these boys ? All the evidence shows that the " reasons " given by these boys for leaving school are not " real " reasons but " good " reasons, or rather excuses for leaving. They leave because there is in them, some impelling force which is creating for them a new vision of life and filling them with a desire to become independent and self-sup- porting. The attitude of parents, teachers and society in general toward the boys who drop out of school is such as to make them feel that they are " flunkers," " quitters," and " slackers." Hence, they nat- urally seek a plausible excuse for leaving, a reason which is " good " but not " real." They themselves do not recognize the real reason but they know they want to quit and not wishing to be known as " quitters " and " slackers " naturally seek a reason which will in a measure relieve them of censure and criticism. Whatever the " real " reasons may be why boys drop out of school, the fact remains that they do ! Very few of them attend night school and the others frankly say they have no desire to attend. This study shows that they are thoroly averse to further school- ing and that compulsory part-time continuation-school and night- school work will b practically valueless unless we can awaken in these boys an interest in further education. They must be convinced that by completing certain definite and practical short courses they can increase their earning capacity and secure promotion. To accomplish this is the task of boy welfare organizations as well as of the schools. The major part of the future training and education of these boys will be secured thru business and social contacts, but this must be supplemented by carefully selected and well planned short continuation-school courses which are attractive to boys because of their practical value. These boys when they leave school, as most of them will at ages 8 OUR BOYS fourteen , fifteen and sixteen, are like 'seedlings from the school nursery and should be transplanted to carefully selected and well prepared soil where under expert direction and training they can continue their education and development. At present, however, they are scattered by the winds of chance and dropped here and there, first into one environment, then another, and another, almost without end, in the vain hope that they will finally fall into fertile soil, take root and make good. " You might as well throw the Greek alphabet on the floor and expect to pick up an Odyssey," as to expect these inexperienced, aimless, uiieounseled boys, 50,000 or onenfifth of whom have no father as a guardian, and 12,500 or one-twentieth of whom have neither a father nor a mother as a guardian, to obtain by accident the kind of employment best suited to their growth and development as citizens and wage earners. What these boys really need and crave is sane, sympathetic, indi- vidual counsel, guidance and leadership, beginning with the Junior High School (seventh year) and continuing with them thruout that trying period after they have left school. By the term guidance is meant guidance o < i *0 ^1 J x 1 c J H < ' T ^ i - c? J $ 1 ? i 5 ^^ ^-\ \ \> i t J P ^ 1 r^ X X 1 P F P s > l a V) f ve i w ** (V. 1 1 1 i &*. (V. M 2 2 2 si 1 1 'i > ft 11 1 i 1 II i i I i 1 Does your father firmnife? * Is s I* Does your father nirv Men's Lea Does your father Fruit Growers' A t- u i I 18 OUR BOYS Instructions sent to teachers ENROLLMENT FOR MILITARY TRAINING Instructions to Teachers Acting as Enrolling Officers 1. Every boy, except those serving in the United States army or navy, 16, 17 and 18 years of age, who is living in New York State on December 3, 1918, must enroll for military training under the State Military Training Commis- sion, at the public schoolhouse nearest his place of residence between the hours of 9 a. m. and 9 p. m. on December 3d, in accordance with a proclamation of the Governor. This applies to every boy, whether he is in school or not, and whether or not he is already a member of a military training unit receiving drill, or has been exempted or has had the work in which he is engaged recog- nized as equivalent to military training. In case of inability to report for enrollment because of physical disability, boys should be directed to send a rep- resentative to the nearest public schoolhouse and such representative should report the boy's name, address, age and reason for not enrolling. This informa- tion should be entered on an enrollment card and a certificate of enrollment issued. 2. Two forms of enrollment blanks are provided. The form printed on white paper (Exhibit A) is for all day school boys and also for all employed boys not working on farms. The other form, printed on yellow paper (Exhibit B), is for boys working on farms and not attending school. 3. There are also provided certificates of enrollment (Exhibit C), one of which is to be given by the teacher to each boy who enrolls the boy will sign the certificate in the space indicated, and the teacher will insert boy's address and place her initials under the name of the zone supervising officer of military training which appears on the certificate. This card should be retained by the boy as evidence that he has complied with the law. 4. Enrollment blanks and certificates will be sent to city, village and district superintendents of schools and will be distributed by them to the schools under their jurisdiction. 5. All entries on the blanks are to be made by the teacher and not by the boy. This is done to insure accuracy and legibility. 6. The enrollment of school boys is comparatively simple, as they need answer only the questions at the top of the white form, including questions 1, 2 and 3. 7. Employed boys not working on farms are required to answer all questions on the white blank up to and including number 42, in order that all claims for recognition or exemption may be decided intelligently by the Military Train- ing Commission. 8. Farm boys not attending school are required to answer all questions on the yellow form. 9. If the supply of enrollment blanks is exhausted, the teacher will record the required information on a plain sheet of paper, numbering the answers as indicated on the regular form, and forward with the other blanks. 10. If the supply of certificates of enrollment is exhausted, the teacher will make a list of the names of all boys enrolled who have not been supplied with certificates, and forward this list of names with the other material. 11. If a boy cannot answer any questions or refuses to answer any questions, the teacher will make note accordingly in the space provided for the answer. 12. All claims for exemption from drill should be made by the boy to the zone supervising officer whose name and address appears on the certificate of enrollment. 13. While at first this enrollment seems to be a very great task, neverthe- less, owing to the fact that every public schoolhouse in the State will be an enrollment center, the number of boys to be enrolled from each community is comparatively small and the enrollment can therefore be accomplished without the necessity of suspending school work. 14. On the completion of the enrollment, the blanks are to be compared with the school census and a list of the names and addresses of all boys who failed to OUR BOYS 10 appear for enrollment made and sent at once, together with the enrollment blanks, including unused forms and certificates, to the school superintendent, who will forward them C. O. D. to the proper zone supervising officer of the Military Training Commission. Certificate of enrollment Exhibit C shows the certificate of enrollment issued to each hoy who enrolled. 11-15-18-300,000 (48-815) Nfyr TRAN crc RAR , c STATE OF NEW YORK MILITARY TRAINING COMMISSION CcrtifiC9~that the bearer whose signature appears on the line following: Name Address. is enrolle/SU^r military training as a member of the Corps of Cadets, State of New- York, in Conformity with the provisions of the Military Law of the State, and is meeting the requirements of the law as to such military training. Subject to cancellation by the Military Train- ... ... _ D ing Commission. Major, N. C. R. Zone Supervising Officer, Military Training Not valid after December 31, 1918, unless endorsed as indicated on back hereof This certificate must be presented for endorsement by person to whom issued on the dates indicated below, or wit'-. in seven days immediately preceding each date: December 3,. I9 i8 ..... If cadet is member of a training unit, this certificate is to be presented for endorse- ment to his instructor ; otherwise the certificate is to be presented in person or mailed with a self-addressed STAMPED envelope to Major John P. Treanor, State Armory, Albany, N. Y. No Certificate Mailed for Endorsement Will Be Returned Unless Accompanied by Stamped Return Envelope OUR BOYS BxhlMt A Hollerith card. Each answer on the questionnaire has a code number assigned to it under the proper column heading. For example the question- naire (Exhibit A) is that of an 18 year old boy. On the code in the appendix of this report the figure 8 under " Age " represents .an 18 year old boy, there- fore in the age column on the Hollerith card (Exhibit D) the figure '8 is punched out. E xhibit E A Hollerith card. In Exhibit E the six in the " Age " column is punched out showing that the card is that of a sixteen-year-old boy. Method of recording- the answers to the questions Each question was asked and the boy's answer recorded by a licensed teacher whose signature and school address were required on each questionnaire. This signature and address aided materially in securing accuracy and legibility as it was obviously possible to trace any careless work to its author. Seventy-eight percent of the boys live in the one hundred odd cities and villages of the State with OUR BOYS 21 a population of more than 5,000 and having a well organized system of schools under the supervision of a superintendent. Another six percent of the boys live in the incorporated villages of the State, having a Union High School in charge of a supervising principal. This means that eighty-four percent of the questionnaires were filled out in well organized schools under close supervision. The filling out of the questionnaires in the rural communities was very carefully supervised by the district superintendents of the State and the returns received from the rural schools show that the work was carefully and accurately performed. On the completion of the enrollment the questionnaires were returned, in accordance with instructions sent out by the Commissioner of Education, to the offices of the Military Training Commission. Accuracy of answers on questionnaires That the work of recording the answers was conscientiously and accurately performed by the teachers of the State is evidenced by the fact that the answers to the questions on practically every one of the 186,060 questionnaires received were complete. The tabula- tions of the answers received from widely separated cities and villages show a uniformity of results which could not obtain had the work been carelessly done. Furthermore, the information obtained on over 10,000 similar questionnaires previously filled by the field staff of the bureau in personal interviews with boys in their places of employment in all parts of the State has verified the accuracy of the data on the questionnaires filled out by the teachers. Data transferred to sorting-machine cards On the receipt of the questionnaire cards a group of five specially trained young women transferred the information from the question- naires to Hollerith sorting and tabulating machine cards. This alone took several months of careful and painstaking work owing to the nature of the answers which required the use of an extensive code. The name of each boy was written on the back of the Hollerith card which enabled those supervising the work to check the results of the card-punching by comparing the punched cards with the original questionnaires. 22 OUR BOYS Exhibit D shows a Hollerith card with the answers as given on the questionnaire in exhibit A punched on it ready for sorting in the electric sorting-machine. Exhibit E shows a Hollerith card with the answers as given on the questionnaire in exhibit B punched on it ready for sorting. Codes used in punching the cards The complete codes used in transferring the data from the question- naires in exhibits A and B to the Hollerith cards in exhibits D and E respectively are published in full in the appendix of this report. How the cards were sorted The punched cards were sorted on two machines, one a Hollerith machine located at Albany and the other a Powers machine located in Teachers College, Columbia, University. The work of sorting the cards and tabulating the results of these sortings required a year's time and gives some idea of the magnitude and scope of the work. While a vast amount of information has been obtained from the cards the possibilities for further detailed study are by no means exhausted. The information on the cards is of such a nature as to make it of value for a long period of years. It will be impossible to publish in detail all of the information secured. The number of questionnaires received Greater New York School Boys 17,593 Boys out of School 82,575 Total 100,168 Cities over 25,000 7,648 26,991 34,639 Cities under 25,000 2,746 7,550 10,296 Villages over 5 000 . . . 2,189 4,276 6,465 Places under 5 000 "\ f 12,004 19,963 Employed farm bovs . . V 7,959 I 14,529 14,529 Total 38,135 147,925 186,060 The necessity for using random samplings of data The work involved in properly sorting and tabulating such a iiemendous amount of material made it imperative to resort to ran- dom samplings of the data wherever possible. If all the 147,925 OUR BOYS 23 cards received from the employed boys had been used there would have been an aggregate total of over 12,000,000 sortings as each card had to be sent thru the machines approximately one hundred and fifty times. By resorting to random samplings of the data it was possible to get accurate results and at the same time reduce the labor of sorting and tabulating by about fifty percent. Even then the work assumed almost overwhelming proportions as an aggregate total of over 6,000,000 sortings were made and the results tabulated. The method of making the random samplings of data In Greater New York, 82,575 cards were received from the employed boys, divided into three age groups as follows: 16 year olds 36,410 17 year olds 33,895 18 year olds 12,270 Total 82,575 A random sampling of each group was then made so as to furnish a total of 18,000 cards, consisting of 7,000 cards from each of the six- teen and seventeen year old groups and 4,000 cards from the eighteen year old group. , This made a sampling of approximately every fifth card from each of the sixteen and seventeen year old groups and every third card from the eighteen year old group. The following method was employed in making the samplings : 1. The cards of each group were arranged in strictly alphabetical order so as to destroy all traces of racial or nationality groupings. 2. From the sixteen year old group every fifth card was withdrawn making a total of 7,282. From the 7,282 cards every twenty-fifth card was withdrawn leaving 7,071 cards. Then by withdrawing approximately every one-hundredth card the number was further reduced to exactly 7,000 cards. By a similar method 7,000 cards weire selected from the seventeen year old group and 4,000 from the eighteen year old group. 24 OUR BOYS Cities over 25,000 population outside of Greater New York In the twenty-one cities of the State outside of Greater New York having over 25,000 population 26,991 cards were received from employed hoys divided into three age groups as follows : 16 year olds - 9,818 17 year olds : 9,644 18 year olds 7,529 Total 26,991 A random sampling of each group was then made so as to furnish a total of 15,000 cards, consisting of 5,000 cards from each age group. The following method was employed in making the samplings : 1. The cards were divided into sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year age groups. 2. Each age group was then arranged in strictly alphabetical order. 3. From the sixteen year old group every second card was with- drawn making 4,909 cards. From the remaining 4,909 cards every fifty-fifth card was withdrawn furnishing ninety-one more cards or a total of 5,000 cards. By a. similar method 5,000 cards were selected from the seventeen and eighteen year old groups respectively, making a total of 15,000 cards. Cities under 25,000 population In the thirty-six cities of the State having less than 25,000 popula- tion 7,550 cards were received from the employed boys, divided in three age groups as follows : 16 year olds 2,559 17 year olds'. 2,603 18 year olds 2,388 Total 7,550 For the general tabulations made of this entire group of cities all the cards were used. OUR BOYS 25 Villages over 5,000 population In the forty-one villages of the State having over 5,000 popula- tion 4,276 cards were received from the employed boys, divided in three age groups as follows : 16 year olds 1,387 17 year olds 1,558 18 year olds 1,331 Total 4,276 For the general tabulations made of this entire group of villages all the cards were used. Places under 5,000 population In places under 5,000 population 12,004 cards were received from tne employed boys, divided in three age groups as follows: 16 year olds 4,065 17 year olds 4,273 18 vear olds 3,666 Total 12,004 For the general tabulations made of this entire group all the cards were used. Farm boy group From boys employed on farms in all sections of the State 14,529 cards were received, divided in three age groups as follows : 16 year olds 5,331 17 year olds 5,187 18 year olds 4,011 Total 14,529 For the tabulations made of this entire group all the cards were used. 26 OUR BOYS School boy group From the school boys of the State 38,135 cards were received but no tabulations were made of this group because no data other than nationality was collected. Tabulations for individual cities and villages over 5,000 population In the detailed studies of the individual cities and villages prac- tically every card received from the employed boys was tabulated excepting in Greater New York, Rochester and a few smaller places where minor adjustments were made. Tables No. 1, in the text, 1-A, 1-B and 1-C, (see appendix) show the exact number of cards received and tabulated for each city and village. POPULATION AND ENROLLMENT Of All Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys TABLE No. 1 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Num- Per- GROUPS Total popu- lation of boys Total num- ber en- rolled Total per- cent en- rolled Popu- lation of em- ployed boys ber of em- ployed boys en- cent of em- ployed boys en- Popu- lation of school boys School boys en- rolled Num- ber of cards tabu- lated rolled rolled Greater New York . 142,472 100,252 70.4 124,879 82,659 66.2 17,593 17,593 18,000 Cities over 25,000.. 50,529 34,830 68.9 42,881 27,182 63.4 7,648 7,648 20,523 Cities under 25,000. 13,982 10,518 75.2 11,236 7,772 69.1 2,746 2,746 7,496 Villages over 5,000. 7,967 6,686 83.9 5,778 4,497 77.8 2,189 2,189 4,269 Places under 5,000. 49,050 33,774 68.8 41,091 28,515 62.8 7,959 7,959 12,004 Employ'd farm boys * * * i * * * * 14,529 Total 264 000 186 060 70 5 225 865 147 925 65 4 38 135 38,135 76 , 821 * The cards of the employed farm boys were eliminated from the above groups and tabulated separately. Definitions of terms used Employed boys. The term " employed boys " as used in this report refers to all boys not attending day schools and employed otherwise than on farms. Fawn boys. The term " farm boys " as used in this report refers to all boys not attending day schools and employed on farms. School boys. The term " school boys " as used in this report refers to boys in regular attendance at day schools. OUR BOYS 27 Reliability of results obtained from a random sampling of data The novice in the matter of handling statistics is often very skeptical of results obtained from random samplings of data. In this connection it is interesting to note that a test case was made of the data received from 6,468 employed boys in the city of Buffalo. The fact that the test was made by skeptics, who became so thoroly convinced of the validity of the results obtained from their random samplings that they turned the data of their investigation over to the director of the bureau, adds a peculiar interest and value to the work. Dr. Truman L. Kelly, assistant professor of education, Columbia University, became interested in using these figures for a further study of the reliability of the percentile method with the result that the following article was written by Mr. Ben D. Wood. NOTE ON THE RELIABILITY OF PREDICTION BASED ON RANDOM SAMPLING 1. The laymen and the not widely experienced statistician find it difficult to accept with any satisfactory degree of confidence predictions based on pro- portions of comparatively small random samplings. For example, if it is observed in a random sampling consisting of 25 percent of all the 16, 17 and 18 year old boys in a given city, that 83.4 percent have the father as guardian, what would be the proportion of the remaining 75 percent of such boys who would similarly have the male parent as guardian. The average layman would not even attempt to guess within 10 percent of the truth, and he would prob- ably laugh if someone should venture that it would be 83.4 plus or minus 2 per- cent or less. Again, if for the above sampling it were observed that for 6.3 per- cent of the boys the second year high school was the last school grade com- pleted, and that for 1.4 percent of the boys sickness was the (reported) cause for leaving school, and that for 9.8 percent of the boys $18 was the (reported) beginning weekly wage, and that 2 percent left school at the age of 13 years, the average person would be far from ready to accept these as anything like the approximate proportions that would be observed in the total group. 2. Many will Avelcome the evidence afforded by an empirical study which recently came to light in the form of a test case which is none the less valid for having been made somewhat clandestinely by a group of skeptics. On December 3, 1918, the Vocational Bureau of the New York State Military Training Com- mission received a questionnaire card from each of the 6,468 emploved bovs 16, 17 and 18 years old in the city of Buffalo. About 275 public school teachers filled out the cards for the boys. The like was done in every part of the State, and in order to avoid the tremendous task of handling so many cards, the director of the bureau, Howard G. Burdge, gave orders that in certain units random samplings be taken which were to be studied in lieu of the total number of cards for such units. The group of subordinates in charge of the Buffalo cards was so skeptical that some of its members determined, sub rosa, to test the wisdom of Mr. Burdge's economy. 3. Accordingly, the 6,468 cards were put 'into strict alphabetical order, and every fourth card extracted. The extracted cards, constituting 25 percent of the total, were sorted and tabulated with Hollerith machines. Then the remain- ing cards, constituting 75 percent of the total, were run thru the machines for OUR BOYS similar sorting and tabulation. Finally, all cards were thrown together and the total 6,468 cards were put thru the machines. The results were placed in parallel columns as below. The agreement illustrated ought to put an end to heresy. It is noteworthy that even in the items involving small numbers of cards, the proportions in the three groups are almost identical, clearly demon- strating the sagacity of Mr. Burdge's judgment in the matter. TABLE No. X Results of Random Sampling as shown in six of the items studied in Buffalo. Item I Guardian of Boy Father 83.4 Mother . 13.3 Percent of enrollment^ 75 82.4 14.1 100 82.4 13.9 Uncle .6 .6 .6 Aunt Stepfather . . . Stepmother . . Brother Sister .4 .7 .2 .5 .2 .2 .9 .1 .5 .3 .2 .9 .2 .5 .4 Headmaster or matron Grandparents. . Others not re- related No answer. . . . .6 .1 .7 .04 .1 . 7 .02 Item II No. Children in Family One 6.3 6.3 6.3 Two 11.3 11.0 1 1.7 Three Four 14.8 13.6 13.7 14.4 13.9 14.2 Five Six 14.3 11.9 14.6 12.6 14.5 12.4 Seven 9.8 10.5 10.3 Eight 8 1 7.2 7.4 Nine Ten 4.2 3 4.1 2 7 4.2 2 8 Eleven or more No answer. . . . 2.7 2.0 .04 2.2 .03 Item III- Reason for Leaving School Financial .... Wanted to work Sick 9.1 68.4 1 4 10.1 69.4 1 2 9.9 69.0 1.3 Graduated . . . Miscellaneous. Disliked school 12.2 .6 8.3 11.0 .3 7.9 11.4 .3 8.0 Item IV Age Leaving <- School Ten years or under or no answer .... Eleven . -Percent of enrollment, 25 75 100 .8 .7 .8 .2 .1 .2 .6 .5 .5 2.0 1.9 1.9 31.6 30.1 30.4 36.9 37.3 37.1 21.5 23.5 22.9 5.5 5.0 5.2 .9 .9 .9 Twelve . Thirteen . Fourteen .... Fifteen .... Sixteen Seventeen .... Eighteen Item V Last Grade Completed Fourth grade or under or no answer. . Fifth grade . . . Sixth grade . . . Seventh grade Eighth grade . . 1st yr. H. S... 2nd yr. H. S . . 3rd yr. H. S . . 4th yr. H. S . . Business school 2.1 3.2 14.5 19.7 23.7 23.8 6.3 1.7 1.8 3.2 2.2 3.4 13.5 20.3 26.9 20.4 6.2 2.2 1.4 3.3 2.2 3.4 13.8 20.2 26.1 21 .2 6*2 2.0 1.5 3.3 Item VI Bee/inning Weekly Waqe $3.00 ...... 6 . 00 9 00 10.1 17.4 13.8 11.2 14.5 9.8 7.7 5.6 2.8 7.1 8.6 18.0 15.1 10.9 14.4 9.4 7.6 4.7 3.6 7.7 8.9 17.9 14.8 10.9 14.4 9.5 7.6 4.9 3.4 7'6 12.00 15.00 18.00 21 00 24 . 00 27 . 00 More than $27 No answer. . . . 4. These parallel columns afford material for studying the reliability of the percentile method. The standard deviation of the difference of two proportions for independent events is given by the formula: cdp -\ I 9 -|- ^- The results given by it can be tested by calculating the actual S. D.s of the difference between columns I and II of Table X for definite percentile ranges. This has been done roughly with results as given in Table Y. OUR BOYS 29 The values in the S. D. column are TABLE Y obtained by distributing the differences STANDABD DEVIATION OF THE DIFFER- of the proportions within the percentile ENCES OB PROPORTIONS EMPIRICALLY range indicated at the left, and cal- AND THEORETICALLY DERIVED. culating the second moment in the or- Proportion Actual S. D. pq/n-p'q'/n' dinary way, assuming M = 0. The 50-65 1.78 1.43 values in the third column were ob- 65-75 2.15 1.316 tained by taking p = p' midpoint of 75-85 1.756 1.149 percentile range indicated at left, p = p' 85-90 1 . 288 . 950 (1 p), n = 7617 and n' = 4851. 90-94 1.259 .778 94-98 .7865 .596 97-985 .3937 .426 985-995 .2816 .252 995-998 .1948 .1675 998-999 .0913 9994-99*97 . 0946 It will be observed that the actual S. D's. are consistently larger than the theoretical. This is due partly to the roughness of the calculations in both columns, partly to the slight inaccuracies involved in carrying the original proportions to one decimal only, partly to slight error introduced by assum- ing M = O in calculating the actual S. D.'s and laregly to the fact that 275 relatively untrained teachers made out the cards. The variability in their interpretations of answers to such questions as " Why did you leave school ?", "Age at leaving school?", "Last grade completed?", etc., would justify reduc- ing the denominator in the formula adp \ JEB. 4. ^ quite considerably, so \ n n 1 as to increase the theoretical S. D. systematically. Another influence which makes for a consistent difference in favor of the actual S. D. values is the inadvertent weighting of various differences of proportions by the repetition of sortings involving practically the same (or dependent) elements; this is notably the case in the second actual S. D. value 2.15. This vitiation crept in before the fact of repeated or correlated sortings was noticed. It must be noted also that in deriving these actual S. D. values, n was quite small in the larger percentile ranges. On the whole the roughness of these calculations does not hide the very strong and unequivocal support afforded by empirical facts for the theoretical reliability of the percentile method of truly random sampling. BEtf D. WOOD. Columbia University. Over 10,000 additional personal interviews made by field staff Previous to the State-wide enrollment conducted by the teachers of the State over 10,000 personal interviews with boys were made by the eighteen field inspectors connected with the Vocational Bureau, in the shops, manufacturing plants and other firms employ- ing boys in a large number of city, village and rural communities., so selected as to cover industries of all types in all sections of the State. These inspectors were all technically trained men experienced in dealing with boys in educational and industrial work. Many of them had also completed courses in employment management. Five of the group, who were graduates of agricultural colleges, conducted personal interviews with every farm boy in Livingston county. The SO OUR BOYS questionnaires used in these personal interviews contained practically the same questions as those used in the. State-wide enrollment con- ducted by the teachers. Exhibit F shows the questionnnaire used and exhibit G shows the location on the map of the various communi- ties surveyed by the inspectors. The information gained in these per- sonal interviews verified in every respect the accuracy of the infor- mation obtained by the teachers in the State-wide enrollment and forms a very valuable check on the accuracy of their work. OUR BOYS 31 ! CO 7 1 4 S -r xj *t . Ill 1 \ 1 i < V s f \ V 0> OUR BOYS EXHIBIT G. Showing the location of various cities, villages ana rarul coanunltt** covered by the fieia staff who held personal interviews witn over 10,400 boys at t/iair places of emjlovn:it. Fourteen cities over , 25,000 Eighteen cities under 25,000 Ten villages Over 5,000 Thirty villages under 5,000 All far* boys in Livingston County OUR BOYS CHAPTER II Enrollment Statistics The estimated population of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old boys in the State of New York on December 3, 1918, was 264,000. These estimates were based on the Federal census of 1910 and the annual growth as shown by the State census of 1915. The enroll- ment of sixteen and seventeen year old boys was considerably larger than of the eighteen year old boys. See table No. 2-D in the text. This can be accounted for in some degree by the fact that a large number of eighteen year old boys were with the American Expedi- tionary Forces and had not yet been demobilized. It is also probable that eighteen year old boys, who within a short time were to become nineteen years of age failed to respond to the call of the Governor. Diagram A and ta'ble No. 1-D in the text, show the number and per- cent of boys enrolled by age groups. They also show the number of school boys and employed boys enrolled and not enrolled. Tables No. 1-A to 2-F inclusive, in the appendix, show the enrollment in detail for the individual cities and villages of the State. Tables No. 4 and 6 show the number of employed boys enrolled and the number of cards tabulated for each city and village. Practically all school boys were enrolled The fact that the school authorities of the State strictly enforced the law compelled a very complete enrollment of the sixteen, seven- teen and eighteen year old school boys. The boys who did not enroll were those who were not attending school. This number is not exces- sively large when it is remembered that a large number of these boys were still in the army. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys PERCENT OF BOYS IN AND OUT OF SCHOOL AND TOTAL, ENROLLMENT TABLE No. 1-D SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Popula- tion of boys Total enroll- ment Percent enrolled School boy enroll- Percent in school Per- cent out of 8C OO Greater New York.... Cities over 25,000 142,472 50,529 100,252 34,830 70.4 68.9 17,593 7,648 12.4 15.1 87.6 84.9 Cities under 25,000 . . . Villages over 5,000 Places under 5,000 13,982 7,967 49,050 10,518 6,686 33,774 75.2 83.9 68.8 2,746 2,189 7,959 19.7 27.4 16.2 80.3 72.6 83.8 Total 264,000 186,060 70.5 38,135 14.4 85.6 34 CUB BOYS PERCENT OF SIXTEEN, SEVENTEEN AND EIGHTEEN YEAR OLD BOYS IN AND OUT OF SCHOOL TABLE No. 2 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS PERCENT OUT OF SCHOOL PERCENT IN SCHOOL Total number of boys in each age group Total popula- tion of boys Age Age 16 17 18 16 17 18 Greater New York . 79.3 75.5 67.4 52.1 72.7 89.0 85.8 83.0 75.4 86.6 94.7 93.0 90.7 90.0 92.0 20.7 24.5 32.6 47.9 27.3 11.0 14.2 17.0 24.6 13.4 5.3 7.0 9.3 10.0 8.0 47,490 16,843 4,661 2,656 16,350 142,472 50,529 13,982 7,967 49,050 Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Places under 5,000. . Total 76.0 87.2 93.5 24.0 12.8 6.5 88,000 264,000 PERCENT OF ALL .SIXTEEN, SEVENTEEN AND EIGHTEEN YEAR OI.P BOYS RESPECTIVELY WHO ENROLLED ON DECEMBER 3, 1918 TABLE No. 2-D SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Number GROUPS 16 years 17 years 18 years Popula- tion of boys of employed boys Total per cent enrolled enrolled Greater New York Per cent 92.8 Per cent 78.5 Per cent 29.7 142,472 100,252 70.4 Cities over 25,000 81.3 70.2 50.9 50,529 34,830 68.9 Cities under 25,000 88.6 73.9 61.3 13,982 10,518 75.2 Villages over 5,000 100.0 93.0 66.5 7,967 6,686 83.9 Places under 5,000 98.8 82.9 64.0 49,050 33,774 68.8 Total 91.7 77.7 41.9 264,000 186,060 70.5 OUR BOYS 35 Total 264,000 Total 186,060 1. Snowlnc the number of all 16', 17 nd 18 2. Showing the number of each nge group year old boy in the state that enrolled. that enrolled. Total 33,136 Total 225,865 3* Showing the nunber of school boys tliat 4. Showing the nuirber of boys out of enrolled. school that enrolled, DIAGRAM A Detailed enrollment of school boys Table No. 2 in the text shows the percent of boys of each age in and out of school for the city and village groups. Tables No. 2-A, 2-B and 2-C in the appendix show the enrollment of school boys by age groups for the individual cities and villages of the State. Dia- gram B shows the percent of all the boys in the State of each age group in and out of school. It also points out very clearly the rapid elimination of boys still in school. At age sixteen about three out of four boys are out of school. At age seventeen, seven out of eight are out of school and at age eighteen, fifteen out of sixteen are out of school. See Diagram C. 36 OTJB BOYS 18 year DIAGRAM B SHOWING THE PERCENT OF BOYS OF EACH AGE GROUP IN AND OUT OF SCHOOL DIAGRAM C OUT OF EVERY SEVEN SCHOOL BOYS FOUR ARE SIXTEEN, TWO ARE SEVENTEEN AND ONE IS EIGHTEEN The majority of these boys are out of school Table 'No. 1-D above, shows that the percent of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old boys out of school is higher in Greater New York than in the other city and village groups. In Greater New York 87.6 percent are out of school as compared with only 72.6 OUR BOYS 37 percent in villages over 5,000. The State average, however, is 85.6 percent. In other words about six out of every seven of these boys are out of school. DIAGRAM D SIX OUT OF EVERY SEVEN ARE OUT OF SCHOOL Stale Total 100* State Tot*l 100^ 77.7% In places of 5,000 or more population Percent of Population living in Urban and Rural Communities DIAGRAM E The majority of boys live in urban communities Diagram E shows that 77.7 percent of the boys live in places of 5,000 or more population. In all of these communities there is a superintendent of schools and a well organized public school system. Another six percent lived in incorporated villages under 5,000. In most of these communities there is a union high school in charge of a supervising principal. Only 16.3 percent of the boys attended strictly rural schools. While the solution of the rural school problem is of tremendous importance it is encouraging to note that in compari- son with other states such a small percentage of the population of the State of New York is educated in the rural school. The above information is based on the 1915 State census. OUR BOYS CHAPTER III Nationality DIAGRAM F IN GREATER NEW YORK ONE BOY OUT OF FIVE is FOREIGN BORN DIAGRAM G IN GREATER NEW YORK THREE BOYS OUT OF FIVE HAVE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN DIAGRAM H ]N GREATER NEW YORK six OUT OF TEN BOYS HAVE TWO FOREIGN PARENTS; ONE OUT OF TEN HAS ONE PARENT FOREIGN BORN; THREE HAVE TWO AMERICAN PARENTS There are more boys of foreign birth in the cities Charts No. 3, 3-A and 3-B and tables No. 3 in the text, and 3-A, 3-B and 3-C in the appendix, give the data with regard to the country of birth of the employed boys and show that in general the popula- tion of foreign boys is much greater in large cities than in rural communities. There is, however, no direct correlation between popu- OUR BOYS 39 lation and the percentage of foreign born boys in the case of indi- vidual cities. The foreign population of smaller cities and villages varies widely as to nationality because the type and percentage of foreigners in any given city or village is determined largely by the type of employment offered. In many of our smaller cities and vil- lages the foreign element is predominantly of the unskilled labor class, whose interest in education is not very great. Later studies in the report show that the type rather than the percent of foreign population should be taken into consideration when making com- parisons between schools and school systems. For example, while the percentage of foreign population in Greater New York is very high it is of a very cosmopolitan character and the unskilled labor element is not so predominant as is the case in many of the smaller cities and villages of the State. Very few foreign born boys on farms It is significant that only three percent of the employed farm boys are foreign born. While an average of about ten percent of the boys in all other communities of the State outside of Greater New York are foreign born, in Greater New York where fifty-four percent of the boy population of the State is found, twenty percent of the boys are of foreign birth. Charts ^N"o. 3, 3-A and 3-B show quite a wide variation in the percent of foreign born boys found in the individual cities and villages of the State. OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BIRTH AND PARENTAGE TABLE No. 3 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS BIRTH American boys Foreign boys AMERICAN BOYS Two American parents One American parent Two foreign parents FOREIGN BOYS Two foreign parents Popula- tion of employe boys Greater New York Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Places under 5,000 Employed farm boys 80.0 87.6 91.5 90.3 94.2 97.0 20.0 12.4 8.5 9.7 5.8 3.0 27.0 44.1 59.4 57.5 66.4 76.7 10.5 13.7 11.0 10.6 10.9 9.7 42.5 29.8 21.1 22.2 16.9 10.6 20.0 12.4 8.5 9.7 5.8 3.0 124,795 42,690 11,014 5,557 J41.809 SUMMAEZ FOB HBW TOBK 3TAT3 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 10% Greater tfew York..., Cities orer 25,000.. Cities under 25,000, Villages over 5,000. Fleces under 5,000., Anployed fam boys., Cities over 25,000 1 Niagara Palis.., 2 Bew York 3 Jaochester. ... . . 4 Utica 5 Amsterdam...... 6 Jamestown, ...... 7 Auburn , 8 Scheneotadv . . . . .^jj^fM 9 So* Jioohelle HM^^ 10 He*burgh mm^mi 11 Mount Verno !!.... 12 Syracuse. " 13 Wat art own " 14 Buffald ......._ 15 Blngnaarton. m^T 16 PoupfrkeeT>sie .. 17 lonkers m^f : = ....-_ 18 Albany wmr 19 Oswego ^l^r- 20 Kingston JHI 21 Iroy ! : : "" 22 aimira B" ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ~ 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90^ Foreign born boys i i American born boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BOYS OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BIBTH Chart No. 3. State Summary and Cities over 25,000 100% OUR BOYS 41 9% 10% M% % % % >% 70% 80% 90% Johnstcnm* lorth Tomanda.J (tontva .......... 1 10 Little fells....! U Diuncizk. ........ ! 12 Baaooiu. .< U White Plains....; 14 OohoM ...... ....< 15 Caaandaigua. . . . . I 16 Tonawaudfl.......< 17 Ogdenabuig..4... j 18 lorwioh ......... J 19 Olean ........... , 20 Badaon..........j 21 Ithaoa .......... j 22 Oneida .......... J 23 Watjrvllot ...... J M Saxfitoga 3prlngs a 25 Corning......... ' 26 Salamanca. ....... 27 Pulton. ......... . 21 pert Chester..... 29 Lookport ......... 90 Oneonta.... ...... 31 Middletovn ....... 52 Hornell ........ ., 35 Oortland ........ , 34 (Hans &lla....< 35 Plattsbiirg...... , 36 flraaielaer. ..... , 0% W% % 30% 40% S0% % 70% fl% 90% W0% Foreign born boys t j American born boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys ' BOYS OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BIRTH Chart No. 3A. Cities under 25,000 42 OUR BOYS 20% 30% 40% 50% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 Lawrence 2 Mas s ens, 8 Hezklmer. 4 fort Chester. 5 Depew 6 aeneca 7 Sevark 8 Jib ion. 9 Solvay. 10 Port Washington..! 11 Endlcott | 12 Patchogua | 12 Paon^an 1 14 Vaterford*. ] 16 Mamaroneok. ...... I 16 Dredonia I 17 Mtdonia I 15 Vhitehall I 19 Eastings | 20 Ossinine 1 21 Hempatead ..] 22 Horth Tarry town..! 23 Walden j 24 Saranao Lake..... I 25 Baverstraw i 26 Hossick jails....] 27 llion 1 28 Hunting on. 29 lialone.. ^ ...... 50 Peekskill ''''"' 31 aaclcville Cantar.lM' ' ' ''. '. . ^ 32 Hyaok ! 33 Lancaster. ''''' ~ 34 Zarrytovn. B 35 Catsklll 36 WtfLlsTrille.. M '' '' '' : '' ~-~ 37 a^son Tails m '' ' ' 38 Johnson City - ... . . "" 39 Treeport * "" 40 W%rerly ^ [ | ' ' ' 41 Onego i ' ' ' 0% 10% M% 30% 40% 50% 60% B1B1 Foreign born boys ' i American born boys 70%> 80% 90% 100% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BOYS OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BIRTH Chart No. SB. Villages over 5,000 OUR BOYS 43 There are many foreign parents in large cities Charts No. 3-C, 3-D, 3-E and 3-F and tables No. 3 in the text, and 3-A, 3-B and 3-C in the appendix, show the number of boys hav- ing American and foreign parentage in the various city and village groups, and also in the individual cities and villages of the State. A comparison of the various city and village groups as shown on chart No. 3-C and table No. 3 shows that the percent of boys having two American parents increases quite regularly from twenty-seven percent in the case of Greater New York to 76.7 percent in the farm boy group. There is also a very noticable correlation between the population of the various groups and the number of foreign born boys and parents. It is interesting to note: 1. That only twenty-seven percent of the employed boys of Greater New York have two American born parents. 2. Sixty-two and five-tenths percent have two foreign born parents. 3. Ten and five-tenths percent have one foreign born parent. 4. Seventy-three percent have either one or both parents foreign born. 5. One out of every five boys is foreign born. 6. Three out of every five boys have both parents foreign born. 7. One boy out of ten has one foreign and one American born parent. SUWABI FOB TOT YOBC StAEI % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% *% 100% Greater Hew Cities OTer 25,000..! Cities under 25,000.] Places orer 5,000...] Places Tinder 5,000..] fsarm boys..] % 10% % 30% 40% 50% 40% 70% 80% 90% 100% American born boys with two Amerkan parents. American born boys with one American parent. American born boys with two foreign parents. Foreign born boys with two foreign parents. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PARENTS OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BIRTH Chart No. 3C. State Summary OUR BOYS d S : 1 1 i 5 i i I I : s & . . iiiiiiiiiililltlllllfl i * * a a a * a * s s a * * |f Si f . ;.._.. ; . -;;;'-;;-; ; ;-; ... i - ; - ' - S V , ^.. y ( .. \. .. * .. . \. v .. s v S 1 > . V V " V s s iuytjUtjuLiyuLi y y u u u u u d u u Q LI NjjiiiliHllijNiiiU 1 i liiil! i iiijiil II 111 Ila iliil tiM il II a iltllM Ihliii OUR BOYS 45 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PERCENT OF FOREIGN BORN FATHERS MARRYING INTO EACH NATIONALITY TABLE No. 3-D GREATER NEW YORK AND CITIES OVER 25,000 MOTHER'S BIRTHPLACE FATHER'S BIRTHPLACE L aS 1 1 L 3 c w j> D 9 c T3 cs 1 g o, a ^ 3 3 '5 c 1 .S | r> "3 "* 'a i 1 JS 1 1 C W | 1 o Italy 99 2 2 1 1 _ 2 100 2 678 Germany 92.1 . 5 1.3 2.7 .5 .2 .5 .3 .1 1.8 100.0 1,971 2 1 91 8 4 1 1 8 2 100 1,905 Ireland .7 .1 95.8 .1 2.3 .4 .6 100.0 1,392 Austria-Hungary .... 2 9 4 1 1 ')! 8 5 1 .1 .2 2 100 130 Poland q 1.7 1.2 95. 8 .4 100.0 721 Scandinavia . . 1 9 2 2 3 92.8 .3 3 2 2 100 363 England 5 fi 4 3 17 ? ? 3 6 8 4 1 7 1 8 100.0 347 Canada . . . 2 8 13 1 4.9 77.7 .5 1.0 100 183 Scotland .9 23.1 1.9 5.6 5.6 62.0 .9 100.0 108 Sixteen f Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PERCENT OF FOREIGN BORN MOTHERS MARRYING INTO EACH NATIONALITY TABLE No. 3-E GREATER NEW YORK AND CITIES OVER 25,000 FATHER'S BIRTHPLACE MOTHER'S BIRTHPLACE o] B H 9 1 "S >> c a 3 O 6 ! Q 3 G jb 3 & a i I 1 1 1 9 1 O 1 k 1 | Italy Germany Russia Ireland Austria-Hungary Poland. . 99.6 3 k Si i 1 4 90. G . 5 1.7 3.9 1.5 .8 3.2 3.7 2.3 2.0 94.6 '5.8 2.7 's'.2 ' .5 .1 S3. '".3 11.2 'i'.Q 'i!9 2.8 .1 88.0 1.0 .3 .7 1.1 ".3 .6 "!? S4.6 '".8 " .6 .1 *'A .6 'ilo .8 4.0 .6 70 ! 5 15.4 7.0 "!2 3'.2 75. 1.1 .6 2.1 3.2 75.2 .3 2.8 . 7 1.3 3!l 2.1 1.0 4.5 100.0 10J.U luO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,844 1,358 731 286 1 ,498 86 35i) 46 189 1,998 England Scotland Most foreigners marry into their own nationality Tables JSTo. 3-D and 3-E in the text show that most of the parents of the ten largest nationality groups of Greater New York and the 46 OUR BOYS other cities over 25,000 population marry into their own nationalities. The English, Canadians and Scotch are the exceptions to this rule. Less than one percent of the Italians marry into other nationalities. About eight percent of the German men and nine percent of the German women marry into practically all other nationalities. The Russians, most of whom are Hebrews, do not marry Italians, Irish, Scandinavians, Canadians nor iScotch. This is probably due to. the fact that they marry into their own race and few Hebrews are found in the nationalities they seem to avoid. Ninety-six percent of the Irish men marry into their own nationality while only eighty-nine percent of the Irish women marry into their own nationality. The Austro-Hungarians have a record of ninety-two percent for the men and eighty-eight percent for the womsn, the rest being scattered among all nationalities. About ninety-five percent of the Poles marry into their own nationality, the remaining few marry Germans, Russians and Austro-Hungarians. About ninety-four percent of the Scandinavians marry into their own nationality and the others are scattering. Only fifty-eight percent of the English men marry Eng- lish women, seventeen percent marry Irish women, six percent marry German women, eight percent marry Canadian women and the rest scattering. Seventy percent of the English women marry into their own nationality, eleven percent marry Irish, three percent marry Germans, five percent marry Russians, three percent marry Cana- dians and the rest scattering. Seventy-eight percent of the Canadian men marry into their own nationality, thirteen percent marry Irish, five percent marry English and the rest scattering. Seventy-five per- cent of the Canadian women marry Canadian men, fifteen percent marry English men and the rest are scattering. Sixty-two percent of the Scotch men marry into their own nationality while twenty- three percent of them marry Irish women. Seventy-eight percent of the Scotch women marry Scotch men, seven percent marry Irish, seven percent marry English and the rest scattering. The Italians, who have the highest record for marrying into their own nationality, are evidently more prone to colonize in this country than are some of the other nationalities, while the Germans and the inhabitants of the British Isles and 'Canada marry into many dif- ferent nationalities. OUR BOYS i *i :9: : : : e i i : :{ :| : :5ii "e : i ill til ifl JIJ illl 5* 1 Illii iIJi i! rJ , ? it <8fe8 88 J ':! * ^ *P! 48 OUR BOYS ilmJii I llliiiiHiHililiilfliJilillillillliiii a ana a a aft** aa n an * n $ J. .; :.: ; . . :'.. . ^ . " ' ! *::: : : : : : : : ::;-, ; i ^ r; ..;-; -; ;;;;;; ;.;.;.;.;.;. .; : 'W n -:::::: ;; > -; ;;:;:..' : ;. . ; :.; ; ;.; ;..;-;,;., s s , - i r. .:..,.. N ' ' ' , , .. 1] ; - a g rl^ [^ tit^U^tQtl illllJJiiiiiiiiiiiJlJiiislljlilJ] II O o ll" OUR BOYS CHAPTER IV Guardianship DIAGRAM I ONLY FOUR BOYS OUT OF FIVE CLAIM FATHER AS GUARDIAN Sixteen,, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys GUARDIANSHIP Boys Naming Father, Mother and Others as Guardian TABLE No. 4 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE OROT'PS GUARDIAN Total Popula- tion of Father Mother Others percent emplo ed boys Greater New York Cities over 25,000 79.9 81.1 15.1 13.4 5.0 5.5 100.0 100 124,795 42,690 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 80.4 82 5 13.2 12 6.4 5 5 100.0 100 11,014 5 557 Places under 5,000 Employed farm boys 84.0 87 1 10.8 5 9 5.2 7 100.0 100 27,280 14 529 Total 225 865 GREATER NEW YORK NATIONAI ITY GROUP*-* GUARDIAN Total Popula- tion of Father Mother Others percent employed boys American* . 73 7 19 2 7 1 100 33 695 Mixedf 80 9 14 8 4 3 100 66 141 Foreign j 84 7 10 9 4 4 100 24,959 Total 79 9 15 1 5 100 124,795 * American born boys with both parents American born. t American born boys with one or both parents foreign born. J Foreign born boys with both pareats foreign born. 50 OUR BQYS Fewer fathers are named as guardians in large cities Each boy was asked to state the relationship of his guardian in case it was other than father. In general thruout the State only four out of five boys claimed the father as guardian and in some cities and villages only seven out of ten claimed the father. Chart No. 4 and table No. 4 in the text show that, 1. In the city, village and farm groups there is some correlation between the population of the group and the number claiming others than the father as guardian. 2. In all excepting the farm group the percent of boys claiming the mother as guardian and the percent claiming others than the parents are quite uniform. 3. .In the farm group the percent claiming others than the parents is larger than in any other group while the percent claiming the mother is smaller. 4. The percent of farm boys claiming the father is much larger than in any other group. The following reasons may help to explain the correlation between population and the number claiming others than the father as guardian in the city, village and farm groups : 1. Orphaned boys and fatherless families have a tendency to drift to the larger centers of population in quest of employment. 2. "Wanderlust" causes some boys to desert the home and seek employment in the cities. 3. During the war the demand for labor in certain cities brought in an unusual number of boys, altho there is no real reason why these boys should not have named the father as guardian. 4. In the larger cities the struggle to meet heavy family expenses together with the allurements of the city and the absence of a restrain- ing public opinion of a personal nature, such as is found in a small community, may cause fathers to desert their families. 5. The opposite conditions would hold on farms and may be given as a reason why more fathers are named as guardians in the farm group. 6. The relatively large percent of farm boys naming some one other than the parents is probably due to the fact that orphanages place many boys on farms for adoption. 7. It is also true that farm life is of such a character that few OUR BOYS 51 fatherless families could successfully carry on the work and would naturally move off the farm. It is significant that more than twice as many fathers as mothers were reported as dead. As no more fathers than mothers are actually dead, this indicates that many boys were told the father was dead as an easy way of accounting for his absence. Many boys also stated that they did not know their mother's occupation or her whereabouts. Whatever may be the underlying causes of these con- ditions, the following facts are outstanding and indicate that many of our employed boys lack wise, systematic counsel and leadership : 1. One boy out of every five lacks the guidance of a father. 2. One boy out of every twenty has neither father nor mother. Fewer American than foreign fathers are named as guardian Chart ^N"o. 4 and table No. 4 in the text also show that in Greater Xew York the father is claimed as guardian by 73.3 percent of American boys with two American born parents. 80.9 percent of American boys with one or both foreign born parents. 84 . 7 percent of foreign boys with two foreign born parents. Two of several reasons that can be given to explain why condi- tions are worse in the case of the American born boys than those of foreign birth, are: 1. The American fathers and boys because of their knowledge of our language and general familiarity with routes of travel, oppor- tunities for employment, etc., find fewer obstacles in the way of leaving the home circle in quest of work. 2. Foreign families hold a tighter rein over their children, requir- ing them to contribute most, if not all, of their earnings toward the family support. This lightens the financial burdens of the father and when not carried too far this sort of team work also makes for familv solidarity 52 OUR BOYS SUMfABT FOB EEf Y03K SXiXB Moth** I wither 30%. 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 907 Greater New fork....! Cities over 25,000.. j Cities wider 25,000.] Ti llages OTer 5,000.] Places wider 5,000. .] Bnployed far boys. Greater Sew York I a-***** HllBfflHF"^^ . .- . Mixed. ff^PPBBT ; r foreign BHBMi Cities over 26,000 1 Albany... ^BMJBIT MBIBBMir . 2 Troy BIBHJHCZZZZZZ^Z^ZZZZZZZZZ Singh-Bait on BBBBHHT"""""""' iwrtmr^i I : : : ~ lew York ; '_ ' ' JBlaira Ml II ^ ijaraaaay Sohenot4y 10 11 12 Kingston. 18 Bftobester 14 Oswego. 15 Ho^nt Ysraon...., 16 Buffalo 17 Utiea It Sew itochslle. . . . . I* TMters 20 Pcrughkeepsio.... 21 mbura. 22 Hiagara Vails i ifl% 20% 30% % 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% X-iaerican born boys with Aneriofm born parents. I3C IsnrlcaA born boys with ibreiea born er sized parents. /U foreign bom boys with foreign bom parents. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BOYS NAMING FATHER, MOTHER AND OTHERS AS GUARDIANS Chart Xo. 4. State Summary and Cities over 25,000 OUR BOYS 53 0% *0% Ittlwr s 809? -^attii^KH 1 lorwlolu 2 4 Glen* 5 Waterrllet 6 Hornell 7 Salamanca. ..< 8 Cohoes... 9 Port Jerris. *! 10 Little fclli J 11 Beacon ....I 12 Jtensselaor ] 13 Ithaca ..., 14 jftllt OH* **< 15 Johnstown j 16 Hudson...... I 17 Onaonta. ...... ..I 19 Genera.. .....| 20 Saratoga Springs. 1 21 OlMn. 1 22 White Plains I 23 Gloverrille....l 24 Ogdensburg.......J 25 Dunkirk I 27 Lac la wanna*. .....( 2t Cortl&nd. { 29 Corning.... | 30 Bataria | 32 cmeida ........... 33 Glen Cove........ 34 onawanda ....... 35 PLattsburg......< 36 north Touaand&< e% 100% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BOYS NAMING FATHER, MOTHER AND OTHERS AS GUARDIANS Chart No. 4A. Cities under 25,000 54 OUR BOYS fethar I 0% \fb % 3% _&#, % % 70% Center. 2 Hooslck j Sarajaac 4 Owego 1 5 Hudson Pal la ] 6 Peek&ill I 7 Catakill | Walden. 1 10 Huntington ] 11 Patchogua.. | 12 Haver straw ] 13 Whitehall 1 14 Hastings -.j 15 Hanpstead 1 16 Johnson City 1 17 HortH Tarrytovra..| 18 Hertclmer ..{ 19 Waverly...., | 20 Sowark. \ 21 Haraaroneck....l 22 Freeport ] 23 11 ion. | 24 Albion | 25 ossining ....| 26 rezm Yan \ 27 lialone j 28 Tarrytown.,. { 29 Masaena. ......... j 30 Jfodloott | 31 Seneoa FaUs j 32 Wellsville. 33 Waterford.. ....., 34 Port Charter | 35 Depw | 36 Lancaster \ 37 Fradonia ....j 36 Medina < 39 Pott Washington*^ 40 Lanrrenoe | 41 .Solwy , M% *% n% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BOYS NAMING FATHER, MOTHER AND OTHERS AS GUARDIANS Chart No. 4B. Villages over 5,000 OUR BOYS 55 Some cities and villages have very poor records Charts No. 4-A and 4-B, and tables No. 4-A, 4-B and 4-C in the appendix, show the number of boys claiming the father, mother and others as guardians in the individual cities and villages of the State. Just why Albany, Troy, Binghamton, Jamestown, Norwich, Rens- selaer, Watervliet, Hudson Falls, Catskill, Kockville Center, Hunt- ington, Whitehall, Haverstraw and Hempstead should have from nine to twenty percent of their boys claiming others than the parents as guardians as compared with from five to six percent in other places, can be determined only by a study of local conditions. That such conditions exist should be a sufficient incentive to prompt local organizations interested in community welfare work to seek the facts. 56 OUR BOYS CHAPTER V Size of Families There are many families with four, five and six children Each boy was asked to state the number of children in the family and the number of children older than himself. Table !N"o. 5 and chart No. 5-A give the comparative sizes of families in the city, vil- lage and farm groups and show that there are many families of four, five and six children. This chart is derived from tables No. 5 in the text (see also table Jtfo. 5-D in the text) and 5-E, 5-F, 5-G, 5-H and 5-1 in the appendix. In Greater New York, the other cities over 25,000 and in the villages over 5,000 there are slightly more families with four children. In the employed farm boy group there are exactly as many boys coming from families of three children as there are from families of four children. In the cities under 25,000 and places under 5,000 there are slightly more families with three chil- dren. In general, however, there is not very much difference be- tween the sizes of families in the various groups. The figures from Greater New York, which has more boys than the other groups com- bined, naturally show a more uniform distribution. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PERCENT OF BOYS COMING FROM FAMILIES OF FROM ONE TO TEN OR MORE CHILDREN TABLE No. 5 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY ""* ,;'** Total per cent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 + Greater New York Cities over 25 000 7.1 7.1 6.7 7.5 6.8 6.6 12.3 12.8 13.1 12.8 12.4 12.3 16.2 15.3 15.9 14.9 15.3 14.8 17.4 15.4 15.5 16.6 14.5 14.8 16.2 14.3 13.4 13.0 13.6 13.2 12.7 12.3 11.5 12.7 11.3 11.0 8.9 9.2 9.1 8.2 10.0 9.2 4.9 6.4 6.7 5.8 6.9 6.5 2.5 3.9 3.5 4.2 4.2 5.0 1.8 3.3 4.6 4.3 5.0 6.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Places under 5,000 Employed farm boys Foreign families are larger than American families Chart ~No. 5-B showing the sizes of families of boys with American parentage, mixed parentage and foreign parentage, both in Greater New York and in other cities over 25,000 was derived from tables OUR BOYS 57 No. 5-J, 5-K and 5-L in the text, and tables No. 5-M, 5-N and 5-O in the appendix. In the case of the American born boys with American born parents in Greater New York and also in the other cities over 25/000 the families are smaller than those of the American born boys with foreign or mixed parentage and those of foreign born boys with foreign born parents. In the case of American boys with American parents the median boys come from families of three and four children, while in the mixed and foreign parentage groups the median boy comes from families of five children. These facts are important because of the prevailing opinion that children coming from large families usually drop out of school at earlier ages than those coming from smaller families. Later on in the report special studies of the progress in school and the age on leaving school of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth oldest boys show that these opinions are erroneous. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys, SHOWING THE PERCENT OF OLDEST, SECOND OLDEST, THIRD OLD- EST, ETC., BOYS COMING FROM FAMILIES OF FROM ONE TO TEN OR MORE CHILDREN TABLE No. 5-D GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY RANK IN FAMILY Total per- cent Per- cent of total Cum. per- cent Cum. per- cent Total boys 1,248 2,168 2,861 3,060 2,857 2,215 1,576 871 435 336 Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ One Two 100.0 49.8 35.7 28.3 22.9 18.8 15.4 12.1 8.3 3.9 50.2 33.8 25.3 21.3 19.0 17.0 16.0 11.5 6.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.1 12.3 16.2 17.4 16.2 12.7 8.9 4.9 2.5 1.8 7.1 19.4 35.6 53.0 69.2 81.9 90.8 95.7 98.2 100.0 100.0 92.9 80.6 64.4 47.0 30.8 18.1 9.2 4.3 1.8 30.5 23.5 20.4 18.0 15.3 15.6 12.6 10.1 11 '.0 10.1 10.1 174 Y.9 7.5 "26.3 Three Four . 22.9 17.3 14.6 15.0 12.4 14.0 7.7 1,953 Five Six Seven 18.1 14.7 13.1 11.8 12.4 15.5 1,257 14.9 12.1 11.1 12.2 9.3 12.1 10.0 9.0 9.6 Eight Nine Ten or more. . . . Total 5,678 4,337 3,039 703 349 68 69 100.0 17,627 58 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys,, SHOWING THE PERCENT OF OLDEST, SECOND OLDEST, THIRD OLD- EST, ETC., BOYS COMING FROM FAMILIES OF FROM ONE TO TEN OR MORE CHILDREN TABLE No. 5-J GREATER NEW YORK American Boys With American Parents NUMBER OP CHILDREN IN FAMILY RANK IN FAMILY Total per- cent Per- cent of total Cum per- cent Cum. per- cent Total boys Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ One .. 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.8 19.2 18.3 16.4 12.3 8.9 5.8 3.0 2.0 1.3 12.8 32.0 50.3 66.7 79.0 87.9 93.7 96.7 98.7 100.0 100.0 87.2 68.0 49.7 33.3 21.0 12.1 6.3 3.3 1.3 614 911 869 784 584 424 277 142 95 64 Two 51.7 35.4 27.3 20.0 17.9 13.7 11.3 6.3 1.6 48.3 35.2 23.6 20.7 17.2 14.3 13.4 8.4 3.1 '29!4 23.5 20.5 17.5 12.3 13.4 11.6 15.6 Three Four 25.6 19.4 14.8 15.1 16.9 22.1 3.1 'io.4 16.3 13.7 15.5 10.5 7.8 16 '.3 15.8 9.8 11.6 14.0 is'.i 11.3 8.4 10.9 Five Six Seven Eight 8.4 7.4 4.7 is '.7 9.4 "29^8 Nine Ten or more Total 1,861 1,193 707 466 257 147 73 22 19 19 100 4,764 Sixteen,, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys, SHOWING THE PERCENT OF OLDEST, SECOND OLDEST, THIRD OLD- EST, ETC., BOYS COMING FROM FAMILIES OF FROM ONE TO TEN OR MORE CHILDREN TABLE No. 5-K GREATER NEW YORK American Boys With Foreign or Mixed Parents NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY RANK IN FAMILY Total per- cent Per- cent of total Cum. per- cent Cum. per- cent Total boys Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ One Two 100.0 47.0 33.1 25.8 20.5 16.1 13.4 11.5 7.9 4.6 'S3!6 33.1 25.8 20.0 18.4 17.5 14.9 11.7 6.9 'ti'.S 24.6 21.5 17.7 16.1 17.1 13.5 8.7 23'!8 18.9 15.9 14.7 11.6 13.2 9.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.2 10.5 16.0 17.3 16.7 13.9 9.6 5.8 2.8 2.2 5.2 15.7 31.7 49.0 65.7 79.6 89.2 95.0 97.8 100.0 100.0 94.8 84.3 68.3 51.0 34.3 20.4 10.8 5.0 2.2 492 987 1,406 1,612 1,570 1,246 904 550 266 218 9,341 Three Four Five.... 'ig'.i 15.7 13.5 12.0 13.2 18.4 759 16'.2 12.4 11.5 13.2 6.9 425 i2'.4 10.5 9.8 10.1 218 16. 9 9.3 9.6 '8.2 7.3 "l8.i Six Seven Eight... Nine Ten or more Total 2,610 2,258 1,757 1,130 106 38 40 100.0 OUR BOYS 59 Sixteen,, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys, SHOWING THE PERCENT OF OLDEST, SECOND OLDEST, THIRD OLD- EST, ETC., BOYS COMING FROM FAMILIES OF FROM ONE TO TEN OR MORE CHILDREN TABLE No. 5-L GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys With Foreign Parents NUMBER op CHILDREN IN FAMILY BANK IN FAMILY Total per- cent Per- cent of total Cum. per- cent Cum. per- cent Total boys Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ One Two 100.0 53.0 43.7 35.3 30.5 24.8 21.3 14.5 12.1 3.7 '47'.0 33.7 26.3 24.9 22.0 17.7 21.2 14.8 5.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.0 7.7 14.0 18.8 20.0 15.5 11.2 5.1 2.1 1.6 4.0 11.7 25.7 44.5 64.5 80.0 91.2 96.3 98.4 100.0 100.0 96.0 88.3 74.3 55.5 35.5 20.0 8.8 3.7 1.6 142 270 496 664 703 545 395 179 74 54 3,522 Three Four 22.6 20.7 17.7 18.9 15.7 12.8 10.8 9.4 ii.7 12.4 11.5 15.4 11.2 6.8 7.4 Five. . . . 14.5 11.4 11.7 8.4 12.1 13.0 1L4 8.8 11.2 9.5 13.0 131 'JM 7.3 6.8 5.5 'is'.s Six Seven MA 16.3 18.5 46 10 '.8 5.5 Eight Nine Ten or more Total 1,207 886 575 357 241 58 11 10 100.0 Many employed boys come from families of only one child Table No. 5-D in the text, shows that 7.1 percent of the oldest boys are really boys from families of only one child. In this table there are 5,768 oldest employed boys shown as compared with 4,337 second oldest. By substracting the 1,248 oldest boys coming from families of only one child from 5,678, the number of oldest boys is reduced to 4,430 which is approximately the same as the number of second oldest. A glance at the percentage of oldest, second oldest, third oldest, etc., groups coming from families of one, two, three, four, etc., children as shown in this- table, shows that there is very little difference between the number of boys of each rank in the family in the case of the combined American and foreign parentage group of Greater New York. Table No. 5-J in the text, which is a study of the American born boys with American parents in Greater New York, shows that the number of boys of each rank in the family is almost identical. The same is true in table No. 5-K for American born boys with foreign or mixed parentage. Table No. 5-L, however, of foreign born boys with foreign born parents, shows that there are more older foreign born boys employed than there are younger boys. This table at first seems to contradict other studies in the report which show that in general the oldest foreign born boys do not leave school 60 OUR BOYS at an earlier age than their younger brothers. The reason why there are more oldest foreign boys employed is probably the continu- ous influx of foreigners with large families whose younger chil- dren are not yet old enough to go to work. This continuous supply of oldest foreign boys naturally increases the number who are employed. If immigration were stopped and this continuous supply of oldest boys cut off for a generation, the same proportion of oldest, second oldest, etc., boys would bo found to exist among employed foreign boys as among American born boys. Almost equal number of oldest, second oldest, third oldest, etc., boys are employed Chart No. 5 gives a comparison of the number of boys of each rank in family in the American, mixed and foreign parentage groups having families of from two to eight children inclusive. The chart shows that in the case of the American boys with American born parents and the American boys with foreign or mixed parents the per- cent of boys of each rank in the family is almost identical. For instance, in the case of families of five children there are about twenty percent of oldest, second oldest, third oldest, fourth oldest and fifth oldest boys in each group. In the case of the foreign born boys with foreign born parents, however, there are almost twice as many oldest boys employed as fifth oldest as has been pointed out in the discussion above and as is shown in table No. 7-D in Chapter VII. At age fourteen or younger 27.6 percent of oldest boys leave school and 28.6 percent of fifth oldest boys leave school; 68.4 percent of the oldest and 66.8 percent of the fifth oldest leave school under sixteen; 95.3 percent of the oldest and 96.3 percent of the fifth oldest leave under seventeen. It is true that 4.6 percent of the oldest leave under fourteen while only 2.5 per cent of the fifth oldest leave under fourteen. This slight difference, however, would not make much difference in the total number affected because by the time the boys reach the age of sixteen slightly more fifth oldest than oldest boys have left school. The best explanation of the fact that there are almost twice as many oldest foreign born boys employed as fifth oldest is the one given above concerning the continuous influx of large numbers of foreign families whose oldest boys immediately go to work. OUR BOYS 61 Bailies o two I children 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% mrtAa families of L three C children I * ' ^ x four children l families of ' ii-maSi five I children Families Of ' m.nnsr. i znrf six children families of I seven children XTici i ara i families eight \ : children 0% I American born boys with American born parents American born boys with foreign born or mixed parents i Foreign born boys with foreign born parents Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Yecw Old Employed Boys OLDEST, SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH OLDEST, ETC., BOYS COMING FROM FAMILIES OF FBOM Two TO EIGHT CHILDREN Chart No. 5. Greater New York 62 OUR BOYS Ohildjwn 1 ia ftally III 2 34 56 7 8 9 10+ Greater New York . 12345673910* Cities OTer 25,000 2 3 Cities 6 7 under 25,000 ll 10* Children 111 III 2 345 678 9 10+ Village* over 5,000 23456789 10+ tlaoes tinder 5,000 2345678910+ Biroloyed farm boy* Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BOYS COMING FROM FAMILIES OF FROM ONE TO TEN OR MORE CHILDREN Chart No. 5A. State Summary OUR BOYS 63 15* 10* GREATER NEW YORK I L SfJSly 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 iOf 12346 8 9 Children in family 1 CITIES C . n VER 25,000 III r yni: 1 23 4b7^9lO^ 123456789KH- 123 bom boys with American born parents American born boys with foreign born or raijd parents Foreign born boys with foreign born parents Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Yew Old Employed Boys FAMILIES OF AMERICAN, MIXED AND FOREIGN PARENTAGE GROUPS Chart No. 5B. Greater New York and Cities over 25,000 OUR BOYS CHAPTER VI Persistence in School Over sixty-five percent remained in school beyond the compulsory age limit Chart No. 6 and table No. 6 in the text show that over sixty-five percent of the boys remained in school beyond the compulsory school age. This refutes the statement which is commonly made to the effect that most of the employed boys in New York State would have dropped out of school at an earlier age than they did had it not been for the compulsory school law. Enlightened public opinion which frames and enforces compulsory school laws also provides good schools and creates a sentiment in favor of education which is in itself much more effective than the compulsory law. It is of course true that many of the thirty-five percent who dropped out of school as soon as the law allowed would probably have left sooner had we lacked a well-enforced compulsory school law. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PERSISTENCE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 6 (SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Left illegally Left on reaching legal age REMAINED BEYOND LEGAL AGE Total per- cent One year Two years Three years Greater New York 7.0 4.8 8.7 5.0 4.3 3.4 28.6 28.9 23.5 23.6 23.8 26.4 39.9 37.1 36.0 36.8 38.0 40.0 20.5 22.5 24.0 26.9 26.0 25.1 4.0 6.7 7.8 7.7 7.9 5.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Cities over 25 000 . . ... Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Places under 5 000 Employed farm boys OUR BOYS 65 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE [Remained beyond Left on reaching ILeft legal age Illegal age 10% 2f% 30% 40% S0%^.^60% 70% &r*atr lew York.... ! Cities OTar 25,000.. Oitiea xortar 25 ,000. MM Tillages OTer C,000.|Hi Flaobs undar 5,000.. Baployad B ILeft I ^Illegally 80% --^30% 1007] Cities over 26,000 1 Blraira BHOIBHHBBHBBHMHBBMi 2 "" 8 Mount 4 5 Sahenaotady. Siagara 10 Moghamton. 11 13 OMgO 24 15 Kingston. 16 Syracuse 17 d>ohest er* ..... 18 utioa....v ..... 19 Jaatftwn ---- ^ . 20 ftorfalo...^ 21 iasterdam 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% *0% 70% 80% W% 100% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PERSISTENCE IN SCHOOL Chart No. 6 State Summary and Cities Over 25,000 Some boys leave school illegally. The type of boy who leaves school illegally or as soon as the law allows is very likely to be inaccurate when it comes to remembering his exact age on the date of leaving school. For this reason it is probable that the percentage of boys who reported that they left school at ages which were illegal is in some instances too high. In some of the individual cities which have a relatively high percent of boys who left school illegally it is quite probable that many boys of the unskilled foreign labor group were imported after leaving 3 66 OUR BOYS school, into the cities where they lived at the time of the survey, from other cities, states and countries. For this reason a very poor record for persistence in school is not necessarily chargeable to the school system of the city in which they lived at the time of the survey. Quite a number of cases were discovered by the inspectors of the bureau making this survey, showing that boys slightly under the ^egal age for leaving school, on moving into a strange city during the school year, found it easy to secure employment by stating that their age was sixteen. It is difficult to prevent this practice because the school authorities do not have the boy's name on their census list and many employers either ignorant of the law or indifferent to it are perfectly willing to take the boy's statement that he is sixteen. The inspectors located many such boys who gave their correct ages to avoid military training. On being asked for their employment certificates they confessed that they had raised their ages to obtain employment without a certificate to which they were not entitled. In cities with a large, shifting foreign population it is next to impossible for school authorities to stop this practice. As a matter of fact these boys are usually very close to the legal age for obtain- ing an employment certificate and would gain little by being com- pelled to enter a strange school for a few months in the middle of the school year. About forty percent remain one year beyond the compulsory age Table No. 6 also shows that in Greater New York and in the farm boy group about forty percent of the boys remain in school from one to two years beyond the legal age for leaving. The figures for the other city and village groups are two or three percent smaller which is, however, more than made up later on by the number of boys who remain from two to four years beyond the legal age. Greater New York holds slightly fewer boys beyond the legal age than any of the other groups. This is probably due to the fact that there are more opportunities for employment in Greater New York and that fewer boys plan to enter the high school than in the smaller communities. From twenty-five to slightly over thirty percent of boys in the various groups remain from two to four years beyond the legal age for leav- ing school, the record for the smaller communities being slightly OUR BOYS better than that of New York City. In general, however, there is remarkably little difference between the records of the various city and village groups in regard to persistence in school. When boys reach the ages of fourteen, fifteen and sixteen regardless of wherb they live, the size of the family, nationality, opportunities for employ- ment and home conditions they drop out of school in uniformly large numbers as is shown in Chapter VII. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PERSISTENCE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 6-D CITIES OVER 25,000 Parentage Groups GROUPS Left illegally Left on reaching legal age Remained beyond legal age Total percent Total boys GREATER NEW YORK American born boys with two American parents 6.0 26.0 68.0 100.0 4,757 American born boys with one American parent 6 5 27 66 5 100 1,803 American born boys with two foreign parents Foreign born boys with foreign born parents. CITIES OVER 25,000 American born boys with two American parents American born boys with one American parent 6.4 8.1 4.3 3.9 31.5 27.9 23.9 29.5 62.1 64.0 71.8 66.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7,272 3,522 6,575 1,872 American born boys with two foreign parents Foreign born boys with two foreign parents. 5.0 7.8 36.0 31.2 59.0 61.0 100.0 100.0 4,096 1,642 American born boys with American born parents have the best records On chart No. 6 (see table iNo. 6-D in the text) is shown the per- cent of boys in each of the various parentage groups from Greater New York and the cities over 25,000 who left school illegally, who left on reaching legal age and who remained beyond legal age. It will be noted that in Greater New York the American born boys with American born parents have slightly better records than the other groups, while in the other cities over 25,000 the record of these boys is much better than that of the boys of the other groups. This is probably due to the fact that the unskilled labor group of the foreign population in the smaller cities is predominant while the foreign population of Greater New York is very cosmopolitan and the unskilled labor element is not predominant. 68 CUB BOYS CHART 6-D Bemained beyond l*gal age 10% PAHKHTAGE GBDUPS Left on reaching I ^ Left illegally Greater Hew York. Oitlta 5 in in ^ U 3 10 III 8 $ * 4 H ca B * * O o o t> P, OO m m tata'ata'a "o "n n O O o O O O O O OUR BOYS mi ill! 0000 i IMMMfj Hidli'li III! fill Ifillillll HUliHil MSI 84 OUR BOYS T5 Him Htl lib I O O o o o o w g. & U3 U5 X> ^S* W 3 TJ 0> oi 0) O r-l O rH rH O. o > >> O O O > t, 2 6* & * a as 5g W fc O H R W O Ou& BOYS 85 Hit nun mill *> t, *> o a III CQ 05 *Hr-lHfHH "OOOOO WOOOOO A X! 10 XO CUB BOYS CO I CM *' ffl CO &: i OJ i H I 3 Wfc *$ O 8 SLM oys are born in America and the parents are foreign born accounts for the high general average of the entire group of American boys with two foreign parents in Greater New York. In the cities over 25,000 the American boys with two foreign parents have a record of 93.2 percent; with one foreign parent 91.2 percent; with two foreign parents 88.7 percent: while the foreign born boys with foreign born parents have a record of only 80.2 percent. The relatively low records of the boys with foreign parents in cities over 25,000, as compared with the records of boys with two foreign parents in Greater New York is due to the fact that the foreign Groups in the smaller cities are predominantly the unskilled labor element which is not true in Greater New York. The percent of boys reporting each grade as the last one completed, for the individual cities and villages of the State, is shown on tables No. 8-C, 8-D and 8-E (in the appendix) and on charts No. 8-C, 8-D, 8-E and 8-F. 104 OUR BOYS <* '* *% LIT? SCHOOL EETOai PiiCHCiG 5 TO CSUiE COUPLKIBO era auM 12?? SCHOOL BEPOHE PX.CHDIS ora caxia COlfftSTIBG 7t! GSiQK LB7T 3CU30L BEFORE 22ACHBIC 7TH CEXIK COUPLZ7IHO 61 H O&LDB IJCF7 SCHOOL BEPOHE REACHIUO 8TH (2U^S COISTIFTIKO 1ST TBiX H.S. LBFT SCHOOL SHCSB EEiCaiHO 1ST TV^-; a. 3. coiffi;nro asD TUB a. 3. LSFT SCHOOL BKPORE R&1CHI50 2*0 TSAR E.3. CQUPIBTIBO 3RD TEAS H.S. IZP7 SCHOOL BKPOH3 HSACHIHO 3RS TBAH H.S. COUFIETDJO 4TH TKI H.S. LK?T 3CBOOL DKfORE REiCHIBG 4T!I TEiB K.S. Bixteeti, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed 7>o//.s- PER CEXT COMPLETING EACH GRADE, PER CENT DROPPING OIT. AND TOTAL PER CENT Wno HAD DROPPED OUT BY THE END OF EACH GRADE Chart No. SC. State Summary OUR BOYS 105 106 OUK BOYS M w* .. .w^ ; gc . n Opll IH -n fl Wfo HP k 1.1 !*> -^ 6 fc: Ao!*rican bom \icyt th ore Ameriran f.n American born bey '"If two (oreifn pi rcr pi bofn bnys fnrfipl paMnt Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen, Year Old Employed Boys' LAST GBADE COMPLETED AND AGE LEAVING SCHOOL Chart No. 8E. Greater New York, Parentage Groups On; BOYS ClUe* OTer 25,000 107 . x so* ------ 25* - DD Oo nn t I I || 67il234 -6671234 -65S71234 ocapleted Amwican bom boy. American born boys American born boys \vith two American parents. vilh one American parent. with two foreign parents. Onuia* Ago* 2 p*n>mtll* 7.3 15.0 nodlaa 8.4 15.8 75 percffltll* 9.3 16.5 Avaraga percent of a grede com- 90.3$ 91.8^ S0.7^ pis ted each year -5S7123 Foreign born boys with two foreign parents. 7.3 8.3 9.2 14.8 15,6 16.4 6.9 7.9 0.7 IB .4 16.1 7.3 0.6 14.9 16.6 15.3 80.2^ last - -- - 1 D B, a Dti A16 17 It -14 14 1 - -~ 1 5 1617 18 -1* 1*' 0. 1 16 17 1 - 1 * 141 5 16 17 18 lug eohool American born boy* ,ih tw Aowicia parents. American Lorn boys with one American parent. American born boys .th two foreign parents. Foreign bom hoys ., , (nreian mrcnrs. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys LAST GRADE COMPLETED AND AGE LEAVING SCHOOL Chart Xo. 8F. Cities over 25,000, Parentage Groups Many individual nationalities have very high records In the group of American boys with two foreign parents the Austro-Hungarians, Germans, Russians, Scandinavians and Scotch have a record of over ninety-four percent, excelling the all-American record, which is 92.1 percent in Greater New York. In the group where the boys and parents are both foreign born, the Scandinavian and the Scotch have a record of over ninety-two percent excelling the record of the Greater E~ew York all-American group, which is 91.2 percent. Records of boys with fathers and mothers are slightly better There is practically no difference between the rate of progress in the case of boys having a father and boys having no father. 108 OUR BOYS Boys having a mother have a slightly better record than boys having no mother. It is interesting to note, however, that the best of these four records is that of boys having a mother, which is 93.3 percent, as compared with 92.2 percent in the case of boys having a father. Oldest boys make most rapid progress In the American and foreign groups the records for boys of vari- ous ranks in the family, show in each instance that the oldest boys have made more rapid progress than their younger brothers. This shows conclusively that the statement which is commonly made by welfare workers that oldest boys, particularly in our foreign population, do not receive so much schooling as their younger brothers is based on opinion rather than facts. The average welfare worker gets his ideas from the fact that he comes in contact with a family having a large number of children and sees the older boy taken out of school to go to work to help support the family. He does not, however, continue his acquaintance with this family long enough to discover that when the younger children arrive at the compulsory age limits they too leave school to go to work and very often at a slightly younger age than the older children. Greater New York holds more boys thru the eighth grade Chart No. S-C compares the various city, village and farm boy groups in regard to the last grades completed, the percent com- pleting each grade and the total number who had dropped out by the end of each grade. It should be borne in mind that this chart shows only the last grades completed and does not take into account the fact that some of these boys undoubtedly took some work in the next grade above before dropping out of school. On the other hand, probably a few boys overstated their cases and reported as the last grade completed the one they were in when they stopped school. However, these questions were asked by experienced teachers who could be relied upon to get a fairly correct answer to this question by methods of questioning known to all teachers. For comparison between the various groups, however, the facts are per- fectly reliable as the percentage of error would be the same in all cases. The number of boys in each group completing the fifth grade is about the same: this is also true of the sixth grade, altho the larger cities have a slightly better record. Greater Xew York and the OUR BOYS 109 other large cities make a better showing in the seventh grade than the other groups. This is also true in the eighth grade, where the record of New York City is over sixty percent, as compared with only fifty percent in the small cities and villages. Greater New York does not send so many boys to the high school When it comes to completing the first year of the high school, however, Greater New York is excelled by all the other city and village groups. The employed farm boys' record is the only one lower than Greater New York. Graduating from the elementary school has been a time honored event in Greater New York and has been promoted for many years by the alumni associations of these schools. It is only within recent years that New York city has had tax supported high schools and graduation from the ele- mentary school has long been looked upon as the final goal of public school education. The emphasis placed upon graduating exercises may have a tendency to hold more boys in school to the end of the eighth grade, but it may also tend to make them and their parents think their education has been fairly well completed with " gradua- tion " from the eighth grade. That eighth grade graduation is considered a final goal is verified by the fact that about thirty percent of the boys in Greater New York gave as a reason for leav^ ing school, "Graduated from the eighth grade." With the excep- tion of a few cities where similar exercises are in vogue, a very small percent gave this as a reason for leaving school. The largest number of boys leave at the end of eighth grade This chart also shows that large numbers of boys leave school before the end of the seventh, eighth and ninth grades. Greater New York does not lose so many before the end of the seventh grade as the other city and village groups, but more than makes up the difference by the end of the ninth grade where the total number who have left school is eighty-two percent as compared with about 75.8 percent in cities over 25,000 population. The farm boys have poorest record Naturally the farm boys, because of many handicaps, such as distance from school, impassable roads, poorly trained, inexperienced teachers, etc., make a poorer showing than the other groups. no (h i: BUYS ^ HBBBBB isSC&SS liilii Sieiii "V,! IS 111 .fig ||fi 5 s S s ** ** ft\ o 1^1 Us nil $ p II DEII H ll 9 1x322 isill IIIlI O -J O 00 1 1 1 1 i iillli Oui: Bovs 111 I i I S" yu l! I -I 1 s I J ' I o i ii !*s SuF "* > a o *l| 2 Pn H <*> ^. ng & S5O > 1 a 4 a; ^ Dm N /T 2j g. a^ r^l i ^Q^O I'N 3 b 5 I a * ^ H S ajl ~> w j 1 i o 2 ^ -j ! j la - JJ3 8 f 35 ^ * iitti . w o -^'im 55 SB - m ii!| Ills -A iiK \ I!!l 1!"* i |g H \ s s g-: H \_iii! TH a < < < w e^ ! 3 Dill 1* h ! ^ l g *i t 3 J S, 3 I Iiili IiJJi g i i i 1 1 3 slsss 112 OUK BOYS OUR BOYS 000 !--, - laSSS 3I3323 *? 1 1 1 1 a I 1 1 | | t g iii Ilrfii 114 OUR BOYS There is no correlation between rank in family and grades completed Charts No. 8-G and No. 8-H show the percent of boys of the four parentage groups from the oldest to the sixth oldest boy that com- pleted each of the various grades. Chart No. 8-G gives the record for Greater New York and chart No. 8-H gives the record for the other cities over 25,000 population. Rank in the family, as is shown l>y these charts, has little if anything to do with the number of grades completed. It has commonly been assumed that oldest boys do not complete so many grades in school as their younger brothers. These two charts show conclusively that in each of the four parent- age groups there is little, if any, difference in the amount of school- ing received by the oldest boys and their younger brothers. In the case of the foreign groups there is a marked difference between the number of boys who complete the sixth, seventh and eighth grades in Greater New York (see chart ^No. 8-G) and in the other cities over 25,000 (see chart No. 8-H). The fact that the foreign population of Greater New York is very cosmopolitan while the foreign population in many of the other cities over 25,000 popu- lation has a predominant foreign unskilled-labor element account? for this difference. These same facts have been discussed in other parts of this chapter as well as in Chapter VI. Charts No. 8-1 and No. 8-J show the number of boys who had dropped out of school on the completion of each grade and also the number of boys dropping out at the end of each grade for Greater New York and the other cities of the State over 25,000 population. OUK BOYS 115 CHAPTER IX Reasons for Leaving School In addition to the answers on the questionnaires filled out by the teachers over 10,000 personal interviews with these boys were held by the inspectors of the bureau making this survey. These inter- viewers were all technically trained men who have had considerable experience in dealing with boys of these ages in schools and shops. The interviews were conducted with the permission of the employers during working hours. Communities of all sizes, so selected as to include all types of industry in the various sections of the State, were covered. The evidence collected, both from the questionnaires and these interviews, shows clearly as has been previously stated in the introduction, that the reasons given by boys for leaving school are not " real " reasons but " good " reasons. The attitude of society in general toward the boy who leaves school is such as to cause him to seek a reason which will in a measure relieve him of social disapproval. If he can find one which will not only relieve him of disapproval but which will at the same time seemingly gain for him the approval of society, so much the better. A reason of this type is " graduated from the eighth grade " which was given by about thirty percent of the boys in New York City. The fact that a boy graduates from the eighth grade is of course no reason why he should leave school. It is rather a reason why he should think of entering the high school for which he is now fully prepared. On the other hand many of the parents of these boys have long looked upon graduation from the New York City elementary school as the final goal of all educational attainment. This is due to the fact that until very recent years New York City did not have publicly supported high schools and graduation from the elementary school completed public school education in the city. The custom of holding elaborate commencement exercises, encouraged by enthusias- tic organizations of the alumni of these schools, naturally has a tend- ency to continue the impression that graduation from the elemen- tary school is quite sufficient. It is one of the reasons why the New York City schools hold more boys to the end of the eighth grade and send fewer to the high school than the other communities of the 116 OUR BOYS State, most of which have had publicly supported high schools for a long period of years and do not feature eighth grade graduation. The term " graduated " which, with the exception of a few of our larger cities, was given as a reason for leaving school by a com- paratively small percentage of the boys in the other communities,, refers to graduation from the high school. Without doubt, the per- centage of boys who reported that they had graduated from the eighth grade or from the high school is a little too large as some boy& who neared the goal probably over-stated their cases. In reading chart No. 9 and table "No. 9 it must be borne in mind that the term " graduated " as used in New York City and a few of our larger cities refers in most cases to the eighth grade graduation and not to- high school graduation as it does in the other places. " Wanted to work " which includes such answers as " To go to work," " Wanted to learn a trade," " To get money," etc., was given as a reason for leaving school by fifty-one percent of the boys in Greater New York and by from sixty-two to seventy-two percent of the boys in other communities of the State. Under the reason " Financial " were included every answer which by any stretch of the imagination could be construed as showing that the boy had been compelled to leave school to earn money either to help support himself or others. It is altogether likely that the percentages under this heading are too high and that many of these answers should really have been classified under " Wanted to work/-" Under this heading is included such answers as " Had to work," " Had to earn money," " To help support," " To get clothes," " To work on the farm," etc. It should be noted that in New York City where family expenses are higher than in smaller communities only eleven percent of the boys gave financial reasons for leaving school as compared with as high as seventeen percent in cities under 25,000, " Disliked school," which included " Trouble with the teacher," " Didn't like to study," " Tired of school," " Disliked the teacher," " Disliked arithmetic," " Disliked English," etc., ranges from about three percent in New York City to fifteen percent in cities under 25,000. " Sickness " and " Miscellaneous " reasons combined cover about four percent of the cases. " Wanted to work," " Financial," and " Disliked school " are rela- tively small in New York City where " Graduated " is relatively OUR BOYS 117 high. In the other communities of the State where " Graduated " is relatively small, " Wanted to work," " Financial " and " Disliked school " are relatively high. " Wanted to work " probably comes nearer to the real reason why boys leave school than any of the others given. It is also a reason which next to " Graduation " seems " good " to a hoy. He gives this reason with confidence because he thinks that to have a desire to work is commendable. It also seems> commendable to " Want to learn a trade " and become self-support- ing. The reasons given under the heading " Financial " are often real and are of course good reasons in the eyes of society. Sickness is also a plausible reason, altho given by less than two percent of the boys of the State. The general impression gained by those who interviewed boys in the shops is that in most cases " Wanted to work," "Financial," "Graduated" and "Disliked school" could well be classified under the one heading " Wanted to quit school and go to work." Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys REASONS FOR LEAVING SCHOOL TABLE No. 9 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS REASONS Total percent Wanted to work Financial Gradu- ated Disliked school Miscell- aneous Sick Greater New York 51.0 64.8 62.4 68.8 72.1 68.7 10.8 13.0 17.5 13.4 10.1 18.7 30.8 8.4 2.5 2.8 4.1 2.9 3.3 10.8 14.6 11.6 10.7 5.9 3.2 1.3 .7 1.1 .5 .4 .9 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.4 3.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Places under 5,000 Employed farm boys .... Charts Xo. 9, 9-A and 9 L B (see tables No. 9, in the text and 9-A, 9 j B and 9-C, in the appendix) giving the records for the individual cities and villages show quite a wide variation under the different headings, altho in every case " Wanted to work " is the chief reason given.. Without doubt, in some of the smaller communities where a small group of teachers did the work, the answers are not so reliable as in the larger communities because the questions of indi- vidual teachers would influence the results slightly. For instance, in a small community when a hoy was asked this question, if he 118 OUR BOYS hesitated, an individual teacher might suggest answers, such as " Tired of school ? " " Have to go to work ? " when if she had sug- gested " Wanted to go to work ? " the hoy would have given this answer* just as quickly. In cases where one or two teachers enrolled most of the boys these suggestions would be reflected in the answers. These wide variations, however, support the theory that after all these are not the " real " reasons why boys leave school. If the " real " reasons had been stated in every case each place would have a record closely resembling that of the groups in which it is found. Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys KEASOWS FOR LEAVING SCHOOL TABLE No. 9-D GREATER NEW YORK APTP TTFAVTWr 1 REA SONS TVrfal SCHOOL Wanted to work Finan- cial Gradu- ated Disliked school Miscell- aneous Sick percent Under*American 42.1 2.6 42.1 7.9 5.3 100.0 14 tMixed 00 7.4 50.0 7.4 1.9 100 ^Foreign 29 6 18 5 18 5 18 5 11 1 3 8 100 Total 35 3 8 4 40 4 10 1 2 5 3 3 100 American . . 51 6 5 8 37 8 3 5 1.3 100 14 Mixed Foreign 50.5 54 7 9.1 11.9 34.8 23.7 4.7 7.5 .3 .6 2.2 100.0 100 Total. 51 5 8 4 34 2 4 8 1 i 100 American . . 58 7 4 4 31 8 3 5 2 1 4 100 5 Mixed 55 6 9 33 1 4.6 .1 1.3 100 Foreign 47 17 29 4 1 5 1.5 100 Total 54 8 7 7 32 3 4 2 .3 .7 100 59 6 7 9 26 7 4 7 3 8 100 16 Mixed . . . 55 9 26 8 4 1 $ 100 Foreign 59.2 14.9 21.4 4.5 100 Total. 57 1 9 7 25 4 6 5 1 1 2 100 American . . . 53 3 5 9 35 6 4 5 .7 100 17 Mixed 43 7 9 3 38 2 6 1 2 7 100 Foreign . . 41 9 11 3 33.8 8 2 1.6 3.2 100 Total 46 9 8.4 36.6 5.8 .2 2.1 100.0 36 7 3 3 50 10 100 18 Mixed 38 3 11 7 44.2 5.8 100 Foreign 50 7 1 21 4 14 4 7.1 100 Total 39 8 7 7 42 3 6.4 3.8 100 a American 55 7 5 9 32 9 4.4 1.1 100 Total Mixed 51 9 8 4 32 4 5 8 1 5 100 Foreign 51 4 14 5 25.4 6.1 1.1 1.5 100.0 Grand total . . 53 2 8 6 31.3 5 4 3 1 2 100 * American born boys with American born parents. t American born boya with foreign born or mixed parents. j Foreign born boys with foreign born parents. OUR BOYS Chart No. 9-C and table No. 9-D, in the text, show the reasons given by the boys of the American, mixed and foreign groups in Greater New York who left school at each of the various ages. This chart shows that fewer boys who left under fourteen, illegally, leave because they " wanted to go to work." The figures of this " under 14-group " are not quite so trustworthy as the other groups because ^f the small number of boys involved. The majority of the boys who left at fourteen, fifteen and sixteen " Wanted to go to work," the percent in each case being between fifty and sixty. The number of American born boys who " Graduated from the eighth grade " is slightly larger than foreign born boys with foreign born parents. In this latter group, however, the percentage who " Had to go to work " is larger. In the seventeen and eighteen year old groups the number' who " Graduated " is larger and the number who " Wanted to go to work " and " Had to go to work " is correspond- ingly smaller. Since about ninety percent of the boys leave school at ages fourteen, fifteen and sixteen and the majority of these boys gave " Wanted to work " and " Graduated " as their reasons for leaving school, it is safe to conclude that the " real " reason why boys leave school is a combined sociological and biological one, best expressed probably by the boys as " Wanted to go to work." 120 Oru Bovs R- -I ,llll. lllllll.l.lllllllllll, fc::: ::::::::.::: | ::::::i (LIU I.I.II.I.I..I.LII..II :::;: : :: f ::j:::::: f illhl lilliilii ll.illill 6? O 5 , III iioiiiimi ii mmiu lill f" ^ r 2 1 fc? : I " a "1 f- s S ( ; ; ^" & S5 f 5|. - - lr | o ::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : ; ; i 5^ ! ::::::: & *! ** ?S 1 ::!:: g. jjj i&ssiii g : $ 5 0.2 rg O '3 353 Ifl fc e o rl 3 il !li ft III! O O > fV i dWM r ' ii i li OUR BOYS 121 . I.. I. ill. .. li.ilJJJll^Eillil.lhh ^ p L M I I r * ^ i r-- i? _. t i |E* 85 J Is c- g s . . . . ..2 :::::::::: : : :| . : liilHIi Hii ^ H JJ j|i III j j| i||J 1| * ^ a 2 P * S 1 A 9 $ S S * 9 .5 2 1* 5 3" ^ "f a * " ** 4 4 ft .fr 4 8. 8 Rviil44*v-V'*B5KvftK4 oj *oooBa3ArHrH S 2 9 S 2 a o ~-< o w sf f A v A A o o o o A C * S- A S o M c\i -.o -* UT *o r- co en o ^ .3*|vl3i9S9i4iiiillilli ltillwB*5i|!ww il H 9 v OUR BOYS 123 anted to nork | financial |&radoatdj Disliked I Sick and ork (financial |&ra4aatd] Disll L IT' 1 20% 3*r c ^W% \ % 00 s - 709-c Under * Araencnl 14 .90% American... 14 * Mixed * foreign..., * Anerioaa... 15 * Mixed ( foreign..., American., 16 Foreign. American* 17 Mixed... 4 * Foreign., 18 American. ' Mixed.... '* Foreign., 0% !% % 3% % St% *7o ?% % t% !? American bom boys with laarioun born parents. ** American born boys with ftarai^n bom or mixed parents* * Foreign born boys with A>mlgn born parents. Sixteen, tierenlccn and Eighteen IY.7" Old Employed Boys REASONS FOR LEAVING SCHOOL Cliart Xo. 9C. -Greater Xew York. A2t and Parentage Groups CHAPTER X Kind of School Last Attended In studying charts ]^o. 10, 10-A and 10-11 and tables Xo. 10 m the text, 10-a, 10-b and 10-c in the appendix, it should be remem- bered that this question referred to the school last attended and that most of a boy's education might have been received in some other school than the one last attended. Since, however, most of the boys did not get beyond the elementary school it is safe to assume that with the exception of Greater New York, the school last attended was the type of school attended most of the time. In Greater New York many boys answered " Elementary School " and did not state whether public or parochial. These were all listed as being public schools altho some of them were without doubt parochial. This accounts for the record of parochial schools in New York being pro- portionately smaller than in the other large cities of the State. The question was asked primarily to find out if possible what special interests these boys might have in vocational schools and others offering special types of training. The answers received show that these interests are very slight and that the majority of boys finish their education in the public elementary schools. There is little correlation between the kind of school last attended and persistence in school. In some cities with a large foreign, unskilled labor element we find a large number attending parochial schools and a relatively low record for persist- ence in school beyond the compulsory age. In other cities, however, having a large number who attended parochial schools there is a relatively high record for persistence in school beyond the com- pulsory age. Cohoes and Glens Falls respectively have such records. See Chapter VI on persistence in school. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys KIND OF SCHOOL, LAST ATTENDED TABLE Xo. 10 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS SCHOOL Total percent Public Parochial Private Vocational Greater New York Cities over 25,000 89.3 84.4 87.7 91.4 94.5 97.1 6.3* 11.0 9.0 5.3 3.6 1.4 2.5 .6 2.1 2.7 1.2 1.2 1.9 4.0 1.2 .6 .7 .3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Places under 5,000 Employed farm boys i, * Data not accurate. OUR BOYS 125 Greater lew Tork. . . . Cities oTer 25,000. j Cities uader 25 ,000 j Tillages OTer 5.000J Placet under 6,000. J .toployed farm toys. J OitlM OTer 25,000 I 1 Albany ......... a Amsterdam ...... 3 Auburn ......... 4 Bloghamton..... 6 Buffalo........ 11m Ira ......... 7 Jonestown. ..... Kingston ....... 9 Mount Vernon... 10 I*tmrgh ....... 11 Sew Jbohelle... 12 Siagsra /alls.. 14 15 Jboheater... 16 Soheneotady. 17 Syracuse 18 Troy ...... .. 1? Dtloa ..... .. 20 Watertown 21 Teaken i2 lewicrk.... Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys KIND OF SCHOOL LAST ATTENDED Chart Xo. 10. State Summary and Cities over 25,000 126 ODE BOYS *% % % >% 1 1 1 : 1 : 3*& Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Tear Old Employed Boys KIND OF SCHOOL LAST ATTENDED Chart No. 10A. Cities under 25,000 OUR BOYS 127 7 Hstln 10 HerJdmer 11 BOOtlok Milt.... 12 midtoa *ils 15 Hantiagton 14 lllon. 15 JOABMB City 16 IT 18 Malon*.. 19. 20 21 IU4! 22 23 Korth Tarrytown.. 26 27 ratchogu* 29 i-eon I*a. 30 Port Cheater 32 33 Saraoae LaJc ..... 34 3m* J&lli ..... 36 Sarrytowa. 30 Sat.rford. 39 Waverly ........ IT. *% *% * I r. % % Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys KIND OF SCHOOL LAST ATTENDED Chart Xo. 10B Villages over 5,000 128 OUR BOYS CHAPTER XI Kind of Shop Work Done in School More shop work is done in the larger places Chart "No. 11 and table Xo. 11 in the text, show that the percentage of boys who had woodworking, varies from 54 percent in Greater ISTew York to only 11.2 percent in places under 5,000 population and that the percent receiving no training at all varies from 39.2 percent in Greater New York to 87.5 percent in places under 5,000. Miscellaneous shop work, including plumbing, sheet-metal work, electrical work, printing, machine-shop work, forging, auto-repairing, etc., varies from 6.2 percent in Greater New York to 1.3 percent in places under 5,000. The woodworking refers in most cases to forms of elementary manual training. Very few of these employed boys had any training in State aided vocational schools. Sixteen,, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Em-ployed Boys SHOP WORK DONE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 11 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS No training Wood working Miscell- aneous Total percent Greater New York. 39.2 54.6 6.2 100.0 Cities over 25 000 55 6 38 5 5 9 100 Cities under 25,000 . 65.7 32.0 2.3 100.0 Villages over 5 000 68.5 29.4 2.1 100.0 Places under 5,000 87.5 11.2 1.3 100.0 Employed farm boys ... .0 .0 .0 100.0 There is a wide variation in the amount of training given In the cities over 25,000' population as shown on chart "No. 11 (see table No. 11- A in appendix) there is a variation in the percent of boys who had shop work of from 76.4 percent in !N"ew Rochelle to only 2.2 percent in Watcrtowii. In cities under 25,000 as shown on chart No. 11-A (see table JSTo. 11-B in the appendix), Glen Cove heads the list with a record of 87. 2 percent and Salamanca is at the other end with .8 percent. In the villages over 5,000 as shown on chart No. 11-B (see table ]STo. 11-C in the appendix) Port Chester leads with 96.4 percent and about a third of the list compete for the record at the other end. OUR BOYS 129 Some boys were trained in state aided vocational schools The cities and villages having well organized State 'aided trade and vocational schools such as Rochester, Buffalo, Elmira, Mt. Vernon, Yonkers, New York and several smaller cities and villages, show that they have reached from eight to about twenty percent of the boys. The above mentioned charts and tables show very con- clusively that the majority of the boys however received little or no shop training, aside from elementary manual training, altho some individual cities and villages have most excellent records. 130 OUR BOYS il 1.. . _..||BB|M.| mmim EB vO". 1 .... ^ s t ...- f-t 1 5* )?S S 1 "8 tf : is L o 1" ' ' S I 5 o g * ft* I - 1 S Im4 . * ^> (H 1 1 -2 j 5 ? m m 'j b5 SU f * illlJ I 1 * li.i ": 1 * r*% il I.I 111 & | s 1 h j& _ fc . Swa r rl o * ^ 1 r s ft J w ^ ? OQ r/) r Is I .. g o ^1 .. .. .-.- ........ a 3 QJ ^ I i3 ,3 fc CQ W ^ vP .. * tN.. - * V" ** ft ^ ^ o5 S- - - --- ---- ~t | 'I ^ I* a I"M' - . . . -85 s- t 1 ..1 1 c "3 ts s r 1 8 if i I * e 1 in > ii it, ssl ii 2 ^ I II: : : ^ j t : 1 : |:83 : 1 : 1 o 1 ^ fi , Hill hli J5 i i '. II rH -H >> ' 1 isii i .* iHlitriili i 12 Xi s 21 59 O O > OUR BOYS 131 .. t I*., r I .1 i::i.i I I-i 1 1 1 J : t R ! ._.... * i * ii /^\ (p -* II .1 iili SS ! sill ' J 'Imilil!]|illltil!HHIIiliHIIi oooAC<5acaM* t 3>-*'-3:<;*w*oooofriat w a*o5tpiS -<* a^ a ax aaiia at 091 ittttstftf.it 90* 20> 1<# GHSAIBii YOBE BMt Llted 1 Mathematics * Bngllah 3 Geography 4 History 5 Spelling 6 Drawing 7 Munaal Tr. 8 le. Scieace 3 25,000 8 ale. Science 25,000 Geography Bngllsh Mathematics Spelling History Ble. Sclenoe Drawing Mannal Tr. 7ILUGBS 1 Mathematics 2 Geography 3 Spelling 4 nglish 5 History 6 Drawing 7 Manual Tr. 8 le. Science 07EH 5,000 Geography iiathematics 1 Mathematics 2 Geography English 4 History I 5 Spelling I 6 Drawing 3 7 Manual Tr. 3 8 Sle, Science Bosrs 1 Mathematics 2 Geography 3 4 SpeUing 5 History Z 6 21e. Science II 7 Drawing 3 8 Manual Tr. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES Chart No. 12. State Summary for Fifth Grade 136 OUR BOYS Least Utod 1 Uathenatio* 2 History 3 English 4 Geography 5 Spelling 6 Uaaual Tr. 7 Drawing 8 SI*, Sol 40* 40* 40* Bo*t Liked 20* 30* History isle. science Drawing Least Lttod 1 Mathematics 2 Geography 3 History 4 Spelling 5 English 6 Drawing 7 Manual Tr. 8 JEle. Science 1 40* 60* Least Litod VILLAGES OVBfi 5,000 t 1 liathesatios 2 Geography 3 History 4 Spelling 5 English 6 Drawing 7 Jtaxual i'r. 8 i-le. science * PLACES OTDEH 5,000 * 1 Kathenatioa I 2 Geography I 3 History 5 Spelling 6 Ele. Soienoe-n 7 Drawing 3 8 Uanual 2r* 0* aiFLOTD FA3J BOYS 0* English 1 Kathenatics ~ Geography 2 History Geography Spelling i ^ i i \ tj t Like ; i >* 10* 2 $ * 3* 40? ! f i i . [ I t ! i 3 i j 1 ! Best Liked Mathemtics 3 Spelling 4 Hie. Science 5 History 6 Drawing 7 Manual Tr. 8 English 21e. Science -j I Drawing Hanaal Tr. 50* 30* 40* 50* ! I I Best Liked 10* 20* 30* 40* 60* Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES Chart No. 12A. State Summary for Sixth Grade OUE BOYS 137 Least Liked 40* 30*a# ipjg Best Liked 40f6 <# GBBLTEB HEW YOHK 1056 Mathematics History Geography Least Liked Spoiling Ele. Science 3 Drawing a. Science 7 (Manual Tr. 8 CITIES OVEB 25,000 ( 1 Mathematics 2 Geography 3 History 4 Spelling 5 English 6 Drawing 7 Manual Tr. 8 Ele. Science CITIES U3DEH 25,000 mathematics Geography History Spelling Least Ltted 40* 50* ZOg Iff* Drawing Manual Tr ,ile. Selene* 3 VILLAGES 07EB 5,000 , 1 UathenBt ios 2 History 3 Geography 4 Spel liner 5 English 6 Drawing 7 ale. Science 8 =? l i !? i i i 3 ; i i 3 ' Best Liked $ 10> 2 0> 30> 4( 1 __. i 1 ! 1 i 1 1 3 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ' Best Liked $ 10% 2 0% 30% 4( 3 F l i i 3 Beat Liked $ 1<$ 2 0% 30# 4 ___ i 1 ZZ3 i i 1 5,000 Mathematics [ History Oeography Spelling jingliah Elo. ScienceQ iilPLOYED FA&I BOYS Best Liked 10$ 20,1 30 English Mathematics Geography Spelling History Ble. Science | Drawing Manual Tr. 1 Mathematics 2 History 3 Geography 4 Spelling 5 English 6 Kle. Science 7 Drawing 8 Manual Tr. ' 3 ! ; 3 | i 3 Best 0$ 1$ 2 Liked 0J. 3 0^ 4& J 1 ! ' 1 1 a 1 a 1 a 1 40^ Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES HTiar.f "\Tr> 19R Sta.t.p SiiTnmarv for Seventh Grade 138 OUR BOYS CHART NO. 12C STATE SUMMARY TOR 8_S GRiDE. I I Least I Litod # a-mutti iKnglish 1 -,r Mathematics 2 Geography 3 History English zzzp ! - j History 4 Orography ZZD| Spelling 6 SpeUlng Z3 i , l 1 Drawing 6 Manual Tr. 3 ' i Ele. Science 7 Hie. ScienoeZI ' | Languages 8 Drawing 3 ' Manual Tr. 9 Com'l SubJ ] | j | ! Com'l Subjects!*) Lanuguagea \ ; Best Liked # CITLBS OVSS 25,000- <$ 1% 20# 20% 40? Hathanatics Geography 3 History Geography _____ i i Spelling 4 English ZZ* i ' ' j History 5 Spelling i le. Science 6 Drawing 3 1 I 1 Drawing 7 Ele. Soianoe : i i Languages 8 Uannal Tr. j i j 1 j Manual Tr. 9 Langiages | son Com'l 3ut JectslO Coal Subjects CITIES UNDEH 25,000 1 Uathoaitl 7 Manual Tr 8 Drawing 9 Oan'l 3abjects 10 Languages |Drawlng jOom'l adjects Tr. PLA.CBS UMDEH 5,000 English 1 Uathen&tlo Mathear.t ies Z History 3 Geography 4 Engllab Spelling History Geography Languages Subjects9 tonaal Tr. Manual Tr. 10 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys STTIDTES OUR BOYS 139 toe lst"year sohofrl U.J J GHSiTEH MSW YOffi English 1 llat hematics Mathematics Z History Lsnguages 3 Hngllsh Geography 4 Languages Kle. Science 5 zie. Science History 6 Geography Drawing 7 Ccm'i Subjects Spelling 8 Drawing Manual Tr. 9 Manual Tr. Oatf 1 ach>ts 10 Spelling AdT. Sclencell AdT. Selene* CI?I23 07SS 5,000 ( 1 Mathematics 2 nistory Istory 5 pellizg 6 Drawing ^em-solence 7 spelling 8 vom'l Subj. | Com'l jubjeoti 9 ^anguage id. Science 10 Casual vr. luanual vr. 11 AdT.Scleno* fL C1S1BS CBDEB 25,000 aielisli 1 Uatheantics KaUisnatios 2 History ; Languages 3 Bogl'.ah ; Ble. Solonoe 4 *le. Science Spell lug 6 Geography | History 6 Com'l Subjects i Geography 7 Drawing AdT. Soienoe 8 Linguagei Drawing 9 Spelling 10 Manual tr. 1 r. 11 Adr. Science Best LUosd 10J5 20ji SOji f VHIiG^ 07SR 5,000 Biglisli 1 Matienatlos enttl9C 2 History Languages iie. Soience 4 Jile. Science ^U History 6 Com'l Subjects Z3 GDeraphy 6 Geography Z3 3p.Ulag 7 Languages Drawing 8 Drawing Con'lSAJects 9 llanual Tr. p AdT. Solenoe 10 Spelling j] Hannal Tr. U AdT. Science 0* .pLiOBS OTDBH 5,000 I Matheaatics 2 History Languages 3 ile. Science Spelling 4 t&iellah ile. Science 5 Drawing History 6 Com'l Subjecti Geography 7 Geography AdT. Soience 8 Spelling Drawing 9 Language! I cool afcjcts 10 AdT. Soience Manual Tr. 11 Manual Tr. BtPLOTCSD FAJI JKJIS 1 HatLomatlos Iff? 20* AO> 5{ Laoguii^** 2 History Kathemtlcs 3 ^1. Science Spelling * jagllaH Hletory 6 Geography Geography 6 Language! ile. science 7 SPUlng Drawing 8 Oatfl Sibjest. AdT. Science 9 Drawing ganl febeti 10 tanual Tr. L Tr. 11 AdT. Science i I Sixteen Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES High School 140 OUR BOYS OHBATEfl HOT YOEK ' I liugllsh 1 MathenBt lea I Languages 2 ttngllsh I Mathematics 3 History Ele. Science 4 Languages History 5 ilo. Science HI Geography 6 Com'l Subject B Drawing 7 Geography | Spelling 8 Drawing | On a subjects 9 Uanual Tr. | Adv. Science 10 Adv. Science i Uanual Tr. 11 Spelling 10;, 20> 30/J ' CITIES UVEH 25,000 ^ * Engll-h 1 Ha them ties : ttathennties 2 History Languages 3 j^nglish _ Ele. Science 4 Com'l Subjects' ^3 i History 5 jsie. Soienoe ^ i * t ! Geography 6 Drawing ^"^ I Spelling 7 Geography ' i Drawing 8 Languages ' i Caul Sub j acts 9 Manual Tr. I Adv. Science 10 Spelling I kanual Tr. 11 Adv. So 10/i J> CITLKS DKDSa 25,000 Llilt 1 UathaoBtioe Uathanatloa 2 History history 4 &!. Scleaco c.lo. science 5 Languages ^ Spelling 6 Gcn'l Subjects Drawing 8 Geography 13 Adv. Science 9 Adv. Science 3 Ora-1 SubJectslO spelling I Uanual Tr. 11 Manual Tr. (I 20* 7IUAGES OTEfi 5,000 llsh 1 UathesBtloa 2 History Languages 3 jagllh Hiatory 4 ale. Science ale. Science 5 Drawing Geography 6 Coal Subjects Spelling 7 Languages Caul Subjects 8 Geography Drawing 9 opelling 20? Adv Science 10 Adv. Solen al Tr. 11 Uanual Tr. 10SS PLACES OTD2H 5,000 (Languages 1 iiathamtloa llah 2 History H i-athemtics 3 lingHBh B History 4 iila. Science B[ ale. ioienoe 5 Languagea B Spelling 6 COD'l oubjeet | Geography 7 Drawing j Adv. Science 8 Adv. science i Drawing 9 Geography uoc'ldubjacts 10 Kanual Vr. J ianoai Tr. 11 Spelling T History Spelling EMPLOTSD P.USI HOTS , 1 Uathen&tica History le. Science Bnglis h Languages 40=; hie* science Geography 1 Geography Com'l subjects] ; | Drawing Spelling 3 i ' i Adv. Science Adv. Science 1 I Coral SubjectslO 1/rawlng * i i i i llnnual IT. 11 lianual Ir. i i ! i Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES High School Chart No. 12E. State Summary for Second Year High School Gun BOYS 141 I Air. So | Com'l Snbjoote9 AdT. Sol roln.10 Geography I Spelling 11 Spelling 2 History ilathemtlo* 8 BaglUh HI Sim. .Solenoe 4. SloauSolease ' History Drawing __J 6 Com'l Subject* p3 Soleno* 7 Language* p Spelling 8 AdT. Soieuoe 3 , Ooa'l Subjects* Haanal Tr. t I Drawing 10 Spelling Tr. 11 Geography 3 1 Uatbeoatlo* 2 History thooatio* 3 Lgllh History SlaouSolano* 5 Com'l Subject* 7 AdT. Solenoe _ Geography 8 Drawing JZ Drawing 9 Geograpigr ^3 Com'l SubJeotlO Manual Tr. 2 i Tr. 11 Spelling Lear* Liked SO* VA VA T1LUSS3 07BS 6,000 Ingllsh 1 Uatbooatio* 2 Engliah History 4 Languages Slaa.33l.noe 5 History Drawing 6 Com'lSnbjecta | Spelling 7 Drawing Oeography 8 Kanual Tr. Com'l SubJ. 9 Spelling Uaojil Tr. 10 Jaography AdT. Solanoe 11 Advanced So* Languagos 1 liathematloe Xngllah 2 History tics 3 Sngllsh Hltory * Language* iSleB.3oi.noe 6 Sim. Solenoe Adr. Soleaoe 7 Ooa'lSubjeots Oeography S Geography |, Drawing 9 Drawing Coa'l Subj. 10 Spelling Tr. 11 llaanal Tr. EUFLOraD FAJK BOYS yf, 1 Hathanatlo* Bngllsh 2 History Mathematics 3 English History 4 al*m.3olence _ Blen. Science 5 AdT.Sclenoe Spelling 6 Languaees Geography 7 Spelling Drawing 8 Com'l Subj. 3 9 Geography olenoe 10 Drawing j, | Manual Tr. 11 llanual Tr. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES Chart No. 12F. State Summary for Third Year High School 142 OUR BOYS Train. 9 AdT. Science SubJ. 10 Geography Spelling 11 Spelling OIIOS OVSa 20,000 2 History 3 eien. Soienoe Science* Bnglllh Uietory 5 Com'l Subjects Drawing 6 AdT. Science 7 Adr. Soienoe 13 ^Spelling 8 Drawing 3 Oeography 9 Geography Con'l SubJ.. 10 Spelling Manual Tr. 11 Manual Tr. VILUSiiS OT8BS.OOO 1 Sogllah 2 Hittory ienoeS "leo. iol.no. -athaoatloa 4 Hiatojy 5 Sagllah. Con'l SubJ. 6 AdT. Soienoe Iboual I'raia 1 Drawing Spelling 8 Kantl Train. Coocrapby 9 Spelling Drawing 10 Seogrsphy AdT. Solenoell Con'l SnbJ PUCSS irniaa 5,000 1 2 History tics 3 Adr. Soienoe Seienoe4 Elea. Celling S English ^iatory 6 languages Science 7 Con'l Subjects Jkaognphy 8 Geography 1 Bracing 9 Drawing loni'l SubJ. 10 Manual Training Tralnll Spelling 2 History 3 tlem. ooienee Hlatow AdT. Srt itlen. 3olinoe & uinage* ooa'l SubJ ^spelling T Oeography lOeoeraphy |AdT. Soienoe 9 apelliag an. Training 10 Enellsh OOB'l SubJ. U Man. Training Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES Chart No. 12G. State Summary for Fourth Year High School OUR BOYS 143 Charts No. 12 to 12-G inclusive sliow the comparative likes and dislikes for each subject in each of the city, village and farm groups. Chart No. 12 gives these comparisons for the fifth grade; No. 12-A for the sixth grade; No. 12-B for the seventh grade; No. 12-C for the eighth grade ; No. 12-D for the first year of the high school; No. 12-E for the second year of the high school; No. 12-F for the third year of the high school and No. 12-G for the fourth year of the high school. This series of charts is useful for making comparisons by city, village and farm groups between the best and least liked studies for each grade separately. Charts No. 12-H to 12-O inclusive, show comparative likes and dislikes for individual studies by grades and by the various city, village and farm groups. These charts are useful for studying the likes and dislikes of individual subjects and enable anyone to make a comparison between the various city, village and farm groups in the matter of likes and dislikes for any particular grade. Charts No. 12-P to 12-T inclusive, make a comparison between the various city, village and farm groups showing the like and dislike for each study in each of the grades within the group. Mathematics ranks first in like and second in dislike Chart No. 12-H compares by grades the like and dislike for mathe- matics in the various city, village and farm groups. Chart No. 12-P makes similar comparisons by grades within each of the city, village and farm groups. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E, No. 12-N to 12-S in the text.) In Greater New York Mathematics is uniformly liked in all the grades and the high school by about thirty-seven percent of the boys and uniformly disliked by about twenty-two percent of the boys. In the cities over 25,000 Mathematics is uniformly liked by about forty-three percent of the boys and disliked by about twenty- one percent. In the cities under 25,000 Mathematics is uniformly liked by about forty-three percent of the boys and disliked by about twenty-one percent of the boys. In the villages over 5,000 population it is liked by about forty-two percent and disliked by about twenty- one percent. In the farm boy group, however, the uniform like increases to about forty-nine percent and the dislike decreases to about seventeen percent. While the like for Mathematics is almost twenty percent greater than that for any other subject the dislike 144 OUR BOYS for Mathematics is only fifteen percent less than the dislike for English which stands first on the list for dislike. Altho Mathe- matics is the best liked study it also ranks second in the list ctf disliked subjects. The remarkable uniformity in the percentage of like and dislike for the subject of Mathematics in all the grades in all communities of the State, indicates that the course of study in Mathe- matics is uniformly interesting to from forty-three to forty-eight percent of the boys and uniformly uninteresting to from sixteen to twenty percent of the boys. OUR BOYS 145 LEiST LLE2D w SK/f, 30* 5th G.UDE j Greater Mew York 1 Villages over 5,000 ' ' ! ' 1 1 Places under 5,000 3 anployad farm boys j Cities over 25,000 4 Cities under 25,000 I Villages over 5,000 5 Places under 5,000 . . 1 1 Cities under 25,000 6 Greater tie* York 6th GBUJS I Greater New York 1 alloyed farm boys i i i Cities under 25,000 2 Cities over 25,000 ' ; r Places under 5,000 3 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 4 Places under 5,000 j ., ,j 1 Cities over 25,000 5 Villages over 5,000 pi 7th GB4DE Greater Hew York l alloyed form boys ! j 1 i !'!' Places under 5,000 2 Cities under 25,000 I Cities over 25,000 3 Places under 5,000 1 Cities under 25,000 4 Cities over 25,000 H 1 anployed faun boys 6 Greater New York 8th GBADE Places under 5,000 1 asployed farm boys | i ! ' ' ' Greater liew York 2 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 3 Places under 5,000 Cities over 25,000 4 cities over 25,000 L , -i j Cities under 25,000 6 Villages over 5,000 anployed farm boye 6 Greater Hew York 1 st YBAB HIGH SCHOOL Cities under 25,000 1 dnployed farm boya Cities over 25,000 Places under 5,000 Places under 5,000 4 Villages over 5,000 Villages over 5,000 5 * Cities under 25,000 2nd YEAS HIGH SCHOOL Cities under 25,000 1 aaployed fan boy* Greater Hew York 2 Village! over 5,000 | i | I Cities over 25,000 3 Cities under 25,000 Places under 5,000 4 Places under 5,000 Villages over 5,000 5 Cities over 25,000 3d Y2AB HIGH SCHOOL Cities under 25,000 1 anployed fan boy* Villages over 5,000 2 Places under 5,000 i ! ' ! Greater Hew York 3 Villages over 5,000 j anployed farm boys 4 Cities over 25,000 Places under 5,000 5 Cities under 25,000 < i i : ' Cities over 25,000 6 Greater New York 4th YA HIGH SCHOOL Cities under 25,000 1 alloyed farm boys Greater New York 2 Villages over 5,000 1 j I Employed farm boys 3 Places under 5,000 Cities over 25,000 4 Cities under 25,000 Places under 5,000 5 Cities over 25,000 Villages over 5,000 6 Greater New York 50?; Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys MATHEMATICS Chart No. 12H. State Summary for all Grades 146 OUR BOYS Uait Liked MATHHUTI03 Bout LUcad 30* aft 10* Ojtf <0* 10* 20* SO* 40* 60* Greater Sow York i 30* 20* 20J4 30?t 40* SO* I*aat LUcad HISTOKT Bst Lltod 1051 ojJ o^ 1055 sof, tofr iiratr New YorJc Gth Cratfi Cltlea orer 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Villages orer 5,000 Plaoe* under 5,000 8th CrO* ftq>loyed yarm 8071 10* 2051 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys MATHEMATICS AND HISTORY Chart No. 12P. Grade Summary for City, Village and Farm Groups OUR BOYS 147 English is the most disliked study Chart No. 12-1 compares by grades the like and dislike for English in the various city, village and farm groups. Chart No. 12-Q makes similar comparisons by grades within each of the city, village and farm groups. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E, and No. 12-N" to 12-S in the text.) From twenty-five to thirty percent of the boys disliked English in the fifth grade, the dislike being slightly greater in Greater New York than in the other groups. This dislike increases until it reaches its maximum in the eighth grade where it is about forty-three percent. It then gradually decreases to almost twenty percent in the fourth year of the high school. From ten to fifteen percent of the boys like English in the fifth grade. This like decreases gradually up to the eighth grade and then increases slightly in the high school. English is the one subject required in all grades and in each year of the high school and it is quite evident that the course of study as arranged at present does not appeal to boys. Many theories have been advanced in an endeavor to explain why boys do not like English. The data of this survey simply indicate that English is not interesting to boys. A further study of this subject should be made in each grade endeavoring to discover the percent of like and dislike for oral English, written composition, grammar and literature. The subject as here discussed necessarily covers all of these branches of the subject. Personal interviews with a large number of boys have revealed the fact that oral and written English as well as grammar and literature, as at present presented, fail to interest many boys. Correlation tables were made for the various nationality groups to see whether English was more disliked by foreign born boys than by American born boys. It was discovered that English was no more distasteful to foreign born boys than to American born boys and in some instances the foreigners expressed a slightly greater like for English than did the American born boys. These different nationality correlation tables are not published in the report because of lack of space. It should be noted that the like for English is greater than the like expressed for a number of the other studies. 148 OUR BOYS Least Llxed 4031 302 Best Liked StaGBWffl 0* 1C# 20/i 3 Greater He* York 1 anployed farm boys ; 1 Villages orer 5/X>0 2 Greater Hew York 13 Cities under 25,000 3 Places under 5pOO l aaployed farm boya 4 Cities under 25pOO i Cities over 23)00 5 Cities over 25pOO 1 Places under 5,000 6 Villages over 5pOO 1 6th GiUiB Greater New York 1 Greater He* Yoit ' Cities over 25pOO z Places under 5,000 IZZ3 Cities under 25,000 3 Cities under 25,000 ZZ3 Villages over 5pOO 4 Villages over 5pOO zz: Qnployed farm boys 5 anployed farm boys ~~~] Places under 5poo 6 Cities over 25000 zu 7th GBUa Greater Hew YoUc l Greater New Yortc 'l Saployed farm boys 2 Cities over 25000 r Places under 5000 3 Cities under 25000 Z3 Cities under 25000 4 Villagos ovor 5000 Villages over 5000 5 Places under 5000 ZU Cities over 25000 * alloyed farm boys 8th GRADE Greater Jferc YoA 1 Greater lew York 1 anployed farm boya 2 Cities under 25000 zzn Cities over 25000 3 Villagea over 5000 mu Places under 5000 4 Citiea over 25000 ZZ3 Cities under 25000 5 Places under 5000 __j Villages over 5000 6 Employed farm boys ZI 1st YBLB HIGH SCHOOL Cities over 23030 1 Greater Haw York ' 1 anployed fana boys 2 Cities under 25000 = ' Village* over 5000 3 Cities over 25000 :l Citiea under 25000 4 Villages over 5000 =^ Places tmder 5000 5 Places under 5000 Greater New York 6 anployed farm boys ZZDi 2d YSiB HIGH SCHOOL ! Cities over 25000 1 Cities over 25000 ' Bnployed farm boys 2 Greater Hew York i Villagea over 5000 3 Cities under 25000 1 Citiea under 25000 4 Places under 5000 1 Greater Hew York 5 Villages over 5000 ZHJ Places under 5000 6 Sqployed farm boys a 3d YEifi HIGH SCHOOL Cities over 25000 1 Villages over 5000 i Villages over 5000 Z Greater Hew Yorfc i Citiea under 25000 3 Cities under 25000 ' Bsployed farm boys 4 Citiea over 25000 i * Greater New York 5 anployed faru boya >; Places under 5000 6 Places under 5000 zz: 4th YEA2 HIGH SCHOOL alloyed farm boys 1 Greater Hew York 1 ' Cities over 25000 2 Cities ovor 25000 i Places under 5000 3 Cities under 25000 zizr Cities under 25000 4 Places under 5000 __j Villages over 5000 5 Villages over 5000 ZZ3 Greater Hew York 6 anployad fana boya . 10JS 20^ Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys ENGLISH Chart No. 121. State Summary for all Grades OUR BOYS 149 Least Liked ENGLISH Best Liked UBOUbQBS Beat Liked 40* so* art lojt 205? I 90% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Tear Old Employed Boys ENGLISH AND LANGUAGES Chart No. 12Q. Grade Summary for City, Village and Farm Groups 150 OUR BOYS History ranks second in like and about fifth in dislike Chart ^N"o. 12-J compares by grades the like and dislike for History in the various city, village and farm groups. Chart No. 12-P makes similar comparisons by grades within each of the city, village and farm groups. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E and No. 12-N to 12-S in the text.) The like for History increases uniformly from the fifth to the eighth grade where it reaches almost thirty percent The like then gradually decreases thruout the high school. This is par- ticularly encouraging when it is recalled that as the amount of His- tory required in the grades increases, the like for the subject also increases, reaching its maximum in the eighth grade. The record for the first year of the high school where most pupils study History is also high. In the upper grades of the high school the percent liking the subject gradually decreases. The dislike for History, how- ever, on the other hand is uniformly about seven percent thruout all the grades and the high school in each one of the city, village and farm groups. This small and uniform dislike for History indicates that the subject fails to appeal to a uniformly small percent of the boys in each grade. The fact that the dislike does not increase in the seventh and eighth grades where more time is devoted to the subject verifies this statement. It is unfortunate that the boys were not asked to state their second best liked and second least liked study as it would then be possible to measure in some degree how much stronger the like for Mathematics was than the like for History or vice versa. The important fact to note with regard to the like and dislike for History is that as the amount of work increases the like for the subject increases while the dislike remains uniformly quite small, indicating that the course of study is so arranged as to make an increasing appeal to the boys as the requirements increase. OUR BOYS 151 Least Lifced 20* IX* 0* HI3TOHr n*n 5th GR4DJ5 Places under 5000 1 B9 Villages over 5000 2 1 Cities uadar 25000 3 OB Greater Hew fork 4 fli alloyed farm boys 5 i Cities over 26000 6 BBl anployed f am boys 1 BB Greater Hew York 2 villages over 5000 3 BB Places under 5000 4 BH Cities under 25000 5 Cities over 25000 6 I 7th GB4JX BEBHB anployed fara boy* 1 Best Liked 0* w* atf Places under 5000 Greater Hew York J Tillages over 5000 1 anployed farm boys t Cities under 25000 Hi- Cities over 25000 HZ3 Greater Haw York ' Tillages over 5000 ' Places under 5000 alloyed farm boys " ZH3 Cities under 25000 - i t Cities over 25000 ZH3 | i ; EBBR Places under 5000 2 BBB TUl^SBS over 5000 3 BBl Sitles under 25000 4 BBi Cities over 25000 5 i ftreatar Hew York 6 alloyed fan boys '. 4 Cities under 25000 f Cities over 25000 1 i i BBBJBnployed faro beys 1 BBlplaoea under 5000 2 T113*es orer 5000 ! ! f BBiCitlee over 25000 3 BBfCitles under 25000 4 BBvillsges over 5000 5 Cities over 25000 i | ' Greater Hew York ; r ' Greet er Hew York 6 : 1st ma HIGH i BHOOL i ' BBl villages over 5000 1 Cities over 25000 2 Cities over 25000 " " ^ B Br^leyed fain boys 3 Plaoes under 5000 J 1 Greater Hew York 4 Cities under 25000 5 B Places under 5000 6 J 2d YBA.B HIGH Cities under 25000 ^ Oreater Hew Yodc : ^ BBB1 Villages over 5000 1 B places uMer 5000 2 BBi Cities under 25000 3 BB anployed tern boys 4 BB Cities over 25000 5 Bl Greater Hew York 6 3d Y2&3 HIGH alloyed faun boys "-^ TiUages over 5000 Cities over 25000 '. Cities under 25000 : i Greater Hew Yoxfc SCHOOL BBi Tillages over 5000 1 BBi Cities under 25000 2 BB Grsater Bew 7ork 3 BB Cities over E5000 4 BB anployed farm boys 5 BB Plaoes under 5000 6 4tn raa HIGE Cities under 25000 1 Cities over 25000 I Greater Hew York ' Tillages over 25000 HUH [ SCHOOL j 1 BB Snployed fana boys 1 BB Tillages over 5000 2 BB Greater Haw York 3 Bl Cities under 25000 4 Bl Cities over 25000 5 i B Places under 5000 6 Cities under 25000 ___ anployed fam boys ' Greater Hew York ^mn Cities over 25000 ' Places under 5000 1 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys HJSTOBY Chart No. 12J. State Summary for all Grades 152 OUR BOYS Geography is most disliked in the lower grades Charts No. 12-K and 12-K. compare the likes and dislikes for geog- raphy by grades and by the various groups. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E, and No. 12-JST to 12-S in the text.) The dislike for Geography is greatest in the fifth grade and the like for Geography is about uniform in the fifth, sixth and seventh grades. It is noticeable that the like and dislike for Geography reaches into the high school. Of course these likes and dislikes were acquired in the grades. This suggests that some of the like and dislike in the upper grades for other subjects has also been carried over from the lower grades. It does not show, however, on the tables and charts because most of the other subjects are taught in the high school- as well as in the grades. OUR BOYS 153 3 3 S fc H S 1 * 1*88!? * fc * *>:* I * ^ * s e iMJij [HI!? liMIJ Mr f> fc r. _, _ _ y * h b o il^l I JJ J*| ill S I I |55l5 o * m o * >oA,SsS 3 2 3 o 2 Jl Soo^l* EI4 I ] S555| 11115 g * . 1 ^ 6 *1 9 ..- nrinnnn i XI S jjii lilfii i!ly| ilijlf Illlfl i g * I I p 02 OQ (M I 8 i SS2| I S | 5 I | ll^lll 154 OTJR BOYS least Liked DBmHG Greater ;,ew York I 6th Grad* Cities over 5000 I 6th Grad* I 6th " t 1. 1 Cities under 25000 Villages over 5000 | 6th Grad* ! , 3 i " >J , - 3 Places under 6,000 ,Cr.d. D Irt yr.H.S. t! ad - b rinployed farm boy^ 6th Grad* 6th " loji Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Chart No. 12R. Grade Summary for GEOGRAPHY AND Year Old Employed Boys City, Village and Farm Groups DRAWING OUR BOYS 155 Spelling is least liked and best liked in the lower grades Charts No. 12-K and 12-S compare the likes and dislikes for Spell- ing in the grades of the various groups (see tables ~No. 12 to 12-E and E"o. 12-N" to 12-S in the text), and show that the greatest dis- like as well as the greatest like for Spelling occurs in the lower grades. As in the case of Geography, dislike and like for Spelling reach over into the high school. 156 OUR BOYS SCICSCE Least Litod Best Lite i ** *# * <# 1058 * Greater New York I , , Least 20? 10^ Liked Best Liked Q% 0% 10^ Greater ITew ioric 6th " ' I S ! !5th Grad* 7th - ? 8th. " Z3 1 j eth " H | tt yr. H. S Q 1 ggg 1st ,r. H.S. 1 2d " " fl i ^^ 2d " " I i i 2 3d " " r 4th " " i r_n 4th " " \ i Cities over 25000 J Cities over 25000 BBBBJ 6th Grad. t i 6th Grad* I BflflflB 6th B 6th BBH 7th " _* i B 7th " BBl 8th " i 8th " i Bfl 1st yr. H.S. 3 i BB let yr. H.S. . BJ 2d " 1 j m 2d " " i 1 3d " " 1 | BOB 3d " " I 4th" - {j i i BBB 4th " i [ i 1 Cities under 25000 Cities under 25000 HBHHfl 6th Grad* Hi ) B 6th Gmd* BBBBI 6th " ! Bl 6th ' I 7th " Bj| 7th " BBBB 8th " i i Bfl eth ] i BB 1st yr. H.S I i BBB Utyr. H.S zzn 2d " " i ggg 2d " " I 3d " " i H 3d " ta 4th " BuggK 4th " _ i BBH Tillages over 5000 i Tillages over 5000 BBH 6th Grad* ZH3 j B| 6th Grad* BBH 6th " j i Bfl 6th BBBB 7th " : i BBl 7th " i BBB 8th " If 1 BB 8th " - H 1st yr. H.S. 2 I Bin 1st yr. H.S > 1 2d " " i Bflj 2d " " zn 1 3d " " i m 3d " " '1 4th " " i Bflfll 4th " " , Places under 5.000 Places under 5,000 BBBBBI 6th Grad* 1 KB 6th Grad* B^HBBH amv^BBVBH 6th " | f BBl 6th J ^^^^ i BBBBI 7th " t i 7th " J BBBI 8th Z3 I Bl 8th " It i BB 1st yr. H. S. 3 i Bi 1st yr. H.S ' B 2d " i Bl 2d " " t 1 3d " " I i BB 3d " " m fl 4th " I Bl 4th " 1 T Qnployed farm b oys 1 anp Loyed farm b >y BBBBB 6th Grad* ZZZJ i 5th Grad* J BBBBBI 6th " ZZ3 ; i BBB eth 3 BflBBI 7th " HI i i Bi 7th 3 BBBB 8th " ^3 i i Bi 8th U I ma 1st yr. H.S. 3 i 1st yr. H.S. ZZH fli 2d " " 3 i Bi 2d " - i 3d " " 3 i Bi 3d " t i 4th " " j t i B 4th " ^ 20-; 1056 056 tf M* * j 20-,-i i & ($ o% \ i Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys SPELLING AND ELEMENTARY SCIENCE Chart No. 12S. Grade Summary for City, Village and Farm Groups OUR BOYS 157 Foreign language is very much disliked in the high school Charts No. 12-O and 12-Q (see tables ~No. 12 to 12-E and No. 12-N to 12-S in the text) show a very strong dislike for Foreign Languages, increasing from the first year of the high school to its maximum in the fourth year. This is the only instance where any study outranks English in dislike. The like for Foreign Languages is uniformly very small. Best Lima L&DGUAGBS C >* 10* 8th G&A3B Villages over 5000 1 Villages over 5000 1 Places under 5000 2 Cities under 25000 I Cities under 25000 3 Places under 5000 | Greater Hew York 4 Greater Hew York 1 aoployad. farm boys 5 idqployed farm boys Cities over 25000 6 Cities over 25000 1st YEAB HIGH SCHOOL Places under 5000 1 Greater Hew York ["""I Employed farm boys 2 Villages over 5000 C Greater Hew York 3 Cities under 25000 C Villages over 5000 4 Employed fam boys C Cities under 25000 5 Cities over 25000 C Cities over 25000 6 Places under 5000 3 ML Y2&B HIGH SCHOOL Places under 5000 1 Greater Hew York . Employed farm boys 2 Cities under 25000 ZD Greater Hew York 3 anployed farm boys -"^ Cities under 25000 4 Places under 5000 a Villages over 5000 5 Villages over 5000 Z) Cities over 25000 6 Cities over 25000 a 3d YEA3 HIGH SCHOOL Places under 5000 1 Greater New Yortc I anployed farm boys 2 Villages over 5000 I Greater New York 3 Places under 5000 CZ3 Cities under 25000 4 Cities under 25000 a Cities over 25000 5 Cities over 25000 D Villages over 5000 6 anployed farm boya n 4th raa HIGH SCHOOL Villages over 5000 1 Greater New YoxJc i i Places under 5000 2 Cities under 25000 IZJ anployed farm boys 3 Villages over 5000 f""~t Greater Hew Yortc 4 Snploped farm boys f ~"1 Cities undar 21000 5 Places under 5000 O Cities over 25000 6 Cities over 25000 u 055 10J4 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys LANGUAGES Chart No. 120. State Summary for all Grades 158 OUR BOYS Likes and dislikes for other subjects are relatively small Charts No. 12-L, 12-M, 12-N, 12-R, 12-S and 12-T show that the likes and dislikes for Elementary Science, Advanced Science, Com- mercial Subjects, Drawing, Manual Training, etc., are relatively small. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E and No. 12-N to 12-S in the text.) OUR BOYS 159 Best Llkt oast Liked DMWIBG 0?4 10J i 0% 5th ftRADE Cities under 25000 1 Greater Hew York Z3 | Greater tie* ioric 2 Places under 5000 1 | Cities over 25000 3 Cities under 2500C J | tlacos under 5000 4 Cities over 25000 j | Villages over 5000 5 jinployed farm boys ] | anployed farm boys 6 Tillage* over 5000 J 6th GBtJJB | Cities under 25000 1 Places under 5000 3 | Places under 5000 2 Tillages over 5000 -j | Greater Mew Xork 3 Cities over 25000 3 | Tillages over 5000 4 Greater New York 3 1 Cities over 25000 5 anployed farm boy* ] | anployed f am boy* 6 Cities under 25000 ] 7th GBADS 1 Greater Hew York 1 Tillages over 5000 3 | Cities under 25000 2 Places under 5000 1 | Cities over 25000 3 Cities over 25000 3 | Places under 5000 4 Greater lew York ] g anployed farm boy* 5 Cities under 25000 ] | Villages over 5000 6 Bnployed faro boys | SthGBUa pj Greater lew York 1 Greater new York 3 | Cities over 25000 2 Cities under 25000 3 | aaployed farm b oy* 3 Cities over 25000 3 | Places under 5000 4 Tillages over 5000 3 j Cities under 25000 5 Places under 5000 j | Villages over 5000 6 employed farm boy* ] 1st TSA.H HIGH SCHOOL Greater Hw York 1 Greater Hew York Bnployed farm boy* 2 Places under 5000 13 Cities orer 25000 3 Villages over 5000 3 Villages over 5000 4 Cities over 25000 \ 1 Cities under 25000 5 Cities under 25000 ^ 1 Places under 5000 6 Bnployed fasn >ioys 3 2d TJBaH HIGH SCHOOL Greater Hew York 1 Villages over 500O ' Cities under 25000 2 Cities over 25000 - Cities over 5000 3 Greater Hew York ^ | Villages over 5000 4 Cities under 25000 12 | Aaployed farm boy* 5 Places under 5000 3 I Places under 5000 6 Bnployed farm boy* ^ 3d raa HIGH SCHOOL Greater New York i Cities over 25000 ~~^ *j Tillages over 5000 2 Cities under 25000 ^ | Places under 5000 3 Villages over 5000 ^ | anployed farm boy* 4 Greater Bew York ^ | Cities over 25000 5 Jtaployed fam boys ^ Cities under 25000 6 Places under 5000 3 4tl i YS^fi HIGH SCHOOL Greater Hew York 1 Greater lew York J3 I Cl tie. unaer 25000 2 Cities over 25000 3 Cities over 25000 8 Tillages over 5000 3 g Bnployed fan boy* 4 cities under 25000 3 | Places under 5000 5 Boployed Cam boys J Tillage* over 5000 6 Places under 5000 ] % o* 0? 1C Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys DRAWING Chart No. 12L. State Summary for all Grades 160 OUR BOYS Least LJJCBd KLSUBKFAS7 SCLEUCB Best Like lo> t ' 6fch GBABB Ojt 10 ! Jj Places under 5000 i Greater Hew York 3 Snployed fam bojr 2 alloyed farn boys 3 Cities over 25000 $ Cities over 25000 ] Tillages over 5000 4 Cities under 25000 Cities under 25000 5 Tillages over 5000 1 Greater Sew Yozk 6 Places under 5000 6th GBUB BB alloyed fam boys 1 Places under 50-30 3 B Places under 5000 2 Bnployed faaa boys : 1 Tillage 3 over 5000 3 Greater New Yortc Cities under 25000 4 cities under 25000 Cities over 25000 5 Tillages over 5000 Greater Hew York 6 Cities over 26000 7th GBADB alloyed fam boya 1 Greater Hew York 3 Tillages over 5000 2 Jtaployed farm boy* ] ' Cities under 25000 3 Places under 5000 3 Cities over 25000 4 Tillages over 5000 3 1 Plaoes under 5000 5 cities over 25000 1 Greater Hew York 6 Cities under 25000 8th GB&XE EBB Bnployed farm boys 1 Greater Hew Yodc 3 99 Tillage* over 5000 2 alloyed fann boyt 3 ! Cities under 25000 3 Tillages over 5000 a Cities over 25000 4 Places under 5000 3 m Places under 5000 5 Cities over 25000 1 Greater Hew York 6 Cities under 25000 1st YEiB HIGH SCHOOL = Cities under 25000 1 alloyed farm boya Tillages over 5000 2 Plaoes under 5000 Greater Hew York 3 Cities under 25000 = ' =3 1 Cities over 25000 4 Greater Hew York IZJ Places under 5000 5 Tillages over 6000 H3 anployed farm boya 6 Cities over 25000 ID 2d ma HIGH SCHOOL ^1 Cities over 25000 1 Villages over 5000 HD 1 Greater Hew York 2 Plaoes under 5000 IZD Tillages over 5000 3 aaployed farm boys HD Cities under 25000 4 Greater Hew York IZ3 i Plaoes under 5000 5 Cities over 25000 Z3 Employed farm boya 6 Cities under 25000 13 3d YM.fi HUGH SCHOOL Hi Cities over 25000 1 Tillages over 5000 = Places under 5000 2 Cities under 25000 i M Greater Hew York 3 Cities over 25000 ZZ3 Tillages over 5000 4 Bqployed farm boys =3 Cities under 25000 5 Greater Sew Yodc =3 alloyed fann boys 6 Plaoes under 5000 ZJ 4th Y3A3 HIGH SCHOOL , Tillages over 6000 1 Tillages over 5000 L Cities over 25000 2 Cities under 25000 1 I Cities under 25000 3 Plaoes under 5000 ' 1 Greater Hew York 4 Bnployed fain boys =3 Hi Plaoes under 5000 5 Cities over 25000 * iinployed fann boys 6 Greater New York ~"I ! o* oT iff Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Tear Old Employed Boys ELEMENTABY SCIENCE Grades Chart No. 12M. State Summary for all OUR BOYS 161 nn nnnnn s Si *} 9 s 8 * g W S * a I 8 & nnnr, flflflnn * o w o Q o > o O Q O o * o S <5 o b- o * 5 o o" 8 S $ g "> g * *} S g g * * s N I s I s * * s i I s s o o o > O ^ o I ^ 8 5 S | si g o es o 04 ig i 3 5 Ml! ilia If if* * * 3 fH 4* 8 R I? 88 & u> g .o & . e ^ J 3 * s ^ ^ S 5; c s IS 5 5 3 5 .3 4 * r^ Oj Q, >H K|fll g s : : s o >a o 9 rJ S 55 > fl S 3 , 3 11 5 S S 5 5 cj m 4> * S> P< O O O CQ 1|1 II 3 ^^ S S ^^ ;t- I |90OM " 5 N h g & I; IK! 3 : s 82 S 5 & | 00 ! rH H ^ ! s s t s K o o N t> DOaata i! JQ S 8 , S I fc N 1 fe 8 ft 1 1 I ;*' a 3 > a ca S 5 5 J5 5 DDD w . , E 5 & Da ii! i-ij I I i Kt^Sdg^fSSBS 0^*00 r>BO!S|ft,OC3>- I 5- S* g S 8 M* 11 Hj 1. K CO 3 5 fjQ 03 55^5^ S5^l5 g gsSSfg 5sSSs ----- J Is s ill |. nnn^ 5 P* }** i * & I & 5 ^ & , i ca o 9 9 h S "S n a o S 5) > S * * ^ 4^ 5 S2 S 1 2 V 5 0.5 P i II S 8 fe S > o 5 S g lls ^ Q r ~ l P 1 ^ ^*. 162 OUR BOYS Least Advanced Science Best 0% New YorkO$ Least Comm 1 Subjects Best 10% 0^ New York 0% | Istyr.H.S. *J | J flstyr.H.S. zu 5 *- 3 32d " " "*^t i tad 3 34 " \ I 4th 5 | 4th " r I ! Cities over 25, 000 i * 1 Cities over 25,000 i | | Istyr.H.S. Jjj J$ 1st yr. H.S. d - " ]' 1 ^ i I 4t| " " i" * 1 4th " " " j 1 1 "^^ [cities under 25,OOOJ 1 Cities under 25,000| | irtyr.rt.S. p - " " P | Istyr.H.S. 3- " " ^1 3d " " "^^ 1 | 4th " " t3 1 1 =3' [villages over 5,00o| {villages over 5,0001 1 1st yr. H.S. | | I 1st yr. H.S. 1 1 1 | 2d " " | j f 2d * 1 3d " " | 3d " " 13 J 4th " " j 1 | g 4th " " I 1 i ! Places under 5,000 } i Places under 5,00o| [ 1st yr. H.S. H j 1 | Istyr.H.S. Z3 j i i* - - p | 2d " M 1? i i-: : p 3d " " ! U 4th " " a ! Hi 4th i" J Employed Farm Boys r Sj Employed Farm Boys , | I 1st yr. H.S Q ] 1 i ""4 1 ! 1 Istyr.H.S. p : I ,d - " 3 : """"-* j J 3d - - r ' j 4th " " 3 j 10< 0% 0% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year old Employed Boys ADVANCED SCIENCE AND COMMERCIAL SUBJECTS. Chart No. 12T. Grade 'Summary for City, Village and Farm Groups OUE BOYS 163 Music, physical training, etc., received little attention The percents of like and dislike for Music, Physical Training and some other subjects are so small as to make it impossible to show them either on the tables or charts. The likes and dislikes of American and foreign boys are about the same Charts No. 12-U to 12-Y inclusive, show a comparison between the likes and dislikes for Mathematics, Geography, English, History and Spelling in the case of American born boys with two American parents, American born boys with one American parent, American born boys with two foreign parents, Foreign born boys with two foreign parents. The comparison between the various parentage groups was made for Greater New York and also for the other cities over 25,000 and shows conclusively that there is no marked difference in likes and dislikes for subjects in the case of American and foreign born boys. On chart No. 12-Y dealing with English, in the third year of the high school for cities over 25,000, the relatively large like and dis- like for English in the case of the foreign born boys with foreign born parents is due to the fact that in that particular group there happened to be a very small number of boys as compared with the other groups. Charts No. 12-U, 12-V, 12-W and 12-X tell the same story for Mathematics, History, Geography and Spelling. Similar studies were made for a number of the individual nation- ality groups, however, no marked differences were discovered in likes and dislikes for the various subjects between the various nation- ality groups. 164 OUR BOYS oinas orsa zs.ooo Sixteen, Rerenlecn and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys MATHEMATICS Chart Xo. 12-U. Grade Summary by Parentage Groups, Greater New York and Cities over 25,000 OUR BOYS 165 YOffi Least LiJced ' CZ2 'ES I ' 10* Best Liked CITIBS 07Ba 26,000 Least LlJod Best 1 C Ed ! EZ: EZ2 i c 0% American born boys with two American parents. American born boys with one American parent. QHBB / / / /\ 30% American born boys with two foreign parents. Foreign born boys with two foreign parents. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys HISTORY Chart No. 12V. Greater New York and Cities over 25,000 166 OUR BOYS OUR BOYS 167 fle.t Liked 058 lOJt 20* 30^ 20^ IQf SPSLLIBQ BeBt GR&DK 0* log 30-E 20^ zzz American born boys with two American parents. American born boys with one American parent. American born boys with two foreign paients. Foreign born boys with two foreign parent* Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys SPELLING Chart No. 12X. Greater New York and Cities over 25,000 168 OUR BOYS Amcncan bom boys with two Amcricnn parcm- American born boys with one American parent. American bom boys with two foreign parents. Foreign bom boys with two foreign parents. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys ENGLISH Chart No. 12-Y. Greater New York and Cities over 25,000 OUR BOYS 169 There is little correlation between likes and dislikes Chart No. 12-Z (see table .No. 12-AA in the text) shows the correlation between best and least liked studies. Boys liking Mathematics best like English least and boys who like English best like Mathematics least. Boys who like History best like English least, but boys who like History least do not like English best. Boys who like Geography best like English and Mathematics least and boys who dislike English and Mathematics most show a stronger like for geography than boys in other groups. However, these studies show in a crude way that there is really very little correlation between best and least liked studis. 170 BOYB i i.i. .Il ll i i.i.-.i III ...... .1.. lul I. .. 1 tft ! L I jo : *- ! j I le rih Jllll Illllllll Hill n J! .!! i 1 o OQ S> S -S O B S3 m LJ f il bi 1 No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 | b '1 .3 | jlj I 2iS if |' 8 Total per cards tabu- "rt fj> ~QQ 2 ^S P 2 3 > cent lated S W a s OT >-3 O 5 s 3 , 5th 43.1 15.4 10.7 2.1 10.0 14.2 2.6 1.9 100.0 422 6th 39 4 13.5 19.3 1.9 11.1 13.0 1.0 .8 100 1,219 7th 35 3 10 6 25 9 3 2 9 5 12 8 1 2 1.5 100 3 815 8th 37.7 13.3 25.6 3.3 5.0 A 8.9 2.2 ".4 3.2 ioo!o 7i431 let high school 36.8 15.6 15.9 2.8 2.1 6.3 5.2 3.9 4.8 5.9 .7 100.0 1,392 2d high school 36.8 14.3 14.0 2.5 .8 9.1 4.1 4.3 5.3 6.4 2.4 100.0 922 3d nigh school 38.0 15.0 11.5 2.7 11.2 1.0 3.5 9.3 5.1 2.7 100.0 374 4th high school 34.9 16.4 16.4 2.6 9.9 1.3 4.0 6.6 5.S 2.6 100.0 152 Total 5,857 2,047 3,586 482 942 267 1,479 349 192 480 46 15,727 TABLE No. 12-A CITIES OVER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE 1 1 i 1 |l -g'g 1 Total No. of cards COMPLETED J3 i b fj* 3 .1? te B * a per tabu- f - g TJ a 1? a 1 > cent lated a M m S ra >3 O a a w ^ 5th 48.0 10.2 5.0 1.1 9.4 23.9 1.3 1.1 100.0 540 6th 46 4 6 5 8 7 9 11.4 24 7 1 1 .3 100 2,108 7th 41.7 6.6 16.4 1.1 10.2 22.2 1.4 .4 100.0 3,035 8th 42.0 7.2 27.2 1.1 6.7 i 12.2 1.9 1.5 100. C 4,274 1st high school 44.6 10.1 23.4 1.1 2.6 1.9 4.9 3.2 "Ye 5.2 '".4 100.0 1,629 2d high school 3d high school 4th high school 42.7 45.1 40.4 15.1 11.4 11.0 15.9 13.4 16.4 1.6 3.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.6 .7 4.6 6.0 2.4 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.2 7.7 9.7 1.0 3.0 8.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 926 299 164 Total 5,620 1,059 2,470 150 950 84 1,961 275 126 242 38 12,975 TABLE No. 12-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined . 1 af hi i No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED i I b il a 1 1 | 1*1 1 s i' 8 Total per cards tabu- 1 I n 1 1 BD J 1 & o 1 1 cent lated 5th ... 46.7 10.6 7.7 .7 11.8 20.9 1.6 100.0 426 8th ... 43.9 7.2 13.7 .4 9.3 24.4 .7 .4 100.0 1,265 7th 42.4 5.7 19.3 .6 9.0 21.6 1.0 .4 100.0 1,598 8th 44.9 8.0 24.6 .9 6.3 .8 11.2 2.0 1.3 100.0 1,942 1st high school 2d high school... 3d high school 4th high school 40.5 48.2 38.1 41.3 13.5 13.1 12.2 8.0 20.0 15.8 14.5 18.7 1.4 .2 1.5 2.6 .7 2.9 4.9 6.1 6.7 4.7 2.4 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.6 1.3 3.7 4.7 6.1 8.0 7.6 4.9 9.2 12.0 .1 1.3 5.4 4.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 858 450 131 75 Total 2,946 579 1,268 51 460 76 1,013 122 67 146 17 6,745 172 OUK BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST LIKED STUDY Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Best Liked Study % TABLE No. 12-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined 1 I a* bS I No of LAST GRADE COMPLETED | h -|| | ? I | 'SIS' 1 S |1 11 Total per cards tabu- "eS a 22 " a o S > cent lated ^ W H S ra "3 8 Q s 1 5th 48.8 10.9 9.7 9.7 20.1 .8 100.0 248 6th 41.0 6.8 16.9 1.0 9.7 22.6 1.6 .4 100.0 700 7th ... 39 9 5 5 24 3 1 1 7 2 19 1 8 1 2 100 91S 8th Jt high school 39.8 44.5 7.4 9.8 31.4 20.6 1.8 2.0 4.5 1.5 .9 3.6 8.8 4.2 1.7 3.2 1.2 4.7 2.5 5.9 100.0 100.0 1,141 471 2d high school 3d high school ... 48.8 47.3 8.1 17.5 17.8 6.8 "i'.i 3.6 9.5 1.2 7.2 4.0 5.2 4.0 8.1 9 5 100.0 100 248 74 4th high school 45.9 4.2 20.8 6.3 2.1 16.6 4.1 100.0 48 Total 1,614 291 879 49 216 46 506 87 52 106 2 3,848 TABLE No. 12-D PLACES UNDER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 I W S M 1 Language O M Q -1 fi 3 I Total per cent No. of carda tabu- lated 5th ... 6th 44.6 42 5 14.6 8 5 10.8 16 7 .4 3 8.2 7 5 19.6 20 8 1.8 1 8 i 9 100.0 100 720 1 989 7th 8th 1st high school 2d high school 3d hio;h school 4th high school 42.1 44.1 45.0 43.0 49.2 43.6 5.1 5.9 8.5 9.0 7.0 7.3 24.1 29.4 21.8 23.8 20.9 15.0 'e 1.0 1.1 .5 .4 7.3 4.7 2.2 .4 .5 .2 .5 1.9 3.7 6.5 4.7 17.9 10.0 3.1 2.1 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 3.6 2.9 .5 .8 " Ll 3.2 3.6 3.3 3.4 2.5 8.6 7.7 5.1 10.3 '"i'.i 2.7 4.7 13.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,734 3,074 1,233 69<> sis 234 Total 4,748 791 2,483 59 582 94 1,410 189 114 354 74 10,898 TABLE No. 12-E FARM BOY GROUP American and Foreign Combined g *> S S 'I >> rt o ** S No. of LAST GRADE 1 -'f 3 1 1 bO gisr ^3 ii Total cards COMPLETED Ja "M ? 3 | g. S i S per tabu- 1 I .2 W 1 S S i 1 1 i cent lated 5th 47.5 15.6 8.0 9.6 16.8 1.0 1.5 100.0 976 6th 49.9 6.7 16.4 .1 7.5 16.8 .7 1.9 100.0 2,449 7th 49.0 4.1 22.0 .1 6.9 15.6 .5 1.8 100.0 4.068 8th 47.9 3.8 27.8 4.7 .3 11.4 .9 .2 3.0 100.0 4,061 1st high school 47.1 8.2 23.4 .3 2.0 2.7 3.8 1.2 1.4 9.8 .1 100.0 941 2d high school 51.6 6.1 22.4 .4 1.4 3.9 2.5 1.4 1.7 7.2 1.4 100.0 511 3d high school 4th high school 50.4 51.0 9.4 20.5 17.4 1.7 1.0 2.3 5.1 1.1 2.0 .6 1.0 1.7 3.1 7.0 10.2 5.3 9.2 100.0 100.0 171 98 Total 6,459 763 2,887 13 782 67 1,726 106 38 408 26 13,275 OUR BOYS 173 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys LEAST LIKED STUDY Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Least Liked Study TABLE No. 12-N GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE COMPLETED Mathematics 1 % H I K l'J S | | S tf 1 l| H 8 fe.i I 8 1 H Advanced science Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 6th 7th 26.0 26.5 23.7 30.5 30.9 41.4 5.6 7.7 7.3 '".4 .3 16.7 11.1 8.2 '3 18.2 21.5 16.5 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.2 .6 1.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 396 1,162 3,658 8th 1st high school 2d high school 3d 1 igh school 4th high school 20.3 23.2 21.6 21.9 20.1 44.7 31.8 27.6 22.8 19.5 7.0 6.0 5.4 7.4 6.2 .5 .8 .8 .3 1.4 4.9 2.3 1.6 .3 2.5 15.4 27.4 33.5 32.7 13.9 7.6 4.0 3.1 2.8 3.2 4.6 3.4 3.1 6.9 .1 .8 .9 .8 .7 2.6 7.0 6.4 6.0 6.9 .3 .5 .9 .8 2.8 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 6,971 1,291 872 352 144 Total 3,285 5,857 1,026 74 880 796 2,040 403 27 412 46 14,846 TABLE No. 12-O CITIES OVER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE COMPLETED J 1 t '3 M 1 1 g |i 8 bS Jo> 1 Total per cent Num- oer o cards tabu- i H W S I j O s Q 1 w < lated 5th ... 23.2 21.3 2.7 17.8 29.9 .2 3.9 100.0 51C 6th 20.2 29.1 5.3 .1 15.1 26.0 .0 3.2 100.0 1,996 7th 21.5 33.4 8.3 .1 11.2 .5 20.6 .2 3.2' 100.0 2,88'J 8th 19.3 43.0 8.3 .2 10.3 1.2 12.1 .4 .1 4.1 100.0 4,011 1st bigh school 2d 1. igh school 3d Hgh school 4th high school 23.3 21.2 14.0 13.8 37.3 37.9 37.1 31.8 7.0 5.6 7.2 4.8 .2 .3 6.7 3.6 1.8 2.1 8.8 17.5 27.7 31.0 7.3 3.6 2.2 2.1 .3 .5 .3 2.1 1.0 1.2 .3 6.5 7.0 7.6 8.9 .6 .6 1.8 3.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 '859 278 Total 2,515 4,432 877 18 1,272 474 1,903 153 31 534 24 12,233 TABLE No. 12-P CITIES UNDER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined- 8 -2 "c g Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 j i -|1 M 1 1 j |1 Jl Total per cent ber of cards tabu- i W i =1 1 1 a s 1 i lated 5th .. 20.5 23.5 5.6 .2 17.4 26.6 2.6 3.6 100.0 414 6th 23.7 28.7 6.3 12.8 22.1 1.9 4.5 100.0 1,229 7th 20 8 36.0 9.0 .1 12.8 15.6 1.3 4.4 100.0 1,554 8th 18 3 41 6 8.2 11.3 2.7 11.2 .8 5.9 100.0 1,871 1st high school 2d high school 3d high school 4th high school 25.0 23.6 24.0 23.5 33.0 29.3 32.0 23.6 4.7 8.1 8.0 5.6 .1 .2 6.1 3.9 .8 1.4 13.7 23.1 29.6 32.0 4.1 2.8 1.0 1.8 '4'.2 .5 .5 10.8 5.5 4.0 8.3 i.o 1.2 1.6 1.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 823 433 125 72 Total 1,397 2,243 483 4 708 324 879 90 6 371 16 6,521 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys LEAST LIKED STUDY Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Least Liked Study TABLE No. 12-Q VILLAGES OVER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined 8 *3 2 -1 >. a 1 Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED *M b 3 I 1 | 1 j& o. 1 t I S H |1 Total per cent ber of cards tabu- 1 H .2 w os aj 1 1 I & 6 H 1 lated 5th... 21.9 27.5 6 10.3 29.6 .8 3 9 100 233 6th 20.6 27.3 7.5 10.9 26.7 1.2 5.8 100 io 657 7th 20.1 34.8 9 6 10.8 18 .7 6 100 880 8th 20.3 40.1 7.8 i 8.7 '4!6 10.7 'e "4 6^7 100 1 086 1st high school 22.4 34.8 7.7 '.2 4.0 14.2 5.3 1.3 .6 9.1 .4 103. 452 2d high school 20.3 32.8 11.7 1.7 20.2 3.4 1.3 1.7 6.0 .9 100.0 232 3d high school 22.6 35.3 8.4 1.4 23.9 2.8 5.6 100.0 71 4th high schoo 12.5 20.7 6.3 43.7 2.1 14.7 100.0 48 Total 755 1,255 305 2 310 199 553 34 12 240 4 3,669 TABLE No. 12-R PLACES UNDER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined 1 . -8 15 g ! | a Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 1 | u | 1 1 % 'E 'giF I S 3s a ra r Total per cent ber of cards tabu- "S a 1 W el s 1 J 1 i d 1 TJ | ! 2 | | 1 j! |'i B Total per cent bet of cards tabu- i 1 W 1 Jl 1 & w < lated 5th 26.0 21.6 5.3 14.1 26.9 .7 5.4 100.0 977 6th 18 8 25 8 8 5 14 5 22.1 .9 9.4 100 2,475 7th 15.2 37.3 12.4 12.6 .i 13.8 .9 7.7 100.0 4,017 8th 13.6 44.7 9.8 11.7 2.5 9.3 1.1 7.3 100.0 3,989 1st high school 19.2 36.9 6.2 6.9 19.4 4.8 1.9 "j 3.9 '".5 100.0 917 2d high school 18.1 36.5 6.6 3.8 27.7 1.4 1.2 .2 4.1 .4 100.0 496 3d high school 4th high school 19.2 14.4 31-5 33.0 6.8 7.2 1.8 2.1 35.2 36.1 1.2 1.0 .6 2.1 3.7 3.1 i.6 100.0 100.0 152 97 Total 2,183 4,733 1,258 1,558 513 1,787 133 4 953 8 13,130 OUR BOYS 175 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen, Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between the Best and Least Liked Studies TABLE NO. 12-AA GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined LEAST LIKED STUDY 5 1 BEST LIKED 8 .a '3 1 1 1 ^ C3 STUDY 1 w> J |l if 1 11 - 3 -002 S 1 1 1 1 .S W I 1 1 1 i I J H 1 JL Mathematics 9.8 49.4 18.2 8.4 .3 2.4 3.3 7.3 .3 .6 100.0 5,967 History 28 '.i 46.7 11.2 5.0 .3 2.0 2.3 3.8 .3 .3 100.0 3,620 p nglish 48.5 11.2 15.8 4.2 1.4 3.6 4.3 8.3 .6 2.1 100.0 2,063 geography 38.2 7.2 46!6 7.7 .3 1.6 1.6 1.6 .5 100.0 1,458 Celling ?Panual training 40.4 25.5 7.3 5.6 30.1 39.7 20 '.6 11.9 '5.8 .1 .7 3.7 .9 1.6 .4 5.8 " .2 .1 .2 100.0 100.0 968 486 M ementary science . 25.2 5.3 39.5 6.6 1.4 .9 3.9 16.7 .5 100.0 437 Drawing 28.3 6.5 35.0 6.2 3.6 1.7 '3^4 14.0 '".8 .5 100.0 357 language 40.7. 5.4 23.2 4.4 2.4 .3 11.8 7.'i 1.7 3.0 100.0 297 ommercial subjects 25.0 8.8 28.3 4.6 1.9 1.5 5.8 5.4 17 '.2 1.5 100.0 261 Advanced science. . . 19.2 8.8 32.8 6.4 1.6 .8 4.8 3.2 21.6 ' .8 100.0 125 Total 16,039 BEST LIKED STUDY 1 1 LEAST LIKED I 5 1 1 1 - 1 STUDY a >> "J *'% i p. _H H & Era 1 M 2 j .2 . g O 1 ii I ~ 3 1 i 1 W O 1 1 i J 1 1 1 1 Mathematics 28.8 28.5 15.9 11.2 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.5 1.9 .7 100.0 3,508 History English 52.0 47.6 27.3 20.7 10.3 9.5 6.2 4.7 2.4 3.1 2.0 2.8 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.1 2.0 1.2 1.0 .7 100.0 100.0 1,121 6,193 Geography Spe'ling 50.1 53.2 18.8 19.2 U. 3 9.2 12.1 9.1 2.7 3.0 1.4 .6 1.0 1.2 .6 .8 .6 .5 .4 .2 100.0 100.0 2,136 940 Manual training Elementary science . Drawing 21.5 40.1 42.0 15.2 16.5 18.3 35.5 17.0 19.0 6.3 5.2 5.0 1.6 1.9 '4.1 1.7 5.0 7.6 2.7 1.3 8.0 4.5 5.0 3.4 3.0 1.3 1.4 .9 100.0 100.0 100.0 79 442 464 Language 43.8 13.6 17.4 2.3 .4 2.8 7^4 5^6 4.6 2.7 100.0 991 Commercial subjects Advanced science . . . 30.7 31.0 24.5 10.3 24.5 36.2 '(TO ".'9 2.0 .9 "i.i 6.1 1.7 16.2 7.8 '3.5 2.0 100.0 100.0 49 116 Total 6,039 176 OUR BOYS CHAPTER XIII Money Earned While in School Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed BOYS WHO EARNED MONEY WHILE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 13 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Boys 6 c o r T5 o ** .2 9 GROUPS 1 si ol h I Ji 44 I 8,: | 1 | I I o 1 |I 1 ft "O P | 1 1 is 3 O 00 i 08 W Q I a 1 1 "w i g o h Greater New York. . . . .5 5.0 .5 .2 5.4 2.8 1.0 1.6 .9 82.1 100.0 Cities over 25,000 1.5 5.4 .5 .1 4.9 " i '. i 11.1 .i 1.2 4.4 3.2 66.5 100.0 Cities under 25,000... . 1.0 8.3 1.0 .1 5.5 1.7 8.4 .1 2.2 6.4 5.1 60.2 100.0 Villages over 5,000. . . . .8 7.C .7 4.4 l.C 7.0 .1 2.3 5.8 7.4 63.5 100.0 Places under 5,000 .... .5 5.1 .8 ' ' .1 3.7 .8 4.2 .2 5.0 8.8 5.5 65.3 100.0 I Over eighty percent of the boys in New York city earned no money while attending school Chart No. 13 and table No. 13 in the text, show that over eighty- two percent of the boys of Greater New York did not earn any money while attending school as compared with from sixty to sixty-six per cent in the other communities of the State. Forty percent of the boys in the cities under 25,000 reported that they earned money while in school. This question was not asked of the farm boys, most of whom do a large amount of chore work before and after echool and for which they receive no cash payments. Many farm boys, however, did earn considerable money while in school by cul- tivating small portions of the farm which had been assigned to them by their parents. The opportunities for working at odd jobs before and after school hours are much greater in the smaller com- munities than in New York City. Working in stores, running errands and selling papers are the three leading pursuits of school- boys. In small communities a boy working after school hours can do a large share of the delivery work for a store while the volume of business in the larger cities is so great as to require a full time employe. Golf caddy ing in the vicinity of country clubs is very popular as an after-school occupation. The fact that boys cannot earn much money while attending school in Greater OUR BOYS 177 New York may be a factor in causing them to leave school for regular employment at the end of the eighth grade, while in the smaller communities the fact that the boy can earn some money for his own use and still attend school may in a measure lessen his desire to leave school. Charts No. 13, 13-A and 13-B (see tables No. 13-A, 13-B and 13-C in the appendix), show the percent of boys earning money in the individual cities and villages of the State. The tables show the percent working in offices, stores, factories and elsewhere, while the charts show only the percent earning and not earning money. There is a wide variation between the different cities and villages, due most likely to the fact that oppor- tunities for school-boy employment depend largely on the type of industries in the different localities. For instance, in the fruit country during the picking season, in communities raising large amounts of nursery stock, and communities with large areas devoted to truck gardening, there is a variety of seasonal employment entirely lacking in the large cities. The selling of newspapers in Greater New York is mostly in the hands of regular full-time employes while in the smaller communities, the delivery of newspapers is handled almost entirely by school boys. If wisely directed and care- fully supervised so as not to interfere with regular school work boys over twelve years of age can, without doubt, earn considerable money and at the same time get a great deal of valuable training by being employed for one or two hours a day while not attending school. 178 OUR BOYS * Tork. Cities over 25,000,. Oitiei under 25,000. Villages orr 5,000. under 5,000.* Oities orer 25,000 1 lev York , 2 sew Jttonelle , 2 Yonkers... 4 Buffalo.. , 5 Kiagara falls. ...J 7 Kingston* 1 8 M0ttnt Ternou. ....I 9 Albany \ 10 jtoohester I 12 Sohenectady \ 13 Iroy ..] 14 Jamestown. J 16 Utioa 1 17 Syracuse. .1 It Watertown I 19 Auburn... ........ 20 Hair* '. 21 Binghamton. i 22 Oswego M% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BOYS WHO EARNED MONEY WHILE IN SCHOOL Chart No. 13. State Summary and Cities over 25,000 OUR BOYS 179 1 Laoiawanna 2 White Plains 1 3 Plattaburg | 4 Tonawanda 4 5 Waterrliet 1 6 Dunkirk. I 7 lorth Tonawanda. .1 * Beacon I 9 Olean ] 10 Little Jfalls I 11 Cohoes I 12 Oneida, | 13 Port Jerris .1 14 Jfeohanicville....! 15 Corning .1 16 firae ( 17 Tulton I 18 Oneonta.... | 19 ]tenssla<9r......] 20 Salamanca I 21 Ogdensfcurg A 22 Hornell 1 23 Batavia..) I 24 iockport ..] 25 Hudson. 1 26 Middletovm 1 27 Saratoga Springs,' 28 Johnstown ! 29 Ithaca ! 30 Canandaigua 1 31 Cortland 1 32 tforwioh 1 S3 Glens Falls I 34 Geneva 35 aloversvi 36 Glen Cove. 0% 10% 20% 3*% % 5'% 60% 70% 80% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BOYS WHO EARNED MONEY WHILE IN SCHOOL Chart No. 13-A. Cities under 2i5;000 9% 100% J80 OUR BOYS ^Did nat earn noany Barnad mony % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%' --- 70%^Jto% 90% 1007* 1 i*prw ............ (^(pajjfrcizilj 2 mchogue ........ ^^^^^IBI ' 8 Xaaseaa .......... CZIZZZZI 4 Hatqpatead, ....... ^^^^^iMaMCZZ ' ' 5 Albion ........... ^^^^HZ ' I 6 Port T lort 8 Hoosick Jails . . 9 Bockrille 10 Hastings 11 12 13 Lancaster 14 Haverstraw 16 Fort "*"*?*"- 16 Tarry town 17 Tredonla 18 Whitehall 19 SolTay 20 Johnson city 21 Waterford 22 idalone 24 Wellsville 25 Hudson ^ 1lH 26 catsid.ll 27 Peekskill 28 Walden 29 Nawaric 30 Lawrence* 31 Penn Tan. 32 llion ........ 33 HertdLiaer. 84 Freeport 35 Saranac Lake. 36 37 Waver ly 38 iiedina. 39 fiyaok 40 Sencoa 41 Owgo 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% M% 9% 1M% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BOYS WHO EARNED MONEY WHILE IN SCHOOL Chart No. 13-B. Villages over 5,000 OUR BOYS 181 CHAPTER XIV Night School Enrollment Less than ten percent attend night school Chart No. 14 and table No. 14 in the text show that the night school enrollment of boys of these ages varies from ten percent in Greater New York to less than five percent in the smaller cities and villages. Night schools, however, are not maintained in all the smaller cities and villages, which lowers the record for these groups. Where night schools are maintained between twenty and thirty percent of the boys expressed a desire to attend. These desires were probably not very strong in most cases and it is quite likely were expressed in some instances to make a favorable impression on the teacher recording the answers. In general night schools are at- tended largely by men and older boys. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys NIGHT SCHOOL TABLE No. 14 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE ATTENDANCE GROUPS Attends Would attend Would not attend TotaJ percent Oreater New York * 10 30.6 59.4 100.0 Cities over 25,000 10.2 21.5 68.3 100.0 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5 000 4.4 3 23.5 37.5 72.1 59.5 100.0 100.0 Places under 5,000 1.0 53.5 45.5 100.0 Over sixty percent do not wish to attend night school Altho these answers were recorded by teachers to whom boys might be expected to give as favorable an answer as possible to this question, yet the majority of these boys were frank to state that thej had no desire to attend night school. Personal interviews with some ten thousand of these boys made by the inspectors of the bureau making this survey disclosed this same attitude on the part of these boys toward any form of schooling which calls them back to school- houses, school books and school shops. Boys of these ages seem to have a feeling that schools *are for " kids " while they are " men " and too old for such things. Until they experience a desire for further schooling, which a wise counselor might awaken, additional schooling will have to be compulsory and can well be likened to "forced feeding." 182 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys NIGITT SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF FOREIGN BORN BOYS TABLE No. 14- A CITIES OVER 25,000 INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK NATTONAT TTV ATTENDANCE Total Total number Attends Would attend Would not attend percent of cards Russian Italian . 2.8 4 6 34.8 32 3 62.4 63 1 100.0 100 12,850 5 076 Austro-Hungarian Polish English 2.5 1.9 2 6 30.5 26.2 34 67.0 71.9 63 4 100.0 100'. 100 4,078 1,836 1 283 German Irish... 2.5 3 6 28.6 18 6 68.9 77 8 100.0 100 967 359 Scotch Canadian Scandinavian 3.1 1.1 .6 31.4 28.7 30.7 65.5 70.2 68.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 408 845 439 Total 2.9 33.1 64.0 100.0 28,141 Few foreign born boys attend night school Chart No. 14 and table No. 14-A in the text show the night school enrollment of the ten largest nationality groups represented by the boys of the cities over 25,000 population, including Greater New York. Their records vary from 4.6 percent in the Italian group to less than one percent for the Scandinavians, the average for the whole group being 2.9 percent. Their, expressed desire to attend is a little higher than that of boys in general in the individual cities over 25,000, as is shown on chart No. 14 and tables No. 14-A in the text and 14-B in the appendix. Might schools in some cities cannot accommodate applicants In some cities, such as Rochester, where over twenty percent of the boys are enrolled in the night schools, there are not sufficient facilities to care for all who applied for admission. It is, however, very significant and important to note that in this same city sixty- four percent of the boys stated that they had no desire to attend. Lackawanna and Depew have remarkable records for night school attendance, but as in the case of Rochester between 64 and 67.4 percent state that they do not wish to attend. In each of the above instances, the percent of those expressing a desire to attend has been decreased rather than the percent of those unwilling to attend. These records all go to support the contention that the majority of boys of these ages have no desire for further schooling. OUR BOYS 183 Short unit courses are needed for employed boys That there is a definite need for short unit courses was brought to light by the personal interviews with thousands of these boys made by the inspectors of this bureau in the course of the sur- vey. Long, indefinite courses in arithmetic, mechanical draw- ing, auto mechanics and kindred subjects do not appeal to boys or for that matter to many men. A short course successfully covered is a great incentive to further effort which cannot be said of long, drawn-out, indefinite courses in night schools or part-time schools. The outstanding fact in regard to night school attendance of boys of these ages is that the majority of them have no desire for further schooling. It is possible to create a desire for further schooling thru proper guidance and counsel and the offering of popular short courses. 1S1 JJovs Would not reater lw Toxic.... I Oltlei OYr 25,000..! Oltlea Tiader 25,000 J Tlllagti over 8,000 J PUoes under 6,000.4 s and Parent Grater Mew Tork and Oit ow 25,000 zs latertova. M% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys NIGHT SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Chart No. 14. State Summary, Cities over 25,000 and Ten Nationality Groups OUR BOYS 185 186 OUR BOYS * ......... l -4 ll Hill : : : : lill'SljJ ii in "ill i!H ll Hi si i I e CB OUR BOYS 18' CHAPTER XV Beginning Weekly Wage Boys begin working for smaller wages in Greater New York The wages of boys during this period were of course exceedingly high because of the influence of the World War. The wage given as $6.00 means Wages from $4.50 to $7.49, inclusive, $9.00 means from $7.50 to $10.49, inclusive, etc. It is interesting to note that the beginning wages of the boys were lower in New York City than in any of the other groups. Chart ~No. 15 and tables No. 15 and 15-D, in the text, show that twenty-five percent of the boys of Greater New York started to work for $6.00 or less per week, fifty percent for $8.55 or less per week and seventy-five percent of the boys for $12.45 or less per week. The middle fifty percent of the boys from Greater New York received from $6.00 to $12.45 per week. In the cities over 25,000, twenty-five percent of the boys began work for $6.75 or less per week, fifty percent for $10.20 or less per week and seventy-five percent of the boys for $15.45 or less per week. In cities under 25,000, twenty-five percent of the boys began work for $6.90 or less per week, fifty percent for $10.80 or less per week and seventy-five percent of the boys for $15.50 or less per week. In the villages over 5,000, twenty-five percent of the boys began work for $7.20 or less per week, fifty percent for $11.25 or less per week and seventy-five percent of the boys for $16.20 or less per week. The middle fifty percent of the boys from Greater New York received from $6.00 to $12.45 per week, as contrasted with from $7.20 to $16.20 per week in the villages over 5,000 population. It is difficult to tell just why the beginning weekly wages of boys should increase as the population of the group grows less, but the returns received from the boys show this to be true. It may have been due to the fact that large numbers of the older men and boys were attracted to the cities to work in the war industries and that the scarcity of labor in the smaller cities increased the demand for boy labor. Tables Nos. 15-A, 15-B and 15-C, in the appendix, give the wages for boys in the individual cities and villages of the State and will be valuable for reference in future years. 188 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEGINNING WEEKLY WAGE TABLE No. 15 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Total GROUPS $3 $6 $9 $12 $15 $18 $21 $24 $27 $30 + per- cent Greater New York 8.9 32.2 25.1 13.5 11.2 4.8 2.3 1.1 ,. .7 100.0 Cities over 25,000 7.9 23.7 20.3 13.9 14.1 8.4 5.4 3.3 l!9 1.1 100.0 Cities under 25,000 8.8 20.1 19.5 15.6 14.3 10.6 5.5 3.7 1.2 .7 100.0 Villages over 5,000 7.2 18.8 19.8 17.0 13.5 10.5 6.4 4.0 1.8 1.0 100.0 Note: means from $4.50 to $7.49 ; $9 means from $7.50 to $10.49, etc. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEGINNING WEEKLY WAGES OF THE TWENTY-FIVE PERCENTILE, MEDIAN AND SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENTILE BOYS TABLE No. 15-D SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS 25 Percentile Median 75 Percentile Greater New York Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 $6.00 6.75 6.90 7.20 $8.50 10.20 10.80 11.25 $12.45 15.45 15.90 16.20 OUR BOYS Hill 4 o ^ ^ o Irfff* * s fi & ' tf 8 s s a 190 OUR BOYS CHAPTER XVI Present Weekly Wage Boys wages were smallest in Greater New York Chart ^No. 16 and tables No. 16 and 16-D, in the text, give the present weekly wages for the city and village groups as of Decem- ber 3, 1918. The wage given as $6.00 means wages from $4.50 to $7.49, inclusive; $9.00 means from $7.50 to $10.49, inclusive, etc. As in the case of the beginning weekly wages, the wages paid in New York City were smaller than those in other communities of the State. The most plausible explanation for this seems to be that given in the preceding chapter, namely, that older men and boys were drawn from the smaller communities to the larger cities by the demand for labor in the war industries and the younger boys who could not leave home so readily were in greater demand in the smaller communities. Twenty-five percent of the boys in Greater New York received $12.30 or less per week; in the cities over 25,000 they received $13.20 or less per week; in the cities under 25,000 they received $13.86 or less per week, and in the vil- lages over 5,000 they received $14.25 or less per week. Fifty per- cent of the boys of Greater New York received $15.30 or less per week; in the cities over 25,000 they received $14.10 or less per week; in the cities under 25,000 they received $18.10 or less per week, and in the villages over 5,000 they received $17.25 or less per week. Seventy-five percent of the boys in Greater New York received $18.'9IO or less per week; in the cities over 25,000 they received $18.45 or less per week; in the cities under 25,000 they received $24.90' or less per week, and in the villages over 5,000 they received $21.30 or less per week. The middle fifty percent of the boys in Greater New York received from $12.50 to $18.90 per week; in the cities over 25,000 from $13.20 to $18.45 per week; in the cities under 25,000 from $13.86 to $24.90 per week, and in the villages over 5,000 from $14.25 to $21.30. Tables No. 16-A, 16-B and 16 j C, in the appendix, give the wages of the boys for the individual cities and villages of the State and will be useful for comparison in future years. OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PRESEN-T WEEKLY WAGE TABLE No. 16 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Total GROUPS $3 $6 $9 $12 $15 $18 $21 $24 $27 $30 + per- cent Greater New York .3 1.1 11.4 20.3 28.4 17.1 9.9 6.0 1.7 3 8 100.0 Cities over 25,000 .9 2.8 9.7 12.6 20.6 17.2 14.4 11.0 8.2 2 6 100 Cities under 25,000 .7 3.1 7.9 10.9 17.2 19.0 15.3 11.4 10.2 4,3 100.0 Villages over 5 000 g 2 6 8 9 12 1 19 8 20 5 15 9 9 2 7 i 3 100 Note : $6 means from $4.50 to $7.49 ; $9 means from $7.50 to $10.49, etc. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PRESENT WEEKLY WAGES OF THE TWENTY-FIVE PERCENTILE, MEDIAN AND SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENTILE BOYS TABLE No. 16-D SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS 25 per- centile Median 75 per- centile Greater New York $12.30 $15.30 $18.90 Cities over 25 000 - 13.20 14.10 18.45 Cities under 25,000 13.86 18.10 '^ . 90 Villages over 5,000 Male and female elementary school teachers in cities over 8,000. . . . 14.25 $13.86 17.25 $16.60 21.30 $19.80 These boys received higher wages than elementary school teachers These untrained boys in the smaller cities and villages o^ the State actually received higher wages than the men and women elementary school teachers of the cities of the United States over 8,000 population, as is shown by comparing these figures with those given by Dr. E. S. Evenden, of Columbia University, in his study of teachers' salaries and salary schedules. Twenty-five percent of the teachers received $13.86 or less per week, while twenty-five percent of the village boys received $14.25 or less per week. Fifty percent of the teachers received $16.60 or less per week, while fifty percent of the boys received $17.25 or less per week. Seventy-five percent of the teachers received $19.80 or less per week and seventy-five percent of the boys received $19.80 or less per week. Many interesting individual cases were encountered by the teachers making this survey. They found boys 192 OUR BOYS who had left school in the lower grades and taken positions paying them over twice as much as the teachers themselves were receiving. There were numerous instances where boys were receiving over fifty dollars a week. One normal school principal, whose teachers filled out questionnaires, reported to the director of the survey that many boys in their village were receiving more than the normal school teachers. The discovery of these facts by the teachers filling out the questionnaires awakened much of the activity displayed in the recent successful campaign for increasing the teachers' wages in New York State. OuiJ BOYS 103 CQ 194 OUR BOYS CHAPTER XVII How They Obtained Employment Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How THEY OBTAINED EMPLOYMENT TABLE No. 17 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Popu- Adver- Employ- Total lation GROUPS Friend tise- School Church ment Applied per of em- ment bureau cent ployed boys Greater New York 27.9 5.7 1.8 .2 7.7 62.7 100.0 124,795 Cities over 25,000 22.6 .2 .7 .1 .3 76.1 100.0 42,690 Cities under 25,000 24.9 .3 .3 .1 .2 74.2 100.0 11,014 Villages over 5,000 27.3 .1 .2 .4 72.0 100.0 5,557 Most boys found their own jobs The boys were asked to state how they obtained employment, with the idea of discovering, if possible, how much guidance and assist- ance boys were receiving from schools, employment bureaus, churches and other agencies interested in boy welfare. The returns, as shown on chart No. 17 and table No. 17, in the text, and tables Nos. 17-A, 17-B and 17-C, in the appendix, indicate very clearly that practically nothing is being done in the matter of aiding boys to secure proper employment. The answers to the question, " Who helped you get your job?" were very easily classified under six headings. Under the term "Applied " were included such answers as " Sign in window," "Applied," "Asked for a job," " No one," "Got it myself," etc. In New York City 62.5 percent of the boys got their jobs in this way, as compared with 76.1 percent in cities over 25,000 ; 74.2 percent in cities under 25,000, as com- pared with 72 percent in villages over 5,000. In Greater New York 5.7 percent of the boys answered, "Advertisement in news- paper," as compared with from .1 to .3 percent in the other com- munities of the State. Employment agencies, churches and schools give little assistance. In Greater New York 1.8 percent of the boys received assistance from the schools, as compared with from .2 to .7 percent in other places. In Greater New York 1.7 percent received aid from employment bureaus, as compared with from .2 to .4 percent in other places. The churches gave practically no assistance in any place. Quit BOYS 195 " Friends " helped about one-fourth of the boys get jobs Under the heading " Friend " is included " Relative," " Knew foreman/' "Knew the boss/ 7 "A friend/' etc. From twenty-two to twenty-eight percent of the boys obtained positions in this way and without doubt part of these boys had some guidance in the matter of selecting a position. Just how valuable this guidance was it is difficult to tell, altho the interviews held with boys in the shops by the inspectors of this bureau indicate that in the majority of cases the "friend" simply told the boy of the vacancy which he happened to know about and in some instances introduced him to the foreman. The answers received to this question on the questionnaires and the information gained from the personal interviews with boys, in addition to the information obtained from employment managers and employers, clearly indicate that boys on leaving school, uncounseled and unguided, take the first job they can get, regardless of whether or not it offers any opportunities for training and advancement. 196 OUR BOYS I s si 2Q S 2" * OUR BOYS 197 CHAPTER XVIII Number of Jobs Held Chart ~No. 18 and table No. 18, in the text, and tables No. 18-A, 18-B and 18-C, in the appendix, show the number of jobs held by these boys. The personal interviews held by the inspectors of this bureau with many thousands of these boys indicate that boys hold their jobs for comparatively short periods of time and change from job to job for all sorts of trivial reasons. Boys were found who had left good jobs with excellent opportunity for training and advancement and jobs which they really liked to accept other posi- tions without opportunity for training or advancement for a very slight temporary increase in wages. The size of the community makes no difference in the number of jobs held Chart No. 18 and table No. 18, in the text, show very clearly that regardless of the size of the community about twenty-three percent of the boys had had one job, twenty-six percent two jobs, twenty-three percent three jobs, twelve percent four jobs and six percent five jobs. It is characteristic of boys of these ages, regard- less of environment, to change from job to job on the slightest provocation. Many "boy jobs 77 are necessarily so-called " blind alley" jobs which do not in themselves offer any opportunity for further advancement. It is possible, however, under proper guidance and direction to so locate these boys that the experience they receive in a so-called "blind alley 77 job will fit them to change profitably within a short time to some other position in a different type of industry. Information such as is shown on the tables and charts in this chapter clearly emphasizes the need for counsel and guid- ance for boys of these ages. Employment managers are anxious to assist boys Employment managers in concerns employing large numbers of boys are very much interested in the proper training and advance- ment of boys. Boys of these ages, however, unless they receive counsel and guidance from outside sources are often retained with 198 OUR BOYS difficulty by such concerns because the uncounseled boy fails to understand the value of the opportunity afforded by these concerns for training and advancement and is easily influenced to give up a job of this character by such reasons as a slight increase in wages, easier work, shorter hours, to work with a boy friend, etc. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys NUMBER OF JOBS HELD TABLE No. 18 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Tola. GROUPS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 + per cent Greater New York 23.6 25.7 22.8 12.1 6.4 3.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 2.4 100.0 Cities over 25,000 . . . 21.2 27.0 23.0 12.1 6.2 3.5 1.8 1.4 2.7 1.1 100.0 Cities under 25 000 22 9 29 6 22 9 10 8 5.3 3.0 1.5 1.2 1.7 1 1 100 Villages over 5,000 25.2 28.2 21.2 9.9 5.5 3.5 1.6 1.2 2.2 1.5 100.0 OUR BOYS " s.a-n * 2 o -- * 3 t I" """""& S o ftq SBHBB^ ^ >5 1 2 ,0 03 " Jin! 44 f_c O illii! e >H r3 a 525 200 OUR BOYS CHAPTER XIX The Length of Time on the Present Job Fifty percent of the boys held their jobs for less than six months Chart No. 19 and table 'No. 19, in the text, and tables jNo. 19-A, 19-B and 19-C show the percent of boys holding jobs for various periods of time. The term six months means from 4.5 months to 7.49 months; nine months means from 7.5 months to 10.49 months, etc. The information on the above mentioned chart and tables clearly indicates that regardless of the size of the community about forty percent of the boys held jobs for less than 4.5 months, that about sixty percent of the boys held jobs for less than Y.5 months. The information on this table should be studied in con- nection with the information in tables ]STo. 18 and ISTo. 20. Under proper guidance and direction it is altogether likely that many boys would be advised not to remain in some of their so-called "blind alley" jobs for longer periods of time. The small amount of training they have received should, however, be used as foundation training for their next job, which should be a. better one than the one they left and offer opportunities for further train- ing, altho this job in itself may also be a so-called " blind alley" job. At present, however, boys winder aimlessly from one job to another, wasting valuable time and oftentimes acquiring habits which unfit them for better positions. The need of wise counsel is here again emphasized. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys THE LENGTH OF TIME ON PRESENT JOB TABLE No. 19 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS 3 mos. 6 mos. 9 mos. 12 mo8. 15 mos. 18 mos. 21 mos. 2 yrs. 3 yrs. 4 yrs. 5 yrs. Total per cent Greater New York 39 17.6 8.0 10.4 3.4 6 6 .7 9 5 3 ?. 1.0 .6 100.0 Cities over 25,000 38 21 5 8 1 9 2 4 8 7 3 s 5 6 3 9 8 100 o Cities under 25,000 42.5 19.9 6.9 10.1 3.6 6 6 .5 6 2 2 8 .6 .3 100.0 Villages over 5,000 41.9 20.5 6.5 9.6 3.1 7.8 .9 5.4 2.6 .9 .8 100.0 OUR BOYS 201 .!.. 202 OUR BOYS CHAPTER XX Why Boys Liked Their Jobs About ninety percent of the boys like their jobs It is to be expected that most boys like their present jobs, other- wise they would quit. Some jobs are of such a character that no boy could like them long and it is no discredit to the boys that they dislike them. In many cases, however, the boys are misfits, there being nothing wrong with either the boy or the job. It is remarkable that the percentage of dislike is no higher when we consider the fact that no systematic effort is made to direct boys to suitable employment. The fact, however, that the boy likes his job now is no indication that he will continue to like it long. The fact that boys do not hold their jobs for many months at a time, as is shown in Chapters XVIII and XIX, indicates that their like for their jobs is not necessarily a very strong like, for if it were they would not change jobs so often. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys WHY BOYS LIKED THEIR JOBS TABLE No. 20 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Learn a trade Easy Clean Good wages Ad- vance- ment Inter- esting Miscel- laneous Don't like it Total per cent Greater New York 7 20 2 1 3 6 7 19 7 26.8 7.3 11.0 100 Cities over 25,000 7.1 19.9 2.1 12.0 9.1 29.5 10.0 10.3 100.0 Cities under 25,000 5.5 18.3 4.6 14.9 5.3 27.4 13.5 10.5 100.0 Villages over 5,000 4.2 21.4 6.2 13.0 5.9 26.6 11.1 11.6 100.0 OUR BOYS 203 (H O I CQ 204 OUR BOYS One-fifth of the boys like easy jobs In all sections of the State about twenty percent of the boys said they liked their jobs because they were "easy." "Easy" is, of course, a relative term it may infer that the present job is easier than a previous one or the job of some boy friend. About seven percent like their jobs because they can learn a trade Most of the jobs of boys are so-called " blind alley " jobs and must probably be so in our present industrial scheme. This does not mean, however, that his present job cannot be so selected as to better fit him for another so-called " blind alley " job requiring more general efficiency and so on up the scale. A "blind alley" job is one which does not of itself develop into permanent employment of a skilled or even semi-skilled type. Boys are not learning trades today, but are becoming semi-skilled workmen. That is, they are learning in a short time to produce as much as another worker who has been at the same job for a period of years. To learn a skilled trade requires a much longer period of time. When the compulsory training law was passed by the New York State Legislature, in 1916, it was assumed that a large number of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old employed boys of the State were- apprentices an-d were learning skilled trades. The infor- mation received on the questionnaires, as well as that gathered from the personal interviews made by the inspectors of this bureau, show that less than five percent of the boys are actually learning skilled trades. Many who say they are learning trades or think they are learning them, are really learning to be semi-skilled workmen, the time required to learn this semi-skilled trade being from one to three or four months. Unless a special effort is made to select and train some boys to become thoroly skilled journeymen there will soon be a dearth of all-round mechanics and tradesmen from whose ranks foremen, master mechanics, etc., are drafted. The opportunity for advancement is greater in New York city than elsewhere About twenty percent of the boys in 'New York City like their jobs because there is an opportunity for advancement. In the cities over 25,000 only nine percent of the boys gave this reason and about six percent in the smaller cities and villages. OUR BOYS 205 Wages are not attractive in Greater New York In Chapters XV and XYI it was clearly shown that the begin- ning and present weekly wages in $ew York City were much lower than in the other communities of the State. This explains why less than seven percent of the boys in Greater New York like their jobs because of good wages as compared with from twelve to fifteen per- cent in the other communities of the State. From twenty-five to thirty percent of the boys like their jobs because they are interesting A little over one-fourth of the boys in all the communities of the State regardless of size, reported that they liked their jobs because they were interesting. It should be borne in mind that " interest- ing " like " easy " is a relative term. The present job may be more interesting than the previous job because it is newer. It may be more interesting than going to school for the same reason. That it is not interesting enough to hold boys for any length of time is shown by the data in Chapters XVIII and XIX. About ten percent of the boys like their jobs for miscellaneous' reasons All sorts of scattering reasons were given by boys for liking their jobs and it was necessary to classify them under the heading " Mis- cellaneous." This term includes such reasons as " Like the boss," a Near home," " Nice place to work," " Short hours," etc. Only about two percent like jobs because they are clean It may seem strange to many persons that as high as two percent of the boys liked jobs because they were clean but such is the case. 206 OUR BOYS CHAPTER XXI Lack of Care Used in Hiring Boys About thirty percent of the boys filled out application blanks The boys were asked whether or not they filled out application blanks to discover if possible how much care is used in the hiring and placing of boys by employers. The returns on the question- naires verify the information gathered by the inspectors of this bureau in their personal interviews with employed boys in all sec- tions of the State, namely, that little effort is ever made by employers to fit boys to their jobs and as a result the labor turnover is very large. Where application blanks are used they contain very little valuable information and unless there is a trained employment manager connected with the business little use is ever made of them. The same is true of the references which the boys are required in some instances to give. In fact in the majority of cases the so-called application blanks and references are nothing more than small blank forms asking for the boy's name, age, address and place of last employment. Almost sixty percent used neither application nor reference blanks The majority of boys were not required to fill out any sort of blank or to give any references. New York City seems to use a little more care in the selection of boys than the smaller communi- ties of the State. This is probably due to the fact that there 'are many firms employing large numbers of boys that have employment managers who are making every effort to fit boys and other employes to their jobs. It is very difficult, however, for boys of these ages to properly evaluate the opportunities offered by some of these firms for future advancement. A wise counselor of boys working in con- junction with an employment manager can be of immense assist- ance both to the boys and to their employers. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys APPLICATION BLANKS AND REFERENCES TABLE No. 21 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Filled out appli- cation Gave references Did neither Total per cent Popu- lation of employed boya Greater New York 32.9 12.6 54.5 100.0 124,795 Cities over 25 000 36.2 6.1 57.7 100.0 42,690 Cities under 25,000 31.7 2.4 65.9 100.0 11,014 Villages over 5,000 30.8 3.7 65.5 100.0 5,557 OUR BOYS 207 Greater Hew York... Cities over 25,000. Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Filled application 10% 20% Gave reference* I Jeither % M% 60% 70% W% Cities over 25,000 1 Sobenectady 2 Watertown.. 3 Jbobester.. 4 Buffalo 5 Auburn. 6 Syracuse 7 levrtrargh Albany 9 Niagara Fall* 10 Mount iernon. 11 ffew YOrtc 12 Oswego 13 Utioa 14 Tonka rs..... 15 lew a>chelle 16 Jaaestown... 17 Troy 13 Pou^ikeepsle 19 Binghamton.. 20 Slmlra 21 Amsterdam... 22 Kingston.... Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PER CENT FILLING OUT APPLICATION AND REFERENCE BLANKS Chart No. 21. State Summary and Cities over 25,000 OUR BOYS 1 Coming 2 Dunkirk. 8 Salanaao 4 Oneonta. 5 Hornell. 6 Clean... 7 LadBwan 8 9 Port 10 Geneva 11 Vatarvllet 12 Onaida 14 Sorth Tonawanda, 15 White Plains.... 16 UeohanicTille... 17 Middletown 18 Batavia 19 Ithaca 20 Lockport 21 Touawanda.. ...... 22 Platteburg....... 25 Hudson. .......... 24 Cohoes , 25 Canandaigua... 26 Beacon.. 27 Saratoga Springs, SO Ciena Falls 29 Little Falls.... SO Fulton. 31 Glen Cove* 32 lorwich S3 Ogdensburg... .. 34 Johnstown.. .... 35 Cortland 36 Gloversville..... Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employe^ Boys PER CENT FILLING OUT APPLICATION AND REFERENCE BLANK' Chart No. 21 A. Cities under 25,000 OUB BOYS 209 1 Ilioa Z Tredoni* 5 Sol-ray 4 Waverly 6 Seneca Falls.... 6 a>ckville Center 7 Lancaster....... 8 Tarrytown* 9 osslning 10 BerJcimer 11 Whitehall. 12 Wells vi lie 13 Depew 14 ?re sport 15 kacnroneok 16 Port Chaster.... 17 lyack ,. 18 Peekskill, 19 Johnson City.... 20 lorth Tarrytown. 21 Hastings 22 Owogo 23 Huntin^tou. 24 Sndioott 25 Lawrence 26 Havers tru-.t 27 Patchogae 28 Waterford. 29 Catsldll.. 30 Walden 51 lewark 32 Mai one 33 Medina 34 Port Washington. 35 Hudson falls.... 36 Hoosldc Kills... 37 Perm Ian 38 Henpatead 39 Maasena.. ....... 40 Albion. 41 Saraoao Lake.... 9% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Oltt Employed Boys PER CENT FILLING OUT APPLICATION AND REFERENCE: BLANKS Chart No. 21-B. Villages over 5,000 210 OUR BOYS CHAPTER XXII How They Saved Their Money About fifty percent bought Liberty Bonds or War Savings Stamps The Liberty Loan drives reached about fifty percent of the hoys. Whether these boys would have saved their money in other ways had it not been for these drives it is impossible to tell. Slightly fewer boys in New York City were reached by the drives than in the smaller communities of the State. These figures of course do not give any indication of the amount of money which they saved in this manner. Their savings may have been very small indeed in some instances, altho the majority of these boys were purchasers of Liberty Bonds rather than War Savings Stamps. The figures for the individual cities as given in tables No. 22-A, 22-B and 22-C show quite -a wide variation in the number of boys saving their money in this manner. In the cities over 25 ; OCO Binghamton heads the list with 53.5 percent and Troy is at the end with 39.3 percent. In the cities under 25,000 Salamanca heads the list with 81.3 percent while the record for Ogdensburg is only 23 percent. In the villages over 5,000 Lancaster heads the list with 74 percent and Saranac Lake is at the end with 12.3 percent. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How THEY SAVED THEIR MONEY TABLE No. 22 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Liberty bonds Bank Other ways Did not save Total per cent Greater New York 46.7 9 8 4 3 39 2 100 Cities over 25,000 50.0 20.0 4.0 26.0 100.0 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 52.2 49 4 20.5 18 5 4.6 6 22.7 26 1 100.0 100 Fewer boys in Greater New York saved money in banks Only ten percent of the boys in Greater New York saved money in the banks as compared with twenty percent in the other communi- ties of the State. In the city of Utica as high as thirty percent of the boys saved money in the banks as compared with only ten per- cent in the city of Albany. In the cities under 25,000 Cortland holds the record with 45.3 percent. In one or two other cities the record OUK BOYS 211 is as low as eleven percent. In the villages over 5,000 Port Wash- ington heads the list with a record of thirty-six percent while in one village the record goes as low as five percent. These records are of interest and value to local communities as a check on the methods used by local banks for inducing boys to open savings accounts. Forty percent of the boys in Greater New York did not save any money The record of the boys who did not save money varies from forty percent in Greater New York to twenty-three percent in the smaller cities of the State. In the cities over 25,000 the record varies from seventeen percent in the case of Utica to about thirty-five percent in Troy. In cities under 25,000 the record varies from seven per- cent in Salamanca to thirty-six percent in Cohoes. In villages over 5,000 the record varies from 63.2 percent in Massena to only 11.6 percent in Johnson City. Boys need counsel in matters of thrift The above figures show conclusively the wide variation in the number of boys in the different communities who are saving. The fact that the record of saving is so high in some communities and so low in others shows that where a special effort is made large numbers of boys can be influenced to save their money. A wise counselor would not only be able to induce boys to save their money but to save it to the best advantage. It would be interesting to follow up the methods used by the banks in some of the communi- ties, such as Cortland, N". Y., where the record is relatively high for savings in banks, and compare them with methods used in other cities. Some of these results may be traceable to efforts which the public schools have made along the line of thrift campaigns. 212 OUR BOYS Liberty Bond! or War Saving 10% d* or I B&ok 3tanpa L % % 40% All others J. loue Greater ffew York. , Cltlea over 25 f OOOJ Cities under 25,000, Villages over 5,000. Places under 5,000., Cities over 25,000 1 Utioa ......... 2 J^mos terra..... 3 a>oh*ster. ... 4 Slaira ....... 5 Oawego. ....... 6 Hewtooagh ...... 7 Watertown Buffalo 9 Auburn. ...... 10 Niagara Falls. 11 Schanecfrady... 1% lew IS Biaghamton ...... < 14 Syracuse........ 15 Pooghlcaepaie.... . 16 Amaterdam... 17 Yonicers 10 Kingston. ... 19 Troy. 20 n 31 Albany 22 vev York 100' Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How THEY SAVED THEIR MONEY Chart No. 22 State Summary and Cities over 25,000 OUR BOYS 213 1 Salamanca 2 Lookport 1 3 Cortland I 4 Sorth Tonawanda. 5 feme I 6 Little Falls.... 7 Johnstown. 8 Corniag ' 9 Canandaigum 1 10 Oneida 11 Donfcirk ! 12 Gaeonta... 13 Glover sville...* 14 Clean. 15 Beacon* 16 lliddletown I 17 Tonawanda. 18 Hudson. 19 Port Jorvis 20 Hornell 21 Geneva 22 Glens Falls 23 LackBmnna 24 White Plains.... 25 BBnsselaer 26 Horwlah 27 B&tavia 28 Ithaoa 29 Mechanicville..* 30 Plattsburg 31 Watervliet 3 Cohoes 33 Glen Cove 34 Saratoga Spring 35 Ogdensburg..... 36 Fulton Liberty Boot* or War Saying Stamps 10% 30%* 30% *0% 70% 80% 90% 10% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How THEY SAVED TIIEIB MONEY Chart No. 22A. Cities under 25,000 214 OUK BOYS 1 Johnson City.. 2 Lancaster 3 Ilion 4 Well8Till.... 5 Solvay 6 Hbosick Falls. 7 Waver ly Peekakill 9 Walden 10 Herkimer , 11 Bockville Center 12 Port Chester.... 13 Depaw 14 Penn Yan 15 Fredonia 16 Water ford 17 Tarrytown 18 Hasting 19 Owego 20 JSndicott 21 Hudson J?alls.... 22 JTyaok 3 Huntlngton. 24 Oasining 26 Fatchogue 26 Whitehall 27 ffewark 28 MamaroBaok. . . . . . 19 Frport 30 North Tarry town* 21 Seneca Falls.... 32 Port Washington. 33 Medina 34 Albion 35 Malone 36 Cat ski 11 37 Laurence 36 Htrapstead. 39 Haver straw 40 Maaaena 41 Saranac Lake !% 20% 30% 56% 70% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How THEY SAVED THEIR MONEY Chart Xo. 22B. Villages over 5,000 OUR BOYS 215 CHAPTER XXIII Contributions Toward Family Support Almost ninety percent of the boys contributed toward family support The number of boys who did not contribute toward family sup- port varies from 10.5 percent in Greater New York to 19.6 percent in villages over 5,000. In Greater New York 77.4 percent of the boys contributed more than $10.00 per week; in other cities over 25,000 population 68.8 percent contributed over $10.00; in cities- under 25,000 population 59.6 percent contributed over $10.00 and in villages over 5,000 population 59.6 percent of the boys con- Iributed over $10.00. The median contribution in each of the groups falls between $10.00 and $15.00. Foreign born boys contribute more than American born boys A special study was made of the contributions of American born and foreign born boys in the city of Niagara Falls which has a very large foreign population and it was found that the median American born boy contributed $8.50 per week toward family sup- port, while the median foreign born boy contributed $12.50. Time prevented a more detailed study of the contributions of individual boys and we are therefore unable to state definitely what percent of the weekly wage was contributed toward family support. It should be noted, however, that more boys in the smaller cities and villages contributed nothing, altho the data on present weekly wages in Chapter XVI show that boys in the smaller cities and vil- lages received higher wages than in the larger cities. Table No. 23, in the text, and chart No. 23 show the percent of boys in each city and village group who contributed various amounts toward family support. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys WEEKLY CONTRIBUTION TOWARD FAMILY SUPPORT TABLE No. 23 SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS $1 $2 $3 S4 So $6 $7 $8 $9 $10 to $15 or Noth- Total ppr $15 more cent Greater New York .1 .3 .4 .7 3.7 2.9 3.9 6.6 4.0 44.5 22.4 10.5 100.0 Cities over 25,000 .2 .4 .9 1.5 6.9 5.2 6.8 6.8 2.5 38.2 17.2 13.4 100.0 Cities under 25,000 .5 .6 1.2 2.2 10.5 7.9 8.5 7.0 2.0 27.6 16.6 15.4 100.0 Villages over 5,000 .3 .6 1.4 2.2 11.4 6.7 8.5 7.1 2.2 26. 7 13.3 19.6 100.0 216 OUE BOYS I f ! " 2. Hi Illl II "inn Silll ^. * 'ill ft .ill ft o 05 g 't* O *> > 5 0-V'M | M ^ ssi "*t* 5 ^^ ^ ^ fc . ^ || ^ ft; i K P S 5 fs^ K ^r M O !! I it 2522 * o o P OUK BOYS 217 CHAPTER XXIV Occupations On the questionnaires the boys were asked to give the mother's occupation, the father's occupation, the boy's present occupation and the occupation he desired to follow ten years hence. The tabulation of these various occupations has been confined to the boys of Greater New York and the other cities of the State over 25,000 population. This group of boys includes about seventy-five percent of the six- leen, seventeen and eighteen year old employed boys of the State and covers every type of occupation. No additional information would have been secured by including the boys in the small cities and villages and the work would have been greatly complicated by so doing. The occupation code used is printed in full in the appendix of the report and follows mainly the classification used by the Federal Census Bureau. In order to make it practicable to study the cor- relations between fathers' occupations, boys' present and desired occupations, last grades completed, best and least liked studies,, etc,, it was necessary to group these occupations under seventeen main headings as follows: Professional Clay, Glass and Stone Clerical Printing Retail Business Transportation Executive Positions Food Production and Preparation Government Service Textiles Building Trades Leather Metal Trades Mi ^ellaneons Manufactures Wood-working Labor Clothing It is a very difficult, unsatisfactory and well-nigh, impossible task to even roughly classify such a w 7 ide variety of occupations under as few as seventeen headings. Any one who studies the code care- fully will probably feel that some of the occupations have been improperly classified. This is often due to the fact that the name of the occupation is somewhat misleading. The field inspectors who visited the different manufacturing plants in all parts of the 218 OUE BOYS State became very familiar with the actual work done by men and boys in different occupations. Many of the doubtful cases were classi- fied in the light of their knowledge. It should be borne in mind that oftentimes the same name is applied to a large variety of occu- pations in different industries. For purposes of comparison, how- ever, very satisfactory results have been obtained by using these classifications. Most of the mothers of these employed boys are homemakers The tabulations of the mothers' occupations are not published in this report because with few exceptions the mother's occupation was given as that of housekeeper. The occupations of the few mothers who worked away from home were so scattering as to make the data of little value. This information, however, covering as it does the entire State of New York, shows conclusively that practically none of the mothers of employed boys of these ages were wage earners. More fathers than mothers were reported dead About one-tenth of the boys reported that the father was dead while only one-twentieth of the boys reported that the mother was dead. Vital statistics show that no more fathers than mothers are actually dead which means as has been stated in Chapter IV on Guardianship that many boys had been told their father was dead as an easy way to explain his absence. There is some correlation between fathers' and boys' present occupations Four correlation tables were made between the father's occupa- tion and the bey's present occupation. See tables No. 24, 24-A, 24-B and 24-C in the appendix and charts No. 24, 24-A, 24-B and 24-C. Chart No. 24 and table No, 24 deal with the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old groups combined. Charts and tables No. 24-A, 24-B and 24-C deal with the occupations of the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old groups taken separately. The cross hatched bars on the charts show where the correlation in each group occurs. The charts for the three age groups are almost identical and show con- clusively that there is 110 greater correlation in the eighteen }ear old group than in the sixteen and seventeen year old groups. In Chapter XIX it has been shown that boys change their jobs very frequently and in Chapter XX that about ten percent of the OUR BOYS 219. boys dislike their jobs. Keeping all of these facts in mind it can be readily seen that a boy likes his job for a while and then gradu- ally drifts to the point of disliking it so much that he change] to another one. Altho there is a constant and frequent shifting of boys from job to job, nevertheless the number of boys following the occupations of their fathers is slightly greater than those following other occupations. A great many of the changes from job to job are changes within an occupation group rather than from one group to another. 220 Ouu Boys aaili slliiiiiiiii U ..i9 ii.ui . B | I! g O 158 IgO 2 | S? i-n OUB BOYS 227 i*put mn'f l.lllll.ll I. I. .! I IKi ii. ._ liil.iiliiiiiiii 11 llliifiliiifiiin 20^1 f -_.- !.. ..!-. .. D I. OCCUPATION iiiiinl. lull ...i... 2 SI -e EH -5 ^2? ill 6 OUE BOYS II Illllllilllllll Jllll.lll.llllll n P.NI.I..II1. S CJI1/ O -*-* ^ O I = g 5 | IN I _ S I ii 238 OUR BOYS CHAPTER XXV Findings and Conclusions The findings and conclusions of this report as given in detail in the twenty-four preceding chapters are so numerous as to make it impossible to summarize more than the most important ones. For the convenience of the reader the findings are given by chapters. CHAPTER II GENERAL STATISTICS A. THE MAJORITY OF THESE BOYS ARE OUT OF SCHOOL 1. Six-sevenths of all sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old boys in New York State are out of school. 2. Three-fourths of the sixteen year old boys are out of school. 3. Seven-eighths of the seventeen year old boys are out of school. 4. Fifteen-sixteenths of the eighteen year old boys are out of school. 5. Of every seven boys still in school four are sixteen years old, two are seventeen and one is eighteen. B. THE MAJORITY OF BOYS LIVE IN URBAN COMMUNITIES. 1. About 54 percent of these boys live in Greater New York. 2. 74.8 percent live in the cities of the State. 3. 77.7 percent live in places over 5,000 population having a superintendent of schools. 4. Only 16.3 percent live in strictly rural communities. All the Following Findings Refer to the Employed Boys Only CHAPTER III NATIONALITY 1. In Greater New York sixty percent have both parents foreign born, ten percent one parent foreign born and thirty percent both parents American born. 2. In Greater New York twenty percent of the boys are foreign born. 3. About ten percent of the boys outside of Greater New York are foreign born. 4. In general the foreign population is greater in the larger cities, although there is no direct correlation between the population of individual cities and the percent of foreign population. 5. The type of foreign population varies greatly in the smaller cities. 6. In Greater New York the foreign population is very cosmopolitan. 7. Only three percent of the employed farm boys are foreign born. 8. With the exception of the English, Scotch and Canadians over ninety percent of the foreign parents are of the same nationality. The Italians' record of over ninety-nine percent is the highest. CHAPTER IV GUARDIANSHIP 1. Only four boys out of five claim the father as guardian. 2. Only 73.7 percent of American boys with American parents as com- pared with 84.7 percent of foreign boys with foreign parents claim the father as a guardian. Where one parent is foreign born the record is 80.9 percent. 3. Twice as many fathers as mothers were reported dead. 4. In some communities only seventy percent of the boys claim the father as a guardian. 5. Five percent of the boys have neither a father nor a mother as a guardian. OUR BOYS 239 CHAPTER V FAMILIES 1. About half of these boys come from families of four, five and six children. 2. Foreign families are larger than American families. 3. More Americans than foreigners have extremely large and extremely small families. CHAPTER VI PERSISTENCE IN SCHOOL 1. Over sixty -five percent remained in school one or more years beyond the compulsory age limit. 2. Over thirty percent left on or before reaching the legal age for leaving school. 3. About six percent left illegally. 4. In Greater New York sixty-eight percent of American born boys with American parents and sixty-four percent of foreign born boys with foreign parents remain one or more years beyond the legal age for leaving school. 5. In the other cities seventy-two percent of American boys with American parents and sixty-one percent of foreign boys with foreign parents remain one or more years beyond the legal age for leaving school. 6. The percent of American boys who are still in school is greater than the percent of foreign boys in every one of a random selection of eighteen large cities. CHAPTER VII AGE LEAVING SCHOOL Regardless of the size of the community, nationality, parentage, guard- ianship, and rank in family. 1. About thirty percent left school before fifteen. 2. About thirty-eight percent left school between fifteen and sixteen. 3. About twenty-six percent left school between sixteen and seventeen. 4. The twenty-five percentile boy left school at about 14.8 years of age. 5. The median boy left school at about 15.5 years of age. 6. The seventy-five percentile boy left school at about 16.2 years of age. CHAPTER VIII LAST GRADES COMPLETED 1. The twenty-five percentile boy completed about 7.4 grades. 2. The median boy completed about 8.3 grades. 3. The seventy-five percentile boy completed about 8.8 grades. 4. The grades completed by the median boy vary from 8.3 in Greater New York to 7.7 in the farm boy group. 5. Sixty-two percent of the Greater New York boys completed the eighth grade as compared with only forty-two percent of the employed farm boys. 6. Greater New York sends fewer of these boys through the first year of the high school than any of the other city and village groups. 7. The average rate of progress per grade per year varies from 92.2 percent of a grade completed each year in Greater New York to only 82.8 per- cent in the farm boy group. 8. Oldest boys make slightly better progress in school than their younger brothers. 9. American born boys with two foreign parents show a higher rate of progress than foreign born boys with foreign parents. 10. American boys with foreign parents in many nationality groups have a higher rate of progress in school than American born boys with Ameri- can parents. 11. The type of foreign population rather than the percent of foreign popu- lation influences the average rate of progress per grade per year in various communities. 12. In the larger nationality groups where both the boys and parents are foreign born the Scotch, Scandinavians and Russian Jews have an average rate of progress of over ninety-one percent and the Italians 240 OUR BOYS of only eighty percent. Where the boys are born in America and both parents are foreign born the Scotch, Scandinavians, Russian Jews, Germans and Austro-Hungarians, all have an average rate of progress of about ninety-five percent while the Italians have an average of 88.7 percent. 13. American born boys with foreign parents have a higher average rate of progress per grade per year than foreign born boys with foreign parents and in many cases they excel the records of American boys with American parents. CHAPTER IX REASONS FOR LEAVING SCHOOL. 1. The vast majority of these boys left school because they " wanted to go to work " and not because they were obliged to. 2. Less than fifteen percent reported that they were obliged to go to work. 3. In New York City thirty percent gave eighth grade graduation as a reason for leaving. CHAPTER X KIND OF SCHOOL LAST ATTENDED 1. About ninety percent of the boys received their education in the public schools. CHAPTER XI 'SHOP WORK DONE IN SCHOOL 1. Relatively few boys received any training in State-aided vocational schools. CHAPTER XII BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES 1. Mathematics is the best liked study. 2. English is the least liked study. 3. The maximum likes and dislikes for different subjects vary widely in the different grades. 4. Likes and dislikes are not influenced by foreign birth. CHAPTER XIII MONEY EARNED WHILE IN SCHOOL 1. The majority of boys earn little money while in school. CHAPTER XIV NIGHT SCHOOL ENROLLMENT 1. Less than ten percent attend night school. 2. Over sixty percent state that they do not wish to attend. 3. Less than three percent of foreign born boys attend night school. CHAPTERS XV AND XVI WAGES 1. The twenty-five percentile boy received between twelve and fifteen dol- lars per week. 2. The median boy received between fifteen and eighteen dollars per week. 3. The seventy-five percentile boy received between nineteen and twenty- two dollars per week. CHAPTER XVII OBTAINING EMPLOYMENT 1. Less than two percent of the boys are assisted by schools, churches and employment agencies in getting employment. 2. About one-fourth get their jobs through friends and acquaintances. 3. About three-fourths get them by applying. CHAPTERS XVIII AND XIX LENGTH OF TIME ON LAST JOB 1. Over forty percent spent less than four and one-half months on their last job. 2. About sixty percent spent less than seven and one-half months on their last job. CHAPTER XX WHY THEY LIKED THEIR JOBS 1. About one-fifth liked their job because it was easy. 2. About one-fourth liked their job because it was interesting. 3. About ten percent did not like them and would soon change employ- ment. OUR BOYS 241 CHAPTER XXI CARE USED IN HIRING BOYS 1. No systematic effort is made to fit the boy to his job. CHAPTER XXII IMONEY SAVED 1 . In Greater New York forty percent did not save any money arid only ten percent saved in banks. 2. Outside of Greater New York about twenty-five percent saved no money and twenty percent saved in banks. 3. About fifty percent of all boys bought Liberty Bonds and War Savings Stamps. CHAPTER XXIII CONTRIBUTIONS TO FAMILY SUPPORT 1. The percent contributing nothing toward family support varies from 10.5 in Greater New York to 19.6 in villages over 5,000 population. 2. In Greater New York 77.4 percent contributed ten or more dollars per week as compared with only 59.6 per cent in the villages over 5.000. 3. The median contribution in each city and village group falls between ten and fifteen dollars per week. 4. Foreign born boys contribute more than American born boys. CHAPTER XXIV OCCUPATIONS There is a distinct correlation between 1. Fathers' and boys' occupations. 2. Fathers' and boys' desired occupations. 3. Boys' present and desired occupations. 4. Last grade completed and type of occupation. 5. There is no more correlation in the eighteen year old group than in the sixieen year old group in the four items above. 6. Mx>st boys leaving school on or before completing the eighth grade enter and desire to enter the industrial trades and occupations. 7. Most boys who complete one or more years in the High School enter and desire to enter professional, clerical and retail business occupa- tions. 8. There is little correlation between boys' present and desired occupations and best and least liked studies. APPENDIX [243] APPENDIX Code for Trades and Occupations GROUP 1 Professional 940 Accountant, certified public 821 761 Actor 865 856 Advisor 958 791 Aeronautical engineer 771 762 Architect, general 867 763 Architect, landscape 868 764 Architect, marine 822 792 Architectural engineer 823 457 Artist 831 765 Artist and teacher of art 870 494 Artist's apprentice 773 793 Assayer 872 900 Athlete (all kinds) 824 855 Attorney, lawyer 871 857 Author (not journalist) 873 794 Automotive engineer 925 858 Bacteriologist, general 874 860 Bugler 877 825 861 Chaplain 924 796 Chemical engineer 876 803 Chemical lab. worker 832 797 Chemist, food analyst, inorganic, 827 metallurgical 875 801 Chemist, organic 926 802 Chemist, paint mill 833 908 Chiropodist 775 804 Civil engineer 774 862 Clergyman 877 806 Commercial engineer 878 864 Dental mechanic 927 863 Dentist 879 768 Designer, artistic 828 807 Draftsman, architectural 881 808 Draftsman, commercial 880 809 Draftsman, detailer and tracer 776 810 Draftsman, letterer 811 Draftsman, machine design 883 812 Draftsman, marine engine and 777 auxiliary 885 813 Draftsman, mechanical 884 814 Draftsman, railroad shop 887 815 Draftsman, railroad, survey 829 816 Draftsman, reinforced concrete 830 817 Draftsman, ship and boat 818 Draftsman, structural 882 819 Draftsman, tool design 886 820 Draftsman, topographical or map 890 maker 888 899 Educator 891 [244] Electrical engineer Electrotherapeutist Engineer, statistical, technical Engraver Epidemiologist Extension teacher, lecturer, etc. Heating or ventilating engineer Highway engineer Hydraulic engineer Hy drotherapeuti st Illustrator Interpreter Inventor Investigator Journalist Manicurist Manual instructor, psychiatric Map maker Masseur Mathematician Mechanical engineer Metallurgist Meteorologist (weather expert) Midwife Mining engineer, general Motion picture laboratory expert Motion picture photographer Musician Neurologist Nurse, not trained Nurse, trained Operation and time study engineer Optician Organizer Painter artist, landscape or mural Pharmacist Photographer Physical instructor Physician Physiological lab. assistant Plant operating engineer Plant operating engineer, hydro electric power Podiatrist (or orthopedist) Professor, college Psychiatrist assistant Psychiatrist (nurse specialist) Psychologist assistant OUR BOYS 245 889 Psychologist expert 834 Radio electrical expert 836 Sanitary engineer 893 Scientific observer 780 Sculptor and clay modeler 781 Showman 782 Sign painter 894 Specialist 962 Statistician 837 Structural engineer 892 Surgeon 844 Surveyor, chainman 838 Surveyor, general 839 Surveyor, highway 840 Surveyor, instrument man (tran- sit) 841 Surveyor, mine 842 Surveyor, railroad 950 946 843 Surveyor, rodman 845 Surveyor, topographical 846 Surveyor, topographical, expert 847 Surveyor, topographical field as- sistant 848 Surveyor, topographical photo- graphical survey 849 Surveyor, topographical triangu- lator 859 Taxidermist 895 Teacher 851 Telegraph engineer 850 Telephone engineer 896 Tester 897 Veterinarian 898 Welfare worker, administrative 342 X-Ray operator GROUP 2 Clerical Workers 941 Accountant, cost 942 Accountant, general 943 Auditor 944 Bookkeeper 979 Cashier 948 Clerk, bank 952 Clerk, boat and dock 949 Clerk, filing Clerk, general office Clerk, X. 0. S. 955 Clerk, photography 954 Clerk, Shipping 957 Comptometer operator 956 Comptroller 630 Delivery boy or man 627 Errand boy 635 Messenger boy 960 Office boy 961 Secretary, private 963 Stenographer x02 Stock clerk or keeper 675 Telegraph messenger x47 Time keeper 978 Typist GROUP 3 Business 994 Agent x53 Auctioneer 737 Auto dealer 701 Banker 901 Barber 902 Bartender 903 Billiard hall, dance hall keeper, etc. 904 Boarding and lodging house keeper 613 Boat livery 905 Bootblack 702 Broker 703 Business man 704 Buyer, mercantile 705 Clerk in store 739 Collector 706 Commercial traveler 733 Commission man, peddler, pro- duce dealer 707 Decorator, draper, window dres- ser 605 Exporter or Importer 708 Floor walker 632 Garage keeper 967 Grocer 917 Hairdresser 913 Hotel keeper and manager 914 Housekeeper and steward 711 Insurance agent and official 736 Junk deader 920 Laundry owner 712 Newsboy 738 Pawn broker 778 Property man, moving pictures 779 Property man, theatrical 716 Purchasing agent 717 Real estate agent and official 929 Restaurant keeper 718 Retail dealer 719 Salesman, saleswoman 930 Saloon keeper 720 Sampler 931 Soda dispenser 965 Storekeeper, auto parts and acces- sories 966 Storekeeper, cloth or clothing 967 Storekeeper, commissary supplies ( grocer ) 964 Storekeeper, general 968 Storekeeper, general, machinery or machine tools 969 Storekeeper, hardware and tools 246 OUR BOYS 970 Storekeeper, harness and leather 977 supplies 971 Storekeeper, mining or quarrying 014 machine equipment 721 972 Storekeeper, ordinance and am- 723 munition 724 973 Storekeeper, pharmaceutical and 725 surgical materials 726 974 Storekeeper, photographic ap- 727 paratus and supplies 728 975 Storekeeper, railway locomotive 722 or car parts 730 976 Storekeeper, refrigeration and 729 cold storage equipment 991 603 866 992 993 555 710 265 109 003 642 743 759 634 666 755 746 747 Storekeeper, sawmill, woodwork- ing machinery Ticket seller Undertaker Wholesaler, clothing Wholesaler, electrical Wholesaler, general merchandise Wholesaler, grocery Wholesaler, hardware Wholesaler, hay and grain Wholesaler, jobber or merchant Wholesaler, milk dealer Wholesaler, shoes GROUP 4 Executive Positions Administrative 193 Captain, master or mate 231 Employment manager Executive 232 Foreman of present job 668 General manager or superintend- x51 ent 638 Inspector Master car builder 715 Master mechanic Master mechanic, construction, mine or quarry Master mechanic R. R. Official, superintendent R. R. Owner Proprietor and manager transfer company Proprietor, official, manager GROUP 5 Government Service Armorer 748 County agent (farm bureau 749 manager ) Detective 750 Fireman Game protector 669 Mail carrier 742 Mail clerk 951 Marine 758 Marshal, sheriff, etc. 753 Military officer 754 Naval officer Official and inspector, city and county Official and Inspector, State and U. S. Policeman Politician Postal clerk Postmaster Sailor Soldier GROUP 6 Building Trades 061 Bell rigger 280 Brick layer 277 Brick layer, furnace 278 Brick laver, general 618 Bolter up 253 Bridge carpenter 260 Carpenter, expert 279 Cement finisher 805 Concrete engineer 282 Concrete, foreman 256 Concrete, form carpenter 281 Concrete, or cement worker 283 Constructive foreman or sup't 995 Contractor and builder 317 Crane operator, steam 318 Ditcher operator 257 Dock builder 319 Dredge operator 303 Elevator constructor 128 Enameler 326 Engineman, portable 330 Fireman, portable (boiler) 259 Glazier 304 Iron and steel erector 287 Marble setter 286 Mason, stone 305 Painter, iron and steel 338 Pile driver 353 Pipe coverer x50 Pipe fitter 354 Pipe, fitter, ammonia 370, x40, x50, Pipe fitter general 357 Pipe fitter, outside 288 Plasterer 358 Plumber, general 306 Rigger, bridge and structural 266 Roofer 341 Shovel operator, steam OUR BOYS 247 340 Shovel operator, gas engine 355 Solderer 269 Stage carpenter 262 Stair builder 363 Steam fitter 289 300 Stone cutter Structural steel worker 271 Tank operator 290 Tile layer 291 Water proof er GROUP 7 Metal Trades 101 Aeroplane engine expert 209 103 Aeroplane mechanic, general 173 107 Aeroplane rigger 310 105 Air propeller maker 129 106 Air propeller tester 130 202 Annealer and temperer 108 Armature winder (plant electri- 132 cian) 131 200 Assembler, machinery expert 110 Assembler, small arms 211 123 Auto engine block tester 174 201 Automatic screw machine opera- 212 tor 183 111 Automobile electrician 184 112 Auto repairer, axle and trans- 213 mission, engine assembler 186 114 Auto repairer, carburetor 175 115 Auto repairer, chassis 179 116 Auto repairer, engine inspector 176 117 Auto repairer, general, expert, 159 inspector 160 118 Auto repairer, painter 119 Auto repairer, radiator 185 113 Auto truck assembler, expert 214 203 Bakery machinist 215 125 Barrel driller 217 126 Barrel rifler 219 127 Barrel straightener 204 Battery mechanic ordnance 218 373 Belt man 133 210 Bench assembler 220 170 Blacksmith, general 221 171 Blacksmith, locomotive 335 172 Blacksmith, machine tool dresser 134 180 Boiler maker, expert 135 182 Boiler maker, locomotive 362 192 Bolt maker 161 246 Boring mill operator 223 376 Brass worker 137 302 Bucker up (holder on) 187 155 Busheler 138 378 Camera assembler 139 377 Camera repairer 222 181 Caulker 229 191 Chain maker 224 158 Chipper 226 156 Coremaker 227 216 Crank shaft operator 228 157 Cupola tender 230 375 Cutler 225 206 Die setter, expert 207 Die sinker, expert 233 208 Drill press operator 162 Drill press operator, sensitive Drop forger Electric welder, spot Electrical instrument maker Electrican, crane expert, machin- ist Electrician, search light Electrician, storage battery ex- pert or inspector Erector, floor Farrier (see horse shoer) Filer and grinder Fitter up Flange turner and plate worker Floor assembler Flue welder Forge shop heater Forger Forging machine operator Foundry foreman Furnaceman, annealer, heat ten- der Gang leader Gauge maker Gear cutter operator Grinder, cylinder Grinder, cylindrical, plane or uni- versal operator Grinder, tool Gunsmith Hand screw operator (machine) Horizontal boring mill operator Hydraulic press operator Instrument maker, surgical Instrument maker, surveying Insulator Ladler Lathe operator Locksmith Locomotive flue setter Machine gun mechanic Machine gun mechanic, expert Machine operator Machine tool millwright Machinist, general Machinist, locomotive, general Machinist, printing press Machinist, tool room expert Marine, engine machinist Mechanic, general (skilled hel- per, general) Mechanic, hospital Melter, brass 248 OUR BOYS 163 Melter, open hearth 140 Metal finisher 339 Metal sawyer 234 Milling machine operator 054 Millwright 164 Moulder 165 Moulder, iron and brass 336 Moving picture operator 142 Munition worker, cartridge 143 Munition worker, fuse 144 Munition worker, loading 145 Munition worker, powder mill 146 Munition worker, unclassified 147 Nitre bluer 337 Oiler of machinery 148 Ordnance man 235 Pattern maker (metal) 236 Planer operator 150 Plater, electroplater 237 Press operator, drawing 238 Press operator, punch and stamp- ing 239 Profiling machine operator 166 Puddler 240 R. R. shop mechanic 308 Rivet heater 373 379 381 386 909 910 387 307 Riveter hand 177 Roller and roll hand 401 Sewing machine adjuster 242 Shaper operator 1 88 Shearman 153 Shell worker 167 Smelterman 178 Spring maker and fitter 189 Steel plate straightener 783 Stencil maker (sheet metal) 190 Tank builder, steel, locomotive cistern and tender repairer 680 Telephone electrician 243 Tool maker, gauge and fixture ex- pert 244 Turret lathe operator 151 Typewriter repairer 245 Vertical boring mill operator 152 Watch and clock repairer 309 Welder, electric arc 311 Welder, gas expert 313 Welder, general 312 Welder, thermal 424 Wire worker 413 Zinc worker GROUP 8 Woodworking x!4 Action maker 120 Auto repairer, truck body, wagon maker, wheelwright 041 Axeman, chopper, cutter, timber- man 059 Barker 254 Cabinet maker 420 Chipper, wood 263 Cooper x!5 Fitter 043 Forest ranger 042 Forester (forestry expert, oper- ator or expert lumberman) 044 Forestry student 258 Furniture factory worker, N. 0. S. 060 Guide 264 Joiner or wood worker x06 Keymaker 045 Kiln tender 049 Log driver 048 Lumber dealer, foreman or lum- ber handler 055 Lumber handler (saw mill) 058 Lumber inspector GROUP 9 Button maker Canvas worker Cloth worker Collar cutter Dressmaker Dry cleaner Furrier 046 Lumberman, scaling, mill sealer tallyman 047 Lumberman, wood boss 141 Model maker 261 Packer, carpenter 270 Pattern maker, wood x08 Piano finisher and polisher x07 Piano maker xll Piano tuner 050 Pioneer, plainsman, prospector. scout x09 Regulator, piano or organ 051 Saw filer 052 Saw mill, carriage man 053 Saw mill, log roller 056 Saw mill, portable sawyer xlO Stringer, piano 057 Timber cruiser and cross-cut sawyer x!2 Veneerer 784 Wood carver x!3 Wood turner 272 Woodworking machine operator 273 Woodworking mill man Clothing x!8 Hat maker x85 Hatter 935 Milliner 400 Sewing machine operator 380 Shirt cutter 409 Tailor OUR BOYS 249 GROUP 10 Clay, Glass, Stone and Mining 098 Air lift expert 062 Blaster and powder man 063 Block maker and trimmer (quarry) 064 Breaker hand 065 Cager and grip man 066 Car man 090 Caser (wells) 067 Cutter 091 Derrick and rig builder 068 Door tender 071 Drill boy 069 Driller, general 092 Driller, well 072 Driver 073 Engineer, mining 074 Fan runner 333 Gas plant operator, oxygen and hydrogen 093 Gauger, stream 388 Glass blower (glass factory) 389 Glass cutter 390 Glass worker 334 Grader operator (stone) 154 Lens grinder 136 Lens maker 396 Marble and stone yard N. 0. S. 079 Millman and crushman 077 Mine shift boss 088 Mine ventilating expert 075 Miner, N. 0. S. 078 Motorman 070 Mucker 100 Oil refiner 094 Pipe puller 095 Pressure tester 097 Pump man 084 Quarry foreman 085 Quarryman 429 Sand blaster 082 Screener and washer 081 Siever 083 Shaft tender x84 Thermometer maker 086 Timberman 087 Topman 099 Trenchman pipe layer 089 Weigher GROUP 11 Printing 450 Apprentice, bindery worker 480 Apprentice, electrotyper 469 Apprentice, stereotyper 465 Apprentice, photo engraver 466 Art apprentice, engraver 483 Artist 478 Batteryman 443 Bindery foreman 454 Bindery man 477 Blocker, electrotyper 464 Blocker, photo engraver 476 Builder 479 Case filler 474 Caster 439 Copy holder 447 Cutter 436 Cylinder press feeder 470 Electrotyper 459 Etcher 445 Finisher, bindery worker 473 Finisher, electrotyper 461 Finisher, photo engraver 489 Fly boy, lithographer 442 Fly boy, pressroom worker 471 Foreman, electrotyper 431 Foreman, printer 446 Forwarder 451 Gatherer 496 General printer 485 Grainer 438 Hand compositor 482 Letterman 435 Linotyper 486 Litho-engraver 481 Lithographer 448 -Machine folder 472 Molder 434 Monotype operator 493 Other apprentice, lithographer 453 Other bindery worker 455 Photo engraver 456 Photo engraver, foreman 458 Photographer, engraver 437 Platen press feeder 432 Platen pressman 492 Press feeder 487 Pressman, cylinder 484 Pressman, foreman, litho. 433 Proofreader 462 Proofer 460 Router 475 Router, engraver 444 Ruler 452 Sewer 467 Stereotyper 468 Stereotyper, foreman 491 Stone polisher 463 Stripper 490 Tracer 488 Transferrer and proofer 440 Webb pressman 441 Webb pressman, assistant 449 Wire stitcher 250 OUR BOYS GROUP 12 Transportation 104 Aeroplane pilot, aviator 795 Balloonist 251 Boat builder 252 Boat caulker 600 Boatman 653 Brakeman 654 Cableman 601 Cableman, submarine 602 Canalman 686 Car inspector 205 Car repairer 615 Carriage and hack driver 626 Chauffeur 656 Conductor, railroad 657 Conductor, street 611 Deckhand 629 Drayman, teamster 658 Engineer, locomotive 324 Engineman, gas and locomotive 323 Engineman, gas or oil 325 Engineman, marine and boat 628 Expressman 659 Fireman, locomotive 329 1 Fireman, marine boiler 660 Flagman 631 Foreman, livery 679 Foreman, track, railroad 661 Freight traffic man 709 Gauger 662 Hostler, car 663 Hostler, locomotive 664 Lineman, cable and feeder 665 Lineman, general 356 Locomotive pipe fitter, stearnfit- ter 826 Marine engineer 639 Motor truck driver 640 Motor truck master 636 Motorcyclist 667 Motorman, street and electric 607 Pilot, marine 608 Purser 609 Quartermaster, steersman 339 Radio operator 685 Railroad inspector 671 Railroad switchman. 687 Railroader 398 Sailmaker 268 Ship carpenter 616 Ship checker 615 Ship fitter 617 Ship layer out 610 Ship rigger 612 Ship traffic man 689 Signal maintainer 672 Signalman 673 Station agent, railroad (ticket agent ) 674 Telegrapher 677 Telephone operator 676 Terminal traffic manager 410 Tire repairer 678 Trackman, railroad 684 Train caller 688 Train dispatcher 683 Trainman 345 Wrecking crane operator C82 Yardman, railroad 681 Yardmaster GROUP 13 Food Production and Preparation 001 Agricultural worker 002 Apiarist (beekeeper) 540 Baker 556 Blender 732 Bottler, milk 542 Brewery worker 543 Butcher or killer 558 Butter maker 541 Canner (preserver) 906 Caterer 559 Cheese maker 552 Chocolate and cocoa worker 557 Coffee roaster 545 Cold storage foreman 546 Cold storage worker 547 Confectioner 548 Cook 550 Cook, pastry 551 Creamery and condensery worker 549 Curer and smoker 005 Dairy .farm foreman 004 Dairy farmer 006 Ditcher 007 Drainage expert, engineer 009 Farm foreman or manager 010 Farm laborer (home) 011 Farm laborer (working out) 008 Farmer 037 Farmer, owner 038 Farmer, tenant 039 Fisherman 012 Florist 013 Fruit grower 015 Garden foreman 016 Garden laborer 014 Gardener 731 Grader, milk 017 Greenhouse and florist foreman and manager 018 Greenhouse and florist laborer 019 Horseman 660 Ice cream maker 020 Insect specialist 544 Meat cutter or dealer OUR BOYS 251 553 Miller 022 Nursery foreman or manager 023 Nursery laborer 021 Nursery man 024 Orchard foreman 025 Orchard laborer 040 Oysterman 554 Packing-house worker 026 Pigeon fancier 028 Poultry raiser 027 Poultry-yard laborer GROUP 14 102 Aeroplane clothmaker 505 Beamer 506 Bobbin boy 507 Burler, cloth 508 Carder 509 Carrier 510 Comber 384 Cordage worker 501 Cotton textile worker, N. 0. S. 511 Doffer 513 Drawer 514 Dresser 515 Drier 512 Dyer xOl Factory worker, N. 0. S. 516 Fulling mill operator 517 Knitter 518 Lapper 395 Loom fixer 030 Stock farm foreman or manager 031 Stock herder, drover, feeder, stable boss 032 Stock or cattle buyer and shipper 029 Stock raiser 033 Thresher, cornsheller, wood saw- yer, hay and straw baler, etc. 034 Vine grower 035 Vineyard foreman and manager 036 Vineyard laborer - Textiles 519 Mixer 504 Other worker 520 Reeler 521 Rover, slubber 502 Silk textile worker, N. 0. S. 522 Slasher 523 Sorter 24 Spinner 525 Spooler 526 Tacker 527 Textile expert 529 Twister 530 Warper 531 Weaver 532 Winder 503 Wool and worsted worker, N. (). S. 533 Wool sorter 534 Wool washer, scourer GROUP 15 Slioes and Leather Industries 599 Beamster 561 Beater out 591 Binding machine operator 562 Blacker and stainer 563 Bottomer 564 Bowmaker and tier 428 Catcher 427 Cement er 566 Channeler 385 Cobbler (shoe repairer) 535 Currier 567 Cutter 528 Cutter, tannery 423 Dresser, leather 565 Edger, and edge setter 594 Examiner 568 Folder and header 598 Fur liner 536 Glazier and roller, tannery 593 Glove buttoner 589 Glove cutter 391 Glove maker 392 Harness maker and saddler 569 Heel maker 570 Ironer 571 Labeler 572 Lacer 573 Laster 596 Launderer 590 Layer off 394 Leather worker, N. O. S. 538 Letter out 574 Marker f>75 Nailer and pegger 592 Oversewer 576 Packer 577 Presser, molder and counter maker 595 Riveter 578 Rounder and breaster 579 Shanker 414 Shoe factory worker 405 Shoe machine cloth stitcher 404 Shoe machine operator 406 Shoe maker 426 Skiver 581 Sole layer 582 Soler 583 Sorter and matcher 580 Splitter 425 Staker 403 Stitcher 252 OUR BOYS 597 Table cutter 584 Table hand 526 Tacker, tannery 585 Treer 586 Trimmer 587 Turner 588 Wheeler 415 x!6 416 417 766 x42 418 374 372 419 947 383 421 769 770 651 934 714 652 945 655 274 907 382 911 604 912 xll 744 285 033 916 918 GROUP 16 Miscellaneous Manufactures Back tender 322 Basket maker Beaterman 772 Bleacher 331 Blue printer 332 Box maker, paper 393 Broke hustler 422 Broom maker 713 Brush maker Calenderer Candle maker 407 Cigar maker and tobacconist 408 Cooker 412 Developer, motion picture 397 Developer, still 122 411 Engineman and fireman (station- ary) Finisher, still photographer Fireman (stationary boiler) Gas works operator Jeweler and precious metalsmith Machine tender, sparehand Other tradesman, miscellaneous tradesman and worker in occu- pation not coded Paint mill foreman Paint mill worker Paper maker Rubber worker Upholsterer Vulcanizer G*ROUP 17 Labor Ash-pit man 402 Bell hop or bell boy 745 Bill poster 922 Boiler washer Bundle boy 919 Car icing man 921 Carpet layer 923 Charman and cleaner x81 Chemical worker 080 Disinfector 757 Diver 670 Elevator tender 928 Film coater 637 Guard, watchman, keeper (door) 932 Hod carrier 606 Hostler, horses 344 Janitor or sexton 933 Laborer (domestic and profes- sional service) Laborer, helper Laborer (public service) Launderer, laundress not laundry Laundry foreman Laundry machine operator Laundry worker, general Orderly, hospital Packer Page or usher Patrolman, pipe line Porter, except in stores Road worker Servant. Stevedore Tractor operator Waiter in OUR BOYS 253 POPULATION AND ENROLLMENT Of all Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys TABLE No. 1-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Total popu- lation of boys Total number enrolled Total per cent enrolled Popu- lation of boys not in school Em- ployed boys enrolled Per cent of em- ployed boys enrolled Popu- lation of school boys Sohoo! boys enrolled Albany Amsterdam Auburn Binghamton Buffalo 3,028 900 973 1,585 12,955 2,237 612 566 1,016 8,166 73.8 68.0 58.2 64.1 63.0 2,554 811 841 1,375 11,258 1,763 523 434 806 6,469 69.0 64.5 51.6 58.6 57.5 474 89 132 210 1,697 474 89 132 210 1,697 Elmira Jamestown 1,202 1,051 878 800 72.0 76.1 980 858 656 607 67.0 70.8 222 193 222 193 700 603 86.1 561 464 82.7 139 139 Mt. Vernon Newburgh 1,160 811 950 656 81.9 80.9 859 706 649 551 75.6 78.0 301 105 301 105 New Rochelle Niagara Falls 920 1,317 574 901 62.4 68.4 762 1,147 416 731 54.6 63.7 158 170 158 170 Oswego Poughkeepsie 638 927 436 707 68.3 76.3 546 698 344 478 63.0 68.5 92 229 92 229 Rochester 7,370 5 , 107 69.3 6,322 4,059 64.2 1,048 1,048 Schenectady Syracuse 2,355 4,546 2,044 2,829 86.8 62.2 1,825 3,892 1,514 2,175 83.0 55.9 530 654 530 654 Troy Utica 2,068 2,491 1,443 1,801 69.8 72.3 1,668 2,246 1,043 1,556 62.5 69.3 400 245 400 245 Watertown Yonkers 833 2,699 694 1,810 83.3 67.1 701 2,271 562 1,382 80.2 60.8 132 428 132 428 New York 142,472 100,252 70.4 124,879 82 , 659 66.2 17 , 593 17,593 TABLE No. 1-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon 361 296 280 205 77.6 69.3 272 272 191 181 70.2 66.5 89 24 89 24 Cur andaiguu Cohoes Corning Cortland Dunkirk Fulton Geneva Glen Cove 199 626 422 354 517 346 390 294 153 496 405 270 473 288 332 159 76.9 79.2 96.0 76.3 91.5 83.2 85.1 54.1 143 562 333 245 427 274 265 254 97 432 316 161 383 216 207 119 67.8 76.9 94.9 65.7 89.7 78.8 78.1 46.8 56 64 89 109 90 72 125 40 56 64 89 109 90 72 125 40 Glens Falls Gloversville 445 592 296 342 66.5 57.8 323 541 174 291 53.8 53.8 122 51 122 51 Hornell 402 305 75.9 327 230 70.3 75 75 Hudson 316 233 73.7 250 167 66.8 66 66 Ithaca 494 434 87.8 243 183 75.3 251 251 Johnstown Lackawanna 294 450 209 259 71.1 57.6 247 416 162 225 65.6 54.1 47 34 47 34 Little Falls Lockport Mechanicville Middletown No. Tonawanda Norwich Ogdensburg Olean Oneida Oneonta 350 566 217 490 396 221 430 553 279 307 221 382 *245 338 287 159 258 531 160 224 63.1 67.5 112.9 69.0 72.5 71.9 60.0 96.0 57.3 73.0 298 436 188 421 347 168 328 431 244 251 169 252 *216 269 238 106 156 409 125 168 56.7 57.8 114.9 63.9 68.6 63.1 47.6 94.9 51.2 66.9 52 130 29 69 49 53 102 122 35 56 52 130 29 69 49 53 102 122 35 56 Plattsburg Port Jervia Rensselaer 295 273 292 249 224 273 84.4 82.0 93.5 209 211 209 163 162 190 78.0 76.8 90.9 86 62 83 86 62 83 Extra boys enrolled who lived outside of city. 254 OUR BOYS POPULATION AND ENROLLMENT Of all Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys TABLE No. 1-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded] CITIES Total lat?on of boys Total number enrolled Total per cent enrolled Popu- lation of boys not in school Em- ployed boys enrolled Per cent of em- ployed boys enrolled Popu- lation of school boys School boys enrolled 623 247 355 265 432 593 FABLE 182 146 155 219 144 445 167 150 294 303 152 154 196 265 181 153 88 238 231 160 178 180 143 124 311 124 208 424 139 449 109 221 134 198 176 158 168 87 143 128 142 437 208 239 197 361 386 No. 1-C 48 122 116 *269 133 336 85 137 195 240 107 144 *243 *326 *200 153 *100 209 178 147 135 116 *181 *143 252 72 195 371 93 369 *131 138 83 122 101 108 114 *108 83 *144 140 70.1 84.2 67.3 74.3 83.6 65.1 VIL1 26.4 83.6 74.8 122.8 91.6 75.5 50.9 91.3 66.3 79.2 70.4 93.5 124.0 123.0 110.5 100.0 113.6 87.8 77.1 91.9 75.8 64.4 126.6 115.3 81.0 58.0 93.8 87.5 66.9 82.2 120.2 62.4 61.9 61.6 57.4 68.4 67.8 124.1 58.0 112.5 98.6 529 192 295 230 394 461 LAGES 172 100 148 164 103 204 155 122 150 257 124 113 62 223 155 137 28 178 153 117 134 151 90 74 219 108 107 299 96 390 56 137 105 166 158 85 148 69 115 84 122 343 153 179 162 323 254 OVER 38 76 109 *214 91 95 73 109 51 194 79 103 *109 *284 *174 137 *40 149 100 104 91 87 *128 *93 160 56 94 246 50 310 *78 54 54 90 83 35 94 *90 55 *100 120 64.8 79.7 60.7 70.4 82.0 65.1 5,000 22.1 76.0 73.6 130.5 88.3 46.6 47.1 89.4 34.0 75.5 63.7 91.1 175.8 127.4 112.3 100.0 142.9 83.7 65.4 89.0 68.0 57.6 142.2 125.7 73.1 51.8 87.8 82.3 52.1 79.5 139.2 39.4 51.4 54.2 52.5 41.2 63.5 130.4 47.8 119.0 98.4 94 55 60 35 38 132 10 46 7 55 41 241 12 28 144 46 28 41 134 42 26 16 60 60 78 43 44 29 53 50 92 16 101 125 43 59 53 84 29 32 18 73 20 18 28 44 20 94 55 60 35 38 132 10 46 7 55 41 241 12 28 144 46 28 41 134 42 26 16 60 60 78 43 44 29 53 50 92 16 101 125 43 59 53 84 29 32 18 73 20 18 28 44 20 Salamanca Saratoga Springs . . Tonawanda Watervliet White Plains ^ VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Freeport Haverstraw Herkimer Hoosick Falls Hudson Falls Ilion Johnson City Maniaroneck Massena Nyack Peekskill Penn Yan . . ...... Port Chester Port Washington Rockville Center Saranac Lake Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown Walden . . . Waterford Waverly Wellsville Whitehall * Extra boys enrolled who lived outside of village. OUR BOYS 255 Per Cent of Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys IN AND OUT OF SCHOOL TABLE No. 2-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Albany Amsterdam . Auburn Binghamton . Buffalo. . . Elmira Jamestown . Kingston . . . Mt. Vernon. Newburgh. . New Rochclle. Niagara Falls . Oswego Poughkeepsie . Rochester Schenectady , Syracuse. . . Troy Utica Watertown . Yonkers. . , New York, OUT OF SCHOOL IN SCHOOL Total Total Ages Ages of boys popu- lo-f ir\r\ in oiicli age i&vion of boys 16 17 18 16 17 18 group 72.4 87.5 92.7 27.6 12.5 7.3 1,009 3,028 83.4 92.7 94.3 16.6 7.3 5.7 300 900 78.1 87.0 94.1 21.9 13.0 5.9 324 973 77.5 85.0 97.4 22.5 15.0 2.6 528 1,585 78.6 87.6 94.6 21.4 12.4 5.4 4,318 12,955 70.8 83.0 90.8 29.2 17.0 9.2 400 1,202 64.9 88.6 91.4 35.1 11.4 8.6 350 1,051 70.4 78.5 91.4 29.6 21.5 8.6 233 700 61.1 71.5 89.4 38.9 28.5 10.6 386 1,160 81.5 86.7 93.0 18.5 13.3 7.0 270 811 71.6 83.3 93.5 28.4 16.7 6.5 306 920 76.3 90.2 94.8 23.7 9.8 5.2 439 1,317 76.4 84.9 95.3 23.6 15.1 4.7 212 638 62.8 76.4 86.7 37.2 23.6 13.3 309 927 76.7 88.5 92.1 23.3 11.5 7.9 2,456 7,370 65.9 79.6 87.0 34.1 20.4 13.0 785 2*355 79.6 85.2 92.1 20.4 14.8 7.9 1,515 4,546 73.7 77.4 90.9 26.3 22.6 9.1 689 2,068 84.7 89.9 95.9 15.3 10.1 4.1 830 2,491 73.3 82.7 96.4 26.7 17.3 3.6 277 833 72.5 86.1 93.8 27.5 13.9 6.2 899 2,699 79.3 89.0 94.7 20.7 11.0 5.2 47,491 142,472 TABLE No. 2-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 59 2 79 2 87.5 40 8 20.8 12.5 120 361 Beacon Canandaigua Cohoes Corning Cortland . . Dunkirk Fulton Geneva Glen Cove Glens Falls Gloversville Hornell . 87.8 40.9 82.7 62.9 66.1 61.6 71.4 57.7 74.5 58.8 85.3 69 4 93.7 81.8 90.9 83.6 63.6 89.0 80.0 73.9 90.8 70.3 . 92.9 82 1 95.9 92.5 95.7 90.0 78.0 94.8 86.1 72.3 93.9 88.5 95.9 92 6 12.2 59.1 17.3 37.1 33.9 38.4 28.6 42.3 25.5 41.2 14.7 30.6 6.3 18.2 9.1 16.4 36.4 11.0 20.0 26.1 9.2 29.7 7.1 17.9 4.1 7.5 4.3 10.0 22.0 5.2 13.9 27.7 6.1 11.5 4.1 7.4 98 66 208 140 118 172 115 130 98 148 197 134 296 199 626 422 354 517 346 390 294 445 592 402 Hudson 64.8 81.1 91.5 35.2 18.9 8.5 105 316 Ithaca 26.1 39.0 81.7 73.9 61.0 18.3 164 494 Johnstown Lackawanna Little Falls 66.4 85.4 81 9 85.8 96.7 93 ] 96.9 95.3 80.2 33.6 14.6 18.1 14.2 3.3 6.9 3.1 4.7 19.8 98 150 116 294 450 350 Lockport Mechanicville Middletown No. Tonawanda. . . Norwich 55.9 73.6 78.5 70.4 63 84.1 87.5 84.7 97.7 82 90.9 98.6 94.5 94.7 89.1 44.1 26.4 21.5 29.6 37.0 15.9 12.5 15.3 2.3 18.0 9.1 1.4 5.5 5.3 10.9 188 72 163 132 73 566 217 490 396 221 Ogdensburg.. . . Olean . 53.8 59.8 87.4 84.3 87.4 89.5 46.2 40.2 12.6 15.7 12.6 10.5 143 184 430 553 Oneida 77.4 90.3 94.6 22.6 9.7 5.4 93 279 Oneonta Plattsburg Port Jervis Rensselaer 70.6 50.0 62.6 53.6 78.5 77.5 84.6 78.3 96.1 84.7 84.6 82.5 29.4 50.0 37.4 46.4 21.5 22.5 15.4 21.7 3.9 15.3 15.4 17.5 102 98 91 97 307 295 273 292 256 OUR BOYS Per Cent of Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys IN AND OUT OF SCHOOL TABLE No. 2-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) CITIES OUT OF SCHOOL IN SCHOOL Total number of boys in each age group Total DOPU- latioa of boys Ages Ages 16 17 18 16 17 18 Rome Salamanca Saratoga Springs... Tonawanda Watervliet 76.6 45.1 68.7 80.7 82.6 71.1 85.5 91.5 85.6 87.5 93.1 72.1 92.8 96.4 94.9 92.1 97.9 89.9 23.4 54.9 31.3 19.3 17.4 28.9 14.5 8.5 14.4 12.5 6.9 27.9 7.2 3.6 5.1 7.9 2.1 10.1 207 82 118 88 144 197 623 247 355 265 432 593 White Plains TABLE No. 2-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia Freeport Hastings Haverstraw 95.1 53.0 96.2 53.4 37.5 .7 89.3 68 96.7 65.3 90.4 82.2 79.1 72.3 92.9 82 91.8 87.8 100.0 89.1 97.9 64.2 96.4 94 4.9 47.0 3.8 46.6 62.5 99.3 10.7 32 3.3 34.7 9.6 17.8 20.9 27.7 7.1 18 8.2 12.2 "io.v 2.1 35.8 3.6 6 61 49 52 73 48 148 56 50 182 146 155 219 144 445 167 150 Hempstead 44 9 88 5 *118 55 1 11 5 78 294 Herkimer. . 77 3 86 2 91 1 22 7 13 8 8 9 101 303 Hoosick Falls Hudson Falls . . 66.7 54 9 88.2 78 4 90.2 86 3 33.3 45 1 11.8 21 6 9.8 13 7 51 51 152 154 Huntington 53.8 83.1 *143 46.2 16 9 65 196 Ilion 77.3 85 2 89 8 22 7 14 8 10 2 88 265 Johnson City 83.4 98.3 91.7 16.6 1.7 8.3 60 181 Lancaster 80.4 98 1 90 2 19 6 1 9 9 8 51 153 Lawrence 34 5 86 2 *122 6 65 5 13 8 29 88 Malone Mamaroneck. . 58.2 63 6 70.9 59 7 94.9 75 3 41.8 36 4 29.1 40 3 5.1 24 7 79 77 238 231 Massena Medina 52.8 50 8 67.9 88 1 98.1 86 5 47.2 49 2 32.1 11 9 1.9 13 5 53 59 160 178 Newark No. Tarry town Nyack . 85.0 43.8 26 9 76.7 62.5 68 2 90.0 83.4 82 9 15.0 56.2 73 1 23.3 37.5 31 7 10.0 16.6 17 1 60 48 41 180 143 124 Ossining Owego 46.2 80 5 75.0 87 8 90.4 92 7 53.8 19 5 25.0 12 2 9.6 7 3 104 41 311 124 Patchogue Peekskill 11.6 56 7 57.9 68 1 84.1 86 5 88.4 43 3 42.1 31.9 15.9 13 5 69 141 208 424 Penn Yan Port Chester Port Washington . . Rockville Center. . Saranac Lake Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown . . 39.2 84.7 "27'.0 64.4 77.3 78.0 26 4 69.6 84.7 69.4 71.6 86.7 83.3 94.9 60 4 97.8 91.3 88.9 87.9 84.4 90.9 96.6 75 5 60.8 15.3 *105.5 73.0 35.6 22.7 22.0 73 6 30.4 15.3 30.6 28.4 13.3 16.7 5.1 39 6 2.2 8.7 11.1 12.1 15.6 9.1 3.4 24 5 46 150 36 74 45 66 59 53 139 449 109 221 134 198 176 158 Walden 80.3 89 3 94 7 19 7 10.7 5.3 56 168 Waterf ord 69 69 100 31 31 29 87 Waverly. . . 58 3 89 6 93 7 41 7 10 4 6 3 48 143 Wellsville 48 8 58 2 90 7 51 2 41 8 9 3 43 128 Whitehall 76.6 87.2 93.6 23.4 12.8 6.4 47 142 * Extra boys enrolled who lived outside of city. OUR BOYS 257 Per Cent of all Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys Respectively who Enrolled on December 3, 1918 TABLE No. 2-E CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES 16 years 17 years 18 years Popu- lation of boys Number of boys enrolled Total per cent enrolled Albany 84 4 70 4 66 8 3 028 2 237 73 8 Amsterdam Auburn 79.0 67 7 69.7 69 4 55.3 37 3 900 973 612 566 68.0 co 9 Binghamton Buffalo 72.0 77 6 63.4 64 6 38.1 39 8 1,585 12 955 1,016 8 166 64.1 co n Elmira 87 5 79 8 51 8 1 202 878 73 Jamestown 99 1 69 1 60 1 051 800 7fi 1 Kingston Mt. Vernon Newburgh *109.0 *109.3 83 8 90.1 88.6 81 1 59.2 47.6 77 8 700 1,160 811 603 9:0 636 86.1 81.9 Qf) Q New Rochelle 77 5 64 8 44 8 920 574 62 4 Niagara Falls 77 7 68 3 59 2 1 317 901 fiS 4 Oswego 84 69 5 51 4 638 436 68 3 Poughkeepsie . . *100 6 72 8 55 3 927 707 76 3 77 3 66 1 53 4 7 370 5 107 CQ q Schenectady 93 6 88 2 78 6 2 355 2 044 Sfi S Syracuse 73 9 69 2 46 3 4 546 2 829 62 2 Troy. 84 9 70 8 53 5 2 068 1 443 69 8 Utica 78.1 78 3 60.5 2,491 1 801 72 3 Watertown Yonkers 92.4 89 1 87.8 70 4 69.7 45 1 833 2 699 694 1 810 83.3 67 1 New York.., 92.8 78.5 29.7 142.472 100.252 70 4 TABLE No. 2-F CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 95 9 80 9 Beacon 77.8 69 7 Canandaigua. . 100 69 7 Cohoes 96.1 80.9 Corning *122 90 1 Cortland 78 87 3 Dunkirk *113 3 91 3 Fulton 87 9 94 8 Geneva 95 4 84 6 Glen Cove 64 3 46 9 C'ers Falls 80 5 66 2 Gloversville 69 7 55 8 Hornell 94 73 9 Hudson 81 1 69 5 Ithaca *110 3 *103 Johnstown 76 5 66 3 79 3 50 7 Little Falls Lockport .... 64.1 89 9 63.2 55 6 *119 1 *120 8 Middletown 87 2 68 7 96 9 64 4 Norwich 90.5 75.7 Ogdensburg 85.4 42 Clean *115 1 90 2 Oneida . 62.4 61.3 Oneonta 78 6 87 2 Plattsburg 97.0 83.7 Port Jervis 84.6 74.7 Rensselaer. . . *111.2 89.6 55.8 60.2 60.6 60.6 75.7 63.6 69.8 67.0 75.4 51.0 52.7 47.7 59.7 70.5 50.0 70.4 42.7 62.1 56.9 98.6 50.9 56.1 49.3 52.4 82.6 48.4 53.0 72.4 86.8 79.4 361 296 199 626 422 354 517 346 390 294 445 592 402 316 494 294 450 350 566 217 490 396 221 430 553 279 307 295 273 292 280 77.6 205 69.3 153 76.9 496 79.2 405 96.0 270 76.3 473 91.5 288 83.2 332 85.1 159 54.1 296 66.5 342 57.8 305 75.9 233 73.7 434 87.8 209 71.1 259 57.6 221 63.1 382 67.5 245 *112.9 338 63.0 287 72.5 159 71.9 258 60.0 531 96.0 160 57.3 224 73.0 249 84.4 224 82.0 273 93.5 * High enrollment caused by enrollment of boys who were non-residents of the city. 258 OUR BOYS P er Cent of all Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys Respectively who Enrolled on December 3, 1918 TABLE No. 2-F CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded') CITIES 16 years 17 years 18 years Popu- lation of boys Number of boys enrolled Total per cent enrolled Rome 69 4 63.0 56 623 437 70 1 Salamanca. . . *106 81 7 64 6 247 208 84 2 Saratoga Springs 77.3 70.3 54.2 355 239 67 3 Tonawanda Watervliet 67.4 93 7 87.5 75 7 68.2 81' 2 265 432 197 361 74.3 83 6 White Plains 74.7 70.2 50.2 593 386 65.1 TABLE No. 2-G VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLA GES Albion 24 6 18 36 6 182 48 26 4 Catskill Depew 89.8 96 1 89.8 82 7 70.8 45 1 146 155 122 116 83.6 74 8 Endicott - Fredonia fl34.4 tllO 4 fl50.7 fl06 2 83.5 58 3 219 144 269 133 t!22.8 91 6 Freeport 72 1 47 6 53 5 445 336 75 5 Hastings Haverstraw 46.4 f!30 58.9 78 47.3 66 167 150 85 137 50.9 91 3 Hempstead 58 7 55 5 27 4 294 195 66 3 Herkimer. 100 00 89 1 72 5 303 240 79 2 Hoosick Falls. . Hudson Falls 88.2 t!07 7 70.6 76 4 52.0 96 1 152 154 107 144 70.4 93 5 Huntington f!86 6 till 1 tl06 6 196 243 t!24 Ilion Johnson City Lancaster Lawrence. 1-106.7 tiis.o tH3.7 fl45 4 t!28.4 till. 7 tl01.9 tl45 4 t!34.1 tl01.7 84.3 61 9 265 181 153 88 326 200 153 100 t!23.0 tUO.5 100.0 tH3 6 Malone f!23 9 t!03 85 1 238 209 87*8 Mamaroneck Massena . 81.8 t!09 2 80.5 96 2 68.8 69 8 231 160 178 147 77.1 91 9 Medina Newark . 83.3 58 1 69.5 69 4 74.6 59 7 178 180 135 116 75.8 62 4 No. Tarry town. . . t!39 6 t!60 4 78 7 143 181 t!26 6 Nyack tloO tH9 5 75 6 124 143 tl!5 3 Ossining 9"9 87 5 56 3 311 252 81 Owego 73 8 46 3 53 6 124 72 58 Patchogue f!06 5 95 6 69 6 208 195 93 8 Peekskill f!04 9 t!04 9 52 5 424 371 87 5 Penn Yan Port Chester 100.0 90 8 69.6 98 30.4 58 8 139 449 93 369 66.9 82 2 Port Washington Rockville Center j-175.7 55 2 t!08.3 60 3 75.0 41 4 109 221 131 138 t!20.2 62 4 Saranac Lake Seneca Falls Solvay 86.6 65.1 61 51.1 68.2 72 9 47.7 51.5 37 9 134 198 176 83 122 101 61.9 61.6 57 4 Tarrytown Walden Waterford Waverly Wellsville. . . . 84.9 82.1 tl51.7 85.4 till 6 49.0 57.1 t!24.1 52.1 t!30 2 71.1 64.3 96.5 36.2 95 2 158 168 87 143 128 108 114 108 83 144 68.4 67.8 t!24.1 58.0 (112 5 Whitehall 91.6 t!21.3 83.0 142 140 98.6 * High enrollment caused by enrollment of boys who were non-residents of the city, t High enrollment caused by enrollment of boys who were non-residents of the village. OUR BOYS 259 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BIRTH AND PARENTAGE TABLE No. 3-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES BIRTH AMERICAN BOYS FOREIGN BOYS Popu- lation of employed boys* American born boys Foreign born boys American parents Mixed or foreign parents Foreign parents Albany Amsterdam 92.1 82.8 84.2 91.1 90.1 95.6 83.3 94.5 88.1 87.7 86.6 73.4 92.3 91.5 81.6 85.6 88.7 95.3 81.6 89.8 91.7 80.0 7.9 17.2 15.8 8.9 9.9 4.4 16.7 5.5 11.9 12.3 13.4 26.6 7.7 8.5 18.4 14.4 11.3 4.7 18.4 10.2 8.3 20.0 60.8 28.8 47.5 61.5 36.5 67.2 26.9 69.3 37.4 60.0 29.4 30.7 63.2 63.1 41.7 45.8 47.3 54.5 41.6 57.7 29.2 27.0 31.3 54.0 36.7 29.6 53.6 28.4 56.4 25.2 50.8 27.7 57.2 42.7 29.1 28.4 39.9 39.8 41.4 40.8 40.0 32.1 62.5 53.0 7.9 17.2 15.8 8.9 9.9 4.4 16.7 5.5 11.8 12.3 13.4 26.6 7.7 8.5 18.4 14.4 11.3 4.7 18.4 10.2 8.3 20 2,542 810 829 1.356 11,257 971 838 553 857 700 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 1,658 2,241 669 2,241 *1 24 . 795 Auburn Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Jamestown Kingston Mt. Vernon Newburgh New Rochelle Niagara Falls Oswego Poughkeepsie Rochester Schenectady . . . Syracuse Troy Utica. Watertown Yonkers New York . . TABLE No. 3-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon 86.8 90.8 13.2 9.2 55.7 57.5 31.1 33.3 13.2 9 2 268 27t Canandaigua Cohoes . 91.3 91 2 8.7 8 8 76.8 41 7 14.5 49 5 8.7 8 8 119 561 Corning Cortland Dunkirk. . 94.3 98.0 90 3 5.7 2.0 9 7 74.6 80.0 30 1 19.7 18.0 60 2 5.7 2.0 9 7 322 235 414 Fulton Geneva 94.8 89 1 5.2 10 9 79.5 55 6 15.3 33 5 5.2 10 9 262 252 Glen Cove 85 9 14 1 51 4 34 5 14 1 252 Glens Falls Gloversville. . 98.2 82 1 1.8 17 9 75.8 58 6 22.4 23 5 1.8 17 9 322 536 Hornell 97 2 2 8 83 3 13 9 2 8 01Q Hudson Ithaca Johnstown Lackawanna Little Falls 93.0 93.2 86.3 82.1 89 3 7.0 6.8 13.7 17.9 10 7 53.5 77.4 51.0 31.4 46 7 39.5 15.8 35.3 50.7 42 6 7.0 6.8 13.7 17.9 10 7 247 243 242 412 OQO Lockport Mechanicville Middletown No. Tonawanda Norwich. . 94.9 84.2 96.9 86.8 ai2 o 5.1 15.8 3.1 13.2 8 61.5 49.0 72.3 38.2 73 8 33.4 35.2 24.6 48.6 18 2 5.1 15.8 3.1 13.2 8 422 179 415 338 I CO Ogdensburg Clean 91.6 92.7 8.4 7.3 60.2 58.5 31.4 34 2 8.4 7 3 325 4OC Oneida . 93 5 6 5 74 6 18 9 6 5 244 Oneonta Plattsburg Port Jervis 96.8 98.7 94 9 3.2 1.3 5 1 82.8 86.0 79 1 14.0 12.7 15 8 3.2 1.3 5 1 243 205 Rensselaer 98.9 1.1 71.2 27.7 1.1 209 * Employed farm boys omitted. 260 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BIKTH AND PARENTAGE TABLE No. 3-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Conclude d) CITIES BIRTH AMERICAN BOYS FOKEIGN BOYS Popu- lation of employed boys* American born boys Foreign born boys American parents Mixed or foreign parents Foreign parents Rome 82.2 94.4 94.1 91.6 94.0 90.9 17.8 5.6 5.9 8.4 6.0 9.1 55.8 50.7 64.3 50.9 55.7 51.0 26.4 43.7 29.8 40.7 38.3 39.9 17.8 5.6 5.9 8.4 6.0 9.1 528 189 289 230 393 457 Salamanca Saratoga Springs Tonawanda Watervliet. White Plains TABLE No. 3-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion 83.9 97.2 79.2 86.4 88.7 98.9 91.5 94.1 92.5 78.6 94.7 97.8 95.3 95.1 98.2 96.9 75.0 96.1 88.7 78.3 89.3 82.1 92.6 96.4 91.6 100.0 86.8 96.1 87.6 79.0 85.9 96.2 93.8 80.3 85.2 97.2 93.0 88.6 100.0 97.6 91.0 16.1 2.8 20.8 13.6 11.3 1.1 8.5 5.9 7.5 21.4 5.3 2.2 4.7 4.9 1.8 3.1 25.0 3.9 11.3 21.7 10.7 17.9 7.4 3.6 8.4 t 13.2 3.9 12.4 21.0 14.1 3.8 6.2 19.7 14.8 2.8 7.0 11.4 32.2 67.2 24.5 68.0 31.2 71.7 37.2 49.1 72.5 55.0 57.4 75.0 49.5 77.9 85.7 55.0 42.5 72.1 40.8 46.4 52.4 53.7 45.1 60.4 60.4 t 43.9 67.5 58.4 23.5 39.4 67.9 81.3 62.0 45.7 40.0 70.6 50.6 92.6 76.7 74.9 51.7 30.0 54.7 18.4 57.5 27.2 54.3 45.0 20.0 23.6 37.3 22.8 45.8 17.2 12.5 41.9 32.5 24.0 47.9 31.9 36.9 28.4 47.5 36.0 31.2 t 42.9 28.6 29.2 55.5 46.5 28.3 12.5 18.3 39.5 57.2 22.4 38.0 7.4 20.9 16.1 16.1 2.8 20.8 13.6 11.3 1.1 8.5 5.9 7.5 21.4 5.3 2.2 4.7 4.9 1.8 3.1 25.0 3.9 11.3 21.7 10.7 17.9 7.4 3.6 8.4 t 13.2 3.9 12.4 21.0 14.1 3.8 6 2 19.7 14.8 2.8 7.0 11.4 165 9J6 148 164 95 204 155 120 140 249 120 108 62 215 153 134 28 163 153 111 128 136 90 72 217 72 107 292 72 388 56 137 100 147 157 85 144 68 115 73 118 Catskill Depew . . . . . Endicott Fredonia Hastings Haverstraw Hempstead Herkimer . . Hoosick Falls Hudson Falls Huntington, Ilion Johnson City Lancaster Malone Mamaroneck Medina . ... Newark No. Tarrytown Nyack Ossining Patchogue Peekskill Pen n Yan Port Chester Port Washington Hockville Center Saranac Lake Seneca Falls .... Sohvay Tarrytown Walden Waterford Wellsville 2.4 9.0 2.4 9.0 Whitehall ^Employed farm boys omitted. t Data incomplete. OUR BOYS 261 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys GUARDIANSHIP Boys Naming the Father, Mother and Others as Guardian TABLE No. 4-A CITIES OVER 25,000 GiUAHDIAN Total Popu- Number of Number of CITIES Father Mother Others per cent employed boys employed boys enrolled cards tabulated Albany Amsterdam Auburn 70.7 81.8 85.0 14.5 14.6 11 8 14.8 3.6 3.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 810 829 1,751 522 422 1,751 500 422 Binghamton 78.9 12.6 8.5 100.0 1,356 787 750 Buffalo 82.4 13.9 3.7 100.0 11,257 6,468 6,468 Elmira Jamestown Kingston 80.3 80.4 82.2 14.2 10.8 12 9 5.5 8.8 4.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 971 838 553 647 587 456 647 587 400 Mt. Vernon Newburgh NewRochelle Niagara Falls Oswego 82.4 79.4 83.2 85.4 82 4 14.3 15.9 11.8 11.4 11 4 3.3 4.7 5.0 3.2 6.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 857 700 769 1 , 147 546 647 545 414 731 344 482 545 414 731 344 Poughkeepsie Rochester Schenectady Syracuse Troy 83.7 82.4 81.6 81.8 74 2 11.5 13.4 13.2 12.0 17 9 4.8 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 1,658 478 4,059 1,510 2,157 1,033 400 955 1,000 500 995 Utica Watertown Yonkers New York... 83.2 80.6 83.6 79.9 12.4 12.4 11.9 15.1 4.4 7.0 4.5 5.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,241 669 2,241 124,795 1,551 530 1,352 82,575 1,551 500 581 18,000 TABLE No. 4-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 83 4 9 2 7 4 100.0 268 187 187 Beacon 78.3 17.8 3.9 100.0 271 180 180 Canandaigua 72.7 21.8 5.5 100.0 119 73 73 Cohoes 77 2 16 3 6 5 100.0 561 431 400 Corning Cortland. 83.3 83 2 12.0 11 9 4.7 4.9 100.0 100.0 322 235 305 151 300 150 Dunkirk 82 14 5 3 5 100 414 370 370 Fulton Geneva Glen Cove 78.9 80.5 86 3 13.7 12.8 6 8 7.4 6.7 6 9 100.0 100.0 100.0 262 252 252 204 194 117 204 180 117 Glens Falls Gloversville . . 73.9 81 4 20.3 12 9 5.8 5.7 100.0 100.0 322 536 173 286 173 286 Hornell 75.6 18.4 6.0 100.0 319 222 222 Hudson Ithaca 79.9 78 8 14.0 14 5 6.1 6.7 100.0 100.0 247 243 164 183 164 180 Johnstown 79.7 16.6 3.7 100.0 242 157 157 Lackawana Little Falls 82.3 78 12.3 15.6 5.4 6.4 100.0 100.0 412 282 221 153 221 153 Lockport Mechanicville 80.3 82.1 73 3 10.9 13.0 19 8 8.8 4.9 6.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 422 179 415 238 207, 263 238 207 263 No. Tonawanda Norwich 92.0 69.3 5.0 9.9 3.0 20.8 100.0 100.0 338 153 229 91 229 91 81 7 12 4 5.9 100.0 325 153 153 oiean. .:::::::::::: 81.1 11.5 7.4 100.0 425 403 403 Oneida 85.6 8.8 5.6 100.0 244 125 125 Oneonta 80.0 15.0 5.0 100.0 243 160 160 Plattsburg 86.7 6.3 7.0 100.0 205 159 159 Port Jervis 77.8 14.2 8.0 100.0 211 162 162 Rensselaer . . . 78.4 4.2 17.4 100.0 209 190 190 262 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys GUARDIANSHIP Boys Naming the Father, Mother and Others as Guardian TABLE No. 4-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) ( GiUARDIA> Total Popu- Number of Number CITIES Father Mother Others per cent employed boys employed boys enrolled cards tabulated Rome 84.5 10.5 5.0 100.0 528 342 342 Salamanca Saratoga Springs 76.6 80 8 18.0 16 8 5.4 2 4 100.0 100 189 289 150 173 150 173 Tonawanda Watervliet White Plains 86.4 75.6 81.2 10.5 14.8 11.6 3.1 9.6 7.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 230 393 457 162 322 250 162 322 250 TABLE No. 4-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion Catskill. . . 83.9 76 3 12.9 13 9 3.2 ) 9 8 100.0 100 165 96 31 72 31 72 Depew 87 2 11 1 8 100 148 109 109 Endicott 85.9 7.9 6.2 100.0 164 214 214 Fredonia . 87 9 12 1 100 95 83 83 Freeport 82.0 12.6 5.4 100.0 204 95 95 Hastings .... 79 5 13 7 6 8 100 155 73 73 Haverstraw 78 9 13 100 120 107 100 Hempstead 80.5 9.8 9.7 100.0 140 41 41 Herkimer 81 8 11 4 6 8 100 249 186 186 Hoosick Falls 73.2 21.3 5.5 100.0 120 75 75 Hudson Falls 75.5 6 18 5 100 108 98 98 Huntington 77 1 12 9 10 100 62 109 109 Ilion 82.5 11.9 5 6 100.0 215 276 276 Johnson City 80 8 13 9 5 3 100 153 172 172 Lancaster Lawrence Malone 87.4 92.5 85 4 11.2 7.5 6 7 1.4 79 100.0 100.0 100 134 28 163 134 40 134 134 40 134 Mamaroneck Massena . ... 82.0 85 7 16.0 9.3 2.0 5 100.0 100 153 111 100 98 100 98 Medina Newark No. Tarrytown Nyack Ossining . 88.2 81.9 81.2 76.9 84.3 3.5 11.1 14.8 14.2 12.0 8.3 7.0 4.0 8.9 3.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 128 136 90 72 217 85 72 128 91 158 85 72 128 91 158 Owego Patchogue. . . 75.0 77 6 20.0 15.9 5.0 6.5 100.0 100.0 72 107 20 94 20 94 Peekskill 75.7 18.4 5.9 100.0 292 239 239 Penn Yan Port Chester 84.7 86 8 11.5 10.7 3.8 2.5 100.0 100.0 72 388 26 308 26 308 Port Washington Rockville Center Saranac Lake 88.4 72.3 73 4 9.0 18.5 18 4 2.6 9.2 8 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 56 137 100 78 54 49 78 54 49 Seneca Falls 86.0 12.6 1.4 100.0 147 71 71 Solvay Tarrytown 95.1 85 7 3.7 14 3 1.2 100.0 100 157 85 82 35 82 35 Walden 76.8 18.8 4.4 100.0 144 90 90 Waterf ord 86 6 6 7 6.7 100.0 68 89 89 Waverly 81 9 12 7 5 4 100 115 55 55 Wellsville 86.5 10.2 3.3 100.0 73 89 89 Whitehall . . 78 4 11 2 10 4 100 118 116 116 OUR BOYS 263 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY Per Cent of Boys Coming from Families of from 1 to 10 Children TABLE No. 5-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES NUMBEK OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Albany . . 7.5 6.4 6.6 8.4 6.3 7.3 4.3 7.4 7.7 5.5 8.0 4.6 5.5 9.7 7.9 7.8 9.4 7.5 6.0 10.6 6.9 7.1 14.9 12.4 12.2 15.2 11.7 14.6 15.1 12.5 13.7 13.2 13.3 12.3 19.1 14.2 13.7 13.9 15.4 15.1 12.2 14.7 10.9 12.3 17.9 14.7 17.8 16.8 13.9 17.9 14.3 12.3 14.7 17.6 11.8 15.5 14.5 16.2 14.9 17.4 15.2 15.6 15.0 16.6 15.0 16.2 16.9 11.6 18.9 14.8 14.3 15.8 17.2 14.3 16.6 16.9 15.7 13.7 16.9 13.5 14.5 14.7 14.2 15.3 15.2 14.5 16.2 17.4 13.9 17.5 14.9 13.3 14.5 10.8 17.4 16.4 14.9 12.5 14.4 16.2 18.9 12.5 15.2 15.5 15.2 13.3 15.5 12.2 12.2 16.2 11.4 11.6 12.1 10.6 12.4 10.4 12.4 12.5 12.9 13.4 12.8 11.3 9.9 13.5 10.6 12.4 11.4 13.6 12.8 12.6 15.1 12.7 8.3 9.8 6.8 8.2 10.3 7.9 6.7 9.8 6.6 7.7 6.7 12.2 13.3 9.0 9.5 7.2 7.6 8.6 10.1 8.2 12.2 8.9 4.6 8.0 4.5 4.9 7.4 6.9 5.9 7.8 4.4 6.7 7.2 6.0 5.2 3.2 6.6 5.6 6.0 5.5 6.4 4.4 6.0 4.9 2.4 5.2 3.5 4.7 4.2 4.8 4.0 2.7 4.6 3.4 5.5 5.0 5.5 3.2 3.6 2.5 4.6 2.0 4.7 3.2 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.8 2.7 3.1 .5.0 3.6 2.7 4.3 3.9 3.1 4.6 3.2 1.2 5.0 3.5 3.0 1.0 3.5 2.1 3.0 3.4 1.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 2,542 810 829 1,356 11,257 971 838 553 857 700 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 1.658 2,241 669 2,241 124,795 Amsterdam Auburn Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Jamestown Kingston Mt Vernon Newburgh New Rochelle Niagara Falls Oswego Poug-hkeepsie Rochester Schenectady Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown Yonkers New York TABLE No. 5-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 8.0 10.3 13.9 10.7 17.2 8.5 13.4 11.7 2.1 4.2 100.0 268 Beacon Canandaigua Cohoes 3.9 8.4 5.0 10.7 13.9 10 4 20.3 18.0 15 2 13.9 11.1 17 2 8.5 13.9 13 1 17.3 19.4 11 7 11.8 16 7 7.8 9.7 6.7 2.6 5.6 3.5 3.2 6.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 271 119 561 Corning Cortland 4.5 10 12.5 18.6 15.3 16.0 22.1 19.3 17.3 12.7 10.2 8.0 7.0 5.2 5.0 4.0 3.2 4.0 2.9 2.2 100.0 100.0 322 235 Dunkirk 2.7 7.8 15.2 15.3 12.9 13.3 11.0 9.1 7.0 5.7 100.0 414 Fulton Geneva 7.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 17.5 18.4 13.4 11 8 12.7 9.5 9.4 16.1 11.0 8.9 6.0 7.8 2.5 3.8 1.5 3.7 100-.0 100.0 262 252 Glen Cove Glens Falls . 2.6 8.8 11.1 13.5 15.3 15.3 17.9 13.6 10.3 17.7 10.3 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.4 9.4 6.0 1.2 8.6 3.5 100.0 100.0 252 322 Gloversville Hornell Hudson 6.9 10.8 7.9 19.2 14.4 14.6 13.9 22.1 14.6 15.9 16.2 17.8 13.6 12.1 13.4 10,9 9.0 13.4 6.3 7.2 6.7 4.9 4.5 6.7 2.5 " 3 '. i 5.9 3.7 1.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 536 319 247 Ithaca 12.8 19.6 16.2 15.1 12.8 8.9 7.3 4.5 2.8 100.0 243 Johnstown Lacka wanna 12.2 4.5 16.7 8.5 12.2 13.3 16.7 15.5 14.8 10.9 10.9 14.5 5.7 16.2 6.4 8.1 2.5 5.4 1.9 3.1 100.0 100.0 242 412 Little Falls Lockport Mechanicville Middletown No.-Tonawanda. . . Norwich Ogdensburg Olean 9.1 8.4 5.0 9.1 5.2 6.6 3.3 5.8 11.9 13.4 9.7 16.8 14.8 16.4 10.4 9.0 18.4 16.9 16.9 14.9 13.1 15.4 16.4 17.8 13.9 12.2 14.6 18.4 14.8 24.2 3.9 13.1 10.6 14.7 13.2 12.3 11.8 14.3 9.1 12.7 13.9 11.3 14.2 8.7 11.8 8.8 16.4 12.0 13.0 10.5 8.2 8.0 11.4 6.6 7.8 10.5 4.6 4.6 4.3 5.7 6.6 5.5 17.0 6.3 2.6 3.4 7.7 2.3 6.1 1.1 2.0 4.5 2.0 4.6 6.2 3.8 4.4 1.1 13.7 8.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 Oneida Oneonta Plattsburg Port Jervis Rensselaer 8.8 5.1 2.5 8.0 5.7 16.8 16.0 11.9 11.3 15.8 19.2 23.1 14.4 19.8 15.8 11.2 19.9 15.2 13.2 14.9 19.2 14.1 14.4 16.9 16.3 6.4 9.0 17.0 11.7 8.9 7.2 5.1 5.7 7.4 12.1 4.0 3.2 8.2 4.9 5.8 2.4 4.5 3.8 1.2 2.1 4.8 "e'.9 5.6 2.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 244 243 205 211 209 264 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY Per Cent of Boys Coming from Families of from 1 to 10 Children TABLE No. 5-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) Nui 1BER C F Gnu ^DHEN IN FA: VIILY Popu- Total latio i CITIES of em- per cent ployed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 boys Rome 7.0 12.4 16 1 17 3 12.7 10.9 9 4 7 9 2 7 3 6 100 528 Salamanca 2.0 12.0 16.7 16.7 11.3 13.3 s'.o 9. '3 4^0 6'.7 100 !o 189 Saratoga Springs . . Tonawanda 7.9 6.2 13.9 11.1 16.8 11.7 13.9 13.0 8.9 15.4 12.7 10.5 6.9 11.1 9.2 6.2 2.3 6.2 7.5 8.6 100.0 100.0 289 230 Watervliet 7.4 14.9 15.5 18.9 13.5 11.1 8.0 4.9 3.4 2.4 100.0 393 White Plains 10.4 15.2 14.8 16.0 14.0 8.0 8.4 7.6 2.0 3.6 100.0 457 TABLE No. 5-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion Catskill . . . 9.7 6 9 6.5 14 9 3.2 19 4 16.1 16 7 19.3 12 8 6.5 11 1 16.1 5 6 6.5 2 8 12.9 4 2 3.2 5 6 100.0 100 165 96 Depew 2 8 8 3 7 3 15 6 18 3 12 8 20 2 9 2 1 8 3 7 100 148 Endicott 6.5 11.8 13 2 14 16 5 16 5 8 9 4 2 2 3 6 1 100 164 Fredonia . . 3 7 7 2 16 9 9 6 20 5 12 1 10 8 8 4 8 4 2 4 100 95 Freenort 11.6 20.0 16 8 16 8 6 3 11 6 4 2 4 2 6 3 2 2 100 204 Hastings . 8 2 11 12 3 24 6 13 7 9 6 12 3 5 5 1 4 1 4 100 155 Haverstraw 4.0 11.0 8.0 11.0 13 22 11.0 7.0 5 8 100 120 Hempstead . . 4 9 19.5 21 9 7.3 19 5 9 8 7 3 4 9 4 9 100 140 Herk.im.er Hoosick Falls. 5.6 12 18.4 9.5 16.2 21.3 15.7 24.0 14.5 8 11.7 5 3 3.9 9 3 7.3 5 3 3.9 5 3 2.8 100.0 100 249 120 Hudson Falls 5.1 13.3 16.4 15.3 9.2 17 4 7.2 6.0 4.1 6.0 iQO.O 108 Huntington llion 9.5 12 2 8.6 18.2 12.9 16 4 17.5 14 4 12.9 15 8 11.2 8 3 15.6 6 1 6.4 4 3.G 3 2 1.8 1-4 100.0 100 62 215 Johnson City Lancaster Lawrence Malone 8.7 5.2 10.0 5.7 19.4 9.0 10.0 30.5 18.6 18.6 12.5 9.6 16.8 15.6 15.0 12 6 9.9 10.4 22.5 18 6 11.4 12.7 10.0 8 9 7.0 4.5 7.5 4 4 2.9 6.0 7.5 12 6 4.1 6.0 2.5 8 9 1.2 12.0 2.5 8.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 153 134 28 163 Marraroneck Alafsena 5.0 3 2 12.0 8 2 19.0 13 3 14.0 19 3 12.0 12 2 14.0 19 3 8.0 9 2 8.0 8 2 3.0 2 5.0 5 1 100.0 100 153 111 Medina . . . 3 4 12 8 21 2 10 6 12 12 9 4 7 5 9 7 1 9 4 100 128 Newark 9.9 13.9 16.9 13.9 11 .9 15.4 6.9 5.6 1 .4 4.2 100.0 136 No. Tarrytown Nyack.. 7.8 11 5 10.9 9 6 21.4 25 6 18.8 32 1 10.9 8 2 10.1 12 4 7.0 4 4 6.2 1 8 4.7 3 5 2.2 9 100.0 100 90 72 Ossining 8 9 12 14 24 12 11 4 4 5 7 6 2 5 3 1 100 217 Patchogue . . . Peekskill Penn Yan Port Chester Port Washington . . Rockville Center . . Saranac Lake Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown Walden 5.0 4.4 6.7 3.8 6.8 6.4 16.7 4.1 4.2 5.2 2.9 6 9 25.0 14.9 15.5 19.3 8.8 6.4 12.9 9.2 14.1 i4.3 20.0 10 5.0 12.6 9.6 3.8 14.3 18.0 20.2 18.4 12.7 15.6 8.6 15 3 15.0 13.8 18.0 11.5 17.6 14.1 22.2 24.4 14.1 15.6 8.6 20 15.0 18.1 12.9 15.5 12.3 14.1 7.4 18.4 9.9 9.0 22.9 12 2 5.0 10.6 14.2 23.2 16.6 9.0 11.1 9.2 12.7 15.6 5.7 12 2 20.0 12.8 8.8 3.8 11.4 14.1 1.9 6.1 11.3 7.8 25 7 11 1 "2.1 6.3 3.8 4.9 10.3 1.9 4.1 8.4 7.8 67 "e'.i 3.8 3.8 4.2 3.8 1.9 4.1 2.8 5.2 2.8 4 5 10.0 4.3 4.2 11.5 3.1 3.8 3.8 2.0 9.8 3.9 2.8 1 i 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 72 107 292 72 388 56 137 100 147 157 85 144 Waterford Waverly WeUsville Whitehall 4.5 18.2 5.6 3.5 9.0 23.6 14.6 18.1 14.6 14.6 24.7 13.8 13.5 14.6 16.9 18.9 10.1 9.1 12.4 10.4 22.5 9.1 10.1 13.8 6 7 1 8 6 8 3.4 7.9 1.8 1.1 6.0 2.2 3.6 5.6 7.8 9.0 3.6 2.2 4.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 68 115 73 118 OUR BOYS 265 s ^-1 ?Si s c 5 PH o $$ .-H i-t M (N -(N^>OrOO >OCOlN(Nr-irHrHrH a 3 s H CO || !| SCOO^oOiOcOHHcQTjf OS 00 CO * CO M rH rH t-OOt-MCOrH^OJTHO rHCOiOCOl>0005C58 CO CO >O fi CO rH 05 O CO * O OOOOOOOOOO 8888888388 O5 CO C0~ 000 ::::::: :2< H Q cooo 05 00 h, ...... :< t-o M LO O O rH uO r I Q" : : : : j^^S 03 1 -Tj< OCOOOOO o I P=, iCC^OOt^O CO 3 . . -OrHOOt^COO ij . . . . (M to O **< CO Tf< II : : !2*-252S2 s H ' 'd5oo2oS22 si I] :2252^*o g 00OCOC50305C-CO TH 8SSSJS2S* s s : : . d^ 8 1 266 OUR BOYS + o o I >H 1 1 J g feq ^ II rfif t? ^ ^ s ^ Number in S 5-2 \ O *-O GO 30 5 I c i! 10 b- 00 rH CO CO ! . iO * 00 CD CO CO O ill II S - 03 CO 00 T}< rH l> t^ rH g s >O CO OCD03030000 rHfC^Ot>QOOOO ^-9o o 1 o' J oooooooooo 8888888888 g i I'! i i i i is M i ill iji 22 2 )' Q p cooo co -1 C/J H O cooot^ o 1 ,_; II fin 1 w : : : : : ^^2" 1 10 -(NOC^COCOOO fell o O3 * CO CM CO (N s ^ .... 1 m O3 CO CO IM 00 O CO ' ' ' I 331 ? I" Q S a I i- i I * fi t ^ S "^ ^ ^, * ^ c ^ w S ' I S 3 O I . <; .. i t e ? 3 I o 1 M o I 3 ill o a M "OOOStCOO'MO^^ I ** M O * *< I ON-HCC I n m(D footo* OSOOvOOW>NrHH '-KN'-KX/CC IM Tj* -- OS t* CO .-< (N CO b- *>< | O - O ^J CO (N 2 rH ^-( T-. rH O co 00 CO (N Cl CO Tj c (N OOOOOOOOOO 888 ; 8 ; S ; 8 ; 888 ; 8 OCOOOOO ' oo 1-1 os tfi co g . . . . TJJ co_ q co oo >c 00 CO ^ ^ CO 00 :S O5 iO * rj O O ^H ^1 r-( CO I> ec w N rH 1-1 <-i I-H cH/5 < CC IM 268 OUR BOYS O -f- I ?X I 8 5- ^ S i o O 1^ a ^ < e< 5Q o Pn ^ * a f O I 8 W II &a HI o a jui fig3 la! 10 CO CO 05 <* O 00 C) >* ooot^torfteoi-ir-i (NCO(MIMQ C4 r-i !N (N r-i ^ r4 05 J> . 1> I> IO 00 C5 05 CO ^ I Tf* t~ tO t^ rH i >!>i-iO00 OUR BOYS 269 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PEHSISTENCE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 6-A CITIES OVER 25,000 Left Re- Popu- Number T oft on mained Total lation of Number CITIES ijeit/ illegally reaching legal age beyond legal age per cent of employed boys employed boys enrolled of cards tabulated Albany 5.3 25.2 69.5 100.0 2,542 1,751 1,751 Amsterdam 2.8 45.1 52.1 100.0 810 522 500 Auburn 4.5 26.2 69.3 100.0 829 422 422 Binghamton Buffalo 5.1 4.7 23.8 33.2 71.1 62.1 100.0 100.0 1,356 11,257 787 6,468 750 6,468 Elraira 4.4 14.4 81.2 100.0 971 647 647 Jamestown 4.8 33 1 62.1 100 838 587 587 Kingston 4.7 30.0 65 3 100.0 553 456 400 Mt. Vernon 2.2 19.2 78^6 100.0 857 647 482 Newburgh 5.3 23.2 71.5 100.0 700 545 545 New Rochelle 5.1 14.0 80.9 100.0 760 414 414 Niagara Falls 4.8 24.0 71.2 100.0 1,147 731 731 Oswego 4.1 27.0 68.9 100.0 546 344 344 Poughkeepsie . 6.5 26 9 66.6 100.0 698 478 400 Rochester 5.9 29.6 64.5 100.0 6,322 4,059 955 Schenectady 3.1 22.9 74.0 100.0 1 821 1,510 1,000 Syracuse Troy . . 5.0 3 5 30.0 24 1 65.0 72 4 100.0 100.0 3,874 1,658 2,157 1,033 500 995 Utica 3.5 33.4 63.1 100.0 2,241 1,551 1,551 Watertown 3.3 22.1 74.6 100.0 669 530 500 Yonkers 6.8 19.8 73.4 100.0 2,241 1,352 581 New York . . . 7.0 28.6 64.4 100.0 124.795 82.575 18.000 TABLED No. 6-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 7 16 2 76 8 100 268 187 187 Beacon 7.2 30 62 8 100.0 271 180 180 Canandaigua Cohoes 4.1 8 13.9 39 8 82.0 52 2 100.0 100 119 561 73 431 70 400 Corning Cortfand 4.7 3 3 20.8 18 7 74.5 78 100.0 100 322 235 305 151 303 150 Dunkirk 1 6 24 9 73 5 100.0 414 370 370 Fulton 5 4 31 6 63 100 262 204 204 Geneva 6 2 18 8 75 100 252 194 180 Glen Cove 3.4 17 2 79 4 100.0 252 117 117 Glens Falls Gloversville 5.8 2 8 18.7 30 4 75.5 66 8 100.0 100 322 536 173 286 173 286 Hornell 3 1 24 72 9 100.0 319 222 222 Hudson 3 25 6 71 4 100 247 164 164 Ithaca 3.8 14.2 82.0 100.0 243 183 180 Johnstown 7 7 30 8 61 5 100 242 157 157 Lacka wanna 4 1 24 9 71 100 412 221 221 Little Falls 1.3 21 6 77.1 100.0 282 153 153 Lockport . 4 6 26 4 69 100 422 238 238 Mechanicville 5.8 28.0 66.2 100.0 179 207 207 Middletown No Tonawanda 7.2 2 3 15.4 27 7 77.4 70 100.0 100 415 338 263 229 263 229 Norwich 5.7 16.2 78.1 100.0 153 91 91 Ogdensburg Otean 3.8 6 3 26.2 17 70.0 76 7 100.0 100 325 425 153 403 153 403 Oneida Oneonta Plattsburg Port Jervis Rensselaer . . . 3.2 3.7 2.5 6.3 6.3 24.4 21.8 18.4 24.5 22.7 72.4 74.5 79.1 69.2 71.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 244 243 205 211 209 125 160 159 162 190 125 160 159 162 190 270 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PERSISTENCE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 6-B CITIES UNDER 25,030 (Concluded) Left Re- Popu- Number CITIES Left illegally on reaching legal mained beyond legal Total per cent lation of employed of employed boys Number of cards tabulated age age boys enrolled Rome 5.4 23.6 71.0 100.0 528 342 342 Salamanca 9.2 20.6 70.2 100.0 189 150 150 Saratoga Springs 2.9 23.6 73.5 100.0 289 173 173 Tonawanda 5.0 43.2 51.8 100.0 230 162 162 Watervliet 5.0 23.9 71.1 100.0 393 322 322 White Plains 3.2 20.8 76.0 100.0 457 250 250 TABLE No. 6-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES 9.7 16.1 74.2 100 165 31 01 Catskill 4.5 20.9 74 6 100 96 72 79 Depew Endicott Fredonia 4.6 5.6 4.9 31.2 26.3 17.1 64.2 68.1 78.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 148 164 95 109 214 83 109 214 83 Freeport 2.1 6.9 20.4 15.4 77.5 77 7 100.0 100 204 155 95 73 95 70 Haverstraw Hempstead Herkimer 9.3 2.5 5.1 35.1 20.5 21.2 55.6 77.0 73.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 120 140 249 107 41 186 100 41 186 Hoosick Falls Hudson Falls 12.2 3.1 20.2 18 7 67.6 78 2 100.0 100 120 108 75 98 75 GO Huntington 4.7 22.6 72.7 100.0 62 109 109 1.4 23.7 74.9 100 215 276 276 Johnson City 5.2 20.4 74.4 100.0 153 172 172 Lancaster 3.7 38.3 58.0 100.0 134 134 134 2.5 17.5 80 100 28 40 4O 5.2 27 8 67 100 163 134 Mamaroneck . .' 6.0 23.0 71.0 100.0 153 100 100 Massena 10.3 33.0 56.7 100.0 111 98 98 Medina 1.2 8.3 37.7 12.5 61.1 79 2 100.0 100 128 136 85 72 85 72 No. Tarrytown Nyack '..... 3.2 6.6 11.8 17.6 85.0 75.8 100.0 100.0 90 72 128 91 128 91 4.0 15.3 80 7 100 217 158 158 Owego* Patchogue Peekskill 10.0 5.5 3.8 35.0 38.5 21.1 55.0 56.0 75.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 72 107 292 20 95 239 20 94 239 PennYan* Port Chester 15.4 3.2 23.1 28.7 61.5 68 1 100.0 100 72 388 26 308 26 308 Port Washington 3.8 23.1 73.1 100.0 56 78 78 Rockville Center Saranac Lake "2'.i 13.4 23.4 86.6 74.5 100.0 100.0 137 100 54 49 54 49 Seneca Falls 8.7 6.1 15.9 17.3 75.4 76 6 100.0 100 147 157 71 82 71 82 Tarrytown 2.7 8.6 88.7 100.0 85 35 35 Walden Waterford 2.2 10 2 21.4 27 76.4 62 8 100.0 100 144 68 90 89 90 89 3 6 16 4 80 100 115 55 55 Wellsville Whitehall 3.3 1 7 19.1 30 2 77.6 68 1 100.0 100 73 118 89 116 89 116 * Data incomplete. OUR BOYS 271 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGE LEAVING SCHOOL TABLE No. 7-A CITIES OVER 25,000 PTTTTiX Ac JES Total Popu- lation 14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent ployed boys Albany Amsterdam 3.2 1.8 21.9 44.3 34.7 33.1 31.1 18.4 7.5 1.2 1.6 1.2 100.0 100.0 2,542 810 Auburn Binorhamton Buffalo Elmira Jamestown Kingston 1.8 2.9 2.6 3.5 2.6 2 9 23.8 20.9 30.8 13.4 30.9 26 4 38.8 39.9 37.6 36.7 35.5 36 4 27.9 29.6 22.9 34.0 24.5 28 7 6.8 6.0 5.2 10.6 5.5 4 8 .9 .7 .9 1.8 1.0 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 829 1,356 11,257 971 838 553 Mt. Vernon Newburgh .... 1.2 3 17.6 19 1 37.2 33 2 35.5 35 4 7.5 7 1 1.0 2 2 100.0 100 857 700 NewRochelle Niagara Falls 1.9 2 5 16.2 20 3 39.7 34 4 32.1 35 1 8.7 6 5 1.4 1 2 100.0 100 760 1 147 Oswego Poughkeepsie Rochester 1.2 3.9 3 9 27.1 23.5 29 3 37.3 34.4 34.1 27.9 30.5 26.2 5.0 6.5 5 3 1.5 1.2 1.2 100.0 100.0 100 546 698 6,322 Schenectady 1 7 19 3 36 4 32 9 7 6 2 1 100 1,821 Syracuse Troy . 3.6 1 6 27.6 19 32.9 40 7 27.5 32 1 7.0 5 1 1.4 1 5 100.0 100 3,874 1,658 Utica 2 7 28.8 35.4 25 9 6.2 1.0 100.0 2,241 Watertown 2 6 14 4 35 2 39 2 5 6 3 100 669 Yonkers 3.3 16.8 42.2 31.3 6 1 3 100 2,241 New York... 3.8 27.0 39.3 25.3 4.2 .4 100.0 124,795 TABLE No. 7-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 2.6 12 7 37 3 40.0 6 9 5 100.0 Beacon 3 3 25 1 40 5 27 8 3 3 100 Canandaigua 1.4 12.5 38 8 37 5 9.8 100.0 Cohoes. 3 8 34 37 8 18 5 5 6 3 100 3 3 16 9 36 2 35 3 7 1 3 100 Cortland Dunkirk 2.7 8 14.0 19 1 32.0 35 9 38.0 32 9 11.3 7 9 2.0 3 4 100.0 100 Fulton Geneva Glen Cove 2.0 3.7 .9 29.4 16.7 15.3 35 '.3 34.5 39 3 25.0 32.5 40.2 5.4 10.5 3.4 2.9 2.1 .9 100.0 100.0 100.0 Glens Falls 3 2 15 5 28 8 34 4 16 4 1 7 100 6 27 6 29 35 6 6 2 1 100 Hornell 1.4 22 31 1 31 5 11 7 2.3 100.0 Hudson . 2 4 16 5 30 5 39 9 2 2 4 100 Ithaca 3 4 9 5 33 9 42 6 7 3 3 3 100 Johnstown . 2 26 9 33 9 26 9 9.6 .7 100 Lackawanna Little Falls Lockport .8 .7 3 16.7 29.0 25 3 40.5 41.6 35 5 34.8 20.9 27 3 6.8 6.5 6 4 .4 1.3 2 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 M echanicville Middletown 2.5 5 7 13.9 14 8 38.6 37 6 35.6 33 2 7.4 6 8 2.0 1 9 100.0 100 No. Tonawanda Norwich .9 5.7 16.2 10 3 36.5 34 5 41.9 39 1 4.0 9.2 .5 1.2 100.0 100.0 Ogdensburg. 2 10 4 22 9 54 9 6 5 3 3 100 Olean 3 7 14 2 40 7 36 4 5 100 Oneida 2 4 23 2 40 27 2 5 6 1 6 100 Oneonta 1.2 14.8 35.8 35.1 10.6 2.5 100.0 i'lattsburg Port Jervis is 13.9 16 9 29.1 28 8 45.0 41 3 10.7 8 7 1.3 2 5 100.0 100 Rensselaer. . . 3.2 20.1 31.2 31.8 11.6 2.1 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 272 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed B-)i;s AGE LEAVING SCHOOL TABLE No. 7-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded] PITTF^ Ac ES Total Popu- lation 14. 14 15 16 17 18 cent ployed boys Rome 4.2 20.1 38.8 32.9 3.5 .5 100.0 528 Salamanca. . 3 5 17 7 40.4 28.4 5.0 5.0 100 189 Saratoga Springs 1 2 17 9 42 2 30 6 8 1 100 289 Tona"vanda Waterv liet 3.7 3 3 41.6 19.8 28.6 37.9 18.7 30 7 4 9 6.8 2.5 1 5 100.0 100 230 393 White Plains... 2.8 12.8 33.6 38.8 9.6 2.4 100.0 457 TABLE No. 7-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 1.5 16.4 31.3 35.8 8.9 6.1 100.0 96 2.7 22.0 44.1 25.7 5.5 100.0 148 2.4 14.5 33.3 46.5 3.3 100.0 164 1.2 13.4 31.7 39.0 12.2 ' '2.5 100.0 95 1.0 12.9 37.7 38.8 7.5 2.1 100.0 204 4.2 11.1 37 6 38 9 8 2 100 155 2.0 28.5 37.1 25.7 6.7 100.0 120 14.6 53 7 19.5 12.2 100 140 4.3 15.0 36.3 37.4 5.4 1.6 100.0 249 6.8 17.6 45.9 24.3 4.1 1.3 100.0 120 2.0 16.6 31.9 38.2 8.2 3.1 100.0 108 3.1 20.5 36.1 27.8 10.4 2.1 100.0 62 .7 21.8 23.9 38.7 10.9 4.0 100.0 215 4.1 16.3 29.1 41.2 8.1 1.2 100.0 153 2.2 36.9 38.4 15.7 6.1 .7 100.0 134 5.0 25.0 60.0 7.5 2.5 100. 28 '"2.2 23.4 30.7 32.6 8.2 2.9 100.0 163 13.0 37.0 40.0 8.0 2.0 100.0 153 5.0 21.4 30.6 37.9 3.1 "2 '.6 100.0 111 30 6 36.5 28.2 3 5 1.2 100.0 128 1.4 12.5 30.5 45.9 6.9 2.8 100.0 136 1.6 7.3 40.4 41.2 7.9 1.6 100.0 90 2.7 11.7 43.7 33.9 6.2 1.8 100.0 72 2.8 14.4 34.3 31.2 13.1 4.2 100.0 217 10.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 15.0 100.0 72 37.2 39.3 20.1 2.2 1.2 100.0 107 1.7 13.9 37.9 36.4 8.8 1.3 100.0 292 11.5 7.7 34.6 46.2 100.0 72 1.6 22.4 40.9 28.6 6.2 .3 100.0 388 11.5 26.9 50.0 9.0 2.6 100.0 56 12.9 25.9 44.5 14.8 1.9 100.0 137 "Y.i 8.5 31.9 44.8 10.6 2.1 100.0 100 2.8 14.1 38.0 36.7 4.2 4.2 100.0 147 4.8 15.9 44.9 25.9 7.3 1.2 100.0 157 2.7 2.7 20.0 57.4 17.2 100.0 85 1.1 17.4 37.3 44.2 100.0 144 7.8 27.0 34.8 22.5 7.9 loa o 68 3.6 9.1 32.8 49.1 5.4 100.0 115 2.2 14.6 24.7 47.2 8.0 '"3.3 100.0 73 1.8 13.8 28.5 40.5 12.0 3.4 100.0 118 OUR BOYS 273 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Rank in Family and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 7-D GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined RANK IN FAMILY Per Number AGE LEAVING cent of cards SCHOOL of tabu- Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th total lated Under 14 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.1 2.7 3.0 1.4 2.3 2.9 6.0 3.4 554 14 27. r 28.5 28 8 26.4 26 ." 26.7 27.4 21. r 16.. 19.7 27. ~ 4,466 15 39 1 38.8 39 3 39.1 40.4 38.0 42.7 48.8 48 6 34.9 39 3 6 399 16 25.1 24.8 24.3 26.8 25.8 26.7 23.9 22.7 25.0 28.8 25.2 4,089 17 . . 4.8 3.7 3.e 4.1 4.5 5.3 4.6 4.6 5 9 9.1 4 r 683 18 .6 .4 .4 .5 .1 .3 .6 1.4 1.5 .4 73 Total per cent . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 4,391 4,311 3,025 1,933 1,254 697 347 172 68 66 16,264 TABLE No. 7-E CITIES OVER 25,000 Under 14 14 15 16 17 18 Total per cent . Total . . 3.1 25.8 35.6 27.6 6.4 1.6 3.0 26.6 33.9 29.0 6.0 1.5 3.0 26.5 36.6 27.2 5.6 1.1 2.9 28.2 34.6 27.0 6.2 1.1 3.3 27.1 36.6 27.2 4.8 1.0 2.9 26.6 36.0 28.7 4.6 1.2 3.1 27.7 35.9 27.1 5.9 .3 1.5 29.4 43.5 22.5 2.1 1.0 5.7 34.3 34.3 21.0 1.9 2.8 3.9 29.4 29.4 30.4 5.9 1.0 3.1 26.7 35.4 27.7 5.8 1.3 410 3,597 4,761 3,722 781 181 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3,523 3,319 2,450 1,656 1,098 654 354 191 105 102 13,452 Under 14. 14 15 16 17 18... Total per cent . . . lotal.. TABLE No. 7-F CITIES UNDER 2-5,000 6.6 17.9 34.6 32.2 7.3 1.4 5.9 20.1 32.5 33.0 6.7 1.8 6.0 19.8 33.9 32.4 6.8 1.1 5.9 17.5 36.4 31.1 7.2 1.9 7.1 21.0 33.8 31.5 5.4 1.2 8.8 21.2 34.7 28.4 6.0 .9 7.1 20.2 36.9 32.8 3.0 4.5 23.6 33.7 33.7 3.4 1.1 14.3 17.9 37.5 26.8 3.5 13.1 19.0 32.2 31.0 3.5 1.2 6.5 19.2 34.2 32.1 6.6 1.4 458 1,356 2,401 2,254 464 101 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 130.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,915 1,741 1,199 841 594 317 198 89 56 84 7,034 Under 14. 14 15 16 17 18... Total per cent . . Total.. TABLE No. 7-G VILLAGES OVER 5,000 3.0 16.9 34.0 36.7 7.8 1.6 3.7 17.4 36.1 34.8 6.6 1.4 2.4 17.7 35.1 35.9 7.8 1.1 2.4 18.4 37.3 33.9 6.8 1.2 3.6 22.0 35.4 31.2 6.5 1.3 .6 19.3 32.8 35.1 10.5 1.7 3.3 15.4 30.8 39.5 8.8 2.2 18.6 30.0 42.9 7.1 1.4 12.8 18.0 30.8 30.8 5.1 2.5 9.1 30.3 27.3 30.3 3.0 3.1 18.0 35.0 35.2 7.3 1.4 122 715 1,390 1,402 291 55 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,015 1,019 733 499 305 171 91 70 39 33 3 975 NOTE. The group of boys coming from families of only one child is omitted. 274 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Rank in Family and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 7-H PLACES UNDER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined AGE LEAVING SCHOOL RANK IN FAMILY Per cent of total Number of cards tabu- lated Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Under 14 14 2.4 18.8 35.2 34.0 8.2 1.4 2.6 18.5 34.2 35.8 7.7 1.2 1.6 17.4 38.0 33.4 8.2 1.4 1.5 18.4 34.4 37.0 7.1 1.6 2.3 17.4 37.6 36.3 5.4 1.0 3.6 20.2 35.0 33.8 6.6 .8 1.8 18.7 38.9 33.3 6.4 .9 .6 20.3 38.3 36.0 4.8 1.9 22.6 41.n 27.5 5.6 .9 1.9 17.9 46.0 31.1 3.1 2.2 18.5 35.9 34.8 7.4 1.2 243 2,037 3,959 3,832 821 137 15 16 17 18 Total per cent . . . Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,856 2,806 1,944 1,273 897 29 326 186 106 106 11,029 Under 14 14 15 16 17 IS Total per cent Total.. TABLE No. 7-1 GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two American Parents 2.9 3.7 3.7 4.1 2.3 2.7 1.3 3.3 26.2 25.3 26.6 22.1 27.4 27.4 30.2 22 7 5.2 15.7 25.5 37.5 3S.9 39.7 40.1 41.4 38.4 46.6 45.4 47.4 36 9 39.0 26.9 27.2 25.8 27.9 23.4 24.7 19.2 31.9 36.9 36.9 26.8 5.5 4.4 3.8 5.4 5.5 5.5 2.7 10.5 10,5 4.8 1.0 .5 .4 .4 1.3 .6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. C 100.0 100.0 100.0 1CO.O 100.0 1,243 1,190 706 466 256 146 73 22 19 19 136 1,059 1,617 1,101 201 26 4,140 Under 14. 14 15 16 17 18... Total per cent Total.. TABLE No. 7-J GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with One or Two Foreign Parents 3.1 29.3 39.4 23.2 4.5 .5 3.9 30.9 38.6 23.1 3.3 .2 3.2 30.3 39.3 23.2 3.6 .4 2.8 29.1 40.1 23.6 3.8 .6 2.9 26.3 40.8 25.4 4.6 2.6 29.3 39.3 24.8 4.0 1.4 26.6 42.2 24.8 .5.0 1.9 21.9 50.5 20.0 4.8 .9 5.2 13.2 58.0 15.8 5.2 2.6 10.0 20.0 32.5 25.0 10.0 2.5 3.2 29.3 39.6 23.5 4.0 .4 287 2,588 3,492 2,070 351 34 100.0 100.0 1CO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,112 2,251 1,755 1,123 757 423 218 105 38 40 8,822 Under 14. 14 15 16 17 18... Total per cent . Total.. TABLE No. 7-K GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents 4.6 23.0 40.8 26.9 4 3 3.9 26.7 39.3 25.9 3 7 4.4 27.1 39.6 25.7 3 2.6 23.6 34.6 35.4 3 5 2.5 26.1 38.2 29.5 2 9 4.7 17.2 33.5 35.2 9 4 1.8 26.8 39.3 26.8 5 3 4.4 17.8 46.7 24.5 6 6 45.4 18.2 36.4 28.6 42.8 28.6 4.0 24.8 39.0 27.8 4 131 819 1,290 918 131 4 5 3 g 4 13 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. C 100.0 1CO.O 100.0 100.0 1,036 87C 56 i 344 241 128 56 45 11 7 3,302 NOTE. The group of boys coming from families of only one child is omitted. OUR BOYS 275 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Rank in Famiy and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 7-L CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two American Parents AGE LEAVING SCHOOL RANK IN FAMILY 8th 9th 10th Per cent of total Number of cards tabu- lated Oldest 2d 3d 2.6 22.7 36.1 30.1 7.1 1 4 4th 1.8 24.7 33.6 30.2 7.8 1 9 5th 6th 7th Undr-r 14 2.6 21.5 34.3 30.3 8.9 2 4 2.6 21.8 32 33.7 8.0 1 9 2.8 22.2 35.9 30.3 6.8 2 1.2 22.5 39.2 30. 5.0 2 1 4.5 21.1 33.8 27.1 6.8 7 33.8 47.7 16.9 1.6 6.6 30.0 43.4 10.0 io.6 7.5 20.0 27.5 35.0 7.5 2.5 2.5 22.4 34.5 30.9 7.7 2.0 150 1,317 2,026 1,814 455 116 14 ir, 16 17 18 Total per cent . . . Total . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,658 1,578 1,070 668 396 240 133 65 30 40 5,878 TABLE No. 7-M CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with One or Two Foreign Parents Under 14 14 15 16 17 18 Total per cent . . . Total . . Under 14.. 14 15 16 17 18... Total per cent . . . Total . . 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.4 3.7 3.8 1.5 1.8 6.4 1.7 3.3 197 31.5 33.1 30.0 31.5 30.4 29.0 34.1 27.7 42.0 36.9 31.5 1,888 . 36.7 34.8 36.5 35.3 38.0 33.7 33.5 42.8 27.4 29.8 35.8 2,151 23.3 22.8 24.9 24.1 23.2 28.5 25.8 23.2 21.0 26.3 24.0 1,439 4.2 4.6 4.6 5.2 4.2 4.4 5.1 2.7 3.2 5.3 4.5 272 1.0 1.4 1.0 .5 .5 .6 1.8 .9 56 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,306 1,322 1,125 833 621 365 194 112 62 57 6,003 TABLE No. 7-N CITIES OVER 25,000 Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents 4.1 25.4 37.2 28.6 3 8 3.3 23.9 3b.7 31.0 2 9 4.3 27.5 38.4 25.5 3.9 4.7 24.8 35.6 29.5 4 7 3.7 24.7 29.6 42.0 4.1 28.6 36.7 24.5 4 1 7.4 14.8 33.3 37.1 7 4 7.1 21.4 28.6 42.9 7.6 46.2 46.2 20.0 40.0 40.0 4.0 25.0 37.2 29.9 3 4 63 392 584 469 54 .9 .2 .4 .7 2.0 .5 9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 559 419 255 149 81 49 27 14 13 5 1,571 NOTE. The group of boys coming from families of only oaa child is omitted. 276 OUR. BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys LAST GRADE COMPLETED Percent of Leys Reporting Each Grade as the Last one Completed TABLE No. 8-C CITIES OVER 25,000 GB ADES Popu- CITIES 4th or under 5th 6th 7th 8th 1st high school 2d high school 3d high school 4th high school Total per cent lation of em- ployed boys Albany 2 4 4 6 15 9 21.8 29.1 12.1 8 9 3 8 1 4 100 2 542 Amsterdam .... Auburn .4 1 2 3.6 3.5 20.4 19.9 30.1 25.3 25.2 32.0 10.2 5.7 7.5 7.2 1.3 2 2 1.3 3 100.0 100 810 829 Binghamton .... Buffalo 2.0 2 3 5.0 3.5 18.8 14.2 25.9 20.9 28.2 27.0 10.6 21.9 5.4 6.4 2.8 2.2 1.3 1.6 100.0 100 1,353 11,257 Elmira 1.5 2.3 11.3 21.6 32.7 14.5 11.4 2.2 2.5 100.0 971 Jamestown Kingston Mt. Vernon .... Newburgh New Rochelle. . . Niagara Falls. . . Oswego Poughkeepsie. . . Rochester Schenectady.... Syracuse 1.4 "2!5 .2 3.4 1.0 1.4 .8 1.4 .9 4.1 4.6 2.8 6.2 4.6 4.6 3.5 4.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 17.3 18.4 8.2 18.5 10.6 20.4 14.6 8.8 16.5 13.7 9.7 23.3 27.0 21.7 22.4 16.2 23.7 25.8 23.6 20.1 27.1 22.5 30.3 30.2 33.4 28.4 33.8 26.7 24.6 32.9 36.9 25.1 33.2 12.0 9.0 16.4 10.4 14.5 10.3 14.6 12.2 7.4 14.0 14.1 7.5 6.8 10.4 6.8 9.4 6.4 10.2 9.9 8.2 9.2 11.4 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.8 4.4 2.6 4.3 2.8 3.5 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.8 4.3 3.1 4.3 1.0 4.4 2.4 3.0 2.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 838 553 857 700 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 Troy 1.6 5.9 17.9 22.5 27.7 12.4 7.1 2.3 2.6 100.0 1,658 Utica Watertown .8 6.3 9.3 21.1 17.0 20.7 21.3 26.3 24.9 12.9 12.4 7.6 9.7 2.7 2.5 1.6 2.9 100.0 100.0 2,241 669 Yonkers 4.5 3.6 14.9 23,1 34.8 8.3 8.3 1.6 .9 100.0 2,241 New York 5.7 2.5 7.4 22.9 43.5 8.8 5.9 2.3 1.0 100.0 124,795 TABLE No. 8-D CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 1.1 3.7 22.5 20.9 24.6 12.3 8.0 3.2 3.7 100.0 268 Beacon 8.9 30.0 26.1 23.3 3 9 1.7 1.7 3.9 100.0 271 Canandaigua. . . Cohoes 4!l 4.4 4.1 6.8 8.2 24.8 19.0 24.0 47.3 22.5 5.1 8.8 5.4 3.9 5.4 1.2 1.4 3.6 100.0 100.0 119 561 Corning . 5.7 15.0 22.7 29.7 14.7 7.6 2.0 2.6 100.0 322 Cortland 4.4 21.3 24.6 24.9 16.8 4.6 2.7 100.0 2S5 Dunkirk ' ' 2 5.1 19.1 22.9 25.9 14.8 5.6 3.7 211 100.0 414 Fulton 11.3 18.2 21.7 22.7 14.3 6.9 4.4 100.0 262 Geneva 2.2 5.0 18.3 11.7 24.8 17.5 12.8 s'.s 4.4 100.0 252 Glen Cove 2.6 9.4 23.1 24.8 14.5 18.8 5.1 1.7 100.0 252 Glens Falls .5 2.7 17.3 22.3 19.6 12.8 10.5 5.7 8.6 100.0 322 Gloversville .... 1.3 2.0 18.8 27.2 23.7 17.9 6.5 1.0 1.6 100.0 536 Hornell 3.6 7.2 18.9 30.9 15.9 12.6 8.6 1.8 100.0 319 Hudson 2!4 12.2 25.1 20.7 20.7 12.2 5.5 .6 .6 100.0 247 Ithaca 3.9 12.9 12.9 36.8 14.5 11.2 5.0 2.8 100.0 243 Johnstown 2.5 3.8 17.8 20.4 15.3 13.4 11.5 5.1 10.2 100.0 242 Lacka wanna. . . . 4.0 9.5 17.1 20.8 28.7 12.6 4.6 .9 1.8 100.0 412 Little Falls .7 5.3 15.3 20.7 32.0 12.0 10.0 2.0 2.0 100.0 282 Lockport Mechanicville. . . .8 3.8 3.8 17.5 21.4 17.5 21.0 12.1 28.6 18.8 11.8 15.0 7.6 7.7 2.1 3.8 2.9 3.8 100.0 100.0 422 179 Middletown. . . . 3.0 2.2 12.6 32.7 28.5 14.5 4.2 1.5 .8 100.0 415 No. Tonawanda. 1.3 7.9 10.2 22.0 34.4 14.5 3.1 2.2 4.4 100.0 338 Norwich 3.3 7.7 13.2 15.4 35.2 12.0 8.8 4.4 100.0 153 Ogdensburg Olean .7 11.1 4.0 26.1 15.9 18.4 25.2 16.4 28.5 11.7 9.3 2.6 9.3 3.9 3.0 '"Q'.I 4.8 100.0 100.0 325 425 Oneida 1.6 11.4 22.8 24.4 23.6 9.7 4.1 2.4 100.0 244 Oneonta "'4A 5.4 13.1 24.4 30.2 8.8 6.9 2.5 4.3 100.0 243 Plattsburg 5 10 1 20.1 27.0 18.9 10.7 3.2 5.0 100.0 205 Port Jervis 6.2 8.1 10.5 22.4 27.3 12.4 7.5 1.9 3.7 100.0 211 Remselaer 2.1 4.2 20.5 19.5 29.5 13.1 5.8 3.7 1.6 100.0 209 OUB BOYS 277 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys LAST GRADE COMPLETED Percent of Boys Reporting Each Grade as the Last one Completed TABLE No. 8-D CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) GRADES Popu- Total lation CITIES 4th or under 5th 6th 7th 8th 1st high school 2d high school 3d high school 4th high school per cent of em- ployed boys Rome 6 4.2 19.7 26.7 22.1 12.3 10.5 2.1 1.8 100.0 528 Salamanca 5.3 20.6 18.0 27.3 12.7 4.7 4.7 6.7 100.0 189 Saratoga Springs 8.8 13.5 17.7 22.4 27.1 7.1 1.7 1.7 100.0 289 Tonawanda. . . . 3.1 8.6 27.8 30.9 18.9 6.4 1.2 3.1 100.0 230 Watervliet "i 5 4.9 17.6 21.3 28.4 11.9 8.0 4.0 2.4 100.0 393 White Plains . . . 3.2 6.0 16.8 19.6 27.6 10.4 9.6 2.0 4.8 100.0 457 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew 6.5 6.9 9 5.6 10.1 Endicott Fredonia Freeport Hastings 6.5 2.4 1.1 4 1 10.7 2.4 7.3 1 4 Haverstraw .... Hempstead Herkimer Hoosick Falls. . . Hudson Falls... Huntington .... Ilion 4.0 2.5 1.3 3.1 .9 9.0 10.3 11.4 4.0 2.1 3.7 1 8 Johnson City. . . Lancaster Lawrence Malonp. 2.3 .7 3.5 1.5 10.0 8 2 Mamaroneck. . . Massena Medina . 9.0 12.2 2 4 10.0 9.2 4 7 Newark No. Tarrytown . Nvack "3'.9 3 5 2.8 5.4 8 8 Os.iining Owego Patchogue Peekskill... 1.3 10.0 3.2 5.9 2.5 5.0 3.2 5.3 Penn Yan Port Chester . . . Port Washington Rockville Center 7.7 3.2 7.7 7.7 6.5 14.1 Saranac Lake. . . Seneca Falls.... Sol vay 4.1 7.2 1.2 8.2 5.8 1.2 Tarrytown Walden 2.7 5.7 4.4 Waterf ord Waverly Wellsville Whitehall 7.9 1.7 1.1 9.5 4.5 7.3 6.8 17.3 TABLE No. 8-E VILLAGES OVER 5,000 32.3 8.3 20.2 9.8 21.7 13.7 6.8 28.0 25.6 22.2 6.7 18.3 6.4 8.3 13.5 16.4 5.0 28.3 12.0 23.5 16.5 16.7 15.6 18.6 19.0 20.0 11.7 20.5 15.4 22.7 23.2 7.7 18.4 23.2 1.2 8.6 23.4 27.0 25.5 11.2 12.9 26.4 24.7 23.8 30.2 23.2 21.' 14.0 25.6 15.' 27.' 27.5 26.6 19.1 19.2 26.! 35.0 19.3 28.0 22.4 23.5 19.4 23.4 23.9 15.2 25.0 11.7 20.5 19.3 27.9 20.3 9.6 24.4 11.6 20.7 25.7 33.3 24.7 27.3 18.0 14.7 12.0 3 2 16.1 19.3 9 7 36.1 11.1 1.4 1.4 2.8 19.3 11.0 9.2 .9 3.7 30.0 14.1 2.8 1.4 .9 26.5 6.0 7.2 1.2 2.4 27.4 15.8 7.3 1.1 3.1 35.9 17.9 10.6 1.4 23.0 10.0 3.0 '"i'.O 5.0 30.9 5.1 30.1 29.4 13.3 8.0 6.7 2.7 28.5 14.3 4.1 2.1 43.1 11.1 2.7 '"3'.7 1.8 38.5 14.6 9.4 4.3 4.0 33.6 18.0 6.4 1.2 2.3 32.8 11.2 4.5 3.0 3.0 20 15 10 5.0 17.6 8.2 7.4 5.9 4.4 18.0 14.0 6.0 3.0 21.5 6.1 3.1 "V.O 31.7 9.4 8.2 1.2 2.4 27.8 11.1 8.3 9.7 4.2 28.9 13.6 6.2 1.5 1.5 19.5 15.9 6.2 .9 2.7 21.5 20.9 10.1 3.8 5.7 35.0 5.0 34.0 "ie'.o '"8.5 '"8.5 3.2 28.5 8.8 6.7 2.1 1.7 42.3 3.8 3.8 19.5 8.8 6.2 1.6 3.6 12.8 12.8 3.9 1.3 3.9 25.0 25.0 23.1 7.7 1.9 14.4 24 4 2 4.1 31.9 8.7 5.8 5.8 32.9 22.0 13.4 4.9 " 2^5 28 6 11.5 11.5 5.7 23.4 12.2 2.2 1.1 20.2 6.8 4.5 3.3 "ili 23.7 7.3 5.4 1.8 30.2 15.7 10.2 3.4 "s.i 24.1 14.7 4.3 1.7 1.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 165 96 148 164 95 204 155 120 140 249 120 108 62 215 153 134 28 163 153 111 128 136 90 72 217 72 107 292 72 388 56 137 100 147 157 85 144 68 115 73 118 278 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-L GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two American Parents LAST GRADE COMPLETED AGES No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. per cent 14 14 15 16 17 18 4th or under. . . 38 9 7 23 85 70 17 64 315 571 139 54 28 111 438 876 216 133 59 44 117 253 458 121 158 77 '"3 10 23 50 29 36 45 50 ... "7 2 3 9 8 221 102 309 1,052 2,047 507 330 131 58 4.6 2.1 6.5 22.2 43.1 10.6 7.0 2.7 1.2 4.6 6.7 13.2 35.4 78.5 89.1 96.1 98.8 100.0 100.0 95.4 93.3 86.8 64.6 21.5 10.9 3.9 1.2 5th 6th.. 7th 8th 1st high school 2d. 3d. ., 4th Total 162 1,176 1,856 1,287 246 30 4,757 100.0 Per cent of total Cum per cent 3.4 24.8 39.0 27.0 5.2 .6 100.0 3.4 28.2 67.2 94.2 99.4 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.6 71.8 32.8 5.8 .6 TABLE No. S-M GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with One American Parent 4th or under 11 32 26 19 88 4 9 4 9 100 5th 6th.. 3 4 10 28 10 42 15 38 3 1 41 113 2.3 6.3 7.2 13.5 95.1 92.8 7th g 129 154 82 8 381 21 1 34 6 86.5 8th.. 1st high school 34 225 50 352 75 185 42 28 9 3 827 176 45.9 9.8 80.5 90.3 65.4 19.5 50 50 13 1 114 6.3 96.6 9 7 3d 4th.. 33 13 14 3 46 17 2.5 .9 99.1 100.0 3.4 .9 Total . . 60 474 709 464 89 7 1,803 100.0 Per cent of total.... 3.3 26.3 39.4 25.7 4.9 .4 100.0 Cum per cent O 29 6 69 94 7 99 6 100.0 100 96 7 70 4 31 5 3 4 TABLE No. 8-N GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two Foreign Parents 38 109 112 90 3 352 4 8 4 8 100 5th 8 30 44 49 5 136 1.8 6.6 95.2 6th . . . 23 96 188 151 11 469 6.4 13.0 93.4 7th 33 630 648 304 16 1 1 632 22 7 35 7 87 8th 143 1,155 1,458 643 62 2 3,463 47.6 83.3 64.3 1st high school 2d '. . . . 177 278 167 107 208 20 37 1 1 583 413 8.0 5.7 91.3 97 16.7 8.7 3d... 115 42 7 164 2.2 99.2 3.0 4th 52 8 60 .8 100.0 .8 Total 245 2 197 2 895 1 667 248 20 7 272 100 Per cent of total 3.4 30.3 39.8 22.9 3.4 .2 100.0 3 4 33 7 73 5 96 4 99 8 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.6 66.3 26.5 3.6 .2 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correla'ion Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-O GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents Ac E8 No of Per Cum. Cum. COMPLETED 14 14 15 16 17 18 tabu lated of total per cent per cent 4th or under 71 48 57 64 5 1 246 7.0 7.0 100. (> 5th 12 26 47 80 4 169 4.9 11.9 93.0 6th 7th 17 28 91 268 124 378 143 199 3 15 1 379 888 10.9 25.4 22.8 48.2 88.1 77.2 8th 1st high school 2d 49 350 58 592 102 58 302 64 85 43 15 15 2 3 1 1,338 242 159 38.3 6.9 4.6 86.5 93.4 98.0 51.8 13.5 6.6 3d 46 18 3 67 1.9 99 9 2.0- 4th 31 3 34 .1 100.0 .1 Total 177 841 1,358 983 149 14 3,522 100.0 Per cent of total.... 5.0 23.8 38.7 27.9 4.2 .4 100.0 Cum. per cent 5 28 8 67 5 95 4 99.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 95.0 71.2 32.5 4.6 .4 TABLE No. 8-P CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two American Parents 4th or under 5th 6th 31 12 20 61 32 215 55 73 307 79 63 208 6 7 18 4 236 187 768 3.6 2.8 11.7 3.6 6.4 18.1 100.0 96.4 93.6 7th 8th 34 71 402 550 554 776 332 614 28 94 4 15 1,354 2,120 20.6 32.2 38.7 70.9 81.9 61.3 1st high school . ... 2d.... 157 360 127 375 320 95 129 11 30 998 606 15.2 9.3 86.1 95.4 29.1 13.9 3d 80 90 34 204 3.1 98.5 4.6 4th 67 35 102 1.5 100.0 1.5 Total 168 1,417 2,252 2,071 534 133 6,575 100.0 2 6 21 6 34 1 31 6 8 1 2 100 Cum per cent 2 6 24 2 58 3 89 9 98 100 100 97 4 75 8 41 7 10 1 2 TABLE No. 8-Q CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with One American Parent 4th or under 5th 6th 8 2 9 7 8 97 12 13 86 15 23 63 3 2 2 1 46 48 257 2.4 2.6 13.8 2.4 5.0 18 8 100.0 97.6 95 7th 8th.... 1st hi^h school 12 23 144 204 49 134 247 108 85 140 95 7 12 22 "2 6 382 628 280 20.4 33.5 15.0 39.2 72.7 87 7 81.2 60.8 27 3 2d 3d . 48 73 19 28 22 3 7 152 48 8.1 2.6 95.8 98.4 12.3 4.2 4th 25 6 31 1.6 100.0 1.6 Total 54 509 648 513 123 25 1,872 100.0 Per cent of total 2 9 27 2 34 6 27 4 6.6 1.3 100 2 9 30 1 64 7 92 1 98 7 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.1' 69.9 35.3 7.9 1.3 280 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-R CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two Foreign Parents AG ES No. of Per Cum. Cum. CO-JPLETED 14 14 15 16 17 18 tabu- lated of total per cent per cent 4th or under 5th 16 13 33 49 36 64 31 39 6 1 2 1 124 167 3.2 4 7 3.2 7 9 100.0 96 8 6th. 38 270 293 158 4 1 764 18 5 26 4 92 1 7th 34 475 380 165 8 1,062 25 8 52 2 73 6 8th 37 461 497 269 29 5 1 298 31 5 83 7 47 8 1st high school 85 144 137 22 4 392 9 5 93 2 16 3 2d 61 96 30 5 192 4 6 97 8 6 8 3d... 28 26 7 61 1 4 99 2 2 2 4th 26 10 36 8 100 8 Total 138 1,373 1,475 923 152 35 4 096 100 Per cent of total 3.4 33.5 36 22 5 3 7 9 100 Cum. per cent 3.4 36.9 72.9 95.4 99.1 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.6 63.1 27.1 4.6 .9 TABLE No. 8-S CITIES UNDER 25,000 Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents 4th or under. 15 32 23 18 2 1 91 5.5 5 5 100.0 5th 10 36 60 64 4 2 176 10 7 16 2 94 5 6th.. 14 98 172 128 4 1 417 25.4 41.6 83.8 7th.. 13 119 129 85 9 355 21 6 63 2 58.4 8th 9 108 158 106 8 1 390 23.8 87.0 36.8 1st high school 2d.. 16 53 16 57 28 10 7 1 1 137 52 8.4 3 2 95.4 98 6 13.0 4 6 3d 7 5 2 14 8 ' 99 4 1 4 4th 7 3 10 .6 100.0 .6 Total 61 409 611 493 56 12 1 642 100 Per cent of total 3 7 25 37 2 30 3 4 7 100 Cum. per cent 3 7 28 7 65 9 95 9 99 3 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.3 71.3 34.1 4.1 .7 TABLE No. 8-T CITIES OVER 25,000 INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Scotch Boys with Scotch Parents 4th or under 5th i 1 1 1 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.8 100.0 98.1 6th 3.8 96.2 7th 1 5 8 3 17 32.1 35.9 96.2 8th 1 5 8 4 18 34.0 69.9 64.1 1st high school 2d 3d.. . 2 5 3 1 1 1 ' 'i 2 8 5 3 15.0 9.4 5.7 84.9 94.3 100.0 30.1 15.1 5.7 4th Total 2 13 24 10 4 53 100.0 Per cent of total 3.8 24.5 45.3 18.9 7.5 100.0 C t 3 8 28 3 73 6 92 5 100 pur L-C ii/. ..... , 100 96 ** 71 7 26 4 7 5 OUR BOYS 281 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GKADES Correction Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-T (Continued) American Boys with Scotch Parents Ac ES No. of Per Cum. Cum. COMPLETED 14 14 15 16 17 18 tabu- lated of total per cent per cent 4th or under .... 1 1 1 5 1 5 100 5th i 1 1 5 3 98 5 6th ... 1 3 4 6 9 97 7th 6 | 2 14 20 9 29 9 91 8th 1 12 13 9 35 52 1 82 70 1 1st high school . 3 2 1 1 7 10 5 92 5 18 2d 1 2 3 4 5 97 7 5 3d 1 1 1 5 98 5 3 4th 1 1 1 5 100 1 5 Total 1 23 25 15 1 2 67 100.0 Per cent of total 1.5 34.3 37.3 22.4 1.5 3 100 Cum. per cent 1 5 35 8 73 1 95 5 97 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 98.5 64.2 26.9 4.5 3.0 TABLE No. 8-U CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Russian Boys with Russian Parents 4th or under . 9 18 22 23 2 74 4 7 4 7 100 5th 2 7 12 26 1 48 3 7 7 95 3 6th 2 21 55 62 1 1 142 9 16 7 92 3 7th 20 109 133 66 6 334 21 2 37 9 83 3 8th 27 170 298 166 20 1 682 43 3 81 2 62 1 1st high school 2d 32 56 39 44 46 5 12 1 138 97 8.8 6 2 90.0 96 2 18.8 10 3d 26 13 2 41 2 6 98 8 3 8 4th 18 2 20 1 2 100 1 2 Total 60 357 615 459 78 7 1,576 100.0 Per cent of total . . 3 8 22 7 39 29 2 4 9 4 100 Cum. per cent 3.8 26 5 65 5 94 7 99 6 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.2 73.5 34.5 5.3 .4 American Boys with Russian Parents 4th or under 5th 12 2 32 2 44 7 32 11 120 22 6.9 1 2 6.9 8 1 100.0 93 1 6th 7th.. 1 9 15 108 41 104 23 54 4 4 84 279 4.8 16 12.9 28 9 91.9 87 1 8th 31 266 343 124 10 1 775 44.4 73.3 71.1 1st high school 2d 45 98 61 40 86 8 22 1 192 169 11.0 9 7 84.3 94 26.7 15 7 3d 47 26 1 74 4 3 98 3 6 4th. 27 2 9 1.7 100.0 1.7 Total 55 468 698 417 101 5 1 744 100 Per cent of total 3.2 26.8 40.0 23.9 5.8 .3 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.2 30.0 70.0 93.9 99.7 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.8 70.0 30.0 6.1 .3 282 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Betweem Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-V CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Irish Boys with Irish Parents Ac 1ES No. of Per Cum. Cum. COMPLETED 14 14 15 16 17 18 tabu- lated of total per cent per cent 4th or under 1 1 2 2 2 2 100 5th 2 2 4 5 6 7 97 8 6th. . 7th 1 1 2 6 4 7 7 15.9 15 9 22.6 38 5 93.3 77 4 8th 1st high school 2d ... 5 7 2 8 1 3 ' i 20 2 5 45.6 4.5 11 4 84.1 88.6 100 61.5 15.9 11 4 3d 4th Total 2 7 17 17 1 44 100.0 Per cent of total . . . 4 5 15.9 38 7 38 7 2.2 100 Cum per cent .... 4.5 20.4 59.1 97.8 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 95.5 79.6 40.9 2.2 American Boys with Irish Parents 4th or under . . 5th 6th 7th m 1 3 13 10 1 23 104 6 8 50 142 6 10 37 77 "i 3 29 20 114 339 2.2 1.5 8.6 25 4 2.2 3.7 12.3 37 7 100 97.8 96.2 87 7 8th 1st high school 2d 29 167 16 252 56 25 161 30 45 14 2 3 1 1 623 105 74 46.7 7.9 5 5 84.4 92.3 97 8 62 " 15. 6 7 7 3d 13 8 2 23 1 7 99 5 2 2 4th 5 1 6 .5 100 5 Total 53 321 539 379 36 5 1,333 100.0 Per cent of total 4.0 24.1 40.4 28.4 2.7 .4 100.0 Cum per cent . . . 4.0 28.1 68.5 96.9 99.6 100.0 100 96 71 9 31 5 3 1 4 TABLE No. 8-W CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Scandinavian Boys with Scandinavian Parents 5th 3.5 96.5 6th 7th 8th 1st high school 2d 1 2 1 3 7 7 1 '"3 14 3 2 3 3 2 "i 1 1 8 15 26 4 2 13.8 25.9 44.8 6.9 3.5 17.3 43.2 88.0 94.9 98 4 96.5 82.7 56.8 12.0 5 1 3d 98 4 5 1 4th 1 1 1.6 100.0 1.6 Total 4 18 18 13 4 1 58 100.0 Per cent of total . . 6.9 31.1 31 1 22 A 6.9 1.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 6.9 38.0 69.1 91.5 98.4 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 93.1 62.0 30.9 8.5 1.6 OUR BOYS 283 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-W (Continued) American Boys with Scandinavian Parents Ac ES No. of Per Cum. Cum. COMPLETED 14 14 15 16 17 18 tabu- lated of total per cent per cent 2 4 3 3 12 3 6 3 6 100 5th 6th "2 1 7 2 7 9 3 25 .9 7 4 4.5 11 9 96.4 95 5 7th 1 27 28 9 65 19 3 31 2 88 1 8th 1st high school 5 59 7 62 13 32 16 2 2 160 38 47.7 11 3 78.9 90 2 68.8 21 1 10 11 3 1 25 7 4 97 6 9 8 3d 5 1 1 7 2.1 99 7 2 4 4th 1 1 3 100 3 Total 10 105 125 85 9 2 336 100 Per cent of total. . . . 3.0 31.3 37.2 25.3 2.7 .5 100.0 Cum per cent 3 34 3 71 5 96 8 99 5 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.5 65.7 28.5 3.2 .5 TABLE No. 8-X CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK German Boys with German Parents 4th or under 1 2 1 4 3.3 3.3 100.0 5th 1 1 1 3 2 5 5 8 96 7 6th. . 10 10 5 1 26 21.7 27.5 94.2 7th 1 14 8 6 1 30 25 52.5 72.5 8th 11 14 9 1 35 29 2 81 7 47 5 1st high school 4 8 3 1 16 13 3 95 18 3 2d 3d 2 1 1 4 3.3 98.3 5.0 4th 2 2 1 7 100 1 7 Total 3 39 45 26 7 120 100 Per cent of total 2.5 32.5 37 5 21 7 5 8 100 Cum. per cent 2.5 35.0 72 5 94 2 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.5 65.0 27.5 5.8 .,.. American Boys with German Parents 4th or under 15 21 12 10 4 62 3.4 3.4 100.0 5th 3 14 11 8 1 37 2 5 4 95 6 6th 7th 10 11 97 242 58 138 36 60 1 3 202 454 11.2 25.1 16.6 41.7 94.6 83.4 8th 1st high school. . . 2d 26 346 67 276 52 34 119 34 31 17 7 8 4 788 160 73 43.5 8.8 4.0 85.2 94.0 98 53.3 14.8 6.0 3d 15 7 2 24 1.4 99.4 2.0 4th 7 4 11 .6 100.0 .6 Total 65 787 581 313 55 10 1,811 100.0 3 6 43 5 32 1 17 3 3 5 100 Cu'n per cent 3 6 47 i 79 2 96 5 99 5 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.4 52.9 20.8 3.5 .5 __-:_ ==^== J.-Ll-_ i^i 284 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-Y CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK English Boys with English Parents Ac ES No. of Per Cum. Cum. COMPLETED 14 14 15 16 17 18 tabu- lated of total per cent per cent 4th or under 5th 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 9 5 5.4 3.0 5.4 8.4 100.0 94.6 6th 11 5 5 21 12 5 20 9 91 6 7th 1 13 14 15 43 25 6 46 5 79 1 8th 14 20 18 7 59 35.1 81 6 53.5 1st high school . . 5 8 2 4 6 1 2 i 18 11 10.7 6 5 92.3 98 8 18.4 7 7 3d 1 .6 99.4 1 2 4th 1 1 .6 100 6 Total 5 46 52 52 12 1 168 100.0 Per cent of total .... 3.0 27.4 30.9 30.9 7.2 .6 100.0 3 30 4 61.3 92 2 99 4 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.0 69.6 38.7 7.8 .6 American Boys with English Parents 4th or under 3 1 5 9 4.5 4.5 100.0 5th 1 2 4 7 3.5 8.0 95.5 Gth 1 1 11 7 20 9.9 17.9 92.0 7th 10 16 9 35 17.3 35.2 82.1 8th 22 36 16 3 1 78 38.6 73.8 64.8 1st high school 2d 7 9 11 12 4 3 31 15 15.3 7 4 89.1 96 5 26.2 10 9 3d 4 2 1 7 3.5 100.0 3.5 4th Total 2 43 86 61 8 2 202 100.0 1 21 3 42 6 30 2 3 9 1 100 Cum. per cent 1.0 22.3 64.9 95.1 99.0 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 99.0 77.7 35.1 4.9 1.0 TABLE No. 8 Z CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Canadian Boys with Canadian Parents 4th or under 5th 6th 1 4 9 1 io 1 1 6 1 7 1 19 6.6 .9 17.9 6.6 7.5 25.4 100.0 93.4 92.5 7th s 8 5 21 19.9 45.3 74.6 8th 10 j 6 1 25 23.6 68.9 54.7 1st high school 4 5 9 3 21 19.9 88.8 31.1 2d 2 6 8 7.5 96.3 11.2 3d 1 1 1 3 2.8 99.1 3.7 4th 1 1 .9 100.0 .9 Total 1 28 34 35 5 3 108 100 9 26 5 32 1 33 4 7 2.8 100.0 C t 9 27 4 59 5 92 5 97 2 100 ^um. P^- ^^ ^ Cum. per cent 100.0 99.1 72.6 40.5 7.5 2.8 OUR BOYS 285 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-Z (Continued) American Boys with Canadian Parents LAST GRADE COMPLETED AGES No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. per cent 14 14 15 16 17 18 4th or under 5th "i "'2 6 9 16 3 4 1 5 10 23 5 1 4 3 6 10 12 4 6 8 7 17 30 53 13 12 "2 5.6 4.9 12.0 21.1 37.3 9.2 8.5 " i.4 5.6 10.5 22.5 43.6 80.9 90.1 98.6 100.0 94.4 89.5 77.5 56.4 19.1 9.9 " i 6th. . 7th 8th 2 1st high school 2d... i 3 '"2 3d 4th 1 1 100.0 1.4 Total 3 36 49 45 6 3 142 100.0 Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. per cent 2.1 25.4 34.5 31.7 4.2 2.1 100.0 2.1 27.5 62.0 93.7 97.9 100.0 100.0 97.9 72.5 38.0 6.3 2.1 TABLE No. 8-AA CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Austro-Hungarian Boys with Austro-PIungarian Parents 4th or under 1 6 8 2 17 3 4 3 4 100 5th 1 7 8 9 1 1 27 5 4 8 8 96 6 6th 7th . . 3 3 22 43 24 60 30 28 1 3 80 137 15.9 27.3 24.7 52.0 91.2 75.3 8th 1st hi^h school 5 61 6 78 16 31 14 4 1 179 37 35.7 7 4 87.7 95 1 48.0 12 3 7 13 20 3 9 99 4 9 3d. ., 4 4 .8 99.8 1 4th 1 1 2 100 2 Total 13 145 201 131 11 1 502 100.0 Per cent of total 2 6 28 9 40 26 1 2 2 2 100 Cum. per cent 2.6 31.5 71.5 97.6 99.8 100.0 100 97 4 68 5 28 5 2 4 2 . American Boys with Austro-Hungarian Parents 4th or under 5th . . 2 2 22 5 22 11 20 5 3 1 69 24 5.8 2.0 5.8 7.8 100.0 94.2 6th 9 33 36 21 99 8.3 16.1 92,2 7th 6 100 79 22 2 209 17.5 33.6 83.9 8th 23 194 219 103 6 1 546 45.7 79.3 66 4 26 58 22 5 111 9.3 88 6 20 7 2d 3d 23 45 29 8 10 "3 76 42 6.4 3.5 95.0 98.5 11.4 5 4th 15 3 18 1.5 100.0 1 5 Total 42 380 448 267 50 7 1,194 Per cent of total 3.5 31.8 37.5 22.4 4.2 .6 100.0 C t 3 5 35 3 72 8 95 2 99 4 100 per t/ciiv *""*'" Cum. per cent 100.0 96.5 64.7 27.2 4.8 .6 286 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and, Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-BB CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YOR K Polish Boys with Polish Parents Ac E8 No. of Per Cum. Cum. COMPLETED 14 14 15 16 17 18 tabu- lated of total per cent per cent 4th or under . . . 1 5 5 4 15 6.7 6.7 100 5th.. 5 5 5 1 16 7.1 13 8- 93 3 6th 2 16 22 16 1 57 25 3 39 1 86 2 7th.. 9 29 17 4 1 60 26.7 65.8 60 9 8th 1st high school 1 17 33 4 10 5 2 63 9 28.0 4 93.8 97 8 34.2 6 2 2d 1 1 2 .9 98.7 2 2 3d 4th 2 1 2 1 .9 4 99.6 100 1.3 4 Total 13 72 87 47 6 225 100.0 Per cent of total 5.8 32.0 38.7 20.9 2.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 5.8 37.8 76.5 97.4 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 94.2 62.2 23.5 2.6 American Boys with Polish Parents 4th or under 3 5 10 7 25 3 5 3 5 100 5th 6th 3 10 9 64 10 67 7 24 2 29 167 4.2 24.4 7.7 32.1 96.5 92 3 7th 8th 5 8 84 77 76 68 27 38 1 2 193 193 27.9 27.9 60.0 87.9 67.9 40.0 1st high school . . 15 26 10 11 10 4 52 24 7.5 3 5 95.4 98 9 12.1 4 6 3d 7 1 99 9 1 1 4th 1 1 .1 100.0 .1 Total 29 254 267 129 12 691 100.0 Per cent of total 4.2 36.8 38.6 18.7 1.7 100.0 Cum. per cent 4.2 41.0 79.6 98.3 100.0 Cum per cent . 100 95 8 59 20 4 1 7 TABLE No. 8-CC CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Italian Boys with Italian Parents 4th or under 28 32 38 41 3 1 143 8.7 8.7 100.0 5th.. 11 38 73 85 4 1 212 12.9 21.6 91.3 6th 17 88 150 120 2 377 23.0 44.6 78.4 7th 15 135 199 100 9 458 27 9 72.5 55.4 8th 12 89 170 92 15 1 379 23.1 95.6 27.5 1st high school 2d 2 13 6 19 9 2 2 37 17 2.3 1.1 97.9 99.0 4.4 2.1 3d 7 1 1 9 .6 99.6 1.0 4th 3 3 6 4 100 .4 Total 83 384 649 473 41 g 1 638 100 Per cent of total 5.1 23.5 39.6 28.8 2.5 .5 100.0 Cum. per cent 5.1 28.6 68.2 97.0 99.5 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 94.9 71.4 31.8 3.0 .5 OUE BOYS 287 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-CC (Continued) American Boys with Italian Parents Ac ES No. of Per LAST GRADE COMPLETED 14 14 15 16 17 18 cards tabu- lated cent of total per cent per cent 6 25 25 15 1 72 2.7 2.7 100 5th 6th 7 21 33 99 51 164 34 119 2 5 i 127 409 4.8 15.4 7.5 22.9 97.3 92.5 7th 8th 1st high school 2d 18 33 331 283 35 330 442 44 22 151 212 37 30 8 26 7 9 i 838 996 123 62 31.6 37.5 4.7 2.3 54.5 92.0 96.7 99 77.1 45.5 8.0 3 3d 12 4 i 17 .6 99.6 1.0 4th 1 9 2 11 .4 100.0 .4 Total . . . 85 806 1,078 610 71 5 2,655 100.0 3 2 30 3 40 7 23 2 6 2 100 3 2 33 5 74 2 97 2 99 8 100.0 100 96 8 66 5 25 8 2 8 2 Correlation Between Age Leaving School and Last Grade Completed for all Boys Having a Father as Guardian TABLE No. 8-DD GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined 4th or under 5th 39 24 211 59 219 100 264 157 7 11 740 351 5.2 2.4 5.2 7.6 100.0 94. 8 6th 7th . . 8th 1st high school 2d 36 69 251 212 1,001 1,808 380 364 1,280 2,727 602 375 359 681 1,327 315 467 17 51 147 74 96 1 1 12 9 8 989 3,083 6,272 1,380 946 6.9 21.6 43.9 9.7 6.6 14.5 36.1 80.0 89.7 96.3 92.4 85.5 63. 20.0 10. 3 3d 250 109 21 380 2.6 98.9 3.7 4th 137 23 160 1.1 100.0 1.1 Total 419 3 671 5 667 3 820 649 75 14 301 100 Per cent of total 2.9 25.6 39.9 26.6 4.5 .5 100.0 2 9 28 5 68 4 95 99 5 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.1 71.5 31.6 5.0 .5 Correlation Between Age Leaving School and Last Grade Completed for all Boys Having a Guardian Other Than Father TABLE No. 8-EE GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined 4th or under. . . . 5th 19 8 53 27 42 30 47 37 "2 161 104 4.4 2.8 4.4 1 7.2 100.0 95. 6 6th 7th 13 25 80 374 113 384 98 172 8 13 312 968 8.5 26 5 15.7 42 2 92.8 84 3 8th 77 547 626 309 41 3 1 603 43 9 86 1 57 8 1st high school . . 2d 101 94 54 55 66 17 19 2 2 269 * 141 7.4 3 8 93.5 97 3 13.9 6 5 3d 40 22 2 64 1 8 99 1 2 7 4th 1 26 6 32 .9 100.0 9 Total 142 1,182 1,343 824 148 15 3,654 100.0 Per cent of total .... 3.9 32 4 36.7 22.6 4.0 .4 100.0 Cum per cent 3 9 36 3 73 95 6 99 6 100 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.1 63.7 27.0 4.4 .4 288 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Between Age Leaving School and Last Grade Completed for all Boys Having a Mother TABLE No. 8-FF GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE Co -PLETED AGES No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. per cent 14 14 15 16 17 18 2 "is 13 9 25 74 4th or under 5th 83 28 45 82 298 54 72 260 1,243 2,152 438 80 121 425 1,497 3,085 663 590 91 164 411 775 1,490 337 502 439 7 16 23 57 175 76 103 119 254 317 401 1,164 3,654 7,213 1,525 1,204 583 328 1.9 2.5 7.1 22.3 44.0 9.3 7.3 3.6 2.0 1.9 4.4 11.5 33.8 77.8 87.1 94.4 98.0 100.0 100.0 98.1 95.6 88.5 66.2 22.2 12.9 5.6 2.0 6th 7th 8th 1st high school 2d 3d 4th Total Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. per cent 536 4,217 6,461 4,209 830 136 16,389 100.0 3.2 25.6 39.3 25.6 5.5 .8 100.0 3.2 100.0 28.8 68.1 93.7 99.2 100.0 96.8 71.2 31.9 6.3 .8 _ Correlation Between Age Leaving School and Last Grade Completed for all Boys Having No Mother TABLE No. 8-GG GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined 4th or under 8 7 4 7 26 2.1 2.1 100 5th 4 12 8 25 49 3 9 6 97 9 6th 3 25 40 40 4 112 9.0 15.0 94.0 7th 4 109 134 68 7 322 25.8 40 8 85 8th 26 158 206 115 10 515 41 4 82 2 59 2 1st high school 2d 42 22 32 24 26 8 8 96 66 7.8 5 3 90.0 95 3 17.8 10 3d 23 16 39 3 1 98 4 4 7 4th 18 2 20 1.6 100.0 1.6 Total 45 353 446 328 71 9 1,245 100 Per cent of total 3.6 28.4 35.8 26.3 5.7 .2 100.0 3 6 32 67 8 94 1 99 8 100 Cum per cent 100 96 4 68 32 2 5 9 2 OUR BOYS 289 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys AGES AND GRADES Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Rank in Family TABLE No. 8-MM CITIES OVER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE COMPLETED RANK IN FAMILY No. of cards tabu- lated Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + 4th or under oth 6th 7th 8th 4.5 3.7 16.0 20.6 31.1 12.1 8.2 2.2 1.6 4.4 3.8 13.9 22.6 36.8 12.6 2.3 2.4 1.2 4.1 4.3 15.2 23.6 32.0 12.2 6.2 1.6 .8 4.1 4.7 16.4 24.0 31.4 11.0 5.9 1.9 .6 4.0 4.9 16.5 25.4 31.2 9.5 5.9 1.9 .7 3.6 4.6 15.6 23.4 33.2 11.0 5.8 1.4 1.4 3.8 5.3 14.7 24.4 32.8 10.6 5.3 2.6 .5 1.6 6.4 18.6 23.4 32.4 13.8 2.7 i.i 3.0 6.0 26.0 32.0 26.0 6.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 12.0 29.0 33.0 12.0 4.0 1.0 3.0 551 552 2,088 2,991 4,111 1,531 862 264 147 1st high school. . 2d 3d 4th Total per cent. . Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3,443 3,221 2,390 1,608 1,064 642 341 188 100 100 13,097 TABLE No. 8-NN CITIES UNDER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined E ANK IN FAMILY r No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under. . . . 5th 6th 7th 8th 5.0 6.8 19.1 21.4 25 3 5.3 6.2 16.1 22.3 28 3 5.2 5.4 17.5 23.4 28 4 4.3 5.0 18.9 23.4 27.3 5.7 6.7 16.5 23.5 25.6 4.5 8.5 18.5 21.4 31.8 5.2 4.7 21.7 25.9 27.5 2.3 6.9 20.7 34.5 23.0 7.3 7.3 25.4 23.6 29.1 7.4 3.7 27.2 22.2 27.2 346 422 1,231 1,548 1,857 1st hij:h school.. 2d 13.0 6 7 12.0 6.2 12.2 5.8 11.4 6.0 13.1 6.7 7.2 5.8 9.3 4.7 10.3 2.3 5.5 8.6 3.7 813 415 3d 4th 1.9 .8 2.2 1.4 1.4 .7 2.4 1.3 1.5 .7 1.6 .7 .5 .5 1.8 126 65 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total 1,850 1,689 1,161 817 582 308 193 87 55 81 6,823 TABLE No. 8-00 VILLAGES OVER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined E L.ANK IN FAMILI No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under .... 5th 6th 5.6 7.5 16.7 6.5 6.0 11 . 6 4.4 5.5 18.8 6.5 5.9 20.3 3.7 5.4 17.9 2.4 7.7 20.8 4.4 6.6 24.2 2.9 2.9 17.7 5.4 13.5 27.1 6.7 10.0 6.7 209 249 682 7th 8th 1st high school. . 2d 3d 4th 21.9 27.5 11.1 6.3 1.8 1.6 22.5 29.5 11.9 6.5 1.3 1.2 21.2 28.8 13.0 5.8 1.5 1.0 22.5 26.8 9.7 5.7 2.2 .4 28.6 27.9 9.4 4.4 2.0 .7 22.6 28.0 8.3 6.0 1.8 2.4 22.0 23.0 11.0 5.5 1.1 2.2 26.5 29.4 7.4 10.3 2.9 16.2 24.3 5.4 8.1 33.3 40.0 3.3 885 1,100 431 235 65 45 100 100 100 100 100.0 100 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 998 994 725 493 297 168 91 68 37 30 3,901 * Boys coming from families of only one child omitted 10 290 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Rank in Family TABLE No. 8-PP PLACES UNDER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE COMPLETED RANK IN FAMILY No. of cards tabu- lated Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + 4th or under 5th... 4.4 5.9 17.3 22.9 26.2 11.2 7.7 1 9 4.1 6.4 17.6 24.2 27.0 10.7 6.1 2 4.2 5.7 17.4 23.8 27.4 12.1 5.8 1 8 3.6 7.7 16.8 26.6 27.8 8.8 5.1 1 4 6.9 6.3 18.1 24.1 25.8 11.7 4.2 1 7 3.9 6.9 22.6 25.1 26.7 7.1 4.9 1 5 4.0 8.0 20.4 26.5 25.8 8.9 4.0 6 2.7 9.8 20.2 27.4 27.4 8.1 2.2 1 1 3.8 8.5 20.8 29.1 24.6 7.5 5.7 5.7 9.4 20.8 23.5 28.4 8.5 2.8 .9 480 715 1,970 2,676 2,947 1,174 659 199 209 6th.. 7th 8th.... 1st high school. . 2d... 3d . 4th 2.5 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.1 Total per cent. . Total. . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,856 2,806 1,944 1,273 897 529 326 186 106 106 11,029 TABLE No. 8-QQ GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two American Parents R ANK IN FAMILY No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under 5th 4.5 1 6 5.8 2 2 3.7 1 8 2.7 3 1.2 1 2 1.4 2 9 1.5 2 9 11.1 5 5 .... 163 79 6th 6.8 6.5 6.6 6.5 8.1 6.5 14.7 4.3 11.1 10.0 270 7th . 20 9 22 7 26 2 24 1 28 9 30 2 23 6 34 9 11.1 45 927 8th 42.9 42.7 46.0 45.9 43.9 45.3 41.2 52.2 44.7 30.0 1,713 1st high school. . 2d 12.2 7 9.8 6 9 8.5 5 7 8.7 4 8 9.4 4 5 7.9 2 9 8.8 4 4 4.3 4.3 5.5 5.5 5.0 10 391 240 3d.. 3.0 2.2 .9 3.4 1.2 2.9 2.9 5.5 91 4th 1.1 1 2 .6 .9 1.6 39 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 1,162 1,131 669 437 246 139 68 23 18 20 3,913 TABLE No. 8-RR GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with One American Parent R ANK IN FAMILY No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under .... 5th 4.8 1.9 3.4 3.0 6.5 1.7 3.4 2.2 4.4 1.8 6.8 3.4 9.4 3.1 '5'.3 '9.i 12. 5 75 39 6th 5.7 5 9 6 2 6 2 6 2 13 5 3 1 10 5 9 1 101 7th 8th 1st high school. . 2d 3d 20.2 45.8 11.4 6.3 2.7 26.4 42.8 9.3 7.0 1.8 19.5 45.9 9.3 6.1 3.8 17.0 52.0 13.5 5.1 .6 25.7 49.6 2.6 4.4 4.4 20.4 35.6 13.5 3.4 1.7 22.0 50.0 6.2 6.2 42.1 42.1 63!6 9.1 9.1 50.0 37.5 359 742 160 98 39 4th 1.2 .4 1.0 9 1 7 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total 475 440 292 177 113 59 32 19 11 8 1,626 Boys coming from families of only one child omitted. OUR BOYS 291 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Rank in Family TABLE No. 8-SS GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two Foreign Parents R ANK IN FAMILY No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under .... 5th... 4.9 1.6 4.5 1.8 4.8 2 5 5.0 1 7 5.4 2 2 6.1 1 1 2.3 1.1 3.5 2.4 3.7 7.4 10.3 336 133 6th 6 3 7 7 2 5 2 6 7 5 6 8 2 4 3 7 6 9 450 7th 8th . 21.4 48.5 23.9 47 7 22.3 48 5 22.6 48 1 19.4 46 9 27.0 46 4 21.6 42 1 27.4 40 5 18.5 40 8 20.7 38 1,572 3 322 1st high school. . 8.2 5.6 7.5 5.1 6.8 5 8.2 6 8.9 7 5 5.8 5 8 12.5 10 2 14.3 4 8 18.5 3 7 17.3 3 4 555 395 3d 2 5 1 8 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 8 3 5 3 7 3 4 155 4th 1 i 7 g 6 g g 6 1 2 58, Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total... . 1,572 1 747 1 428 924 629 360 176 84 27 29 6 97 &" ' TABLE No. 8-TT GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents K ANK IN FAMILI No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED Oldest* 2d 2d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th lOth-H cards tabu- lated 4th or under .... 5.8 6.9 5.7 6.0 6 2 6 3 3.6 4.3 198 5th.... 5.1 4 8 5 3 3 7 5 4 6 3 157 6th. 9 5 13 1 11 1 13 2 11 2 6 3 17 8 34 8 14 3 379 7th... 27.0 21 5 30 4 26 7 22 8 21 3 21 4 43 5 36 3 14 3 841 8th.... 39 6 41 1 37 1 33 5 42 8 40 2 41 1 6 5 54 6 28 6 1 267 1st high school. . 2d.. . 3d 6.3 3.7 2 2 5.8 4.8 1 5.7 2.8 1 4 8.0 6.6 1 7 5.4 2.5 1 6 9.5 6.3 2 3 10.7 1.8 3 6 4.3 2.2 2 2 9 i 28.5 14.3 209- 135 57 4th .8 1 5 6 2 1 1 5 2 2 30' Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total... 1 020 856 560 349 241 127 56 46 11 7 3 27 S TABLE No. 8-UU CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two American Parents R ANK IN FAMILY No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th lOth-H cards tabu- lated 4th or under.. . 5th 5.0 2 2 5.3 1 9 4.3 3 7 5.3 4 3 5.0 4 8 4.1 2 1 6.1 6 9 3.0 4 5 3.3 6 6 5.0 7 5 28S 174 6th 11.1 10.5 11.9 13.4 16.5 12.9 13.0 19.7 23.4 17.5 700 7th.... 17 8 21.1 22.4 24.7 24.6 28 2 21 4 18 2 33 3 30 1,246 8th 1st high school . 2d 3d 33.2 14.3 11.2 3 2 33.8 14.6 8.4 3 1 32.6 14.1 8.2 1 8 30.6 12.7 6.5 2 4 29.4 9.1 6.8 3 34.0 12.1 3.7 g 38.2 7.6 4.6 1 5 31.9 19.7 3.0 33.4 27.5 5.0 5.0 1,904 783 490 153- 4th 2.0 1.3 1.0 .1 .8 2.1 .7 2.5 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total... 1,644 1,549 1,061 656 395 241 131 66 30 40 5,813? * Boys coming from families of only one child omitted. 292 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Rank in Family TABLE No. 8-W CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with One American Parent LAST GRADE COMPLETED RANK IN FAIMLY No. of cards tabu- lated Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + 4th or under 5th 2.5 2.8 11.1 18.1 36.0 15.6 10.3 1.9 1.7 2.2 2.6 15.3 22.1 28.4 15.5 7.7 4.3 1.9 2.3 2.5 13.1 18.5 37.7 14.1 7.3 2.9 1.6 2.4 1.9 17 A 24.3 32.5 11.7 6.8 1.5 1.5 4.0 2.6 12.5 21.0 34.2 15.8 6.6 2.0 1.3 1.3 2.5 16.7 21.8 34.6 15.4 7.7 '2'.7 24.3 13.5 29.7 21.7 5.4 isio 17.4 21.8 34.9 4.3 4.3 40 46 243 356 582 256 138 42 28 6th. 16.7 41.6 25.0 16.7 11.7 35.3 35.3 11.7 6.0 7th 8th 1st high school. . 2d 3d 4th 2.7 4.3 Total per cent. . Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 475 418 313 206 152 78 37 23 12 17 1,731 TABLE No. 8-WW CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two Foreign Parents B ,ANK IN FAMIL" r No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under 5th 6th.. 3.6 4.0 20 5 3.4 4.3 21 3.2 3.4 18 1 3.0 3.9 17 8 3.2 4.8 16 6 3.4 4.4 15 5 1.3 4.1 12 3 '3.6 19 '&.7 33 3 77 121 162 746 7th 8th 1st high school. . 2d 3d 25.4 29.6 9.4 4.5 1 7 26.6 30.0 8.5 3.6 1 3 27.5 31.4 10.3 4.4 1 2 23.7 33.5 10.6 5.5 1 5 28.8 31.9 7.8 5.5 9 21.3 34.8 9.5 7.3 2 3 30.8 30.8 10.5 6.1 4 1 27.4 35.6 13.2 1.2 31.0 20.0 6.7 2.3 25.6 38.4 20.5 2 6 1,044 1,253 380 187 59 4th 1.3 1.3 .5 .5 .5 1.5 5.2 36 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 769 836 762 598 436 273 146 84 45 39 3 988 TABLE No. 8-XX CITIES OVER 25,000 Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents JH ,ANK IN t> AMILl r No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under 5th 6.1 8.7 5.7 10 8 9.4 11 8 5.2 14 2 3.7 9 9 6.0 22 11.1 7 4 6.6 20 15.4 7 7 25 6 102 170 6th 7th 8th 28.1 24.2 22.9 26.8 20.8 24 22.1 22.5 24 22.3 21.7 25 23.5 18.5 30 9 26.0 14.0 18 22.2 18.6 22 2 13.4 26.8 13 4 15.4 23.0 30 8 25^6 25 399 345 372 1st high school. . 2cl 3d 6.1 2.9 .3 8.6 3.1 .2 6.7 2.3 .8 5.6 3.4 1 3 9.9 2.4 1 2 8.0 4.0 2.0 11.1 3.7 3 7 6.6 6.6 7.7 25 '.6 112 47 10 4th 7 4. 1 3 6 6 8 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 555 418 254 148 81 50 27 15 13 4 1,565 * Boys coming from families of only one child omitted. OUR BOYS 293 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys REASONS FOR LEAVING SCHOOL TABLE No. 9-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Wanted to work Firuinciiii Gradu- ated Dis- liked school Miscel- laneous Sick Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Albany 67.0 11.9 5.7 11.9 1.7 1.8 100.0 2,542 Amsterdam 78.4 10.4 1.2 7.6 1.6 .8 100.0 810 Auburn 59.9 16.3 3.7 15.6 2.8 1.7 100.0 829 Binghamton 63.3 20.3 2.3 9.4 1.5 3.2 100.0 1,356 Buffalo 69.0 9.9 11.4 8.1 .3 1.3 100.0 11,257 Elmira 60.3 11.2 12 6 10 6 1 8 3.5 100 971 Jamestown 48.2 28.8 2.'6 18i3 .7 1.4 ioo!o 838 Kingston 79 8.2 4 7 5 4 1 2 1 5 100 553 Newburgh 74.6 10.2 2> n!o .7 .8 100 !o 857 New Rochelle 81.7 4.1 8.2 5.1 .2 .7 100.0 700 Niagara Falls 68.1 13.5 2.1 13.9 .3 2.1 100.0 760 Oswego 56 9 16 2 5 20 3 3.0 3 100 1 , 147 Mt. Vernon 67.4 6.0 19.5 6.9 '.2 ioo!o *546 Poughkeepsie Rochester 73.0 56.0 9.2 13.9 2.5 15.7 11.9 9.1 "'2!2 3.5 1.2 1.8 100.0 100.0 698 6,322 Schenectady 52.0 23.6 3.5 17.7 1.4 1.8 100.0 1,821 Syracuse 67.2 11.0 5.2 14.6 .2 1.8 100.0 3,874 Troy 63.3 15.7 5.0 13.3 3 2.4 100.0 1,658 Utica 60 21 5 2 7 10 9 2 7 2.2 100 2,241 Watertown 78.0 3.6 2'.6 ll!2 '.2 4^4 100 !o '669 Yonkers 69.4 5.3 17.2 7.9 o 100.0 2,241 New York.. 51.0 10.8 30.8 3.3 3.2 .9 inn o 1 24 70S TABLE No. 9-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon 44.9 58.8 40.6 17.8 .5 1.8 11.7 18.3 .2 2.1 3.3 100.0 100.0 268 271 Canandaigua Cohoes Corning Cortland Dunkirk Fulton Geneva Glen Cove. 72.1 59.2 63.2 80.0 37.8 79.0 53.8 86 3 13.6 15.2 13.0 10.0 34.0 9.8 9.4 1 7 1.4 2.7 2.5 "i'.s 1.0 3.9 1 7 6.8 21.7 15.3 6.6 23.2 8.7 27.8 8 6 4.7 .5 3.5 '".5 .5 1.8 1.4 .7 2.5 3.4 2.7 1.0 3.3 1 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 Glens Falls Gloversville Hornell Hudson Ithaca 53.1 55.5 65.7 66.5 60 5 16.2 21.4 11.2 20.1 16 7 6.9 .7 3.1 .6 1 7 22.6 18.2 18.3 8.5 15 "lA A 1.2 1 i 1.2 2.8 1.3 3.1 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 322 536 319 247 243 Johnstown Lackawanna Little Falls Lockport Mechanicville 55.4 66.4 67.6 64.3 41.5 18.5 11.2 11.1 18.1 38.7 5.7 3.6 2.4 2.5 2.5 17.2 18.4 16.9 9.7 15.8 .6 "'.7 1.6 1.0 2.6 .4 1.3 3.8 .5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 242 412 282 422 179 Middletown No. Tonawanda Norwich Ogdensburg Olean 43.0 53.3 51.6 82.4 54.4 29.3 30.2 20.9 6.5 26 1.5 1.3 2.2 20 22.8 11.8 20.9 9.1 13.5 .4 .8 2.2 .7 8 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.3 3 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 415 338 153 325 425 Oneida Oneonta 79.2 68.7 6.4 19.4 .8 2.5 12.0 8.2 1.6 1.2 100.0 100 244 243 Plattsburg Port Jervis Rensselaer . . . 75.5 62.9 70.0 7.6 28.4 6.8 "i'.Q 11.0 14.4 4.3 8.4 .6 1.9 2.5 3.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 205 211 209 294 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys REASONS FOR LEAVING SCHOOL TABLE No. 9-B CITIES UNDER 25,COO (Concluded) CITIES Wanted to work Financial Gradu- ated Dis- liked school Miscel- laneous Sick Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys florae 81.6 63.3 80.8 52.4 68.7 72.8 FABLE 90 3 2.9 20.6 8.7 16.7 17.3 7.2 No. 9-C 1.3 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.7 7.6 VIL] 6.5 4.3 2.8 .9 11.6 10.7 4.0 25.9 8.6 10.8 .AGES 3.2 8.3 9.2 3.7 15.7 13.9 9.6 6.0 2.4 13.4 12.2 2.1 21.1 22.7 2.9 20.9 2.5 5.7 6.0 22.4 9.4 5.6 3.9 15.2 3.8 '"4.2 9.6 3.8 3.3 1.2 16.7 20.4 16.9 14.7 2.7 20.0 11.2 5.5 22.4 23.2 2.6 2.7 2.3 1.9 2.4 .8 >,000 'i'.s 3.7 3.6 2.8 '"4;6 3^3 1.3 4.1 1.8 3.3 4.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 289 230 393 45 7 165 96 148 164 95 204 155 120 140 249 120 108 62 215 153 134 28 163 153 111 128 136 90 72 217 72 107 292 72 388 56 137 100 147 157 85 144 68 115 73 118 ^"Salamanca Saratoga Springs 1.3 Tona wanda Watervliet. . . . .3 .8 OVER "io'.4 2.8 " Y.7 "i'.s White Plains i VILLAGES Albion .... <5atskill 66.6 52.3 42.5 66.2 61.1 78.0 83.0 95.2 48.3 55.9 54.1 68.0 51.5 83.1 72.4 92.5 82.7 81.0 67.3 82.3 68.0 90.7 55.7 78.5 70.0 88.4 76.2 80.9 14.9 92.4 72.1 65.3 59.1 76.8 85.9 70.0 78.7 80.0 65.2 52.5 20.8 33.9 38.8 14.5 16.6 1.4 4.0 2.4 31.2 29.3 38.7 6.4 15.8 7.0 3.7 Depew Endicott Freeport 2.8 11.0 3.0 'Hastings H a verstra w Hempstead Herkimer. . 1.1 1.3 1.0 .9 6.7 2.9 1.5 2.5 1.4 6.0 4.2 1.2 2.8 2.3 3.5 2.5 5.0 4.2 2.1 "2'.3 3.8 7.4 2.0 '"2'.4 5.7 '4'.5 2.6 Hoosick Falls Hudson Falls Ilion. . ... Johnson City Lancaster .... 1.5 2.5 .7 Lawrence .Malone "'3:7 "4!i 5.8 7.0 2.0 7.1 18.0 3.1 20.3 13.3 10.0 2.1 10.0 3.8 64.2 2.6 1.9 4.1 12.7 4.9 5.7 7.8 7.9 11.0 6.8 18.3 .Mamaroneck Massena Newark 2.8 2.8 '"4'.4 1.9 15.0 1.1 2.1 11.5 14.6 '.No Tarrytown Nyack Ossining .9 "Owego Patchogue 'Peekskill Penn Yan Port Chester "Port Washington Rockville Center .7 1.9 8.2 1.4 1.2 Seneca Falls Solvay 9.9 Tarrytown Walden ... . . " i . i .8 2.2 1.1 3.5 1.1 2.6 Waterf ord " Waver ly Wellsville 'Whitehall OUR BOYS 295 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys KIND^OP SCHOOL LAST ATTENDED TABLE No. 10-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES SCHOOL Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Public Parochial Private Voca- tional f** Albany 81.6 70.8 79.7 88.4 78.5 80.2 88.4 83.6 84.8 91.5 88.8 90.8 94.6 90.3 75.7 91.7 91.2 75.3 86.8 99.6 82.6 89.3 12.5 19.8 16.6 8.2 13.7 7.3 8.5 11.7 0.8 5.7 7.5 7.8 2.7 7.7 13.2 5.9 7.4 15.8 7.0 .4 12.5 6.3 1.9 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.1 1.7 2.6 4.7 7.7 2.7 3.5 1.3 2.7 1.5 2.5 2.0 1.0 4.1 2.0 4.0 6.0 .4 .5 5.7 10.8 0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 810 820 1,356 11,257 971 838 553 857 700 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 1,658 2,241 669 2,241 124.795 Amsterdam Auburn Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Jamestown Kingston Mt. Vernon 6.7 .1 .2 .1 '".5 8.6 .4 .4 4.8 4.2 Newburgh New Rochelle Niagara Falls Oswego . . . Poughkeepsie Rochester Schenectady . . Syracuse. . . Troy. Utica Watertown Yonkers New York*... 4.4 2.5 .5 1.9 TABLE No. 10-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 * Many boys in Greater New York answered elementary school and did not say whether public or parochial." Batavia 94 2 4 3 1 5 100 ) Beacon 92 1 6 1 1 2 5 100 Canandaigua 85 13 6 1 4 100 Cohoes 57 4 39 3 4 2 100 Corning 96.7 2 .3 1.0 100 Cortland. . . , 97 2 7 1 4 7 100 Dunkirk 91 8 7 8 .2 .2 100.0 Fulton 99 1 100 Geneva 75 21 2 9 1 l 100 Glen Cove 94 8 4 3 .9 100.0 Glens Falls 67 1 32 4 5 100 Gloversville .... 96.5 3.5 100.0 Hornell 96 8 2 7 5 100 Hudson 88.5 8 5 .6 2.4 100.0 Ithaca . . 94 3 3 2 7 100 Johnstown . 99 4 6 100 Lackawanna . . Little Falls 89.3 90 1 8.6 7 8 1.7 1.4 .4 .7 100.0 100 Lockport 85 3 10 5 3 8 4 100 Mechanicville Middletown 77.8 93 9 3 5.3 3 1 16.9 100.0 100 No. Tonawanda Norwich . . 84.4 95.6 14.4 .8 3.3 .4 1.1 100.0 100 Ogdensburg 76 4 22 2 1 4 100 Olean 94.5 4.7 .3 .5 100.0 Oneida 100 100 Oneonta 97.6 .6 1.2 .6 100.0 Plattsburg 77.4 19.5 3.1 100.0 Port Jervis. . 95.7 4.3 100 Rensselaer. . . 73.2 20.0 6.3 .5 100.0 296 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys KIND OF SCHOOL LAST ATTENDED TABLE No. 10-B CITIES UNDE R 25,000 (Concluded] CITIES SCH OOL Total Popu- lation Public Parochial Private Voca- tional per cent ployed boys Rome 93 2 5 1 8 100 528 Salamanca 87.3 12.7 100 189 Saratoga Springs 84 9 3 5 4 1 7 5 100 289 Tonawanda 96 9 2 5 6 100 <>30 Watervliet 79 8 10 3 6 8 3 1 100 3Q3 White Plains.. . 89.6 7.6 2.4 .4 100.0 457 TABLE No. VILLAGES 10-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Albion . . . 93 6 3 2 3 2 100 165 Catskill Depew 70.8 81 7 11.1 18 3 18.1 100.0 100 96 148 Endicott 99 1 9 100 164 Fredonia Freeport. . . 98.8 98 9 1 i 1.2 100.0 100 95 9 04 Hastings Haverstraw 86.2 65 5.5 24 2.8 11 5.5 100.0 100 155 120 Hempstead 97 6 2 4 100 140 Herkimer Hoo&ick Falls 90.9 66.7 2.7 29.3 2.1 4 4.3 100.0 100 249 120 Hudson Falls 95 9 1 3 1 100 108 Huntington 96.4 3 6 100 62 Ilion 96 6 4 1 9 1 i 100 9 15 Johnson City . 99 4 6 100 153 Lancaster 67.2 32 1 7 100 134 Lawrence . 95 2 5 2 5 100 28 Malone Mamaroneck . . 90.4 97 8.2 2 1.4 1 100.0 100 163 153 Massena. . . 89 9 2 7 1 1 100 111 Medina .... 89 3 7 1 2 4 1 2 100 128 Newark 100 100 136 North Tarry town. . . . Nyack 91.3 83 1 5.5 11 5 1.6 5 4 1.6 100.0 100 90 72 Ossining Owego 95.0 95 4.4 .6 5 100.0 100 217 72 Patchogue . . . 93.7 1.1 4.1 1.1 100.0 107 Peekskill 93.3 5 1 1 6 100.0 292 Penn Yan . . 92 3 7 7 100 72 Port Chester 97 5 1 9 6 100 388 Port Washington 97 5 2 5 100 56 Rockville Center 90.8 1.8 7.4 100.0 137 Saranac Lake .... 89 8 10.2 100.0 100 Seneca Falls 91 6 8 4 100 147 Solvay 98 8 1 2 100 157 Tarry town 97 2 2 8 100.0 85 Walden. . .. 97 8 1 i 1 i 100 144 Waterf ord Waver ly... 78.7 100 11.3 7.8 2.2 100.0 100.0 68 115 Wellsville . 92 2 5 6 2 2 100 73 Whitehall 87.9 2.6 8.6 .9 100.0 118 Ous BOYS 297 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys SHOP WORK DONE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 11-A CITIES OVER 25,000 SHOP WORK Total Popu- CITIES No training Wood working Miscel- laneous per cent of em- ployed boys P Albany . .... 73.5 23.6 2.9 100.0 2,542 Amsterdam 64.6 34.6 .8 100.0 810 Auburn 64.6 65 7 33.4 31.9 2.0 2.4 100.0 100.0 829 1,356 Buffalo 46 2 45 4 8 4 100 11,257 Elmira 66 3 21.2 12.5 100.0 971 Jamestown Kingston 39.8 90.5 57.5 7.2 2.7 2.3 100.0 100.0 838 553 30 1 46 7 23.2 100.0 857 Newburgh New Rochelle 44.5 23 6 53.5 75 7 2.0 .7 100.0 100.0 700 760 Niagara Falls. 63.3 33.7 3.0 100.0 1,147 Oswego 71.0 27.0 2.0 100.0 546 Poughkeepsie Rochester 92.0 58.7 6.0 27.1 2.0 14.2 100.0 100.0 698 6,322 Schenectady Syracuse 51.8 47 6 46.8 51.1 1.4 1.3 100.0 100.0 1,821 3,874 Troy 67.8 26.3 5.9 100.0 1,658 Utica . .... 54.3 43.0 2.7 100.0 2,241 Watertown 97 8 2 2 100.0 669 Yonkers . 27.8 65.4 6.8 100.0 2,241 New York... 39.2 54.6 6.2 100.0 124,795 TABLE No. 11-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua . Cohoes Corning Cortland Dunkirk Fulton Geneva Glen Cove. . . Glens Falls Gloversville Horrell Hudson Ithaca . . . Johnstown Laekawanna .... Little Falls Lockport Mechanicville . . . Middletown North Tonawanda. Norwich Ogdensburg Clean... Oneida Oneonta Plattsburg Port Jervis Rensselaer . . . 78.6 94.4 58.5 97.5 81.6 71.9 66.4 60.8 86.6 12.8 58.9 46.7 45.5 71.3 62.7 82.2 39.8 74.1 63.0 52.6 50.9 53.7 97.9 96.6 33.5 66.4 32.5 94.9 94.5 85.2 18.7 4.4 39.4 2.0 16.7 26.6 32.9 38.7 10.5 86.3 40.4 52.5 53.5 28.1 15.9 58.8 25.4 34.0 40.1 47.9 45.8 1.1 '62'.2 32.8 67.5 4.4 1.2 4 2 2.7 100.0 1.2 100.0 2.1 100.0 .5 100.0 1.7 100.0 1.5 100.0 .7 100.0 .5 100.0 2.9 100.0 .9 100.0 .7 100.0 .8 100.0 1.0 100.0 .6 100.0 .7 100.0 1.9 100.0 1.4 100.0 .5 100.0 3.0 100.0 7.3 100.0 1.2 100.0 .5 100.0 1.0 100.0 3.4 100.0 4.3 100.0 .8 100.0 100.0 .7 100.0 4.3 100.0 10.6 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 298 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys SHOP WORK DONE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 11-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) SHOP WORK Tntfll Popu- CITIES No training Wood working Miscel- laneous per cent of em- ployed boys Rome 59 9 39 7 4 100 528 Salamanca 99 2 7 1 100 189 Saratoga Springs 35 8 56 1 8 1 100 289 Tonawanda .... 37 62 3 7 100 230 Watervliet 89 5 1 8 8 7 100 393 White Plains. . . 47.2 52.0 .8 100.0 457 TABLE No. 11-C VILLAGES VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Albion 90 3 6 5 3 2 Catskill 90 2 1 4 8 4 Depew 92 6 6 4 1 Endicott 92.9 4.2 2.9 Fredonia 80 7 19 3 Freeport 44 4 55 6 Hastings 17 7 79 5 2 8 Haverstraw. . . . 90 1 9 Hemps tead 29 2 65 9 4 9 Herkimer 80 1 18 3 1 6 Hoosick Falls 95 8 1 3 2 9 Hudson Falls 31 6 60 2 8 2 Huntington 31 1 68 9 Ilion 71 3 27 4 1 3 Johnson City . . 81 9 18 1 Lancaster 75 3 24 6 .1 Lawrence 27 5 70 25 Malone 89 5 7 4 3 1 Mamaroneck 94 6 Massena 90 8 1 8 2 Medina 96 4 1 2 2 4 Newark. . . . 65 2 33 3 1 5 North Tarrytown . . 46.1 52.3 1.6 Nyack 91 9 3 5 4 6 Ossining 67 7 31 1 3 Owego 60 40 Patchogue . . . 95 6 1 i 3 3 Peekskill 72.4 27.6 Penn Yan 100 Port Chester 3 6 96 1 3 Port Washington Rockville Center . 90.0 29 7 10.0 68 5 is Saranac Lake . 85 8 2 12 2 Seneca Falls 98 6 1 4 Solvay 25 6 74 4 Tarrytown. . Walden 42.9 87 8 54.3 8 9 2.8 O Waterford.. 61 8 37 1 1 1 Waverly 58 42 Wellsville 69 7 29 4 9 Whitehall 91 3 g 7 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 OUR BOYS 29S* Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST LIKED STUDY Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Best Liked Stutfy? TABLE No. 12-F GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two American Parents j g | "I I Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 1, & M 1 1 1 la ! |1 Total per cent ber ' cards tabu- 1 1 ffi J! O & a j H 1 lated 1 5th ... 38.3 13.8 10.6 3.2 13.8 12.8 4.3 3.2 100.0 9* 6th 38 5 14 18 3 1 6 14 12 1 g 100 301 7th 32.1 10.1 27.7 3.1 10.3 .2 14.0 1.3 1.2 100.0 1,033. 8th 35.2 12.4 27.9 3.0 6.5 .4 8.8 2.2 .8 2.8 100.0 1,990 1st high school 35.7 15.9 15.7 2.2 2.9 4.9 6.7 4.5 3.4 7.2 .9 100.0 2d 38 5 17 7 9 2 2 8 1 i 5 3 5 3 7 8 4 6 5 6 2 1 100 283- 3d.. 32 2 17.3 14 8 2 6 9 6 9 4 3 9 6 6 1 2 6 100 115~ 4th 35 4 10 4 10 4 4 2 16 7 10 4 4 2 6 2 2 1 100 48> Total 1,504 551 1,025 122 306 67 414 118 57 132 14 4,3tO> TABLE No. 12-G GREATER NEW YORK American Biys with One American Parent LAST GRADE COMPLETED . JS I H H | J Language j I Commercial subjects Elementary science Advanced science Total per cent Num- ber o cards- tabu- latedS 5th... 35.0 10.0 17.5 7 5 10.0 15 5 100 41. 6th 7th 36.9 36 6 6.3 8 2 18.0 25 9 3.6 1 6 18.0 10 13.6 12 9 2.7 1 6 .9 3 2 100.0 100 in 3 70* 8th 1st high school 2d 3d 36.7 41.5 29.7 41 9 11.8 10.9 14.5 11 8 26.7 18.9 19.8 9 3 2.9 3.5 2.7 4.9 3.5 .9 .4 4.5 11.7 9 3 10.1 4.1 6.3 2 3 1.9 4.5 1.8 9 3 .8 4.5 6.3 6 9 3.8 3.5 3.6 6 9 .6 2.7 2 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 806- 174 111 4a 4th 1 33.4 20.0 13 4 13 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 100 1& Total 613 179 399 45 108 31 165 42 25 57 6 1,670 TABLE No. 12-H GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two Foreign Parents g bo ! >> a I Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 1 | |l bO 1 1 JB I 11 |1 j Total per cent ber of cards tabu- i I s 1 & J 1 & 1 "O lated 5th 40.0 16 7 6 2 3 13.7 15 3 2 3 3.7 100 130 6th 37.8 14.2 21.3 1.8 10.6 12.2 .8 1.3 100 .'O 449" 7th . . 34 7 11.6 24.9 3 7 10 4 12 7 1.0 1 100.0 1,572 8th 38.5 13 9 24 8 3.7 5.3 ".'4 8.8 1.7 2.9 100.0 3,355- 1st high school. . . . 35.7 16.8 17.9 .3 7.8 4.7 3.7 6A 6.1 .5 100.0 565 2d 36.5 13.7 14.8 2 2 !5 11 2.2 3 4 5.6 7 6 2.5 100.0 394 3d... 39.1 17.0 9.6 3.5 12.2 1.2 1.2 9.6 4.7 1.9 ioo!o 156 4th 31.0 18.8 18.8 1.7 6.1 3.3 10.2 6.8 3.3 100.0 58- Total 2,504 908 1,508 224 415 117 595 118 74 198 18 6,67^ 300 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys BEST LIKED STUDY Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Best Liked Study TABLE No. 12-1 GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents LAST GRADE COMPLETED Jj b -j J | 1 1 bO l| a S EH* fS need science Total per Num- ber of cards ^ p3 5 fcD So ^ 2 P cent tabu- 1 i W I 3 8 o a a 1 a > C 8 Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED "S J3 .2 | sl 1 1 i 1 H 1 |f *-i OJ |1 Total per cent ber of cards tabu- 1 H W "ro S3 S 1 CO 1 O & 1 W -a > e 8 Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED & 1 1 1 ! '; a s !* I 1 Total per cent ber of cards tabu- 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 2 Q a w i lated 45th... 44.8 13.2 5.2 18.4 15.8 2.6 100.0 38 mh 28.7 35.4 2.7 10.3 22.0 .9 100.0 104 17th 22.4 45.6 7.6 .5 9.2 12.2 1.5 1.0 100.0 366 #th 21 2 46 5 6.5 .4 5.6 3.9 11.0 2.1 2.8 100 764 1st high school 2d 27.8 24 2 29.2 27.3 7.6 6.5 .7 1.8 1.3 1.8 12.7 26.6 7.6 5.3 4.6 1.8 1.8 6.0 2.7 2^7 100.0 100.0 160 107 3d 14.6 19.4 4.6 2.3 37.6 12.0 7.2 2.3 100.0 41 -4th 7.5 23.5 7.5 23.5 15.2 7.5 15.3 100.0 13 Total 368 644 104 10 99 103 176 40 7 39 3 1,593 TABLE No. 12-V GREATER NEW YORK Ameiican Boys with Two Foreign Parents 8 a S *" " I I Num- LABT GRADE COMPLETED 1 J 1 1 M 1 1 1 If I" I 1 Total per cent ber of cards tabu- "8 Is H S3 3 1 5 J a 1 1 lated -JSth 26.0 29.2 7.8 17.4 16.6 2.3 .7 100.0 127 .Sth 25.3 32.5 7.9 '".6 9.8 21.6 1.9 .4 100. 431 23.9 42.0 7.3 .2 8.2 16.0 1.5 .9 100.0 1,506 ,,8th . . . 19.8 44.6 7.3 .5 4.8 2.0 14.7 3.1 2.5 '".7 100.0 3,163 1st high school 22.7 31.3 5.3 1.1 1.5 15.2 7.6 6.7 "!* 7.2 .6 100.0 525 .2d 21.8 28.5 5.9 1.1 1.6 25.5 4.5 3.4 1.1 6.1 .5 100.0 376 -3d 22.1 24.8 8.3 .7 28.3 2.7 2.7 1.4 7.6 1.4 100.0 145 -4th. 17.6 14.0 7.0 31.5 5.3 12.3 7.0 5.3 100.0 57 Total 1,365 2,529 454 35 356 299 879 194 10 175 34 .... 6,330 OUR BOYS 303 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys LEAST LIKED STUDY Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Least Liked Study TABLE No. 12-W GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents LAST GRADE COMPLETED Mathematics J f w | || i 1 Geography | I a Elementary science Advanced science Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 6th 19.6 25 1 37.0 29 5 6.3 8 7 3 14.7 14 1 19.6 20 8 2.1 6 .7 g 100.0 100 143 333 7th 8th 1st high school 2d.. 19.7 17.4 21.6 21 40.4 43.2 35.5 30 3 7.2 7.4 6.1 5.9 i.6 .5 8.3 5.1 3.8 g 2.0 10.5 18 5 22.5 15.7 9.4 2 5 1.4 5.4 2.7 7 6 5 8 .5 2.7 8.3 12 6 'i'.i 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 793 1,145 181 119 3d . 24 5 22 7 9 4 26 4 1 9 5 7 9 4 100 53 4th. 25 17 9 7 1 35 7 3.6 7 1 3.6 100.0 28 Total 551 1,084 205 14 200 88 476 95 3 76 3 .... 2,795 TABLE No. 12-X CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two American Parents . so - >,! I Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 1 ft ll I 1 1 a '5 ft I 1 I 1 Total per cent ber of cards tabu- 1 1 i 1 1 I O i a 3 1 lated 5th 30.3 12.2 2.9 18.6 29.0 1.2 5.8 100.0 172 6th 23.6 24.5 5.1 .1 15.0 27.6 1.3 2.8 100.0 703 7th 21.8 31.5 8.7 11.3 "'.i 22.3 1.0 2.5 100.0 1,269 8th 20.7 41.2 8.0 '".3 10.6 1.4 12.7 1.0 "'.2 3.9 100.0 1,950 1st high school.. .. 2d 24.6 21.1 37.2 39.3 6.7 5.4 .2 A 6.9 2.9 9.7 18.1 5.6 2.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 .6 6.5 7.9 ' "A .8 100.0 100.0 825 518 3d.... 11.8 39.0 7.7 1.8 29.6 1.8 6.5 1.8 100.0 169 4th 11.4 31.6 2.5 2.5 38.0 1.3 'i'.s 6.3 5.1 100.0 79 Total 1,239 2,000 405 11 564 293 836 60 16 248 14 5,685 TABLE No. 12-Y CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with One American Parent LAST GRADE COMPLETED Mathematics 1 I a Manual training H j >> 1 O 1 Commercial subjects Elementary science Advanced science Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th... 6th 14.6 18 5 22.0 29 4.9 4 2 26.8 16.2 29.3 28.2 "A 2.4 3.5 100.0 100.0 41 237 7th 8th 1st high school 2d ad 4th 23.9 18.8 18.8 19.7 21.0 28.0 34.1 44.1 39.0 36.4 34.8 36.0 6.5 8.2 8.5 6.6 7.0 .3 "A 12.0 11.2 5.8 8.1 2.3 io^s 19.7 25.6 20.0 17.7 12.3 7.3 3.6 '416 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.3 4.0 "\.2 1.5 4.0 3.8 5.0 2.2 4.7 8.0 "i.2 '2.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 iOO.O 351 571 259 137 43 25 Total 333 625 116 2 182 71 236 25 5 65 4 1,664 304 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys LEAST LIKED STUDY Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Least Liked Study TABLE No. 12-Z CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two Foreign Parents . | | t| Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 1 >, i 3*1 3 I 1 1 .2 It g'g I 1 Total per cent ber of cards tabu- 1 1 s a J O 1 6 a 1 lated 5th 23.8 24.5 16.5 32.4 .6 2.2 100.0 152 6th 18.5 31.5 5.4 13.8 27.4 .5 2.9 100.0 689 7th .. 21.4 34.4 8.3 .1 10.5 20.7 1.3 3.3 100.0 959 8th 17.6 46.0 8/6 .1 8.9 1.6 11.4 1.4 4.4 100.0 1,169 1st. high school 22.1 37.9 6.9 8.1 5.8 9.5 1.2- .9 6.7 .9 100.0 346 2d 23.7 34.7 6.1 .6 2.4 14.0 6.8 2.4 1.9 6.8 .6 100.0 164 3d 17.8 28.6 5.4 26.8 3.5 1.8 14.3 1.8 100.0 56 4th 6.2 33.3 12.2 3.0 21.2 3.0 3.0 15.1 3.0 100.0 33 Total 701 1,336 258 3 359 83 617 43 7 155 6 3,568 TABLE No. 12-ZZ CITIES OVER 25,000 Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents 8 M C -2 "3 >J 1 Num- LAST GRADE COMPLETED Jj 1 | c i I 1 S | P P "S - s |5 S Total per cent ber of cards tabu- S a .2 M o3 j 1 5 1 Q 1 | < lated 5th .. 17.2 28.5 4.6 15.9 28.5 2.0 3.3 100.0 151 6th 18.3 33.5 6.0 .5 17.2 18.5 1.6 4.4 100.0 367 7th 17 4 38.0 9.4 12.3 1.3 15.8 1.6 4 2 100 310 8th 17.8 41.4 9.4 11.2 .9 11.2 2.8 5.3 100.0 321 1st high school 2dl 26.6 17.5 32.1 35.0 6.4 2.5 3.7 2.5 7.3 17.5 12.9 7.5 1.8 .9 5.0 8.3 12.5 100.0 100.0 109 40 60.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 10 4th 25 12.5 12.5 37.5 12 5 100 8 Total 242 473 98 2 167 26 214 25 3 66 1,316 OUR BOYS 305 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How THEY EARNED MONEY WHILE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 13-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES iL 3.1 .4 .2 .3 1 2.7 10.4 11.3 15.0 3 <) I .1 1.4 .7 2.8 : : : 1 Baker or : : : ^ confectioner Errand or messenger boy 1 i a 1 ill Farm work Miscellaneous W No money earnod or no answer Total per cent Population of employed boys Albany Amsterdam Auburn Binghamton Buffalo 8.1 1.0 4.2 4.4 4 5 1.3 2.0 2.8 1.6 11.9 9.2 17.4 12.1 7 6 '.2 .2 .3 .6 2.3 2.8 .5 3.7 1.7 2.0 3.9 8'.8 2.0 10.5 4.9 .7 1.9 3.6 7.2 '"3:2 4.4 .3 10.5 1.0 9.8 2.9 13.9 .6 10.5 ""3 .1 6.9 .9 64.8 67.6 54.3 52.2 77.9 53.5 59.2 66.0 65.0 57.9 81.3 67.9 51.8 62.9 64.4 62.3 57.4 61.9 57.4 56.4 80.4 82.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 810 829 1,356 11,257 971 838 553 857 700 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 1,658 2,241 669 2,241 124,795 Elmira Jamestown Kingston Mt. Vernon Newburgh New Rochelle .6 .8 .7 .1 14.8 8.8 5.9 4.2 14.4 .1 7 2.0 1.1 .2 .3 .5 "5 1.7 4.6 2.8 8.3 4.7 9 9 3.7 1.0 1.1 1.9 11.1 20.4 11.6 6.6 10.9 4 5 "!i .2 .1 1.2 7 Niagara Falls Oswego Poughkeepsie Rochester .5 '8.5 1.0 10.0 fi 3.2 7.2 .5 5.2 .4 9 6 .2 .2 .5 .8 '.5 .2 .1 5.7 10.0 6.7 2.5 4.2 6.4 4.7 7.2 4.8 4.8 5.4 .2 2.5 .1 . 2 8.2 .1 2.2 .1 7.7 16.8 11.5 13.8 9.8 16.0 7.9 13.9 13.8 7.6 2.8 .2 "".2 "Y.o .5 3.4 1.2 1.3 1.9 3.2 1.0 1.2 2.2 .1 1.0 .2 8.9 1.0 7.5 .7 6.6 6.6 11.0 8.4 1.6 Schenectady Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown Yonkers .3 .3 .2 6.7 8.5 10.6 2 '.3 1.0 '"4 New York .5 5.0 5 .2 TABLE No. 13-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 4.2 4.2 12.3 .5 7.4 16.2 65.2 100.0 Beacon 7.2 2.6 "3.3 13.4 1.7 '"i'.z 64.6 100.0 Ganandaigua 6.8 2'.7 2.7 2.7 11.1 4.1 "22^5 47.4 100.0 Cohocs 11 7 3.2 7.2 9.7 5 5 .2 62 5 100.0 Corning '".7 7.0 7.7 1.7 1.0 5.7 3.0 11.3 61.9 100.0 Cortland... .7 14.6 1.3 10.0 9.3 5.3 12.0 46.8 100.0 Dunkirk .8 6.4 .2 5.1 6.2 3.7 8.9 68.7 100.0 Fulton .5 8.8 3.9 '".5 12.3 3.9 9.3 60.8 100.0 Geneva .6 10.4 '8'.7 2.7 7.6 10.9 "".3 1.0 12.4 45.4 100.0 Glen Cove 7.6 1.7 "la 43.6 .9 2.6 42.7 100.0 Glens Falls 12.1 .5 5.7 10.9 4.0 .5 20.4 45.9 100.0 Gloversville .6 10.4 '8.7 2.7 "'7!6 10.9 "".3 1.0 12.4 45.4 100.0 Hornell 11.3 1 8 3.6 5.4 9.4 2.3 '"8.6 .5 57.1 100.0 Hudson "jj 22.5 3.7 3.7 3.1 1.2 .6 11.0 53.6 100.0 Ithaca .; .6 17.8 8.9 10.5 3.8 8.9 49.5 100.0 Johnstown 7.0 3.2 5.1 11.5 .6 .6 21.7 50.3 100.0 Lacka wanna is 6 S 4 4 9 4 5 4.5 77.6 100. U Little Falls 17.6 1 5 1.3 6.5 5.2 " i.3 3.3 63.5 100.0 Lockport 4 ft 7 3 13.0 5.0 15.1 .4 54.6 100.0 Mechanicville . . 10 1 3.4 1.0 5.0 .5 17.8 62.2 100.0 Middletown 12 2 4 2 3.8 9.9 3.0 12.5 .8 53.6 100.0 No. Tonawanda . . . 5.3 .9 8.8 8.2 .4 8.8 67.6 100.0 Norwich 7.7 2.2 i.i 7.7 '"3"3 12.1 3.3 "'9i9 6.6 46.1 100.0 Ogdensburg 15 '.7 2.0 1.3 3.3 2.0 17.6 57.4 100.0 Olean .3 'JL8 .5 8.6 .3 9.1 .8 'ii.i 64.5 100.0 Oiieida 12.8 .8 .8 2.4 8.0 1.6 11.2 62.4 100.0 Oneonta . 14.4 .6 2.5 3.1 8.1 9.4 "".6 60.7 100.0 PlattsDurg 5.7 2.5 "i'.3 3.8 ""e 1.3 .6 13.6 70.4 100.0 Tort Jems isio 4.3 3.7 16.7 62.3 100.0 Rensselaer 7.4 '"5 ".'5 .5 12.1 18.4 60.6 100.0 306 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How THEY EARNED MONEY WHILE IN SCHOOL TABLE No. 13-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) CITIES h J 1 "0 gJ | ii 1 j xg per cent <*! II 8 - 2 f~l g 1 I IS 1 "If 02 cq w S Q eg (5 S in S f" Rome 7 fi 10 2 2 4 S 4 11 4 61 8 100 528 Salamanca . . 7 4 7 10 r 8 7 2 14 7 59 2 100 10Q Saratoga Springs.. . Tonawanda 1.2 19. f 6. 2 T2 .6 4.6 6.2 .6 20.2 8.6 '"!e .6 6.8 1.2 52.0 70 4 100.0 100 289 230 Watervliet i 4 6 3 4.3 .3 4 3 3 15 5 69 8 100 393 White Plains. . . 3 ? 8 9.2 6.0 1.6 8.4 70.8 100.0 457 TABLE No. 13-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion 12 9 9 7 Catskill 1 4 ?3 fi 1 4 2 8 8 3 2 8 Depew 5 5 1 8 1 8 5 5 Endicott 5 1 1 4 2 8 3 3 16 8 Fredonia 1 ? 1 *> 4 8 4 8 3 6 19 5 ? 1 8 4 3 2 7 4 8 4 2 1 16 8 Hastings 4 1 16.5 1.4 1 4 2 8 2 8 Haverstraw . ... 4 1 ( 4 22 Hempstead 7 3 12.2 2 4 Herkimer Hoosick Falls Hudson Falls 1.1 'i'o 20.4 1.3 11.2 8 '- 1.1 '2.1 'i!( 4.8 2.7 1. 10 1 .5 Q 10.2 5.3 6.G 4 6 9 2.1 64 8.1 1.3 is 14.6 17.4 5 5 Ilion i 1 IS 1 6 1 10 5 3 2 10 4 Johnson City Lancaster Lawrence Malone Mamaroneck Massena Medina 2.5 6.7 l.C 6.4 1.5 5.1 1.4 13.0 4.1 1.2 ".1 i!6 1.2 1.5 32.5 3.7 6.c 2.4 "2:2 6.0 1.0 12.8 11.9 2.5 3.7 4.0 4.1 18.8 4.1 1.5 '"2^2 4.0 7 1 "'2'!5 22 3 10.5 13.4 "i?!9 15. C 8.2 Newark 1 4 11 1 ?, h 1 4 6.9 5 6 4 2 8 3 No Tarry town ? i 6 a 6 3 2 3 7 8 Nyack 8 S 9.9 38 5 3 S 1 ? 5 1 3 8 2 5 12 6 Owego 10. (j 10.0 10 C 50 Patchogue 1 i ? 1, 4 c, 3 2 1 i 3 2 1 i 2 1 Peekskill Penn Yan .4 6.0 3 h 5.4 7.5 3 t 12.1 3 8 3.4 7 & 2.1 26 9 3.4 Port Chester Port Washington... Rockville Center. . . 5.5 6.4 11 1 .G 4.9 11.5 9.o '"i fe 7.5 "3.7 12.7 6.4 .3 Sarauac Lake IV, V 8 i, 2 v. 2 24 5 Seneca Falls 4 '' 1ft S ft b 2 8 11 3 4 2 14 1 Solvay b 1 13 4 1 2 14 7 Tarrytown Walden s'v 2.9 14. a 1.1 i.i 5.7 6.7 2.9 2 2 i i 8.6 20.0 Waterford . . ft b fl ' i i 5 b 12 4 5 6 4 5 Waverly Wellsviile 14.5 3.0 3.0 s!b 9.1 1 l i!i l.b 7 b 20.0 22 9 Whitehall 6 2 b 2 6 9 1 7 21 5 77.4 100.0 59.7 100.0 85.4 100.0 70.6 100.0 64.9 100.0 51.6 100.0 71.0 100.0 69.0 100.0 78.1 100.0 51.7 100.0 74.8 100.0 60 3 100.0 61.5 100.0 52.9 100.0 63.8 100.0 70.2 100.0 55.0 100.0 61.5 100.0 51.0 100.0 81.6 100.0 49.4 100.0 58.3 100.0 75.0 100.0 42.8 100.0 71.0 100.0 20.0 100.0 81.9 100.0 59.4 100.0 53.9 100.0 68.8 100.0 75.7 100.0 74.0 100.0 51.1 100.0 42.3 100.0 64.6 100.0 65.6 100.0 58.9 100.0 63.0 100.0 51.0 100.0 60.5 100.0 64.7 100.0 OUR BOYS 307 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys NIGHT SCHOOL ENROLLMENT TABLE No. 14-B CITIES OVER 25,000 \TTENDANCI i CITIES Attends Would attend Would not attend Total per cent tion of employed boys Albany . ... 7 2 16 3 76 5 100 2 542 Amsterdam 5 5 15 2 79 3 100 810 Auburn 6 1 23 2 70.7 100 829 Binghamton 3 2 22 8 74 100 1 356 Buffalo 9 2 16 2 74 6 100 11 257 Elmira. . 7 2 19 7 73 1 100 971 Jamestown 5.0 19.4 75.6 100.0 838 Kingston . . . . 4 6 41 2 54 2 100 553 Mt. Vernon 10.4 23.4 66.2 100.0 857 Newburgh 10 7 17 8 71.5 100 700 New Rochelle 7 3 17 6 75 1 100 760 Niagara Falls Oswego 8.9 3 26.7 43 64.4 54 100.0 100 1,147 546 Poughkeepsie 2.0 15.5 82.5 100.0 698 Rochester 20 6 15 3 64 1 100 6,322 Schenectady 8 14 7 77 3 100 1 821 Syracuse . . 4 3 28 67 7 100 3,874 Troy... 2 9 36 5 60 6 100 1 658 Utica 5 2 23 3 71 5 100 2,241 Watertown 2 25 3 72 7 100 669 Yonkers . 9 4 21 8 68 8 100 2 241 New York... 10.0 30.6 59.4 100.0 124.795 TABLE No. 14-C CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia. 6 9 Beacon 4 1 Canandaigua . Cohoef,.... 4 2 Corning 2 4 Cortland . 2 3 Dunkirk 9 5 Fulton 2 Geneva 2 1 Glen Cove 6 8 Glens Falls . . . 2 Gloversville 3 4 Hornell 3 7 Hudson 6 Ithaca 5 3 Johnstown 3.0 Lackawanna. . . . 24 Little Falls Lockport. . .3 1 8 Mechanicville 1 4 Middletown . . . 3 7 North Tonawanda 1 8 Norwich 1.3 Ogdensburg. . 6 7 Clean 4 Oneida .4 Oneonta 3 3 Plattsburg 2 Port Jervis .4 Rensselaer .7 5.7 25.6 60.5 11.4 35.3 25.5 5.6 24.8 29.4 37.2 19.7 17.4 21.4 14.0 24.2 10.5 12.0 48.0 26.3 15.0 18.5 52.3 47.0 11.4 32.8 15.2 19.3 44.0 1.3 17.5 87 4 100.0 70.3 100.0 39.5 100.0 84.4 100.0 62.3 100.0 72.2 100.0 84.9 100.0 73.2 100.0 68.5 100.0 56.0 100.0 78.3 100.0 79.2 100.0 74.9 100.0 85.4 100.0 70.5 100.0 86.5 100.0 64.0 100.0 51.7 100.0 71.9 100.0 83.6 100.0 77.8 100.0 45.9 100.0 51.7 100.0 81.9 100.0 63.2 100.0 84.4 100.0 77.4 100.0 54.0 100.0 98.3 100.0 81.8 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 308 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys NIGHT SCHOOL ENROLLMENT TABLE No. 14-C CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded} CITIES ATTENDANCE Total per cent Popula- tion of employed boys Attends Would attend Would not attend .8 .4 .6 2.3 2.5 3.4 D VILI 45.4 9.4 2.2 48.9 28.8 16.8 AGES O" 48.4 53.8 90.2 97.2 48.8 68.7 79.8 V^ER 5,00 51.6 100.0 67.4 61.3 41.6 43.6 52.3 100.0 70.7 52.2 100.0 100.0 49.3 50.6 47.7 62.6 40.6 57.5 36.8 100.0 67.6 70.9 44.3 98.4 39.1 70.0 77.7 45.4 34.6 44.0 35.1 43.2 100.0 42.8 53.2 38.8 60.1 46.0 59.6 67.4 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 289 230 393 457 165 96 148 164 95 204 155 120 140 249 120 108 62 215 153 134 28 163 153 111 128 136 90 72 217 72 107 292 72 388 56 137 100 147 157 85 144 68 115 73 118 \ Salamanca Saratoga Springs Tonawanda Watervliet ; White Plains TABLE No. 14- VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew 25.1 4.6 1.4 1.1 4.2 "i!s 7.5 34.1 57.0 55.3 43.5 ' 29 . 3 46.5 "'4 14.0 3^7 7.7 4^2 2.9 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.6 l!l .5 "i.8 2.4 100.0 100.0 698 6,322 Sohenectady 28.1 34.9 17.5 7.6 2.9 3.1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.8 100.0 1,821 Syracuse 18 8 26 5 22 5 11 6 5.4 4.2 2 4 1 6 7 100 3,874 Troy 22.7 27.9 23.9 10.7 6.0 3.0 1.1 l!2 '.8 " 2 '. 7 100.0 1,658 Utica 19 2 28 6 22 7 13 7 4 2 6 1 7 8 4 100 2,241 Watertown 24.6 13.8 26.8 17.8 6.4 4.8 1.6 .4 3.8 100.0 669 Yonkers 23.0 27.6 22.3 10.0 6.1 4.4 1.9 1.6 3.1 100.0 2,241 New York 23.6 25.7 22.8 12.1 6.4 3.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 2.4 100.0 124,795 TABLE No. 18-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 18 4 28 7 25 3 13 5 9 2 7 6 1 i 4 3 100 Beacon 20 9 29 4 20 4 14 3 6 2 2 2 3 100 Canandaigua 23 6 20.8 29 9 6 4 2 4 2 6 28 4.2 100.0 Cohoes 15 27 9 26 14 3 7 3 4 g 9 4 3 2 100 Corning 39 36 3 15 3 5 3 1 3 1 5 3 100 Cortland . 18 9 24 3 31 6 8 9 6 2 2 9 5 9 4 8 100 Dunkirk 27 4 29 3 20 2 10 7 5 3 2 3 2 2 7 100 Fulton 17 5 24 8 18 9 16 8 1 6 2 2 2 7 4 6 100 Geneva ... . 29 3 34 2 22 4 7 5 4 1 2 5 100 Glen Cove Glens Falls Glovereville Hornell Hudson . 32.6 22.9 19.1 30.5 21 7 24.3 28.8 27.0 34.5 29 7 21.8 16.6 25.8 20.9 29 1 8.1 13.7 11.8 6.5 10 2 2.9 7.9 7.5 4.7 2 1 3.7 4.4 3.3 .7 2 1 1.5 1.8 i 5 3.7 2.7 1.2 1.5 1 5 2.9 '".7 1.5 1.8 .7 2 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 Ithaca 23.1 30.9 27.0 10.7 3.5 3 5 1.3 100.0 Johnstown 18 8 27 1 22 6 11 7 3 4 8 3 4 2 1 g 2 1 100 Lackawanna. . . 25.3 35.3 16.3 10.0 5.7 3.0 .7 1.2 2.5 100.0 Little Falls 20.7 27.2 20.8 16 3 6 5 2 2 6 1 3 2 6 100 Lockport 17 9 27 9 25 4 10 3 6 6 3 2 2 7 1 5 4 5 100 Mechanicville Middletown No. Tonawanda Norwich 23.0 15.7 17.8 29.6 34.5 32.4 25.8 33.0 20.6 23.5 25.8 18.7 8.5 11.1 10.4 6.6 7.1 6.5 8.8 4.4 3.7 3.5 3.5 4 4 1.3 "i'.3 1 1 1.6 .4 1 1 1.6 6.2 1 1 1.3 4.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 Ogdensburg Olean Oneida 21.8 20.2 25 2 24.5 29.8 26 19.9 28.1 21 2 10.6 13.8 16 4 7.4 3.4 4 4.1 1.9 4.1 1.4 1 6 2.8 .9 g '".5 4 8 4.8 100.0 100.0 100 Oneonta 23.3 33.8 19.4 7.7 5.1 5.7 1.9 6 2.5 100.0 Platteburg 14.3 31.4 21.2 14 3 7.3 2.3 3 5 1 7 2 3 1 7 100 Port Jervis 30.4 29.7 24.2 5.7 4.4 1.2 .6 1.2 .6 2.0 100.0 Rensselaer. . . 31.8 27.2 22.7 10.5 4.2 .9 .9 .9 .9 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 316 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys NUMBER OF JOBS HELD TABLE No. 18-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) Popu- Total lation CITIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ per of em- cent ployed boys Rome 20.8 30.1 25.3 11.3 7.1 2.7 .3 .9 1.5 100.0 528 Salamanca 22.9 36.7 21.4 7.4 6.7 1.4 1.4 .7 1.4 100 189 Saratoga Springs .... 27.4 26.7 19.7 12.8 3.6 4.2 1.3 1.3 "3:6 100.0 289 Tonawanda 16.0 29.1 23.4 14.8 6.2 6.2 1.8 2.5 100.0 230 Watervliet 24.4 32.5 24.4 5.8 4.8 3.9 "i!3 1.0 i!g 100.0 393 White Plains 30.8 26.3 19.5 10.7 4.7 2.7 2.3 2.3 .7 100.0 457 TABLE No. 18-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion Catskill 33.1 18 9 16.9 25 8 23.4 20 2 7.3 7 7 4.0 9.1 7.3 6.3 4.0 6 3 2 1 4.0 36 100.0 100 Depew 22.1 19.4 33.1 12.0 2.9 3.8 1.0 1.0 4 7 100 Endicott Fredonia 34.0 19 3 34.5 21 7 17.6 26 5 6.8 6 3.1 10 8 1.1 1 2 i 2 1.1 .7 13 3 1.1 100.0 100 Freeport Hastings Haverstraw Hempstead 36.9 32.0 27.4 41 9 22.1 26.6 35.4 15 20.0 18.3 21.4 22 4 9.4 12.8 5.3 10 1 1.1 7.3 3.3 2 7 6.4 3.0 3.3 5 2 1.0 1.0 'i.3 i.3 2 7 2.1 i!3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 Herkimer 22.1 25.8 16.1 11.8 9.1 3.8 2.1 3.8 5 4 100 Hoosick Falls 25 4 37 2 20 1 4 5 3 6 7 1 3 100 Hudson Falls Huntington 26.9 24 1 21.6 23 1 19.7 25 11.5 8 5 9.5 5 7 3.4 5 7 1.3 1 2.4 1 1.3 2 2.4 3 9 100.0 100 Ilion Johnson City Lancaster Lawrence Malone Mamaroneck Massena Medina Newark No. Tarrytown Nyack Ossining 22.5 26.2 13.3 35.4 17.4 21.0 19.1 18.8 23.7 30.4 28.0 27 6 29.9 26.8 35.0 12.9 29.4 31.0 36.4 21.2 18.0 26.0 22.5 33 9 19.6 23.2 23.7 32.9 19.1 24.0 21.1 15.3 20.8 20.5 21.5 24 10.6 14.5 8.1 10.4 7.8 7.0 6.8 20.0 18.0 10.4 14.7 7 2 8.3 5.8 10.3 2.8 5.4 12.0 2.6 5.9 11.1 3.3 3.7 4 1 2.9 2.3 3.6 2.8 10.0 1.0 3.8 8.2 4.2 4.1 1.5 8 2.9 2.0 2.8 3.1 "3l8 "4.2 1.8 2.7 .8 1.8 .6 1.2 i'.o 1.6 2.4 .9 1.1 .6 2.8 "s.i 8.2 "2'.6 2.7 1 6 .4 ' '4^7 3.0 4.8 "2:7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 Owego Patchogue 35.0 22 9 20.0 23 5.0 17 7 5.0 8 20.0 7 5.0 2 7 "2!7 10.0 8 80 100.0 100 Peekskill Penn Yan 31.1 26 9 31.9 19.3 18.9 26.9 10.1 19.3 2.5 3.8 1.3 .8 2.1 1.3 's'.8 100.0 100 Port Chester 22 7 33 6 23 7 10 4 4 9 1 9 .6 6 1 6 100 Port Washington. . . . Rockville Center Saranac Lake Seneca Falls 27.8 28.1 25.2 18.5 26.6 29.9 22.2 18.5 24.0 20.6 18.1 26.7 9.9 9.5 9.9 16 8 4.7 2.1 9'.7 3.5 3.9 7.9 2.8 '2.0 8.8 Y.9 3.5 "7!9 7.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Solvay Tarrytown 17.1 45 6 36.6 22.8 20.7 14.6 6.1 8.6 7.3 2.8 4.9 2.8 6.1 2.8 1.2 100.0 100.0 Walden Waterford Waverly 20.8 24.0 22 1 35.3 24.0 27.6 14.2 21.8 18.4 15.2 7.0 14.8 6.3 8.2 3.8 3.0 3.7 7.5 "3.7 "lA 3.8 "lA 2.0 5.2 4.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Wellsville Whitehall 23.8 27.6 29.4 29.4 26.1 22.5 8.2 4.3 5.7 6.1 3.4 5.1 3.4 3.4 1.6 100.0 100.0 OUR BOYS 317 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys THE LENGTH OF TIME ON PEESENT JOB TABLE No. 19-A CITIES OVER 25,000 Popu- CITIES 3 mos. 6 mos. 8 mos. 12 mos. 15 mos. 18 mos. 21 mos. 2 yrs. 3 yrs. 4 yrs. yrs. or more Total per cent lation of em- ployed boys Albany 30 4 23.5 10 6 9.8 4.8 5.1 1.3 7.5 4.5 1.7 .8 100.0 2,542 Amsterdam . . . 33.1 18.7 10.1 12.3 3.1 5.3 .8 9.7 5.3 1.6 100.0 810 Auburn 40 18.7 8 8 11 4 4 5 7 .8 8.3 2 3 100 829 Binghamton. . . 34 '.5 23.6 10.0 9.0 2.6 7.3 1.1 7.3 2.5 1.1 'i!6 100.0 1,356 Buffalo 40.6 21.1 5.9 9.0 8.6 10.7 3.3 .8 100.0 11,257 Elmira 40.6 21.1 5.8 8.8 8.4 10.6 3.1 1.6 100.0 971 Jamestown .... 50.9 20.4 3.1 5.2 5.4 7.2 "lA "4!i 1.0 i.b 100.0 838 Kingston 22.5 25.8 13.1 14.4 5.0 6.8 6.5 4.1 1.8 100.0 553 Mt. Vernon. . . 40.4 22.0 9.9 9.7 2.7 5.2 "".2 7.4 2.2 '".3 100.0 857 Newburgh .... 38.9 31.1 10.1 4.1 1.6 4.8 .5 4.1 2.5 "i'.s .5 100.0 700 New Rochelle. 40.8 19.5 7.4 10 7 2 5 16.6 2.5 100 760 Niagara Falls.. 47.8 18.2 2.1 8.1 8.1 8.9 "i!i ' 'i'.7 2.9 1.1 100.0 1,147 Oswego 35.1 21.6 8.8 12.1 1.9 5.4 .7 10.0 2.1 'i'.3 1.0 100.0 546 Poughkeepaie. . 37.2 21.1 9.1 9.1 2.7 5.0 .9 7.5 3.7 2.S .8 100.0 698 Rochester 35.6 21.3 9.3 9.5 3.9 5.2 1.3 9.1 3.8 .5 100.0 6,322 Schenectady . . . 26.6 24.8 9.4 12.5 5.2 7.8 1.1 6.4 4.2 2.0 100.0 1,821 Syracuse 39 23 1 9 9 8 6 2.2 6.0 .2 9.3 1.7 100 3,874 Troy 41.0 17.1 8.2 10.0 4.0 5.0 1.2 8.2 3.6 .9 .8 100.0 1,658 Utica 40.0 21.5 9.9 9.4 1.9 5.5 8.3 3.0 r. 100.0 2,241 Watertown.... 53.6 22.2 6.4 5.8 1.2 4.0 2 3.8 2.8 100.0 669 Yonkers 48.6 22.5 5.0 9.0 4.0 10.5 .2 .2 100.0 2,241 New York 39.0 17.6 8.0 10.4 3.4 6.6 .7 9.5 3.2 1.0 .5 100.0 124,795 TABLE No. 19-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 48 1 21 3 4 8 7 4 5 8 9 2 1 1.5 100 268 Beacon 35.4 19.9 11.0 8.6 2.5 6.4 .9 7.5 6.4 1.4 100 ;o 271 Canandaigua. . 33.4 18.2 10.0 12.7 1.8 5.9 1.8 10.0 3.1 3.1 100.0 116 Cohoes 37.4 19.5 7.9 10.2 2.5 6.7 .4 8.8 4.8 1.4 " A 100.0 561 Corning 34.4 17.4 9.3 12.8 2.6 6.0 10.6 5.6 1.3 100.0 322 Cortland 40.2 19.0 9.7 13.0 3.7 1.0 11.7 1.7 100.0 235 Dunkirk 46.3 17.7 2.5 12.6 8. 7 7.7 1.7 2.0 .2 "'.& 100.0 414 Fulton 42.9 22.8 7.6 11.6 I'.S 2.8 1.2 7.2 .7 '".7 .7 100.0 262 Geneva 37.8 19.8 8.5 8.5 1.6 8.9 9.4 3.7 .6 1.2 100.0 252 Glen Cove 25.3 15.0 11.6 13.2 4.7 7.2 14.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 100.0 252 Glens Falls.... 26.5 25.4 19.0 8.5 3.9 6.2 4.5 3.3 2.7 100.0 322 Gloversville . . . 36.8 20.8 7.7 10.9 4.1 6.4 g 7.3 2.7 2.7 100.0 536 Hornell 31.5 19.3 10.3 12.6 4.9 5.2 2;i 10.3 3.0 .8 100.0 319 Hudson. 40 2 25.6 8.5 4.3 1.1 2.3 1 7 8 4 3 7 4.2 100 247 Ithaca 44.6 20.1 6.5 10.2 3.7 4.2 .8 4.8 3.7 1.4 ioo;o 243 Johnstown .... 40.5 20.2 6.7 7.4 1.6 7.4 7.4 6.0 2.8 100.0 242 Lacka wanna 38 8 24 3 4 13 10.8 6 1 3 100 412 Little Falls..'!; 34.7 26.7 5.2 13.1 6.5 5.9 7.2 .7 100 ;o 282 Lockport 54.1 16.8 1.7 6.7 "5.^ 8.0 ' '2.5 .7 2.5 1.1 100.0 422 Mechanicville . 46.3 16.0 6.8 13.1 5.8 9.2 2.8 100.0 179 Middletown... 43.2 19.5 8.5 8.1 4.2 5.7 1.2 4.2 3.8 1.6 100.0 415 No.Tonawanda 47.8 21.2 3.2 8.9 8.0 7.6 .9 1.5 "9 100.0 338 Norwich 36.8 12.6 17.0 11.4 1.5 4.8 7 4.8 2.6 1.5 100 153 Ogdensburg . . . Olean 46.8 49.2 16.8 15.2 5.6 2.2 8.9 8.2 8.2 11.2 "".4 7;e 3.7 2.7 2.4 100.0 100.0 325 425 Oneida 39.2 24.8 8.0 8.8 .8 4.8 9.6 4.0 100.0 24f Oneonta 38.7 20.6 9.9 9.2 2.9 9.2 2'.5 6.3 .7 100.0 243 Plattsburg .... 38.0 31.6 5.8 13.4 3.3 4.6 3.3 100.0 205 Port Jervis .... 46.9 17.9 5.6 8.0 9.2 'i6;5 1.9 ; ; ; ; ; 100.0 211 Rensselaer .... 44.3 10.6 6.9 15.3 5.9 13.2 3.8 100.0 209 318 CUE BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys THE LENGTH OF TIME ON PKESENT JOB TABLE No. 19-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) CITIES 3 mos. 6 mos. 9 mos. 12 mos. 15 mos. 18 mos. 21 mos. 2 yrs. 3 yrs. 4 yrs. 5 or more yrs. Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Rome 36.5 45 1 20.4 18 4 13.3 1 i 11.2 8 4 1 8 7 1 4.5 11 8 .7 3 7 8.3 1.8 4 4 1.5 100.0 100 528 189 Saratoga Spgs 50 5 10 5 4 1 11 6 5.2 ii.6 4.1 100.0 289 Tonawanda . . . Watervliet 43.2 41 2 19.7 16 1 1.8 9 2 9.9 9 8 9 9 1 6 8.6 5 4 1.8 3.1 10 1.0 5 7 i 6 1.0 100.0 100 230 393 White Plains . . 43.3 25 3 6.4 7.3 2.8 10.5 2.0 2.4 100.0 457 TABLE No. 19-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion Catskill 46.1 56.6 42.6 41.2 53.3 43.9 48.2 34.0 28.1 37.3 44.0 53.5 36.4 40.3 39.5 34.6 38.2 39.1 53.9 55.0 51.0 46.7 46.4 51.2 43.6 55.0 33.5 38.2 36.2 36.8 28.3 35.9 50.9 41.8 30.5 20.4 35.4 47.7 52.8 54.6 53.0 20.1 10.6 30.7 18.3 26.7 16.5 15.2 23.8 13.3 22.8 6.7 17.9 19.3 26.6 21.5 28.7 20.7 15.1 12.9 13.1 8.6 13.3 21.4 13.9 25.2 15.0 28.2 26.0 20.8 27.8 15.4 17.3 7.9 17.8 26.9 14.7 22.0 18.5 25.4 15.1 20.2 5.0 3.0 5.6 1.4 5.9 4.3 5.1 6.1 13.7 "5'.6 13.4 10.9 8.2 3.3 13.1 13.6 3.9 2.8 3.9 6.5 5.8 3.5 6.0 "8.6 6.4 9.2 4.0 6.4 11.7 9.8 10.7 14.6 11.8 7.5 3.9 3.6 3.8 2.8 13.7 10.6 11.4 14.1 8.6 9.1 9.8 15.4 25.7 12.0 13.3 7.6 12.5 10.6 12.8 7.8 3.1 6.9 5.9 11.1 12.2 9.2 5.0 12.9 6.0 10.0 4.7 8.9 16.9 4.9 16.4 15.4 5.8 7.9 8.5 14.7 8.7 7.2 3.6 12.9 11.4 20 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 165 96 148 164 95 204 155 120 140 249 120 108 62 215 153 134 28 163 153 111 128 136 90 72 217 72 107 292 72 388 56 137 100 147 157 85 144 68 115 73 118 4.1 2.7 5.0 "2'.8 2.2 "2.9 10.7 1.5 3.3 2.9 4.1 12.2 3.1 3.8 2.8 5.0 4.1 2.7 3.7 3.8 5.7 8.8 3.6 2.9 "2.6 1.5 2.9 1.7 7.8 5.6 6.9 6.9 7.0 18 1 7.8 2.2 4.1 2.2 Endicott Fredonia Freeport Hastings Haverstraw . . . Hempstead Herkimer Hoosick Falls.. Hudson Falls. . Huntington . . . Ilion 12.2 1.9 1.3 "1'.3 1.7 12.2 12.5 9 7 6.9 1.5 1 "!e 17.3 23.2 3.3 4.0 8.7 7.9 3.6 9.3 .9 10.6 6.1 6.9 5.0 "i'.e Y.9 2.7 "3.1 3.9 1.3 "2'.4 2.6 3.3 2.2 2.9 4.7 5.6 5.4 2.9 6.0 6 2 Johnson City. . Lancaster Lawrence Malone Mamaroneck. . Massena Medina Newark 2.2 1.9 1.1 3.5 '5l7 2.9 3.7 14.3 8.1 15.7 10.0 8.0 16.4 13.4 5.0 1 9 "3.3 No. Tarrytown Nyack 7.6 2.3 Owego.... Patchogue. . . . Peekskill Penn Yan Port Chester.. Port Washing- 10.0 5.7 "4'.7 "i'.5 1.2 16 9 3.0 3.9 4.3 "sie 6.1 3.3 1.9 1.6 i!s 20.5 11.6 4.3 .6 3.9 2.5 14.1 4.3 5 8 .9 .6 .9 Rockville Ctr. garanac Lake. . Seneca Falls. . . Solvay Tarrytown Walden Water! ord Waverlv Wellsville Whitehall 4.3 14.0 58 8.0 6.1 31.8 3.0 9.5 5.5 10.6 4 5 8.0 4.9 "2 A 3 3 2.2 9.8 6.1 3 6 8.7 3.9 5 5 3.6 1.6 1 5 8.1 OUR BOYS 319 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys WHY BOYS LIKED THEIR JOBS TABLE No. 20-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Learn a trade Easy Clean Good wages Ad- vance- ment Inter- esting Mis- cella- neous Don't like it Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Albany 6.5 10.9 1.4 10.8 12.9 39.1 8.0 10.4 100.0 2,542 Amsterdam .... 3.8 22.4 4.4 12.2 5.6 19.2 19.8 12.6 100.0 810 Auburn 6.8 11.4 1.9 14.7 7.3 18.5 28.2 11.2 100.0 829 Binghamton . . . 3.6 15.5 2.9 17.3 4.7 13.1 31.2 11.7 100.0 1,356 Buffalo 5.0 34.8 1.3 9.1 11.5 25.3 1.4 11.6 100.0 11,257 Elmira 6.0 7.6 2.8 9.1 4.2 11.6 46.0 12.7 100.0 971 Jamestown .... 1.8 17.8 13.7 4.7 5.4 41.3 3.0 12.3 100.0 838 Kingston 5.5 16.2 .5 17.1 4.2 35.5 9.9 11.1 100.0 553 Mt. Vernon.... 9.4 25.5 2.3 8.2 13.9 26.9 .4 13.4 100.0 857 Newburgh 7.7 10.3 1.4 26.3 6.9 35.6 2.9 8.9 100.0 700 New Rochelle . . .5 20.3 .2 4.3 15.7 43.8 4.3 10.9 100.0 760 Niagara Falls . . 6.1 30.2 .6 12.9 10.8 26.5 1.0 11.9 100.0 1,147 Oswego 10.4 18.6 1.7 23.6 ... 34.6 1.4 9.7 100.0 546 Poughkeepsie . . Rochester 17.6 8.3 20.3 9.9 .7 2.5 9.5 9.0 6.2 8.1 36.3 24.5 1.9 29.6 7.5 8.1 100.0 100.0 698 6,322 Schenectady . . . 6.5 9.7 .6 7.8 9.5 48.2 2.3 14.9 100.0 1,821 Syracuse .... 14.8 13.2 4.2 18.6 42.4 .4 6.4 100.0 3,874 Troy . . . 6.3 16 7 20 18 8 9.8 11 9 26 8 77 100 1,658 Utica 12.7 15.1 1.6 20.5 .1 43.1 .6 6.3 100.0 2,241 Watertown .... 7.2 26.2 3.4 16.0 40.4 .2 6.6 100.0 669 Yonkers 1.0 25.3 1.4 9.6 15.5 30.3 .6 16.3 100.0 2,241 New York 7.0 20.2 1.3 6.7 19.7 26.8 7.3 11.0 100.0 124.795 TABLE No. 20-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 5 3 11.3 1.0 16.6 6.9 43.4 1.0 14.5 100.0 268 Beacon 3.3 15 5 1 i 8 3 11 7 30 1 20 10 100 271 Canandaigua. . . 2.7 19^2 5.5 19i2 1.4 13.7 3l!5 6.8 ioo!o 119 Cohoes 5.5 12.3 3 7 25 8 3 5 9 5 30 2 9 5 100 561 Corning 4.3 10.7 I'.O 81.8 4lo io!s 23^4 15.0 100.0 322 Cortland 8.0 19.4 1.3 18.6 37.3 .7 14.7 100.0 235 Dunkirk 4.3 28.2 .8 21.6 ' 6.4 30.9 7.8 100.0 414 Fulton 10.8 22.1 1 5 21.1 29.4 .5 14.6 100.0 262 Geneva 3 9 18 4 2.6 12 9 50 12 9 41 7 2 6 100 252 Glen Cove 3.4 32.5 6.0 I0l2 19> !9 27^3 100 '.0 252 Glens Falls .... 1.7 15.6 1.1 11.0 9.3 47.4 2.3 11.6 100.0 322 Gloversville 2.7 18.8 .7 15.4 5.9 28.2 17.2 11.1 100.0 536 Hornell 12.2 9.5 3.6 16.6 4.5 19.4 25.2 9.0 100.0 319 Hudson 4.2 16.5 1.2 11.0 6.1 34.8 14.6 11.6 100.0 247 Ithaca 8.9 12.2 5.0 16.7 47.2 10.0 100.0 243 Johnstown .6 15.9 22.3 3.2 38.2 10.9 8.9 100.0 242 Lackawanna. . . 12.3 9.5 "9'.5 10.8 4.9 42.1 1.8 9.1 100.0 412 Little Falls .... 9.8 28.1 3.5 26.8 27.4 4.6 100.0 282 Lockport 2.5 28.1 1.7 13.4 "9'.7 32.4 'Y.5 9.7 100.0 422 Mechanicville . . 6.8 16.4 20.8 1.9 3.8 2.9 35.8 11.6 100.0 179 Middletown. . . . 3.8 18.6 2.7 9.5 5.7 10.6 36.6 12.5 100.0 415 No. Tonawanda 2.6 55.0 .7 8.8 6.7 17.0 0.4 8.8 100.0 338 Norwich 4.4 9.9 1.1 11.0 1.1 23.1 39.5 9.9 100.0 153 Ogdensburg. .. . 2.6 22.2 1.3 8.5 5.2 36.6 4.0 19.6 100.0 325 Olean 5.1 16.7 1.0 16.1 6.3 47.1 7.7 100.0 425 Oneida 4.8 24.0 29.6 33.6 2.4 5.6 100.0 244 Oneonta. . . 9 4 9 4 27.5 23.7 35 6 14 4 100 243 Plattsburg 1.9 22.6 .6 14.4 "7'.5 42'.3 '.6 ioli 100 !o 205 Port Jervis .... 1.9 13.0 29.6 7.4 8.0 31.4 8.7 100.0 211 Rensselaer 5.3 4.2 28.4 20.5 7.4 24.7 9.5 100.0 209 320 Ous BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys WHY BOYS LIKED THEIR JOBS TABLE No. 20-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) Popu- CITIES Learn a trade Easy Clean Good wages Ad- vance- ment Inter- esting Mis- cella- neous Don't like it Total per cent lation of em- ployed boys Rome 12.2 14.6 .8 26.7 38.1 7.6 100.0 528 Salamanca. . . 6 22 2 7 16.7 ' 's'7 36 6 7 3 100 180 Saratoga Spgs. . 3.5 5.8 6.4 1.2 6.9 11.6 '52^5 12il 100 .'o 289 Tonawanda. . . . 3.7 22.8 9.3 6.2 43.8 1.2 13.0 100.0 230 Water vliet 9.7 8.6 '18.3 2.7 21.2 31.4 8.1 100.0 393 White Plains... 33.2 2.0 11.2 8.4 30.8 2.4 12.0 100.0 457 TABLE No. 20-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew 3.2 4.2 5.5 51.6 11.1 34.9 'i2;5 3.2 '32a 6.5 4.2 1.8 12.9 6.9 17.4 '48'.6 22.6 12.5 8.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 165 96 148 Endicott Fredonia 1.9 2 4 8.9 43 4 3.3 24.2 30 1 4.7 1 2 12.6 16 9 31.3 13.1 6 100.0 100 164 gg Freeport Hastings 1.1 1 3 11.6 17 8 i i 6.3 2 8 21.1 17 8 32.6 27 4 14.7 20 5 12.6 11 100.0 100 204 155 Haverstraw. . . . Hempstead .... Herkimer 1.0 70 28.0 53.7 22 22.0 ' 27 "2 A 25 8 9.0 2.4 10.0 12.2 33 3 18.0 5 12.0 29.3 8 7 100.0 100.0 100 120 140 949 Hoosick Falls . . Hudson Falls. . Huntington. . . . Ilion 6.7 6.0 10.1 4 4 13.3 7.1 37.6 16 7 32.0 34.7 1.9 3 3 1.3 "7.3 24.2 5.3 8.2 8.3 5.3 11.2 21.1 41 6 28.0 16.4 1.8 8.1 16.4 11.9 9 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 120 108 62 215 Johnson City 6 4 12 8 1 2 31 9 41 3 6 4 100 1^3 Lancaster Lawrence Malone Mamaroneck. . . Massena Medina 4.5 5.0 3.0 2.0 9.2 1 2 21.6 65.0 17.1 2.0 7.1 48.2 1.5 ' 1.5 'is!*) 2.4 15.7 7.5 11.2 14.0 8.2 7.5 2.5 3.0 6.0 1.0 1.2 44.7 10.0 29.1 17.0 21.2 1.5 io.5 40.0 29.6 3.0 10.0 24.6 19.0 9.2 17.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 134 28 163 153 111 128 Newark No. Tarry town. Nyack 8.3 'i7 - 6 23.7 40.6 8.8 ' .8 5.5 8.3 5.5 2.8 14.9 8.8 13.9 21.9 6.5 31.9 '44i6 11.1 16.3 8.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 136 90 72 Ossining Patchogue. . . Peekskill .6 10.0 7.5 g 17.1 20.0 40.5 26 8 3.2 5.0 2.1 3 3 6.3 20.0 2.1 19.7 20.2 "6:4 5.0 43.1 40.0 29.8 31.8 ' i.i 2 1 9.5 5.0 10.5 10 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 217 72 107 292 Penn Yan Port Chester. . . Port Washing- ton Rockville Ctr. . Saranac Lake . . Seneca Falls . . . Solvay 7.7 1.0 1.3 1.9 2.0 8.4 7 3 19.3 28.8 2.6 22.2 14.3 11.3 23 2 7.7 2.6 "3!7 10.2 1.4 1 2 11.5 11.7 17.9 3.7 "9!8 11.0 "9!7 2.6 24.1 "lA 3.8 36.8 34.6 29.6 6.1 24.0 53.6 38.5 2.3 11.5 '3Q.8 32.4 11.5 7.1 29.5 14.8 30.6 11.3 3 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 72 388 56 137 100 147 157 Tarry town Walden Waterford Waverly Wellsville Whitehall "?'.8 3.4 10.9 4.5 4.3 22.9 26.7 18.0 1.8 24.7 1.7 2.9 1.1 4.5 3.6 1.1 45.7 "8.9 5.6 31.0 19.1 11.4 3.3 3.4 'Y.3 8.6 48.6 35.6 24.7 45.5 36.0 1.7 5.7 5.5 34.8 24.2 8.5 11.1 5.6 7.2 11.3 13.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 85 144 68 115 73 118 OUR BOYS 321 Albany Amsterdam . , Auburn Binghamton . Buffalo Elmira Jamestown . Kingston. . . Mt. Vernon. Newburgh.. New Rochelle. Niagara Falls. Oswego Poughkeepsie . Rochester . . . Schenectady. Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown. . Yonkers. . . Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PERCENT FILLING OUT APPLICATION BLANK TABLE No. 21-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES New York. 32.9 12.2 37.5 14.9 41.8 13.8 26.7 8.8 32.0 34.9 34.5 30.8 20.3 44.2 63.0 35.8 22.9 29.7 28.2 32.9 12.6 2.0 3.5 13.4 6.8 1.7 8.2 2.7 8.2 3.1 2.9 4.7 6.7 3.7 5.2 5.9 5.2 3.8 8.1 12.6 54.5 100.0 2,542 85.8 100.0 810 59.0 100.0 829 71.7 100.0 1,356 54.3 100.0 11,257 49.6 100.0 971 66.5 100.0 838 89.5 100.0 553 59.8 100.0 857 62.4 100.0 700 64.7 100.0 760 62.4 100.0 1,147 66.3 100.0 546 75.0 100.0 698 49.1 100.0 6,322 33.3 100.0 1,821 59.0 100.0 3,874 71.2 100.0 1,658 65.1 100.0 2,241 47.6 100.0 669 63.7 100.0 2,241 54.5 100.0 124,795 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua . Cohoes Corning Cortland. . . Dunkirk. . . Fulton Geneva. . . . Glen Cove.. Glens Falls. Gloversville . Hornell.... Hudson. . . . Ithaca . . . Johnstown. . . Lacka wanna. . Little Falls... Lockport Mechanicville . Middletown. . . . No. Tonawanda. Norwich Ogdensburg. . . . Olean TABLE No. 21-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 26.3 0.5 15.1 3.9 17.9 19.6 65.4 6.0 60.1 10.3 41.7 7.7 13.9 5.8 50.9 20.7 26.1 6.4 46.2 12.5 24.8 30.4 30.4 33.0 7.7 7.2 50.5 1.5 0.3 6.0 1.3 1.5 3.3 3.4 3.1 0.5 1.8 2.8 2.5 3.1 2.0 4.2 1.0 2.7 3.1 12.1 2.6 3.2 73.2 100.0 81.0 100.0 79.2 100.0 78.9 100.0 34.3 100.0 88.0 100.0 38.6 100.0 88.2 100.0 55.0 100.0 88.9 100.0 79.2 100.0 91.1 100.0 48.6 100.0 77.5 100.0 71.1 100.0 91.1 100.0 50.7 100.0 85.5 100.0 71.0 100.0 68.6 100.0 66.9 100.0 63.9 100.0 80.2 100.0 90.2 100.0 46.3 100.0 269 278 111 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 11 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys PERCENT FILLING OUT APPLICATION BLANK TABLE No. 21-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) CITIES Filled out appli- cation Gave references Did neither Total per cent Popu- lation of employed boys Oneida . . . 36 4 8 59 2 100 244 Oneonta 51 49 100 243 Plattsburg 20 8 3 8 75 4 100 205 Port Jervis 42.0 58 100 211 Rensselaer 35.3 1 6 63 1 100 209 Rome 44 3 2 2 53 5 100 528 Salamanca 59.3 40 7 100 189 Saratoga Springs 14 5 85 5 100 289 Tonawanda 24 7 1 2 74 1 100 230 Watervliet ... 40 6 1 8 57 6 100 393 White Plains . . 32.0 3.6 64.4 100.0 457 TABLE VILLAGES No. 21-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Albion Catskill 16.7 Depew 38 5 Endicott 21 Fredonia 59 1 Freeport 36 9 Hastings Haverstraw . . 26.0 19 Hempstead 2.4 Herkimer Hoosick Falls 39.7 4.2 Hudson Falls Huntington 6.1 22 Ilion 84.6 Johnson City 26 7 Lancaster 44.0 Lawrence . .... 20 Malone 13.6 Mamaroneck 34.0 2 1 Medina 8 2 15 3 No. Tarrytown 26.5 Nyack 30 8 Ossining 40.0 Owego 25 17 1 Peekskill 26.8 Penn Yan Port Chester 3.8 31 8 Port Washington Rockville Center 7.7 46 3 Saranac Lake Seneca Falls 46 5 Solvay 50 Tarrytown 42 9 Walden 16 7 Waterford 16.9 47.2 Wellsville 39 4 Whitehall 39.6 3.2 1.4 13.6 6.0 7.4 9.6 1.0 i2'.4 4.6 1.1 3.5 3.7 7.5 2.9 6.0 1.2 6.9 3.1 1.2 10.0 5.8 3.8 46.5 11.4 5.6 2.2 1.8 2.2 96. ! 81.9 61.5 65.4 34.9 55.7 64.4 80.0 97.6 47.9 95.8 93.9 73.4 14.3 69.8 52.3 72.5 83.5 60.0 97.9 90.6 77.8 70.4 69.2 58.8 65.0 82.9 71.9 96.2 62.4 88.5 53.7 100.0 7.0 50.0 45.7 77.7 80.9 51.0 58.4 60.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 OUR BOYS 323 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How THEY SAVED THEIR MONEY TABLE No. 22-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Liberty bonds Bank Other ways Did not save Total per cent Popu- lation of employed boys Albany. . . 47 2 10 8 7.8 34.2 100 2 542 Amsterdam 42,8 22.4 3.2 31.6 100.0 810 Auburn 50 8 19 6 7.9 21.7 100 829 Binghamton 53 5 15 8 7 8 22 9 100 1 356 Buffalo 52.2 18.3 3.8 25.7 100.0 11,257 Elmira 58 15 9 2 9 23 2 100 971 Jamestown Kingston 53.2 47 23.0 16 5 4.6 1 9 19.2 34 6 100.0 100 8S8 553 Mt. Vernon 43.8 17.9 3.7 34.6 100.0 857 Newburgh New Rochelle Niagara Falls 49.9 48.6 42 22.0 21.5 28 3 1.3 5.0 2 7 26.8 24.9 27.0 100.0 100.0 100 700 760 1,147 Oswego. . 53 2 20 7 5 9 20 2 100 546 Poughkeepsie Rochester. . . . 48.7 54 7 18.0 21 1 6.5 1 9 26.8 22 3 100.0 100 698 6 322 Schenectady 51.0 19 3 1 6 28 1 100 1,821 Syracuse 44 9 23 9 6 4 24 8 100 3 874 Troy. 39 3 22 8 2 4 35 5 100 1 658 Utica 50 1 30 8 2 i 17 100 2 241 Watertown 51 4 20 2 10 18 4 100 o 669 Yonkers . . 48 2 16 3 3 4 32 1 100 2 241 New York . . 46.7 9.8 4.3 39.2 100.0 124.795 TABLE No. 22-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia 36 4 30 6 5 8 27 2 100 268 Beacon 61 6 14 4 1.2 22.8 100.0 271 Canandaigua Cohoes 47.8 42.0 31.5 20.0 6.8 1.5 13.9 36.5 100.0 100.0 119 561 Corning 60 7 19 4.0 16 3 100 322 Cortland 40 5 43 5 2 14 100 235 Dunkirk. . 64 6 14 3 4 6 16 5 100 . 414 Fulton 33 4 20 6 10 8 35 2 100 262 Geneva Glen Cove 49.4 41 9 21.7 18 8 13.9 2 6 15.0 36 7 100.0 100 252 252 Glens Falls 43 8 26 6 1 8 27 8 100 322 Gloversville Hornell... 46.0 54 30.9 17 6 1.6 9 5 21.5 18 9 100.0 100 536 319 Hudson Ithaca 44.5 37 7 28.1 28 9 56 27.4 27 8 100.0 100 247 243 Johnstown 64.3 16.6 4.4 14.7 100 242 Lackawanna Little Falls 57.5 71 9 11.3 10 4 7.2 1 4 24.0 16 3 100.0 100 412 282 Lockport Mechanicville Middletown 67.2 50.8 57 7 18.6 14.0 17 9 1.2 12.0 2 7 13.0 23.2 21 7 100.0 100.0 100 422 179 415 No. Tonawanda Norwich . . 71.1 42 9 12.7 24 2 1.4 2 2 14.8 30 7 100.0 100 338 153 Ogdensburg 23.0 32.6 9.9 34 5 100 325 Olean Oneida 48.0 60 8 28.8 18 4 3.0 4 8 20.2 16 100.0 100 425 244 Oneonta 51.8 26.8 3 9 17 5 100 243 Plattsburg Port Jervis .... 42.7 58 1 22.0 13 6 10.8 5 5 24.5 22 8 100.0 100 205 211 Rensselaer. . . 53.7 14.2 7.9 24.2 100.0 209 324 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and 1 Eighteen Year' Old"' Employed[Boys How THEY SAVED THEIR MONEY TABLE No. 22-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded] CITIES Liberty bonds Bank Other | ways Did not save Total per cent Popu- lation of employed boys Rome Salamanca . . . 66.1 81 3 17.3 10 2.9 2 13.7 6 7 100.0 100 528 1 cq Saratoga Springs 36 4 20 2 7 6 35 8 100 289 Tonawanda 61 7 13 6 4 4 20 3 100 230 Watervliet . . 52 9 11 5 3 7 31 9 100 qno White Plains. . . 36.0 32.8 3.6 27 fi inn n 457 TABLE No. 22-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion 38 7 12 9 48 4 100 165 Catskill. 15 3 29 1 23 7 31 9 100 96 Depew 57 9 15.6 1 8 24 7 100 148 Endicott. . . . 55 6 13 1 4 3 27 100 164 Fredonia 48 2 24 1 8 4 19 3 100 95 Freeport. . . 41 7 19 4 11 1 27 8 100 204 Hastings 57 5 13 7 28 8 100 155 Haverstraw 25 9 8 58 100 120 Hempstead 17 1 17 1 34 1 31 7 100 140 Herkimer 57.1 19.3 5 9 17 7 100 249 Hoosick Falls 72 9 3 2 7 16 100 120 Hudson Falls Huntington 41.9 35 7 24.4 28 5 9.2 11 24.5 24 8 100.0 100 108 62 Ilion 57 7 25 8 2 2 14 3 100 215 Johnson City 71.6 16.2 .6 11 6 100 153 Lancaster 74 10 4 7 14 9 100 134 Lawrence Malone 30.0 32 5.0 19.4 12.5 7 4 52.5 41 2 100.0 100 28 163 Mamaroneck 43.0 19.0 15.0 23.0 100.0 153 Massena ... 22.5 11.2 3.1 63.2 100 111 31 7 20 4 7 43 6 100 128 Newark 44.4 18.0 22.3 15.3 100.0 136 No Tarrytown . . 39 9 19.5 3.1 37 5 100 90 Nyack 51 6 14 3 9 9 24 2 100 72 Ossining 49.4 14.6 .6 35.4 100.0 217 Owego Patchogue 50.0 42.5 20.0 21.3 10.0 10.6 20.0 25.6 100.0 100.0 72 107 Peekskill ... . 56 9 20.9 2.1 20 1 100 292 Penn Yan 50 23 11 5 15 5 100 72 Port Chester 63.1 11.4 2.6 22.9 100.0 388 Port Washington Eockville Center 17.9 53 7 35.9 22 2 10.3 11 1 35.9 13 100.0 100 56 137 Saranac Lake 12.3 28 2 18.4 26 8 18.4 16 9 50.9 28 1 100.0 100 100 147 Solvay 64.7 17.0 3.7 14.6 100.0 157 (- 60 11.4 28 6 100.0 85 Walden 51 1 25 6 23 3 100 144 Waterford 60.7 11.2 3.4 24.7 100.0 68 52 7 27.3 3 6 16 4 100.0 115 Wellsville 65 2 16 9 2 2 15 7 100 73 Whitehall 48.2 15.5 6.1 30.2 100.0 118 OUB BOYS 325 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys WEEKLY CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD FAMILY SUPPORT TABLE No. 23-A CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $10- 15 $15 Noth- Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Albany Amsterdam Auburn Binghamton Buffalo .2 .4 .2 .1 .4 .6 .2 .9 .2 .4 .5 .6 .2 9 1.3 1.2 1.9 1.6 .4 1.8 1.2 1.1 .6 .5 1 P 2.0 1.6 2.6 2.4 .5 2.4 2.4 l!9 1.3 7 8.0 6.0 14.7 13.1 3.1 13.7 17.4 7.2 5.8 7.2 6 5 8.0 4.4 8.6 9.2 2.2 9.2 7.5 6.8 2.9 6.8 3 9 8.8 6.2 10.4 7.9 3.2 10.9 5.1 5'.6 8.4 5 1 9.3 5.4 6.9 6.3 4.4 6.8 4.1 6.4 11.6 9.0 P ? 3.3 1.0 2.8 1.6 1.8 3.0 .5 4.2 5.2 3.1 ? P 33.9 56.0 25.6 26.6 48.4 23.7 43.1 37.7 44.4 38.7 43.3 9.5 6.2 11.2 13.0 24.2 12.3 2.5 1<)!4 12.5 5 6 15.3 11.0 14.9 18.3 11.6 15.8 15.7 16.5 11.2 12.1 19.8 14.7 11.6 15.1 11.1 19.8 10.6 11.6 10.5 23.0 12.7 10.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 6810 ^829 1,356 11,257 971 838 553 857 700 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 1,658 2,241 669 2,241 124,795 Elmira.. Kingston Mt. Vernon Newburgh New Rochelle .2 .2 Niagara Falls Oswego .1 .2 .2 .6 2.3 .8 2.0 .4 .6 .4 1.3 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.8 2.3 4.8 10.5 13.0 5.5 9.3 8.2 7.7 2.2 8.1 9.8 6.5 6.8 5.2 6.3 6.3 11.8 11.1 8.0 7.4 8.2 8.1 7.7 5.8 9.0 6.6 6.7 8.6 11.4 8 6 1.9 3.4 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.4 5.1 2 1 33.6 32.0 29.5 34.1 36.3 35.8 29.3 34 6 27.0 13.9 4.8 22.2 6.4 18.2 16.7 24.3 7.4 10.0 22.4 Poughkeepsie 1.0 .4 .5 .6 .5 .6 Rochester .2 .4 Schenectady Syracuse Troy .4 .4 Utica .... Watertown .2 .6 .3 .3 2.2 .5 .4 4.2 .7 .7 15.8 3.3 3.7 8.4 2.1 2.9 16.0 4.3 3.9 7.0 6.0 6.6 1.6 4.5 4.0 13.6 55.6 44.5 Yonkers New York .1 TABLE No. 23-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia .6 .5 2.7 i'.i .2 .3 4.6 .2 1.0 2.0 .9 4.6 6.3 2.7 .6 4.4 7.6 16.6 5.0 19.2 2.8 13.4 22.5 3.8 12.7 13.9 1.7 15.0 23.1 17.1 6.1 19.7 23.6 4 8.61 6.1 13.7 2.3 10.0 13.9 4.4 14.2 10.8 3.4 8.7 12.6 7.7 10.4 13.1 13.4 3 3 8.6 6.1 8.2 7.9 12.0 6.0 4.9 15.7 7.2 5.1 10.4 8.8 12.6 12.2 12.0 4. 1 8.0 10.5 5.5 5.3 6.0 4.6 7.8 7.3 8.3 6.8 9.8 6.6 8.5 11.0 5.5 5.1 2 3 1.6 5.0 2.7 3.0 .6 2.0 1.1 2.0 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.1 3.i 1.6 1.3 29.4 47.2 9.6 37.2 23.4 6.6 43.3 16.7 19.6 29.1 28.4 16.8 14.4 31.1 11.5 24.1 23.1 39.9 34.0 24.1 11.0 52.0 15.4 14.4 32.4 17.6 21.9 19.5 29.0 ?1 6 8.0 7.8 13.7 36.2 15.0 8.0 26.5 6.4 12.9 11.1 '.3 14.4 6.1 5.5 .6 59.3 8. 4. 45. 10. 19. 3., 2l! 11. 15.0 16 '.i 25.7 Beacon Canandaigua Cohoes 2 1.4 5.5 Corning Cortland Dunkirk 2.0 .3 1.3 .2 1.0 .6 2.0 .2 .5 Fulton Geneva .5 Glen Cove Glens Falls 1.2 .7 i!s 1.6 2.6 2.9 4.2 .5 1.2 3.8 4.5 Hornell .5 16.4 1.1 Hudson Ithaca Johnstown Little Falls Lockport.. i'4 .7 .8 .7 2.1 5 7. 10. 3 10.5 8.0 9. 13. 6. 8. 2. 9. 11. 7. 13.6 11.9 13.8 8.0 6 3 10.5 12.2 ^5.0 7.6 5.2 8.8 5.2 8.3 6.4 6.3 6.9 6.2 8 9 2.6 1.3 1.4 2.7 2.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 4.0 .6 1.3 1.2 3 ? Middletown No Tonawanda .... .4 1.5 9 3.4 3.0 .9 7.7 9.1 1.0 2.4 1.2 1.9 1.9 3 2 13. 5. 16. 11. 8. 19. 7. 16.4 13.6 fi 8 11.4 2.6 16.5 13.1 6.0 9.6 7.5 13.8 11.1 7 9 1.1 3.3 I 1.6 "l.2 1 1 2.2 3.3 .8 .8 .6 2.5 .6 1 6 Ogdensburg Olean .6 Oneida Oneonta Plattsburg Port Jervis Rensselaer. . . . . 16.0 100.0 268 11.7 100.0 271 16.4 100.0 119 4.9 100.0 561 18.4 100.0 322 26.5 100.0 235 7.6 100.0 414 22.0 100.0 262 21.2 100.0 252 35.0 100.0 252 15.0 100.0 322 17.5 100.0 536 21.1 100.0 319 100.0 247 '26!2 100.0 243 15.3 100.0 242 12.3 100.0 412 9.1 100.0 282 13.9 100.0 422 12.6 100.0 179 25.9 100.0 415 9.6 100.0 338 17.5 100.0 153 26.8 100.0 325 12.5 100.0 425 13.6 100.0 244 26.3 100.0 243 23.9 100.0 205 10.5 100.0 211 13.7 100.0 209 OUR BOYS Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys WEEKLY CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD FAMILY SUPPORT TABLE No. 23-B CITIES UNDER 25,000 (Concluded) Popu- CITIES $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 9 $10- 15 $15 Noth- ing Total per cent lation of em- ployed boys 6 g 2 10 9 1 12 6 7 2 3 25 2 20 8 10 5 100 328 Salamanca 1 3 7 6 6.0 4 5 3 ?, 7 40 7 20 6 12 7 100 189 Saratoga Springs 6 1 7 4 6 14 5 8 1 12 1 7 5 1 7 13 3 12 1 23 8 100 289 Tonawanda 6 6 5 6 3 1 6 ?, 4 9 6 47 5 17 Q 13.0 100 230 Watervliet .3 .3 .9 5.6 4.7 5.0 5.6 2.2 32.9 33.5 9.0 100.0 393 White Plains . . 1,2 1.2 3.6 8.4 6.8 4.8 6.0 2 41.2 4,8 20.0 100.0 457 TABLE No. 23-C VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES Albion 3.2 3.2 4.2 28 9.7 16.7 21 6 3.2 9.7 84 3.2 18.0 2.8 9 8 3.2 8.3 2.8 5 1 '4!2 1.8 1 4 25.8 12.5 28.4 21 9.7 9.7 58.7 5 6 Catskill Depew. . 14 2.8 .9 1 9 6 4.8 13.7 1.3 o's 1.2 10.1 'i'.s 7 3 3.6 11.6 1.3 1.8 ?, 4 3.6 8.5 4.1 1.8 12 ?, 2.1 4.1 36.2 17.9 45.2 17.9 31.7 25.2 25.3 18.3 28 4 37.3 5.3 28.8 66.4 4.9 18.8 10.7 3.1 12 8 Freeport 'i'.s 1.1 1.3 '?'4 1.1 1.3 4'9 Hastings Haverstraw Hempstead 'i!6 Herkimer .... 1.1 .5 3.8 Y.i 1 8 11.3 14.7 14.3 5 5 10.8 5.3 15.3 2 8 10.8 25.3 12.2 9 2 6.5 8.1 11.2 11 2.1 5.3 4.1 4 6 Hoosick Falls Hudson Falls .9 9 9 Illion Johnson City ".6 .7 i.7 .7 1.4 2.3 .7 2.5 6.7 .4 5.8 2.2 '4'.5 1.0 2.0 2.4 2.8 4'.4 1.2 10.0 5.3 1.7 19.3 1.3 1.3 3.7 15.2 20.4 5.2 7.5 15.7 9.0 8.2 17.6 22.2 11.7 15.9 12.0 10.0 9.6 5.9 19.3 2.8 10.3 14.6 8 2 5.8 10.5 3.7 5.0 4.5 3.0 3.1 5.9 9.7 1.6 12.4 4.4 15.0 6.4 7.9 11.5 5.5 6.4 3.7 8 2 8.3 7.6 9.7 7.5 5.2 7.0 5.1 9.4 8.3 3.9 14.2 8.4 5.0 5.3 6.7 7.7 7.5 5.1 5.6 10 2 6.2 6.4 5.2 10.0 4.5 14.0 9.2 5.9 2.8 9.4 3.5 15.3 3.2 10.5 3.8 9.4 12.8 7.4 2 !e .7 2.5 3.0 4.0 3.1 1.2 1.4 .8 5.3 1.3 Y.4 2.1 '3.6 2.6 1.9 17.0 8.7 41.9 10.0 16.4 26.0 14.3 30.5 25.0 46.1 18.6 30.4 30.0 24.5 42.6 7.7 49.5 23.1 9.3 10.2 18.5 35.4 51.4 12.3 41.5 30.9 10.1 19.8 3.6 14.5 21.7 20.0 19 '.6 15.3 3.5 9.7 10.9 6.2 5.0 10.6 9.6 'e'.s 12.8 5.6 6.1 7.1 26.8 5.7 2i!4 18.2 19.8 Lancaster Lawrence Maniaroneck Massena 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.4 'i'.e .9 .6 5.0 3.2 1.3 7.7 .3 y.3 4 1 Medina Newark No. Tarrytown. . . . Nyack ' "q Ossining Owego 3.2 .4 11.5 Peekskill Penn Yan .8 Port Chester Port Washington. . . 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