GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE; INTENDED FOR THE USE of LATIN SCHOOLS, IN THE UNITED STATED BY CALEB ALEXANDER, A. M. Author of * A GRAMMATICAL SYSTEM OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,** and " GRAMMATICAL ELEMENTS." " The Rules of old difcovered, not duis'd, Are Nature _/??//, but Nature methodiz'd." POPE accorufng to &ii of Congrrfo PRINTED AT WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS, BY ISAIAH THOMAS. Sold by him in WORCESTER; by faid THOMAS and ANDREWS, in BoiTOKi and by faid THOMAS and CARLISLE, in WALPOLE, MBCCXCIV. GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE OF. THE LATIN LANGUAGE.. GRAMMA R. \VORDS, in the Latin Language, are di- vided into nine diftin 61 parts of fpeech ; and are called Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Participle, Ad- verb, Conjunction, Prepojition, and Interjection, A NOUN Is the name of any thing, that has exiftence, whether material or immaterial. As, terra, the earth ; bonitas, goodnefs. Nouns have two numbers, thejingular and plu- ral. The fmgular number includes one thing on- ly ; as, homo, a man. The plural number includes more than one ; as, homines, men, Nouns are common, or proper. A proper noun is applied to one individual thing, in diflinftion from others of the fame clafs. As, Corinthus, Co- rinth ; Paulus, Paul. A common noun is applied to a whole fpecies, or kind ; as herba, an herb ; nubes, a cloud. Com- mon nouns are alfo called Appellatives, Nouns 4 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the Nouns have three genders ; the mafculine, the feminine, and the neuter. To thefe may be added the doubtful and epicene genders.* Nouns are declined with fix cafes ; the nomina- tive, the genitive, the dative, the accufative, ; the voca- tive, and the ablative. Nouns have five declenfions. Thefirftis known by the ending of the genitive cafe fmgular, in ce ; the fecond in i ; the third in 25; the fourth in us; the filth in et. SIGNS OF THE CASES. A and the are (igns of the nom. of is the fign of the gen. to and for are figns of the dat. the is fign of the accu. is fign of the we. with, ly t from, are figns of the all. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. FIRST DECLENSION. Nouns of the firil declenfion belong to the fem- inine gender. t Sing. N. Men fa, a talk, G. Menfae, of a talk, D. Menf ae, to a talk, A. Menfam, the talk, V. Menfa, talk, A. Menfa, by a talk. Plur. N. Menfas, talks, G. Menfarum, of tables, D. Menfis, to tables, A. Menfas, the tables, V. Menfae, tables, A. Menfis, by talks. SECOND * For remarks on the diftin&iori of genders, fee Appendix, Scclion 2. t A few Latin and Greek nouns, applied to males, are excep4ed. LATIN LANGUAGE.- SECOND DECLENSION. Mafculine Gender. Sing. Plur. N. Annas, N. Anni, G. Anni, G. Annprum, D. Anno, D. Annis, A- Annum, A. Annos, V. Anne, V. Anni, A. Anno. A. Annis. Sing. Plur. N. Magiiler, N. Magifiri, G. Magiftri, G. Magiftrorumy D. Magiftro, D. Magiftris, A. Magiftrum, A. Magiftros, V. Magifter, V. Magifiri, A. Magiftro, A. Magiftris. Neuter Gender. Sing. Plur. N. Saxum, N. Saxa, G. Saxi, G. Saxorum,. D. Saxo, D. Saxis, A. Saxum, A. Saxa. V. Saxum, , V. Saxa, A, Saxo. A. Saxis, THIRD DECLENSION, Nouns of this declenfion are of all genders* Mafculine Gender. Plur. N. Montes, G. Montiurrij D. Montibus, A. Montes, Sing. N. Mons, G. Montis, D. Monti, A. Momem, V. Mons, A, Monte, V. Montes, A, Momibus. Sing* A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of -the Sing. N. Leo, G. Leonis, D. Lconi, A. Leonem, V. Leo, A. Leone. Plur. N. Leones, G. Leonum, D. Leonibus, A. Leones, V. Leones, A. Leonibus. N. B. Feminine nouns of this declenfion are declined, like the mafculines. Neuter Gender. Sing. Plur. N. Lumen, N. Lumina, G. Luminis, G. Luminurn, D. Lumini, D. Luminibus, A. Lumen, A. Lumina, V. Lumen, V. Lumina, A. Lumine. A. Luminibus. Sing. Plur. N. Sedile, N. Sedilia, G. Sedilis, G. Sedilium, D. Sedilij. D. Sedilibus, A. Sedile, A. Sedilia, V. Sedile, V. Sedilia, A. Sedili. A. Sedilibus. FOURTH DECLENSION. Nouns of this declenfion are of all genders, Mafculine Gender. Sing. Plur. N. Cafus, N. Cafus, G. Cafus, G. Cafuum, D. Cafui, D. Cafibus, A. Cafurrr, A. Cafus, V. Cafus, V. Cafus, A. Cafu. A. Cafibus. N, B. Feminincs of this sjeclcnfion are Enea ; Anchife, Epitome 5 Penelope. SECOND tf A GRAMMATICAL iN-sxrruTE of the SECOND DECLENSION. Sing. Sing. Sing. Sing. N. Delos, Athos, Samos, Androgeos, G. Deli, Atho, Samo, Androgei, or o. D. Delo, Atho, Samo, Androgeo, A. Delon or~\ Delum, J Atho, or "1 Athon, J Samon, Androgeo, cr V Androgeon, J V. Dele, Athos, Samo, Androgeo, A. Delo. Atho. Samo. Androgeo. Sing. Sing. Sing. Sing. N. Ilion, Chorus, Autonius, Chaos, N, G. Ilii, Chori, Antonii, IX Ilio, Choro, Antonio, Chao, A. Ilion, or ~\ Ilium j Chorum, Antoniunl , Chaos, V. Ilion, Chore, or us, Antoni, A. Ilio. Choro. Antonio. Chao, Sing. Plur. Sing, N. Deus, Dii, Orpheus, G. Dei, Deorum, Orphii, ei, eos, D. Deo, Diis, Orphii, ei, eo, A. Deum, Deos, Orpheum, on, a, . V. Deus, Dii, Orpheu, A, Deo. Diis. Orpheo. THIRD DECLENSION. Sing. N. Oedipus, G. Oedipi and Oed'ipodis, D. Oedipo and Oedipodi, A. Oedipum A. Nobis, by us. Sing. The horizontal ftrokc ii evidence that the cafe, -where it is vfed, i* 12 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of tht Sing. N. Tu, thou, G. Tui,ofthce, D. Tiki, to thee, A. Tc,thee, V. Tu, thou, A. Te, by thee. G. Sui, of himfelf, D. Sibi, to himfelf, Sing. M. F. N. N. Ille, ilia, illud, G. Illius, D. Illi, A. Ilium, illam, illud, V. Ille, ilia,* illud, A. Illo, ilia, illo. Plur. N. Vos, you, G. Veftrum,0rveftrij D. Vobis, to you, A. Vos, you, V. Vos, you, A. Vobis, by you. Sing, and A, Se, himfelf, V. i -- , , A. Se, by himfelf. Plur. M. F. N. Illi, iliac, ilia, Illorum, illarinrtj itlorum 5 Illis, Ifios, illas, ilia, Illi, ilia:, ilia, Illis. hoc, id, id, A. Eo, ea, eo. Hi, Plur. hse, . haec, N. B. In the fame manner are declined iflc and ipfe ; excepting, that ipfe makes ipfum, in the neuter gender of the nom. ace. and voc. ling. Sing.. N. Hie, haec, G. Hujus, D. Huic, A. Hunc, hanc, hoc, V. Hie, haect, hoc, A. Hoc, hac, hoc. Sing. N. Is, ea, G. Ejus, D. Ei, A. Eum, earn, Horum, harum, horum. His, Hos, has, haec, Hi, has, haeCj His. Plur. li, eae, ea, Eorum, earum, eorum, lis, or eis, Eos, eas, ea, lis, or eis. Sing. * nox ilia, pene xternas huic urbi tenebras attulifli. CICERO pto FtAC*. t Efto nunc, Sol| teftis, et Ixcc mihi /rrra prccanti, ^n 12. 1. i? LATIN LANGUAGE. G. D. Sing. Qui, quae, Cujus, Cui, quod, A. Ouem, quam,quod, V _ _ v , -, , A. Quo, qua, quo. Plur. Qui, qu32, quae, [rum, Quorum, quarum, quo- Quibus, or queis, Quos, quas,. Quibus, or queis. This pronoun makes alfo qui in the all. fing. and plur. and then is of any gender. The pronoun quis is declined like qui, only it makes, fometimes, quid, in nom. and accu.Jing. ncut. gcnd. Sing. 'N. Meus, mea, meum, G. Mei, meae, mei, P. Meo, meas, meo, A. Meum, meam, meum, V. Mi, mea, meum, A. Meo, mea, meo. Tlur. Mei, mea?, mea, Meorum, me a rum, Me is, Meos, meas, mea mex, Meis. , mea, In the fame manner are declined tuus andfuus * wanting, however, the we. fing. and flur. Plur. Noftri, trae, Noflrorum,rarum, Noftris, Noftros, Noftri, Noftris, trum. "i ro, rum, trum, ro. ris, ras, trae, ris, tra, rorum," ris, ra, tra, ris. Sing, N. Nofler, tra, G. Noftri, rse, D. Noftro, rjc, A. Noftrum, ram. V. Nofler, tra, A. Noflro, ra, The vocative cafe of -vejler is wanting. In all other refpe&s, it is declined like nofter. Cujus makes only cuja, .cujam, cujum. Noftras, Veftras, and Cujas are called gentiles; becaufe they exprefs relation to nations, countries, focieties, and parties. They are declined in man- ner following : B Sing. A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the Sing. N. Noftras, G. Noftratis, D. Noftrati, A. Noflratem, noflras, V. Noflras, A. Noftrate, magis, maxime, mire, perquam, and valde. Pof. Com. Super. Pius, magis pius, maxime pius. 5.. Per and prce in compofition with an adjec- tive, are often ufed to denote the fuperlative de- gree. As, pcrgratus, very agreeable; prcegravis, very heavy. IRREGULAR COMPARISONS. Of thefe, fome want the pofitive ftate ; others have no comparative degree ; and the fuperlative is formed not according to any of the preced- ing rules. Com.. Super. melior, optimus* citior, citimus. diutior, diutiflimus. Dives, ditior, ditiflimus. Externus, exterior, extremus, or extimu3. Jriferus, inferior, infimus, or imus, Intus, interior, intimus. Magnus, major, maximus. Mains, p ( 'ji~ 5 pefFimus. Mnltus, plus. N. plurimus. neq'iior, nequiflimus. prior, primus. L AT IN LA N G U A G E. Pof. Com. Super. Par v us, minor, minimus. Fofterus, poflerior, poftremus, or poflhumus Superus, proprior, fu peri or, ulterior, proximus. fupremus, or fummus, ultimus. Vetus, vetericr, vetcrrimus. DEFECTIVES. Pof Com. Siiper. Adolefccns, adolefcentior, deterior, detcrrimus. Communis, communior, Fidus, fidiffimus. > In-clytus, inclytiflimus. Meritus, meriti flimus. "5 Novus, noviflimus. > Opimus, opimior, oeypr, ocyfTimus. potior, potifiTimus. iScocx ic n i o r Smiflrr. fjnifrprinr. The following are feldom ufed ; afliduor, egregiffimus, exiguiffimus, ipfiffimus, mirificifli- mus, multiffimus, perpetuiffimus, pientilTimus, or piiffirnus, tuiffimus. Cinaedior, Neronior, and Poenior are corruptly ufed from Cities do ^ Ncrone, and Pceno. Participles in dus and rus have no comparative, nor fuperlative, degree. Adjectives, that end in bundus, imus, inus, ivus 9 and eras, have no comparative, nor fuperlative, degree. Numeral and ordinal adjectives, and thefe, almus, calvus, claudus, dclirus, f genus, etcrnus, mag- nanimus, minis, memor, falvus, rudis, and vulgaris, have no comparative, nor fuperlative, degree. VERBS A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the VERBS Are a part of fpeech, that fignify the being, or , of perfons and things. The Latin language makes ufe of four different kinds of verbs ; active, pajfive, deponent, and neuter. It has two voices ; the active voice, which ends in o ; as amo, I love : The pa/ive voice, which ends in or; as amor, I am loved. The active verb expreffes an alion, that termin- ates on a fubfequent object, either exprefTed or underltood. As, fcribo literas, 1 write letters. Here the action of writing terminates on the ob~ ject, letters. A verb pajfivs exprelfes an action that is done to the nominative word, by one perfon. or thing, to another perfon, or thing. As, Casjar occifus fuit Bru- to, Cccfar was killed by Brutus. Theagenttoapaffive verb is fometimes exprefled, and fometimes under- flood; the agent is ever in the dative, or ablative, cafe. Verbs deponent end like verbs paffive ; and yet have either an active fignification; as,fec[uor, I fol- low ; or a neuter fignification ; as, glorior, I boafl. A verb neuter exprefles the fimple ftate, or ex- i Hence, of a perfon, or thing. As, Sum, I am ; Pallefco, I grow pale ; Sedco, I fit. MODE is the manner of exprefling the doing, or acting, of perfons, or things, of which there are four : The Indicative, the Imperative, the Conjunc- tive, and the Infinitive. When the fimple exiflence of an action is de- clared, the verb is put in the Indicative mode ; as, fcribit, he writes. A command puts the verb in the Imperative mode ; as fcnbe ; write thou. This mode may be called the cammanding mode. When LATIN LANGUAGE. 25 When an aion is contingent, or doubtful ; or when power, obligation, duty, inclination, and liberty are exprefled by the verb, it is then put in the Conjunctive mode. As, fi amem, if I love. The Infinitive mode exprefles being and afting without any limitation whatever. As.amare ,to love. To exprefs the different times, in which aftions are done, the Latins make ufe of fix different times : The frefent time, the imperfect time, the per- fect time, the pluperfect time, the Jirjl future time, and the fecond future time. The prcfent time exprefles the preterit doing of an aftion. As, fcnbo, I write, or am writing. The imperfecl time exprefles an aftion, that was doing while fome other a&ion palled. As,facic~ bat pennam, he made a pen. The perfett time fpeaks of an action already paiTed and completed. As, audivi, I have heard. The pluperfecl time exprefTes an adion, that was finifhed prior to the finifhing of fome other ac- tion mentioned, in the fentence. As, hi pueri legerant prele&iones, antequam preceptor venijfet. Thzfirft future time exprefles an a6Hon, that is to take place hereafter. As, de officio monebotQS, I lhall admonifh them of their duty. The fecond future time exprefles an a6lion, that will be accomplifhed, when fome future event fhall be prefent. As, finem legendi Virgilium fecerit, coenandi tern pore ; at fupper time, he will have made an end of reading Virgil. Verbs, like pronouns, have three perfons, in both numbers. As, ego amo, tu amas, Hit amat+ Nos amamus, vos amatis, illi amant. GERUNDS Are verbal nouns, having both an alive and C paffive a6 , A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of .the paflive fignificdtion. They may be called nouns of the fecond declenfion, neuter gender. As fuch, they are complete in all their cafes, except the vocative ; and are thus declined : N. Amandum ; loving, or being loved. G. Amandi ; of loving, or of being loved. D. Amando ; for loving, or for being loved* A. Amandum ; loving, or being loved. V. ; A ( Amando * in loving, or in -being loved. SUPINES May be called verbal nouns, of which there are two ; amaiitm, and amatu* The firfl ends in um, and. hath an aclive fignification.; as, amatum, to love. The fecond ends in u, and hath a paflive fignification ; as, amntu, to be loved. As the neuter verb, SUM, is often an auxiliary, Let it be, firfl, committed to memory. -DECLINED. Pref. Per. Inf. Part. Sum, fui, effe, futurus. CONJUGATED. INDICATIVE MODE. PRESENT TIME, Sing. Sum, lam, Es, thou art, Eft. he is. Plur. * " The lupine in um is a iubftantive noun in the accufative of the fourth declenfion ; and governed by ad or in underftooci. This Supine, with the verb iri conflitutes the future of the infinitive paf* five, and the fupine being a fubttuutive nown never varies its termin- ation." " The Supine in u is a fubftantive noun of the fourth declenfion, in rite ablative, and governed by / e } or ex, underftood." JOHN MAIR, A. M. LATIN LANGUAGE. Plur. Sumus, Eftis, Sunt. Sing. Eram, Eras, Erat. Plur. Eramus, Eratis, Erant. Sing. Fui; - Fuifli, Fuit. Plur. Fuimus, Fulfils, Sing. We are, you are, ikty arc. IMPERFECT TIME. 1 was, thou waft, he was. We wtre, you -were, they were, PERFECT TIME. / have been, thou haft been r he has been. We have been, you have been, Fuerunt, or fuere. they have been, PLUPERFECT TIME. Fuerarn, I had been, Fueras, Fuerat. Plur. Fueramus, FueratiSj Fuerant. Sing. Ero, Eris, Erit. Plur. Erimus, Eritis, Erunt, Sing. Fuero, Fueris, Fuerit. thou had/I he had been. We had been, you had been, they had been, . FIRST FUTURE. I Jhall, or will be, thoujhalt, or wilt be, hejliall. or will be. WeJhalLov luill be, you Jhall, or will be, thcyjhall, or will be. SECOND. FUTURE. 1 Jhall have been, thou Jhdlt have been, he Jhall have been. Plun 28 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE oj the Plur. Fuerimus, Wejhall have been, Fueritis, youjhall have, been, Fuerint. they JJiall have been. IMPERATIVE MODE. PRESENT TIME. Sing. Es. efto ; eflo. Be thou ; let him be. Plur. Efte,eflote ; funto. Be you ; let them be. CONJUNCTIVE MODE. PRESENT TIME. Sing. Siiir, / can be, Sis, ihou can be, Sit. he can be. Plur. STmus, We can be, Sitis, you can be, Sint. they can be. IMPERFECT TIME. Sing. Effem, / might be, Effes, thou might be> EfTet. he might be, Plur. Effemus, We might be, Eiletis, you might be, Effent. they might be. PERFECT TIME. Sing. Fuerim, 7 may have been, Fueris, ihou may have been, Fuerit. he may have been. Plur. Fuerimus, We may have been. Fueritis, you may have been, Fuerint. they may have been. PLUPERFECT TIME. Sing. FuiiTcm, / might have been, FuifTes, thou might have been, Fuiflet. he might have been. Plur. Fuiffemus, We might have been, FuilFetis, you might have bec?i, FuifTent, they might have been. FIRST LATIN LANGUAGE. 29 FIRST FUTURE. Sing. Ero, IJhallbe, Eris, thouJJiall be t Erit. hejhall be. Plur.. Erim-us, Wejhalkbc, Eritis, youjhall be, Eirunt. theyjhall be, . SECOND FUTURE. Sing. Fuero, Ijhallhave been, Fueris, thoujhall have been. Fuerit. hejhall have been. Plur. Fuerimus, Wejhall have been, FueritiSj youjhall have been, Fuerint, theyjhall have been.- N. B. Conjunctions implying doubt, or con^ ditionality, put verbs in- the Conjunctive Mode,- The Latins have no diftinft ending either for the optative, or potential Mode. When power, duty, obligation, liberty, or inclination are expreffed, the verb is ufed, in the Conjunctive Mode, with thefe auxiliaries, in Englifh : May, mnjl, mighty ' could ^ Jhould, would, and can.- . INFINITIVE MODE. PARTICIPLE* Pref. and Imp. Efle ; to be. * Per. and Plup. FuifTe ; to have been. Fiiturus, i. Put. Futurum efle ; to bt about to be. &.-Fuf. Futurum fuifTe; ^o havebeen about to be: , R EGU L A R VERBS. Of tlie^fe there are four conjugations, both in the aftive and pailive voices. f Firft 1 falongtjrforew&HI ; \ Second I *, J e long before re & ri, { ! H 1 Third | hatb 1 elh6rt beforer., f 1 " ^ _t Fourth J [I long before re & ri, J ltlve ' * From this verb is formed the participle wi"butUi* ttfd' b/ franh "(icians only, Ca go A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the ACTIVE VOICE. DECLINED, Pref. Per. Inf. Sup. X. Amo, amare, amavi, amatum* 2. Doceo, do cere, docui, doftum. 3- Lego, legere, legi, leftum. Audio, audire, audivi. auditum C O N J U GATE D. INDICATIVE MODE. Prefsnt Time. Sing. Plur. ^ I love, thou lovejl, he loves. We love, ye love., they love. t. Amo, as, at. amus, atis, ant. 2. Doceo, cs, et. emus, etis, ent. 3- Lego, is, it. imus, itis, unt.* 4. Audio, is, it. imus, ItiSj iunt. Imperfeft Time, Sing. Plur. / loved, &c t We loved, &c. *. Amabam, as, at. bamus, batis, ba- . 2. Docebam, as, at. bamus, batis, 3- Legebam, as, at. bamuSj batis, 4- Audiebam, as, at. bamus. batis, ant. P. >T VE ' Verbs, in io of tlie third conjugation, are conjugated lil\e Lego nd Legor, except the following. INDICATIVE MODE. Sing. Pcejent Time. Plur. 3. Fugio, is, it. j Fugimus, itis, Junto Imperfeft Time. 3. Fu^iebam, iebas, iebat. | Fugiebamus, iebatis, iebant t Firjl Future. 3. Fugiam, ies, iet. | Fuglemus, ielis, ient. IMPERATIVE MODE. 3. F^ige, ito j ito. | Fugite, itote j junto, CONJUNCTIVE MODE. Prefent Time. 3. Fvvgiam, is f \*\, ){ Tii^iarnus, fotis, iaot, LATIN LANGUAGE. Prtf. 1. Arnor, 2. Doceor, 3. Legor, 4. Audior, PASSIVE VOICE. DECLINED. Inf. Per. amari, amatus fum, or fui, doceri, doctus fum, or fui. legi, leclus fum, or fui. audlri, auditus fum, or fui. CONJUGATED. IN-DICATIVE MODE. Prefent Time. Plur. We are loved, &c. &c. Sing. / am loved Amor, aris or are, atur. Doceor, eris or ere, etuf. Legor, eris or ere, itur. Audior, Iris or Ire, Itur. amur, emur, imur, Imur, amini, emmi, imini, imini, antur, entur. untur. 4 iuntur, Imperfeft Time. Sing. / was lived, &c. Amabar, aris or are, atur. Docebar, aris or are, atur. Legebar, aris or are. atur. Audiebar. aris or are, atur. Plur. We were loved, &c. bamur, bamini, bantur. bamur, bamini, bantur, bam or, bamini, bantur. bamur, bamini, bantur* ACTIVE * INDICATIVE MODE. Sing. Preftnt Time. Plur. 3 Fugior, eris or ere, itur. ) Fugimur, imini, iuntur, Imperfeft Time. 3. Fugiebar, rebaris or iebare, iebatur. | iebamur, iebamini, iebantur, Firft Future. 3. Fugiar, ierij or iere, ietur. | Fugiemur, icmini, ientur. IMPERATIVE MODE. 3. Fugere, itorj itor. j Fugirnini; iuntor. CONJUNCTIVE MODE. Prefent Time. 3^ Fugiar, iaris or iare ; iatur ( | Fugiamur, iamini, iantur. ^GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of tftg A,C . T I V E V O I C E, Perfecl Tim. Sing. I have loved, &c. . i. Amavi, Docui, 4. Audivij Plur. We have, loved, &c a iihus, iftis, eruntorere,* Pluperfect Time. . Sing, Plur. I had Ivved, &c. . We had loiitd, &c. . . Amaveram, "j 2. Oocueram, _ . 3 . Legeram, I ***> rat ' I ramUS > ratlS ' rant ' 4. Audiveram, J Sing. JJhalltove, &c. Amabo, "1 ,. , . TX -i > blS. bit." x UocebOj J Legam, es, et. Audianv ies,, iet. Plur.-. Wejhalllove, &t. bimus, bitis, bunt. emus, etis,/ ent. iemus, ietis, ,- ient, . Second Future. Sing. JJhall have loved, &e. Plur. Wejhall have loved, &c. B. Amavero, 2. Docuero, 3. Lcgero, erisj erit. | erlraus, entis, ei 4. AudiverOj IMPERATIVE MODE. , Sing. Plur. L : 0v? 9 or love thou, &c. Love ye, &c. t. Ama, ato ; ato. ate, atote ; anto. 2. Doce, eto ; eto. etc, etote ; ento*. 3- I-ege, ito ; ito. itc, itote ; unto. 4. Audi ; ito . Jto, ite, itote ; iunto. PASSIVE LATIN LANGUAGE. 33 PASSIVE VOICE. Ptrjtft Time. Sing. Plur. I have been loved, &c, We hav; been loved, &c. r . i f umus, j eftiSj i font, or cr fuerunt, fuimus ; fuiftis ; or fueie, t. Amatus, 2. Doaus, I fum ' es 3. Letlus, ' T e ^. 4. Auditusj fui ; fuifli ; fuit - Pluperfect Sing. Plur. / Aad &t kved, &c. JF Afi 1 * er5mus > eratis, i ?' Leftus r r *"" r OT r "' ,_ V fueram ; fueras ; fuerat. I fuiramus ; fueratis ; 4 Auoitus, j Firjl Future, Sing. Plur. Ifhallbe loved, &c. Wefiallbt loved, &c. 1, Amabor, Y|^ r j s or bcre, bitur. I bimur. bimini, buntur, 2. Doceoor, 3. Legar, eris or ere, etur. 4. Audiar, ieris or iere, ietur. emur, emini, entur. iemur, iemmi, ientur, Second Future. Sing. Plur. IJhall have loved, &c. Weffiall have loved, &c, 1. Amatus, "| 2. Docfcus, i vero, ens. ent. erimus. entis. erunt, 3. Ledus, | 4. Auditus. J IMPERATIVE MODE. Sing. Plur. Let thee be loved, &c. Let you be loved, &c. i, Amare, ator ; ator. a mini, antor. emini, entor. immi, untur. immi, iuntur. ACTIVE 2. Decere, etor ; 3. Legere, itor ; Ttor. 4. AiuiTre. Itor ; Itor. 34 -A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE, of the ACTIVE VOICE, CONJUNCTIVE MODE. Prefent Time. Sing. / can love, &c. 1. Amem, es, et. 2. Doceam, eas, eat. 3. Legam, as, at. 4. Audiam, ias, iat. Plur. We can love, Sec. emus, etis, cnt; eamus, eatis, amus, atis, , iatis, lamus, iatis Imperfect Time. Plur. We might tw(, cant. ant. iant. Sing* I might love, &c. i. Amarem, 3! Lege'reT; 4. Audirem, Ptrfttt Time. Sing. I might have Icved, &c. i. Amaverim, 2.- Docuerim, 3,-Legerim, rent Plur. We might have loved, & c*, 4. Audivcrim, Sing. 1. Amaviffem, 2. Docuiflcm: 3. Lcgiffcra, 4. Audiviilem, Sing. j erit. erimus, cntis, crmt, Pluperjcft Time. Plur. loved, &c, , ifletis, iffent. and Second Future. Plur. IJhalllove, or IJhalLJiave lov:d t &c. We Jhall love, &c. or 1. Amaveroj ^ Wcjhallliave loved, &c 2. Docuero. 3. Lc-Jero, f cris> crit ' ' WiWUS, erltis, ermt, 4. Audivcro, J. PASSIVE LATIN LANGUAGE. 35 PASSIVE VOICE. CONJUNCTIVE MODE. Prefent Tim;. Sing. Plur. / can be. loved, &c. We. can be. Loved , &c^ 1. Amer, eris or ere, etur. | emur, emini, entur, 2. Docear, "1 3. Legar, I arfs or are, atur. | amur, amini, antur, 4. Audiar, J Impcrjdi Time. Sing. Plur. I might be loved, &c. We might be loved t &c, 1. Amarer, "| 2. Docerer, _ . Leo" /ens or ere, ctur. j emur, emmi. entur, 4. Audlrcr, J Perfett Time. Sing. Plur. I might have been loved, &c. #"* ;/;?>/:/ Aai'tf ^n /f>t-f might had been loved, &c. . Amatus, " effe8 ' cr r .' Auduus, ) fuifl[ " ern ; fullTes ; fuillbt ' i e:Temus, i effetis, i cffcnt, or fuiftemr.s ; fuiftetis ; fuiflent. Firfl and Second Future. Sing. Plur. . Atr'tus, S Ifn'd ce lci-?d, &c. "V Jkall be hvcd, &c, . Dofv.us f Q ero, e:i, ent. crmus,. er'tis, erunt. fderlmus, fucrltis, fuerint, ACTIVE , Lelt:s, f" /^^// Afiir ^ 'tfw^ t &c. , Audl:u5, ) i'uero, fucris^ fuait. A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of t/io ACTIVE VOICE. INFINITIVE MODE. Prefent and Imperfecl Times. 1. Amare, to love ; 3. Legere, to read ? 2. Docere, to teach; 4. Audi re, to htar. Per/eft and Pluperfetl Times. 1. Amaviffe, to have, or had loved. 2. Docuiffe, to have, or had tfiught. 3. Legiffe, to have, or had read. 4. Audiviffe, to have, or had heard* Firft Future. J. Amaturum effe, to be about to love. 2. Dofturum effe, to be about to teach, 3. Le&urum effe, to be about to read, 4. Auditurum effe, to be about to hear. Second Future. ri. Amaturum fuiffe, to have been about to love, 2. Dofturum furffe, to have been about to teach. ;> Lefturum fuiffe, to have been about to read. 4. Auditurum fuiffe., to have been about to hear, PARTICIPLES. Prefent Time. 1. Amans ; loving. 2. Doc ens ; teaching. 3. Legens ; reading. 4. Audiens ;* hearing. Future in rus. 1. Amaturus ; about to love. 2. Do&urus ; about to teach. 3. Lefturus ; about to read. 4. Auditurus ;t about to hear* PASSIVE * Thefe are declined, like Capax. t Thefe are declined, like durut. LATIN LANGUAGE. 37 PASSIVE VOICE. INFINITIVE MODE. Prefent and Imperfecl Times. 1. Amari, to be loved j 3. Legi, to be, read / 2, Doceri, to be taught ; 4. Audlri, to be heard, Perfett and Pluperfect Times.. 1. Amatum, *J Ctohave^ or had been loved. 2. Doftum. ^ f -n- I to have, or had been tauzht. 3. Leaum, > effe r fuifre ' \ to Jiave, or had been read. 4. Auditum, J {to have, or had bun Iieard, Firft Future. 1. Amatum iri, to be about to be loved. 2. Dotlum Iri, to be about to be taught. 3. Leftum iri, to be about to be read. 4. Auditum Iri, to be about to be heard. Second Future. 1. Amatum fore, to be about to have "been loved. 2. Doftum fore, to be about to have been taught. 3. Le&um fore, to be about to have been read. 4. Auditum fore, to be. about to have, bten heard. PARTICIPLES. Perfea Time. i. Amatus ; loved. 2.Doftus ; taught. 3. Letlus ; read. 4. Auditus ;* heard* Future in dus. 1. Amandus ; to beloved. 2. Docendus ; to be taught. 3- -Legendus ; to be read. 4. Audiendus ;* to be heard. . GERUNDS * Thefe arc declined, like durus. " D : S8 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of 'the- GERUNDS 'Of the four conjugations are thus declined* FIRST DECLENSION. "N, Amandum ; loving, or being loved. G. Amandi ; of loving, or of being loved. D. Amando; Jftfr loving, or for being loved. Ac. Amandum ; loving, or being loved. A* Amando ; in loving, or in being loved. SECOND DECLENSION. N. Docendum ; teaching, or being taught. G. Docendi ; of teaching, or of being taught. D. Docendo \ for teaching, or for being taught. Ac. Docendum ; teaching, or being taught. A, Docendo - 9 in teaching, or m being taught. THIRD DECLENSION. N.y.Legendum ; reading, or being read. G. Lcgendi ; of reading, or of being read. D. Legendo;ybr reading, or for being read. Ac. Legcndurn ; reading, or being read. A. Legendo ; in reading, or in being read. FOURTH DECLENSION. N. Audiendum ; hearing, or being heard. G. Audiendi ; of hearing, or of being heard. D. Audiendo ;for hearing, or for being heard. Ac. Audiendum ; hearing, or being heard. .4. Audiendo ; in hearing, or in being heard. SUPINES. FIRST SUPINE. 1 . Amatum ; to love. 2. DoQum; to teach. 3. Le&um ; to read. 4* Audi turn; to hear. SECOND SUPINE. 1. Amatu; to be loved. 2 . Doclu ; to be taught. 3. Le6hi; to be read. 4. Auditu ; to be heard, IRREGULAR LATIN: LANGUAGE. IRREGULAR VERBS, DECLINED. Pref. Pofium, Profum^ Volo, Nolo, Malo, Edo, Eo, Fero, Fio, Infi. poffe, velle, nolle,. malle, edcre or ire. fferre, fieri, ferri,. Per.. potuij pa'ofui. Sup. nolui, malui, edi, U'f, tali, fattus fum, latus fum, itum. latum. D. Sing. Poffum, potes, potefl. Profum } prodeSj prodefl. Volo, vis, nonvis, mavis, ONJUGATE INDICATIVE MODE. Prefent Time. Plur, Boflumss. poteftis, ProfumuSjprodeJftis.profunt. Nolo, Malo, Edo, Eo, Fero, Fio, Feror, vult. nonvult. mavult. edis ores, editor eft. is, it. fers, fert fis, fit. ferris or ferre,fertur. Volumus, vultis, volunt. Noldmus, nonvultis.nolunt. Malumus, mavuhis, malunt. Edirnus, editis, edunt.. Tmus, Ttis, eunt. Ferimus, fertis, farunt.. Fimus, fitis, flunt. Feriinur, fenmini, femnturji. Poteram, Proderam, Volebam,. Nolebam, Malebam, Edebam, Ibam, Ferebam^ Fiebam, Ferebar ? Impcrf^cl Time, Sing. \ era, erat. Plur. eramus, eratis, erant 3 bias,, bat. s, . batis,..-bant, baris or bare, batur, j bamur, bammi, bantun 40 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the Per/eft Time. Sing. Phtr, Potui, Profui, Volui, Nolui, : . A . Malui r " Jt ' imus, iftis, crunt or ere, Edi, ' Ivi, Tuli, Faftus, ) fum, es, eft, or or 0r J-tus, ) fwi ; fuifti J f art. i fumus, eilis, funt, fuerunt, o/* o/* or fuftnuij fuiftisj fu5re, Sing. Potueram, Profueram, Volueram, Plufe-rftS Tim. JEderam, I v eram 3 Tuleram. ue, | ieram, ' eram, aleram, Faftus, > eram, eras, erat, or or or Latus, } fueram ; fueras ; fuerat. i eramus, er fueramus, &c Future Time. Potero, Prodero Sing. "1 er - , / er - erit Plur. erimus, erltis, erunt. Volam, Malam, Edam, Ibo, ibis, ibit. | Ibimus, ibitis, Ibunt, Film' } CS ' et< Ferar, eris or ere, etur. | rerour, remini, rentur. IMPERATIVE LATIN LANGUAGE. IMPERATIVE MODE. PofTum, Volo, and Malo, have no Imperative. Sing. Plur. . Prodes, efto; efto, efte, eftote ; funto. Noli; nolito. nollts ; nolitotc*-- Es, efto, ede, edi to ; efto, edito. - fefte, edite, \ eftote, editote ) edunto. I, Ito; ito. ite, it5te ; eunto. Fer,* ferto ; ferto. Ferte, fertote; feranto. Fi, f Ito ; flto. flte^fitote;. fiunto. forre, fertor-? fertor. . ferirriini ; feruntor> Poflim, Profim, Velim, Nolim, dam, ^| am, I cram, f lam, J CONJUNCTIVE MODE. . Prtfe.nl Time. Sing, Pluri is, it, j imu5, Itis, int* at, { Stnus, atis, an; T - as, Edam, Earn Feram Fiam Ferar, aris or are, atur. | amur, amini, Imptrfcft Tims. Sing. Plur,. . Poffem, * Prodeffem, Vellem, . Nollem, Mallem, Edeirem, or- > es, et^ J emus,. tis, ent, Effem, ' Irem, Ferrem, Fierenij Ferrer, eris or ere, etur, j emur, emini,- entur. Per/eft Z)/V, duf t fir are put, by fyucope, for dice, ducf, face, ancj \ Da 42 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the Pcrf<8 Time. Plur, cris, rit. | eriraus, eritis, erint* Potuerim, Profuerim, Voluerim, ^Noluerim, Maluerim, Ederim, Iverim, Tulerim, fim, fls, fit, or or or Latus, } fuerim j fueris ; fuerit. Sing. PotuifTem, ~] ProfuiiTem, j Voluiffem, i fimus, or fuerimus, &c, Plur. Pluperfttt Time. > iffet ' ,^ eflem, efles, eflef, I i eflemus, > or or or or Latus, )fuiffem; fuiffs; fuiflet. I fuiffemus, &c. EdifTem, Iviflem, Tuliffem, Sing. Future Time. Plur. isj erit, ] crimus, critis, runt. Potuero, Profuero, Voluero, Noluero, Maluexv, Edero, Ivero, Tulero, Faftus, ^ ero, eris, crit, 1 i erimu$ 9 > or or or or Latus, ; fuero ; fueris ; fuerit, ( fuerimus, &c. JNHNITIVX LATIN LANGUAGE, 43 INFINITIVE MODE. Prefent and Imperfeft Times. Poffe, Edere or effe, Prod effe, Ire, Velle, Ferre, Nolle, Fieri, Malle, Ferri. Perfett and Pluperfect Time* Potuiffe, Ediffe, Profuiffe, Iviffe, Voluiffe, Tuliffe, Noluiffe, Fadum effe, or fuiffe, MaluifTe, Latum effe, or fuiffe, Future Time. Poffum, wlo, nolo, and malo have no future. Profore, or profuturum effe, Efurum effe, Ituruni effe, Laturum effe, Fatum iri, Latum iri. PARTICIPLES. Prefent Time. Volens, Nolens. Makns. Edens, ferens, Potens^ lens, Gen. euntis, Dat. eunti, &c. Perfect Tit, - Fa6lus, Latus. Tjbe others are wanting, FutP'c in rus ard dvs. Fafturus, Laturus, Iturus, faciendiis. # ^'GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the The GERUNDS and SUPINES are declined, like thofe of regular verbs. The compounds of Fero are conjugated, like Fero; affero, aufero, confero, differo, exfero, in- fero, ofFero; alfo, circumfero, defero, antefero, perfero, praefero, profero, refero, fufFero, transfero. The compounds of o are conjugated, like Eo : As, abeo, adeo, exeo, obeo, redeo, fubeo, pereo, coeo,ineo,praeeo,anteeo, prodeo, praetereo, tranfeo, queo, and nequeo. The two laft have no impe- rative Mode. The compounds of Edo are conjugated, like do.i As comedo, exedo, &c. PARTI CI PLES Are derived from verbs, and they have the na* tare of nouns, adjectives, and verbs. . As nouns, they are declined with gender, num*- ber, and cafe ; and are frequently ufed as the a* gent, or nominative word, to ar following verb. In the nature of adjectives, they are ufed to exprefs the qualities and circumflances of the nouns to which they are joined. As, homo do&vs in theologia, a man learned, in divinity. In the nature of verbs, they have both an active and paffive fignification ; and they govern the fame cafes as the verbs from which they are de~ rived govern. Of participles, there are four kinds. 1. The prefent time active, ending in ans or ins ; as, amans, loving ; docens, teaching. 2. The perfect time paffive, ending in us; as, tmatus, loved. 3. The future active in W; as,amaturus, about to love, < The- LATIN LANGUAGE. 45 4. The future paffive in dus ; as, amandus, to be loved. The words that end in bundus ; as, errabundus, populabitndus, ludabundus, are adjective nouns, near- ly refembling the nature of participles. Deponent verbs form their participles, like ac- tive verbs ; as, loquor, fequor ; partic. loqucns, fe- quens. Participles may be compared ; as, Pof. Com. Super. Amans, amantior, amantiflimus, Loving, more loving, mojl loving. Dodus, dodior, doftiflimus, Learned, more learned, mojl learned* ADVERBS Are ufecl to qualify the meaning of the words, with which they are united. They may qualify nouns, adjeftives, verbs, participles, and adverbs. Nouns, as, fere circulus, almoft a circle ; adjec- tives, as, valde pins, very pious; verbs, as, benc Jcribit, he writes well ; participles, as, magis doftus, more learned ; adverbs, as, valde velociter, very fwiftly. Adverbs, derived from adjectives, have the de grees of comparison. Pof. Com. Super. Do&e, dodius, dodiflime. Learnedly, more learnedly, mojl learnedly, CONJUNCTIONS Connecl: words and fentences together, andt are either ccnjunftive or disjunctive. 46 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the Conjunctive, or copulative conjunctions, con- nect: many words together and continue the fenfe ; as, quorum tu, et frequentiam videre, et fludia perfpicere, et voces paulo ante exaudire potuifti. Disjwftwc conjunctions connect words togeth- er ; but exprefs oppofition in the fenfe ; as, hi funt homines ex his coloniis, quas Fefulis Sulla conftituit; -fed tamen hi funt coloni . Conjunctions are often underftood; as, abiit, exceffit, evafit, erupit. The diflributions of adverfative, concejjive, cauf- al } conditional, exceptive, illative, interrogative, per- Jtflive, rejtriftive, fufpenfive, expletive, ordinative,. &c. are more perplexing, than inftru&ive, to the pupil. PREPOSITIONS Are ufed to fignify the relation, that nouns,. in apportion, have to each otlier.. As, fuftulifc palmas ad fidera ; he raifed his hands to the ftars. In this relation, they govern the. noun that fol. lows them. They are often ufed, in compofition with nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. In this compofi- tion, they frequently alter the fignification of the^ primitive word. As, w^7w,ufeful ; inutilis, unufeful. INTERJECTIONS Denote fome fudden emotion, or pajfion of the mind. As, tempera I mores ! O the times 1 O the manners ! N. B. Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepofitions, and Interjections are undeclined; that is, they do not change their endings like the other parts of fpeech. SYNTAX* LATIN LANGUAGE. 47 SYNTAX. OYNTAX teaches the due conflruc- tion of language, the mutual c&nne&ion between the different parts of fpeech; and the influence that one word has upon another. To parfe the Latin language fyflematically the following rules are neceffary. NOUNS. NOMINATIVE CASE. RULE I. The nominative cafe governs the verb. As, Deus creavit mundum j God created the world. Remarks. 1. To find the governing nominative, aflc the queftion, who ? which ? what ? The anfwer is the nominative. As, who created the world ? Anfwer, Deus. Dens is, therefore, the nominative. 2. A noun, in the nominative fingular. when followed by another noun in the ablative, govern- ed by cum, often governs a plural verb ; and it may alfo take a plural adjective, -or participle. As, Quirinus, curn fratre, jura dabunt. Cadmus,. cum uxore, in dracones convcrji funt, RULB j$ A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the RULE II. The verb agrees with its nominative cafe, in number and perfon. As, mali pueri ludurit, in fchola ; naughty bop flay, at fchool. Remark. The nominative cafe, when it is a pronoun, is feldom exprefled, except when the fentence is cmphatical. RULE III. A verb, in the infinitive mode, may do the of- fice of a nominative cafe to a verb. As, negligere tuzs praeleftiones eft turpe; to neg- left thy leffons is bafe. RULE IV. A member of a fentence may do the office of a nominative cafe to a verb. As, ingenuas difcere fiddlier artes emollit mores hominum; to learn- faithfully the liberal artsfoft- tns the manners of men. RULE V. An adverb of time, place, or quantity, governing the genitive, may be ufed as a nominative to a verb. As, partim virorum ceciderunt in bello ; part of the men have fallen in battle. Nufqitam loci in~ vcnitur ; no place is found. RULE VI. A noun of multitude fingular may govern & Verb in the plural number. As, turba ruunt ; the multitude ruJJi on. LATIN LANGUAGE. 49 RULE VII. Two, or more nouns fingular, may have a verb, adjective, and pronoun, in the plural, to agree with them. As, pater ejus et mater funtpii ; his father and mother are pious. Remarks. 1. When the nouns are of different genders, the adjective and pronoun muft be of the moft worthy gender. 2. The fir ft perfon is more worthy than the fecond ; the fecond. more worthy than the third : Alfo the mafculine gender is more worthy than the feminine ; and the feminine, more worthy than the neuter; but, in things without life, the neuter is moft worthy. In this inftance, the ad- jeclive and pronoun muft be in the neuter gen- der. As, haec charta et fcalpellum funt mala* RULE VIII. A verb, between tivo nominatives of different numbers, may agree with either. As, amantium ircc amoris integratio eft, the quarreh of lovers is the renewal of love, GENITIVE CASE, RULE L Two nouns, in conjun&ion and implying erty, will have the latter in the genitive cafe. As, bonitas Dti ; the goodhefs of God. RULE IL Several nouns together, meaning the fame thing, agree in the fame cafe, by appofition. A, go A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the As, temeritas, imago fluid, oflendit animum muliebrem ; temerity, the figure of a fool, Ihews a womanifti mind. Remarks. 1. A plural noun may be fet In apportion to a (jugular noun ; and a fingular noun may be fet in appofition to a plural noun. And nouns, in ap- pofition, may be of different genders. 2. After the enumeration of many particulars, whofe nouns may indifferently be cf either num- ber, a fingular noun may include them all, and be fet in appofition to them. 3. When a common noun, in the plural, is fet in appofition to two, or more, proper names of different genders, the common noun mull be of the moft worthy gender. As^ ad Ptolomeum Cleopatramque reges legati mifli. RULE III. If an adjective of praife, or difpraife, be joined to the latter noun, it may be either in the geni- tive, or ablative, cafe. As, vir nulla fide ; a man of no faith. Ingenui vultus puer, ingenuique pudoris ; a lad of an ingenu- ous countenance and of ingenuous modejly.* Remarks. 1. The latter noun is often put in the dative. As, hominibus Deus eft. pater ; God is the father of men. 2. The * <{ When, the latter fubdantive is put in the ablative, fome prepofition, fuch as, cum, de, ex, in t a, at>, with ens, exiJlf.ns,natiis ) praditus 1 aJfeclus t Qr fthe like, is undcrftood. AS, home injinnA wlctudm: ; i. c. ajjMus ah, &c." JOHN MAIR, A. M. LATIN LANGUAGE. 5 t 2. The latter noun is fometimes changed into a poiTeflive adje&tve. As, patris dornus, the houfe of my father ; changed, paierna domus, my pater- nal houfe. 3. When the former noun is omitted, by an el- lipiis, the latter is dill in the genitive. As, ven- tum erat ad Veftce ; when they had come to the temple of the goddefs Vejla. Here templian is omitted by an ellipfis. DATIVE CASE. Nouns, that are compounded with con, govern the dative. As, multi fuerunt commilitiones Jafoni et corr- gerrones d, cum vellus aureurra furatus fuit ; many were fellow foldiers and companions with Jafon, when he flole the golden fleece. ABLATIVE CASE. RULE I. Two nouns, in conjunction, and the latter ex- prefling fome property, or manner, or reafon, be- longing to the former, the latter mull be in the ablative. As, tu es filius ejus ortu ; you are his fon, iy birth. Nomine et nation* ille eii Gailus ; he is a- Frenchman, by name and nation. Remark* The latter noun fometimes admits the prepofi- tion ex, before it. As, Anglus ex natione ; an Englifhman by nation,. XJBLB 52 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the RULE II. The nouns, opus and ufus fignifying need, govern the ablative, and fometimes the genitive, of the thing ; and always a dative of the perfon exprelT- ed, or underftood. As, au&oritatt tua nobis eft opus ; we have need of your authority. A GENERAL RULE. A noun, derived from a verb often governs a following verb, in the fame cafe, as the verb, from which it is derived, would govern. As, reditio domum ; his return home. Traditio alteri ; a delivery to another. RELATIVES. RULE I. The relative agrees with its antecedent, in nunW ber, gender, and perfon. As, homo, qui leges obfervat, eft laudatus ; the manjZvho regards the laws, is to be commended. RULE II. When there is no nominative between the rela- tive and the verb, the relative is the nominative. As, foemina, qua: cafta eft, amatur ; a woman, wko is chafte, is loved. RULE III. When a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by the verb, or by fome other word in the fentence, on which it depends. As, Deus, 'quern colimus, qui fabricavit mun- dum ; cujus muncrc vivimus, et a quo confervamur, eft LATIN LANGUAGE. 53 eft eternus ; God, whom we worihip, who made the world, by wkofe favour we live, and by whom we are preferred, is eternal. RULE IV.. A member of a fentence is often the antecedent to a relative. As, amicus meus mortuus eft, quod mihi dolori efl 5 my friend is dead, which is a grief tome. Remarks.. 1. When the member of a fentence is the ante- cedent to a relative, the relative mud ever be the third perfon fingular and neuter gender. 2. When two members of a compound Ten- ten ce, are the antecedent to a relative, the relative muft ever be in the third perfon plural and neuter gender. As, penfum meum Laiinum compofui, et fingulam explicare fententiam polfum, qua: pras- ceptori placent. 3. Two, or more, antecedent nouns fingular will have a relative plural, which muft agree with the moft worthy perfon and gender. 4. Interrogatives andfometimes indefinites come under the rules of relative pronouns. 5. A pofleffive pronoun is, fometimes, the an- tecedent to a relative. As, omnes laudare fortu- nas meas, qui baberem gnafeum tali ingenio praedi-- tum, PRONOUNS, RULE I To exprefs v a perfon the Latins mfe the genitive cafes of the primitive perfonal pronouns, mei, tui^. Jiii, nojlrij and vejtri. E a- 54 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the As, amor mei, the love of me ; pars tui, part of thec. RULE II. To exprefs poffeflion, or property, the Latins ufe meus, tuus,fuus, nojler, and vcjler. As, noftcr dominus ; our mailer. Remarks. 1. The poffeffive pronoun, agreeing with its fubftantive, may be ufed in lieu of the genitive cafe of the perfonal pronoun ; and, when thus ufed, it may govern any other noun, in the geni- tive. As, nojlra omnium metnoria. 2. Sui and fuus are reciprocal pronouns. As, jugulavit fe illius gladio. 3. Ille and ifte are demonftrative pronouns. When we f peak in praife of a perfon, we ufe ille ; as Petrus Czar, ille magnus, Peter Czar, the great. When we fpeak in the difpraife of a perfon, we ufe ifte ; Benedi&us Arnold, ifte perjidus, Benedict: Arnold, the traitor. ADJECTIVES. GENERAL RULE. The adje&ive, pronoun, and participle agree with their nouns, in number, cafe, and gender. As, -puerjludiojiis ; zjludious boy. Remark. The noun is often not exprefTed ; and, then, if the word, man, be underftood, the adje&ive, pro- noun, or participle muft be in the mafculine gen- der : If thing, or any fuch general word be under- ftood ; the adje&ive, &c, muft be in the neuter gender % . LATIN LANGUAGE. 55 gender. In either cafe, the adjective, &c. may have the government and ufe of nouns. GENITIVE CASE. RULE I. Adje&ives, that exprefs an affe&ion of the mind, govern the genitive. As, iecurus amorum germanse ; regardlefs of his- filler's love. Reus majeflatis - 3 guilty of trcafon. Remark. To this rule belong, anxius, docilis, callidus, curi* of us, dubius, eruditus, maturus, parcus 3 .8cc. RULE II. An adjeclive, or pronoun, put in the neuter gender abfolute, may govern a genitive. As, tantum- calamitatis eft, nefcio quid confilii eapiam ; there is fo much calamity, I know nofc : what counfel I fhall take. RULE III. Adjeftives, that fignify plenty, or want^ govern, the genitive. As, dives opum ; abounding in wealth. Puer otiofus inops efl mentis ; an idle boy is void of under/landing. RULE IV. Partitives, numerals, interrogative^ compara- tives, fuperlatives, and adjectives taken parti tive- ly, govern the genitive plural. As, una fororum ; one of the fiflers. Primus hominum ; thejirft of men. ; the elder of brothers. 5,6 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the Aliquis poetarum -, fome one of the poets. Sande deorum ; thou holy one of the gods. Utrum horum ? Which of thefe ? Remarks. 1. This genitive may be refolved into the ac- cufative, with inter, ante; or into the ablative, with in, de, e, ex. As, oftimus inter reges, or exregibus ; the befl of kings. 2. Primus, fecundus, tertius, &c. and fuperla- tives importing proximity generally govern the da- tive angular. As, proximus huic ; the neareft to him. Secundus nulli ; fccond to none. They fometimes have an ablative with a prepofition. As, tertius ab ^Enea ; the third from RULE V. Partitives, &c. often govern the genitive fingu- lar of colleftive nouns, or nouns of multitude. As, do6tiflimus claffis \ the moil learned of the form. Nympharum fanguinis una ; one of the blood of the Nymphs. O Danaum fortiffime gen- tis; O thou, the bravefl of the nation of the Greeks. DATIVE CASE. RULE I. Adje6lives, that fignify likenefs or unlikenefs, profit r difprofit, meetnefs or unmeetnefs, pleaf- ure or difpleafure, relation, friendfhip, hatred, due, fubmiflion, favour, refiilance, difBculty, trull, or belonging to any thing, govern the dative.* As, virtus eft jucunda juflis, utilis omnibus, et son inutilis ullis ; virtue is pleafant to the righte- ous, ufeful to all, and not unprojitable to any. _ RULE * When-tfee pupil gives this rule, he may mention the wwd ootyj that LATIN LANGUAGE. 57 RULE II. Thefe adje&ives, amicus, inimicus, foetus, vicinus, far, equalis, Jimilis, dijfimilis, proprius, communis, conterminus,Jidus, adverfus, contrarius, and fuperjlci often govern the genitive. As, vitia funt mrtutum contraria ; vices are op- pofite to virtues. RULE III. Adjeclives, that imply motion, tendency, or fitnefs for any thing, admit ad before the noun, in the accuiative, on which the fitnefs falls. As, mifericors piger eft ad pcenas ; a merciful man isjlow to punifh. RULE IV. Alienus, communis, and immunis> may govern the genitive, or dative, and fometimes an ablative, with a prepofition. As, hoc mihi tecum commune eft ; this is com- mon to me and you. Remark. In imitation of the Greeks, many adjectives govern the genitive, efpecially among the poets. As ; pauper argcnti ; lapfus rotarum, &.c. ACCUSATIVE CASE. Adjectives, expreffing length^ breadth, height, depth, thicknefs, and diftance, govern the noun fol- lowing them, in the accufative. As, turris centum pedes alia ; a tower an hun- dred feet high* .Remarks* 58 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the Remarks. 1. The noun, that is governed in the accufa- tive, is generally placed, in Englifh, before thefe adjectives ; big, deep) high, long, broad, thick, dijlant. 2. Adjectives, importing the above qualities, fometimes, govern the ablative ; but rarely the genitive. An ablative thus ; fons latus pedibus tnbus; a fountain three feet broad. A genitive thus ; areas latas pedum dcnum, longas quinquage- num facito ; make beds ten- feet broad, and fifty feet long.* SYNECDOCHE. Adjectives, by a fynecdoche, govern nouns, in the accufative. As, faucmsfrontem-; wounded in the forehead. Remarks- 1 . This rule, in imitation of the Grecian lan- guage, may be explained by the following prepo- fitions ; circa, quatenus ad, per, ad, ob, propUr, quoad, orfecundum. As, os hitmerofque Deo fimilis. CrefTa genus Pholoe. 2. Adjectives in bundus govern the accufative ; As, populabundus agros. ABLATIVE CASE. RULE I. w Nouns, fignifying the in (I rumen t/ can fe, or manner, are governed, in the ablative, by the ef- ficient: adjective. As, incurvus feneftutc ; crooked with old age. Ebrius vino; drunk with wine. Pallidus ira, ru- bicundus * \Vhen a noun, that fignifies the length, breadth, &c. of a thing, is put in the genitive, mtnfurdjt>atio t hmfitudint, tutitudmc, or altitudinc are underitood, LATIN LANGUAGE. 59 bicundus furore, et trepidus timoris pcend ; pale with anger, red with fury, and trembling for fear of punifhment. Spe dives ; rich in hope. RULE JI. Adje&ives, fignifying diverfity, govern the ab- lative, with the prepofition a or ab~ As, ille diverfus eft a patre ; he is different front hisfather. Remark. Adje&ives of diverfity fometimes govern the dative. As, maritus diverfus eft uxon ; the huf- bandis different y>ow the wife. RULE III. Adje&ives, fignifying plenty, or want, may- govern the ablative. As, bcncvolcntia plenus ; full of benevolence. Ira vac-uus ; deftitute of anger. RULE IV. Adjectives of the comparative degree, govern the ablative, when quam is omitted, in Latin. As, vilius argentum eft auro, virtutibvs aurum ; filyer is viler than gold, gold is viler than the vir- tues. RULE V. Adjectives of dearnefs and cheapnefs, govern e nouns on which their influence falls, in the blative. As, hoc fcalpellum cKarum eft drachma; this enknife is dear at a groat. RULE VI. Adjectives, denoting fome infirmity, or affe6Hon [of body, or mind, govern the nouns, that are the ipart. affected, in the ablative. As, 60 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the As, faucius capite et membris, xgrotusfebre, in- firmus corf ore toto, et debilis mente ; wounded in "his head and limbs, lick of a fever, infirm in his whole body, and feeble in mind. RULE VII. Dignus, indignus, praeditus, captus, contentus, laetus, extorris, profugus, liber, and fretus, govern the ablative. As, dignus honor e ; worthy of honour. Profu- ; in obedience to h averis decree. Remark. Some of thefe adjeftives often govern a geni- tive. As, carmina digna dece ; longs worthy of a goddefs. Extorris regni ; banifhed from the kingdom. RULE VIII. Adjectives, importing the meafure, or degree, in which one thing excels another, govern the ab- lative of the word fignifying the meafure, or de- gree of excefs . As. rraximus natu ; the. oldejl. Grandior estate, major natu ; the greater in birth. Quo plus ha- bent, eo plus cupiunt ; the more men poffefs, the more they defire. Quanto do6lior es, tanto te ge- ras fubmiffius ; by how much thou art more learn- ed, by fo much thou mufl behave more fub- miilively. VERBS Have the following rules of government. NOMINATIVE CASE. RULE I. Verbs neuter, zsfum<'fcrem,fio t and xij!o, gov- ern the nominative after them, LATIN LANGUAGE. 6t As, hominum Chriflus eft Salvator ; Chnft is the Saviour of men. RULE II. Paffive verbs of naming, as appellor, dicor, nun- cupor, vocor, govern the nominative after them. As, ejus nomen appellabitur Jefus ; his name fhall be called Jefus. RULE III. Thefe paflive verbs, agnofcor, falutor, exiftimor, putor, invenior, fcribor, videor, nafcor, defigncr, ere- or, conjlituor, putor, c. govern the nominative af- ter them. As, Paulus habebatur excellentiflimus prcedica-' tor ; Paul was accounted a mod excellent^r^c^er. RULE IV. Thefe verbs of geflure, cubo. incedo.Jlo, eo, redeo, maneo, venio, fedeo, jaceo, evado, fugio, &c. govern the nominative after them. As, aft ego, quae Divum inceJo regina ; but I, who moVe majefticaliy the queen of heaven. Remarks. i. The infinitives of the verbs, mentioned in. thefe four rules, govern the fame cafe after them that goes before ihem. As, tu cupis effe vir dolus ; you defire to be a learned man. Hie a mat dici pair onus ; he loves to be called a paircn. Vult fe creari ducem ; he would be made general. N. B. When verbs, that govern the dative, come before any of the above named verbs in the infinitive, the latter commonly have a dative after them ; but fometimes an accufative. As, non F datur 62 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE "o datur omnibus eflfe nobilibus et cpulentis ; fed licet omnibus effe bonis, (i velint. Expedit vobis effe bonas. TER. 2. Nearly all verbs admit an adjective, or pro- noun, after them in the nominative, or accufative, that agrees with the noun, or pronoun, preceding the verb. As, homo incedit crettus in coelum ; a man walks ercft towards heaven. GENITIVE CASE. RULE I. The verb fum, importing duty, foffeffion, or property, governs the genitive. As, reddite, quae Dei funt, Deo ; render to God, the things that are GWs. Remarks. 1. In fcntences that come under this rule, philofophus., doffor, gratia, caufa, proprium, munus, officium, negotium. opus, <&c. aro underflood. 2. Thefe neuter pronouns, meum, tuum, fuum, nojlrum, -uejirum, and pojfejfive nouns, are ufed in the nominative, when fum fignifies pofleflion, property, or duty. As, non veflrum, fed caninum eft pugnare ; to fight does not belong to you, but to dogs. RULE II. Verbs of ejleeming and valuing govern a genitive of the value, and the accufative of the thing. As, defertus homo asilimat preiii magni amicum fidum ; a wife man cfleems a faithful /fiend, at a great/; Remarks. LATIN LANGUAGE. 63 Remarks. 1. The -verb, ctjlimo, does often govern an ab- lative of the value. As, magno ubique virtus icftimanda eft ; virtue is to be efteemed, every where, of great worth. 2. Flocci, nauci, nihili, pili, affis, hujus, teruncii, are efpecially ufed with asjlimo, pendo, va&fa&io. RULE III. Confuio and facia govern boni and cequi, in the genitive only. As, boni confulo ; I take it in good par L. RULE IV, Satago, miftreor, and miferefco govern, the geni- tive ;. feldom the dative. As, miferere affliftorwn ; pity the afflifted. Huic iBifereor ; 1 pity him... RULE V. Many verbs, fignifying a ilrong afFeftion of the mind, as difcrucior, jailor, lector, &c. govern, the gqnitive. As, laetor animi ; I am very glad. Remark. In examples, that come under this rule, gaurfic, znxittate, d:-lorf t ,&c. are underftood. The above rule is founded on the idiom of the Grecian lan- guage, and is in ufe among the Latin Poets ; ac- cording to whom verbs of this defcription ofien govern the ablative., RULE VI>. Verbs of accuftng, condemning, warning, and' acquitting, govern an accufative of the perfon, and the genitive of the crime, or thing. $4 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the As, Deus peccatorum admonet homines ; God ad- monifhes men of their Jins. Remarks. 1. After verbs of accufing, condemning, warn- ing, and acquitting, the noun, that fignifies the crime, or thing, is often put in the ablative, with or without a prepofition. 2. Thefe verbs ever demand, that uttrqut, wtl- lus, aliiLS, alter, neuter, ambo, and the fuperlative de- gree, fhould be ufed in the ablative. RULE VII. Carps, corripio, ' calumnior, crimlnor, culpo, pimio, ribrchcndo, taxo, iradiico, and vtiupsro, govern a genitive of the p erj on, and accufative of the crime, or thing. As, reprehendere hominis pertinaciam ; to repre-* hend a manforfsrtmacy. RULE VIII. Potior may govern the genitive or ablative. As, Romani fignorum et armorum potiti funt ; the Romans gained pofTeflion of thejlandards and arms. Optata potiuntur Troes arena ; the Trojans enjoy the wijhed for jlwre. Rerutn, and not rebus, muft ever be ufed after potior : As 3 potiri rerum, to obtain the fupr erne power. RULE IX. Remmifcdr, oblivifcor, recorder, and memini gov- ern the genitive. As, proprium efl flultitiae aliorum vitia cernere, et oblivifci faorum ; to fee the vices of others and forget their own is the part of fools. Remarks. EAT IN LANGUAGE- 6^ Remark*. 1. Thefe verbs fometimes govern the accufa- tive. As, oblivifci Uftionem eit ignavi pueri ; to forget his UJJon is the part of an idle boy. 2. Memini and recorder, to make mention, often have an ablative, with the prepofition de. As, me- mini de U ; I fpake of you. DATIVE CASE. RULE I. Sum and' fuppetit, when ufed for habeo, govern the dative. As, eft mihi penna ; /have a pen. Pauper - enim non eft, cui rerum fuppetit ufus ; he is not', poor, that has a fufficient fupply. RULE II. The compounds of fum, in general, except pof~- fum, govern a dative. As, ignavi nee profunt fill, nee aliis ; idlers neither profit ikcmfclvts, nor others. RULE III. Sum, do, dono, verto, habeo, tribuo, mitto, puto, relinquo, &c. may elegantly govern two dative cafes ; one of the perfon to whom the thing hap- pens, and the other of the de/ign to which the thing refers. As, exitio eft .avidis mare nautis ; to avaricious Jailors the fea is dcjtru&ion. Do tibi veftem pignori ,* . I give, thee my garment, in pawn* Remarks. i. When a proper name is applied to a perfon, the conftruftion comes under this rule. As, Pe- F 2 tro 66 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the fro nomen efl tibi ; your name is Peter. Afcani- us, cui nunc cognomen lulo additur. 2. In applying a proper name, the nominative and genitive are often ufed. 3. Thefe datives, mihi, tibi,Jibi t and illi are often ufed fimply for the fake of elegance, in compofi- tion ; as, fuo Jibi gladio hunc jugulavi ; I flew him with his own fword. RULE IV. Verbs, compounded with fatis, bent, and male, govern the dative. As, fatisfacere Reipublicce ; to fatisfy the Re- publick. RULE V. Verbs, compounded with prce, ad, con, fab, ante., fofl, ob, inter, in and fuper, govern a dative of the noun affected, by the p repetition. As, virtutem omnibus praefer ; prefer virtue to nil things. Convixit nobis ; he lived for us. Remarks. 1 . Interdico governs the dative of the perfon, and ablative of the thing. As, interdixit Deus homini- lus ira et ultione ; God hath forbidden men, anger and revenge. 2. Accedo, applico, conditco, confer -0, and converto, may elegantly take the accufative with ad. 3. Thefe verbs, allatro, antejlo, attendo, condono, illudo, inful to, prcejlolo, prcevenio, prceeo, prcecedo, prcecurro, prceverto, adjuvo, anteverto, admiror, allo- quor, ajpitio, adjuro, imfedio, invado, invenio, obeo } , &c, often admit the accufative. PULE LATIN LANGUAGE. 67 RULE VI. The noun, or pronoun, to which, or for which, any thing is done, is governed by the verb, in the dative. As, homines nafcuntur non feipfis, fed aim z men are notbornfor themfelves, butybr others. Remarks. 1. To is not to be confidered as the fign of the dative after verbs of calling, inviting, exhorting, be- longing, or that exprefs motion, readinefs, or tenden- cy. Nouns and pronouns following verbs of this defcription admit ad and in } which govern them in the accufative. 2. The poets fometimes ufe the dative, after verbs of motion. As, it clamor ccdo nautarum ; the clamour of the failors goes to heaven. RULE VII. Verbs, that fignify to profit and difprofit. pleafe and dif pleafe, obey, favour, help, hurt, refijl, promifs > fpare, approach nigh, tell, command, upbraid, to be angry with, meet, indulge, flatter, and perjuade, gov- ern the dative. As, jam fas eft parcere genti ; it is now lawful to fpare a nation. Scopulo propinquabant ; they approached nigh the rock. RULE VIII. Verbs of comparing, declaring, giving, forgiving, prcmijing. paying, envying, fhewing, truflmg, dijlruft- ing, rejlormg, threatening, telling, owing, and taking away, govern the dative of the perfon, and accufa- tive of the thing. 8 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the As, aes alienum numeravit mi/ii ; he paid a delt for me. N. B. When the pupil gives -either of the forego* ing rules for the government of any word, he may, mention the verb only-, that applies, Remarks. 1. After verbs of comparing, the perfon, withh whom the comparifon is made, is fometimes put in the. ablative, with cum. As, comparo Virgillium cum Homero ..; I com-- pare Virgil with Homer. 2. Verbs of a/king, fp taking to, ceafing, expeling y delivering from, receiving^ and taking away, often govern the ablative, with a prepofition. As, omnia a te expetat ; he expects all. things, ef you. 3. Guberno and rego govern the accufative ; tempero and modero have fometimes the dative and fometimes the accufative. 4. Ojfendo, juvo, opj&ugno, and Itedo govern the accufative. ACCUSATIVE CASE, . RULE I. Active and deponent verbs, in general, govern an. accufative of the objeft, on which an aclica terminates. As, fuge tentationes ; fliun temptations. Venerare Deum ; worfhip God. Remark, Grammarians have called many verbs neuter^ that, in the higheft fenfe, have an active fignifica- Uon, And thefe verbs, fay they, govern the ac* cufative^ LATIN LANGUAGE. 69 cufative. But the verbs are a&ive, and without any explanation, follow the general rule. As, vixit vitam ; fervitfervitutem ; currit curftim. RULE II. The accufative cafe, by zfynecdoche, is put after fome neuter verbs. As, ille rubetfaciem ; he has a red face. Can- det denies. His teeth are white. Restart. Vox hominem fonat ; olet hircum ; &c. come under this rule. RULE III. Active verbs of clothing, intreating, a/king, teach~ ing, -warning, undrej/ing, and celo, govern two ac- ufatives, one of the ferfon, and the other of the king. As, pofce Deos veniam ; ztk favour of the Gods. Remarks. 1. Verbs of a/king, intr eating, &c. fometimes bange the accufative of the perfon, into the abla- ve. with a prepofition. As, Deum obteflemur, veniatrique oremus ab eo ; et us implore God, and afk pardon of him. 2. Verbs of clothing often change one accufa- ive info the dative, or ablative. As, induit fe toga, or jlbi togam ; he put on his own. 3. Liflrui, injlituo.formo, informo. and imhio, overn the ablative without a prepofition. ABLATIVE yo ^4 GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of 'the ABLATIVE CASE. Abutor, communico, conjlo. creor,. crefco, defungoim dignor, edo, epulor, fruor, fungor, gaudio, gensror,. gignor, gtjtio, glorior, impertio, impertior, indigncrj iceior, nafcor, nitor y orior, pafcor, propigno, profcq-uor^ Jero,Jlo,fuperfedco, utor, vifcor, viffito, and tnjlior} govern the ablative. As, fungi munere ; to difcharge duty. N. B. When the (Indent gives this rule let him mention the verb only, that applies. Remarks. 1. Dignor, impertio, impertior, and proftquor f govern the accufative of the perfon, and ablative of the thing. As, nee me dignor tali honors ; neither do I ef* teem tnyjclf worthy 'offuch honour. 2. Jndignor governs the accufative of the thing, ad the ablative of the perfon, with a prepofition. As, et cafum infontis mecum indignabar amici ; I repined with myfclf at the misfortune of my inno* cent friend. 3. The verbs, in the above rule, fometimes take the accufative. RULE II. Verbs of abounding and wanting govern either* the ablative, or genitive. As, eget dmiciSy qui pecunid eget ; he, that xvants money, wants friends. Non tain artis indigent, quam laboris ; they are not fo dtflitutc of art, as, labour. RULE- LATIN LANGUAGE. 71 RULE III. Verbs, that fignify to Jill, empty, load, unload, de- ' pnve, rob, fpoil, free, bind, loofe, and clothe, govern ' an ablative of the thing with which any veflel is ' filled, emptied, &c. and an accufative of the per- fon, or thing, that is the fubjeft. As, mere impievit pateram ; he filled the goblet with pure -wine. Remark. Verbs of filling and emptying often govern the genitive of the thing with which any thing is filled, or emptied off. As, 77i tri pateram impievit regina; the queen , filled the goblet with pure wine. RULE IV. Tke part of the body, or mind affected, is in ;ihe ablative, and governed by die verb, that de- jnotes the affe&ion. As, aegrotat ammo, magis quam corpora ; he is .ticker in his mind, than body. RULE V. Verbs of buying and felling govern an ablative of ithe noun, that is the price for which any thing is bought, or fold. As, multorum fanguine ac vulncribus ea Pcenis ' vi&oria iletit ; the Carthagenians purchafed the .victory wkh the blood and wounds of many foldiers. Remarks. : i. Valeo, to be worth, fometimes puts the noun of price, in the accufative, As, 72 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the As, difti funt denarii, quod denos asris valebant ; they were called denarii, becaufe they were worth ten pieces of brafs. 2. Dimidio, duplo, magno, minima, nimio, paido, plurimo, and v:li, are ufed in the ablative without their fubftantives. As, vili vendebat fundum ; he fold his farm, at a fin all price. 3. Thcfe genitives ; tanti, quanti, minoris, pluris,' tantidem, quaiitzvis, quantd bet, and quanticunque,, meaning the worth or price, are ufed in the geniJ tive, when the noun is underftood ; if the noun be expreffed, they are put in the ablative. As, vendo non pluris, quam cseteri ; fortafle etiam minoris ; I do not fell for more than othei perhaps, for Ifs. Minor e pretio vendidi, qua emi ; I fold it for lefs, than I gave. RULE VI. Muto> and comniuto govern an accufative of the thing changed, or given ; and the ablative of the thing for which it is changed, or given. As, gloriofum eft iram commutare amicitid ; to exchange anger for friend/hip is a glorious thing. RULE VII. Verbs govern an ablative of the noun, that fig- mfies the in. , caufe, or manner of a&ing.* As, gladio iei-; jugulavit ; he killed himfelf -with afzvord. jam veniet tacito curva fene6la pede ;' Vtitiijttentfoot, crooked old age will now approach. ' RULE * Some grammarians fay is .vprned by the prep- ofitioa cum t &, LATIN LANGUAGE. 75 RULE VIII. Mereor, when qualified with benc, male, melius, fejus, of lime, peffime, governs the ablative with the prepofition de. As, Ariflides optime de fuis civibus meruit ; Arif* tides merited the beji of his citizens. RULE IX. Verbs, importing diftance and excelling, govern the nouns following them, in the ablative. As, urbes diftant longo curfu ; cities at a great diftance. Quos prasftaret dignitate ; whom he ex- celled in dignity. Remark. This ablative often admits the prepofitions, a, ab, e, ex, de. As, longe diflat a nobis ; he is at a great diflance/row us. PASSIVE VERBS. RULE I. Paffive verbs of clothing, a/king, cntreatin*" teachmg, warning, undre/mg, and celo in the pafl five, govern an accufative of the thing. As, docetur literas ; he is taught letters. Ro^a- teturfententiam ; he was afked his opinion. Inutile fernim cingitur. Induitur/^aew Dian ab, abs. As, philofophia exulat a convivantibus ; philofo- piiy is banifhed by intemperate men. N. B. Excepting thofe verbs mentioned in the firil rule, the accusative cafe after paflive verbs is, generally, governed by a prepoution expreffed, or pnderflood. THIRD PERSON.* Many vei'bs, ufed in the third p erf on only, have the following rules of government. RULE I. To verbs of the i'hird perfon only the nomina- tive is underftood.t As, deed ; it becomes. Licet ; it is lawful. Remark. The nominative, that is underftood, may be either, res, negotium, ojficium, fcnfum, or fome fuch general word. RULE * See Appendix, SECTION VI. f The word underftood is ever thing, and not pcrfon. This, perhaps, is thereafon, that thefe verbs have been called impcrfonal. But the phrafe is improper, as it leads the inexperienced lad to think thit they cannot ao agcat, or aominalivt word. LATIN LANGUAGE. 75 RULE II. Verbs of the third perfon only, may govern a noun, in the accufative. As, deledlat nis ; it delights us. RULE III. Inter eft and refert govern the genkive. As, interefl homimm. bene- agere ; it concerns men to conduct well. Remarks, 1. Thefe adjectives, tanti^qnanti, magni, parvi, quanticunquc, tantidem, are ufed in the genitive af- ter interejt and refert. . 2. But thefe verbs govern men, tua t fua, noftra, veftra, and cuja, in the ablative fingular, feminine gender, .Some grammarians will have them in the accufative plural neuter gender ; the noun negotia, &c. being underilood. RULE IV. Libct, licet, placet, -and all third perfonal verbs, having to, or for, after them, govern the dative. As, licet tibi ; lawful for you. Stat mi hi cafus renovare omnes ; / am determined to renew all misfortunes. . RULE V. Dtcet, delettat,fallit,Jigit,juvat, lattt, oportet,pt~ get. andprceterit, govern an accufative of the per- fon with the infinitive. As, nee me meminijfe pigebit Elifae; I -Jhall al- ways remember Eli fa with pleafure. RCFLE ?6 A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the RULE VI. Mifercfcit, miferet, piget,p tanquam, as ; ac Ji, even as ; ^z^w until, govern, i verbs, in the conjun6liv r e mode only, RULE. VIII. The adverb, .ne,. in, forbidding, may govern ei- - ther the imperative, or conjunctive mode, indif-j ferently. But, when it fignifies left, or .left f that> . it muft have the conjun6live only. go A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE of the RULE IX. Thefe adverbs, donee, as long as ; ut, when, or after that ; dum, whilft, or as long as, if a nom- inative and a verb come next after them, govern the indicative mode only. As, dum lujlrat fingula fub ingenti templo, ut tvnjpexit fpolia ; currus, ipfumque corpus amicu Remark. The other adverbs may take either the indica- tive, or conjunctive, mode. CONJUNCTIONS. Conjunctions couple like modes, times, and cafes, except when the government otherwife de- mands. As, Socrates docuit Xenophontem et Platoncm $ Socrates taught Xenophon and Plato. PREPOSITIONS. RULE I. Verbs, compounded with prepofitions, govern ihe cafe of their prepofitions, when their force falls on the cafual word. As, adivit templum ; he went to the templet De- trudunt naves fccpulo ; they fhove the mips from ihc rock. RULE II. Verbs, compounded with a, ab, ad, con, de, e 9 ex, and in, often admit a fimilar prepofition be- fore the cafual noun. As, hominibus Deus juflit abjiinert a mails ; Cod hath commanded men to aljlainfrom evil. RULE LATIN LANGUAGE. g c RULE III. Nouns and pronouns are often governed, by prepofitions underflood. As, habeo te loco parentis ; I have you in the place of my father. RULE IV. Thefe thirty two prepofitions govern the accu* fative ; ad, adverfus, adverfum, ante, apud, circa, circiim, circiter, cis, citra, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, juxta, ob, penes, per, pone, pojl, prater, prope, propter, fecundum, fecus. fupra, trans, ultra, verfus, ufque, or ufque ad. RULEV. Thefe thirteen prepofitions govern the abbu tive ; a, ab, abs, abfque, coram, cum, dc, e t ex, palam, free, pro, fine. RULE VI. Tenus may govern a noun, in the genitive or ablative plural. If the noun be fingular, it is put in the ablative only. As, pube tenus ; up to the waift* Mento tenus \ up to the chin. Humeris, or humerorum tenus ; up to thejhoulders. Athenarum tenus ; as far as RULE VII. In,fub,fubter, andfuper, implying motion to a place, or thing, govern the accufative. As, ivit in undam ; he went into the -water. Sub WHznia tendit ; he goes under the wall. Incidity^- per agmina ; he fell upon the troops. Ducitfubtcr ; he brings him under the roef. 3 ; A GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE, RULE VIII. If fettlementj reft, or motion in a place be ex- prefled, then in,fu,b,fubtcr; and fuper, govern ei-, ther the accufative or ablative. As, difcurrit in fchola ; he runs up and down in the fchooL Frond* fuper viri di ; , upon the greengrafs. RULE IX. Clam governs the accufative or. ablative indifv ferently. As, c\a.mjudiccm, or judice ; unknown to the, judge. N. B. When prepofitions loofe their govern-; tnent, they become adverbs. .As, pone fubit con-, jux ; my wife comes behind. I NT J ER J ECTI ONS. Ah and vah govern the accufative and vocative? Hens and ohe govern the vocative. Hei and v ar\ and e, have the ablative Jingular generally in i. When the ablative Jingular of neuter nouns, ends in 2, the nominative, accufative and vocative plural end in ia. The names of the feafls of heathen gods, have ti& genitive plural tften'm omm ; as, SaturnaliorUm. Fourth Declenfion. Thefe nouns, acus, arcus.Jicus, lacus, partus, guer- riis, jpecus, tribus, make the dative and ablative plu- ral in ubus ; as, partubus. Sometimes the genitive fingular ends in uis, and the dative in M. General Remarks. A'ir and tr/A the book, wjcriptum, the writing, &c, 1 2 Thefe A P P E N D 1 X. Thefe verbs are, fometiraes, ufed in the third perfon plural. And it often happens, that, both in the fingular and plural number, the nomina- tive cafe is expreffed. As, decent annos mollia reg- na tuos. Nemo miferorum commiferefcit. re f- Aio, as, at. - aunt. 1 Imp. Aiebam, as, at. bamus, batis, bant. SUBJ. Pref. - . aias, aiat. aiamus, aiatis, aiant. L hnpcr, ai. - Part. Aiens. APACE. IMPHR. Sing, Apage Plur. Apagite. AVE. JMPER. Sing. Ave, aveto. Plur. Avete, avetote. INF IN. Avere. AUSIM. CONJ. Sing* Aufim, aufis, aufit. Plur. aufint, CEDO. IWPER, Sing. Cedo. Plur. Cedite. FOREM. CONJ. Sing. Forem, fores, foret. Plur. - forent, IN JIN. Fore \ the fame zsfuturum ejfe. FAXO, or FAXIM. JND. and CONJ. Sing, Faxim, faxis, faxit. imus ; itisj int. IN FIT. Pfar t -- - - infiunt c APPEND I: X: 10 j IKQUIO, or INQUAM. (Prtf. Inquam, is, it. Inquimus, itis, iunt. Im inquiebat. - inquiebant, Per. inquifti, inquit. JFt. inquieSjiiiquiet. . MPER. Inque, inquito. - CONJ. inquiat. PART. Inquiens, QU/E.SO. IND. Sing. Quasfo, is, it. Plur. Quaefumus, INFIN. Quaefere. PART. Quaefens. SALVE, IND. Sing. falvebis. IN* FIN. Salvere. IMPZR. Salve, falveto. Salvete, falvetote. VALE. I ND . valebis, INF IN. Valere. IMPER. Vale, valcto. Valete, valetote. The three following verbs have the times, thai are formed from the perfeft time only. ODI, oderim, oderam, odifTem, odero, odiffe, odiens, ofus, ofurus. MEMIN i, memineram, meminerim, meminiflem, meminero, meminiffe. CCEPI, coeperam, coeperim, coepiffem, coepero, coepiffe, coeptus. Perofus and exofus are in ufe among the beft au- thors. But Perodi and Exodi are obfolete. Dor, dcr ; for ; ji ; fci, are not in ufe. But the compounds of the three firft are fometimes ufed : As, addor, reddor, effor, affor. SECTION VIII. RULES for the Formation of tht Perfed Times of Aftive Verbs, and the Supine in um. RULE i. The perfe6l time of the fuft conjuga- tion ends in avi ; as a mo, fer, amavi, RULE ss4 A. P P E N D I Xv RULE 2. The perfect time of the fecond conju- gation ends in id ; as, moneo, per. monui. RULE 3. The ending of the perfeft time of the third conjugation, is governed by the ending of the prefent time, in, the following manner. The prefent time in makes the perfecl; im bo- bi ; fcabo,fcabi. co ci ; difco, didici. do di ; panda, pandt^ go xi ; frigo,frixi. ho xi ; traho, traxi.. lo ui ; cello, cellui.. mo ui ; vomo, vomui, , no vi ; cerno, cremt po pfi ; fcalpojcalpji.. quo qui ; linquo, liqui.. ro vi ; tero, trim. Jo fivi ; wrcejfo, amffim* . fco vi ; pafco, pavi. to ti ; verto, verti. tfto cxi ; Jlefto, Jlexi. w vi ; who, wlvi, xo ui ; texo, texui. do ci ; f ado, fed. di ; f&dio^fodi*. fio pi ; capio, cepi. rie ri ; pario, pepcri. iio Jft ; quatio, quajfi. . uo ui ; Jtatuo, jlatui* RULE 4. The perfect time of the fourth con- jugation ends in ivi; as, geftio,/er. geflivi. Gompouiid APPENDIX. 105 Compound verbs have the fame perfect times as their limple verbs. As ; doceo, docui ; edoceo, per. edocui. But if the fimple verb doubles a fyllable, in the perfeft time, the compound doth not* As> tundo,j&:r. tutudi, contundo, per. contudi. SUPINES. The fupine is governed, by the ending of the perfeft time. The perfe& time in makes the fupine in am citum ; amavi, amatum. bi turn ; bibi, bibitum. ci ttum ; vici, -uitturn. di fum ; vidi, vifum. gi Bum -, legi, kttum. li fum y fefdli.falfum. mi turn -, emi, emptum. ni turn ; veni, ventum. pi turn ; cepi, captum. qui lum i liqui, liftum. ri fum ; veri, verfum. pfi plum ; fcrtpfi, fcripumt, ti turn ; Jleti.Jlatum. vi turn ; Jlavi,Jlatum. ui itum ; domui, domitum* xi ttum i vinxi, vinftum. The fupines of compound verbs are the fame as their limples. As, doffum, tdoffitm. The APPENDIX. The foregoing art the GENERAL RULES of forming the PER- FECT TIMES of ACTIVE VERBS and the SUPINE, in. um. From thefe general rules, however, %ere, fixi, fixum, Findo, findere, fidi, fiffum, Fingo, fingere, finxi, fiftum, Flaveo, flavere, flavi, , Flefto, fleftere, flexi, flexum, Fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum, Fodio, fodere, fodi, foffum, Frango, f range re, fregi, fraftum, Fnco, fricare, fricui, friftum, Frigeo, frigere, frixi, , Fruor, frui, fruitus and frudus fum. Fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, Fulcio, fukire, fulci, fultum, Fulgeo, fulgere, fulfi, - 9 Fundo, fundere, fudi, fufum, jFuro, furere, } __^__ r< GAUDEO, gaudere, gavifus fum, tjero, gerere, geffi, geftum, Geflio, geftire, geftivi, geaitum, J^jgno, gignere, genui, genitum, Ghfco, ghfcere, _, Oradtor, gradi, greffus f um , ._ to dective. to Jtuf. to conftfs. to gape. be to z^eary^ to favour, tofirikc. to be hot. to wax hot. to truft. to jix. to cleave, to feign. to be yellow, to bend, to weep, to ficw* to dig. to break, to rub. to be cold. > to enjoy, to fee. to prop, tojhine. to empty, to be mad. to rejoice, to carry, to leap for joy. to beget. to go. H^EREO, haerere, hacfi, haefu'm, Haurio, haurire, haufi and haufivi, hauftum and 1 nauhtum, > to draw. ^S^SSfer^ *s:tt: iro l^Fr/ ifi ' i " trlrOtt}. ACO, icere, ici, ictum, Immineo, imminere, {,;;, * Impertxo, .mpertire, i m p ert i vi) i,,,^^ ^^ APPENDIX, ImpingOj'impingere, impegi, impa&um, -tojlumblt, Impleo, implere, iinplevi, impletum, to Jill, Inceflb, inceffere, inceffi and inceflivi, mce'ffitum, to provoke, Incido, incidere, incidi, incafum, to Jail into, Incipio, in-cipere, incepi, irrccptum, to begin. Indigeo, indjgere, indigui, , to want, Indo, iridere, indidi, inditum, to put in. Indulgeo, indulgere. indulfi. indulfumand 1 -indultum, } to pamper, Ineptio, ineptire, ineptivi. ineptitum, to trifle. Jnficio, inficere, infeci, infe6lum, to /lain. Jngruo, ingruere, ingrui, , to invade. Innuo, innuere, innui, innutum, to nod. JnferOj iiYferere, infevi, infitum, tog raff. Infero, inferere, inferui, infertum, to inftrt. Intclligo, intelligere, intellexi, intelleftum, to underftand. Jrafcor, irafci, iratus fiun, 3 to be angry. Jrruo, irruere, irrui, irrutum, to run upon. Jubeo, jubere, jufli, juffum, to bid. Jungo, jungere, junxi, junftum, to join. Juvo, juvare, juvi, jutum, to help. L* LABO, labarc, , , to decay. Labor, labi, lapfus fum, , tojlide, Laceffo, laceilere, lacefTi and laceflivi, laceflitum, to provoke. JLacio, lacere, lacui and laxi, lacitum and laftum, to enfnare. Laedo, laedere, laefi, laefum, to hurt. Lambo, lambere, Iambi. , to lick. JLateOj iatere, latui, latitum, to hide. Lavt). lavare, and lavere, lavi, and lavavl, lautum., 1 lotum, and lavatum, J ^ a j ll Leo, lere, levi, letum, to anoint. Lingo, lingere, linxi, linftum, to lick. Lino, lincre, lini and livi, litum, to daub. Linquo, linquere, liqui, liftuto, to leave. Liquefio, liquefieri, liquefaftus fum, 5 to melt. Liqueo, liquere, licui, , to wit. Liquor, liqui, , , to melt. Liveo, livcre, , , to be black and blue. Loquor, loqui, locutus fum, < < 9 to Jpcak. Luceo, lucere, luxi, , tojliinc. Ludo, ludcrc, lufi, lufum, to play. Lugeo, lugorc, luxi, luftunij to mourn. Luo. lucre, lui. luitum, to expiate* MANDO, APPENDIX. xii M. MANDOj mandere, mandi, manfum, to Maneo, manere, manfi, manfum, to tarry, Marcefco, marcefcere, marcui, , to flag* Medeor, mederi, , , to heat.. Mereor, mereri, merui and meritus fum } to merit.. Meio, meire, minxi. mi6lum, ta make water. Metior, metiri, menfus fum, , to meafure. Meto, metere, melTui, raeflum, to mow.. Metuo, metuerc, metui, , to fear., Mico, micare, micui, , tojhinc. Mifturio, mifturire, mifturivi and mitluriij 1 to dejire to mifturitum, j make water. Mingo, mingere, mirixi, mi&um, to make water*. Mifceo, mifcere, mifeui, mixtum and miflum, to mingle. Mifereor, mifereri, mifertus fum, , to pity* Mitto, mittere, mifi, miffum, to fend*. Moereo, moerere, moeflus fum, , to btjad.. Mordeo, mordere, momordi, morfum, to bite. Morior, mori, mortuus fum, , to die. Moveo, movere, movi, motum, to move. Mulceo, mulcere, mulft, mulfum, and mulftum, to pacify* Mulgeo, mulgere. mulfi and mulxi, mulfum and "\ muldum, * ml *> N. NANCISCOR, nancifci, nalus fum, , to obtain* Neco. necare, necavi and necui, ncatum and 1 neftum, Nefto, neftere. nexi and nexui, neclum, to knit. Negligo, negligere, neglexi,.neglcftum, to ncgktt, Neo, nere, ncvi, netum, tojpin* Nexo, nexare, nexui, nexum, to knit t Nideo, nidere, , , to jhine* Nigreo, nigrere, nigrui, , to grow black, Ningo, ningere, ninxi, , to f now. Nitor, niti, nifus and nixus fum, to endeavour. Noceo, nocere, nocuf, nocitum, to hurt. Nofco, nofcere, novi, notum, to know. Nubo, nubere, nupCi'and nupta fam, . i.. ? to ; fo married, O. OBDO, obdcre, obdidi, obditum, to bolt. Oblivifcor, oblivifci, oblitus fum, f to- forget. Occido, occidere, occidi, occaftim, to fell? Occido^.occidere, occidi, ofcifum, to Qccl 112 APPENDIX. Occludo, occludere, occlufi, occlufum, tojkvt. Occulo, occulere, occului, occultum, to hide. Odi, odcre, ofus fum, , to hate. Oleo, olere, olui, olitum, to fmetl. Omitto, omittere, omifi, omifTum, to omit. Operioj operire, operui, opertum, to cover. Opprimo, opprimere, opprefii, opprcflfum, to opprefs. Oraior, ^ordiri, orfus fum, ? to begin. Ordior, ordiri, orditus fum, , to weave. Orior, oriri, ortus fum, , to rife* Oflcndoj oflendere, oftendi, oftenfum ^n^oftcntum, tojhou. P. PACISCOR, pacifci, paftus fum, , to bargain. JPando, pandere, pandi, panfum and pa (Turn, to open. Pango, pangere, panxi, pegi, pepigi, paftum, to covenant. Parco, parcere, peperci, parfi, parfum, to/pare. Paieo, parere, parui, paritum, to obey. Pario, parere, peperi, partum, to bring forth, Pafco, pafcere, pavi, paftum, to feed. Pateo, patere, patui, pafTus fum, < > } to lie open. Patior, pati, paffus fum, , tofujfer. Paveo, pavere, pavi, , to fear. Pcfto, pe6lere, pexi, pexui, pexum, to comb. Pedo, pedere, pepedi, peditum, to break taind t Pello, pellere, pepuli, pulfum, to drive away. Pendco, pendere, pe|)endi, penfum, to hang. Perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditum, to loofe. Pergo, pergere, perrexi, perreftum, to proceed. Perimo, perimere, peremi, peremptum, to kill. Perpetior, perpcti, perpefius fum, , tofuffermuch. Perflo, perflarc, perftiti, perftitum, to Jland. Pertingo, pertingere, pertigi, pertaftum, to extend. Pertundo, pertundere, pertudi, pertufum, to beat. PefTundo, peffundare, pelTundedi, peffundatum, to undo. Peto, petere, petii, petivi, petitum, to ajk. Pingo, pingere, pinxi, piftum, to paint. Pinfo, pinfere, pinfi, pinfui, pinfum, pinfitum, "I ^ ^ ^ piftum, J Placeo, placere, placui, placitum, to phaft. Plaudo, plaudcre, plaufi, plaufum, to rejoice. Plefto, pleftere, plexi, plexum, totuifl. Plico, plicare, plicavi, plicui, plicatuin and plicitum, to fold. Pluo, pluere, plui, pluvi, pluitum, to rain. Polleo, pollere, , , to be able. Pono, A P- F E D X. 113 Eono, ponere, pofui, pofitum, to place. Pofco, pofcere, popofci, pofcitum, to demand. Poto, potare, potavi, potus fum, potatam 0K^ "I ^ drink potum, / Prandeo, prandere, prandi, pranfus fum, pranfum, to dine. Premo, premere, prefli, preflum, Prodigo, prodigere, proocgi, , . Prodo, prodere, prodidi,.proditum, Proficifcor, proficifci, profeftus fum, Promo, promere, prompfi, promptum, Pfallo, pfallere, pfalli, , Puerafco, puerafcere, , , PungOj pungere, punxi, pupugi, punftum. Punio, punire, punivi, punitus fum, punitum & >, quaerere, qu-aefivi, quxu-tuxn,.*. juatio, quatere, quaffi, qu.affum, kieror, cjueri, queflus fum, , . >ueo, quire, quivi, qyitum, -. r >, quiefcere, quievi, } R.. RADO, radere, rafi, rafum, Raucio, raucire, raufi, raufum, Recido, recidere, recidi, recafumj Recido, recidere^ recidi, recifum. Reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditunij Refello, refellere, refelli, refalfum, Refringp, refringere, refregi, Rego, regere, rexi. rectum, Reminifcor, remiuifci, Reor, reri, ratus fum, , Refpuo, refpuere, refpui, refputum,- Reticeoj reticere, reticui, reticitum^ Rideo, ridere, rifi, rifum, Ringo, ringere, rinxi, riclum, . Rodo, rodere, rofi, rofum, Rodo, rodere, rofi, , Rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, Ruo, ruere, rui, ruitum, rutum, .. S. SALIO, Jalire, falivi, falui, falii, faltum, Salio and fallio, falire, falivi, Sallo, falkre, falli, falfum, K. 3 to prefs. to lavijh. to betray. -j to journey, to draw, tofing. to acl as a child, to prick, to punijhs "? tofcek. tojhake. to complain, to bt able. to reft* tofnave. to be hoarfe. to go back, to- cut off. to rejiorc* to refute, to open, to rule, to remember* tofuppofe* to refufe* tO'be filent* to taught to fret* to gnaw, to bray as an afs. to. break, to.rujk, to leap, to feafon* APPEND! X. tojtat to be wife, to patch, to endeavour, to fcratck. to carve, to climb, to flow, to cut. to write. to defire to write, to cut. to/it. to perceive, to bury. Sancio, fancire, fancivi, fanxi, fancitum and 1 fan&um, J Sapio, fapere, fapivi, fapui, fapitum, Sarcio, farcire, farfi, fartum, Satago, fatagere, fategi, , Scabo, fcabere, fcabi, , Scalpo, fcalpere, fcalpfi, fcalptum, Scando, fcandere, fcandi, fcarifum, Saturio, faturire, faturivi, , Scindo, fcindere, fcidi, fcifium, Scribo, fcribere, fcripfi, fcriptum, Scripturio, fcripturire, fcripturivi, Seco, fecare, fecui, feftum, Sedeo, federe, fedi, feflum, Sentio, fentire, fenfi, fenfum, Sepelio, fepelire, fepelivi, fepultum, Sepio, fepire, fepivi and fepfi, fepitum and feptum, to hedge. Senefco, fenefcere, fenui, , to grow old. Sequor, fequi, fequutus fum, a iSero, ferere, fevi, fatum, Sereo, ferere, ferui, fertum, Sido, fidere, fedi, feffum, Singultio, fingultire, fingultivi, fingultitumj Sino, fmere, fivi, fitum, Sifto, fiftere, fliti, datum, Soleo, folere, folitus fum, , Solvo, folvere, folvi, folutum, Sono, fonare, fonui, fonitum, SorbeOj forbere, forbui, forpfi, forptum, i>pargo, fpargere, fparfi, fparfum, Specio, fpecere, fpexi, fpeftum, Sperno, fpernere, fprevi, fpretum, Spondee, fpondere, fpofpondi, fponfum, Statuo, ftatuere, ftatui, ftatutum, Sterno, fternere, ftravi, ftratum, Sterto, ftertere, ftertui, , Stc t ftare, fteti, ftatum, Strepo, ftrepere, ftrepui, flrepitum, Strideo, ftridere, ftridi, , Stride, ftridere, ftridi, , Stringo, ftringere, ftrinxi, ftrilum, Stmo, ftruere, ftruxi, ftruftum, Suadco, fuadere, fuafi, fuafum, Suefco, fuefccre, fuvi, fuetws fum, to follow* tofouf. to Jet in order* to fettle, tofob* tofu/er. to Jland. to be wont* to unloofe* to found* tofnp up m tofprinkle* to behold* to defpife. to promzfe. to appoint, to cover ^ to fnort* to Jland. to tnakt a noife, tofhriek. to rujtle* to rejlrain. to build, to perfuade* to accujtom, Sugo, APPENDIX, Sugo, fugere, fuxi, fuftum, Sumo, fupiere, fumpfi, funFiptum, Surgo, furgere, furrexi, furreftum, T. TACEO, tacere, tacui, taciturn, Tango, tangcre, tetigi, ta&um, Temno, temnere, tempfi, temptum^ Tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentum and tenfum, Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum, Tepeo, tepere, tepui, ^ Tepefco, tepefcere, tepui, 9 Tergeo, tergere, terfi, terfum, Tero, terere, trivi, tritum, Texo, texere, texi, texui, textum, Timeo, timere, timui, , Titubo, titubare, titubavi, titubatus fum, titu batum, Tollo, tollere, fufluH, fublatum, Tondeo, tondere, totondi, tonfum, Tone, tonare, tonui, tonitum, Torqueo, torquere, torfr, torfum, tortuia, Torreo, torrere, torrui, toftum, Trado, tradre, tradidi, traditum,. Traho, trahere, traxi, traftum, Tremo, tremere, tremui, , Trudo, trudere, trufi, trufum, Tueor, tueri, tutus and tuitus fum, } Tuor, tui, tutus and tuitus fum, . . 9 Tundo, tundere r tutudi, tunfum, Turgeo, turgere, turfi, , U. ULCISCOR, ulcifci, ultus fum, f Urgeo, urgere, urfi, urfum, Uro, urere, uffi, uftum, Utor, uti, ufus fum, "5 to fuck* to take, to arife. V. VADO, vadere, vafi, vafum, Valeo, valere, valui, valitum, Veho, vehere, vexi, veftum, Velio, vellere, velli, vulfi, vulfuna, Vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum, Veneo, venire, veni, venivi, venum, Venio, venire, veni, ventum, VergOj vergere, verfi, verfum, to fa fi lent* to touch. to defpife. tojlretch. to hold. to bt warm. to grow warm. to wipe. to wear. to weave. tojear* ' \ tojlumtte. to take vp. to clip. to thunder. to wrtft. to roajt* to deliver, to draw* to tremble. to thruft. to defend* to look. to knock. to revenge-. to urge. to bum, loufe. to go* to be vett. to carry. to pull up. tofell. to be /old. to corte< to bend* Vcrto, A P P E N IX T X, Verto, vertere, verti, verfum, to turnl Vefcor, vefci, paftus fum, s to eat, Veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum, to forbid* Video, videre, vidi, vifum, tofte. Vieo, viere, vievi, vietunx, . to bind with twigs* Vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinclum,-. to bind* Vinco, vincere, vici, vi&um, . to conquer. Vifo, vifere, vifi, vifum, to vifit+ Vivo, vivere, vixi, vittunv to live. Volvo, volvere, volvi, volutum, to roll, Vomo, vomere, vomui, vomitum, . to vomit. Voveo, vovere, yovi, votum, to vout> COMPOUNDS , afFerre, attuli, allatum,- to bring* Antefero, anteferre, antetuli, antelatum, , to pr,eftr+ Aufero, auferre, abftuli, ablatum, to take away. Circumfero, circumferre, circumtuli, cir^ Y ^ ^ about cumlatum, / 1 Gonfero, conferre, contuli, collatum, . to compare. Defero, deferre, deUili, dclatum, to convey. Differo, differre, diftuli, dilatum, to defer. Exfero, exferre, extuli, elatum, to. carry out. Infero, inferre, intuli, illatum, , to-infer* OFero, afferre, obtuli, obla.lum, . to offer. Perfero, perferre, pertuli, perlatumj, to endure. Praefero, praeferre, praetulij praslaturo, , to.prejer. Profero, proferre, protuli, prolatum, . to- confer. Refero,,referre, retuli, relatum, . to relate. SufFero, fufFerre, fuftuli, fublatum, tofu/er* Ifransfero, transferre, tranfluli, tranfla;tum ? . to translate. ~ N. B. The compound verbs, that have fomething par- ticular, in their declension, are inferted in the above cat- alogue. The compounds, that are declined like their /w- fleS) are omitted. SECT 10 N IXe. PROSODY Is a difcourfe upon the nature of verfe, and ' the quantity of fyllables, The APPENDIX. 117 The quantity of a fyllable means the fpace, or length of time, that one ufes, in pronouncing it. Of fyllables there are three kinds ; the long, the Jhort, the common or doubtful. A Ihort fyllable has a quick pronunciation ; as, dominus. A long fyllable is equal to two fhort ones ; as, contra. A common fyllable, in verfe, is fometimes long and fometimes fhort. Every line, in poetical competitions, is divided into feet. A poetical foot confifls of two, or more fylla- bles, joined together according to their quantity. To underftand the quantity of fyllables the following rules Ihould be committed to memory* CONSONANTS, JRULE I. A vowel, placed before two fingle confonants, or a double confonant, is long, by pofition. As, arma, axis, major, patrizo. Remark. The double confonants are x and z ; and alfo- j and v when placed between two vowels. The letter j, between two vowels, in compound words, is not a double confonant. As, bijugus, rejicio. RULE II. Two words being together, the firft ending with a confonant, and the laft beginning with a confo- nant, the vowel, before the n'rft confonant, is long, by pofition. As, major fum quam pofslt fortuna nocere. RULE *i8 APPENDIX, RULE III. When two lingle confonants, or a double conw fonant, begin a word, and the preceding word ends in a vowel, the ending vowel is fhort. As, faepe ftilum vertas ; sequora Xerxes flage*. tavit. RULE IV. A vowel, before a mute, is common*. As, patris ; voliicris ; aratrum.. Remarks. 1. The mute confonants are ^ c, d, f,g, I, p> , and t* 2. The mute confonanfc mufl be followed by a liquid ; otherwife the ^receding vowel is not com* mon. 3. The liquid confonants are, /, T, n, r 9 VOWELS. General Rule. One vowel, before another in the fame word, is fliort. As, Deus, meus, fuus, tuus, omnia, creavit. Exceptions. 1. The genitive, in ius, is common. But alms is ever long ; and alterius is ever fhort. 2. The vowel e, preceded by i, in the genitive and dative of the fifth declenfion, is ever long. As, faciei. 3. The verb f 10, in all its modes and times, hath I long, if i be not followed by c, or r. As, flam, fl, 4. In APPENDIX. 119 4. In words derived from the Grecian lan- guage, the firft vowel is generally long. As, Laerten : But, in Thebais and Phaon it is fhort. 5. Aer, dius, Pompei, and ai, in the genitive of the firft declenfion, are long ; as, aulai, pi&ai. 6. The firft vowel, in all interje&ions, is long; as, heus, ohe, heu, hei. DIPHTHONGS. General Rule. Diphthongs are long. As, pennae, mufae, neu- ter, aurum, fcholae, menfae, deae, filiae. Exception. The diphthong, in prae, when followed by a vowel, is fhort. As, prasaltus ; praeeo; praeiens; praeuftus. DERIVATIVES. General Rule. Derivative words have the fame meafure, or quantity, as their primitives. As, amabilis, amicus, amator ; from atno. Exceptions. 1. The following words have the firft fyllable long, although their primitives have the firft fyl- lable fhort ; como, comans, fomes, fomentum, humanus, jucundus, jumentum, junior, laterna, lex, mobilis, nonus, rex, fedes, vdx, tegula, tra- gula, vomer, and pedor. 2. The following words have the firft fyllable fhort ; their derivatives have the firft long; are- na, arifta, amndo, arufpex, dicax, dux, ditio r difertus, fides, fragor, genui, lucerna, nato, noto, vadumj t20 APPENDIX. vadum, f apor, f agax, flabilis, fragilis, potui, and pofui. COMPOUNDS. General Rule. Compound words retain the quantity of their fimples. As, all ego from lego, potens, impotens from poffum, <&c. Exceptions. 1. Dejero, pejero from juro ; inniiba, pronuba from nubo, are fhort. Except alfo agnitus, cog- nitus, femifopitus, veridicus ; connubium is com- mon. 2. Re, except in refert, is (hort. 3. AI e, de, di, and^, in compofition, are ever long; excepting in dirimo and difertus. 4. Pro, in compofition, is long ; excepting profugus, procella, protervus, pronepos, profa- nus, profiteor, profundus, profe6lo, propero, pro- ficifor, profari, profugio, propheta, propino, and prdpago a noun. 5. Thefe are common ; procurro, propello, propulfo, profundo, and propago a verb. Obfervation. If the firft part of a compound word, end in a y or o, it is generally long ; if it end in e t i t u, y, it is fhort. Exceptions. i. A is fbort in eadem, except the ablative, It is alfo fhort in hexameter, catapulta, Sec. e, is ftiort in hodie, quandoquidem, quoque, duodccem, APPENDIX. 121 duodecem, facrofan&us, Timotheus, bardocullus ; and in all Greek words written with omicron. 3. E is long in fedecim, femodius, nequis, nequam, nequitia, nequaquam, nequicquam, ne- quando, nemo, credo, veneficus, videlicet, me- cum, tecum, fecum, and memet. 4. /is long in the following words ; illcet, bi- gae, pridie, tibicen, quidam, quanticunque, rei- publlcae, biduum, triduum, meridies, and in words that can be decompounded without in- juring the fenfe; as, ludlmagifter, fiquis, pai'vi- pendo, Sec. 5. U is long in judicio. PREPOSITIONS. All prepofitions are fhort ; except they are made long, by pofition. As, ab, ad, in, 6b, &c. VERBS. RULE I. All verbs of two fyllables, in the perfect time, have the firft fyllable long. As, emi, legi, movi, novi, rexi. Exception. From this rule are excepted bibi, dedi, fteti, ftiti, tuli, and f idi from flndo. RULE II. If the perfed times double the firft the two firft are fhort. As, cecidi, didici, ftfelli, momordi, pependf; cecmi, peperci, pepedi, pupiigi, fpofpondi, te- tendi, tetigi, totondi, tutudi, 422 A P P E N D I X. Remark. The lafl fyllable may be long, by pofitioru RULE III. Verbs, iocreafmg by a, e, and o, are long. As, amo, amare ; plico, plicare, &c. Exceptions. 1. The firft increafe of do, and its compounds of the firft conjugation, are fhort. As, do, dare, damus ; circumdamus ; dabis, circumdabis. 2. In the prefent and imperfecl; times of the third conjugation, e before r is fhort. E is alTo fhprt before ram, rim, and ro. In beris and bere it is fhort. In fcriberis and laberis, of the future time, e is long. 3. Erunt and ere, of theperfe6l time adive, are long ; as r docuerunt, docuere. RU-LE IV. Verbs increafing by i and w, are fhort. As, quaero, quaefivi ; moneo, nionui. Exceptions. 1. The firft increafe of the fourth conjugation is long ; as, cupio, cupivi. 2. Simus, velnnus, nolimus, and mahmus are long. Imus is fhort in the perfe6t, and common in the future. SUPINES. RULE I. Supines of two fyllables have the firft fyllable long. As, A P P E N D I X. 123 As, aftum, arfum, cafum, cantum, captum, demptum, doftum, ernptum, foffum, fufum, 1k- tum ; lolum, motum, plexum, pulfum, c. Exceptions. 1. The fupines, formed from eo. do, ruo, da > reor.fcro.fmo,fto, queo, and lino, have the firfifyl- labie (hort. 2. The fupine. from the verb do of the fourth conjugation, is long. The compounds of Jlo arc long in a ; except the a be changed into i ; as, circumflo, circumftatum. RULE II. All fupines, of more than two fyllabies. h atum, etum, and utum, long. As, fublatum, impletum. cxutum. RULE III. Supines, in itum from the perfect time in ivi, are long ; as cupltum, geflltum. But, plebefcitum has the penult fhor!:. A vecenf itum has the penult long, ADJECTIVES. RULE. Adjectives ending in ye the penult long. As, clandoilmu>, \ pertinus. rcligiofus. &c. Exception?. 1. Thefe following have the penult fhort ; carbaf inus. craflinus, cediinus. diutinus, faginus, hornotinus, oleaginas, perendinus, priflTnus, fero. tinus. 2. Adjectives denoting the fubflance of which any thing is made, and fuoh as cxprcfs the col^ our, 24 APPENDIX. our, fmell, or tafte of any thing, have the penult fliort ; as, adamantinus, cryftallmus, hyacinthi- nus, myrrhinus, and nardmus. NOUNS. RULE I. The increafe of nouns, in the fecond declen- fion, is fliort ; as, viri, pueri. Exception. The increafe of Celtiber and Iber is long j as, Cehiberi, Iberi. N. B. A. noun is faid to increafe, if it have a fy liable more in the genitive, than in the norm- native cafe fingular. Or, if it have a fyllable more in any of the plural cafes, than in the gen- itive fingular, it is faid to increafe. In both in- ftances, the penult fyllable is the increafe. RULE II. The increafe of a and o, in nouns of the third dcclenfion, is long, as pater, patris ; bos, bovis. Exceptions. 1. From a are excepted mafculines in al and QT ; adis from vas ; atis from a and 5 impure.* 2. The increafe of mas, anas, he far, far, veffiar, bacchar, climax is mort. To thefe you may add the compounds of phylax and cor ax. 3. Neuter nouns, that have or Is in the geni- live, and all proper names, in or, have a fhort in- creafe. 4. Os, oris, the mouth, and all comparative de- grees, in or, oris, are long ; as, major, majoris; melior, melioris. 5. The * A fyllab'e, preceded by a vowej^ is faid co be />>* ; arid preceded by a tonfonaiit it is impure* A' P P E N D I X. 125 5-. The increafe -of the following nouns is long : Arbor, memor. compos, impos, lepus, Cappadox, praecox. The increafe of nouns, that end in obs and ops is long. Thefe are excepted ccrcops, hy- drops, Cyclops ; the compounds of pus are fhort. RULE III. The increafe of e, i, it, and y, in nouns of the third declenfion, is ihort ; feges, fegetis ; IUM, lucis, &c. Exceptions. 1. Thefe, that increafe in e, are long : Haeres, locuples, quies, merces, plebs, feps, lex, rex, fex, inagnes, lebes, cures, tapes, Dares, halec, vervex, ver ; and thofe, that make cnis and elis, in the genitive. 2. Aquilegis and lelegis are fhort. 3. Greek nouns, in er and es, are long ; ex cept aer and aether. 4. The following are long : Dis, Us, glis, vis s . gryps, vibex, famnis, nejis, a/pis, quiris. 5. The increafe of nouns, ending in ix andjy.v. is long. But the increafe of fornix, appendix, coxendix, varix, .filix, falix, nix, caiix, pix, y- rix, carex, larix and vicis, is fliort. 6. The increafe of Greek nouns, that have their nominative in n, and their genitive in inis, or ynis, is long. As, Delphin, Delphinis. 7. Thefe nouns, fur. lus, pollux, frugis. in- creafing in u t are long ; and fo are thofe that in- creafe in uris, udis, and utis. But the increafe of intercus, pecus, and ligus, is fhort. RULE IV. The increafe of a. e, and o. in the plural, is- long. The increafe of i and u is fhort : As ? herbarum, Deorum ; arbonbus. fpeciibus. L 2 Fi\' A i. .126 APPEND! X. FINAL SYLLABLES. 1. Words of one fyllable, ending in e ; as, me, it, Sec. are long. The fyllabic adjeftions make thefe monofyllables fhort. As, memet, tete, &c. 2. Words, ending in a, i. and u; are long. From this remark except all cafes in a, but the ablative, and the vocative cafes from nouns in &s As, vocative lampas. 3. Greek nouns, that have their dative and vocative, in i, or^ ; , are fhort. 4. Patronymics, that have their nominative in is, and genitive in idos, are fhort. 5. Thefe words, eia, ita, necubi, puta, quia, Jicubi, ficuti, poftea, have the final fyllable fhort. 6. Thefe are common; cui, mihi, tibi, fibi, ubi, ibi. nifi, and quafi. 7. Nouns, ending in e and y, have the penult fliort. 8. But nouns- of the firfl declenfion, and nouns of the fifth declenfion ; the imperative of the fe- cond conjugation ; and adverbs derived from adjectives of three endings, have the final fyllable Jong. As, penna, fades, mone, primum. 9. Ferme, fere, fame, ohe, cete, and tempe are long. But bene, male, inferne, and fuperne, are fhort. 10. 0, at the end of words, is generally com- mon. In the dative and ablative cafes, in ad- verbs from nouns, and in the neuter verb, e5j 9 is ever long. As, puero, tanto, &c. 11. 0, in imo, duo, nefcio, cito, modo, fcio, is fhort . 12. In Sappho, Dido, Apollo, Atho, Andro- gco, and ergo fpr caufa, o is long. 13^ Words, APPENDIX. 13. Words, ending in b, d, /, r, t, are fhort. As, ab, ad, caput, conful, uxor. 14. Far, fur, nar, ml, lar, par. impar, compar, cur, f al, fol and ver are long. 15. Hebrew words, that end in el, and Greek nouns in er, increafmg in the genitive, are long. As, Abdiel, character, crater, &c. 16. Exotic words, in d, are common ; as* Bo- gud, David, &c. 1-7. Words ending in as, es, os, c, and w, are long. As, fee, en, Anchifes, mufas, viros. Exceptions. 1. Lac, fac, donee, and nee, are fhort. The pronoun hie, and hoc, in the nominative and ac- cufative are fhort. 2. Forfitan, forfan, an, in s tamen. and nouns that end in n by an. apoftrophe, are fhort. Alfo en when it makes mis in the genitive, and Greek nouns in on. in, or yn are fhort. If the nominative of a Greek noun in a be fhort, then the accufa* tive in an is alfo fhort. 3. Greek nouns in as and genitive in adis, and the Greek accufative of the third declenfion, have the final fyllable fhort. 4. Es, the fecond perfon offum, with its com- pounds, prodes, ades, obes-;" potes, is fhort. Pe- nes, and nouns in es, that have the increafe of the genitive fingular, in iris, as miles, dives, are fhort. Alfo Greek neuters and the nominative and vocative cafes plural, of fuch as increafe in the plural, are fhort. As, Cacoethes, Cyclopes. 18. Words, ending in is and us are fhort. As, panis, tempus, annus, &c. 19. Fom us are excepted the nominative cafes of fuch as bave a long increafe ; as, falus. falutis. -28 APPENDIX. 20. Nouns, that have the dative and ablative plural in is, are long, in the laft fyllable. As, anms, pennis, menfis, dominis. 21. The fecond perfons fingular, of verbs in is, whofe fecond perfons plural end in itis, have u in the fmgular, and the ptnult in the plural, long. As, audis, auditis. 22. Nouns in -us of the fourth decl en (ion, have the genitive fingular, the nominative, accufative, and vocative plural, long. As, fpecus, manus, gradus, fenfus, vifus. 23. The laft fyllable, in every line of poetry^ is common. ACCENT Is the preffure of voice, that is placed on fome particular fyllable in a word, without either lengthening, or fliortening, the fyllable. Indeclinable words may have the acute acent, on the laft fyllable, to diftinguifh them from words that are declined. Syllabic adjedions ever throw the accent back, to the penult ; as, hoccine. VERSIFICATION Is the due arrangement of a certain number of fyllables, according, to particular rules, that cuf- tom, in any language, has eftablifhed. The harmony of verfification confifts, in a pleafmg variety of long and fhort, accented and. unaccented fyllables. THE FEET Moftly in vogue, among the Latin Poets, are the following : Pyrrhichius ; two fhort fyllables, as, Deiis. two long ones, as, contra. Iambus ; APPENDIX. Iambus ; ihort and long, as, pios. Trochxus ; long and fhort, as, feryat. Da&ylus ; one long and two fhort, as, carmina. Anapcejlus ; two fhort and one long, as, anunos. Tribraches ; three fhort fyllables, as, melius, Molo/us ; three long fyllables, as, deleftant, FIGURES ufed in VERSIFICATION. Syjlole fhortens a long fy 11 able. Dia/lole lengthens a fhort fyllable. Apocope takes from the end of a word. Paragoge adds to the end of a word. Syncope takes from the middle of a word. Epenihefis inferts fome fyllables, or letters. Synarefis contracls two fyllables into one. Dixrefis makes two fyllables of one. Prothefis adds to the'beginning of a word. Aphcerefis takes from the beginning of a word. Synalzpha cuts off a vowel, or diphthong, from the end of a word, if the next word begins with either the one, or the other, or with the letter h, which in poetry, is confidered fimply as an af- perate. Eclhlypjis cuts off am. cm, im, cm, and urn. if the next word begins with a vowel, or the letter h. As, Monftrumhorrenduminformeingens cui lumen adcmptum, Read thus, MonAr' orrend' inform' ingens cui lumen ademptum. Cefura is the natural paufe, or filence of the voice, in the end of a word. This filence, or paufe, may be after thejirfl,fccond, third, or fourth^ foot ; and fometimes after the Jiftk foot. The ca2fural 130 APPEND! X. caefural paufe makes a fyllable long, that, by n ture, is fliort ; even before a vowel. As, Omni a vincit amor, et nos cedamus amori. SCANNING is the dividing, or riieafuring of a line into its proper feet. HEXAMETER * Verfe confifts of fix feet. Of which the four firft may be either da&yls, or fpondees ; the fifth foot muft be a dactyl, and the fixth, a fpondee. As, Tityre tu patulae rccubans fub tegmiuc f agi. PENTAMETER Verfe confifts of five feet : The two firfl may be either d;>5lyls or fpondees and a caefura. Then two dactyls and a long fyllable. This is called Elegiac Verfe. As, Nil mihi refcrlbas, attamen Tpfe verxi. Or, Elegiac Verfe may be thus made ; the two firfl feet either claclyls, -or fpondees; the third ever a fpondee, and the two laft feet mult be anapaefts. PHALEUCIAN \ r erfe has five feet ; a fpondee, a daftyl, and three trochees. As, Quoquo difFugias, pavens Mablli. SAPPHIC Verfe has the fame feet as the Phaleucian, but differently arranged. In Sapphic verfe, the firft foot is a trochee ; the fecond, a fpondee ; the third, a da&yi ; and the two la-fl feet are both trochees. In. APPENDIX. 131 In writing fapphic verfe the poets generally put AN ADONIC Verfe, at the end of every third line ; which confifts of a dactyl and a fpondee. The Sapphic, when the Adonic verfe is ufed, is written thus : Jam f atis terns nivis atque dirae Grandinis mifit Pater, et rubente Dextera facra jnculatus arces Terruit urbem. ASCLEPIAD Verfe confifls of a fpondee, a daQyl, a caefura^ and two dactyls. As, Mecaenas atavis edite regibus. THE GREATER ALCAIC Has two feet and an half of an Iambic, and two dactyls. As, Vides ut alta (let nive cand'idiim. THE LESSER ALCAIC Has two dactyls and two trochees. As, Praeter atrocem aiainum Catonis. Several other kinds of verfe are ufed, by the Latin Poets. On which, for the fake of brevity, we (hall make no remarks. SECTION X. ABBREVIATIONS, A. B. Artium Baccalaurcus. A. D. Anno Domini. A. M. Artium Magifter ; Ante Meridiem. B. D. Baccalaureus Divinitatis. A. U. C. Ab Urbe Condita. C. Centum. Cap. Caput. Clcr. Clericus, Cof. Conful. Coff. Confules. C, P. S, Cuftos privati Sigilli. D. D, 1312 APPENDIX D. D. Doftor Divinitatis. D. Denarius. Dec. December. E. G. Exempli gratia. F. R. S. Frater Regalis Societatis. G. R. Georgrus Rex. Ibid, ibidem. Id. idem. i. t t id eft, J. H. S. Jefus Hominum Salvator. J. D. Jurium Doftor. Imp. Imperator. Impp. Imperatores. L. Liber et' Libra. L. L. D. Legium Doftor. L. S. Locus Sigilli. M. B. Medicinse Baccalaureus. M. D. Medicine Doftor. M. S. Manufcriptum ; MSS. Manufcripta. N. B. Nota Bene. N. Nota. P. C. Patres Confcripti. P. M. Pofl Meridiem. P. S. Poft Scriptum. P. R. Populus Romanus. R. S. S. Regise Societatis Socius, JR.. P. Refpublica. S. C. Senatus Confultum. S. P. Q. R. Senatus Populufque Romanus. S. V. B.E. E. Q. V. Si vales bene eft, Egoquoque valco* S. T. P. Sanfta; Theologize Profeffor. S. T. D. Doftor Sacrac Theologiae. S. S. T. Sacrofanfta Trinitas. V. D. M. Verbi Dei Minifter. The Romans were extremely fond of having three, or four words, to exprefs the name of any- particular perfon. As, Publius Cornelius Scipid Africanus. The jirfl. word was the proper name of the perfon ; the fccond, the name of his ancef-i tors ; the third, the name of a particular family ^ and the fourth was added to commemorate fomes illuflrious aclion, or victory. ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES. A. Aulus. C. Caius. Cn. Cneus. D. Decius. G. Gaius. L. Lucius, or Lucia. M. Marcus, or Marcia. P. PubliusJ Q. Quintus. Ser, Servius. Sex. Sextus, Sp. Spurius. T. Titus. F I N I S. %.^' ** fly?