;-NRLF 1 REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. "^eceivcj J ua-L- , l^Q^i '■incision ^o.y6/A ? -. aitt.V".' f AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF WORDS USED IN ART AND ARCH^OLOCxY. \_All rights reserved.^ PRINTED BY GTLBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN's SQUARE, LONDON. ?^^ OF THB ' r NIVERSIT *^CaliforH)>- APSE OF THE BASILICA OF ST. PAUL-WITHOUT-THE-WALLS, ROME. iSee Basilica, /. 37. AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF WORDS USED IN ART AND ARCH/EOLOGY Explaining Terms frequently used in Works on Architecture, Arms, Bronzes, Christian Art, Colour,. Costume, Decoration, Devices, Emblems, Heraldry, Lace, Personal Ornaments, Pottery, Painting, Sculpture, &:c., with their Derivations. By J. W. MOLLETT, B.A. Officicr de V histi udion Piihliipie [France) ; AUTHOR OF THE LIVES OF " REMBRANDT" AND " WILKIE " IX THE " great artists " SERIES. SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, AND RIVINGTON, crown buildings, i88, FLEET STREET. 1883. 7^/ 2,^ PREFACE. This Dictionary was commenced as an amended edition of that written by jNI. Ernest Bosc, architect of Paris, and contains the 450 engravings pub- hshed in the French work, to which about 250 more have been added. Little or nothing, however, of the text of jM. Bosc's work has been left standing ; his definitions having, in the process of revision under reference to original works, almost entirely disappeared. The whole work, as it now stands, has been drawn from, or carefully corrected by, the best authorities in each of its special branches. Considerable prominence has been given to Architecture, from the French original corrected from English writers; to Christian Anti- quities from Martigny, and the Dictionary of Dr. Smith and Professor Cheetham, and other authorities ; to Medleval Armour, and terms of Chivalry, chiefly from Afeyrick's Ancient Armour ; to Costume from Flanche and Fairholt ; to Heraldry from Boutdrs and Mi^s. Bury Palliser's works ; to Pottery, the substance of the articles on this subject being derived from M. Jacquemarfs work ; to NeedleW'Ork, Ivories, Musical Instruments, Goldsmiths' Work, Painters' Materials and Processes Ancient and Modern, Colour, &;c., with references to the several authorities referred to. The Greek and Roman Antiquities, which are the principal part of M. Bosc's work, have been in this volume reduced to the smallest possible compass: the Dictionaries of Dr. Smith and Rich must be referred to by those who require fuller definitions upon this subject, which would of itself fill ten such books as the i)resent. A few Indian, Chinese, and Japanese Terms, which have come into ordinary use in art, have been sought out and inserted : in the first-mentioned viii PREFACE. Dr. Birdwood's Handbooks have been a most useful guide. Finally, it is necessary to state, that many words essential to the completeness of the work would have been in danger of omission, if I had not had before me Mr. FairhoWs admirable Dictionary of Art Terms, which, occupying a more restricted ground than this, is so thorough and accurate in dealing with all that it professes to include, that the only raison d'etre of this work is the very much wider and different ground that it covers, and the greater condensation of its definitions. Obviously the substance of every statement in the work is borrowed from some previous writer on the subject, and it is evident that a Dictionary of Reference is not a convenient vehicle for theory or invention. The appended list of Classified Catalogues which have been prepared by direction of the authorities of the South Kensington Museum, will have the additional use of referring the reader to the fountain-head at which he can verify and amplify the condensed information that tliis work supplies. T. W. MOLLETT. October, 1SS2. CLASSIFIED CATALOGUES OF BOOKS ON ART IN THE NATIONAL ART LIBRARY, SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. ISSUED BY AUTHORITY. List of Works on Costume, \s.; Furniture, \d.\ Heraldry, 3^. ; Lace AND Needlework, \d. : Ornament, M. ; Painting, 4^/. ; Pottery and Porcelain, yi. ; Sculpture, yi. These Catalogues may be had on application to the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, S.W. i ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF WORDS USED IN ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. Abbreviations — A.\c\\. Arc/iitictnral ; Chr. Christian ; Y.gyY>. Egyptian; Yr. French; Gr. Greek, Her. Heraldic ; It. Italian ; Lat. Latin; Med. Meaicsval; O. E. Old English ; Orient. Oriental; R. Roman. Aar nr Aarou, Egyp. A plain in a supra- terrestrial region, which corresponded, with the Egyptians, to the Elysian Fields of the Greeks and the Asgard of Scandinavian mythology. Fig. I. Abaciili used .is pavement. Abaculus, Gr. and R. (a diminutive o{ abacus, q. V. ). A small square or cube of glass, or some vitreous composition made to imitate stone or glass of various colours. Ahacnli were employed for the inlaid-work of pavements, or the incrusta- tions of mosaic. Abacus, Gr. and R. (Si3a|, a slab or board). I. In general a rectangular slab of stone, marljle, or terra-cotta. 2. A board or tray used in arith- metical calculations, and constructed for reckon- ing by lens. 3. A play-board divided into compartments, a kind of back-gammon in use in antiquity. The same term was also applied to a board used for another game of sicill, the Indus latrunculorum, which was more like our chess. 4. A side-board on which were displayed, in the triclinium, or dining-room, silver plate and other table utensils. 5. A slab of marble, used for a coating in the decoraticm of a room or apartment of any kind. 6. A square slab of terra-cotta or wood, placed by the earliest builders at the top of wooden columns, in order to give them a broader head, and so afford a better suj^port to the beams which rested on them. It was this motive that gave rise to the formation of the abacus of the capital of a column. Abaton or Abates, Gr. (a, ^arhs, inaccessible). A term used generally to denote any inaccessible place, such as the cclla of a temple, an adytum from which the profane were excluded. Tiie term Abaton denoted more particularly a build- ing in the city of Rhodes, which contained, together with two statues in bronze, a trophy commemorating a victory gained over the Rhodians. This memorial had been placed in the building by cjueen Artemisia, Mdio had con- secrated it to a divinity. To destroy it would have been a sacrilege, and as no one could be allowed to penetrate into the interior of the Abaton, witliout the defeat of the Rhodians becoming known, all access to it was forbidden. Abezzo, Olio di. It. Strasburg Turpentine (q.v.). Ablutions, Chr. There were various ablu- tions : that of the head {capitilavium), as a prejiaration for unction in ba])tism ; that of the hands (a ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. S Altar cloth, Chr. The linen coverings, and cmhioidcied hanj;ings of an altar. Altare, R. (ably of Eastern origin. Amphitheatre, K. {aiJL(pi-deaTpoi'). \ build- ART AND ARCM.KOLOGV. 13 ing which was at first constructed for the purpose of exhibiting gladiatorial shows to the Roman populace ; but later on any kind of spectacle, even to a iiatimachia, or sea-fight, was exhibited there. In the engraving, A shows the Fig. 19. Ground-plan of an amphitheatre. ground-plan of an amphitheatre, and B the plan of the seats. Amphora, Gr. and R. (a/iKpl-cpopeic). A large earthenware vessel, having a handle on each side of its neck (whence the name), and terminating in a point. Amphorae were used for holding various kinds of produce, especially wine ; they were placed side by side in an upright position in the cellar, the floor of which was covered with a deep bed of sand. The engravings represent amphora; from Cnidus, Chio, and Samos. Amphora; were also made of q;las^ ; and a siiecimen is Fig. 20. Greek Amphora;. mentioned by Nepos of one made of onyx. Homer mentions them of gold and stone ; and the Egy]itians had them of brass. Amphotis, Gr. and R. i. A brass caji lined \^•ith cloth inside. 2. A simple woollen cap worn by athletes to protect their temples and ears from the blows of the cestus, in a boxing match. 3. A wooden vessel in use among the ancient Greek peasants, as a milking-pail. It derived its name from having two handles or ears. Ampulla, Gr. and R. A i^hial or flask with short and narrow neck and spherical body, which was used to hold the oil requisite for bathers {ampulla oleria) ; it could also be used to hold vinegar, wine, and other beverages, and was then called ampulla potaria. The amjiuUa generally took the form of a globe or bladder, but not invariably ; a lentil-shaped variety with rounded sides was very common. Ampulla rubida was the name given to the leather-covered flasks which were made use of by travellers or sportsmen to carry wine, vinegar, or oil. The vessel or cruet used in Christian churches for the consecrated oil or wine was hence called the Ampul. Ampyx, Gr. and R. (S^iry|, from djUTre'xo), to surround). \.'iX\\\frontale. A general term to denote any net composed of strings, bands, or ribbons, which forms a head-band. It thus denotes at once a woman's head-dress, or the ornamental strips of leather which serve as head- band for a horse. The ampyx worn by women was in some cases very costly, being made of gold or silver, and adorned with precious stones. The term was also applied, by analogy, to the cover of a vase. Another word for it is ampicter. Amulets. Objects of a very heteroge- neous description, to which is superstitiously attributed the power of healing certain diseases, or averting them from men and animals. This is the meaning which attaches, in its widest sense, to the term amulet [amiiletuvi). Amulets are unquestionably of Eastern origin ; by the Egyp- tians they were looked upon as preservatives against dangers, unlucky days, enemies, &c. The varieties of them were very numerous ; among others, were scar.rbcei, small columns, cartouches, symbolic eyes, interlacing fingers, heads of urceus, &c. A large number of stones were also employed as amulets; those of com- monest occurrence are hematite, jasper, lapis lazuli, amethysts, diamonds, heliotrojies, &c. Each of these amulets had its special virtue ; for instance, the clear crystal worn during prayer rendered the god propitious, and compelled him to give ear to the suppliant. Coral kept every evil influence away from a house ; and in Italy it is looked upon, even at the present day, as a preservative against the evil eye. In Christian archaeology, the name of amulets, or in some instances, Enxolpia (q.v.), was given to relics, or objects of devotion, such as crosses, medals, wood from the true cross, the bones of saints, &c. Amulets were also called periapta {irtpC- aiTTa), i.e. suspended, because they were hung round the neck, and also pyctacium, because some amidets were folded in two. The Arabic word amulet means the same as periapla, that which is suspended. Amussis, R. The exact sen.se of this term is not clearly defined by ancient authors, beyond 14 WORDS USED IN the fact that it denotes generally any kind of instrument employed by builders — especially masons— for testing the accuracy, regularity, and evenness of their M-ork. The term is used to denote sometimes the plumb-line, rule, or square; sometimes the level, measuring-line, &c. Anabathra, Gr. and R. (avd-^adpa, steps up). Steps or stairs ; a raised step ; a mounting block. These last were often placed along the high roads. Anabologium, Chr. Another name for the Humerale or Amice (q.v. ). Anaceia or Anakeia, Gr. (from ai^a^, a king). A festival held at Athens in honour of Castor and Pollux, who were also called Anaktes and A}iakestes. (See Anaceium). Similar festivals were held at Sparta, Argos, and other cities of Greece. Anaceium, Gr. A temple of ancient Athens, dedicated to Castor and Pollux. Slaves used to be sold there. Anaclinterinm, Gr. {avaKXLvrijpiov). The head-buard of a sofa or bed, which served as a support for the bolster and the pillow on which the sleeper's head rested. Anadem, Gr. {a.va.^i}^a). In general a fillet or head-band ; but in a more restricted accepta- tion, an ornamental band, such as was worn by women and youths airrong the Greeks. It was thus distinguished from the diadenia and the vitta, which were also head-bands, but worn solely as the insignia of honorary, regal, or religious distinctions. Anaglyph, {kvh. and "yXxxpnv, to carve). A general term to denote any work of art that is sculptured, chased, carved, or embossed, such as cameos, bas-reliefs, or other raised work, whether in metal, marble, or ivory. When such sculptures or chasings are incised or sunk, they are called Intaglios or Diaglyphs (q.v.). According to St. Clement of Alexandria, ana- glyphs were employed by the Egyptians when they wished to hand down a panegyric of any king under the form of a religious myth. Although the words of St. Clement are very obscure, and have furnished materials for count- less discussions, it is now admitted that the anaglyphs in question belong to the group of hieroglyphics which may be deciphered on the cartouches of the Pharaohs, and in which we have, in fact, panegyrics of the Egy])tian kings veiled in religious myths. The Egyptians also gave the name of anaglyphs to a kind of secret writing, understood only by the initiated ; even at the present day it remains undecipherable, owing to our imperfect knowledge of Egyptian mythology. (See C-elatura.) Anagogia. A festival at Eryx, in Sicily, in honour of Aphrodite. Analemma, Gr. and R. [avaKrifj-ixv) . Any raised constmction which serves for a support or rest, and more particularly a pier, wall, or buttress. (2) The pedestal of a sun-dial, and so the sun-dial itself. Anancoeum, R. A drinking cup of great capacity, the form of which is unknown. If we may credit Varro it was sometimes richly chased. Anankaion, Gr. (avayKoiov, from avayKrt, restraint). A kind of prison the purpose of [ which is not exactly kno^vn. According to , some archaeologists it was a private prison for I slaves, or for freedmen, who, from some fault, I were reduced to servitude again ; others assert that it was a public prison. j Anapiesma, Gr. and R. {ava-Tr'uatxa, that I which is pressed back). An appliance used in I ancient theatres. It was a kind of trap-door by I means of which deities were raised from beneath the stage so as to make them visible to the spectators. The proscenium contained a certain number of these trap-doors ; one of them, lead- ing from the orchestra to the front of the stage, enabled the Furies to appear ; by another, marine deities made their appearance ; while that through which passed the sliades who as- cended Charon's staircase was called CharoiCs anapiesma. Anastatic. An ingenious modem process of reproducing copies of printed matter, engravings, ink drawings, &c., by transferring them to a sheet of polished zinc. Anathema, Chr. (h.vaSi\yia, an offering). Anything offered up in churches by the faithful ; as, for instance, vases and other utensils for sacrifice, altar ornaments, &c. Anathema, Chr. The gi^eater excommunica- tion, answering to the Hebi^ew cherem. Anchor. In Christian Art, the emblem of Hope. The attribute of S. Clement, the Pope, who was bound to an anchor, and thrown into the sea. (See Angora.) Ancile, R. A shield of the shape of a violin case. It was the sacred shield which, according to tradition, had fallen from heaven into the palace of Numa. It occurs frequently on medals, especially those of Augustus. The two incava- tions of the shield were more or less deep, and usually semicircular. But Ovid describes it as of an entirely different shape, being cut evenly all round ; Jdi/ne ancile vocat, quod ab omni parte recisitni est (Ovid, Fast. iii. 377). The Salii, or twelve priests of Mars Gradivus, had twelve such shields. The form was oval, with the two sides curving evenly inwards, so as to make it broader at the ends than in the middle. They used to beat their shields and dance. Anclabris, Gr. and R. A small table used instead of an altar at sacrifices ; it was slightly concave, so as to adapt it to hold the entrails of the victim for the inspection of the diviners. (See Altar.) Ancon, Gr. and R. (a-j/co.v). A term admitting ART AND ARCH/EOLOGY. 15 various mcnnings. (i) A small console on each side of a door supporting an ornamental cor- nice. (2) The arm of a chair or arm-chair. (3) A cramp of wood or metal serving to connect together courses of masonry or blocks of stone. (4) The prongs or forks at the end of the projis employed by hunters to hang their nets upon. (5) An earthenware vessel used in Roman taverns for holding wine. According to the etymology of the word which in Greek signifies hollow or elbow, this bottle must have been shaped like a retort. (6) The arms or branches of the square used by carpenters and stone masons, which form an angle similar to that formed by the bent arm. Ancora, Gr. and R. {ayKvpa, from ayicos, a bend). An anchor or piece of iron used to stop a ship. Like those now in use, the ancient anchors were generally furnished with two flukes or arms, but sometimes they had only one. Tnthe latter case they were caWedh'ros/o/z/os, a term corre- sponding to our modern blintl j anchor. A bas- relief on the column of Trajan represents an anchor placed at the bow of the vessel. In Chris- tian archcEology the anchor is a symbol of hope ; an anchor is fre- Fig. 21. Roman anchor, rom a has- quentlymet with, reliei- among Christian symbols, associ- ated with a fish ; the emblem of the Saviour (See Acrostic). Ancorale, Gr. and R. Literally the cable of an anchor, and then the buoy-rope, or even the buoy itself. The ancient anchors had a ring at the end of the shank to which the buoy-rope was attached. The latter served not only to indicate the jilace where the anchor lay, but also to drag the flukes out of the ground when the anchor was raised. Andiron, Iron standards with barsfor support- ing logs of wood fires, frequently richly orna mented, and sometimes made partly of silver. Andriantes, Gr. {avSpidi'Tfs, images of men). Statues set up by the Greeks in honour of the victors in the public games. This custom dated from 50 Olym., or 584 B.C. Androgeonia. An Athenian annual festival, in honiiur of Androgeus, the son of Minos. Andron, Andronitis, Gr. and Gr.-R. (avSpuy, from auT^p, a man). That part of the Greek or Grceco- Roman house exclusively set ajiart for men. Fig. 22 represents the ground-plan of a ^G reek house; the aiidroii occupies all that part of the building which surrounds the open court, and consists of the apartments numbered i to 9. The Romans applied '1 ' tlie term simply to a passage separating a house or part of a house from another. Anelace, O. E. A knife or dagger worn at the girdle ; broad, two-edged and sharp. " An anelace and a gip- cicre afl of silk, Hung at Ills girdle, white as morwe milk." (Chauceu, Canterbury Tales.) Angel. A gold coin current in England and France in the 1 5th and i6th centu- ries. It derived its nam.e from tlie figure of an angel stamj^ed upon it. A similar coin, either of gold or silver, was current in France at various periods. From the time of lyouis IX. to that of Louis XL, the gold angel was equal in value to a crown of fine gold, or a little more than fourteen francs. It was stamped with a figure of St. Michael, holding in his right hand a sword, and in his left a shield with three fleur-de-lys. Henry VI., king of England, when he was in possession of Paris, had a gold angel struck which was not above seven francs in value. It was stamped with the figure of an angel holding in his hand the shields of France and luigland. The same king also had a silver angel struck wliichwns onlv worth about five and a halffrancs. Plan of a Greek house, showinu; the andron. Angels, (Gr. &77eAoy, a messenger) in Chris- tian Art are represented in nine degrees, \vhich are divided into three categories. The first con- sists of Seraphim, Cherubim, and Thrones ; the i6 WORDS USED IN Fig. ■J4. Arms of France vvilh Angels as supporters. XIV. century. second ot Dominations, Virtues, Powers ; and the third of Princedoms, Archangels, and Angels. They are represented as young, to show their continued strength ; winged as messengers of speed ; barefooted and girt to show their readi- ness ; in robes of white indicative of purity, or in cloth of gold for their glory ; the cloth of gold diapered with bands of precious stones ; the emerald, emblem of nnfadiiig youth ; the crystal, oi pitrity ; the sajjphire, qI celestial co7itemplation ; and the ruby, of divine love. During the re- naissance, Pugin complains, "the edifying and traditional representations of angelic spirits were abandoned, and, in lieu of the albe of purity and golden vests of glory, the artists indulged in pretty cupids sporting in clouds, &c." The proper attributes of the angels are trumpets, for the voice of God ; flaming swords, for the 7i:'r«//^ of God ; sceptres, for i\ie power of God ; thuribles or censers for i\\e prayers of saints, and musical instruments to emblem ihe'w felicity. Angiportus or Angiportum, R. A narrow road passing between two houses or rows of houses, or an alley leading to a single house. Angleterre, Point d'. Lace made by Flemish makers who were invited to settle in England in the reign of Charles II., the English Parlia- ment having passed an act prohibiting the im- portation of all foreign lace. England, how- ever, could not produce the necessary flax, and the lace was of inferior f|uality. The merchants of the time remedied this by smuggling large quantities of lace from the Brussels market, sell- ing it as English Point or Point d' Angleterre, by which latter name it is still known, effacing the old name " Point de Bruxelles." (Fig. 25.) Anglicanum Opus. (See Embroidery.) Angones. French weapons of the Middle Ages furnished with three blades, one of which was straight, broad and keen, the remaining two curving outwards. Some angons have a lozenge- shaped head-biade. They were used as a kind ot pike, and sometimes hurled like javelins. The latter kind somewhat resembled the aclis. Anguilla, R. A whip made use of by Roman schoolmasters for puuisliing their scholars. It was so called because made from the skin of an eel {anq-/iis). Anguis, R. A serpent which among the Romans symbolized the local spirit (j^enins loci). ART AND ARCII/EOLOGY. 17 Serpents were painted upon a wall to deter the public [rem di.liling the spot thus indicated. At Fig. 25. PL-int d'Anglettrre. Pompeii these representations of serpents are found in the bakehouses, kitchens, and similar places where cleanliness is peculiarly desirable. The same term was applied to a military ensign in the shape of a serpent. Anime. Gum anime is a resin, which is mixed with copal in making varnish, causing it to dry quickly and tumly. Animosi of Milan. One of the Italian literary academies. Their device was •' stags passing a river, resting on the heads of each other." Motto, " Dant animos vices." (Mutual help gives strength.) Anklets, Gr. (See Pf.riscelis.) Annealing. The process of tempering britile gla.NS and metals by heat. Annulet, Her. A plain ring, or false roundle. Annulets, Arch. Ihe rings or mouldings about the lower part of the echinos or ovolo of Doric capitals. Annulus or Anulus, Gr. and R. (dimin. of auiis, a ring). A hngerring. They were originally made of iron, and used as a signet for sealing. Later on they were made of gold. Among the Greeks and Romans they were worn on the fourth finger of the left liand, whence the expression sec/ere ad aiiidos aliaii, to l)e seated at any one's left hand. The anulus bii^t minis was a ring set with two precious stones ; anulus velaris was a curtain ring. A plait of hair arranged in circles round the back of the head was also called anulus. In architecture the term was formerly employed instead of annUt. Tiie sione most frequently used for rings was the onyx, upon which devices were carved with wonderful skill. The bezel, or part of the ring which contained the gem, was called FaI-'V. (See RiNOS.) Ansa, Gr. and R. A term signifying both haft and handle, and even eyelet or hole. Any vessel or vase which has large ears or circular handles on the neck or body, is said to be fur- nished with anscc. Ansa ostii was the term a[)plied to the handle by which a door is pulled or shut to. The bronze or iron eyelet on the top of a steelyard were also called ansic staterm. The holes or eyelets made in the side leathers of a Greek or Roman shoe were called (iy/Jcfcv-f/Zfli-/"; the handle of the rudder, ansa gubernaculi ; lastly an iron cramp was called ansa ferrca. Fig. 26. Templum in antis. Antae, R. Square or rectangular pilasters supporting the v alls of a temple, wliich was thence called /t'w////w /// ««//>. ( Fig. 26.) The antcc thus formed the end of the walls ofthea7/(r. The capitals of antir and the friezes abutting on them were sometimes richly ornamented, as may be seen by referring to Fig. 27, which lepre- Capital and frieze ol one of tfie Ania: in the lemplc of Augustus. C i8 WORDS USED IX sents, in their restored state, the frieze and one of the antse in the temple of Augustus, at Ancyra, inGalatia. Antarius, Antarii funes, R. Ropes employed for raising into the proper position any object of considerable weight, such as a column, mast, &c. Antefixa. Ornaments of terra cotta which were placed above the cornice, at the end of each row of tiles on a roof (Fig. 29). They were also used in ancient times for decorating the ridge of a roof. We possess specimens of antefixa remarkable for delicacy of design and execution ; such were the antefixa of the temple of Diana Pi'opylaea at Eleusis, and the various Etruscan specimens to be found in our museums. They were decorated with masks, leaves, and especially palms painted to imitate nature or in different colours. The Etruscans employed coloured ante- fixa only ; many specimens of these last may be Fig. 29. Archaic Antefixa in terra cotta. seen at the Louvre, and in the museums of Perugia, Florence, and Naples. The Antefixa of the Parthenon were of marble. (Fig. 30.) Antemural. A term referring either to the out- \\ orks protecting the approach to a castle, or to the wall surrounding the castle. Antenna, R. The yard-arm of a ship. Antepagmentum, R. The jamb of a door. Anicpiv^niLiituin supcrhis, the lintel. Antependium. Richly ornamented hangings of precious metal, wood, or textile fabrics, in front of a Christian altar. Anteportico. A synonym of PoRCH (q.v.) j but little used. Anterides, Gr. and R. (? ai'T6pei5a>, to stand firm). A structure employed to strengthen a Weaker one. It consisted of a kind of buttress placed against an outer wall, chiefly in subter- ranean constructions, such as a sewer or aque- Fig. 30. Antefixa in marble from the Parthenon. duct. Pig. 31 represents the anterides of the Cloaca Maxima at Rome. Fig. 31. Anteridci of" the Cloaca Ma.xima at Rome. Anthony, Cross of St., in the form of the letter T. It is the idealized representation of a crutch. (See Crosses.) Anthropomorphic. Man-shaped ; said fi)r example of the character of the Greek Religion, whose gods and demi-gods were only ideal men, from which circumstance the representation of the human form became the first object of their plastic art. Antia. The iron handle of a shield. ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. 19 Antiae, R. The ringlets of haii- worn by men and women wliich hung about the ears and the temples. Antick. Strange, irregular, or fantastic in composition. Antilena, R. An appliance attached to the pack-sacUlle ot'a beast of bunlen. It was a broad strap passing in front of tiie animal's breast so as to prevent the saddle from slipping backwards. It was employed especially in mountainous districts. Antimensium, Chr. A consecratcel altar- cloth. Antimony. Tlie oxide of this metal is employed in the preparation of yellow pigments for enamel or porcelain painting. Glass is colouretl yellow by antimony. (See Naples, Gui.MEi's Veli.ows.) Antipendium, Chr. (See A.ntependium.) Antiphoner, Chr. An antiphonarium ; a book vi' responses set to music. Antique. Pertaining to ancient Greek or Roman art : more freely used in recent times to describe the quality of ancient art in general, but properly applicable only to classical art. and Sa/ii. liy analogy, the term was furtherused to denote a cap, anil also the ridge on the top of ahelmet to which the horsehair crest wasattached. Aphractus, Gr. and R. {&(ppaKToi>, lit. un- guarded). A vessel without a deck, or only partly decked fore and aft. Aphrodisia, ih: {'AtppoSiaio). A general term under which were comprised all the festivals held in honour of Venus {.Ip/irodi/i). Fig, jj. AiiluiUx- and anchor of a Roman ship. — From bas-relief. Aplustre, Gr. and R. {&(l>\a(nov). An orna- ment placed at a siiip's stern. It was constructed of llexible wooden planks, in imitation of the leather of a bird's wing. Apotates, Gr. (Lat, Desultor). One who Fig. jj. Opus Antiquum. Antiquum Opus, Arch. An ancient kind o stone-work or masonry composed of in-egular stones. Another name for it was optis iitca-tiii/i. Antiseptic varnish. A glazing composed to protect vegetal)le or animal pigments. Antitype. The realixalion of the /ype. Antonine Column. One of the most valuabl« architectural monuments in Rome. It is a lofty pillar ornamented with a series of bas-reliefs extending spirally from the base to the summit, representing the victories of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Anulus. (See Annulus.) Anvil. In Christian art the attribute of _ St. Adrian, and of St. Eloy, the patron saint of j-Z, the smiths. Apalare, R. A kitchen utensil ; a sort of large metal spoon or ladle. Ape. In Christian art the emblem of malice and of lust. Common in illuminations of the penitential psalms, in allusion to David's fall. Apex, R. {apdx, the top). A piece of olive wood pointed at the end, and set in a flock of Wool. It fonned the head-dress of the Flamhtcs Fig. 34. Al.o^tle Mug. v' OF THK 'K TBK TTTsTT VVD GTnn-v WORDS USED IN dismounts, (i) Soldiers in chariots who leaped in and out in the fight. (2) The circus riders who leaped from one horse to another. Apodyterium, R. and Gr.-R. (from aTro Svw, to put. off). In a general sense, an undressing- room, and more particularly the apartment in the baths where the bathers undressed. As little light penetrated from without, there was generally a lamp burning in a niche. An apodytcrii(tn such as that just described may still be seen at Pompeii. Apollino, It. The name usually given to the beautiful " Apollo of Florence," attributed to Praxiteles. Apophyge or Apophysis, Arch. The small fascia or band at the top and base of the shaft of columns. Apo3tle Mug. The mug or tankard shown in the engraving is of Nanconian or Nurem- berg stone-ware, with figures of the twelve apostles enamelled in colours upon it. (Fig. 34.) Apostle Spoons are well known to have re- ceived their names from the figures of the Apostles forming the handles. Apostyls Coats, O. E. Probably garments used for mystery plays. Apotheca, Gr. and R. (airodriKri, a granary). A store-room or magazine for containing any kind of stock. The Romans also applied the term specially to a wine store-room situated in the upper part of the house ; this was sometimes called \\\Q.fiiimiriiim. Here the wine was placed in amphorae to ripen it more quickly, whereas when stored in the cdlla vinaria, it was placed in Cup^ and Dolia (q.v.). Apotheosis, Gr. (aTrri, Qils god, to deify). A deification ; the ceremony by which a mortal was introduced among the number of the gods. The proper term in Latin is cotiscci'atio (q-v.). The funeral pile, in such cases, was built several stories in height, and an eagle was let loose from the top storey, to carry thesouloftheemperorfromearthto heaven. This is commemorated upon the medals stnick on the occasion, which represent an altar with a fire on it, from which an eagle ascends. Apparel, Chr. End^roidered additions to the vestments of the clergy. Appaumee, Her. .Said ol ■Sihand, open, erect, and showing the palm. Appianum, Lat. Appian green, a pigment used by the ancients, prepared from green earth, now known as Cyprus or Vcroiia gi-een, because the best is found at those places. Apple. The emblem in classical art of vic- tory, and in Christian art cif the fall of man. Applique, Fr. Applied ornament, as of metal or porcelain upon wood. In embroidery, Appli- que work is used, when a pattern cut out of one colour or stuff is applied, or laid on, to another. Apse, Apsis, or Chevet (a>|/iy, bow or vault). The termination of a church. It is generally of semicircular form, and surmounted lay a demi- cupola, but there are instances of rectangular apses. Fig. 35 repi^esents the apse of St. William in the Desert. (See Absis. ) Apsis gradata, Chr. The chair occupied by bishops in the early Christian basilicas. Apteral, Arch. Without wings. A temple thout columns on the sides. Aqua fortis (nitric acid). Used by engravers oi- '■^P^e (it St. William in the Desert, a mon.istcr}- in the South of France. — Built about a.d. 820. and etchers for biting in on copper and steel. Aqua marina. A transparent green stone, fre- quently used by the gem engravers of antiquity. Aquaemanalis. (See Aquiminarium.) AquamaniJe, Chr. The basin used for wash- ing the hands of the celebrant in the liturgy. A. of great splendour are frequently mentioned in the ancient records. The corresponding ewer was called UrcF.US. Aqua-tint. A method of engraving with the help of mastic. {Consult Fielding's "Art of Engraving.") Aqueduct, Gen. {aqua, water, and ciuco, to lead). An artificial canal for conveying water from one point to another, and often to a con- siderable distance from the source. Many ART AND ARCTI.T'.or,(^r;V. 21 ancient nations have executed works uf this description, but the Ivoman aqueducts are esjie- cially celebrated. Tiie most pcrrcct is that wiiich slill exists, in a ruined slate, t)ver the river (iard, near Nismes in tlie South of France, called Poitl- du-Gard. (Fig. 36. ) Aiiucducts wer; often dis- charged into reservoirs. Aquilae, R. The eagles, or ensigns, of the Kig. 03. Poiit-(.Ui-Gar(i, a Roman aqucJiicr near Nismes. {RcstoreJ ) Roman legion under the Empire. They were of silver or bronze, and had the wings outstretched. As an architectural term aquila denotes the triangular face formed by the tympanum of a pediment, because the latter was often orna- mented with an eagle. (.See Ens1(;x. ) Aquiminariam, R. An ewer for jiouring water over the hands of the guests after a banquet. Other terms tor this ewer wciq aijiuenmiialis and ai/iiiiiiaiiiilt\ Ara, R. The Latin term for Aliak. (See this word and Alt.VKE. ) Arab Pottery. (See G.^rgoulette.) Arabesque, CJen. An ornament of a pattern more or le>s intricate, composed of stems, l^oliage, leaves, fruits, scrolls, or leafage, as well as of curious and fantastic animals. It is an error to suppose that arabesque, as its name might seem to indicate, was an Arab invention; it was known to the Greeks and Romans, and was largely em- ployed in Grrcco-Roman architecture. Araeostyle, Arch. An order of temples, in which the sjiace between the columns is four diameters in width. Arbalest. (Sec Crossbow.) Area, R. {arceo, to enclose, ])reserve). (i) A kind of box or strong chest used by the ancients as a receptacle for money, clothes, or any valu- able effect*;. (2) A strong box or money chest; (3) a rough chest used for a coffin ; (4) a cage for criminals, made of oak ; (5) a wooden caisson, answering the jjurpose of a modern coffer-dam. Arcade. A series of arches. Arcadi. A I-iterary Acailemy established at Rome in 1690. The members adopted pastoral names. Their device was a Pand.van pipe, sur- rounded by a wreath of olive and pine. Arcatures, Arch. A series of blind arcades represented on a wall, in relief or painting. Carved arcatures are those forming a kind of screen ; they are detached from the wall, and have an inner and outer face. Arcera, R. A cart boarded all over so as to resemble a huge chest {area). The inmate reclined on cushions and ])illows covered with drapery ; and the exterior was covered with hangings, the richness of which varied with the rank and fortune of the owner. Arch (aims, a bow). A structure the form of which is based on the segment of a circle. The kinds of arches arc named according to the curve which they make. Round-headed arches ; semicircular, segmental or stilted, introduced by the Romans. Tn'aii,i:/i/ar arehes, of very early date. Horse-shoe arches ; the Moorish, the common horse-shoe and the pointed (which is also a Moorish form). Then the trefoil arch of the Early English style : \\ ith its variations, in- cluding the square-headed trefoil of the 13th century. The lancet or acute-pointed ; the e(/ni- lateral ; ihc pointed trefoil ; the ^^tv, of the 14th and 15th century; the Tudor arch, of the reigns of Henry VII. and VHI.; and the decorative forms, not used in construction; i\\e Jlainlmyant, the cinqitefcil and the inultifoil are all described under he headings printed above in Italics. Archaic (art). The first period of Art is dis- tinguished by stiffness and converitionality of treatment, directed much more to the symbolic re- presentation of an idea than to lieauty or true imi- tation. It is properly called also the hieratic tyjje, from its intimate relation to religious symbolism. See Ski.i.nuntian ; /Ec.inetan Maiou.ks. Archangels. The seven angels of the Chris- tian hierarchy who stand in the presence of God. St. Michael, sometimes in complete armour, bears a sword and scales, as the Angel of Judg- ment, also a rod with a cross ; St. J\a/>hael hea.rs a fish, and a pilgrim's staff and gounl ; St. Ga- briel bears a lily ; 6')vV/ carries a parchment roll and a book, as the interpreter of pro])hecies ; Chainuel bears a cuj) and a staff: Zophiel a flaming sword ; .and /.adchiel \.\\c sacrificial knife vvhichlie took from Abraham. The .Vrchangels are generally represented with the nimbus, and clothed as princes and warriors ; their ensign is a banner and cross, and they are armed with a sword and a dart in one hand. Arched or Archy, ller. Bent or bowed. WORDS USED IX Arched-buttress or Flying Buttress, Arch, j An incomplete arch supportuig the spandrels of i a roof. It sprin2;s from a Buttress (q.v.). : Archeria, Med. Lat. A vertical loophole from which arrows could be discharged. Archibault. (See Archivolt.) Architrave, Gr. and R. (apx^s, chief ; and ; Ital. trave, a beam). That part of a .structure which rests immediately on the capital of a column or pilaster. Architraves are surmounted j l)ya frie/e and a cornice. i Archivium, Or. and R. A building in which I archives (charters and records) of a city or state were deposited. It was also called Arciieion or Tabim-AKIUM (q.v.). Archivolt or Archibault, [aims, and 7'olutiis, rolled round). The whole of the mouldings decorating an arch or arcade, and following the contour of the same. Archlute, old Eng. A kind of iJuwho, or double-necked lute. l6th century. Archy. (.See Arched.) Arcosolium, Chr. (arciis, and soliiiDi, a coffin). An arched or vauUed sepulchral chamber in the catacombs, sanctified by the interment of martyr.; and holy persons ; and in later generations often richly decorated, as with marble incrustations, paintings, and mosaics. The arcosolia in which Ciiristians of small means were buried are con- structed in the walls of the passages in the cata- combs. The wealthier Christians, however, had arcosolia specially excavated for their family and friends; the following mscription is frequently fuund on them : Nobis et nostris ef amicis. Arcuatio, R. A structure formed by means of arches or arcades, and employed to support a construction of any kind, such as a bridge, aqueducis, &c. A'-cubaiista, R. (^aAAco, to throw). A machine for hurling arrows, somewhat similar to a cross-bow. Arcubus. (See Arquebus.) Arcula, R. Duninutive of Arca (q.v.). (i) A small chest. (2) A colour-box used by encaustic painters. (3) A small sepulchre, or stone coffin. Arculum, R. Agarland which the Z'/i7//j (Priest of Jupiter) wore on his head while sacrificing ; it consisted of one or two pomegranate boughs bent into a circle and fastened with fillets of white or red wool. Arcuma, R. A small carriage constructed to hold only one person. (See Tlaustrum, Ciii- RAMAXIUM, VeHICULUM.) Arcus, R. (i) A bow for discharging ariows. There were many kinds in use among the ancients. Those of the Greeks and Romans presented on the whole much analogy with each other, while the Scythian bow differed entirely from both. (2) An arch of masonry ; the arciis triumphalis was a trimphal arch. The Romans never used anv other form of arch than the semi-circle. Ardenti. Literary Academies of this name existed at Pisa, at Naples, and at Viterbo. Area, R. (i) Any broad, open and level space, and so a square or parade. Ar^cv were adorned with fountains and statues set up in honour of some divinity, who frequently gave his name to the spot. Thus at Rome there were the area Apollinis, area Alerciirii, Sec. (2) A threshing- floor in a field. Arena, R. (i) Sand ; a material employed in building. (2) The level space forming the area of an amphitheatre. Aranaria, R. A Roman game of ball for two ]icrsons ; it derived its name from the fact that the l>all was made to rebound from the ground (artiia). Arest3. A cloth of gold, elaborately figured, used for vestments. 13th century. It is not to be confounded with arras. Arfzzo Va'e. Many fine examples of old P]truscan ]iottery have been found in or near the town of Arezzo in Tuscany. They are of red lustred ware orna- mented in relief, and show evident traces of Greek origin. (Fig.37.) Argei, R. (i) Certain sites at Rome, having a small temple attached to them. (2) Images J^or lay-figures made of bulrushes, which were cast into the Tiber, on t!.e Ides of jNIay, from This custom is still kept the south of France, ^\•here. in certain Fig. 37. Arezzo vase, the Sublician bridge. uj-. A^, M Fig. 3S. Point d'.Argcntan. ART A\D ARCIT.r:OLOr.V. towns, on Ash-Wednesilay, they drown an inia^e called Caraiiientran who represents tlie god of the carnival. Argent, Her. The metal silver, represented in engravings by a plain white, Argentan, Point d'. Lace made much in the same way as Point d'Alen9on, but having the flowers bolder anil larger in pattern antl in higher relief; the foundation, called tlic bride-ground, is also coarser. It takes its name from the little town of Argentan in Normandy, where it was made. (Fig. 38.) Argentella. A name given to a lace made in Genoa, but worked much like Point d'Alcn9on. Argive. A school of sculpture, contemporary with the Attic School of Pheidias ; of which Polycletus was the head. He was the author of the Crt/w;/, or law of proportion in sculpture, exemplified in his Doryphorus (spear-bearer) ; he worked principally in bronze, and was famous for his chryselephantine statues. A specimen ofthe Argive school of sculpture is the Discobolus of Myron (a contemporary of Polycletus) in the British Museum. It is an ancient copy in marble from the original bronze statue. Closeness to Nature is a distinguishing characteristic of the Argive School. Aries or Ram. A battering-ram. It con- sisted of a stout beam, furnished at one end with an iron head, shaped like that of a ram, and was used to liatter the walls of a city till a breach was elfected. The battering-ram was at first worked by men, who simply cartied it in their arms, but ii\ course of lime it was sus- pended from a wooden tower (Fig. 40), or a Fig. 40. Pattering-ram. vertical beam, and worked with the aid of ropes. When the battering-ram was enclosed in a kind of wooden shed bearing some resemblance to the shell of a tortoise, it was called by the name of that animal (tcstiido) (Fig. 41). i Ark, Clir. A symbol ofthe church. Armanahuasi, I'eruv. The baths of the an- cient Peruvians. They were remarkable farmiitiira Irjis denoted the light infantry; and soldiers armed only with a hasta, and the dart, ,?vrjrt (of Gallic invention) were called h~:cs milites. (2) The art of fencing. (3) The pieces of iron or bronze which connect stones or the parts of a stntcture. (4) The iron framework in a window or casement. WORDS USED IN Arched-buttress or Flying Buttress, Arch. ' An incomplete arch supporthig the spandrels of a roof. It sprinn;; from a Buttress (q.v.). Archeria, Med. Lat. A vertical loophole from which arrows could be discharged. Archibault. (See Archivolt.) Architrave, Gr. and R. (apxhs, chief ; and Ital. trave, a beam). That part of a structure which rests immediately on the capital of a column or pilaster. Architraves are surmounted by a frieze and a cornice. Archivium, Cir. and R. A building in which archives (charters and records) of a city or state were deposited. It was also called Archeion or Tabui.arium (q.v.). Archivolt or Archibault, [airns, and volutus, rolled round). The whole of the mouldings decorating an arch or arcade, and following the contour of the same. Archlute, old Eng. A kind of theorbo, or double-necked lute. 1 6th century. Archy. (See Arched.) Arcosolium, Chr. (arcus, and solium, a coffin). An arched or vaulted sepulchral chamber in the catacombs, sanctified by the interment of martyr.; and holy persons ; and in later generations often richly decorated, as with marble incrustations, ]iaintings, and mosaics. The arcosolia in which Christians of small means were buried are con- structed in the walls of the passages in the cata- combs. The wealthier Christians, however, had arcosolia specially excavated for their family and friends ; the following inscription is frequently found on them : Nobis et Jiosfris ct amicis. Arcuatio, R. A structure formed by means of arches or arcades, and employed to support a construction of any kind, such as a bridge, aqueducts, &c. Arcubalista, R. (^dwia, to throw). A machine for hurling arrows, somewhat similar to a cross-bow. Arcubus. (See Arquebus.) Arcula, R. Diminutive of Arca (q.v.). (i) A small chest. (2) A colour-box used by encaustic painters. (3) A small sepulchre, or stone coffin. Arculum, R. Agarland which theZ)A?/« (Priest of Jupiter) wore on his head while sacrificing ; it consisted of one or two pomegranate boughs bent into a circle and fastened with fillets of white or red wool. Arcuma, R. A small carriage constructed to hold only one person. (See Plaustrum, Chi- RAMAXIUM, VeHICULUM.) Arcus, R. (i) A bow for discharging ariows. There were many kinds in use among the ancients. Those of the Greeks and Romans presented on the whole much analogy with each other, while the Scythian bow dilTered entirely from both. (2) An arch of masonry ; the arc/ts tritimphalis was a trimphal arch. The Romans never used any other form of arch than the semi-circle. Ardenti. Literary Academies of this name existed at Pisa, at Naples, and at ^'itel•bo. Area, R. (i) Any broad, open and level space, and so a square or parade. Arc(r. were adorned with fountains and statues set up in honour of some divinity, who frequently gave his name to the spot. Thus at Rome there were the area Apollinis, area Merciirii, &c. (2) A threshing- floor in a field. Arena, R. (i) Sand ; a material employed in building. (2) The level space forming the area of an am]ihitheatre. Arenaria, R. A Roman game of ball for two jiersons ; it derived its name from the fact that the l>all was made to rebound from the ground {arena). Arest3. A cloth of gold, elaborately figured, used for vestments. 13th century. It is not to be confounded with arras. Arezzo Va'e. Many fine examples of old Etruscan pottery have been found in or near the town of Arezzo in Tuscany. They are of red lustred M'are orna- mented in relief, and show evident traces of Greek origin. (Fig. 37.) Argeijk. (l) Certain sites at Rome, having a small temple attached to them. (2) Images J^or lay-figures made of bulrushes, which were cast into the Tiber, on ll.c Ides of May, from the Sublician bridge. This custom is still kept up in the south of France, where, in certain Fig. 37. Arezzo vase. Fig. 38. Point d'.Argentan. ART AXD ARCII.T-OLOGV. towns, on Ash- Wednesday, they drown an image called Caramentran who represents the god of the carnival. Argent, Ilcr. Tlie metal silver, represented in engravmgs liy a plain white. Argentan, Point d'. Lace made much in the same way as Point d'Alencon, but having the flowers holder and larger in pattern and in higher relief; the foundation, called the bride-ground, is also coarser. It takes its name from the little town of Argentan in Normandy, where it was made. (Fig. 38.) and was used to batter the walls of a city till a breach was effected. The batlering-ram was at first worked by men, who simply earned it in their arms, but in course of time it was sus- ])ended from a wooden tower (Fig. 40), or a Fig. 40. Rattering-ram. vertical beam, and worked with the aid of ropes. When the battering-ram was enclosed in a kind of wooden shed bearing some resemblance to the shell of a tortoise, it was called by the name of that animal {tcstuJo^ (Fig. 41). i Ark, Chr. A symbol of the church. Armanahuasi, I'eruv. The baths of the an- cient Peruvians. They were remarkable for the elegance and luxury displayed in their ornamenta- tion. They were furnished with magnificent foun- tains, some fif which threw their jets upwards (///c;-rtr;?), others in a horizontal direction {pacchii). Armarium, R. A cabinet, cujiboard, or book- case. Originally a place for keeping arms. Some were ornamented with plates of brass set in links of gold ; others \\ ere made of gold inlaid M'ith precious stones of various shapes. (.'^ec also Almery. ) Argentella. A name given to a lace made in Genoa, but worked much like Point d'Alen9on. Argive. A school of sculpture, contemporary with the Attic School of Pheidias ; of which Polycletus was the head. He was the author of the Canon, or law of proportion in sculpture, exemplified in his Doryphorzis (spear-bearerj ; he worked princij^ially in bronze, and was famous for his chryselephantine statues. A specimen ofthe Argive school of sculpture is the Discobolus of Myron (a contemporary of Polycletus) in the British Museum. It is an ancient copy in marble from the original bronze statue. Closeness to Nature is a distinguishing characteristic of the Argive School. Aries or Ram. A battering-ram. It con- sisted of a stout beam, furnished at one end with an iron head, shaped like that of a ram, Fig. 41. Paltering-ram in testudo. Armatura, R. (i) In a general sense, armour of every kind. 'W\\\> armatura lez'is denoted the light infantry ; and soldiers armed only with a /lasla, and the dart, ,i^irsa (of Gallic invention) were called ler.'cs iiiiittes. (2) The art of fencing. (3) The pieces of iron or bronze which connect stones or the parts of a structure. (4) The iron framework in a window or casement. 24 WORDS USED IX Arme3, Her. Having natural weapons of offence, &c. A lion is armed of his claws and teeth, a bull of his horns, &c. Armenian Green. (See Chrysocolla.) Armet, Old Eng. A kind of helmet of the 1 6th century, worn with or without the beaver. Armilausa, Lat. A classical garment adopted in England and elsewhere, worn by knights over their armour. Strutt describes it as "a round curtal weed, which they called a cloak, and in Latin armilausa , as only covering the shoulders." Armilla. In general, any cir- clet of gold or silver which forms a bracelet for men or wo- men, whether worn on the wrist, arm, or ankle. Bracelets worn by men often consisted of three or four massive bands of bronze, silver, or gold, and thus covered a con- siderable portion of the arm. Bracelets were ■\\orn by Ihe the Medes, the and the Gauls Fig. 43. Armilla. Gaulish Bracelet. Assyrians, the Babylonians, Persians, the Celts (Fig. 42), (Fig. 431. The Egyptians in some instances em- ployed ivory and porcelain in their manufacture. Armillum, R. A kind of urceolus, or small pitcher for holding a particular kind of wine. It was among the numiier of the sacrificial vessels, and was well known from the Latin proverb : ■Anus ad arniilliim (an old woman returns to her bottle). Armilastrium. A Roman festival for the ]iurification of arms. Arming Points. The "points" or ties of ar.njur. Armiis. Cloth or velvet coverings for pike- handles. Armory, Her. (i) Heraldry. (2) A list of names and title; with the arms belonging to them. Armour, Arms. In almost every deposit where prehistoric remains are buried, we find clubs, hatchets, arrows, hammers, or other arms, mostly, even in the stone a^e, carefully ornamented. The ancient Egvptians were armed with " the bow, spear, two species of javelin, sling, a short and straight sword, dagger, knife, falchion, axe or hatchet, battle-axe, pole-axe, mace or club, &c. Their defensive arms con- sisted of a helmet of plate, or quilted head-piece, a cuirass, or coat of armour made ot metal plates, or quilted with metal bands, and an ample shield" ( JVilkiusoti). Among the Greeks, the heavy-armed warrior wore the greaves, cuirass, with the mitra underneath, and the zone or cingulum above ; his sword, ensis cr gladius, hung on his left side, and the large round shiehi. Fig. 44. Primitive Roman Armour. I sacus, aspis, clipeus or scutum, hung from his shoulder; his helmet, corys, cunea, cassis or galea ; his spear, enkus, doru or hasta, or two ' spears. The. defensive armour, the shield and I thorax, were called hopla, and the man hoplites. The light-armed, psiloi, anoploi, gymnai, gym- ] netai, had a slighter covering of skins, or cloth, ART AND ARCIT.I'.OI.Or.V. 25 and fought with darts, stones, buw s and airows or slings. There were also tlie peltasla?, so called from their small shield pelte. All the above-mentioned parts of classical armour, and their modifications in that of media:val times are described under their respective headings ; as well as much of mediaeval armour. Amis, dr. and R. An cx]iiatory festival held in honour of Linus and liis motlier Psamathe, the daughter of Crotopus, king of Argos. \'arioiis legends are extant regarding the origin of this festival, which was called Arttis from the sheep (aprei^sl tliat were sacrificed. Arotoi-Hieroi, Gr. Literally : sacred labours, a term used to denote three agricultural festivals which took place in Attica ; the first was held in commemoration of the first sowing ; tlie second, on occasion of reaping the earliest crop of barley in a field near Eleusis ; the third, by way of invoking the blessings of Ceres on the field of corn specially set apart for the worship of Athena. Arquebus. A hand-gun, larger than a musket. The man using it was called an arqiicbusicr. Arra or Arrha, R. A deposit, or earnest- money to a contract. Arras. Tapestry. Textile hangings for walls ; first made at Arras in the 14th century. It was originally called Opus Saracenicum. Arrhae Spousalitlae, called also Arr.\bo, was the name of tlie betrothal money paid to the parents of a bride ; a practice of the Hebrews, continued by Christians. Arrhephoria, Gr. ('Appr/t/)(5pia). A festival held at Athens in the month of June or ^WVv- phoriiiin. The maidens who took part in it were called a.ppr\tures found in Greece and Asia Minor in the early part of the 17th century and bro ight to England at the expense of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. In 1667 his grandson presented them to the University of Oxford. Arundo, R. A term with various significations. (i) A reed or cane. (2) An arrow or bow made of cane. (3) A fishing-rod. (4) A cane rod ti])ped with bird-lime for catching birds. (5) A reed pen for writing. (6) A Pan's pipe in which the reeds were joined together by wax ; whence its name arundo cerata. (.See Cm-AMUs.) Arx, R. {arceo, to enclose). A citadel or for- tress. Arx is almost equivalent to AcRoi'oi.is (q.v.), since citadels were usually built on elevated sites, thus forming an upper city (aKpoiroXis). V\g. 46. Greek Arjb:illos. 26 WORDS USED IN Aryballo?. A Greek flask or vase used for oil or wine. It was commonly of a bladder shape with a thin neck. The example engraved (Fig. 46) is painted in the Asiatic style. On some of these vases the ornament is engraved. Arystichos, Gr. and R. (from apvcD, to draw water). A vessel for drawing water, especially from the Amphora (q. v.). It was also called ephehos (fcprj^os), because, at banquets, it was the duty of youths to mix the wine with water before handing it to the guests. This term has as synonyms aniter, arusane. arnstis and oiiu'?-t(sis. Arzica. (i) An artificial pigment of a yellow colour, used for miniature painting. (2) A yellow lake made from the herb "reseda luteola." (3) A yellow earth for painting, of which the moulds for casting lirass are formed; it yields an ochreous pigment of a pale-yellow colour, which, when burned, changes to an orange colour. Arzicon. A contraction of Arsenicoii, for or- piment (q.v.). As, R. The unit of value in the bronze currency of the Romans. Originally the as weighed one pound, whence its name as liheralis ; and as it was composed of a mixture of copper and tin {ess), it was also called as grave. At a later period the as had much declined in value ; under Augustus it was only worth somewhat less than a penny. Asaminthos, Gr. {oKra/xivdos). A large vase of the Homeric epoch, large enough to admit of a person bathing in it. It is supposed tiiat this was the fu/> of Diogenes. Asbestus. (See Amiantus.) Ascendant, Her. Issuing upwards, as a flower. Ascia, Gr. and R. A term applied to instru- ments of various shapes and employed for different purposes, but all bearing a general resemblance to a carpenter's adze. The expres- sion ste^) ascia dedicavit, which is frequently found engraved on tombs together witii the representa- tion of an ascia, has given rise to numerous in- terpretations. It is supposed that this expression signified : This tomb [never before used] has been dedicated to the memory of the person in whose honour it was erected ; or possibly the formula implied that the plot upon which the memorial stood had been granted in perpetuity. After all the discussion to which the formula has given rise, these are the two hypotheses most generally accepted. (See AciscuLUS.) Ascopera, CIr. and R. (do-K?) 9, leathern bag or wine-skin; Tri'jpa, a pouch). A large bag made of undressed leather, carried as knapsack Ijy foot-travellers, and thus distinguished from the HlPPOPERA (q.v.). Ascolia, Ascolias, Gr. and R. (from ao-zc^r, a wine-skin). An Athenian game wliich con- sisted in leaping upon a wine-skin, filled with wine and greased over with oil, during the festivals in honour of Dionysus. Ashlar, Achelor, &c. ; also Astler or Estlar, O. K. Hewn stone for the facings of walls. " Clene hewen Ashler." Asilla, R. A yoke, like a milkman's, or the Malay //Vt'/, for carrying burdens ; is a common object in Egyptian and all other ancient repre- sentations of domestic appliances. Asinarii. A term of reproach inherited by the early Christians from the Jews, who were accused of worshipping an ass. Askos, Gr. and R. (do-Ko's). A vessel, originally shaped like a leather bottle {titer) for holding water or wine. It was furnished with a handle at the top, and had sometimes two mouths, one of which served to fill, the other to empty it. Later on, the askos assumed the form of an earthenware pitcher. Asor, Heb. A musical instrument of ten strings played with the plectrum. Asp. In Egyptian art the emblem of royalty ; in Christian art, under the feet of saints, of con- quered malice. Aspectant, Her. Looking at one another. Asperges, Aspergillum, Chr. The rod for sprinkling holy water. Aspersed, Her. Scattered over, — the same as Semee. Aspersorium, Chr. The stoup, or holy water basin. Asphaltum. A brown carbonaceous pigment used in painting. It is found in various parts of the world, more particularly in Egypt, China, Naples, and Trinidad. The best is the Egyptian. (See Bitumen, Mummy.) Aspic. (See Oil of Spike.) Ass, Chr. An emblem of patience and sobriety ; but also of idleness and obstinacy ; sometimes of the Jewish nation. Ass, Festival of the. A grotesque Christian festival of the Middle Ages, connected with the prominence of the ass in religious history. Asser, R. (i) A beam, pole, or joist. (2) The rafters of a wooden roof. (3) Asser falcatiis w^?, a kind of ram which was launched, with the aid of machinery, by the garrison of a fortified town, against the enemy's siege works. Assett, O. E. A salver. Assommoir, Fr. A sort of gallery built over a door or passage of a fortified place, from which stones, lead, and other heavy objects could be hurled down to ovei"cvhelni {assominer') the besiegers. Hence the name. Asterisk, Chr. Sometimes called Stellula. A kind of crossed framework made of gold or silver, consisting of two arched bands which are sometimes surmounted, at the point of intersec- tion, by a cross. The asterisk is placed upon the pateia for the purpose of keeping up the cloth which covers the consecrated wafers of the host. Astler. (See Ashlar.) Astragal (do-rpdyaAor, knuckle-bone). A ART AND ARCTI/F.OLOGY. 27 small semicircular moulding, so called from its resemlilanccto a row of knuckle-bones placed side by side. As it is decorated with beads, or berries of laurel or olive, separated by discs, it is now commonly known as a chaplet. Astragals are placed at the top of ,a [column, beneath the capital, and divide the architrave into two or lliree parts. They are also used to decorate any kindofl)ase, (See Torus.) Astragalus, R. The ancient game of knuckle- l)ones ; a common subject in classical sculpture, called also Tali. Astreated, Arch. Star-shaped ornaments, used in Norman mouldings. Asylum, Gr. and R. {i.-(rv\ov, safe from violence). A place of refuge, to which was at- tached the privilege of inviolability called asu/ia. 'iliis privilege belonged to certain temples, woods, or otiier sacred enclosures. There were a con- Fig. 47. One of the Atlantes of the Theatre ot Bacchus at Athens. siderable number of such retreats in Greece and the Greek colonies. At Gaze, Her. Said of animals of the chase " standing still and looking about tlicm." Atach-gah, Pers. The fire-altar of the ancient Persians ; mentioned in the writings of Pausanias and Strabo. A'.ellanae {?,c./abitlce), R. A farce, so called from its having originated in Af^-Ua, a city of the Osci, in Campania. Hence the name of Oscan games {ludi Osci). Atellan,r were played by youths of good family, on the conclusion of a tragedy. 'Piiey were introduced into Rome in the fourth century n.c. Tiiese farces were distinguished by their refinement, and freedom from low !)uffoonery. Athen£eum. A university for literary and scientific studies at Rome, on the Caiiiloline Hill. Athyr, Egyp. One of tlie months of the ancient Egyptians. It was the third of the four months called the months of inundation. Atlaates, Gr. and R. (from xA^fai). Human figures so called, in allusion to the story of the Titan Atlas, which were employed instead of columns to sup]5ort ental^Iatures (Fig. 47). The I^atin equivalent for the term is Telamones. Similar f,viale figures were Carva'I IORS. Fig. 48. Atl.x^, .1 device ii^.ci.1 Ly Philiii 11. of Spain. Atlas. One of the several devices adopted by Philip H. of .Spain was a figure of Hercules bearing on liis sliouklers and kneeling beneath, the weight of tiie world ; a feat recorded to have been performed by him in order to give relief to Atlas from his customary burden. The motto " Ut qulescat Atlas," is written on a rib- bon. Atrameutale, Atramentarium, Gr. and R. {atmiiiciitKiii, q.v.). Aw inkstand, of any shape or material whatsoever. Inkstands were made of terra cotta, bronze, and silver. There is a Pompeian ]iainting in which a double inkstand is represented, one side of which contains black ink. the other an ink of some dilTcrent colour. 28 WORDS USED IN There were also portable inkstands called theca. (See Theca.) Atrameutum, Gr. and R. {ater, black;. A general term to denote any kind of black liquid; such were atramcntum scriptoruvt, atravicntuin librarium, or simply atramintiim — all terms for writing ink ; atramentum sittorum, the black used by shoemakers for dyeing their leather, another name for which was chalcainoittiDi (q.v.) ; and atramentum tectorhim, a kind of ink used for writing inscriptions with a brush. In ancient times, all descriptions of ink were made with soot and gum, forming a kind of Indian ink which was diluted with water. Vitruvius (Book VII.) thus describes the process by which atramentum was obtained: " Soot is first pro- cured bv burning rosin in a vaulted chamber, and the black {a'ramentuni) thus obtained is then mixed with gum." Atriilum, R. (dimin. o^ Afriu?ii). (i) A small atrium. It iTiight be either a smaller atrium adjoining the principal one in a house, or the atrium of a dwelling of inferior size. (2) A small antechamber forming the entrance of a tomb. Atrium, R. and Mod. A term perhaps derived from Atria, a city of Tuscany in which structures of this description were first built. It consisted of a kind of coverel court {cav.e.iium), round which were grouped the different apart- ments of the house. In the centre of the roof was an aperture with sloping sides called the compluviiim, and in the court beneath, a basin which collected the rain water from the roof. This was called the impluvium. There were besides, the atrium disphiviatum and the atrium tes'udinatum. The atrium was uaquestionably portance in the eyes of the public from an apparent intimacy with a man in power. — Fig. 49. Alrluin, with Irmic colu n is. the most essential and the most interesting part of a Roman mansion ; it was here that numbers assembled daily to jiay their respects to their patron, to consult the legislator, to attract the notice of the statesman, or to derive im- Fig. 50. Atriuin, with Doric columns. I'uring the Middle Ages the term atrium was used to denote the open plot of ground surround- ing a church, which served for a cemetery, and the close or courtvard of certain churches. Atte^ia, R. A hut or cabin made of reeds, and covered with thatch. Attic-order, Arch. An arrangeme it of low pilasters, surmounting a building. Atticurpe, Arch. {'hTTiKoupyv^, wrought in Attic fashion). A doorway, the unrights of which, instead of being perpendicular, inclined slightly inwards, so that the opening was wider at the threshold than immediately under the lintel. Fig. 51 represents the doorwav of an ancient monument at Agrigentum, in Sicily. Attires. Attired, Her. The antlers of a stag or " hart " having antlers. Attributes. Conventional symbols of the character, or the agencv, or the history, of subjects of art representation. Auditorium, R. (a place for hearing). A lecture-room, assembly-room, court of justice, or generally any place in which orator^, poets, &c., were heard. Tiie B.\SILIC.E contained halls so named, in which courts of justice were held. ART AND ARCir^llOLOGV 29 Augmentation, Ilcr. to a coat of arms. An honouial)lc atklition Fig. Augurale, R. {augur, a sooth- sayer). In a Ro- man camp tlie augurale was a place situated to the right of the general's tent or P R yK T o R I u M (q.v.). It was so called because the augurs there took their station to ob- serve the flight of birds. In Greece, the oracles were consulted ; but in Rome questions \\ ere addressed to Jupiter, who an- swered simply - — — ^ tiot," by his mes- . . , sengers the birds. Atticur^e doorway t, ° ■'1 hey gave no prophecies. at Agrigentum. Augustine's Oak, at Aust on the Severn ; the scene of the conference between St. Augustine and the British bishops, A.D. 602. Aula, Or. and R. {avKi]). (i) An open court attached to a house. It was usually in front, and on either side of it were the stables and offices. When it belonged to a farm it was round this courtyard that the stabling, sheepfolds, and other outhouses were arranged. (2) Aula regia was the central part of the scene in a Greek or Roman theatre. Aulaea orAulaeum, R. [aula, a hall), (i) Hang- ings or tapestry used to decorate the dining-room or iricliitiiiiJi, or generally, any piece of tapestry used as a curtain, whether to cover a doorway, act as a screen, or hide the stage in a theatre. (2) The covering of a sofa or dining-couch, also called, from the way in which it hung all round it, pcristroDia {iT(piiTTpcofj.a). Aulaa is almost synonymous with Vkli^M (q v.). Aulmoniere. The Norman name for the pouch, bag, or purse appended to the girdle of noble persons, and derived from the same root as "alms "and "almoner." It was more or less ornamented and hung from long laces of silk or gold; it was sometimes called Alner. (i'ig. 52.) (See Allouyere.) I will give thee an alncr Made of silk and gold clear. {Lay pjfSir Laun/al.') Aulos, Gr. The Greeks gave this name to all wind instruments of the Jlute, or ol'oe, kind ; it was not blown at the side like a flute, but by a Auimoiiiere. vibrating reed in the mouthpiece, like a clarionet. The single tlute was called iiioiinulos, and the double ()iiC(//(7«/(jj, Aumbrie, Au- mery, Almery, <-). K. A cup- board or closet. Aumery of Here, U. j;. .V cuj)board with hair-cloth sides for ventilation. A nicat-safe. Aureola, Chr. {aiiniiii, gold). A quadrangular, circular, or elliptic halo surrounciing the bodies of Christ, the Virgin, or certain saints. Another name for this ornament is the mystical a/w(W(/ or Vesica I'lscis ((pv.). When it en- velopes the head only it is called the iS'iMBUs. Aureole. (See Aureola.) Aureus, R. (sc. nummus, golden). The unit of value for gold currency under the Roman emperors, worth about a guinea. Auripetrum. A cheap imitation of gold leaf; made of tiiiluil coloured with saffron. Auspicium, R. {aves as/iaV). Divination from observation of the Hight of birds. {Auspi- ciiim ex avibiis, sigiia ex avibiis.) There was also the auspicium cceleste or signa ex calo, of which the most important wasa tiasli of lightning from a clear sky. Besides these there were the auspicia pullai ia, or auspices taken from the sacred chickens ; the auspicia pcdestria, cailuca, &c. (See AUGL'RAi.E.) Authepsa, Gr. and R. {aleii\i-t)%). Literally a self-boiler ; it was a sort of kettle or caulilron, which was exposed to the rays ot the sun, to heat the water within it ; whether, however, the ancients had attained the art of raising water to boiling heat, in this manner, it is impossible to say. The apparatus is mentioned by Cicero and Lampridius, but neither of them gives any description of it. AveJiane. A variety of the heraldic cross. (See Crosses.) Avena, R. (oats). A I'andivan pipe, made of the stalk of the wild oat. Aventail, Fr. {aiaul tailte). The movable front of a helmet. Aventurine. A kind of brown glass, mixed with bright copper hlings, formerly made at Venice. Averta, R. \ trunk, bag, or portmanteau, carried on the crupper by travellers who rode on horseback. Aviaiium, R. {avis, a bird), (i) A poultry- yard. (2) An aviary in which birds— and moic particularly those of rare breeds — were kept. 30 WORDS USED IN Axis, R. (i) The axle-tree of a carriage. (2) Axis vcrsatilis was a cylinder worked by a orank, and used for drawing water from a well by means of a cord which rolled round it as it revolved. (3) The upright pivot upon which a door turned. It worked in two sockets, placed respectively in the upper and lower lintels. Azarcon. The Spanish name for red lead. Azure. A blue colour known from the very earlies: times. Azure stone was the name given to the lapis lazuli. The name is given also to Cobalt. In heraldry it is the name for the blues in the arms of persons whose rank is below that of a baron ; it is represented in heraldic engraving by regular horizontal lines. Azyme, Chr. Unleavened bread. B. Baccalarii, Med. Lat. A contraction of bas-chevaliers : poor knights ; distinct from knights bannerets, who were also termed rich knights. Baccelleria, Med. Lat. The order of bachelors. Thus we read, " La flor de France et la bachelerie." Bachelor or Bachelier has been derived from bas echelle, the lowest step of the ladder. {IMeyrick.) Baccha, Gr. and R. A Bacchante ; a woman who celebrates the mysteries of Bacchus, in the temples of the god, or in the Bacchic orgies. In the numerous representations of Bacchantes which occur on monuments of ancient art, they carry the thyrsus in their right hands, and wear a wreath of ivy or vine-leaves on their heads. They appear also in the disguise of Lenoe, Thyades, Naiads, Nymphs, (Sic. Bacchanalia, R. (Greek, Dionysia). Festivals held in honour of Dionysus or Bacchus. Bacchos, Gr. and R. A short, richly-orna- mented thyrsus, carried by the Mysta:, at Eleusis, on occasion of their beincr initiated in the mentioned in a MS. of the 13th century. The name of bag-gamon is first found in 1646. Baculum, Baculus, R. A general term to denote any kind of staff, except such as form the insignia of any rank or office, or are employed in certain professions. Badges. Small heraldic shields, worn by servants and others, showing, in embroidered cloth or silver, a figiu'e or device ; common also "in the furniture of houses, on robes of state, on the caparisons of horses, on seals, and in the details of Gothic edifices." [Lower, " Curiosities of Heraldry.^') Fig. 54 from the cornice of King Henry's chantry in Westminster Abbey shows the adaptation of heraldic badges in architectural ornament. (The description is inserted under Blazox, q.v. ) The Badges worn by the mili- Fig. 53. Planta ge- nista, or broom. Fig. 54. Badge of King Henry \'. in hib chantry in Westmiiister Abbey. mysteries. There was a proverb in Greece which said: " Many carry the Bacchos, but few are inspired by the gods." Bacillum (dimin. of Baculum, q.v.). A small wand, especially the lictor's wand. Backgammon, originally called tab/e board, is tary followers of the feudal leaders answered the purpose of our modern uniforms. Among re- markable badges are the "Bear and ragged staff" of the Earls of Warwdck, the red and white roses of Lancaster and York, the sprig of broom (Fig. 53) of the Plantagenets. ART AND ARCII/EOLOGV. 31 Badgers. Biushcs of badger's hair, fur Mend- ing or softening. (See Blfnding.) Bagordare, ^Icd. It. A burlesque tourna- ment in which llie combatants were attended by fools instead of heralds and esquires. Bagpipe. This ancient and favourite instru- ment of the Celtic races is represented in an O. K. MS. of the 14th century. Several of the Hebrew instruments mentioned in the Bible and in the Talmud were kinds of bagpipes. So was a Cireek instrument called " Alagadis." In Russia and Poland, and in the Ukraine, it used to be made of a whole goat's skin, and was called " Kosa," a goat. It is of high antiquity in Ireland, and a pig playing the bagpipe is represented in an illuminated Irish MS. of A.D. 1300. Baijoire. (i) A medal or coin on the obverse or reverse of which were two faces in profile, placed one over the other. (2) An ancient silver coin of Genoa, and an ancient Dutch gold coin. The term is certainly derived from an old word Baisoire [baiser, to kiss]. Bai-Kriem,' Hindoo. Literally, roasted rice ; a stone employed in some of the monuments of the ancient Cambodia. (See BlEN-HoA.) Bailey. (See Ballium.) Bainbergs (Germ. Bein-bergeii). Shin-guards or modern greaves. Baisoire. (See Baijoire.) Balance or Scales. In Christian symbolism the balance symbolizes the Last Judgment. The Scales and Sword are also, generally, the attri- bute of personified Justice. Balandrana. A laige cloak, of the 12th and 13th centuries. Balayn, O. E. Whalebone for crests of helmets. Baldachin, It. A canopy of wood, stone, or metal over seats and other places of honour, common also over fireplaces and beds, and carried in coronation ard other processions over the uKj^t honoured persons. Baldric, Baudrier, or Baudrick, O. E. A girdle or sash, usually a belt of leather, and w-orn over the shoulder. They were sometimes hung with bells. (See Balteus. ) Balea, Balia, Med. Lat. (from fidKAu, to throw), (i) A sling. (2) A ballisla. From their skill in the use of slings, the inhabitants of Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica had the appella- tion Baleares. Bales, O. E. (Lat. bakuciis ; Fr. balais). An inferior kind of ruby. Baleyn. (See Balayn.) Balista. (See Ballista.) Balistaapectore, Med. Lat. A hand cross-bow. Balistrariae, Med. Lat., Arch. Cruciform openings in the wall of a fortress to shoot quarrels through from cross-bows. Balletys or Tuptai, Gr. A ceremony con- sisting in a mock combat with stones, whicii look place .at the Eleusinian festival. Ball-flower. An ornament characteristic of the Decorated style of the 14th century. It represents the "knop" of a flower. Ball-Jlinvers may l)e seen in the Cathedrals of Bristol, Clloucester, and Herefortl. Ballista or Balista, Gr. and R. {0d\\w, to throw). A military engine for hurling large missiles. It Fig. 55. Ball-flower. was constructed of wood, and consisted of two uprights connected horizontally by a double cross-beam. Strands of twisted fibre formed the motive power of the engine, which was fitted with an iron groove. The cord was drawn back by men, with the aid of a drum or pulleys. The ancient balista w-as used to shoot sto?ics ; the catapult to project heavy darts. Some balistas threw stones weighing three cwt. The media;val balistre threw quarrels or stones. Ballistarium or Balistarium, Gr. and R. A shed or magazine in which ballistic were kept. Ballium, Med. Lat. (i) (from Ital. battaglia) The Baihy or courtyard of a castle. (2) The bulwark which contained such a Bailey. Balneae or Balineae. (Sec Balnel.m.) Balnearia, R. A general term for all the utensils usL-d in a bath, such as strigils, tin^ueii' taria, gnt/u, oils, jicrfunies, essences, eiisnra, was over a furnace, hypoeausliim. The bathers were currycombed with strigils, v/hich the Greeks called stleiigis or xystra ; ami they dropi^ed oil over their bodies from narrow- necked vessels called gitttiis or ainptilLc. The Thernuc containe(Lu-(v/;u% or open-air chambers, where philosophers lectured, and libraries, and had gardens, and shady walks, and fountains, with statuary attached to them. The ruins of 32 WORDS USED IN Fig. 56 Balnea. The Caldarium. the Thermce built by Titus, Caracalla, and Domilian remain visible (I'ig- S^)- Balon, Balein, Balayn, O. E. \VhaIebone. Balsam of Ccpaiba. An oleo-resin, used as a 2'ariiis/i, and as a vehicle, for oil-painting. Balteolus. Dimin. of Baltecs (q.v. )• Balteus or Balteum (a belt), R. (i) A bal- dric or -wide belt which passed over one shoulder and beneath the other, for the purpose of sus- pending a sword, buckler, or any other arm. (2) The ornament on the baldric on which was marked the number of the legion to which a soldier belonged. (3) A richly ornamented band of leather placed round a horse's breast. iMi miWiiHi' n rtwyiiiijiiiiiiincftwn lifeiiwui fig. 57- Balustrade. below the Momi.e, or throat-band (q.v.). (4) The broad belt in the sphere, which contains the signs of the Zodiac. (5) The bands sur- rounding the volutes of an Ionic capital. (6) The piurcincljone';, or small walls, or parapets, separating the different tiers in a theatre or amphitheatre. (Generally a belt.) Baltheus, Med. Lat. for Balteus. Baluster. A small pillar, swelling in the centre or towards the base. Balustrade, Arch. An enclosure or parapet composed of ballisters (q.v.), and by analogy, an enclosure consisting of any other ornament, such as trefoils, carved work, &c. Eig. 57 represents a balustrade of the pointed Gothic style. Bambino, It. A babe. Image of the infant Christ. Bambocciata, It. The style of genre paint- ing of Teniers, Van Ostade, Wilkie, and others. It was introduced into Rome in 1626 by Peter \'an Laar, who was called, from an unfortunate de- formity that he had, II Bamboccio, or the Cripple. Eanded, Her. Encircled with a band. Banderolle. (i) A small flag, about a yard square, upon which arms were emblazoned, displayed at important funerals. (2) In archi- tecture of the Renaissance, a flat scroll, inscribed. ART AND ARCII.KOLOGV. 33 Bands. C^iit^inally the name given to the collavs which (in the 17th century) replaced the ru(Y of Ehzabeth's reign. At first they were made of stitclied Hnen or cambric edged with lace, stiffen- ed so as to stand up round the neck. Contem porary with these were the faUing bands. The engraving (by Hol- lar, 1 640) shows a merchant's wife with collar or fall- ing baud of cambric edged with lace. The term band- box has descended to us from those days, when similar boxes were made expressly for keep- ing bands and ruffs in. (Fig. 58.) Bands, Arch., are either small strings round shafts, or a hori- zontal line of square, round, or other panels spires, and other Fig. 5S. Falling Band. which should properly be styled the Royal /inn- tier. (See Stan'UARI).) Tlie Union Jack is also a banner, in which the blazonry of the two nations of England and Scotland are combined, not by " tiuartering," but by an earlier process of "blending" the cross and the saltire in a single composition. Tiie profusion of banners at tournamenls, in feudal times, when each noble planted his own in the lists, was an cle- ment of picturesc|ue effect. The term applies to all kinds of Hags, or colours, i)roper lo individuals, or corporations, iVc, who display them. It does not apjiear that /«////(;;j banners were used by the ancients. The banners used in Roman Catholic countries bear the repre- sentation of i^atron saints, or symbols of religious mysteries. Banner-cloth, Chr. A processional flag. Banneret. A knight entitled to display a banner. Baphium, Gr. and R. ()3airT&>, to dye). A dyer's workshop. used to ornament towers, works. (See Balteus.) Bandum, Banderia, Med. Lat. A small banner. The French poets called it " l^a?t," a word probably of CeUic origin, signifying "exalted." {Meyrick.') Bankard, O. E. (Fr. banqitier). A carpet or cloth covering for a table, form, or bench. Banner. In heraldry, a square, or nar- row oblong flag, larger than the pen- n o n (q.v.), charged with the coat of arms of the owner display- ed over its en- tire surface, precisely as it is blazoned on a shield, as in the illustration of the Royal S t a n d a r d. Fig. 60. Baptistery of St. Jean, Poitiers. Baptisterium, R. (from fidirrw, to dip). A kind of cokl plunging-bath, constructed in the FRUiiDAKiUM (q.v.), or the room itself. In The Royal Stanoard, or Banner. Fig. 61. Baptistery of St. Constance, K..ine. Christian archcx:ology, /'aftis/.-r)' was the name civen to a buildmg a.ljoining a basilica, or situated near it. in wiiich baptism was adminis- 34 WORDS USED IN tered. Such is the baptistery of St. John Lateran at Rome. One of the most ancient baptisteries in France is that of St. Jean, at Fig. 62. Interior of the B.iptistery of St. Constance. Poitiers, represented in Fig. 60. It dates from the fourth century ; that of St. Constance, at Rome (Figs. 61, 62), belongs to the same period. Bar, Her. A liorizontal line across a shield. Barathron or Orugma, Gr. {0dpaOpou). A deep cleft behind the Acropolis at Athens, into which criminals were thrown, either under sen- tence of death by this means, or after they had been put to death by hemlock or other poisons. It was situated near the temple of Diana Aris- tobule. Barba, Gen. The beard, whence the attribu- tive baj-batiis, frequently employed to denote one who wears a beard. Thus be7ie harbatns, a man with a well-trimmed beard ; barbatulits, a young man whose youthful beard had never been touched with the razor. Among many nations of antiquity the custom prevailed of curling the beard artificially, so as to obtain long curls or ringlets, cincinni. (See CiNClNNUS.) The As- syrians, Egyptians, Jews, Persians, Greeks, and Romans may be particularly enumerated. Shav- ing the beard was introduced into Rome about u.C. 300, and became the regular practice. In the later times of the republic many persons began to wear it trimmed, and the terms bene barbati and barbatidi were applied to them. Under Hadrian the practice of wearing beards was revived, and the emperors until Constantine wore them. The Romans let the beard grow as a sign of mourning ; the Greeks shaved. The beard is an attribute of the prophets, apostles, and evangelists (excepting St. John) ; and, in ancient art, of Jupiter, Serapis, Neptune, &c. Neptune has a straight beard ; Jupiter a curly silky one. The early Britons shaved generally, but always had long moustachios. The Anglo- .Saxon beard was neatly trimmed or parted into double locks. The Normans originally shaved clean, but when settled in England let all their beard grow. Close shaving prevailed among the young men in England in the 14th century ; older men wore a forked beard. After sundry changes, clean shaving obtained in the reign of Henry VI., and the lieard was rarely cultivated from then until the middle of the l6th century. The most extragavant fashions arose in Eliza- beth's reign, and were succeeded by variations too numerous to detail. Barbatina, It. A preparation of clay mixed with the shavings of woollen cloth, used in the manufacture of pottery to attach the handles and other moulded ornaments. {Fortniim.) Barbed, Her. Pointed, as an arrow. ^ ___,__, ^ Barbican, Mod. (I) long narrow opening made in a wall, es- pecially in a f oun da tio n wall, to let the water flow away. (2) The tenn also de- notes an out- work placed in front of a fortified castle or any other In the latter acceptation the The Barbican. military post term Antemural (q.v. ) is also used illustration is taken from the arms of Antoine de Burgundy. In this instance the barbican is a small double tower, or out-post watch-house, and the shutter-like pent-house protection of the un- glazed window openings bears a striking resem- blance to a modern sun-blind. Barbitos, Gr. and R. (BdpfiiTos). A stringed instrument ^\'hich dates from a very high anti- quity ; it was much larger than the Cithara (q.v.). To strike the long thick strings of the barbitos, a Plectrum (q.v.) was used instead of the fingers. The invention of this mstrument is attributed to Terpander ; Horace, on the con- trary, says it was invented by Alcteus, and Athenccus by Anacreon. It was a kind of lyre with a large body. Barbotine, Fr. A primitive method of de- corating coarse pottery with clays laid on it in relief. {Jacquetnart.') Barca. A boat for pleasure, or for transport. It was also a long-boat. (See Bari.) Barde, Barred, Her. In horizontal stripes. Barded, Her. Having horse-trappings, or — Bardings, which were often enriched with ar- morial blazonry. BardocucuUus, R. and Gaul, (bardus and cu- ciiHiis, i.e. monk's-hood). A garment with sleeves and hood worn by the poorer classes ART AND ARCII/EOLOGY, among the r,aul>. It l)i)ic some resemblance to tlie Roman I'.km'I.a ('i-v.). Barge-board, or Verge-board, is the external gable-board of a house ; which is often chxbo- rately ornamented with carvings. Bari or Baris, Gr. ami Egyp. (Bupis). A shallow Eg)'ptian boat, used on the Nile to transport merchandise, antl in funeral processions. The Egyptian sacred barks, with which they formed processions on the Nile, were made of costly woods, and ornamented with plates of gold or silver, and carried a miniature temple (/tnos), which contained the image of a divi- nity. The prow and the poop \\-ere orna- mented with religious symbols of the riciiest workmanship. Barnacles or Breys. An instrument used in breaking horses. Baron, in heraldic language, signifies a husband. The rank of Baron in the peerage corresponds with that of the Saxon Thane ; it is the lowest. An hereditary rank instituted by 35 Fig. 64. Barna cles or Breys. Barry, Her. Baronet. James I. in 161 2. Baron's Coronet, first granted by Charles II., has, on a golden circlet, si.v large pearls ; of ^\hich four are shown in representations. Baroque. In bad taste, florid and incon- gruous ornamentation. The same as rococo. Barrulet, Her. The diminutive of a Bar (q.v.). Divided into an even number of bars, which all lie in the same plane. Barry-Bendy, Her. Having the field divided by lines drawn bar-ivisc, which are crossed by others drawn bend-wise. Bartizan, "Watch - turret. Arch. A small watch-tower made to project from the top of a tower or a curtain-wall, generally at the angles. City-gates were in some instances furnished with bartizans. Origi- nally they w-ere of wood, but from the nth century they were made of masonry, and so formed part of the structure on which they rested ; they were, in fact, turrets. (Fig. 67.) (Compare Barbican.) Bar-wise, Her. Disposed after the manner of a Bar (q.v.). Baryies. A heavy spar, or sulphate, the white varieties of which are ground and made into paint (constant or Hiimis white). Mixed with an equal c|uantity of tvhite lead, it produces Venice -white, and with half as much "■ Ham- l>in-q," or with one-third ^^ Dutch" white. Basalt is a very hard stone, much like lava in appearance, and black or green in colour, used 66. Barry of si.\. for statuary. The princijial specimens are Egyptian and Grecian. Fig. 67. Bartizan. Basanos, Gr. (i) (Lat. lapis Lydius) The touch- stone ; a dark-coloured stone on which gold leaves a peculiar mark. Hence (2) trial by tor- ture. (3) A military engine, j ] the form of which is not ~ exactly known. Bascauda, R. A basket, introduced from Britain as a table utensil, considered as an object of luxury. It was the old Welsh "basgawd," and served to hold bread or fruits. Bascinet. A light helmet, round or conical, with a pointed apex, and fitting close to the head, mentioned in the 13th century. Bascule, U. E. ( i ) The countcrjwise to a draw- bridge. (2) A kind of trap-door. (A badge of the Herbert family.) Base, Arch. The lower part of a pillar, wall, &c. ; the division of a column on which the shaft is placed. The Grecian Doric order has no base. . Bar- wise. 36 WORDS USED IN Base. Her. The lowest extremity. Baselard, Fr. An ornamental short dagger, worn at the girdle ; 15th century. With such a Fig 69 Ionic Base weapon the Lord Mayor of London "transfixit Jack Straw in gutture." The weapon is pre- served by the Fishmongers' Company. Bases. A kind of embroidered mantle, which hung down from the middle to about the knees, or lower; worn by knights on horseback. [Nans ) Basileia, Gr. {^aaiXna). A festival in- stituted m honour of Jupiter Basilais. It was m commemoration of the victory which the Boeotians had won at Leuctra, and in which suci_e=s had been promised them by the oracle of Itophonius. Fig. 70. Basilica at Pompeii (restored). ART AND ARC l^•^;()I,(»(;v 37 ^ • • • i ff ai Sl|n|(S i m El in E s i2) C 3 g a i ! S S f ! ii a ! I l!) « a ® [ 1 ►=*se ^s= ^«is =lftkj»=* E ;i ■*□ -•□ - =^ -^ 'u a Basilica (sc. aula"), Gr. and R. (i8u(ri,\j(ci;, sc. (TToa, i. e. royal hall). This term owes its ori- ,L;inal meaning to the fact that in Macedonia the kings, and in dreece the archon l>asileus dispensed justice in buildings of this description. The J\o- mans, who adopted the basilica from the above- named countries, used it as a court of justice, but liesides this it became a branch of the forum, and even when it did not form a part of the latter was constructed near it, as was the case at Pompeii. Fig. 71 represents the ground-plan of this basi- lica, and Fig. 70 a view of the same building restored. The ground- plan of the basilica is rectangular, the width not more than half nor r- r- J 1 r less than a third of the fig. 71. Ground-plan of a , ., x.. i- -i 1 Basilica. length. It was divided by two single rows of cohimns into three naves, or aisles, and the tribunal of the judge was at one end of the centre aisle. In the centre of the tribunal was the ciinile chair of the prretor, and seats for the judices and advocates. Over each of the side aisles there was a gallery, from which shorter columns supported the roofs ; these were connected by a parapet wall or balustrade. The central nave was open to the air. Under Con- stantine the basilica; were adopted for Christian churches. The early Norman churches were built upon the same plan, and the circular apsis, where the judges originally sat, used for the central altar, was the origin of theapsidal termi- nation of the Gothic cathedrals. The first basi- lica was built at Rome, li.c. 182. In the Middle Ages structures resembling small churches erected over tombs were called Basilica. Basilidian Gems. (See Ahka.xas.) Basilinda, Gr. and R. (Sa(7iAiV5a). Literally, the game of the king ; it was often played by Greek and Roman children. The king was appointed by lot, the rest being his subjects, and bound to obey him, during the game. ■ Basilisk. A fabulous ani- mal, having the body of a cock, beak and claws of B.isih^k. brass, and a triple serpent tail. The cml)kin of the .Spirit of Kvil. In heraldry, a cockatrice having its tail ending in a dragon's hcacK Basilium, Gr. (/Saff/Anoi/). A royal diadem, of a very tall form, of Kgyplian origin. Isis- Fortuna is often represented wearing the basi- Hunt (in her liead. Basinet. (See Hascinkt.) Basons i^^x ecclesiastical ceremonies, for col- lectingalmsorfor holding the sacramental vessels, were a favourite subject for the goldsmith's art. Some beautifully enamelled basons of the Ijlh century represent subjects of hawking and hunt- ing, &c. Bas-relief, Basso-relievo, sculptured figures projecting less tlrin half of their true |)ropor- tions ; Mezzo-relievo projecting exactly half ; Alto-relievo more than half, from the ground upon which they are carved. Bassara or Bassaris, Gr. (a fox, or fox-skin). A long tunic of Lydian origin worn by the Manads of Lydia and Thrace, who were often called, from this circumstance, Bassanc and Bassaridts. Basterna, R. A closed litter appropriated especially to the use of ladies, as the Aiitholog-.a Latina says: "The gilded basterna conceals the chaste matrons." It was carried by two mules harnessed in shafts, one in front and one behind; the Lectica (q.v.), on the contrary, wa.s carried by men. During the Middle Ages the same form of litter was a common means of conveyance in England. Bastile, Arch. An outwork placed so as to defend the approach to a castle or fortified place. A famous Bas- tile which had been converted into a state prison was that of Paris, destroyed in 1789. Fig. 73 shows the ground-plan of it. The diminutive of this term is Bastillon, which has been changed into Bastion. Bastion, Mod. A projecting polygonal but- tress on a fortification. The anterior portions of a bastion are the faces ; the lateral portions, the Jfa/ih- ; the space comprised between the two flanks, the ,^vr,;r; and the part of the fortifica- tion connecting two bastions together, the citr- taiii. Bastisonus, Med. I.at. A bastion or bul- wark. Batagion ..r Batagium. (Sec Patagium.) Bath, Order of the. numbers 9S5 members, including the Sovereign; viz. First Class: Knights Grand Cross— G.C.H. — 50 Naval and Military and 25 Civil Knights. Sfcomi Class: Knights Commanders— k.C.B. — I20 Naval and -Military and 50 Civil. T/iinl Class: Fig. 73. Ground-plan of the Bastile. 38 WORDS USED IN ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. Companions — C.B. — 525 Naval and Military and 200 Civil. Battlement, Embattailment, Bateling, O. E. (Fr. Craicaii, Mcrlet, Bretcsse). A pai'apet in fortifications, consisting ot a series of rising Fig. 74. Naval and Military Badge of the " Bath." Batiaca or Batioca, Gr. and R. A vase of a very costly description, used as a drinking-vessel. Batiere, Fr., Arch. (See Saddle-roof.) A roof is said to be " d'« batiere'^ when it is in the form of a pack-saddle ; that is, when it has only two slopes or eaves, the two other sides l)eing gables. Batillum or Vatillum,R. (i) A hand-shovel used for burning scented herbs to fumigate. (2) Any kind of small shovel. Baton. In heraldry, a diminutive of the BEND SINISTER couped at its extremities. Baton. The military baton, or staff, was of Greek origin. (See Scytale.) Batter, Arch. Said of walls that slope in- wards from the base. Walls of wharfs and of fortifications generally batter. Battle-axe is one of the most ancient of weapons. T\\^ pole-axe is distinguished by a spike on the back of the axe. (See Bipennis.) "LTLnJlTLrL Fig. 76. Embattled Battled, Embattled, Her. Having battle- ments. Fig. 75. Civil Ba dg of the " Bath." Fig. 77. Battlement parts, called Merlons or Cops, separated by spaces called Crenels, Embrasures, or Loops. Batuz. Norman French for battns, beaten with hammered up gold ; said of silken stuffs so adorned. Baucalia or Baucalis, Gr. and R. (^avKaKiov, fiavKaXis). A drinking-vessel, which varied in shape and material. Baucens, Bauceant, Med. A black and white banner used in the 13th century. (A/ejn'ek.) Baudekyn, O. E. A fabric of silk and gold thread. Baudekyn (Lat. Baldakhnts). Cloth of gold, brocade : " pannus omnium ditissimus. " Baudrick or Bald rock, O. E., of a church bell. The St rap by wliich the clapper is hung in the crown of the bell. Baukides, Gr. (/Sai^/ciSes). A kind of shoe worn by women ; it was of a saffron colour. This elegantly-shaped shoe was highly esteemed by courtezans, who often placed cork soles inside their baukides, to make themselves appear taller. Baxaor Baxea, Gr. Sandals made of textile plants, such as the palm, rush, willow, papyrus, and a kind of alfa. They were worn by comic actors on the stage. Bay, Arch.^Fr. Travec). A principal com- partment or division in a structure, marked off l^y buttresses or pilasters on the walls, or by the disposition of the vaulting, the main arches, &c. The French word bale means an opening made in a wall for a door or window. Bayeux Tapestry. A roll of unbleached linen worked in coloured worsted with illus- trations of the Norman Conquest (about A.D. 1068) ; preserved in the public library at Bayeux. A full-sized copy may be seen in the South Kensington Museum. Bayle, Arch. The open space contained between the first and second walls of a fortified castle. These buildings often had two bayles ; in this case, the second was contained between the inner wall and the donjon. ART AND AKCII.1:()I,(r;V 39 Bayonet. A weapon, so called after the town of Bayonne in France, where it was invented about A. I). 1650. Bay-stall, Arch. The stall or seal in the hay (of a window). Beads, Arcli. An architectural ornament of mouldings consisting of small round carved beads, called also Astragal. Another name for this ornament is Paternosters. Beaker (Fr. conn-f). A trumpet-shaped vase, or drinking-cup. Fig. 70. MnulJing wiih Leak-head.-, aiKri....th-oniaiiiciit. Beak-heads (Fr. Ih'cs cfoiseaK), Mod. An ornament peculiar to Engli.sh architecture, repre- senting heads and beaks of birds. The ancient Peruvians used the same ornament in their archi- tecture, as shown in Fig. 79, taken from the decoration of the monolithic door of Tianuaco. Fig. 79. Peruvian ornament (Be.ik-heads). Bear. Dancing bears are represented in Anglo-Sa.xon MSS. Beards. (See baroa.) Beaver. The movable face-guard of a helmet. Beds. Anglo-Saxon beds usually consisted merely of a sack {sivcciiti^) filled with straw, and laid on a bench or board, which was ordinarily in a recess at the side of the room, as we still see in Scotland. The word iei/s^cad means only "a place for a bed." yrsUr /Wr, or l)eds with a roof, wcic introduced liy the Normans. Kariy in the 13th century beds were covered much as now, with 'ipiilte,' counterpane, bolster, sheets, and coverlet ; and stood behind curtain.s which hung from the ceiling. In the 15th cen- tury the beds became much more oriianientai, having cano]>y and curtains, and these, as well as the tc-s/cr or back, decorated with heraldic, reli- gious, or other devices. At the sides were cosUrs, or ornamental cloths. Hetween the curtains and the wall a space was left called the nicUi\ or little street. Beech Black. A blue-black vegetable pig- ment. Bees, in Christian art, are an attribute of St. Ambrose. Belfry (Fr. Bcffroi). The camiianile or bell- tower of a churcii. Frecjuently detached from the church, as at Chichester Cathedral. (See Bkll-cahle.) Bell. An attrilnite of .St. Anthony, referring to his power of exorcising evil spirits. In heraldry, the bell is drawn and blazoned as a church bell. Bell-cot, Arch. A itiiLL-dAHi.E (ipv.). Belled, Her. Having bells attached, like the cows in the device of the city of Beam. (Fig. So.) Bell-gable, Arcii. A tur- ret raised over the west end of small churches and chaiiels that have no towers to hang a bell in. This is distinct from the smaller turret at the east end of the nave for the Sanctus Bell (q.v. V Bellicrepa, .Med. Lat. A military dance, of Italian origin. Bellows were called in A.S. kvli; or blast' Ihd^. A MS. of the 14th century represents a man blowing at a three-legged caldron with a jierfectly modern-looking pair of bellows. Bel- lows, in Christian art, are an attribute ofSte. Genevieve. Bell-ring, Mod. The ring in the Crow.n of a bell from which the clapper hangs. Bells on the cai>arisons of horses were com- mon in the Middle Ages. .\ passage in the romance of Richard Creur de Lion describes a messenger "with five hundred belles rygande. " Chaucer's monk has also bells on his horse's " bridel " which " gyngle as lowdc as idms). A structure conse- crated by the aug^irs or haruspices, throuj^h the sacrifice of an animal. This was generally a sheep of two years old, whence the name />/Wt-/is applied to the victim. The bidciital was often an altar surrounded witli a peristyle, as may be seen from the remains of one of them at Pompeii. A />ii/t'>itai wan set up in any place which had been struck by lightning. A cippus or putcal placed on the exact spot which had been struck bore the inscription : Fnhiieii or//t/if/tr condituin. Bien-hoa or Ben-hoa, Hind. A kind of stone employed by the Khmers or ancient inhabitants of Camboja for their sculpture ; they also called it bdi-krieni (roasted rice), whicli it exactly resembles. Its deep yellow colour recalls in a striking degree that of old white marbles which have been long exposed to the sun and air in warm countries. Bifrons, R . (fiviis, a fore- head). Having t\\'o fronts or faces. Libra- ries and pic- ture galleries generally con- tained statu- ary of heads or busts coupled together back to back, but especially of Janus, emble- matic of his kno wl edge both of the past and the future. The illustration re- presents a Greek vase, in imitation of Fig. 85. Bifrons. the statuary described, Biga, R. {bi andjiiga, double-yoked). A car drawn by two horses. Biga also denoted, like bijugus or bijitgis, two horses harnessed together. [The Greeks called this method " Synoris."] Bigatus, R. (sc. miminus). A silver denarius (one of the earliest Roman coins) which had a EIC-V on the reverse. Other denarii were (juad- rigati, having a fo2tr-korse chariot on ihe reverse. Biggon, O. E. " A kind of quoif formerly worn by men ;" hence " Beguines," the nuns at the Beguinage at Ghent, who still wear the biggon. Bikos, Gr. and R. A large earthenware vase adapted to hold dry provisions, such as figs, plums, i!\:c. Bilanx, R. (double-dish). A balance with two scales. (See Libra.) Bilbo. A light rapier invented at Bilboa. Bilix. R. (donble-tiiread). A texture like " twill," or "dimity," made l)y a double set of leashes (//W(7). Bill, (). K. A wcapcjii made of a long staff with a iiroad curved i)lade, a short i>ike at the l)ack, and a pike at the top, used by infantry of tiie I4lh and 15th centuries. (Tig. sr,.) Billet, Her. A sm.nll oblong figure. Billet, Arch. A moulding of the Ro- man cjioch, consist- ing of .short rods separated from each other by a space equal to their own length. Some billets are arranged in several rows. Bilychnis, Gr. and R. A double lamp with twobeaks and two wicks, so as to give out two separate flames. Binio, R. A gold coin current at Rome. It was worth aiiiri or fifty silver dciKJvii. (See .\i:KKrs.) Bipalium, R. A spade, furnished with a cross-bar, h\ pressing the foot on which the inslru- ment could be pushed into theground. Represent.^- tions of this tool occur jirctty frec|uently on tombs. Bipennis or Bipenne, Gen. {pcitiia, a wing). An axe with a double blade or edge, used as an agricultural implement, an adze, or a mili- tary weapon. The Greeks, who called it $ovir\iii, never made use of it. It was used especially by barbarous nations, such as the Ama- zons, Scythians, Gauls, &c. Fig. S7 represents a Gaulish bifctniis taken from one of the bas-reliefs on the trium- phal arch at Orange. Bird, in Kgyptian hieroglyphics, signified the soul of man, and in Christian art had originally a similar meaning afterw.nrds forgotten. <-v CO I \ Ro ^ lw< Fig. 86. I'.ill-he.-id. Fig. 87. Bipennis 42 WORDS USED IN Bird-bolt. A short thick arrow, with a blunt head, about the breadth of a shiUing. Biremis, R. {i-emus, an oar). A pair-oared boat, or a vessel having two banks of oars. Fig. 88. Biretta. Biretta, It. (Portrait of a Rector of Padua.) A cap. In its restricted meaning the term is applied to that worn by- priests and academical persons. The illustra- tion shows the state costume of the Rector of the University of Padua, who wears a sacerdo- tal biretta. Birotus and Birota, R. {rota, a wheel). Any- thing having two wheels, and so a two-wheeled carriage, car, or chariot. Birrus and Byrrus, R. A russet-coloured capote with a hood. It was made of a coarse cloth {hiire) with a long nap. Such was, at first, the meaning of the term, but in course of time birri of a fine quality were made. Bisaccium (It. bisacce). Saddle-bags of coarse sacking. Biscuit, Fr. A kind of porcelain, unglazed. The finest is the so-called Parian porcelain. Bisellium, R. {sella, a seat). A seat of honour or state chair, reserved for persons of note, or who had done service to the state. There was room on the seat for two persons. Bishop's Length. Technical name for a portrait-canvas of 58 inches by 94 inches. Bismuth. The pigment, called pearl white, which is the sub-nitrate of this metal, is very susceptible to the action of sulphurous vapours, which turn it black. Bisomus, Chr. A sarcophagus with two compartments ; that is, capable of holding two dead bodies. (See Sarcophagus. ) Bistre. A warm brown water-colour-pig- ment, made of the soot of beech-wood, water, and gum. It is the mediaeval fuligo and fuligine. Biting-in. The action of aqua fortis upon copper or steel in engraving. Bitumen. This pigment should be genuine Asphaltiiin, diluted and ground up with drying- oil or varnish. It dries quickly. There is a substance sold as bitumen which will not dry at all. (See Asphaltum.) Bivium, R. {via, a way). A street or road branching out into two different directions ; at the corner there was almost always a fountain. Bizarre, Fr. Fantastic, capricious of kind. Black is the resultant of the combination in unequal proportions of blue, red, and yellow. Black, in Christian art, expressed the earth ; darkness, mourning, wickedness, nega- tion, death ; and was appropriate to the Prince of Darkness. White and black together signify purity of life, and mourning or humiliation ; hence adopted by the Dominicans and Car- melites. In blazonry, black, called sable, signi- fies prudence, wisdom, and constancy in adver- sity and love, and is represented by horizontal and perpendicular lines crossing each other. Black Pigments are very numerous, of different degrees of transparency, and of various hues, in which either red or blue predominates, produc- mg brown blacks or blue blacks. The most important are beech black, or vegetable blue black ; bone black, or Paris black, called also ivoiy black ; Cassel or Cologne black, cork black, Frankfort black, TociiS. lamp black. (See Asphaltum.) Blades, Arch. The principal rafters of a roof. Blasted, Her. Leafless, withered. Blautai, Gr. (Lat. soleie). A richly-made shoe ; a kind of sandal worn by men. Blazon, Her. Armorial compositions. To Ijlazon is to describe or to represent them in an heraldic manner. The representation is called Blazonry. For example, the blazoning of ART AND AKCII/EOLOGY 43 the BADGES on the cornice of King Henry's chan- try in Westminster Abbey is as fiillows : — L)n the dexter, a white antck)]-ie, ducally collared, chained, and armed or; and on the sinister a swan gorged with a crown and chain. The beacon or cresset or, inflamed proper. (See yk- 54-) Blending. Passing over painting with a soft bnish of badger's hair made for the purpose, V>y which the pigments are fused together and the painting softened. Blindman's Buff. Called " hoodman-blind," temp. Elizabeth. Blind-story, Arch. The triforium in a church. Opposed to the clear or clere- story (q.v. ). Blocking-course, Arch. The last course in a wall, especially of a parapet. The surface is made slightly convex to allow of water flowing off more easily. Blodbendes (O. E. for blood-bands). Narrow strips of linen to bind round the arm after bleeding. Blodius, O. E. Sky blue. Bloom. The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture. Blue. One of the three primary colours, the complementary to orange. Blue, in Christian art, or the sapphire, expressed heaven, the firmament, truth, constancy, fidelity. Its sym- bolism as the dress worn by the Virgin Mary is of modesty. In blazonry it signifies chastity, loyalty, fidelity, and good reputation. Engravers represent it by horizontal lines. Blue Black, or Charcoal Black, is a pigment prepared by burning vine-twigs in close vessels. Mixed with white lead it yields very fine silvery greys. (See also Bl.\ck Pigments.) Blue Pigments. Minerals :— see Ultramarine, Cobalt, Blue Verditer. Vegetable: — Indigo. Animal : — Prussian blue. (See Carbonate ok Copper, Intense Blue.) Blue Verditer. (See Verditer.) Boar. In medieval art, emblem of ferocity and sensuality. In heraldry the boar is called Sanglier. The military ensigns of the Gauls were surmounted by figures of the wild boar. Figs. Sg, 90. Boars. Gallic ensigns. Boclerus, Med. Lat. A buckler ; I4ih century. The word is derived from ihe (ierniau l>()ck, a goat. Compare /1m;is. Bodkin, Saxon. A dagger, a liair-pin, a l)lunl flat needle. " With boiikiiis w.ns Cxs.ir Julius Murdred at Rome, of Brutus, Cassius." ( Tilt Serjicnt 0/ Division, 1590. ) " He pulls her bodkin that is tied in a piece of black ribbon." (TVit- Parson's IVediiin^, i66j.) The Latin name for this classical head-dress was aeus. Body Colour. In speaking of oil colours the term applies to their solidity, or degree of opacity ; water-colour painting is said to be in body colours when the pigments are laid on thickly, or mixed with white, as in oil jiainting. Boedromia, (Jr. and R. A festival instituted in honour ot A|h)11o the Helper — ;3o7)5pd^os. It was held at Alliens on the sixth day of Septem- ber, a month tlience called Boedromioit. Bohemian Glass. The manufacture of a pure crystal glass well adapted for engraving liecame an important industry in Germany about tiie year 1600, and the art of engraving was admira- bly developed during the century. Of Johann Schapper, especially, Jaccpiemart says that he produced "subjects and arabesques of such deli- cacy of execution that at first sight they seemed merely like a cloud on the glass." Bohordamentum, Med. Lat. A joust with mock lances called "bouhours." Bojae, R. (/vf, an ox), (i) A heavy collar of wood or iron for dangerous dogs. (2) A similar collar placed round the necks of criminals or slaves. Boletar, R. A dish on which mushrooms [boleti) were sened, and thence transferred to dishes of various forms. Bolevardus, Med. Lat. A boulevard or ram- part. Bombard, O. E. A machine for projecting stones or iron balls ; the precursor of the cannon. First used in the 14th century. Bombards, O. E. Padded breeches. In Elizabeth's reign the breeches, then called BOM- BARDS, were stuffed so wide that a gallery or scaff"old was erected to acconmiodale members of Parliament who wore them. The engraving shows James I. (painted 1614) attired for hawk- ing. (Fig. 91.) Bombax, O. E. The stuff now calle. E. The Anglo-Saxon name for a bed-chamber, "^/W ;// bure" = a lady in her chamber. The bed-chambers were separate buildings grouped round or near the central hall. " L'p then rose fair Annet's father, Twa hours or it ucr day, And he is gane into the boiver Wherein fair -■Xnnet lay." (fercy Ballads.) Bowls of metal, generally bronze or copper, found in early Anglo-Sa.\on barrcnvs or graves, are probably of Roman workmanship. Some beautiful buckets (A.S. bucas) were made of wood, generally of ash, whence they had another name ccscen. They are ornamented with designs, and figures of animals, and were probably used at festivities tu contain ale or mead. Bowtell or Boutell, Arch. (See Buttle.) Brabeum, Brabiam, or Bravium, Gr. (jBpa- ^iiov, from ^poaeuy, judge). Three terms denoting the prize assigned to the victor in the public games. Braccse, Bracae, or Bragse (Celtic breac). Trousers worn princijially by barbarous nations. Fig. 98. Bourgogne Point Lace. Fig. 99. Figures with Bracca;. such as the Amazons, .Gauls, Persians, and Scy- thians. A naxyrides was the name given to close- fittin" trousers, bracdc laXiC to witler pantaloons, such as those worn by the Gaul in the left-hand corner of Fig. 99, from a bas-relief taken from the sarcophagus of the vigiia .\mmendola. The bracca: virgatu were stripcil pantaloons worn 46 WORDS USED IN Fig, loo. Three diamond rings interlaced. especially by Asiatics ; bracav picfic, variegated or embroidered trousers. (See Breeches.) Braced or Braz- ed, Her. Inter- laced, as in the illustration of the arms of Cosmo, the founder of the Medici family. (Fig. loo.) (See also the illustra- tion to Fret.) Bracelet. Brace- lets were, among the ancients, asym- bol of marriage. (See Armilla.) Bracelets. (See Periscelis.) Bracbiale, R. {brac/iiuiu, the arm). An armlet, or piece of defensive armour covering the hracliiiuii or forearm. It was worn by gla- diators in the circus. Some beautifully orna- mented specimens were found among the excava- tions at Pompeii. Brackets, Arch., in mediceval architecture, are usually called Corbels. (See Fig. 5.) Braconniere, O. E. A skirt of armour, worn hanging from the breast and back plates ; i6th centuiy. Bractea or Brattea, R. Leaves of metal, especially of gold, beaten out. Braga, Bragse. (See Bracc^.) Bragamas, O. E. (SeeBRAouEMARD.) " Un grant coustel, que I'en dit bragamas;" 14th cent. Braggers, O. E. An obsolete term for timber BRACKET.S. Brake, O. E. A quern or handmill. Brand, A.S. A torch; hence, from its .shin- ing appearance, a sword. {Mcyrick. ) Brandrate, O. E. An iron tripod fixed over the fire, on which to set a pot or kettle. Braquemard, O. E. A kind of sabre — "un grant coustel d'Ale- maigne, nomme braquemart ;" 14th century. Brass, Gen. An alloy made by mixing copper with tin, or else with zinc or silver. Another name for itisBRONZE(q.v.). Corinthian brass is very celebrated, but little is known of its composi- Fig. loi. Brassart. tion even at the present day. Mosaic gold, pinchbeck, prince's metal, &c., are varieties of brass differing in the proportions of the ingredients. Brass beaten into very thin leaves is called Dutch Metal. Brassart. Plate armour for the arm. (Fig. loi.) Brasses. Engraved metal plates inlaid in the pavements or walls of churches as monuments. The material was called cidlcn (or Cologne) plate. The engravings were made black with mastic or bitumen, and the field or background was coarsely enamelled in various colours. Brattach, Celtic. A standard ; literally, a cloth. Braunshid, O. E. Branched. Breadth " in painting is a term which denotes largeness, space, vastness," rittleness diminished. Bronzes (ancient Ciiiuese) arc rarely seen out of the province of hokien. The lines of metal are small and delicate, and are made lo repre- sent flowers, trees, animals of various kinds, and sometimes Chinese characters. Some fine bronzes, inlaid with gold, arc met with in this province. As a general rule, Chinese bronzes are more remarkable for their peculiar and cer- tainly not very handsome fonn than for anything else. Bronzing. The art of laying a coating of bronze powder on wood, gypsum, or other material. Another method is the electrotype ])rocess. (Con- sult Walker's Electrotype Mauiptilation. ) Brooch. (See Fibula.) Anglo-Saxon and Irish specimens of magnificent workmanship are de- Fig. 104. Gold Brocade State or "Ducal" costume of the Dogeressa of Venice. sisted principally of an ample robe of the Imest gold brocade, lined with ermine. (Figs. 88, 104.) Broella. Coarse cloth worn by monks in the Middle Ages. Bromias, Gr. A drinking-ves.sel of wood, or silver, resembling a large SCYPH us (q.v.). Bronze. Antiqiie bronze was composed of tm Figs. 105 to 112. Gallic and Merovingian brooches. scribed in the Arclucological All'iini. In the Middle Ages brooches bore quaint inscriptions : Chaucer's " prioress " wore " a brocht of gold fill shene. On which was first y-wTctten a crooned A, And alter, Amor vincit omnia. " Leather brooches for hats are mentioned by WORDS USED IN Dekker in Satiromastix, 1602. Figs. 205, 206, 207 represent different brooches found in Fig. 1 1 J. Gallic brooch. France of the Gallic and Merovingian periods. (Compare Fibula, Phalf.r^.) Brown, in Egyptian art, was the colour consecrated to Typhon ; in ancient times it was the sign of mourning. Regarded as a compound of red and black, Bistre, it is the symbol of all evil deeds and treason. In a monastic costume it signifies renunciation. With the Moors it was emblematic of all evil. Christian symbolism appropriates the colour of the dead leaf for the type of "spiritual deatli," &c. (Consult Portal, Essai siir Ics Coiileurs syinboUgues.) Brown Madder. (See Madder.) Brown Ochre. A strong, dark, yellow, opaque pigment. (See Ochres. ) Brown Pigments z\-e.usp/ialtu?)i, lustre, umber, sienna. Mars brown, Cassel earth, Cappagh brown, bro-ion madder, and burnt terra verde ; — chiefly calcined earths. (See also Indigo.) Lace Brown Pink (Fr. stil de grain). A vegetable yellow pigment. (See Pinks.) Brown Red is generally made from burnt yellcnu ochre, or Roma)i ochre, or from calcined sulphate of iron. (See Mars. ) Brunswick Green. A modification of Moun- tain Green (q.v.). Bruny, Byrne, or Byrnan. Saxon for a lireastplate or cuirass, called by the Normans " broigiic.'" Brushes. (See Hair Pencils.) Brussels Point a I'Aiguille differs somewhat from the lace usually known as Brussels Lace or Point d'Angleterre, but resembles Point d'Alenfon in the reseau ground. (Fig. 1 14.) (See Point d'Angleterre.) Buccina (Gr. BvKavn). A kind of trumpet anciently made of a conch-shell, represented in the hands of Tritons. Buccula, R. {bitcca, a cheek). The chin-piece or cheek-piece of a helmet, which could be raised or lowered by the soldier at will. Bucentaur. A monster, half man and half ox. The name of the Venetian state galley. Buckets, Anglo-Saxon. (See Bowls.) Buckle, Her. The crest of the Pelham family, now repi-esented by the Earls of Chichester. It is a common ornament of ecclesiastical buildings, houses, and other objects in Sussex. (Fig. 115.) Buckler. (See Cli- I'EUs and Scutum.) Buckram. A cloth stiffened with gum, so called from Bokhara, where it was originally made. Bucranium, R. (^ovKpaviov). An ox's head from which the flesh has been stripped ; an h gold. Burnt Sienna. (.See Sienna.) Burnt Terra Verde. (.Sec Green Earth ) Burnt Umber. (See Umher.) Burr, O. K. ( i ) 'jhe broad iron ring on a tilting- lance, just below the gripe, to jirevent the haiid slipping back. (2) Projecting defences at the front of a saddle. {Mcyrick.) (3) The rough edge produced on the metal by an incised or etched line in an engraving. Buskin. (See Cothurnus. ) Bustum, R. {biiro, to burn). An open spot upon which a pyre was raised for burning the coq:)se of a person of distinction. When the area adjoined the burying-ground, it was called bustum ; when it \\as separate from it, it was called tistrina. Buttress, Arch. An abutment em- ployefl to increase the solidity or sta- bility of a wall ; it may either im- mediately abut on the wall, or be connected with it by a flying or arch buttress(Kig. iiS). In the Romano- Byzantine and lan- ceolated styles buttresses are largely employed to strengthen the walls of naves which have to sup- port high vaulted roofs. Buxum, K. (iril^oj). Bo.\, an evergreen, the wood of which was used for various purposes, as with us. By analogy, the term bitxuin was applied to objects made of this wood, such as combs, flutes, children's shoes, and waxed tablets for writing. Buzo, O. E. The arrow for an arquebus, or cross-bow. Erench, boujon : " a boult, an arrow with a great or broad head." {Cotgrave.) Byrrus. (See JSirrus.) Byssus, Gr. and R. (&(iaao%). The precise meaning of this term is unknoM n ; there is no doubt it was a texture made of some very costly Fig. iiS. Arch-buttress. so WORDS USED IN material, since we learn from Pliny that the byssus cloth which he calls linuin byssiintm was exceedingly dear. Everything leads us to sup- pose that it was a linen material of the finest quality. This opinion would seem to be con- firmed by Herodotus and yEschylus. The word comes from the Hebrew hutz. Byzantine Pe- riod. Time, about 6th to 1 2th cen- tury A. D. {Byzan- tium, the Latin name of Con- stantinople. ) By- zantine Archi- tecture is note- worthy for a bold development of the plan of Chris- tian places of wor- ship. It intro- duced the cupola, or dome, which was often sur- Fig. 119. Byzantine Font. m rounded by semi-domes; an almost square ground- plan in place of the long aisles of the Roman church ; and piers instead of columns. The apse always formed part of Byzantine buildings, which were richly de^ corated, and con- tained mai-ble in great profusion. St. So- phia, Constantinople (A.D._ 532-537), is the finest example of Byzantine architec- ture. St. Mark's, Venice (a. D. 977), and the Cathedral of Aix- la-Chapelle (a.d. 796 — 804), are also of pure Byzantine style. Byzantine Painting was that which suc- ceeded the decline of the early Christian Art in the catacombs and basilicas of Rome, and which preceded and foreshadowed the Renaissance of Art in Italy. In style it was based on that of the catacombs, but with a reminiscence of the excellence of ancient Greece ; it was, how- ever, restrained and kept within narrow limits by the conven- tionalities which were imposed upon it by the Church, and which mechanical art. The nth centuries in St. Fig. 121. Roman-Byzantine Cross at Carew. Fig. 120. Byzantine ornament on an English font. almost reduced it to a mosaics of the loth and Mark's, Venice, are perhaps the best existing examples of the Byzantine period. Specimens are also to be seen in St. Sophia, Constanti- nople ; and at Ravenna. c. Caaba, Arabic (lit. square house). The sacred mosque at Mecca. The temple is an almost cubical edifice, whence its name. It is a favourite subject of representation upon Mussul- man works of art. Caballaria, Cavallierium, hevallerie (Gr. K\y](tos 'nrniKhs), Med. A meadow set apart for military exercises. Caballerius, Med. Lat. A cavalier or knight. Cabeiri were the personification of the element of fire. The precise nature attributed to them is unknown. There were two principal branches of their worship, the Pelasgian and the Phce- niciar. It is probable that this religion originated in Asia Minor, and penetrated to the island of ART AND AK(II.i;()l.()(;\-. SI Smnoihiaco, in remote anliciuity ; it was very popular throughout Greece in the I'dasi^ic period. The iirincipal temples were at Samolhiace, Lcm- nos, lailiros, Anthcdon, and other ph\ees. Cabeiria, (Ir. {KuBeipia). Annual festivals in honour of the Cabeiri. (See TiiKoNisMirs.) Cabinet Pictures. Small, highly-finished pictures, suited for a small room. Cable and tooth-moukiinss. Cabling, or Cable-moulding. A moulding in Roman architecture, made in imitation of a thick rope or calile. Cabossed, Her. Said of the head of an animal represented full-face, so as to show the face only. (Fig. 123.) Cabulusi Med. Latin (Old French, chaahle). A machine for hurling stones ; a large BAI.I.ISTA. Caccabus, Gr. and R. {kolkku^os or KaKKci^t}). A sort of pot or vessel for cooking any kind of food. It was made of bronze, silver, or earthenware, and assumed a variety of forms ; but the one in ordinary use resembled an egg with an opening at the top which closed by a lid. The faical'Ks rested upon a trivet {lr////s). Cadafalsus, Cadafaudus. (See Cagasuttus.) Cadas, O. E. An inferior silken stuff used for wadding; 13th century. Cadency, Her. Figm-es and devices, by which , to contain)- (i) A large earthen ware jar, used for the same jiur- poses as the ami)hora ; especially to hold wine. An ordinary auliis was about three feet high, and broad enough in the mouth to allow of the con- tents being baled out. (2) The ballot-urn in which the Athenian juries recorded their votes with ijcbbles, at a trial. Ceelatura (■•,e in mortar, so as to give them any architectural form, and then covering the whole over with cement. The second, called Cicmentkij. structura aiitiqua, consisted in laying rough stones one on the top of the other, without mortar, the interstices being filled by chip])ings or smaller stones. Csementum. Unhewn stones emjiloyed in the erection of walls or buildings of any kind. Caer, British (Lat. castruin ; Saxon, cluster'). A camp or fortress. Caesaries (akin to Sanscrit kcra, hair, or to Cicsius, bluish-grey). This term is almost syno nymous with CuMA (ipv,), but there is also implied in it an idea of beauty antl profusion, not attaching to coma, which is the expression as well fi>r an ordinary head of hair. Csestus, Cestus. A boxing gauntlet. It con- sisted of a series of leather thongs, armed with lead or metal bosses, and was fitted to the hands and wrists. Csetra. (Sec Cetra.) Cagasuptus, Med. Lat. .\ ciiAT-FAt;x, or wooden shed, under which the soldiers carried on the (jperatioirs of attack. {A/ryri,/:.) Cailloutage, Fr. Fine earthenware ; pipe- clay ; a kiml of hard paste ; opacpie pottery. " Fine earthenware is most freh "vug," manslaughter. {AhyrUk.) Camies, O. E. A ligiu thin material, pro- bal)ly of >ilken texture. Caminus. Literally, a smelting furnace, and then an oven for baking bread ; also, a hearth or fireplace. Fig- 126 represents a baker's oven at Pomjieii. , Camisado, O. E. A sudden attack on a small party ; a Spanish term. " To give camis.idoes on troupes that are lodged a farre off." (/.>/,/<• Disanirs.- 0/ Wnrrt. ) Camisia (a Gallic word, whence prob. Ital. t: ^ 54 WORDS USED IX licia). Fig. 126. Caminus. A light linen tunic worn next the skin (tunica intiina). Camlet or Chamlet, O. E. Originally a tissue of goat's and camel's hair interwoven. In Eliza- beth's reign the name was given to a cloth of mi.xecl wool and silk, first manu- factured in Montgomery- shire, on the banks of the river Camlet. Cammaka. A cloth of which church vestments were made, fe»ip. Ed- ward III. Camoca, O. E., 14th century. A textile pro- bably of fine camel's hair and silk, and of Asiatic workmanship, much used for church vestments, dress, and hangings. Campagus or Compagus. A kind of sandal. It was worn especially by the Roman patricians. Campana, It. A bell; hence. Campanology, the science or study of bells. Campanile. A belfry. Camp-ceiling. Where all the sides are equally inclined to meet the horizontal part in the centre (as in an attic). Campestre, R. (from cavipestei; i. e. pertaining to the Field of Mars). A short kilt worn by gla- diators and soldiers when going through violent exercises in public. The kilt fitted close to the body, and reached two-thirds down the thigh. Campio Kegis, Engl. The king's champion, who on the day of the coronation challenges any one who disputes the title to the crown. Campus Martius (i.e. Field of Mars). At Rome, as in the provinces, this term had the same meaning which it bears in some countries at the present day ; i. e. a ground on which soldiers went through their exercises. In an- cient times, however, the Field of Mars, or simply the Field, served also as a place of assemblv for the «£:#>■■ ,^ CO III it ia. Canaba, Gr. and R. A Low Latin name for the slight stractures common in country places, such as we should now call sheds or hovels. Those who lived in them were called caiiabenses. Fig. 127 is from a terra - cotta vase found near the lake Albano. Canaliculus (dimin. of Canalis, q.v.). Asmall channel or groove ; or a fluting carved on the face of a triglyph. (Fig. 128.) Fig. 128. Canaliculus. Canalis (akin to Sanscrit root khan, to dig). An artificial channel or conduit for water. The term canalis is also given to the fillet or flat sur- face lying between the abacus and echinus of an Ionic capital. It terminates in the eye of the volute, which it follows in such a way as to give it the proper contour. Canathron (Gr. K6.va.Qpov). A carriage, of which the upper part was made of basket-work. Canberia, Med. Lat. {Vx. jamhicrcs). Armour for the legs. Cancelli (from canco; a lattice). A trellis, iron grating, or generally an ornamental barrier separating one place from another. In some amphitheatres the podium (q.v.) had cancelli at the top. In a court of law the judges and clerks were divided from the place set apart for the public by cancelli (hence " chancel"). Candela. A torch, made of rope, coated with tallow, resin, or pitch. It was carried in funeral processions (hence '■^candle "). Candelabrum. A candlestick, candelabnim, or generally any kind of stand by which a light can be sup- ported. There were many difte- rent kinds. The same term is also used to denote the tall pedestal of a port ab le 1 amp (Fig. 129). (See Candleheam.) Candellieri, It. A style of gi-o- tesque ornamenta- tion, characteristic of the Urbino ma- jolica ware. C andlebeam. O. E. A chandelier ol the Middle ."Kges with 129. Candelabrum- ART AND AKCir.l'OI.OCV " I'eHys of la/on" (or brass cups) shint; l>y a pullc)' from tlio ceiling. Candles. The A.S. poets called the sun "ro- dores candel," the candle of the fnmament, "woruld candel," "heofon candel," tVc. Origi- nally, no doubt, the candle was a mere mass of fat plastered round a wick (candel-weoc) and stuck upon a "candel-sticca," or upright stick; when the candle-stick had several branches, it was calleil a candle-/nv. There were iron, bone, silver- gilt, and ornamented candlesticks. Through the Middle Ages candles were stuck on a spike, not in a socket, and a chandelier of the i6th century shows the same arrangement. of CologlKJ (!•■'«• '3'-) and otiicr parts of 55 CJcrmany. Kig. 130. Persain Candys. Candys (koj/ous). A Persian cloak of woollen cloth, generally puiple in colour. Canephoria. Greek festivals of Diana ; or an incident of another feast, called pratelia, in which virgins about to marry presented baskets {canca) to Minerva. The name, Canephorus, or "basket-bearer," was common to the virgins who attended processions of Ceres, Miner\-a, and Bacchus, with the consecrated cakes, in- cense, and other sacrificial accessories, in the fiat baskets called caiiea. Canette. A conic-shaped German drinking- mug, resembling the modern "schoppen," of which highly ornamented examples in white stone-ware have been produced by the potter> Fig. 131. Canette of white ■ stone-ware, iS74- Caniple, O. i:. A small knife ur dagger. Canis (akin lo San- scrit VVAN, (Jr. KUIDV). A thjg. This term lias numcrtjus dimi- nutives: tiidilits, cald- Ills, itiniiiila. How- ever ancient any civi- lization, the dog is always met with as the com])anioii of man, and in each na- tion it follows a par- ticular type. Thus a tlistinct difference is ]iercei)tible in the dogs of the Etruscans, (J recks, Romans, Eg)ptians, Indians, and Gauls. The I'".gy|)lians had ter- riers and greyhounds, wolf-dogs, and others for hunting or watch- dogs. All these breeds are met with on the bas-reliefs of Egyptian monuments. The Egyptian name for a dog, 70011, 7cwi7i'o/i, is evidently onomatopoietic or imitative. (See also Dm;. ) Canistrum, Canister, or Canenm (KaftaTpov, from KavT), a reed). A wide shallow basket for carrying the instruments of sacrifice and offer- ings for the gods. It was generally carried on the head by young girls, who were called Cam- fhofic {Kavr)ai., i. e. basket-bearers), q. v. Canon («a»'(l);', from Ki.vr\, i. e. anything straight like a reed). A fi.xcd rule or standaril which is supposed to have served, in antiquity, as a basis or model in forming statues, the various members of which bore a definite pro- portion one to the other. The Greeks had some such canon. The Sopv(p6pot (spearman) of Polycletus was, it is said, looked upon as afftjrding a standard for the i'>ro])ortions of the human body. The Egyptians arc also supposed to have had a canon, in which the middle finger formed the unit of measurement. Canopea or Canopic Vases. An Eg)'ptian vase, made of clay, and so named from its being manufactured at Canopus, a town of Lower Eg)pt, the present Aboukir. The same name was given to funereal urns made in the shape of the god Canopus, who is descrilnrd by Russin as fedihiis exii^uis, attracto tollo, -•entrc tuinido in mod II m hydriir, cutn dorso icqualiUr Urtti (i. c. having small feet, a short neck, a belly as round 56 WORDS USED IN and swelling as a water-jar, and a back to match). Canopean vases were made of earthen- ware, alabaster, and limestone. They were placed at the four corners of tombs or sarco- phagi containing mummies. In them were de- posited the viscera of the dead, which were placed under the protection of the four genii, symbolized each by the head of some animal which served at the same time for the lid of the canopea. Cant, Arch, (i) To truncate. (2) To turn anything over on its angle. Cantabrarii, Med. Lat. Standard-bearers : from Cantabrum, a kind of standard used by the Roman emperors. (Consult Meyrick.) Canted Column, Arch. A column polygonal in section. Cantellus, Med. Lat. (Fr. chanteau and cantel; Lat. qitantilliis). (i) A cut with a weapon, or the portion cut away. (2) Heraldic for the fourth part of a shield, since called a canton. (3) The hind part of a saddle. Canteriolus (dimin. of canterius, a prop). A painter's easel. The term, which is of doubt- ful Latinity, corresponds to the Greek oKpilSas. Canterius, R. This tenn has numerous meanings ; it serves to denote a gelding, a prop, the rafters forming part of the woodwork of a roof, and a surgical contrivance, of which the form is unknown, but which was used for sus- pending horses whose legs chanced to be broken, in such a way as to allow the bone to set. Fig. 1 ,j. C.iiitliaius (Greek). Cantharus (Kdfdapos, a kind of beetle). A two-handled vase or drinking-cup, of Greek in- vention. It was particularly consecrated to Bacchus, and accordingly, in representations of the festivals of that god, it figures constantly in the hands of satyrs and other personages. (Fig. 132.) Cantherius. (See Canterius.) Canthus (KavObs, the felloe of a wheel). A hoop of iron or bronze forming the f/re of a wheel. The Greeks called this tire iTrlaairpov (i. e. that which is fastened to the felloe). Canticum. An mterludeof musicin a Roman play. Cantilevers or Cantalivers, Arch. Blocks framed into a wall under the eaves, projecting so as to carry a moulding. (See MODILLION.) Cant-moulding, Arch. Any moulding with a bevelled face. Canum. A Greek basket, more generally called Canistrum (q.v.). Canvas prepared for painting is kept stretched upon frames of various sizes : e. g. kit-cat, 28 or 29 inches by 36 ; three-quai-ters, 25 by 30 ; half- length, 40 by 50 ; bishop's half-length, 44 or 45 by 56 ; bishofs whole-length, 58 by 94. Cap-a-pie (Fr.). In full armour, from head to foot. Caparison. The complete trappings of a war- horse. Capellina, Med. Lat. The chapeline or small Chapel de Fer. Capellum, Med. Lat. A scabbard {not the hilt of a sword). Capellus ferreus. (See Chapel de Fer.) Capillamentum, R. A wig of false hair, in which the hair was long and abundant. (See Co.MA.) Capillus (from caput, the head). Hair ; the hair of the head in general. (.See CoSLV.) Capis, R. A kind of earthenware jug, with a handle. Vessels of this kind were used in sacrifices, and the capis is often found repre- sented on medals. Other names for it were capedo, capednncula, and capiila. Capisterium (deriv. from (TKafrj or aKd onomatopoetic. Carcanet, O. E. A necklace set with stones, or strung with pearls. Carcass, Arch. The unfinishea frame or skeleton of a building. Career (akin to arceo, \. e. an enclosure [Gr. epKos]). (i) A prison. {2) The circus. At Rome the prisons were divided into three stages : the first, which formed a story above ground {career Fis. 137. Carceres. Roman prisons. superior), was for prisoners who had only com- mitted slight offences ; the career interior, or Fig. 138. Carceres. Stables in the circus at Rome. ART AND ARC-Il.i:OI.O(;V. 59 stage on a level with the gvound, served as a place of confinement in which criminals were jilaced to await the execution of their sentence ; lastly there was the aiircr inferior, or subterranean dungeon called rolnir, for criminals condcnmed to death. Fig. 137 represents the career built at Rome by Ancus Martins and Servius Tullius ; Fig. 13S the eareeres of the circus. Carchesium (kopx^''"''"')- (i) A drinking-cup of Greek invention, and having slender handles rising high over the edge, ami reaching to the foot. It was an attribute of liacchus, and was used in the religious ceremonies. (2) A scaffold- ing in the shape of the carclicsiiim at the mast- heail of a ship. (Anglice, "crow's-nest.") Cardinalis. (.See Scapus.) Cardo. A pivot and socket used for the hinge of a door. The term was also used in carpentry to denote a dove-tailed tenon ; this was called cardo secni-i-cidatiis, i. e. a tenon in the shape of an axe, the dove-tail bearing some resemblance to the blade of that tool. Care-clotb, O. E. A cloth held over the bride and bridegroom's heads at a wedding. Carellus (Fr. carreau). A quarrel or arrow for cross-bows, the head of which was either four-sided or had four projections. Carillon, Fr. A set of large bells, arranged to perform tunes by machinery, or by a set of keys touched by a musician. Antwerp, Bruges, and Ghent are celebrated for the carillons in their steeples. Caristia (from x°-9'-^i favour or gratitude). A Roman feast, at which the members of a family came together. It lasted three days : on the first, sacrifices were offered to the gods ; the second W'as consecrated to the worship of deceased relations ; and on the third the surviving mem- bers of the family met at a banquet. .Strangers were not allowed in these gatherings. Carminated Lakes. Also called Lake of Florence, Paris^ or Vicuna. Pigments made from the liquor in which cochineal and the other in- gredients have been boiled to make carmine. (See Madder.) Carmine. A beautiful pigment prepared from the insect, cochineal. Carmine is the richest and purest portion of the colouring matter of cochineal. The various kinds of carmine are distinguished by numbers, and possess a value corresponding thereto ; the difference depending either on the proportion of the alumina added, or on the presence of vermilion added for the purpose of diluting and increasing the quantity of the colour: the alumina produces a paler tint, and the vemiilion a tint different to that of genuine cannine. The amount of adulteration can always l)e detected by the use of liquor ammonire, which dissolves the whole of the car- mine, but leaves the adulterating matter un- touched. Carmine is chietly used in miniature painting and in water-colours. It is made in large ciuantities in I'aris. Carmine-madder. uSec Maddku.) Carnarium, R. (earo, flesh), (i) A larder for fresh or salted provisions. (2) The iron hooks on which they were hung. Carnificia or Carnificina, R. {carnife.x, exe- cutioner). Subterranean dungeons, in which criminals were put to the torture, and, in many cases, executed. Carnix or Carnyx (Celtic and Gaulish word). A trumpet in the form of a long horn, of which the mouth was curved so as to resemble the mouth of an animal. This instrument gave out a peculiarly loud strident sound, and was used more particularly by the Celtic nations, notably the Gauls. It is constantly found represented on the coins of these nations, and on bas-reliefs. Some archceologists have mistaken the carnices on medals for cornncopicc. Carol, Chr. An enclosed place ; a circular gallery. In old French, carole signified a round dance, or a circle of stone. In the last century the term was applied to the ambulatory, or cir- cular gallery, behind the choir in churches. Carpentum, R. A two-wheeled carriage of Gaulish invention ; it was often covered with an awning, resembling in form that of the Camaka (q.v.). The carpentum funebre or potnpaticum was a hearse. It was made to resemble a shrine or small temple. Lastly, the term car- pentum was used to denote a cart, with two wheels, employed for agricultural purposes. Carrago (i. e. formed of carri or carts). A kind of intrenchment peculiar to certain bar- barous nations. It was constnicted by drawing up waggons and war-chariots in a curved line, approaching a circle as nearly as the nature of the ground permitted. It formed a first line of defence, behind which the combatants sheltered themselves in order to defend the camp proper, which lay in the centre of the carrago. Carreaux, Med. Fr. Quarrels for cross-bows, so called from their square form. Carriolum. (See Carkocium.) Carroballista or Carrobalista {carriis, a car). A ballista mounted upon a carriage, to be trans- ported from place to place. (See 1!allist.\.) Carrocium, Carrocerum, Med. Lat. A stan- dard fixed on a carriage. Carrotus. A quarrel. (.See Carellis, &c.) Carruca, Carrucha, or Carncha. A carriage of costly description, richly ornamented with bronze and ivory carvings and chased gold. It differed widely from the FsSEOO and the RHEDA (q.v.). Carrus or Carrum (Celtic root). A cart or chariot of Gaulish invention, on two wheels, used in the army as a commissariat waggon. A carrus occurs among the sculptures on the column of Trajan. 60 WORDS USED IN Cartamera (Gaulish word). A Gaulish girdle made of metal, and used to support the bracccc, or trousers. It was made sometimes in the form of a serpent with its tail in its mouth, but more generally resembled a fringe of twisted hemp, like the torques, by which name accordingly it was known among the Romans. (See Torques.) Cartibulum, R. (corrupted from gertibulum, i. e. that which bears or carries). A side-board, consisting of a square slab of stone or marble, supported in the middle by a pedestal or stem. The cartibulum always stood against a wall. Fig. 139. Egyptian Cartouche. Cartouche, Egyp. An elliptical tablet of scroll-like form, containing the names of the Pharaohs. Fig. 139 re- presents the cartouche of King Artaxerxes. Car- touches were applied to decorate columns, an il- lustration of which may be seen on the abacus and capital of the column in Fig. 140. Caryatides (Kapi/ariSes, i.e. women of Caryae). Female figures, in an upright posture, which were employed in lieu of columns to support entablatures or any other members of architecture. One of the finest in- stances of the applica- tion of caryatides to this purpose is to be found in the portico of the temple of Pandrosos, at Athens. Caryatis. A festival in honour of Artem.is Caryatis, which was cele- brated at Carya?, in ^Laconia. Case Bags, Arch. The Fig. 140. Egyptian Joi^^s framed between Column with Cartouche, a pair of guders, m naked flooring. Cash. A Chinese coin. Casque, P"r. Helmets of every description, from those of classical times to the present, have been called casques by the poets ; but the head- piece specially so designated is first seen in English armour of the reign of Henry VIII. The casque was generally without a worn more for parade than warfare. visor, and The en- Fig. 141. Casque. Fig. 142. Casque. graving Fig. 141 represents a Gaulish and Fig. 142 an Oriental casque. Casquetel. A small open helmet without beaver or visor, having a projecting umbril, and flexible plates to protect the neck behind. Cassel Black. (See Black.) Cassel Earth. A brown pigment. Cassel Yellow. (See Turner's Yellow.) Cassida. (See Cassis.) Cassilden, O. E. Chalcedony. Cassis or, rarely, Cassida (perhaps an Etruscan word). A casque or helmet made of metal, and so distinguished from Galea (q.v.), a helmet made of leather. Figs. 141 and 142 re- present respectively a Gaulish and an Eastern cassis (the latter, however, is considered by some antiquaries to be Gaulish). The war-casque of the Egyptian kings, although of metal, was covered with a panther's skin ; it was ornamented with the URy-EUS (q.v.;. Cassock signifies a horseman's loose coat, and is used in that sense by the writers of the age of Shakspeare. It likewise appears to have been part of the dress of rustics. {Stee^'cnsJ) It was called a "vest" in the time of Charles II. Later on it became the distinguishing dress of the clergy. Cassolette, Fr. A perfume box with a per- forated lid ; the perforations in a censer. Cassoue. An Italian chest, richly carved and gilt, and often decorated with paintings, which frequently held the trousseau of a bride. Castanets. Various peoples have employed flat pieces of wood to produce a certain kind of noise during religious ceremonies. The Egyptians seem to have had for this purpose "hands " of ^\•ood or ivory, which were struck one against the other to form an accompaniment to chants or rhythmic dances. (See Crotala, &c. ) Castel Durante. An ancient manufactory of Urbino ware, established in the 14th century. Fig. 143, from a cup in the Louvre, is a fine specimen of Castel Durante majolica of the 1 6th century. ART AND ARCH^'.OLOGY 6i Castellum (dimin. of Castrum, q.v. ; i.e. a small castle). A small fortified place or citadel ; also a reservoir for water. The ruins of castella still existing are very few in number ; one of tlic [4^;. Cup of Castel Durante (1525), in the Museum of the Louvre. most perfect, as far as the basin is concerned, is that of the castdhdn divisoriuni or deversoriuni, at Nismes. Casteria. A storehouse in which the rudder, oars, and movable tackle of a vessel were kept. Castor. The beaver ; hence applied to beaver hats. Castorese, R. Costly fabrics and dresses made of the fur of beavers. Castra, R. (plur. oi casfrniii, which, like crr.w, = the covering thing). This term was applied solely to an encampment, a fortified or intrenched camp, while the singular castriim, an augmenta- tive of Casa (q.v.), denotes a hut, or strongly- constructed post, and consequently a fort, or fortress ; but for this last the Romans preferred to use the diminutive castelhiiii. Castula or Caltula, R. A short petticoat worn by Roman women, held up by braces. Casula, R. (dimin. ol casa). (i) A small hut or cabin. (2) A hooded cloak, or capote. Cat. The Egyptian name for the cat {vtaaoii) is evidently onomatopoetic. As a symbol, this animal plaj-ed a part which has hitherto not been clearly deteiTnined. Certain papyri show us the cat severing the serpent's head from its body, a symbol which would seem to point out the cat as the destroyer of the enemies of the daylight and the sun. Again, the goddess Basl is represented with a cat's head, the animal being sacred to her. Cat (Med. Tat. catfiis or ga(tus). A covering under which soldiers lay for shelter, w hilc sap- ping the walls of a fortress, &c. Cataclista, R. A closc-filUng garment worn by Roman ladies, bearing a great resemblance to tho.-c wliich are to he seen on ICgyplian statues. Catacombs, Chr. This term, the etymology of which is uncertain, serves to denote disused stone quarries, made use of by the early Chris- tians for their meetings, and as subterranean cemeteries. We meet with catacombs in several cities, but the most celebrated are unquestionably those of Rome. Catacombs also exist at Syra- cuse, Catana, Palermo, Naples, and Paris. Catadromus, R. (from Kara and Sp6fxos, i. e. a running down). A tight-rope for acrobats in a circus or amphitheatre. The catadnomis was stretched in a slanting direction from a point in the arena to the top of the building. Catafaltus, Med. Lat. (See Cagasuptus.) Catagrapha, Cr. and R. (KaTo-7po0^, i.e. a drawing or marking down). A painting in per- spective (rarely met with in the works of the ancient painters). Cataphracta, Gr. and R. (KaTa-pdKT7js, i. e. that which covers up). A general term to denote any kind of breastjilate worn by the Roman infantry. [Cataphracti were heavy- armed cavalry, with the horses in armour.] Cataphracti. Decked vessels, in opposition to aphriiiii, cipen boats. Catapirates, Gr. and R. (koto- ire ipoTT^y, i. c. that which makes trial downwards). A sound- ing-lead, of an ovoid form, with tallow or a kind of glue at the end, by means of which sailors were able to ascertain the nature of the bottom. Catapulta, CJr. and R. (Karo-TrfATTjy, i.e. that which hurls). A military engine for discharging heavy missiles. The hallista projected stones ; the catapult, darts ; the jrr, copper). Engraving on copper. Chalcography was discovered in Florence, in the 15th century, and early in- troduced into England. Caxton's "Golden Legend," containing copper-plate prints, was published in 14S3. The process is as follows : — A perfectly smooth plate of copper, having been ghly polished, is heated in an oven, and then w iiite wax rubbed over it until the whole surface is covered with a thin layer. A tracing is laid over the wax, with the black-lead lines down- wards, which transfers the design to the wax. Then the tracing-paper is removed, and the engraver goes over the lines lightly with a fine steel point, so as just to penetrate the wax, and scratch a delicate outline upon the copper. The wax is then melted off, and the engraving finished with the graver, or luniit, a steel instniment with a peculiar pyramidal point. Should the lines be cut too deeply, a smooth tool, about three inches long, called a buniisher, is used to soften them down, and to burnish out scratches in the copper. The ritlges or burrs that rise on each side of the engraved lines are scraped off by a tool about six inches long, called a scraper, made of steel, with three sharp edges. This method has for printing purposes been generally superseded by other processes, principally etching. Chalcus (xaXKovi). A Greek copper coin, somewhat less than a farthing. 66 WORDS USED IN Chalice, Chr. (deriv. from ca/ix, a cup). A sacred vessel used in the celebration of the mass. Fig. 149. Chalice, silver-gill — 14th century. There were many different kinds, called nwtis- teriales, offertorii, niajm-es, and minores. The ministeriales served to distribute the wine ; the offertorii were employed by the deacons to hold the wine offered by the faithful. Lastly, they were distinguished according to their size, as large or small {inajores and minores). Vessels called caliccs were also frequently suspended from the arches of the ciborium, and other parts of the church, as ornaments. In Christian symbolism the chalice and serpent issuing from it are an attribute of St. John the Evangelist. Chalon, O. E. A coverlet. ( Chaucer. ) Chamade, Fr. A beat of drum or trumpet inviting the enemy to a parley. Chamber Music, as opposed to concert music. Madrigals were probably the earliest specimens of chamber music. Chambers, O. E. Small cannon for firing on festive occasions. Chamberyngs, O. E. Bedroom furniture. Chameleon (xa/^ai, on the ground, and A.e'wi', a lion). In Christian symbolism, the emblem of inconstancy ; in Chemistry, manganate of potass is called chameleon from the changes of colour which its solution undergoes. The chameleon with a dolphin on its back (Fig. 1501 was the device of Pope Paul III. Chamfer, Arch, (i) The angle of obliquity (of the sides of a steeple, «S;c. ). (2) A hollow channel or gutter, such as the fluting ol a column. Fig. 150. Chameleon and Dolphin. Chamfron, O. E. nvied. Lat. cliaiufrcnum ; Fr. chanip-freiii). A frontal of leather or steel to a horse's bridle. (Fig. 151.) Chamlet, O. E. (See Cam- let.) Chammer, O. E. (Fr. cha- marre). A gown worn by per- sons of rank, temp. Henry VIII. Champ, Arch. A flat surface. Champ-leve. A form of ena- melling in which the pattern is cut out of the metal to be ornamented. Chamulcus, R. and Gr. A heavy dray for the transport of building materials, such as blocks of marble, columns, obelisks, &c. Chance, O. E. The game of hazard. Chancel, Chr. (from cancelli, a lattice). A term anciently used to denote the choir. It derived its name from the cancelli or stone screen by which it was enclosed. Chandaras (Sanscrit, chanda-rasa, lit. moon- juice). An ancient name for copal. Chandeleuse, Fr. Candlemas Day. Chandi (from chand, the moon). Indian name for silver. Chand-tara (lit. moon and stars) is the name of an Indian brocade, figured all over with re- presentations of the heavenly bodies. Changeable Silk, O. E., was woven of two colours, so that one of them showed itself un- mixed and quite distinct on one side, and the second appeared equally clear on the other ; mentioned a.d. 1327, 1543, &c. Changes. The altered melodies produced by varying the sounds of a peal of bells. ART AND AKCH/EOLOGY. Cbante-pleure, Fr. A water-pot, made of earthenware, about a foot high, the orifice at the 67 Fig. 152. Chante-pleure. top the size of a pea, and the bottom full of small holes. Immersed in water, it quickly fills. If the opening at the top be then closed with the thumb, the vessel may be carried, and the water distributed as required. The widow of Louis I., Duke of Orleans, adopted this as her device, after the murder of her husband, in 1407. Chantlate, Arch. A piece of wood under the eaves of a roof, by which two or three rows of overhanging slates or tiles are supported. Chantry, Chr. (Fr. chanter, to sing). A chapel to which is attached a revenue as pro- vision for a priest, whose duty it is to sing masses for the repose of the founder's soul. Chape, O. E. (Spanish chapa, a thin plate of metal), (i) The transverse guard of a sword. (2) A metal plate at the end of a scab- bard. (3) A catch by which a thing is held in its place. Chapeaa, Her. Also called a ca/^/'^//f,'7«V_j', of maintenance, or of estate. An early symbol of high dignity. Chapeau CM- nois, Fr. A set of small bells ar- ranged in the form of a Chinese hat. Chapel or Chapelle de Fer. Iron helrnct of Fig- 153- Chapeau. knights of the 12th century. I'lie diminutive i.s c/i,i/>cliiit: Chaperon, I'r. .\ li.md or small cap for the head. Chapiter, .\vc\\. Tiie upper part of a caiiitai. Chaplet. Arch. (Fr. chafclct). (i) A small cylin- drical nimilding, carved into beads and the like. Fig. 154. Chaplet Moulding. (.'^ee Fig. 154.) (2) ChapUts of Jlmvers, which were worn in England, by both sexes, on festive occasions, during the Middle Ages, and chaplets of jewels in earlier times. (3) Chr. It was anciently the custom to crown the newly bap- tized with a chaplet or garland of flowers. (4) Chr. A succession of prayers recited in a cer- tain order, regulated by beads, &c. (5) In Heraldry. A garland or wreath. (See Cran- CEI.IX.) Chapter, Chr. (Lat. capitulum). The body of the clergy of a cathedral, united under the bishop. Chapter-house, Chr. A place of assemblage for a CilAi'TKR of the clergy. That of West- minster contains some fine wall-paintings of the middle of the 14th century. Chaptrel, Arch. The capital of a column su]i]iorting an arch ; an impost. Character, Gr. and R. Generally, any sign or mark impressed, painted, or engraved on any object. In a more restricted sense, it denotes the instnnnent of iron or bronze with which such marks were made. In Art, the expression means a faithful adherence to the peculiarities of ob- jects rejiresented. Charbokull, O. E. A carbuncle. Charcoal Blacks are made of ivor)*, bones, vine- twigs, smoke of resin, &c. , burned in a crucible excluded from the air. The l)est char- coal crayons are made of box and willow ; the fonner produces a dense hard crayon, the latter a soft friable one. (Fair/wit.) (See Blue Black.) Chare Thursday, O. E. Maundy Thursday. Charge, Ilcr. Any heraldic figure or de- vice. Charisia, Gr. {Xapnts, the (iraces). Noc- turnal festivals held in honour of the Graces, at which cakes and honey were distributed to those present. Charisteria, Gr. (xapir, gratitude). Festivals K 2 68 WORDS USED IN celebrated yearly at Athens, in remembrance of the Athenian general Thrasybulus, the saviour of his country. Charistia. (See Caristia. ) Charistion. An instrument of Archimedes for weighing. Whether it bore most resemblance to the balance (libra), or the steelyard [statera], is uncertain, as its form is entirely unknown. Charles's Wain (Anglo-Saxon, carles ■'cuac7i, the churl's waggon). The seven stars forming the constellation generally called the Great Bear. Chamel, O. E. Apex of the basinet. Charnel-house. A small building attached to a cemetery, for a receptacle for the human bones disinterred when fresh graves were dug. Charta, Gr. and R. Writing-paper in use among the ancients. There were eight diff rent kinds, which were classed as follows in the oi^der of their quality: (i) Charta Auguslana or Clatidiana ; (2) Liviana ; (3) hieratica ; (4) am- phitheatrka ; {^) Saitka ; {6) lateotka ; {"]) fan- niaiia; (8) dentata. The last was so called from being polished by means of the tooth {dens) of some animal, or a piece of ivory. There was also a charta tmporetka or packing- paper, and lastly a chartahibula. It is uncertain whether this last was blotting-paper, or a kind of transparent paper which had been steeped in oil or some other fatty substance. Charter-room or Charter-house. A place in which the charters of a particular family or house were preserved. Chartophylax, Chr. A man who had charge of the charters of a church. Chasing. (See C^la- TURA. ) Chasse, Chr., Fr. A reliquary in the form of a box with a ridged top. Chastelain, O. E. The lord of a castle. Chastons, O. E. Breech- es of mail ; 13th to i6th century. Chasuble (Lat. casitla, a cottage). Part of an- cient ecclesiastical cos- tume common to all the Roman Catholic clergy, from the priest to the Archbishop. It was ori- ginally made of wool, and in one piece throughout, without sleeves, and with- out slit or opening in front, and perfectly cir- cular ; but the shape Fig. 155. Chasuble. varied with the material ; and from the 6th cen- tury do\\mwards we hear of chasubles of brilliant colour and costly materials, such as silk or thickly-embroidered cloth of gold, and oval in form, hanging no longer in graceful folds as in the ilth century. The engraving (Fig. 155) shows a chasuble of the year 1387. (Compare P^nula, Planeta.) Chatai, Hindoo. Mats, a common manufac- ture all over India. Those of Midnapore, near Calcutta, are remarkable for their fineness and classical design of the mosaic, like patterns of stained glass. Chat-faux, Med. A wooden shed — modern scaffold. (See Cagasuptus.) Chatrang (Sanscrit chatur-anga, the four angas or soldiers ; or chatiiraji, the four kings). The Persian name for a very ancient game of the " Four Kings," supposed to be the origin of the four suits of playing-cards. {Rev. E. S. Taylor, " History of Playitig-cards.'") Chatzozerah, Heb. A Jewish trumpet men- tioned by Moses, used chiefly for religious and warlike occasions. ChaufFault, Old Fr. A tower of wood. Chausses. O. E. i) Pantaloons of mail used by the Danes. (2) Tight pantaloons worn by the Normans and medieval English. Chaussetrap. (See Caltraps.) Cbaussons, O. E. Breeches of mail (or of cloth). Chavarina, Med. Lat. A carbine. Checkere, O. E. A chess-board. Checkstone, O. E. A game played by children with small round pebbles. Cheeky, Her. (See Chequ^e.) Cheese, Chr. St. Augustine says that a sect called the Artotyrites offered bread and cheese in the Eucharist, saying "that the first ol)la- tions which were offered by men, in the infancy of the world, were of the fruits of the earth and of sheep." i^^a;- de //teres, c. xlviii.) Chef-d'oeuvre, Fr. A work of the highest ex- cellence. Chekelatoun. (See Ciclatoun.) Chekere, O. E. Chess (q.v.). Chele (xv^V, prob. from a root x"'-) meaning cloven). This term is applied to a great variety of objects ; it s gnifies a cloven foot, a hooked claw, or anything presenting a notched or serrated appearance. Thus a breakwater, the irregular projections of which bore some resem- blance to the teeth of an immense saw, was also called chele. There were, besides, various engines and machines which went under this name. ChpliSoniacus, sc. gladius (from the Greek Xf'^'Sdii, a swallow). A broad-bladed sword with a double point like a swallow's tail. Chelidonize, Gr. (lit. to twitter like a swal- low). Singing the " Swallow Song" (xfAiSo- ynTjuo), a popular song sung by the Rhodian boys ART AND ARCII.KOI.OCV. 69 in the month Boedromion, on the return of the swallows, and made into an ojiportunity for ti^gging- A similar song is still popular in Greece. {Fauriel,''- Chants dc la Grhe.'^) (See CORONIZE. ) Cheliform {xn^h, a, claw). In the form of a claw. Cbelonium (a tortoise-shell, from xi\ii>v(\, a tortoise). (l) A kind of cramp or collar placed at the extremities of the uprights of certain machines. (2) A part of a catapult, also called piih'iiius. (See Catapui.ta. ) . Chelys (xe'^fs, a tortoise), (i) The lyre of Mercury, formed of strings stretched across a tortoise-shell. (2) In the i6th antl 17th centuries, a bass-viol and division-viol were each called chelys. (See also Testuho.) Chemise de Chartres, Fr. A kind of armour mentioned among the habiliments proper for knights who should engage in single combat. {iMeyrick) Chenbele. (See Cembel [hastilude].) Cheng, Chinese. A musical instrument, con- sisting of a box or bowl, into which a series of tubes of different length and pitch are inserted ; the tubes have holes in them to be played upon with the fingers. Cheniscus (xV, a goose). An ornament placed at the bow, and sometimes the stern of ships. In shape it resembled the neck of a swan or goose. Chequee, Cheeky, Her. Having the field divided into contiguous rows of small squares ; alternately of a metal (or fur) and a colour. Chequers, O. E. (See CHiiCKSTONE.) Cherub, pi. Cherubim, Heb. According to the classification of Dionysius, the first hierarchy of Angels consists of three choirs called .Sera- phim, Cherubim, and Thrones, and, receiv- ing their glory immediately from Deity, transmit it to the second hierarchy. The first hierarchy are as councillors ; the second as governors ; the third as ministers. The Sekai'HIM are absorbed in perpetual love and worship round the throne ; the Cherubim knov.- and wor- ship ; the Thrones sustain the throne. The Seraphim and Cherubim are in general represented as heads merely with two or four or six wings, and of a bright red or blue colour, &c. (Cf. Mrs. Jameson's Legendary Art.) (See Angels, Seraphim. Dominions, &c.) Cherubic Hymn, Chr. A hymn sung in tlic Greek Church before the great entrance (see Entrance") ; so called from its first words, 01 TO. X^pft^ySljU IXVtniKOlS flKOvi^DVTfS, K.T.\. Chesible, for Chasuble (q.v.). Chesnut Brown. A brown lake pigment pre- pared from tlie horse chesnut ; very durable for oils and water-colour painting. Chess. Writers immediately after the Conquest speak of the .Saxons as playing at chess, which, they .say, they learned from the Danes. The game of chess is very prominent in the romances of the Middle Ages. Tlie Scandinavian navigators introduced some remarkable elaborately carved chessmen, of walrus ivory, from Iceland, in the 1 2th century. The castles are replaced by warriors on foot, called hrohr, from the .Saracen roc, Persian 7vkh, our roo/:. In the Saracen game the 7'izier represented our queen, and the elephaut our bisho]i, the roc, or hero, as afore- said, our rook. Beautifully carved chessmen in the costumes of the 13th and 14th century exist in England. They were all very large, a king being four inches in height and seven in circum- ference. The chess-boards were of corresponding size, and made of all materials, including the precious metals, ciystal, sapphires, and topazes. The pieces varied in form : the medireval rook had a head like a fleur-de-lis, the knight was representeil by a small upright column with the upper part bent on one side. The aiifin or bishop was of the same shape, but the bent end was cleft to indicate a mitre. The figures of the 1 6th century much more nearly resemble those now in vogue. Chesse, O. E. (Fr. chasse). A border, a cir- clet. Chest ofViols, O. E. A set of instruments complete for a "consort" of viols, i.e. two trebles, two tenors, and two basses. Chester, O. E. A person who places corpses in their coffins. Chests antl Coffers, in Xorman times, were adorned with elaborate carving and richly inlaid. They were still the general depositories for clothes and treasures. Cupboards (armoires) were introduced by the Normans, and filled with household utensils. Chevalet, Fr. The bridge of a violin or other stringed instrument. Cheval-iraps. (See Caltraps.) Chevaucheurs. Anglo-Norman horsemen, or running messengers. Chevaux-de-frize. An arrangement of iron spikes for the defence of a battlement against assault. Cheveril, O. E. Kid leather, proverbially elastic ; hence, a cheveril conscience (that will stretch). Chevesaile, Old Fr. A necklace. Chevetaine, Old Fr. A captain ; hence the medieval cheupliinus. Chevron, (i) Arch. One of the mouldings frequently used in Norman architecture, usually called zigzag (ipv. ). (2) A badge on the coat- sleeve of a nonciimmissioned ofTicer. (3) Her. One of the ordinaries; the lower half of a Sai.tikk (q.v.). Clievronel, Her. A diminutive of the Chev- ron, of half the size. 70 WORDS USED IN Chevroter, Fr. A musical term : "to skip, quiver, to sing with uncertain tone, after the manner of goats," alia I'ibrato. Chiaroscuro, It. ichiaiv, hght, and osciiro, dark). Light and shade. Chiave of Pavia. One of the Itahan literary academies, composed entirely of noble and il- lustrious persons, -who wore a golden key sus- pended round the neck, and had for a motto, Claiidifiir ct apcritnr libcris, and the te.xt from Rev. iii. 7. Chica. A dance popular in Spanish South America, of a jig-\\\i^ character ; the origin of the Fandango. (See Chaconne.) Chief, Her. One of the ordinaries ; the chief bounded by a horizontal line contains the uppermost third of the field of a shield. In chief, arranged horizontally across the upper part of the field. Childermas, O. E. Innocents' Day. Chilled (Fr. chancissure). Said of a moisture on the varnish of a picture by which the defect of cloudiness called Blooming is caused. Chimaera, Gr. A monster described by Homer, with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a dragon's tail. In Christian art it is a symbol of cunning. (See also Dog of Fo.) Chime. (i) To play bells by swinging the hammeis, opposed to ringing by swinging the bells. (2) A chime of bells is a Caril- lon. Chimera, Chr. The outer dress of a Protes- tant bishop. It is made of black satin, without sleeves. Chimneys (Gr. x^f^^^V, Avinter), carried up in the massive walls of the castles, were first intro- duced into England by the Normans. The fire was still piled up in the middle of the hall, but fireplaces were built against the side walls in the more private apartments — the original of the well-known mediix-val fireplace and " chymene." Leland, in his account of Bolton Castle, which was " finiched or Kynge Richard the 2 dyed," notices the chimneys: "One thynge I muche notyd in the hawle of Bolton, how chimeneys were conveyed by tunnells made on the syds of the walls, betwyxt the lights in the hawle, and by this means, and by no covers, is the smoke ol the harthe in the hawle wonder strangely conveyed." Chin-band, Chin-cloth. A muffler of lace worn by ladies, te7np. Charles I. China. (See Pottery.) China (or Chinese) Ink. (See Indian Ink.) Chinese Paper. A fine absorbent paper of a yellowish tint, used for proofs of engrav- ings, &c. Japanese paper is now frequently preferred. Chinese White. Oxide of Zinc (q.v.). It is more constant than \\hite lead. Chinny-mnmps. A Yorkshire music made by rapping tlie cliin with the knuckles. Chints or Chintz (Hindoo, chhint, spotted cot- ton cloth). Cotton cloth printed in more than two colours. Chiramaxium, Gr. and R. (xeip-a^alior, i. e. hand-cart). An invalid's chair mounted upon two wheels, and drawn or pushed by slaves. Chiridota, Gr. and R. (from adj. x^'P'^curbs, i. e. lit. having sleeves'). Tunics with long sleeves, worn in especial by the Asiatic races and by the Celts. The early Britons, before the Roman invasion, wore close coats checkered with various colours in divisions, open before and with long close sleeves to the tvrist. Chirimia, Sp. (from chiritnoya, a pear). An oboe. Chirography. The art of writing with the hands. Chirology. The art of calking with the hands. Chiromancy (/j.dvTis, a soothsayer). Divina- tion from the lines of the palms of the hands. Fig. 157. Diana wearing the Greek chiton. ART AND ARCH/EOLOGV. 71 Chironomia, Gr. and R. (xftpo-voixla, i. e. measured motion of the hands). The mimetic art. ]iy tliis term is expressed not only the art of speakin;^ witlr gestures and by means of the hands, but also the action of speaking combined with gesticulation. This art dates from a high antiquity. It was originally part of the art of dancing, — clapping the hands in rhythm ; also a gjannastic e.\ercise, for pugilists and others. Chiroplast. An instrument for teaching fin- gering of musical instruments, invented by Logier in iSlo. Chirothecse (Gr. x^'podvKri ; Lat. gaiitiis). Gloves were unknown to the early Greeks and Romans, but in use among the ancient Per- sians. In Christian archaeology they are first met with in the I2th centur)-. (See Gloves.) Chisleu, Heb. The ninth month of the Jewish year. It begins with the new moon of our December. Chiton (xiTcci/). The Greek tunic. (Fig. 157.) Chitte, O. E. A sheet. CMvacMrs (Chevaucheurs). Old Fr. Run- ning messengers. Chlaina (Lat. hnia). A kind of cloak, of ample size, worn bythe Greeks in campaigning. In time Fig. I5Q. Fig. 158. Apollo wearing the chlamys folded round his arm. of peace it served as a bed coverlet. Tiic diminii live xAoj'^Sioi' appears to have been a woman's mantle. Chlamyda. (.See Chla.mys.) Chlamys, Cir. A short light mantle, which was worn by Greek youths (not by RomansI until they arrived at manhood. It was the regular equestrian costume, and was of an oblong scpiare shape. (Fig. I59-) The chlamys is seen in re])re- sentations of men hunting or figliting with beasts, as a shield wrapped round the left arm, the right poising the spear. (Fig. 158.) In Botany, the floral envelope. Choenix {xolvii,). A Greek measure of capa- city, variously valued from a pint and half to two quarts. Choir, Quire, or ftuere, Arch. The part of the church for the singers and clerks, i. e. the space between the nave (for the people), and the BEMA, or presbytery, for the celebrating clergy. But in mediaeval writings the term in- cludes the BF.MA. (See Chancel.) Choir Wall or Choir Screen (Fr. cloture). The ^\•aU or screen between the side-aisles and the choir. Choosing-stick (a Somersetshire provincial- ism). A divining-rod. Chopines, It. Clogs or high shoes, of Asiatic origin, introduced from Venice in the i6th century. Choragic Monuments. Small pedestals or shrines erected by the winner of a choral con- test to display the tripod which was his prize. At Athens there w.as a street lined with such monuments, called the " Street of the Tripods." The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, still existing in Athens, is one of the most valuable remains of Greek architecture. Choragium, Gr. and R. {xopi^y^s, or chorus- leader). A large space in a theatre, situated behind the stage. It was here that the "pro- perties" were kept and the rehearsals of the chorus took place. The term is also used to denote the furniture, costumes, decorations, and, in a word, all the accessories required in the production of a piece. Chordaulodion. A self-acting musical in- strument invented by Kauffmann of Dresden in 1S12. Chorea, Gr. and R. {x°P^^< q-v-). A choral dance, in which the ilanccrs took each other by the hand and danced tt) the sound of their own voices. Chorus, Gr. and R. {xophs, i. e. prop, a circle), li) A choir of singers in a dramatic entertainment. (2) A band of dancers who went through their movements to the sound of their 72 WORDS USED IN own singing. (3) A round choral dance ; in this last signification chorea may equally well be used. Chorus or Choron, O. E. An instrument somewhat resembling a bagpipe ; the name was also applied to certain stringed instruments. The word choron originally designated a horn. (Hebrew, Keren.) Chous, Gr. and R. (x^o^j contr. x^^^^) '• e. that from M'hich one pours). An amphora, form- ing a measure of exact capacity. Another name for it was CoNGius (q.v.). It held twelve CoTYL.« (q-v.). Choutara, Hindoo. A kind of guitar with four wire strings. Chrism, Chr. (from XP'V to smear). A composition of balsam and oil of olives used by Christians of various denominations at the administration of the sacraments. Chrismal, Chrismatory, Chr. (i) The vessel made to contain the consecrated oil. (See Labarum.) (2) A vessel for the reservation of the consecrated Host. (3) A cloth used to cover relics. (4) Old English chrisom, a white linen cloth put upon the child's head in baptism. (See Font-cloth.) Chrismarium, Chr. (See Chrismal, i.) Chrisom, O. E. (i) See Chrismal, 4. (2) A child that dies within a month after birth. Christ-cross, O. E. (i) The Alphabet; so named from a school lesson beginning ' ' Christe Crosse me spede in alle my worke." (2) The mark made for his signature by a person who cannot write. Christemporeia, Chr. Literally, the selling of Christ, simony. Christian Horses, O. E. Bearers of sedan chairs. Christmas-boxes. So called from the old practice of collecting them in boxes. Chromatic Scale (xp'i'/ua, colour). In Music, the scale that jMoceeds by semi-tones ; so called from the practice of printing the in- termediate notes in vaiious colours. Chromatics The science of colours. Chromatrope. An optical instnunent for as- sisting the invention of combinations of colours. Chrome, Chromium. An important mineral, the green oxide of \\hich furnishes the Chrotne Green. Chrome Green. A dark-green pigment pre- pared from oxide of chromium ; mixed with Prussian blue and chrome yellow it is called Green Cinnabar. Chrome Ochre. Oxide of chromium of a fine yellowish green. Chrome Ked. A chromate of lead ; a durable pigment used in oil painting. (See Red Lead.) Chrome Yellow. A cliromate of lead, which makes a bad pigment for oil painting. It is very poisonous and not durable ; when mixed with white lead it turns to a dirty grey. As a water-colour pigment it is less objection- able. Chromite. Chromate of iron ; a mineral consisting of protoxide of iron and oxide of chromium, used in the preparation of various pigments. Chronogram (xpt^^oy, time). An inscription which includes in it the date of an event. Chryselephantine Statues of ivorj' and gold. The most celebrated were that of Minerva, by Pheidias, which stood in the Acropolis at Athens, and was 40 English feet in height ; and that of Zeus, 45 feet high, likewise by Pheidias, in the temple of Olympia. A re- production of this statue was shown in the Paris Exhibition of 1S55. Chrysendeta, R. (xpyceVSeTa, i. e. set or inlaid with gold). A very costly description of plate-service employed by wealthy Romans. Of its precise character nothing unfortunately is known, but to judge from the epigrams of certain authors, it must have been chased and embossed . Chrysoberyl {$ripv\\os, a beryl). A gem of a yellowish-green colour ; a species of corunduvt (q.v.). Chryso-clavus (Lat. golden nail-head). All rich purple silks, woven or embroidered with the claims in gold, were so named. They were used for altar frontals, and the clavi were some- times made so large that a subject was em- broidered upon them ; they were then called sigillata or sealed. (See Clavlts. ) Chrysocolla or Gold Green (xpvcroKoKXos, inlaid or soldered with gold), (i) Native ver- digris. Its principal use was for the preparation of a solder for gold. (See Santerna. ) (2) The Greek term for Green Verditer and Armenian Green (Latin, Arnieninnt) ; a pigment obtained from malachite and green carbonate of copper. It was also czWcd pea green or grass green. Chthonia, Gr. and R. (x^"^", the earth). Fes- tivals held every spring at Argos in honour of Ceres, o.t which four aged women sacrificed heifers. Church, in Christian art, is the attribute of a founder thereof, who is frequently represented holding it in his hand. The most ancient symbol of the Church is the ark of Noah, subsequently a ship, often covered with the waves, &c., very frequent in the catacombs. On tombs it is held to imply that the dead expired in full communion with tile Church. Churcheard, Church-haw, Church-litten. Old English provincialisms for a churchyard or burial-ground. Church-stile, O. E. A pulpit. Chymbe, O. E. A cymbal : — " As a chynnbe or a brazen belle. That nouther can undirstonde ray telle." ART AND AKCII.KOLOGV 73 Chymol, Gemell, O. E. A hinge, still callcil tlie eastern counties a "gimmer." Chytra, Clr. and R. (from x*'*. to pour). A common kind of pot, of Greek origin, made with red clay. It was used for cooking. Chytria, tJr. An Atiienian festival, which derived its name from the xi^Tpct, or common pot in which were cooked the vegetables or otlicr provisions offered to Bacchus and Mercury in memory of the dead. Chytropus, Chytropous, Cr. {xvTp6-wov^, lit. a pot-fool). A chytra with three or four feet. Cibilla. (See Cili.ida.) Ciborium, Gr., R., and Chr. (KtBupiov, the pod of the KaXoKaaia, or Egyptian bean). ( I ) A drinking vessel so called because it resembled the Egyptian bean in shape. (2) In Christian archaeology a kind of baldachino or canopy, supported by a varying number of columns, which forms the covering of the high altar in a church. Called also the TabcniacU, Sacranteiit house, God's house, ox holy roof. (See Severey.) (3) Ciborium also signifies a vessel in which the consecrated wafer is "reserved." Ciclatoun or Siklatoun. The Persian name, adopted in England, for a textile of real gold thread ; 1 2th century. Ciconia, R. (lit. a stork), (i) A sign made in dumb show by bending the forefinger into the form of a stork's neck. (2) An instrument, in shape like an inverted T, employed by farmers to make sure that trenches dug by the spade were of uniform depth. (3) Ciconia coniposita was the name given to a more elaborate instru- ment of the same kind invented by Columella. Cicuta, R. (i. e. lit. the hemlock). A term used by analogy to denote anything made out of the hemlock plant, especially the PaiCs pipes. Cidaris, Gen. (Ki5apis or Kirapis, a Persian tiara). A sort of diadem or royal bonnet worn by Eastern princes. It was tall, straight and stiff in shape, and was ornamented with pearls or precious stones. The same name was also applied to the bonnet worn at ceremonies by the high priest of the Jews. (See Ti.VRA.) Cilery, Arch. Drapery or foliage carved on the heads of columns. Cilibantum, R. (See Cillib.\.) A stand or table with three legs. Ciliciura, R. (i) A coarse cloth made of goat's hair, and manufactured in Cilicia. It was much used in the army and navy : in the former for making the soldiers' tents ; in the latter for clothes for the sailors or for sails. (2) During the time of mourning, or when suffering under any calamity, the Jews put on a kind of ci/icium made of coarse canvas. (3) A cloth mattress stuffed with sea-weed or cow-hair, which was placed outside the walls of besieged cities to deaden the blows of the battering-ram or of projectiles. (4) In Christian archaeology the ci/iciut/t or hair-shirt is a sleeveless jacket made with a material of horse-hair and coarse hemp. The Dominicans, l-'ranciscans, and certain Car- thusians wear the riliciuin t>i mortify the flesh. Cilliba, Gr. and R. (ki'aAoj, an ass) A trestle, and by analogy a dining-taiile supported by trestles. This form of table, which was com- monly used by the early Romans, was replaced later on by the circular table. Cirabal. An old name for the Dulcimer (q.v.). Cimeter, Cymetar, Scimeter, &c. A short curved sword used by the Persians or Turks, mentioned by Mcyrick as udoptcd by the Hussars, A;///. Elizabeth. Cincinnus, R. A long ringlet or corkscrew curl of hair jnodueed with the curling-irons. (See Hair.) Cincticulus, R. (dimin. of CiNcrus, q.v.). A kind of short petticoat worn by youths. Cinctorium, R. (hoxnciiictns, a girdle), (i) A sword-belt worn round the waist, and thus distinguished from the Balteus or baldric, which passed over the shoulder. The balteus wasworn by private soldiers, \\Y\\\e\he cinctorium was the distinctive badge of an officer. (2) The dagger, so called because it was suspended from or ]Hit into the girdle. Cincture, Arch. The fillet, at each end of the shaft of a classical column (q.v.). Cinctus, R. (from cingo, i. e. a girding). A short petticoat (or kilt) worn by men ; also in the same sense as cingula and ciiiLiulu?/i, a girdle. Cinctus galnnus was a particular manner of arranging the topra, by throwing one end over the head, and fastening the other round the waist like a girdle. As an adjective, cinctus was applied to any individual of either sex who wore any kind of belt or girdle. (See DisciNCTUS.) Cinerarium, R. (i. e. a place of ashes). A niche in a tomb, sufficiently roomy to hold an urn of large size, or a sarcophagus. The follow- ing was the disposition of one, or in many cases, three sides in a Roman tond) : in the centre of Kig. 160. Ciiicr.irU. 74 WORDS USED IN the wall was a large niche {cinerarium medianmn) for a sarcophagus, and on each side of this two small niches {columbaria), and above each of the latter was a much larger recess for large urns. (See also Columbarium, Cubiculum, CUPELLA. ) Cinerarius. A hair-dresser (who heated his tongs in the cinders). Cingulum, R. A girdle or other fastening round the waist. In modern archceology, cingulo viiliiari decorare •i\'g\\\'nart of the furniture of every barber's shop, and customers played un it wliile waiting for their turns. (Niche I of Exeter Clallery. See Clarion.) Civery, Arch. (See Sf.vkrf.y.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. Civic Crown, Her. A wreath of oak-leaves and acorns. (See Corona.) Ckuicui, Peruvian. One of the divisions of the temple of the Sun (/«//), so named as being dedicated to the rainbow {Ckiiiclii). (See Inti.) Clabulare. (See Clavulare.) Clack ur Clap-dish, O. E. A box with a movable lid used and rattled by beggars to attract attention : — " His tongue moves like a beggar's cla/>(iis/t." Cladeuteria. A Greek festival held in honour of Bacchus, at the time when the pruning of the vines took place. Fig. 164. Clerestory and Triforiiim in Worcester Cathcdr.jl. Claire- voie (Anglice, Clerestory), Arch. (i. e. clear-storey). A row of large windows, forming 76 WORDS USED IN the upper storey of the nave of a church, rising clear above the adjoining parts of the building. Clan (Gaelic, klann, children). A tribe of persons of one common family, united under a chieftain. Clap-bene, O. E. Bene signifies a prayer, and children were invited by this phrase to clap their hands together, as their only means of expressing their prayers. Clapdish. (See Clackdish.) Clappe or Clapper, O. E. A wooden rattle used to summon people to church on the last three days of Passion Week, when the bells were not rung. Clarenceux, Her. The title of one of the three kings of arms at Heralds' College. The others are called Garter and Norroy. Clarichord, O. E. A stringed instalment, in the form of a spinet, of mediaeval times. At the marriage of James of Scotland with the Princess Margaret, A.D. 1503, " the king began before hyr to play of the clarycJiordes, and after of the lute. And upon the said claiychorde Sir Edward Stanley played a ballad, and sange therewith." {IVhaiion, ^^ History of English Poetry.") It is identical with the clavicho)-d, the origin of the spinet, harpsichord, and pianoforte. Clarion, O. E. TJT=n I Q> O I A small trumpet, with a shrill sound. (Represented in the third niche of the ' ' Minstrels' Gallery " Fig. 165, i65. Clarions(heraldic). "^ Exeter Cathedral, of which there is a cast in the South Kensington Museum.) Classic Orders of Architecture. The Grecian : Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian ; — and the Rotnati : Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Compo- site orders (q. v.) are generally thus distinguished. Clathrate. Latticed like a grating {clathri). Fig. 167. Clathri over bronze doors. Clathri, R. A grating or trellis formed of wooden or metal bars ; clathri were employed to form the imposts over hyprethral doors, and to light the stables {carceres) under the circus, &c. Fig. 167 represents one of the bronze doors of the Pantheon at Rome with the grating above. Claude Glass. A dark convex glass for studying the effect of a landscape in reverse. Fig. 168. Clavichord — i8th century. ART AND ARCHy^LOLOGY. Its name is supposed to be derived from the similarity of the eflects it gives, to those of a picture by Claude Lorraiu. Clausula, R. Tlie handle of any instrument whatsoever, M-hen made in such a way that the hand can be inserted into it, as for instance wiili a ring or sword-hilt. The Stkigii.is (q.v.) had a handle of this description. Clausula is thus to be distinguished from . 78 WORDS USED IN to the sun : in Roman sculpture it is often oval. The outer rim was termed antyx ; the doss in the centre, omphalos, or umbo; a leather strap for the arm, telamon. It was replaced, subse- quently, l:)y the Scutum (q.v. ). Fitj. 169 is an ornamented bronze clipeus, thought to be Gaulish. This term also serves to denote (i) a shield of metal or marble which was employed as an ornament ( Fig. 1 70 represents an ornamental shield, such as was placed on the frieze of a building, and especially in the metopes of the Doric entablature) ; and (2) an apparatus em- ployed in the laconicitm (q.v.) to regulate the temperature. In the illustration to Caldarium a slave may be seen pulling the chains of the clipcus. Cloaca, R. (from duo, i. e. the cleanser). A subterranean sewer or canal constructed of masonry. The Cloaca Maxima, or Main Sewer Fig. 171. Cloaca Maxima at Rome. of Rome, was constructed by the elder Tarquin to drain a marsh lying at the foot of the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Fig. 171 represents one of its mouths. It was formed of three tiers of arches, the innermost being fourteen feet in diameter. Clocks, O. E., "are the gores of a niff, the laying in of the cloth to make it round, the plaites ;" also ornaments on stockings and on hoods. Clog-almanacks. The Anglo-Saxons calcu- lated by the phases of the moon, set down on square pieces of wood, a foot or two long. These clo,s;s are still common in Staffordshire. (QLPlott' s History of Staffordshire; Cough's Camden's Britannia, ii. 379.) Cloish, or Closh, O. E. A kind of nine-pins played with a ball. {Striitt, p. 202.) Cf. Club- KAYLES. Cloisonne. A form of enamelling by incrus- tation, in which the pattern is raised by strips of metal or wire welded on. Cloister, Chr. (from Lat. c/aiistrum, (\.\'.). A kind of court or quadrangle surrounded by a covered way, and having much analogy to the atrium of a Roman house. The cloister was an essential appendage to an abbey. One of its sides was usually bounded by the church, with which it easily communicated. The walls of the cloisters were often adorned with frescoes, and the court was occasionally planted with trees, the centre being occupied by a fountain. A monas- tery was often called a cloister. The sides of the cloister were anciently termed the Panes of it, and the walks its alleys or deambulatories. (Fig. 1 73-) Fig. 172. Clustered column in Nave of Wells Cathedral. Cloister Garth. The quadrangular space enclosed by the cloisters. The cloister garth at Chichester is still called the Paradise, and that at Chester the Sprise garden. (See Paradise, Sprise.) Close, Her. With closed wings. Close-gauntlets. Gauntlets with immovable fingers. Closet, Her. A diminution of the b.vr, one- half its width. Cloths of Estate. Costly embroidered hang- ings for the canopy of a throne. Clouee, Her. Fastened with nails, and showing the nail-heads. Clouts. Old name for kerchiefs. Clown, in pantomime. Ila'-lequin is Mercury, the Clown Momus, and the painted face and wide mouth taken from the ancient masks ; Pantaloon is Charon, and Columbine Psyche. [Clarke's Travels, viii. 104-7-) Club, Gr. and R. (Gr. (pakay^). This weapon being used in close fight gave its name to the compact body of troops so called. The Scy- thians united it with the mace, both being spiked. Duca7iae mentions the vulgastus, a crooked club ; the plumhata, loaded with lead, ART AND ARCILKOI.OCIV 79 Fig. 173. Cloisters in the Church of Mont St. Michel the spontonus with iron. In the army of Charles I. rustics untrained were called clubmen. (See Clava.) Club-kayles, O. E. Skittles played with a club, instead of a ball. (See Cloish.) Clubs, at cards, are the ancient trifles, the trefoil or clover-plant. (See Trefi.e.) Cluden, Gr. and R. A sword, the blade of which was contrived to recede into the handle. It was used for thea- trical representa- tions. Clunaculum, R. (i) A dafTger so called because it was worn at the back ; " quia ad chines pendet," as Festus says. (2)Thesacri- Clunaculum. ficial knife with which the victim was ripped up. The dagger represented in Fig. 174, taken from the arch of Carpentras, was probably a Gaulish clunaculum. Clustered Column, Arch. A pier formed of a congeries of columns or shnfts clustered together, either attached or detached. It is also called a Co.MPOU.Ni) Pier. Fig. 172 is a specimen from Wells Cathedral. Clypeate. Shaped like a shield. Cnopstara. A weapon used by the Cale- donians; a ball filled with jiieces of metal swung at the heads of their lances, to frighten cavalry. Coa Vestis, or simply Coa (i. e. the Coan robe). A very fine robe [made of silk, spun in Cos\, of such light texture as to be almost transparent. It was worn by hetairai and singing and dancing girls, &c. Coactilis, sc. lana (from ccs^o, i. e. that which is forced together). A kind of felted cloth 8o WORDS USED IN made of wool closely pressed together. It formed a texture analogous to our felt. Another name for it was coactus. Coal as an ancient pigment was used both in water-colours and in oil ; it furnishes a brownish tint. '■ The shadows of flesh are well rendered by pit-coal, which should not be burnt." {Dc Mayertic. ) Co:'.ssatio (from coasso, to join planks together). A general term for planks joined together, such as the flooring of a room, the top of a table, the deck of a ship, the road-way of a wooden bridge, &C. (See CONSTRATUM.) Coat Armour, Med. Embroidery of heraldic devices upon costume ; hence a term for heraldry in general. (Figs. 175 and 176.) CoatCards,O.E. Court cards and tens,so named from the coat armour worn by the figures. Cob. Irish name of a Spanish coin formerly current in Ireland ; value about 4^^. 8^/. Cobalt. A metal found in various combinations, from which vari- ous colouring mat- ters are obtained of great use in the arts. Cobalt blue, a beautiful blue pigment, is ob- tained by mixing a salt of pure cobalt with a solution of pure alum, precipitating the liquid by an alkaline carbonate, washing the preci- pitate with care, drying and igniting it strongly. A fine green, known as Hini/iaiiii's green, is similarly prepared. The chloride, the nitrate, and the sulphate of cobalt form sympathetic inks, which only become visible when the moisture is absorbed by the application of heat. From phosphate of cobalt a beautiful blue pigment is produced, called Thoiard's blue. It is said to have all the characters of ultramarine. Oxide of coljalt has the property of colouring glass blue ; hence a glass formed of this oxide under the name of s?)ialt is the blue colouring matter used for ornamenting porcelain and earthen- ware, for staining glass, for painting on enamel, &c. Cobalt-bloom. (See Erythrine.) Cobbards, O. E. The irons supporting a spit. Fig. 176. Coat Armour. Devices on shield. Cob-wall, Arch. A wall formed of unbumed clay mixed with straw. Cochineal. (See Carmine.) Cochineal Lakes. (See Carminated Lakes.) Cochlea (KoxA.ias, i. e. a snail with spiral shell). Any object of spiral shape, like a screw ; and so a worm and screw as a mecha- nical power in oil-, wine-, &c. presses ; the "Archimedean Screw," or "water-snail" for raising water ; the revolving door through which the wild beasts were let out into the amphitheatre ; and other contrivances similar to the Italian riiota, by which persons can be introduced through a wall without opening a door ; also a spiral staircase, (S;c. Cochlear, Cochleare (from k6x>^o%, a shell- fish), (i) A spoon having at one extremity a sharp point, and at the other a sort of small bowl. (2) A measure of capacity of very small size. Cochlearium, R. A pond or nursery for fattening snails for the table. (English "cockles.") Cochlis, sc. columna (/cox^lj, i- e. lit. a snail). A hollow monumental column, the interior of which was fitted with a cockle or spiral stair- case, like the "Monument" of London. Cock. In Christian art, the emblem of St. Peter, and of watchfulness. Cockatrice. In Christian art, the emblem of sin; attribute of St. Vitus. (Her.: see the illustration to Basilisk.) Cock-bead, Arch. A bead which projects from the surface of the timber on both sides. Cockers, O. E. Ploughmen's laced boots. Cocket, O. E. A seal formerly attached to goods which had paid customs dues. Ancient cockcts hezix such inscriptions on them as ''^ God willing^'' ^^ If God please," &c. Cockle-stairs, O. E. Winding stairs. (Cf. Cochlea.) Coctilis, Cocta, Coctus, R. (prepared by fire). Later coctilis was a brick hardened artificially by fire, in contradistinction to one dried in the sun ; mums coctilis, a wall built of hardened bricks. (See AcAPNA.) Cocurra, Med. Lat. A quiver. Cocytia (from KcD/curb?, the river of weep- ing). A festival held in honour of Proserpine, who had been carried off by Pluto. The latter, as king of the infernal regions, included in his sway the river Cocytus. The Cocytus and Acheron, two rivers of Epirus, remarkable for unwholesome and muddy water, and subter- ranean currents, were hence called the rivers of Hell. " Cocytia virgo " was Alecto, one of the Furies. Cod, Scotch. A pillow (also/«/). Codex (cii/zti'tu-, the trunk of a tree), (i) A blank book for writing in, consisting of thin tablets of wood covered with wax ; the term thus came to mean code, that is, a book containing laws, since ART AND AKCir.KOI,()c;V. 8i these were inscribcil in a book, the leaves of which were composed of thin leaves of wood. When parchment or paper was introduced, the terni was still applied ; and hence, later, became appropriate to any code of laws, e. g. the Gregorian, Theodosian, Justinian, &c. (2) An early manuscript book, such as the Codex of the Greek New Testament and of " Virgil " in the Vatican. (3) The term was also applied to the heavy logs attached to the feet of slaves; these were of various shapes, sometimes even serving the purpose of a seat. Codicillus (dimin. of Codex, q.v.). A small book, or small leaves of wood covered with wax. The plural codicilli denoted a number of such sheets ]Hit together so as to form a sort of memorandum-book for taking rough notes. Any su]5plemental note made on the margin of the leaves composing a will, or added to them, was also called codicillits (codicil). Codon (Gr. kcoScov). A bell ; the bell of a trumpet ; a trumpet with a bell-mouth. Cod-piece (from O. E. "cod," a pillow or stuffed cushion ; ¥r. bragiiette); introduced /c'w/. Henry VIII. An appendage to the taces over the OS pubis, copied in the armour of the period. It continued in use to the end of Elizabeth's reign. Coelum. In Architecture, that part of a building which was placed over any other part, and so a ceiling, or soffit. Coemeterium, Cemetery, Chr. {Koitx-qrripwv, from Koifidct), i. e. a sleeping-place ; Lat dormi- toriuni). This term is an exclusively Christian one ; it signifies a field of rest or refuge ; the last resting-place of man. (See HypOG.^UM.) Coena (from Sanscr. k/iad-, to eat). The principal meal among the Romans, consisting of several courses termed respectively prima, altera or sc'ciuida, iertia, qicarta ca-iia. The hour at which the ca-na took place varied with the habits of the master of the house, but it was usually about four or five o'clock. It was the third meal of the day, being preceded by the jentacidiiin (breakfast), and the merenda or praiidium (luncheon or early dinner). The corresponding Greek meal was called dcipnon, which closed with a libation to Zeus ; after which the drink- ing party that remained was called Symposium. (See Last Supper.) Coenaculum. In early times this term was used for the Tricliniu.m (q.v.); later on it came to mean the upper stories of houses inhabited by the poor, our attic or garret. In the plural, cwnacula denotes the whole suite of rooms on the upper story of a house, and ca:- naciila mcritoria such apartments let out on hire. Coenatio, like canacidiim, a dining-room situated upstairs. It thus differed from the Triclinium (q.v.), which was a dining-room on the ground floor ; the former was used in winter, the latter in summer. The rtviui/io, or diic/a, was a very magnificent apartment. Nero had one in his golden jialace, constructed like a theatre, with a liiange of scenery for every course. Coenatoria, Coenatorise Veste's. The garments worn by the Romans at the dinner-table. Coenobium {koiv6-^iov, i. e. a life in common). A monastery ; a convent of monks who lived in common. Coeur, Carreau, Pique, and Trefle. The four French suits of cards, corresponding w ith our Hearts, Diamonds, Spades, and Clubs, pro- bably introduced in the reign of Charles VII. of France (15th century). {Taylor.) Coeur is some- times derived from Cluvur. (See COPPE and Chatrang.) " The hearts are the ecclesiastics, whose place is in the choir; the pike the military, &c." (.'ilencstricr.) Coifer. (See Arca.) (i) In Architecture, a sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit. {2) A chest. Cognizance, Her. Synonym for Bad^v. Cogware, O. E. A coarse narrow cloth like frieze ; i6th centuiy. Cohors, Cohort, R. A body of infantry forming the tenth part of a legion. The number of men composing a cohort varied at different periods between 300 and 600 men, according to the numerical strength of the legion. The first cohort of a legion was called a military cohort ; the prretorian cohort fornicd the general's body- guard, while to the city cohort was entnisted the protection of the city. The term was sometimes, though very rarely, applied to a squadron ofcavalry. Coif or Quoif. A close hood. Coif de Fer, CoifFette. A skull-cap of iron of the 1 2th and 13th centuries. Coif de Mailles. A hood of mail worn by knights in the 1 2th century. Coiflfe, Arch. A term employed during the 1 6th and 17th centuries to denote the vaulted ceiling of an apse. Coillon. (See Coin.') Coin or Coigne, Arch. The comer of a building. (See OtToiN. ) Coin-stones, .\rch. Cor- ner-stones. Cointise or Quintise. (i) A scarf wrapped round the body, and sometimes attached to the helmet. (2) Quaintly- cut coverings for the helmet. Fig. 177 represents a helmet decorated with PANACHE, CORONET, and cciulisf. This is the origin of ninntlittj^ in heraldry. (3) A garment worn over armour, temp. Ed- ward II., was so termed. (4) Horses' caparisons. Colatorium. A colander. (See Collum ViNARIUM.) Fig. 177. Helmet with Cointise behind. 8o WORDS USED IN made of wool closely pressed together. It formed a texture analogous to our felt. Another name for it was coachis. Coal as an ancient pigment was used both in water-colours and in oil ; it furnishes a brownish tint. ' The shadows of flesh are well rendered by pit-coal, which should not be burnt." {De Mayertic. ) Coassatio (from coasso, to join planks together). A general term for planks joined together, such as the flooring of a room, the top of a table, the deck of a ship, the road- way of a wooden bridge, &C. (See CONSTRATUM.) Coat Armour, Med. Embroidery of heraldic devices upon costume ; hence a term for heraldry in general. (Figs. 175 and 176.) CoatCards.O.E. Court cards and tens,so named from the coat armour worn by the figures. Cob. Irish name of a Spanish coin formerly current in Ireland ; value about \s. 8d. Cobalt. A metal found in various combinations, from which vari- ous colouring mat- ters are obtained of great use in the arts. Cobalt blue, a beautiful blue pigment, is ob- tained by mixing a salt of pure cobalt with a solution of pure alum, precipitating the liquid by an alkaline carbonate, washing the preci- pitate with care, drying and igniting it strongly. A fine green, known as Riiuna)uis green, is similarly prepared. The chloride, the nitrate, and the sulphate of cobalt form sympathetic inks, which only become visible when the moisture is absorbed by the application of heat. From phosphate of cobalt a beautiful blue pigment is produced, called Thenai-d's blue. It is said to have all the characters of ultramarine. Oxide of cobalt has the property of colouring glass blue ; hence a glass formed of this oxide under the name oi smalt is the blue colouring matter used for ornamenting porcelain and earthen- ware, for staining glass, for painting on enamel, &c. Cobalt-bloom. (See Erythrine.) Cobbards, O. E. The irons supporting a spit. Fig. 176. Coat Armour. Devices on shield. Cob-wall, Arch. A wall formed of unbumed clay mixed with straw. Cochineal. (See Carmine.) Cochineal Lakes. (See Car.minated Lakes.) Cochlea (koxA-ios, i. e. a snail with spiral shell). Any object of spiral shape, like a screw ; and so a worm and screw as a mecha- nical power in oil-, wine-, &c. presses ; the "Archimedean Screw," or "water-snail" for raising water ; the revolving door through which the wild beasts were let out into the amphitheatre ; and other contrivances similar to the Italian ruota, by which persons can be introduced through a wall without opening a door ; also a spiral staircase, &c. Cochlear, Cochleare (from k6x^os, a shell- fish), (i) A spoon having at one extremity a shaq^ point, and at the other a sort of small bowl. (2) A measure of capacity of very small size. Cochlearium, R. A pond or nursery for fattening snails for the table. (English "cockles.") Cochlis, sc. columna (/coxAls, i. e. lit. a snail). A hollow monumental column, the interior of which was fitted with a cockle or spiral stair- case, like the "Monument" of London. Cock. In Christian art, the emblem of St. Peter, and of watchfulness. Cockatrice. In Christian art, the emblem of sin ; attribute of St. Vitus. (Her. : see the illustration to Basilisk.) Cock-bead, Arch. A bead which projects from the surface of the timber on both sides. Cockers, O, E. Ploughmen's laced boots. Cocket, O. E. A seal formerly attached to goods which had paid customs dues. Ancient cockets bear such inscriptions on them as " God willino," 'Wf God please," &c. Cockle-stairs, O. E. Winding stairs. (Cf. Cochlea.) Coctilis, Cocta, Coctus, R. (prepared by fire). Later coctilis was a brick hardened artificially by fire, in contradistinction to one dried in the sun ; mnriis coctilis, a wall built of hardened bricks. (See AcAPNA.) Cocurra, Med. Lat. A quiver. Cocytia (from Kcokut^s, the river of weep- ing). A festival held in honour of Proserpine, who had been carried off by Pluto. The latter, as king of the infernal regions, included in his sway the river Cocytus. The Cocytus and Acheron, two rivers of Epirus, remarkable for unwholesome and muddy water, and subter- ranean currents, were hence called the rivers of Hell. " Cocytia virgo " was Alecto, one of the Furies. Cod, Scotch. A pillow (also/^^). Codex (fa«i/tu-, the trunk of a tree), (i) A blank book for writing in, consisting of thin tablets of wood covered with wax ; the term thus came to mean code, that is, a book containing laws, since ART AND ARCII.EOLOGY. 8 1 these were inscribed in a book, the leaves of wliich were composed of thin leaves of wood. When parchment or paper was introduced, the term was still applied ; and hence, later, became appropriate to any code of laws, e. g. the Gregorian, Theodosian, Justinian, &c. (2) An early manuscript book, such as the Codex of the Greek New Testament and of " Virgil " in the Watican. (3) The term was also applied to the heavy logs attached to the feet of slaves; these were of various shapes, sometimes even serving the purpose of a seat. Codicillus (dimin. of Codex, q.v.). A small book, or small leaves of wood covered with wax. The plural codicilli denoted a number of such sheets put together so as to form a sort of memorandum-book for taking rough notes. Any supplemental note made on the margin of the leaves composing a will, or added to them, was also called codicillus (codicil). Codon (Gr. rewScor). A bell ; the bell of a trumj^et ; a trumpet with a bell-mouth. Cod-piece (from O. E. "cod," a pillow or stuffed cushion ; Yx. bragi(ette); introduced /"t'w/^. Henry VIII. An appendage to the taces over the OS pubis, copied in the armour of the period. It continued in use to the end of Elizabeth's reign. Coelum. In Architecture, that part of a building which was placed over any other part, and so a ceiling, or soffit. CoBmeterium, Cemetery, Chr. (Kot/MtiT-npiov, from Koifiaco, i.e. a sleeping-place ; Lat dormi- torinDi). This term is an exclusively Christian one ; it signifies a field of rest or refuge ; the last resting-place of man. (See Hypog.^um.) Coena (from Sanscr. khad-^ to eat). The princijjal meal among the Romans, consisting of several courses termed respectively /r/wrt', altera or seciinda, fertia, quarta ccxna. The hour at which the ccena took place varied with the habits of the master of the house, but it was usually about four or five o'clock. It was the third meal of the day, being preceded by the jentaculuui (breakfast), and the lucrenda or praudium (luncheon or early dinner). The corresponding Greek meal was called dcipiioii, which closed with a libation to Zeus ; after which the drink- ing party that remained was called Syinposiiiiit. (See Last Supper.) Coenaculum. In early times this term was used for the Triclinium (q.v.); later on it came to mean the upper stories of houses inhabited by the poor, our attic or garret. In the plural, caviaciila denotes the whole suite of rooms on the upper story of a house, and cce- nacula meritoria such apartments let out on hire. Coenatio, like ca:iiaciihim, a dining-room situated upstairs. It thus differed from the Triclinium (q.v.), which was a dining-room on the ground floor ; the former was used in winter, the latter in summer. The ca-itatio, or diiCia, was a very magnificent apartment. Nero hail one in his golden ])alace, constructed like a theatre, with a change of scenery for every course. Ccenatoria. Coenatorise Vestes. The garments worn by tlie Romans at the dinner-table. Coenobium (Kawi-^inv, i.e. a life in common). A monastery ; a convent of monks who lived in common. Coeur, Carreau, Pique, and Trefle. 'J'lic four French suits of cards, corresponding with our Hearts, Diamonds, Spades, and Clubs, pro- bably introduced in the reign of Charles VII. of France (15th century). {Tciylor.) Cccur is some- times derived from Chaur. (See COPl'E and CirATR.\NG.) " The hearts are the ecclesiastics, whose place is in the choir; the pike the military, &c." {Mencstricr.) Coffer. (See Arca.) (i) In Architecture, a sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit. f2) A chest. Cognizance, Her. Synonym for Bad^c. Cogware, O. E. A coarse narrow cloth like frieze ; i6th centuiy. Cohors, Cohort, R. A body of infantry forming the tenth part of a legion. The number of men composing a cohort varied at different periods between 300 and 600 men, according to the numerical strength of the legion. The first cohort of a legion was called a military cohort ; the pra;torian cohort formed the general's body- guard, while to the city cohort was entrusted the protection of the city. The term was sometimes, though very rarely, applied to a squadron of cavalry. Coif or Quoif. A close hood. Coif de Fer. CoifFette. A skull-cap of iron of the 1 2th anrl i^tli centuries. Coif de Mailles. A hood of mail worn by kniglits in the 12th centurj'. CoifFe, Arch. A term employed during the l6th and 17th centuries to denote the vaulted ceiling of an apse. Coillon. (See Coin.) Coin or Coigne, Arch. The comer of a building. (See Quoin.) Coin-stones, Arch. Cor- ner-stones. Cointise or Quintise. (i) A scarf wrapped round the body, and sometimes attached to the helmet. (2) Quaintly- cut coverings for the helmet. Fig. 177 represents a helmet dccjrated with PANACHE, CORONET, and cointise. This is the origin of tiiautlim; in heraldry. (3) A garment woni over armour, temp. Ed- ward II., was so termed. (4) Horses' caparisons. Colatoriam. \ colander. (See Collum ViNARUM.) Fig. 177. Helmet with Cointise behind 82 WORDS USED IN Fig. 178. Collar of Lancaster. Colayn Riban, O. E. An ecclesiastical textile, or orphrey zoeb, for the manufacture of which Cologne was famous in the 15th century. Colcothar ofVitriol. A red pigment formerly called caput inoiiiiiini. Cold-harbour. This common topical name is the Anglo- Saxon ceald- herberga, cold '■' herherge^''ox shelter, and probably in- dicates a place where the ruins of a Roman villa or station were the only available shel- ter for travel- lers, in the ancient scar- citv of inns. Collar (of a shaft), Arch. The Annulet (q.v.). (See also Collar-keam.) Collar, Med. (i) A defence of mail or plate for the neck. (2) Generally. An ornament for the neck. The Egj'ptians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, and Gauls wore collars, which were named variously streptos {crTp^irThs), torquis, torques, &c. Collars were ornamented with heraldic badges in the Middle Ages. (3) Heraldic. One of the insignia of the orders of knighthood. (See Fig. 17S.) Collar of S.S. Origi- nally adopted by Henry IV., on the canopy of whose tomb it is em- ployed as decoration over the arms of himself and his queen. Its signifi- cance is doubtful. Cam- den says the letters are the initials of Sanctus Simo Simplicius, an eminent Roman lawyer, and that it was particularly worn by persons of the legal profession. Collar-beam, Arch. A horizontal tie, con- necting a pair of rafters together, across the vault of a roof. CoUare, R. {colluvi, neck). A collar made of iron or leather, and studded with spikes. It was used both to confine slaves, and as a dog- collar. When a slave ran away from his master, an iron collar, with a leading-chain attached to it, was put round his neck. Collarium, Med. Armour for the neck. Collegium, R. A religious or industrial cor- poration in ancient Rome. The corresponding Greek institutions were the Hetairiai. The collegia included trade companies or guilds. Fig. 179. Collar of S.S. Collet. The setting which surrounds the stone of a ring. (See Crampon. ) Colliciae, CoUiquiae. (i) Broad open drains through fields. (2) Gutters of hollow tiles [itfibrices] placed beneath the roof of a house to receive the rain-water, and convey it into the Impluvium. Colliciaris (sc. teguld). A hollow tile em- ployed in the construction oi colliciic. Collodion. A solution of gim cotton in ether, used in photography. Collum Vinarium (from collum, a neck). A colander or wine-strainer. The custom of straining wine dates back beyond our ei^a, and Christ made an allusion to it when he told the Pharisees that their colla allowed a camel to pass, while they kept back a gnat. Snow was put into a strainer or a bag, called respectively collum nivarium, saccus nivarius, through which the wine was allowed to filter, not only to cool it, but because the intense cold cleared the wine, and rendered it sparkling and transparent ; it was then called vviiun saccatiim. The Christian Church from the first adopted this instrument in its liturgy ; another name for it was colatoriuin. (See Nassa. ) The colander for wine was made of silver, or bronze, or other metal. The linen cloth called saccus was not used for wine of any delicacy, as it spoiled its flavour. Colluviarium, R. An opening made at regu- lar intervals in the channel of an aqueduct, for ventilation. As this opening formed a kind of well, it was also called Puteus (q.v.). Collyra, Gr. and R. A kind of bread made in a special manner, which was eaten with soup or sauce ; there was also a cake so called. CoUyris {KoWvpls, synonym of KoWvpa, q.v.). 180. Collyrium or unguent Vase : Egyptian. Museum of the Louvre. ART AXD ARCII/EOLOGV. S3 A head-dress worn by Roman ladies, resembling in shape the bread called KoWvpa; the latter was called KoWvpls as well. Collyrium. {KoWvpiof, dimin. of KoWvpa, q.v.). (l) A term denoting anything we shoidd now call an unguent, but especially the salve collyrium, which was a liquid medicament. (2) Collyria was a term applied to Egyptian vases of terra- cotta, with or without enamel ; to small quad- rangular boxes of wood or pottery; and, lastly, to small cylindrical cases of wood or bronze divided into compartments. There were three prevail- ing forms of the vases. The Egyptians used antimony to make their eyes look larger, and had some medicament for the relief of tooth- Fig. iSi. Roman Plebeian wearing the Colobiuni ache ; and inscriptions indicating these uses may be read upon vessels of this kind. (Fig. 180). Colne, ( ). E. A basket or coop. Colobiuni (from KoKo^bs, docked or curtailed). A tunic with short sleeves, which scarcely covered the upper part of the arm. At Rome it was worn by men of free birth. The colohitDn appears to have been tlie first dress adopted by Christian deacons, and in the liturgical writings it is often met with under the name of levito- narium ; when it was of fine linen, it was also caWeAldntono^ndleliitoiiarinin. (Fig. 1 8 1.) Later on the sleeves were lengthened, and it became known as the Dalmatic (q.v.). Cologne Black. (See 15i.ack.) Cologne Earth. A bituminous earth of a violet-brown hue, transparent and durable in water-colour painting. Colonica. Synonym, oi vi//a rusika. A farm- house. Color, Lat. (i) The term is used in several senses in mediaeval treatises upon music, with a general idea of a quality of tone obtained by striking variations. (2) The coloured lines used in transcribing music. (See Neltmes.) Colores Austeri. Ancient pigments, not Colores Floridi. Ancient expensive and brilliant pigments. They were chrysocollum, indicum (or indigo), cx'ruleum (smalt), and cinnabar. Colossus (KoXocTffSs). The word was used for all statues larger than life ; that at Rhodes was ninety feet high. The Minerva and Jupiter Olympus of Pheidias, the Famese Hercules, and the Flora of the Belvidere, were all colossal. Colours, in Heraldry, are five : Blue or Azure, Red or Gules, Black or Sable, Green or Vert, Purple or Purpure. In French heraldry Green is Sinope. The uses and general symbolism of each colour are described under its own heading. The best work on sy/n- bolic colours is the "Essay " of M. Portal. One of the best on ihtthcory o/colours is that of Chevreuil. Colubrina, Med. Lat. (from coluber, a snake). A culverin. Columbar, R. A kind of pillory used for pun- ishing slaves. The instrument derived its name from the holes in it, which bore some resem- blance to jiigeon-holes. Columbarium. A dove-cote or pigeon-house, often constructed to hold as many as 4000 or 5000 birds. In the plural the term has many meanings. (l) It denotes the pigeon-holes or cells for the nests in a pigeon-house. (2) In a sepulchral chamber, the niches for holding the cinerary ums (olLc). Fig. 1S2 represents the numerous columbaria in the tomb of the freed- men of Octavia. In the sepulchral architecture of the Jews, the rock-hewn walls forming the vestibules of certain tombs were honey-combed G 2 WORDS USED IN with minute columbaria, in which only lamps were placed. Fig. 183 represents cells of this character taken from the tomb of Quoubkt-el- \ ^,^^;^yjX£i^M. Fig. 182. Columbarium. Endeh. (3) The openings in the side of a ship through which the oars passed. (4) The holes Fig. 1S3. Columbaria in rock-hewn walls. made in a wall to receive the head of a tie-beam. (S) The openings of the scoops in a particular kind of hydraulic wheel called Tympanum (q. v.). Fig. 184. Ionic column. Columella. Di- min. of colmnna. (See Column, Cip- PUS.) Columen, Gr. and R. The highest timber in the frame- work of a roof, forming what is now called the ridge- piece. Column, Arch. A column consists of three principal parts: the base (a), the shaft {b), and the capital {c). In the Doric, or most an- cient style, the co- lumns in a row rest upon a common base {podium). In the Ionic and Co- rinthian, each co- lumn has its own base {spira). The shaft of all columns ^'(i'/d'rj' gradually from the base to the capital. Any swell- ing introduced to modify the straight- ness of the line was called entasis. On the summit of a row of columns rests the architrave, or chief beam {d) ; above this the frieze {e\ and the cornice (f) projects above the frieze. These three together are called the en- iablat/ur. The tri- angidar gable-end of the roof, above the entablature, is called the /cdi/i/ent. A cir- cuit of columns, en- closing an open space in the interior of a building, was called a peristyle. A temple of two stories, with one peristyle upon an- other (Ionic or Co- rinthian columns over the heavier Doric), was called ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. 85 hyp^rthral. Tn Christian archrcology the column is a symbol of the Church, which was called, so early as St. Paul, colunuta el firmitattim veritatis (the column and support of truth). Colnres. In Astronomy, the two circles which pass through the four cardinal points of the ecliptic — the equinoctial and solstitial points. Coluria, Arch. Circular segments of stone, in the construction of a column, such as are now called tambours or disks. Colu8. A distaff. With the Romans it con- sisted of a thick cane (iiriniJo, lioinix), split at the end in such a way that the opening formed a basket. Com/'tij, pUiia, or Uiita amicta were the epithets applied to a colus when tilled with wool. The thread obtained from it wxs called stamen. The ball of loose wool at one end, prepared for spinning, was called glomus. The lower end of the distaff rested under the left arm ; the right hand spun and wound the thrcid on to the spindles (c.alledy}/j-«.f). (See Distaff.) Colymbion, Chr., Med. A vessel for holy water at the entrance of a church. Colymbus, Gr. and R. A basin or reser\'oir used either as a swimming-bath or for washing linen in. Coma («<{;u?j). (i) The hair; hair of the head. (2) The mane of animals. (See C.esaries, CiNciNNUs, IIaik, Otc.) Comatcrius or Comatoria (sc. acus). A long pin or bodkin of gold, silver, bronze, or ivory, used by the Roman ladies to keep up their hair when plaited. It was also called Acus Crinalis (q.v.). (Compare Discekmculum.) Combattant, Her. Said of lions, or other animals of prey, rampant and face to face. Combs (Lat. pecte)t, Gr. kt^Is), as used for especially splendid. Greek and Roman combs were of boxwood ; Egyptian combs were of ivory. Uncombed hair was a general sign of mourning. (See DiscERNicuLUM.) Commentaculam (from commento, to strike on the face). .V staff or wand carried in sacred processicjns by the Roman priests to assist them in clearing a way and preventing the people from pressing in on them too closely. CoiinuotiUiiliim was also used. Commissatio (from commissar, to revel). A revelling or fe.isting which began alter the CtENA (q.v.), and lasted far on into the night. (See SvMPOSii'M.) Commistio nr Commixtio, Chr. The placing of a portion of the bread into the chalice of wine, during the ceremony of consecration. Common-house. The part of a monastery in which a tire was kept for the monksduringwinter. Communicales, Chr. Communion vessels, made especially to be carried in procession in Rome. Compass. In Music, the whole range of sounds capable of being produced by a voice or instrament. Compass-headed, Arch. A semicircular arch. Compass Roof, Arch. An open timber roof. Compass Window, Arch. A b.ay-window on a circular plan. Compes. (I) A ring of goV\ or silver worn by the Romans round the leg, just above the ankle. (2) The chains or shackles worn round the ankle by slaves or prisoners. Compitalia, Compitales. A festival held by the Romans in honour of the Lares compitales, celebrated in the cross-roads, i-<7w//V/(7, where the images of those deities were often placed in niches. \g:^m^.k3 ■■ .^. V \ II lUl ll Fig. 1S5. .Ancient Carved Ivory Comb. combing the hair, but not for wearing upon the head, are found in Pompeian and i:g>ptian tombs, and in the early British, Roman, and Saxon barrows. In the Middle Ages ivory combs were richly caned, and the ceremonial combs for use in ecclesiastical ceremonies are Complement, Her. Applied to the moon, when full. Complement. In Music, the interval to be added to another interval to make an octave ; e.g. a third to a sixth ; a fourth to a fifth, i:c. CompIemenUry Colours. If the whole of the 86 WORDS USED IN light M-hich is absorbed by a coloured body were reunited with the whole of the light which it reflects, white light would result ; in this case the absorbed colours are complementary to those which are reflected. The colour given by a mixture of the colours of any portion of a spec- trum is the compkincnt of the remaining portion. Red is complementai"y to Green, Orange to Blue, Greenish Yel/inv to Violet, Itidigo to Orange Yellcnv, and, in each case, vice versd. Completorium, Chr. The last of the Hours of Prayer. Compline, Chr. Short evening prayers com- pleting the daily round of devotion prescribed by the Hours of Prayer. Compluvium, R. An opening in the roof of the atrium, furnished with gutters all round, which collected the rain-water from the roof, and con- veyed it into the basin {impluvium) in the middle of the atrium. Compon-covert, O. E. A kind of lace. Fig. i86. Capital of the Composite Order. Composite Order of Architecture. The last of the five Roman orders, composed of the Ionic grafted upon the Corinthian order. The examples at Rome are in the arch of Septimus Severus, the arch of the Goldsmiths, the arch of Titus, tlie temple of Bacchus, and the baths of Diocletian. Compound Arch, Arch. A usual form of mediii-val arch, which " may be resolved into a number of concentric archways, successively placed within and behind each other." {Prof. Willis.) Compound Pier, Arch. A clustered Column (q.V.). Compounded Arms, Her. Bearings of two or more distinct coats combined, to produce a single comjiound coat. Comus (Gr. kcS^oj). (i) A revel, or carousal which usually ended in tlie guests parading the streets crowned willi garlands, &c. (2) Festal processions instituted in hunour.of Bacchus and other gods, and of the victors at the games. (3) Odes written to be sung at such processions, e. g. those of Pindar. Comus (Gr. KOfi/xhs, from kottto), to strike). (1) A beating of the head and breast in lamen- tation ; a dirge. (2) A mournful song sung in alternate verses by an actor and a chorus in the Attic drama. Concaedes. A barricade constructed of trees which have been cut down and placed across the road (to impede the enemy's march). Concamerate, Arch. To arch over ; to vault. Concave. Hollowed in ; opposed to convex, bulging out. Concha (lit. a muscle or cockle), (i) A shell or shell-fish. (2) A Triton's conch. In works of art, the Triton, or sea-god, has for a trumpet the buccina, remarkable for a spiral twist, long and straight ; or the murex, equally twisted, but short and wide-mouthed. (3) The term was applied, by analogy, to various objects having the shape of a shell, such as cups or vases used for holding perfumes or for other purposes. (4) In Architecture, an apse, or a plain concave of a dome, is so called. Conchoid. A mathematical curve in the form of the outline of a shell. Conclave (with a key), Chr. (i) A meeting of cardinals assembled to elect a pope ; and (2) the hall or apartment in which such meeting is held. The institution of the conclave dates from Gregory X. Concrete, Arch. A mixture of gravel, peb- bles, or broken stone with cement. Condalium (/cocSuA.ioi', dimin. of Ko'c5t;Xoj, a knob or joint). A ring generally worn upon the first joint of the forefinger on the right hand. Conditivium, Conditorium. (i) An under- ground vault in which were chests or coffins for holding bodies which had not been reduced to ashes. (2) A sarcophagus in which the body was placed. (3) A kind of arsenal or magazine in which military engines were kept. Condrak, O. E. A kind of lace. Condyle. A knuckle ; the rounded end of a bone ; hence — Condyloid. Shaped like a condyle ; and Condylus. Synonym of Condalium (q.v.). Cone. A figure broad and round at the base, tapering upwards regularly towards a point. Coney, Cony, O. E. (i) A variety of the rabbit. (2) A beehive. Confessio, Chr. Originally the place where a saint or martyr was buried ; thence the altar raised over his grave ; and subsequently the chapel or basilica built there. Conge, Arch. The cavetto (hollow mould- ing) which unites the /^(^j'c' and ca/Z/rt/ of a column to its sliafc. Congius (deriv. doubtful). A Roman measure ART AND ARCILEOLOGY. 87 containing six scwiar/i or twelve Itcntiiui:. It was used especially for measuring liquids. Atigl. a pint and a lialf. Conic Sections. Curves formed by the inter- section of a iiv/t- and a plane; the circle, the ellipse, the hyperbola, and the parabola. Conisierium, Gr. and R. A room in which wresllcrh, after having had oil applied to their bodies, were rubbed over with fine sand {k6vis). The conistcriiini was an appendage to a pakxastrum, gymnasium, &c. Conopeum, Canopium, Gr. and R. (from Kwvic^, a gnat). A musquito-net, of very light material, introduced into Rome from Egypt. [This is the origin of the English word canopy.'] Consecratio, R. A kind of apotheosis or deification by which a mortal was enrolled in the number of the gods. It was unknown under the republic, and was only instituted in the tmie and on behalf of the emperors. The ceremony was solemnized in the Field of Mars, and with Fig. 187. Consecrated pyre on Roman medal. the greatest splendour. A magnificent pyre was raised, from the top of which, when kindled, an eagle A\-as let fly, which was supposed to carry up^ to the skies the soul of the deified emperor. Fig. 187, taken from a medal, represents one of these pyres. Consentise, Gr. and R. Festivals held in honour of the twelve principal divinities of Rome or Greece. Consignatorium Ablutoram, Chr. In early times there were baptisteries near churches, with a place closely adjoining in which to administer the rite of confirmation ; it was the place specially set apart for the administration of this rite that was called consignatorium abliitorum. Console. A projecting ornament, in wood or stone, used as a bracket. Constant White. Sulphate of B.^rytes Constellations. Groups of stars, mostly with classical names. Ancient C, forty-cigiit formed by Ptolemy in a. i). 150, with two others added by Tyclio 15ralie ; Modern C, fifty-nine others since formed, many by Ilelvetius at the end of the lyih century. {Rossiter.) Constratum, R. A flooring constructed of planks. (See CoASSATio.) Consualia, R. A festival of ancient Rome held in honour of the god Consus. It was from this festival that the games of the circus took their rise. Livy calls the god Neptunus Eques- tris. The feast was held witli horse and chariot races. Horses and mules did no work, and were crowned with garlands during its celebra- tion. The Rape of the Sabines took place at the first Consualia. Contabulatio, R. The long parallel folds formed in any garment of ample size, such as the toga, palla, and pal/inni. Contignatio, R. (a joining together of beams). The woodwork of beams and joists supporting the flooring in a building of several stories. The term is also used to denote the flooring and sometimes the story itself. Continuous Impost, Arch. In Gothic archi- tecture, the mouldings of an arch, when carried down to the ground without interruption, or anything to mark the impost-joint. [N'ew- lands.') Contoise, Fr. A flowing scarf worn attached to the helmet before 1350. (See Cointise.) Contomonobolum, R. A game which con- sisted in leaiHUg over a wide space by aid of a pole {contiis) which was used as a fulcrum. Contorniate. A class of antique medals having the contotir, or edge, marked with a deep cut. They generally have monograms on the obverse, and scenes of mythology on the re- verse. Contour, Fr. Outline. Contournee, Her. Facing to the sinister. Contra, in compound words in music, sig- nifies an octave belo-o : contra-basso, a double bass, &c. , Contra Votum, Chr. (i.e. agamst ones de- sires). A formula of grief, placed by the ancients on tombs, columns, and other sepulchral monu- ments, and adopted by Christians in the 5th century. (See Acclamations.) Contractura, R. The tapering of the column, which begins from the upper part of the shaft, and gradually widens as it reaches the base. (See Entasis.) _ . ., Contralto, It. In Music, the voice of deepest tone in females, allied to the tenor in men. Contrapuntal, Mus. Relating to Counter- point (q.v.). _ Contre - imbrications. An ornament cut in the form of fishes' scales overlapping one another, the scales being indented. In the imbri- cations they stand out. WORDS USED IN Contrepoint, O. E. (See Pourpoixt.) Contubernium, R. (i) A tent capable of accommodating ten soldiers and their corporal {deca7iiis). (2) A dwelling-place, especially for slaves. Hence contubcrnalcs came to mean com- rades, and generally persons living in intimacy under one roof together. Contus (Kovrh'i), Gr. and R. (i) A punt- ing-pole, used also for taking soundings ; each trireme was furnished wth three poles of different lengths. (2) A cavalry pike or lance. Conus, Gen. {kwvos, a cone). (l) In general, any object of a conical form. (2) A kind of sun-dial described upon a hollow cone. (3) The metal ridge at the top of a helmet, to which the plume was attached. (See Fig. 252.) Convivium, R. A banquet which generally took place at about the same hour as the C(X)ia, but which was never followed by a conimissatio. (See CCKNA, COMMISSATIO.) Coopertorium, R. (that which covers). A rug of coarse cloth ; a kind of blanket. Cop, O.E. Generally the top of anything; a mound or heap. (See Battlement.) Copal. A hard resin, which, dissolved in boiling linseed oil, forms an excellent varnish for pictures. It is also used as a vehicle for painting. The South African copal is the finest in quality. (See Varnish.) Copatain, O. E. A sugar-loaf hat ; " a copped- crown hat." Cope, Chr. A sacerdotal garment, also called a pluvial, because it was originally worn by priests in processions as a protection against the rain. It was open in the front, and fastened on the breast by a " morse " or clasp. In the primitive Church the cope was furnished with a hood, and hence mentioned as CucuLLA. Cope, Arch. To top a wall with thin bricks or stone. Coperone, O. E., Arch. A pinnacle. Cop-halfpenny, O. E. The game of "heads and tails." Cop-head, O. E. A crest of feathers or hair on an animal's head. Coping, Arch. The capping or covering of a wall, generally sloping to throw off In ^WPffic/ll^l^^ii^ftJ^i "^5"*^^ "-A^"*"^ ^\i^(^\ Ewer and basin of cnanielled ct^pper (Turkish). Fig. 77 two of the merlons are coped. Cophinus. Gr. and R. A large shallow wicker basket used for agri- cultural purposes. Cophinus et fanum, "a basket of hay," is Juvenal's word fo>- the poor man's bed. Compare English coj/iii. Coppa Puerpera, It. Caudle-cup. Coppe (It.), Cups(Sp. copa). The early Italian suit of playing cards corresponding to heai'ts. The Rev. E. S. Taylor suggests, ' ' The notion of hearts, as the seat of the affec- tions, &c., is in connexion with the office of the clergy ,•" hence the chalices. (See CcEUR. ) Copped, O. E. Crested. (For Cop-head, q.v.) Copperas (white) is considered the safest metallic (/;vVv- for pigments and varnish. Copper-enamelling. (Fig. (See Enamels.) Copper-plate Engraving. Chalcugraphy.) Coppet, O. E. Saucy. Coppid, O. E. Peaked ; ring to the fashion of the _ peaked toe. Copple-crowned, O. E. With a head high and rising up, said of a boy " with his hair on end." Coppull, O. E. A hen's name (in the Turnament of Tottenham). Cops or Merlons, Arch. The raised parts of a battlement. (See Fig. 77.) iSS.) (See refer- lons dc gardt'). A detachment of troops appointed for a particular service. Corean Porcelain, from a country intermediate between China and Japan, combines the.qualities Fig. 189. Corean tea-pot. (About a.d. 1562.) of the most ancient art of each. The tea-pot re- presented in Fig. 1S9 is covered with gravings in the paste imitating the waves of the ocean, and shows four times repeated an imperial Japanese device, by which it appears that the piece was destined for the Mikado. Corinthian Order of Architecture. This order originated in Greece, and the capital is said to have been suggested by observing a tile placed Fig. igo. Capit.il of the Corinthian Order. 90 WORDS USED IN on a basket left in a garden, and an acanthus growing round it. Tiie principal distinction of this order is its capital, richly ornamented with leaves and flowers. Among the principal Corin- thian examples are the temple of Vesta, the basilica of Antoninus, and the temples of Jupiter Tonans and Jupiter Stator ; all at Rome. Corium, R. Leathern body-armour cut into scale fijrm. Cork burned forms the pigment called Spanish Black. Corn. In pagan art, the attribute of Ceres and Justitia and Juno Martialis. Comal. The head of a tilting-lance. (See CORONKL.) Cornelian, Carnelian, Gen. A variety of chal- cedony of a horny transparency and a more or less deep red. Engraved cornelians have per- petuated much information about the manners and customs of the ancient Greeks and Romans. (See Sards.) Cornemuse. A French form of the bagpipe. Cornet, (i) A kind of heraldic banner. (2) The bearer of the colours of a regiment. (3) Square caps worn in the Universities. (4) Any object having co7'ners, or angular extremities. (5) An obsolete musical instru- ment, once in common use in Germany and in England, something like a Hautboy, but larger and of a coarser tone. (See Waits.) Cornice. (See Coronis. ) Cornichon, Fr. A kind of game at " quoits." Comic ulum, R. (dimin. of cornu, and so a small horn). It was a mark of distinction con- ferred on a sol- dier who had distinguished himself by his conduct or courage, and was worn on his helmet. On Thracian and other coins we find represen- tations of this horn as part of the royal head- dress. Cornish, O. E. The ring placed at the mouth of a cannon. Cornlaiters, O. E. Newly-married peasants begging corn to sow their first crop with. Cornu, Cornus, and Cornum, R. (i) The horn of an animal. (2) Any object made of horn or of a horn-like shape. The musical cornu was curved ; the straight horn was called tuba. Cornu Altaris (horn of the altar), in Chris- tian archjeology, means merely the corner or angle thereof. Cornu Evangelii is the angle to the left, c. Epistohe that to the right, of the celebrating priest. Cornu-copiae, R. Horn of abundance, a symbol Fia igi. Coin showing the Corniculum. of concord, prosperity, and good fortune. It was represented as a wreathed horn, filled to overflowing with corn and fruit. Corolla, R, (dimin. of Corona, q.v.). The corolla denoted in a general sense a small crown or even a garland ; in a more restricted accepta- tion it was a garland of artificial flowers made of horn shavings and painted various colours. Women used to wear this kind of wreath during winter. CoroUarium, R. (dimin. of Corona, q.v.). It denoted especially a wreath made out of thin metal leaves, which the audience in a theatre presented to their favourite actors. Corona (Kopwi/rj), R. A crown or garland made with natural or artificial leaves and flowers (of horn, parchment, ?^ Corpse-gate or Lich-gate. A shed over the gate of a churchyard to rest the corpse under. (Eig. I97-) Corr agis, R. {corriigo, \ to wrinkle). ■"'^' '"^ Literally, b' wrinkled ; a loose garment Fig. 197. Corpse or Lich-gate. which was wrapped round the body, and fell into numerous folds, so as to present the appearance of a wrinkled surface. Cors, Arch. The shaft of a pinnacle. Corsae, R. The mouldings decorating the surface of a marble door-post. Corse, O. E. (See Corce.) Corse of Silk, O. E. Probably a silk ribbon. Corselet, Fr. A light breastplate ; i6th and 17th centuries. Corspresant, Med. A mortuary. Cortina, R. (i) A deep cir- cular vessel in the shape of a saucepan, used for various pur- poses. (2) The snake's skin spread over the tripod of the Pythoness at Delphi. (3) An altar of marble, bronze, or the precious metals, in the form of a tripod. (4) The vault over, the stage in a theatre was called corlina, from its resemblance to the lid of a tripod. (5) ,. . Tables of marble or bronze, Cortina. 92 WORDS USED IN made to imitate the slab upon which the Delphic priestess sat, were also called cortince Delphicse. (See Fig. 199.) Fig. 199. Cortina (Etruscan). Cortinale, R. A cellar in which wine was boiled in caldrons [cortince) to preserve it. Corundum. The Indian name for a very hard mineral called adamantine spar. The ruby and sapphire are varieties of corundiiiii. Corven. O. E. for carven, cut. " Corvette wyndows of glase. With joly bandis of brase." {Littcoin MS.) Corvus, R. (lit. crow). A crane or gi'ap- pling-iron, used in naval warfare. It was a strong piece of iron with a spike at the end, which, being violently let down upon a ship from the yard-arm, or a special mast made for the purpose, went through the bottom and sank it, or at any rate grappled it fast. A variety of corvus was also made use of in the assault of fortified places. Corybautica, Gr. and R. Festivals celebrated at Cnossus, in Crete, by the Corj'bantes, in honour of Atys and his mother Cybele. The priests ran through town and country can7ing torches and uttering savage cries to the accom- paniment of drums and cymbals. They per- formed frenzied dances known under the name of Coryhantic dances. Corycaeum, Gr. and R. A large apartment in a gymnasium or a large bathing establishment, for the CORYCOBOLIA or sack-throwing, a game which consisted in suspending from the ceiling of the C07yacu/n, at the height of about a yard from the ground, a sack filled with sand, bran, or seeds, to be thrust away with blows of the fist, and when it was in full swing to be stopped with the hands, back, or breast. The exercise was also called Corycomachia. Corymbus, R. ((copuMflo?, a cluster), (i) A bunch of any fruit tliat grows in clusters, such as ivy-berries. (2) A head-dress or wig ar- ranged in the form of corymbi, in a knot at the top of the head, as that of Venus is repre- sented in the Medici statue. (3) The tenn is also sometimes used as a synonym of Aplustre (q.v.). Corynalle, Arch. (See Cornal.) " The schafte was strong over alle. And a well-shaped corynalle." Coryphaeus, Gr. (lit. at the head), (i) Any leader. (2) Esp. the leader of the chonis of the Attic drama. {3) An epithet of Jupiter Capitolinus. Corytus, Gr. and R. A bow-case. The quiver for arrows was called pharetra. Fig. 200. Cos — a Roman Grindstone. Cos, R. A hone, whetstone, or grindstone. Fig. 200 is taken from an engraved gem. Cosmi (K($cr/uo(). The supreme magistrates in Crete. Costanti. One of the Italian literai7 academies. They had for their device the sun shining on a column, with the motto TatiHim volvihir timbra (the shadow only revolves). Cote, O. E. A woman's gown ; 15th century. Cote Armour. (See Coat Armour, Tabard.) Cote-hardie. A tight-fitting gown ; 14th century. Cothurnus, Gr. and R. The Buskin ; a high boot of Greek invention, met with on representations of certain divinities and of some of the emperors covered with rich ornamentation. It is an attribute of the huntress Diana. The sole was thickened with cork for tragic actors, to make them taller. Horsemen wore it as high as the knee. Cotillion (Fr. cotte, an under-petticoat). A dance introduced from France, where it usually terminated a ball. Cotise, Her. A diminutive of the Bend, being one-fourth of its width. ART AND ARCILIiOLOGY. 93 Cotta. A sliort surplice. Cottabus, Cottabe, Cotabos, Gr. and R. A game of Greek origin, played in various manners, by throwing wine into empty cups swimming on a basin of water, or into scales suspended above a bronze ornament. The man who drowned most cups won a prize, or he who made the best sound had a good omen. There were other methods. Cotyla, (!r. and R. A measure of capacity equal to half a pint English. Cotyttia (KOTTVTia). Nocturnal festivals cele- brated by the Edonians of Thrace in honour of a goddess called Cotytto (Cybele). Couchant or Dor- mant, Her. In repose. The illustration gives the device of King Richard II., a white hart coiichaiit on a mount, &c. (Fig. 201.) Coucher, O. E. A book kept couched or lying on a desk, e. g. ^. ,, , ^ books of the church ^ services left m the places where they were used. Coudieres. (See Coutere.) Coufic. (See CuFic.) Coulisse, Tech. A piece of timber with a channel or groove in it, such as that in which the side-scenes of a theatre move. Counter, Her. Reversed or opposite. Counterfort, Arch. A buttress. Counterpoint, Music. The art of combining melodies, or rather of adding to a melody harmonious parts. Double Counterpoint is " a kind of artificial composition, where the parts are inverted in such a manner that the upper- most becomes the lowermost, and vice versa.'' (See Staincr and Barrett, Die. of Musical Terms.) Counter-proof. An impression of an engraving printed from a wet proof. Counter-seal or Secretum. A seal on the reverse or back of another seal. Early seals were generally impressed on both sides. Countess, Arch. A roofing slate, 20 inches by 10 inches. Couped, Her. Cut off smoothly. The reverse of erased. Coupled (columns). Gen. Two columns are said to be coupled when they are placed quite close to each other without touching. Coupled heads is the term applied to two heads placed back to back upon the same pedestal or the same trunk. Many pedestals ornamented with Herm.'E (q.v.) are surmounted by coupled heads. Courant, Her. Running. Course, Arch. One range, or stratum, of bricks, stones, or other material in the construc- tion of a wall. Court Cards. The king, cpieen, and knave of a suit. They were originally named in France ; e. g. the four kint^s were Charlemagne, Casar, Alexander, and David ; the four queens, ]\xt of a church. (2) A fiddle. Crown. (See Corona. See also MiKAL Crown, Naval Crown, Crest, &c.) Crown (of a bell). The top of the inside of u Fig. 217. Crown of Her Majesty the Queen. WORDS USED IN a bell, in which the ring is fixed from which the clapper is suspended. In architecture the spire of a steeple is said to crown the tower, or a fleuron to crown a gable, &c. Crown. An old English coin, the value of which has varied at different periods. The Fig. 218. Crown of the Rose. illustration represents the gold crown of Heniy VIII., dated 1462, called a crown of the Rose, value 4^. dd. Other crown pieces were called, from the mint-mark, crowns of the Sun. Croyle, O. E. Crewel ; tightly-twisted worsted. Crozier, Chr. The name is often improperly applied to the bishop's crooked pastoral staff ; it belongs to the staff surmounted by a cross which is borne before an archbishop. The Byzantine crozier was that of the T-shaped cross ; it had sometimes curved serpents on both sides. Crucifix. The representation of the Saviour on the Cross was first introduced in the time of Constantine. It has undergone considerable variation at different periods. Fig. 219. Porcelain Cruciform Box (Egyptian). Cruciform. Shaped to foim a cross. The illustration represents a specimen of ancient Egyptian porcelain, of this shape, ornamented with the lotus. (See Egyptian Pottery.) Crumata. (See Crusmata.) Crumena, R. A leather pouch for carrying money. The balantioji of the Greeks was worn suspended from the neck by a strap. Crumenal, O. E. A purse. Crupezia, Gr. {Kpovw, to strike). A kind of sandal M'itli a double sole, in the middle of which were castanets with springs. (.See Crotalum.) Greek flute-players used them in the theatre to beat time to the singing and declamation of the chorus. Crusca, Accademia della. A literary aca- demy established in Florence in the 15th century by Cosmo de' Medici ; their device, a bolting- mill, represented in Fig. 220, was symbolical of Fig. 220. Device of the Delia Cruscan Academy. their object to cultivate the Italian language by winnowing the flour from the bran ; and in allu- sion to it, the members called themselves by appropriate names, as Infarinato, Rimenato, Gramolato, Insaccato, &c. On the top of the shield is the Marzocco, or Lion of Florence, the emblem of the city. Crusilee, Crusily, Her. Having the field semee of small crosses. Cruske, O. E. An earthen vessel ; cf. the Irish criiishkeai. Crusmata, Crumata, Gr. and R. {Kpovu, to strike). Castanets. Crustae, R. In the finest works of the chaser, the ornamental pattern was frequently distinct from the vessel, to which it was either fastened pennanently, or so that it could be removed at pleasure, the vessel being of silver, and the orna- ments of gold, which were called frusta: or et>i- blej)iata (Dr. Smith). Of these the former were the figures embossed in low relief, and the e7n- hlemata were those in high relief. (See Damas- cening, Emblemata.) Crustulum, R. (dimin. of crustum). Any- ART AM) ARCHAEOLOGY. 99 llung baked ; plaster mouldings ; a cheap kind ol decoration in bas-relief. Crutch. An attribute of St. Anthony, to denote his age and feebleness. Crux. The Latin equivalent for Cross (q.v.). Crwth (A.S. crudh, Eng. crmvd). A Welsh instrument, a sort of violin, similar to the rcl'ck of the liretons. Crypta, Crypt, Chr. (kputttoj, to bury). Li ancient times the crypt was really a cloister ; it formed, in fact, a long and narrow gallery sur- rounded by buildings, and itself surrounding a building, garden, or court. The courtyards of vilhc were surrounded by ci7pts ; the ruins of Diomed's villa, at Pompeii, afford a curious Fig. 221. Crypt at Laumeur (France). instance of the kind. In modern archaeology the term crj'pt is applied to a subterranean chapel underneath a church. (Figs. 221 and 222.) Fig. 222. Crypt of St. Mary's Church, Warwick. Among the Romans the word meant (i) a covered portico, or arcade, called crypto-portkus. (2) A grotto, or more accinately a tunnel. (3) A subterranean vault used for secret worsliip. (4) \\\ the catacombs, a tomb in whicii a number of bodies were interred togetiier. Crypteia {«pu7rTe/a). A systematic massacre of Helots at night, by young Spartans, who hid themselves dining the day. Crystal. Rock crystals are frequently found large enough to make vessels of The Romans hatl crystal drinking-cups of extraordinary size and beauty. Crystal ornaments were especially chosen for ecclesiastical purposes, and for mediaeval bookbinding, Tretov). Ancient structures, also known Decorated Cyma. Cymatile, R. (kC/xo). A Roman female dress, of a changing sea-green colour, like the waves. Cymba, R. (kv/ji^os, a hollow), (i) A small boat. (2) A vase of metal or clay in the form of a small boat. (See Cymbium. ) Cymbals, O. E. A contrivance of a number of metal plates, or bells, suspended on cords. Cymbalum, R. (from kv/x^os). The cymbals ; a musical instrument made of two disks of bronze or l)rass. (See Cro'ialum, Flagellum.) Cymbe, Gr. An ointment-pot, similar in shape to the AmpitUa (q v.). Cymbium, R. (kvi^^Ioi'). A lu.al-sliai.c.l (Irinkini^-cup with two handles. (See Cymha.) Cynocephalus, Egyp. An ape witli a dog's bead ; a sacred animal, representing Anubis in the Egyptian mytliology. Fig. 234. Branch of Cypress and of Myrtle. Device of M. A. Colonna. Cynophontis (sc. 4opTii), Gr. (derived from the Greek kvwv, dog, and (p6vos, slaughter). Festivals held at Argos during the dog-days, when dogs found straying in the city were killed. Cynopolites, Egyi". {kwottoKItt^s). a nome uf Upper Egypt. Cypress. In Persian art, this tree is tlic frc- {|uently-occurring eiuMcni of the religion of Zoroaster, and of the soul aspiring to Heaven. In Christian antl modern symbolism it is the emblem of mourning. The device of cypress and ntyrtU assumed by Marc Antonio Colonna on the occasion of the defence of Ravenna is cm- 1 ilematic of " daxth or victory. " The wood of the cypress-tree was much used for statuary by tht ancients. Carved chests of cypress were espe- cially used, in the .Middle Ages, for keeping clothes and tapestry ; its aromatic properties were considered a specific against moth. (Fig. 234.) Cyprus. i hin stuff of which women's veils were made. Cyprus or Verona Green. A pigment men- tioned by Pliny as Appian Green : it is prepared from green earths found at Cyprus or Verona, which are coloured by oxide of copper. (See Al'l'I.ANt'M.) Cysts or Cists, Etrus. (kictttj, a chest). Offer- ings dedicated by women in the temple of Venus, of cylindrical caskets of enchased bronze. The handles of these caskets represent small figures, and the feet the claws of animals. Those which have been found in Etruscan tombs, chiefly at Prreneste, are in many cases decorated with a graffito designs. Cyzicense, Gr. (KufiKTji'ai)- Large and richly- decorated apartments, built for the first time at Cyzicus, which had their principal fronts to the north, and were situated in a garden. D. Dabber. A tool used in etching to distribute the etching-ground over a plate of metal in the first process of engraving, and, in printing from copper-plate engraving and woodcuts, to spread the ink. Dactyliography or Dactyliology, Gen. (5a(c- Tt'Aioy, a ring). The stutly of rings. Dactyliotheca, Gr. {5a.KTv\io-dr]Kr], a ring- 1 ox), (i) A glass case or casket containing rings. (2) A collection of rings, engraved stones, or precious stones. (See Glyptotheca.) Dactylus, Gr. (SdKTv\os, a finger). The Roman digitus; a finger-breadth, the i6th part of a foot. Dado, Arch, (i) The part of a pedestal between the base and the cornice. (2) In apartments, an arrangement of moulding, o, to whiten over). coating of stucco {albarium opus). The builders of antiquity made great use of stucco, both in the interior and exterior of buildings. All the buildings of Pompeii are stuccoed. Deambulatory, Arch, {dcamlmlo, to walk about). The lateral nave which surrounds the choir of a church ; it is usually separated from the aisles by a grating (cancelli). Deas, Dais, Dees, Scotch, (i) A table, es- pecially the great hall table. (2) A pew in a church. (3) A turf seat erected at the door of a cottage. (See Dais.) Death's-man, O. E. The executioner. Debased, Her. Reversed. Decadence. The term in ancient art is applied to the period after the fall of Rome, and before the Henaissance in the 141)1 century ; in modern art to the period of the rococo style of Louis XV. Decaduchi (Se/ca-SoDxoi), Gr. A council of ten, who ruled Athens from B.C. 403 until the restoration of democracy. Decan, Egyp. A period of ten days, which was nded by a star called its Decan. The month was divided into three decans, and the year into thirty-six, each being presided over by its owi: inferior divinity. On zodiacs they are arranged in groups of three above the twelve superior gods. The decans were the tutelary genii of the horoscope. Decarchia (Sed-apx'")- A council of the Lacedivmonians. Decastellare, Med. Lat. To dismantle. Decastylos, Arch. jV building of which the portico has ten columns ; a decastylic pediment is a pediment supported by ten columns. Decemjugus (sc. ciirrus), R. A chariot drawn l)y ten horses abreast; represented on the medals of the later emperors. Decempeda, R. A ten-foot measuring-rod used by architects and surveyors. Decemremis, R. (renins, an oar). A vessel with ten banks of oars. It is certain that the different ranks of rowers, who had each his own seat, sat one above the other ; the lowest row was called thalamos, tiie middle zuga, and the uppermost thranos; but it is very difficult to under- stand in what manner so many ranks could have been arranged, and the question lias been the subject of infmite discussion. Decennalia or Decennia. A festival at Rome in commemoration of tiie refusal of Autiustus to io6 WORDS USED IN become emperor for a longer period than ten years at a time. Decollation (= beheading). An ecclesiastical expression applied to St. John the Baptist and other martyrs. Decorated Style of ArcMtecture. The second of the Pointed or Gothic styles of architecture used in England. It was developed from the Early English at the end of the 13th century, Delf. Common pottery from Delft in Hol- land. Delft Faiences are remarkable for the beauty of their paste and of their enamel, but spurious Fig. '238. Decorated window. and gradually merged into the Perpendicular during the latter part of the 14th. Its most characteristic feature is the geometrical traceries of the windows. Decrescent, In Detriment, Her. A half-moon having its horns to the sinister. Decursio, R. (decurro, to run or march). Military manoeuvres ; a re- view, sham fight, or any exercise for training soldiers ; the term decursus was also used. Decussis, R. {decern, ten, and as). A piece of money marked with the numeral X (lo), and which was worth ten asses (post- Augustan ; see Denarius). De Fundato or Netted. A name given to certain silks, which were dyed of the richest purple, and figured with gold in the pattern of netting. De-gamboys, O. E. A musical instrument. (See Viol de Gambo.) Degradation, Gen. The diminishing of the tones of colour, light, and shade, according to the different degrees of distance. (A term used especially in reference to glass painting.) Degreed, Degraded, Her. Placed on steps. Deice, Deas, or Deis, O. E. (See Dais.) Deinos, Gr. A vessel with a wide mouth and semi-spherical body, something like the cacahus. Fig. 240. Oil cruet, Delft ware. imitations are said to be abundant. Fig. 240 is a representative specimen of the real Delft ware. The date of the establishment of this manu- facture is uncertain, but eaidier than 1614; the ornamentation is inspired by Japanese art. (Consult Jacqiiemari' s History of the Ceramic Art.) Delia, Gr. Festivals and games at Delos. DelpMca (sc. cortina), R. A table of a very costly description, made of white marble or bronze. It was used as a drinking-table, and had only three feet richly ornamented. [Ex- plained under the heading Cortina.] Delphinia. A Greek festival in honour of Apollo. Delphinorum Columnae, R. The two columns at one end of the spina of a circus, on which marble figures of dolphins were placed. The seven ova (eggs) on similar columns at the end of the spina opposite to these dolphins, served to indicate the number of turns made by the chariots round the goal. (See OvuM.) [The figure of the dolphin was selected in honour of Neptune.] (Cf CiRcus.) DelpMnus, Dolphin, Gen. {^e\. 11/ll.Ui.VJl.j \ loniitoria or entrances of tlie theatres and amphi- theatres. Fig. 241 reineseuts a dolpliin utilized Fig, 242. Dolphin. Medal of Syracuse. Fig. 241. Dolphin. Used as an ornament. in this manner at the theatre of Puzzoli. Many medals, as for instance those of Syracuse (Fig. 242), are stamped with a dolphin. (See also Dolphin.) DelpMs, R. A heavy mass of iron or lead used in naval warfare, to drop on board of a hostile ship and sink it. (Compare CORVUS.) Delubrum, R. {deluo, to cleanse). A shrine; the part of a temple which contains the altar or statue of the deity, and thence a temple containing an altar. Dememhered, Dismembered, Her. Cut into pieces, but without any alteration in the form of the original figure. Demi, Her. The half ; the upper, front, or dexter half, unless the contrary is specified. Demi-brassarts, Vambraces, or Avant-braces. Half-armour for the arm. Demi-culverin. A cannon of four inches' bore. {Jlhyi'tck.) Demi-hag. A smaller kind of hackbut (arquebus). Demi-haque, O. E. A fire-arm, smaller than the arquebus ; i6th century. Demi-jambes. Armour for the shins. Demi-placcate. The lower part of a breast- plate. Demi-relievo. Sculpture in relief, in which one-half of the figure projects; generally called Mczzo-irlu-7'o. (See B.^sso-kelif.vo.) Demiurgi {^rtyn-ovpyoi). Popular magistrates. Demosii. Slaves belonging to the state, at Athens. Fig. Demi- lion, rampant. Demotic (writing), I'-gyp- (St/^uoti/co, sc. ypafiixara, i.e. jiopular writing). A mode of writing among the ancient Egyptians, differing from the hieroglyphic or sacred wrilmg. This writing, which was employed for civil records, was introduced under the twenty-fifth dynasty, being derived from the /litialic 7>.'riliug, the first al)breviation of the hieroglyphics. Demster, O. E. A judge. Demyt, O. E. An old [word for dimity ; a kind of fustian. Perhaps so called because first manufactured at Damietta. Denarius, R. {deiii, by tens). The silver coin ]nincii)ally in use among the Romans. Until the reign of Augustus the denarius was worth ten asses, and afterwards si.xteen. Demirms aureus was a gold denarius, ecjual in value to twenty-five silver denarii. Denia. A city of Valencia in Spain, which disputes with Alcora the production of a remark- able kind of pottery, of which Jacquemart men- tions a vase with two handles of -Vrab form, re- sembling the alcarazas, upon a smooth white enamel decorated with birds and flowers coarsely painted. Dens, R. Literally, a tooth; hence the prongs of a fork, the tlukes of an anchor, the barbs of a lance, the teeth of a saw or rake. Dentale, R. (dens, a tooth). The piece of wood in a plough on which the plough-share {vomer) is fastened. Dentatus, R. Armed with teeth. Dentelle Decoration. Of French pottery, a light lace pattern, more delicate than the "/(?/«- breqiiin." Dentels, Fr. (Sec Dentile.) Dentile, Dentils (Latin, dciiticuli), Arch. Ornaments in the form of small cubes or teeth, used in the moulding of cornices, in the lONlC, Corinthian, and Composite orders. (See Tooth-ornament, Dog's-tooth.) Depas, R. A bowl with two handles, the foot of which is made of a low flat moulding like the Doric fillet. Depressed, Her. Surmounted, placed over another. Derby Porcelain. Manufactory cstalilished in 1750. Jacquemart says, " Derby has made fine porcelains and statuettes which have nothing to fear by comparison with the groups of Saxony or Sevres." Dere, O. E. Noble, honourable. " Syr Cadore with his dri-c knyghttes." Derring do, O. E. Deeds of arms. Deruncinatus, R. Smoothed and polished with the rniiiiiia or carpenter's plane. Desca, Lai. A stall <>r desk in a church. Descobinatus, R. Rapped with the Scoiuna or carpenter's rasp. Destrere, Anglo-Norman. A war-horse. WORDS USED IN linen cloth made at Ypres, is spoken of as early as the 13th century. " Of cloth making she had such a haunt. She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunte." {Prologiie of Canterbury Tales.) The peculiarity of this cloth, as of that of Damas- cus, was in the pattern. " To diaper''^ is, in heraldry, to cover the field of an escutcheon with devices independent of the armorial bear- ings. The engraving shows a surcoat dia- pered, on which are embroidered armorial bearings. (Fig. 248.) Diasia, Gr. Festivals in honour of Zeus, held at Athens, outside of the walls of the city, for tlie purpose of averting epidemics and other ills {aa-q). Diastyle, Arch. An intercolumniation, in which the columns are separated from each other by a space of three diametei^s. Diathyrum, Gr. A passage leading at one end to the street-door of a house, and at the other to the door of the courtyard. The Romans called this space Prothyrum (q.v.). Diatoni, Diatonoi, Gr. and R. (SiareiVoi, to extend through). Long stones extending from one face of a wall to the other (to which modern architects give the name of pcrpenders or perpeud-stones), and which were employed in the method of construction called Emplecton (q.v.). In Fig. 249 one is represented by the stone placed between b and c. | i((r,iiiflllliiii,iliiliMiiii'lllliiiifo^1iillliiilliliililHiiilii^ihiln! iig 49 UiaioiKi Diatreta, Gr. (StoTpTjra, i. e. bored through). A drinking-cup made of glass, cut in such a way that the designs or ornaments upon it stand out completely from the body of the vase, and form a tracery, which is only united to the vase itself by small ties or pins left for the purpose. Diatriba, Gr. and R. (Siarpi^ui, to spend time). Places in which learned discussions were held, such as lecture or assembly rooms. Diaulos, Gr. The double flute. (See Aui.os, Flute.) One in the British Museum, found in a tomb at Athens, is of cedar- wood, with tubes fifteen inches in length. Diazoma, Gr. (Sid^wixa, that which girdles). A Greek synonym of the Latin term Pr^e- CINCTIO (q.v.). DicasterioD, Dicastery, Gr. (SiKaarijpwv ; SiK-rj, justice). A tribunal at Athens in which the people themselves administered justice with- out the intervention of tlie magistrates. Dicastes. A judge, or rather juryman, chosen annually from the citizens at Athens. Dicerion, Chr. {Si-Kspaiov, with two horns). A candlestick with two laranches, holding which in their hands the Greek priests bless the people. The dicerion is symbolical of the two-fold nature of Christ. (See Tricerion.) Dichalcon, Gr. (5ixaA.K:os, i. e. double- chalcos). A small Greek copper coin worth only one-fourth or one-fifth of an obolus. Dichoria, Gr. (St-xopia, i. e. division of chorus). When the ancient choruses divided into two, to recite in turn a part of the action of a play, or mutually to interchange sentiments, this action was called ^/c//(;r/a; each half of the chorus was called Iiemichoria (r]ij.ixopia), and each stanza antichoria {avrixopia). Dicken, O. E. The devil. " Odds dickens ! " Dicker, O. E. Half a score. Dicomos, Gr. (ku/llos, a feast). A banquet- ing-song, which was sung at tlie second course of the feast at the festivals of Bacchus. Dicrotos, Dicrotus, Gr. (Si-KpoTos, lit. double- beating). The Greek name for a vessel with two banks of oars, the Roman bireniis. Dictynnia (Si'/cTuc/r, a hunter's net). A Cretan festival in honour of Artemis. Dictyotheton, Gr. (from Hktvov, a net). A kind of masonry composed of regularly-cut square stones, forming, in a wall so constructed. Fig. 250. Dictyotheton. a net-work or chess-board pattern. It answered to the opus reticitlatitnt of the Romans. Didrachma, Didrachmum, Gr. (5i -Spax/uo^). A double silver draclima of tlie Greek coinage, which was worth about two shillings. Die. In Architecture, for dado, or the part of a pedestal that would correspond to the dado (q.v.). .Alxl :\.\l) i\l\\^ll/lA)i.{)(,\ Die -sinking. The art of cngiaving on slccl niouhls, nicilals, coins, anlumn. Diglypb, Gr. and R. (h'i.-y\v(f)os, doubly indented). An ornament consisting of two g/y/'/ur (yAvcpal) or grooves chaimelled out on consoles. (See Triglyph.) Diipoleia {noKievs, of the city). A very ancient Athenian festival, celebrated annually on the Acropolis, in hononr of Zeus Polieus. Dimidiated, Iler. Cut in half per pale, and one half removed. Fig. 251 is a device placed by James I. on some of his coins, in which the thistle and rose are respectively dimidiated. The legend was, " Fait eos in gen- tem unam." Diocleia. A festi- val of the Megarians, held about the grave of an ancient Athenian hero. Diodes. There was a prize for kissing. Dionysia. The cele- brated orgies of Dio- nysus or Bacchus, sup- pressed B.C. 186, and substituted by the Liberalia. (See Bacchanalia.) Dioptra, Gr. and R. (SfoTrrpa ; Siopatw, to see through). An instrument used in surveying to measure distances and to take levels. Dioscuria, Gr. and R. {AiotTKovpia). Games instituted at Rome in honour of the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), who, at the battle of Lake Regillus against the Latins (496 n.c. ', were supposed to have fought on the side of the Romans. Diospolites, Egyp. One of the nomes or divisions of Lower Egypt. Diota, Gr. (Si-cora, with two ears). A name applied indifferently to any kind of vase furnished with two handles, such as /ngc/.-w, amphora, can- thari, tD, to make supple), (i) Prepared skins for writing on. (2) A kind of garment ; an overcoat of skin or leather which Greek slaves put on over their tunic. Diptych, Gr. (5i'-7rTuxa, i.e. double-folded). Double tablets united by means of strings or hinges. Diptycha coiisiilaria, irdililia, pnr- toria had engraved on them portraits of con- suls, asdiles, pra'tors, and other magistrates. These consular diptychs were a part of the presents sent by new consuls on their appoint- ment to very eminent persons. The series of them is a very valuable record of the progress of the art of ivory carving. In Christian archa-o- logy diptychs were decorated with scenes from biblical history. There were also diptychs of tiie baptized ; of the bishops and benefactors of a church, living or dead ; of saints and martyrs ; and, lastly, of deceased members of the congre- gation, whose souls were to be remembered at mass. (See Trii'TVcii.) Directors, or Triangular Compasses. A mathematical instrument adapted for taking three angular points at once. Diribitorium, R. {diribco, to sort or separate). A place or building in which a public officer inspected the troops, distributed the pay, and enrolled the conscripts in their respective regi- ments. Dirige, Chr. A psalm forming part of the burial service, "Dirige gressus meos," \c. ; hence Dirge, for funereal music or hynms in general. Dirk. A Scotch dagger. Diruta. An impcjrtant porcelain mamifactory in the Papal States, established by a pupil of Luca dcUa Kobbia in 1461. Discerniculum, K. {disci-i-iio, to divide). A bodkin used l>y Roman women in the toilet to part their hair. (See Comks.) Discharging Arch. An arch built into the structure of a wall, to relieve the parts below it of the pressure of those above it ; such arches are connnon over flat-headed doors or other openings. Discinctus, Gr. and R. {disciiiqo, to ungird). A man who is iingirt, that is, who docs not wear a girdle round the waist of his tunic ; for a man, WORDS USED IN linen cloth made at Ypres, is spoken of as early as the 13th century. " Of cloth making she had such a haunt, She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunte." (Prologue of Canterbury Tales.) The peculiarity of this cloth, as of that of Damas- cus, was in the pattern. " To diaper" is, in heraldry, to cover the field of an escutcheon with devices independent of the armorial bear- ings. The engraving shows a surcoat dia- pered, on which are embroidered armorial bearings. (Fig. 248.) Diasia, Gr. Festivals in honour of Zeus, held at Athens, outside of the walls of the city, for the purpose of averting epidemics and other ills {aa-q). Diastyle, Arch. An intercolumniation, in which the columns are separated from each other by a space of three diameters. Diathyrum, Gr. A passage leading at one end to the street-door of a house, and at the other to the door of the courtyard. The Romans called this space PkothykUM (q.v.). Diatoni, Diatonoi, Gr. and R. (SiareiVoi, to extend through). Long stones extending from one face of a wall to the other (to which modern architects give the name of pcrpendcrs or pcrpend-sioiies), and which were employed in the method of construction called Emplectox (q.v.). In Fig. 249 one is represented by the stone placed between b and c. Fig. 249 Diatonoi. Diatreta, Gr. (SiaTprjTa, i. e. bored through). A drinking-cup made of glass, cut in such a way that the designs or ornaments upon it stand out completely from the body of the vase, and form a tracery, which is only united to the vase itself by small ties or pins left for the purpose. Diatriba, Gr. and R. (SiaTplPu, to spend time). Places in which learned discussions were held, such as lecture or assembly rooms. Diaulos, Gr. The double flute. (See Aui.os, Flute.) One in the British Museum, found in a tomb at Athens, is of cedar- wood, with tubes fifteen inches in length. Diazoma, Gr. (Sia^'oi^a, that which girdles). A Greek synonym of the Latin term PR.-li- CINCTIO (q.v.). Dicasterioo, Dicastery, Gr. (SiKaar'fipLou ; SiKTj, justice). A tribunal at Athens in which the people themselves administered justice with- out the intervention of the magistrates. Dicastes. A judge, or rather juryman, chosen annually from the citizens at Athens. Dicerion, Chr. (Si-Kepawv, with two horns). A candlestick with two branches, holding which in their hands the Greek priests bless the people. The dicerion is symbolical of the two-fold nature of Christ. (See Tricerion.) Dichalcon, Gr. (Si'xaA/coj, i. e. double- chalcos). A small Greek copper coin worth only one-fourth or one-fifth of an obolus. Dichoria, Gr. {li-xopia, i. e. division of chorus). When the ancient choruses divided into two, to recite in turn a part of the action of a play, or mutually to interchange sentiments, this action was cvM^A dichoria ; each half of the chorus was called hemichoria {i]/Mixopia), and each stanza antichoria {avTixopia). Dicken, O. E. The devil. " Odds dickens ! " Dicker, O. E. Haifa score. Dicomos, Gr. {ku/xos, a feast). A banquet- ing-song, which was sung at the second course of the feast at the festivals of Bacciius. Dicrotos, Dicrotus, Gr. (5i-KpoTos, lit. double- beating). The Greek name for a vessel with two banks of oars, the Roman diremis. Dictynnia (SIktvov, a hunter's net). A Cretan festival in honour of Artemis. Dictyotheton, Gr. (from SiKTvov, a net). A kind of masonry composed of regularly-cut square stones, forming, in a wall so constructed, Fig. 250. Dictyotheton. a net-work or chess-board pattern. It answered to the opus reticulatiiiii of the Romans. Didrachma, Didrachmum, Gr. (Zi-Zpaxinov). A double silver drachma of the Greelc coinage, wliich was worth about two shillings. Die. In Architecture, for dado, or the part of a pedestal that would correspond to the dado (q.v.). AKl AAi; AK(^ll/L(JLt)L.\. Die -sinking. Tlie art of engraving on steel moulds, medals, coins, and inscriptions. Difference, Differencing, Her. An addition to, or some change in, a coat-of-arms, introduced for the purpose of distinguishing coats which in their primary qualities are the same. Differ- encing is sometimes used in the same sense as Cadency; but, strictly, it is distinct, having refer- ence to alliance and dependency, without lilood- relationshiji, or to the system adopted for distin- guishing similar coats-of-arnis. {BouteiL) Digitale, R. (digitus, a finger). A kind of glove worn by the Sarmatians, an example of which may be seen on Trajan's Column. Diglyph, Gr. and R. (h'i.-yKvower Egypt. Diota, Gr. (Si-tora, with two ears). A name applied indifferently to any kind of vase furnished with two handles, such as lageiuc, amphora, can- thari, tVc. Diplinthus, R. (7rA.iV0os, a brick). Masonry two bricks thick. Diplois, Gr. and R. Folded iiiiwo ; an upper garment which was doubled in tiie same manner as a woman's shawl at the jirescnt d.ay ; it was much worn among the Greeks. Diploma, Gr. and R. {l[i,\onxa, j. e. double- folded). A jia.ssport consisting of two leaves (whence its name). Tiie term is also used to denote a diploma by which any right or privilege is ct)nferred. Dipteral, Arch. A building having double wings. The term is applied' to any building having a double intercolumniation all round it. Diptheree, Gr. and R. {St(p0fpat ; S((pa), to make supple), (i) Prepared .skins for writing on. (2) A kind of garment ; an overcoat of skin or leather which Greek slaves put on over their tunic. Diptych, (;r. (Si-irruxa, i.e. double-folded). Double tablets united by means of strings or hinges. Diptycha coiisit/aria, irdilitia, pnc- toria had engraved on them portraits of con- suls, sediles, prcvtors, and other magistrates. These consular diptychs were a part of the presents sent by new consuls on their apjioint- ment to very eminent persons. The series of them is a very valuable record of the jirogress of the art of ivory carving. In Christian archa-o- logy diptychs were decorated with scenes from biblical historj'. There were also di])tychs of the Ijaptized ; of the bishops and lienefactors of a church, living or dead ; of saints and martyrs ; and, lastly, of deceased members of the congre- gation, whose souls were to be remembered at mass. (See TKil'TVcit.) Directors, or Triangular Compasses. A mathematical instnunent adapted for taking three angular points at once. Diribitorium, R. (dirihco, to sort or separate). A place or building in which a public officer inspected the troops, distributed the pay, and enrolled the conscripts in their respective regi- ments. Dirige, Chr. A psalm forming part of the burial service, "Dirige gressus meos," i\;c. ; hence Dirge, for funereal music or hymns in general. Dirk. A Scotch dagger. Diruta. An important porcelain manufactory in the Papal States, established by a pupil of Luca della Robbia in 1461. Discerniculum, R. (liisccruo, to divide). A bodkin used liy Roman women iu the toilet to part their hair. (See CoMBS.) Discharging Arch. An arch built into the structure of a wall, to relieve the parts below it of the pressure of tho.se above it ; such arches are common over flat-headed doors or other openings. Discinctus, Gr. and R. {discingo, to iingird). A man who is iingirt, that is, who does not wear a girdle round the waist of his tunic ; for a man, WORDS USED IN this was a mark of effeminate mamiers. Discinctus miles denoted a soldier who had been stripped by his commander of his sword-belt, as a mark of disgrace. (Compare CiNGULUM.) Fig. 252. Tazza ol Diruta, with head of "Rome." Disclosed, Her. With expanded wings, in the case of birds that are not birds of prey. The contrary to Close. Discobolus, Gr. and R. {litJKo-^iXos, i. e. discus-throwing). A man throwing the Discus fq.v.). [A celebrated statue of the sculptor ^lyron so called.] Fig. 253. Discobolus of Myron copied on a gem. Discus, R. (SiVkos ; ^Mitv, to throw). This term denoted (i) the discus hurled by the Discobolus (q.v.); that is, a circular plate of metal or stone, about ten or twelve inches in diameter. {2) A sun-dial. (3) A shallow circular vessel for holding eatables. Fig. 254. Falcon Displayed. Disk. (See Winged Disk.) Disomum, Chr. {U-awixov, double-bodied). An _ urn or tomb which held the ashes or bodies of two persons; hisonnim was also used. Both terms are met with in Christian inscriptions. Displayed, Her. Birds of prey with expanded wings. Fig. 254 represents the crest of Edward IV., the falcon and fet- terlock. Displuviatus, Dis- pluviatum, R. An atrium, the roof of which was sloped outwards from the COMPLUVIUM(q.V. ), instead of being sloped towards it. (See Impluvium and Atrium.) Disposed, Disposition, Her. Arranged, ar- rangement. Distaff. A common object in ancient art. It is an attribute of the Fates, and generally distaffs of gold were given to the goddesses. It was dedicated to Minerva. (See CoLUS.) The name of St. Distaff's Day was given to the day after Twelfth Day in England. Distance. In a picture, the point ofdistnuce is that where the visual rays meet ; middle distance is the central portion of a picture, between the foregnniud and the extreme distance. Distemper. A kind of painting in which the pigments are mixed with an aqueous vehicle, such as size. Distemper is painted on a dry surface. (See Fresco-painting.) Ditriglyph, R. (Sh, twice, and rp[-yXv/// of the Hebrews, still in use among the Arabs, especially in the Barbary States. Dog. An emblem of fidelity and loyalty. In medixval art, the attrilnite of St. Roch ; also of St. Dominic, the founder of the Dominican order; of St. Bernard, St. Wendelin, and St. Benignus. As an emblem of lidclity, it is placed at the feet of the effigies of married women upon sepulchres. It was common to represent, in painting or mosaic, a chained watch-dog at the doors of Roman houses. The Dog ok I-"o is a sacred emblem in China, sometimes called a Chimera ; it is placed as the guardian of the thresholds of temples, and of the Buddhist altars. In the Chinese zodiacal system the dog is the sign for the month of September. Dog Latin. Barbarous Latin ; e. g. " Verte canem ex" (turn the dog out). Dog's-nose, O. E. A cordial used in low life, composed of warm porter, moist sugar, gin, and nutmeg. {Halli'toeH.) Dog's-tooth Moulding, Arch. A characteris- tic ornament of Early English architecture, formed of four leaves with small spiral fillets, which bear some resemblance to teeth. (Sec ToOTII-OKNAMKNT.) Dolabra, R.('Mo, to hew). An instrument like a pick or hatchet, which varied in form according to the different purposes for whicli it was employed, Tiie dolabra was used for digging, cutting, break- ing, and cho|)ping, and was tluis a jiick, a hatchet, J an adze or rtj^w, &c. Do- labra of Hint or other hard 1:1 stone, called Celts, are of remote antiquity. (.See Cki.t.) (Kigs. 255to 257.) Doliolum. Dimin. of 1 )()l,inM (q.V.). Dolium or Culeus, Or. and 1\. A large earthen- ware vessel with a wide mouth, and of rounded, spherical form. It was used to contain wine and oil when first made, be- fore they were trans- ferred into smaller vessels for keeping. Dolmen, Celt. A term which, in the Celtic Fie;. 258. Dolmen. Fig. 255- Bronze Dolabra yr hatchet ^Celtic). Fig. 256. Hatchet, flintstone. Fig. 259. Dolmen, in the forest of Rennes. language, means literally a stone t.able. It con- sists of a number of stones, of which some are fixed in the ground, and the otliers laid trans- versely over them. These structures were used as sepulchres. Figs. 25S and 259 represent two different types of dolmens. (See Cromlf.CH.) Dolon or Dole, R. (SdAo-O. (0 A long stick armed with an iron point. (2) A cane, in the hollow of which a poniard was concealed. (3) The fore-topsail of a vessel. Dolphin, I kr. A favourite fish with heralds. It is best known as the armorial ensign of the Dauphin, the eldest son and iicir apparent of the kings of Erancc — (?/-, a Dolphin az. In Chris- 114 WORDS USED IN Fig. 260. Heraldic Dolphin. tian archseology the dolphin is the symbol of swiftness, diligence, and love j it is often met with entwined with an anchor. The first Chris- tians often wore these two symbols united in a ring, which was known as a nautical anchor. (See also Delphin.) Dom?, It. (i) Lite- rally, the house of God. When a city possesses several churches, the name is applied to the cathedral only. (2) The interior of a cupola. Dominions, in Christian art. (See Angels.) Domus, Gr. and R. (Gr. Ufios, oIkos). A house, in contradistinction to insula, a group of houses. The Greek hou^e is divided into two parts by the central chambers. The e.x- ternal, the Andro- Niris, contains the men's, and the inner, or Gyn.^conitis, the women's apart- ments. The whole building was gene- rally long and nar- row, occupying a comparatively small frontage to the street, and the outside wall was plain without windows. Outside the door was often an altar of Apollo Agyieus, or an obe- lisk, or sometimes a laurel-tree, or a bust of the god Hermes. A few steps, called Anabatiimoi, led up to the house door (avKela 6vpa), over which there was generally a motto inscribed : the pas- sage (dup6pos). Literally, spear-bearer. Fig. 130 represents a Persian spear- man. A celebrated statue of Polycleitus (of the Argive school) is called the Doryphorus. " Polyclitus advanced his art in several respects, chiefly by fixing a law of proportion, of which his Doryphorus, a youth bearing a spear, was called the Canon (q.v.); and also by his making the weight of the body rest on one foot, in contradistinction to the ancient practice, thereby producing a contrast between the supporting, weight-bearing side of the body, and the sup- ported, freely-resting side." (Butler'' s Imitative Art.) The statue by Polycleitus is lost. The proportions handed down to us by Vitruvius are thus described by Bonomi: — (i) The length of the horizontally extended arms equals the height of the figure. ( 2) The head is an eighth, the face a tenth of the whole height. (3) From the top of the scalp to the nipples is one-four t!i. (4) From the nipples to horizontal line across the centre of the square — the pubes — is one-fourth. (5) From that line to one just below the knee-cap is onefourtli. (6) From that line to the ground is one-foicrth. (7) The fore-arm (from the elbow) is Sl fourth of the height ; the hand a tenth. Dose orDosall, O. E. (Lat. Dorsale, q.v.). Dossar. (See Dorsale.) Douai. A manufactory of modern faience es- tablished in 1784, producing stone-wares and " cailloutages." Double, Fr. (i ) The term is applied to precious stones, when cemented ujjon glass. (2) The in- side lining of a well-bound book. Doublet, although deriving its name from the French word doublee (lined), is in that lan- guage more generally known as " Pourpoint," of which, in fact, it is merely a variety. It first appeared in England in the 14th century made without sleeves, which for convenience were afterwards added ; and being universally adopted, it superseded the tunic. The engraving shows a doublet with stuffed sleeves of the time of Elizabeth. They v/ere worn of varied forms till the reign of Charles II. (Fig. 267.) Doubling, Her. The lining of a mantle or mantling. Dove. A Christian symbol of frequent occur- rence ; it expresses candour, gentleness, inno- cence, faith, and, in especial, the Holy Spirit. It is also a symbol of martyrdom and grief, and in this signification appears frequently repre- sented on tombs and sarcophagi. With an olive-bough in its mouth it is a symbol of peace, and accordingly the inscription Pax (Peace) is often found accompanying representations of the dove, more particularly in the catacombs. Fig. 267. Doublet costume, tevij>. Elizabeth. With the Assyrians and Babylonians the dove was the symbol of .Semiramis, who, according to them, took this shape on leaving earth. The dove was the favourite bird of Venus. As a symbol of conjugal fidelity, the device of two turtle-doves was adopted by Giovanna of Austria on her marriage with Francesco de' Medici. (Fig. 26S.) Dove-tail or Swallow-tail, Gen. A method of joining employed for wood, stone, or iron, and so called because the tenon by which the joint is effected is cut in the shape of a dove- tail or swallow-tail. This tail fits into a notch (Fig. 269). The ancients employed double dove- tails for joining stones together; this method of construction was called Opus Revinctum (q.v.). Dove-tail Moulding, Arch. (Norman ; called .'\K 1 J\i\l) AKt 1 1 . I,( )1,( )(,\ "7 also Triangular Frktte). Decorated with running bands in the form of dove-tails. A I'.ioNaiina de' Medici. Doves, the Eucharistic. Sacred vessels of jold, silver, gilded bronze, or ivory, in the Fig. 269. Dove-tailed Masonry. form of a dove, a tower, Sec, which served as receptacles for the reserved Host ; they were hung up in the middle of the Cihorium (q.v. ). At the Amiens Museum a dove of this kind is to be seen dating from the 12th century, and at the church of St. Xazaire at Milan there is one of silver, gilded within and enamelled with- out, which is also veiy ancient. Dowlas, O. E. Coarse linen cloth made in Brittany ; "■ fdlhy doidas ! " Drachma, Gr. (SpaxfJ-v', ^paaaofxai, to hold in the hand). A drachm, the principal silver coin of the Greeks. There were two kinds of drachjiiata, which differed in value : the Attic drachm and the /Eginetan. The Attic drachnui was equal in value to a franc, equal to six oboloi. The piece of four drachmas was called a staler. As a weight the drachma was the eighth of an iincia ; about = our modern dracJun. Draco, Gen. (i) A dragon ; the ensign of the Roman cohort in the time of Trajan, adojited from the Parthians. (2) A fantastic animal of Pagan mythology: the garden of the Ilesperides, the Golden Fleece, and the fountain of Castalia were all guarded by dragons. (3) In Christian archeology the dragon symbolizes sin, es]3ecially idolatry. (4) The Chinese give to several im- mortals the figure of a dragon. They distin- guish the long dragon of heaven, a being espe- cially sacred; the Kau, dragon of the mountain ; lii;. 270. Heraldic Dragon. and the Li, dragon of the sea. The dragons are represented as "gigantic saurians, with powerful claws, and terminated by a frightful head, scaly and strongly toothed." There arc the scaly dragon, the winged dragon, the horned and the lu)rnless dragons, and the dragon rolled within itself which has not yet taken lliglit to the upper regions. In their zodiacal system the dragon is the sign for the month ol March. (See TciiY.) Draconarius, R. The standanl-bcarer who carried the diijco. Dracontarium, K. • A band for the head, so called because it was twisted in imitation of the draco \\ hich was used as an en>ign. Dragon, I Icr. A winged monster having four legs. (Seel)KACO.) Dragon. A short car- bine (hence" ibagooiis"). Dragon's Blood. A resinous astringent ex- tractof a deep red colour, used as a colouring ingre- dient forspirit and turi)en- tine varnishes and paints, tSic. The Roman ciiiua /wrwas Dragon's Blood. Draught (or Drawte) Chamber, O. E. The w\\.\\-dra7uiui::^ room. Draughts, Game of. (See Damks, LAiKt/.N- CUI.I.) Dravid'ha, Ilind. A Hindoo temple con- structed on an octagonal plan. (See Is' agar AS, ViMANA, VkSARA.) Dresden Porcelain, made at the Royal Manufactory established at Meissen in Sa.vony in 1709, is most excellent anterior to 1796, since when its ancient perfection has been lost. The mark of the best period is two crossed swords, with a sloped cross or a .small circle beneath. The later mark has a star beneath the swords. On rejected ])ieces the sword> were cut across with a line ; but the manufac- tory at the present day counterfeits its old marks. Fig. 271 is a specimen of the best period, later than 1720 and before 1778. Dressoir or Dressouer (the buffet of the 15th century, the tiidnia of the l6th) was the principal object of the dining-room, on which were displayed all the ornamental plate of the owner of the house, costly vases, (!v:c. Kings had often three dressers, one for silver, another for silver-gold, and the third for gold plate. In form they varied ; but they were made of the most valuable woods, and enriched with the finest carving. They were sometimes covered over with cloth of gold : the city of Orleans offered one in gold to Charles IV., which was valued at Sooo livres Tournois. Drilbu, 1 1 ind. A bell used in Buddhist worship. Its WORDS USED IN Drinking-cups of Glass are frequently found in tlie Saxon barrows or graves in England. They are ornamented in various patterns, and Kig. j-ji. Dresden milk-jug. rounded at the bottom. The Anglo-Saxons were also rich in cups of the precious metals. Fig. 272. Pot-pourri vase, Dresden china. They used horn cup.-) also, as did the Normans. In the 15th century tiat-shaped cups or bowls were used. Drip, Arch. The edge of a roof ; the eaves ; the corona of a cornice. Drip-stone, Arch. The moulding in Gothic architecture which serves as a canopy for an opening and to throw off the rain. It is also called 7veatker- moulding and water-table. (See also Corona.) Dromo, Dromon, R. {5p6ixa>v ; Spo/^eir, to run). A vessel remarkable for its swift sailing; hence — Dromon or Dromound, O. E. A medieval ship, propelled by oars and one sail, used for the trans- port of troops. The Crusaders cz\\e.d.\is.droineda7y. Dromos, Gr. and Egyp. [bp6ixos). (i) The Spartan racecourse. (2) An avenue leading to the entrances of Egyptian temples ; that lead- ing to the great temple of Karnac contained 660 colossal sphinxes, all of which were monoliths. Drop Lake is a pigment obtained from Bra- zil wood, which affords a very fugitive colour. Drops, Arch. (Lat. guttce). Ornaments re- sembling drops, used in the Doric entablature,, immediately under the TRIGLYI'H and mutule. Druidic (Monuments), Celt. Celtic monu- ments, also known by the name of Megalithic. (See Standing-stones, Dolmens, Menhirs, Cromlechs, &c. ). The most ancient and pro- bably the largest Celtic or Druidical temple was at Avebury in Wiltshire. D7: Stukdcy, who .surveyed it in 1720, says that "this may be regarded as the grand national cathedral, while the smaller circles which are met with in other parts of the island may be compared to the parish or village churches. '' Drum, Arch, (i) Of a dome or cupola, the Stylobate (or vertical part on which the columns rest). (2) Of the Corinthian and Composite capitals, the solid part ; called also Bell, Vase, Basket. Dry Point. Direct engraving upon copper with the sharp etching-needle itself, without the plate being covered with etching-ground, or the lines bit in by acid. This method produces very soft and delicate work, but it is not so durable in printing as the etched line. Dryers. In painting, substances imparted to oils to make them dry quickly. The most general in use is oxide of lead, but white copperas, oxide of manganese, ground glass, oxide of zinc, calcined bones, chloride of lime, and verdigris have all been used at various times. Drying Oil. Boiled oil, used in painting as a vehicle and a varnish. It is linseed oil boiled with litharge (or oxide of lead). Dryness. A style of painting in which the outline is harsh and formal, and the colour defi- cient in mellowness and harmony. Duck-bills, O. E. Broad-toed shoes of the 15th century. ART AND ARCH GEOLOGY. 119 Buke, Her. The Fig. 273. Duke's coronet. highest rank and title in the British peerage ; fust introduced by Edward HI. in the year 1337. when lie created the Black Prince the first Eng- lish duke (in Latin "dux"). The coronet of a duke, arbitrary in its adornment until the 1 6th century was far advanced, is now a circlet, heightened with eight conventional strawberry-leaves, of which in re- presentation three and two half-leaves are shown. {Bout ell.) Dulcimer. A musical instrument, the proto- type of our pianoforte. It was very early known to the Arabs and Persians, who called it saiitir. One of its old European names is the ciinbal. The Hebrew ncbd, or perhaps the psanicrin mentioned by Daniel, is supposed to have been a dulcimer ; the psalterion of the Greeks also. A hand organ of the Middle Ages was called a dulcimer. Dunkirk. A manufactory of modern faience which only existed for a short time in the l8th century, and was closed within a year. The works are therefore very rare. Jacquemart mentions a clock bearing a close resemblance to certain Dutch products, inscribed Dickhoof and A. Diiislmrg, and by the latter name identified as Dunkirk work. Duns, Celtic. Ancient hill forts of the sim- plest kind, consisting of a round or oval earthen wall and ditch on a rising ground, probably contemporary with the pit dwellings. Dunster, O. P^. Broad -cloth made in Somersetshire, temp. Edward III. Dutch Pink. (.See Pinks.) Dutch White. (See Carhon'atf. ok Leah, Barytes.) Dwararab'ha, Dwaragopouras, Dwara- harmya, Dwaraprasada, Dwarasala, Ind. (See GorouRAs.) E. Eagle, Her. The eagle (called in heraldry .-i/tvw;/) appears in the earliest iMiglish examples of arms, \ and his appearance \ often denotes an > alliance with Ger- man princes. Both the German em- ]ierors and Rus- sian czars adopted the eagle for their heraldic ensign in support of their claim to be con- Fig. 274. Eagle— Ensign of France, sidered the suc- cessors of the Roman Ca.sars. The eagle borne as the en- sign of Imperial France sits, grasping a thunder- bolt, in an attitude of vigilance, having its wings elevated, but the tips of the feathers drooping, as they would be in a living bird. In remote antiquity the eagle was an emblem of the sun, and the double-headed eagle typifies the rising and the setting sun. The eagle was the attribute of Jove as his messenger. The eagle killing a serpent or a hare is an ancient symbol of victory. In Christian art the eagle is the attri- bute of .St. John the Evangelist, the symbol of the highest inspiration. St. John is sometimes represented with human body and eagle head. Fig. 275. Earl's coronet. The lectern in Christian churches is commonly in the form of an eagle. Elislia the prophet is rejjresentcd with a two-headed eagle. (See Aquil.-e. ) Earl, Her. (from the Gaelic iarjlath, "a dependent chief" = iar, "after," and fath, " lord"; pronounced iarrl). Before 1337 the high- est, and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the British peerage. An earl's coronet has eight lofty rays of gold rising from the circlet, each of which supports a large pearl, while between each pair of these rays there is a golden strawlierry-leaf In re- presentation five of the rays and pearls are shown. Elevated clusters of pearls appear in an earl's coronet as early as 1445 ; but the present form of the coronet may be assigned to the second half of the following century. Earl Marshal. In England, ore of the great officers of slate, who regulates ceremonies and takes cognizance of all matters relating to honour, anus, and ])edigree. Early English Architecture. The first of the pointed or Gothic styles of architecture used in England. It succeeded the Norman towards the end of the I2tli century, and gradually WORDS USED IN merged into the Decorated at the end of the 13th. Its leading peculiarity is the long narrow lancet window. Earn, Scotch. An eagle Echinate. Armed with spines or bristles like a hedgehog. Fig, 276. Greek or Etruscan ear-rings in gold. Ear-rings (Lat. inatircs, Gr. ifdna) were a common ornament for ladies in Greece and Rome, and among the early Saxons : they were worn by men during the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Earth Tables, Arch. The projecting course of stones in a wall, immediately above the surface of the ground, now called the plinth. {^Parker. ) Earthenware. (See Pottery.) Easel (from the German esel, an ass). A frame with movable rest for resting pictures on. Easel-picture. A small portable picture. Easter, Chr. (A.vS. easire). From the goddess "Eostur," whose festival fell in April. The Latin name "Paschal" refers to the Jewish feast of the Passover. The Paschal season originally extended over fifteen days, from Palm Sunday to Low Sunday. (See S/nith and Ckecthani's Diet, of Christian Ant.) Eaves (A. S. efcse, the edge). The over- hanging " edge " of the roof of a house. Ebenistes, Fr. Workers in fine cabinet- making. Ebony. A heavy, hard, black wood, obtained from the Diospyrus ebenus. Ebony and other exotic woods came into general use in Europe from the end of the 17th centuiy — subsequently to 1695, when the Dutch settled in Ceylon. The black ebony is the most valuable, but there are green and yellow varieties. Old carved ebony furniture found in English houses dates gene- rally from the early years of the Dutch occupa- tion of Ceylon. Ebnrnean. Made of ivory. Ecbasios (iKdaiiu-, to disembark). A sacrifice offered to Apollo after a favoiu'able voyage. Ecclesia, Gr. General assembly of the citizens of Athens. (See Sviith and Cheetham's Diet, of Christian Ant. ) Echea, Gr. and R. (^x^s sound or noise). Earthenware or bronze vessels used to strengthen the sound in theatres. (See Acoustic Vessels. ) Fig. 277. Echinus or egg and luiigue on tlie ovulo of a Greek cornice. Echinus, Arch. (Gr. lyl.vo's, a hedgehog). The egg and dart or egg and tongue ovnameni frequently carved on the roimd moulding, much used in classic architecture, called the ovo/o. (Fig. 277.) Echometry (/xerpoj/, a measure). Ihe art of measuring the duration of sounds. Ecorchee, Fr. (lit. flayed). Said of an ana- tomical model specially prepared for the study of the muscular system. Ecphonesis, Chr. That part of a devotional office which is said ajtdibly, in contrast with that said secrete. Ectypus, R. A hollow mould which pro- duces an impression in relief which is called eetypuin. Fig 278. Ecuelle, Venetian porcelain. Ecuelle, Fr. A porringer. Fig. 278 is a specimen in the best style of Venetian porcelain. Edward-Shovelboards, O. E. Broad shillings of Edward VI., formerly used in playing the game of shovelboard. {Halliwell.) Effeir of War, Scotch. Warlike guise. Effigies, R. An image or effigy. The word is usually applied to the heads upon coins or medals. Egg and Dart, or Egg and Tongue, Orna- ment, Arch. (Fr. aards et oves). A carving ART AND ARCII^.OLOGV. commonly inserted on the ovolo moulding. (See Echinus. ) Egg-feast or Egg-Saturday, O. E. The Saturday before Shrove Tuesday. Egg-shell Porcelain. A veiy thin white porcelain of the " Rose family," to which the Chinese have given the name of " porcelain without embryo." Eggs, as a Christian emblem, are supposed to represent " the immature hope of the resur- rection." {Martigny. ) Egret (Fr. ais^frtte). A small white heron, marked by a cirst on his head. Egyptian Architecture and Sculpture can be studied in the nn^numenti remaining from re- motest antiquity to about a.d. 300. (ireat varieties of style occur, which can be easily attributed to their respective periods by the hieroglyphical inscriptions. The three primitive motives of all Egyptian buildings are the pyramid, caves, and structures of tintber; all contemporary with the most ancient relics. In sculpture, the most ancient works of all are also those most remarkal)le for fidelity to nature. The conventionality intro- duced afterwards with the canon of proportions is still comliined with a close imitation of Nature in the details. The Grecian or Ptolemaic period begins B.C. 322. [See Wilkinson^ s Ancient Egyptians, Canincis Egyptian Architecture ; and the works of Briigsch, Marriette, Soldi, Ebers, &c.] Egyptian Blue, the brilliant blue pigment found on the monu- ments, is found by analysis to consist of the hydrated pro- toxide of copper, mixed with a minute quantity of iron. The green colour was de- rived from another oxide of copper ; vio- let from manganese or gold ; yellow from silver, or perhaps iron ; and red from the protoxide of cop- per. Egyptian Pottery of great beauty is found in great quan- tities along with the costly ornaments in the tombs. It is intermediary between porcelain and stone- ware, and its colour- ing demonstrates a high degree of skill, science, and precision of execution. Among the forms frequently found are the oviform, long-necked bottles (Fig. 279), lenticular phials with royal cartouches (Fig- 280), lamps (l-ig. 281), &c. (See also Fig. 219.) Fig. 279. Oviform bottle. Egypti.in. *^J^'U bii; 280. Lenticiil.ir Phials. Loiivrc M11-.CU111, Eikon, Gr., or Icon, Lat. An image; hence iconoclasts or image-breakers. Eileton, Chr. (from tWa), to wind or Fig. 281. Lamp in blue enamelled carthiiiwurc. Egyptian. fold). The cloth on which the elements are consecrated in the Eucharist. " The eiU-ton represents the linen cloth in which the body of Christ was wrapped when it was taken down from the cross anil laid in the tomb."(6V/-///,///«j). Eisodos, Chr. A ceremony of the Greek Church, of two parts. (l) The bearing into the church in proctssion of the book of the Gospels is called the Lesser Entrance. (2) A similar bearing in of the elements of the Eucha- rist is called the Greater Entrance. Eleeolite (lit. oil-stone). A mineral having a fatty resinous lustre. WORDS USED IN Elaeothesium, Gr. and R. A room in a suite of batlis wliere oils, perfumes, and essences were kept, and the bathers were anointed and rubbed. Elaphebolia, Gr. Athenian festivals held in the month called Elaphebolion, or the ninth month of the year, when a stag (tKacpos) was sacrificed to Diana. Elbow-g-auntlet. A long gauntlet of plate armour, adopted from the Asiatics in the i6th century. Elbow-pieces (Fr. coudicrcs). Plate armour to coN'cr the joint at the elbow. Elbows, Alod. (Fr. accoudoirs). The divisions between the stalls in a church, also called by the French "museaux," from the fact of their ends being ornamented with an animal's head. Electoral Bonnet, Her. A cap of crimson velvet guarded with ermine, borne over the inescutcheon of the arms of Hanover from iSoi to 1816. Eleotrotint. A method of preparing en- graved copper plates for the printing-press by the electrotype process. {See Art Joiirnal, 1850.) Electrotype. The process whereby works in relief are produced by the agency of electricity, through \\'hich certain metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, are precipitated from their solutions upon moulds in so fine a state of division as to form a coherent mass of pure metal, equal in toughness and flexibility to the hammered metals. {Fair/iolt.) At the present day electrotypes are generally taken from en- gravings on wood for printing from. Electrum {fiXtKrpou). In Homer and Hesiod this word means amber. Pliny says that when gold contains a fifth part of silver, it is called electrum. Its colour was whiter and more luminous than that of gold, and the metal was supposed to betray the presence of poison. Specimens are rare. A beautiful vase of electnnn is preserved in the St. Petersburg Museum. Some coins in electrum were struck by the kings of Bosporus, and by Syracuse and some Greek states. Elements, Chr. The bread and the wine in the Lord's Supper. In the Eastern liturgies the unconsecrated elements are called "the Mysteries," and the bread alone the Seal ((T- tion, not only the stars and planets, but also the sun and moon. Elephant Paper. Drawing-paper manufac- tured in sheets, measuring 28 inches by 23. Double Elephant Paper measures 40 inches by 2b\. Eleusinian Mysteries. The holiest and most venerated of the Greek festivals. The Lesser Eleusinia, held at Agr?c in the month Anthes- terion, were a preparation for the Greater, which were celebrated at Athens and Eleusis. The Mysfce were the initiated at the Lesser, of which the principal rite was the sacrifice of a sow, previously purified by washing in the Can- tharus. The Greater were celebrated every year in the month Boedromion, and lasted nine days. On the first day the Mysta; assembled at Athens ; on the second they went through a ceremony of purification at the sea coast ; the third was a day of fasting ; on the fourth there was a pro- cession of a waggon drawn by oxen, followed by women who had small mystic cases in their hands ; on the fifth, or torch day, the MystK went in the evening with torches to the temple of Demeter, where they passed the night ; on the sixth, which was the most solemn of all, a statue of lacchos, the son of Demeter, was borne in procession to Eleusis, and the Mystrc were there initiated in the last mysteries during the following night. There was some- thing in the secrets of this part of the ceremony which excited greatly the imagination of the ancient writers, especially Christians, who de- scribe them "in an awful and horrible manner." Each of the initiated was dismissed by the niystagogiis with the words K6y^, ouira^. On the next day they returned to Athens, and resting on the bridge of Cephisus engaged in a contest of ridicule with the passers-by : the eighth and ninth days were unimportant. Eleutheria. A Greek festival in honour oi Zeus Eleutherios (the Deliverer). Elevati of Ferrara. One of the Italian literary academies. Their device was from the fable of Hercules and Ant.vus, with the motto from Horace, " S//perat tellus, sidera donat" (Earth conquers us, but gives us Heaven). Elevation, (i) In Architecture, &c., a per- pendicular plan drawn to a scale. (2) In Christian archreology, the Hfti'ig up of the elements at certain points in the Eucharistic ser- vice, universally prescribed in the early Oriental liturgies, and introduced into the Western Church with the doctrine of transubstantiatlon. Elgin Marbles. Friezes and metojies from the Parllienon at Athens, brought to the Fig. 282. Bas-reLef from the frieze of die Parthenon. One of the Elgin Marbles. British Museum by Lord Elgin. They are adorned -with sculptures in relief; those on the frieze represent the Panathenaic procession in honour of Athena; those on the metopes, chiefly the contests of the Centaurs and Lapitha;. There are also statues and friezes, especially from the temple of the Wingless Victoiy and the Cho- RAGic Monument of Lysicrates. They are admirably described by Mr. Newton in his Fig. 2S !. Great Se.il of ( Jiiccn Elizabeth. " Guide " to these sculptures published by the authorities of the British Museum. (Fig. 282.) ^ ^ Elizabeth, Queen. The costume and the royal apjnirtenances of this monarch are well illustrated by the Royal Seal. In the Royal Arms we see the lions and the lilies {France modern and England quarterly). On the reverse (Fig. 284) the Tudor Rose, fleur-de-lis, and harp appear separately crowned for England, France, and Ireland. Elizabeth was fond of allegory and devices. In her portrait by Zoffany "the lining of her robe is A\orked with eyes and ears, and on her left sleeve is embroidered a serpent — all to imply wisdom and vigilance." In her other hand is a rainbow with the motto, " Kon sine sole iris " (no rainbow without the sun). Elizabethan. The style of architecture and flecoration gradually developed during the reign oftheTudors in England. Its characteristics are a mixed revival of clas- sical forms with quaint and grotesque relics of the Gothic. Typical examples are Crewe Hall, Speke, in Lancashire, Haddon Hall, Kenihvorth Castle, Raglan Castle, \c. Ellipsis, Ellipse. A figure formed by cutting a cone obliquely across its length ; hence — Ellipsograph. An instrument for de- scribing a semi-ellipse. EUotia or Hellotia. A Corinthian fes- tival with a torch-race, in honour of Athena as a goddess of fire. 124 WORDS USED IN Ellychnium, R. {\vxyos, a light). The wick Fig. 2S4. Great Seal uf (Jueen Elizabeth. Emarginated. Having the margin broken by a notcli or notches. Embalming was frequently practised by the early ChrLstians, especially with the bodies of martyrs. The practice was derived from the Jews. As a pagan ceremony embalming was intended to facilitate crcviatioii. Embalon, Cjr. and U. A beak, corresponding to the modern ra>n, under the liows of a war galley, for the jjurpose of sinking the enemy. Embas, Gr. A shoe of white felt, used esp. by the Ureotians. Ember Days, Chr. (in Anglo-Saxon, yiiihrcit dagas, "recurrent days;" in Latin, jcjiinia quatuor tcmporum ; in French, ks quatre temps, &.C.). Special fasts api^ointed to be observed at Fig. 285. Eniblomata the commencement of each of the /our seasons of the year. In the Eastern Church there is no trace of such an observance. (The word has no connexion with embers in the sense of ashes.) Emblazon, Her. (See Blazon.) Emblemata, Gr. {iuBdWu, to put in). Ini,.\ii) work, or (i) Mosaic made of coloured cubes of glass or vitreous enamel. (See Sectii.e, Tessellatum, Vermicu- i.ATUM.) Fig. 285 represents emblemata of different kinds of glass. (2) Crusts exquisitely wrought on the surface of ves- sels or other pieces of furniture ; as, for instance, alabaster on marble, gold on silver, silver on bronze. The Romans generally used the term cnista: for this kind of work. From Emblemata is derived our word EMiiLE.M, the true meaning of which is " a symbolical figure or compo- sition which conceals an allegory." Thus an ape symbolized malice and lust ; ■x pelican piety, and the Redeemer's love for the world, &c. The most important books of Emblems are by Alciati, Faradin, and Sambuco. Embolismus, Embolis, or Embolum, Chr. (I) An inserted or intercalated prayer in a liturgy. (2) The number of days re- quired to make up the lunar year to the solar. (See Epact.) Embolium,Gr.andR. (lit.somethingthrown in). Aninterlude orcomicpiecerecitedbyan actress {cmboliaria) between the acts of a drama. Embolos, Arch., Chr. A covered portico or cloister surrounding the external walls of a church. Embolum, Gr. The Greek term answering to the Latin Rostrum (q.v.). (See also Embolismus.) Embolus, R. (ejujSoAos). The piston in the chamber of a jnnnji. Embossing, Embossment. A prominence like a boss ; raised ornamental work. Embowed, Her. Bent. An arm embowed has the ell)ow to the dexter. Embrasure, Arch, (i) The interval bet\\een the cops of a battlement. (2) An expansion of doorways, windows, &c., given by slanting the sides. (See Splay.) Embroidery is one of the oldest of the orna- mental arts. Some specimens of ancient Egyp- tian embroideiy are exhibited in the Louvre, and Herodotus mentions the embroidered vestments of the gods in Egypt. The Israelites appointed Aholiab, " a cunning workman, and an embroi- derer in blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen," to be chief embroiJerer to the sacred ark. The prophet Ezekiel mentions the embroidery of Tyre. It was the principal domestic occu- ]iation of ladies in G>-ecce, from the days when l\-nelope embroidered a garment for Ulysses, representing a dog chasing a deer. The J\omans called embroidery " Phrygium,' and imported ART AND AR('ir.'T:oi,nr,v. it largely from the East. In later times Byzan- tium was celebrated for its cmhroidered ccclo- F ^. -jj. Indian Embroidery. In tlie Indian bCLtion of the South Kensington Museum. siastical vestments. Pope Paschal, in the 9th century, was the greatest patron of the art. When the Caliph Omar pillaged the Persian palace of Khosroes, he found there a carj)et of silk and cloth of gold, sixty cubits square, hav- ing a garden depicted upon it, and rubies, emeralds, sapphires, beryls, topazes, and pearls arranged with consummate skill to represent trees, fruit and flowers, rivulets, fountains, roses and shrubs. Our English word " embroidery " is derived from the Celtic "brouda," to ]5rick. Anglo-Saxonembroidery was celebrated through- out Europe as Opus AnglicaniDii. The celebrated Bayeux tapestry is attributed to the 12th century. A copy of it may be seen in the South Kensing- ton Kluseum. The art decayed in England during the Civil War of the 17th century. Embrued, Iler. Stained with blond. Embu. A French term for the loss of lone in an oil sketch, caused by the absorption of the oil whilst it is drying. It is easily corrected l)y a glaze. Emerald. A precious stone of various shades of green, much used by the ancients for gem- engraving. The less brilliant varieties are known as beryls. For its significance in Christian art, see Creen. Emerald Green. A vivid bright green pig- ment, prejiared from the arseniate of copper, and used both in oil and water-colours ; called also Paul Veronese Green. Emissarium, R. [eniitlo, to send forth). A channel, natural or artificial, for letting off stagnant water. Some of these channels are the most wonderful monuments of Roman ingenuity. The lakes of Trasimene, Albano, Nemi, and Fucino were all drained by EMissARlA. The last is open to inspection, and is described as " a stupendous work of engineering, planned by Julius C;vsar, and completed by the Emperor Claudius. ' Empaistic, Gr. Damascening (q.v.) or in crusta work practised by the ancients, as opposed to Toreutic Art (q.v.). Emperor Paper. The largest kind of draw ing-]5aper manufactured : in sheets measuring 66 inches by 47. Emphotion, Chr, (from (fi(t>wTi^u, to en- lighten). A name given in the early Church to the white robe with which persons were in- vested in baptism ; as it were, "a robe of light." Emplecton, Gr. and R. (lit. inwoven). A method of building, originating in Cireece and adopted by the Romans, in which a space left in the interior of the wall was fdled in with rubble, the whole block of masonry being bound together at intervals by ties (diatcynoi). In the engraving, c and /' are the square status, the parts between them being the ties ordiatonoi, and (' the rubble. (.See Fig. 249.) Emporium, Gr. and R. (e/uiropoj, a passenger in a ship). A place at a sea-port where imported merchandise was warehoused and exposed for sale. The remains of the ancient emporium of Rome have been discovered on the banks of the Tiber. The name is sometimes applied to a town, but applies properly only to a certain place in a town. Enafota or Enafodia, Chr. (Or. it/veduTa). A corona or chandelier of " nine lights." Enaluron, Her. (See Entoike.) Enamel (Fr. es/nail ; Ital. smallo). A glassy substance of many Inilliant colours, melted and united to gold, silver, copper, bronze, and other metals in the furnace. Enamel is coloured whitehy oxide of tin, blue by oxide of cobalt, ;■<•via, an angle). A plane figure having eleven sides and eleven angles. Endorse, Her. A diminutive of the Pale (q.v.), one-fourth of its width. 'Endo'hys. (See Endytis. ) AKl AMI ARCFI.EOF.nr.V. Endromis, C.v. and R. {Sp6ij.oi, a course or running). In Greek this name is given to himt- Fig. 2SS. Encarpa (Festoons) on the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli. ing boots of Cretan origin, such as Diana is re presented wearing by the Greek sculptors. Among the Romans the cudromis was an ample blanket of coarse wool, introduced from Gaul, in which athletes wrapped themselves when they were heated with the exercises. Endroniis Vyria was the name given to a large woollen wrap much fmer than the ordinary endromis, and which was worn by the Roman ladies after their gymnastic exercises. Endytis, Chr. {iv^vu, to put on). This term, in the Middle Ages, denoted an altar-covering ; other terms for it were endothis and eudothys. Energumens, Chr. Men possessed with devils. Enfeu, Fr. A sepulchral vault usually placed under the choir of a church ; it assumed the form of a large niche. Originally bisho])s were interred by "droit d'enfeu" in tombs of this kind. The term is derived from the Latin info- dcrc (to dig). Enfiled, Her. Pierced with the sword. Engageants, Fr. " Double ruffles that fall over the wrists." {Ladies' Dietioiiary, 1694.) Engineer's Cartridge. Drawing-paper manu- factured in sheets measuring 30 by 22 inches. Double Engineer's Cartridge measures 46 inches by 30. Engobe, Fr. A "slip" or thin coating of white clay used to coat pottery before the in- vention of the tin glaze. Engrailed, Her. A border-line indented in semicircles. Engraving. Copper-plate engraving is called Chalcogr.VPHY (q.v.) ((Jr. \a\Kos, copper) ; wood engraving, Xylography (q.v.) (Gr. \^\)\ov, wood); and engraving on .stone. Litho- graphy (q.v.) (Gr. Ai'Soj, a stone). [Each process is described under its own heading. See also Etching.] 127 Enhanced, Her. Raised towards the niUF or iipinr jurtof the shield. ' EnneapyloB, IVI. (^v^«aand wuAai). Literally nme gates ; a fortified enclosure constructed by t he H.eot.an I'ela^gians round the Acrop.,lis „f .\tliens, some years after the Trojan war .\erxcs destroyed the entuapyl.e after the cap- ture of Athens. A few fragments of it remain to this d.-iy, not far from the temple of the \\ mgless Victory. !■ igs. 389, 2./-. n.nlli,- F.nsigns. Enotii, rir. ( Lat. /««//r<-.f ). Ear-rings (q.v.). Enseniator, Med. Lat. (from the Italian in- segna, an ensign). A mounted ensign-bearer. Ensiculus, R. A small sword, or child's sword, used as a plaything. It is the diminu- tive of En. SIS. Ensigned, Her. Adorned ; having some en- sign of honour jilaced above, as a coronet above a shield. Fig. 291. Gallic Ensign. Ensigns, Gen. (Lat. si^y/a militaria ; Gr. ff7jjue7a). Military symbols beneath which sol- diers are ranged according to the different regiments to which they belong. The most ancient Roman ensign was a bundle of btraw, hay, or fern. Then came the eagle, the wolf, the minotaur, the horse, and the boar. 128 WORDS USED IN Afterwards the eagle alone was displayed (B.C. 104) ; it was made of silver or bronze, Fig. 292. Entablature with leaf ornament. Fig. 293. Entablature with honeysuckle ornament. with expanded wings. The serpent or dra- gon was used as a particular ensign by the several cohorts, and the centuries had also each its ensign ; but these were cloth flags. Under Con- stantine the LABARUM (q.v.) was introduced. (See Cuspis, Figs. 22S to 230.) Ensiludium, Med. Lat. A contest in sport with swords. (See Cembel, Hastii.udium.) Ensis, Sword. A syno- nym of Geadius (q.v.). Ensis a Estoc, 'Med. A stabbing-sword, usually carried at the saddle-bow. Entablature. A mem- ber of architecture placed as a crown to another. The entablature is com- posed of arcJiitrave, the part immediately above the column ; frieze, the central space ; and cor- nice, the upper projecting _^ mouldings. (See Fig. 184.) |;iv5_ ^ Entalma, Chr. The Fit;. .M(. I'uyptl.inColiuun, '^'-'cument by which a showing entasis. bishop confers the right of hearing confessions. Entasis, Gr. and R. (h'Taais, a stretching tight). The swelling of a balustre or of the shaft of a column. The narrowing of the shaft is called CoNTRACTURA (q.v.). Enterclosp, Arch. A passage between two rooms in a house. Enthronisation, Chr. (Lat. incathedrare). (i) The ceremony of placing a newly-ordained bishop upon his throne. (2) That of placing the relics in the altar of a church on consecration. (3) The installation of a presbyter in his church is sometimes called cnthronisation. Entire, Her. Said of a charge when it ex- tends to the border-lines of a shield, coat, or banner ; also of a shield, coat, or banner of arms, when borne without any difference or mark of cadency. Entoire, Entoyre, Her. A bordure charged with a series of inanimate figures or devices, as crosslets, roundles, &c. To a similar bordure of living figures the term Enaluron is ap- plied. Entrance, Chr. (See EisoDOSand Introit.) Entrecoupe, Fr. When two vaults are super- imposed, and both spring from the same walls, " entrecoupe " is the term applied to the arched interval — if any — between them. Enveloped, Environed, Her. Surrounded. Eolian (.fflolian) Harp. A musical stringed instrument arranged to be played upon by the wind (from Eolus [or properly /Eolus], the ruler of the winds). Eolodicon. A musical instrument similar to a harmonium, invented in the last century by Eschenbach. Eolophone. A musical instrument similar to a harmonium. Eora, Gr. (edpa). A festival held at Athens in honour of Icarius and his daughter Erigone. It was known also by the names of ALora (aluipa) and Ale/is {'AXtjtis). The last appella- tion originated in a hymn which was sung at the festival, and which had been composed by Theo- doras of Colophon. It was sometimes called "Eudeipnos," from the rich banquets usually given during its celebration. Epact (Gr. enaKTal, sc. 7]fj.epai ; in Med. Lat. adjectioiies Liincr). The number of days re- quired at the end of a lunar year to complete the solar year. (See Embolism us.) Epagomenae (sc. days). Gen. (eirayofjLfvai Tlfiepai, i. e. intercalated days). The name given to the five supplementary days of the year among those nations who divided the year into twelve months of thirty days each. Epaulliere or Epaullets, Fr. Shoulder-plates ; also the shoulder-knots formerly worn by gen- tlemen, l)ut now restricted to domestic servants. (See Aic.LET.) Ependytes, Chr. (eirevSiiTris, i. e. worn above). The "fisher's coat" of St, Peter. A coarse cloak worn by the monks of the Middle Ages over another garment ; it is also called, in the ancient MS S., superaria, siiperindiint, and sagus rttsticus. It is frequently described, es- pecially in the East, as made of skins '/jiriKoiiTijs, pelliceus). /VI\l .V.Ni^ iVI\.(^U a iireparation of bees'-wax, Burgundy pitch, black pitch, and asphaltum (or other ingre- dients) ; and the lines of the design are traced out with etclijng-needles, which remove the etching-ground from the copper \\'herever they pass, and slightly scratcii the surface of the plate. Next, a border of banking-wax is put round the sides of the plate, making a trough of it. The banking-wax is made of bees'-wax, common pitch. Burgundy pitch, and sweet oil melted in a crucible and poured into cold water. The next operation is to pour in nitrous acid reduced with water to a proper strength (about one part acid to four parts water). When the acid has been on a sufficient time to corrode the fainter parts of the subject, it is to be poured off, the plate washed with water, and left to dry. These fainter parts are then to be varnished with a mixture called stopping-ground, made of lamp-black and Venice turpentine, aj)plied with a camel's-hair pencil. This stops the further action of the acid on these parts. When the surface is dry, fresh acid is poured on to bite in the bolder parts, and the processes of stopping and biting in are alternated for eveiy gradation of tint. The wax is removed from the plate by heat, and cleaned away with a rag moistened with olive oil ; and the work is then complete, or it may be finished off with the graver. Etching-points or needles resemble common needles, fixed in handles four or five inches long; some are made oval to produce broader lines. The dry point is only a very fine-pointed needle for the delicate lines. Imi- tations of chalk and jiencil draw ings are some- times produced by etching on soft ground. Etc/ling on steel is done in the same way as on copper. For etching on glass, a ground of bees'-wax is laid on, and the design traced as above. Sulphuric acid is then ])oured on, and fluor-spar spiinkled on it, or fiuoric acid may be at once used ; this is allowed to remain four or five hours, and is then removed with oil of WORDS USED IN turpentine. (See also Stipple, Mezzotinto, Aquatinta.) Eterea of Padua. One of the Italian literary academies. Their device, a charioteer in his car in the air, drawn by a white and black horse, the one endeavouring to touch the earth, the other to ascend. Motto, ^^ Victor sc tollit ad auras y Etiolation. The process of blanching to which plants are subject in dark places. Ettwee. O. E. for Etui (q-v.). Etui, Fr. (by con- traction Twee, Boyer). A case formerly worn at the girdle by ladies. They were made of gold or silver, or orna- mented with paintings in enamel. The richly- decorated example re- presented in Fig. 299 was the property of a granddaughter of Oli- ver Cromwell. Euripus, R. f i^- piTTos). An artificial canal or watercourse in the gardens of a Roman villa, generally stocked with fish and aquatic or amphibious animals. The same term was applied to a moat dug at the foot of the podimn in an amphitheatre or circus, which was intended, in conjunction with the metal railings or trellis- work placed at the top of the podium, as a pro- tection to the spectators, when wild l)easts were exhibited in the arena. Eiiriptts is also applied by Tertullian and other authors to the spina of a circus. Eustyle, Arch. (e^-o-Ti/Xoj). An intercolum- niation in which the columns are separated by a width of two diameters and a quarter, measured at the lower part of the column, ex- cepting the central intercolumn, which is of three diameters. It is the form of columniation which, according to Vitruvius, satisfied the demands at once of solidity of structure, beauty of appear- ance, and general harmony of effect. Euterpean. Pertaining to music : from the Muse Euterpe. Everriculum, R. {evcrro, to sweep out). A fishing-net. Ewery, Med. An office of household service, where the ewers, &c., were kept : our modern scullery. Exacisculatus, R. Destroyed by means of a pick {acisaclus). The term is of frequent occurrence in sepulchral inscriptions, its purpose Fig. 299. Etui. being to serve as a notice to the thieves who broke into tombs. Examen, R. {cxigo, to examine). The tongue or index on the beam of a balance. Exasciatus, R. Hewn or fashioned with the adze {ascia) ; whence the expression opus exas- datum for work which only required to be finished or polished. Excalceatus, R. (lit. without shoes or boots). A comic actor or comedian who wore sandals. The tragic actor, on the other hand, who wore on the stage the laced boot or cothur- nus, was called cotlturnatus. Excubitorium, R. The post or guard of the excubitorcs ; of these there was one in each quarter of the city, or fourteen in all. Fig. 300. E.vedra. Exedra, Gr. and R. An assembly-room or hall for discussion or conversation, forming part of a gymnasium, palaestra, or private house. In many cases cxednc were in the open air, consist- ing merely of circular marble benches. (Fig. 300. ) When an exedra was covered in, one of the sides often terminated in a circular apse (adsis). [Larger rooms were called " Zesc/iai."] Exedrium, R. Diminutive of Exedra (q.v.). Exequiae. (See Exsequi^.) Exergue. The bottom space on a coin, where the date is engraved. Exiteria, Gr. and R. (i^tT-fipLa, concerning departure or result). Sacrifices offered to pro- pitiate the gods on the eve of an important enterprise, or in gratitude for success. Exomis, Gr. and R. (i^-wfils, i. e. off the .shoulders). A short tunic, of Greek origin, adopted by the Romans. It left the right shoulder and arm exposed, and had only a short sleeve for the left arm. The term m'3s also applied to the palliit/u, when so arranged upon the person as to resemble the tunic just described. Exonarthex. (See Nartiiex.) Excstra, Gr. and R. (e^wo-Tpa). (i) A flying bridge thrown from a movable tower iacroha- ticou) on to the walls of a besieged town, by means of which the assailants made their way into the place. (2) A theatrical machine which was pushed to the front of the stage from behind a curtain which concealed it until it was wanted. Expeditus (opposed to inipcditus), R. Free, unencumbered ; light-armed troops {velites) were ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY. »3.1 thus called {cxpedi/i), [or any other troops, wlien they left tlicir impcdimciila behind for a forced marcli, &c.] Expositories. (See Monstrances.) Exsequiae, R. {cxscquor, to follow after). A funeral conducted with great pomp. (See Fun us.) Extispicium, R. {cxta and iiispicio, to inspect). Divination by inspection of the entrails of victims sacrificed on the altar ; called also Iiantspicina. Extra-di3, Arch. The exterior curve of an arcli ; opposed to the soKKir or intra-dos. Extremities. In Art, the head, feet, and hands : compare acrolillics. Ex-voto, Gen. Offerings of any kind in fulfdment of a vow {ex voto). Eye. In Christian art, the emblem of Provi- dence. Attrilnite of St. Lucia, as a symljol, uol of her martyrdom, but of the meaning of iicr name (" light "). (See Oudja, Ocui.us.) F. Fdbaria, R. Offerings of bean-flour {fabd) made by the Romans on the ist of June to the goddess Carna ; from these offerings the calends of June took the name oifclmriir. Fabatariam, R. A large earthenware vessel in which bean-flour {pi(/s fuhacia) was served, boiled up with water or broth. It formed a kind oi polenta. Fig. 301. Kaeaza swcctmeat-disu. 134 WORDS USED IN Fabrica, R. {faher, an artisan). The shop in which an artisan works, chiefly a joiner's or carpenter's shop. Fabrilia, R. A general term, including all the different kinds of tools used by an artisan. Facade, Arch. The face or front of a build- ing. Face-guard. On a helmet, a bar or bars of iron protecting the face. Face-painting, O. E. Portrait-painting. Facets (Fr. facette, a little face). The flat surfaces cut upon precious stones. Facial Angle. The angle formed by two lines, one horizontal from the nostrils to the ear, the other perpendicular from the nostrils to the forehead. Fac-simile (from Latin factum, made, and si?>itlt; like). A perfectly exact copy. Factorium (sc. vas), R. A vessel containing exactly a. factum, or quantity of grapes or olives proper to be placed under the press {torcular) at one factum or making. Faculae, R. Little torches. Faenza. A manufacture of pottery considered by some writers to be the most ancient in Italy. Garzoni, writing in 1485, says, "The majolicas of F. are white and polished, and one can no more confound them with those of Treviso, than one would take puff-balls for tnifHes." Vincenzo Lazari says they are distinguished by the softness of the tints, the correctness of the drawing, and the whiteness of the enamel at the back. For a long and interesting account of this most im- ]iortant botega, see Jacquemart, Hist, of the Ceramic Art. The name of Fayence is derived from Faenza, and not from the little town of P\ayence in France. (Fig. 301.) Faience. (See Fayence.) Fairy Butter, O. E. (i) A fungous excres- cence about the roots of trees, and (2) a species of trcmclla found on furze and broom are so called. Fairy Circles. Circles of coarse green grass common iu meadows, and attributed to the dancing of the fairies. Fairy Dances z= Fairy Circles (q.v.). Fairy Darts. Small flints in the form of arrow-heads, possibly of the stone age. Fairy Faces. Fossil cckiiii or sea-urchins. Fairy Groats. A country name for certain old coins. (See Harrison's England, p. 218.) Fairy Loaves. Fossils found in the chalk, called also fairy faces. Fairy Money. Treasure trove was so called. Fairy Pipes. Small old tobacco-pipes, fre- quently found in the north of England. Fairy Rings. (See Fairy Circles.) Fairy Sparks. Phosphoric light seen on various substances in the night time, {halliwell.) Fairy Stones. (See Fairy Loaves.) Faith, in Christian art, is represented by a female figure holding the Eucharistic cup. Fala, R. A wooden tower used in the siege of a fortified place, but the exact form of which is unknown ; it differed from the Acrobaticon. Falarica or Phalarica, R. A heavy spear, used by the Saguntines, which was generally discharged from a balista. Its shaft was some- times enveloped with sulphur and resin, and with tow steeped in oil ; and it was launched blazing against wooden towers for the purpose of setting them on fire. Falbala. (See Furbelow.) Falcastrum, R. {faix, a sickle). An agri- cultural tool with a curved blade for tearing up weeds. Falcatus, R. Furnished with scythes (/aA-^.r). (See CuKRUS.) Falchion. A broadsword, spelt " fawchon ;" 14th century. (See Falx.) Falcicula. Dimin. oifa/x. Falcon, in mediaeval art, is the attribute 01 a gentleman, in allusion to the restrictions of the sumptuary laws. Falcula. Dimin. oifaix. Faldestol, O. E. An elbow-chair of state ; modern '^fauteuil." (See Faldstool.) Falding [X.S.feald). A kind of coarse cloth, like frieze. Faldstool, Faldistory, O. E. A folding-stool, like a modern camp-stool, used in cathedral church services in Saxon times. Fall or Falling-band. A large collar falling on to the shoulders; i6th and 17th centuries. (See Bands.) Fallals, O. E. The falling ruffs of a woman's dress. False, Her. Said of any charge when its central area is removed ; thus an annulet is a '' false roundle." False Roof, Arch. The space between the ceiling of the earret and the roof. Fig. 302. Feather Fan — Italian. ART \\l) ARCHy^LOLOGY. »3S Falx, R. A scytlic, sickle, bill-hook, &c ; any instrument with a curved edge used for cutting grass, wood, or other objects. There were many different kinds, which were called respectively arlwraria and sylvatica, dcnticulcita. Fig. 303. Venetian lady, with a square fan of the i6th century. fcciiaria or vcruculata, viiiitoria, vineatica, and putatoria. The term falx was also applied to a falchion strongly curved at the end. Falx supina was a dagger with a keen and curved blade ; falx nturalis was an instrument em- ployed in warfare, both by sea and land, either to cut the masts and rigging of a vessel, or to sweep tlie ramparts clear of defenders. [Culler is a knife with one straight edge ; falx, one with the edge curved. Hence our filcli ion, &c ] iFatnilia, Med. Lat. An old term for a set of chessmen. Among the jewels in the wirdrobe- book of Edward I. occur " una. fawil/a de ebore, pro ludcndo ad scaccarium," and " una familia pro scaccario de jaspide et crystallo." Fan, Egyp. With the Egyptiaus, the fan of ostrich feathers for brushing away flics was looked upon as the insignia of princes and cliief- tains ; \\\itjlabclhim or itmbellitin (parasol) was carried by inferior officers. IJoth kinds of fan are frequently represented on the sacred barges. The use of the fan was first introduced into England in the 1 6th century ; they were first made of feathers with long handles of gold, silver, or ivory of eIai)orate workmanship, and sometimes inlaid with precious stones. The engraving shows one from a portrait of Queen Elizabeth. The Greeks and Romans had fans of various elegant materials, often of peacock's feathers ; sometimes of wings of birds, or of linen stretched on a frame. Italian fans, medireval, were square flags, as in Fig. 303. Folding fans were fust introduced in the 17th century. Inventories of clnuches and monas- teries of the 14th century include ecclesiasti- cal fans or fal'clla. These are still used in the Catholic Church in the East. An illumination at Rouen represents the deacon raising the flabellum, a circular fan with a long handle, over the head of the priest at the altar. In the accounts of the churchwardens of Walberswick, Suffolk, of 1493, is the entry "for a bessume of pekok's fethers, IVd." (Figs. 302, 303.) Fan-crest, Her. An early form of decoration for the knightly helm. Fandango. A .Spani.sh dance. Fane. (i) A vane or weathercock; "a fayne of a schipe,'' i.e. a vane on the to]i of a mast. " Of sylver his maste, of golde hisyj/wc." (2) Anglo-Saxon. A banner. (3) The white flower-de-luce. {Gerard.) (4) Enemies. {Hallhivll.) ( See also Fan 11 M.) Fanfare, Fr. .\ llourish of trumpets. Fannel or Phannel, O. E. The Fanon (q.v.). Fanon, Chr. The maniple or napkin worn by the priest at mass. It was originally nothing but a plain strip of linen worn on the left wrist. In later times it was highly deco- rated, and often made of the richest materials. Fan-tao, Chinese. A fabulous peach-tree, which blossoms every 3000 years ; represented on pottery as an attribute of Cheou-Lao, the god of longevity, who holds in his hand a fruit of it. Fan-tracery. In Gotiiic architecture, elabo- rate carved work spread over an arched surface, like a fan with the handle resting on a corbel or stone bracket below. 1.16 WORDS USED IN Fannm, R. [fari, to speak) ; Eng. Fane. A term synonymous with Templum (q.v.), but implying also the idea of a place which had been consecrated by the solemn formula of the augurs. Thtfantan thus comprised not only the building itself, the temple, but also all the conse- crated ground surrounding it [" lociis liheratiis et eff'atusr\ Farrago, R. (i. e. made of fai\ spelt). Fodder for horses and cattle, consisting of the green eais of different kinds of grain. Farthingale (Fr. vertugalc) is first spoken of in 1547. It was a sort of cage made of whale- bone worn under the petticoat, increasing the size of the hips. In Elizabeth's reign it reached to a preposterous size, giving the wearer the appearance of "standing in a drum," according to "Sir Roger de Coverley." There vitx&v} &:: m :^. cki Fig. 307. Silver Feretory or Reliquary, of good English work, for the most part in repouss^. which reached from the waist to about the knee. [Worn by Augustus Cassar, who was very susceptible to cold.] Feadace (armour). The old name for the gorget. Fenestella, Chr. (lit. a small window). A niche made in the wall of a church, near the altar, and containing the stone basin in which the priest poured away the water in which he had washed the chalice. Fenestra, Window. Fenestra biforis is a Gc- 7nel-wi)idoiii, formed by a double bay. Fenestra was the name given to the hole pierced in the ears to receive the earrings, as also to the loop-holes made in the walls of a fortress. Fenestration, Arch. A term which expresses the disposition and arrangement of all the windows in a house. Fengite. Transparent alabaster used for glass in windows. Ferculum, R. (f<.ro, to carry). Contracted form of ferictiluni, a tray, and thence the dishes carried upon a tray ; a course or remove. In a triumphal procession the term was applied to a platform for displaying an enemy's spoils, a rich booty, images of the gods, &c. ; or the ashes of the dead in a funeral. Feretory, Chr. (i) A richly-ornamented shrine, often of solid gold and set with jewels, in which the relics of saints are carried in Roman Catholic processions. (2) The en- closure or chapel in which the shrine was kept. Feretrum or Pheretrum, Gr., R., and Chr. (Lat. capuhis). A bier ; sometimes a shrine. The term was used at a period when coffins were uncommon ; more properly the Feretory, i (q.v.). Ferise, R. Days of festival among the Romans ; they were classed as fol- lows : (i) FeriiV statcv or statme, which were held regularly on the days indicated in the calendar ; these were the immovable festivals, such as the Agonalia, Carmentalia, Luper- calia, &c. (2) Ferice coiicepta: or con- ceptivce, which were held every year, but at uncertain intervals ; these were the movable festivals, such as the Latinae, Sementivje, Paganalia, and Compitalia. (3) Lastly, there were the fericE imperativa or official festi- vals, which were held by order of the dictators, consuls, or praetors. All ferice were dies nefasti, on which lawsuits, political transactions, &c. were impious, and slaves were re- lieved of their labour. The feria Latino: were the most important of all Roman festivals. Fermail, Her. A buckle. Ferr, Her. A horse-shoe. Ferrara. A manufactory of majolica in North Italy, described by Jacquemart as "one of the most brilliant in Italy ;" established l)y Alfonso I. with artists imported from Faenza, circa 1495. [Jacquemart.) Ferrea Solea. A horse- shoe. (See Solea and IIlPPOSANDAI.IUM.) Ferriterium. A prison for slaves. Synonym ot Ergastulum (q.v.). Ferula, R. The fen- nel ; a plant with which children were beaten for slight faults, and thence a cane or stick with which slaves were chastised. Fesse, Her. One of the ordinaries. A broad band of metal or colour crossing the shield horizontally. Fig. 30S «|,,,.|,i^,i.,Miii-p| n li 1 ,11 h{i i 1 iii| |i|i mil ii|i|i Ii|lllli pi!!!iJ!ilil!!!!!iilH|i||ll]ll'llHa!l|JIII fr "i^^ a^^: Fig. -^ioo. Festoon of folinge. Fesse-point, Her. The central ]ioint 01 an escutcheon. Fesse-wise, In Fesse, Her. Disposed in a horizontal line, side by side, across the centre of a field, and over the fesse-point of a shield. ART AM) ARCII.KOI.OCN-. '39 Fig. 310. Fibula. Gallic. Festoon, Arch. Garland of flowers. (Imjt. 309.) (See Encarpa.) Festra, R. An abljreviation anciently em- ployed for Fkm'.stra (([.v.). Festuca or Vindicta, R. The rod whicli the lictor held over the head of a slave during the ceremony of wa/iumiss/o, by which he was given his freedom. (See Manumissio. ) Fetter-lock, I!er. A shackle, padlock; a York- shire badge. Fibrinae (vestcs), Fibrinae (lana;). (Sec Gas- TOKE.«.) Fibula, Gen. (/^c, to fix), (i) A clasp, buckle, or brooch ; any contri- vance made of gold, silver, bronze, ivory, &.C., used for fasten- ing male or female at- tire. (2) The buckle of a head-band {/ir/iia, -'it/a). Figs. 310 and 311 represent buttons and clasps belonging to the Gaulish and Merovingian periods. [The girdles of the Franks and Saxons, found in English tombs, were usually ornament- ed most profusely. Not only were the buckles [fibuhe) of the richest workmanship, and con- spicuous for size and ' decoration, but they are sometimes supple- mented by enchased plates, or plates set with precious stones. {Roach Smith.)] (See Figs. 105 to 113.) Fictile "Ware, Keremania, R. [fiuqo, to mouldj. Any object made of terra- cotta or pottery, such as tiles, bricks, vases, &c. (See Poi 'fERY. ) Fiddle (A.S. fuhele), or Viol, is repre- sented in an Anglo-.Saxon MS. of the nth cen- tury, of a pear- shape, with four strings. The fiddle- bow probably originated in Hindustan, where the Hindus claim that the ravanastron was in- vented about 5000 years ago by Ravanon, a king of Ceylon. Almost identical with this is the Chinese fiddle called urheen, which has (;nly two strings, and its body consists of a small block of wood, hollowed out and covered with a snake-skin. A German fiddle of the 9th century, called lyra, has only one string. In the Nibe- lungen Lied Volker is described as dexterous in playing the fiddle. Interesting representa- tions of performers on the fiddle are painted on the roof of Peterborough Cathedral. They arc attributed to the 12th century. Fidelia, R. An earthenware vessel or jar used as a receptacle for cement. Fides or Fidis, R. .\ general term compris- ing all stringed or gut instruments (from sphidc', catgut). Fidicula, R. (dimin. of /i,/es). A very fine catgut string, a freh/e-string. The plural fidieuliC denotes an instrument of torture for slaves, the form of which is unknown. Field. In Numismatics, the surface of a coin on wliieh objects were engraved; in Heraldry, the entire surface of a shield or baimer. Figure-paintings. Paintings of tiie human figure. Filagree, Filigree, or Filigraine (It. jUi- Fig. 312. Silver Filigree. Reliiniary, belonging to Lord Hastings, said to have been dug up in the foundation.s of St. Paul's, London. grana—fdiini and j^ramtm, or granular net-work; so called because the Italians, who first introduced this style of work, ])laccd beads upon it. [^/;v.]). This work is of gold or silver wire plaited and soldered into delicate arabesques and (lower jxit- terns. In the 15th century the Spanish Moors "made admirable chiselled, enamelled, and gilt work, and applied filigree work on the sur- face, a system kept up at Salamanca anil Cor- dova to the present day." The Eastern nations have always been famous for filigree work. File, Her. A label (from the Latin Jilum, a narrow ribbon). Filfot, called also the Gammadion. (See FVI.KOT.) Filigree Glass. (See Gi-.\ss. ) Fillet, I kr. A diminutive of a chief. Fillets, Gen. Strips of linen employed for I40 WORDS USED IN various purposes. The victims which were con- ducted by priests to sacrifice were adorned with sacred fillets. Among the Egyptians fillets were employed to swathe mummies, the strips being repeatedly wound by the embalmers round the corpse, till it reassumed the appearance it had presented before being dried. (See Diadem, Fascia.) In Architecture, a small round or rectangular moulding which separates two others which are larger and more prominent ; the fillet also separates the flutings of columns. (See T/KNiA.) Fimbria, R. The border or fringe of a cloth or gar- ment. [These were more common among the Egyp- tians and Assyrians than the Greeks and Romans, and are mentioned in the Bible.] Fimbriated, Her. Bor- dered ; the border (which is narrow) lying in the same plane with the object bordered. (Fig. 313.) Finial. In Gothic architecture, an ornament of carved work represent- ing foliage, on the apex of a spire or pinnacle. (See Crocket.) (Fig. 314-.) Fir-cone upon a stem was the form of vases spe- cial to the majolica manu- factory of Deruba ; "a form," says Jacquemart, "quite special to that manufactory, and directly imitated from the extreme East and from Asia Minor." Fire. Flames of fire placed near St. Anthony signify his spiritual aid as patron saint against fire in all shapes, in the next world and inthis. 7o7igiies 0/ fire are, of course, de- picted on the heads of tlie Apostles, in repre- sentations of the Day of I'entecost. Fire-dog. (See Andiron.) Fire-lock. The musket fired by flint and steel, invented in France about the year 1630. (See Match-lock.) Fire-stommer, (). E. A poker. Fiscus, R. A wicker-work basket nsed for gardening purposes, especially for gathering in the olive and grape crops. The Romans also made use of this basket for transporting sums of money ; hence fiscus came to mean a money- chest, and was the name given to that part of the revenue which was applied to the civil list of the emperors [opposed to cvrariuin, the pro- Fig. 314. Finial. perty of the senate]; but at last the word was used to signify generally the property of the state. Fish. In Christian art, the symbol of water and the rite of baptism. (See Acrostic and Vesica Piscis.) Fistuca, R. A pavior's ram or beetle ; a wooden bar or pile used to consolidate floorings, masonry, and pavements. Fistula, R. (i) A water-pipe of lead or earthenware. (2) A writing-pen made of reed, and thence a Pan's pipe. (3) A rolling-pin for making pastry. (4) A probe. (5) A machine for bruising corn, which was called fistula farraria. Fitch. The best of paint-brushes are made of the hair of the fitch or polecat. They are black, elastic, and firm though soft. They are made flat or round, and are used also for var- nishing. Fitcbee, Iler. Pointed at the base. Flabelliform, Arch, {flabelluni). Fan-shaped. The term is usually applied to an ornament composed of leaves and palms, which is of fre- quent occurrence on Romano-Byzantine monu- ments. Flabellum, Gen. {flo, to blow). A fan. (See Fan.) Flagellum, Gen. {fiagjui/t). A whip or scourge made with thongs of leather, especially thongs of the ox's hide, or twisted or knotted cords, &c., used in antiquity forjnmishing slaves or culprits. It was a terrible weapon, and the lash was often knotted with bones, or heavy metal hooks to tear the flesh [scorpio). Gladia- tors used to fight in the arena with fia^ct/a. Flagon. A vessel with a long neck covered at toji, and a spout. The flagons of the 15th and 16th centuries are the best in design ami ornamentation. Flail. A weapon like a flail, of wood and iron armed with spikes, /t'w/. Henry VIII. Flake-white. So called from its form, in commerce, oi flakes or scales. As a pigment it possesses great body, and enters largely into numerous compound tints. {Ftu'rholt.) (See Carbonate of Lf\d ) 315 Hat-h -li Flambiyant (style). Mod. The style of French architecture peculiar to the 15th cen- AKl I\.\l) AKLll/tiULUUi . 141 tury, so called bccau.se the mullions and tracery of the windows in the monuments belonging to that period are curved and twisted like the waving of flames. This style was contempo- rary with that called "the perpendicular" in England. Flamen, R. A priest devoted to the service of any one god ; e. g. Flavicn Martialis, the jiriest of Mars. Their characteristic dress was the Apex, the L.i:na, and a laurel wreath. Fig. 316. Projecting-heads. Flaming Heart, in Christian symbolism, expre^^c^ fervent piety and love. Flammeolum (dimin. of flamiitciiii:). A term denoting a texture much finer than that of the tlaiiintcuiii. Flammeum, R. A bridal veil worn by the Fig. 317. Old Flcmisli I.acc. bride on liie day of her marriage ; it was of light gau/e, and in colour of a vivid and bril- liant yellow, like a llamc ; whence its name. It covered the lady from head to foot, and was removed by the bridegroom on their arrival luime after tlie ceremony. Flammula, R. A small flame ; a small banner borne l)y light cavalry regiments ; it was of a vivid and brilliant yellow colour, like the bridal Jhiiiiiiicuin ; whence its name. (Mo- dern Okiii.ammk, (pv. ) Flanches, Flasquea, Ikr. Subordinarics. Flat-heads, Projecting-heads, Mod. An orna- ment iieculiar to the Romano-liyzantine period, which decorates archi volts. Fig. 3'5 K'^e's an cx- ami)leof llat-hcads; Fig. 316 of projecting-heads. Flaying-knife. An attribute (jf St. Hartholo- mew, signifying the manner of his martyrdom. In Croyland Abbey it was anciently the custom to present all members of the community with small Haying-knives on St. Bartholomew's Day (Aug. 24). Flemish Lace. Flanders and Italy dispute the invention of pillow lace. It is certain, how- ever, that lace of home manufacture was worn in the 15th century in the Low Countries, and from that time to the present lace-making has formed a source of national wealtii to I'.elgium. The engraving shows a fine specimen of old Flemish lace composed of six different designs joined together, commonly known as "Trolle Kant." A similar lace is made in some of our own coimties, and called "Trolly." (Fig. 317.) . , Fleur-de-lis (Fr.), the royal msigma of France, was first adopted by Louis VI 1. (about A.D. 1137) scmcc, or scattered over the field. This shield is blazoned as " France Ancient. ' On the occasion of his marriage, in 1234, St. Louis instituted the order of the " Cosse de G e n e s t " (Fig. \^5v..^ 318), and, as an " '■*" emblem of his humility, took for his badge the broom-flower with the motto Exdltiil hitmilis. The col- lar of the order was composcil of broom - tlo wers enamelled, inter- mixed with flcurs- d e - 1 i s. In the reign of Charles VI. four collars of the order of the Cosse de Ge- nest were sent as . ^ ... jiresents to King 'l^o^^.^^^fl^.^r- Richard 11. and 142 WORDS USED IN his uncles the Dukes of Lancaster, Gloucester, and York. The fleur-de-lis entered the English insignia in 1275 with the marriage of Edmund with Blanche of Artois, and was erased on January i, 180 1. Fleurettee, Her. Terminating in, or bordered with fleurs-de-lis, like the cross in Fig. 318. FleuroD. A small full-blown rose placed in the centre of the abacus of the capital in certain orders of architecture. Flexed, Her. Bowed, bent. Flighted, Her. Feathered, as arrows are. Flo, O. E. An arrow. " Rnbiii bent his joly bowe, Therein he set &j2o." (IVright's Songs and Carols.) Floralia, or Florales Ludi. A Roman fes- tival in honour of Flora, said to have been instituted li.c. 238, to invoke the protection of the goddess u])on the sjiring blossoms. Florentine Fresco. A peculiar method of fresco-jminting, by which the lime is kept moistened durnig the process. Florentine Lake. (Sec Carminated Lakes.) Florentine Mosaic. Inlaid work in coloured stones, and precious stones combined into beau- tiful patterns. Florid (style), Arch. This term, now dis- used, has lieen replaced by that of Flamboyant style Oi-v.). Florimontana. A literary society established at Annecy in 1606. They took for their device an orange tree, with the motto, ^'' Florcs, fnuiits- ijuc pcrcniics.'" Fluor-spar or Derbyshire-spar. A mineral rock very common in Derbyshire, where it is made into ornaments, &c., with the lathe. Flute, Gen. Said to have been invented by Apollo or Mercury. The simplest form of flute was made with an oat-stalk {avaia 1 or a hollow reed {calanius) ; in the course of time it was made of ivory, bone, or the shin-bones of animals ; whence its Latin name of Tuii.v (q.v.). The Greek llute (au/os) was held like a flageolet, and a vibrating reed was in- serted into the mouth- ])icce. The single flute was called iiioiiaidos ; the double one diaulos. A specimen of the last in the British Museum was found in a tomb at Athens. It is made of cedar, and the lubes, which are filtecn inches in length, have each a Kig. 3iy Flutings. Fig. 3:0. Focuhis. separate mouthpiece and six finger-holes, five of which are at the upper side, and one under- neath. The flutes of the Eli-uscans were often of ivory ; those used in religious ceremonies were of boxwood, ass's bone, bronze, and silver. The Per- sian flute called " nay" and the " surnayi" a kind of oboe, are still popular in the East. lnA/cxico,ihe young man sacrificed to the god was taught to play the flute, and as he went to his death he broke a flute on each of the steps of the temple. The prac- tice of making flutes of the bones of their enemies was common with many Indian tribes in America. Flutings or Flutes, Arch. Small semicircular indents or grooves cut perpendicularly, by way of ornament, in the shafts of columns and pilasters. Flutings may be either decorated or plain. When filled with a bead-moulding, they are said to be cabled. Fig. 319 represents flut- ings decorated with leaves twined round a reed. Fly, Her. The length and also the side of a flag furthest from the mast. Fo, Chinese. (See Dog of Fo.) The " Hand of Fo " is a fragrant fruit, a kind of cedrat, generally styled the Chinese hand-plant, used to perfume apartments. Focale, R. (fauces, the throat). A square piece of cloth which was wrapped round the neck, and covered the ears. Foculus, R. (dimin. of foeus). A portable fireplace; a brazier or chafing-dish. (Fig. 320. ) Focus, R. The hearth or fireplace of a house, consecrated to the Lares or household gods. (See Trefoil, Qua- Foil, in Architecture. TREFOIL, &c.) 321. Foliage of ih,; Acanthus. Foliage, Gen. Nearly every style of architecture has made use of foliage for purposes of or- namentation. In an- tiquity, the leaves of the acanthus, palm, laurel, olive, ivy, &c., were thus employed ; the Ro- mano-Byzantine, By- zantine, and Pointed styles utilized for ART AND ARCIiyEOI.OfJV. •43 tlie same purpose the vine, oak, ciiiqueioil, parsley, nialionia, mullein, thistle, >ra or Greek ffTOfitoy.] Framea, R. (i) ^ German spear, tlie iron head of which was short but very shaqj ; it was em])!oyed by them as a pike. (2) A weapon used by the Franks. Francisca. A kind of battle-axe used by the Franks. Frankfort Black. A German pigment pre- pared like /i.'ue black (q.v.). L 146 WORDS USED IN French Tlltramarine. (See Guimet's Ultra- marine.) Fresco Painting (i.e. alfresco, upon fresh or wet ground), generally employed for large pic- tures on walls and ceilings, is executed with raineral and earthy pigments upon a freshly-laid laiaiaigigB F!g. 330. Greclc Fret. ground of stucco. It was known to the ancients. and must be distinguished from distemper PAINTING (q.v.) on plaster, which is a different Greek Fret. process. " Biion (or genuine) /r^J-ro," painted on the fresh surface of plaster, is distinguished from ''fresco sccco," or a process of painting on Fig. 332. Greek Fret. dry plaster commonly practised in Italy and Munich. It is argued that the latter was the process used at Pompeii, and generally by the ancients, because { l) lime is found in nearly all the not contain only one day's work, as it must in biton fresco. Fret, Arch. An angular, interlaced archi- colours, anil (2) the nature of the joinings in tlie work indicates that each compartment does Fig. 334. Scroll Fret. tectural ornament of the Greek and Romano- Byzantine period, also known as broken batoon and Vitrtivian scroll, and presenting some analogy with chevroti or zigzag. There are crenelated or rectangtilar frets, triangular, ne- bulated, undulated frets, &c. Fret, O. E. A caul of gold or silver wire. " A/ret of golde she had next her hair." (Chancer.) Fret or Frette, Her. 335. Badge of the Arundel family, with fret. One of the sub- ordinaries. The illustration is one of the badges of the Arundel fami- ly : a chapeau or and gules, sur- mounted by a. fret or, and an acorn leaved vert. Frieze, Arch. That part cf the entablature which is included be- the cornice. (See tween the architrave and Fig. 184. ) Another name for it is Zoophorus (q.v.). It was generally richly sculptured. The finest frieze ever found is that of the Par- thenon, the ornamentation of which may be studied in the Elgin-marble room at the British Museum. (See Fig. 2S2.) Frieze, Frize. A coarse woollen cloth, first mentioned 1399. " Cloth of gold, do not despize To match thyself with cloth of frize. Cloth of frize, be not too bold, Though thou be matched with cloth of gold." Frigidarium, R. {frigidus, cold), (i) A cool apartment in a bathing establishment. (2) A cool ]ilace used as a larder. Frisquet. In wood engraving, a piece of paper laid over the proof-paper in the act of printing, to keep clean the parts not intended to be exposed to the ink. Fritillus, R. A dice-box of a cylindrical form, called also turricula or pyrgus (Greek (/)l;UOb). ART AND ARCH/EOLOCV. 47 Frog. An ancient emblem of silence and secrecy, from a legend quoted by ^lian that Fig. 336. Frog. The device of Mscenas. the frogs of Syriapha never croak in their own marshes. Hence it was adopted by Mtecenas, the friend of Augustus, for his device. (Fig. 336.) Frontale, Gen. {frons, the forehead). (l) A frontlet or head -band worn by Greek women, and to be seen prin- cipally on the statues of god- desses. (2) A plate or band of metal placed across the forehead of horses (Fig. 337) as a protection for the frontal bone. The Medes, Persians, Greeks, and Romans made use of \\\(t frontale for their cavalry horses. For the ecclesiastical Frontal, Medieval, see Ante- pen diu.m. Henry III. gave a FRONTAL to the high altar Abbey, upon which, besides Fig. 337. Frontale of a bridle. at Westminster carbuncles in golden s'ettmgs, and several large pieces of enamel, were as many as 866 smaller pieces of enamel. Frontispiece. In Architecture, the facade or face of a building. The engraved title-page of a book was originally called the frontispiece. Frote, O. E. To rub ; to stir. Frountere, O. E. Frontal (q.v.). Fucus, Gr. Cosmetic paint, much used by the C^rcck and Roman ladies. They stained their eyebrows black with a preparation of sulphuret of antimony called stimmi, or of soot, asbolos. The Roman ladies, in addition to rouge and white for the complexion, used to trace out the veins on their temples with a blue paint, and they wore the patches of (^^lecn Anne's time (J/Zcv/Za). "From beef without mustard, a servant which overvalues himself, a«1>''^.) Fig. 338. P'undibaliis— Onager. WORDS USED IN Fundula, R. A blind alley or cul-de-sac. Fig. 339 represents one of the kind at Pom- peii. Fig. 339. Street at Pompeii. Fundulus, R. The piston of a hydraulic machine. Funeral Ceremonies, i. Greek. The expres- sions TO SiKoia, font^ofieva, or izpoffriKovra, the just and lawful rites, are expressive of the Greek idea that the proper burial of the dead was a most sacred duty to them. The first act was to place in the mouth of the corpse an ohohis, with which the spirit would pay the ferryman in Hades. This coin was then called danakc. The body was then washed and anointed, the head crowned with flowers, and the hand- somest robes put on. All this was done by the women of the family. By the side of the bed upon which the corpse was then laid (TrptJeeo-is) were placed painted earthen vessels {Ucuthoi -, see Lecythus), which were afterwards buried with the corpse. (These vases are frequently disinterred in modern excavations.) A honey- cake {?neliltoHta) to throw to the dog Cerberus was laid on the bed. Before the door a vessel of water {ostracon or ardalion) was set, to be used, like the holy water of Catholic times, by persons leaving the house, for purification. On the third day after death, the ecphora, or carry- ing out for burial, took place in the morning before sunrise. The men walked before the corpse, and the women behind. Hired mourners {threnodoi) accompanied the procession, playing mournful tunes on the flute. The bodies were either buried or burned, until cremation gave way to a Christian prejudice. The body was placed for burning on the top of a pyre (Gr. TrDp, fire) ; and, in remote ages, animals, prisoners, or slaves were burned with it. Oils and perfumes were thrown into the flames. Finally, the smouldering ashes were quenched with wine, and relatives and friends collected what remained of the bones. The bones were then washed with wine and oil, and placed in urns, often golden. 2. Roman. Funera justa conveys the same idea as the Greek dicaia of the right and title of the dead to a proper observance. With the Romans, the washing, anointing, &c. of the body was done by slaves [pollinctores) of the undertakers, who were called libitiuarii, be- cause they dwelt near the temple of Venus Libitina, in which all things requisite for fune- rals were sold and a mortuary register was kept. The coin having been duly placed in the mouth, the body was laid out in the vestibule dressed, of ordinary citizens in a white toga, and of magistrates in their official robes, and the couch was strewn with flowers, and a branch of cypress was placed at the door of the house. All fune- rals were, in ancient times, performed at night, but afterwards only those of the poor. At a great funeral the corpse was carried out on the eighth day, preceded by musicians {corni- riiies, ike.) and mourning women {pneficcv), who chanted a funeral hymn [luenia) ; players and buffoons {histriones, scurrce) followed, and a procession of the freed slaves wearing the cap of Whexiy {pileali). Images of the deceased and of his ancestors were borne before the corpse, which was carried on a litter {feirtruni). The common bier of the poor was called saiidapila, and its bearers vespillones, because they bore it forth in the evening {vespere). The couches of the rich were of ivory, richly ornamented with gold and purple. The relations walked behind in mourning, sons with the head veiled, and daughters with dishevelled hair. At the forum a funeral oration {laudatio) was delivered, and thence the procession went to the place of burial or cremation. Those who were buried (as all were subsequently to the 4ih century A.D.) were placed in a coffin {area or locuhis), often of stone. The Assian stone, from Assos in Troas, was said to consume all the body, with the exception of the teeth, in forty days, whence it was called sarcophagus (q-v. ). For cremation the pyre, or rogus, was built like an altar, and the corpse in its splendid couch being placed on the top, the nearest relation, with averted face, fired a corner of the pile. Per- fumes were forbidden by the Twelve Tables. .Sometimes animals were slaughtered, and in ancient times, captives and slaves, but afterwards gladiators were hired to fight round the blazing pile. (Compare BusTUM.) When the pyre was burnt down, the embers were soaked with wine, and the bones and ashes collected into .VKl AlNU AKCll/tiULlJO\ 149 cred urn of red Ohojepore. urns (See Urn A.) The solemnities continued for nine days after the funeral, at the end of which time a sacrifice was performed called the novcmdiah. Men wore black for mourning, and women white ; but at all banquets given in honour of the dead the guests were clothed in white. Funeral Urns of Indian pot- tery are found of extremely ancient date. That repre- sented in Fig. 340 is a cover- ed jar, of primi- tive make, with an inscription in ancient cha- racters ; its date is proba- bly from 260 to 240 H.C. (Jac- qiicmart. ) Fur. Slrutt says that " the furs of sables, beavers, foxes, cats, and lambs w^ere used in England before the Conquest ; to which were afterwards added those of ermines, squirrels, martens, rabbits, goats, and many other animals." In the Middle Ages the more precious furs, as ermine and sable, were reserved for kings, knights, and the principal nobility of both sexes. Inferior ranks used " vair " and "gris," or gray ; while citizens, burgesses, and priests wore the common squirrel and lamb-skins. The peasants wore cat-skins, badger-skins, &c. In after times were added the skins of badgers, bears, beavers, deer, fitches, foxes, foynes (or martens), grays, hares, otters, sables, squirrels, weasels, wolves, (.Vc. The mantles of our kings and peers, and the furred robes of municipal officers are the remains of this fashion, which in the 13th century was almost universal. Fur, Her. The furs arc of comparatively rare appearance in heraldry, and do not appear in the best ages. Vair and erimne are common, in Fig. 341 is an example of the treatment of ermine from the monument of Edward III. Furbelow, O. E. An ornament on the petti- coat of a woman's dress, described as a " puck- ered flounce," to display which it became the fashion to roll back the skirts of the gown. "The Old Mode and the New, or the Country Miss with her Furbelow," is the title of an old play. temp. William and Mary. Furca, R. A fork with two teeth {Indens), or Fig. 341. Shield with Ermine. two prongs ; a hay-fork : furca caritarii, a fork used for taking down the meat hung up in the carttariuni. The \.i:x\\\ furca was further applied to a kind of fork by aiil of which a foot- traveller carried his baggage, but the more usual name for this kind of fork w.as icruimia (q.v.). Also, a wooden fork placed for i)unishment across the shoulders of slaves and criminals, to the l)rongs of which the hands were tied. Reversed it formed a cross ujion which criminals were executed, cither by scourging or by crucifixion with nailing. The patibulum was a similar in- strument (jf punishment formed like the letter II. Furgon, O. I*;. (Fr. fouri^oii). A fork for putting faggots and sticks on to the fire. Fumus, R. (i) A baker's oven. (2) A baker's shop. (See FoKNAX.) Fuschan in Appules, O. E. Fustian of Najdcs. (See Fustian.) Fuscina, R. (i) A fork with three prongs used for spearing fish. (2) The trident of the rclia- riits. Originally it was called triJctis, and used as a goad to drive horses. Neptune always carries one. Fuscinula (dimin. of FfsciNA, q.v.). A carving-fork. Fusee, Fr. A gun with a wide bore, like a blunderbuss. Fusiform [fusiis, a spindle). In the form of a spintllc. Fusil, Fr. The steel for striking fire from a flint ; an ancient device of the Dukes of Bur- gundy, the motto inculcating the worthlessness of latent virtues never brought into action. Fig. 342. Fuiil. Device of Philip of burgundy \\i. i^oj). Fusi-yama. The sacred mountain of the Japanese, often depicted on their porcelain. ISO WORDS USKl) IN Fustian. " A species of cotton cloth much used by the Normans, particularly by the clergy, and appropriated to their chasubles." (Stridt.) It was orii^inally woven at Fustat, on the Nile, with a warp of linen thread, and a woof of thick cotton, so twilled and cut that it showed on one side a thick but low pile. In the 14th century Chaucer says of his knight, — " Of fustian he wered a gepon." In the 15th century Naples was celebrated for fustian. An old English account of this date has " Fuschan in Appules " (for Fustian from Naples). Fustibalum, R. A pole about four feet long, furnished with a sling {fitnda) in the middle. It was wielded by both hands, and was used to hurl huge stones to a distance. Fusus (Gr. aTpcLKTos). A spindle. It was generally made of wood ; but some nations, as for instance the Egyptians, had spindles o pottery. Fygury, O. E. An old name for silks dia- /"tvvrt^ with y?o-«r(\f of flowers and fruit. A cope in the York fabric rolls is described "una capa de sateyn fygury." Fylfot or Filfot. This mysterious ornament exactly resembles the II induarrt;// of remote anti- quity, i. e. the instrument of wood by which fire was obtained by fric- tion ; which is the symbol of Agni. This symbol has never been lost, and occurs sixty times on an ancient Celtic funereal urn ; also on monumental brasses and church embroidery of the Middle Ages. It is generally called the Gammadion. Fig. 343. Fylfot. G. Gabardine or Gallebardine, It. "A rough Irish mantle, or horseman's coat ; a long cas- sock." It was, and is, a favourite outer garment of the Jews. Gabion, Fortification. A basket filled with earth, used in the construction of earthworks for defensive purposes. Gable, Arch. (German Giehd, point). The triangular end of a house from the eaves to the top. Gablet. Diminutiveof gable— applied to fur- niture and niches. Gadlyngs, O. E. Spikes on the knuckles of gauntlets, like the modern "knuckle-dusters." Gaesum, R. A weapon of Celtic origin. It was a strong, heavy javelin with a very long barbed iron head, used rather as a missile than a s]iear. Gage, Med. A glove or cap thrown to the ground as a challenge to combat. Galages, O. E. (modern, goloshes). Clogs fastened with latclicts. Galaxia, Gr. (raAa|(o). Festivals in honour of Apollo, who was surnamed Galaxies; they were so called because the principal offering con- sisted of a barley cake cooked with milk (70X0). Galaxy (Gr. •^i.Ka., milk). In Astronomy, the Milky Way. It passes between Sagittarius and Gemini, dividing the sphere into two parts. Galbanum, R. {galbus, yellow). A yellow garment worn by women ; men who adopted this kind of dress were looked upon as foppish and effeminate. Galbe, Fr. The general contour or outline of any member of architecture ; in especial, the shaft of a column. (See Contractura.) It also denotes the lines of a vessel, console, baluster, &c. Galea, R. A helmet ; especially one of skin or leather, in contradistinction to Cassis, which denoted a metal helmet. Galeated. In Heraldry, wearing a helmet. Galeola, R. A very deep vessel in the shape of a helmet. It was used for holding pure wine, and was a kind of Acratophorum (q.v.). Galerus, Galerum, R. A peasant's cap made of fur, and thence a wig. It was a round leather cap, ending in a point, originally peculiar to the priesthood. Galgal, Celt. A Celtic or megalithic monu- ment, more commonly called Tumulus. Galiot, Galliot (dimin. of galire). A ship moved by both sails and oars. Gall (A.S. gealla). In an animal, a bitter yellowish-green lluid secreted by the gall- bladder. Ox-gall, clarified by boiling with ani- mal charcoal and filtering, is used in water- colour and in ivory painting to make the colours spread more evenly upon the paper, ivory, &c. : mixed with gimi-arabic it thickens, and fixes the colours. A coating ot it sets black-lead or crayon drawings. This word is also applied to anything exceedingly bitter, especially to the bitter potion which it was customary among the Jews to give to persons suffering death under sentence of the law, for the purpose of rendering them less sensible to pain, (ilor /isra xoKr^s, " vinegar to drink mingled with gall." (Matt, xxvii. 34.) ART AND ARCII.T:OLOnV. »5i Galle (Tours de), Celt. A name applied to certain ancient monuments in France, built by the Gauls. Galleon (Sp. ^i^ahvn). A large Spanish ship, formerly used in trading to America as a war vessel. Gallery, (len. A covered place much longer than it is wide. In Christian archeology it is a kind of tribune situated above the side aisles, and having bays over the nave ; it is also called Triforium (q.v.). Galley (Icelandic galhyda). A one-deck- ed vessel, navigated with sails and oars, in Heraldry called a Lymphad (q.v.). The prow of a galley (Fig. 344), one of the devices adopted by Cardinal Richelieu, may still be seen among the archi- tectural decorations of his palace. Galloon (Sp. galoti). A narrow kind of lace made of silk woven with cotton, gold, or silver ; or of silk only. Gallow-balk, O. E. (See Galows.) Ga.lly-gascoynes, O. E. Broad loose breeches; i6th cen- tury. " His galligaskins were of corduroy. And garters he had none." {The Weary Knife-grinder.) Galows, O. E. An iron bar fastened inside an open chimney, from which the reeking-hook was hung, for suspending pots and vessels over the fire. Fig. 344. Device of Car- dinal Richelieu, from the Galerie d'0rlt5ans, Palais Royal. Galvanography. (See Ei.ectrography, El.KCTKOTYPK. ) Gamashes. "II igli boots, buskins, or startups. " {Holnu\ 16SS.) Gambeson (Saxon wambc, the belly). A quilted tunic, stuffed with wool. It answered the purpose of defensive armour, and was subse- quently called :\. pour point. Gamboge. A gum resin of a forest tree called Garcinia Cambogia, generally imported in cylindrical rolls. It forms a beautiful yellow pig- ment, used for water-colour ; it is used to stain wood in imitation of box, and the tincture enters into the composition of the gold-coloured varnish for lacquering brass ; it also gives a beautiful and durable stain to marble. (^E. B.) Gamelion. The seventh month of the ancient Athenian year, corresponding to our January. It was so called because it was a favourite season for marriages (yauTj). Fig- 345- Garde de Bras. Fig. 346 Gargoulette. Arab. Gammut. (See Gamut.) Gamut. The musical scale ; so called from the first tone, UT (our do), of the model scale of Guido, which was represented by the Greek gamma. Ganoid (7o«'of, brightness). A name applied to an order of fishes, having angular scales, composed of bony plates, covered with a strong shining enamel. _ _^ _ ■1/?^ au(707r7jy). (l) A garment introduced from Egypt into Fig. 349. Order of the Garter. Lesser George. AKl i\l\l) AK\-n/rAJlAK.» »5J Rome, in the time of Augustus ; it was made of a woollen cloth with a long naji on believed the existence of a good gcniii-i, or guar- dian angel, born witii every mortal, and which died at the same time with him. Genius loci was the name given to the guardian spirit of a place. [SceJuNONES, Larks, I'knatks, &c. Tlie superstition has many forms in Christian as well as in pagan arl.| Genoa Lace. Mention is made of Genoa 1 .ace as early as the 1 5th century. ( Jenoa was as celebrated for its pillow lace as Venice for its Ki-. 350. Caumlot. one side, and was worn on leaving the bath ; it was white or dyed purple. Gausapa wa> used not only for articles of dress, but for table linen, napkins, dusters, and mattings. (2) A wig made of human hair, worn at Rome during the Emjiire. Gauze. A light, transparent silk texture, supposed to have been invented at Gaza in Palestine ; whence the name. Gavotte (It. gavotta). A lively dance-tune in two-fourth time, consisting of tM-o sections, each containing eight measures. Gehenna (Heb." Cc-hiii-novi, i. e. the valley of Hinnom). In this place, on the noith of Jenasalem below Mount Zion, is a place called Tophet, where children were sacrificed to Moloch. King Josiah made it the common- receptacle for rubbish and carcases, and a fire was kept constantly burning there ; hence^ the Jews used this term to signify "hell." (Com- pare Hades.) Gemellar, R. {geniellus, twin). A case for holding oil ; it was called gemellar from the fact of its being divided into two compartments. Gemelled, Arch. Double ; thus a gemelUd bay is one divided into two parts ; gcmclkdanhcs, those which are joined two and two. Gemelles, Her. In pairs. (See Bars-ge- MELLES.) Gemm», Lat. (i) Precious stones, esp. cut or engraved. (2) Drinking-vessels or objects made of precious stones. (3) Pearls. (4) The eyes of a peacock's tail. The original meaning of the word is a hud, eye, or gem on a plant ; anything swelling and bright. Gemojiiae, or Gemonise Scales, R. (i.e. steps of sighs). Steps leading to the prison in the forum, on the stairs of which the corpses of criminals were exposed for several days. Gems. Precious stones, especially when carved. (SeeCAMEOS. ) Genet, Her. A spotted animal, something like a marten. Genethliaci, Gr. and R. {yfvi0\-n, birth). Astrologers who cast "nativities" Genius, R. (geiio, to beget). The Romans f^m^ 51. Genoa Point Lace— Pillow inade. needle-made. The characteristic of this lace I was its design, a kind of barleycorn-shaped ' pattern, radiating into rosettes from a centre. I It was particularly adapted for the large turn- over collar of Louis XIII., and was produced by plaiting, and made entirely on the pillow. Genouillieres. Fr. Ii) Steel coverings for the knees. Prom the 13th century. They were often richly ornamented. (2) In foitijieatioii, the sill of the embrasure. Genre Pictures. Those representing scenes of every-day life and manners. 1; •( ,._(irgc " Gold NoMc, Henry \ II 1. IS4 ^YORDS USED IN Geodes. In Mineralogy, hollow lumps of chalcedony found deposited in the cavities of flints, formed by the chemical action of water. George. A gold noble of the time of Henry VIII. (Fig. 352.) George, Saint, Her. The patron saint of England. His red cross on a silver field first appears in English heraldry in the 14th cen- tury. (See Fig. 349.) George, The, Her. A figure of St. George on horseback, worn as a pendant to the collar of the Order of the Garter. (See Garter.) Georgic (yeupyiKbs, rustic ; from 77), earth, and epyov, work). Poems on the subject of husbandry. German Silver. An alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper. The proportions recommended are nickel 25, zinc 25, copper 50. Gerrhae. Persian shields made of wicker-work. Ghebres, Pers. Fire-worshippers. Ghibellines. An Italian faction, 13th cen- tury, who supported the German Emperors against the Giielphs, who stood by the Pope. The war-cry of the Guelphs was taken from the name of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, of the house of Wolf; that of the Ghibellines from Weih- linden, a town of Wiirtemberg, the seat of the Hohenstauffen family, to which Conrad, Duke of Franconia, belonged. These two dukes were rivals for the imperial throne of Germany. Ghoul, Ghole, Pers. A demon who fed on dead bodies of men. Giallo, Giallo- lino,Gialdoliiio, It. Pale yellow. (See Massicot.) Giaour, Turk- ish. An unbe- liever in Mo- hammed. Gigantoma- chia, Gr. A fa- vourite subject of Greek art, representing the War of the Giants, sons of Coelus and Terra, against Jupiter. They "heaped Ossa on Pelion " to scale heaven, and were defeated by Hercules. They are repre- sented as of vast stature and strength, having their feet covered with scales. A beautiful cameo in the Naples Museum represents Jove in his chariot subduing the giants. In 1875 the German expedition found among the ruins of a temple at Pergamus a series of sculptures of almost colossal proportions, representing, as Pliny describes them, the Wars of the Giants. These sculptures are now in the Berlin Museum. Gillo, R. A wine-cooler, of earthenware. Fig- 353- Gimmel Rings. The device of Cosmo de' Medici. Gipciere. Gimmel Eing, Her. Two, sometimes three annulets interlaced. (Fig. 353.) Gingham (Javanese ginggan\. Cotton cloth, woven from dyed yarns ; distinguished from cloth printed or dyed after weaving. Ginglymus, R. (yiyyAvfios). A hinge moving in a socket. Gingriaus, R. (ylyypas). A flute used at funerals. Gipcieres. Richly- ornamented leather purses of the 14th and 15 th centuries. They were often en- graved with religious mottoes. (Fig. 354.) Gipon. Probably the same as ga/n- hcson. Girandole. A large kind of ranched candle- stick. Girdled, Girt, Her. Encircled or bound round. Girdles. These were the most beautiful and costly articles of dress during the Middle Ages. They were frequently made entirely of gold or silver, decorated with cameos, precious stones, &c. Besides the knightly sword ; the purse, dagger, rosary, or penner and ink-horn and other objects were suspended from the girdle. From this word the waist was called ihtgirdL' stead, or place (j/t?c/) of the girdle. The girdles of ladies were equally splendid, and frequently depended nearly to the ground, as in Fig. 355. The girdle is an attribute of St. Thomas, from a legend that the Virgin, pitying his weakness of faith, threw down to him her girdle, after her assumption into heaven. Girgillus, R. A roller turned by a windlass, for drawing up the bucket of a well. (See Jack. ) Girouette. (See En.) Girt, Her. (See Girdled. ) Gisarme. A scythe-shaped weapon with a pike, fixed on a long staff. Gittern, O. E. A small guitar, strung with catgut. Givre. (See Wyvern.) Glabrous (Lat. glaher]. Smooth, bald. Glade (Norman glette, a clear spot among clouds). An opening or passage in a wood through which the light may shine. Gladiators were first exhibited at Rome, B.C. 264, at a funeral. The practice had its origin in that very ancient one of slaughtering slaves and captives on such occasions. Subsequently it became more general. The different classes of gladiators, distinguished by their arms and other circumstances, were : AndabatcE, who wore helmets without any oldening for the eyes, and tliercfore foui^lit lilimlfold ; Essc,/a)-ii, wlio nil the walls of tombs in siulplnre m paiiit. 'Ihc most celclirated statues of I he k'm. (14th century). Said to be the gorget. Gopouras, Hind. The pyramid-shaped door of the Hindoo temples. Dwat arab'ha, or door of splendour, was the name given to a door with one or two tiers ; dioarasala, or door of the dwelling, a door with two or four tiers ; dwara- prasada, or propitious door, a door with three to five tiers ; dioaraliariuya, or door of the palace, a door with five to seven tiers ; lastly, diuaragopouras, or door-tower with seven to sixteen tiers. Gorged, Her. Wearing a collar. Gorget, Fr. A defence or covering for the neck. Gorgoneia. Masks of the Gorgon's head, which were fixed as bosses upon walls or shields. Gossamer, O. E. (pro- perly God's summer'). The name is attributed to an old legend that the fine filaments so called are the fragments of the winding-sheet of the Vir- gin Mary, which fell away from her as she was taken up to heaven. Gothamites, O. E. The inhabitants of the village of Gotham in Northumberland, re- nowned for their stupidity. A reprint of the Fig, 364. Gorgoneia. i6o WORDS USED IN Fig. 365. Goiird-shapcd bottle. Anatolian. tale called " The Wise Men of Gotham " api)eared in 1840. Gouache, Fr. This term is applied to the use in water-colour painting of opaque colours more or less mixed and modified with white. The process is extremely ancient, known to the Chinese and Indians of the earliest times, and to the Greeks and Romans. It was the method used by mediaeval ilkiminators. Its result is a velvety reflection of the light. Gourd of Noah. A piece of ancient blue faience from Asia Minor. Ac- cording to the tra- dition current in the coimtry, these vessels, which are in great venera- tion, would go back to such remote an- tiquity that it was by one of them that Noah was be- trayed into the first act of inebriety re- corded in history. {Jncqiie7iiart. ) Gouttee, Guttee, Her. Sprinkled over with drops of gold, silver, blue (tears), red (blood), or Ijlack (poix). Gown (British givn, Norman gunna). men wore gowns in the Middle Ages, women at all times. Grabatus, R. (Kpdfiaros). A sort of framework, consisting of a network of cords, used to support a mattress ; it was the least comfortable kind of bed ; whence the French word g>-ahat to denote a sorry kind of bed. Gradient, Her. Walking. Gradus, R. A flight of steps leading to a temple ; the tiers of seats in a theatre or amphi- theatre, &c. Graecostasis. A part of the Roman forum, where the Greek ambassadors stood to hear the debates. Graffiti, It. Lines drawn with a graver upon clay or plaster. (See Sgraffiti.) Grafted, Her. Inserted and fixed. Grand-garde. Plate armour to cover the breast and left shoulder, worn outside the usual armour in jousting at tournaments. Grand Quarters, Her. The four primary divisions of a shield when it is divided per cross or quarterly. Graphite. Plumbago. Graphometer. A mathematical instrument, called also a semicircle Graphotype. A method of producing book illustrations for printing along with type, with- out the art of an engraver. The the low Grass-green. (See Chrysocolla.) Graver or Burin. An engraving-tool. (See Chalcography.) Grazioso, It. In Music, an intimation to per- form the music smoothly and gracefully. Greaves. Plate armour for the legs. Grece, O. F. A step, or flight of stairs. (See Gryse. ) Greeces, Her. Steps. Greek Lace. A kind of cutwork, described under Lace (q.v.). Green, in Christian art, or the emerald, is the colour of spring ; emblem of hope, particularly hope in immortality ; and of victory, as the colour of the palm and the laurel. Green. (See Carbonates of Copper, Ox- ides OF Copper, Scheele's Green, Sap Green, Chrome Green, &c. ) Green Bice, (keen cinnabar. (See Chrome Green.) Green Earth (burnt terra-verde) is a brown pigment, very useful for landscape painting in oil colours ; it is not affected by exposure to strong light or impure air. Green Lakes. (See Purple Lakes.) Green Verditer. (See Verditer.) Gregorian Calendar. The calendar as re- formed by Po]je Gregory XIII. in 1582. Gregorian Music. A collection of chants, originally compiled by Gregory I. (the Great), A.D. 600. "It was observed by St. Gregory, a great musician of his time, that the Anibrosian Chants, handed down traditionally to a great extent, had become corrupted ; he therefore subjected them to revision, and added other modes and scales to those four which Ambrose had retained. This was done by taking away the upper tetrachord from the Ambrosian scales, and placing it below the lower tetrachord." (See iMtisic, by the Rev. J. R. Lunn, B.D., in Dictionary of Christian Antiquities.) Grey, in Christian art, the colour of ashes, signified mourning, humility, and innocence accused. Greybeards, O. E. Stone-ware drinking-jugs, with a bearded face on the spout. Gridiron (It. la g7-aticohi). The attribute of St. Lawrence. Griffin. (See Gryphus.) Grinding. Pigments are generally ground in po]ipy or nut oil, which dry best and do not deaden the colours. It is essential that these oils be in the purest state, bright and clear. A good oil ought to be so dry in five or six days that the jiicture can be repainted. Griphus, Gr. and R. (7pr0os). Literally, a fishing-net, and thence a riddle propounded by guests at a banquet. Grisaille, Fr. A style of painting in grey, by which solid bodies are rejiresented as if in relief; adapted for architectural subjects. Groat. An old English silver coin, equal to a,d. In England, in the Saxon times, no silver coin larger in value than a penny was struck, nor after the Conquest till the reign of Edwartl III., who strument used by land-surveyors. In tlic plural, gi-uiihc denotes the intersection of two roads cutting each other at right angles. Fig. 366. Groat cf Edward III. about 1 35 1 coined grosses or great pieces, ■which went for i,d. each ; and so the matter stood till the reign of Henry VII., who in 1504 first coined shillings. Q:xc%X2iXa.(Yx. gros-grains). A coarse wool- len cloth with large woof and a rough pile. Grogram gowns were worn by counti7women, 15th to 17th centuries, fairholt says that the mixed liquor called ^r^io- obtained its name from the admiral who ordered it to be given to the sailors ; who from wearing a grogram coat was called " Old Grog. " Groin, Arch. The angular curve formed at the intersection of a vaulted roof; the line made by the intersection of arched vaults crossing each other at any angle. (See Fig. Grolier Scroll. A beautiful and elaborate style of decoration for bookbinding, introduced by Grolicr, a celebrated patron ol bookbinding, in the 15th century. Grcma and Giuma, R. A quadrant; an in- Fig. 367. Grotesque from a stall in Rouen Cathedral. Fig. 368. Grotesque decoration from the Cathedral at Rouen. Grotesques, Arch. (It. gi-ottesco, the style in which grottoes were ornamented). Figures of a monstrous, comic, or obscene character, which were spread in profusion over the fa5ades of churches by mediaeval artists (ymaigicrs) ; in stone and in wood ; on choir-stalls and the wood-work and wainscoting of interiors. Figs. 367, 368 represent figures upon the stalls and columns in Rouen Cathedral. Grounds or Priming. In painting, the first coat of colour laid all over the canvas, upon which the ]iicture is to be painted. Grus, Lat. (a crane). A constellation of the southern hemisphere. Gry. A measure containing •j'^ of a line. A line is -jl, of a digit, a digit is ^j of a foot, and a (philosophical) foot is ^ of a pendulum whose vibrations, in the latitude of 45°, are each equal to one second of time, or g'j of a minute. Gryphus.Griffin, Gen. (7pi5iJ'). A fabulous animal, represented with the body of a lion, and the head and wings of an eagle. In ancient art it was applied in the decoration of friezes, one of the finest specimens being that at the temple of Antoninus and Faustina at Rome. It was a heraldic symbol among the .Scythians, and is M Fig. 369. Heraldic Griffin. l62 WORDS USED IN the ancient crest of the city of London. As an emblem this monster symbolizes the destroying power of the gods. Gryse, Grece, Tredyl, or Steyre, O. E. A step, a night of stairs. GuacosorHuacos, Peruv. The consecrated Ijurial- ]ilaccs of the ancient Peru- \'ians. Guardant, Her. Look- ing out from the field, as the lions in Fig. 370. Guazzo, It. A hard and durable kind of distemper painting, used by the an- cients, calculated to resist damp and to preserve the colours. Gubbio. A celebrated Italian botega of ceramic art, founded in 1498 by Giorgio An- dreoli, the reputed inventor of the secret of me- tallic lustres. Fig. 371 is a cup bearing upon Fig. 371. Gubbio Cup, 1519. Louvre Museum. a fillet the inscription " Ex Giorg." " of the fabric of Giorgio." Gubemaculum, R. {guberno, to direct). A rudder ; originally an oar with a broad blade, which was fixed, not at the extremity, but at each side of the stern. A ship had commonly two rudders joined together by a pole. Guelfs or Guelphs. (See Ghihellines.) Gueux, Badge of tbe. The celebrated Netherlandish confraternity of the Gueux (or Beggars), which had its origin in a jest spoken at a banquet, assumed not only the dress, but the staff, wooden bowl, and wallet of the professional beggar, and even went so far as to clothe their retainers and servants in mendicant garb. The Fig. 372. Badge of the Gueux. badge represents two hands clasped across and through a double wallet. Guidon, Fr. (i) The silk standard of a regiment ; (2| its bearer. Guige, Her. A sliield-belt worn over the right shoulder. Guild, O. E. (Saxon guilda7i, to pay). A fraternity or company, eveiy member of which was gildare, i. e. had to pay something towards the charges. Merchant guilds first became general in Europe in the nth century. (See Aiidcrsoii's History of Commerce, vol. i. p. 70.) Fig. 373- Base ornamented with guilloche. Fig. 374. Band with the guilloche ornament. Guilloche. A series of interlaced ornaments on stone, resembling network. Guilloched. Waved or engine-turned. Guimet's Ultramarine. A valuable substitute for the more costly preparation. It is trans- parent and durable. Guimet's Yellow is the deutoxide of lead and antimony, useful in enamel or porcelain painting. Guinea. An English coin first struck temp. Car. II., and so called because the gold was brought from the coast of Guinea (the Portu- guese Genahod). It originally bore the impress of an elephant. The sovereign superseded it in 1817. Guisarme. An ancient weapon of the nature of a pike or bill. (See Meyrick.) L.lN.\^ll/liV^i_,V^Vj 1 , Guitar (Spanish giiitami). A stringed musical instrument, played as a harp with the fmgers. Gules, Her. (Fr. gitculcs). Red, represented in engraving by perpendicular lines. Gum-arabic dissolved in water constitutes the well-known vehicle for water-colour paint- ing — gum 7i'(7/tV. Gunter's Line. A line of logarithms graduated on a ruler, for practical use in the application of logarithms to the ordinary cal- culations of an architect, builder, &c. Other similar instruments invented by the great mathe- matician (4- 1626) are Giint,i-\^ Quadrant and Gmite-rs Scale, used by seamen and for astro- nomical calculations. Gurgustium, R. A cave, hovel, or any dark and wretched abode. Gussets were small pieces of chain mail at the openings of the joints beneath the arms. Guttse, Arch, (drops). Small conical-shaped ornaments, used in the Doric entablature im- mediately under the mutule beneath the triglyph. (See Fig. 265.) Guttee, Her. (See Goutt^e.) Sprinkled over. Guttumium, R. [gnttur, the throat). A water-jug or ewer ; it was a vessel of very elegant form, and was used chiefly by slaves for pouring water over the hands of the guests he- fore and after a meal. (See Ablutions.) Guttus, R. {gittta, a drop). A vessel with a very narrow neck and mouth, by means of which liquids could be poured out drop by 163 drop ; whence its name. It was especially used in sacrifices, and is a common object upon coins of a religious character. Gutty, Iler. Charged or sprinkled with dro/s. Gwerre, O. E. The choir of a church. Gymmers, O. E. Hinges. (The word is still used.) Gymnasium, Gr. {yvuvaaiov ; yv/xfhs, strip- ped). A large building used by the Greeks, answering to the Roman palcrstra, in whicli gymnastics were taught and practised. There were also attached to it assembly rooms for rhetoriciairs and pliilosophers. Gyngeceum, Gr. (from yw)], a woman). That part of the Greek house which was set apart for the women. (See DoMUS.) Gypsum (Gr. y\j^o%). The property of rapid consolidation renders gypsum very available for taking casts of works of art, &c. It is much employed in architectural ornaments. The gypsum of Paris is called Montmar- trite, and forms the best Plaster of Paris, as it re- sists the weather better than purer sorts. It con- tains 17 per cent, of car- bonate of lime. (See also Alabaster.) Gyron, Her. A trian- gidar figure, one of the subordinaries. Gyronny, Her. A field divided into g}Tons. Fig. 375- Gyronny. H. H, as an old Latin numeral, denotes 200, and with a dash above it (H) 200,000. Habena, R. (haheo, to hold). A term with numerous meanings, all of which were con- nected more or less with the idea of a thong or strap. In the singular, it signifies a halter ; in the plural, habciur, reins. Habergeon. A coat of mail, or breastplate. Habited, Her. Clothed. Hackbut or Hagbut. Arquebus with a hooked stock. Hackney Coach (from the French cochc-a- haguenee). The hai]uciue was a strong kind of horse formerly let out on hire for short journeys. Hadrianea, R. Small buildings in which Christians were allowed to meet, in virtue of an edict granted in their favour by the Emperor Hadrian. Haematinon, R. {aluarwov, of blood). A kind of glassy substance of a beautiful red, and susceptible of taking a fine polish. It was used to make small cii,bes for mosaic or small works of art. Hagiographa (sacrea loritings). A name applied to those books of .Scripture which, according to the Jewish classification, held the lowest rank in regard to -inspiration. These are the books of Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra, and Chronicles. Hair. The Assyrian monarchs are repre- sented with beard elaborately plaited, and hair falling in ringlets on the shoulder, which may have been partly artificial, like that of the Persian monarchs, who, according to Xenophon, wore a wig. Both the hair and beard were dyed, and the eyes blackened with kohl, &c. 164 WORDS USED IN {Layard.) The Egyptians kept the head shaved, and wore wigs and beard-boxes. The Hehrtivs generally wore the hair short, but the horse- guards of King Solomon "daily strewed their heads with gold dust, which glittered in the sun." (Josep/ius.) The ancient Greeks wore their liair long. The Athenians wore it long in childhood, had it cut short at a solemn ceremony when they became eighteen years of age, and afterwards allowed it to grow, and wore it rolled up in a knot on the crown of the head, fastened with golden clasps {erobyhis, corymluis'). Women wore bands or coifs (sphen- done, kekjyphahis, sacciis, initrd). Youths and athletes are represented with short hair. The favourite colour was blonde [xantlins^ ; black was the most common. The ancient Rinnans also wore long hairj about 300 B.C. the prac- tice of wearing it short came in {rineinnzis. ci7-j-ns). The Roman women anciently dressed their hair very plainly, but in the Augustan period adopted some extravagant fashions. Each of the gods is distinguished by his peculiar form of hair : that of Jupiter is long and flowing ; Mercury has close curling hair, iS:c. The Danes, Gauls, and Anglo-Saxons wore long flowing hair, and the shearing of it was a punishment : when Julius Caesar conquered the Gauls, he cut off their long hair. Among the early Frankish kings long hair was the privilege of the blood royal From the time of Clovis the French nobility wore short hair, but as they grew less martial the hair became longer. Francois I. introduced short hair, which prevailed until the reign of Louis XIII., which was follo\\ed by the period of periwigs and perukes of Louis XIV. The variations from the Conquest to the last generation in ^;?f'/«;/(/ are so striking and fre- quent that each reign may be distinguished by its appropriate head-dress. (Consult Fairholfs Costume in England, Pla7iche's Cyclopcedia of Costume, &c.) H>"' ''-I"' MIU !..,.,, ,,1 ., ,, ,M "I'-'. -in- l| Fig. 382. Inscription, with hearts, found at Alise. attempted to explain their meaning as symbols, but without entering on an unprofitable discus- sion of that question, it may be noticed that, in many cases, what archaeologists have sup- posed to be hearts were nothing but ivy-leaves, \vhich served as marks of separation between different words or sentences. P'ig. 3S2 repre- sents an inscription at Alise in which ivy- leaves figure, together with an ornamdiit which some would insist were fiames, if tliey were to take the leaves for hearts. When inscriptions. WORDS USED IN however, are defaced, the shape of the leaves is not nearly so distinguishable as in the figure. [One of the most frequent methods in which this emblem is introduced in Christian art is that the Saviour, or the Virgin Mary, is re- presented opening the breast to display the living heart — the natural symbol of Love, De- votion, or Sorrow. The Heart is an attribute of St. Theresa, St. Augustine, and other saints. The flaming heart is the emblem of charity. The heart pierced by seven daggers symbolizes the "seven sorrows" of Mary.] Hecatesia, Or. ('EfcaTrjo-io). Festivals held at Athens in honour of Hecate. Hecatomb, Gr. and R. (eKardfi^rj). A sacri- fice offered in Greece and Rome under special circumstances, and at which a hundred head of cattle (eKOTo;/) were slain ; whence the name of the festival. [The term was generally applied to a// great sacrifices, of much less extent than that implied by its etymological meaning.] Hecatompylae, Gr. (eKardu-TruAai). The city with a hundred gates; a name given to the Egyptian Tliebes. Hecatonstylon, Hecatonstyle, Gr. and R. (^KaThf and (ttvAos). A portico or colonnade with a hundred columns. Hecte or Hectaeus, Gr. =: a sixth (R. niodius). In dry measure, the sixth part of the medimnus, or nearly two gallons English. Coins of uncer- tain value bore the same name ; they were sixths of other units of value. Hegira (Arabic hajara, to desert). The flight from Mecca, i6th July, A.D. 622, from which Mohammedan chronology is calculated. Helciarius, R. One who tows a boat. He was so called because he passed a rope round his body in the way of a belt, the rope thus forming a noose {/wlcintii). Helepolis, C}r. and R. (lAe'-TroAty, the taker of cities). A lofty square tower, on wheels, used in besieging fortified places. It was ninety cubits high and forty wide ; inside were nine stories, the lower containing machines for throw- ing great stones ; the middle, large catapults for throwing spears ; and the highest other machines- It was manned with 200 soldiers. The name was afterwards applied to other siege engines of similar construction. Helical, Arch. (6A.(|, a wreath). A spiral line distinguished from spiral. A staircase is helical when the steps wind round a cylindrical newel ; whereas the spiral winds round a cone, and is constantly narrowing its axis. The term is applied to the volutes of a Corinthian capital. (See Helix.) Heliochromy (Gr. tJAioj, the sun, and xp'^l^'^> colour). I'rocessof taking coloured photographs. Heliopolites, Egyj). One of the nomes or divisions of Lower Egypt, capital An, the sacred name for Heliopolis near Cairo. Fig. >iS3. Helm of a Gentleman or Esquire Heliotrope. T\i& HcBinatite ox bloodstone ; a siliceous mineral of a dark green colour, com- monly variegated with bright red spots. Heliotropion, Gr. A kind of sun-dial. (See HOKOLOGIUM.) Helix, Arch. (e'Aif, anything spiral). A small volute like the tendril of a vine placed under the Corinthian abacus. They are arranged in couples springing from one base, and unite at the summit. Hellebore. A famous purgative medicine among the ancient Greeks and Romans. Philosophers prepared for work by drinking an infusion of the black hellebore, like tea. The best grew in the island of Anticyra in the yEgean Sea, and the gathering of it was accom- panied by superstitious rites. Helm, Helmet, Her. Now placed as an acces- sory above a shield of arms. Modern usage dis- tinguishes helms according to the rank of the wearer. The term helm was applied by both Saxons and Nor- mans, in the llth century, to the conical steel cap with a nose-guard, which was the common head- piece of the day, and is depicted in contemporary illuminations, sculptures, and tapestries. After- wards it was restricted to the casque, which covered the whole head, and had an aventaile or vizor for the face. The use of the helm finally ceased in the reign of Henry VIII. Helmet. The d iminu ti ve of Helm, first ap- plied to the smaller head-piece which superseded it in the 15th century. (See Galea, Ar- MET, Bascinet, BuRGONET, Cas- que, Chapelle le Fer, &c.) Hemi-iGr. ■^^t-). Half; used in com- position of words like the Latin semi or dc»ii. Hemichorion {^\^xl.xipl■ov). (See Dichorea.) Hemicyclium, Gr. and R. {-ijfj.i-KVKAioi'). A semicircular alcove, to which persons resorted for mutual conversation. The term was also used to denote a sun-dial. Hemina, Gr. and R. (w''«'". i- e. halfj. A measure of capacity containing half a sextarius (equal to the Greek colyle = half a pint English). Fig. 384. Helmet or Burgonet of the i6th century. Fig. 385. Sun-dial (Hemi- sphasrium). Hemiolia, Gr. and R. {rjfii-oXla, i. e. one and a half). A vessel of iieculiar construction em- ployed especially by Greek pirates. Hemisplieerium, R. A sun-dial in the form of a hemisphere ; whence its name. (FiR. 385-) Hemlock, the Co- itiiim tiiaciilatum of botanists, was the poi- son used by the an- cient Greeks for the despatch of state pri- soners. Its effects are accurately de- scribed in Plato's de- scription of the death of Socrates. Heptagon (Gr.eTrra, seven, and ydvri, an angle). A ses'en-sided figure. Hepteris, Gr. and R. (STTT-^pTJs). A ship of war with seven ranks of oars. Hersea. Important Greek festivals, cele- brated in honour of Hera in all the towns of Greece. Ac Argos, every fifth year, an immense body of young men in armour formed a pro- cession, preceded by a Hecatomb of oxen, to the great temple of Hera, between Argos and MyceuDs, where the oxen were slaughtered, and their flesh distributed to the citizens. Herald (Germ. Herold). An officer of arms. The heralds of England were incorporated by Richard III. The college now consists of three kings of arms, six heralds, and four pursuivants. The office of Earl Marshal, the supreme head of the English heralds, is here- ditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk. There is another herald king styled "Bath," who is specially attached to that order ; he is not a member of the college. The chief herald of Scotland is styled Lord Lyon King of Arms ; that of Ireland, Ulster King of Arms. Chester herald is mentioned in the reign of Richard II., Lancaster king of arms \xnAQX Henry IV. (See Marshal, Kings of Arms, &c.) Heralds' College. A college of heralds was instituted in Rome by Numa Pompilius, and the office was held sacred among the most ancient Oriental nations. The institution was imported into England in the Middle Ages from Germany, a corporation of heralds, similar to the collegium fetialium of Rome, having been established in England in 1483 by Richard III. (See Pitiscus, tom. i., and Ho/mann, torn, ii.) Hermae, Gr. and R. ('EpiiaT). Ilerma:, a kind of pedestals surmounted only by the head, or, in some cases, the bust of Hermes. Great reverence was felt for these statues. Houses at Athens had one before the doors ; they were also placed in front of temples, near tombs, at street corners, or as mile-stones on the high roads. Hermuli, or small Ileriiuc, were a common orna- ment of furniture, as ))ilasters and supports. The same name is applied to similar statues having a man's head. This statue was probably one of the first attempts of art at plastic repre- sentation. The phallus and a pointed beard originally were essential parts of the symbol. In place of arms there were projections to hang garlands on. Then a mantle was introduced from the shoulders. Afterwards the whole torso was placed above the pillar; and finally the pillar itself was shaped into a perfect statue. All these gradations of the sculptor's art are traceable in existing monuments. Hermsea. Festivals of Hermes, celebrated by the boys in the gymnasia, of which Hermes was the tutelary deity. Hermeneutse, Chr. (epMTjreuToO. Literally, interpreters. In the earliest ages of the Church, these were officials whose duty it was to translate sacred discourses or portions of Holy Scripture. Herne-pan, O. E. (for iro}i-pan). Skull-cap worn under the helmet. Heroum, Gr. {r]pwoy, i. e. place of a hero). A kind of /Edicula (q-v.), orsmall temple, which served as a funeral monument. Several repre- sentations of Roman Heroa may be seen in the British Museum, representing funeral feasts in a temple, carved on the face of a sarcophagus (in the Towneley collection). Herring-bone Masonry. Common in late Roman or early Saxon walls, where the orna- mental lines take a sloping, parallel, zigzag direction. Herygoud, O. E. A cloak with hanging sleeves. Heuk or Huque, O. E. (i) Originally a cloak or mantle worn in the Middle Ages ; then (2) a tight-fitting dress worn by both sexes. {Fairholt; see also Plaiiche, Encyclopccdia. ) There appears to be great uncertainty as to the character of this garment. Hexaclinon, Gr. and R. {l\a-K\ivos). A dining or banqueting couch capable of holding six persons. Hexaphoron, Gr. and R. (e^a-y six porters. Hexapterygon, Chr. {ki,a-T:Tipvyov). A fan used by Greek Catholics, and so named because it has on it figures of seraphim with six wings. (See Fan and Flabellum.) Hexastyle, Arch. (e|a-(rTuAos). A fajade of which the roof is supported by six columns. Hexeris, Gr. (e^-^pijs). A vessel with six ranks of oars. I70 WORDS USED IN Hiberna or Hyberna, R. A winter apart- ment. The halls in a Roman country house were built to face different ways according to the seasons ; verna and aiitiimnalis looked to the east ; hyberita, to the west ; astiva, to the north. Hidage, Hidegild, A.S. A tax payable to the Saxon kings of England for every hide of land. The word is indifferently used to signify exemption from such a tax. Hidalgo (Span, hijo iValgo, son of some- body). An obsolete title of nobility in Spain. Hieroglyphics, Egyp. (i^phs, sacred, and y\v(pw, to carve). Characters of Egyptian writing, the letters of which are figurative or symbolic. There are three kinds of Egyptian writing, the hieroglyphic, the hieratic, and the demotic. Clement of Alexandria says that in the education of the Egyptians three styles of writing are taught : the first is called the epistolary {enchorial or de?iiotic) ; the second the sacerdotal {hieratic), which the sacred Scribes employ ; and the third the hieroglyphic. Other nations, as for instance the ancient Mexicans, have likewise employed hieroglyphics. Hieromancy, Gr. and R. Divination from sacrifices. Hieron, Gr. {Uphv, i. e. holy place). The whole of the sacred enclosure of a temple, which enclosed the woods, the building, and the priests" dwelling-place. High-warp Tapestry. Made on a loom, in which the warp is arranged on a vertical plane, as the Gobelins. Loiv-warp tapestry is made on a flat loom, as at Aubusson, Beauvais, and other places. It is made more rapidly, and is inferior in beauty to the former. Hilaria. A great Roman festival in honour of Cybele, celebrated at the vernal equinox. It consisted chiefly of extravagant merry-making to celebrate the advent of spring. Hippocampus, Gr. and R. A fabulous animal, which had the fore-quarters of a horse ending in the tail of a dolphin. [It is imitated from the little "sea-horse" of the Mediterranean, now common in aquariums ; and in mural paintings of Pompeii is represented attached to the chariot of Neptune.] Hippocentaur. A fabulous animal, composed of a human body and head attached to the shoulders of a horse. (See also Centaur.) Hippocervus, Chr. A fantastic animal, half horse and half stag ; it personifies the pusillani- mous man who throws himself without reflection into uncertain paths, and soon falls into despair at having lost himself in them. Hippocratia, Gr. Festivals held in Arcadia in honour of Neptune, who, by striking the earth witli his trident, had given birth to the horse. Hippodromus, Gr. and R. The Greek name for an arena for horse and chariot races, in con- tradistinction to the stadium, which ser\'ed for foot-racing. Fig. 386 represents the hippodrome at Olympia, taken from Cell's Itinerary of the Morea. The following is the key to the plan : — I, 2, and 3 are carceres ; A, the space included between the stalls or carceres ; B, starting-place for the chariots ; c, the colonnade ; D, the arena; E, the barrier; F, the goal; G, the Fig. 386. Ground-plan of a Hippodrome. space occupied by the spectators. [The word was also applied to the races themselves.] (See also Circus.) Hippogryph. A mythical animal represented as a winged horse with the head of a gyyphon. Hippopera, Gr. and R. (i7r7ro-7r7';po). A saddle-bag for travellers on horseback. (See ASCOPERA.) Hippotoxotes (iViro-To^jTr/s). A mounted archer. The Syrians, Persians, Medes, Greeks, and Romans had mounted archers among then- light cavalry. Histrio. An actor. The Greek dramas were originally represented on the stage by one performer, who represented in succession the different characters. /Eschylus introduced a second and a third actor. The actors were all amateurs, and it was not until a later period that the histrionic profession be- came a speciality. Soiihocles and .l^schylus i both probably acted their own plays. The Ro.MAX name for an actor, histrio, was formed from the Etruscan /lister, a dancer. The earliest /lis/rio/ics were dancers, and performed to the music of a flute ; then Roman youths imitating | them introduced jocular dialogue, and this was the origin of the drama. After the organization of the theatres, the /listrioiics were subjected to certain disabilities ; they were a despised class, and excluded from the rights of citizenship. The gi'eatest of liistrioncs in Rome were Roscius and ^■Esopus, who realized great fortunes by their acting. Hobelarii, Med. Lat. (See Hoblers.) Hoblers, A.S. Feudal tenants bound to serve as light horsemen in times of invasion. Hob-nob, O. E. (Saxon habbaii, to have ; nccbban, not to have). " Hit or miss ;" hence a common invitation to reciprocal drinking. Hock-day, Hoke-day, or Hock Tuesday. A holiday kept to commemorate the expulsion of the Danes. It was held on the second Tues- day after Easter, //t?;/'/;/^ consisted in stopping the highway with ropes, and taking toll of passers-by. Hocus-pocus. Probably a profane corrup- tion of the words hoc est corpus used in the Latin mass. Holocaust. A sacrifice entirely consumed by fire. Holosericum (Gr. o\ov, all ; irripiKov, silk). A textile (?// si//c. Holy Bread, Holy Loaf, or Eulogia (Lat. pants I'CHcdicttis). This was not the eucharistic bread (which was used in the wafer form for the Communion), but ordinary leavened bread, blessed by the priest after mass, cut up into small pieces and given to the people. Holy-bread-skep, O. E. A vessel for con- taining the holy bread. Holy Water Pot, Chr. A metal vessel fre- quently found at the doors of Roman Catholic churches, to contain the consecrated water, which was dispensed \\\\.\\ the nsper^il/nin. Holy Water Sprinkler or Morning Star, O. E. A military club or flail set with spikes, which sprinkled the blood about as the asper- gilhim sprinkles the holy water. Holy Water Stone or Stoup, Chr. A stone re- ceptacle placed at the en- trance of a church for hold- Honeysuckle Pattern. A common Greek ornament, fully described by its name. (See Fl.EUKOX.) Honiton Guipure. Lace was made in Devon- shire, as well as in other parts of England, of silk and coarse thread until 1567, when the fine thread now used was introduced, it is said, by Flemings, who had escaped from the persecu- tions of the Duke of Alva. (See Old Devon- shire.) Honiton lace owes its great reputa- tion to the sprigs made separately on a pillow, and afterwards either worked in with the beautiful pillow net or sewn on it. This net was made of the finest thread from Antwerp, the price of which in 1790 was 70/. per pound. (See Mechlin Lace, iSth century.) Heath- coat's invention, however, dealt a fatal blow to the trade of the net-makers, and since then L^;V^?iil r^^^^^^^- Fig. 387. Holy Water . , , , Stone (Renaissance), mg the holy water. Fig. 3S8. Honiton Guipuie. Honiton lace is usually made by uniting the sprigs on a pillow, or joining them with a needle by various stitches, as shown in the engraving. Honour, Legion of. Instituted 3rd June, 1S02, by Napoleon I. as first consul. Hoodman-blind. Old English for Blind- man's Buff (q.v. ). Hoods (A.S. Noci) were probably introduced by the Normans. They are constantly repre- sented, with great variation of fashion, in illustra- tions of the nth to 18th century, as a part of the costume of both sexes. They were finally displaced by caps and bonnets in the reign of George II. (See Chaperon, Cowl.) Hoops, in ladies' dress, were introduced in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, displacing the '7^ WORDS USED IX FARTHINGALE ; and Were finally abandoned in that of George III. Hop-harlot, O. E. A very coarse coverlet I'or beds. Horatia Pila, R. A pillar erected at the west extremity of the Roman forum to receive the trophy ol the spoils of the three Curiatii brought back by Horatius. Horns. A portion of a lady's head-dress, mentioned in the 13th century. They appear to iiave Ijeen formeil by the foldings of ihtiforgc/ or wiinplc, and a disposition of the hair on eaciiside of tlie head into the form of rams' horns. For the horned head-ilress of the 15th century, see the illustration to Coronet. Horologium. (i) Sun-dials preceded all other instruments for the measurement of time. The gnoiium or stochcwn of the Greeks was a perpendicular staff or pillar, the shadow of which fell upon a properly marked ground ; the polos or heliotropion consisted of a perpendicular staff, in a basin in which the twelve parts of the day were marked by lines. (2) The cLpsydra was a hollow globe, with a short neck, and holes in the bottom ; it measured time by the escape of water, and was at first used like an hour- glass to regtdate the length of speeches in the Athenian courts. The escape of water was stopped by inserting a stopper in the mouth, when the speaker was interrupted. Smaller clepsydrata made of glass and marked with the hours were used in families. A precisely similar history applies to the hoivlogia of ROiME. Horreum (dmiin. horrcoiitvi), R. (i) Lite- rally, a place in which ripe fruits were kept ; a granary, or storehouse for grain ; hor7-eitm piib- liciini was the public granary. (2) Any store- house or depot ; horrea subterranea, cellars. (3) It was applied to places in which luorks of art were kept, and Seneca calls his library a /icrrt'ww. Horse. In Christian art, the emblem of courage and generosity ; attribute of St. Martin, St. Maurice, Si. George, and others. The Chinese have a sacred horse, which is affirmed to have appeared from a river to the philosopher Fou-hi, bearing instruction in eight diagrams of the characters proper to express certain ab- stract ideas. Horse-shoe, Arch. A form of the stilted arch elevated beyond half the diameter of the curve on which it is described. (See Arch.) Hortus (dimin. horinlus), R. A pleasure- garden, park, and thence a kitchen garden ; horli pciisilts witra hanging gardens. The most striking features of a Roman garden were lines of large trees planted in regular order ; alleys or walks {ambulationes) formed by closely clipped hedges of bo.x, yew, cypress, and other ever greens ; beds of acanthus, rows of fruit-trees especially of vines, with statues, pyramids, fountains, and summer-houses (dicrtic). The Romans were fond of the art of cutting and twisting trees, especially box, into figines of animals, ships, &C. {ars topiaria). The princi- pal garden-fiowers seem to have been violets and roses, and they had also the crocus, nar- cissus, lily, gladiolus, iris, poppy, amaranth, and others. Conservatories and hot-houses are frequently mentioned by Martial. An orna- mental garden was also called viridarium, and the gardener topiarius or viridarius. The com- mon name for a gardener is villicus or cidtor hortorum. (Consult SniitlCs Diet, of Ant. ^ Hospitium, R. {hospes, a guest). A general term to denote any place in which a traveller finds shelter, board, and lodging. [The word had a very wide meaning of hospitality, regulated in all its details by the religious and social and politic sentiments of the nations.] Hostia, R. {hostio, to strike). A victim offered in sacrifice. Hot Cockles, O. E. A game common in the Middle Ages. Hot-houses, O. E. The name for Turkish baths ; 1 6th century. Houppeland, O. E. A very full loose upper garment with large hanging sleeves ; 14th century. It was probably introduced from Spain, and was something like a cassock. House. (See Domus.) Houseling Bread, O. E., Chr. (See Singing Bread, Huwsling Bell.) Housia or Housse, O. E. An outer garment, comliining cloak and tunic ; a tabard. Howsling Bell, O. E. The bell which was nmg before the Holy Eucharist, when taken to the sick. Howve (Saxon, from the old German hoo/d). A hood. A common phrase quoted by Chaucer, " to set a man's ho7Cive," is the same as to " set his cap," irap him or cheat him. Huacos. (See Guacas.) Huircas or Pinchas, Peruv. Subterranean aqueducts of the ancient Peruvians, distinct from the barecac or open conduits. HuUings or HuUyng. Old English name for hangings for a hall, &c. Humatio, R. [humo, to bury). The act of burying, and thence any mode of interment whatever. Hume's Permanent White. Sulphate of BaRYTES (q.v.). Humerale. (See Anabologium, Amice.) Humettee, Her. Cut short at the extremi- ties. Hunting Flask. M. Jacquemart thinks that that represented in Fig. 3S9 may be reasonably attributed to Palissy. It is glazed in green, and diapered with little flames of a deeper shade. Upon the body, in relief, is the es- cutcheon of the celebrated Anne de Mont- morency, round it the collar of St. Michael, aiul on each side the Constable's swoid sup- Fig. 389. Hunting Flask of Jaspered Ware, 1554 — 1556. Louvre Museum. known as Poimenes (the Shepherds), Mentioie Sati, Asian Shepherds, and even Scourf^es, from their invasion of some jiart of Eastern Egypt. Hydra, Clr. (a watcr-seri^ent). A hundred- headed monster of Greek mythology, sprung, like the Chiman-a, from Typhon and Echidna ; he was killed by Hercules. In Heraldry the hydra is represented with only nine heads. The illustration (Fig. 390) is of the device adopted by Curtio Gonzaga, an Italian poet, to symbolize the constancy of his love, with the motto, " If I kill it, more strong it revives." ported by a mailed arm and the motto of his house, "A Pianos" (unwavering). A mask of Italian style and rayonnated suns complete the decoration of this curious sealed earthen- ware. Hurst, Her. A clump of trees. Hurte, Her. A blue roundle. Hutch, O. E. (Fr. hiiche). A locker, which generally stood at the foot of the bed, to con- tain clothes and objects of value. It was com- monly used for a seat. Huvette, Fr. A close steel skull-cap. Hyacinth, (i) A precious stone of a violet colour. (2) The colour formed of red with blue, blue predominating. (3) The flower hyacinth among the ancient Greeks was the eml)lem of death. Hyacinthia, Gr. A national festival, cele- brated annually at Amyclje by the Amyclzeans and Spartans, in honour of the hero Hyacinthus, who was accidentally killed by Apollo with a quoit. Hyalotype (D'aAoy, glass, and tvttuu, to print). An invention for printing photographs from the negative on to glass, instead of paper. Hycsos, Egyp. (lit. impure). A people of unknown origin, nomad tribes, but not savages, as has hitherto been believed, who came from Sinai, Arabia, and Syria. They are Fig. 390. Hydra witli seven heads. Hydraletes, Gr. (i) A mill for grinding corn, driven by water. (2) A waterfall or cur- rent of water. Hydraulis, Gr. (DSpauAiy). A water-organ. The hydraulic organ, invented about B.C. 200, was really a pneumatic organ ; the water was only used to force the air through the p»ipes. It is represented on a coin of Nero in the British Museum. Only ten pipes are given to it, and there is no indication of any key-board. It had eight stops, and consequently eight rows of pipes ; these were partly of bronze, and partly of reed. It continued in use so late as the 9th century of our era. Hydria, (]v. A large, heavy vessel, used principally for holding a store of water. It is. represented urn-shaped, with a broad base and a narrow mouth, sometimes with one and some- times with two handles at the top, and smaller ones on the belly. The name is applied to other pails of bronze or silver, &c. (Fig. 391.) Hydriaphoria, Gr. (water-bearing), (i) Fune- real ceremonies performed at Athens in memory of those who had jierished in the deluges of Ogyges, Deucalion, &c. (2) A service exacted from married alien women in Athens by the female citizens, when they walked in the gi-eat procession at the Panathenaic feasts, and the former carried vessels of water for them. 174 WORDS USED IN Hydroceramic (vessels), Gr. Vessels made of a porous clay, in which liquids were put for the purpose of cooling them ; they were a kind of alcarazas. Fig. 391. Hydria, or Water-jug, in black glaze. Hydroscope. Another name for the clepsydra. (See IIoROLOGiUM. ) Hypaethral, Gr. and R. (lit. under the sky, or Jin the open air). The term was applied to any building, especially a temple, the cella of which had no roof. On the roofs of Egyptian temples, hypjiethral temples are arranged with regard to astronomical observations, by which the calendar was regulated. Fig. 393. Hypocausis of i Roman villa at Tusculum. Hypaethrum, Gr. , and R. A grating or danstra placed over the principal door of a temple for the purpose of admitting light into a part of the cella. Fig. 392 shows one of the bronze doors of the Pantheon at Rome, with its hypathrum. Hyperthyrum, Gr. and R. (over the door). A frieze and cornice arranged and decorated in various ways for the decoration of the lintel of a door. Hypocastanum. Greek for Chesnut Brown (q.v.). Fig. 3y2. llyp.Llln-iiii Fig. 394. Hypocausis discovered at Paris. Hypocaust, Gr. and R. (yird-zcauo-js and v-K6-Kav(nov). A furnace with flues running underneath the floor of an apartment or bath, for heating the air. Fig. 393 represents the sectional elevation of a bath-room discovered in a Roman villa at Tusculum. Fig. 394 repre- sents a hypocattsis discovered at Paris in the old Rue ()e Constantine, near Notre Dame. Hypogeum, Aixh. A building under-ground ; a sepulchral vault. They form a principal pan of Egyptian architecture of every period. The Greek term is a synonym of the Latin CoNDi- TORIUM (q.v.) Hyporchema, Gr. A lively dance, accom- panied by a mimic performance, at the festivals of Apollo among the Dorians. A chorus of singers danced round the altars, and others acted comic or playful scenes. Hypotrachelium or Cincture, Arch. Tlie part of the Doric capital included between the astragal and tlie lower annulets or fillets. Hysteria, Gr. (from Is, a pig). Greek festi- vals, in which swine were sacrificed in honour of Venus. I. Ich Dien. I serve. The popular belief that Edward the Black Prince adopted this motto and the "Prince of Wales's feathers," at the battle of Cressy, from the blind King of Bohe- mia, is not sustained by investigation. It was at the battle of Poitiers that he first adopted this crest, joining to the family badge the old English word /c den (Theyn), "I serve," in accordance with the words of the Apostle, "The heir, while he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant." {Mrs. Palliser ; Historic De- vices. ) Ichnography. The art of making maps or plans. Iconic {^z. statues'), Gr. and R. {ilnoviKa, i.e.) Portrait-statues ; especially statues raised in honour of athletes who had been victorious in the contests. Iconoclasts, Chr. Image-breakers. The name originated in the 8th or 9th century in the Eastern Empire, from which finally Theo- philus banished all the painters and statuaries in S32. It has been since generally applied to those who, at various outbreaks of fanaticism, have destroyed ecclesiastical objects of art, and is especially applicable to the disciples of Savo- narola in 1497, and to the Puritans of Scotland and England during the civil wars. Iconography (i. e. image-description). The science that deals with statues and images, bas-reliefs, busts, medals, &c. Thus we have an Egyptian, Greek, Roman, mediceval icono- graphy, &c. The best work on this science is ' ' Christian Iconography ; or the History of Christian Art in the Middle Ages," by M. Di- dron. The second volume contains a manual on the subject by a painter of the I2th century. Iconostasis, Chr. The screen of the chancel in ancient churches, so called because it was there that images (elfccJi'esi were displayed for the adoration of the faithful. Ideal and £eal. " Any work of art which represents, not a material object, but the mental conception of a material object, is in the pri- mary sense of the word ideal ; that is to say, it represents an idea, not a thing. Any work of art which represents or realizes a material object is, in the primary sense of the term, un-ideal." {Modern Painters, vol. ii. chap. 13. ) In a practical sense an ideal picture or statue (e. g. the Medici Venus) is not the portrait of an individual model, but the putting together of selected parts from several models. Raphael said, "To paint a beautiful woman I must see several, and I have also recourse to a certain ideal in my mind;" and Guido said, "The beautiful and pure idea must be in the mind, and then it is no matter what the model is." Ides, Idus, R. One of the monthly divisions in the Roman year ; it fell on the 15th in months of thirty-one days, excepting January, August, and December ; in months with only twenty-nine or thirty days, the ides fell on the 13th. The kalends are the first of every month ; the nones are the 7th of March, May, July, and October, and the 5th of all the other months ; and the ides always fall eight days later than the nones ; and the days are reckoned backwards : thus the 13th of January is the ides of January, and the 14th of January the 19th day ante diem (or before) the February kalends. The morrow of the ides was looked upon as an unlucky day (nefas). lUapa, Peruv. One of the divisions of the temple of the Sun {Inti) among the ancient Peruvians, so called because it was dedicated to the thunder {Illapa). (See Inti.) Illumination. This art originated simply in the application of minium (or red lead) as a colour or ink, to decorate a portion of a piece of writing, the general text of which was in black ink. The term was retained long after the original red lead was superseded by the more brilliant cinnabar, or vermilion. Ornaments of all kinds were gradually added, and the term in- cludes the practice of every kind of ornamental or ornamented writing. From the 3rd century Greek and Roman specimens exist of golden lettering upon purple or rose-coloured vellum, and the art prevailed wherever monasteries were 176 WORDS USED IN founded. Anglo-Saxon and Irish MSS. of the 6th and 7th centuries exhibit a marvellous per- fection, characterized by wonderfully minute in- terlacements of the patterns. Nearly all the best specimens of illumination were destroyed on the dissolution of monasteries. (Consult " The Art of Illuminating" by IF. J?. Timvis.) Imagines a vestir, It. Wooden images set up in Italian churches, with the heads and ex- tremities finished, and the bodies covered with real drapery. Imagines Majorum, R. Portraits of ancestors, or family portraits ; they usually consisted of waxen masks, which were kept in the cases of an armarium or in an adicula ; or small statues which were earned before the corpse in a funeral procession. Imbrex, R. A ridge-tile of semi-cylindrical form, and thus distinct from the tegiila, which was a flat tile. It was called imbrex from its collecting the rain (imber^. Jnibrex siipinus\\o.'-> the name given to a channel or gutter formed of ridge-tiles laid on their backs. Imbrications. Architectural ornaments which take the form of fishes' scales, or of seg- mental ridge-tiles (imbrices) which overlap ; whence the name given to them. Imbricatus, R. Covered with flat and ridge- tiJes itt-guhe and imbrices). Imbrothered, O. E. P2mbroidered. Imbrued, Her. Stained with blood. Immissarium, R. (tmmitto, to send into). A stone basin or trough ; any receptacle built upon the ground for the purpose of containing water supplied from the castellum. Impale, Her. To conjoin two separate coats of arms on one shield (as a husband's and wife's, &c.). The device of Queen Mary (Fig. 395) is the impalement of the double Tudor rose with the arms of Catherine of Aragon. Impannata, It. Oiled paper. Impasto, It. The thickness of the body of pigment laid on to a painting. Rembrandt, Salvator Rosa, and others used a thick impasto ; Raphael, Guido, and others, one extremely thin. Imperial. Anything adapted by its excel- lence for royal uses, or distinguished in size, is generally so called, (i) O. E. A sort of pre- cious silk, wrought partly with gold, used by royalty and for ecclesiastical purposes, brought to England from Greece in the 12th century. (2) The largest kind of slate for roofing. _ (3) Paper 27 inches by 23. (4) Sp. The roof of a coach ; hence, in English, a trunk made to fit the top of a carriage. (5) Russian. A gold coin of 10 silver roubles. Impluviata, R. A cloak of square shape and brown in colour, worn as a protection against rain. Impluvium, R. (i) A cistern on the floor of the atrium in a Roman house, into which the rain was conducted. (2) The aperture in the roof of the atrium. (See DoMUS. ) Impost, Arch. The horizontal mouldings on a pillar, from which an arch is projected. In antis. Arch. A name given to those temples, the pronaos or entrance porch ot which was formed by two antas or pilasters, and two columns. (See Antte.) f"iS- 395- Device of Philip and Mary. Arms of Tudor and Aragou Impaled (R ayonnant) . Inauguratio, R. Generally the term ap- plies to the ceremony by which the sanction of the gods was invoked upon any decree of man, such as the admission of a new member into a corporation or college, or the choice of the site of a theatre, city, or temple, &c. Inaures, R. {auris, the ear ; Gr. enotion). Earrings. Among the Greeks and Romans they were worn only by women. (See Ear- rings.) Incensed, Inflamed, Her. On fire. (See FOCULUS.) Incisura, R. (incido, to cut). Hatchings made by means of a brush. Incitega, R. A kind of tripod or stand for vessels rounded or pointed at the bottom. Incle, Inkle. A sort of tape used as a trimming to a dress. Incrustation. The word has a general sig- nification, "a coat of one material applied to another." Technically it should be applied to marble alone ; thus a thin slab of marble is inrnisUi/ upon a body of slate or stone, metals are DAMASCENED, fused pigments are enamel, and woods are veneered. Incubones, R. Genii who were supposed to guard treasure hidden under the earth. Incunabula, (i) Swaddling-clothes for in- fants. (2) Ancient specimens of printing are so called. Incus, K. {iinudo, to beat on). An anvil. Fig. 396. Indented. Indented, Her. One of the dividing and border lines. It resembles the teeth of a saw. Indian Art. The study of the forms and principles of Indian Art is indispensable to an appreciation of the true principles of ornamental design in general. The excellence of Indian manufactures is due to the system of Guilds rigidly adhered to for ages, which has resulted in the production of a race of hereditary crafts- men unequalled for their skill and taste in execution and design. Their pottery is dis- tinguished above all. others for purity and simplicity of form, obvious fitness to purpose, and individual freedom of design. Its origin Fig. 397. Printed Calico (Indian) illustrati the treatment of flowers. antedates the Institutes of Manu, and is lost in antiquity. Indian gold and metal work is sup- posed by Dr. Birdwood to owe its origin to Greek influence, but has acquired in its development a purely Oriental character. The Hindoos exhibit the greatest skill in the Oriental arts of damas- cening and enamelling, as well as in lacquer work and wood and ivory carving. All their designs are deeply symbolical, and closely interwoven with the primitive religious impulses of humanity. India was probably the first country in which the art of weaving was brought to perfection, and the fame of its cloudy gauzes and its gold and silver brocades is more ancient than the Code of Manu. • The art is repeatedly men- tioned in the Vedas. The purity of Indian Art is endangered in modern days by the introduction of machine-made goods and European design. (Consult Dr. Bird-MOod^s Handbook of Indian Art?, Indian Ink or Chinese Ink. A black pig- ment for water-colour painting, made from oil and lamp-black, thickened with some vegetable gum, and scented with musk or camphor. Many cheap and poor imitations of it are made. Indian Ochre. A red pigment. (See Red Ochres.) Indian Paper. A delicate yellowish paper used for proof impressions in engraving. A Japanese paper of a similar quality is now fre- quently used. Indian Ked or Persian Red. A purple earth commonly sold under this name is the peroxide of iron. It is of a deep hue, opaque and permanent, and useful both in oil and water- colour painting ; mixed with white it forms valuable flesh-tints. {Fairholt.) (See OCHRE, Amatita.) Indian Rubber, Caoutchouc. An elastic gum ; the sap of the Siphonia elastka, and several of the fig tribe in India and South America. It was brought into use early in the 1 8th century. In its natural state it is of a pale yellow brown. Indian Yellow. A golden yellow pigment and dye, said to be procured from the urine of the cow, or else from camel's dung. It is used in water-colour painting, but is not usually permanent. In some parts of the East it is called Purree. Indigetes (sc. Di), R. Indigenous gods. Heroes who were deified and worshipped as protectors of a place. The term is derived from inde and genitus, meaning born in that place. yEneas, Faunus, Romulus, &c.,were indi- genous gods. _ •' Indigo. A deep blue pigment prepared from the leaves and branches of a small shrub ; it is transparent, tolerably permanent, and mixes well with other pigments, forming excellent greens and purples. A deep brown, known as indigo brown, N 178 WORDS USED IN and a deep red resin, known as indigo 7rd, may be extracted by purifying the blue colour obtained from this dye. The old blue dye of the abori- ginal Britons was produced from luoad (isatis tinctoria). {FairhoU.) (See Intense Blue.) Inescutcheon, Her. An heraldic shield borne as a charge. Inferiae, R. Sacrifices or offerings made at the tomiis of the dead. Infiammati. A literary society of Padua in Italy. Device : Hercules upon the funeral pile on Mount Gita. Motto : '■'■ Arso il mortal al del m' aiidru /' ch'mo" Infocati. One of the Italian literary societies. Device : a bar of hot iron on an anvil, beaten by two hammers. Motto: " In quascuiiquc formas" In Foliage, Her. Bearing leaves. Infrenatus (sc. eques), R. A horseman who rides without a bridle (frenuiti), controlling his horse solely by the voice or the pressure of the knees upon its side. (Fig. 282.) Infula, R. A flock of red and white wool worn by priestesses and vestals and other Romans on festive or solemn occasions. In sacrificing also an infula was tied with a white band {vitta) upon the victim. Hence— Infulae, Chr. Ribands hanging from a bishop's mitre. In Glory, In Splendour, Her. The sun irradiated. Inlaying. Inserting ornaments in wood-work for decorative furniture. (See BouLE, Mar- QUKTRY.) In Lure, Her. Wings conjoined, with their tips drooping. Inoa. Greek festivals in honour of Ino, esp. on the Corinthian Isthmus ; they consisted of contests and sacrifices. (See Matralia.) In Pretence, Her. Placed upon, and in front of. In Pride, Her. Having the tail displayed, as a peacock's. The illustration is the device of Fig. 398. I'c.iLOLk in pride Joan of Castile : "A peacock, in his pride, upon the terrestrial globe." (Fig. 39S. ) Insensati of Perugia. One of the Italian literary academies. Their device was a flock of cranes, arranged in order, flying across the sea, each with a stone in its foot and sand in its mouth. Mottoes, " Vel cum po)idere^\ (even with this weight), or " Iter tutissimiim," in allusion to Pliny's statement that the cranes used stones and sand for ballast, "wherewith they fly more steadily and endure the wind." Insignia, R. {in, and sigiium, a mark). Generally, any object which serves as a mark or ornament for distinguished persons ; a cere- monial badge,' a badge 6f office, &c. (See Ensigns.) Insubulum, R. A weaver's beam or roller, round which he rolled the cloth as it was made. Insula, R. A house, or block of houses, having a free space all round them. [Under the ehiperors the word dointis meant any house, detached or otherwise, where a family lived ; and insula meant a hired lodging.] Intaglio, It. A stone in which the en- graved subject is sunk beneath the surface, and thus distinguished from a cameo, which is engraved in relief. Intaglio-relievato(It. ), ox cavo-relievo. Sunk- relief, in which the work is recessed within an outline, but still raised in flat relief, not pro- jecting above the surface of the slab; as seen in the ancient Egyptian carvings. Intense Blue.; A preparation of indigo, very durable and transparent. Intense Madder Purple. (See Madder.) Intercolumniation, Arch. The space be- tween two columns. This space varies accord- ing to the orders of architecture and the taste of the architect. According as the space is greater or less between the columns of a temple, the latter is called aerostyle, eustyle, systyle, and pycnostylc. Generally speaking, in the monu- ments of antiquity, whatever be the intercolum- niation adopted, the space comprised between the two columns which face the door of the building is wider than tlie intercolumniation at the sides. Intermetium, R. The long barrier running down tile arena of a circus between the two goals {iiui,c). (See Meta.) Intermodillions, Arch. The space included between two modillions (projecting brackets in the Corinthian order). This space is regular, and often decorated with various ornaments. In the Romano- Byzantine and Renaissance styles, modillions are often united by arcades. Intertignium, R. The space between the tie-beams {/ixua) in the wood-work of a roof. Interula, R. (inferior, inner). An under- tunic ; a kind of flannel chemise worn by both men and women. Intestinum (opus), R. [i/i/us, within). Tlie inner fittings or work of any kind in the inside of a house, and thence wood-work, Joinery. Iodine Yellow. A very bright yellow pig- ment, very liable to change. Fig. 399. Part of the Facade of the Peruvian temple Inti-huasi. Inti or Punchau, Peruv. The Sun or supreme god, inferior deities being called coiwpa and canopa. The temple of the Sun was called Inti-lmasi (house of the Sun) ; it comprised seven principal divisions ; the inti or sanctuary, situated in the centre of the temple ; the second division was called mama-quilla, from the fact of its being dedicated to the moon, which was thus named ; the third was dedicated to the stars, called mj////;',- the fourth to the thunder, and called illapa ; the fifth to the rainbow, and called chcichi ; the si.\th division was occupied by the chief priest {liuilacnvia) ; the seventh and last division formed the dwelling of the priests. Intronati of Siena. One of the Italian lite- rary academies. Their device was a gourd for containing salt, with the motto, " Mdiora latent" (the better part is hidden). Iodine Scarlet {pure scarlet). A pigment more brilliant than vermilion, very susceptible to metallic agency. Fig. 400. Ionic capital. From the Ertchtheium, Athens Ionic, Arch. One of the orders of Grecian architecture, distinguished principally by the urnaments of its Capital, which are spiral and are called Volutes, four in number. The Ionic Shaft is about nine diameters high, including the Base (which is half a diameter) and the C.\riTAL, to the bottom of the volute. The Pedestal is a little taller and more ornamented than the Doric. The Bases used are very various. The Attic base is very often used, and, with an astragal added above the upper torus, makes a beautiful and appropriate base for the Ionic. The Cornices are (i) plain Grecian, or (2) the dentil cornice, or (3) the nwdillon cornice. The Ionic shaft may be fluted in twenty-four semicircular flutes with fillets between them. The best Ionic example was the temple on the Ilissus at Athens. The temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome is an inferior specimen. (See also Figs. 69, 1S4.) Irish Cloth, white and red, in the reign of King John was much used in England. Iron. Indian red, Venetian red, Afars red, J/ars orange, Mars yelloio are all coloured by iron (see Mars), and are valuable for their great durability. (See METALLURGY.) Irradiated, Her. Surrounded by rays of light. Iseia, Gr. and R. ("lo-tm). Festivals in honour of Isis. Among the Romans they de- generated into mere licentiousness, and were abolished by the senate. Iselastici Ludi, Gr. and R. Athletic con- tests which gave the victor the right of return- ing to his native city in a chariot (ejVeAouj'eij') ; whence the name iselastici. These contests formed part of the four great games of Greece, viz. the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Xemean games. Isodomos or Isodomum, Gr. and R. (tV($5o/uos, i. e. equal course). A structure built in equal courses, that is, in such a way that the surface N 2 I So WORDS USED IN Fig. 401. Ivory carving. Sword-hilt of the i6th century. each stone is of one uniform size, and that the joints of one layer are adjusted with those of another so as to correspond symmetrically. /'// '/-'/^ '/ '"A. /V-/^/ / /7T- /- 'Mi /] Pljil IIMPll)l!fill| mm^mw^ ijupi m l. ■ " • 1" ^l'" ■^ ■ "" -] ''iiiiil . ■'";■'■,■ ' 1 ■■ - ' !■-- P5 "^ ^ :--,^J.:.l- .;,: ,1: ::L: -■3i Fig. 400 a. Isodomum opus. Isokephaleia (Gr. iVos, equal ; Ke4>a.\h, head). A rule in Greek sculpture by which the heads of all the figures on a bas-relief were of the same height from the ground. l;ometiical Perspective, used for representing a. bird's-eye view of a place, combines the advantages of a ground-plan and elevation ; only the lines of the base are made to converge, leaving the whole figure cubical, and without the expression of distance from the point of sight. Ispahan Tiles, of the period of Shah- Abbas — 1 6th century — are remarkable for exquisite design. Italian Earth. Burnt Roman ochre; resembles Venetian red in colour ; and, mixed with white, yields valuable flesh- tints. (Fair/iolt.) Italian Pink, or yeUoiu lake. A trans- parent bright-coloured pigment, liable to change. (See Yrllow Lake, Pinks.) Italian Varnish. A mixture of white wax and linseed oil, used as a vehicle in painting. It has good consistency, flows freely from the pencil, and is useful for glazing. Ivory Black. A pigment prepared by heating ivory shavings in an iron cylinder ; when from bone, it is called bone black (q.v.). The real ivoiy black is a fine, transparent, deep-toned pigment, e.xtremely valuable in oil and water-colour painting. The bone black (commonly sold as ivory black) is much browner. Ivory Carving. This art, in consider- able perfection, was known to prehistoric man at the period of the so-called stone age. Egyptian and Assyrian specimens of the art are of a date at least as early as that of Moses. From the year IChdo B.C. down to the Chris- tian era, there was a constant succession of artists in ivory in the western Asiatic countries, in Egypt, in Greece, and in Italy. P'rom the time of Augustus, ivory carving shared in the general decline of art. Increasing in number as they come nearer to the Middle Ages, we can refer to carved ivories of every century, preserved in museums in England and abroad. The most important ivories up to the 7th centurv are the con?,\x\a.x diptychs, origi- nally a favourite form of presents from newly- appointed consuls to eminent persons ; sub- pjg. ^^^ i^^^ carving. sequently adapted to Spoon of the i6th century. Chr the istian uses, or as weddini^ presents, &c. In Miildle Ages, from the 8th to the i6th cen- Fig. 403. Ivory carving, 15th century, tury, the use of ivory was adopted for general purposes. The favourite subjects of the carv- ings are those drawn from the romances of the Middle Ages— especially the romance of the Rose — and in the 15th century, scenes of domestic life, illustrating the dress, armour, and manners and customs of the day. Combs of every date, from the Roman and Anglo- Saxon period, and earlier, are found in British graves. In short, from the time when the first prehistoric carvings of antediluvian animals were made to the present, every age of human civilization appears to be more or less fully illustrated in carvings upon ivory and bone. (See also Chessmen.) The earliest material was found in the tusks of the mammoth : from Iceland we have beautiful carvings of the 7th century in the teeth of the walrus. Fossil tusks of the mammoth are found in great quantities in Siberia, and are almost the only material of the ivoiy-turner's work in Russia. African and Asiatic elephant ivory are the best, and differ, the former, when newly cut, being of a mellow, warm, transparent tint. Asiatic ivory tends to become yellow by exposure. A fine specimen of carving in ivory is given in Fig. 403 from a Mirror-case of the 15th century. (See also Fig. 185, and illustrations to Pyx, Trip- tych, &c. ) Ivy, Chr. The symbol of eternal life. Iwbwb, Celt. The ancient military cry, which has given name to many places ; as Cwm Iwbwb, in Wales, the Jujupania of Ptolemy, {Meyrick.) Izeds, Persian. Beneficent genii of the mythology of Zoroaster. Ormuzd, the supreme god, created twenty-eight of them to be the attendants of the ainchaspands. J. Jacinth. A precious stone. (See Hya- cinth.) Jack-boots (O. E.) were introduced in the 17th century. Jackes, O. E. (1) Towels. (2) The roller for a well-rope. Jacket or Jack, Jerkin, &c., O. E. ; worn over the doublet ; but the names are applied indiscriminately to a great variety of such gar- ments. Jacob's Staff, O. E. A pilgrim's staff. Jacobus. An English coin of James I., value 25^., weighing 6 dwt. 10 grains. The Carohis, a similar coin, value 23^-., weighed 5 dwt. 20 grains. Jaculatores, R. Soldiers armed with a jave- lin {jaculum), who formed part of the light troops of the Roman army. Jade. Spanish /^i'^/^rt de la yjada. A green stone, closely resembling jasper, much used by prehistoric man, and to which supernatural virtues have in all ages been attributed, espe- cially by the ancient Mexicans. Fine specimens of jades are carved in China, where they are of 1 82 WORDS USED IX a whitish colour, and are called Yii. The clear white and green specimens are the most prized by collectors. (See Nephrite, Saussurite.) Jagerant. (See Jazerine.) Jamb, Arch. The side of any opening in a wall. Jambe, Gambe, Her. The leg of a lion or other Ijeast of prey- Jambes. Armour for the legs ; 14th century. Janua, R. {Jainis). The front door of a house opening on the street. The inner doors were called ostia, in the singular ostiuyn, while the city gates were called portce. Januales, Janualia, R. Festivals held at Rome, in honour of Janus, on the first or kalends of January in each year ; the offerings consisted of incense, fruits, and a cake called janual. Japanese Paper of a creamy tint is frequently used for proof impressions of etchings, &c. Japanning. A species of lac-varnishing, in imitation of the lacquered ware of Japan. (See Lac, Lacquer.) Jasper. A kind of agate, the best known description of which is of a green colour. Many colours and varieties are used for gem-engraving, such as agate-jasper, striped jasper, Egyptian red and brown, and porcelain jasper. In the Christian religion the jasper symbolizes faith ; its hardness expresses the firmness of faith ; its opaqueness the impenetrability of the mysterious. Jasponyx. An onyx mixed with jasper. Javelin. A light hand-spear. (See Hasta.) Jayada. (See Vimana.) Jazel. A precious stone of an azure blue colour. Jazerine (It. ghiazerino). A jacket strength- ened with overlapping plates of steel, covered with velvet or cloth, and sometimes ornamented with brass ; 13th century. Jennet. A Spanish or Barbary horse. Jerkin, O. E. The jerkin was genei-ally woni over the doublet ; but occasionally the doublet was worn alone, and in many instances is con- founded with the jerkin. Either had sleeves or not, as the wearer pleased. " My jerkin is a doublet." (Shakspeare.) Jessaut, Fig. 404. Jessaiit-de- lys. Her. Shooting forth, as plants growing out of the earth. Jessant-de-lys, Her. A combi- nation of a lion's face and a fleur- de-lys. Jesse, O. E. A large branched chandelier. Jesse, Tree of, Chr. An orna- mental design common in early Christian art, representing the genealogy of our Lord in the per- sons of his ancestors in the fiesh. Fig. 405. Hawk's bells and Jesses. Jesseraunt. (See Jazerine.) Jesses. Straps for hawk's bells. (See Fig. 405.) Jet. A variety of soft bituminous coal, admit- ting of a fine polish, which is used for ornaments. It is, in its natural state, soft and brittle, of a velvet- black colour, and lustrous. Ornaments of jet are found in ancient tiiintiU. Jet d'Ean, Fr. A fountain. That at Chats- worth springs 267 feet in the air, and is the highest in existence. Jew's Harp or Jew's Trump (from the French jeti and tronipe). A small musical instrument, known for centuries all over Europe, consisting of a metal frame with two branches, and a vibrating tongue of steel in the middle. It has suggested a number of modem instruments, including the Harmonium. Jew's Pitch. A kind o{ asphaltum used as a brown pigment. It attracts dust, and never dries perfectly. Jewes Light, O. E. (See Judas Light.) Joguss or Yugs. In Hindoo chronology, eras or periods of years. (l) The Snttce Yik^, or age of purity, lasted 3,200,000 years ; the life of man being then 100,000 years, and his stature 21 cubits. (2) The Thiar Yttg, in which one-third of man was corrupted, lasted 2,400,000 years; the life of man being then 10,000 years. (3) The D'wa- paarVtig, in which half the human race became depraved, lasted 1,600,000 years; the life of man being 1000 years. (4) The Collee Ytig, in which all mankind are corrupt, is the present era, ordained to subsist 400,000 years (of which about 50CO have elapsed) ; the life of man being limited to 100 years. There are, however, con- flicting accounts of the duration of the different yogitcs. ( See Halhecfs Preface to the Gent 00 La7C's.) Joinery (in Latin, intestinum opus) has to deal with the addition in a building of all the fixed wood- work necessary for convenience or orna- ment. The most celebrated work on the subject is AUchohojUs Carpenter's Guide, and Carpenfe?''s and 'Joiner's Assistant, published in 1792. The modern art of joinery properly dates from the introduction of the geometrical stair- case, or stair supported by thewall only, the first English example of which is said to have been erected by Sir Christopher Wren in St. Paul's. [See Joinery in Eney. Brit. 8th ed.] Joseph, O. E. A lady's riding-habit, but- toned ilown the front. Jousting-helmets were made wide and large, resting on the shoulders, and decorated with a crest. It was common to make them of comical, fantastic designs ; such as weathercocks with the points of the compass, immense figures of birds and beasts, &c. Jousts or Justs. Duels in the tilting-grouml ; generally with blunted spears, for a friendly trial of skill. Jousts a Outrance. Jousts in which the com- batants fought till death ensued. Jousts of Peace {/lasHIiuiia pacifua; Fr. jollies d p/aisiDue). 'I'hese dilTered from real jousts or tournaments in the strength of the armour worn, and the weapons used. The lance was topped with a coroitcl instead of a steel point ; the sword was pointless and blunted, being often of whalebone covered with leather silvered over. Fig. 406. Chinese vase decorated with signs of longevity. Jouy (wishes of good fortune). Chinese porcelain vases so called, used for birthday and other presents. In the vase represented on Fig. 406, the handles form the word expressive of the greeting above mentioned. Jowlopped, Her. Having wattles and a comb, as a cock. Joys of the Virgin, Chr. The seven joys and seven sorrows are frequently painted toge- gether in churches. The joys are, (i) The Annunciation. (2) The Visitation. (3) The Nativity. (4) The Adoration of the Three Kings. (5) The Presentation in the Temple. (6) The finding of Christ, by his mother, in the Temple. (7) The Assumption and Coronation of the Virgin. The seven sorrows are, (i) The prophecy of Simeon. (2) The Flight into Egypt. (3) The loss of the child in the Temple. (4) The Betrayal. (5) The Crucifixion. (6) The Deposition from the Cross. (7) The Ascen- sion. Jube (Arch. Mod.). A structure of carved stone-work, separating the chancel from the choir in a church. From this position the daily lessons were chanted, preceded by the words ^' Jul'e, Domine, benedicere ;" hence its name. In English it is called indifferently, the rood- loft, holy-loft, rood-screen, or jube. Jubilee, (i) Heb. (from yWv/, a ram's horn (trumpet) ; or from /a/w/, to recall). A Jewish festival celebrated every fifty years, when slaves were restored to liberty, and exiles recalled. (2) Chr. A commemoration ceremony at Rome, during which the Pope grants plenary indul- gences ; held at irregular intervals. Judas Light, Judas Candlestick, Jewes Light, O. E. The wooden imitation of a candle- stick which held the Paschal candle. Jugalis (sc. ajKiis). A horse harnessed to a yoke (Jugitm), instead of traces (fimalis). Jugerum. A Roman superficial measure, 240 feet by 120 feet. In the original assignment of landed property, two jugera were allotted to each citizen, as heritable property. Jugum (Gr. ^v'^6v). (i) A yoke for draught cattle. (2) INIetaphorically, subjugation — '''■ sub jitgiim inii tcre'^ =:io pass under the yoke, as nations conquered by the Romans were made to. This ceremonial yoke was con- structed of a horizontal supported by two up- right spears, at such a height that those passing under it had to stoop the head and shoulders. (3) In a general sense the word signifies that which joins two things together, a cross-beam, &c. Jugumentum. Door-head, transverse beam on the uprights {limen superiiis'). Jumps, O. E. (i) A loose bodice for ladies. " Now a shape in neat stays, now a slattern in jumps : Now high on French heels, now low in your pumps ; Like the cock on the tower that shews you the weather, You are hardly the same for two days together." (Universal Magazine, 17S0.) (2) A jacket or loose coat reaching to the thighs, buttoned down before, with sleeves to the wrist. A precisely similar lounging-coat, still in vogue at Cape Colony, is called Zl jiDnper. Junones. Tutelary genii of women, as the genii were of men. They are represented as females, clothed in drapery, having bats' wings. Jnpon, Fr. Another name for Vi pcnirpoint, or close tunic, worn over the armour by knights in the Middle Ages. (See Fig. 463.) Juruparis (Amer. Indian). A mysterious trumpet of the Indians, an object of great vene- ration. Women are never permitted to see it; if any does so, she is put to death by poison. '84 WORDS USED IN No youths are allowed to see it until they have passed through an ordeal of initiatory fastings and scourgings. It is usually kept hidden in the bed of a stream, deep in the forest ; and no one dares to drink of the water of that stream. It is brought out and blown at feasts. The inside of the instrument is a tube made of slips of the Paxiaba palm, wrapped round with long strips of bark. A specimen is preserved in the museum at Kew Gardens. Javenalia, R. Scenic games instituted by Nero in commemoration of his shaving his beard for the first time. They consisted of theatrical performances in a private theatre erected in a pleasure-ground {nemtis). The name was after- wards given to the Jan u alia. K. For Greek words not found tinder this initial, see C. Kalathos, Gr. (/c(£\a9os). Literally, made of wicker-work. A drinking-cup, so called be- cause it resembled the wicker-work basket of the Greek women. It was usually furnished with a ring, through which a finger might be put in order to lift it. The word is also written calathos. Kaleidoscope {Ka\hs, beautiful ; elSos, a form ; (XKoiTtu, to see). An optical instrument invented in 1814 by Sir David Brewster, which by means of mirrors inserted in it exhibits repetitions of objects placed within it, in certain symmetrical combinations. There are several different kinds, called polyce)ttral, tdrascopes, hexascopes, poly- angular, &c., according to their construction. Kang, Hind. A bracelet or ring ; kang-doy, a bracelet for the wrist or arm ; kang-cheung, a bracelet or ring worn by the Khmers above the ankle. Kaolin. The name first applied by the Chinese to the fine white porcelain earth de- rived from the decomposition of the feldspathic granites ; used for fine pottery. Kayles (Fr. quilles). Modern ninepins, represented in M.SS. of the 14th century. Keep of a castle. The Donjon (q.v.). Keeping in a picture. Harmony and the proper subordination of parts. Kendal. A kind of green woollen cloth or baize, first made at the town of Kendal, in Westmoreland ; i6th century. " Misbegotten knaves in Kendal green." (S hakspearc .) Kerchief of Pleasaunce. An embroidered cloth worn by a knight for the sake of a lady, in his helmet, or, in later times, round his arm ; which is the origin of crape being so worn for mourning. " Morcore there is ykome into Enlond a knyght out of Spayne wyth a kercheff of plesunse i-wrapped about hys armc, the gwych knyght wyl renne a course wyth a sharpe spere for his sov'eyn lady sake." {Paston Letters, vo\. p. 6.) Kerchiefs or CovercMefs (c/iief =ihe head), O. E. Head-cloths of fine linen worn by ladies. Kermes (Arabic = little worm). An insect produced on the Quercus coccifera. The dead bodies of the female insect produce a fine scarlet dye stuff. Kern. The Irish infantry were formerly so called. Kersey. A coarse narrow woollen cloth ; hence " Kersey-mere," so called from the 7nere (or miry brook) which runs through the village of Kersey in Suffolk, where this cloth was first made. Kettle-drum. A drum with a body of brass. Kettle-hat, O. E. The iron hat of a knight of the Middle Ages ; also the lea- ther burgonet of the 15th centurj-. Kettle-pins, O. E. (See Kayles. ) Key-note. In Music, the foundation or lowest note of the scale. What- ever note this is, the intervals between the third and fourth notes, and between the seventh and eighth above it, must be semi-tones. Key-stone, Arch. The central stone of an arch. Keys. In Christian art, the attribute of St. Peter, signifying his control over the entrances of Heaven and Ilell ; hence the insignia of the Papacy. They also denote, in heraldry, office in the State, such as that of chamberlain of the court. Fig. 407. Kettle-hat. Khan, Orient. The name used by Eastern nations to denote a caravanserai. Kher, Egyp. The quarter of tombs ; the whole number of burial-places or /lypogaa col- lected together at one spot. Fig. 408. Khmer Architecture. Base of a pillar in a Temple of Cambodia, showing the god Brahma with four faces. Khmers, Hind. The ancient inhabitants of Cambodia, a territory in South-East Asia, who had attained a high stage of civilization, to judge by the artistic remains of the Khmer nation which survive. Khopesh, Egyp. The dagger of the Egyp- tian kings ; its curved blade bore some resem- blance to the thigh of an ox, which was called in Egj'ptian khopcsh or khopesk. Kin-chung, Chinese. A golden bell. King-fisher. (See Halcyon.) King-post. The central upright post support- ing the gable of a roof. King's Yellow. (See Orpiment.) Kings of Arms. Officers of Heralds' College. I'here are three — Garter, Clarencetix, and Norroy. Kinnor, Heb. A stringed instrument of the Hebrews ; it had eight, ten, or twenty-four strings, which were played either with the fingers or a plectrum. Kinschall. A small curved Turkish dagger. Kiosk, Kiosque. A Turkish pleasure-house. Kircher, Kirchowe, O. E. A kerchief. Kirtel, O. E. A loose gown, a tunic or waistcoat ; also a monk's gown. Kiste, O. E. A chest. Kistvaen, Celt. A Celtic monument more commonly known as a Dolmen (q-v. ). Kit-cat. Canvas for portraits — 28 or 29 inches by 36— of the size adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in painting the portraits of the Kit-cat Club. The club had taken its name from Christopher Cat, a pastrycook, who supplied them at their meetings with mutton-pies. Ad- dison, Steele, Walpole, iVIarlborough, and other staunch Whigs were the principal members. It dissolved about 1720. Klaft, Egyp. A royal head-dress of striped cloth forming a kind of hood, and terminating in two flaps which fall over the breast. A great many Egyptian statues are represented with the klaft. It is suggested by M. Soldi that the invention of this ornament was for the purpose of strengthening the figure, by avoiding the thinness of the shape of the neck. Knapsack. A case for a foot-soldier's stores, carried at the back. Knap means a protu- berance. Knife, Chr. (See Flaying-knife.) This is also the attribute of Sts. Agatha, Albert, and Christina ; and a sacrificing-knife of St. Zadkiel the Angel. Knighthood. The principal English orders are of the Garter, established 1343, and the Bath shortly afterwards ; of St. Patrick for Ireland, established in 1783 ; and the O^-der of the Thistle, at least as ancient as Robert II. of Scotland. There is a French order of the Thistle, founded in 1463 ; but the most ancient French order is the Gennet, in 706. In France are also the orders of St. Michel and of St. Louis ; but these French orders are now all superseded by the Legion of Honour. [See An Accurate Historical Account of all the Orders of Knighthood.^ Knight-service, O. E. A tenure of lands formerly held by knights, on condition of per- forming military service. Knol, Hind. A road or high road which frequently passes over very low bridges. Knop, O. E. A button. Knop, Knob, Arch. A boss. Knop and Flow- er Pattern. An ornament of re- mote antiquity, Fig. 409. Architectural original basis of a Knop or Boss. great branch of 186 WORDS USED IN decorative art in all nations, common on early Indian monuments, and with different variations in the art of Assyria, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The variations are regulated according to the flora of the various countries, the k7iop (or bud) andyfiJWdV- being always the radical idea. Knot, Her. An inter- twined cord, borne as a badge. Cords intertwined about other figures and devices form so-called compound badges, which significantly declared the union of two houses ; thus the Dacre knot is entwined about the Dacre escallop and the famous ' ' ragged staff" of Beauchamp and Neville. An Order ok THE Knot was esta- blished at Naples in 1252. The badge of silk, gold, and pearls was tied in a knot upon the arm, and those who were invested with it made a vow to untie it at Jerusalem. (Fig. 410 and 410 a.) Knuckle-bones. (See Talus.) Koope, O. E. A cope. Koukim, Heb. Kilns for the cremation of the dead, such as are occasionally found in Y\2.. 410. Bourchier Knot. Fig. 410 a. Dacre Knot and Badge. the ancient tombs of the Valley of Hinnom (Ge- henna). Kourganes, Or. Grassy mounds, such as are frequently met with in Russia in Europe, and which bear a strong resem- blance to tiimitli and barroivs. (See Tumu- lus. ) Krems White or Vienna White. A pigment manu- factured at Krems in Austria. It is the finest white lead used in oils. Krouts, Hind. An ornament resembling embroidery. The monuments of Khmer art are adorned with krouts of a rich ornamentation, somewhat similar to certain ornaments of the French Renaissance. (See Fig. 408.) Krumhorn. An old musical instrament of the cornet kind. Kufic. (See CuFic.) Kussier. A Turkish musical instrument, consisting of five strings, stretched over a skin that covers a kind of basin. Kymbium. (See Cymbium.) Kyphi, Egyp. A perfume which was burnt before the statues of the gods ; it was composed of si.xteen different ingredients. L. Labarum, Chrism, R. The standard of the Roman emperors from the time of Constantino ; in form it resembled the vexilliim of the cavalry. The Labarum is the banner of the Chrism, or sign that appeared to Constantine, viz. the Greek letters XP in a monogram (the two first letters of the Name XPISTOS) ; sometimes followed by the Roman letters IHSV, or the motto in full, '■'■in hoc sigiio vinces." It is, under several variations, a common ecclesias- tical emblem. Labellum. Dimin. of L.^brum (q.v.). imr zxzxz^ Heraldic Label.s. Fig. 411. Labels of 3 points. Label of 5 points. Labels, in heraldry, are marks o{ cadency, (i) A band crossing the shield, with three points de- pending, marks the coat of an eldest son. (2 Broad ribands hanging from a knight's helmet. (3) In mediaeval architecture and church decora- tion, images of saints and angels bear labels inscribed with texts and mottoes. Labis. (See Spoon.) Labrum, R. (lit. a lip). A general term to denote any kind of vessel the brim of which turned over on the outside like the lip of the human mouth ; a wide flat basin whicli stood in the thermal chamber or Caldarium (q.v.) of the Roman baths. Labyrinth, Gen. (\a.^\j ^tivQ 0%). A building of consi- derable size, usually unilerground, con- taining streets and Fi^. 412. Labyrinth. cross-roads, like the catacombs, &c. The term is also applied to intricate designs executed on the grass-plots of gardens, and on the mosaic or glazed tiles n pavements. (Fig. 412. ) (See Minotaur.) Lac or Gum Lac (Arabic, lal:cilt). A resin produced on an East-Indian tree by the punc- tures of the Coccus liicca insect. It forms a brittle substance of a tlark red colour, and when in grains is called seed lac, and in thin flat plates shell lac. (See Lacquer.) The chief use of Fig. 413. Point de France (pillow-made), 17th century. Fig. 414, Old Brussels or Point d'Anglcterrc. lac in Europe is for making sealing-wax. and as a basis for spirit varnishes and French polish. Lace was originally of a heavy texture, more like embroidery. It was of two kinds, lacis, or "darned netting," and '''■ ciitwork." Lacis, often worked in coloured silks and gold thread, was also called " opus araneum" or "spider- work." In *''■ cnhvork,^^ a net of threads was laid on to cloth, and the cloth sewn to it in parts, and the other parts cut away ; or, by another method, the threads were arranged ou a frame, all radiating from a common centre, and then worked into patterns. This was the old convent lace of Italy, called " Greek lace.''' Poi}it laces are lace made with a needle on a parchment pattern. The principal are the ancient laces of Italy, Spain, and Portugal ; and the modern point d'Alencon of France. Pillow laces are made by the weaving, twisting, and plaiting of the threads with bobbins on a cushion ; such are Mechlin, Lille, Valenciennes, Honiton, Buckingham, and many manufactories in France. Brussels lace is both point and pillo'iv. The thread is scarcely visible for fine- ness, and costs 240/. per pound. This lace is called in France point d'Angleterre, or English point. (Fig. 414.) Lace Glass. (See Glass.) Lacerna, R. An open cloak worn by the Romans over the toga, and fastened on the right shoulder with a brooch or fibula. It frequently had a cowl attached. (See Abolla, P^nula, Pallium.) Lachrymatory. A tear-bottle ; so called from the use attributed to it of holding tears con- secrated to the dead. These phials are made of glass or earthenware, with a long neck, and the mouth formed to receive the eye-ball. The figure of one or two eyes has sometimes been found impressed upon them. Lacinia, R. The two excrescences, like a divided dewlap on the throat of a goat, which were represented on the necks of fauns and satyrs. Laciniae, Gr. and R. The hanging corners of the toga and chlamys, and the metal knobs attached to make them hang straight. Lacis. A kind of embroidery, of subjects in squares, with counted stitches (called also "point conte," darned netting, &c. ). (See Lace.) Laconicum, R. A seinicircular termination to a room in a set of baths (caldariuni), so called because of Spartan origin. Under the word BalnEyE will be found the laconicum of Pompeii, restored. (Fig. 56.) Lacquer (Fr. laqtic) is made of a solution of shell lac and alcohol, coloured with saffron or other colouring matters. Specimens of ancient Chinese red lacquer deeply carved with figures of birds, flowers, &c., and generally made in i88 WORDS USED IN the form of trays, boxes, and sometimes vases, are met with in the more northern Chinese towns, and are much prized. What is called the old gold yapan lacquer is also esteemed by Chinese connoisseurs, and the specimens of this are comparatively rare at the present day. {FortMte. ) Lacs d'amour, Fr. True-lovers' knots. Lacuna, R. {lacus, a hollow). An ash-pit placed beneath a lime-kiln to receive the ashes from the kiln. Lacunar, Arch. A flat roof or ceiling, in contradistinction to a camera, vaulted roof. Lacunaria, Arch. Panels in a flat ceiling (lacunar), formed by the rafters crossing one another at right angles. The edges of these panels are often decorated with carved and gilt ornaments, and the centres filled in with paint- ings. Lacus, R. {\aKKos). A lake, and thence a large, shallow, open basin, or artificial reser- voir ; also, a pit made below the level of a wine-cellar {cella vinarid), or of an oil-cellar {cella olearis), to receive the wine or oil as it comes from the presses. Lady. A word of Saxon origin, generally supposed to signify "loaf-giver," from klaf, a loaf. As a title it belongs to the daughters of all peers above the rank of a viscount, but is extended by courtesy to the wives of knights. Lady Day, Chr. The 25th of March. Fes- tival of the Annunciation. Lsena, R. (i) A cloth with a long nap. (2) A thick woollen cloak worn over the toga for the sake of warmth. In later times the Isena was often worn as a substitute for the toga. Lagena, Gr. and R. An earthenware vessel with a swelling body, used for holding wine or vegetables and dried fruits. Laid Papers. Papers with a ribbed surface ; as cream-laid, blue-laid, &c. Lake, Cloth of, O. E. Linen for under-gar- ments. Lakes. (See Carmine.) Pigments of a fine crimson red colour, of which there are several kinds ; they are prepared from cochineal, kermes, lac, and the best from madder-root. Common lake is obtained from Brazil wood, which affords a very fugitive colour. (See Yellow Lake, Purple Lakes, Green Lakes, Carminated Lakes, Drop Lake, Red Lake, Mineral Lake, Madder, &c.) Lakes of Florence, Paris, Vienna, &c. (See Carminated Lakes.) Lamb. The peculiar symbol of the Re- deemer, generally the emblem of innocence, meekness, modesty. It is properly called the Paschal Lamb, and with a flag, or between two .stars and a crescent, was the badge of the Knights Templars. (See Agnus Dei.) Lamboys (Fr. lambeaii). A kind of skirt over the thighs, worn over the armour. (See Fig- 463-) Lambrequin. A covering for the helmet. (See Mantling.) Lamb's-wool, O. E. A drink of ale with the pulp of roasted apples in it. Lames, Fr. Flexible plates or blades of steel, worn over the hips. Lametta. Brass, silver, or gold foil or wire. Lamiae, Gr. and R. Vampires who fed at night on the flesh of human beings. The Lamias of Pliny are animals with the face and head of a woman, and the tail of a serpent, inhabiting the deserts of Africa. Laminated. Disposed in layers or plates. Lammas, O. E. The ist of August. Lamp, Lantern, or Taper, in Chris- tian art, was an emblem of piety ; an attribute of St. Lucia. (See Lu- cerna, Lych- Nus, Lantern.) Lampadephoria, Gr. (torch-bear- ing). A game common through- out Greece, in which the com- petitors raced, either on foot or horseback, six stadia (about three-quarters of a mile), carrying lamps prepared for the purpose. (See Lam PAS.) Lampas, Gr. and R. A general term denoting anything which shines or affords light ; a torch, a lamp, and espe- cially a link. The word was frequently used for lampadeplioria, the torcli-race. Lamp-black. A soot used as a pigment. It is very opaque, and dries slowly in oil. It is also the basis of all printing and lithographic inks. Lance. In Christian art, the attribute of St. Matthias, in allusion to the method of his martyrdom. (See Amentum, Lancea, Hasta.) A shivered lance with the motto " Lacrymre hinc, hinc dolor," was a device adopted by Catherine de' Medicis after the fatal accident to her hus- band, Henry II., in a tournament. (Fig. 416.) Fig. 415. Roman Lamp. Fig. 416. Device uf Catherine de' Medicis. Lance-rest. A projecting iron fixed to a breastplate to support the end of the lance in a joust or tournament. Lancea, R. A long, light spear, serving both as a pike and a missile. Lanceola. Dimin. of Lancea (q.v.). Lanceolated, Arch. Having the form of a spear-head. The term is applied to lancet windows, arches, and members of architecture forming a rose. Lancet Arch. A pointed arch, obtuse at , the point, resembling a surgeon's lancet, from which a style of architecture, common in Eng- land in the 13th century, is named. (Fig. 417.) (See Early English Architecture.) Lancula, R. (dimin. of Lanx). The scale which was placed, when necessary, at one of the ends of a Roman steel- yurdl s/a^era). (Fig. 418.) Fig. 417. Lancet Arch. 13th century. Landgrave (Germ. Laud, Graf). A title given to those Counts of Germany who take their rank from a large tract of land. The first Landgraves were those of Thuringia, Hesse, Alsace, and Leuchtenberg. Langue-de-boeaf, Fr. A blade fixed to a pike- staff ; named after its shape. Langued, Her. To denote the tincture of an animal's tongue. Laniarium, Laniena, R. {laii/us, a butcher). A slaughter-house or butcher's shop. Laniers, O. E. Leather straps for various uses ; as armlets to a shield, or as garters ' or bands, cVc. Lanipendia, R. {/ana, wool, and pcnderc, to weigh). A woman whose duty it was to weigh the wool for spinning, and dis- tribute it among the slav-es for their daily tasks. Lanista, R. A man who trained gladiators for the Roman circus. They were fre- „ , , quently his own titr. 418. Lancula. ' \ , , ° ^ property, and he let them out for hire ; or he received them from their owners into his school (ludus) for training. Fig. 419. Old English Horn Lantern. I go WORDS USED IN Lansquenet, Fr. A game at cards. Lantern. In Christian art, the attribute of »St. Gudula, in alhision to the legend of her miraculous lantern, which her prayers rekindled as often as .Satan extinguished it. In Archi- tecture, a small turret above the roof of a build- ing, having windows all round it. Lanterne des Morts or Churchyard Beacon, Arcli. A small tower raised upon abase, and generally round, but sometimes square or polygonal ; with windows at the top to emit the shining rays from the lamp inside. Fig. 420 represents a " lanterne des morts " at Ciron, France. Lanx, R. This term denotes (l) a circular dish of silver or other metal, often embossed, used espe- cially at banquets. (2) The scale of a balance {libra). (3) A salver for handing fruits or other dainties at dessert. Laocoon. A magnificent sculpture, found in 1506 among the ruins of the palace of Titus, now in the Vatican. It represents Laocoon and his two sons struggling in the folds of two monster ser- pents. According to Pliny it is the work of three Rhodian sculptors, Agesan- der, Polydorus, and Athe- nodorus, and stood in the palace of Titus. He said that it was made of one stone, but the joining of five pieces has been detected. [See Lcssing's " Laokoon."'\ Laphria, Gr. An annual festival, celebrated at I'atrce in Achaia, in honour of Artemis, sur- named Laphria. Lapidary. An artist who cuts, grinds, and polishes gems and stones. In the lapidary's scale of hardness of minerals there are 10 standard degrees, represented as follows : — No. I, tale, which is very easily cut ; No. 2, compact gypsum ; No. 3, calc-spar ; No. 4, fluor-spar ; No. 5, apatite ; No. 6, felspar; No. 7, quartz; No. 8, topaz; No. (), sapphire ; No. 10, dianioud. Diamonds are for the most part cut at Amsterdam. Lapis Lazuli. A beautiful blue mineral stone of various shades of colour. (See Ul.TRA- Fig. 420. Lanterne des Morts. various MARINE.) Laquear, Laqueare. (q.v.). Synonym of Lacunar Laqueatores, R. An order of gladiators who used a noose to catch their adversaries. Laqueatus, R. A ceiling decorated with panels {lacunar). Lararium, R. A small shrine conseci^ated to the gods called Lares ; a room in which the images of the Lares or tutelary genii of the house were placed. It is said to have been customary for religious Romans, immediately after they rose in the morning, to pray in the Lararium. Larentalia, Larentinalia, or Laurentalia, R. A Roman festival in honour of Acca Larentia, the nurse of Romulus and Remus ; or, according to another tradition, a festival in- stituted by Ancus in honour of a wealthy courtezan named Larentia, who had bequeathed all her property to the Roman people. It was celebrated on the loth of December. Lares, R. The Lares Privati, Domestici, or Familiares, were the guardian deities of the house. The spot peculiarly sacred to them was the focus, or hearth, in the Atrium, where the altar for domestic sacrifice stood, and near it was a niche, containing little images of these gods, to whom offerings of flowers, frankincense, and wine were made from time to time, and regularly on the kalends of each month. There were many classes of Lares Publici: (i) The Lares rurales, who pre- sided over the flocks, herds, &c. (2) The Lares compitales, worshipped where two cross-roads met, &c. [Cf. Ovid, Fasti, v. 129.] Larghetto, It. In Music, less slow than largo. Largo, It. In jMusic, a slow movement, one degree quicker than adagio. Latch, O. E. A cross-bow. Lateen Sail. A triangular mainsail on a tall sloping yard, which reaches down to the deck. Later, R. A brick ; the -rXivdos of the Greeks. Among the Romans bricks were of various forms ; the largest was called feiitadoruiit ; the next size, tetradorum. Later coctus, coctilis was the term applied to a baked brick ; later crudus was an unbaked brick, i.e. one dried in the sun. Pliny calls the brick-field Lateraria. Latericium (opus), R. A structure built of bricks, Laterna, Lanterna. A L.antern (q.v.). Laton or Latten, O. E. An alloy of brass, of which candlesticks, sepulchral monuments, crosses, -adus). The lectus goiialis (Gr. evyi)) or marriage-bed was still higher, larger, and handsomely decorated ; it is represented with a flight of steps at the foot. The lectus adversus was a symbolical marriage-bed, and stood in the atrium, opposite to the entrance of the house, and was, as it were, the throne or seat of office, from which the housewife superintended the spinning, weaving, and similar duties of the servants. The lectus triclinaris used at meals is described under the article. Lectus fwiebris is the name of the bier upon which the dead were bonie to burial or the pyre. Lecythus, Gr. A cylindrical vase made to contain oil or perfumes. It often figures in the hands of goddesses, or of females at the toilet; and is most- ly ornamented with delicate paintings and choice sub- jects. (Fig. 422.) Ledger, Arch. A stone slab. Ledger Lines. In Music, extra lines above or be- low the five ruled lines. Ledgment, Arch. A horizontal course of stone or mould- ings, particularly the base mould- Leet, O. E. An ancient Anglo- Saxon court of jus- tice; amanor court. Legato, It. Li- terally, " bound ;" smooth and gliding Fig. 422. Lecythus. in Music signifies " i manner." Legend. In Numismatics, the words round the edge of a medal or coin. Leghorn. A kind of straw plait, first invented at Leghorn. Legio, R. (/ and says or sine;s the Litany.'" \Eliz. xviii. 1559.) ^~" Q 2 196 WORDS USED IN Fig. 426. Liripipes. Italian, i6th century. Literatus or Litteratus, R. [litera, a letter). In general, anything that is marked with letters ; and thence (l) a slave who has been branded on the forehead with a hot iron, also called inscriptiis, nctahis, stigmatus. (2) A gram- marian, learned man, or commentator. Fig. 427. Listels. Litharge. An ingredient of drying-oil (q. v. ). Lithochrome. Another name for Chromo- LiriiOGRArnY, or colour-printing. Lithography, or drawing on stone, was invented by Aloys Senefelder of Munich in 1796. Drawings are made on a polished surface of calcareous stone, with ink and chalk of a soapy nature. The lithographic iiik is made of tallow-soap, pure white wax. lamp-black, and a small quantity of tallow, all boiled together, and, when cool, dissolved in distilled water ; the ingredients for the lifJio- graphic chalk are the same, with a small quantity of potash added during the boiling. After the drawing on the stone is perfectly dry, a very weak solution of sulphuric acid is poured over it, which takes up the alkali from the ink or chalk, and leaves an insoluble substance behind it, while it lowers in a slight degree the surface of the stone not drawn upon, and prepares it for the free absorption of water. Weak gum-water is next applied to clo.se the pores of the stone, and to keep it moist. The stone is then washed with water, and the printing-ink applied in the ordinary way. It then passes through the press, the washing with water and daubing with ink being repeated after every impression. As many as 70,000 copies have in this way been taken from one stone, the last being nearly as good as the first. Copper-plate and steel engravings can be transferred to stone. (See the article " Li- thography" in the Encyclopcsdia Britaiinica, 8th ed. ) Lithostrotum, R. (A.(f»o'-o-Tp&>Toj'). The pave- ment of a Roman road, and thence any orna- mental pavement, mosaic, incrusted marble, coloured inlaid-work, &c. Litmus or Lacmus. The red, violet, and blue colours known as archil, cudbear, and litmus, are derived from certain lichens ; litmus from the roccclla tinctoria. Liturgy {\f:l.^ov^l^y6s). The printed formulary according to which the public services in a church are performed. Lituus, R. (an Etruscan word, signifying crooked). (l) A brass trumpet formed of a long, straight tube, but curved and opening out wide at the end like a tobacco-pipe. The t2iba was straight, the cormi spiral. (2) An augur's staff curved into the form of a crook, with which they divided the expanse of the sky into regions in their divinations. Livery (Fr. livree). Literally, the distnbii- iioii ; that is to say, of clothes to be worn by the servants of palaces, &c. (See Badges.) Livery Colours. In the Middle Ages all great houses had their own livery colours. Thus those of the House of York were blue and crimson, those of the House of Lancaster white and blue, of the House of Tudor white and green, of the House of Stuart scarlet and gold. Loaves, in Christian art, are the emblems of charily to the poor ; the attribute of St. Philip the Apostle and other saints. Lobe (of an arch), Fr. ; AngWci/oil ; e. g. a trefoil arch is arc irilobe. Local Colour is the real fundamental colour of an object, considered apart from all accidental variations of light and reflexion. Locellus, R. A box or casket ; this term is a iliniinutivc of LOCULUS. Lochaber Axe. A short pole with a sharp axe at one end, an ancient \\eapon of the Ilii^lilandeis of Scotland. Locker, Clir. Arch. A cupboard for sacred vessels generally left in the thickness of the wall on the north sitle of the altar of a church. (See Secretarium.) Locking up. Any process by which a colour, liable to be affected by damp, can be rendered durable. Loculamentum, R. {loculus, a little place). Any box, chest, or case, the interior of which is divided into compartments. Loculus, R. (dimin. onociis, a place). (l) A coffin, generally of stone. (See S.^rcophagus.) (2) A compartment in the manger of a stable. (3) A small chest fitted with compartments. Locutorium, Chr. Of a convent, &c., the farlonr. Figs. 42S, 429. Badge of Rich:\rd II. in Westminster Hall. Lodged, Her. Said of animals of the chase hi repose. The illustration shows the favourite badge of Richard II. : a white hart chained, and in an attitude of rest. " This device is repeated in Westminster Hall 83 times ; and all are equally consistent with heraldic truth and accu- racy, without any of them being an exact counterpart of any other." {Boutdl, English Heraldry.) (Fig. 42S.) Loegria, O. E. England. {Geoffry of Mon- mouth.^ Logan Stones (properly logging stones, from O. E. log, to oscillate). Rockixg stones (q.v.). Logeum, Gr. {Xoyilov). A Greek term synonymous with PuLPlTL'>r (q.v.). Loggia, It. The gallery, or corridor, of a palace. Lombard Architecture. " A style invented by the Lombards (Longobardi) in the 7th cen- tury in imitation of the Roman. It continued in use till the loth century, and gave place to the Norman style. It is rude, heavy, and mas- sive, with small narrow windows." (Parker.) The above is only one application of the term, which is applied by different writers to a great number of different styles. The Lombardesqite style (It. lo stile Lomhardesco) applies to the architectural works of the family of Pietro Lom- hardo (15th century). The Lombard Gothic is still another style (of the 12th century). Loops, Loups, Arch. Another name for Cren'ki.s ((|.v.), or emljrasures. Lord. The word is Saxon ; from hlaf or klaf, a loaf of bread ; and ford, to give ; hence it means originally bread-giver. Fig. 431. Fraameiii of a Gallic cuirass. Fig. 430. Gallic cuirass in the Louvre. lories, (ir. a'vl R. (/();7//«,athong). A cuirass; it was made either — for officers, of two yvoKa, the breast and back-pieces; or, for the soldiers, of a number of small metal scales or bands, fastened to- gether with rivets or rings, and flexi- ble. Among the Asiatics the cuirass was frequently made of cotton ; and among the Sarmatians, and other nations, of horn. Lorimers, O. E. Bit-makers. Lorraine Cross. A cross with two projecting arms on each side. Lorraine Glass for painted windows ; ob- tained from the Vosges as early as the 13th century, and then called Burgimdy glass. "When any one means to paint, let him choose the Lor- raine glass, which inclines to the white yellow because that bears the fire best, and receives the colour better than any other." {Fheard.) Lovel, O. E. A dog. "The Ratte, the Catte, and Lovell ourdogge. Rule all England under the hogge." (1484- J Low Side-window, Arch. A peculiar small window found in many churches near the west end of the chancel, and very near the ground. It was never glazed, but closed with wooden or iron gratings. Its object has never been ascer- tained. Most of the examples are of the 13th or 14th century. (See Arclucological Journal, vol. iv. p. 314.) Low Sunday, Chr. The Sunday next after Easter. Lozenge. In Heraldry, the diamond-shaped figure used for a shield to display the arms of spinsters and widows. The lozenge is always Fig- 433- Heraldic Decoration at Versailles — Louis Quatorze placed upright on the shield, and its true propor- tions are as 5 to 4. (See Mascle.) Lozenge Moulding or Lozenge Fret. An ornament used in Norman architecture, present- ing the appearance of diagonal riljs, enclosing diamond-shaped panels. Lozenges. A term in wood-engraving for a class of fine gravers used for outlines and very fine shading. Lozengy, Her. A field divided lozenge- wise. (Fig. 434.) Lucariae, R. Fes- tivals instituted at Rome to commemorate Fig. 434. Shield of Hubert the refuge which the de Burgh, Earl of Kent. Roman army had once found in a wood {lucus) between the Via Salaria and the left bank of the Tiber. At the time of the invasion of the Gauls in the year 365 B.C., the Roman army would have been entirely cut to pieces but for this refuge. Lacarne, Fr. Arch. A dormeror garret window. Luce, Her. The fish now called a pike. (Fig. 380.) Lucerna, R. {Jncco, to shine). An oil-lamp of terra-cotta or bronze. (Fig. 435.) On one side they had a handle, and on the other one or more places for wicks {myxcv). The oil was poured in through an open- ing in the centre. Lucerna bilychnis, trilyclinis, poly- lychnis, and lucerna bimyxos, trwiyxcs, or poly/nyxos, were respectively lamps with two, three, or several nozzles, or with two, three, or several wicks ; lucerna pen- silis was a hanging lamp. (See Fig. 435.) Lucidse, Med. Lat. Lus- trous varnishes. Lucifer {lux, light ; fero, to bring). The morning or evening star. Lucta, Lactamen, Luctatio (Gr. TTciA?;, TTaKaiafxtx, iraXaLcr- /LLoaiivr], or KaTaB^rjTiKv). Wrestling. In the Homeric age the wrestlers contended naked, excepting the feri- zoina round the loins; about B.C. 720 (the 15th Olympiad) this was discarded. The Cretans and Lacedremonians, and afterwards the Greeks, anointed the body with oil, and then strewed it over with sand or dust. The Lucta or Pale differed from the Pancratium. In the latter. Hg. 435. Bronze Lucerna. Romaa. \YORDS USED IN boxing and wrestling were combined, and the contest continued until one party was killed, or unable to continue. In wrestling, on the other hand, the victory was awarded to the man who first threw the other three times. The most famous wrestler of antiquity was Milo of Crotona, who flourished B.C. 509, and was seven times crowned at the I^ythian games, and six times at Olympia. LucuUite. A variety of black marble, first brought to Rome from an island at Assouan on the Nile by LucuUus. Ludi. Games at festivals, or a general name for such festivals as consisted entirely of games and contests. Ludi ch-censes were games held in the circus, gladiatorial and other. (See CiRCUS.) Ludi scenici were theatrical representations. Ludi stati, like the FericE slata, were those held regularly on certain days marked in the calendar. Ludi imperativi, on the other hand, were held by special appoint- ment, and votivi in fulfilment of vows. The games were superintended by the /Ediles. The principal games will be found described under the headings Apollinares, Augustales, Capi- tolini, Circenses, Compitalia, Floralia, V\x- nebres, Liberales or Dionysia, Megalesia, Plebeii, Sseculares, &c. Ludus, R. A game or pastime ; ludus litterarius, or ludus simply, was a school for the instruction of youth ; ludiis duodccim sa-iptoruiii, a kind of backgammon played by the ancients ; ludus fidiciuin, a music school ; ludus gladia- torius, a school for gladiators directed by a lanista. Lumachel (It. lumachclla, a little snail). A marble full of fossil shells, and of beautiful iridescent colours, sometimes a deep red or orange ; called also fi7-e marble. Luna, R. (lit. moon). An ivory or silver shoe-buckle worn by Roman senators. (Com- pare Lunula.) Lunated. Crescent-shaped. Lunette, (i) In Fortification, a work with two faces and two flanks, i. e. a Redan to which flanks or lateral wings have been added j in form, therefore, it resembles a Bastion. (2) In Architecture, a crescent or semicircular window, or space above a square window beneath a rounded roof. Hence the paintings on sucli a space are called lunettes ; e. g. those of Raffaelle in the Vatican. Lunula, R. (dimin. of luna). (i) An orna- ment in the form of a crescent worn by women round the neck. (2) The white moon-shaped marks at the roots of the finger-nails. (Cf.MENls.) Lupatum, R. A jagged bit with teeth like a saw (lupus) ; M'hence its name. Lupercalia, R. Festivals held at Rome on the fifteenth of the calends of March (15th of February), in the Lupercal, a sacred 435 a. Hawk's Lure. The great epic Portuguese poet enclosure or cave on the Palatine, regarded as the den of the she-wolf who nursed Romulus and Remus. The luperci assembled together and sacrificed goats and young dogs, with the skins of which they ran through the streets half naked. [Lupercus, or Februus, was the god of fertility. The festival was originally a shepherd festival ; the ceremony was symbolical of a purification of shepherds, and commemorated the time when Rome was a nation of shep- herds.] Lupus, R. (lit. wolf), (i) A hand-saw. (2) Lupus ferreus, a huge iron hook, lowered from the walls of a besieged place to catchthe point of the battering-ram. (See Harpaga.) Lara, R. Literally, the mouth of a large leathern sack for wine and oil, and thence the sack itself. Lure. A falconer's de- coy, made of feathers on a cord, to attract a hawk back to the wrist. The illustra- tion is a heraldic lure. (See Fig. 91. See also In Lure.) Lusiad. of the Camoens. Lustratio (Gr. KoiOapa-is). A purification, originally by water, afterwards by solemn ceremonies of sprinkling, or the smoke of sacrifice ; made privately after deaths or accidental pollutions, and publicly on the occasion of public disasters, prodigies, or the like ; and at certain fixed periods, especially at the close of every lustrum. Lustricus (sc. dies), R. (lustrum, a lustration). The day of purification for a new-born infant, when it received its name. Lustrum, R. (luo, to wash). A solemn pui'i- fication performed by the censors on laying down their office, that is to say, every Jive years ; whence the term was used to denote that space of time. Lute (Arabic, el oud). A stringed instrument of great antiquity, first mentioned in Persia in 682 A. D. Before the loth century the lute had only four strings, or four pairs producing four tones, each tone having two strings tuned in unison. About the loth century a string for a fifth tone was added. The strings were made of silk neatly twisted. The neck of the instrument was provided with frets of string, regulated according to the system of seventeen intervals to an octave. The Chinese god of music is repre- sented playing on a lute with four strings. The lute was very popular in England in Elizabeth's time. Originally it had eight catgut strings, ar- ranged in four pairs, each pair being in unison. The number of strings varied from time to time, and in the 17th century they were twenty- .•M\l^ ^VI\.V„ 11^ I'^Wlj four. Tlie size of tlic lute also varied ; the treble lute was the smallest, and the bass lute the largest. There were also the Arciilute, the ClI ITAKKONK, Theoruo, &c. (Consult Tho- mas Mace' s Miisiik''s Monu- ment, 1676.) Lycaea. A festival of the Arcadians in honour of Zeus AvKolos. Lyceium. A sacred enclosure at Athens, dedicated to Apollo Lycius, where the pole- niarck originally held his court. It was decorated with fountains, plantations, and ornamental edi- fices by Peisis- tratus, Pericles, and Lycurgus. Here Aristotle delivered his lectures, as he zvalkcd abont with his follow- ers, hence called '■'■ Peripatetics." Lychnus, Lychnuchus,R. {Kvx^os, Aux^oOxos). The former of these terms is of by far the most frequent occurrence. It denotes a kind of lantern or candlestick made to support oil lamps {Incer- jtcc). Fig. 436 represents a lychnus supporting three htcerna. Lydian. Of music, soft and slow ; generally effeminate. Lydian Stone {Lydius lapis or Heraclius lapis) was a kind of flinty slate used by the ancients as a touchstone for the trial of gold and silver. Lymphad, Her. An ancient galley, the feudal ensign of the house of Lorn, and as such quartered by the Dukes of Argyle. It is borne also by the Prince of Wales as "Lord of the Isles." (Fig. 437.) Lynx Sapphire. A la- pidaiy's term for dark- grey or greenish-blue va- rieties of the sapphire. Lyon King at Arms. The Scotch Herald, Lord Fig. 437. LymphaJ. Lyon. The regalia of Fig. 436. Lj'chnus. this officer are, a crown of gold, with a crimson velvet cap, &c.; a velvet robe reaching to his feet, with the arms of the kingdom embroidered thereon, both before and behind, in the proper tinctures ; a triple row of gold chains round his neck, with an oval gold medal pendent thereto, on one side of which is the royal bearing, and on the other St. Andrew with his cross enamelled in proper colours, . nd a baton of gold enamelled green, powd ed with the badges of the kingdom. Lyra, Gr. and R. (\upa). A lyre ; a stringed instrument which assumed var ous forms. On Assyrian monuments the lyre occurs in throe different forms, and is held horizontally in playing. Its front bar was generally either oblique or slightly curved. It was played with a plectrum or with the fingers. The Hebrew lyre is represented on coins of Judas Maccabasus. Some have three strings, others five, and others six. The two sides of the frames appear to have been made of horns of animals. The Hebrew square-shaped lyre is probably the PSALTERION the KiXXOR, a lyre of triangular shape, the instrument of King David, is named in the Bible as the oldest stringed instrument, the in- vention of Jubal. The Rabbis record that King David used to suspend his over his pillow at night. On Egyptian monuments, at Beni Hassan, a Hebrew lyre is represented, probably of the date of Joseph, 1700 B.C. The Greeks had lyres of many kinds, distinguished by diffe- rent names ; Lyra, a generic term, and also the lyre oval at the base, to be held in the lap ; KiTHARA, with a square base, to be held against the breast ; Chelys, a small lyre with body made of tortoise-shell ; Phormix, a large lyre, &c. Some lyres have a bridge, others have none ; the largest were probably held on or between the knees, or were tied by a band to the left arm. The strings of catgut or sinew were twanged with a plektron or short stem of ivory or metal, pointed at both ends. The lyre was the most favourite instrument of the Romans, under various names. The Cornu had a frame ending at the top in two long horns ; the Barbitos was a lyre with a large body ; the Psalterium was of an oblong square shape, &c. The lyre is represented in early Christian monuments of the 4th century. In one of them the Saviour is represented as Apollo touching the lyre. Anglo-Saxon MSS. of the gth cen- tury also represent the lyre. A German fiddle of the 9th century, with only one string, is called lyra in the MS. In Christian symbolism the lyre represented "the attractive power of the Lord." (See Mese.) Lysis, Arch. A plinth, or step above the cornice of the podium which surrounds the Pedestal. WORDS USED IN M. M-roof, Arch. A roof formed by the junction of two common roofs, with a valley between them. Macabre. (See Dance of Death.) Macaronic Verses. A burlesque of Latin, chequered with Italian, Tuscan, and plebeian words, described by the author : — "Ars ista poetica nuncupatur Ars Macaronica, a Macaronibus derivata ; qui Macarones sunt quoddam pulraentum, farina, caseo, butyro compaginatum, grossum, rude et rusticanum. Ideo Macaronica nil nisi grosse- dinem, ruditatem,et Vccabulazzos debet in se contincre." Macchia, It. (lit. a spot or stain). " The blocking out of the masses of light and shade." (See Eastlake's Materials, &c., ii. 355.) Mace (Fr. masse or massue). A military club or staff, generally of iron with a wooden handle, useful for breaking defensive armour. The mace was generally worn at the saddle-bow ; and was subsequently perforated to form a pistol, and finally superseded by the pistol. In the Middle Ages the mace became an emblem of office ; and is so still — usually surmounted by a crown. (See Clava, Club.) Macellarius, R. {viaceUum, a market). A keeper of a shop for the sale of fruit and cooked provisions. His shop was called taverna macel- laria. Macellum, Gr. and R. {/^aKeWov). A covered market in which were sold all kinds of provisions, such as fish, poultry, and game ; it. was distinct from the open market called FoRUi%[ (q.v. ). Maceria, R. (i) A rough wall formed of materials of every description, and having no/i^c/;/^. (2) An enclosed place unroofed. (Fig. 438.) Machaera, Gr. and R. {ndxcapa). A sword with only one edge, made rather for cutting than thrusting. Machoerium, Gr. and R. (ixaxaipiov). Dimin. of niachicra, a knife employed chiefly by fisher- men. Machserophorus, Gr. and R. {ixa.xo.ipo-<^6pos). Literally, armed tvith the hunting-knife, the machccritiin ; an epithet of the so-called bar- barous nations, such as the Egyptians, Persians, Medes, Thracians, and Gauls. Fig. 438. Maceria. Machicolated, Arch. Furnished with machi- colations. Machicolations (Fr. machicoulis), Arch. Openings or grooves made under the parapet of a fortified place, through which stones, pitch, boiling water, or hot sand were throwTi down. Macrochera, Gr. {fxaKp6-x^i-p, long-armed). A tunic with long sleeves, called by the Romans Chiridota. Macrocolum, Macrocollum, R. Paper of the largest size, that is to say, in sheets formed of a number of pieces of parchment or papyrus glued together. Macula, R. The mesh of a net ; in the plural inaculcc. Madder. The root of "rubia tinctoria " {Yx. garance), from which a number of valuable pigments are made, which are transparent and permanent, working equally well in oil and in water colours. They vaiy from the lightest and most delicate rose to the deepest purple, and are known as rose madder, pink madder, mad- der-carmine, fiirple madder, brozvn madder, intense madder-purple, and orange madder- lake. Madonna, It. The Virgin Mary. (See Joys.) Maeander, Gr. (Maiai-Spos). An ornamental design so called from the numerous windings it described, like the river ALvander. Its proper name is the Greek Fret. (Figs. 334 to 336.) Maelium. (See Melium.) Maemacteria, Gr. duaifj-aKT-fipia). Festivals held at Athens in honour of the boisterous or stormy Zeus {MaiiJ.a.KTr)s), with the object of obtaining a mild winter. Meenad, Gr. (/xaifas). Literally, a frenzied woman, and thence a bacchante. (See Baccha. ) Maenhir. (See Menhir.) Maenia Columna, R. A column situated in the Roman fomm, near which certain magis- trates (triiiniviri criminates) judged criminals, slaves, and vagrants. Maeniana, Msenianse Scholse, R. Celebrated schools of Gaid founded by Augustus at Autun {Augiistoditmim or Bibracte), so called because the buildings were furnished with balconies {nucniana). (See M^NIANUM.) Maenianum, R. A structure supported on corbels ; a balcony projecting from the wall of a house ; in a theatre or amphitheatre, one range of seats comprised between two landing-places (prcvcinctiones). Originally a balcony erected round the Roman forum, B.C. 31S, to give accommodation to the spectators of gladiatorial contests. Afterwards balconies in general were so called. Maes, Celt. A Welsh word for a field of battle, common in topographical nomenclature. Mafil. (See Mahkil.) Mafors or Mavors (Gr. ixa and 469.) Mail (from the Fr. maillc, the meshes of a net). Applied to chain or ringed armour. " Rich mayles that ronke {strong) were and round." Mainefaire, O. E. The covering for a horse's inane. It was made of overlapping plates, like a lobster's tail ; and was fastened to the testicre by buttons, and round the animal's neck by straps. {Meyrick. ) Maintenance, Cap of, Her. (See Chapeau.) Maiolica ur Majolica. The Italian name for the glazed earthenware introduced by Moorish potters from the island of Majorca. Originally these terms were only applied to ''^ lustrezuares,^' but from the i6th century they were generally applied to the glazed cart/icnivare of Italy. A coarser lead-glazed lustred ware was known as mezza-majolica. The distinguishing characteris- tics of the Majolica ware are " coarseness of ware, intricacy of pattern, and occasionally pris- matic glaze." It is also named Faiioncp:, from the boiega at Faenza, and, when decorated with subjects after designs of Raphael, " Raffaclle ware." Fayence, terraglia, as distinct from Porcelain, is formed of potter's clay (hence its English name Pottery) mixed with marl and Fig. 439. INIajolica Plate (Urbino Ware). sand, and is soft or Iiai-d according to the nature of the composition, and the degree of heat under which it is fired in the kiln. English earthen- ware is soft, while stone-ware, Qtieen''s-ware, &c , are hard. Soft wares are either unglazed, 01 lustrous, or glazed, or enamelled. The Italian lusti'ous ware is properly, and the glazed ware improperly, but generally called Majolica. Majesty (It. Maesta), Chr. A conventional representation of the Saviour in glory, on a throne, encompassed by a nimbus, and sur- rounded by cherubim, and the four evangelistic symbols, and the letters A and Ci. " The only existing document relating to Cimabue shows that he was employed in 1301 on a mosaic ' Majesty ' in the tribune of the Duomo at Pisa." {Eastlake.) Mala Pioba. Irish {mala, a bag). The bag- pipe. Malachite. A native carbonate of copper, forming a beautiful and permanent gi^een pig- ment, used for oils and water-colours. Incrusted upon other materials it is used for articles of ornament. Blue malachite is pure cai^bonate 234 WORDS USED IN of copper ; f^rcen malachite is green carbonate of copper ; emerald or royal malachite is dioptase of copper, a still rarer green and the best of all, which is a mixture of copper and silica ; false or/j-^/i/j-malachite is phosphate of copper, soft and silky, and of a rich velvet green marred by black spots or lines, and not so rich as the three kinds (jf true malachite. Malchus, R. An old term for a confessional having only one stool for penitents ; it signified that which has only one ear, from the fact that Malchus, Caiaphas' servant, was deprived of his right ear by I'cter. Malleability. The jM-operty of extension under the hammer {mcil/ens). Gold is the most malleable of metals. The art of rendering ^/ai-j malleal)le was discovered by an architect in the reign of Tiberius. Buried treasures of glass vessels have been found to be malleable when first disinterred, but to harden quickly on ex- posure to the air. Malleus, R. (i) A hammer. (2) Med. The .Maule (Gothic Miolner), Thor's ham- mer ; a military weapon. Malluvia, Malluvium, R. A wash-hand basin. Malus, R. {mains, an ap- ple-tree), (i) The mast of a vessel. (2) In theatres and amphitheatres (Fig. 440) mali were the poles over which the velarhim was stretched. Malveisin, Med. (Fr. mal- voisin, a dis- agreeable neighbour). A military engine for projecting stones or ar- rows. Mama-quilla, Fig. 440. Mains of an Amphitheatre. Peruv. One of the divisions of the temple of the Sun, Inti (q.v.) ; so called because it was dedicated to the moon, Mama- qiiilla. Mamillare, R. {mamilla, the breast), (i) A broad band made of soft leather, a kind of small stays, used by the Roman ladies to support the breasts. (2) In Mediaeval Latin, circular plates on the surcoat with rings from which two chains depended, one of which was attached to the sword and the other to the sheath. The fashion was introduced under Edward I., and continued until Henry V. ^lilil i 1 M MM 1 1 i ^ lii' if 1 ~T I 1! 1 i 1 IHFf Mil 'III 1 ll 1 iiji 1 liii 1 I !l, ill' i 1 wM 1' II 1 1 llt J iih' 'ill! ■ii <||I :i 1 1 S3l'ii.!ii- llflliP! llr lllll Mane op Oly, Dutch. Poppy oil, "a very white oil used by the painters in the Nether- lands, who execute delicate works requiring lively colours, such as the vases of flowers of De Ghein, &c." {Eastlake.') Mandorla, Chr. (lit. an almond). (See Au- reole and Vesica Piscis.) Mandra, Chr. (lit. a fold). A favourite appellation for monastic establishments in the East. Manducus, R. {mando, to chew). A comic masked character, distinguished by his ugliness and voracity (whence his name). (See Per- sona.) Mandyas, Chr. In the Greek Church, an outer garment worn by monks. It is a long cloak, reaching almost to the feet, and fastened at the throat. It is originally a Persian dress, and is frequently mentioned as worn by emperors and kings. Manefaire, O. E. A covering of armour for a horse's vtane. Manes, R. The shades of the dead. (See Lemures.) Manganese Brown. A rich semi-opaque brown pigment, permanent and drying well. (See Cappagh.) Manger, Chr. The boards of the manger in which the Infant Saviour was laid, are said to be preserved in the ciypt of the church of St. Maria Maggiore at Rome. They are called the culla, and are the object of a solemn procession on Christmas Eve. Mangonell, Med. A military machine for hurling stones ; the spelling is frequently va- ried : — " Vous peussez bugles, mangoniaux Veoir pardessus les carniaux." (Roman de la Rose.) Manica, R. {maims, a hand), (i) An armlet, or piece of armour which protected the arm of the gladiator. (2) A leather glove worn by bar- barous nations. In the plural, manica: denotes (i) manacles ; (2) a grappling-iron called Harpaoa (q.v.). Manicora, Manicore, Chr. In Christian iconography, the manicora is a hybrid animal with a human head, and a globular body ending in a serpent. It is a symbol of the World, the Flesh, and the Devil. (Fig. 441.) Maniple, Chr. A short stole held in the left hand, originally used as a napkin by the ofiiciating jiriest. Afterwards it was worn pen- dent from the wrist, and richly decorated. (See Fanox.) The word is derived from^ Manipulus, R. (lit. a handful), (i) A mani- ple, the earliest ensign of the Roman legion ; it consisted of a handful of hay attached to the end of a pole. (2) A body of infantry in a legion, consisting of about iSo to 200 men. ART AND ARCH.EOLOGV 205 Mansard Roof, Arch, (so called from Man- sai-ii, the French architect, who introduced it), Fig. 441. Manicore. or Curb Roof (from the French coiirher, to liend). A roof with two sets of rafters, of which the upper part is, as it \\ere, broken off", and not so steep as the lower. According to Alcsaiigcs, Mansard took the idea of his roof from a frame composed by Segallo, and Michael Angelo employed it in the construction of the dome of St. Peter's. The houses in Lower Brittany were covered with these roofs in the end of the 15th century. Manse, O. E. The parsonage-house. Mansio, R. (manco, to remain). Stations placed at intervals along the high roads, to serve as halting-places for the troops on a march. (See MuTATio.) Mantapa, Hind. A porch to a temple. Mantel-piece, Arch, (formerly iiiantil). A cloak or covering ; hence the slab which covers a part of the fireplace ; the canopy over a shrine (Latin maudiialis'). Mantelet or Mantlet. A shed used for protecting soldiers from missile weapons. (See Pluteus. ) Mantica, R. {inaiius, the hand). A double wallet serving as a portmanteau for riders or pedestrians. Mantle. A flowing robe worn over the armour, as shown in the costume of the knights in the ivory mirror-case. (Fig. 463.! Mantling or Lambrequin. A small mantle, of some rich materials, attached to the helmet, and worn hanging down, and ending in tassels. (See Fig. 177.) It is usually represented, in Heraldry, with jagged ends, to represent the cuts it would 1)6 exposed to in actual battle. Manuale, R. (maims, the hand). A wooden case for a Ijook. Manuballista, R. A hand-liallista. (See AKCUr.AI,l,IST.\.) Manubrium, R. (i. e. what is borne in the hand). A general term for a handle of any kind. (See Fig. 377.) Manus Ferrea, R. Literally, a /in/i{^ of iron . an iron hook which served as a grappling-iron, differing from the harpaga, as it was launched at the end of a chain, while the harpaga was fixed on a long beam [asser). Marble. The finest for statuary, from Carrara, is of a pure white ; that from Faros is of a waxy cream colour ; others coloured with metallic oxides are available for ornamental purposes. Many cements have been produced as "artificial marble." (See SCAGLIOLA.) Marble Silk had a weft of several colours so woven as to make the whole web look like marble stained with a variety of tints. On the 6th of Noveml)er, 1551, "the old qwyne of Schottes rod thrught London ; then cam the lord tresorer with a C. great horsse and iher cotes of ma/du//." Its use prevailed for three centuries. Marbling " is an art which consists in the pro- duction of certain patterns and effects by means of colours so prepared as to float on a mucilagi- nous liquid. While so floating they foiTn into patterns, which are taken off on to a sheet of paper (for book-covers), or to the smoothly cut edges of a book, by dipping." (IVooliwugh, The Whole Art of Marbling, 1881.) Marcus, R. A blacksmith's hammer ; a sledge-hammer. (See Malleus.) Mardelles, Margelles, or Marges, Celt. Ex- cavations met with in several parts of Europe, supposed to be Celtic. Mark, O. E. An ancient coin, value I3J-. i^i. ; formerly the equivalent of 30 silver pennies. Marmouset, Arch. Fr. (monkey). A grotesque figure introduced into architectural decoration in the 13th century. Marouflage, Fr. {maronfler, to line). A method of house-painting in France, upon a lining of prepared canvas fixed uj^on the surface to be decorated. Marquess, Mar- quis. Ikr. The second uriler of the British peer- age, in rank next to that of duke, was introduced Fig. 442. Marquess's coronet. into England in 1387 by Richard II. The coronet, apparently contemporary in 2o6 WORDS USED IN its present form with that of the dukes, has its golden circlet heightened with four strawberry- leaves and as many pearls arranged alternately. Marquetry. Inlaid-work of ornamental woods and atones of various colours put together and mixed with metals. The art has existed from the earliest ages ; but no nation has brought it to a higher degree of per- fection than the Italians of the 15th century. The Florentines especially have produced work of this kind which is unapproached ; the Medici chapel at Florence may be particularly m- stanced. Figs. 443 and 444 represent specimens of an- tique work. The Venetian marquetry, derived from Persia and India, is a fine inlay of ivory, metal, and woods, stained to vary the colour. This work is in geometric patterns only. In France,inthe earlymarquetry designs, picturesque landscapes, broken architecture, and figures are ''"ig- 443- -"^hatt ornamented with Marquetry. Fig. 444. Marquetry. represented. Colours are occasionally stained on the wood. Ivory and ebony are the favourite materials. In England, it is an art imported from Holland in the reign of William and Mary. The older designs on Dutch marquetry represent tulips and other flowers, foliage, birds, &c., all in gay colours, generally the self colours of the wood used. Sometimes the eyes and other salient points are in ivory and mother-of- pearl. (Compare Boule, Certosina W^ork, Emhlemata, Musivum Opus, Reisher- WORK, &c.) Marra, R. A kind of hoe with indented teeth, used for tearing up weeds. (Fig. 445.) Mars Brown. A brown pigment. Mars (Reds, Sec). Calcined earths of which the brightness of the redness is regulated by the duration of the roasting. Fig. 445. JSIarra. Marseilles Faience. This ancient city has at all times been celebrated in the ceramic arts. Fig. 446 gives a representative specimen of modern polychrome work, decorated with flowers easily recognized by the disposition of their long stalks. These flowers are, in Fig. 446. Teapot of Marseilles faience. other specimens, accompanied by marine land- scapes. Other polychrome services are called from their designs "services aux insectes." Marsupium, R. {ixapaiiviov). A purse for containing money; it was made of leather and shaped like a pear, being confined at the top with a string. (Hence the adjective w^r- j-k/Ziz/ appl ied to the kangaroo, &c.) Martel de Fer, Med. A weapon v.hich had at one end a pick, and at the other a hammer, axe-blade, half-moon, mace-head, or other fanciful termination. {Mcyrick.) Martlet, Her. Bird, usually represented with- out feet. (Figs. 447, 448.) Fig. 447. Early Heraldic Martlet. Fig. 448. Heraldic ilartlet. Martyrium, Chr. An altar erected over the tomb of a martyr. Marzocco, It. The Lion of Florence. The heraldic emblem of the city. (Fig. 449.) Fig. 449. II Marzocco, the bronze Lion now in the Bargello at Florence By Donatello (about a.d. 1420). Mascaron, Arch. Fr. . 450. Ltri;-c.in Mask in terra-cotta. A mask ; the face of a man or animal employed as an ornamentation for decorating the key-stones of arches or vaults, or the stones of an arch, &c. (Fig. 450.) Mascle, Her. The central lozenge of a diapered sur- face; it is drawn with right angles. Maser or Mazer, O. E. A bowl of maple- wood. The name is applied to similar bowls or goblets of other woods. " The nsazers four. My noble fathers loved of yore," are mentioned by Scott in "The Lord of the Isles." They were richly ornamented, frequently with legends on the rim, such as " In the name of the Trinitie Fille the kup and drinke to me," and the rim was often covered with silver or gold. Massicot. The name of an ancient pigment of a dull orange colour. Mastaba, Mastabe, Egyp. An outer chapel attached to Egyptian burial-places ; it was gene- rally a small quadrangular building, the door of which faced the East. Master Arch, O. E. The central or widest arch of a bridge. Mastic. A resin used for varnish. (Dissolve one part of mastic resin in two of oil of turpentine.) (See Varnish.) In France, the term is applied to a cement used to fill up joints in masonry ; in joinery, to a composition of wax, resin, and pounded brick, applied to fill up knots and chinks in the wood. Putty is also St) called. Mastigophorus, Gr. and R. (,ua(rTi7o-(/>df)os). A slave- driver, and thence an officer w lio fulfilled the same func- tiiins as our policemen. The mastigophori were so named because they carried a whip (lUdffTtya (pepnv), in order to put down any crowding or tumult ; it was also part of their duty to repress any infringement of the i-egulations at the public games. Match-lock. A gun which was exploded by means of a match, before the introduction of the flint and steel. (See Fire-lock.) Materiatio, R. [materia, materials). The timber-work of a roof, consisting of two principal rafters (canterii), a tie-beam {tigtiiim), a ridge- piece (ealciiHe)i), beams [trabes), struts {capreoW), purlines {tenipla), and common rafters {asseres). Materis, R. A Celtic javelin with a broadhead. Matralia, R. (i. e. pertaining to a mother). The festival of MattUa (the Ino of the Greeks), Mhich was held at Rome every year on the third of the ides of June (nth of June). Prayers were offered by the Roman matrons on behalf of their nephews, they being afraid to pray for their own children, since those of Matuta had turned out so unfor- tunately. Matronalia, R. A festival of the Roman matrons held on the calends of March, at which matrons offered sacrifices to Mars and Juno Lucina. Mattucashlash. An ancient Scotch weapon, sometimes called the armpit dagger, being worn on the arm ready to be used on coming to close quarters. Maule. (See Malleus.) Maunde, O. E. A basket. Mausoleum, R. The tomb of Mausolus, king of Caria, at Halicarnassus, ranked among the seven wonders of the world. The name was after- wards applied to tombs of an imposing size and splendour, such as the tomb of Augustus in the Field of Mars, and that of Hadrian, on the banks of the Tiber, now known as Fort St. Angeio. A representation of it, in its original state, is shown in Fig. 451. 208 WORDS USED'IN Mauve is the colour of a peach blossom ; obtained as a dye from aniline found in gas tar. Maze, Chr. Labyrinthine figures in the pave- ments of churclies and on the turf of greens. and much of it was made like our modern insertion. The engraving shows a specimen To trace tlie former kneeling was a species of penance. Mazmorra, Sp. A tank lined with cement, sunk in the ground and used for storing grain. (See Murray's Handbook, Spain, p. 361, Gra- jiada, &c.) Mazonum, Gr. {ixaCo-vofxilov ; ixa^a, barley- bread). A wooden platter for domestic use, and thence a salver of bronze or gold on which perfumes were burnt in the religious processions of Bacchus. Mechlin Lace is fine, transparent, and effec- tive. It is made in one piece on the pillow ; its distinguishing feature is the flat thread which forms the flowers, and gives to the lace the character cf embroidery. In 1699 — when Charles II. 's prohibition to the introduction of Flanders lace was removed — Mechlin lace became the fashion in England, and continued so during the succeeding century. In the 17th century the Beguinage nuns were celebrated for their lace-making, and they supported their house by their work. Previous to 1665 the name of Mechlin was given to all pillow lace, Mechlin Lace, iSth cemury. of old Mechlin lace formerly in great favour as head-dresses and other trimmings. Medallion, (i) A medal of a larger size than the ordinary coinage. (2) In Architecture, a circular or oval tablet on the face of a build- ing. Mediaeval. (See Middle Aces.) Medimnus, Gr. {^li^l^xvos). The principal Greek measure of capacity, holding as much as six Roman modii. It was especially used for measuring com. Meditrinalia, R. {lucdcor, to remedy). Roman festivals in honour of Meditrina, the goddess of healing, celebrated on the lith of October, at which new wine was tasted, it being looked upon by the Romans as a preser- vative of health. Medium. The liquid in which pigments are ground. The best are linseed oil and nut oil. n a shield. Medusa Head was frequently used as an orna- ment for the centre of a shield. (Cf. GoRGONEiA.) Megalartia, Gr. (/ueyaAapTia). Festivals held at Delos in honour of Ceres, who was called Megalartos (MeydXapros) from her hav- ing bestowed bread on mankind. Megalesian (games), R. {Ludi niegaleuses). Festivals celebrated annually on the 4th of April in honour of Cybelc, who was called the Great (MeyaAcra), in which the people went in pro- cession to the Field of Mars to witness scenic spectacles. The magistrates attended these spec- tacles in a purple toga, or "toga prastexta ;" hence the expression " Purpura Megalensis." Megylp. A vehicle used by some oil-painters, condemned as tending to destroy the permanency of the picture. Melides, Gr. Nymphs of fniit-trees. (Cf Hamadryades. ) Melina, R. A pouch made out of the skin of a marten (or a badger, meles). Melium, R. A collar for sporting-dogs, studded with nails and iron spikes {claviilis, capitatis). Mell. (See Malleus.) Melotte, O. E. A garment worn by monks during laborious occupation. [Hallmell. ) Membrana, R. {inonbrnin, skin). Parchment f(jr writing on was introduced as a substitute for the Egyptian papyrus by Eumenes II., king of Pergamus. It was usually written over on one side, and the back was stained with saffron. The writings were frequently erased, and the paper or parchment used again. It was then called :\.paU)iipscst. All the sheets used for one work were joined together into a long scroll, which was folded round a staff, and then called 7'olu/>icn ; usually there were ornamental balls or bosses, projecting from the ends of the staff, called itnilii/iri or cornua. The ends of the roll were carefully cut and blackened ; they were called ^ww/z/K' frontcs. The roll itself was kept in a parchment case, which was stained purple or yellow. (See also Liiser.) Membranula, R. (dimin. of membrana). A small strip (if parchment on which the title or contents of a volume were inscribed in minium. Menat, Egyp. An Egy[)tian amulet worn on a necklace. The menat evidently formed some symbol, the meaning of which has hitherto not been discovered. Menehis or Minihis, Fr. This term, de- rived from the Celtic mcuech-ti (house of a monk), or manacli-li (free spot of earth), was formerly used in Brittany to denote a place of asylum which had been consecrated in any way. Menhir, Celt. A Celtic monument con- sisting of a huge stone fixed upright in the ground. Menhirs are found associated with dolmens, tnniuli, and circles of stones. (Consult Bertrajtd, Arclhvlogie Celtique et Gauloise, p. 84.) Menis, Meniscus, Gr. and R. {/xrivLffKos ; fj.r)vri, the moon). A crescent-shaped piece of metal which was placed on statues of the gods to hinder birds from settling on them. The same term was used to denote an ornament, likewise in the shape of a crescent, placed by the Romans at the beginning of their books ; hence the expression a nienide, from the beginning. (Cf. Luna.) Mensa, R. (Gr. Tpairefa). A board, tablet, or table ; mcnsa escaria, or mensa simply, a dining-table ; ?nensa piima, secunda, the first, second course of a meal ; mensa tripes, a table with three feet, in contradistinction to mono- podinm, a talile with a single leg ; mensa vinaria, a drinking-table (see Delphica) ; mensa sacra, an altar-table ; mcnsa vasaria, a table for holding vessels ; mensa piiblica, a public bank ; hence mcnsarii, bankers. Mensao, Celt. A Celtic monument more usually called MENHIR (q.v.)- Mensole, Arch. A term denoting the key- stone of an arch. Menzil, Orient. Houses in the East for the reception of travellers, in places where there are neither cai^avanserais nor khans. Mereack, Hind. A sort of thick black varnish employed by the Khmers to coat over statues made of any soft stone, which are ex- posed to the changes of the weather. This varnish was, in many instances, itself covered with gold-leaf. Merkins, O. E. A name given to ringlets of false hair, much worn by ladies temp. Charles I. r WORDS USED IN Merlons, Arch. The Cofs or raised parts of a battlement. Figures of warriors or animals are sometimes carved on the tops. (See Battle- ment. ) Kig. 455. ]\Iermaid and Pillars of Hercules. Arms of the Colonna family. Mermaid. An ancient device of the Colonna family was the mermaid between the pillars of Hercules, with the motto Contemnit tutap}-occllas. Mesaulse (jueV-ovAa). (i) The narrow pas- sage or coiTidor which, in a Greek house, connected the andron with the gyitcEcewn. (2) The door in this passage. Mese (the middle, sc. x°9^'h)- The central note of the seven-stringed lyre. The Greeks had no names to distinguish musical notes. They were expressed by the names of the strings of the lyre. Thus, Nete, d ; Paranete, c ; Paramese, b fiat ; and IVIese, a, in the treble or upper tetrachord ; and LiCHANOS, ^; Parhypate, /; and Hypate, e, in the base or lower tetrachord. Mesjid, Arab. A small mosque. These exist in great numbers. The Sultan Mohamet II. alone consecrated I'jo mesjids in Constantinople. Messe, A.S. The Mass. Messle-house or Meselle-house, O. E. (from the obsolete word /ncasle, a leper). A hospital or lazar-house. Meta, R. {nicHor, to measure). Any object with a circular base and of conical shape ; in a circus the term 7?icta, or rather metie (for there were two sets of goals), was applied to a set of three cones placed together upon a pedestal, as shown in Fig. 456, to mark the turning-points of the race-course. In a mill for grinding corn Fig. 456. Metaofa Roman race-course. the name of meta was applied to the lower part of the mill, which was hewn into the form of a cone. (See Circus, Ovum, Spina, &c.) Metal, Tech. (i) A mass of glass in the slate of paste, ad- herent to the pipe and already blown ; it may be regarded as the first stage in the production of a piece. (2) Broken glass. (3) Broken stones for repairing roads. Metal, Her. The tinctures or and ar- goif. Metallic Canvas. A combination of metal and canvas ; waterproof for various uses. A composition of gravel, an arti- Metallic Lava. pounded chalk, tar, and wax, forming ficial stone to be cast into ornamental shapes in moulds. The vestibule of the Euston Station is paved with this preparation. {Builder, vi, 502.) Metallurgy. It was at a comparatively late period of human civilization that the art of working in iron was brought to perfection. The ancient Egyptians, probably aware of its re- sources, had a superstitious objection to its use ; but they hardened bronze to a degree unknown to later ages, and their bronze statuary of the most ancient period is worthy of any age. The bronze-work of Britain and Ireland is as ancient as any; and, in beauty of form and perfection of casting, rivals the best modern work. Of the work in Greece we are told that Athens alone contained 3000 bronze statues in the year 130 B.C., and vast treasures of metallurgy have been dis- covered in Herculaneum and Pompeii. In mediaeval times Ireland was famous for metal- lurgy, and of its admirable copper-works of the nth century many splendid relics remain, especially the so-called Bell of St. Patrick. Oriental bronzes, of characteristic design, are plentiful from all ages ; especially beautiful and perfect in execution are those of China and Japan. The best period of workmanship in Iron is the Middle Ages ; gates and hinges, keys, and especially weapons and defensive armour being the chief objects produced. (Consult Fiigiit, Digby Wyatt.) (See also Bronze, Copper, Damas- cening, Gold, >iola buxca, a box-wood mill, or mill for grinding pepper ; mola aquaria, a water-mill ; viola asinaria, a mill worked by a beast of burden ; viola versatilis, a grindstone (Fig. 466 represents Love sharpening his arrows, from an engraved gem) ; viola oUaria, a mill for crushing olives. Mold, O. E. (for mould). Earth ; ground. The word is constantly applied to the ground in works of art. (See Degrevant, 1039 ; Hallhuell.) Moline, Her. A cross terminating like the Mill-rind. In modern cadency it is the difference of the eighth son. Mollicina, MolocMna (sc. vestis), R. (^uoAo- X^va, i. c. mallow-coloured). A garment made from the fibres of a mallow [Iiibisais). Mona Marble. A beautiful marble of a greenish colour, obtained in the Isle of Anglesea. Monastic Orders consisted of Benedictine or black monks, and Cistercian or white monks. There were the Regular Orders, the Military Orders, the Conventual Orders, Colleges, &c. Monaulos, Gr. and R. (yuoV-auAos, single- flute). A Greek pipe made of a reed, of Egyptian origin, blown at the end without a reed mouthpiece, and remarkable for the sweet- ness of its tone. Monelle, Menial, Moynel. Arch. (See MULLIOXS.) Moneris, Gr. {/xov-ripT^s, single). A galley or ship -whh a single bench of rowers. Monile, Gr. and R. A necklace or collar. Fig. 468 represents a bronze necklace belong- ing to the Gaulish pe- riod, and Fig. 467 a part of the same neck- lace on a larger scale. By analogy the term was applied to the or- naments worn by horses about the neck. (See Neckl.vces.) Monks, Chr. In the religious iconography of the Gothic period, espe- cially the 14th and 15th centuries, there fre- quently occur grotesque representations of monks. (See Fig. 351.) Monmouth Cap, O. E. A cap worn by soldiers and sailors. Monochord. A one-stringed musical instru- ment, much used for measuring the proportions of length which yield the various sounds within an octave. Fig. 467. Monile. Detail of ornament. Fig. 468. Monile. A Gaulish collar. Monochrome Painting, (i) Painting in a single colour, as, for instance, red upon a black ground, or white upon a red ground. The most numerous class of specimens of this kind of painting are upon terra-cotta, as the Etruscan vases. (2) The term is applied to paintings in tints of one colour, in imitation of bas-reliefs. Monogram. A combination of two or more letters into one design, illustrated especially in ecclesiastical decoration of the 14th and 15th centuries, &c. The abbreviation IHS is said to have been invented by St. Bernardino of Siena about 1437. For Artists^ monogravis, see Stell-cuay, Heller, Brulliot {Dictionaries of Mono- qravis). Monolith {fj.ov6-\iQos). An object formed of a single block of stone. Monolium, Monolinum, R. A necklace formed with a single string of pearls. (See Monile.) Monoloris, R. (Gr. ix6vos, one, and Lat. loruin , a thong. A hybrid word). Decorated with a single band of purple and gold, like the Paragaud.v (q.v.). Monopodium (sc. mensa), R. [ixovo-Ttijliov). A table with a single foot. Monopteral.Arch. (/toj/d-Trrepoy). \Vith a single wing ; a circular temple or shrine, consisting of a roof supported on columns, without any cella. Monostyle, Arch, (i) Piers of a single shaft are sometimes distinguished by this name from compound piers, then called for distinction / 4S; Nebulous. Fig. 482. Nebulee. Cloudy or hazy. Nebuly, Her. Ornamented with light wavy lines. Neck, Arch. The plain part at the bottom of a Roman Doric or other capital, between the mouldings and the top of the shaft. (.See Hypotrachelium.) Necklaces. An ornament common to all ages and nations. The ancient Egyptians of both sexes wore them of gold or beads, generally with a large drop or figure in the centre, and strung of the various religious emblems; amethysts, pearls, gold or cornelian bottles, imitations of fish, shell, and leaves ; finally, an infinite variety of devices. (See IVilkinsoji's Ancient Egyptians, ii. 343. ) An illustration of a common form of Greek necklaces is given under Crotalium. The British women of the earliest ages wore neck- laces of jet, ivory, and amber, beads, shells, &c., besides gold links hooked together. (See also MoNiLE, Torque.) The Anglo-Norman ladies do not appear to have worn necklaces, and no medieval examples are found earlier than the 15th century. (See Figs. 303, 304, 483.) Neck-mouldings, Arch. The mouldings at the bottom of the capital, in Gothic architecture. Necrodeipnon, Gr. A feast after a funeral ; a common suliject on tombs. A horse's head is usually placed in one corner of the representa- tion, as an emblem of death as a journey. Necrologium, Chr. A book kept in religious houses for the names of the founders and bene- factors to be mentioned in the prayers. Necromancy (Gr. v^Kphs, the (lead, and txavr^ia, prophecy). Calling up the spirits of the dead for divination ; hence generally applied to con- juring. Necromancy was practised in two ways by inspection of the entrails, and by invoking the dead. Fig. 483. Necklace. Costume of a Roman lady of the i6th century. Necropolis, Gr. A city of the dead ; a cemetery. Nectar, Gr. The drink of the gods. Necysia, Gr. Offerings of garlands of flowers and other objects made at the tombs of deceased relatives on the anniversary of the day of death, or, as some suppose, on their birthdays. (See Genesia.) Needfire, or Fire of St. John Baptist (Old Germ. N'odfyr, Niedfyr). A supersti- tious practice of the ancients, derived from 224 WORDS USED IN a pagan source, of celebrating the birthday of St. John Baptist at the midsummer solstice (St. John's Eve) by lighting fires, carrying about firebrands, or rolling a burning wheel. The practice is one of many examples of the caution with which the evangelizing ecclesiastics of the Middle Ages refrained from abruptly disturbing the deeply-rooted superstitions of the ancient Germans. [Consult Grimm's German Mytho- logy -, Brand, Popular Antiqinties.'\ Needle, Arch. K\\ obelisk ((\.\.). Fig. 4S4. Needle Point Lace. Needle Point in relief. To Venice belongs the invention of the two most perfect produc- tions of the needle — "Point coupe," and Vene- tian point in relief. Various other wonderful products of the needle are included under the general name of Venetian point, all of excpiisite workmanship. The needle point in relief is made by means of cotton placed as thick as may be required to raise the pattern ; an infinity of lieautiful stitches are introduced into the flowers, which are surrounded by a pearl of geometric regularity. The engraving is an exquisite specimen of the fine raised needle point. Nef or Ship. A costly and curious piece of jilate tor the table, used as an epergne in the Middle Ages. In the i6th century they were perfect models of actual ships, with masts,' yards, shrouds, and sailors climbing in the rig- ging. They were filled with sweetmeats, and were sometimes put on wheels ; and there is one at Emden in Hanover from the hull of which wine was drunk. Negative. In Photography, a picture oil glass having the lights and shadows reversed, from which positives may be printed. Neginoth, Heb. A general term for stringed musical instruments. Nehiloth, Heb. (root chalal, to perforate). A general term for perforated wind instruments of music. Nelumbo, Chinese. A fruit-tree closely con- nected with the Buddhist legends, and from its symbolical significance and adaptability to orna- mentation, commonly represented on porcelain. (See yacqiieviart. Hist, de la Ceramique?) Nenia, R. The funeral song which the hired mourners sang at a Roman funeral, in praise of the deceased. Lessiis was their wailing or cry of lamentation. Neimphar (It. neniifar'). The great white water-lily of Europe. Neocori, Or. and R. (i) Originally sweepers of the temple. (2) In early times applied to the priests in charge of temples. (3) Under the Roman emperors, to all Asiatic cities which had temples dedicated to an emperor ; it occurs in this sense (Necoxc^pos) on the coins of Ephesus, Smyrna, and other cities. Neoteric, Gr. Of recent origin ; modem. Nepaul Paper. A strong unsized paper, made in Nepaul from the pulverized bark of the Daphne papyracea. Sheets of this paper are sometimes made many yards square. Nephrite. A mineral. (See Jade.) Neptunalia. Festivals celebrated at Rome on the 23rd of July, in honour of Neptune. The people built huts of branches and foliage about the streets. Nereids, Gr. Nymphs of the sea, who were the constant attendants of Neptune. Nero Antico, It. Antique marble of Egyp- tian and other ancient statuary, of an intense black, pi'obably the result of ages of exposure, as no marble of the same intensity of blackness is found in any quarries. Marble, called also nero antico, of two degrees of beauty, is quarried at Aubert (Girons) in France ; and the mauso- leum of Napoleon I. is constructed of this stone. Nerved, Her. Having fibres, as leaves. Nerves, Arch. The name is sometimes applied to the ribs and mouldings on the side surface of a vault. Nessotrophium, Gr. A place in a Roman villa for breeiling domestic ducks. It was sur- rounded by a high wall, on which was a high ledge with nests for the birds. A pond was dug in the middle of the enclosure, which was planted witii shrubs. Net Tracery, Arch. A simple and beautiful form of tracery of the Dcroi-afn/ ytcriod, consist- ing of a series of loops resembling the meshes of a net, each loop being quatrefoiled. An exam- ple occurs in the east cloister of Westminster Abbey. Nete, dr. The shortest string, or highest note, of tlic seven-stringed lyre. (.Sec Mese.) Netherstocks, O. E. The name given to sit>i-l-/;!!^s m the i6th century, as continuations of the trunk-hose or upper stocks, Nethinim, Heb. (from nafkan, to give). The servants of the priests and Levites about the Temple. Nettle-cloth. A material made in Germany of very thick cotton, used as a substitute for japanned leather, on the peaks of caps, &c. Network {flatorium opus). An ancient method of embroidery in England, used for church use or household furniture, l3y darning or working the subject upon linen netting. This method chiefly prevailed in the 14th century. Neuma or Pneuma (lit. a breath). A musi- cal passage consisting of a number of notes sung to one syllable, or sim- ply to a sound, as "ah " pro- longed. " In hujus fme netima- tizamus, id est jubilamus, dum finem protrahimus, et ei velut caudam accingimus." Neutral Colour is that re- sulting from a combination of blue, red, and yellow, result- ing in grey. Neutral Tint. An artificial pigment used in water-colours, composed of sepia, and indigo and other blues, with madder and other lakes; producing a scale of neutral colours. Neuvaines, Fr. Chr, Set prayers repeated for nine con- secutive days. Nevers Faience. (.See Ni- VERXAIS.) Newcastle Glass. A cro7vn Ljlass, held the best for win- dows from 1728 to 1830, when it was superseded by the improved make of sheet glass. It was of an ash colour, subject to specks, streaks, and other blemishes, and fre- quently warped. Newel, Arch. The upright central pillar supporting a geometrical staircase. Newel Stairs, Arch. Where the steps are pinned into the Fig. 435. Xichc in the Sigma of the Calkarium. wall, and there is no central pillar, the staircase is said to have an open or hollow newel. (See Joinery.) Niche, Arcii. (It. nicchia, a sea-shell). A recess in a wall for a statue or bust. (Fig. 485.) Niche-vaulting', Arch. (Germ. Mitscheli^e- ivdlbe). A form of roofing- in a semi-cupola design, common in the choirs of churches. Nick, Old Nick, O. E. (Icelandic nikr ; A.S. nicor, a water-god). The devil. Nickel (contraction of Kupfernickel, or Nick's copper, a term of derision given to it by the German miners). A white or reddish-white metal, from which nickel-silver is made. It is used to a large extent in the arts, being re- markable for the ])eculiar whiteness and silver-like lustre which it communicates to other metals when alloyed with them. Nickel-silver. German silver, or white metal, a compound of tin and nickel. Niello. The art of chasing out lines or forms, and inlaying a black composition called nigellum or niello, was probably well known to the Greeks. The Byzantines compounded for this purpose silver, lead, sulphur, and copper, and laid it on the silver in a powder ; being then passed through the furnace, it melted and incor- porated with the solid metal. A process pro- ducing a similar result of black tracery is prac- tised in porcelain painting, and called Niello- enamel. Nigged Ashlar, O. E. Stone hewn with a pick or a pointed hammer, presenting a gnawed or nibbled surface : from the Swedish nag^a, to gnaw. Nilometer. A building erected, a.d. 847, in the island of Rhoda, opposite to Caii-o, for recording the annual rise of the Nile (i. e. 16 cubits). It is a slender octagonal shaft about 20 feet in height, with a Corinthian capital. (See the Builder, xvii. 255.) Nimbed, Her. Having the head encircled with a nimbus ; usually represented by a circular line. Nimbus (Lat. ni/nbus, a bright or black cloud). In Christian art, a disc or plate, com- monly golden, sometimes red, blue, or green, or banded like a rainbow, placed vertically be- hind the heads of persons of special dignity or sanctity as a symbol of honour. After the Sth century living persons were, in Italy, dis- tinguished by a square nimbus, which some- times assumed the form of a scroll partly unrolled. The nimbus is of heathen origin. Virgil de- scribes Juno as " nimbosuccincta." The heads of the statues of the gods, and the Roman emperors, after they began to claim divine honours, were decorated with a crown of rays. On medals of the Christian emperors also the nimbus is found, e.g. Constantine. In illuminated MSS. it is found on Pharaoh, Ahab, and other kings. It 226 WORDS USED IN is a familiar symbol of dignity or power in the East, but does not appear as a Christian emblem before the 6th century. [See the article Nimbus in the Diet, of Christian Aiitiquitics.\ (See Aureole, Glory, Vesica Piscis, &.z.) Nincompoop, O. E. A corruption of the Latin lion compos ; a fool. Ninth. In Music, an interval consisting of an octave and a tone, or semi-tone. Nisan, Heb. The month in the Jewish calendar answering to our April. Nitrate of Silver, used in photography, is silver dissolved in nitric acid. Nivarius (saccus), R. A bag of snow used a> a wine-cooler. (See Collum Vinarium.) Nivernais Fai- ence. An impor- tant branch of the ceramic" art," esta- blished,', in « 1 608 at Nevers • in ' France by the brothers Gonrade..' _, (Fig. 486. )• Nobbled Stone, Arch. Stone roughly rounded at the quarry to di- minish its bulk for transport.' Noble. A gold coin worth 6s. Sii. (Fig. 487.) Nodes. In As- tronomy, the two points where the orbit of a heavenly body intersects the ecliptic. Nodus, Arch. The Latin name for a key- stone, or a /'OSS in vaulting. Nog, O. E. Timbers built into walls to strengthen the structure. They show on the plastering of houses in ornamental patterns. In Kent these houses are called " wood noggen " houses. Noggin, O. E. " A mug or pot of earth with a large belly and narrower mouth." Fig. 486. Jar. Nivernais Faience. Fig. 487. Noble of Henry \. Nogging, Arch. Brickwork in panels car- ried between quarters. Nome, Egyp. (-.oixosK A division or district of Egypt ; there were forty-four in all. Eacli noma was placed under the protection of a special divinity, and ruled by a resident military governor. Nonagon. A nine-sided polygon. Nones, (i) R. One of tiie three divisions of the Roman month ; the ninth days before the Ides of each month. (2) Chr. One of the Hours of Prayer (q.v.). Nonunia, O. E. A quick time in music, containing nii>e crotchets between the bar>. {Halli-u'eU.) ■ ,.,. Norman Architecture. It was introduced into England atthe Conquest,.\.D. lo6,6,ahd wa's super- seded iriuhe I2th' century by. the- EarhvEnghsJi style. .Solid ' massive masonry, round-headed doors and windows, and low square central tower are (broadly) its characteristics. Among details the zigi^ag and the billet mouldings are the most, iloticeflble. (Fig. 488.) ' Norman Pottery, Mediaeval. The illustration is from a pavement of a church of the I2th century. "Nothing," says Jacquemart, ''is more curious than the study of the.se tiles, in which, with rudimentaiy means, art already begins to manifest its power. There, iii a grace- ful chequer-work, the fleur-de-lis of l-'rantc heightens at intervals a seme of trefoils and rosettes ; scrolls of notched leaves combine in graceful borders; circles divided crosswa\s receive in their sections stars and heraldic suns ; here are armour-clad warriors, mounted upon horses richly caparisoned, &c. — all that picturesque fancy assisted by the resources of heraldry could invent to animate the cold compartments of the pavement, and give a meaning to the vast naves trodden every day by the Christian multitude." {^Histoire d-j r Art Ct'raiiiiijiie.) (Fig. 489.) Norns, Nomas, Icelandic. The three Fates, whose names signify the Past, the Present, and the Future. Norroy King at Arms. Tiic third of the kings at arms, whc,.-,o jurisdiction lies ti> ilic nortJi of the Trent. North Side of a churcii " was re- garded as tlie source of the cold wind, and the haunt of .Sat.in. In some Coniisii churches thevc is an entrance calletl the deviTs door, adjoining the font, which was only opened at the time of the renunciation made in baptism, for the escape of th.c fieniL In consequence of these superstitions, and its sunless aspect, the nor- thern parts of clutrchyards are ART^AND ARClI.tOLOGV 127 Fig. 488. Norman Architecture. The Round Church, Cambridge. usually devoid of graves." {IVallcott, Sacred Arc/uro/og}'.) Norwegian Architecture. The timber-built churches are of great interest, and exhibit the wonderful durability of the Norwegian pine. They are generally in the form of a cross, with a tower in the centre ending in a cupola or spire, and with high pitched roofs. The orna- mental details are elaborate and richly carved. The whole is often painted of a rich brown Fig. 489. Incrusted Tile. Norm.-in. Middle Ages. colour ; sometimes of a bright red. Some o these churches date from the lith or 12th century, and are an imitation in wood of the masonic style of the period. Nosocomium, R. {voao-Kop-uov). A hospital. Notatus, R. {nolo, to mark). A slave branded with a hot iron. Note of a Room. The vibrations of the air in a chamber or vaulted .space produce a musical note proper to the dimensions and other con- ditions of the place, which a good musical ear can recognize and identify. [See T. R. Swif/i's Aioiistics, pp. S3 — 87.] Nottingham White. White lead. (See Car- bonate OF Lead.) November (Lat. uovem, nine). The niuth month of the Roman year, which began with March. It consisted originally of thirty days, but Julius Ca.sar added one to it. Augustus, how- ever, reduced it to its original number. Nowed, Her. Coiled in a knot, as n snake. The illustration (Fig. 490) is the ordinar}- device of the house of Savoy — the " true lovers' knot ;" with the Latin motto, " It binds but constrains not." Nowel, O. E. (Fr. uod, from natalis). A cry of joy ; properly that at Cliristmas, of joy for the birth t/ the Saviour. It originally signi- fied the feast of Christmas. Nubilarinm, R. A shod u>ed as a bam ; it was situated cli sc to the tlirc-^liing-lloor. Numella, Nnmellns, R. A kmd of pillory Q 2 228 WORDS USED IN for keeping men and animnls in a- fixed posi- tion. It was made use of in surgical operations, and as an instrument of torture, .' Fig. 490. Kovved. Device of the House of Savoy. Numismatics {numisma, coined money). The science of coins and medals. The earhest known coins were' issued by the Greeks, pro- bably in the 8th century B.C. (See the Article in the Encyclopadia Britan., 8th edition, from which reference can be taken to exhaustive treatises on the various ramifications of this science.) Nummud, Persian. A carpet of felt much used in Persia. Nun's Thread. A kind of thread£formerly made to a large extent in Paisley. Nun' a Work (Fr. ccjivre de noimain). As eavly as the 14th century needlework was gene- rally so described. Ahciefit lace is still so called in many parts of the country. Nundinse {novemdma: ; from- iiovem, nine, and dies, days). Romaiv weeks ; the nomen- clature including the day before and that after the seven days. The name was given to the M'eekly w/rtr^vZ-days at Rome. '.•■ ' ■ Nupta, K.{nul'o, to wed). A married woman. Nuremberg Vase. Fig. 491 is one of the gems, of the Renaissance period, issued from Nuremberg ; a vase with portraits heightened with enamels and gold. {jfattpieDiarl^ Nurhag ■ (Sardinian N'oraga). Primitive buildings in the island of Sardinia, of remote antiquity, having turrets as high as 30 to 60 feet, and containing stones of 100 cubic feet each in their structure. [See Waring, Stone Mo)nimciitsJ\ Nurspell. An old English game like trap, bat, and ball. It is played with a kibble, a mir, and a spell. When the end of the spell 'is struck with the kibble, the mcr rises into the air, &c. Nut. In Christian symbolism, an emblem of 111. =1.-1 io Fig. 492. Nymphaeum of Egeria, near Rome. the Divinity of Christ hidden in His manhood. St. Augustine has a long treatise on the sym- bolism of the husk, shell, and kernel of the nut. {^Sen?i. de temp. Dominic, ante Nativ. ) Fig. 491. NurtMiberg Vase, enamelled in relief. Fig. 493. Nymphaeum at Nismes (restored). Nut Oil. This medium for colour-grinding is derived from the wahiut ; as a vehicle it is pre- ferred to linseed oil, and is the quickest dryer. (See IMediums, Oils.) Nutmeg Ornament, Arch. A common fea- ture in Early luiglish work in the north of England, but not in the south. It resembles half a nutmeg, and is carved at certain dis- tances apart in the hollow of a dripstone at St. Mary's Church, Nunnionkton, Yorkshire. Nuttoo, Hind. A nose-stud or ornament worn by Indian women, often set with bril- liants, rubies, emeralds, and pearls. Nymphaeum, Nympheum {vvfitpaiou and pvfi- cty(7oi'). Literally, a building consecrated to the nymphs. It was a large and richly-decorated chamber, with columns, niches, and statues, and a fountain in the centre. Nymphpca were often erected near the head of a spring, and formed cool and agreeable retreats, l^'ig. 492 rei)rescnts a jiortion of the ruins of the nymph;\;um of Egeria, near Rome ; and Eig. 493 the interior of the nymph;\)um at Nismes, restored. In Chris- tian times the fountains or cisterns common at the doors of churches were called nyniphcca. Nymphs. Inferior goddesses of the moun- tains, forests, waters, or meadows. Those pre- siding over rivers, &c.,were Oceanides, Naiads, Nereids ; those over mountains, Oreiads ; those over woods and trees. Dryads and Ha.madryads ; those over valleys, Nap.«^, &c. They were represented in art as beautiful young women. The waters of Hades had their presiding nymphs, the Avernales. o. was used as a numeral by the ancients to represent 11, and with a dash over it (O) to denote 11,000. 0, O. E. Anything circular. Shakspeare calls the stars " those fiery O's." Oak-apple Day, O. E. The 29th of May, in commemoration of the escape of King Charles in the oak-tree. Oak-tree, the emblem of- virtue, force, and strength, is frequently introduced in ancient sculpture. In Christian art an attribute of St. Boniface, in allusion to his cutting down a Druid ical oak. Oasis (from the Coptic onah, a resting-place). One of the verdant spots that occur at intervals in the deserts of Africa ; hence any fertile spot in a desert, with the obvious symbolical applica- tion. Oast-house, O. E. A kiln for drying hops. Oban. The principal gold coin of Japan, worth about 4/. 2s. Obba, Gr. and R. (S,u)3i|). A drinking- vessel of earthenware or wood, probably funnel- shaped ; hence — Obbatus, Gr. and R. Made in the shape of an obba, that is, terminating in a point. The term is often applied to the cap of the Dioscuri. Obelisk {o^eXicTKos, lit. a small spit). Also called a needle. A tall, rectangular, monolithic column, of slightly pyramidal shape, invented by the Egyptians ; in nearly every case they are covered from the base to the top, and on all four sides, with hieroglyphic symbols. (Fig. 494.) Oberon. The king of the fairies. Obex, R. {ohjicio, to obstruct). Any contriv- ance to keep a door closed, such as a bolt, lock, latch, iron bar, &c. Oblata, Chr. The sacred bread. This word was more commonly applied to the nnconsccrated loaf, and Hostia to the consecrated. (For par- ticulars respecting the preparation and the form of oblates, see the article Elements in Smith and Cheethani, Diet, of Christian Antiquities^ In the same manner Oblati were lay-brothers in a monastery who had not taken the vows. Oblate. Flattened or shortened like the earth at the poles. The earth is an oblate spheroid. Oblationarium, Chr. A small table placed near the high altar, or at the end of one of the side aisles, on which the people laid their offer- ings. It was also used, when in the choir, to hold the sacred utensils in place of the credence-table. In the Greek Church the oblationarium is still used for the bread, wine, and sacred vessels required in the mass. Oble, Oblete (Lat. oblata), O. E. The con- secrated wafer distributed to communicants at mass. " Ne Jhesu was nat the oble That reysed was at the sacre." {Hart. MS.) Hence, a wafer-cake, sweetened with honey, and made of the finest wheaten bread. Oboe or Hautboy (from Fr. haul, high, and bois, wood). A wind instrument like a flute, sounded through a reed. Obolo, Mod. A copper coin, worth about a halfpenny, circulated in the Ionian Islands. J30 WORDS USED IN Obolos, Gr. (derived from 6&ohhs, a brooch, ori- ginally). A small copper coin worth the sixth part Fig. 494. Egyptian Obelisk. of a drachm. The obolos in later times was of bronze ; but in the best times of Athens it was of silver. Its value in the .<^ginetan standard was ri66 of a penny. Obscoena, Chr. Obscene representations fre- quently met with in Christian iconography, which, according to De Canmont, are "to warn the faithful that they ought to enter the temple with pure hearts, leaving outside all the passions that soil the soul." Obsidian. A volcanic glass found near vol- canoes, used in anticiuity for the manufacture of mirrors, axes, knives, &c. (.See Glass.) Obstragulum, R. A long leather strap {amenttni/) worn as a fastening to the crefidd. Obstrigillum, R. A shoe, the sides cf which were lengthened into a lappet over the instep. Obturaculnm. Obturamentum, R. (ohturo, to stop up). A stopper for the neck of a bottle or the mouth of a vessel. Obverse. Of a coin, the face, or side which bears the principal sjTiibol. The other side is the Reverse. Ocal, Span. Coarse silk. OccabuB, R. (oKKo^os). A kind of spoon. Occidental Diamond. A precious stone of inferior hardness and beauty. Occultation. The disappearance or eclipse of one heavenly body behind another. Ocellata, R. (lit. marked with ocelli or spots). Marbles used as playthings by children. Ocellated. Full of eyes ; said of a peacock's tail. (See Fig. 398.) Ochre. Argillaceous earth of different colours which, when finely ground, is used as a pigment. Red ochre is a ibrm of specular iron ore ; Itoich ochre is a variety of haematite. The yellow ochres become red when calcined, but the finest reds are made from those which are brown in the bed. Native red ochre is called red chalk or reddle in England. Spanish Brown, 'Indian A'ed, Venetiati Red, and the yellow ochres have nearly the same composition. The other ochres are known as Oxford, Roman, and stone ochres, and as terra di Sienna and lunher. They are all valuable and durable pigments for oil, water, or enamel painting. (See Am.^tita.) Ocrea, R. A gieave ; a piece of armour which covered the shin-bone from below the knee to the ankle. It was generally richly ornamented by designs embossed or chased upon it. (Modern Jami;es.) Octagon. A figure of eight equal sides, con- sidered as an emblem of regeneration ; conse- f juently the proper fomi for baptistries and fonts. {Fairholt.) Octahedron. A solid contained by eight equal sides, which are equilateral triangles. Octastyle, R. (owTct-o-TuXos). An octastyle portico is a portico having eight columns in front ; octastyle pediment, a pediment supportetl by eight columns. The pediment of the Par- thenon at Athens, from which the Elgin Mar- bles come, is an octastyle. Octave, (i) In Music, the longest interval in the diatonic scale ; as from do to (/.:', or c to C. (2) Chr. Eight days, or the eighth day after a Church festival (the festival being included) kept as a repetition or pi'olongation of the festival. It is a Western custom unknown to the Eastern Church. October. The eighth month of the old Roman year, but the tenth in the calendar of Numa, Julius C;esar, &c. It was sacred to Mars, and a horse called the October equus was annually sacri- ficed to Mars. Octofoil, Her. A double quatre/oil; the difference of a ninth son. Octophoron or Octaphoron, Gr. and R. (vitTU>(l>!jpOv}. slaves. A litter [Lxtiia) borne by eight Ocularium, Med. Lat. The narrow slit or o|)en- ing for the sight in a hel- met. (See Fig. 495.) Oculus, Chr. A round window of frequent oc- currence in the tympanum of the pediment in Latin basilicas, and occasion- ally in certain churches (jf tlie nth century. Ode ((,'5^, a song). A short lyrical poem, in- tended to be sung to the accompaniment of an in- strument, especially the lyre; hence the expres- ksion lyric poetry. Odeoa {(f^flov ; 4^ri, a >ong). A small theatre at Athens, built Ijy Peri- cles for musical perform- ances. By analog}', the name was applied to any theatre built on a circular plan and covered with a roof, like that of Athens, shown in Fig. 496. :. 495. Ocularium in a helmet. Fig. 496. Ground-plan of the Odeon at Athens. (Ecos, (Ecus, Gr. (oIkos). A Greek house ; the term, however, denoted rather a large apartment resembling the atrium, but entirely shut in, that is to say, without impluvium. In Fig. 497, A is the cecus ; B, C, two rooms forming offices ; D, a tablinum ; E, a portico ; G, the entrance to the house ; H, work-rooms ; T, the triclinium. (Ecus tetra- stylos was a house in \\hich four columns supported the roof; cecus Corinthiiis, having one order of columns supporting an archi- trave, cornice, and an arched roof; ' acus Egyptius, in which the pillars supported Fig. 497. Ground-plan of a Greek house. galleiT with a paved floor, forming a walk round the apartment ; above these pillars others were placed, one-fourth less in height ; and between the upper columns were placed win- dows ; and the cccits Cyzicenics, which looked to the north, and, if possible, faced gardens, to which it opened by folding-doors, was a summer-house. fSee DoMUS. ) (Eil-de-boeuf, Arch. A small round or oval windo\A- in a roof. (Billets. (See Oillets.) (Enochoe (Gr. olvos, wine, and Xf«j to pour). An earthen vase used to take the wine out of the crater and distribute it into cups. It is the vase carried by the goddesses, and used for libations. (Figs. 498,49s a.) CEnophorum,(ir. and R. \olvo- roidery. Opus Phrygianum, R. Fine embroidery. (See Okpurey.) Opus Plumarium (feather-stitch). Embroidery 2^,6 WORDS USED IN of which the stitches overlap one another like the feathers of a bird. construction, with an ornamental surface re- semliling the meshes of a net. Opus Spicatum, R. Hening-bone masonry. Fig. 506. Pseudisodomum opus. Opus Pseud-iso-domum, Gr. (lit. quasi-equal structure). A Greek method of building in which the courses are (l) parallel and unequal, Fig. io7' Gate of Lions at Mycenae. I'seudisodomum opus. but regular among themselves, as in Fig. 506 ; or (2) irregular altogether, as in the Gate of Lions at Mycenoe, Fig. 507 (or in Fig. 504). Fig. 508. Structura reticulata. Opus Pulvinarium (cushion-style). Embroi- dery like modern Berlin work, generally used for cushions. Opus Reticulatum, R. A Roman method of Fig. 509. Spicatum opus. Or, Her. The metal gold, expressed in en- graving by small dots, as on Fig. 375. Or basane, Fr. Leather stamped in gold, used as hangings in the i6th and 17th cen- turies. Ora, R. The cable which fastened the stern of a ship to the shore, while the ANCORALEkept her head out to sea. Ora. An old Saxon coin of 16 or 20 pence in value. Orange. The colour formed by the mixture of 5 parts of red and 3 parts of yellow. It is the complementary of blue. The nearest pig- ment is cadminm yellow. Orange Chrome. A sub-chromate of lead, which yields a beautiful orange pigment. Orange Madder -lake. (See Madder.) Orange Minium. (See Minium.) Orange Vermilion. A durable pigment for oil and water colours, in colour resembling red lead. Orange Yellow. A yellow inclining to red, represented by molybdate of lead. (Austed, Elementa)y Course.') Orange-tree. In Christian art, symbol of the " Heavenly Bride." Oranti, It. The name given to certain male and female figures found in the catacomb fres- coes at Rome, represented with the hands spread in the Eastern attitude of prayer. Orarium, R. A scarf or handkerchief thrown to the crowd in a circus, to wave to the chariot- drivers. In Christian archaeology, (i) A scarf affixed to the pastoral staff; as early as the 13th century. (2) The stole. (3) The border of an ecclesiastical vestment. {Flanehe.) (See Stole, Sudarium.) Orb. One of the emblems of sovereignty with which kings are solemnly invested at their coronation. It is a globe surmounted by a cross, and is held in the palm of the left hand. In Art it is a common attribute of the Infant Saviour. Orca, Gr. and R. (op/crjor Cpxa). An earthen- ware vessel of large size, but smaller than the amphora j it was used for holding salted fish. The diminutive is orcuht ; the modern Italian oirio. Orchestra, Clr. and R. (opxvfTTpa, i.e. dancing- place). The lowest part of the Greek and Roman theatres ; usually occupied by the chorus. It contained an altar, on which sacrifices to Bacchus were sometimes made. ? Orchestrino. A modern musical instrument invented by Poulleau. It was shaped Like a pianoforte with similar finger-keys, and the sounds were produced by the frictionof a bow upon strings. Orchestrion.. A modern portable organ, in- vented Viy tlie Abbe Vogler aljout 17S9. A similarly-named instrument invented in 1796 by Kunz, a lk)hemian, consisted of a pianoforte coml)ined with some organ-stops. Orcula. Diminutive of (7;rr;. Order. In classical architecture, a column entire; i.e. base, shaft, capital, and entablature. There are usually said to be five orders : the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Com- posite. Orders of Knighthood. (See Knighthood.) Ordinary, Her. An early principal charge of a simple character. Oread. A mountain-nymph. Oreae, R. {ora, the mouth). A snaffle-bit for horses. Oreiller, Her. A cushion or pillow. Oreillettes, Fr. Ear-pieces on helmets ; 1 5th and 1 6th centuries. Orfrays. The gold, silver, or silk em- broidery on rich garments, chiefly sacerdotal ornaments. The term has two derivations ; Fig. 510. Regals or Portable Organ. some derive it from aurum Phrygium, because the Phrygians, who were excellent embroiderers, were considered to have invented the style; otliers take it to be from aurum fractum (broken). In mediceval Latin the term for orfrays was aurifrigia, aurifrisa, aurifrisiis^ and aurifrixiis. ' •■ Organ. Organs are said to have been first intro- duced into France, a.d. 289, from Greece. A large organ existed in Westminster Abbey in the loth century. Portable organs called also Re- gals were also common. The antique organs had no key-boards, which were introduced in the nth century, simultaneously with the inven- tion of the musical stave (Cf. Hydraula.) The Regals or jiortable organ is an attribute of St. Cecilia. (Fig. 510.) Organdi. A kind of muslin. Organistrum, O. E. A musical instrument, resembling the modern hurdy-gurdy, played by two persons, of whom one turned the handle, while the other played the keys. Organolyricon. A musical instrument in- vented in Paris in iSio by M. de St. Pern. It consists of a pianoforte with two rows of keys, and contains twelve different wind instruments, viz. three flutes, an oboe, a clarionet, a bassoon, horns, trumpet, and fife. Organzine. Thrown silk of a very fine tex- ture. {S.) Orgies, Gr. (opyta). Festivals of Bacchus at which all who were present were carried away by frenzy. The same term was also used to denote the festivals of Ceres and those of the Cabirl Orgues, Fr. Med. (i) Pieces of timber, pointed and shod witli iron, hung like a portcullis over a gateway, to be let down in case of attack. (2) An arrangement of gun-barrels, the pre- cursor of the mitrailleuse. {S.) Orgyia (from opiyta, to extend). A Greek measure of length, representing the distance from end to end of the outstretched arms, or the height of the human figure. It was equal to four cubits or six feet, and was one-hundredth of a stadium. Orichalcum (from opos and x°-^'<-^^t i- e. Diountaiii bronze). A metallic compound, akin to copper and bronze, which was highly prized by the ancients. It was probably brass. Oriel or Oriole, Chr. {on'olum, a little en- trance). A projecting angular window, gene- rally triangrdaror pentagonal in shape. A large bay or recessed window in a church or in an apartment. The word has been used in many senses, with the general meaning of a recess within or a projection from a building. A small oratory. Orientation, Chr. The arrangement of a church by which a worshipper faces the east at prayers. 238 WORDS USED IN Oriflamme. The ancient royal banner of France, coloured purple-azure and gold. It w-as split into five points, and sometimes bore upon it a saltire wavy, from the centre of which golden rays diverged. Orillon, Fr. A mass of earth lined with a wall on the shoulder of a bastion, for the pro- tection of a gun. Orle. (i) Arch. A fillet or listel placed beneath the ovolo of a capital. (2) In Heraldry, a subordinary foiTned of a border of a shield which is cliarged upon ano- ther and a larger Fig. SI I. Orle or crest- wreath. gj^jgjj_ (^^ n^^Mz wreath or torse which encircled the crest, com- posed ordinarily of silk of two colours twisted together, and representing the principal metal and tincture in the wearer's armorial bearings. {Planche) Orleans. A cloth made of worsted and cotton. Orlo. A Spanish musical instrument. Orlop-deck of a ship. That over the hold, on which the cables are stowed. Ormolu, Fr. (w, gold, and vioiihi, ground). 72 '43 copper, 25*2 zinc, and 2 '65 tin ; used for cheap jewellery, &c. Mosaic gold, another name for such a metal, is composed of 65 copper and 35 zinc. Ormolu Varnish. A copper, bronze, or imitation-gold varnish. Ornithon, R. {hpviQwv). A poultry-yard or aviary. Orpharion, O. E. A kind of lute. {Halli- well. ) Orpheon. A musical instrument. Orphrey. An old English word for gold embroidery, from the Latin aiiriphryginm. (See Orfrays.) Orpiment (Lat. auripignuntiDii ; Ang. king's ycUoTo). A yellow pigment of arsenic with sulphur, or, when the arsenic predominates, an orange colour. The finest native orpiment comes from Persia, and is called golden orpimeMt- Orpin, O. E., contraction of Orpiment. Yellow arsenic. 6rrery. A machine for representing in a model the motions and relative positions of the heavenly bodies. Orrice or Orris. A peculiar pattern in whicli gold or silver lace is worked. The edges are ornamented -vfTCa. conical figures, place fe 1^ i-^ i.:^ iiL^-w^l ^it^-Ur ^^ lit aLUfci ^t^ ■iPiriiiiii^ !• ig 51 Orthostita Fac ng of 1 Greek wall Oschophoria, Gr. (o(rx''-'?"^P"'> i- ^- vine-branch- bearing). Athenian vintage festivals, instituted in honour of Bacchus and Ariadne by Theseus, or according to other authorities, in honour of Dionysus and Athena, in which those who took part carried vine-boughs loaded with grapes. The festival was concluded by a race on the sea- shore from the temple of Bacchus to that of Minerva. The victor's prize was a cup called Pentaploa, because it containedyfz'd? ingredients: wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil. Oscillatio, R. A swing. The Roman swings are represented having legs like a chair. Oscilla, R. (dimin. of os, mouth or face). Small images or masks, generally of Bacchus, hung up in vineyards to ensure a good crop, and practically useful to scare off birds from the grapes. Osculare, Osculatorium, Chr. (See Pax.) Ossarium and Ossuarium, R. {os, a bone). A sarcophagus of earthenware, stone, or marble, in which the vessel containing the cremated ashes of the dead was placed. Ossature, Arch, (from the Italian ossatura, skeleton). The skeleton or framework of a Gothic roof or a window. In the roof, the ossature com- prises the nerves, the transverse or longitudinal archef>' the diagonal rib, &c. ; in a window, the iron fnaming. Osteau, Arch. An old term used to denote the rose'^ilaced in the upper part of a mullioned window ; it was also applied to a rosace and a medallion. Ostinati. An Italian literary academy, whose device was a p)Tamid blown from all quarters by the winds, with the obstinate motto, ^^Frustra" (in vain). Ostium. R. A lobby inside the entrance door of a Roman house, deep enough to contain a small porter's lodge on one side, and leading to an inner door which opened on the Atriim. The street door was called Janua. (See DoMrs.-) Ostrich Eggs, Chr. The jM-actice of sus- pending eggs of ostriches in churches was pro- bably introduced from the East by Crusaders. "In some churches two eggs of ostriches, and other things which cause admiration, and which are rarely seen, .ire acc\istomed .to be suspended : that by their means the people may be drawn to church, and have their minds the more aflectcd.'" (Dununiius on Sym- bol! sat.) Ostrum, R. A puiple colour used by the' ancients, produced from the juice of the inurex fish. Othone. Chr. (See Stole.) Ottone, It. Brass. - ' . Oubliettes, Fr. Subterranean dungeons,' into which prisoners were thrown to be oiiblics (forgotten). The side walls, were in some cases armed with strong sharp blades, -Hhich cut the victims to pieces as they fell. It should be mentioned that in many cases cesspools have been mistaken for oubliettes. Ouch Or Nouche, O. E. An ornament of the lirooch kind ; a jewel. (Mod.) The setting of a precious stone. Oudenardes. Tapestry landscapes first made at that place ; called also ' ' tapisseries de ver- dure. ^^ Ourania, Gr. (oypano, i. e. in the air). A game at catch-ball. Outline, which has no real existence in nature, is defined by Aristotle as irepas a-repeov, "the boundary of solid form." The only light and shade used in outlines is the greater lightness or darkness of the lines. Outre, Fr. Exaggerated, fantastic, absurd. Oval (Lat. ovum, an egg). The oval, formed of a continuous curve, differs from the Ellipse, which is equally broad at both ends, in having one end narrower than the other, and is sometimes called a false ellipse. Ovals in win- dows, arches, and other parts of architecture e.^ist, but are rare. Ovatio. ,A lesser triumph distinguished from Triumphus. The general entered the city on foot, and dressed in the toga prajtexta of a magis- trate, attended only by musicians, and knights and plebeians ; and the sacrifice by which the ceremony concluded was a sheep (ovis) instead of a bull ; hence the word ovation. Overstory, Arch. The Clerestory. Overture (Fr. ouvertnre, an opening ; It. sln/otiia). Instrumental music preceding an opera, &c. ftvile, R. Literally, a sheep-fold, and thence an enclosure in the Campus Martius in which each centun,' assembled before proceeding to place its votes {tabell(e) in the urn (eista). It was divided into compartments approached through narrow piassages cMcdpontes qx ponticuli. On entering, the citizens received their voting- tablets {tabclhe'), and \\hen they had consulted within the enclosure, they passed out by another pons, at which they threw their votes into the chest (cista). Fig. 513. Ovolo or Quarter-round. Ovolo, Arch, (from the Latin ovum), (i) A convex moulding showing tiie quarter of a circle, Fig. 514. Egg and dart mo.ilding. and thence called quarter-round. (2) The echinus of the Doric capital. (3) An ornament composed of eggs, separated either by tongues fFig. 277) or by darts (Fig. 514). (See EcHixus. ) Ovum, Egg, R. Conical egg-shaped balls which were plac- ed upon the spina of a circus, on a stone table supported by four columns. (Fig. 515.) There was a second table at the other end of the spina, on which were placed small marble dolphins. Ovum OrphiiUiiL, or Orphic egg, was the mysterious symbol employed by Orpheus to denote the procreative principle with which the whole earth is pervaded. Oviun aui^uiuum was an oval ball of glass worn by the Druids round their neck ; so named because, as was asserted, it was produced from the mingled saliva of two serpents {angiies\. Owl. With tne Athenian^ the owl was the Fig. 515. Ovum. Egg-shaped balls. 240 WORDS USED IX emblem of prudence and wisdom ; the bird of Athene. In Christian art it symbolizes darkness and solitude, and hence unbelief. Ox. In Christian art the attribute of St. Luke ; the emblem of the priesthood and of sacrifice. In representations of the Nativity an ox and an ass are commonly introduced. Ox-gall. The bile or bitter fluid secreted by the liver of the ox ; when refined it is used in oil and water-colour painting to fix and thicken the colours. (See Gall.) I Oxford Ochre. An o.\ide of iron used as a pigment of a brownish yellow in oil and water colours. (See Ochre.) Oxide of Zinc. A u