;-NRLF 
 
 1 
 

 REESE LIBRARY 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 "^eceivcj 
 
 J 
 
 ua-L- 
 
 , l^Q^i 
 
 '■incision 
 
 ^o.y6/A ? -. aitt.V".' 
 
 f 
 

 
AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY 
 
 OF WORDS USED IN 
 
 ART AND ARCH^OLOCxY. 
 
\_All rights reserved.^ 
 
 PRINTED BY GTLBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN's SQUARE, LONDON. 
 
?^^ OF THB ' r 
 
 NIVERSIT 
 *^CaliforH)>- 
 
APSE OF THE BASILICA OF ST. PAUL-WITHOUT-THE-WALLS, ROME. 
 
 iSee Basilica, /. 37. 
 
AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY 
 
 OF WORDS USED IN 
 
 ART AND ARCH/EOLOGY 
 
 Explaining Terms frequently used in Works on Architecture, Arms, 
 Bronzes, Christian Art, Colour,. Costume, Decoration, Devices, 
 Emblems, Heraldry, Lace, Personal Ornaments, Pottery, Painting, 
 Sculpture, &:c., with their Derivations. 
 
 By J. W. MOLLETT, B.A. 
 
 Officicr de V histi udion Piihliipie [France) ; 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE LIVES OF " REMBRANDT" AND " WILKIE " IX THE 
 " great artists " SERIES. 
 
 SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, AND RIVINGTON, 
 
 crown buildings, i88, FLEET STREET. 
 1883. 
 
7^/ 2,^ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This Dictionary was commenced as an amended edition of that written 
 by jNI. Ernest Bosc, architect of Paris, and contains the 450 engravings pub- 
 hshed in the French work, to which about 250 more have been added. Little 
 or nothing, however, of the text of jM. Bosc's work has been left standing ; his 
 definitions having, in the process of revision under reference to original works, 
 almost entirely disappeared. The whole work, as it now stands, has been 
 drawn from, or carefully corrected by, the best authorities in each of its special 
 branches. Considerable prominence has been given to Architecture, from 
 the French original corrected from English writers; to Christian Anti- 
 quities from Martigny, and the Dictionary of Dr. Smith and Professor 
 Cheetham, and other authorities ; to Medleval Armour, and terms of 
 Chivalry, chiefly from Afeyrick's Ancient Armour ; to Costume from Flanche 
 and Fairholt ; to Heraldry from Boutdrs and Mi^s. Bury Palliser's works ; 
 to Pottery, the substance of the articles on this subject being derived from 
 M. Jacquemarfs work ; to NeedleW'Ork, Ivories, Musical Instruments, 
 Goldsmiths' Work, Painters' Materials and Processes Ancient and 
 Modern, Colour, &;c., with references to the several authorities referred to. 
 
 The Greek and Roman Antiquities, which are the principal part of M. 
 Bosc's work, have been in this volume reduced to the smallest possible compass: 
 the Dictionaries of Dr. Smith and Rich must be referred to by those who 
 require fuller definitions upon this subject, which would of itself fill ten such 
 books as the i)resent. 
 
 A few Indian, Chinese, and Japanese Terms, which have come into 
 ordinary use in art, have been sought out and inserted : in the first-mentioned 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 Dr. Birdwood's Handbooks have been a most useful guide. Finally, it is 
 necessary to state, that many words essential to the completeness of the work 
 would have been in danger of omission, if I had not had before me Mr. 
 FairhoWs admirable Dictionary of Art Terms, which, occupying a more restricted 
 ground than this, is so thorough and accurate in dealing with all that it professes 
 to include, that the only raison d'etre of this work is the very much wider and 
 different ground that it covers, and the greater condensation of its definitions. 
 Obviously the substance of every statement in the work is borrowed from some 
 previous writer on the subject, and it is evident that a Dictionary of Reference 
 is not a convenient vehicle for theory or invention. 
 
 The appended list of Classified Catalogues which have been prepared 
 by direction of the authorities of the South Kensington Museum, will have the 
 additional use of referring the reader to the fountain-head at which he can 
 verify and amplify the condensed information that tliis work supplies. 
 
 T. W. MOLLETT. 
 
 October, 1SS2. 
 
 CLASSIFIED CATALOGUES OF BOOKS ON ART 
 
 IN THE 
 
 NATIONAL ART LIBRARY, SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. 
 
 ISSUED BY AUTHORITY. 
 
 List of Works on Costume, \s.; Furniture, \d.\ Heraldry, 3^. ; Lace 
 AND Needlework, \d. : Ornament, M. ; Painting, 4^/. ; Pottery and 
 Porcelain, yi. ; Sculpture, yi. 
 
 These Catalogues may be had on application to the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, 
 
 South Kensington, S.W. 
 
 i 
 
ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF WORDS 
 
 USED IN 
 
 ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 Abbreviations — A.\c\\. Arc/iitictnral ; Chr. Christian ; Y.gyY>. Egyptian; Yr. French; Gr. Greek, 
 Her. Heraldic ; It. Italian ; Lat. Latin; Med. Meaicsval; O. E. Old English ; Orient. Oriental; 
 
 R. Roman. 
 
 Aar nr Aarou, Egyp. A plain in a supra- 
 terrestrial region, which corresponded, with the 
 Egyptians, to the Elysian Fields of the Greeks 
 and the Asgard of Scandinavian mythology. 
 
 Fig. I. Abaciili used .is pavement. 
 
 Abaculus, Gr. and R. (a diminutive o{ abacus, 
 q. V. ). A small square or cube of glass, or some 
 vitreous composition made to imitate stone or 
 glass of various colours. Ahacnli were employed 
 for the inlaid-work of pavements, or the incrusta- 
 tions of mosaic. 
 
 Abacus, Gr. and R. (Si3a|, a slab or board). 
 I. In general a rectangular slab of stone, marljle, 
 or terra-cotta. 2. A board or tray used in arith- 
 metical calculations, and constructed for reckon- 
 ing by lens. 3. A play-board divided into 
 compartments, a kind of back-gammon in use in 
 antiquity. The same term was also applied to 
 a board used for another game of sicill, the Indus 
 latrunculorum, which was more like our chess. 
 4. A side-board on which were displayed, in the 
 triclinium, or dining-room, silver plate and other 
 
 table utensils. 5. A slab of marble, used for a 
 coating in the decoraticm of a room or apartment 
 of any kind. 6. A square slab of terra-cotta or 
 wood, placed by the earliest builders at the top 
 of wooden columns, in order to give them a 
 broader head, and so afford a better suj^port to 
 the beams which rested on them. It was this 
 motive that gave rise to the formation of the 
 abacus of the capital of a column. 
 
 Abaton or Abates, Gr. (a, ^arhs, inaccessible). 
 A term used generally to denote any inaccessible 
 place, such as the cclla of a temple, an adytum 
 from which the profane were excluded. Tiie 
 term Abaton denoted more particularly a build- 
 ing in the city of Rhodes, which contained, 
 together with two statues in bronze, a trophy 
 commemorating a victory gained over the 
 Rhodians. This memorial had been placed in 
 the building by cjueen Artemisia, Mdio had con- 
 secrated it to a divinity. To destroy it would 
 have been a sacrilege, and as no one could be 
 allowed to penetrate into the interior of the 
 Abaton, witliout the defeat of the Rhodians 
 becoming known, all access to it was forbidden. 
 
 Abezzo, Olio di. It. Strasburg Turpentine 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Ablutions, Chr. There were various ablu- 
 tions : that of the head {capitilavium), as a 
 prejiaration for unction in ba])tism ; that of the 
 hands (a<juamanile), during Mass, &c.; that of 
 the feet {pedilaviuni), including the ceremony 
 of washing the feet of the poor, performed on 
 Maundy Thursday, by the Pope. (Fig. 2.) 
 
 Abococke, Med. Cap of estate, worn by kings 
 on their helmets: " a huge cappe of estate, called 
 
 7^ 
 
\VORDS USED IN 
 
 Abococke, garnished wilh two rich crownes ;" 
 15th century. 
 
 Abolla, Gr. and R. {avafioXi], a throwing back 
 and around). A cloak made of a piece of cloth 
 folded double and fastened round the throat by a 
 brooch, Abolla vtahr was the name given to 
 
 Fig. 2. Ewer for ablutions (Persian). 
 
 the amj-ile blanket in which the Greek philoso- 
 phers were accustomed to wrap themselves. 
 This cloak was adopted by the philosophers as 
 an instance of their humHity, because it was 
 mostly worn by the poorer classes at Rome. Fig. 3 
 is a representation of one of the lictors, with 
 his fasces on his shoulder, and wearing the abolla. 
 Abraxas, Gr. (a mystical or cabalistic word 
 formed of the Greek letters a, j3, p, o, |, o, $). 
 Cut stones or gems of very various shapes, upon 
 which are engraved the words Abraxas, Abrasax. 
 They are also known as Basilidian stones or 
 gems, because they constituted the symbols of 
 the gnostic sect of the Basilidians. Certain 
 peoples looked upon them as magic amulets 
 against particular maladies and demoniacal 
 influences. The impressions on these stones are 
 very varied ; cabalistic figures, the signs A and Ci, 
 and the word lAfl, which designates the Supreme 
 Being. Numerous explanations have been 
 sought for this term abraxas ; some philologists 
 assert that it comes from the Persian [or Pehlvi], 
 and that it signifies Mithra ; otiiers derive it from 
 the Hebrew, or the Coptic, while others again 
 recognize in it only a numerical sign, the letters 
 of which, added together, would give the number 
 
 365, or the number of days that make up the 
 year, and in this case abraxas would symbolize 
 tlie animal revolution of the sun. A figure 
 often found upon Abraxas stones is that of a 
 serpent with a radiated lion's head (Chnouphis), 
 which rears itself amid seven stars. The reverse 
 of these stones often bears the inscription Til 
 XNOT*I, "To Chnouphis.^' 
 
 
 Fig. 3. A Lictor with the fasces, wearing the abolla. 
 
 Absidiole. Diminutive of apse, and thus used 
 to denote a small apse terminating a lateral nave, 
 while tlie a]ise closes the central or chief nave. 
 (See Absis.) 
 
 Absis or Apse, R. (cul/ls, a bow or \ault). Any 
 enclosure of semicircular form terminating a 
 room, hall, &c. There was an absis in the 
 
ART AND ARCIL-EOLOGV 
 
 Biuiliia (q. v.), or court of justice, nnd it was in 
 the semicircular recess thus formed tliat the 
 judges' seats were placed. Many temples also 
 had an absis attacheel to them, and there is one 
 in particular of this description well known to all 
 archreologists. This is the absis of the temple 
 of Venus at Rome, which was built by the 
 emperor architect Hadrian. (See ArsE.) 
 
 Abutment, Arch, called also Impost. The 
 solid part of a pier from which an arch imme- 
 diately springs. 
 
 Abydos, Tablets of, Egyp. Under this term 
 are designated two hieroglyphic inscriptions con- 
 taining the names of Egyptian kings. These 
 tablets were graven upon the walls of a cella in 
 a small temple at Abydos, in Upper Egypt; 
 hence their name. The first tablet, the begin- 
 ning of which was destroyed at the time of its 
 discovery, contains the names of the kings of the 
 twelfth and eighteenth dynasties ; this inscription 
 was discovered in 1S17 or iSiSbyJ. W. Bankes, 
 and drawn by Caillund in 1S32 ; it had been 
 taken down from the wall of the temple by 
 Mimaut, the French consul at Alexandria. It is 
 now at the Uritish Museum. The second tablet, 
 which begins with Menes, who is generally sup- 
 posed to have been one of the first kings of Egypt, 
 contains a complete list of the two first dynasties, 
 as well as a great number of names belonging to 
 kings of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, 
 tenth, and eleventh dynasties. This tablet was 
 discovered in 1864 by M. Mariette. It is ic- 
 produced in De Rouge's treatise on the six first 
 dynasties. 
 
 Abyssus, Egyp. A Coptic word, read by 
 some archceologists as Noun (q.v.), and which 
 signifies the abyss, the immensity of the celestial 
 waters upon which sails the solar bark. 
 
 Acacia, R. A term employed by some anti- 
 quaries to denote an object held in the hand of 
 the statue of an emperor of the Lower Empire. 
 It usually consists of a piece of cloth, which 
 the emperor unfurled as a signal for the games to 
 commence. 
 
 Academies of Italy. Literary societies es- 
 tablished during the middle ages. The principal 
 were the Accesi, Alifidati, Amorevole of Verona, 
 Animosi of M ilan, Arcadi of Rome, Ardenti of Pisa, 
 Ardenti of Naples, Ardenti of Viterbo. Catenati 
 of Macerata, Chiave of Pavia, Crusca of Florence, 
 Elevati of Ferrara, Eterea of Padua, Florimon- 
 tana of Annecy, Granelleschi of Venice, Infiam- 
 mati of Padua, Infocati, Insensati of Perugia, 
 Intronati of Siena, Lincei of Rome, Occulti, 
 Offuscati, Ostinati, Rinovati, Sonnachiosi of 
 Bologna, Trasformati of Milan, Travagliati, 
 Unanimi. Their devices are described under 
 the respective headings. 
 
 Acaena, Gr. (a^aifTj), a measuring- rod ; ten 
 Greek feet in length. 
 
 Acanthus, Gr. and R. (a/cij, a point, and 
 
 avdos, a flower). A plant, the ornamental 
 foliage of which has been largely employed as 
 an architectural decoration by different peoples. 
 The acanthus has been applied to the orna- 
 mentation of friezes, cornices, modillions, and 
 various other mem- 
 bers of architecture, 
 but in especial to 
 the decoration of mo- 
 dillions (projecting 
 brackets) (Fig. 4) and 
 of Corinthian and 
 composite capitals. 
 There are several 
 varieties of the acan- 
 thus ; those most in 
 use are the cultivated 
 acanthus, or Brank- 
 ursine [Acanthus viollis), and the spring acan- 
 thus {Acanthus spinosa), the foliage of which is 
 much less beautiful, and furnished with small 
 
 4. Architectural 
 acanthus. 
 
 V \ _ 
 
 ^^^'1^.U'I 
 
 Fig. 5. Bracket decorated with acanthus. 
 
 spikes which make the plant resemble a thistle. 
 This last has also often been applied to decora- 
 tion, in the Romano-Byzantine a.id lanceolated 
 styles of architecture. An English name for 
 this ornament is the " bear's claw." 
 
 Acapna, Gr. (a, priv., and Kanvh^, i.e. without 
 smoke). Wood for fuel, which had undergone 
 several operations to hinder it from smoking 
 when put on the fire. One of the methods 
 employed consisted in stripping the bough of the 
 bark, immersing it in water for some days, and 
 then leaving it to dry. In a second method, 
 the surface was rubbed with oil or oil-lees, or 
 else the piece of wood was plunged into the oil 
 for a few moments. A third method consisted 
 in slightly charring the surface of the wood by 
 passing it through the flame. The wood pre- 
 pared by this last process was also called coda 
 and coctilia. 
 
 Acatium, Gr. and R. (a/faTiof, dimin.ofStfaToj, 
 a light boat). A description of vessel belonging 
 to the class called actiiaritc, i.e. were propelled 
 either by sails or oars. The acatium was a fast- 
 sailer much employed by the Greek pirates. 
 The stern was of a rounded concave form {in- 
 Jlcxci), and the prow was adorned with a beak 
 {rostrum). (See also Actuari/E.) The name 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 acatium was also given to a drinkiny-vessel ] 
 which was in the form of a boat. The RoiTian \ 
 scapha was a similar vessel. 
 
 Acca. A word used in the 14th century for 
 a cloth of gold shot with coloured silk, figured 
 with animals: from Acre in Syria. 
 
 Accesi, It. {infiamed). One of the Italian 
 Literary Academies. Their device was a fir-cone 
 placed over a fire, with the motto "hincodoret 
 fructus." 
 
 Accetta, Med. Lat. A battle-axe, or hache- 
 d'armes. 
 
 Accidental or complementary colour, the 
 prismatic complement of a ray of light : such are 
 Oj-angr to blue, s^i-ee)i to red, s^wA purple io yellotv. 
 Accidental light. An effect of light in a 
 picture independent of the principal light, such 
 as that on the Holy Child in the Notte of Cor- 
 reggio, or that of a candle, &c. 
 
 Acclamations, Chr. Formulas employed by 
 the first Christians to express their grief on the 
 occurrence of some misfortune, or on the other 
 hand, to testify their joy at some piece of good 
 fortune These acclamations were imitated from 
 the nations of antiquity [e.g. a.\. marriages,'^ \o 
 Hymen, Hymemise, Talassio :" at triumphs, 
 " lo, triumphe," &c.]. 
 
 AccoUee, Her. (i) placed side by side: (2) 
 entwined about the neck. 
 
 Accosted, Her. Side by side 
 Accrued, Her. Grown to maturity. 
 Accubitum, R. (ad and cuhitum, an elbow). 
 A bed or rather couch of a peculiar kind, upon 
 which the Romans reclined at meals, and which 
 replaced the lectus tricliunrius. It was a kind 
 of sofa holding onlv a single person, while the 
 lectus trkr.iiarlus held two or three. The act of 
 reclining on this sofa was called aecubitio or 
 accuhitus, a term derived from accubo, to recline 
 at table. 
 
 Acerraor Acerna, R. (prob. from (7(:^r, maple). 
 A small square box with a hinged lid ; a coffer 
 used to hold the incense for sacrifices ; whence 
 its Latin names area turalis, arcula turalis, acerra 
 turis custos. The acerra appears on certain bas- 
 reliefs among the sacred utensils. It is to be 
 seen represented on the altar of the small temple 
 of Quirinus, at Pompeii, underneath a garland, 
 and above an augur's wand. It is generally met 
 with, as being carried by the officiating priests, 
 at religious ceremonies. The attendant carried 
 the acerra in the left hand and employed the 
 right hand to sprinkle the incense on the flame 
 of the altar; whence the expression ///'rtrif rtCfvri?. 
 The term acerra was also used to denote a small 
 portable altar placed before the dead, on 
 which incense was burnt during the time the 
 corpse was exposed to view (collocatio). 'I'lie 
 altar was also named, from this circumstance, 
 ara turicrema. 
 
 Acetabula, R. A kind of bronze 'cymbals. 
 
 attached to the hands and feet, as also to the 
 knees. The same name was also given to silver 
 cymbals which were played by striking them 
 with a stick of hard wood. 
 
 Acetabulum, R. (from acetum, vinegar). A 
 cup for vinegar used by the Romans at meals. 
 The acetabulum was also a goblet used by 
 jugglers among the Greeks and Romans to make 
 nutmegs disappear. By the latter these jugglers 
 were called pra:slii^iatores, by the former ■i^y\<po- 
 KXfiTTai or \prj(poTTalKTai. Lastly, we find in 
 Pliny the Elder that acetabulum was the name 
 given to a dry measure of capacity, equal to the 
 quarter of a kemina or the half of the quartarius, 
 and equivalent to .1238 of a pint. [The Greek 
 Oxybaphdnr\ 
 Acha, Ac'aia, Hachia, Lat. A battle-axe. 
 Achelor, Achlere or Ashlar. (Arch.) Hewn 
 stone. 
 
 Achromitic, Gr. (a priv. ■xpof.i.os, colour). 
 The effect of an arrangement of lenses by which 
 a coloured ray of light is rendered colourless. 
 
 Acicula, Gr. (dimin. of acus, a needle or 
 pin). In particular a bodkin used by the Romm 
 ladies to keep the hair in its place when curled 
 or plaited, and to keep on false hair. The words 
 acicttla ?i.nd acus s.re however all but synonymous. 
 The former does not denote a bodkin of smaller 
 size than the acus, but an object made of an 
 inferior material ; the acus being of silver, ivory 
 or gold, while the acicula was simply of bone or 
 some hard wood such as box, mvrtle, olive, &c. 
 
 Acinaces, Orient. {a.Kiv6.K-r\s ; orig. a Persian 
 word). A straight poniard resembling a very 
 short Roman sword, used by the Eastern 
 nations of antiquity, especially, the Medes, 
 Persians and Scythians. It was worn by 
 soldiers suspended from a belt round the waist, 
 but the weapon hung either at the right or the 
 left side, according to the nationality and 
 accoutrements of the soldier. When, however, 
 he wore a sword, this was always placed at the 
 lefi, and the acinaces at the right side of the 
 body. The handles of these weapons are gene- 
 rally extremely rich. 
 
 Acisculus, R. (Diminutive of ascia, an adze 
 = a small adze). A small pick employed by 
 stone-cutters and masons in early times. Re- 
 presentations of it may be seen ]Metty frequently 
 on medals, in especial those of the Valerian 
 family. [See AsciA.] 
 
 Acketon, Fr. A quilted leatliern jacket, worn 
 under the armour, introduced from the East by 
 the Crusaders. 
 
 Aclis or Aclyx, R. A sort of harpoon, con- 
 
ART AND ARCir.EOr.OGY. 
 
 sisting of ,1 thick short stock set with spikes. 
 ji This massive weapon was chiefly euiployed by 
 foreign nations, but not by tlie Ronians. It was 
 launched against the enemy, and drawn back by 
 means of a cord to which it was attached, to be 
 launched a second time. This weapon bears 
 some resemblance to a particular kind of angon 
 (or tritlent). (See AxGONES.) 
 
 Acoustic Vases, R. (Gr. ohouo-Tih-is, pertaining 
 to the sense of hearing). Vases of eartlienware 
 or more often of bronze, which, in the theatres 
 of antiquity, served the purpose of strengthening 
 the voices of the actors. Vases of tliis kind 
 would also seem to have been employed for the 
 same purpose during the middle ages, for the 
 architect Oberlin, when repairing the vault of 
 the choir, in the ancient church of the Domini- 
 cans at Strasburg, discovered some acoustic vases 
 there. 
 
 Fig. 7. Acratophorum, Roman. 
 
 Acratophorrm, Gr. and R. {o.KpaTo-<p6pos, 
 holding unmixed wine). A table vessel for 
 holding pure wine, while the ciater (Kparrlp), on 
 the other hand, contained wine mixed with 
 water. These vessels were often dedicated to 
 Bacchus. They were made in earthenware and 
 metal, but those that were dedicated to the gods 
 were of gold and silver, and hatl their place 
 among the treasures of the temples. Fig, 7 repre- 
 sents a^ilvcr acratophorum found at llildcshcim. 
 
 Acrdith, Gr. {aKpou, end, and \i6oi stone). 
 A statue covered with garments which in many 
 cases were gilded. The extremities of these 
 statues were of marble or stone — whence their 
 name — more rarely of gold and ivory. The 
 Minerva of Areia, at I'latxa in Boeotia, de- 
 scribed by Pausanius, was an acrolith. This 
 was by I'heidias. The acrolith period is the 
 infancy of the Greek plastic art. 
 
 Aoropodium, Gr. (aKpov, end or point ; and 
 Tr6Siov, a foot). A low square plinth serving for 
 basement to a statue and often forming part of it. 
 
 Acropolis, Gr. (oKpc-iroAn, upper or higher 
 city). From its primary meaning the term came 
 to signify a forlilied city. They were very 
 numerous, in ancient times, in Italy, Greece 
 
 and the colonies of Asia Minor. Most ancient 
 Greek cities were built upon hills, and the citadel 
 on the summit of the hill was called \.\\e acropolis. 
 Acrostic, Chr. {anpov, end, and frrixos, a row 
 or line). A combination of letters formed out of 
 some word, which is thus made to express a 
 thought differing from its own meaning. For 
 instance, the Greek word IX0T2 (ICHTIIUS, 
 fish), symbolizes, in the primitive church, the 
 name of Christ. The following is the acrostic 
 of this word : Ir/coi/s, Xpicrroj, @(ov, Tlos, "ZoiTrip 
 I, CII, TH, U, S. 
 
 Roman acrostolium. 
 
 Acrostolium, CJr. and R. (aKpocnJXiov, 
 extremity of beak of a ship). An ornament 
 employed by the ancients to decorate the upper 
 extremity of the prows of ships. This ornament 
 often figured among trophies, since it was the 
 custom for the victor in a naval combat to take 
 the acros folia from the captured ships. It is 
 frequently to be met with on the bas-reliefs of 
 triumphal monuments. Fig. 8 shows an acros- 
 toUum taken from a bas-relief in the Museum of 
 the Capitol. The object seen projecting from 
 the acrostolium is a sounding lead. 
 
 Acroterium, Gr. and R. (aKpccrripiov, the 
 extremity of anything). In a signification more 
 restricted than the primary one, yet generally ad- 
 mitted, the term acroteria is applied to the plain 
 socles and pedestals placed at the summit of 
 buildings to support statues, groups, or other 
 crownings. AcROTF,RI^J^^ was the common name 
 for the acrostolium, and the taking of it away as 
 a trophy was called acrotcriazein. 
 
 Actia, Gr., festivals held every fourth year, 
 at Actium, in Epirus, in honour of Apollo. 
 
 Actinic (rays of light:) chemically active. 
 
 Actuariae, R. (see Naves). Open boats, built 
 to attain a high degree of speed, propelled 
 by sails and sweeps, and never fitted with less 
 
 than eighteen oars 
 vessel exclusively, 
 
 Acturrii, R. The shorth 
 
 Pirates used this class of 
 d writers who took 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 down speeches in the senate. Also certain officials 
 who answered to our commissariat officers. 
 
 Acuminated, Arch. Finishing in a point, like 
 a lofty Gothic roof. 
 
 Acus, R. (Gr. CLKT], a point). A bodkin, 
 needle, or pin. The acus denoted both a needle 
 for sewing and a pin for fastening anything. 
 When used for the hair it was called aats 
 crinalis or comatoria. In Christian archjeology 
 the word applies to the jewelled pins used as 
 fastenings to papal or archiepiscopal vestments. 
 The Roman aciis is worn in the hair by the 
 Italian peasant woman of the present day. 
 
 Addorsed, Her. (i) Back to back ; (2) point- 
 ing backwards. 
 
 Adespotoi, Gr. (a-5fcr7roToi, i.e. without 
 masters). A name given to a certain -class of 
 freedmen at Sparta. 
 
 Adobare, Med. To entrust with arms (to 
 "dub " a knight). Meyrick. 
 
 Adobes. Bricks manufactured by the ancient 
 Peruvians. 
 
 Adramire, Med. To challenge to a duel or 
 tournament. (Meyrick.) 
 
 Fig. 9. Plan of a Roman temple, showing the adytum. 
 
 Adytum or Adyton, Gr. and R. {Uurov, 
 from a, priv., and Si^&j, to enter). An obscure 
 and secret sanctuary in certain temples from 
 which the public was excluded, and into which 
 the priests alone might enter. The little temple 
 of Pompeii possessed an adytum, and it was here 
 that was discovered the Portici Diana now in 
 the Naples Museum. There was also an adytum 
 in the temple of Delphi, which was burnt down 
 in the first year of the 58th Olym., and rebuilt 
 by the Corinthian Spintharus. The temple of 
 Paphos contained in its adytum a representation 
 of the goddess under the form of a column 
 pointed at the top and surrounded by candelabra. 
 The engraving shows the position of the adytum 
 of a small Doric temple, now destroyed, which 
 once stood near the theatre of Marcellus at 
 Rome. The adytum was the name given to the 
 cclla of a temple, in which oracles were given, 
 or the worship was connected Avith mysteries. 
 See AnATON and Celi.a. 
 
 iEdicula, R. (dimin. o'i ^des, q.v.). A small 
 house, temple, chapel, tabernacle, or even sln-jne. 
 TJius the name was given to a small wooden 
 
 shrine, constructed to imitate the front of a 
 temple, and in which were preserved the 
 ancestors of the family [imagines inajorum), 
 together with the Lares and tutelar divinities. 
 
 .ffigicranes, Gr. (aiytios, of a goat ; Kpaviov, 
 the skull). A goat's [or ram's] head eiuployed 
 as a decoration by ancient sculptors. It was 
 used chiefly to adorn altars which were dedi- 
 cated to rural divinities. 
 
 .ffiginetan marbles. Two remarkable groups 
 of very early (archaic) Greek sculpture, in the 
 Glyptothek at Munich — discovered in the temple 
 of Pallas-Athene at yligina, and arranged by 
 Thorwaldsen. They illustrate "the infancy of 
 art, which lingers round symbolic representation, 
 and has not yet grasped the full meaning and 
 truth of nature." {Butler's Imitative Art.) The 
 anatomy of the bodies and limbs at this period 
 is greatly su]5erior to the expression of the heads, 
 .ffigis, Gr. In its primary meaning, a goat- 
 sl'iu. The primitive inhabitants of Greece used 
 the skins of goats and other animals for clothing, 
 and defence. At a later period the ^Egis became 
 a protective mantle; the shield of Minerva, be- 
 neath which the goddess sheltered those whom 
 she wished to protect from the enemy's missiles. 
 Later still \\\q ALgis denoted the breastplate of a 
 divinity, in especial that of Jupiter or Minerva, 
 as opposed to the lorica, which was the breast- 
 plate of a mere mortal. The regis bore in its 
 centre the Gorgon's head, of which the ser- 
 pents were arranged round the border. Minerva 
 is generally represented wearing it, either as a 
 cuirass or a scarf passed over the right shoulder. 
 Aeneator (Lat. aeneus, brazen). The name 
 given to any musician who played on an in- 
 strument of brass (ae/ieum) ; such as the duc- 
 cinatores, coruicines, liticines, tubiciiies, &c. They 
 formed a college. 
 
 .ffiolipilae or .ffioli- 
 pylae, Cr. (ai'oAos, the 
 wind ; and -KvXri, an 
 orifice). A metal vase 
 \\\\]\ a narrow orifice, 
 which was filled ■\\ith 
 ■water and placed upon 
 the fire, either to make 
 the chimney draw 
 better, or, according to 
 ^ ilruvius, to show 
 \\liich way the Avind 
 blew. 
 
 .ffiolian Harp, Gr. 
 A musical instrument 
 that is played on by the 
 wind passing over its 
 strings. 
 
 .ffirarium, R. («-.r, 
 money). The pul)lic 
 treasury as distinguish- 
 ed from the private 
 
 Fig. 10. Eo!ip)-le. 
 
ART AXn ARCir.EOI.OGY 
 
 t reasury of the Emperors (ftsciis) . Under the Re- 
 public the temple of Saturn served as tlie public 
 treasury, and here were preserved the produce 
 if the revenue, the pubhc accounts and other 
 
 ublic records. The army had a separate 
 [;casury of its own called icrarimii iitilitare, 
 entirely distinct from the cerariiim publ'uu)ii. It 
 was established by Autjustus to provide for the 
 special expenditure of the army. 
 
 Aerial pprspective. The realization of the 
 effect of intervening atmosphere in the distances 
 of a landscape. 
 
 .Ero, R. A basket made of rushes or broom, 
 but still more commonly of osier, and used for 
 conveying sand. It was employed by the Roman 
 soldiery when at work on intrenchments, ex- 
 cavations, or fortifications, as may be seen from 
 bas-reliefs ; more particularly some of those 
 which atlorn the column of Trajan. 
 
 .ffiruca, R. [ivs, bronze). A very brilliant 
 green colour artificially made to imitate verdigris. 
 
 .Erugo, R. Verdigris, the same colour as 
 CEruca (q.v.), but obtained from oxide of bronze. 
 It is difficult to establish a real distinction be- 
 tween the two terms, as Pliny gives the name 
 of (crugo (the rust of bronze) to what Vitruvius 
 calls (Critca. It is probable, however, that czriiea 
 was a kind of verdigris obtained by artificial 
 means, while tsriigo was the natural verdigris. 
 This has given rise to the two terms, which by 
 many archaeologists are confused together. 
 yEruca, the artificial copper rust, formed by 
 the action of wine refuse upon copper, is an 
 acetate of copper (verdigris): while the genuine 
 copper rust, JEriigo, is a carbonate of copper. 
 
 iErumna, R. A kind of fork by which 
 travellers carried their baggage over the shoulder. 
 2. An instrument of punishment for slaves. 
 (See FURCA.) 
 
 .Kb. A term used in antitiuity to denote 
 brass, copper, bronze, or any alloy of these 
 metals. It also serves, in various connexions, to 
 denote a number of different objects. Such as 
 tEs eaiididiiDt, a brass mixed with silver ; a~s 
 Coriiitlium, a brass mixed with gold ; ct:s Cy- 
 prium, the ancient name for copper. (See also 
 Bronze.) 
 
 .ffis grave, R. A general term current in 
 Rome to denote any bronze money at the period 
 when the as was equal to about a pound in value. 
 
 .Es rude, R. The name given to the bronze 
 ingots employed at Rome as ready money in 
 exchanges and other commercial transactions. 
 
 .Es thermarum, Gr. and R. A bronze gong 
 or metal bell hung up in the public baths, the 
 sound of which, when struck, gave notice to the 
 public that the baths were sufficiently warm to 
 be ready for use. 
 
 .Es ustum. Peroxide of copper, or calcined 
 copper. 
 
 .Esthetics, (ir. (oiVfloj'O/uai, to comprehend). 
 
 The science of the instinctive apprehension of 
 the harmonies. 
 
 Aetos, Gr. ('AerJs). A Greek word signifying 
 eagle, and by analogy, a gable, pediment, or 
 higher part of a building generally, so-called 
 from the resemblance which these parts bear to 
 an eagle with outstretched wings. In the same 
 way the Greeks gave the nameof irrfpa (wings), 
 to the outer rows of columns flanking each side 
 of a temple. 
 
 Affidati, It. Oneof the Italian literary acade- 
 mics. Their device was a nautilus, with the 
 motto " tutus per suprema per ima." 
 
 Affrontee, Ilcr. Showing the full front. 
 
 Agalnia, Agalmata, Gr. (ayaA^a, fromdyaAAco, 
 to glorify). Any work of art dedicated to a god, 
 whether it were placed in his temple or not ; 
 such as tripods ; [braziers for incense], or other ac- 
 cessories of a temple. The low pillar placed over 
 a tomb, or the statue of a god might be agalmata. 
 
 Agate. A variety of quartz often employed 
 by the engravers of antiquity. The term is a 
 corruption of the word Achates, a river of Sicily, 
 on the banks of which numerous varieties of the 
 stone abound. Among these maybe mentioned 
 the cerachates, or white wax-like agate ; den- 
 drachates, or arborescent agate ; luniachates, or 
 blood-agate, so-called from its blood-like spots ; 
 and leiicac/iates, or white agate. Agates were 
 often carved into scarabaei by the Egyptians, 
 and Babylonian cylinders have been found, made 
 of the same material. The oriental agate is 
 semi-transparent, the occidental is opaque, of 
 ' various tints, often veined with quartz and 
 jasper; hence its fitness for cutting cameos. 
 
 Agathodaemon, Cup of, Gr. ('Ayaeu-SaiVoii'). 
 A name given by the Greeks to a cup conse- 
 crated to Bacchus, and meaning literally, the 
 " Cup of the Good Genius." It was sent round 
 after a feast, in order that each guest might 
 partake of the wine. 
 
 Agea, R. A narrow passage or gangway in 
 a boat, by means of which the boatswain Qior- 
 tator) communicated with the rowers. 
 
 Agger, R. A general term to denote a 
 mound of any materials, such as that formed 
 by a dyke, quay, roadway, or earthwork ; 
 and particularly a rampart composed of trunks 
 of trees and employed in offensive or defen- 
 sive warfare. A celebrated ag^er was that of 
 Servius Tullius at Rome. The art of con- 
 structing aggeres and other fortifications, had 
 been learnt by the Romans from the Greeks, 
 who in their turn had derived it from the East. 
 It was after having penetrated into the heart of 
 •Vsiauntlcr Alexander the Great, that the Greeks 
 learned the use of siege works employed in 
 the attack or defence of strong places, and 
 became acquainted with various kinds of warlike 
 engines such as the Acrobaticon', &c. 
 
 Agnus Bell, Chr. A sacring bell. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Agnus Dei, Chr. The Lamb of God, or lamb 
 bearing the banner of the cross. The term is also 
 used to denote certain ornaments or medallions of 
 wax impressed with a figure of the lamb. They 
 represented the ancient custom of distributing to 
 worshippers, on the first Sunday after Easter, par- 
 ticles of wax from the consecrated paschal taper. 
 
 Agolum, R. A long sharp-pointed shepherd's 
 stick used by the Roman herdsmen for driving 
 their cattle. The agolum was made out of a 
 straight shoot of the prickly pear ; it is still in use 
 among the herdsmen of the Roman campagna 
 at the present day. 
 
 Agonalia or Agonia, R. A Roman festival, 
 which derived its name from the word agone 
 (shall I proceed?) the question asked of the 
 rex sacrificulus by the attendant, before he 
 sacrificed the victim. The Quirinal was called 
 Mons agoniis, from a festival being held there on 
 the 17th or 1 8th of March, in honour of Mars. 
 The day itself was called Agoiiiitm viartiale or 
 day of the Liberalia. Another explanation of 
 the etymology of the name is that the sacrifice 
 was offered on the Quirinal hill, which was origi- 
 nally called AgouHs. (Consult Ovid. Fasti, i. 
 319 — 332, he suggests several explanations.) 
 
 Agonistic, [a-yoivKmK)], from a7(l)i', a contest). 
 With the ancients, that part of gymnastics in 
 which athletes contended with arms. 
 
 Agora, Gr. {wyopa., from h.'yi[pai, to assemble). 
 A place of assembly or public market. The 
 agora was to the Greeks what the fonim was 
 
 Fig. II. Agora of Antiphellus 
 
 to the Romans. There were numerous agorse in 
 Greece and Asia r^Iinor. Fig. 11, represents 
 the plan of the cr^wvT of Antiphellus ; in which 
 a and b indicate the sites of the corn-pits ; c, that 
 of a basilica. Agora is also used to denote the 
 general assembly of freemen in contradistinction 
 to the Bouli: (q.v.). 
 
 Agraulia. An Athenian festival. 
 Agrenon, Gr. and R. A net, or garment of 
 netted wool, worn over their other dress by the 
 priests of Bacchus and by soothsayers. 
 
 Aguinia, Med. A corruption of ingenia, 
 engines of war. (Meyrick.) 
 
 Aguzo, It. A spear-head ; a spear. 
 Ahenum or Aennm. A bronze vessel fur- 
 nished with a handle for suspending it over the 
 fire, and so-named from the material out of which 
 it was made. (2) The coppers used in the public 
 baths for heating the water in. 
 
 Aiglet, Fr. {aiguilleUe). A 
 metal tag or point to a lace ; 
 sometimes used to signify the 
 lace itself, as in the military 
 costume of the present day. 
 They were formerly used to 
 fasten the slashed dresses ot 
 the middle ages ; and some- 
 times to fasten armour, when 
 they were made of leather 
 witii metal points. In civi- 
 lian costume they were of silk. 
 The term Aiguillette is also 
 applied to the shoulder-knot 
 worn by soldiers and livery 
 servants. 
 
 Ailettes (little wings). Ar- 
 mour worn on the shoulders 
 to protect the back of the neck ; found in monu- 
 mental brasses of the 13th centuiy. 
 
 Aisle {ala, a wing). The wing of a building ; 
 the side passages of a Roman liouse. In 
 buildings of vast size, such as a basilica or temple, 
 comprising a central and two lateral naves, the 
 latter are called aisles. 
 
 Alabarda, Med. A halberd. 
 Alabaster or Alatastrum, (a\dPaffTpov) . A 
 small vase for holding precious perfumes ; so- 
 called from the alabaster of whicti it was gene- 
 rally made. It was of various shapes, but chiefly 
 assumed an elongated form resembling a long 
 pear, a pearl-drop, &c. [Manyof these perfume 
 vessels are made of stalactite.] (2) A calcareous 
 substance of white colour, translucent or semi 
 transparent, and presenting, according to the 
 variety, undulating and continuous veins. The 
 various kinds of ancient alabaster are very 
 numerous ; the following may be named ; 
 flowered alabaster (a/n6os/ro Jiorito) ; golden 
 {dorato) ; quince coloured [cotognino) ; eyed (oc- 
 c/iii) ; tortoiseshell {tartartiga) ; foam-white 
 {pecorella) ; Busca de Palombara [palombara) ; 
 
 Fig. 12. Aiglets. 
 
 I 
 
ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 onyx (otn're), Szc. The Egyptian!? used alabaster 
 for making statues, pliials, panegyric vases, 
 canopea, small figures, and even sarcophagi ; 
 of which last that of Seti I., now in the British 
 Museum, is an example. Alabaster was at one 
 time frequently used (or tombs and carved figiu'es, 
 and is now used for pulpits and other ecclesi- 
 astical purposes. False alabaster is the name 
 given to a gypseous variety of this substance, 
 of which there are rich quarries at Voltcrra, in 
 Tuscany. It is called " Gesso Volterrano," and 
 is much used in Italy for the gr-otimis of pictures. 
 Alabastrotheca, R. {e-t]K-ri', a chest). A box 
 or casket containing alabaster flasks or yases. 
 Aland, Alant, Her. A mastiff with short ears. 
 Alapa. The blow on the shoulder in dubbing 
 a knight. 
 
 Alba creta. Latin for white chalk, a term 
 used by writers on art for gypsum. 
 
 Albani stone. 
 A pepper - co- 
 loured stoneused 
 in ancient build- 
 ings at Rome 
 before the in- 
 troduction of 
 marble. 
 
 Albarium 
 (opus), R. (alO- 
 zis, white). A 
 white coating or 
 kind of stucco 
 with which brick 
 walls were co- 
 vered after a 
 previous applica- 
 tion of ordinary 
 cement. This 
 stucco, which 
 was also called 
 simply albarium, 
 was made by a mixtuic of chalk, plaster, and 
 white marble. 
 
 Albalista, Ailakst. .V cross-bow. 
 Albe, [a/l'iii\ white). An ancient eccle- 
 siastical vestment, common in old brasses. It 
 was a long white linen gown, reaching to the 
 feet, and secured by a girdle. The surplice is an 
 rt//'(' with wider sleeves. (Fig. 13.) 
 Alberk. for Hauberk. A cuirass. 
 Album, Or. and R. {al/'tts, white). A space 
 on the surface of a wall covered with while 
 plaster, upon which were written advertisements 
 or public announcements. By analogy the term 
 was used to denote any kind of white tablets 
 bearing an inscription, such as edicts, decrees, 
 &c. These tablets were very numerous ; there 
 were the album foniijicis, fraioiis, cetiiuria; 
 decuriouutit, Judtcum, saiatorum, Sec. 
 Alcato, Aral). In armour, a gorget. 
 Alcora pottery i.See Df.ni.\.^ 
 
 Alcove. A niche or recess in a room. 
 
 Aldobrandini, Marriage, R. A celebrated 
 fresco from the gardens of Mcccenas, discovered 
 at Rome neai the church of Santa Maria Mag- 
 giore, whence it was conveyed to the villa 
 Aldobrandini, and afterwards sold to the Bor- 
 ghese family. This paintingwhich indisputably 
 dates from the reign of Augustus, consists of a 
 group of ten figures, representing, according to 
 some, the marriage of Peleus and Thetis ; and 
 cording to others, that of Manlius and Julia. 
 
 big. 13. Albe. 
 
 
 Fig. 14. Point dWIeiifoii. 
 
 Alencon, Point d'. Lace formerly know n as 
 Point de P'rancc. It is the only French lace not 
 made on the pillow, but worked entirely by hand 
 with a fine needle, on a parchment ])attern; it is 
 called " Vilain" in the French provinces, and in 
 England is known as needle-point. (Fig. 14.) 
 
 Alerion, Tier. An eagle, in early Her., repre- 
 senlcd without feet or beak. (See Eagi.E.) 
 
 Ale-stake. In the middle ages the roadside 
 ale-house w as distinguished by a stake projecting 
 from the house, on w hich some object was hung 
 for a sign. 
 
 Alexandrinum (opus), R. A kind of mosaic 
 employed especially for the pavement of rooms. 
 The distinctive feature of these mosaics is that 
 the lines or figures composing the designs arc in 
 two colours only, the prevailing ones being red 
 and black upon a white ground. A "large 
 number of mosaics of this description exist at 
 Pompeii, which are also called sectilia. 
 
 Alexikakos (Apollo). Another name of the 
 ceklirattd statue generally called the Belvedere 
 A] olio ; from Nero's villa at Antium. 
 
 Algaroth powder. An ingredient in the 
 manufacture of an Antimony white pigment. 
 
s 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Agnus Dei, Chr. The Lamb of God, or lamb 
 bearing the banner of the cross. The term is also 
 used to denote certain ornaments or medallions of 
 wax impressed with a figure of the lamb. They 
 represented the ancient custom of distributing to 
 worshippers, on the first Sunday after Easter, par- 
 ticles of wax from the consecrated paschal taper. 
 
 Agolnm, R. A long sharp-pointed shepherd's 
 stick used by the Roman herdsmen for driving 
 their cattle. The agolnm was made out of a 
 straight shoot of the prickly pear ; it is still in use 
 among the herdsmen of the Roman campagna 
 at the present day. 
 
 Agonalia or Agonia, R. A Roman festival, 
 which derived its name from the word agone 
 (shall I proceed?) the question asked of the 
 rex sacrificnlus by the attendant, before he 
 sacrificed the victim. The Quirinal was called 
 Mons agonns, from a festival being held thei^e on 
 the 17th or 1 8th of March, in honour of Mars. 
 The day itself was called Agoniinn martiale or 
 day of the Liberalia. Another explanation of 
 the etymology of the name is that the sacrifice 
 was offered on the Quirinal hill, which was origi- 
 nally called Agonus. (Consult Ovid. Fasti, i. 
 319 — 332, he suggests several explanations.) 
 
 Agonistic, [h.-yuivi(TTiKr\, from aybiv, a contest). 
 With the ancients, that part of gymnastics in 
 which athletes contended with arms. 
 
 Agora, Gr. {h'yopa, from ayeipu, to assemble). 
 A place of assembly or public market. The 
 agora was to the Greeks what the forum was 
 
 Fig. II. Agora of Antiphellus. 
 
 to the Romans. There were numerous agorae in 
 Greece and Asia Minor. Fig. 11, represents 
 the plan of the agora of Antiphellus ; in which 
 a and /' indicate the sites of the corn-pits ; c, that 
 of a basilica. Agora \s also used to denote the 
 general assembly of freemen in contradistinction 
 to the Boitli (q.v.). 
 
 Agraulia. An Athenian festival. 
 Agrenon, Gr. and R. A net, or garment of 
 netted m'ooI, worn over their other dress by the 
 priests of Bacchus and by soothsayers. 
 
 Aguinia, Med. A con-uption of ingenia, 
 engines of war. (Meyrick.) 
 
 Aguzo, It. A spear-head ; a spear. 
 Ahenum or Aenum. A bronze vessel fur- 
 nished with a handle for suspending it over the 
 fire, and so-named from the material out of which 
 it was made. (2) The coppers used in the public 
 baths for heating the water in. 
 
 Aiglet, Fr. {aiguiUette). A 
 metal tag or point to a lace ; 
 sometimes used to signify the 
 lace itself, as in the military 
 costume of the present day. 
 They were formerly used to 
 fasten the slashed dresses ot 
 the middle ages ; and some- 
 times to fasten armour, when 
 they were made of leather 
 with metal points. In civi- 
 lian costume they were of silk. 
 The term AiguiUette is also 
 applied to the shoulder-knot 
 worn by soldiers and livery 
 servants. 
 
 Ailettes (little wings). Ar- 
 mour worn on the shoulders 
 to protect the back of the neck ; found in monu- 
 mental brasses of the 13th centuiy. 
 
 Aisle {ala, a wing). The wing of a building ; 
 the side passages of a Roman house. In 
 buildings of vast size, such as a basilica or temple, 
 comprising a central and two lateral naves, the 
 latter are called aisles. 
 
 Alabarda, Med. A halberd. 
 Alabaster or Alabastrum, (a\d$aa-Tpov). A 
 small vase for holding precious perfumes ; so- 
 called from the alabaster of whicn it was gene- 
 rally made . It was of various shapes, but chiefly 
 assumed an elongated form resembling a long 
 pear, a pearl-drop, &c. [Many of these perfume 
 vessels are made of stalactite.] (2) A calcareous 
 substance of white colour, translucent or semi- 
 transparent, and presenting, according to the 
 variety, undulating and continuous veins. The 
 various kinds of ancient alabaster are very 
 numerous ; the following may be named ; 
 flowered alabaster [alabastiv Jiorito) ; golden 
 {dorato) ; quince coloured (cotognino) ; eyed {oc- 
 cliii) ; tortoiscshell {tartariiga) ; foam-white 
 {pecorella) ; Busca de Palombara [palombara) ; 
 
 \ 
 
 Aiglets. 
 
ART AND ARCHEOLOGY, 
 
 onyx {otiice), &c. Tlie Egyptians used alabaster 
 for making statues, phials, panegyric vases, 
 canopea, small figures, and even sarcophagi ; 
 of which last that of Seti I., now in the British 
 Museum, is an example. Alabaster was at one 
 tune frequently used for tombs and carved figures, 
 and is now used for pulpits and other ecclesi- 
 astical purposes. False alabaster is the name 
 given to a gypseous variety of this substance, 
 of which there are rich quarries at Volterra, in 
 Tuscany. It is called " Gesso Volterrano," and 
 is much used in Italy for \hc gmiaids of pictures. 
 Alabastrotheca, R. [dvmi, a chest). A box 
 or casket containing alabaster tlasks or vases. 
 Aland, Alant, Her. A mastiff with short ears. 
 Alapa. The blow on the shoulder in dubbing 
 a knight. 
 
 Alba creta. Latin for white chalk, a term 
 used by writers on art for gypsum. 
 
 Albani stone. 
 A pepper - co- 
 loured stone used 
 in ancient build- 
 ings at Rome 
 before the in- 
 troduction of 
 marl)le. 
 
 Al ba ri u m 
 (opus), R. (alb- 
 US, white). A 
 white coating or 
 kind of stucco 
 with which brick 
 walls were co- 
 vered after a 
 previous applica- 
 tion of ordinary 
 cement. This 
 stucco, which 
 was also called 
 simply albarmiii, 
 was made Ijy a mixture of chalk, plaster, and 
 while marble. 
 
 Albalista, Arbalest. A cross-liow. 
 Albe, [alhtis, while). An ancient eccle- 
 siastical vestment, common in old brasses. It 
 was a long white linen gown, reaching to the 
 feet, and secured by a girdle. The surplice is an 
 fl/Zv with wider sleeves. (Fig. 13.) 
 Alberk, for Hauberk. A cuirass. 
 Album, Gr. and R. [albi/s, white). A space 
 on the surface of a wall covered with white 
 plaster, upon \Ahich were written advertisements 
 or public announcements. By analogy the term 
 was used to denote any kind of ^^hite tablets 
 bearing an inscription, such as edicts, decrees, 
 &c. These tablets were very numerous ; there 
 were the album foii/ijicis, fratmis, ce?i/uria; 
 di-curiouuiii, judtcuvi, scnatoruDi, &c. 
 Alcato, Arab. In armour, a gorget. 
 Alcoia pottery iSee Denia.) 
 
 Alcove. A niche or recess in a room. 
 
 Aldobrandini, Marriage, R. A celebrated 
 fresco from the gardens of Meca-nas, discovered 
 at Rome neai the church of Santa Maria Mag- 
 giorc, whence it was conveyed to the villa 
 Aldobrandini, and afterwards sold to the Bor- 
 ghese family. This painting which indisputably 
 dates from the reign of Augustus, consists of a 
 group of ten figures, representing, according to 
 some, the marriage of Peleus and Thetis ; and 
 cording to others, that of Manlius and Julia. 
 
 MP 
 
 
 
 Fig. 14. Point d'Alenfoii. 
 
 Alencon, Point d'. Lace formerly known as 
 Point de France. It is the only French lace not 
 made on the pillow, but worked entirely by hand 
 with a fine needle, on a parchment pattern; it is 
 called " Vilain" in the French provinces, and in 
 England is known as needle-point. (Fig. 14.) 
 
 Alerion, Her. An eagle, in early Her., repre- 
 sented without feet or beak. (See Eaglr.) 
 
 Ale-stake. In the middle ages the roadside 
 ale-house \\ as distinguished by a stake projecting 
 from the house, on which some object was hung 
 for a sign. 
 
 Alexandrinum (opus), R. A kind of mosaic 
 employed especially for the pavement of rooms. 
 The distinctive feature of these mosaics is that 
 the lines or figures composing the designs are in 
 two colours only, the prevailing ones being red 
 and black upon a white ground. A large 
 number of mosaics of this description exist at 
 Pomjieii, which are also called scclilia. 
 
 Alexikakos (Apollo). Another name of the 
 celebrated statue generally called the Belvedere 
 A] olio ; from Xcro's villa at Antium. 
 
 Algaroth powder. An ingredient in the 
 manufcclure of an Antimony white pigment. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Alhambraic. Ornamentation in the jNIoorish 
 style of the Alhambra, tlie characteristic of vvhicli 
 is a faithful imitation of natural combinations of 
 form and colour, with a rigid avoidance of the 
 representation of natural objects, (tig- 15.) 
 
 Alicula, R. A kind of large mantle, furnished 
 sometimes with a hood. Tlie term is derived 
 
 Fig. 15. Alhambraic uriuinieiit. 
 
 from the Greek &\\i^, the name given to the 
 Thessalian chlamys. (See Chlamys.) 
 
 Alizarin, the colouring principle of the madder. 
 
 Allecret or Hallecret. A light armour for 
 cavalry and inflmtry, consisting of a breastplate 
 and tassets (or gussets), i6th century. 
 
 Allegory in art, is allegorically represented as 
 a female figure veiled. 
 
 All Halowes or All Hallowes. O. E. for All 
 Saints. 
 
 Alloys of Gold. Gold is found alloyed with 
 various metals, never without silver, often with 
 copper, iron, or other substances in small 
 quantities, and sometimes with mercury, when 
 it IS called an amalgatii. Gold alloyed with 
 silver is called native gold. See Electrum. 
 AUouyere Fr. (Lat. allovcriiini). A purse or 
 pouch often carried at the girdle, for 
 '-^ holding papers, jewels, and money. 
 ■~ Almayne Eivets (German Rivets). 
 
 Rivets used in plates of armour made to 
 slide and thus give play to the arms and 
 legs, invented in the 17th century, in 
 Germany ; hence their name. 
 
 Almery, Aumery, or Ambry, Arch, 
 Chr. A niche or cupboard by the side 
 of an altar, to contain the utensils 
 belonging thereto. 
 
 Almond, Chr. An aureole of elliptic 
 form, which is frequently met with en- 
 circling representations of saints, or of 
 God the Father, God the Son, or the 
 Virgin. A more common name, how- 
 ever, for this aureole is vesica piscis 
 (q.v.). The term of mystical abiiond 
 was applied to the symbol expressive 
 of the virginity of the Virgin Mary. 
 The mystical meaning attached to this 
 symbol is e.xplained by reference to the 
 rod of Aaron, which consisted of the 
 bough of an almond-tree that had 
 flowered in a single night and produced 
 an almond on the morrow. 
 
 Almonry, Almonarium, Arch. Chr. 
 A room where alms were distributed. 
 
 Almuce, Aumuce, Amess, Chr. 
 (abiiiititiin). A furred hood worn by 
 the clergy for the sake of warmth, from 
 the 13th to 1 6th centuries. Common 
 in brasses of the 15th century. (Fig. 16.) 
 Aloa, or Haloa. An Attic festival, 
 in honour of Demeter and Dionysus. 
 
 Alostel, O. E. A cry of heralds at 
 the close of a tournament, ordering the 
 combatants to cjuit the lists and retire 
 to their lodgings. 
 
 Alpha and Omega, Chr. {a.\(pa and 
 iifxiya). These two letters, respectively 
 ^^'' ^ the first and the last of the Greek 
 ~"^* alphabet, symbolize our earthly life, 
 since this has a l)eginning and an end. 
 They are also a symbol of God as being the begin- 
 ning and end of everything. 
 
 Altar. A kind of platform or table upon which 
 sacrifices were offered to the gods. Hence, in 
 Christian art, thetableupon which the Euchnristic 
 sacrifice is offered. (Sec Axria'ENDiu.Nr, Cino- 
 RIUM, Rerf.dos, &c. Sec Altare and Ara.) 
 Altar cards, Chr. Portions of the service of the 
 mass printed separately on cards, and placed 
 against the reredos of an altar. 
 
> 
 
 ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. S 
 
 Altar cloth, Chr. The linen coverings, and 
 cmhioidcied hanj;ings of an altar. 
 
 Altare, R. (<?//<? ara, higli altar). A raised 
 altar as contradistinguished from the a7-a which 
 was of no great height. (Fig. I7-) 
 
 Altar front, Chr. An antependium (q.v.). 
 
 Altar screen, Chr. The partition beliind the 
 high altar, separating it from the Lady Chapel. 
 
 Alto-rilievo (Ital.) High Relief. See Rilievo. 
 
 Alum is used in many processes — in the 
 preparation of paper for water-colour painting. 
 
 Fig. i6. Almuce. 
 and of lakes, and carmine, from cochineal. Roche 
 alum, or roach alum, Roman alum, and Turkey 
 alum, are varieties of the common alum, described 
 by mediaeval writers as alumens. 
 
 Alumen (Lat.), Greek, {slypteria). Mediaeval 
 writers confused this word with the alums. 
 
 Fig. 17. Circular Roman altar. 
 
 The name was applied byT 
 
 classics to several 
 salts of the nature of vitriols, and among them 
 to the natural sulphate of iron [copperas ox green 
 vitriol of commerce). 
 
 Alur, Aloringr, or Alurde, &c., O. E. Parapet 
 wall. _ 
 
 Alveole; see jS'imiius. 
 
 Alveus, R. {alvus, tlie belly), (i) A bath 
 constructed in the floor of a room, the upper 
 part of it projected above the floor, the lower 
 part being sunk into the floor itself. (2) A 
 playing-board, which was divided in the same 
 manner as the abacus (q. v.). (3) A canoe 
 hollowed out of the trunk of a tree, the Greek 
 lxov6lvXov. (4) lire hull of a ship. (5) A 
 wooden trough or tray. 
 
 Ama or Amula, Chr. A long phial for 
 holding the wine presented at the altar at the 
 moment of offering. 
 
 Amassette, P"r. An instrument of horn used 
 for spreading colours on the stone in the process 
 of grinding. 
 
 Amatito, Ital. Lapis Amatita. Amatito is 
 the soft red hematite, and is called also niatita 
 rossa. Lapis amatita is the compact red haematite, 
 and is also called in Italy mitieral cinnabar, and 
 in .Spain albin. When this word is used by early 
 writers on art, it probably indicates red ochre, 
 tlie red haematite of mineralogists. (Fairholt.) 
 
 Amber. There are two varieties of this 
 substance, viz., the grey and the yellow amber, 
 of which the latter only need here be more 
 particularly noticed. Its use may be traced 
 back to a very early antiquity, the purposes to 
 which it was applied being the setting of jewels 
 and furniture. It was employed by the Jews 
 for making amulets. Amber was also used by 
 the Egyptians in the fabrication of necklaces 
 composed of pearls or other delicate materials. 
 By the Romans it was sculptured into vases or 
 statuettes. The name of vasa electrina was 
 given to amber vases set with silver, and that of 
 electrina patera to paterae made of amber alone- 
 Amber w^as largely used by early painters as a 
 varnish, and also as a vehicle. It is harder than 
 copal, and is said to be the most durable of all 
 varnishes. It requires a long time to fit it for 
 polishing. Amber is supposed to be a vegetable 
 fossil ; it is washed up by the sea, especially on 
 the shores of the Baltic. 
 
 Amber Yellow, is an ochre of a rich amber 
 colour in its raw state ; when burned it yields a 
 fine braiun-red. 
 
 Ambitus, Gr. R. and Chr. {ambio, to go 
 round about). A small niche in underground 
 Greek or Roman tombs forming a receptacle for 
 a cinerary urn. In the Middle Ages these 
 niches were so far enlarged as to admit coffins ; 
 the name under which they then went being 
 Enfeus (q.v.). During the same period the 
 term ambitus was also applied to the consecrated 
 
\YORDS USED IN 
 
 ground by which a church was surrounded. It 
 served as a place of asylum as well as for burial. 
 The term is also applied to the process of can- 
 vassing ffir votes. 
 
 Ambivium, R. {a7nbi and via, a way round). 
 Any read or street leading round "x place. 
 
 Ambo, Chr. (perhaps from ava^aXvuv, to 
 ascend). A tribune of stone or marble in the 
 
 Fig. 18. The ambo i.f .St. Lawrence at Rome. 
 
 ancient Latin basilicas, a pulpit. Fig. 18 gives 
 a representation of the ambo in the church of 
 .St. Lawrence without the walls at Rome. 
 
 Ambrices, R. The cross laths {re-^ula) in- 
 sei ted between the rafters and the tiles of a roof. 
 
 Ambry ; see Almery. 
 
 Ambulant, Her. In the act of walking. 
 
 Ambulatory, Chr. {ambiilo, to walk). Part of 
 a cloister, forming a kind of gallery for taking 
 exercise in. 
 
 Amenti or Araenthi, Egyp. One of the names 
 given to the nether world of the Egyptians. It 
 means the unseen region. We learn from 
 Plutarch's treatise on Osiris that, " the subter- 
 ranean regions whither souls betake themselves 
 after death is called Anienthes." Osiris is the 
 lord and god of Amenti, which was also called 
 by the Egyptians the cotinlry of truth. 
 
 Amentum, R. A thong attached to the shaft 
 of a lance at the centre of gravity. The soldier 
 placed the fnigers of his right hand between the 
 two ends of the thong, gave the weapon a rapid 
 turn, and then hurled it. Ainentuin was also 
 used to denote the leather strap by which certain 
 kinds of boots, such as the crepidiC, soke, &c., were 
 fastened above the instep. 
 
 Amess. (See Almuce.) 
 
 Amethyst, {h.\xiQ\jaTos, without intoxication.) 
 A precious stone of a more or less deep 
 violet colour. The engravers of antiquity 
 carved figures upon it, in especial those of 
 Bacchus, since the stone was also used, in pre- 
 ference to any other, for making drinking-cups, 
 from a belief that it possessed the virtue of dis- 
 pelling intoxication. This was the origin of the 
 Greek term. Among the ancient Jews the 
 amethyst was one of the twelve stones compos- 
 
 ing the breastplate of the high priest ; it occupied 
 the eighth or ninth row. In Christian symbolism 
 the amethyst (or the colour violet) signifies 
 humility and modesty. 
 
 Amiantus, {a/j.iai'Tos [? undefiledl. A fibrous 
 uninflammable mineral substance. It was used 
 
 i by the ancients for making fire-proof cloth- 
 ing. It was known by the name of asbestus 
 (affQeuTos, unintlammable). 
 
 I Amice. A piece of fine linen in the form of 
 an oblong square, suspended over the shoulders 
 of the clergy. Pngin says it is " a white linen 
 napkin or veil worn by all the clergy above the 
 
 I four minor orders." Ditrand %2,ys'\t. is a proper 
 
 j covering for the head, typical of the helmet of 
 salvation alluded to by the apostle; or of the 
 cloth with which the Jews covered the Saviour's 
 face, when they asked him to prophecy who 
 struck him. Milton, in Paradise Kegaincd, 
 alludes to it, — 
 
 " Morning fair 
 Came forth with pilgrim steps, in amice grey." 
 
 Amma, Egyp. (i) A measure of length in use 
 among the ancient Egyptians. It was about sixty 
 feet. (2) A kind of line used in land surveying. 
 
 Ammah, Egyp. The door which formed the 
 exit from the abode of the dead. Chapters Ixxiii. 
 and cxv. of the Book of the Z)rad are entitled, — 
 On passing Ammah ; i.e. directing one's course to 
 heaven by stepping over the Ammah. 
 
 Amorevole of Verona. One of the Italian 
 literary academies. Their device \\as a hedge- 
 hog with its spines laden with grapes (for its 
 young). Motto, " non solum nobis." 
 
 Amorini, Ital. Cupids. 
 
 Ampelitis, Gr. (afiireKos, a vine). A black 
 pigment prepared by the ancients from the burnt 
 branches (jf the vine. 
 
 Amphibalus, Chr. A vestment, used on 
 Sundays and high festivals ; peculiar to the 
 Galiican Churcli. 
 
 AmpMdromia. Family festival held by the 
 Athenians upon the occasion of the birth of a 
 child. The carrying of the child round the 
 hen nil gave the name to the festival. 
 
 Ampiiimallum, Gr. and R. (af^pi-ixaWov, 
 woolly on both sides). A description of woollen 
 cloth more or less rough, and having a nap on 
 both sides. 
 
 Amphiprostylos, Gr. and R. {ap.<pi-TTp6a- 
 TvAos). A Icmple or other building having two 
 open porticoes (porticuin and posticum), both in 
 front and rear. They are so constructed as to 
 project beyond the cella, or main body of the 
 building. 
 
 Amphitapus, Gr. and R. (afxipi-Tanoi, hairy 
 on both sides). A particular kind of cloth, 
 made of some material resembling Vicuna wool, 
 and having, like the amphimallum, a nap on both 
 sides. It was prol>ably of Eastern origin. 
 
 Amphitheatre, K. {aiJL(pi-deaTpoi'). \ build- 
 
ART AND ARCM.KOLOGV. 
 
 13 
 
 ing which was at first constructed for the 
 purpose of exhibiting gladiatorial shows to the 
 Roman populace ; but later on any kind of 
 spectacle, even to a iiatimachia, or sea-fight, was 
 exhibited there. In the engraving, A shows the 
 
 Fig. 19. Ground-plan of an amphitheatre. 
 
 ground-plan of an amphitheatre, and B the plan 
 of the seats. 
 
 Amphora, Gr. and R. (a/iKpl-cpopeic). A large 
 earthenware vessel, having a handle on each side 
 of its neck (whence the name), and terminating in 
 a point. Amphorae were used for holding various 
 kinds of produce, especially wine ; they were 
 placed side by side in an upright position in the 
 cellar, the floor of which was covered with a deep 
 bed of sand. The engravings represent amphora; 
 from Cnidus, Chio, and Samos. Amphora; 
 were also made of q;las^ ; and a siiecimen is 
 
 Fig. 20. Greek Amphora;. 
 
 mentioned by Nepos of one made of onyx. 
 Homer mentions them of gold and stone ; and 
 the Egy]itians had them of brass. 
 
 Amphotis, Gr. and R. i. A brass caji lined 
 \^•ith cloth inside. 2. A simple woollen cap worn 
 by athletes to protect their temples and ears from 
 the blows of the cestus, in a boxing match. 
 3. A wooden vessel in use among the ancient 
 Greek peasants, as a milking-pail. It derived its 
 name from having two handles or ears. 
 
 Ampulla, Gr. and R. A i^hial or flask with 
 short and narrow neck and spherical body, 
 which was used to hold the oil requisite for 
 bathers {ampulla oleria) ; it could also be used 
 to hold vinegar, wine, and other beverages, and 
 was then called ampulla potaria. The amjiuUa 
 generally took the form of a globe or bladder, 
 but not invariably ; a lentil-shaped variety with 
 rounded sides was very common. Ampulla 
 rubida was the name given to the leather-covered 
 flasks which were made use of by travellers or 
 sportsmen to carry wine, vinegar, or oil. The 
 vessel or cruet used in Christian churches for the 
 consecrated oil or wine was hence called the 
 Ampul. 
 
 Ampyx, Gr. and R. (S^iry|, from djUTre'xo), 
 to surround). \.'iX\\\frontale. A general term 
 to denote any net composed of strings, bands, or 
 ribbons, which forms a head-band. It thus 
 denotes at once a woman's head-dress, or the 
 ornamental strips of leather which serve as head- 
 band for a horse. The ampyx worn by women 
 was in some cases very costly, being made of 
 gold or silver, and adorned with precious stones. 
 The term was also applied, by analogy, to the 
 cover of a vase. Another word for it is ampicter. 
 
 Amulets. Objects of a very heteroge- 
 neous description, to which is superstitiously 
 attributed the power of healing certain diseases, 
 or averting them from men and animals. This 
 is the meaning which attaches, in its widest sense, 
 to the term amulet [amiiletuvi). Amulets are 
 unquestionably of Eastern origin ; by the Egyp- 
 tians they were looked upon as preservatives 
 against dangers, unlucky days, enemies, &c. 
 The varieties of them were very numerous ; 
 among others, were scar.rbcei, small columns, 
 cartouches, symbolic eyes, interlacing fingers, 
 heads of urceus, &c. A large number of stones 
 were also employed as amulets; those of com- 
 monest occurrence are hematite, jasper, lapis 
 lazuli, amethysts, diamonds, heliotrojies, &c. 
 Each of these amulets had its special virtue ; 
 for instance, the clear crystal worn during prayer 
 rendered the god propitious, and compelled him 
 to give ear to the suppliant. Coral kept every 
 evil influence away from a house ; and in Italy 
 it is looked upon, even at the present day, as a 
 preservative against the evil eye. In Christian 
 archaeology, the name of amulets, or in some 
 instances, Enxolpia (q.v.), was given to relics, 
 or objects of devotion, such as crosses, medals, 
 wood from the true cross, the bones of saints, 
 &c. Amulets were also called periapta {irtpC- 
 aiTTa), i.e. suspended, because they were hung 
 round the neck, and also pyctacium, because 
 some amidets were folded in two. The Arabic 
 word amulet means the same as periapla, that 
 which is suspended. 
 
 Amussis, R. The exact sen.se of this term is 
 not clearly defined by ancient authors, beyond 
 
14 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 the fact that it denotes generally any kind of 
 instrument employed by builders — especially 
 masons— for testing the accuracy, regularity, and 
 evenness of their M-ork. The term is used to 
 denote sometimes the plumb-line, rule, or square; 
 sometimes the level, measuring-line, &c. 
 
 Anabathra, Gr. and R. (avd-^adpa, steps 
 up). Steps or stairs ; a raised step ; a mounting 
 block. These last were often placed along the 
 high roads. 
 
 Anabologium, Chr. Another name for the 
 Humerale or Amice (q.v. ). 
 
 Anaceia or Anakeia, Gr. (from ai^a^, a king). 
 A festival held at Athens in honour of Castor 
 and Pollux, who were also called Anaktes and 
 A}iakestes. (See Anaceium). Similar festivals 
 were held at Sparta, Argos, and other cities of 
 Greece. 
 
 Anaceium, Gr. A temple of ancient Athens, 
 dedicated to Castor and Pollux. Slaves used to 
 be sold there. 
 
 Anaclinterinm, Gr. {avaKXLvrijpiov). The 
 head-buard of a sofa or bed, which served as a 
 support for the bolster and the pillow on which 
 the sleeper's head rested. 
 
 Anadem, Gr. {a.va.^i}^a). In general a fillet 
 or head-band ; but in a more restricted accepta- 
 tion, an ornamental band, such as was worn by 
 women and youths airrong the Greeks. It was 
 thus distinguished from the diadenia and the 
 vitta, which were also head-bands, but worn 
 solely as the insignia of honorary, regal, or 
 religious distinctions. 
 
 Anaglyph, {kvh. and "yXxxpnv, to carve). 
 A general term to denote any work of art that 
 is sculptured, chased, carved, or embossed, such 
 as cameos, bas-reliefs, or other raised work, 
 whether in metal, marble, or ivory. When such 
 sculptures or chasings are incised or sunk, they 
 are called Intaglios or Diaglyphs (q.v.). 
 According to St. Clement of Alexandria, ana- 
 glyphs were employed by the Egyptians when 
 they wished to hand down a panegyric of any 
 king under the form of a religious myth. 
 Although the words of St. Clement are very 
 obscure, and have furnished materials for count- 
 less discussions, it is now admitted that the 
 anaglyphs in question belong to the group of 
 hieroglyphics which may be deciphered on the 
 cartouches of the Pharaohs, and in which we 
 have, in fact, panegyrics of the Egy])tian kings 
 veiled in religious myths. The Egyptians also 
 gave the name of anaglyphs to a kind of secret 
 writing, understood only by the initiated ; even 
 at the present day it remains undecipherable, 
 owing to our imperfect knowledge of Egyptian 
 mythology. (See C-elatura.) 
 
 Anagogia. A festival at Eryx, in Sicily, in 
 honour of Aphrodite. 
 
 Analemma, Gr. and R. [avaKrifj-ixv) . Any 
 raised constmction which serves for a support 
 
 or rest, and more particularly a pier, wall, or 
 buttress. (2) The pedestal of a sun-dial, and 
 so the sun-dial itself. 
 
 Anancoeum, R. A drinking cup of great 
 
 capacity, the form of which is unknown. If we 
 
 may credit Varro it was sometimes richly chased. 
 
 Anankaion, Gr. (avayKoiov, from avayKrt, 
 
 restraint). A kind of prison the purpose of 
 
 [ which is not exactly kno^vn. According to 
 
 , some archaeologists it was a private prison for 
 
 I slaves, or for freedmen, who, from some fault, 
 
 I were reduced to servitude again ; others assert 
 
 that it was a public prison. 
 j Anapiesma, Gr. and R. {ava-Tr'uatxa, that 
 I which is pressed back). An appliance used in 
 I ancient theatres. It was a kind of trap-door by 
 I means of which deities were raised from beneath 
 the stage so as to make them visible to the 
 spectators. The proscenium contained a certain 
 number of these trap-doors ; one of them, lead- 
 ing from the orchestra to the front of the stage, 
 enabled the Furies to appear ; by another, 
 marine deities made their appearance ; while 
 that through which passed the sliades who as- 
 cended Charon's staircase was called CharoiCs 
 anapiesma. 
 
 Anastatic. An ingenious modem process of 
 reproducing copies of printed matter, engravings, 
 ink drawings, &c., by transferring them to a 
 sheet of polished zinc. 
 
 Anathema, Chr. (h.vaSi\yia, an offering). 
 Anything offered up in churches by the faithful ; 
 as, for instance, vases and other utensils for 
 sacrifice, altar ornaments, &c. 
 
 Anathema, Chr. The gi^eater excommunica- 
 tion, answering to the Hebi^ew cherem. 
 
 Anchor. In Christian Art, the emblem of 
 Hope. The attribute of S. Clement, the Pope, 
 who was bound to an anchor, and thrown into 
 the sea. (See Angora.) 
 
 Ancile, R. A shield of the shape of a violin 
 case. It was the sacred shield which, according 
 to tradition, had fallen from heaven into the 
 palace of Numa. It occurs frequently on medals, 
 especially those of Augustus. The two incava- 
 tions of the shield were more or less deep, and 
 usually semicircular. But Ovid describes it as 
 of an entirely different shape, being cut evenly 
 all round ; Jdi/ne ancile vocat, quod ab omni parte 
 recisitni est (Ovid, Fast. iii. 377). The Salii, 
 or twelve priests of Mars Gradivus, had twelve 
 such shields. The form was oval, with the two 
 sides curving evenly inwards, so as to make it 
 broader at the ends than in the middle. They 
 used to beat their shields and dance. 
 
 Anclabris, Gr. and R. A small table used 
 instead of an altar at sacrifices ; it was slightly 
 concave, so as to adapt it to hold the entrails 
 of the victim for the inspection of the diviners. 
 (See Altar.) 
 
 Ancon, Gr. and R. (a-j/co.v). A term admitting 
 
ART AND ARCH/EOLOGY. 
 
 15 
 
 various mcnnings. (i) A small console on each 
 side of a door supporting an ornamental cor- 
 nice. (2) The arm of a chair or arm-chair. 
 
 (3) A cramp of wood or metal serving to connect 
 together courses of masonry or blocks of stone. 
 
 (4) The prongs or forks at the end of the projis 
 employed by hunters to hang their nets upon. 
 
 (5) An earthenware vessel used in Roman 
 taverns for holding wine. According to the 
 etymology of the word which in Greek signifies 
 hollow or elbow, this bottle must have been 
 shaped like a retort. (6) The arms or branches 
 of the square used by carpenters and stone 
 masons, which form an angle similar to that 
 formed by the bent arm. 
 
 Ancora, Gr. and R. {ayKvpa, from ayicos, 
 a bend). An anchor or piece of iron used to 
 stop a ship. Like those now in use, the ancient 
 anchors were generally furnished with two 
 flukes or arms, but sometimes they had only 
 one. Tnthe latter case they were caWedh'ros/o/z/os, 
 a term corre- 
 sponding to our 
 modern blintl 
 j anchor. A bas- 
 relief on the 
 column of Trajan 
 represents an 
 anchor placed at 
 the bow of the 
 vessel. In Chris- 
 tian archcEology 
 the anchor is a 
 symbol of hope ; 
 an anchor is fre- 
 Fig. 21. Roman anchor, rom a has- quentlymet with, 
 reliei- among Christian 
 
 symbols, associ- 
 ated with a fish ; the emblem of the Saviour 
 (See Acrostic). 
 
 Ancorale, Gr. and R. Literally the cable of 
 an anchor, and then the buoy-rope, or even the 
 buoy itself. The ancient anchors had a ring at 
 the end of the shank to which the buoy-rope was 
 attached. The latter served not only to indicate 
 the jilace where the anchor lay, but also to drag 
 the flukes out of the ground when the anchor was 
 raised. 
 
 Andiron, Iron standards with barsfor support- 
 ing logs of wood fires, frequently richly orna 
 mented, and sometimes made partly of silver. 
 
 Andriantes, Gr. {avSpidi'Tfs, images of men). 
 Statues set up by the Greeks in honour of the 
 victors in the public games. This custom dated 
 from 50 Olym., or 584 B.C. 
 
 Androgeonia. An Athenian annual festival, 
 in honiiur of Androgeus, the son of Minos. 
 
 Andron, Andronitis, Gr. and Gr.-R. (avSpuy, 
 from auT^p, a man). That part of the Greek or 
 Grceco- Roman house exclusively set ajiart for 
 men. Fig. 22 represents the ground-plan of a 
 
 ^G reek house; the aiidroii occupies all that part 
 of the building which surrounds the open court, 
 and consists of the apartments numbered i to 9. 
 The Romans applied 
 '1 ' 
 
 tlie term simply to a 
 passage separating a 
 house or part of a 
 house from another. 
 
 Anelace, O. E. A 
 knife or dagger worn 
 at the girdle ; broad, 
 two-edged and sharp. 
 
 " An anelace and a gip- 
 
 cicre afl of silk, 
 Hung at Ills girdle, white 
 as morwe milk." 
 (Chauceu, Canterbury 
 Tales.) 
 
 Angel. A gold coin 
 current in England 
 and France in the 
 1 5th and i6th centu- 
 ries. It derived its 
 nam.e from tlie figure 
 of an angel stamj^ed 
 upon it. A similar 
 coin, either of gold 
 or silver, was current 
 in France at various 
 periods. From the 
 time of lyouis IX. to 
 that of Louis XL, the gold angel was equal in 
 value to a crown of fine gold, or a little more than 
 fourteen francs. It was stamped with a figure of 
 St. Michael, holding in his right hand a sword, 
 and in his left a shield with three fleur-de-lys. 
 Henry VI., king of England, when he was in 
 possession of Paris, had a gold angel struck 
 which was not above seven francs in value. It 
 was stamped with the figure of an angel holding 
 in his hand the shields of France and luigland. 
 The same king also had a silver angel struck 
 wliichwns onlv worth about five and a halffrancs. 
 
 Plan of a Greek house, 
 showinu; the andron. 
 
 Angels, (Gr. &77eAoy, a messenger) in Chris- 
 tian Art are represented in nine degrees, \vhich 
 are divided into three categories. The first con- 
 sists of Seraphim, Cherubim, and Thrones ; the 
 
i6 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. ■J4. Arms of France vvilh Angels as supporters. XIV. century. 
 
 second ot Dominations, Virtues, Powers ; and 
 the third of Princedoms, Archangels, and Angels. 
 They are represented as young, to show their 
 continued strength ; winged as messengers of 
 speed ; barefooted and girt to show their readi- 
 ness ; in robes of white indicative of purity, or 
 in cloth of gold for their glory ; the cloth of gold 
 diapered with bands of precious stones ; the 
 emerald, emblem of nnfadiiig youth ; the crystal, 
 oi pitrity ; the sajjphire, qI celestial co7itemplation ; 
 and the ruby, of divine love. During the re- 
 naissance, Pugin complains, "the edifying and 
 traditional representations of angelic spirits were 
 abandoned, and, in lieu of the albe of purity and 
 golden vests of glory, the artists indulged in 
 pretty cupids sporting in clouds, &c." The 
 proper attributes of the angels are trumpets, for 
 the voice of God ; flaming swords, for the 7i:'r«//^ 
 of God ; sceptres, for i\ie power of God ; thuribles 
 or censers for i\\e prayers of saints, and musical 
 instruments to emblem ihe'w felicity. 
 
 Angiportus or Angiportum, R. A narrow 
 road passing between two houses or rows of 
 houses, or an alley leading to a single house. 
 
 Angleterre, Point d'. Lace made by Flemish 
 
 makers who were invited to settle in England 
 in the reign of Charles II., the English Parlia- 
 ment having passed an act prohibiting the im- 
 portation of all foreign lace. England, how- 
 ever, could not produce the necessary flax, and 
 the lace was of inferior f|uality. The merchants 
 of the time remedied this by smuggling large 
 quantities of lace from the Brussels market, sell- 
 ing it as English Point or Point d' Angleterre, by 
 which latter name it is still known, effacing the 
 old name " Point de Bruxelles." (Fig. 25.) 
 
 Anglicanum Opus. (See Embroidery.) 
 
 Angones. French weapons of the Middle Ages 
 furnished with three blades, one of which was 
 straight, broad and keen, the remaining two 
 curving outwards. Some angons have a lozenge- 
 shaped head-biade. They were used as a kind ot 
 pike, and sometimes hurled like javelins. The 
 latter kind somewhat resembled the aclis. 
 
 Anguilla, R. A whip made use of by Roman 
 schoolmasters for puuisliing their scholars. It 
 was so called because made from the skin of an 
 eel {anq-/iis). 
 
 Anguis, R. A serpent which among the 
 Romans symbolized the local spirit (j^enins loci). 
 
ART AND ARCII/EOLOGY. 
 
 17 
 
 Serpents were painted upon a wall to deter the 
 public [rem di.liling the spot thus indicated. At 
 
 Fig. 25. PL-int d'Anglettrre. 
 
 Pompeii these representations of serpents are 
 found in the bakehouses, kitchens, and similar 
 places where cleanliness is peculiarly desirable. 
 The same term was applied to a military ensign 
 in the shape of a serpent. 
 
 Anime. Gum anime is a resin, which is mixed 
 with copal in making varnish, causing it to dry 
 quickly and tumly. 
 
 Animosi of Milan. One of the Italian literary 
 academies. Their device was •' stags passing a 
 river, resting on the heads of each other." 
 Motto, " Dant animos vices." (Mutual help 
 gives strength.) 
 
 Anklets, Gr. (See Pf.riscelis.) 
 
 Annealing. The process of tempering britile 
 gla.NS and metals by heat. 
 
 Annulet, Her. A plain ring, or false roundle. 
 
 Annulets, Arch. Ihe rings or mouldings 
 about the lower part of the echinos or ovolo of 
 Doric capitals. 
 
 Annulus or Anulus, Gr. and R. (dimin. of 
 auiis, a ring). A hngerring. They were 
 originally made of iron, and used as a signet for 
 sealing. Later on they were made of gold. 
 Among the Greeks and Romans they were worn 
 on the fourth finger of the left liand, whence the 
 expression sec/ere ad aiiidos aliaii, to l)e seated at 
 any one's left hand. The anulus bii^t minis was a 
 ring set with two precious stones ; anulus velaris 
 was a curtain ring. A plait of hair arranged in 
 circles round the back of the head was also called 
 anulus. In architecture the term was formerly 
 employed instead of annUt. Tiie sione most 
 
 frequently used for rings was the onyx, upon 
 which devices were carved with wonderful skill. 
 The bezel, or part of the ring which contained the 
 gem, was called FaI-'V. (See RiNOS.) 
 
 Ansa, Gr. and R. A term signifying both 
 haft and handle, and even eyelet or hole. Any 
 vessel or vase which has large ears or circular 
 handles on the neck or body, is said to be fur- 
 nished with anscc. Ansa ostii was the term 
 a[)plied to the handle by which a door is pulled 
 or shut to. The bronze or iron eyelet on the top 
 of a steelyard were also called ansic staterm. 
 The holes or eyelets made in the side leathers of 
 a Greek or Roman shoe were called (iy/Jcfcv-f/Zfli-/"; 
 the handle of the rudder, ansa gubernaculi ; lastly 
 an iron cramp was called ansa ferrca. 
 
 Fig. 26. Templum in antis. 
 
 Antae, R. Square or rectangular pilasters 
 supporting the v alls of a temple, wliich was 
 thence called /t'w////w /// ««//>. ( Fig. 26.) The 
 antcc thus formed the end of the walls ofthea7/(r. 
 The capitals of antir and the friezes abutting on 
 them were sometimes richly ornamented, as 
 may be seen by referring to Fig. 27, which lepre- 
 
 Capital and frieze ol one of tfie Ania: in the 
 lemplc of Augustus. 
 
 C 
 
i8 
 
 WORDS USED IX 
 
 sents, in their restored state, the frieze and one 
 of the antse in the temple of Augustus, at Ancyra, 
 inGalatia. 
 
 Antarius, Antarii funes, R. Ropes employed 
 for raising into the proper position any object 
 of considerable weight, such as a column, mast, 
 &c. 
 
 Antefixa. Ornaments of terra cotta which 
 were placed above the cornice, at the end of each 
 row of tiles on a roof (Fig. 29). They were also 
 used in ancient times for decorating the ridge 
 of a roof. We possess specimens of antefixa 
 remarkable for delicacy of design and execution ; 
 such were the antefixa of the temple of Diana 
 Pi'opylaea at Eleusis, and the various Etruscan 
 specimens to be found in our museums. They 
 were decorated with masks, leaves, and especially 
 palms painted to imitate nature or in different 
 colours. The Etruscans employed coloured ante- 
 fixa only ; many specimens of these last may be 
 
 Fig. 29. Archaic Antefixa in terra cotta. 
 
 seen at the Louvre, and in the museums of 
 Perugia, Florence, and Naples. The Antefixa 
 of the Parthenon were of marble. (Fig. 30.) 
 
 Antemural. A term referring either to the out- 
 \\ orks protecting the approach to a castle, or to 
 the wall surrounding the castle. 
 
 Antenna, R. The yard-arm of a ship. 
 
 Antepagmentum, R. The jamb of a door. 
 Anicpiv^niLiituin supcrhis, the lintel. 
 
 Antependium. Richly ornamented hangings 
 of precious metal, wood, or textile fabrics, in 
 front of a Christian altar. 
 
 Anteportico. A synonym of PoRCH (q.v.) j 
 but little used. 
 
 Anterides, Gr. and R. (? ai'T6pei5a>, to stand 
 firm). A structure employed to strengthen a 
 Weaker one. It consisted of a kind of buttress 
 
 placed against an outer wall, chiefly in subter- 
 ranean constructions, such as a sewer or aque- 
 
 Fig. 30. Antefixa in marble from the Parthenon. 
 
 duct. Pig. 31 represents the anterides of the 
 Cloaca Maxima at Rome. 
 
 Fig. 31. Anteridci of" the Cloaca Ma.xima at Rome. 
 
 Anthony, Cross of St., in the form of the 
 letter T. It is the idealized representation of a 
 crutch. (See Crosses.) 
 
 Anthropomorphic. Man-shaped ; said fi)r 
 example of the character of the Greek Religion, 
 whose gods and demi-gods were only ideal men, 
 from which circumstance the representation of 
 the human form became the first object of their 
 plastic art. 
 
 Antia. The iron handle of a shield. 
 
ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 19 
 
 Antiae, R. The ringlets of haii- worn by men 
 and women wliich hung about the ears and 
 the temples. 
 
 Antick. Strange, irregular, or fantastic in 
 composition. 
 
 Antilena, R. An appliance attached to the 
 pack-sacUlle ot'a beast of bunlen. It was a broad 
 strap passing in front of tiie animal's breast so 
 as to prevent the saddle from slipping backwards. 
 It was employed especially in mountainous 
 districts. 
 
 Antimensium, Chr. A consecratcel altar- 
 cloth. 
 
 Antimony. Tlie oxide of this metal is 
 employed in the preparation of yellow pigments 
 for enamel or porcelain painting. Glass is 
 colouretl yellow by antimony. (See Naples, 
 Gui.MEi's Veli.ows.) 
 
 Antipendium, Chr. (See A.ntependium.) 
 
 Antiphoner, Chr. An antiphonarium ; a 
 book vi' responses set to music. 
 
 Antique. Pertaining to ancient Greek or 
 Roman art : more freely used in recent times to 
 describe the quality of ancient art in general, but 
 properly applicable only to classical art. 
 
 and Sa/ii. liy analogy, the term was furtherused 
 to denote a cap, anil also the ridge on the top of 
 ahelmet to which the horsehair crest wasattached. 
 
 Aphractus, Gr. and R. {&(ppaKToi>, lit. un- 
 guarded). A vessel without a deck, or only 
 partly decked fore and aft. 
 
 Aphrodisia, ih: {'AtppoSiaio). A general 
 term under which were comprised all the festivals 
 held in honour of Venus {.Ip/irodi/i). 
 
 Fig, jj. AiiluiUx- and anchor of a Roman ship. — From 
 bas-relief. 
 
 Aplustre, Gr. and R. {&(l>\a(nov). An orna- 
 ment placed at a siiip's stern. It was constructed 
 of llexible wooden planks, in imitation of the 
 leather of a bird's wing. 
 
 Apotates, Gr. (Lat, Desultor). One who 
 
 Fig. jj. Opus Antiquum. 
 
 Antiquum Opus, Arch. An ancient kind o 
 stone-work or masonry composed of in-egular 
 stones. Another name for it was optis iitca-tiii/i. 
 
 Antiseptic varnish. A glazing composed to 
 protect vegetal)le or animal pigments. 
 
 Antitype. The realixalion of the /ype. 
 
 Antonine Column. One of the most valuabl« 
 architectural monuments in Rome. It is a lofty 
 pillar ornamented with a series of bas-reliefs 
 extending spirally from the base to the summit, 
 representing the victories of the Emperor Marcus 
 Aurelius Antoninus. 
 
 Anulus. (See Annulus.) 
 
 Anvil. In Christian art the attribute of _ 
 St. Adrian, and of St. Eloy, the patron saint of j-Z, 
 the smiths. 
 
 Apalare, R. A kitchen utensil ; a sort of large 
 metal spoon or ladle. 
 
 Ape. In Christian art the emblem of malice 
 and of lust. Common in illuminations of the 
 penitential psalms, in allusion to David's fall. 
 
 Apex, R. {apdx, the top). A piece of olive 
 wood pointed at the end, and set in a flock of 
 Wool. It fonned the head-dress of the Flamhtcs 
 
 Fig. 34. Al.o^tle Mug. 
 
 v' OF THK 'K 
 
 TBK 
 
 TTTsTT VVD GTnn-v 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 dismounts, (i) Soldiers in chariots who leaped 
 in and out in the fight. (2) The circus riders 
 who leaped from one horse to another. 
 
 Apodyterium, R. and Gr.-R. (from aTro Svw, 
 to put. off). In a general sense, an undressing- 
 room, and more particularly the apartment in 
 the baths where the bathers undressed. As little 
 light penetrated from without, there was generally 
 a lamp burning in a niche. An apodytcrii(tn such 
 as that just described may still be seen at Pompeii. 
 
 Apollino, It. The name usually given to the 
 beautiful " Apollo of Florence," attributed to 
 Praxiteles. 
 
 Apophyge or Apophysis, Arch. The small 
 fascia or band at the top and base of the shaft of 
 columns. 
 
 Apo3tle Mug. The mug or tankard shown 
 in the engraving is of Nanconian or Nurem- 
 berg stone-ware, with figures of the twelve 
 apostles enamelled in colours upon it. (Fig. 34.) 
 Apostle Spoons are well known to have re- 
 ceived their names from the figures of the 
 Apostles forming the handles. 
 
 Apostyls Coats, O. E. Probably garments 
 used for mystery plays. 
 
 Apotheca, Gr. and R. (airodriKri, a granary). A 
 store-room or magazine for containing any kind 
 of stock. The Romans also applied the term 
 specially to a wine store-room situated in the 
 upper part of the house ; this was sometimes 
 called \\\Q.fiiimiriiim. Here the wine was placed 
 in amphorae to ripen it more quickly, whereas 
 when stored in the cdlla vinaria, it was placed in 
 Cup^ and Dolia (q.v.). 
 
 Apotheosis, Gr. (aTrri, Qils god, to deify). A 
 deification ; the ceremony by which a mortal was 
 introduced among the number of the gods. The 
 proper term in Latin is cotiscci'atio (q-v.). The 
 funeral pile, in such cases, was built several stories 
 in height, and an eagle was let loose from the top 
 storey, to carry thesouloftheemperorfromearthto 
 heaven. This is commemorated upon the medals 
 stnick on the occasion, which represent an altar 
 with a fire on it, from which an eagle ascends. 
 
 Apparel, Chr. End^roidered additions to the 
 vestments of the clergy. 
 
 Appaumee, Her. .Said ol ■Sihand, open, erect, 
 and showing the palm. 
 
 Appianum, Lat. Appian green, a pigment 
 used by the ancients, prepared from green earth, 
 now known as Cyprus or Vcroiia gi-een, because 
 the best is found at those places. 
 
 Apple. The emblem in classical art of vic- 
 tory, and in Christian art cif the fall of man. 
 
 Applique, Fr. Applied ornament, as of metal 
 or porcelain upon wood. In embroidery, Appli- 
 que work is used, when a pattern cut out of one 
 colour or stuff is applied, or laid on, to another. 
 
 Apse, Apsis, or Chevet (a>|/iy, bow or vault). 
 The termination of a church. It is generally of 
 semicircular form, and surmounted lay a demi- 
 
 cupola, but there are instances of rectangular 
 apses. Fig. 35 repi^esents the apse of St. William 
 in the Desert. (See Absis. ) 
 
 Apsis gradata, Chr. The chair occupied by 
 bishops in the early Christian basilicas. 
 
 Apteral, Arch. Without wings. A temple 
 
 thout columns on the sides. 
 
 Aqua fortis (nitric acid). Used by engravers 
 
 oi- '■^P^e (it St. William in the Desert, a mon.istcr}- 
 in the South of France. — Built about a.d. 820. 
 
 and etchers for biting in on copper and steel. 
 
 Aqua marina. A transparent green stone, fre- 
 quently used by the gem engravers of antiquity. 
 
 Aquaemanalis. (See Aquiminarium.) 
 
 AquamaniJe, Chr. The basin used for wash- 
 ing the hands of the celebrant in the liturgy. 
 A. of great splendour are frequently mentioned 
 in the ancient records. The corresponding ewer 
 was called UrcF.US. 
 
 Aqua-tint. A method of engraving with the 
 help of mastic. {Consult Fielding's "Art of 
 Engraving.") 
 
 Aqueduct, Gen. {aqua, water, and ciuco, to 
 lead). An artificial canal for conveying water 
 from one point to another, and often to a con- 
 siderable distance from the source. Many 
 
ART AND ARCTI.T'.or,(^r;V. 
 
 21 
 
 ancient nations have executed works uf this 
 description, but the Ivoman aqueducts are esjie- 
 cially celebrated. Tiie most pcrrcct is that wiiich 
 slill exists, in a ruined slate, t)ver the river (iard, 
 near Nismes in tlie South of France, called Poitl- 
 du-Gard. (Fig. 36. ) Aiiucducts wer; often dis- 
 charged into reservoirs. 
 Aquilae, R. The eagles, or ensigns, of the 
 
 
 Kig. 03. Poiit-(.Ui-Gar(i, a Roman aqucJiicr near Nismes. 
 {RcstoreJ ) 
 
 Roman legion under the Empire. They were of 
 silver or bronze, and had the wings outstretched. 
 As an architectural term aquila denotes the 
 triangular face formed by the tympanum of a 
 pediment, because the latter was often orna- 
 mented with an eagle. (.See Ens1(;x. ) 
 
 Aquiminariam, R. An ewer for jiouring water 
 over the hands of the guests after a banquet. 
 Other terms tor this ewer wciq aijiuenmiialis and 
 ai/iiiiiiaiiiilt\ 
 
 Ara, R. The Latin term for Aliak. (See 
 this word and Alt.VKE. ) 
 
 Arab Pottery. (See G.^rgoulette.) 
 
 Arabesque, CJen. An ornament of a pattern 
 more or le>s intricate, composed of stems, l^oliage, 
 leaves, fruits, scrolls, or leafage, as well as of 
 curious and fantastic animals. It is an error to 
 suppose that arabesque, as its name might seem 
 to indicate, was an Arab invention; it was known 
 to the Greeks and Romans, and was largely em- 
 ployed in Grrcco-Roman architecture. 
 
 Araeostyle, Arch. An order of temples, in 
 which the sjiace between the columns is four 
 diameters in width. 
 
 Arbalest. (Sec Crossbow.) 
 
 Area, R. {arceo, to enclose, ])reserve). (i) A 
 kind of box or strong chest used by the ancients 
 as a receptacle for money, clothes, or any valu- 
 
 able effect*;. (2) A strong box or money chest; 
 (3) a rough chest used for a coffin ; (4) a cage 
 for criminals, made of oak ; (5) a wooden caisson, 
 answering the jjurpose of a modern coffer-dam. 
 
 Arcade. A series of arches. 
 
 Arcadi. A I-iterary Acailemy established at 
 Rome in 1690. The members adopted pastoral 
 names. Their device was a Pand.van pipe, sur- 
 rounded by a wreath of olive and pine. 
 
 Arcatures, Arch. A series of blind arcades 
 represented on a wall, in relief or painting. 
 Carved arcatures are those forming a kind of 
 screen ; they are detached from the wall, and 
 have an inner and outer face. 
 
 Arcera, R. A cart boarded all over so as to 
 resemble a huge chest {area). The inmate 
 reclined on cushions and ])illows covered with 
 drapery ; and the exterior was covered with 
 hangings, the richness of which varied with the 
 rank and fortune of the owner. 
 
 Arch (aims, a bow). A structure the form of 
 which is based on the segment of a circle. The 
 kinds of arches arc named according to the 
 curve which they make. Round-headed arches ; 
 semicircular, segmental or stilted, introduced by 
 the Romans. Tn'aii,i:/i/ar arehes, of very early 
 date. Horse-shoe arches ; the Moorish, the 
 common horse-shoe and the pointed (which is 
 also a Moorish form). Then the trefoil arch of 
 the Early English style : \\ ith its variations, in- 
 cluding the square-headed trefoil of the 13th 
 century. The lancet or acute-pointed ; the e(/ni- 
 lateral ; ihc pointed trefoil ; the ^^tv, of the 14th 
 and 15th century; the Tudor arch, of the reigns 
 of Henry VII. and VHI.; and the decorative 
 forms, not used in construction; i\\e Jlainlmyant, 
 the cinqitefcil and the inultifoil are all described 
 under he headings printed above in Italics. 
 
 Archaic (art). The first period of Art is dis- 
 tinguished by stiffness and converitionality of 
 treatment, directed much more to the symbolic re- 
 presentation of an idea than to lieauty or true imi- 
 tation. It is properly called also the hieratic tyjje, 
 from its intimate relation to religious symbolism. 
 See Ski.i.nuntian ; /Ec.inetan Maiou.ks. 
 
 Archangels. The seven angels of the Chris- 
 tian hierarchy who stand in the presence of God. 
 St. Michael, sometimes in complete armour, 
 bears a sword and scales, as the Angel of Judg- 
 ment, also a rod with a cross ; St. J\a/>hael hea.rs 
 a fish, and a pilgrim's staff and gounl ; St. Ga- 
 briel bears a lily ; 6')vV/ carries a parchment roll 
 and a book, as the interpreter of pro])hecies ; 
 Chainuel bears a cuj) and a staff: Zophiel a 
 flaming sword ; .and /.adchiel \.\\c sacrificial knife 
 vvhichlie took from Abraham. The .Vrchangels 
 are generally represented with the nimbus, and 
 clothed as princes and warriors ; their ensign is 
 a banner and cross, and they are armed with a 
 sword and a dart in one hand. 
 
 Arched or Archy, ller. Bent or bowed. 
 
WORDS USED IX 
 
 Arched-buttress or Flying Buttress, Arch, j 
 
 An incomplete arch supportuig the spandrels of i 
 a roof. It sprin2;s from a Buttress (q.v.). : 
 
 Archeria, Med. Lat. A vertical loophole from 
 which arrows could be discharged. 
 Archibault. (See Archivolt.) 
 Architrave, Gr. and R. (apx^s, chief ; and ; 
 Ital. trave, a beam). That part of a .structure 
 which rests immediately on the capital of a 
 column or pilaster. Architraves are surmounted j 
 l)ya frie/e and a cornice. i 
 
 Archivium, Or. and R. A building in which I 
 archives (charters and records) of a city or state 
 were deposited. It was also called Arciieion 
 or Tabim-AKIUM (q.v.). 
 
 Archivolt or Archibault, [aims, and 7'olutiis, 
 rolled round). The whole of the mouldings 
 decorating an arch or arcade, and following the 
 contour of the same. 
 
 Archlute, old Eng. A kind of iJuwho, or 
 double-necked lute. l6th century. 
 Archy. (.See Arched.) 
 
 Arcosolium, Chr. (arciis, and soliiiDi, a coffin). 
 An arched or vauUed sepulchral chamber in the 
 catacombs, sanctified by the interment of martyr.; 
 and holy persons ; and in later generations often 
 richly decorated, as with marble incrustations, 
 paintings, and mosaics. The arcosolia in which 
 Ciiristians of small means were buried are con- 
 structed in the walls of the passages in the cata- 
 combs. The wealthier Christians, however, had 
 arcosolia specially excavated for their family and 
 friends; the following mscription is frequently 
 fuund on them : Nobis et nostris ef amicis. 
 
 Arcuatio, R. A structure formed by means of 
 arches or arcades, and employed to support a 
 construction of any kind, such as a bridge, 
 aqueducis, &c. 
 
 A'-cubaiista, R. (^aAAco, to throw). A 
 machine for hurling arrows, somewhat similar 
 to a cross-bow. 
 Arcubus. (See Arquebus.) 
 Arcula, R. Duninutive of Arca (q.v.). (i) A 
 small chest. (2) A colour-box used by encaustic 
 painters. (3) A small sepulchre, or stone coffin. 
 Arculum, R. Agarland which the Z'/i7//j (Priest 
 of Jupiter) wore on his head while sacrificing ; it 
 consisted of one or two pomegranate boughs 
 bent into a circle and fastened with fillets of 
 white or red wool. 
 
 Arcuma, R. A small carriage constructed to 
 hold only one person. (See Tlaustrum, Ciii- 
 
 RAMAXIUM, VeHICULUM.) 
 
 Arcus, R. (i) A bow for discharging ariows. 
 There were many kinds in use among the ancients. 
 Those of the Greeks and Romans presented on 
 the whole much analogy with each other, while 
 the Scythian bow differed entirely from both. 
 (2) An arch of masonry ; the arciis triumphalis 
 was a trimphal arch. The Romans never used 
 anv other form of arch than the semi-circle. 
 
 Ardenti. Literary Academies of this name 
 existed at Pisa, at Naples, and at Viterbo. 
 
 Area, R. (i) Any broad, open and level space, 
 and so a square or parade. Ar^cv were adorned 
 with fountains and statues set up in honour of 
 some divinity, who frequently gave his name to 
 the spot. Thus at Rome there were the area 
 Apollinis, area Alerciirii, Sec. (2) A threshing- 
 floor in a field. 
 
 Arena, R. (i) Sand ; a material employed in 
 building. (2) The level space forming the area 
 of an amphitheatre. 
 
 Aranaria, R. A Roman game of ball for two 
 ]icrsons ; it derived its name from the fact that the 
 l>all was made to rebound from the ground (artiia). 
 Arest3. A cloth of gold, elaborately figured, 
 used for vestments. 13th century. It is not to 
 be confounded with arras. 
 
 Arfzzo Va'e. Many fine examples of old 
 P]truscan ]iottery have 
 been found in or near 
 the town of Arezzo in 
 Tuscany. They are of 
 red lustred ware orna- 
 mented in relief, and 
 show evident traces of 
 Greek origin. (Fig.37.) 
 Argei, R. (i) Certain 
 sites at Rome, having 
 a small temple attached 
 to them. (2) Images 
 J^or lay-figures made of 
 bulrushes, which were 
 cast into the Tiber, on 
 t!.e Ides of jNIay, from 
 This custom is still kept 
 the south of France, ^\•here. in certain 
 
 Fig. 37. Arezzo vase, 
 the Sublician bridge. 
 
 uj-. 
 
 
 
 
 A^, 
 
 M 
 
 
 Fig. 3S. Point d'.Argcntan. 
 
ART A\D ARCIT.r:OLOr.V. 
 
 towns, on Ash-Wednesilay, they drown an inia^e 
 called Caraiiientran who represents tlie god of 
 the carnival. 
 
 Argent, Her. The metal silver, represented 
 in engravings by a plain white, 
 
 Argentan, Point d'. Lace made much in the 
 same way as Point d'Alen9on, but having the 
 flowers bolder anil larger in pattern antl in higher 
 relief; the foundation, called tlic bride-ground, 
 is also coarser. It takes its name from the little 
 town of Argentan in Normandy, where it was 
 made. (Fig. 38.) 
 
 Argentella. A name given to a lace made in 
 Genoa, but worked much like Point d'Alcn9on. 
 
 Argive. A school of sculpture, contemporary 
 with the Attic School of Pheidias ; of which 
 Polycletus was the head. He was the author of 
 the Crt/w;/, or law of proportion in sculpture, 
 exemplified in his Doryphorus (spear-bearer) ; 
 he worked principally in bronze, and was famous 
 for his chryselephantine statues. A specimen 
 ofthe Argive school of sculpture is the Discobolus 
 of Myron (a contemporary of Polycletus) in the 
 British Museum. It is an ancient copy in marble 
 from the original bronze statue. Closeness to 
 Nature is a distinguishing characteristic of the 
 Argive School. 
 
 Aries or Ram. A battering-ram. It con- 
 sisted of a stout beam, furnished at one end 
 with an iron head, shaped like that of a ram, 
 
 and was used to liatter the walls of a city till a 
 breach was elfected. The battering-ram was 
 at first worked by men, who simply cartied it in 
 their arms, but ii\ course of lime it was sus- 
 pended from a wooden tower (Fig. 40), or a 
 
 Fig. 40. Pattering-ram. 
 
 vertical beam, and worked with the aid of ropes. 
 When the battering-ram was enclosed in a kind 
 of wooden shed bearing some resemblance to the 
 shell of a tortoise, it was called by the name of 
 that animal (tcstiido) (Fig. 41). 
 i Ark, Clir. A symbol ofthe church. 
 
 Armanahuasi, I'eruv. The baths of the an- 
 cient Peruvians. They were remarkable f<jr the 
 elegance and luxury displayed in their ornamenta- 
 tion. They were furnished with magnificent foun- 
 tains, some of which threw their jets upwards 
 (///^rrtrt/), others in a horizontal direction {paccha). 
 
 Armarium, R. A cabinet, cujiboard, or liook- 
 case. Originally a place for keeping arms. Some 
 were ornamented with plates of brass set in 
 links of gold; others were made of gold inlaid 
 with precious stones of various shapes. (See 
 also Al.MKKY. ) 
 
 Kii;. 41. I'.-iltcriiig-mni in iestudo. 
 
 Armatura, R. (i) In a general sense, armour 
 of every Icind. '\\\\\>armiitiira Irjis denoted the 
 light infantry; and soldiers armed only with a 
 hasta, and the dart, ,?vrjrt (of Gallic invention) 
 were called h~:cs milites. (2) The art of fencing. 
 (3) The pieces of iron or bronze which connect 
 stones or the parts of a stntcture. (4) The iron 
 framework in a window or casement. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Arched-buttress or Flying Buttress, Arch. ' 
 An incomplete arch supporthig the spandrels of 
 a roof. It sprinn;; from a Buttress (q.v.). 
 
 Archeria, Med. Lat. A vertical loophole from 
 which arrows could be discharged. 
 
 Archibault. (See Archivolt.) 
 
 Architrave, Gr. and R. (apxhs, chief ; and 
 Ital. trave, a beam). That part of a structure 
 which rests immediately on the capital of a 
 column or pilaster. Architraves are surmounted 
 by a frieze and a cornice. 
 
 Archivium, Cir. and R. A building in which 
 archives (charters and records) of a city or state 
 were deposited. It was also called Archeion 
 or Tabui.arium (q.v.). 
 
 Archivolt or Archibault, [airns, and volutus, 
 rolled round). The whole of the mouldings 
 decorating an arch or arcade, and following the 
 contour of the same. 
 
 Archlute, old Eng. A kind of theorbo, or 
 double-necked lute. 1 6th century. 
 
 Archy. (See Arched.) 
 
 Arcosolium, Chr. (arcus, and solium, a coffin). 
 An arched or vaulted sepulchral chamber in the 
 catacombs, sanctified by the interment of martyr.; 
 and holy persons ; and in later generations often 
 richly decorated, as with marble incrustations, 
 ]iaintings, and mosaics. The arcosolia in which 
 Christians of small means were buried are con- 
 structed in the walls of the passages in the cata- 
 combs. The wealthier Christians, however, had 
 arcosolia specially excavated for their family and 
 friends ; the following inscription is frequently 
 found on them : Nobis et Jiosfris ct amicis. 
 
 Arcuatio, R. A structure formed by means of 
 arches or arcades, and employed to support a 
 construction of any kind, such as a bridge, 
 aqueducts, &c. 
 
 Arcubalista, R. (^dwia, to throw). A 
 machine for hurling arrows, somewhat similar 
 to a cross-bow. 
 
 Arcubus. (See Arquebus.) 
 Arcula, R. Diminutive of Arca (q.v.). (i) A 
 small chest. (2) A colour-box used by encaustic 
 painters. (3) A small sepulchre, or stone coffin. 
 Arculum, R. Agarland which theZ)A?/« (Priest 
 of Jupiter) wore on his head while sacrificing ; it 
 consisted of one or two pomegranate boughs 
 bent into a circle and fastened with fillets of 
 white or red wool. 
 
 Arcuma, R. A small carriage constructed to 
 hold only one person. (See Plaustrum, Chi- 
 
 RAMAXIUM, VeHICULUM.) 
 
 Arcus, R. (i) A bow for discharging ariows. 
 There were many kinds in use among the ancients. 
 Those of the Greeks and Romans presented on 
 the whole much analogy with each other, while 
 the Scythian bow dilTered entirely from both. 
 (2) An arch of masonry ; the arc/ts tritimphalis 
 was a trimphal arch. The Romans never used 
 any other form of arch than the semi-circle. 
 
 Ardenti. Literary Academies of this name 
 existed at Pisa, at Naples, and at ^'itel•bo. 
 
 Area, R. (i) Any broad, open and level space, 
 and so a square or parade. Arc(r. were adorned 
 with fountains and statues set up in honour of 
 some divinity, who frequently gave his name to 
 the spot. Thus at Rome there were the area 
 Apollinis, area Merciirii, &c. (2) A threshing- 
 floor in a field. 
 
 Arena, R. (i) Sand ; a material employed in 
 building. (2) The level space forming the area 
 of an am]ihitheatre. 
 
 Arenaria, R. A Roman game of ball for two 
 jiersons ; it derived its name from the fact that the 
 l>all was made to rebound from the ground {arena). 
 Arest3. A cloth of gold, elaborately figured, 
 used for vestments. 13th century. It is not to 
 be confounded with arras. 
 
 Arezzo Va'e. Many fine examples of old 
 Etruscan pottery have 
 been found in or near 
 the town of Arezzo in 
 Tuscany. They are of 
 red lustred M'are orna- 
 mented in relief, and 
 show evident traces of 
 Greek origin. (Fig. 37.) 
 Argeijk. (l) Certain 
 sites at Rome, having 
 a small temple attached 
 to them. (2) Images 
 J^or lay-figures made of 
 bulrushes, which were 
 cast into the Tiber, on 
 ll.c Ides of May, from 
 the Sublician bridge. This custom is still kept 
 up in the south of France, where, in certain 
 
 Fig. 37. Arezzo vase. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 38. Point d'.Argentan. 
 
ART AXD ARCII.T-OLOGV. 
 
 towns, on Ash- Wednesday, they drown an image 
 called Caramentran who represents the god of 
 the carnival. 
 
 Argent, Ilcr. Tlie metal silver, represented 
 in engravmgs liy a plain white. 
 
 Argentan, Point d'. Lace made much in the 
 same way as Point d'Alencon, but having the 
 flowers holder and larger in pattern and in higher 
 relief; the foundation, called the bride-ground, 
 is also coarser. It takes its name from the little 
 town of Argentan in Normandy, where it was 
 made. (Fig. 38.) 
 
 and was used to batter the walls of a city till a 
 breach was effected. The batlering-ram was 
 at first worked by men, who simply earned it in 
 their arms, but in course of time it was sus- 
 ])ended from a wooden tower (Fig. 40), or a 
 
 Fig. 40. Rattering-ram. 
 
 vertical beam, and worked with the aid of ropes. 
 When the battering-ram was enclosed in a kind 
 of wooden shed bearing some resemblance to the 
 shell of a tortoise, it was called by the name of 
 that animal {tcstuJo^ (Fig. 41). 
 i Ark, Chr. A symbol of the church. 
 
 Armanahuasi, I'eruv. The baths of the an- 
 cient Peruvians. They were remarkable for the 
 elegance and luxury displayed in their ornamenta- 
 tion. They were furnished with magnificent foun- 
 tains, some fif which threw their jets upwards 
 (///c;-rtr;?), others in a horizontal direction {pacchii). 
 
 Armarium, R. A cabinet, cujiboard, or book- 
 case. Originally a place for keeping arms. Some 
 were ornamented with plates of brass set in 
 links of gold ; others \\ ere made of gold inlaid 
 M'ith precious stones of various shapes. (.'^ec 
 also Almery. ) 
 
 Argentella. A name given to a lace made in 
 Genoa, but worked much like Point d'Alen9on. 
 
 Argive. A school of sculpture, contemporary 
 with the Attic School of Pheidias ; of which 
 Polycletus was the head. He was the author of 
 the Canon, or law of proportion in sculpture, 
 exemplified in his Doryphorzis (spear-bearerj ; 
 he worked princij^ially in bronze, and was famous 
 for his chryselephantine statues. A specimen 
 ofthe Argive school of sculpture is the Discobolus 
 of Myron (a contemporary of Polycletus) in the 
 British Museum. It is an ancient copy in marble 
 from the original bronze statue. Closeness to 
 Nature is a distinguishing characteristic of the 
 Argive School. 
 
 Aries or Ram. A battering-ram. It con- 
 sisted of a stout beam, furnished at one end 
 with an iron head, shaped like that of a ram, 
 
 Fig. 41. Paltering-ram in testudo. 
 
 Armatura, R. (i) In a general sense, armour 
 of every kind. 'W\\\> armatura lez'is denoted the 
 light infantry ; and soldiers armed only with a 
 /lasla, and the dart, ,i^irsa (of Gallic invention) 
 were called ler.'cs iiiiittes. (2) The art of fencing. 
 (3) The pieces of iron or bronze which connect 
 stones or the parts of a structure. (4) The iron 
 framework in a window or casement. 
 
24 
 
 WORDS USED IX 
 
 Arme3, Her. Having natural weapons of 
 offence, &c. A lion is armed of his claws and 
 teeth, a bull of his horns, &c. 
 Armenian Green. (See Chrysocolla.) 
 Armet, Old Eng. A kind of helmet of the 
 1 6th century, worn with or without the beaver. 
 
 Armilausa, Lat. A classical garment 
 adopted in England and elsewhere, worn by 
 knights over their armour. Strutt describes it 
 as "a round curtal weed, which they called a 
 cloak, and in Latin armilausa , as only covering 
 the shoulders." 
 
 Armilla. In 
 general, any cir- 
 clet of gold or 
 silver which 
 
 forms a bracelet 
 for men or wo- 
 men, whether 
 worn on the 
 wrist, arm, or 
 ankle. Bracelets 
 worn by men 
 often consisted 
 of three or four 
 massive bands 
 of bronze, silver, 
 or gold, and thus 
 covered a con- 
 siderable portion 
 of the arm. 
 Bracelets were 
 ■\\orn by Ihe 
 the Medes, the 
 and the Gauls 
 
 Fig. 43. Armilla. Gaulish Bracelet. 
 
 Assyrians, the Babylonians, 
 Persians, the Celts (Fig. 42), 
 (Fig. 431. The Egyptians in some instances em- 
 ployed ivory and porcelain in their manufacture. 
 
 Armillum, R. A kind of urceolus, or small 
 pitcher for holding a particular kind of wine. It 
 was among the numiier of the sacrificial vessels, 
 and was well known from the Latin proverb : 
 ■Anus ad arniilliim (an old woman returns to her 
 bottle). 
 
 Armilastrium. A Roman festival for the 
 ]iurification of arms. 
 
 Arming Points. The "points" or ties of 
 ar.njur. 
 
 Armiis. Cloth or velvet coverings for pike- 
 handles. 
 
 Armory, Her. (i) Heraldry. (2) A list of 
 names and title; with the arms belonging to them. 
 
 Armour, Arms. In almost every deposit 
 where prehistoric remains are buried, we find 
 clubs, hatchets, arrows, hammers, or other 
 arms, mostly, even in the stone a^e, carefully 
 ornamented. The ancient Egvptians were armed 
 with " the bow, spear, two species of javelin, 
 sling, a short and straight sword, dagger, knife, 
 falchion, axe or hatchet, battle-axe, pole-axe, 
 mace or club, &c. Their defensive arms con- 
 sisted of a helmet of plate, or quilted head-piece, 
 
 a cuirass, or coat of armour made ot metal 
 plates, or quilted with metal bands, and an 
 ample shield" ( JVilkiusoti). Among the Greeks, 
 the heavy-armed warrior wore the greaves, 
 cuirass, with the mitra underneath, and the zone 
 or cingulum above ; his sword, ensis cr gladius, 
 hung on his left side, and the large round shiehi. 
 
 Fig. 44. Primitive Roman Armour. 
 
 I sacus, aspis, clipeus or scutum, hung from his 
 shoulder; his helmet, corys, cunea, cassis or 
 galea ; his spear, enkus, doru or hasta, or two 
 
 ' spears. The. defensive armour, the shield and 
 
 I thorax, were called hopla, and the man hoplites. 
 The light-armed, psiloi, anoploi, gymnai, gym- 
 
 ] netai, had a slighter covering of skins, or cloth, 
 
ART AND ARCIT.I'.OI.Or.V. 
 
 25 
 
 and fought with darts, stones, buw s and airows 
 or slings. There were also tlie peltasla?, so 
 called from their small shield pelte. All the 
 above-mentioned parts of classical armour, and 
 their modifications in that of media:val times are 
 described under their respective headings ; as 
 well as much of mediaeval armour. 
 
 Amis, dr. and R. An cx]iiatory festival held 
 in honour of Linus and liis motlier Psamathe, 
 the daughter of Crotopus, king of Argos. \'arioiis 
 legends are extant regarding the origin of this 
 festival, which was called Arttis from the sheep 
 (aprei^sl tliat were sacrificed. 
 
 Arotoi-Hieroi, Gr. Literally : sacred labours, 
 a term used to denote three agricultural festivals 
 which took place in Attica ; the first was held 
 in commemoration of the first sowing ; tlie 
 second, on occasion of reaping the earliest crop 
 of barley in a field near Eleusis ; the third, by 
 way of invoking the blessings of Ceres on the 
 field of corn specially set apart for the worship 
 of Athena. 
 
 Arquebus. A hand-gun, larger than a musket. 
 The man using it was called an arqiicbusicr. 
 
 Arra or Arrha, R. A deposit, or earnest- 
 money to a contract. 
 
 Arras. Tapestry. Textile hangings for walls ; 
 first made at Arras in the 14th century. It was 
 originally called Opus Saracenicum. 
 
 Arrhae Spousalitlae, called also Arr.\bo, was 
 the name of tlie betrothal money paid to the 
 parents of a bride ; a practice of the Hebrews, 
 continued by Christians. 
 
 Arrhephoria, Gr. ('Appr/t/)(5pia). A festival 
 held at Athens in the month of June or ^WVv- 
 phoriiiin. The maidens who took part in it 
 were called a.ppr\<p6^oi or €pori(p6poi. Four little 
 girls and a priestess carried some sacred vessels 
 to a grotto. 
 
 Arricciate, Ital. One of the coats of mortar 
 laid on tn a wall to receive fresco painting. 
 
 Arrondie, Her. Curved, round. 
 
 Arrows, in Christian art, are the emblems of 
 pestilence, death, and destruction. 
 
 ArsenicDn, Cireek for orpimeiit (q.v. ). 
 
 Artemisia, Gr. A general term to denote all 
 the festivals oi Diana Artemis. The most cele- 
 brated were those held at Ephesus, Delphi, and 
 Syracuse. 
 
 Articulation. The anatomical study of the 
 uncture of the bones. 
 
 Artolaganus, R. (apro-xdyavov, i. e. bread- 
 cake). A kind of dough-cake made with wine, 
 milk, oil, and pepjier. Cicero, in one of his 
 letters, asserts that it was delicious. 
 
 Artophorium (bread-bearer), Chr. Another 
 name for the ciboriuin or costly box prepared to 
 contain the consecrated Host. 
 
 Artopta, Gr. and R. (from aprdco, to bake). 
 A mould in which bread and pastry were baked. 
 
 Artopticius, R. (sc. fiarils). A roll or loaf of 
 
 bread baked in an artopta, many examples of 
 which may Ijc seen in the small museum at 
 I'ompeii; owing to their having become hardened, 
 these loaves have retained their shape perfectly 
 when taken from tlie oven after eighteen centuries. 
 Arundel Device. 
 A chapeau or, 
 and .i,'"/<'.f, sur- 
 mounted by a fret 
 or, and an acorn 
 leaved vert. This 
 is only one of the 
 numerous badges 
 of the house of 
 Arundel, which is 
 peculiarly rich in 
 armorial bearings. 
 A collection of ancient 
 
 Arundel device 
 
 Arundel Marbles. „ __._ 
 
 scul]>tures found in Greece and Asia Minor in 
 the early part of the 17th century and bro ight 
 to England at the expense of Thomas Howard, 
 Earl of Arundel. In 1667 his grandson presented 
 them to the University of Oxford. 
 
 Arundo, R. A term with various significations. 
 (i) A reed or cane. (2) An arrow or bow made 
 of cane. (3) A fishing-rod. (4) A cane rod ti])ped 
 with bird-lime for catching birds. (5) A reed 
 pen for writing. (6) A Pan's pipe in which the 
 reeds were joined together by wax ; whence its 
 name arundo cerata. (.See Cm-AMUs.) 
 
 Arx, R. {arceo, to enclose). A citadel or for- 
 tress. Arx is almost equivalent to AcRoi'oi.is 
 (q.v.), since citadels were usually built on elevated 
 sites, thus forming an upper city (aKpoiroXis). 
 
 V\g. 46. Greek Arjb:illos. 
 
26 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Aryballo?. A Greek flask or vase used for oil 
 or wine. It was commonly of a bladder shape 
 with a thin neck. The example engraved (Fig. 
 46) is painted in the Asiatic style. On some 
 of these vases the ornament is engraved. 
 
 Arystichos, Gr. and R. (from apvcD, to draw 
 water). A vessel for drawing water, especially 
 from the Amphora (q. v.). It was also called 
 ephehos (fcprj^os), because, at banquets, it was the 
 duty of youths to mix the wine with water before 
 handing it to the guests. This term has as 
 synonyms aniter, arusane. arnstis and oiiu'?-t(sis. 
 
 Arzica. (i) An artificial pigment of a yellow 
 colour, used for miniature painting. (2) A yellow 
 lake made from the herb "reseda luteola." 
 (3) A yellow earth for painting, of which the 
 moulds for casting lirass are formed; it yields an 
 ochreous pigment of a pale-yellow colour, which, 
 when burned, changes to an orange colour. 
 
 Arzicon. A contraction of Arsenicoii, for or- 
 piment (q.v.). 
 
 As, R. The unit of value in the bronze currency 
 of the Romans. Originally the as weighed one 
 pound, whence its name as liheralis ; and as it 
 was composed of a mixture of copper and tin {ess), 
 it was also called as grave. At a later period the 
 as had much declined in value ; under Augustus 
 it was only worth somewhat less than a penny. 
 
 Asaminthos, Gr. {oKra/xivdos). A large vase 
 of the Homeric epoch, large enough to admit of 
 a person bathing in it. It is supposed tiiat this 
 was the fu/> of Diogenes. 
 
 Asbestus. (See Amiantus.) 
 
 Ascendant, Her. Issuing upwards, as a 
 flower. 
 
 Ascia, Gr. and R. A term applied to instru- 
 ments of various shapes and employed for 
 different purposes, but all bearing a general 
 resemblance to a carpenter's adze. The expres- 
 sion ste^) ascia dedicavit, which is frequently found 
 engraved on tombs together witii the representa- 
 tion of an ascia, has given rise to numerous in- 
 terpretations. It is supposed that this expression 
 signified : This tomb [never before used] has been 
 dedicated to the memory of the person in whose 
 honour it was erected ; or possibly the formula 
 implied that the plot upon which the memorial 
 stood had been granted in perpetuity. After all 
 the discussion to which the formula has given 
 rise, these are the two hypotheses most generally 
 accepted. (See AciscuLUS.) 
 
 Ascopera, CIr. and R. (do-K?) 9, leathern bag or 
 wine-skin; Tri'jpa, a pouch). A large bag made 
 of undressed leather, carried as knapsack Ijy 
 foot-travellers, and thus distinguished from the 
 HlPPOPERA (q.v.). 
 
 Ascolia, Ascolias, Gr. and R. (from ao-zc^r, 
 a wine-skin). An Athenian game wliich con- 
 sisted in leaping upon a wine-skin, filled with 
 wine and greased over with oil, during the 
 festivals in honour of Dionysus. 
 
 Ashlar, Achelor, &c. ; also Astler or Estlar, 
 O. K. Hewn stone for the facings of walls. 
 " Clene hewen Ashler." 
 
 Asilla, R. A yoke, like a milkman's, or the 
 Malay //Vt'/, for carrying burdens ; is a common 
 object in Egyptian and all other ancient repre- 
 sentations of domestic appliances. 
 
 Asinarii. A term of reproach inherited by 
 the early Christians from the Jews, who were 
 accused of worshipping an ass. 
 
 Askos, Gr. and R. (do-Ko's). A vessel, 
 originally shaped like a leather bottle {titer) for 
 holding water or wine. It was furnished with a 
 handle at the top, and had sometimes two 
 mouths, one of which served to fill, the other to 
 empty it. Later on, the askos assumed the form 
 of an earthenware pitcher. 
 
 Asor, Heb. A musical instrument of ten 
 strings played with the plectrum. 
 
 Asp. In Egyptian art the emblem of royalty ; 
 in Christian art, under the feet of saints, of con- 
 quered malice. 
 
 Aspectant, Her. Looking at one another. 
 
 Asperges, Aspergillum, Chr. The rod for 
 sprinkling holy water. 
 
 Aspersed, Her. Scattered over, — the same as 
 Semee. 
 
 Aspersorium, Chr. The stoup, or holy water 
 basin. 
 
 Asphaltum. A brown carbonaceous pigment 
 used in painting. It is found in various parts of 
 the world, more particularly in Egypt, China, 
 Naples, and Trinidad. The best is the Egyptian. 
 (See Bitumen, Mummy.) 
 
 Aspic. (See Oil of Spike.) 
 
 Ass, Chr. An emblem of patience and 
 sobriety ; but also of idleness and obstinacy ; 
 sometimes of the Jewish nation. 
 
 Ass, Festival of the. A grotesque Christian 
 festival of the Middle Ages, connected with the 
 prominence of the ass in religious history. 
 
 Asser, R. (i) A beam, pole, or joist. (2) The 
 rafters of a wooden roof. (3) Asser falcatiis w^?, 
 a kind of ram which was launched, with the aid 
 of machinery, by the garrison of a fortified town, 
 against the enemy's siege works. 
 
 Assett, O. E. A salver. 
 
 Assommoir, Fr. A sort of gallery built over 
 a door or passage of a fortified place, from which 
 stones, lead, and other heavy objects could be 
 hurled down to ovei"cvhelni {assominer') the 
 besiegers. Hence the name. 
 
 Asterisk, Chr. Sometimes called Stellula. 
 A kind of crossed framework made of gold or 
 silver, consisting of two arched bands which are 
 sometimes surmounted, at the point of intersec- 
 tion, by a cross. The asterisk is placed upon the 
 pateia for the purpose of keeping up the cloth 
 which covers the consecrated wafers of the host. 
 
 Astler. (See Ashlar.) 
 
 Astragal (do-rpdyaAor, knuckle-bone). A 
 
ART AND ARCTI/F.OLOGY. 
 
 27 
 
 small semicircular moulding, so called from 
 its resemlilanccto a row of knuckle-bones placed 
 side by side. As it is decorated with beads, or 
 berries of laurel or olive, separated by discs, it is 
 now commonly known as a chaplet. Astragals 
 are placed at the top of ,a [column, beneath the 
 capital, and divide the architrave into two or 
 lliree parts. They are also used to decorate any 
 kindofl)ase, (See Torus.) 
 
 Astragalus, R. The ancient game of knuckle- 
 l)ones ; a common subject in classical sculpture, 
 called also Tali. 
 
 Astreated, Arch. Star-shaped ornaments, 
 used in Norman mouldings. 
 
 Asylum, Gr. and R. {i.-(rv\ov, safe from 
 violence). A place of refuge, to which was at- 
 tached the privilege of inviolability called asu/ia. 
 'iliis privilege belonged to certain temples, woods, 
 or otiier sacred enclosures. There were a con- 
 
 Fig. 47. One of the Atlantes of the Theatre ot Bacchus 
 at Athens. 
 
 siderable number of such retreats in Greece and 
 the Greek colonies. 
 
 At Gaze, Her. Said of animals of the chase 
 " standing still and looking about tlicm." 
 
 Atach-gah, Pers. The fire-altar of the ancient 
 Persians ; mentioned in the writings of Pausanias 
 and Strabo. 
 
 A'.ellanae {?,c./abitlce), R. A farce, so called 
 
 from its having originated in Af^-Ua, a city of the 
 Osci, in Campania. Hence the name of Oscan 
 games {ludi Osci). Atellan,r were played by 
 youths of good family, on the conclusion of a 
 tragedy. 'Piiey were introduced into Rome in 
 the fourth century n.c. Tiiese farces were 
 distinguished by their refinement, and freedom 
 from low !)uffoonery. 
 
 Athen£eum. A university for literary and 
 scientific studies at Rome, on the Caiiiloline 
 Hill. 
 
 Athyr, Egyp. One of tlie months of the 
 ancient Egyptians. It was the third of the four 
 months called the months of inundation. 
 
 Atlaates, Gr. and R. (from xA^fai). Human 
 figures so called, in allusion to the story of the 
 Titan Atlas, which were employed instead of 
 columns to sup]5ort ental^Iatures (Fig. 47). The 
 I^atin equivalent for the term is Telamones. 
 Similar f,viale figures were Carva'I IORS. 
 
 Fig. 48. Atl.x^, .1 device ii^.ci.1 Ly Philiii 11. of Spain. 
 
 Atlas. One of the several devices adopted 
 by Philip H. of .Spain was a figure of Hercules 
 bearing on liis sliouklers and kneeling beneath, 
 the weight of tiie world ; a feat recorded to have 
 been performed by him in order to give relief to 
 Atlas from his customary burden. The motto 
 " Ut qulescat Atlas," is written on a rib- 
 bon. 
 
 Atrameutale, Atramentarium, Gr. and R. 
 {atmiiiciitKiii, q.v.). Aw inkstand, of any shape 
 or material whatsoever. Inkstands were made 
 of terra cotta, bronze, and silver. There is a 
 Pompeian ]iainting in which a double inkstand is 
 represented, one side of which contains black 
 ink. the other an ink of some dilTcrent colour. 
 
28 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 There were also portable inkstands called theca. 
 (See Theca.) 
 
 Atrameutum, Gr. and R. {ater, black;. A 
 general term to denote any kind of black liquid; 
 such were atramcntum scriptoruvt, atravicntuin 
 librarium, or simply atramintiim — all terms for 
 writing ink ; atramentum sittorum, the black 
 used by shoemakers for dyeing their leather, 
 another name for which was chalcainoittiDi 
 (q.v.) ; and atramentum tectorhim, a kind of ink 
 used for writing inscriptions with a brush. In 
 ancient times, all descriptions of ink were made 
 with soot and gum, forming a kind of Indian 
 ink which was diluted with water. Vitruvius 
 (Book VII.) thus describes the process by which 
 atramentum was obtained: " Soot is first pro- 
 cured bv burning rosin in a vaulted chamber, and 
 the black {a'ramentuni) thus obtained is then 
 mixed with gum." 
 
 Atriilum, R. (dimin. o^ Afriu?ii). (i) A small 
 atrium. It iTiight be either a smaller atrium 
 adjoining the principal one in a house, or the 
 atrium of a dwelling of inferior size. (2) A 
 small antechamber forming the entrance of a 
 tomb. 
 
 Atrium, R. and Mod. A term perhaps 
 derived from Atria, a city of Tuscany in which 
 structures of this description were first built. It 
 consisted of a kind of coverel court {cav.e.iium), 
 round which were grouped the different apart- 
 ments of the house. In the centre of the roof 
 was an aperture with sloping sides called the 
 compluviiim, and in the court beneath, a basin 
 which collected the rain water from the roof. 
 This was called the impluvium. There were 
 besides, the atrium disphiviatum and the atrium 
 tes'udinatum. The atrium was uaquestionably 
 
 portance in the eyes of the public from an 
 apparent intimacy with a man in power. — 
 
 Fig. 49. Alrluin, with Irmic colu n is. 
 
 the most essential and the most interesting part 
 of a Roman mansion ; it was here that numbers 
 assembled daily to jiay their respects to their 
 patron, to consult the legislator, to attract 
 the notice of the statesman, or to derive im- 
 
 Fig. 50. Atriuin, with Doric columns. 
 
 I'uring the Middle Ages the term atrium was 
 used to denote the open plot of ground surround- 
 ing a church, which served for a cemetery, and 
 the close or courtvard of certain churches. 
 
 Atte^ia, R. A hut or cabin made of reeds, 
 and covered with thatch. 
 
 Attic-order, Arch. An arrangeme it of low 
 pilasters, surmounting a building. 
 
 Atticurpe, Arch. {'hTTiKoupyv^, wrought in 
 Attic fashion). A doorway, the unrights of 
 which, instead of being perpendicular, inclined 
 slightly inwards, so that the opening was wider 
 at the threshold than immediately under the 
 lintel. Fig. 51 represents the doorwav of an 
 ancient monument at Agrigentum, in Sicily. 
 
 Attires. Attired, Her. The antlers of a stag 
 or " hart " having antlers. 
 
 Attributes. Conventional symbols of the 
 character, or the agencv, or the history, of 
 subjects of art representation. 
 
 Auditorium, R. (a place for hearing). A 
 lecture-room, assembly-room, court of justice, or 
 generally any place in which orator^, poets, &c., 
 were heard. Tiie B.\SILIC.E contained halls so 
 named, in which courts of justice were held. 
 
ART AND ARCir^llOLOGV 
 
 29 
 
 Augmentation, Ilcr. 
 to a coat of arms. 
 
 An honouial)lc atklition 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Augurale, R. 
 
 {augur, a sooth- 
 sayer). In a Ro- 
 man camp tlie 
 augurale was a 
 place situated to 
 the right of the 
 general's tent or 
 P R yK T o R I u M 
 (q.v.). It was so 
 called because the 
 augurs there took 
 their station to ob- 
 serve the flight of 
 birds. In Greece, 
 the oracles were 
 consulted ; but in 
 Rome questions 
 \\ ere addressed to 
 Jupiter, who an- 
 swered simply 
 
 - — — ^ tiot," by his mes- 
 
 . . , sengers the birds. 
 
 Atticur^e doorway t, 
 
 ° ■'1 hey gave no 
 
 prophecies. 
 
 at Agrigentum. 
 
 Augustine's Oak, at Aust on the Severn ; the 
 scene of the conference between St. Augustine 
 and the British bishops, A.D. 602. 
 
 Aula, Or. and R. {avKi]). (i) An open court 
 attached to a house. It was usually in front, 
 and on either side of it were the stables and 
 offices. When it belonged to a farm it was 
 round this courtyard that the stabling, sheepfolds, 
 and other outhouses were arranged. (2) Aula 
 regia was the central part of the scene in a Greek 
 or Roman theatre. 
 
 Aulaea orAulaeum, R. [aula, a hall), (i) Hang- 
 ings or tapestry used to decorate the dining-room 
 or iricliitiiiiJi, or generally, any piece of tapestry 
 used as a curtain, whether to cover a doorway, 
 act as a screen, or hide the stage in a theatre. 
 (2) The covering of a sofa or dining-couch, also 
 called, from the way in which it hung all round 
 it, pcristroDia {iT(piiTTpcofj.a). Aulaa is almost 
 synonymous with Vkli^M (q v.). 
 
 Aulmoniere. The Norman name for the pouch, 
 bag, or purse appended to the girdle of noble 
 persons, and derived from the same root as 
 "alms "and "almoner." It was more or less 
 ornamented and hung from long laces of silk or 
 gold; it was sometimes called Alner. (i'ig. 52.) 
 (See Allouyere.) 
 
 I will give thee an alncr 
 Made of silk and gold clear. 
 
 {Lay pjfSir Laun/al.') 
 
 Aulos, Gr. The Greeks gave this name to all 
 wind instruments of the Jlute, or ol'oe, kind ; it 
 was not blown at the side like a flute, but by a 
 
 Auimoiiiere. 
 
 vibrating reed in the mouthpiece, like a clarionet. 
 The single tlute was called iiioiinulos, and the 
 double ()iiC(//(7«/(jj, 
 Aumbrie, Au- 
 mery, Almery, 
 <-). K. A cup- 
 board or closet. 
 
 Aumery of 
 Here, U. j;. .V 
 cuj)board with 
 hair-cloth sides 
 for ventilation. A 
 nicat-safe. 
 
 Aureola, Chr. 
 {aiiniiii, gold). 
 A quadrangular, 
 circular, or elliptic 
 halo surrounciing 
 the bodies of Christ, the Virgin, or certain saints. 
 Another name for this ornament is the mystical 
 a/w(W(/ or Vesica I'lscis ((pv.). When it en- 
 velopes the head only it is called the iS'iMBUs. 
 Aureole. (See Aureola.) 
 Aureus, R. (sc. nummus, golden). The 
 unit of value for gold currency under the Roman 
 emperors, worth about a guinea. 
 
 Auripetrum. A cheap imitation of gold leaf; 
 made of tiiiluil coloured with saffron. 
 
 Auspicium, R. {aves as/iaV). Divination 
 from observation of the Hight of birds. {Auspi- 
 ciiim ex avibiis, sigiia ex avibiis.) There was 
 also the auspicium cceleste or signa ex calo, of 
 which the most important wasa tiasli of lightning 
 from a clear sky. Besides these there were the 
 auspicia pullai ia, or auspices taken from the 
 sacred chickens ; the auspicia pcdestria, cailuca, 
 &c. (See AUGL'RAi.E.) 
 
 Authepsa, Gr. and R. {aleii\i-t)%). Literally 
 a self-boiler ; it was a sort of kettle or caulilron, 
 which was exposed to the rays ot the sun, to 
 heat the water within it ; whether, however, the 
 ancients had attained the art of raising water 
 to boiling heat, in this manner, it is impossible 
 to say. The apparatus is mentioned by Cicero 
 and Lampridius, but neither of them gives any 
 description of it. 
 
 AveJiane. A variety of the heraldic cross. 
 (See Crosses.) 
 
 Avena, R. (oats). A I'andivan pipe, made of 
 the stalk of the wild oat. 
 
 Aventail, Fr. {aiaul tailte). The movable 
 front of a helmet. 
 
 Aventurine. A kind of brown glass, mixed 
 with bright copper hlings, formerly made at 
 Venice. 
 
 Averta, R. \ trunk, bag, or portmanteau, 
 carried on the crupper by travellers who rode on 
 horseback. 
 
 Aviaiium, R. {avis, a bird), (i) A poultry- 
 yard. (2) An aviary in which birds— and moic 
 particularly those of rare breeds — were kept. 
 
30 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Axis, R. (i) The axle-tree of a carriage. 
 (2) Axis vcrsatilis was a cylinder worked by a 
 orank, and used for drawing water from a well 
 by means of a cord which rolled round it as it 
 revolved. (3) The upright pivot upon which a 
 door turned. It worked in two sockets, placed 
 respectively in the upper and lower lintels. 
 
 Azarcon. The Spanish name for red lead. 
 
 Azure. A blue colour known from the 
 very earlies: times. Azure stone was the name 
 given to the lapis lazuli. The name is given also 
 to Cobalt. In heraldry it is the name for the 
 blues in the arms of persons whose rank is below 
 that of a baron ; it is represented in heraldic 
 engraving by regular horizontal lines. 
 
 Azyme, Chr. Unleavened bread. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baccalarii, Med. Lat. A contraction of 
 bas-chevaliers : poor knights ; distinct from 
 knights bannerets, who were also termed rich 
 knights. 
 
 Baccelleria, Med. Lat. The order of 
 bachelors. Thus we read, 
 
 " La flor de France et la bachelerie." 
 Bachelor or Bachelier has been derived from bas 
 echelle, the lowest step of the ladder. {IMeyrick.) 
 
 Baccha, Gr. and R. A Bacchante ; a woman 
 who celebrates the mysteries of Bacchus, in the 
 temples of the god, or in the Bacchic orgies. 
 In the numerous representations of Bacchantes 
 which occur on monuments of ancient art, they 
 carry the thyrsus in their right hands, and wear 
 a wreath of ivy or vine-leaves on their heads. 
 They appear also in the disguise of Lenoe, 
 Thyades, Naiads, Nymphs, (Sic. 
 
 Bacchanalia, R. (Greek, Dionysia). Festivals 
 held in honour of Dionysus or Bacchus. 
 
 Bacchos, Gr. and R. A short, richly-orna- 
 mented thyrsus, carried by the Mysta:, at Eleusis, 
 on occasion of their beincr initiated in the 
 
 mentioned in a MS. of the 13th century. The 
 name of bag-gamon is first found in 1646. 
 
 Baculum, Baculus, R. A general term to 
 denote any kind of staff, except such as form the 
 insignia of any rank or office, or are employed 
 in certain professions. 
 
 Badges. Small heraldic 
 shields, worn by servants 
 and others, showing, in 
 embroidered cloth or silver, 
 a figiu'e or device ; common 
 also "in the furniture of 
 houses, on robes of state, on 
 the caparisons of horses, on 
 seals, and in the details of 
 Gothic edifices." [Lower, 
 " Curiosities of Heraldry.^') 
 Fig. 54 from the cornice of 
 King Henry's chantry in 
 Westminster Abbey shows 
 the adaptation of heraldic badges in architectural 
 ornament. (The description is inserted under 
 Blazox, q.v. ) The Badges worn by the mili- 
 
 Fig. 53. Planta ge- 
 nista, or broom. 
 
 Fig. 54. Badge of King Henry \'. in hib chantry in Westmiiister Abbey. 
 
 mysteries. There was a proverb in Greece 
 which said: " Many carry the Bacchos, but few 
 are inspired by the gods." 
 
 Bacillum (dimin. of Baculum, q.v.). A 
 small wand, especially the lictor's wand. 
 
 Backgammon, originally called tab/e board, is 
 
 tary followers of the feudal leaders answered the 
 purpose of our modern uniforms. Among re- 
 markable badges are the "Bear and ragged 
 staff" of the Earls of Warwdck, the red and 
 white roses of Lancaster and York, the sprig 
 of broom (Fig. 53) of the Plantagenets. 
 
ART AND ARCII/EOLOGV. 
 
 31 
 
 Badgers. Biushcs of badger's hair, fur Mend- 
 ing or softening. (See Blfnding.) 
 
 Bagordare, ^Icd. It. A burlesque tourna- 
 ment in which llie combatants were attended by 
 fools instead of heralds and esquires. 
 
 Bagpipe. This ancient and favourite instru- 
 ment of the Celtic races is represented in an 
 O. K. MS. of the 14th century. Several of the 
 Hebrew instruments mentioned in the Bible and 
 in the Talmud were kinds of bagpipes. So was 
 a Cireek instrument called " Alagadis." In 
 Russia and Poland, and in the Ukraine, it used 
 to be made of a whole goat's skin, and was 
 called " Kosa," a goat. It is of high antiquity 
 in Ireland, and a pig playing the bagpipe is 
 represented in an illuminated Irish MS. of A.D. 
 1300. 
 
 Baijoire. (i) A medal or coin on the obverse 
 or reverse of which were two faces in profile, 
 placed one over the other. (2) An ancient 
 silver coin of Genoa, and an ancient Dutch gold 
 coin. The term is certainly derived from an old 
 word Baisoire [baiser, to kiss]. 
 
 Bai-Kriem,' Hindoo. Literally, roasted rice ; 
 a stone employed in some of the monuments 
 of the ancient Cambodia. (See BlEN-HoA.) 
 
 Bailey. (See Ballium.) 
 
 Bainbergs (Germ. Bein-bergeii). Shin-guards 
 or modern greaves. 
 
 Baisoire. (See Baijoire.) 
 
 Balance or Scales. In Christian symbolism 
 the balance symbolizes the Last Judgment. The 
 Scales and Sword are also, generally, the attri- 
 bute of personified Justice. 
 
 Balandrana. A laige cloak, of the 12th and 
 13th centuries. 
 
 Balayn, O. E. Whalebone for crests of 
 helmets. 
 
 Baldachin, It. A canopy of wood, stone, 
 or metal over seats and other places of honour, 
 common also over fireplaces and beds, and 
 carried in coronation ard other processions over 
 the uKj^t honoured persons. 
 
 Baldric, Baudrier, or Baudrick, O. E. A 
 girdle or sash, usually a belt of leather, and w-orn 
 over the shoulder. They were sometimes 
 hung with bells. (See Balteus. ) 
 
 Balea, Balia, Med. Lat. (from fidKAu, to 
 throw), (i) A sling. (2) A ballisla. From 
 their skill in the use of slings, the inhabitants of 
 Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica had the appella- 
 tion Baleares. 
 
 Bales, O. E. (Lat. bakuciis ; Fr. balais). An 
 inferior kind of ruby. 
 
 Baleyn. (See Balayn.) 
 
 Balista. (See Ballista.) 
 
 Balistaapectore, Med. Lat. A hand cross-bow. 
 
 Balistrariae, Med. Lat., Arch. Cruciform 
 openings in the wall of a fortress to shoot 
 quarrels through from cross-bows. 
 
 Balletys or Tuptai, Gr. A ceremony con- 
 
 sisting in a mock combat with stones, whicii 
 look place .at the Eleusinian festival. 
 
 Ball-flower. An ornament characteristic of 
 the Decorated style 
 of the 14th century. 
 It represents the 
 "knop" of a flower. 
 Ball-Jlinvers may l)e 
 seen in the Cathedrals 
 of Bristol, Clloucester, 
 and Herefortl. 
 
 Ballista or Balista, 
 Gr. and R. {0d\\w, 
 to throw). A military 
 engine for hurling 
 large missiles. It 
 
 Fig. 55. Ball-flower. 
 
 was constructed of wood, and consisted of two 
 uprights connected horizontally by a double 
 cross-beam. Strands of twisted fibre formed 
 the motive power of the engine, which was 
 fitted with an iron groove. The cord was 
 drawn back by men, with the aid of a drum or 
 pulleys. The ancient balista w-as used to shoot 
 sto?ics ; the catapult to project heavy darts. 
 Some balistas threw stones weighing three 
 cwt. The media;val balistre threw quarrels or 
 stones. 
 
 Ballistarium or Balistarium, Gr. and R. A 
 shed or magazine in which ballistic were kept. 
 
 Ballium, Med. Lat. (i) (from Ital. battaglia) 
 The Baihy or courtyard of a castle. (2) The 
 bulwark which contained such a Bailey. 
 
 Balneae or Balineae. (Sec Balnel.m.) 
 
 Balnearia, R. A general term for all the 
 utensils usL-d in a bath, such as strigils, tin^ueii' 
 taria, gnt/u, oils, jicrfunies, essences, <S;c. 
 
 Balneum, Balneae, Thermae, Gr. and R. 
 Bahienin meant originally a tub or other vessel 
 to bathe in ; next, the room in which it was 
 placed ; when there were many such rooms the 
 plural balnea was used. Balneic were the 
 public baths, under the Republic, when they 
 consisted of ordinary baths of hot and cold 
 water. Tlienna: were the magnificent and 
 luxurious buildings adapted for the hot air 
 system. They contained (l) the Apodyteriuiit^ 
 or dressing-room ; (2) the Frigidariuiii, where 
 the cold bath was taken ; (3) the 'J epiJariuin, 
 a bath of warm air ; (4) the CaUiarium, with a 
 vapour bath at one end, a warm water bath at 
 the other, and a Sudatorium, or sweating bath 
 in the middle. The pavement, called sus/>eiisnra, 
 was over a furnace, hypoeausliim. The bathers 
 were currycombed with strigils, v/hich the 
 Greeks called stleiigis or xystra ; ami they 
 dropi^ed oil over their bodies from narrow- 
 necked vessels called gitttiis or ainptilLc. The 
 Thernuc containe(Lu-(v/;u% or open-air chambers, 
 where philosophers lectured, and libraries, and 
 had gardens, and shady walks, and fountains, 
 with statuary attached to them. The ruins of 
 
32 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 56 Balnea. The Caldarium. 
 
 the Thermce built by Titus, Caracalla, and 
 Domilian remain visible (I'ig- S^)- 
 
 Balon, Balein, Balayn, O. E. \VhaIebone. 
 
 Balsam of Ccpaiba. An oleo-resin, used as 
 a 2'ariiis/i, and as a vehicle, for oil-painting. 
 
 Balteolus. Dimin. of Baltecs (q.v. )• 
 
 Balteus or Balteum (a belt), R. (i) A bal- 
 dric or -wide belt which passed over one shoulder 
 and beneath the other, for the purpose of sus- 
 pending a sword, buckler, or any other arm. 
 (2) The ornament on the baldric on which was 
 marked the number of the legion to which a 
 soldier belonged. (3) A richly ornamented 
 band of leather placed round a horse's breast. 
 
 iMi miWiiHi' n rtwyiiiijiiiiiiincftwn lifeiiwui 
 
 fig. 57- Balustrade. 
 
 below the Momi.e, or throat-band (q.v.). (4) 
 The broad belt in the sphere, which contains 
 the signs of the Zodiac. (5) The bands sur- 
 rounding the volutes of an Ionic capital. (6) 
 The piurcincljone';, or small walls, or parapets, 
 separating the different tiers in a theatre or 
 amphitheatre. (Generally a belt.) 
 
 Baltheus, Med. Lat. for Balteus. 
 
 Baluster. A small pillar, swelling in the 
 centre or towards the base. 
 
 Balustrade, Arch. An enclosure or parapet 
 composed of ballisters (q.v.), and by analogy, an 
 enclosure consisting of any other ornament, such 
 as trefoils, carved work, &c. Eig. 57 represents 
 a balustrade of the pointed Gothic style. 
 
 Bambino, It. A babe. Image of the infant 
 Christ. 
 
 Bambocciata, It. The style of genre paint- 
 ing of Teniers, Van Ostade, Wilkie, and others. 
 It was introduced into Rome in 1626 by Peter 
 \'an Laar, who was called, from an unfortunate de- 
 formity that he had, II Bamboccio, or the Cripple. 
 
 Eanded, Her. Encircled with a band. 
 
 Banderolle. (i) A small flag, about a yard 
 square, upon which arms were emblazoned, 
 displayed at important funerals. (2) In archi- 
 tecture of the Renaissance, a flat scroll, 
 inscribed. 
 
ART AND ARCII.KOLOGV. 
 
 33 
 
 Bands. C^iit^inally the name given to the 
 collavs which (in the 17th century) replaced the 
 ru(Y of Ehzabeth's 
 reign. At first 
 they were made 
 of stitclied Hnen 
 or cambric edged 
 with lace, stiffen- 
 ed so as to stand 
 up round the neck. 
 Contem porary 
 with these were the 
 faUing bands. The 
 engraving (by Hol- 
 lar, 1 640) shows a 
 merchant's wife 
 with collar or fall- 
 ing baud of cambric 
 edged with lace. 
 The term band- 
 box has descended 
 to us from those 
 days, when similar 
 boxes were made 
 expressly for keep- 
 ing bands and ruffs 
 in. (Fig. 58.) 
 
 Bands, Arch., 
 are either small 
 strings round 
 shafts, or a hori- 
 zontal line of 
 square, round, or 
 other panels 
 spires, and other 
 
 Fig. 5S. Falling Band. 
 
 which should properly be styled the Royal /inn- 
 tier. (See Stan'UARI).) Tlie Union Jack is also 
 a banner, in which the blazonry of the two 
 nations of England and Scotland are combined, 
 not by " tiuartering," but by an earlier process 
 of "blending" the cross and the saltire in a 
 single composition. Tiie profusion of banners 
 at tournamenls, in feudal times, when each 
 noble planted his own in the lists, was an cle- 
 ment of picturesc|ue effect. The term applies 
 to all kinds of Hags, or colours, i)roper lo 
 individuals, or corporations, iVc, who display 
 them. It does not apjiear that /«////(;;j banners 
 were used by the ancients. The banners used 
 in Roman Catholic countries bear the repre- 
 sentation of i^atron saints, or symbols of religious 
 mysteries. 
 
 Banner-cloth, Chr. A processional flag. 
 
 Banneret. A knight entitled to display a 
 banner. 
 
 Baphium, Gr. and R. ()3airT&>, to dye). A 
 dyer's workshop. 
 
 used to ornament towers, 
 
 works. (See Balteus.) 
 
 Bandum, Banderia, Med. Lat. A small 
 
 banner. The French poets called it " l^a?t," a 
 
 word probably of CeUic origin, signifying 
 
 "exalted." {Meyrick.') 
 
 Bankard, O. E. (Fr. banqitier). A carpet 
 
 or cloth covering for a table, form, or bench. 
 
 Banner. In 
 heraldry, a 
 square, or nar- 
 row oblong 
 flag, larger 
 than the pen- 
 n o n (q.v.), 
 charged with 
 the coat of 
 arms of the 
 owner display- 
 ed over its en- 
 tire surface, 
 precisely as it 
 is blazoned on 
 a shield, as in 
 the illustration 
 of the Royal 
 S t a n d a r d. 
 
 Fig. 60. Baptistery of St. Jean, Poitiers. 
 
 Baptisterium, R. (from fidirrw, to dip). A 
 
 kind of cokl plunging-bath, constructed in the 
 FRUiiDAKiUM (q.v.), or the room itself. In 
 
 The Royal Stanoard, 
 or Banner. 
 
 Fig. 61. Baptistery of St. Constance, K..ine. 
 
 Christian archcx:ology, /'aftis/.-r)' was the name 
 civen to a buildmg a.ljoining a basilica, or 
 situated near it. in wiiich baptism was adminis- 
 
34 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 tered. Such is the baptistery of St. John 
 Lateran at Rome. One of the most ancient 
 baptisteries in France is that of St. Jean, at 
 
 Fig. 62. Interior of the B.iptistery of St. Constance. 
 
 Poitiers, represented in Fig. 60. It dates from 
 the fourth century ; that of St. Constance, at 
 Rome (Figs. 61, 62), belongs to the same 
 period. 
 
 Bar, Her. A liorizontal line across a shield. 
 
 Barathron or Orugma, Gr. {0dpaOpou). A 
 deep cleft behind the Acropolis at Athens, into 
 which criminals were thrown, either under sen- 
 tence of death by this means, or after they had 
 been put to death by hemlock or other poisons. 
 It was situated near the temple of Diana Aris- 
 tobule. 
 
 Barba, Gen. The beard, whence the attribu- 
 tive baj-batiis, frequently employed to denote one 
 who wears a beard. Thus be7ie harbatns, a man 
 with a well-trimmed beard ; barbatulits, a young 
 man whose youthful beard had never been 
 touched with the razor. Among many nations 
 of antiquity the custom prevailed of curling the 
 beard artificially, so as to obtain long curls or 
 ringlets, cincinni. (See CiNClNNUS.) The As- 
 syrians, Egyptians, Jews, Persians, Greeks, and 
 Romans may be particularly enumerated. Shav- 
 ing the beard was introduced into Rome about 
 u.C. 300, and became the regular practice. In 
 the later times of the republic many persons 
 began to wear it trimmed, and the terms bene 
 barbati and barbatidi were applied to them. 
 Under Hadrian the practice of wearing beards 
 was revived, and the emperors until Constantine 
 wore them. The Romans let the beard grow as 
 a sign of mourning ; the Greeks shaved. The 
 beard is an attribute of the prophets, apostles, 
 and evangelists (excepting St. John) ; and, in 
 ancient art, of Jupiter, Serapis, Neptune, &c. 
 Neptune has a straight beard ; Jupiter a curly 
 silky one. The early Britons shaved generally, 
 but always had long moustachios. The Anglo- 
 .Saxon beard was neatly trimmed or parted into 
 double locks. The Normans originally shaved 
 
 clean, but when settled in England let all their 
 beard grow. Close shaving prevailed among 
 the young men in England in the 14th century ; 
 older men wore a forked beard. After sundry 
 changes, clean shaving obtained in the reign of 
 Henry VI., and the lieard was rarely cultivated 
 from then until the middle of the l6th century. 
 The most extragavant fashions arose in Eliza- 
 beth's reign, and were succeeded by variations 
 too numerous to detail. 
 
 Barbatina, It. A preparation of clay mixed 
 with the shavings of woollen cloth, used in the 
 manufacture of pottery to attach the handles and 
 other moulded ornaments. {Fortniim.) 
 
 Barbed, Her. Pointed, as an arrow. 
 
 ^ ___,__, ^ Barbican, 
 
 Mod. (I) 
 long narrow 
 opening made 
 in a wall, es- 
 pecially in a 
 f oun da tio n 
 wall, to let the 
 water flow 
 away. (2) The 
 tenn also de- 
 notes an out- 
 work placed 
 in front of a 
 fortified castle 
 or any other 
 In the latter acceptation the 
 The 
 
 Barbican. 
 
 military post 
 
 term Antemural (q.v. ) is also used 
 illustration is taken from the arms of Antoine de 
 Burgundy. In this instance the barbican is a 
 small double tower, or out-post watch-house, and 
 the shutter-like pent-house protection of the un- 
 glazed window openings bears a striking resem- 
 blance to a modern sun-blind. 
 
 Barbitos, Gr. and R. (BdpfiiTos). A stringed 
 instrument ^\'hich dates from a very high anti- 
 quity ; it was much larger than the Cithara 
 (q.v.). To strike the long thick strings of the 
 barbitos, a Plectrum (q.v.) was used instead 
 of the fingers. The invention of this mstrument 
 is attributed to Terpander ; Horace, on the con- 
 trary, says it was invented by Alcteus, and 
 Athenccus by Anacreon. It was a kind of lyre 
 with a large body. 
 
 Barbotine, Fr. A primitive method of de- 
 corating coarse pottery with clays laid on it in 
 relief. {Jacquetnart.') 
 
 Barca. A boat for pleasure, or for transport. 
 It was also a long-boat. (See Bari.) 
 
 Barde, Barred, Her. In horizontal stripes. 
 
 Barded, Her. Having horse-trappings, or — 
 
 Bardings, which were often enriched with ar- 
 morial blazonry. 
 
 BardocucuUus, R. and Gaul, (bardus and cu- 
 ciiHiis, i.e. monk's-hood). A garment with 
 sleeves and hood worn by the poorer classes 
 
ART AND ARCII/EOLOGY, 
 
 among the r,aul>. It l)i)ic some resemblance to 
 tlie Roman I'.km'I.a ('i-v.). 
 
 Barge-board, or Verge-board, is the external 
 gable-board of a house ; which is often chxbo- 
 rately ornamented with carvings. 
 
 Bari or Baris, Gr. ami Egyp. (Bupis). A 
 shallow Eg)'ptian boat, used on the Nile to 
 transport merchandise, antl in funeral processions. 
 The Egyptian sacred barks, with which they 
 formed processions on the Nile, were made of 
 costly woods, and ornamented with plates of 
 gold or silver, and carried a miniature temple 
 (/tnos), which contained the image of a divi- 
 nity. The prow and the poop \\-ere orna- 
 mented with religious symbols of the riciiest 
 workmanship. 
 
 Barnacles or Breys. An 
 instrument used in breaking 
 horses. 
 
 Baron, in heraldic language, 
 signifies a husband. The rank of 
 Baron in the peerage corresponds 
 with that of the Saxon Thane ; 
 it is the lowest. 
 An hereditary rank instituted by 
 
 35 
 
 Fig. 64. Barna 
 cles or Breys. 
 
 Barry, Her. 
 
 Baronet. 
 
 James I. in 161 2. 
 
 Baron's Coronet, first granted by Charles II., 
 has, on a golden circlet, si.v large pearls ; of 
 ^\hich four are shown in representations. 
 
 Baroque. In bad taste, florid and incon- 
 gruous ornamentation. The same as rococo. 
 
 Barrulet, Her. The diminutive of a Bar 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Divided into an even number 
 of bars, which all lie in the 
 same plane. 
 
 Barry-Bendy, Her. Having 
 the field divided by lines drawn 
 bar-ivisc, which are crossed by 
 others drawn bend-wise. 
 
 Bartizan, "Watch - turret. 
 Arch. A small watch-tower 
 made to project from the top 
 of a tower or a curtain-wall, 
 generally at the angles. City-gates were in 
 some instances furnished with bartizans. Origi- 
 nally they w-ere of wood, but from the nth 
 century they were made of masonry, and so 
 formed part of the structure on which they 
 rested ; they were, in fact, turrets. (Fig. 67.) 
 (Compare Barbican.) 
 
 Bar-wise, Her. Disposed after the manner 
 of a Bar (q.v.). 
 
 Baryies. A heavy spar, or sulphate, the white 
 varieties of which are ground and made into 
 paint (constant or Hiimis white). Mixed with 
 an equal c|uantity of tvhite lead, it produces 
 Venice -white, and with half as much "■ Ham- 
 l>in-q," or with one-third ^^ Dutch" white. 
 
 Basalt is a very hard stone, much like lava in 
 appearance, and black or green in colour, used 
 
 66. Barry of 
 si.\. 
 
 for statuary. The princijial specimens are 
 Egyptian and Grecian. 
 
 Fig. 67. Bartizan. 
 
 Basanos, Gr. (i) (Lat. lapis Lydius) The touch- 
 stone ; a dark-coloured stone on which gold 
 leaves a peculiar mark. Hence (2) trial by tor- 
 ture. (3) A military engine, 
 j ] the form of which is not 
 
 ~ exactly known. 
 
 Bascauda, R. A basket, 
 
 introduced from Britain as a 
 
 table utensil, considered as 
 
 an object of luxury. It was 
 
 the old Welsh "basgawd," 
 
 and served to hold bread or 
 
 fruits. 
 
 Bascinet. A light helmet, round or conical, 
 
 with a pointed apex, and fitting close to the 
 
 head, mentioned in the 13th century. 
 
 Bascule, U. E. ( i ) The countcrjwise to a draw- 
 bridge. (2) A kind of trap-door. (A badge of 
 the Herbert family.) 
 
 Base, Arch. The lower part of a pillar, wall, 
 &c. ; the division of a column on which the 
 shaft is placed. The Grecian Doric order has no 
 base. 
 
 . Bar- wise. 
 
36 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Base. Her. The lowest extremity. 
 Baselard, Fr. An ornamental short dagger, 
 worn at the girdle ; 15th century. With such a 
 
 Fig 69 Ionic Base 
 
 weapon the Lord Mayor of London "transfixit 
 Jack Straw in gutture." The weapon is pre- 
 served by the Fishmongers' Company. 
 
 Bases. A kind of embroidered mantle, which 
 hung down from the middle to about the knees, 
 or lower; worn by knights on horseback. 
 [Nans ) 
 
 Basileia, Gr. {^aaiXna). A festival in- 
 stituted m honour of Jupiter Basilais. It was 
 m commemoration of the victory which the 
 Boeotians had won at Leuctra, and in which 
 suci_e=s had been promised them by the oracle of 
 Itophonius. 
 
 Fig. 70. Basilica at Pompeii (restored). 
 
ART AND ARC l^•^;()I,(»(;v 
 
 37 
 
 ^ • • • i ff ai 
 
 Sl|n|(S 
 
 
 i m 
 
 
 
 El 
 
 in E 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 i2) C 
 
 
 3 g 
 
 
 
 a i 
 
 
 ! S 
 
 
 
 S f 
 
 
 ! ii 
 
 
 
 a ! 
 
 
 I l!) 
 
 « 
 
 a 
 
 ® [ 
 
 1 
 
 ►=*se 
 
 ^s= 
 
 ^«is 
 
 =lftkj»=* 
 
 E 
 
 ;i 
 
 
 
 
 ■*□ -•□ - 
 
 =^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 'u a 
 
 Basilica (sc. aula"), Gr. and R. (i8u(ri,\j(ci;, sc. 
 (TToa, i. e. royal hall). This term owes its ori- 
 ,L;inal meaning to the fact 
 that in Macedonia the 
 kings, and in dreece the 
 archon l>asileus dispensed 
 justice in buildings of this 
 description. The J\o- 
 mans, who adopted the 
 basilica from the above- 
 named countries, used it 
 as a court of justice, but 
 liesides this it became a 
 branch of the forum, and 
 even when it did not form 
 a part of the latter was 
 constructed near it, as 
 was the case at Pompeii. 
 Fig. 71 represents the 
 ground-plan of this basi- 
 lica, and Fig. 70 a view 
 of the same building 
 restored. The ground- 
 plan of the basilica is 
 rectangular, the width 
 not more than half nor 
 
 r- r- J 1 r less than a third of the 
 
 fig. 71. Ground-plan of a , ., x.. i- -i 1 
 
 Basilica. length. It was divided 
 
 by two single rows of 
 cohimns into three naves, or aisles, and the 
 tribunal of the judge was at one end of the 
 centre aisle. In the centre of the tribunal 
 was the ciinile chair of the prretor, and seats 
 for the judices and advocates. Over each of 
 the side aisles there was a gallery, from which 
 shorter columns supported the roofs ; these were 
 connected by a parapet wall or balustrade. The 
 central nave was open to the air. Under Con- 
 stantine the basilica; were adopted for Christian 
 churches. The early Norman churches were built 
 upon the same plan, and the circular apsis, 
 where the judges originally sat, used for the 
 central altar, was the origin of theapsidal termi- 
 nation of the Gothic cathedrals. The first basi- 
 lica was built at Rome, li.c. 182. In the Middle 
 Ages structures resembling small churches erected 
 over tombs were called Basilica. 
 Basilidian Gems. (See Ahka.xas.) 
 
 Basilinda, Gr. and R. 
 (Sa(7iAiV5a). Literally, the 
 game of the king ; it was 
 often played by Greek and 
 Roman children. The king 
 was appointed by lot, the 
 rest being his subjects, and 
 bound to obey him, during 
 the game. ■ 
 
 Basilisk. A fabulous ani- 
 mal, having the body of a 
 cock, beak and claws of 
 B.isih^k. brass, and a triple serpent 
 
 tail. The cml)kin of the .Spirit of Kvil. In 
 heraldry, a cockatrice having its tail ending in a 
 dragon's hcacK 
 
 Basilium, Gr. (/Saff/Anoi/). A royal diadem, 
 of a very tall form, of Kgyplian origin. Isis- 
 Fortuna is often represented wearing the basi- 
 Hunt (in her liead. 
 
 Basinet. (See Hascinkt.) 
 Basons i^^x ecclesiastical ceremonies, for col- 
 lectingalmsorfor holding the sacramental vessels, 
 were a favourite subject for the goldsmith's art. 
 Some beautifully enamelled basons of the Ijlh 
 century represent subjects of hawking and hunt- 
 ing, &c. 
 
 Bas-relief, Basso-relievo, sculptured figures 
 projecting less tlrin half of their true |)ropor- 
 tions ; Mezzo-relievo projecting exactly half ; 
 Alto-relievo more than half, from the ground 
 upon which they are carved. 
 
 Bassara or Bassaris, Gr. (a fox, or fox-skin). 
 A long tunic of Lydian origin worn by the 
 Manads of Lydia and Thrace, who were often 
 called, from this circumstance, Bassanc and 
 Bassaridts. 
 
 Basterna, R. A closed litter appropriated 
 especially to the use of ladies, as the Aiitholog-.a 
 Latina says: "The gilded basterna conceals 
 the chaste matrons." It was carried by two 
 mules harnessed in shafts, one in front and one 
 behind; the Lectica (q.v.), on the contrary, wa.s 
 carried by men. During the Middle Ages the 
 same form of litter was a common means of 
 conveyance in England. 
 
 Bastile, Arch. An 
 outwork placed so as 
 to defend the approach 
 to a castle or fortified 
 place. A famous Bas- 
 tile which had been 
 converted into a state 
 prison was that of 
 Paris, destroyed in 
 1789. Fig. 73 shows the ground-plan of it. 
 The diminutive of this term is Bastillon, which 
 has been changed into Bastion. 
 
 Bastion, Mod. A projecting polygonal but- 
 tress on a fortification. The anterior portions 
 of a bastion are the faces ; the lateral portions, 
 the Jfa/ih- ; the space comprised between the two 
 flanks, the ,^vr,;r; and the part of the fortifica- 
 tion connecting two bastions together, the citr- 
 taiii. 
 
 Bastisonus, Med. I.at. A bastion or bul- 
 wark. 
 
 Batagion ..r Batagium. (Sec Patagium.) 
 Bath, Order of the. numbers 9S5 members, 
 including the Sovereign; viz. First Class: 
 Knights Grand Cross— G.C.H. — 50 Naval and 
 Military and 25 Civil Knights. Sfcomi Class: 
 Knights Commanders— k.C.B. — I20 Naval 
 and -Military and 50 Civil. T/iinl Class: 
 
 Fig. 73. Ground-plan 
 of the Bastile. 
 
38 
 
 WORDS USED IN ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 Companions — C.B. — 525 Naval and Military 
 and 200 Civil. 
 
 Battlement, Embattailment, Bateling, O. E. 
 (Fr. Craicaii, Mcrlet, Bretcsse). A pai'apet in 
 fortifications, consisting ot a series of rising 
 
 Fig. 74. Naval and Military Badge of the " Bath." 
 
 Batiaca or Batioca, Gr. 
 
 and R. A vase of a very 
 costly description, used as a 
 drinking-vessel. 
 
 Batiere, Fr., Arch. (See 
 Saddle-roof.) A roof is 
 said to be " d'« batiere'^ 
 when it is in the form of a 
 pack-saddle ; that is, when 
 it has only two slopes or 
 eaves, the two other sides 
 l)eing gables. 
 
 Batillum or Vatillum,R. 
 (i) A hand-shovel used for 
 burning scented herbs to 
 fumigate. (2) Any kind of 
 small shovel. 
 
 Baton. In heraldry, a 
 diminutive of the BEND SINISTER couped at its 
 extremities. 
 
 Baton. The military baton, or staff, was of 
 Greek origin. (See Scytale.) 
 
 Batter, Arch. Said of walls that slope in- 
 wards from the base. Walls of wharfs and of 
 fortifications generally batter. 
 
 Battle-axe is one of the most ancient of 
 weapons. T\\^ pole-axe is distinguished by a spike 
 on the back of the axe. (See Bipennis.) 
 
 "LTLnJlTLrL 
 
 Fig. 76. Embattled 
 
 Battled, Embattled, Her. Having battle- 
 ments. 
 
 Fig. 75. Civil Ba dg 
 of the " Bath." 
 
 Fig. 77. Battlement 
 
 parts, called Merlons or Cops, separated by 
 spaces called Crenels, Embrasures, or 
 Loops. 
 
 Batuz. Norman French for battns, beaten 
 with hammered up gold ; said of silken stuffs 
 so adorned. 
 
 Baucalia or Baucalis, Gr. and R. (^avKaKiov, 
 fiavKaXis). A drinking-vessel, which varied in 
 shape and material. 
 
 Baucens, Bauceant, Med. A black and white 
 banner used in the 13th century. (A/ejn'ek.) 
 
 Baudekyn, O. E. A fabric of silk and gold 
 thread. 
 
 Baudekyn (Lat. Baldakhnts). Cloth of gold, 
 brocade : " pannus omnium ditissimus. " 
 
 Baudrick or Bald rock, O. E., of a church bell. 
 The St rap by wliich the clapper is hung in the 
 crown of the bell. 
 
 Baukides, Gr. (/Sai^/ciSes). A kind of shoe 
 worn by women ; it was of a saffron colour. 
 This elegantly-shaped shoe was highly esteemed 
 by courtezans, who often placed cork soles 
 inside their baukides, to make themselves appear 
 taller. 
 
 Baxaor Baxea, Gr. Sandals made of textile 
 plants, such as the palm, rush, willow, papyrus, 
 and a kind of alfa. They were worn by comic 
 actors on the stage. 
 
 Bay, Arch.^Fr. Travec). A principal com- 
 partment or division in a structure, marked off 
 l^y buttresses or pilasters on the walls, or by the 
 disposition of the vaulting, the main arches, &c. 
 The French word bale means an opening made 
 in a wall for a door or window. 
 
 Bayeux Tapestry. A roll of unbleached 
 linen worked in coloured worsted with illus- 
 trations of the Norman Conquest (about A.D. 
 1068) ; preserved in the public library at Bayeux. 
 A full-sized copy may be seen in the South 
 Kensington Museum. 
 
 Bayle, Arch. The open space contained 
 between the first and second walls of a fortified 
 castle. These buildings often had two bayles ; 
 in this case, the second was contained between 
 the inner wall and the donjon. 
 
ART AND AKCII.1:()I,(r;V 
 
 39 
 
 Bayonet. A weapon, so called after the town 
 of Bayonne in France, where it was invented 
 about A. I). 1650. 
 
 Bay-stall, Arch. The stall or seal in the 
 hay (of a window). 
 
 Beads, Arcli. An architectural ornament of 
 mouldings consisting of small round carved beads, 
 called also Astragal. Another name for this 
 ornament is Paternosters. 
 
 Beaker (Fr. conn-f). A trumpet-shaped vase, 
 or drinking-cup. 
 
 Fig. 70. MnulJing wiih Leak-head.-, aiKri....th-oniaiiiciit. 
 
 Beak-heads (Fr. Ih'cs cfoiseaK), Mod. An 
 ornament peculiar to Engli.sh architecture, repre- 
 senting heads and beaks of birds. The ancient 
 Peruvians used the same ornament in their archi- 
 tecture, as shown in Fig. 79, taken from the 
 decoration of the monolithic door of Tianuaco. 
 
 Fig. 79. Peruvian ornament (Be.ik-heads). 
 
 Bear. Dancing bears are represented in 
 Anglo-Sa.xon MSS. 
 
 Beards. (See baroa.) 
 
 Beaver. The movable face-guard of a helmet. 
 
 Beds. Anglo-Saxon beds usually consisted 
 merely of a sack {sivcciiti^) filled with straw, and 
 laid on a bench or board, which was ordinarily 
 in a recess at the side of the room, as we still see 
 in Scotland. The word iei/s^cad means only "a 
 
 place for a bed." yrsUr /Wr, or l)eds with a 
 roof, wcic introduced liy the Normans. Kariy 
 in the 13th century beds were covered much as 
 now, with 'ipiilte,' counterpane, bolster, 
 sheets, and coverlet ; and stood behind curtain.s 
 which hung from the ceiling. In the 15th cen- 
 tury the beds became much more oriianientai, 
 having cano]>y and curtains, and these, as well as 
 the tc-s/cr or back, decorated with heraldic, reli- 
 gious, or other devices. At the sides were 
 cosUrs, or ornamental cloths. Hetween the 
 curtains and the wall a space was left called the 
 nicUi\ or little street. 
 
 Beech Black. A blue-black vegetable pig- 
 ment. 
 
 Bees, in Christian art, are an attribute of St. 
 Ambrose. 
 
 Belfry (Fr. Bcffroi). The camiianile or bell- 
 tower of a churcii. Frecjuently detached from 
 the church, as at Chichester Cathedral. (See 
 Bkll-cahle.) 
 
 Bell. An attrilnite of .St. Anthony, referring 
 to his power of exorcising evil spirits. In 
 heraldry, the bell is drawn and blazoned as a 
 church bell. 
 
 Bell-cot, Arch. A itiiLL-dAHi.E (ipv.). 
 
 Belled, Her. 
 Having bells 
 attached, like 
 the cows in the 
 device of the 
 city of Beam. 
 (Fig. So.) 
 
 Bell-gable, 
 Arcii. A tur- 
 ret raised over 
 the west end of small churches and chaiiels that 
 have no towers to hang a bell in. This is distinct 
 from the smaller turret at the east end of the nave 
 for the Sanctus Bell (q.v. V 
 
 Bellicrepa, .Med. Lat. A military dance, of 
 Italian origin. 
 
 Bellows were called in A.S. kvli; or blast' 
 Ihd^. A MS. of the 14th century represents a 
 man blowing at a three-legged caldron with a 
 jierfectly modern-looking pair of bellows. Bel- 
 lows, in Christian art, are an attribute ofSte. 
 Genevieve. 
 
 Bell-ring, Mod. The ring in the Crow.n of 
 a bell from which the clapper hangs. 
 
 Bells on the cai>arisons of horses were com- 
 mon in the Middle Ages. .\ passage in the 
 romance of Richard Creur de Lion describes a 
 messenger "with five hundred belles rygande. " 
 Chaucer's monk has also bells on his horse's 
 " bridel " which " gyngle as lowdc as <loih the 
 chapel belle." 
 
 Belt, Chr. A girdle used to confine the alb 
 at the waist. 
 
 Belt of Beads, Chr. \ rosary was sometimes 
 so called. 
 
 Belled. 
 
4° 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 It. A prospect tower over 
 
 Belvidere, 
 building. 
 
 Bema, Gr. (i) A stone platform or hustings, 
 used as a pulpit in early Christian churches. 
 
 (2) The term is synonymous with sanctuary. 
 
 (3) It also serves to denote an ambo and a 
 bishop's chair. (See Ambo. ) The Athenian be7na 
 was a stone platform from which orators spoke 
 at the assemblies {ecclesia) in the Pnyx. 
 
 Bembix, Gr. and R. (Lat. Turbo), (i) A 
 child's whipping-top. (2) The whorl of a spindle. 
 Benches, for seats, are represented in the 14th 
 century formed by laying a plank upon two trestles. 
 Bend, Her. One of 
 the Ordinaries. It crosses 
 the field diagonally, from 
 the dexter chief to the si- 
 nister base, as in Fig. 81, 
 the arms of Richard 
 Le Scrope: Azure, abend 
 
 Fig. 81. Bend. 
 Ar77is cf Le Scrope. 
 
 Bendy. 
 
 Bestions, Arch. This term is applied by 
 Philibert Delorme to the fantastic animals which 
 
 Bendideia, Gr. (Ber- 
 8i5eia). A festival held 
 in the Piraeus in honour of the goddess Bendis 
 (the Thracian name of Artemis or Diana). 
 Bendlet, Her. The diminutive of Bend. 
 Bend- wise, or In bend. Her. Arranged in the 
 direction of a bend. 
 
 _ Bendy, Her. Parted 
 
 bend-wise into an even 
 numl:ier of divisions. 
 
 Benna, Gaul, and R. 
 This term, borrowed 
 either from the Welsh or 
 the Gauls, denoted among 
 the Romans a four- 
 wheeled cart or carriage 
 made of wicker-work. 
 A benna may be seen on the bas-reliefs of the 
 column of Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Bennou, Egyp. A mythical bird resembling 
 the phanix, which sprang from its own ashes, 
 and A\-as made the emblem of the resurrection. 
 It symbolized the return of Osiris to the light, 
 and was therefore consecrated to that god. 
 
 Benzoin. A gum-resin used as an ingredient 
 in spirit vartiishcs. 
 
 Berlin Porcelain. The manufactory was first 
 founded in 1 750, under Frederick the Great. 
 Fig. 83 is a specimen of Beidin hard porcelain. 
 Beryl. A gem of an iridescent green colour. 
 Bes, R. (/;/, twice, and as). A fraction of 
 value equivalent to two-thirds of an as. 
 
 Besa, Gr. and R. A drinking-vessel, also 
 called bcssa and bcssion. It was wider at the 
 bottom than at the top, and in shape much re- 
 sembled the BoMEYLOs (q.v.). 
 
 Bessa (Fr. beysse fa-ree), Med. An instru- 
 ment like a pickaxe or mattock used by the 
 pioneers of an army ; 15th century. {Meyrick.) 
 Bession. (See Besa.) 
 
 Fig. S3. Berlin porcelain jug. 
 
 occur in sculptures of the decorative or florid 
 period of architecture. 
 
 Beten, O. E. Embroidered with fancy subjects. 
 " A coronall on her hedd sett. 
 
 Her clothes with beasts and birdes were bete." 
 
 Beveled, Arch. Having a sloped surface. (See 
 Splay.) 
 
 Bever. A Norman word for "taking a 
 di^ink " between breakfast and dinner; elsewhere 
 called " a myd-diner under-mete." 
 
 Bezant, Her. A golden "roundle" 
 or disk, flat like a coin. 
 
 Biacca, It. White carbonate of 
 lead ; a pigment. 
 
 Fig. 84. Biblia, Med. Lat. A war engine 
 
 2"^""'- for attack. 
 
 Bibliotheca, Gr. and R. (/SijSAi'or, book, and 
 OrJKTj, case). Primarily the place where books 
 were kept, and hence used for the collection of 
 books or MSS. itself. The most celebrated 
 library of antiquity was that foimded by the 
 Ptolemies at Alexandria, destroyed by the Arabs, 
 A.D. 640. 
 
 Bibliothecula, Gr. and R. (dimin. of biblio- 
 theca). A small library. 
 
 Bice. The name of certain very ancient blue 
 and green pigments, known also as Mountain 
 (or Saunders') blue, and Mountain green, and by 
 other names. (See Carisonates of Copper.) 
 
 Biclinium, Gr. and R. A couch or sofa on 
 which two persons could recline at table. 
 
 Bicos, Gr. (See BiKOS.) 
 
 Bidens, R. (dens, a tooth). Literally, with 
 two teeth, forks, or blades. The term was 
 applied to a hoe, a pair of scissors, and an 
 anchor {ancora bidens). A two-forked weapon 
 of the same name occurs in some representations 
 of Pluto. 
 
ART AND ARCILKOL()(;V 
 
 41 
 
 Bidental, R. {(>idms). A structure conse- 
 crated by the aug^irs or haruspices, throuj^h the 
 sacrifice of an animal. This was generally a 
 sheep of two years old, whence the name />/Wt-/is 
 applied to the victim. The bidciital was often 
 an altar surrounded witli a peristyle, as may be 
 seen from the remains of one of them at Pompeii. 
 A />ii/t'>itai wan set up in any place which had 
 been struck by lightning. A cippus or putcal 
 placed on the exact spot which had been struck 
 bore the inscription : Fnhiieii or//t/if/tr condituin. 
 Bien-hoa or Ben-hoa, Hind. A kind of stone 
 employed by the Khmers or ancient inhabitants 
 of Camboja for their sculpture ; they also called 
 it bdi-krieni (roasted rice), whicli it exactly 
 resembles. Its deep yellow colour recalls in a 
 striking degree that of old white marbles which 
 have been long exposed to the sun and air in 
 warm countries. 
 
 Bifrons, R . 
 (fiviis, a fore- 
 head). Having 
 t\\'o fronts or 
 faces. Libra- 
 ries and pic- 
 ture galleries 
 generally con- 
 tained statu- 
 ary of heads or 
 busts coupled 
 together back 
 to back, but 
 especially of 
 Janus, emble- 
 matic of his 
 kno wl edge 
 both of the 
 past and the 
 future. The 
 illustration re- 
 presents a 
 Greek vase, in 
 imitation of 
 
 Fig. 85. Bifrons. 
 
 the statuary described, 
 
 Biga, R. {bi andjiiga, double-yoked). A car 
 drawn by two horses. Biga also denoted, like 
 bijugus or bijitgis, two horses harnessed together. 
 [The Greeks called this method " Synoris."] 
 
 Bigatus, R. (sc. miminus). A silver denarius 
 (one of the earliest Roman coins) which had a 
 EIC-V on the reverse. Other denarii were (juad- 
 rigati, having a fo2tr-korse chariot on ihe reverse. 
 
 Biggon, O. E. " A kind of quoif formerly 
 worn by men ;" hence " Beguines," the nuns at 
 the Beguinage at Ghent, who still wear the biggon. 
 
 Bikos, Gr. and R. A large earthenware vase 
 adapted to hold dry provisions, such as figs, 
 plums, i!\:c. 
 
 Bilanx, R. (double-dish). A balance with 
 two scales. (See Libra.) 
 
 Bilbo. A light rapier invented at Bilboa. 
 
 Bilix. R. (donble-tiiread). A texture like 
 " twill," or "dimity," made l)y a double set of 
 leashes (//W(7). Bill, (). K. A 
 
 wcapcjii made of a 
 long staff with a 
 iiroad curved i)lade, 
 a short i>ike at the 
 l)ack, and a pike at 
 the top, used by 
 infantry of tiie I4lh 
 and 15th centuries. 
 
 (Tig. sr,.) 
 
 Billet, Her. A 
 sm.nll oblong figure. 
 Billet, Arch. A 
 moulding of the Ro- 
 man cjioch, consist- 
 ing of .short rods 
 separated from each 
 other by a space 
 equal to their own 
 length. Some billets 
 are arranged in 
 several rows. 
 
 Bilychnis, Gr. 
 and R. A double 
 lamp with twobeaks 
 and two wicks, so 
 as to give out two 
 separate flames. 
 
 Binio, R. A gold 
 coin current at 
 Rome. It was worth 
 aiiiri or fifty 
 silver dciKJvii. (See 
 .\i:KKrs.) 
 
 Bipalium, R. A 
 spade, furnished 
 with a cross-bar, h\ 
 pressing the foot on 
 which the inslru- 
 ment could be pushed into theground. Represent.^- 
 tions of this tool occur jirctty frec|uently on tombs. 
 Bipennis or Bipenne, 
 Gen. {pcitiia, a wing). An 
 axe with a double blade or 
 edge, used as an agricultural 
 implement, an adze, or a mili- 
 tary weapon. The Greeks, 
 who called it $ovir\iii, never 
 made use of it. It was 
 used especially by barbarous 
 nations, such as the Ama- 
 zons, Scythians, Gauls, &c. 
 Fig. S7 represents a Gaulish 
 bifctniis taken from one of 
 the bas-reliefs on the trium- 
 phal arch at Orange. 
 Bird, in Kgyptian hieroglyphics, signified the 
 soul of man, and in Christian art had originally 
 a similar meaning afterw.nrds forgotten. 
 
 <-v CO I 
 
 \ Ro 
 
 ^ lw< 
 
 Fig. 86. I'.ill-he.-id. 
 
 Fig. 87. Bipennis 
 
42 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Bird-bolt. A short thick arrow, with a blunt 
 head, about the breadth of a shiUing. 
 
 Biremis, R. {i-emus, an oar). A pair-oared 
 boat, or a vessel having two banks of oars. 
 
 Fig. 88. Biretta. 
 
 Biretta, It. 
 
 (Portrait of a Rector of Padua.) 
 
 A cap. In its restricted 
 meaning the term is applied to that worn by- 
 priests and academical persons. The illustra- 
 tion shows the state costume of the Rector of 
 the University of Padua, who wears a sacerdo- 
 tal biretta. 
 
 Birotus and Birota, R. {rota, a wheel). Any- 
 thing having two wheels, and so a two-wheeled 
 carriage, car, or chariot. 
 
 Birrus and Byrrus, R. A russet-coloured 
 capote with a hood. It was made of a coarse 
 cloth {hiire) with a long nap. Such was, at 
 
 first, the meaning of the term, but in course of 
 time birri of a fine quality were made. 
 
 Bisaccium (It. bisacce). Saddle-bags of 
 coarse sacking. 
 
 Biscuit, Fr. A kind of porcelain, unglazed. 
 The finest is the so-called Parian porcelain. 
 
 Bisellium, R. {sella, a seat). A seat of 
 honour or state chair, reserved for persons of 
 note, or who had done service to the state. There 
 was room on the seat for two persons. 
 
 Bishop's Length. Technical name for a 
 portrait-canvas of 58 inches by 94 inches. 
 
 Bismuth. The pigment, called pearl white, 
 which is the sub-nitrate of this metal, is very 
 susceptible to the action of sulphurous vapours, 
 which turn it black. 
 
 Bisomus, Chr. A sarcophagus with two 
 compartments ; that is, capable of holding two 
 dead bodies. (See Sarcophagus. ) 
 
 Bistre. A warm brown water-colour-pig- 
 ment, made of the soot of beech-wood, water, 
 and gum. It is the mediaeval fuligo and fuligine. 
 
 Biting-in. The action of aqua fortis upon 
 copper or steel in engraving. 
 
 Bitumen. This pigment should be genuine 
 Asphaltiiin, diluted and ground up with drying- 
 oil or varnish. It dries quickly. There is a 
 substance sold as bitumen which will not dry at 
 all. (See Asphaltum.) 
 
 Bivium, R. {via, a way). A street or road 
 branching out into two different directions ; at 
 the corner there was almost always a fountain. 
 
 Bizarre, Fr. Fantastic, capricious of kind. 
 
 Black is the resultant of the combination in 
 unequal proportions of blue, red, and yellow. 
 
 Black, in Christian art, expressed the 
 earth ; darkness, mourning, wickedness, nega- 
 tion, death ; and was appropriate to the Prince 
 of Darkness. White and black together signify 
 purity of life, and mourning or humiliation ; 
 hence adopted by the Dominicans and Car- 
 melites. In blazonry, black, called sable, signi- 
 fies prudence, wisdom, and constancy in adver- 
 sity and love, and is represented by horizontal 
 and perpendicular lines crossing each other. 
 
 Black Pigments are very numerous, of different 
 degrees of transparency, and of various hues, in 
 which either red or blue predominates, produc- 
 mg brown blacks or blue blacks. The most 
 important are beech black, or vegetable blue black ; 
 bone black, or Paris black, called also ivoiy black ; 
 Cassel or Cologne black, cork black, Frankfort 
 black, TociiS. lamp black. (See Asphaltum.) 
 
 Blades, Arch. The principal rafters of a roof. 
 
 Blasted, Her. Leafless, withered. 
 
 Blautai, Gr. (Lat. soleie). A richly-made 
 shoe ; a kind of sandal worn by men. 
 
 Blazon, Her. Armorial compositions. To 
 Ijlazon is to describe or to represent them in 
 an heraldic manner. The representation is 
 called Blazonry. For example, the blazoning of 
 
ART AND AKCII/EOLOGY 
 
 43 
 
 the BADGES on the cornice of King Henry's chan- 
 try in Westminster Abbey is as fiillows : — L)n 
 the dexter, a white antck)]-ie, ducally collared, 
 chained, and armed or; and on the sinister a 
 swan gorged with a crown and chain. The 
 beacon or cresset or, inflamed proper. (See 
 yk- 54-) 
 
 Blending. Passing over painting with a soft 
 bnish of badger's hair made for the purpose, V>y 
 which the pigments are fused together and the 
 painting softened. 
 
 Blindman's Buff. Called " hoodman-blind," 
 temp. Elizabeth. 
 
 Blind-story, Arch. The triforium in a 
 church. Opposed to the clear or clere- 
 story (q.v. ). 
 
 Blocking-course, Arch. The last course in a 
 wall, especially of a parapet. The surface is 
 made slightly convex to allow of water flowing 
 off more easily. 
 
 Blodbendes (O. E. for blood-bands). Narrow 
 strips of linen to bind round the arm after 
 bleeding. 
 
 Blodius, O. E. Sky blue. 
 
 Bloom. The clouded appearance which 
 varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a 
 picture. 
 
 Blue. One of the three primary colours, the 
 complementary to orange. Blue, in Christian 
 art, or the sapphire, expressed heaven, the 
 firmament, truth, constancy, fidelity. Its sym- 
 bolism as the dress worn by the Virgin Mary is 
 of modesty. In blazonry it signifies chastity, 
 loyalty, fidelity, and good reputation. Engravers 
 represent it by horizontal lines. 
 
 Blue Black, or Charcoal Black, is a pigment 
 prepared by burning vine-twigs in close vessels. 
 Mixed with white lead it yields very fine silvery 
 greys. (See also Bl.\ck Pigments.) 
 
 Blue Pigments. Minerals :— see Ultramarine, 
 Cobalt, Blue Verditer. Vegetable: — Indigo. 
 Animal : — Prussian blue. (See Carbonate ok 
 Copper, Intense Blue.) 
 
 Blue Verditer. (See Verditer.) 
 
 Boar. In medieval art, emblem of ferocity 
 and sensuality. In heraldry the boar is called 
 Sanglier. The military ensigns of the Gauls 
 were surmounted by figures of the wild boar. 
 
 Figs. Sg, 90. Boars. Gallic ensigns. 
 Boclerus, Med. Lat. A buckler ; I4ih 
 
 century. The word is derived from ihe (ierniau 
 l>()ck, a goat. Compare /1m;is. 
 
 Bodkin, Saxon. A dagger, a liair-pin, a 
 l)lunl flat needle. 
 
 " With boiikiiis w.ns Cxs.ir Julius 
 Murdred at Rome, of Brutus, Cassius." 
 
 ( Tilt Serjicnt 0/ Division, 1590. ) 
 
 " He pulls her bodkin that is tied in a piece of black 
 ribbon." (TVit- Parson's IVediiin^, i66j.) 
 
 The Latin name for this classical head-dress was 
 
 aeus. 
 
 Body Colour. In speaking of oil colours the 
 term applies to their solidity, or degree of 
 opacity ; water-colour painting is said to be in 
 body colours when the pigments are laid on 
 thickly, or mixed with white, as in oil jiainting. 
 
 Boedromia, (Jr. and R. A festival instituted 
 in honour ot A|h)11o the Helper — ;3o7)5pd^os. It 
 was held at Alliens on the sixth day of Septem- 
 ber, a month tlience called Boedromioit. 
 
 Bohemian Glass. The manufacture of a pure 
 crystal glass well adapted for engraving liecame 
 an important industry in Germany about tiie 
 year 1600, and the art of engraving was admira- 
 bly developed during the century. Of Johann 
 Schapper, especially, Jaccpiemart says that he 
 produced "subjects and arabesques of such deli- 
 cacy of execution that at first sight they seemed 
 merely like a cloud on the glass." 
 
 Bohordamentum, Med. Lat. A joust with 
 mock lances called "bouhours." 
 
 Bojae, R. (/vf, an ox), (i) A heavy collar of 
 wood or iron for dangerous dogs. (2) A similar 
 collar placed round the necks of criminals or 
 slaves. 
 
 Boletar, R. A dish on which mushrooms 
 [boleti) were sened, and thence transferred to 
 dishes of various forms. 
 
 Bolevardus, Med. Lat. A boulevard or ram- 
 part. 
 
 Bombard, O. E. A machine for projecting 
 stones or iron balls ; the precursor of the cannon. 
 First used in the 14th century. 
 
 Bombards, O. E. Padded breeches. In 
 Elizabeth's reign the breeches, then called BOM- 
 BARDS, were stuffed so wide that a gallery or 
 scaff"old was erected to acconmiodale members 
 of Parliament who wore them. The engraving 
 shows James I. (painted 1614) attired for hawk- 
 ing. (Fig. 91.) 
 
 Bombax, O. E. The stuff now calle<l Bom- 
 basin. " A sort of fine silk or cotton cloth well 
 known upon the continent during the 13th 
 century." (Striitt.) 
 
 Bombe, I'r. Curved furniture, introduced 
 in the iSth cciitiuy. 
 
 Bombulom or Bunibulum, O. E. (from the 
 Greek ^oix&oi, a hollow deep sound). A musi- 
 cal instrument consisting of an angular frame 
 with metal plates, which sounded when shaken 
 like the sistnim of the Egyi)tians. 
 
44 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Bombylos and Bombyle, Gr. and R. A vase 
 ) called from the gurgling noise which the 
 
 Fig. 91. Bombards worn by King James I. of England. 
 
 liquid makes in pouring out through its narrow 
 neck. 
 
 Bone Black. (See Ivory Black.) 
 Book. In mediaeval art an attribute of the 
 fathers of the Church ; in the hands of evange- 
 lists and apostles it represents the Gospel. St. 
 Boniface carries a book pierced with a sword. 
 St. Stephen, St. Catherine, St. Bonaventura, 
 and St. Thomas Aquinas also carry books. 
 Bordure, Her. A border to a shield. 
 Boreasmos, Gr. A festival held at Athens 
 in honour of Boreas, the god of the north 
 wind. 
 
 Borto or Burdo, Med. Lat. A lance. 
 Boss. The centre of a shield; also an archi- 
 tectural ornament for ceilings, put where the 
 ribs of a vault meet, or in other situations. 
 
 Bos sa g e, 
 Arch. An 
 arrangement of 
 plain or orna- 
 mental projec- 
 tions on the 
 surface of a 
 wall of dressed 
 masonry. Figs. 
 92 and 93 
 Fig. 92. Greek Bossage. represent two 
 
 Greek walls 
 finished in this manner. 
 
 Boston, O. E. A flower so called. 
 Botega, It. A manufactory or artist's work- 
 shop where pottery is made. 
 
 B t n e e, 
 Fitchee, Her. 
 Varieties of 
 the heraldic 
 cross, called 
 also treflee. 
 
 (Fig. 94-) 
 B ttcher 
 
 Ware. Early 
 Fig. 93. Bossage. Dresden pot- 
 
 tery, (i) A very hard red stone- 
 ware, made of a red clay of 
 Okrilla, invented at Meissen by 
 John P'rederick Bottchei. (2) 
 i'orcelain. Bottcher, finding his 
 wig very heavy one day, exa- 
 mined the powder upon it, and 
 discovered it to be the fine kaolin 
 of Aue, from which the Dresden 
 (or Meissen) china is made. 
 Bottcher's first object was to ob- 
 tain a paste as white and as perfect as that of 
 the CoREA ; he succeeded at his first trial, and 
 
 Fig. 95. Coffee-pot of Bottcher Ware. 
 
 produced pieces with archaic decoration so per- 
 fectly imitated, that one would hesitate to declare 
 them European. 
 
 Bottle, Boutell, Bowtell, or Boltell, Arch. 
 An old English term for a bead moulding ; 
 also for small shafts of clustered colunnis resting 
 against the pillars of a nave, in the Romano- 
 Byzantine and Gothic periods. These shafts 
 
ART AND AUCILKOLOCV 
 
 45 
 
 spring from the ground and rise loTlhe hcii^lu 
 of the bend of the roof, ihc diagonal ribs of which 
 
 c^MszaESZ^ 
 
 Fig. 96. liottle-mouldings. 
 they receive on coupled columns. I'robably 
 from bolt, an arrow. 
 
 Bougets orWater Bougets, 
 Fr. , were pouches of leather, 
 which were used by the 
 Crusaders for carrying water 
 in the deserts. Fig. 97 is 
 a heraldic representation of 
 the coal of arms of Do Ros. 
 Fig. 97. Water Boule, Boulcuterion, Gr. 
 
 Bouget. ^n assembly composed of 
 
 the foremost men of the nation. It was a kind 
 of senate or higher council which deliberated 
 on the affairs of the republic. The popular 
 assembly, on the other hand, composed of all 
 the males of free birth, was called agora, and 
 was held in a place called by the same name. 
 (See Agora.) 
 
 Boule. A peculiar kind of marquetry, com- 
 posed of tortoise-shell and thin brass, to which 
 are sometimes added ivory and enamelled metal. 
 Named from its inventor, Andre Charles Boule, 
 born 1642. 
 
 Boulting-mill. A mill for winnowing the 
 flour from the bran {criisca^ ; the device of the 
 Academy of La Crusca. (See Ctusc.^. ) 
 
 Bourdon. A pilgi-im's staff. On the walls 
 of Hotel Cluny, at Paris, the pilgiim's bourdon 
 and cockle-shells are sculptured. Piers Plow- 
 man describes a pilgi-im's 
 
 " htirdoun y-bounde 
 With a broad liste, in a withwynde wise 
 Y-wounden about." 
 
 Bourginot. A close helmet of the 15th cen- 
 tury, first used in lUngimdy. 
 
 Bourgogne, Point de, is a beautifully fine and 
 well-finislii-d jiilldw lace resembling old Mechlin. 
 No record remains of its manufacture. (Fig. 9S.) 
 
 Bovile. (See ISuniLK. ) 
 
 Bow. Represented in the most ancient 
 monuments. In classical art an attribute of 
 Apollo, Cupid, Diana, Hercules, and the Cen- 
 taurs. 
 
 Bow, Arch., C). K. .\ flying buttrcs.s, orarch- 
 biUtrcss. 
 
 Bowed, Her. Having a convex contour. 
 
 Bower or Bowre, C>. E. The Anglo-Saxon 
 name for a bed-chamber, "^/W ;// bure" = a 
 lady in her chamber. The bed-chambers were 
 separate buildings grouped round or near the 
 central hall. 
 
 " L'p then rose fair Annet's father, 
 
 Twa hours or it ucr day, 
 
 And he is gane into the boiver 
 
 Wherein fair -■Xnnet lay." 
 
 (fercy Ballads.) 
 
 Bowls of metal, generally bronze or copper, 
 found in early Anglo-Sa.\on barrcnvs or graves, 
 are probably of Roman workmanship. Some 
 beautiful buckets (A.S. bucas) were made of 
 wood, generally of ash, whence they had 
 another name ccscen. They are ornamented 
 with designs, and figures of animals, and were 
 probably used at festivities tu contain ale or mead. 
 
 Bowtell or Boutell, Arch. (See Buttle.) 
 
 Brabeum, Brabiam, or Bravium, Gr. (jBpa- 
 ^iiov, from ^poaeuy, judge). Three terms denoting 
 the prize assigned to the victor in the public games. 
 
 Braccse, Bracae, or Bragse (Celtic breac). 
 Trousers worn princijially by barbarous nations. 
 
 Fig. 98. Bourgogne Point Lace. 
 
 Fig. 99. Figures with Bracca;. 
 
 such as the Amazons, .Gauls, Persians, and Scy- 
 thians. A naxyrides was the name given to close- 
 fittin" trousers, bracdc laXiC to witler pantaloons, 
 such as those worn by the Gaul in the left-hand 
 corner of Fig. 99, from a bas-relief taken from 
 the sarcophagus of the vigiia .\mmendola. The 
 bracca: virgatu were stripcil pantaloons worn 
 
46 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig, loo. Three diamond rings 
 interlaced. 
 
 especially by Asiatics ; bracav picfic, variegated 
 or embroidered trousers. (See Breeches.) 
 
 Braced or Braz- 
 ed, Her. Inter- 
 laced, as in the 
 illustration of the 
 arms of Cosmo, 
 the founder of 
 the Medici family. 
 (Fig. loo.) (See 
 also the illustra- 
 tion to Fret.) 
 
 Bracelet. Brace- 
 lets were, among 
 the ancients, asym- 
 bol of marriage. 
 (See Armilla.) 
 
 Bracelets. (See 
 Periscelis.) 
 Bracbiale, R. {brac/iiuiu, the arm). An 
 armlet, or piece of defensive armour covering 
 the hracliiiuii or forearm. It was worn by gla- 
 diators in the circus. Some beautifully orna- 
 mented specimens were found among the excava- 
 tions at Pompeii. 
 
 Brackets, Arch., in mediceval architecture, are 
 usually called Corbels. (See Fig. 5.) 
 
 Braconniere, O. E. A skirt of armour, worn 
 hanging from the breast and back plates ; i6th 
 centuiy. 
 
 Bractea or Brattea, R. Leaves of metal, 
 especially of gold, beaten out. 
 Braga, Bragse. (See Bracc^.) 
 Bragamas, O. E. (SeeBRAouEMARD.) " Un 
 grant coustel, que I'en dit bragamas;" 14th cent. 
 Braggers, O. E. An obsolete term for timber 
 
 BRACKET.S. 
 
 Brake, O. E. A quern or handmill. 
 Brand, A.S. A torch; hence, from its .shin- 
 ing appearance, a sword. {Mcyrick. ) 
 
 Brandrate, O. E. An iron tripod fixed over 
 the fire, on which to set a pot or kettle. 
 
 Braquemard, 
 O. E. A kind of 
 sabre — "un grant 
 coustel d'Ale- 
 
 maigne, nomme 
 braquemart ;" 14th 
 century. 
 
 Brass, Gen. An 
 alloy made by 
 mixing copper 
 with tin, or else 
 with zinc or silver. 
 Another name for 
 itisBRONZE(q.v.). 
 Corinthian brass 
 is very celebrated, 
 but little is known 
 of its composi- 
 Fig. loi. Brassart. tion even at the 
 
 present day. Mosaic gold, pinchbeck, prince's 
 metal, &c., are varieties of brass differing in 
 the proportions of the ingredients. Brass beaten 
 into very thin leaves is called Dutch Metal. 
 
 Brassart. Plate armour for the arm. (Fig. loi.) 
 
 Brasses. Engraved metal plates inlaid in the 
 pavements or walls of churches as monuments. 
 The material was called cidlcn (or Cologne) plate. 
 The engravings were made black with mastic 
 or bitumen, and the field or background was 
 coarsely enamelled in various colours. 
 
 Brattach, Celtic. A standard ; literally, a cloth. 
 
 Braunshid, O. E. Branched. 
 
 Breadth " in painting is a term which denotes 
 largeness, space, vastness," <S;c. (Consult J. B. 
 Pyne ^^ On tlie Nomenclatin-e of Pictorial Art,^'' 
 Art Union, 18:: 
 
 Fig. 102. Bridle-device of the Arbusani. 
 
 Breccia, It. A conglomerate used by the 
 ancients in architecture and sculpture. 
 
 Breeches {breac Celtic, bracca: Lat.). The 
 word breeches in its present acceptance was first 
 used towards the end of the 1 6th century ; pre- 
 viously, breeches were called hose, upper socks, 
 and slop. (See Bombards and Bracca.) 
 Bremen Green. (See Verditer.) 
 Breys, Her. (See Barnacles.) 
 Bridges, O. E. A kind of satin manufactured 
 at Bruges. 
 
 A favourite Scriptural emblem of 
 self-restraint and self-de- 
 nial. The illustration is 
 the device of Benedetto 
 Arbusani of Padua ; with 
 the motto which, according 
 to Epictetus, contains every 
 essential to human happi- 
 ness. (Fig. 102.) (See 
 " Historic Devices.") 
 
 Broach or Broch, O. E. 
 A church spire, or any 
 sharp-poijited object, was 
 
 Bridle. 
 
 Broad 
 
 frequently so called. 
 
ART Ax\D ARCH.EOLOGV. 
 
 47 
 
 Broad Arrow, now used as the Royal mark 
 on all Government stores, &c., was first em- 
 ployed as a regal badge by Richard I. (Fig. 103.) 
 
 Brocade. A stout silken stuff of variegated 
 pattern. Strutt says it was comjiosed of silk 
 interwoven with threads of gold and silver. The 
 state or " ducal " costume of the Uogeressa of 
 Venice, represented in the illustration, con- 
 
 and copper ; tlie vtoJcrn bronze contains also 
 zinc anil lead, by which liie fluidity is increased, 
 and the l>rittleness diminished. 
 
 Bronzes (ancient Ciiiuese) arc rarely seen out 
 of the province of hokien. The lines of metal 
 are small and delicate, and are made lo repre- 
 sent flowers, trees, animals of various kinds, 
 and sometimes Chinese characters. Some fine 
 bronzes, inlaid with gold, arc met with in this 
 province. As a general rule, Chinese bronzes 
 are more remarkable for their peculiar and cer- 
 tainly not very handsome fonn than for anything 
 else. 
 
 Bronzing. The art of laying a coating of bronze 
 powder on wood, gypsum, or other material. 
 Another method is the electrotype ])rocess. (Con- 
 sult Walker's Electrotype Mauiptilation. ) 
 
 Brooch. (See Fibula.) Anglo-Saxon and Irish 
 specimens of magnificent workmanship are de- 
 
 Fig. 104. Gold Brocade State or "Ducal" costume of the 
 Dogeressa of Venice. 
 
 sisted principally of an ample robe of the Imest 
 gold brocade, lined with ermine. (Figs. 88, 104.) 
 
 Broella. Coarse cloth worn by monks in the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 Bromias, Gr. A drinking-ves.sel of wood, or 
 silver, resembling a large SCYPH us (q.v.). 
 
 Bronze. Antiqiie bronze was composed of tm 
 
 Figs. 105 to 112. Gallic and Merovingian brooches. 
 
 scribed in the Arclucological All'iini. In the 
 Middle Ages brooches bore quaint inscriptions : 
 Chaucer's " prioress " wore 
 
 " a brocht of gold fill shene. 
 
 On which was first y-wTctten a crooned A, 
 
 And alter, Amor vincit omnia. " 
 
 Leather brooches for hats are mentioned by 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Dekker in Satiromastix, 1602. Figs. 205, 206, 
 207 represent different brooches found in 
 
 Fig. 1 1 J. Gallic brooch. 
 
 France of the Gallic and Merovingian periods. 
 (Compare Fibula, Phalf.r^.) 
 
 Brown, in Egyptian art, was the colour 
 consecrated to Typhon ; in ancient times it was 
 the sign of mourning. Regarded as a compound 
 of red and black, Bistre, it is the symbol of all 
 evil deeds and treason. In a monastic costume 
 it signifies renunciation. With the Moors it was 
 emblematic of all evil. Christian symbolism 
 appropriates the colour of the dead leaf for the 
 type of "spiritual deatli," &c. (Consult Portal, 
 Essai siir Ics Coiileurs syinboUgues.) 
 
 Brown Madder. (See Madder.) 
 
 Brown Ochre. A strong, dark, yellow, opaque 
 pigment. (See Ochres. ) 
 
 Brown Pigments z\-e.usp/ialtu?)i, lustre, umber, 
 sienna. Mars brown, Cassel earth, Cappagh 
 brown, bro-ion madder, and burnt terra verde ; — 
 chiefly calcined earths. (See also Indigo.) 
 
 Lace 
 
 Brown Pink (Fr. stil de grain). A vegetable 
 yellow pigment. (See Pinks.) 
 
 Brown Red is generally made from burnt 
 yellcnu ochre, or Roma)i ochre, or from calcined 
 sulphate of iron. (See Mars. ) 
 
 Brunswick Green. A modification of Moun- 
 tain Green (q.v.). 
 
 Bruny, Byrne, or Byrnan. Saxon for a 
 lireastplate or cuirass, called by the Normans 
 " broigiic.'" 
 
 Brushes. (See Hair Pencils.) 
 
 Brussels Point a I'Aiguille differs somewhat 
 from the lace usually known as Brussels Lace 
 or Point d'Angleterre, but resembles Point 
 d'Alenfon in the reseau ground. (Fig. 1 14.) 
 (See Point d'Angleterre.) 
 
 Buccina (Gr. BvKavn). A kind of trumpet 
 anciently made of a conch-shell, represented in 
 the hands of Tritons. 
 
 Buccula, R. {bitcca, a cheek). The chin-piece 
 or cheek-piece of a helmet, which could be raised 
 or lowered by the soldier at will. 
 
 Bucentaur. A monster, half man and half ox. 
 The name of the Venetian state galley. 
 
 Buckets, Anglo-Saxon. (See Bowls.) 
 
 Buckle, Her. The crest 
 of the Pelham family, now 
 repi-esented by the Earls 
 of Chichester. It is a 
 common ornament of 
 ecclesiastical buildings, 
 houses, and other objects 
 in Sussex. (Fig. 115.) 
 
 Buckler. (See Cli- 
 I'EUs and Scutum.) 
 
 Buckram. A cloth 
 stiffened with gum, so 
 called from Bokhara, where it was originally 
 made. 
 
 Bucranium, R. (^ovKpaviov). An ox's head 
 from which the flesh has been stripped ; an 
 <ix-skull employed in the decoration of friezes by 
 Greek and Roman architects. Fig. 116 represents 
 a bucranium in the temple of Vespasian at 
 Rome. 
 
 Budge, O. E. Lambskin with the wool 
 dressed outwards. Mentioned by Chaucer. 
 
 Buffett-stoole, O. E. A stool with three legs. 
 
 Bufiin, O. E. Coarse cloth of Elizabeth's 
 time. 
 
 Bugles, O. E. Glass beads in the hair, 
 tejnp. Elizabeth and James I. 
 
 Buldiellus, Med. Lat. A baudric. 
 
 Bulga, R. A purse or leathern bag for money 
 which was carried on the arm. According to 
 Festus the word is of Gallic origin. 
 
 Bulla, R. (/W/<?, to bubble). A term denoting 
 objects of various kinds, but all more or less 
 approximating in shape to a water-bubble. The 
 heads of certain nails were called bitUa; Fig. 117 
 shows one of the bulhc decorating; an ancient 
 
 Fig. 115. Heraldic 
 buckle. 
 
ART AM) ARCII.EOr.OGV. 
 
 bronze door in the Pantheon at Rome. The 
 bulla mirea was an ornament of globular shape, 
 
 49 
 
 Fig. ii6. Bucranium. 
 
 worn round the neck by children of patrician 
 famil)-. The bulla scortca was an ornament 
 
 Fig. 117. Rulla (on a door). 
 
 made of leather, worn by freedmen or individuals 
 of the lower orders. 
 
 Bulting-pipe, O. E. A bolting-cloth for sift- 
 ing meal. 
 
 Bullula, R. {India). Diminutive of BuLL.\ 
 
 (q.V.). 
 
 Bur. A term in etching for tiie rough edge 
 of a line, commonly removed, but by Rembrandt 
 and other great masters made effective. 
 
 Burdalisaunder, Boarde de Elisandre. Burda, 
 a stuff for clothing (menti<jned in the 4th cen- 
 turyj from Alexandria. A silken web in dif- 
 ferent coloured stripes ; 14th century. 
 
 Burgau. A univalve siiuli, lurho mar- 
 nioraliis, jiroducing a motiier of pearl ; and 
 hence all works in mother of pearl, of whatever 
 material, are called " burgau." (Jaajueinari.) 
 Burin. An instrument for engraving on copper. 
 Burnisher. A steel instrument used by en- 
 gravers to si)fien lines or efface them. An agate 
 is used to !)uiiii>h gold. 
 Burnt Sienna. (.See Sienna.) 
 Burnt Terra Verde. (.Sec Green Earth ) 
 Burnt Umber. (See Umher.) 
 Burr, O. K. ( i ) 'jhe broad iron ring on a tilting- 
 lance, just below the gripe, to jirevent the haiid 
 slipping back. (2) Projecting defences at the 
 front of a saddle. {Mcyrick.) (3) The rough 
 edge produced on the metal by an incised or 
 etched line in an engraving. 
 Buskin. (See Cothurnus. ) 
 Bustum, R. {biiro, to burn). An open spot 
 upon which a pyre was raised for burning the 
 coq:)se of a person of distinction. When the 
 area adjoined the burying-ground, it was called 
 bustum ; when it \\as separate from it, it was 
 called tistrina. 
 
 Buttress, Arch. 
 An abutment em- 
 ployefl to increase 
 the solidity or sta- 
 bility of a wall ; 
 it may either im- 
 mediately abut on 
 the wall, or be 
 connected with it 
 by a flying or arch 
 buttress(Kig. iiS). 
 In the Romano- 
 Byzantine and lan- 
 ceolated styles 
 buttresses are 
 
 largely employed 
 to strengthen the 
 walls of naves 
 which have to sup- 
 port high vaulted 
 roofs. 
 
 Buxum, K. 
 (iril^oj). Bo.\, an 
 evergreen, the 
 wood of which 
 was used for 
 various purposes, as with us. By analogy, the 
 term bitxuin was applied to objects made of 
 this wood, such as combs, flutes, children's 
 shoes, and waxed tablets for writing. 
 
 Buzo, O. E. The arrow for an arquebus, or 
 cross-bow. Erench, boujon : " a boult, an arrow 
 with a great or broad head." {Cotgrave.) 
 Byrrus. (See JSirrus.) 
 
 Byssus, Gr. and R. (&(iaao%). The precise 
 meaning of this term is unknoM n ; there is no 
 doubt it was a texture made of some very costly 
 
 Fig. iiS. Arch-buttress. 
 
so 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 material, since we learn from Pliny that the 
 byssus cloth which he calls linuin byssiintm was 
 exceedingly dear. Everything leads us to sup- 
 pose that it was a linen material of the finest 
 quality. This opinion would seem to be con- 
 firmed by Herodotus and yEschylus. The word 
 comes from the Hebrew hutz. 
 
 Byzantine Pe- 
 riod. Time, about 
 6th to 1 2th cen- 
 tury A. D. {Byzan- 
 tium, the Latin 
 name of Con- 
 stantinople. ) By- 
 zantine Archi- 
 tecture is note- 
 worthy for a bold 
 development of 
 the plan of Chris- 
 tian places of wor- 
 ship. It intro- 
 duced the cupola, 
 or dome, which 
 was often sur- 
 
 Fig. 119. Byzantine Font. 
 
 m 
 
 rounded by semi-domes; an almost square ground- 
 plan in place of the long aisles of the Roman 
 church ; and piers instead of columns. The 
 apse always formed part of Byzantine buildings, 
 which were richly de^ 
 corated, and con- 
 tained mai-ble in great 
 profusion. St. So- 
 phia, Constantinople 
 (A.D._ 532-537), is 
 the finest example of 
 Byzantine architec- 
 ture. St. Mark's, 
 Venice (a. D. 977), and 
 the Cathedral of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle (a.d. 796 
 — 804), are also of 
 pure Byzantine style. 
 Byzantine Painting 
 was that which suc- 
 ceeded the decline of 
 the early Christian 
 Art in the catacombs 
 and basilicas of Rome, 
 and which preceded 
 and foreshadowed the 
 Renaissance of Art in 
 Italy. In style it was 
 based on that of the 
 catacombs, but with a 
 reminiscence of the 
 excellence of ancient 
 Greece ; it was, how- 
 ever, restrained and 
 kept within narrow 
 limits by the conven- 
 tionalities which were 
 imposed upon it by 
 the Church, and which 
 mechanical art. The 
 nth centuries in St. 
 
 Fig. 121. Roman-Byzantine 
 Cross at Carew. 
 
 Fig. 120. Byzantine ornament on an English font. 
 
 almost reduced it to a 
 mosaics of the loth and 
 Mark's, Venice, are perhaps the best existing 
 examples of the Byzantine period. Specimens 
 are also to be seen in St. Sophia, Constanti- 
 nople ; and at Ravenna. 
 
 c. 
 
 Caaba, Arabic (lit. square house). The sacred 
 mosque at Mecca. The temple is an almost 
 cubical edifice, whence its name. It is a 
 favourite subject of representation upon Mussul- 
 man works of art. 
 
 Caballaria, Cavallierium, hevallerie (Gr. 
 K\y](tos 'nrniKhs), Med. A meadow set apart for 
 military exercises. 
 
 Caballerius, Med. Lat. A cavalier or 
 knight. 
 
 Cabeiri were the personification of the element 
 of fire. The precise nature attributed to them is 
 unknown. There were two principal branches 
 of their worship, the Pelasgian and the Phce- 
 niciar. It is probable that this religion originated 
 in Asia Minor, and penetrated to the island of 
 
ART AND AK(II.i;()l.()(;\-. 
 
 SI 
 
 Smnoihiaco, in remote anliciuity ; it was very 
 popular throughout Greece in the I'dasi^ic period. 
 The iirincipal temples were at Samolhiace, Lcm- 
 nos, lailiros, Anthcdon, and other ph\ees. 
 
 Cabeiria, (Ir. {KuBeipia). Annual festivals in 
 honour of the Cabeiri. (See TiiKoNisMirs.) 
 
 Cabinet Pictures. Small, highly-finished 
 pictures, suited for a small room. 
 
 Cable and tooth-moukiinss. 
 
 Cabling, or Cable-moulding. A moulding in 
 Roman architecture, made in imitation of a 
 thick rope or calile. 
 
 Cabossed, Her. Said of the 
 head of an animal represented 
 full-face, so as to show the face 
 only. (Fig. 123.) 
 
 Cabulusi Med. Latin (Old 
 French, chaahle). A machine for 
 hurling stones ; a large BAI.I.ISTA. 
 Caccabus, Gr. and R. {kolkku^os 
 or KaKKci^t}). A sort of pot or 
 vessel for cooking any kind of 
 food. It was made of bronze, silver, 
 or earthenware, and assumed a variety of forms ; 
 but the one in ordinary use resembled an egg 
 with an opening at the top which closed by a lid. 
 The faical'Ks rested upon a trivet {lr////s). 
 
 Cadafalsus, Cadafaudus. (See Cagasuttus.) 
 Cadas, O. E. An inferior silken stuff used 
 for wadding; 13th century. 
 
 Cadency, Her. Figm-es and devices, by which 
 <lifferent members and branches of a family are 
 distinguished. 
 
 Cadet, 1 1 cr. Junior. 
 Cadlys-drain, Welsh. Chcvaux-de-frise. 
 Cadmium Yellow is the sulphide of cadmium, 
 the finest and most permanent of all the yellow 
 pigments in use. 
 
 Cadpen, Welsh. A chief of battle ; captain. 
 Cadrelli, Med. Lat. Cross-bow quarrels. (See 
 
 <" AKKK AIX.) 
 
 Caduceus or Caduceum. A wand of laurel or 
 olive, given by Apollo to Mercury in exchange 
 for the lyre invented by tlie latter. Mercury, it 
 is said, seeing two snakes strugglmg together, 
 separated them with his wand, whereupon the 
 snakes immediately twined themselves round it. 
 
 'I'liis was the origin of the c.iduceu.s, as wc 
 know it ; it was always an attrilmtc of Mercury, 
 who thence obtained his name of Cadiuiffi; or 
 caduceus-i)carer. 'llic caduceus was an emblem 
 of peace. 
 
 Uadurcum, R. 'I'his tern* is applied to two dis- 
 tiuct things : (1) the fine linen coverlets, and (2)thc 
 earthenware vases, manufactured by the Cadurci, 
 or Gauls inhabiting the tlistrict now called Cahors. 
 
 Cadus, (ir. and R. (from x'**'8a«'a>, to contain)- 
 (i) A large earthen ware jar, used for the same jiur- 
 poses as the ami)hora ; especially to hold wine. 
 An ordinary auliis was about three feet high, and 
 broad enough in the mouth to allow of the con- 
 tents being baled out. (2) The ballot-urn in 
 which the Athenian juries recorded their votes 
 with ijcbbles, at a trial. 
 
 Ceelatura (■•,<//////, a chisel). A general term 
 for working in metal by raised work or intaglio, 
 such as engraving, carving, chasing, riveting, 
 soldering, smelting, t\;c. Greek, the toreiitii vaK.. 
 Similar work on wood, ivory, marble, glass, or 
 precious stones was called Sculi'TI'ra. 
 
 Caementicius, Ceementicia (structura). A kind 
 of masonry formed of rough stones. There were 
 two methods of construction to which this name 
 applied. The first, called licmenticia structura 
 incerta, consisted in embedding stones of more 
 or less irregidar sha]>e in mortar, so as to give 
 them any architectural form, and then covering 
 the whole over with cement. The second, 
 called Cicmentkij. structura aiitiqua, consisted 
 in laying rough stones one on the top of 
 the other, without mortar, the interstices being 
 filled by chip])ings or smaller stones. 
 
 Csementum. Unhewn stones emjiloyed in the 
 erection of walls or buildings of any kind. 
 
 Caer, British (Lat. castruin ; Saxon, cluster'). 
 A camp or fortress. 
 
 Caesaries (akin to Sanscrit kcra, hair, or to 
 Cicsius, bluish-grey). This term is almost syno 
 nymous with CuMA (ipv,), but there is also 
 implied in it an idea of beauty antl profusion, 
 not attaching to coma, which is the expression 
 as well fi>r an ordinary head of hair. 
 
 Csestus, Cestus. A boxing gauntlet. It con- 
 sisted of a series of leather thongs, armed with 
 lead or metal bosses, and was fitted to the hands 
 and wrists. 
 
 Csetra. (Sec Cetra.) 
 
 Cagasuptus, Med. Lat. .\ ciiAT-FAt;x, or 
 wooden shed, under which the soldiers carried 
 on the (jperatioirs of attack. {A/ryri,/:.) 
 
 Cailloutage, Fr. Fine earthenware ; pipe- 
 clay ; a kiml of hard paste ; opacpie pottery. 
 " Fine earthenware is most fre<iuently decorated 
 by the 'muftlc;' the oldest specimens, those 
 made in France in the l6th centur}-, are orna- 
 mented by incrustation." (yoc-i/ue/uart.) 
 
 Cairelli, Med. Lat. (See Cadrei.i.i.) 
 
 Cairn. A lieaj) of stones raised over a grave, 
 
52 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 to which friends as they pass add a stone. 
 The custom still prevails in Scotland and Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Caisson, Arch. A sunken panel in a ceiling 
 or soffit. (See Coffer.) 
 
 Calamarius [calamus, q.v.). A case for 
 carrying writing-reeds {calami). Another name 
 for this case was theca calamaria. 
 
 Calamister and Calamistrum. A curling-iron, 
 so named because the interior was partly hollow 
 like a reed {calamus), or perhaps because in very 
 early times a reed heated in the ashes was em- 
 ployed for the purpose ; hence, Calamistratus, 
 an effeminate man, or discourse. (Compare 
 
 CiNIFLO.) 
 
 Calamus {KoXaixos, a reed or cane). A haulm, 
 reed, or cane. The term was applied to a 
 variety of objects made out of reeds, such as a 
 Pan's pipe, a shepherd's flute {tibia), a fishing- 
 rod {piscatid), a rod tipped with lime, for fowl- 
 ing, &c. (See Arundo. ) It was specially used, 
 however, to denote a reed cut into proper shape, 
 and used as a pen for writing. 
 Calantica. (See Calautica.) 
 
 Calash (Fr. caliche). 
 A hood made like that 
 of the carriage called in 
 France caliche, whence 
 its name. It is said to 
 have been introduced 
 into England in 1765 by 
 the Duchess of Bedford, 
 and was used by ladies 
 to protect their heads 
 when dressed for the 
 opera or other entertain- 
 ments. 
 
 Calathiscus {KahaBia- 
 Kos). A small wicker basket. 
 
 Calathus (KaAados, a basket ; Lat. qiiahis or 
 quasilhis). A basket made of rushes or osiers 
 plaited, employed for many purposes, but above 
 all as a woman's work-basket. The calatlnts 
 was the emblem of the -yvvaiKilov or women's 
 apartments, and of the housewife who devoted 
 herself to domestic duties. The same term de- 
 noted earthenware or metal vases of various 
 shapes ; among others a drinking-cup. 
 
 Calautica or Calvatica, R. (Or. Kp-nSeixvof, from 
 Kpai and oeu ; fastened to the head). A head- 
 dress worn by women ; the Greek MITRA (q.v.). 
 Calcar (ra/jr, the heel). A spur. It was also 
 called calcis aculeus (lit. heel-goad), a term spe- 
 cially applied to the spur of a cock. The latter, 
 however, was just as often called calcar. In 
 mediaeval Latin calcaria aiirea are the golden, or 
 gilt, spurs which were a distinctive mark of 
 knightliood ; calcaria a7-gentea, the silver spurs 
 worn only by esquires. Calcaria ampiitai-i, to 
 hack off the spurs, when a knight was de- 
 graded : — 
 
 Fig. 124. Calash. 
 
 " Li esperons li soit cope parmi 
 
 Pr^s del talon au branc acier forbi." 
 
 {Roman dc Garin MS.) 
 
 Calcatorium {calco, to tread under foot). A 
 raised platform of masonry, set up in the cellar 
 where the wine was kept {cclla 7'i/iaria), and 
 raised above the level of the cellar-floor, to a 
 height of three or four steps. On either side of 
 this platform were ranged the casks (ilolia) or 
 large earthenware vessels in which the wine was 
 made. The calcatorium served as a receptacle 
 for the grapes when crushed (whence its name), 
 and as a convenient place from whence to super- 
 intend the making of the wine. 
 
 Calceamen. Synonym of Calceus (q.v.), a 
 term far more frequently employed. 
 
 Calceamentum. A general term denoting any 
 description of boot and shoe. (Each will be 
 found separately noticed in its place.) 
 
 Calcedony or Chalcedony (from the town 
 Chalccdon). A kind of agate, of a milky colour, 
 diversified with yellow, bluish, or green tints. 
 The Babylonians have left us a large number of 
 chalcedony cylinders, covered with inscriptions. 
 (See also Agate, Cameos.) 
 
 Calceolus (dimin. of Calceus, q.v). A small 
 .shoe or ankle-boot worn by women. There 
 were three kinds : the first had a slit over the 
 instep, which was laced up when the boot was 
 on. A second shape had a very wide opening, 
 and could be fastened above the ankle by a 
 string passed through a hem round the top. In 
 the third description there was neither cord, 
 lace, nor slit. The shoe was always low in the 
 heel, and was worn like a slipper. 
 
 Calceus {calx, the heel). A shoe or boot 
 made sufficiently high to completely cover the 
 foot. The Romans put off their shoes at table ; 
 hence calccos posccrc \\\tM\X. "to rise from table." 
 
 Calculus (dimin. of calx, a small stone or 
 counter). A pebble, or small stone worn by 
 friction to present the appearance of a pebble. 
 Calculi were used in antiquity for recording 
 votes (for which purpose they were thrown into 
 the urn), for reckoning, and for mosaic paving 
 (hence the English word "calculation "). 
 
 Caldarium {calidus, warm). The apartment 
 in a set of Roman baths ^^•hich was used as a 
 kind of sweating-room. This chamber, which 
 is constructed nearly always on the same plan 
 in the different baths which have been discovered, 
 included a Laconicum, a Larrum, a Suda- 
 torium, and an Alveus. (See these words.) 
 Fig. 56 (on p. 32) represents a portion of the 
 caldariiiDi of Pompeii, restored. 
 
 Caldas Porcelain is from the Portuguese fac- 
 tory of that name, specialized for faiences in 
 relief; the greater number are covered with a 
 black coating ; the others with the customary ena- 
 mels of the country, violet, yellow, and green. 
 
 Caldron, for domestic use of the 14th cen- 
 
ART A\D AKCII.i:()1.0(;V. 
 
 53 
 
 tury, is depicted as a tripod with a j^lolnilar 
 body, and broad mouth aiul two liandles. 
 
 Calibre (or Caliper) Compasses. Compasses 
 made willi arclicd Ici^s. 
 
 Caliga. A military boot worn by Roman 
 soldiers and officers of inferior rank. The 
 ,-(!//i;i! consisted of a strong:; sole, studded with 
 heavy pointed nails, and l)ound on by a net- 
 work of leather thongs, which covered the lieel 
 and tlie foot as high as the ankle. 
 
 Caliptra. (See Calyptra.) 
 
 Caliver. A harquebus of a standard " calibre," 
 introchiced during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Calix. A cup-shaped vase, used as a drink- 
 ing-goblet. It was of circular shape, had two 
 handles, and was mounted on a tolerably high 
 stand. The term also denotes a water-meter, 
 or copper tube of a specified diameter, which 
 was attached like a kind of branch-pipe to a 
 main one. 
 
 Calliculae. A kind of very thin metal disk, 
 more or less ornamented, worn by rich Chris- 
 tians, and especially priests, as an ornament for 
 the dress. CallicuUi were also made of purple- 
 coloured cloth. Many of the pictures in the cata- 
 combs represent persons wearing c-(?///r«/(t7 on their 
 colobia and other garments. (See COLOBIUM.) 
 
 Callisteia (KaWio-rera). A Lesbian festival 
 of women, in which a prize was awarded to the 
 most beautiful. 
 
 Callot. A plain coif or skull-cap (English). 
 
 Calones (kSAo, wood), (i) Roman slaves who 
 carried wood for the soldiers. (2) Farm servants. 
 
 Calote, Fr. A species of sabre-proof skull- 
 cap worn in the French cavalry. 
 
 Calotype. A process of printing by photo- 
 grajihy, called also Talbotype. 
 
 Calpis, Gr. A water-jar with three handles, 
 two at the shoulders and one at the neck. 
 
 Calthrops. (See Caltraps.) 
 
 Caltraps (for t7;^'<z/-traps). Spikes 
 of metal thrown on the ground to 
 resist a charge of cavalry. In 
 Christian art, attributes of St. The- 
 mistoclcs. 
 
 Calvary, Chr. An arrangement of 
 small chapels or shrines in which the 
 incidents of the progress to the 
 scene of the crucifixion are represented, 
 each such "station" appropriate prayers 
 meditations are allotted. 
 
 Calvatica. (See Calautica.) 
 
 Calyptra (from Ka\inrTu, to hide). A 
 worn by young Greek and Roman women over 
 the face. It is also called caliptra, but this term 
 is less used. 
 
 Camail (for cap-mail). A tippet of mail 
 attached to the helmet. In media-val Latin 
 called caiiialc, cainallns, camelaucum, calamaucits, 
 calantaucum. 
 
 Camara. (See Camf.ka.) 
 
 Fig. 125. 
 Caltrap. 
 
 To 
 and 
 
 reil 
 
 Camayeu. Monochrome paintin^j, i. c. in 
 sliadcs of one colour, or in convcnlioii.il iiiinui, 
 not copied from nature. 
 
 Camber, Arch. A curve or arch. 
 
 Camboge or Gamboge. A ).;um-rcsin, lormiii^ 
 a yellow water-colour. The best gamboj^c is 
 from Slain, anil the kingdom of Camlioja 
 (wJience its name). It sliouM be brittle, 
 inodorous, of conchoidal fracture, orange- 
 coloured or reddish yellow, smooth and sonie- 
 wliat glistening. Its powder is briglit yellow. 
 An artificial gamboge, of little value, is manufac- 
 tured with turmeric and other materials. 
 
 Cambresian Faience. The " ])oterie blance "' 
 of Cambrai is mentioned in a Nl.S. of the lOlh 
 century. It was an enamelleil faience. 
 
 Camella. An earthenware or wooden vessel 
 employed in certain religious ceremonies. It 
 probably served for making libations of milk. 
 
 Cameo (Ital. lammco). A ])recious stone 
 engraved in relief ; it is thus opjmsed to the 
 Ini'aglio (([.v.), which is cut into the stone. 
 Cameos are generally carved from stones having 
 several layers. They were employed in the 
 decoration of furniture, vases, clasps, girdles, 
 and to make bracelets, rings, cVc. Cameos were 
 largely made by the Egy|)tians, Greeks, and 
 Romans ; by the two latter generally of sar- 
 dony.x and onyx. (See Intaglio, SllKl.L 
 Cameo, &c.) 
 
 Cameo-glass. (See G' ass.) 
 
 Camera, more rarely Camara. The vault or 
 vaulted ceiling of an apartment. Camara vitrea, 
 a vaulted ceiling, the s\irface of which wxs lined 
 with plates of glass. The term was also used to 
 denote a chariot with an archeil cover formed 
 by hoops ; an underground passage ; a pirate- 
 vessel with a decked cabin ; and, in short, any 
 chamber having an arched roof, as for instance 
 the interior of a tomb. 
 
 Camera Lucida. An optical instrument for 
 reflecting the outlines of objects from a prism, 
 so that they can be traced upon paper by a per- 
 son unac(iiiainted with the art of drawing. 
 
 Camera Obscara. A darkened room in which 
 the coloure<l rellections of surrounding objects 
 are thrown upon a white groun<l. 
 
 Camfuri, Camphio, Med. Lat. A decreed 
 duel: from the t ierman " kampf," battle ; and 
 the L)ani>h "vug," manslaughter. {AhyrUk.) 
 
 Camies, O. E. A ligiu thin material, pro- 
 bal)ly of >ilken texture. 
 
 Caminus. Literally, a smelting furnace, and 
 then an oven for baking bread ; also, a hearth or 
 fireplace. Fig- 126 represents a baker's oven at 
 Pomjieii. , 
 
 Camisado, O. E. A sudden attack on a small 
 party ; a Spanish term. 
 
 " To give camis.idoes on troupes that are lodged a farre 
 off." (/.>/,/<• Disanirs.- 0/ Wnrrt. ) 
 
 Camisia (a Gallic word, whence prob. Ital. 
 
 t: 
 
 ^ 
 
54 
 
 WORDS USED IX 
 
 licia). 
 
 Fig. 126. Caminus. 
 
 A light linen tunic worn next the skin 
 (tunica intiina). 
 
 Camlet or Chamlet, 
 O. E. Originally a tissue 
 of goat's and camel's hair 
 interwoven. In Eliza- 
 beth's reign the name was 
 given to a cloth of mi.xecl 
 wool and silk, first manu- 
 factured in Montgomery- 
 shire, on the banks of 
 the river Camlet. 
 
 Cammaka. A cloth of 
 which church vestments 
 were made, fe»ip. Ed- 
 ward III. 
 
 Camoca, O. E., 14th 
 century. A textile pro- 
 bably of fine camel's hair 
 and silk, and of Asiatic 
 workmanship, much used for church vestments, 
 dress, and hangings. 
 
 Campagus or Compagus. A kind of sandal. 
 It was worn especially by the Roman patricians. 
 Campana, It. A bell; hence. Campanology, 
 the science or study of bells. 
 Campanile. A belfry. 
 
 Camp-ceiling. Where all the sides are equally 
 inclined to meet the horizontal part in the centre 
 (as in an attic). 
 
 Campestre, R. (from cavipestei; i. e. pertaining 
 to the Field of Mars). A short kilt worn by gla- 
 diators and soldiers when going through violent 
 exercises in public. The kilt fitted close to the 
 body, and reached two-thirds down the thigh. 
 
 Campio Kegis, Engl. The king's champion, 
 who on the day of the coronation challenges any 
 one who disputes the title to the crown. 
 
 Campus Martius (i.e. Field of Mars). At 
 Rome, as in the provinces, this term had the 
 same meaning which it bears in some countries 
 at the present day ; i. e. a ground on which 
 soldiers went through their exercises. In an- 
 cient times, however, the Field of Mars, or 
 simply the Field, served also as a place of 
 assemblv for the 
 
 «£:#>■■ 
 
 ,^ 
 
 CO III it ia. 
 
 Canaba, Gr. and 
 R. A Low Latin 
 name for the slight 
 stractures common 
 in country places, 
 such as we should 
 now call sheds or 
 hovels. Those who 
 lived in them were 
 called caiiabenses. 
 Fig. 127 is from a 
 terra - cotta vase 
 found near the lake 
 Albano. 
 
 Canaliculus (dimin. of Canalis, q.v.). Asmall 
 channel or groove ; or a fluting carved on the 
 face of a triglyph. (Fig. 128.) 
 
 Fig. 128. Canaliculus. 
 
 Canalis (akin to Sanscrit root khan, to dig). 
 An artificial channel or conduit for water. The 
 term canalis is also given to the fillet or flat sur- 
 face lying between the abacus and echinus of an 
 Ionic capital. It terminates in the eye of the 
 volute, which it follows in such a way as to give 
 it the proper contour. 
 
 Canathron (Gr. K6.va.Qpov). A carriage, of 
 which the upper part was made of basket-work. 
 Canberia, Med. Lat. {Vx. jamhicrcs). Armour 
 for the legs. 
 
 Cancelli (from canco; a lattice). A trellis, 
 iron grating, or generally an ornamental barrier 
 separating one place from another. In some 
 amphitheatres the podium (q.v.) had cancelli 
 at the top. In a court of law the judges and 
 clerks were divided from the place set apart for 
 the public by cancelli (hence " chancel"). 
 
 Candela. A 
 torch, made of 
 rope, coated with 
 tallow, resin, or 
 pitch. It was 
 carried in funeral 
 processions (hence 
 '■^candle "). 
 
 Candelabrum. 
 A candlestick, 
 candelabnim, or 
 generally any kind 
 of stand by which 
 a light can be sup- 
 ported. There 
 were many difte- 
 rent kinds. The 
 same term is also 
 used to denote the 
 tall pedestal of a 
 port ab le 1 amp 
 (Fig. 129). (See 
 Candleheam.) 
 
 Candellieri, It. 
 A style of gi-o- 
 tesque ornamenta- 
 tion, characteristic 
 of the Urbino ma- 
 jolica ware. 
 C andlebeam. 
 O. E. A chandelier ol the Middle ."Kges with 
 
 129. Candelabrum- 
 
ART AND AKCir.l'OI.OCV 
 
 " I'eHys of la/on" (or brass cups) shint; l>y a 
 pullc)' from tlio ceiling. 
 
 Candles. The A.S. poets called the sun "ro- 
 dores candel," the candle of the fnmament, 
 "woruld candel," "heofon candel," tVc. Origi- 
 nally, no doubt, the candle was a mere mass of fat 
 plastered round a wick (candel-weoc) and stuck 
 upon a "candel-sticca," or upright stick; when 
 the candle-stick had several branches, it was calleil 
 a candle-/nv. There were iron, bone, silver- 
 gilt, and ornamented candlesticks. Through 
 the Middle Ages candles were stuck on a spike, 
 not in a socket, and a chandelier of the i6th 
 century shows the same arrangement. 
 
 of CologlKJ 
 
 (!•■'«• '3'-) 
 
 and otiicr parts of 
 
 55 
 CJcrmany. 
 
 Kig. 130. Persain Candys. 
 
 Candys (koj/ous). A Persian cloak of woollen 
 cloth, generally puiple in colour. 
 
 Canephoria. Greek festivals of Diana ; or 
 an incident of another feast, called pratelia, in 
 which virgins about to marry presented baskets 
 {canca) to Minerva. The name, Canephorus, or 
 "basket-bearer," was common to the virgins 
 who attended processions of Ceres, Miner\-a, 
 and Bacchus, with the consecrated cakes, in- 
 cense, and other sacrificial accessories, in the 
 fiat baskets called caiiea. 
 
 Canette. A conic-shaped German drinking- 
 mug, resembling the modern "schoppen," of 
 which highly ornamented examples in white 
 stone-ware have been produced by the potter> 
 
 Fig. 131. Canette of white 
 ■ stone-ware, iS74- 
 
 Caniple, O. i:. A 
 
 small knife ur dagger. 
 Canis (akin lo San- 
 scrit VVAN, (Jr. KUIDV). 
 
 A thjg. This term 
 lias numcrtjus dimi- 
 nutives: tiidilits, cald- 
 Ills, itiniiiila. How- 
 ever ancient any civi- 
 lization, the dog is 
 always met with as 
 the com])anioii of 
 man, and in each na- 
 tion it follows a par- 
 ticular type. Thus a 
 tlistinct difference is 
 ]iercei)tible in the dogs 
 of the Etruscans, 
 (J recks, Romans, 
 
 Eg)ptians, Indians, 
 and Gauls. The 
 I'".gy|)lians had ter- 
 riers and greyhounds, 
 wolf-dogs, and others 
 for hunting or watch- 
 dogs. All these breeds 
 are met with on the 
 bas-reliefs of Egyptian 
 monuments. The 
 
 Egyptian name for a 
 
 dog, 70011, 7cwi7i'o/i, is evidently onomatopoietic 
 or imitative. (See also Dm;. ) 
 
 Canistrum, Canister, or Canenm (KaftaTpov, 
 from KavT), a reed). A wide shallow basket for 
 carrying the instruments of sacrifice and offer- 
 ings for the gods. It was generally carried on 
 the head by young girls, who were called Cam- 
 fhofic {Kavr)<p6f>ai., i. e. basket-bearers), q. v. 
 
 Canon («a»'(l);', from Ki.vr\, i. e. anything 
 straight like a reed). A fi.xcd rule or standaril 
 which is supposed to have served, in antiquity, 
 as a basis or model in forming statues, the 
 various members of which bore a definite pro- 
 portion one to the other. The Greeks had 
 some such canon. The Sopv(p6pot (spearman) 
 of Polycletus was, it is said, looked upon as 
 afftjrding a standard for the i'>ro])ortions of the 
 human body. The Egyptians arc also supposed 
 to have had a canon, in which the middle finger 
 formed the unit of measurement. 
 
 Canopea or Canopic Vases. An Eg)'ptian 
 vase, made of clay, and so named from its being 
 manufactured at Canopus, a town of Lower 
 Eg)pt, the present Aboukir. The same name 
 was given to funereal urns made in the shape of 
 the god Canopus, who is descrilnrd by Russin as 
 fedihiis exii^uis, attracto tollo, -•entrc tuinido in 
 mod II m hydriir, cutn dorso icqualiUr Urtti (i. c. 
 having small feet, a short neck, a belly as round 
 
56 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 and swelling as a water-jar, and a back to 
 match). Canopean vases were made of earthen- 
 ware, alabaster, and limestone. They were 
 placed at the four corners of tombs or sarco- 
 phagi containing mummies. In them were de- 
 posited the viscera of the dead, which were 
 placed under the protection of the four genii, 
 symbolized each by the head of some animal 
 which served at the same time for the lid of the 
 canopea. 
 
 Cant, Arch, (i) To truncate. (2) To turn 
 anything over on its angle. 
 
 Cantabrarii, Med. Lat. Standard-bearers : 
 from Cantabrum, a kind of standard used by 
 the Roman emperors. (Consult Meyrick.) 
 
 Canted Column, Arch. A column polygonal 
 in section. 
 
 Cantellus, Med. Lat. (Fr. chanteau and cantel; 
 Lat. qitantilliis). (i) A cut with a weapon, or 
 the portion cut away. (2) Heraldic for the fourth 
 part of a shield, since called a canton. (3) The 
 hind part of a saddle. 
 
 Canteriolus (dimin. of canterius, a prop). 
 A painter's easel. The term, which is of doubt- 
 ful Latinity, corresponds to the Greek oKpilSas. 
 
 Canterius, R. This tenn has numerous 
 meanings ; it serves to denote a gelding, a prop, 
 the rafters forming part of the woodwork of a 
 roof, and a surgical contrivance, of which the 
 form is unknown, but which was used for sus- 
 pending horses whose legs chanced to be broken, 
 in such a way as to allow the bone to set. 
 
 Fig. 1 ,j. C.iiitliaius (Greek). 
 
 Cantharus (Kdfdapos, a kind of beetle). A 
 two-handled vase or drinking-cup, of Greek in- 
 
 vention. It was particularly consecrated to 
 Bacchus, and accordingly, in representations of 
 the festivals of that god, it figures constantly 
 in the hands of satyrs and other personages. 
 (Fig. 132.) 
 
 Cantherius. (See Canterius.) 
 
 Canthus (KavObs, the felloe of a wheel). A 
 hoop of iron or bronze forming the f/re of a 
 wheel. The Greeks called this tire iTrlaairpov 
 (i. e. that which is fastened to the felloe). 
 
 Canticum. An mterludeof musicin a Roman 
 play. 
 
 Cantilevers or Cantalivers, Arch. Blocks 
 framed into a wall under the eaves, projecting so 
 as to carry a moulding. (See MODILLION.) 
 
 Cant-moulding, Arch. Any moulding with a 
 bevelled face. 
 
 Canum. A Greek basket, more generally 
 called Canistrum (q.v.). 
 
 Canvas prepared for painting is kept stretched 
 upon frames of various sizes : e. g. kit-cat, 28 or 
 29 inches by 36 ; three-quai-ters, 25 by 30 ; half- 
 length, 40 by 50 ; bishop's half-length, 44 or 45 
 by 56 ; bishofs whole-length, 58 by 94. 
 
 Cap-a-pie (Fr.). In full armour, from head to 
 foot. 
 
 Caparison. The complete trappings of a war- 
 horse. 
 
 Capellina, Med. Lat. The chapeline or small 
 Chapel de Fer. 
 
 Capellum, Med. Lat. A scabbard {not the 
 hilt of a sword). 
 
 Capellus ferreus. (See Chapel de Fer.) 
 
 Capillamentum, R. A wig of false hair, in 
 which the hair was long and abundant. (See 
 Co.MA.) 
 
 Capillus (from caput, the head). Hair ; the 
 hair of the head in general. (.See CoSLV.) 
 
 Capis, R. A kind of earthenware jug, with a 
 handle. Vessels of this kind were used in 
 sacrifices, and the capis is often found repre- 
 sented on medals. Other names for it were 
 capedo, capednncula, and capiila. 
 
 Capisterium (deriv. from (TKafrj or aKd<pos, 
 i. e. that which is scooped out). A vessel 
 resembling the alveus, or wooden trough, and 
 which was employed for cleansing the ears 
 of corn after they had been threshed and 
 winnowed. 
 
 Capistrum (from capio, i. e. that which takes 
 or holds), (i) A halter or head-stall. (2) A 
 rope employed for suspending the end of the 
 beam in a wine-press. (3) A muzzle made to 
 prevent young animals from sucking after they 
 have been weaned. (4) A broad leather band 
 or cheek-piece worn by flute-players. It had an 
 opening for the mouth to blow through. 
 
 Capita aut Navia (lit. heads or ships ; of coins 
 having the head oifaniis on one side and a ship 
 on the reverse). A game of " heads or tails " 
 played by the Romans and Greeks. 
 
ART AND ARCII.i:()I.O(;V. 
 
 57 
 
 Capital {caput, a head). A strip of clotli 
 worn round the head, in primitive times, by 
 Roman women, to keep in their hair. Later on 
 it was worn only by women attached to the 
 service of religion. (See CvriTULUM.) 
 Capitellum. (See Cai'itulum.) 
 Capitium. An article of female dress ; a 
 kind of corset or bodice. 
 
 Capitolium (i. e. the place of the caput ; be- 
 cause a human head was supposed to have been 
 discovered in digging the foundations). Tlie 
 Capitol, or enclosure containing the temple 
 raised in honour of Jupiter. The first Capitol 
 of Rome was built on the jMoiis Capitoliitus or 
 Capitolium. The chief cities of Italy possessed 
 each its Capitolium. 
 
 Capital. A term 
 which denotes the 
 member of architec- 
 ture crowning the 
 top of a column, 
 pillar, or pilaster. 
 Figs. 133 and 134 
 represent cushion capi- 
 tals of the Romano- 
 Byzantine epoch. 
 Orders of Architecture 
 are known by their 
 Capitals. (See CoM- 
 rosiTE, Corinthian, 
 Doric, Ionic, and 
 Tuscan.) 
 
 Capo di Monte, 
 Naples. \ manufac- 
 tory of faience, estab- 
 lished l)y Charles III. 
 Cappagh Browns, 
 Light and Dark. 
 Rich brown pigments, 
 made of a bituminous 
 '^' '3*' earth from Ireland. 
 
 Called also Mineral or Manganese Brozvn. 
 
 Capreolus, R. (lit. a wild goat or roebuck). 
 A fork for digging, with two prongs converging 
 together like the horns of a roebuck. The term 
 is also used for a strut or brace. The tie-beams 
 and king-posts in the frame of a roof are often 
 connected by capreoli. 
 
 Capriccio, It. Caprice in art. 
 Capricornas. The zodiacal sign of September 
 employed by Augustus CcXisar in commemoration 
 of his victory at Actium on the day when the 
 sun enters that sign. The same device was used 
 by Cosmo de' Medici, and by the Emperor 
 Rodolph II. of German)', with the motto, 
 "Fulget Civsaris Astrum." (P'ig. 135.) 
 
 Caprimulgus, Lat. A goat-milker, a common 
 device on antique gems and bas-reliefs, repre- 
 senting a man or a faun milking a goat. 
 
 Capronae, R. (from caput ami proiius, i.e. that 
 which hangs down tlie forehead). The forelock 
 
 of a horse, and by analogy, a lock of curling 
 hair falling down over the centre of the forclicad, 
 in a man or woman. 
 
 Fig. 135. Capricornus. The device of Cosmo de' Medici. 
 
 Capsa or Scrinium, R. A box or case of 
 cylindrical form, used for .several purposes, but 
 more ])articularly for the transport of rolls or 
 volumes {volumiita). The capsic were generally 
 provided with straps and locks, the former serv- 
 ing as a handle. 
 
 Capsella and Capsula, R. (dimin. of Capsa, 
 q.v. ). A case or casket for jewels, &c. 
 
 Capuchon. A hood with neck-piece and 
 mantle. The engraving (Fig. 136) is a portrait 
 of Cimabue. 
 
 Capula. Dimin. of Caims (q.v.). 
 
 Capularis, R. The straight handle or hilt 
 of any kind of instrument or weajion, in con- 
 tradistinction to ansa, which signifies a curved 
 haft or handle. The term capularis was ap- 
 plied indifferently to the handle of a sword, a 
 sceptre, &c. 
 
 Car, Chariot, or Carriage. (See Carrus and 
 
 CUKRCS.) 
 
 Carabaga, Med. Lat. Also Cai.aura. A 
 kind of catapult or balista. 
 
 Carabine. (See Carhine.) 
 
 Carabus (Kctpa/Sos). A small boat made of 
 wicker-work ; a kind of shallop covered with 
 raw hides. It was either propelled 1)y itself or 
 attached to the stem of a larger vessel. Similar 
 to the coracle. 
 
 Caracalla (a Celtic word). A military gar- 
 ment introduced from Gaul into Rome by the 
 Emperor Antonine, who obtained thus his sur- 
 name of Caracalla. 
 
 Caracole, .\rch. A sjiiral staircase. 
 
 Carbassus or Carbassum {Kapitaaos, fine Spa- 
 nish flax). Tiiis term was used indifferently 
 to denote all textures made of the fine Spanish 
 flax. Thus any knul of linen garment, the sails 
 of a shiji, the awning of a theatre or amphi-- 
 theatre, all came under the term oi carbassus. 
 
 Carbatinee {Kap^anvai). A rough kind of 
 boot in common use, made of a single piece of 
 leather, and woni by peasants. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Carbine, or Carabine, or Caraben. A short 
 gun with a wheel lock and a wide bore, intro- 
 duced in the i6th century. 
 
 Fig. 136. Capuchon and mantle. 
 From an I talian painting of the i-itk century. 
 
 Carbonate of Lead, or ivhite lead, is the prin- 
 cipal V liite pigment. It is prepared by exposing 
 sheets of lead to the action of acetic and carbonic 
 acids. It is called also Cenisc, Flake white, 
 Krems (or Vienna) white, Nottinghatti white. It 
 is also known, under different modifications of 
 colour, as Venice, or as Hamburg, or as Diitc/i 
 white. It is a pigment very liable to injury from 
 exposure to certain gases. (.See Dxide ok 
 ZiN-c.) 
 
 Carbonates of Copper yield blue and green 
 pigments, known from the earliest times, and 
 under many names, as Mountain blue and gi-een, 
 blue and green Ash, or Saunders' (for cend/W) 
 blue and green. These names are also applied 
 to the manufactured imitations of the native car- 
 bonates of copper. Powdered Malachite is a 
 form of the native gi-een carbonate. The colours 
 
 called Emerald Green and Paul I 'eroncsc Green 
 are artificial. 
 
 Carbuncle (Lat. carbnncnlns). A gem of a 
 deep red colour. A jewel shining in the dark. 
 {Milton.) 
 
 Carcaissnm, Med. Lat. (Fr. carqiwis ; It. 
 carcasso ; Mod. Gx. '^apKacnov). A quiver. 
 
 Carcamousse, Med. A battering-ram. The 
 name i> onomatopoetic. 
 
 Carcanet, O. E. A necklace set with stones, or 
 strung with pearls. 
 
 Carcass, Arch. The unfinishea frame or 
 skeleton of a building. 
 
 Career (akin to arceo, \. e. an enclosure [Gr. 
 epKos]). (i) A prison. {2) The circus. At Rome 
 the prisons were divided into three stages : the 
 first, which formed a story above ground {career 
 
 Fis. 137. Carceres. Roman prisons. 
 
 superior), was for prisoners who had only com- 
 mitted slight offences ; the career interior, or 
 
 Fig. 138. Carceres. Stables in the circus at Rome. 
 
ART AND ARC-Il.i:OI.O(;V. 
 
 59 
 
 stage on a level with the gvound, served as a place 
 of confinement in which criminals were jilaced to 
 await the execution of their sentence ; lastly 
 there was the aiircr inferior, or subterranean 
 dungeon called rolnir, for criminals condcnmed 
 to death. Fig. 137 represents the career built at 
 Rome by Ancus Martins and Servius Tullius ; 
 Fig. 13S the eareeres of the circus. 
 
 Carchesium (kopx^''"''"')- (i) A drinking-cup 
 of Greek invention, and having slender handles 
 rising high over the edge, ami reaching to the 
 foot. It was an attribute of liacchus, and was 
 used in the religious ceremonies. (2) A scaffold- 
 ing in the shape of the carclicsiiim at the mast- 
 heail of a ship. (Anglice, "crow's-nest.") 
 
 Cardinalis. (.See Scapus.) 
 
 Cardo. A pivot and socket used for the hinge 
 of a door. The term was also used in carpentry 
 to denote a dove-tailed tenon ; this was called 
 cardo secni-i-cidatiis, i. e. a tenon in the shape of 
 an axe, the dove-tail bearing some resemblance to 
 the blade of that tool. 
 
 Care-clotb, O. E. A cloth held over the 
 bride and bridegroom's heads at a wedding. 
 
 Carellus (Fr. carreau). A quarrel or arrow 
 for cross-bows, the head of which was either 
 four-sided or had four projections. 
 
 Carillon, Fr. A set of large bells, arranged to 
 perform tunes by machinery, or by a set of keys 
 touched by a musician. Antwerp, Bruges, and 
 Ghent are celebrated for the carillons in their 
 steeples. 
 
 Caristia (from x°-9'-^i favour or gratitude). A 
 Roman feast, at which the members of a family 
 came together. It lasted three days : on the 
 first, sacrifices were offered to the gods ; the 
 second W'as consecrated to the worship of deceased 
 relations ; and on the third the surviving mem- 
 bers of the family met at a banquet. .Strangers 
 were not allowed in these gatherings. 
 
 Carminated Lakes. Also called Lake of 
 Florence, Paris^ or Vicuna. Pigments made from 
 the liquor in which cochineal and the other in- 
 gredients have been boiled to make carmine. 
 (See Madder.) 
 
 Carmine. A beautiful pigment prepared from 
 the insect, cochineal. Carmine is the richest 
 and purest portion of the colouring matter of 
 cochineal. The various kinds of carmine are 
 distinguished by numbers, and possess a value 
 corresponding thereto ; the difference depending 
 either on the proportion of the alumina added, 
 or on the presence of vermilion added for the 
 purpose of diluting and increasing the quantity 
 of the colour: the alumina produces a paler tint, 
 and the vemiilion a tint different to that of 
 genuine cannine. The amount of adulteration 
 can always l)e detected by the use of liquor 
 ammonire, which dissolves the whole of the car- 
 mine, but leaves the adulterating matter un- 
 touched. Carmine is chietly used in miniature 
 
 painting and in water-colours. It is made in 
 large ciuantities in I'aris. 
 
 Carmine-madder. uSec Maddku.) 
 
 Carnarium, R. (earo, flesh), (i) A larder for 
 fresh or salted provisions. (2) The iron hooks on 
 which they were hung. 
 
 Carnificia or Carnificina, R. {carnife.x, exe- 
 cutioner). Subterranean dungeons, in which 
 criminals were put to the torture, and, in many 
 cases, executed. 
 
 Carnix or Carnyx (Celtic and Gaulish word). 
 A trumpet in the form of a long horn, of which 
 the mouth was curved so as to resemble the 
 mouth of an animal. This instrument gave out 
 a peculiarly loud strident sound, and was used 
 more particularly by the Celtic nations, notably 
 the Gauls. It is constantly found represented on 
 the coins of these nations, and on bas-reliefs. 
 Some archceologists have mistaken the carnices 
 on medals for cornncopicc. 
 
 Carol, Chr. An enclosed place ; a circular 
 gallery. In old French, carole signified a round 
 dance, or a circle of stone. In the last century 
 the term was applied to the ambulatory, or cir- 
 cular gallery, behind the choir in churches. 
 
 Carpentum, R. A two-wheeled carriage of 
 Gaulish invention ; it was often covered with an 
 awning, resembling in form that of the Camaka 
 (q.v.). The carpentum funebre or potnpaticum 
 was a hearse. It was made to resemble a 
 shrine or small temple. Lastly, the term car- 
 pentum was used to denote a cart, with two 
 wheels, employed for agricultural purposes. 
 
 Carrago (i. e. formed of carri or carts). A 
 kind of intrenchment peculiar to certain bar- 
 barous nations. It was constnicted by drawing 
 up waggons and war-chariots in a curved line, 
 approaching a circle as nearly as the nature of 
 the ground permitted. It formed a first line of 
 defence, behind which the combatants sheltered 
 themselves in order to defend the camp proper, 
 which lay in the centre of the carrago. 
 
 Carreaux, Med. Fr. Quarrels for cross-bows, 
 so called from their square form. 
 
 Carriolum. (See Carkocium.) 
 
 Carroballista or Carrobalista {carriis, a car). 
 A ballista mounted upon a carriage, to be trans- 
 ported from place to place. (See 1!allist.\.) 
 
 Carrocium, Carrocerum, Med. Lat. A stan- 
 dard fixed on a carriage. 
 
 Carrotus. A quarrel. (.See Carellis, &c.) 
 
 Carruca, Carrucha, or Carncha. A carriage 
 of costly description, richly ornamented with 
 bronze and ivory carvings and chased gold. It 
 differed widely from the FsSEOO and the RHEDA 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Carrus or Carrum (Celtic root). A cart or 
 chariot of Gaulish invention, on two wheels, used 
 in the army as a commissariat waggon. A carrus 
 occurs among the sculptures on the column of 
 Trajan. 
 
60 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Cartamera (Gaulish word). A Gaulish girdle 
 made of metal, and used to support the bracccc, 
 or trousers. It was made sometimes in the form 
 of a serpent with its tail in its mouth, but more 
 generally resembled a fringe of twisted hemp, 
 like the torques, by which name accordingly it 
 was known among the Romans. (See Torques.) 
 
 Cartibulum, R. (corrupted from gertibulum, 
 i. e. that which bears or carries). A side-board, 
 consisting of a square slab of stone or marble, 
 supported in the middle by a pedestal or stem. 
 The cartibulum always stood against a wall. 
 
 Fig. 139. Egyptian Cartouche. 
 
 Cartouche, Egyp. An elliptical tablet of 
 scroll-like form, containing the names of the 
 Pharaohs. Fig. 139 re- 
 presents the cartouche of 
 King Artaxerxes. Car- 
 touches were applied to 
 decorate columns, an il- 
 lustration of which may 
 be seen on the abacus 
 and capital of the column 
 in Fig. 140. 
 
 Caryatides (Kapi/ariSes, 
 i.e. women of Caryae). 
 Female figures, in an 
 upright posture, which 
 were employed in lieu 
 of columns to support 
 entablatures or any other 
 members of architecture. 
 One of the finest in- 
 stances of the applica- 
 tion of caryatides to this 
 purpose is to be found in 
 the portico of the temple 
 of Pandrosos, at Athens. 
 Caryatis. A festival 
 in honour of Artem.is 
 Caryatis, which was cele- 
 brated at Carya?, in 
 ^Laconia. 
 
 Case Bags, Arch. The 
 Fig. 140. Egyptian Joi^^s framed between 
 Column with Cartouche, a pair of guders, m naked 
 flooring. 
 Cash. A Chinese coin. 
 
 Casque, P"r. Helmets of every description, 
 from those of classical times to the present, have 
 been called casques by the poets ; but the head- 
 piece specially so designated is first seen in 
 English armour of the reign of Henry VIII. 
 
 The casque was generally without a 
 worn more for parade than warfare. 
 
 visor, and 
 The en- 
 
 Fig. 141. Casque. 
 
 Fig. 142. Casque. 
 
 graving Fig. 141 represents a Gaulish and Fig. 
 142 an Oriental casque. 
 
 Casquetel. A small open helmet without 
 beaver or visor, having a projecting umbril, and 
 flexible plates to protect the neck behind. 
 
 Cassel Black. (See Black.) 
 
 Cassel Earth. A brown pigment. 
 
 Cassel Yellow. (See Turner's Yellow.) 
 
 Cassida. (See Cassis.) 
 
 Cassilden, O. E. Chalcedony. 
 
 Cassis or, rarely, Cassida (perhaps an Etruscan 
 word). A casque or helmet made of metal, 
 and so distinguished from Galea (q.v.), a 
 helmet made of leather. Figs. 141 and 142 re- 
 present respectively a Gaulish and an Eastern 
 cassis (the latter, however, is considered by some 
 antiquaries to be Gaulish). The war-casque of 
 the Egyptian kings, although of metal, was 
 covered with a panther's skin ; it was ornamented 
 with the URy-EUS (q.v.;. 
 
 Cassock signifies a horseman's loose coat, 
 and is used in that sense by the writers of the 
 age of Shakspeare. It likewise appears to have 
 been part of the dress of rustics. {Stee^'cnsJ) It 
 was called a "vest" in the time of Charles II. 
 Later on it became the distinguishing dress of 
 the clergy. 
 
 Cassolette, Fr. A perfume box with a per- 
 forated lid ; the perforations in a censer. 
 
 Cassoue. An Italian chest, richly carved 
 and gilt, and often decorated with paintings, 
 which frequently held the trousseau of a bride. 
 
 Castanets. Various peoples have employed 
 flat pieces of wood to produce a certain kind of 
 noise during religious ceremonies. The Egyptians 
 seem to have had for this purpose "hands " of 
 ^\•ood or ivory, which were struck one against 
 the other to form an accompaniment to chants or 
 rhythmic dances. (See Crotala, &c. ) 
 
 Castel Durante. An ancient manufactory of 
 Urbino ware, established in the 14th century. 
 Fig. 143, from a cup in the Louvre, is a fine 
 specimen of Castel Durante majolica of the 
 1 6th century. 
 
ART AND ARCH^'.OLOGY 
 
 6i 
 
 Castellum (dimin. of Castrum, q.v. ; i.e. 
 a small castle). A small fortified place or citadel ; 
 also a reservoir for water. The ruins of castella 
 still existing are very few in number ; one of tlic 
 
 [4^;. Cup of Castel Durante (1525), in the Museum 
 of the Louvre. 
 
 most perfect, as far as the basin is concerned, is 
 that of the castdhdn divisoriuni or deversoriuni, 
 at Nismes. 
 
 Casteria. A storehouse in which the rudder, 
 oars, and movable tackle of a vessel were kept. 
 
 Castor. The beaver ; hence applied to beaver 
 hats. 
 
 Castorese, R. Costly fabrics and dresses made 
 of the fur of beavers. 
 
 Castra, R. (plur. oi casfrniii, which, like crr.w, 
 = the covering thing). This term was applied 
 solely to an encampment, a fortified or intrenched 
 camp, while the singular castriim, an augmenta- 
 tive of Casa (q.v.), denotes a hut, or strongly- 
 constructed post, and consequently a fort, or 
 fortress ; but for this last the Romans preferred 
 to use the diminutive castelhiiii. 
 
 Castula or Caltula, R. A short petticoat 
 worn by Roman women, held up by braces. 
 
 Casula, R. (dimin. ol casa). (i) A small hut 
 or cabin. (2) A hooded cloak, or capote. 
 
 Cat. The Egyptian name for the cat {vtaaoii) 
 is evidently onomatopoetic. As a symbol, this 
 animal plaj-ed a part which has hitherto not 
 been clearly deteiTnined. Certain papyri show 
 us the cat severing the serpent's head from its 
 body, a symbol which would seem to point out 
 the cat as the destroyer of the enemies of the 
 daylight and the sun. Again, the goddess Basl 
 is represented with a cat's head, the animal 
 being sacred to her. 
 
 Cat (Med. Tat. catfiis or ga(tus). A covering 
 
 under which soldiers lay for shelter, w hilc sap- 
 ping the walls of a fortress, &c. 
 
 Cataclista, R. A closc-filUng garment worn 
 by Roman ladies, bearing a great resemblance to 
 tho.-c wliich are to he seen on ICgyplian statues. 
 
 Catacombs, Chr. This term, the etymology 
 of which is uncertain, serves to denote disused 
 stone quarries, made use of by the early Chris- 
 tians for their meetings, and as subterranean 
 cemeteries. We meet with catacombs in several 
 cities, but the most celebrated are unquestionably 
 those of Rome. Catacombs also exist at Syra- 
 cuse, Catana, Palermo, Naples, and Paris. 
 
 Catadromus, R. (from Kara and Sp6fxos, i. e. a 
 running down). A tight-rope for acrobats in a 
 circus or amphitheatre. The catadnomis was 
 stretched in a slanting direction from a point in 
 the arena to the top of the building. 
 
 Catafaltus, Med. Lat. (See Cagasuptus.) 
 
 Catagrapha, Cr. and R. (KaTo-7po0^, i.e. a 
 drawing or marking down). A painting in per- 
 spective (rarely met with in the works of the 
 ancient painters). 
 
 Cataphracta, Gr. and R. (KaTa-<t>pdKT7js, i. e. 
 that which covers up). A general term to 
 denote any kind of breastjilate worn by the 
 Roman infantry. [Cataphracti were heavy- 
 armed cavalry, with the horses in armour.] 
 
 Cataphracti. Decked vessels, in opposition 
 to aphriiiii, cipen boats. 
 
 Catapirates, Gr. and R. (koto- ire ipoTT^y, i. c. 
 that which makes trial downwards). A sound- 
 ing-lead, of an ovoid form, with tallow or a kind 
 of glue at the end, by means of which sailors 
 were able to ascertain the nature of the bottom. 
 
 Catapulta, CJr. and R. (Karo-TrfATTjy, i.e. that 
 which hurls). A military engine for discharging 
 heavy missiles. The hallista projected stones ; 
 the catapult, darts ; the jr<?;'//'c (uncertain). They 
 were all called tormenta, from the t^oistiiiq of 
 the ropes of hairs or fibres which supplied the 
 propelling force. 
 
 Catascbpium, Gr. and R. (dimin. of Cata- 
 scopus, q.v.). A post of observation or sentry 
 tower. 
 
 Catascopus, Gr. and R. {KariffKoiros, i. e. that 
 which explores or spies), (i) A post of obser- 
 vation. (2) A vessel employed as a spy-shi]i ; 
 and by analogy (3) a scout, i. e. a soldier 
 whose duty is to act as a spy on the enemy. 
 
 Catasta (from KaTacnacn^, i. e. a place of pre- 
 sentation). A jilatforni iqion which slaves were 
 placed to be publicly sold. Some scaffolds of 
 this kind were made to revolve, so that the pur- 
 chaser might thoroughly inspect every part of the 
 slave at his leisure. Catasta arcatia was the 
 name given to a gridiron, or iron bed, upon 
 which criminals were laid to undergo torture. 
 (See CiRiDiuoN.) 
 
 Cateja (Celtic word). A missile made of 
 wood hardened in the fire. It was employed by 
 
62 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 the Gauls, Germans, and other barbarians in the 
 way of a harpoon, a rope being fastened to one 
 end of the weapon, by means of which it could 
 be recovered after it had been launched. 
 
 Catella (dimin. of Catena, q.v.). A term 
 specially used to denote the finer sorts of chains 
 made of bronze, silver, and gold. Chains made 
 of the precious metals were worn as trinkets. 
 [The use of the diminutive indicates elegance 
 and delicacy.] 
 
 Catellus, R. (dimin. of Catena, q.v.). A 
 chain used to shackle slaves, or perhaps merely 
 attached to them in the way of a clog. 
 
 Catena, R. (i) A chain, especially (2) a 
 chain of gold or silver worn as an ornament 
 round the body, like a balteiis (shoulder-belt), 
 by certain goddesses, dancing-girls, bacchantes, 
 or courtezans. 
 
 Catenarius. The chained dog kept at the 
 entrance of their houses by the Romans. 
 
 Catharmata (/ca9dp^aTa, from K-aSa/po), i.e. that 
 which is thrown away in cleansing). Sacrifices 
 in which human victims were offered up, in 
 order to avert the plague or similar visitations. 
 [They were thrown into the sea. ] 
 
 Cathedra (KadeSpa, from Kara and eSpa, i. e. 
 a place for sitting down). A chair having a back, 
 but without arms. There were various kinds of 
 cathedra:: the cathedra strata was a chair fur- 
 nished with cushions ; cathedra supina, a chair 
 with long sloping back ; cathedra longa, a chair 
 with long deep seat. The cathedra philosophoriiin 
 was the equivalent of our modern term, a pro- 
 fessor's chair. 
 
 Catherine "Wheel. In Gothic architecture, a 
 large circular window, filled with radiating 
 divisions ; called also rose window. 
 
 Cathetus, Arch, (i) The axle of a cylinder. 
 (2) The centre of the Ionic volute. 
 
 Catillus and Catillum (dimin. of Catinus, 
 
 Fig. 144. Catillus for grinding corn. 
 
 q. V. ; i. e. a small bowl). ( i ) The upper part of a 
 mill for grinding corn, which served botli as 
 grindstone and hopper or bowl. Fig. 144 re- 
 presents an ancient mill, a fourth part of the 
 
 catillus being suppressed in order to show the 
 reader the mechanism. (2) A small dish having 
 much resemblance to the catinus, and so by 
 analogy (3) a flat circular ornament employed to 
 decorate the scabbard of a sword. 
 
 Catinus and Catinum, R. (akin to Sicilian 
 Ka.Tivov). Dishes used for cooking, and for the 
 table. Catina might be of earthenware or 
 metal, of glass or other precious material, and 
 were employed as sacrificial vessels to hold 
 incense, &c. 
 
 Catty. A Chinese weight =: ig-lb. 
 
 Catulus, R. When a slave ran away from his 
 master, and was retaken, he was led back in 
 chains, the catulus being the chain ■which was 
 attached to an iron collar passing round his neck. 
 A slave was thus said to Idc led liack cum manicis, 
 catulo, collarique, i. e. with manacles, leading 
 chain, and neck-collar. 
 
 Caudez. (See Codex.) 
 
 Caudicarius, Codicarius, R. (from caudex, a 
 tree-trunk). A wide flat barge employed in river 
 transport. It was of rough construction, and 
 was broken up on arriving at its destination. 
 
 Caudicius, R. A vessel of the same kind as 
 the caudicarius, employed on the Moselle. 
 
 Caughley-ware (Shropshire). A soft porce- 
 lain ; 1 8th century. 
 
 Caul, O. E. A cap or network enclosing the 
 hair. 
 
 Cauliculi or Caulicoli, R. (dimin. of caulis, a 
 stalk). Acanthus leaves springing from the 
 capital of a Corinthian column. 
 
 Caupolus. (See Caupulus.) 
 
 Caupona, R. {caupo, an innkeeper). An inn or 
 hostel for the accommodation of travellers. The 
 caupoiue bore a general resemblance to our road- 
 side inns. [Also, a cooked-meat shop.] 
 
 Cauponula, R. (dimin. oi caupotia). A small 
 tavern , or low wine-shop of mean appearance. 
 
 Caupulus, R. A kind of boat, classed by 
 authors among the leiiilu and cyvibce. 
 
 Caurus, R. An impersonation of the North- 
 West wind ; represented under the form of an 
 old man with a beard, pouring down rain from 
 an urn. 
 
 Causia, Gr. and R. (icautria, from KaCo-ir, i. e. 
 that which keeps off heat). A broad-brimmed 
 felt hat, of Macedonian invention, and adopted 
 by the Romans. It was especially worn by 
 fishermen and sailors. 
 
 Cauter {kuvt^p, i. e. that which burns). A 
 cautery or branding-iron. The cauter was (l) an 
 instrument used by surgeons ; it was also used 
 for branding cattle and slaves. (2) An instru- 
 ment em]-)loyed to burn in the colours in an 
 encaustic painting. 
 
 Cauterium = Cauter (q.v.). 
 
 Cavsedium, R. (from cavwii and ades, i. e. the 
 hollow part of a house). An open courtyard. 
 In early times the Romans had an external 
 
ART AND ARCILKOl.OCV 
 
 63 
 
 courtyard to their houses. In course of time, 
 however, the increase of hixury and comfort 
 lirought about a chantje in the Ciuurdiuni, wliicli 
 was partially covered in with a roof supported by 
 columns, a partial opening being left in the 
 centre, which was calletl the ccinpliiviion When 
 thus altered, the i\n\cdimit went under tiie name 
 of Atrium (ipv.). 
 
 Cavalherium. (See Cabali.akia.) 
 
 Cavallerius or Cavallero, Med. Lat. A 
 knight or cavalier. 
 
 Cavea, R. (from cants, i. e. a hollow place or 
 cavity). (l) A wooden cage with ojien bars, of 
 wood or, more generally, of iron, used for the 
 transport and exhibition of the wild beasts of a 
 menagerie. (2) A bird-cage. (3) A frame of 
 wicker-work emi:)loyed by fullers and dyers. 
 (4) A palisade to protect young trees when 
 gi-owing up, and (5) the vast reversed cone 
 formed by the successive stages of a theatre or 
 amphitheatre. This might be divided, according 
 to the size of the building, into one, two, or 
 three distinct tiers, called respectively upper, 
 lower, and middle [suDima, inta, viedia cavea). 
 (6) A warlike machine used in attacking cities. 
 
 Cavetto, Arch, (deriv. from Ital. ca7'd). A 
 concave moulding formed of a segment of a circle. 
 
 Cavo-relievo. Intaglio-sculj^ture cut into the 
 stone, as in Egyptian art. 
 
 Ceadas or Cseadas (/cfctSas or /caiaSas). A 
 deep cave into which the Spartans thrust con- 
 demned prisoners. 
 
 Ceinture or Ceint. A girdle. (See Cinctus.) 
 
 Celadon. A peculiar tinted porcelain, de- 
 scribed by Jacquemart as the earliest tint of 
 Chinese pottery. 
 
 Celebe (KeAe'^Tj). A vase of ovoid form and 
 with two handles. The lower part is shaped 
 elegantly, like an amphora, but the upper part 
 resembles a pitcher with a sort of projecting lip. 
 Its peculiarity is in the handles, which are 
 "pillared " and " reeded." 
 
 Celes, R. A racing or saddle horse, as opposed 
 to a draught horse. The 
 
 nl same term was also applied 
 ! to a vessel or boat of a 
 peculiar form, propelled by 
 oars, in which each rower 
 handled only a single oar. 
 It was also called celox. 
 Cella, R. (from cclo, to 
 hide). The interior of a tem- 
 ple, i. e. the part comprised 
 within the four walls. In 
 Fig. 145 a represents the 
 portico, b the cella. The 
 term is also used to denote 
 a niche, store- room, or, in 
 general, any kind of cellar ; 
 e. g. cella vinaria, cella olea- 
 lia, and even a tavern situated in a cellar. 
 
 Tile term was also apjilied to slaves' dormi- 
 tories, the parts of the public baths, &c. 
 
 Cellatio. A suite ol apartments in a Roman 
 house set apart for various purposes, but espe- 
 cially as (juarters for slaves. 
 
 Cellula (dimin. of Cki.i.a, q.v.). A small 
 sanctuary, i.e. the interior of a small temple, and 
 by analogy any kind of small chamber. 
 
 Celox. (See Cklks.) 
 
 Celt. A variety of chisels and adzes of the 
 flint and bronze periods. 
 
 Celtic (Monuments) were usually const nictcd 
 of huge stones, and are known, for that reason, 
 as megalithic monuments. Such are Standing 
 STONE.S, Dolmens, Menhirs or Peulvans, 
 Cromlechs, Covered Alleys, Tu.muli, &c. 
 (See these words.) 
 
 Cembel. A kind of joust or hastilude. 
 
 Cendal, Sandal, tVc, O. K. The name, 
 variously s]ielt, of a silken stuff used for vest- 
 ments, and for banners, &c. ; 13th century. We 
 now call this stuff j-(?;r;v/f/. 
 
 Cenotapli {Kivo-Ta.(piov, i.e. an emjity tomb). 
 A monument raised to a Roman citizen who 
 had been drowned at sea, or who, from any 
 other cause, failed to receive burial. 
 
 Censer. A sacred vessel used for burning 
 perfumes. 
 
 Centaur (Kffravpos, according to some, from 
 
 Fig. 145. Plan of 
 
 temple showing 
 
 the Cella. 
 
 146. Centaur. 
 
 KfVTfu and Tor.fjos, i. e. herdsman ; but proh. 
 simply from Kfvriu), i. e. Piercer or S])earman). 
 The Centaurs are rei)rescnte<l with the body 
 
64 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 of a horse, and bust, head, and arms of a man. 
 (Fig. 146.) In Christian archaeology, the Centaur 
 is a symbol of the swift passage of life, the force 
 of the instincts, and in a special sense, of adul- 
 
 Fig. 147. Centaur and young. 
 
 tery. The war of the Centaurs and the Lapithee 
 is the subject of the frieze at the British Museum, 
 from a temple of Apollo in Arcadia. Hippo- 
 centaurs were half-horse ; O no-centaurs, half-ass ; 
 and Biicentanrs or Tatiro-centaiirs, half-ox. 
 
 Cento {KevTpcuv, patchwork). A covering 
 made of different scraps of cloth, and used as 
 clothing for slaves. The same term denotes a 
 coarse cloth which was placed beneath the saddle 
 of a beast of burden, to keep the back of the 
 animal from being galled by the saddle. In 
 Christian archaeology the term was used to 
 denote a coarse patchwork garment, and, by 
 analogy, a poem composed of verses taken from 
 various authors, like the Ce7tto niiptialis of 
 Ausonius. 
 
 Centunculus (diniin. of Cento, q.v. ). A 
 motley garment of various colours, like that of 
 our harlequin. It was worn, according to 
 Apuleius, by the actors who played in burlesques, 
 and there are certain vases on which Bacchus is 
 represented, arrayed in a similar costume. 
 
 Cepotaphium (K^jTro-ra^io^). A tomb situated 
 in a garden. 
 
 Cera (akin to i<r)p6s). Wax, and, by analogy, 
 any objects made of wax, such as images of the 
 family ancestors {imagines majornm) ; or the 
 wax tablets for writing on with the stylus. These 
 were called respectively cerce duplices, triplices, 
 qiiintuplices, according as they had two, three, or 
 five leaves. The first, second, third, and last 
 tablet were called respectively prima, secunda, 
 tertia, tdtima or extrema cera. 
 
 Ceramic. Appertaining to Pottery (q.v.). 
 
 Cerberus. The three-headed dog who guarded 
 the gates of hell. 
 
 Cercurus (KepKovpos, perhaps from KepKvpa, 
 the island Corcyra). A Cyprian vessel propelled 
 by oars. Its form is unknown. 
 
 Cerebrerium. An iron skull-cap, temp. 
 Edward I. 
 
 Cere-cloth (cera, wax). Cloth saturated with 
 wax, used for enveloping a consecrated altar- 
 stone, or a dead body. 
 
 Cereus (cera, wax). A wax candle, made 
 either with the fibres of cyperus or papyrus 
 twisted together and dipped in wax, or with the 
 pith of elder, or rush, covered with the same 
 material. 
 
 Ceriolare (cera, wax). A stand, holder, or 
 candelabnnn for wax candles. There were a 
 great variety of this kind of vessel. (See 
 Candelabrum.) 
 
 Cernuus (from cer = ndpa, and meo, i. e. with 
 head inclined to the gi^ound). A tumbler who 
 walks upon his hands with his feet in the air. 
 Women even used to turn series of summersaults, 
 resting alternately on the feet and hands, among 
 a number of swords or knives stuck in the ground. 
 This exhibition was called by the Greeks els 
 fxaxoLipas KvfiiaTuu, i. e. lit. to tumble head over 
 heels between knives). 
 
 Ceroma (Kripcc/aa, a wax-salve). A room 
 in \\liich wrestlers rubbed themselves over with 
 oil and fine sand. The room was so named 
 from the unguent employed, which consisted of 
 wax mixed with oil [which was also called 
 ceru/na^. 
 
 Cere - plastic. The art of modelling in 
 wax. 
 
 Cero-strotum or Cestrotum, Lat. A kind of 
 encaustic painting upon ivory or hom, in which 
 the lines were burnt in with the cestrum, and 
 the furrows filled with wax. 
 
 Certosina Work. Florence, 15th century. 
 Ivory inlaid into solid cypress-wood and walnut. 
 The style is Indian in character, and consists in 
 geometric arrangements of stars made of diamond- 
 shaped pieces, varied with conventional flowers 
 in pots, &c. 
 
 Certyl. Old English for kirtle. 
 
 Ceruse. A name for white lead. (See Car- 
 bonate OF Lead.) 
 
 Cervelliere. (See Cerebrerium.) 
 
 Cervi (lit. stags). Large branches of trees 
 with the forks still left upon them, but cut down 
 close to the stock, so that the whole presented 
 the appearance of a stag's antlers. Cejvi were 
 employed to strengthen a palisade, so as to 
 impede the advance of infantry, or resist attacks 
 of cavalry. 
 
 Cervical (from cervix, a neck). A cushion or 
 pillow for supporting the back of the head on a 
 bed or dining-couch. (See PULVINAR. ) 
 
 Cervus. (See Stag.) 
 
 Ceryceum (K-npvKeiov, a herald's staff). It is 
 a synonym of Caduceus (q. v.). 
 
 Cesticillus (dimin. of Cestus, q.v.). A cir- 
 cular pad used as a rest by persons who had to 
 carry burdens on their heads. 
 
 Cestra. (See Cestrosphendone.) 
 
 Cestrosphendone, Or. (a dart-sling.) A dart 
 fixed to a wooden stock with three short wooden 
 wings, discharged from a sling. 
 
 Cestrotum. (See Cerostrotum.) 
 
ART AND ARCH.EOLOGY. 
 
 Cestrnm or Viriculum (Kta-rpov, i. e. that 
 which pricks or pierces). A graver used in the 
 process of encaustic painting on ivory. It was 
 made of ivory, pointed at one end and flat at the 
 other. (See Cerostrotum, Rhabdion.) 
 
 Cestus {Keffrhs, embroidered). (l) In general 
 any kind of band or tie ; but specially the em- 
 broidered girdle of Venus. (2) A boxing gauntlet. 
 (See CyESTUS.) 
 
 Cetra (prob. a .Spanish word). A small 
 round shield in use among several barbarous 
 nations, but never by the Romans. 
 
 Chaable, Old Fr. A large ballista. (See 
 Cabulus.) Trees blown down by the wind are 
 still called " caables" in France. {Meyrick.) 
 
 Chabasite {xo-^^s, narrow, compressed). A 
 crystal of a white colour. 
 
 Chaconne, Fr. (Sp. chacona ; It. ciacona). A 
 modification of the dance chica (q.v.). 
 
 Chadfarthing, O. E. A farthing formerly 
 paid among the Easter dues, for the purpose of 
 hallowing the font for christenings. {Halli- 
 well.) 
 
 Chafer, O. E. (i) A beetle or May-bug. (2) 
 A saucepan. 
 
 Chafer-house, O. E. An ale-house. 
 
 Chafery, U. E. A furnace. 
 
 65 
 of 
 
 Fig. 148. 
 
 Chaffagiolo ware. Sweetmeat plate, with 
 arabesques, about 1509. 
 
 Chaffagiolo, or Caffagiolo, is the place where 
 Cosmo the Great established the first Tuscan 
 manufactory of majolica, and where Luca della 
 Robbia acquired his knowledge of the stanni- 
 
 ferous enamel. Fig. 148 is a specimen 
 Chaffagiolo ware of the 1 5th century. 
 
 Chain-moulding, Arch. An ornament of the 
 Norman period, sculptured in imitation of a 
 chain. 
 
 Chain-timbers, Arch. Bond timbers, the 
 thickness of a brick, introduced to tie and 
 strengthen a wall. 
 Chair. (See Sella.) 
 
 Chair de Poule (chicken's flesh). An orna- 
 mentation of the surface of pottery with little 
 hemispheric points ; a Chinese method. 
 
 Chaisel, Old Fr. (i) An upjier garment. 
 (2) A kind ot fine linen, of which smocks were 
 often made. 
 
 Chalameau, Fr. Stem or straw-pipe. The 
 lower notes of the clarionet are called the chala- 
 meau tone, from the ancient shawm. 
 
 Chalcanthum (xaAK-offloi', i. e. that which is 
 thrown off by copper). Shoemaker's black or 
 cop])eras, used for imparting a dark colour to 
 boot-leather. (See Atrame.ntum.) 
 Chalcedony. (See Calcedony.) 
 Chalcidicum (XaAKiSiKbi/, i. e. pertaining to 
 the city of Chalcis). The exact meaning of this 
 term is unknowm. According to some, it was a 
 portico ; according to others, a kind of long hall 
 or transept. 
 
 Chalcioecia (xa\Ki-of/cio, brazen house). A 
 Spartan festival in honour of Athena under 
 that designation. 
 
 Chalcography (xa\K?>r, copper). Engraving 
 on copper. Chalcography was discovered in 
 Florence, in the 15th century, and early in- 
 troduced into England. Caxton's "Golden 
 Legend," containing copper-plate prints, was 
 published in 14S3. The process is as follows : — 
 A perfectly smooth plate of copper, having been 
 ghly polished, is heated in an oven, and then 
 w iiite wax rubbed over it until the whole surface 
 is covered with a thin layer. A tracing is laid 
 over the wax, with the black-lead lines down- 
 wards, which transfers the design to the wax. 
 Then the tracing-paper is removed, and the 
 engraver goes over the lines lightly with a fine 
 steel point, so as just to penetrate the wax, and 
 scratch a delicate outline upon the copper. The 
 wax is then melted off, and the engraving finished 
 with the graver, or luniit, a steel instniment with 
 a peculiar pyramidal point. Should the lines be 
 cut too deeply, a smooth tool, about three inches 
 long, called a buniisher, is used to soften them 
 down, and to burnish out scratches in the copper. 
 The ritlges or burrs that rise on each side of the 
 engraved lines are scraped off by a tool about six 
 inches long, called a scraper, made of steel, with 
 three sharp edges. This method has for printing 
 purposes been generally superseded by other 
 processes, principally etching. 
 
 Chalcus (xaXKovi). A Greek copper coin, 
 somewhat less than a farthing. 
 
66 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Chalice, Chr. (deriv. from ca/ix, a cup). A 
 sacred vessel used in the celebration of the mass. 
 
 Fig. 149. Chalice, silver-gill — 14th century. 
 
 There were many different kinds, called nwtis- 
 teriales, offertorii, niajm-es, and minores. The 
 ministeriales served to distribute the wine ; the 
 offertorii were employed by the deacons to hold 
 the wine offered by the faithful. Lastly, they 
 were distinguished according to their size, as 
 large or small {inajores and minores). Vessels 
 called caliccs were also frequently suspended 
 from the arches of the ciborium, and other parts 
 of the church, as ornaments. In Christian 
 symbolism the chalice and serpent issuing from 
 it are an attribute of St. John the Evangelist. 
 Chalon, O. E. A coverlet. ( Chaucer. ) 
 Chamade, Fr. A beat of drum or trumpet 
 inviting the enemy to a parley. 
 
 Chamber Music, as opposed to concert music. 
 Madrigals were probably the earliest specimens 
 of chamber music. 
 
 Chambers, O. E. Small cannon for firing on 
 festive occasions. 
 
 Chamberyngs, O. E. Bedroom furniture. 
 Chameleon (xa/^ai, on the ground, and A.e'wi', 
 a lion). In Christian symbolism, the emblem 
 of inconstancy ; in Chemistry, manganate of 
 potass is called chameleon from the changes 
 of colour which its solution undergoes. The 
 chameleon with a dolphin on its back (Fig. 
 1501 was the device of Pope Paul III. 
 
 Chamfer, Arch, (i) The angle of obliquity (of 
 the sides of a steeple, «S;c. ). (2) A hollow 
 
 channel or gutter, such as the fluting ol a 
 column. 
 
 Fig. 150. Chameleon and Dolphin. 
 
 Chamfron, O. E. nvied. Lat. 
 cliaiufrcnum ; Fr. chanip-freiii). 
 A frontal of leather or steel 
 to a horse's bridle. (Fig. 151.) 
 Chamlet, O. E. (See Cam- 
 let.) 
 
 Chammer, O. E. (Fr. cha- 
 marre). A gown worn by per- 
 sons of rank, temp. Henry VIII. 
 Champ, Arch. A flat surface. 
 Champ-leve. A form of ena- 
 melling in which the pattern 
 is cut out of the metal to be 
 ornamented. 
 
 Chamulcus, R. and Gr. A 
 heavy dray for the transport of 
 building materials, such as 
 blocks of marble, columns, obelisks, &c. 
 Chance, O. E. The game of hazard. 
 Chancel, Chr. (from cancelli, a lattice). A 
 term anciently used to denote the choir. It 
 derived its name from the cancelli or stone 
 screen by which it was enclosed. 
 
 Chandaras (Sanscrit, chanda-rasa, lit. moon- 
 juice). An ancient name for copal. 
 Chandeleuse, Fr. Candlemas Day. 
 Chandi (from chand, the moon). Indian 
 name for silver. 
 
 Chand-tara (lit. moon and stars) is the name 
 of an Indian brocade, figured all over with re- 
 presentations of the heavenly bodies. 
 
 Changeable Silk, O. E., was woven of two 
 colours, so that one of them showed itself un- 
 mixed and quite distinct on one side, and the 
 second appeared equally clear on the other ; 
 mentioned a.d. 1327, 1543, &c. 
 
 Changes. The altered melodies produced by 
 varying the sounds of a peal of bells. 
 
ART AND AKCH/EOLOGY. 
 
 Cbante-pleure, Fr. A water-pot, made of 
 earthenware, about a foot high, the orifice at the 
 
 67 
 
 Fig. 152. Chante-pleure. 
 
 top the size of a pea, and the bottom full of 
 small holes. Immersed in water, it quickly fills. 
 If the opening at the top be then closed with the 
 thumb, the vessel may be carried, and the water 
 distributed as required. The widow of Louis I., 
 Duke of Orleans, adopted this as her device, 
 after the murder of her husband, in 1407. 
 
 Chantlate, Arch. A piece of wood under the 
 eaves of a roof, by which two or three rows of 
 overhanging slates or tiles are supported. 
 
 Chantry, Chr. (Fr. chanter, to sing). A 
 chapel to which is attached a revenue as pro- 
 vision for a priest, whose duty it is to sing 
 masses for the repose of the founder's soul. 
 
 Chape, O. E. (Spanish chapa, a thin plate 
 of metal), (i) The transverse guard of a 
 sword. (2) A metal plate at the end of a scab- 
 bard. (3) A catch by which a thing is held in its 
 place. 
 Chapeaa, Her. Also called a ca/^/'^//f,'7«V_j', 
 of maintenance, 
 or of estate. An 
 early symbol of 
 high dignity. 
 
 Chapeau CM- 
 nois, Fr. A set 
 of small bells ar- 
 ranged in the form 
 of a Chinese hat. 
 Chapel or Chapelle de Fer. Iron helrnct of 
 
 Fig- 153- Chapeau. 
 
 knights of the 12th century. I'lie diminutive i.s 
 c/i,i/>cliiit: 
 
 Chaperon, I'r. .\ li.md or small cap for the 
 head. 
 
 Chapiter, .\vc\\. Tiie upper part of a caiiitai. 
 
 Chaplet. Arch. (Fr. chafclct). (i) A small cylin- 
 drical nimilding, carved into beads and the like. 
 
 Fig. 154. Chaplet Moulding. 
 
 (.'^ee Fig. 154.) (2) ChapUts of Jlmvers, which 
 were worn in England, by both sexes, on festive 
 occasions, during the Middle Ages, and chaplets 
 of jewels in earlier times. (3) Chr. It was 
 anciently the custom to crown the newly bap- 
 tized with a chaplet or garland of flowers. (4) 
 Chr. A succession of prayers recited in a cer- 
 tain order, regulated by beads, &c. (5) In 
 Heraldry. A garland or wreath. (See Cran- 
 
 CEI.IX.) 
 
 Chapter, Chr. (Lat. capitulum). The body 
 of the clergy of a cathedral, united under the 
 bishop. 
 
 Chapter-house, Chr. A place of assemblage 
 for a CilAi'TKR of the clergy. That of West- 
 minster contains some fine wall-paintings of the 
 middle of the 14th century. 
 
 Chaptrel, Arch. The capital of a column 
 su]i]iorting an arch ; an impost. 
 
 Character, Gr. and R. Generally, any sign 
 or mark impressed, painted, or engraved on any 
 object. In a more restricted sense, it denotes 
 the instnnnent of iron or bronze with which such 
 marks were made. In Art, the expression means 
 a faithful adherence to the peculiarities of ob- 
 jects rejiresented. 
 
 Charbokull, O. E. A carbuncle. 
 
 Charcoal Blacks are made of ivor)*, bones, 
 vine- twigs, smoke of resin, &c. , burned in a 
 crucible excluded from the air. The l)est char- 
 coal crayons are made of box and willow ; the 
 fonner produces a dense hard crayon, the latter 
 a soft friable one. (Fair/wit.) (See Blue 
 Black.) 
 
 Chare Thursday, O. E. Maundy Thursday. 
 
 Charge, Ilcr. Any heraldic figure or de- 
 vice. 
 
 Charisia, Gr. {Xapnts, the (iraces). Noc- 
 turnal festivals held in honour of the Graces, at 
 which cakes and honey were distributed to those 
 present. 
 
 Charisteria, Gr. (xapir, gratitude). Festivals 
 
 K 2 
 
68 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 celebrated yearly at Athens, in remembrance of 
 the Athenian general Thrasybulus, the saviour 
 of his country. 
 
 Charistia. (See Caristia. ) 
 
 Charistion. An instrument of Archimedes for 
 weighing. Whether it bore most resemblance to 
 the balance (libra), or the steelyard [statera], is 
 uncertain, as its form is entirely unknown. 
 
 Charles's Wain (Anglo-Saxon, carles ■'cuac7i, 
 the churl's waggon). The seven stars forming 
 the constellation generally called the Great 
 Bear. 
 
 Chamel, O. E. Apex of the basinet. 
 
 Charnel-house. A small building attached to 
 a cemetery, for a receptacle for the human bones 
 disinterred when fresh graves were dug. 
 
 Charta, Gr. and R. Writing-paper in use 
 among the ancients. There were eight diff rent 
 kinds, which were classed as follows in the oi^der 
 of their quality: (i) Charta Auguslana or 
 Clatidiana ; (2) Liviana ; (3) hieratica ; (4) am- 
 phitheatrka ; {^) Saitka ; {6) lateotka ; {"]) fan- 
 niaiia; (8) dentata. The last was so called 
 from being polished by means of the tooth 
 {dens) of some animal, or a piece of ivory. 
 There was also a charta tmporetka or packing- 
 paper, and lastly a chartahibula. It is uncertain 
 whether this last was blotting-paper, or a kind 
 of transparent paper which had been steeped in 
 oil or some other fatty substance. 
 
 Charter-room or Charter-house. A place in 
 which the charters of a particular family or 
 house were preserved. 
 
 Chartophylax, Chr. A man who had charge 
 of the charters of a 
 church. 
 
 Chasing. (See C^la- 
 
 TURA. ) 
 
 Chasse, Chr., Fr. A 
 reliquary in the form of a 
 box with a ridged top. 
 
 Chastelain, O. E. The 
 lord of a castle. 
 
 Chastons, O. E. Breech- 
 es of mail ; 13th to i6th 
 century. 
 
 Chasuble (Lat. casitla, 
 a cottage). Part of an- 
 cient ecclesiastical cos- 
 tume common to all the 
 Roman Catholic clergy, 
 from the priest to the 
 Archbishop. It was ori- 
 ginally made of wool, and 
 in one piece throughout, 
 without sleeves, and with- 
 out slit or opening in 
 front, and perfectly cir- 
 cular ; but the shape 
 Fig. 155. Chasuble. varied with the material ; 
 and from the 6th cen- 
 
 tury do\\mwards we hear of chasubles of brilliant 
 colour and costly materials, such as silk or 
 thickly-embroidered cloth of gold, and oval in 
 form, hanging no longer in graceful folds as in 
 the ilth century. The engraving (Fig. 155) shows 
 a chasuble of the year 1387. (Compare P^nula, 
 Planeta.) 
 
 Chatai, Hindoo. Mats, a common manufac- 
 ture all over India. Those of Midnapore, near 
 Calcutta, are remarkable for their fineness and 
 classical design of the mosaic, like patterns of 
 stained glass. 
 
 Chat-faux, Med. A wooden shed — modern 
 scaffold. (See Cagasuptus.) 
 
 Chatrang (Sanscrit chatur-anga, the four 
 angas or soldiers ; or chatiiraji, the four kings). 
 The Persian name for a very ancient game of 
 the " Four Kings," supposed to be the origin 
 of the four suits of playing-cards. {Rev. E. S. 
 Taylor, " History of Playitig-cards.'") 
 
 Chatzozerah, Heb. A Jewish trumpet men- 
 tioned by Moses, used chiefly for religious and 
 warlike occasions. 
 
 ChaufFault, Old Fr. A tower of wood. 
 
 Chausses. O. E. i) Pantaloons of mail used 
 by the Danes. (2) Tight pantaloons worn by 
 the Normans and medieval English. 
 
 Chaussetrap. (See Caltraps.) 
 
 Cbaussons, O. E. Breeches of mail (or of 
 cloth). 
 
 Chavarina, Med. Lat. A carbine. 
 
 Checkere, O. E. A chess-board. 
 
 Checkstone, O. E. A game played by 
 children with small round pebbles. 
 
 Cheeky, Her. (See Chequ^e.) 
 
 Cheese, Chr. St. Augustine says that a sect 
 called the Artotyrites offered bread and cheese 
 in the Eucharist, saying "that the first ol)la- 
 tions which were offered by men, in the infancy 
 of the world, were of the fruits of the earth and 
 of sheep." i^^a;- de //teres, c. xlviii.) 
 
 Chef-d'oeuvre, Fr. A work of the highest ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 Chekelatoun. (See Ciclatoun.) 
 
 Chekere, O. E. Chess (q.v.). 
 
 Chele (xv^V, prob. from a root x"'-) meaning 
 cloven). This term is applied to a great variety 
 of objects ; it s gnifies a cloven foot, a hooked 
 claw, or anything presenting a notched or 
 serrated appearance. Thus a breakwater, the 
 irregular projections of which bore some resem- 
 blance to the teeth of an immense saw, was 
 also called chele. There were, besides, various 
 engines and machines which went under this 
 name. 
 
 ChpliSoniacus, sc. gladius (from the Greek 
 Xf'^'Sdii, a swallow). A broad-bladed sword with 
 a double point like a swallow's tail. 
 
 Chelidonize, Gr. (lit. to twitter like a swal- 
 low). Singing the " Swallow Song" (xfAiSo- 
 ynTjuo), a popular song sung by the Rhodian boys 
 
ART AND ARCII.KOI.OCV. 
 
 69 
 
 in the month Boedromion, on the return of the 
 swallows, and made into an ojiportunity for 
 ti^gging- A similar song is still popular in 
 Greece. {Fauriel,''- Chants dc la Grhe.'^) (See 
 CORONIZE. ) 
 
 Cheliform {xn^h, a, claw). In the form of a 
 claw. 
 
 Cbelonium (a tortoise-shell, from xi\ii>v(\, a 
 tortoise). (l) A kind of cramp or collar placed 
 at the extremities of the uprights of certain 
 machines. (2) A part of a catapult, also called 
 piih'iiius. (See Catapui.ta. ) 
 
 . Chelys (xe'^fs, a tortoise), (i) The lyre of 
 Mercury, formed of strings stretched across a 
 tortoise-shell. (2) In the i6th antl 17th centuries, 
 a bass-viol and division-viol were each called 
 chelys. (See also Testuho.) 
 
 Chemise de Chartres, Fr. A kind of armour 
 mentioned among the habiliments proper for 
 knights who should engage in single combat. 
 {iMeyrick) 
 
 Chenbele. (See Cembel [hastilude].) 
 
 Cheng, Chinese. A musical instrument, con- 
 sisting of a box or bowl, into which a series of 
 tubes of different length and pitch are inserted ; 
 the tubes have holes in them to be played upon 
 with the fingers. 
 
 Cheniscus (xV, a goose). An ornament 
 placed at the bow, and sometimes the stern 
 of ships. In shape it resembled the neck of a 
 swan or goose. 
 
 Chequee, Cheeky, Her. Having the field 
 divided into contiguous rows of small squares ; 
 alternately of a metal (or fur) and a colour. 
 
 Chequers, O. E. (See CHiiCKSTONE.) 
 
 Cherub, pi. Cherubim, Heb. According to 
 the classification of Dionysius, the first hierarchy 
 of Angels consists of three choirs called .Sera- 
 phim, Cherubim, and Thrones, and, receiv- 
 ing their glory immediately from Deity, transmit 
 it to the second hierarchy. The first hierarchy 
 are as councillors ; the second as governors ; 
 the third as ministers. The Sekai'HIM are 
 absorbed in perpetual love and worship round 
 the throne ; the Cherubim knov.- and wor- 
 ship ; the Thrones sustain the throne. The 
 Seraphim and Cherubim are in general 
 represented as heads merely with two or four 
 or six wings, and of a bright red or blue 
 colour, &c. (Cf. Mrs. Jameson's Legendary 
 Art.) (See Angels, Seraphim. Dominions, 
 &c.) 
 
 Cherubic Hymn, Chr. A hymn sung in tlic 
 Greek Church before the great entrance (see 
 Entrance") ; so called from its first words, 
 
 01 TO. X^pft^ySljU IXVtniKOlS flKOvi^DVTfS, K.T.\. 
 
 Chesible, for Chasuble (q.v.). 
 
 Chesnut Brown. A brown lake pigment pre- 
 pared from tlie horse chesnut ; very durable for 
 oils and water-colour painting. 
 
 Chess. Writers immediately after the Conquest 
 
 speak of the .Saxons as playing at chess, which, 
 they .say, they learned from the Danes. The 
 game of chess is very prominent in the romances 
 of the Middle Ages. Tlie Scandinavian navigators 
 introduced some remarkable elaborately carved 
 chessmen, of walrus ivory, from Iceland, in the 
 1 2th century. The castles are replaced by 
 warriors on foot, called hrohr, from the .Saracen 
 roc, Persian 7vkh, our roo/:. In the Saracen 
 game the 7'izier represented our queen, and the 
 elephaut our bisho]i, the roc, or hero, as afore- 
 said, our rook. Beautifully carved chessmen in 
 the costumes of the 13th and 14th century exist 
 in England. They were all very large, a king 
 being four inches in height and seven in circum- 
 ference. The chess-boards were of corresponding 
 size, and made of all materials, including the 
 precious metals, ciystal, sapphires, and topazes. 
 The pieces varied in form : the medireval rook 
 had a head like a fleur-de-lis, the knight was 
 representeil by a small upright column with the 
 upper part bent on one side. The aiifin or 
 bishop was of the same shape, but the bent end 
 was cleft to indicate a mitre. The figures of the 
 1 6th century much more nearly resemble those 
 now in vogue. 
 
 Chesse, O. E. (Fr. chasse). A border, a cir- 
 clet. 
 
 Chest ofViols, O. E. A set of instruments 
 complete for a "consort" of viols, i.e. two 
 trebles, two tenors, and two basses. 
 
 Chester, O. E. A person who places corpses 
 in their coffins. 
 
 Chests antl Coffers, in Xorman times, were 
 adorned with elaborate carving and richly inlaid. 
 They were still the general depositories for 
 clothes and treasures. Cupboards (armoires) 
 were introduced by the Normans, and filled with 
 household utensils. 
 
 Chevalet, Fr. The bridge of a violin or 
 other stringed instrument. 
 
 Cheval-iraps. (See Caltraps.) 
 
 Chevaucheurs. Anglo-Norman horsemen, or 
 running messengers. 
 
 Chevaux-de-frize. An arrangement of iron 
 spikes for the defence of a battlement against 
 assault. 
 
 Cheveril, O. E. Kid leather, proverbially 
 elastic ; hence, a cheveril conscience (that will 
 stretch). 
 
 Chevesaile, Old Fr. A necklace. 
 
 Chevetaine, Old Fr. A captain ; hence the 
 medieval cheupliinus. 
 
 Chevron, (i) Arch. One of the mouldings 
 frequently used in Norman architecture, usually 
 called zigzag (ipv. ). (2) A badge on the coat- 
 sleeve of a nonciimmissioned ofTicer. (3) Her. 
 One of the ordinaries; the lower half of a 
 Sai.tikk (q.v.). 
 
 Clievronel, Her. A diminutive of the Chev- 
 ron, of half the size. 
 
70 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Chevroter, Fr. A musical term : "to skip, 
 quiver, to sing with uncertain tone, after the 
 manner of goats," alia I'ibrato. 
 
 Chiaroscuro, It. ichiaiv, hght, and osciiro, 
 dark). Light and shade. 
 
 Chiave of Pavia. One of the Itahan literary 
 academies, composed entirely of noble and il- 
 lustrious persons, -who wore a golden key sus- 
 pended round the neck, and had for a motto, 
 Claiidifiir ct apcritnr libcris, and the te.xt from 
 Rev. iii. 7. 
 
 Chica. A dance popular in Spanish South 
 America, of a jig-\\\i^ character ; the origin of 
 the Fandango. (See Chaconne.) 
 
 Chief, Her. One of the ordinaries ; the 
 chief bounded by a horizontal line contains the 
 uppermost third of the field of a shield. In 
 chief, arranged horizontally across the upper 
 part of the field. 
 
 Childermas, O. E. Innocents' Day. 
 Chilled (Fr. chancissure). Said of a moisture 
 on the varnish of a picture by which the defect 
 of cloudiness called Blooming is caused. 
 
 Chimaera, Gr. A monster described by Homer, 
 with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a dragon's 
 tail. In Christian art it is a symbol of cunning. 
 (See also Dog of Fo.) 
 
 Chime. (i) To play bells by swinging 
 the hammeis, opposed to ringing by swinging 
 the bells. (2) A chime of bells is a Caril- 
 lon. 
 
 Chimera, Chr. The outer dress of a Protes- 
 tant bishop. It is made of black satin, without 
 sleeves. 
 
 Chimneys (Gr. x^f^^^V, Avinter), carried up in 
 the massive walls of the castles, were first intro- 
 duced into England by the Normans. The fire 
 was still piled up in the middle of the hall, but 
 fireplaces were built against the side walls in 
 the more private apartments — the original of the 
 well-known mediix-val fireplace and " chymene." 
 Leland, in his account of Bolton Castle, which 
 was " finiched or Kynge Richard the 2 dyed," 
 notices the chimneys: "One thynge I muche 
 notyd in the hawle of Bolton, how chimeneys 
 were conveyed by tunnells made on the syds of 
 the walls, betwyxt the lights in the hawle, and 
 by this means, and by no covers, is the smoke 
 ol the harthe in the hawle wonder strangely 
 conveyed." 
 
 Chin-band, Chin-cloth. A muffler of lace worn 
 by ladies, te7np. Charles I. 
 China. (See Pottery.) 
 China (or Chinese) Ink. (See Indian 
 Ink.) 
 
 Chinese Paper. A fine absorbent paper 
 of a yellowish tint, used for proofs of engrav- 
 ings, &c. Japanese paper is now frequently 
 preferred. 
 
 Chinese White. Oxide of Zinc (q.v.). It 
 is more constant than \\hite lead. 
 
 Chinny-mnmps. A Yorkshire music made 
 by rapping tlie cliin with the knuckles. 
 
 Chints or Chintz (Hindoo, chhint, spotted cot- 
 ton cloth). Cotton cloth printed in more than 
 two colours. 
 
 Chiramaxium, Gr. and R. (xeip-a^alior, i. e. 
 hand-cart). An invalid's chair mounted upon 
 two wheels, and drawn or pushed by slaves. 
 
 Chiridota, Gr. and R. (from adj. x^'P'^curbs, 
 i. e. lit. having sleeves'). Tunics with long 
 sleeves, worn in especial by the Asiatic races 
 and by the Celts. The early Britons, before 
 the Roman invasion, wore close coats checkered 
 with various colours in divisions, open before 
 and with long close sleeves to the tvrist. 
 
 Chirimia, Sp. (from chiritnoya, a pear). An 
 oboe. 
 
 Chirography. The art of writing with the 
 hands. 
 
 Chirology. The art of calking with the hands. 
 Chiromancy (/j.dvTis, a soothsayer). Divina- 
 tion from the lines of the palms of the hands. 
 
 Fig. 157. Diana wearing the Greek chiton. 
 
ART AND ARCH/EOLOGV. 
 
 71 
 
 Chironomia, Gr. and R. (xftpo-voixla, i. e. 
 measured motion of the hands). The mimetic 
 art. ]iy tliis term is expressed not only the art 
 of speakin;^ witlr gestures and by means of the 
 hands, but also the action of speaking combined 
 with gesticulation. This art dates from a high 
 antiquity. It was originally part of the art of 
 dancing, — clapping the hands in rhythm ; also 
 a gjannastic e.\ercise, for pugilists and others. 
 
 Chiroplast. An instrument for teaching fin- 
 gering of musical instruments, invented by 
 Logier in iSlo. 
 
 Chirothecse (Gr. x^'podvKri ; Lat. gaiitiis). 
 Gloves were unknown to the early Greeks and 
 Romans, but in use among the ancient Per- 
 sians. In Christian archaeology they are first 
 met with in the I2th centur)-. (See Gloves.) 
 
 Chisleu, Heb. The ninth month of the 
 Jewish year. It begins with the new moon of 
 our December. 
 
 Chiton (xiTcci/). The Greek tunic. (Fig. 157.) 
 
 Chitte, O. E. A sheet. 
 
 CMvacMrs (Chevaucheurs). Old Fr. Run- 
 ning messengers. 
 
 Chlaina (Lat. hnia). A kind of cloak, of ample 
 size, worn bythe Greeks in campaigning. In time 
 
 Fig. I5Q. 
 
 Fig. 158. Apollo wearing the chlamys folded round his 
 arm. 
 
 of peace it served as a bed coverlet. Tiic diminii 
 live xAoj'^Sioi' appears to have been a woman's 
 mantle. 
 
 Chlamyda. (.See Chla.mys.) 
 Chlamys, Cir. A short light mantle, which 
 was worn by Greek youths (not by RomansI 
 until they arrived at manhood. It was the 
 regular equestrian costume, 
 and was of an oblong scpiare 
 shape. (Fig. I59-) The 
 chlamys is seen in re])re- 
 sentations of men hunting or 
 figliting with beasts, as a 
 shield wrapped round the 
 left arm, the right poising the 
 spear. (Fig. 158.) In Botany, 
 the floral envelope. 
 Choenix {xolvii,). A Greek measure of capa- 
 city, variously valued from a pint and half to two 
 quarts. 
 
 Choir, Quire, or ftuere, Arch. The part of 
 the church for the singers and clerks, i. e. the 
 space between the nave (for the people), and 
 the BEMA, or presbytery, for the celebrating 
 clergy. But in mediaeval writings the term in- 
 cludes the BF.MA. (See Chancel.) 
 
 Choir Wall or Choir Screen (Fr. cloture). 
 The ^\•aU or screen between the side-aisles and 
 the choir. 
 
 Choosing-stick (a Somersetshire provincial- 
 ism). A divining-rod. 
 
 Chopines, It. Clogs or high shoes, of Asiatic 
 origin, introduced from Venice in the i6th 
 century. 
 
 Choragic Monuments. Small pedestals or 
 shrines erected by the winner of a choral con- 
 test to display the tripod which was his prize. 
 At Athens there w.as a street lined with such 
 monuments, called the " Street of the Tripods." 
 The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, still 
 existing in Athens, is one of the most valuable 
 remains of Greek architecture. 
 
 Choragium, Gr. and R. {xopi^y^s, or chorus- 
 leader). A large space in a theatre, situated 
 behind the stage. It was here that the "pro- 
 perties" were kept and the rehearsals of the 
 chorus took place. The term is also used to 
 denote the furniture, costumes, decorations, and, 
 in a word, all the accessories required in the 
 production of a piece. 
 
 Chordaulodion. A self-acting musical in- 
 strument invented by Kauffmann of Dresden in 
 1S12. 
 
 Chorea, Gr. and R. {x°P^^< q-v-). A choral 
 dance, in which the ilanccrs took each other by 
 the hand and danced tt) the sound of their own 
 voices. 
 
 Chorus, Gr. and R. {xophs, i. e. prop, a 
 circle), li) A choir of singers in a dramatic 
 entertainment. (2) A band of dancers who went 
 through their movements to the sound of their 
 
72 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 own singing. (3) A round choral dance ; in this 
 last signification chorea may equally well be 
 used. 
 
 Chorus or Choron, O. E. An instrument 
 somewhat resembling a bagpipe ; the name was 
 also applied to certain stringed instruments. 
 The word choron originally designated a horn. 
 (Hebrew, Keren.) 
 
 Chous, Gr. and R. (x^o^j contr. x^^^^) '• e. 
 that from M'hich one pours). An amphora, form- 
 ing a measure of exact capacity. Another name 
 for it was CoNGius (q.v.). It held twelve 
 CoTYL.« (q-v.). 
 
 Choutara, Hindoo. A kind of guitar with 
 four wire strings. 
 
 Chrism, Chr. (from XP'V to smear). A 
 composition of balsam and oil of olives used 
 by Christians of various denominations at the 
 administration of the sacraments. 
 
 Chrismal, Chrismatory, Chr. (i) The vessel 
 made to contain the consecrated oil. (See 
 Labarum.) (2) A vessel for the reservation 
 of the consecrated Host. (3) A cloth used to 
 cover relics. (4) Old English chrisom, a white 
 linen cloth put upon the child's head in baptism. 
 (See Font-cloth.) 
 
 Chrismarium, Chr. (See Chrismal, i.) 
 
 Chrisom, O. E. (i) See Chrismal, 4. (2) A 
 child that dies within a month after birth. 
 
 Christ-cross, O. E. (i) The Alphabet; so 
 named from a school lesson beginning ' ' Christe 
 Crosse me spede in alle my worke." (2) The 
 mark made for his signature by a person who 
 cannot write. 
 
 Christemporeia, Chr. Literally, the selling of 
 Christ, simony. 
 
 Christian Horses, O. E. Bearers of sedan 
 chairs. 
 
 Christmas-boxes. So called from the old 
 practice of collecting them in boxes. 
 
 Chromatic Scale (xp'i'/ua, colour). In Music, 
 the scale that jMoceeds by semi-tones ; so 
 called from the practice of printing the in- 
 termediate notes in vaiious colours. 
 
 Chromatics The science of colours. 
 
 Chromatrope. An optical instnunent for as- 
 sisting the invention of combinations of colours. 
 
 Chrome, Chromium. An important mineral, 
 the green oxide of \\hich furnishes the Chrotne 
 Green. 
 
 Chrome Green. A dark-green pigment pre- 
 pared from oxide of chromium ; mixed with 
 Prussian blue and chrome yellow it is called 
 Green Cinnabar. 
 
 Chrome Ochre. Oxide of chromium of a fine 
 yellowish green. 
 
 Chrome Ked. A chromate of lead ; a durable 
 pigment used in oil painting. (See Red Lead.) 
 
 Chrome Yellow. A cliromate of lead, which 
 makes a bad pigment for oil painting. It is 
 very poisonous and not durable ; when mixed 
 
 with white lead it turns to a dirty grey. As 
 a water-colour pigment it is less objection- 
 able. 
 
 Chromite. Chromate of iron ; a mineral 
 consisting of protoxide of iron and oxide of 
 chromium, used in the preparation of various 
 pigments. 
 
 Chronogram (xpt^^oy, time). An inscription 
 which includes in it the date of an event. 
 
 Chryselephantine Statues of ivorj' and gold. 
 The most celebrated were that of Minerva, 
 by Pheidias, which stood in the Acropolis at 
 Athens, and was 40 English feet in height ; 
 and that of Zeus, 45 feet high, likewise by 
 Pheidias, in the temple of Olympia. A re- 
 production of this statue was shown in the 
 Paris Exhibition of 1S55. 
 
 Chrysendeta, R. (xpyceVSeTa, i. e. set or 
 inlaid with gold). A very costly description 
 of plate-service employed by wealthy Romans. 
 Of its precise character nothing unfortunately 
 is known, but to judge from the epigrams of 
 certain authors, it must have been chased and 
 embossed . 
 
 Chrysoberyl {$ripv\\os, a beryl). A gem of 
 a yellowish-green colour ; a species of corunduvt 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Chryso-clavus (Lat. golden nail-head). All 
 rich purple silks, woven or embroidered with 
 the claims in gold, were so named. They were 
 used for altar frontals, and the clavi were some- 
 times made so large that a subject was em- 
 broidered upon them ; they were then called 
 sigillata or sealed. (See Clavlts. ) 
 
 Chrysocolla or Gold Green (xpvcroKoKXos, 
 inlaid or soldered with gold), (i) Native ver- 
 digris. Its principal use was for the preparation 
 of a solder for gold. (See Santerna. ) (2) The 
 Greek term for Green Verditer and Armenian 
 Green (Latin, Arnieninnt) ; a pigment obtained 
 from malachite and green carbonate of copper. 
 It was also czWcd pea green or grass green. 
 
 Chthonia, Gr. and R. (x^"^", the earth). Fes- 
 tivals held every spring at Argos in honour 
 of Ceres, o.t which four aged women sacrificed 
 heifers. 
 
 Church, in Christian art, is the attribute of a 
 founder thereof, who is frequently represented 
 holding it in his hand. The most ancient symbol 
 of the Church is the ark of Noah, subsequently 
 a ship, often covered with the waves, &c., very 
 frequent in the catacombs. On tombs it is held 
 to imply that the dead expired in full communion 
 with tile Church. 
 
 Churcheard, Church-haw, Church-litten. 
 Old English provincialisms for a churchyard or 
 burial-ground. 
 
 Church-stile, O. E. A pulpit. 
 
 Chymbe, O. E. A cymbal : — 
 
 " As a chynnbe or a brazen belle. 
 That nouther can undirstonde ray telle." 
 
ART AND AKCII.KOLOGV 
 
 73 
 
 Chymol, Gemell, O. E. A hinge, still callcil 
 
 tlie eastern counties a "gimmer." 
 
 Chytra, Clr. and R. (from x*'*. to pour). 
 A common kind of pot, of Greek origin, made 
 with red clay. It was used for cooking. 
 
 Chytria, tJr. An Atiienian festival, which 
 derived its name from the xi^Tpct, or common pot 
 in which were cooked the vegetables or otlicr 
 provisions offered to Bacchus and Mercury in 
 memory of the dead. 
 
 Chytropus, Chytropous, Cr. {xvTp6-wov^, lit. 
 a pot-fool). A chytra with three or four feet. 
 
 Cibilla. (See Cili.ida.) 
 
 Ciborium, Gr., R., and Chr. (KtBupiov, the pod 
 of the KaXoKaaia, or Egyptian bean). ( I ) A 
 drinking vessel so called because it resembled 
 the Egyptian bean in shape. (2) In Christian 
 archaeology a kind of baldachino or canopy, 
 supported by a varying number of columns, 
 which forms the covering of the high altar in a 
 church. Called also the TabcniacU, Sacranteiit 
 house, God's house, ox holy roof. (See Severey.) 
 (3) Ciborium also signifies a vessel in which the 
 consecrated wafer is "reserved." 
 
 Ciclatoun or Siklatoun. The Persian name, 
 adopted in England, for a textile of real gold 
 thread ; 1 2th century. 
 
 Ciconia, R. (lit. a stork), (i) A sign made in 
 dumb show by bending the forefinger into the 
 form of a stork's neck. (2) An instrument, in 
 shape like an inverted T, employed by farmers 
 to make sure that trenches dug by the spade 
 were of uniform depth. (3) Ciconia coniposita 
 was the name given to a more elaborate instru- 
 ment of the same kind invented by Columella. 
 
 Cicuta, R. (i. e. lit. the hemlock). A term 
 used by analogy to denote anything made out of 
 the hemlock plant, especially the PaiCs pipes. 
 
 Cidaris, Gen. (Ki5apis or Kirapis, a Persian 
 tiara). A sort of diadem or royal bonnet worn 
 by Eastern princes. It was tall, straight and 
 stiff in shape, and was ornamented with pearls 
 or precious stones. The same name was also 
 applied to the bonnet worn at ceremonies by the 
 high priest of the Jews. (See Ti.VRA.) 
 
 Cilery, Arch. Drapery or foliage carved on 
 the heads of columns. 
 
 Cilibantum, R. (See Cillib.\.) A stand or 
 table with three legs. 
 
 Ciliciura, R. (i) A coarse cloth made of 
 goat's hair, and manufactured in Cilicia. It was 
 much used in the army and navy : in the former 
 for making the soldiers' tents ; in the latter for 
 clothes for the sailors or for sails. (2) During 
 the time of mourning, or when suffering under 
 any calamity, the Jews put on a kind of ci/icium 
 made of coarse canvas. (3) A cloth mattress 
 stuffed with sea-weed or cow-hair, which was 
 placed outside the walls of besieged cities to 
 deaden the blows of the battering-ram or of 
 projectiles. (4) In Christian archaeology the 
 
 ci/iciut/t or hair-shirt is a sleeveless jacket made 
 with a material of horse-hair and coarse hemp. 
 The Dominicans, l-'ranciscans, and certain Car- 
 thusians wear the riliciuin t>i mortify the flesh. 
 
 Cilliba, Gr. and R. (ki'aAoj, an ass) A trestle, 
 and by analogy a dining-taiile supported by 
 trestles. This form of table, which was com- 
 monly used by the early Romans, was replaced 
 later on by the circular table. 
 
 Cirabal. An old name for the Dulcimer 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Cimeter, Cymetar, Scimeter, &c. A short 
 curved sword used by the Persians or Turks, 
 mentioned by Mcyrick as udoptcd by the 
 Hussars, A;///. Elizabeth. 
 
 Cincinnus, R. A long ringlet or corkscrew 
 curl of hair jnodueed with the curling-irons. 
 (See Hair.) 
 
 Cincticulus, R. (dimin. of CiNcrus, q.v.). 
 A kind of short petticoat worn by youths. 
 
 Cinctorium, R. (hoxnciiictns, a girdle), (i) A 
 sword-belt worn round the waist, and thus 
 distinguished from the Balteus or baldric, 
 which passed over the shoulder. The balteus 
 wasworn by private soldiers, \\Y\\\e\he cinctorium 
 was the distinctive badge of an officer. (2) The 
 dagger, so called because it was suspended from 
 or ]Hit into the girdle. 
 
 Cincture, Arch. The fillet, at each end of 
 the shaft of a classical column (q.v.). 
 
 Cinctus, R. (from cingo, i. e. a girding). A 
 short petticoat (or kilt) worn by men ; also in 
 the same sense as cingula and ciiiLiulu?/i, a girdle. 
 Cinctus galnnus was a particular manner of 
 arranging the topra, by throwing one end over the 
 head, and fastening the other round the waist like 
 a girdle. As an adjective, cinctus was applied 
 to any individual of either sex who wore any 
 kind of belt or girdle. (See DisciNCTUS.) 
 
 Cinerarium, R. (i. e. a place of ashes). A 
 niche in a tomb, sufficiently roomy to hold an 
 urn of large size, or a sarcophagus. The follow- 
 ing was the disposition of one, or in many cases, 
 three sides in a Roman tond) : in the centre of 
 
 Kig. 160. Ciiicr.irU. 
 
74 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 the wall was a large niche {cinerarium medianmn) 
 for a sarcophagus, and on each side of this two 
 small niches {columbaria), and above each of 
 the latter was a much larger recess for large 
 urns. (See also Columbarium, Cubiculum, 
 
 CUPELLA. ) 
 
 Cinerarius. A hair-dresser (who heated his 
 tongs in the cinders). 
 
 Cingulum, R. A girdle or other fastening 
 round the waist. In modern archceology, cingulo 
 viiliiari decorare •i\'g\\\'n<t% to create a knight, from 
 the practice of investing him with the military 
 girdle ; and cingulum militarc aiiferre is to 
 degrade a knight. (See DisciNCTUS.) 
 
 Cinifllo, R. A synonym for CiNERARIus 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Cinnabar. Sulphide of mercury ; an ancient 
 red pigment used for sacred and imperial pur- 
 poses. (See Chrome Green, Dragon's 
 Blood, Vermilion.) 
 
 Cinnamon-stone. A variety of lime-garnet 
 of a clear cinnamon-brown tint. 
 
 Cinque-cento (literally, 500). The Italian 
 art of the i6th century. 
 
 Cinque-foil, Arch. 
 (Fr. cinque andy^^- 
 ille, a leaf). An or- 
 namental foliation or 
 feathering of the lan- 
 ceolated style, con- 
 sisting of five pro- 
 jecting points or 
 cusps. (Fig. 161.) 
 Cinta, Med. Lat. 
 (Fr. enceinte). The 
 outside wall of a for- 
 tress. 
 
 Cinyra. An old 
 term for a harp. 
 Cippus, R. (i) A short stone pillar of 
 cylindrical fonn, employed to mark the boun- 
 daries between adjoining estates or nations. 
 (2) A pillar of cylindrical or rectangular form, 
 and sometimes perfectly plain, sometimes richly 
 ornamented, erected for a 
 tomb-stone. (Fig. 162.) 
 In some instances the cip- 
 jnis enclosed a cavity in 
 which the urn containing 
 the ashes of the dead per- 
 son might be placed. A 
 cippus was placed at the 
 corner of a cemeteiy, and 
 the measurements of the 
 burying-ground were re- 
 corded upon it. In Med. 
 Lat. the word is used for 
 tiie keep of the castle. 
 
 CircensesLudi, R. Games 
 in the circus. (See CoN- 
 Cippub (lomb-btone). SUALIA.) 
 
 Fig. 161. Heraldic Cinque-foil. 
 
 Circinate. Curled in the manner of the Ionic 
 volute, or like the fronds of young ferns rolled 
 inwards from the summit to the base. 
 
 Circinus, R. A compass ; an instrument 
 employed, as now, by architects, sculptors, 
 masons, and vai-ious other trades. The Romans 
 weie also acquainted with reduction compasses. 
 
 Circle. The emblem of Heaven and eternity. 
 
 Circumlitio. An ancient Greek vamish, with 
 which the statues of the Greeks were tinted. 
 {East lake.) 
 
 Circumpotatio, R. (from circum and poto, 
 i. e. a drinking-around ). A funeral feast in 
 which the guests passed round the wine from 
 hand to hand. It took place at the tomb of 
 the person in whose memory it was held, and 
 on the anniversary of his death. 
 
 Circumvallation. A fortification made round 
 a blockaded place by a besieging army. 
 
 Circus, Gr. and R. (i. e. a circle). A flat 
 open space near a city, round which were raised 
 scaffoldings for the accommodation of the 
 spectators. This was the form of the earliest 
 circuses ; but as civilization advanced, they were 
 regidarly constructed of stone. The arena was 
 in the form of a vast rectangle terminating at 
 one extremity in a semicircle, and suiTOunded 
 
 Fu 
 
 Fig. 163. Model of a Roman Circus. 
 
 by tiers of seats for the spectators. At the end 
 fronting the semicircular part was a rectangular 
 pile of buildings, underneath which were the 
 carceres or stalls for the horses, and down the 
 centre of the circus ran a long low wall called 
 the spitia, adorned with statues, obelisks, &c. 
 This spina formed a barrier by which the circus 
 was divided into two distinct parts, and at each 
 end of it was a tneta or goal, round which the 
 chariots turned. (See Meta and Ovum.) The 
 Romans constructed circuses in England, wher- 
 ever they had a large encampment. The ruins 
 exist at Dorchester, Silchester, Richborough, 
 and other places. 
 
 Cirrus, R. (i) A lock of hair ; a ringlet 
 curling naturally, and so distinguished from the 
 cincinnus, a curl produced by means of the 
 curling-iron. (2) A tuft; the forelock of a 
 horse when tied up above its ears. (3) A tuft 
 of flowers forming a bunch or head, such as 
 
phlox, calceolaria, &c. (4) Liglit curUd clouds in 
 the sky, portondinc; wind, are hence called cirri. 
 
 Ciselure, Fr. Chasinn;. (See C/i:i.atura.) 
 Cissibium 01 Cissybium, Gr. and R. ((ci^- 
 a-v^ioy, i. e. ni:ule or \\ rcathcil with ivy). A 
 drinking-vessel, so called because the handle 
 was niatle of i\7-wood, or more probably be- 
 cause it had an ivy-wreath carved upon it. 
 
 Cissoid (lit. ivy-shaped j. A celebrated curve, 
 apj-ilicd in the trisection of an angle, invented 
 by Diodes the geometer. 
 
 Cissotomiae, Gr. (/ckto-o-toVoi, sc. vt^tpai, 
 i. c. the days of ivy-cutting). A festival held in 
 Cireeco, in honour of Hebe, goddess of youth, 
 and a youth called Cissos, who, when dancing 
 with Bacchus, had fallen down and been changed 
 into ivy. Accordingly at this festival youths and 
 girls danced with their heads wreathed with ivy. 
 
 Cista, Cistella, Sitella, R, (k^o-tt), a 
 chest). (i) A large wicker-work basket in 
 which the voters depositeil their voting-tablets 
 at the comitia. It was of a cylindrical shape, and 
 aliout four or five feet high. (2) A smaller 
 basket into which the judges cast the tablets 
 recording their sentence. (3) A wicker-work 
 basket in which children carried about their 
 playthings. (4) The cist which was carried in 
 procession at the Eleusinian festival, and which 
 might be either a wicker basket or a box of 
 metal. It was filled with corn, rice, sesame, 
 salt, and pomegranates. Richly ornamented 
 chests or boxes, with bronze minors in them, 
 found among Etruscan ruins, are called cistee 
 mysticiE. The sitcUa, or situla, was a different 
 vessel ; viz. a Imcket of water, into which the 
 lots {sortes) were thrown. The situla had a 
 narrow neck, so that only one lot could come 
 to the surface when it was shaken. It was also 
 called Urita or Orca. 
 
 Cistella, R. A dulcimer ; ///. a little box. 
 (See Cista.) 
 
 Cistellula, R. (dimin. of Cista, q.v.). A very 
 small cista. 
 
 Cistophorus, Eg}-p., Gr., and R. (kktto- 
 (pnpos, i. e. bearing a cisla or cis(iis). A silver coin, 
 current in Asia, and worth about four drachmae. 
 It was so called from bearing the impression of 
 a cista (chest), or, more probably, of the shrub 
 cisttis. [Value four francs of French money.] 
 
 Cistula, R. Dimin. of Cista (q.v.). 
 
 Citadel (It. cittadclla, a little town). A for- 
 tress within a city. 
 
 Cithara, Cither, Gr. and R. (KtBapa). A 
 stringed instrument of great antiquity, resem- 
 bling our modem guitar. It was played with a 
 plectrii?n. The name was afterwards applied to 
 many stringed instnmients of varied form, power 
 of sound, and compass. The medix'val Rotta 
 was called C. teutonica ; the harp was called 
 C. Arti^lica. 
 
 Cithara Bijnga. A guitar with a double neck. 
 
 ART AND ARCH/EOLOGV 
 Citole 
 
 75 
 
 O. E. \ kind of guitar. 
 " A citol,- in liir riRht h.in<l h.-id schc." (Chaiicrr.) 
 
 Cittern. A stringed instnmient, like a guitar, 
 strung with wire instead of gut. The citUnt 
 was at one time a |>art of the furniture of every 
 barber's shop, and customers played un it wliile 
 waiting for their turns. (Niche I of Exeter 
 Clallery. See Clarion.) 
 
 Civery, Arch. (See Sf.vkrf.y.) A bay or 
 compartment of a vaulted ceiling. 
 
 Civic Crown, Her. A wreath of oak-leaves 
 and acorns. (See Corona.) 
 
 Ckuicui, Peruvian. One of the divisions of 
 the temple of the Sun (/«//), so named as being 
 dedicated to the rainbow {Ckiiiclii). (See Inti.) 
 
 Clabulare. (See Clavulare.) 
 
 Clack ur Clap-dish, O. E. A box with a 
 movable lid used and rattled by beggars to 
 attract attention : — 
 
 " His tongue moves like a beggar's cla/>(iis/t." 
 
 Cladeuteria. A Greek festival held in honour 
 of Bacchus, at the time when the pruning of the 
 vines took place. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 164. Clerestory and Triforiiim in Worcester 
 Cathcdr.jl. 
 
 Claire- voie (Anglice, Clerestory), Arch. (i. e. 
 clear-storey). A row of large windows, forming 
 
76 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 the upper storey of the nave of a church, rising 
 clear above the adjoining parts of the building. 
 
 Clan (Gaelic, klann, children). A tribe of 
 persons of one common family, united under a 
 chieftain. 
 
 Clap-bene, O. E. Bene signifies a prayer, 
 and children were invited by this phrase to 
 clap their hands together, as their only means 
 of expressing their prayers. 
 
 Clapdish. (See Clackdish.) 
 
 Clappe or Clapper, O. E. A wooden rattle 
 used to summon people to church on the last 
 three days of Passion Week, when the bells were 
 not rung. 
 
 Clarenceux, Her. The title of one of the 
 three kings of arms at Heralds' College. The 
 others are called Garter and Norroy. 
 
 Clarichord, O. E. A stringed instalment, in 
 the form of a spinet, of mediaeval times. At 
 the marriage of James of Scotland with the 
 Princess Margaret, A.D. 1503, " the king began 
 before hyr to play of the clarycJiordes, and after 
 of the lute. And upon the said claiychorde 
 Sir Edward Stanley played a ballad, and sange 
 therewith." {IVhaiion, ^^ History of English 
 Poetry.") It is identical with the clavicho)-d, the 
 origin of the spinet, harpsichord, and pianoforte. 
 Clarion, O. E. 
 
 TJT=n I Q> O I A small trumpet, 
 
 with a shrill sound. 
 (Represented in the 
 third niche of the 
 ' ' Minstrels' Gallery " 
 
 Fig. 165, i65. Clarions(heraldic). "^ Exeter Cathedral, 
 of which there is a 
 cast in the South Kensington Museum.) 
 
 Classic Orders of Architecture. The Grecian : 
 
 Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian ; — and the Rotnati : 
 Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Compo- 
 site orders (q. v.) are generally thus distinguished. 
 Clathrate. Latticed like a grating {clathri). 
 
 Fig. 167. Clathri over bronze doors. 
 
 Clathri, R. A grating or trellis formed of 
 wooden or metal bars ; clathri were employed 
 to form the imposts over hyprethral doors, and 
 to light the stables {carceres) under the circus, 
 &c. Fig. 167 represents one of the bronze doors 
 of the Pantheon at Rome with the grating above. 
 
 Claude Glass. A dark convex glass for 
 studying the effect of a landscape in reverse. 
 
 Fig. 168. Clavichord — i8th century. 
 
ART AND ARCHy^LOLOGY. 
 
 Its name is supposed to be derived from the 
 similarity of the eflects it gives, to those of a 
 picture by Claude Lorraiu. 
 
 Clausula, R. Tlie handle of any instrument 
 whatsoever, M-hen made in such a way that the 
 hand can be inserted into it, as for instance wiili 
 a ring or sword-hilt. The Stkigii.is (q.v.) had a 
 handle of this description. Clausula is thus to 
 be distinguished from <vz/«//cj (a straight handle), 
 and ansa (a handle affixed to another object). 
 
 Clava, R. (i) A stout knotty stick, growing 
 much thicker towards one end. (2) A very 
 heavy club with which young recruits went 
 through their exercises. (3) A club like that of 
 Hercules, or a mace or war-club with an iron 
 head, and studded with nails or (more com- 
 monlv) sharp spikes. 
 
 Clavate. Club-shaped ; tapering down from 
 the top. 
 
 Clavesignati, Med. Lat. The Papal troops 
 were so called, who had the keys of St. Peter on 
 their standards and uniforms. 
 
 Claviary. In Music, an index of keys. 
 
 Clavichord. A stringed instrument in the 
 form of a spinet. (Fig. 168.) (See Clarichord.) 
 
 Clavicula. Dimin. of Clavis (q.v.). 
 
 Clavier. Of a musical instrament, the key- 
 board. 
 
 Clavis, R. A key. The clavis clausa was 
 a small key without a neck or lever; clavis 
 lacoiiica, a key of Egyptian invention, having 
 three teeth ; clavis adtiltera, a false key ; clavis 
 trochi, a curved stick made of iron and having a 
 hook at the end, which was used by Greek and 
 Roman boys for trundling their hoops. 
 
 Clavius. A walled plain in the moon, more 
 than a hundred miles in diameter. 
 
 Clavulare or Clabulare, R. A large open 
 cart used for carrying provisions, especially dolia 
 (casks) filled with wine. The body of the car- 
 riage was formed by a wooden trellis-work 
 {claviila) — whence its name— and was of a semi- 
 cylindrical shape, adapted to accommodate 
 wine barrels. 
 
 Clavus, R. A nail. In Christian archeology, 
 a purple hem or band applied as an ornament to 
 X dress, which was then called vestis clavata. 
 (See Chryso-clavus.) 
 
 Claymore (Gaelic, claidhcamb, a sword, and 
 vto)\ great). The highland broadsword. 
 
 Clechee, Her. (See Undine.) A variety of 
 the heraldic cross. 
 
 Clef or Cliff, Music. A figure indicating the 
 pitch to be adopted for the key-note of a piece 
 of music ; an invention of the 13th century. 
 
 Clepsydra, Gen. (KAf»//-u5pa, i. e. a stealing- 
 away of water). A water-clock, and by analogy 
 an hour-glass or sand-c\ock. The clepsydra was 
 used as an hour-glass in the courts of justice at 
 Athens, to measure out the time allowed to each 
 orator. 
 
 77 
 
 Clerestory. (Sec Ci.airk-voie.) 
 
 Cleyataffe, O. K. A pastoral staff. 
 
 Clibanus. R. (i) A imsket used for baking 
 bread ; the l)read itself, when thus baked, l)eing 
 called clihanicius. (2) Med. Lat. A short 
 hauberk, which the later Greeks called KKifiavof, 
 because it covered the breast. (AAyncl.:) (3) 
 Med. Lat. A tower. 
 
 Clicket, O. E. A key. 
 
 " With his f//VXr/ 
 Damian hath opcneit this wicket." 
 
 {CAaucer.) 
 
 Cliff. (See Clef.) 
 
 Clipeolum. Dimiii. of Clipeus ((|.v.). 
 
 Clipeus and Clipeum, R. (akin to Ka\inrru, 
 
 to cover or conceal). A large broad shield of 
 circular shape and concave on the inside. It 
 was of great weight, and formed part of the 
 special equipment of the cavalry. The original 
 clipeits Argolicus was circular, and often likened 
 
 Fig. 170. Ornamcnt.il Clipcu!>. 
 
78 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 to the sun : in Roman sculpture it is often oval. 
 The outer rim was termed antyx ; the doss 
 in the centre, omphalos, or umbo; a leather strap 
 for the arm, telamon. It was replaced, subse- 
 quently, l:)y the Scutum (q.v. ). Fitj. 169 is an 
 ornamented bronze clipeus, thought to be Gaulish. 
 This term also serves to denote (i) a shield 
 of metal or marble which was employed as 
 an ornament ( Fig. 1 70 represents an ornamental 
 shield, such as was placed on the frieze of a 
 building, and especially in the metopes of the 
 Doric entablature) ; and (2) an apparatus em- 
 ployed in the laconicitm (q.v.) to regulate the 
 temperature. In the illustration to Caldarium 
 a slave may be seen pulling the chains of 
 the clipcus. 
 
 Cloaca, R. (from duo, i. e. the cleanser). 
 A subterranean sewer or canal constructed of 
 masonry. The Cloaca Maxima, or Main Sewer 
 
 Fig. 171. Cloaca Maxima at Rome. 
 
 of Rome, was constructed by the elder Tarquin 
 to drain a marsh lying at the foot of the Palatine 
 and Capitoline Hills. Fig. 171 represents one 
 of its mouths. It was formed of three tiers 
 of arches, the innermost being fourteen feet 
 in diameter. 
 
 Clocks, O. E., "are the gores of a niff, the 
 laying in of the cloth to make it round, the 
 plaites ;" also ornaments on stockings and on 
 hoods. 
 
 Clog-almanacks. The Anglo-Saxons calcu- 
 lated by the phases of the moon, set down on 
 square pieces of wood, a foot or two long. These 
 clo,s;s are still common in Staffordshire. (QLPlott' s 
 History of Staffordshire; Cough's Camden's 
 Britannia, ii. 379.) 
 
 Cloish, or Closh, O. E. A kind of nine-pins 
 played with a ball. {Striitt, p. 202.) Cf. Club- 
 
 KAYLES. 
 
 Cloisonne. A form of enamelling by incrus- 
 
 tation, in which the pattern is raised by strips of 
 metal or wire welded on. 
 
 Cloister, Chr. (from Lat. c/aiistrum, (\.\'.). 
 A kind of court or quadrangle surrounded by a 
 covered way, and having much analogy to the 
 atrium of a Roman house. The cloister was an 
 essential appendage to an abbey. One of its 
 sides was usually bounded by the church, with 
 which it easily communicated. The walls of the 
 cloisters were often adorned with frescoes, and 
 the court was occasionally planted with trees, the 
 centre being occupied by a fountain. A monas- 
 tery was often called a cloister. The sides of the 
 cloister were anciently termed the Panes of it, 
 and the walks its alleys or deambulatories. (Fig. 
 1 73-) 
 
 Fig. 172. Clustered column in Nave of Wells 
 Cathedral. 
 
 Cloister Garth. The quadrangular space 
 enclosed by the cloisters. The cloister garth at 
 Chichester is still called the Paradise, and that 
 at Chester the Sprise garden. (See Paradise, 
 Sprise.) 
 
 Close, Her. With closed wings. 
 
 Close-gauntlets. Gauntlets with immovable 
 fingers. 
 
 Closet, Her. A diminution of the b.vr, one- 
 half its width. 
 
 Cloths of Estate. Costly embroidered hang- 
 ings for the canopy of a throne. 
 
 Clouee, Her. Fastened with nails, and showing 
 the nail-heads. 
 
 Clouts. Old name for kerchiefs. 
 
 Clown, in pantomime. Ila'-lequin is Mercury, 
 the Clown Momus, and the painted face and 
 wide mouth taken from the ancient masks ; 
 Pantaloon is Charon, and Columbine Psyche. 
 [Clarke's Travels, viii. 104-7-) 
 
 Club, Gr. and R. (Gr. (pakay^). This weapon 
 being used in close fight gave its name to the 
 compact body of troops so called. The Scy- 
 thians united it with the mace, both being 
 spiked. Duca7iae mentions the vulgastus, a 
 crooked club ; the plumhata, loaded with lead, 
 
ART AND ARCILKOI.OCIV 
 
 79 
 
 Fig. 173. Cloisters in the Church of Mont St. Michel 
 
 the spontonus with iron. In the army of 
 Charles I. rustics untrained were called clubmen. 
 (See Clava.) 
 
 Club-kayles, O. E. Skittles played with a 
 club, instead of a ball. (See Cloish.) 
 
 Clubs, at cards, are the ancient trifles, the 
 trefoil or clover-plant. (See Trefi.e.) 
 
 Cluden, Gr. and R. A sword, the blade of 
 which was contrived to recede into the handle. 
 It was used for thea- 
 trical representa- 
 tions. 
 
 Clunaculum, R. 
 (i) A dafTger so 
 called because it was 
 worn at the back ; 
 " quia ad chines 
 pendet," as Festus 
 says. (2)Thesacri- 
 Clunaculum. ficial knife with 
 
 which the victim was ripped up. The dagger 
 represented in Fig. 174, taken from the arch of 
 Carpentras, was probably a Gaulish clunaculum. 
 
 Clustered Column, Arch. A pier formed of a 
 congeries of columns or shnfts clustered together, 
 either attached or detached. It is also called a 
 Co.MPOU.Ni) Pier. Fig. 172 is a specimen from 
 Wells Cathedral. 
 
 Clypeate. Shaped like a shield. 
 
 Cnopstara. A weapon used by the Cale- 
 donians; a ball filled with jiieces of metal 
 swung at the heads of their lances, to frighten 
 cavalry. 
 
 Coa Vestis, or simply Coa (i. e. the Coan robe). 
 A very fine robe [made of silk, spun in Cos\, of 
 such light texture as to be almost transparent. 
 It was worn by hetairai and singing and dancing 
 girls, &c. 
 
 Coactilis, sc. lana (from ccs^o, i. e. that which 
 is forced together). A kind of felted cloth 
 
8o 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 made of wool closely pressed together. It 
 formed a texture analogous to our felt. Another 
 name for it was coactus. 
 
 Coal as an ancient pigment was used both in 
 water-colours and in oil ; it furnishes a brownish 
 tint. '■ The shadows of flesh are well rendered 
 by pit-coal, which should not be burnt." {Dc 
 Mayertic. ) 
 
 Co:'.ssatio (from coasso, to join planks together). 
 A general term for planks joined together, such 
 as the flooring of a room, the top of a table, the 
 deck of a ship, the road-way of a wooden bridge, 
 
 &C. (See CONSTRATUM.) 
 
 Coat Armour, 
 
 Med. Embroidery 
 of heraldic devices 
 upon costume ; 
 hence a term for 
 heraldry in general. 
 (Figs. 175 and 
 176.) 
 
 CoatCards,O.E. 
 Court cards and 
 tens,so named from 
 the coat armour 
 worn by the figures. 
 Cob. Irish name 
 of a Spanish coin 
 formerly current in 
 Ireland ; value 
 about 4^^. 8^/. 
 
 Cobalt. A metal 
 found in various 
 combinations, 
 from which vari- 
 ous colouring mat- 
 ters are obtained 
 of great use in the 
 arts. Cobalt blue, 
 a beautiful blue 
 pigment, is ob- 
 tained by mixing a salt of pure cobalt with a 
 solution of pure alum, precipitating the liquid 
 by an alkaline carbonate, washing the preci- 
 pitate with care, drying and igniting it strongly. 
 A fine green, known as Hini/iaiiii's green, is 
 similarly prepared. The chloride, the nitrate, 
 and the sulphate of cobalt form sympathetic inks, 
 which only become visible when the moisture is 
 absorbed by the application of heat. From 
 phosphate of cobalt a beautiful blue pigment 
 is produced, called Thoiard's blue. It is said 
 to have all the characters of ultramarine. Oxide 
 of coljalt has the property of colouring glass 
 blue ; hence a glass formed of this oxide under 
 the name of s?)ialt is the blue colouring matter 
 used for ornamenting porcelain and earthen- 
 ware, for staining glass, for painting on enamel, 
 &c. 
 
 Cobalt-bloom. (See Erythrine.) 
 Cobbards, O. E. The irons supporting a spit. 
 
 Fig. 176. Coat Armour. 
 Devices on shield. 
 
 Cob-wall, Arch. A wall formed of unbumed 
 clay mixed with straw. 
 
 Cochineal. (See Carmine.) 
 
 Cochineal Lakes. (See Carminated 
 Lakes.) 
 
 Cochlea (KoxA.ias, i. e. a snail with spiral 
 shell). Any object of spiral shape, like a 
 screw ; and so a worm and screw as a mecha- 
 nical power in oil-, wine-, &c. presses ; the 
 "Archimedean Screw," or "water-snail" for 
 raising water ; the revolving door through 
 which the wild beasts were let out into the 
 amphitheatre ; and other contrivances similar 
 to the Italian riiota, by which persons can be 
 introduced through a wall without opening a 
 door ; also a spiral staircase, (S;c. 
 
 Cochlear, Cochleare (from k6x>^o%, a shell- 
 fish), (i) A spoon having at one extremity a 
 sharp point, and at the other a sort of small bowl. 
 (2) A measure of capacity of very small size. 
 
 Cochlearium, R. A pond or nursery for 
 fattening snails for the table. (English "cockles.") 
 
 Cochlis, sc. columna (/cox^lj, i- e. lit. a snail). 
 A hollow monumental column, the interior of 
 which was fitted with a cockle or spiral stair- 
 case, like the "Monument" of London. 
 
 Cock. In Christian art, the emblem of St. 
 Peter, and of watchfulness. 
 
 Cockatrice. In Christian art, the emblem of 
 sin; attribute of St. Vitus. (Her.: see the 
 illustration to Basilisk.) 
 
 Cock-bead, Arch. A bead which projects 
 from the surface of the timber on both sides. 
 
 Cockers, O. E. Ploughmen's laced boots. 
 
 Cocket, O. E. A seal formerly attached to 
 goods which had paid customs dues. Ancient 
 cockcts hezix such inscriptions on them as ''^ God 
 willing^'' ^^ If God please," &c. 
 
 Cockle-stairs, O. E. Winding stairs. (Cf. 
 Cochlea.) 
 
 Coctilis, Cocta, Coctus, R. (prepared by fire). 
 Later coctilis was a brick hardened artificially by 
 fire, in contradistinction to one dried in the sun ; 
 mums coctilis, a wall built of hardened bricks. 
 (See AcAPNA.) 
 
 Cocurra, Med. Lat. A quiver. 
 
 Cocytia (from KcD/curb?, the river of weep- 
 ing). A festival held in honour of Proserpine, 
 who had been carried off by Pluto. The latter, 
 as king of the infernal regions, included in his 
 sway the river Cocytus. The Cocytus and 
 Acheron, two rivers of Epirus, remarkable for 
 unwholesome and muddy water, and subter- 
 ranean currents, were hence called the rivers of 
 Hell. " Cocytia virgo " was Alecto, one of the 
 Furies. 
 
 Cod, Scotch. A pillow (also/«/). 
 
 Codex (cii/zti'tu-, the trunk of a tree), (i) A blank 
 book for writing in, consisting of thin tablets of 
 wood covered with wax ; the term thus came to 
 mean code, that is, a book containing laws, since 
 
ART AND AKCir.KOI,()c;V. 
 
 8i 
 
 these were inscribcil in a book, the leaves of 
 which were composed of thin leaves of wood. 
 When parchment or paper was introduced, the 
 terni was still applied ; and hence, later, became 
 appropriate to any code of laws, e. g. the 
 Gregorian, Theodosian, Justinian, &c. (2) An 
 early manuscript book, such as the Codex of 
 the Greek New Testament and of " Virgil " 
 in the Vatican. (3) The term was also applied 
 to the heavy logs attached to the feet of slaves; 
 these were of various shapes, sometimes even 
 serving the purpose of a seat. 
 
 Codicillus (dimin. of Codex, q.v.). A small 
 book, or small leaves of wood covered with wax. 
 The plural codicilli denoted a number of such 
 sheets ]Hit together so as to form a sort of 
 memorandum-book for taking rough notes. 
 Any su]5plemental note made on the margin of 
 the leaves composing a will, or added to them, 
 was also called codicillits (codicil). 
 
 Codon (Gr. kcoScov). A bell ; the bell of a 
 trumpet ; a trumpet with a bell-mouth. 
 
 Cod-piece (from O. E. "cod," a pillow or 
 stuffed cushion ; ¥r. bragiiette); introduced /c'w/. 
 Henry VIII. An appendage to the taces over 
 the OS pubis, copied in the armour of the 
 period. It continued in use to the end of 
 Elizabeth's reign. 
 
 Coelum. In Architecture, that part of a 
 building which was placed over any other part, 
 and so a ceiling, or soffit. 
 
 Coemeterium, Cemetery, Chr. {Koitx-qrripwv, 
 from Koifidct), i. e. a sleeping-place ; Lat dormi- 
 toriuni). This term is an exclusively Christian 
 one ; it signifies a field of rest or refuge ; the 
 last resting-place of man. (See HypOG.^UM.) 
 
 Coena (from Sanscr. k/iad-, to eat). The 
 principal meal among the Romans, consisting of 
 several courses termed respectively prima, altera 
 or sc'ciuida, iertia, qicarta ca-iia. The hour at 
 which the ca-na took place varied with the habits 
 of the master of the house, but it was usually 
 about four or five o'clock. It was the third meal 
 of the day, being preceded by the jentacidiiin 
 (breakfast), and the merenda or praiidium 
 (luncheon or early dinner). The corresponding 
 Greek meal was called dcipnon, which closed 
 with a libation to Zeus ; after which the drink- 
 ing party that remained was called Symposium. 
 (See Last Supper.) 
 
 Coenaculum. In early times this term was 
 used for the Tricliniu.m (q.v.); later on it 
 came to mean the upper stories of houses 
 inhabited by the poor, our attic or garret. In 
 the plural, cwnacula denotes the whole suite of 
 rooms on the upper story of a house, and ca:- 
 naciila mcritoria such apartments let out on hire. 
 Coenatio, like canacidiim, a dining-room 
 situated upstairs. It thus differed from the 
 Triclinium (q.v.), which was a dining-room 
 on the ground floor ; the former was used in 
 
 winter, the latter in summer. The rtviui/io, or 
 diic/a, was a very magnificent apartment. Nero 
 had one in his golden jialace, constructed like a 
 theatre, with a liiange of scenery for every course. 
 
 Coenatoria, Coenatorise Veste's. The garments 
 worn by the Romans at the dinner-table. 
 
 Coenobium {koiv6-^iov, i. e. a life in common). 
 A monastery ; a convent of monks who lived in 
 common. 
 
 Coeur, Carreau, Pique, and Trefle. The 
 four French suits of cards, corresponding w ith 
 our Hearts, Diamonds, Spades, and Clubs, pro- 
 bably introduced in the reign of Charles VII. of 
 France (15th century). {Taylor.) Coeur is some- 
 times derived from Cluvur. (See COPPE and 
 Chatrang.) 
 
 " The hearts are the ecclesiastics, whose place is in the 
 choir; the pike the military, &c." (.'ilencstricr.) 
 
 Coifer. (See Arca.) (i) In Architecture, a 
 sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit. {2) A chest. 
 Cognizance, Her. Synonym for Bad^v. 
 Cogware, O. E. A coarse narrow cloth like 
 frieze ; i6th centuiy. 
 
 Cohors, Cohort, R. A body of infantry forming 
 the tenth part of a legion. The number of men 
 composing a cohort varied at different periods 
 between 300 and 600 men, according to the 
 numerical strength of the legion. The first 
 cohort of a legion was called a military cohort ; 
 the prretorian cohort fornicd the general's body- 
 guard, while to the city cohort was entnisted the 
 protection of the city. The term was sometimes, 
 though very rarely, applied to a squadron ofcavalry. 
 Coif or Quoif. A close hood. 
 Coif de Fer, CoifFette. A skull-cap of iron of 
 the 1 2th and 13th centuries. 
 
 Coif de Mailles. A hood of mail worn by 
 knights in the 1 2th century. 
 
 Coiflfe, Arch. A term employed during the 
 1 6th and 17th centuries to denote the vaulted 
 ceiling of an apse. 
 
 Coillon. (See Coin.') 
 
 Coin or Coigne, Arch. 
 The comer of a building. 
 (See OtToiN. ) 
 
 Coin-stones, .\rch. Cor- 
 ner-stones. 
 
 Cointise or Quintise. (i) 
 A scarf wrapped round the 
 body, and sometimes attached 
 to the helmet. (2) Quaintly- 
 cut coverings for the helmet. 
 Fig. 177 represents a helmet 
 decorated with PANACHE, 
 CORONET, and cciulisf. This 
 is the origin of ninntlittj^ in 
 heraldry. (3) A garment 
 worn over armour, temp. Ed- 
 ward II., was so termed. (4) Horses' caparisons. 
 Colatorium. A colander. (See Collum 
 
 ViNARIUM.) 
 
 Fig. 177. Helmet 
 with Cointise behind. 
 
8o 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 made of wool closely pressed together. It 
 formed a texture analogous to our felt. Another 
 name for it was coachis. 
 
 Coal as an ancient pigment was used both in 
 water-colours and in oil ; it furnishes a brownish 
 tint. ' The shadows of flesh are well rendered 
 by pit-coal, which should not be burnt." {De 
 Mayertic. ) 
 
 Coassatio (from coasso, to join planks together). 
 A general term for planks joined together, such 
 as the flooring of a room, the top of a table, the 
 deck of a ship, the road- way of a wooden bridge, 
 
 &C. (See CONSTRATUM.) 
 
 Coat Armour, 
 Med. Embroidery 
 of heraldic devices 
 upon costume ; 
 hence a term for 
 heraldry in general. 
 (Figs. 175 and 
 176.) 
 
 CoatCards.O.E. 
 Court cards and 
 tens,so named from 
 the coat armour 
 worn by the figures. 
 Cob. Irish name 
 of a Spanish coin 
 formerly current in 
 Ireland ; value 
 about \s. 8d. 
 
 Cobalt. A metal 
 found in various 
 combinations, 
 from which vari- 
 ous colouring mat- 
 ters are obtained 
 of great use in the 
 arts. Cobalt blue, 
 a beautiful blue 
 pigment, is ob- 
 tained by mixing a salt of pure cobalt with a 
 solution of pure alum, precipitating the liquid 
 by an alkaline carbonate, washing the preci- 
 pitate with care, drying and igniting it strongly. 
 A fine green, known as Riiuna)uis green, is 
 similarly prepared. The chloride, the nitrate, 
 and the sulphate of cobalt form sympathetic inks, 
 which only become visible when the moisture is 
 absorbed by the application of heat. From 
 phosphate of cobalt a beautiful blue pigment 
 is produced, called Thenai-d's blue. It is said 
 to have all the characters of ultramarine. Oxide 
 of cobalt has the property of colouring glass 
 blue ; hence a glass formed of this oxide under 
 the name oi smalt is the blue colouring matter 
 used for ornamenting porcelain and earthen- 
 ware, for staining glass, for painting on enamel, 
 &c. 
 
 Cobalt-bloom. (See Erythrine.) 
 Cobbards, O. E. The irons supporting a spit. 
 
 Fig. 176. Coat Armour. 
 Devices on shield. 
 
 Cob-wall, Arch. A wall formed of unbumed 
 clay mixed with straw. 
 
 Cochineal. (See Carmine.) 
 
 Cochineal Lakes. (See Car.minated 
 Lakes.) 
 
 Cochlea (koxA-ios, i. e. a snail with spiral 
 shell). Any object of spiral shape, like a 
 screw ; and so a worm and screw as a mecha- 
 nical power in oil-, wine-, &c. presses ; the 
 "Archimedean Screw," or "water-snail" for 
 raising water ; the revolving door through 
 which the wild beasts were let out into the 
 amphitheatre ; and other contrivances similar 
 to the Italian ruota, by which persons can be 
 introduced through a wall without opening a 
 door ; also a spiral staircase, &c. 
 
 Cochlear, Cochleare (from k6x^os, a shell- 
 fish), (i) A spoon having at one extremity a 
 shaq^ point, and at the other a sort of small bowl. 
 (2) A measure of capacity of very small size. 
 
 Cochlearium, R. A pond or nursery for 
 fattening snails for the table. (English "cockles.") 
 
 Cochlis, sc. columna (/coxAls, i. e. lit. a snail). 
 A hollow monumental column, the interior of 
 which was fitted with a cockle or spiral stair- 
 case, like the "Monument" of London. 
 
 Cock. In Christian art, the emblem of St. 
 Peter, and of watchfulness. 
 
 Cockatrice. In Christian art, the emblem of 
 sin ; attribute of St. Vitus. (Her. : see the 
 illustration to Basilisk.) 
 
 Cock-bead, Arch. A bead which projects 
 from the surface of the timber on both sides. 
 
 Cockers, O, E. Ploughmen's laced boots. 
 
 Cocket, O. E. A seal formerly attached to 
 goods which had paid customs dues. Ancient 
 cockets bear such inscriptions on them as " God 
 willino," 'Wf God please," &c. 
 
 Cockle-stairs, O. E. Winding stairs. (Cf. 
 Cochlea.) 
 
 Coctilis, Cocta, Coctus, R. (prepared by fire). 
 Later coctilis was a brick hardened artificially by 
 fire, in contradistinction to one dried in the sun ; 
 mnriis coctilis, a wall built of hardened bricks. 
 (See AcAPNA.) 
 
 Cocurra, Med. Lat. A quiver. 
 
 Cocytia (from Kcokut^s, the river of weep- 
 ing). A festival held in honour of Proserpine, 
 who had been carried off by Pluto. The latter, 
 as king of the infernal regions, included in his 
 sway the river Cocytus. The Cocytus and 
 Acheron, two rivers of Epirus, remarkable for 
 unwholesome and muddy water, and subter- 
 ranean currents, were hence called the rivers of 
 Hell. " Cocytia virgo " was Alecto, one of the 
 Furies. 
 
 Cod, Scotch. A pillow (also/^^). 
 
 Codex (fa«i/tu-, the trunk of a tree), (i) A blank 
 
 book for writing in, consisting of thin tablets of 
 
 wood covered with wax ; the term thus came to 
 
 mean code, that is, a book containing laws, since 
 
ART AND ARCII.EOLOGY. 
 
 8 1 
 
 these were inscribed in a book, the leaves of 
 wliich were composed of thin leaves of wood. 
 When parchment or paper was introduced, the 
 term was still applied ; and hence, later, became 
 appropriate to any code of laws, e. g. the 
 Gregorian, Theodosian, Justinian, &c. (2) An 
 early manuscript book, such as the Codex of 
 the Greek New Testament and of " Virgil " 
 in the Watican. (3) The term was also applied 
 to the heavy logs attached to the feet of slaves; 
 these were of various shapes, sometimes even 
 serving the purpose of a seat. 
 
 Codicillus (dimin. of Codex, q.v.). A small 
 book, or small leaves of wood covered with wax. 
 The plural codicilli denoted a number of such 
 sheets put together so as to form a sort of 
 memorandum-book for taking rough notes. 
 Any supplemental note made on the margin of 
 the leaves composing a will, or added to them, 
 was also called codicillus (codicil). 
 
 Codon (Gr. rewScor). A bell ; the bell of a 
 trumj^et ; a trumpet with a bell-mouth. 
 
 Cod-piece (from O. E. "cod," a pillow or 
 stuffed cushion ; Yx. bragi(ette); introduced /"t'w/^. 
 Henry VIII. An appendage to the taces over 
 the OS pubis, copied in the armour of the 
 period. It continued in use to the end of 
 Elizabeth's reign. 
 
 Coelum. In Architecture, that part of a 
 building which was placed over any other part, 
 and so a ceiling, or soffit. 
 
 CoBmeterium, Cemetery, Chr. (Kot/MtiT-npiov, 
 from Koifiaco, i.e. a sleeping-place ; Lat dormi- 
 torinDi). This term is an exclusively Christian 
 one ; it signifies a field of rest or refuge ; the 
 last resting-place of man. (See Hypog.^um.) 
 
 Coena (from Sanscr. khad-^ to eat). The 
 princijjal meal among the Romans, consisting of 
 several courses termed respectively /r/wrt', altera 
 or seciinda, fertia, quarta ccxna. The hour at 
 which the ccena took place varied with the habits 
 of the master of the house, but it was usually 
 about four or five o'clock. It was the third meal 
 of the day, being preceded by the jentaculuui 
 (breakfast), and the lucrenda or praudium 
 (luncheon or early dinner). The corresponding 
 Greek meal was called dcipiioii, which closed 
 with a libation to Zeus ; after which the drink- 
 ing party that remained was called Syinposiiiiit. 
 (See Last Supper.) 
 
 Coenaculum. In early times this term was 
 used for the Triclinium (q.v.); later on it 
 came to mean the upper stories of houses 
 inhabited by the poor, our attic or garret. In 
 the plural, caviaciila denotes the whole suite of 
 rooms on the upper story of a house, and cce- 
 nacula meritoria such apartments let out on hire. 
 
 Coenatio, like ca:iiaciihim, a dining-room 
 situated upstairs. It thus differed from the 
 Triclinium (q.v.), which was a dining-room 
 on the ground floor ; the former was used in 
 
 winter, the latter in summer. The ca-itatio, or 
 diiCia, was a very magnificent apartment. Nero 
 hail one in his golden ])alace, constructed like a 
 theatre, with a change of scenery for every course. 
 
 Ccenatoria. Coenatorise Vestes. The garments 
 worn by tlie Romans at the dinner-table. 
 
 Coenobium (Kawi-^inv, i.e. a life in common). 
 A monastery ; a convent of monks who lived in 
 common. 
 
 Coeur, Carreau, Pique, and Trefle. 'J'lic 
 four French suits of cards, corresponding with 
 our Hearts, Diamonds, Spades, and Clubs, pro- 
 bably introduced in the reign of Charles VII. of 
 France (15th century). {Tciylor.) Cccur is some- 
 times derived from Chaur. (See COPl'E and 
 
 CirATR.\NG.) 
 
 " The hearts are the ecclesiastics, whose place is in the 
 choir; the pike the military, &c." {Mencstricr.) 
 
 Coffer. (See Arca.) (i) In Architecture, a 
 sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit. f2) A chest. 
 Cognizance, Her. Synonym for Bad^c. 
 Cogware, O. E. A coarse narrow cloth like 
 frieze ; i6th centuiy. 
 
 Cohors, Cohort, R. A body of infantry forming 
 the tenth part of a legion. The number of men 
 composing a cohort varied at different periods 
 between 300 and 600 men, according to the 
 numerical strength of the legion. The first 
 cohort of a legion was called a military cohort ; 
 the pra;torian cohort formed the general's body- 
 guard, while to the city cohort was entrusted the 
 protection of the city. The term was sometimes, 
 though very rarely, applied to a squadron of cavalry. 
 Coif or Quoif. A close hood. 
 Coif de Fer. CoifFette. A skull-cap of iron of 
 the 1 2th anrl i^tli centuries. 
 
 Coif de Mailles. A hood of mail worn by 
 kniglits in the 12th centurj'. 
 
 CoifFe, Arch. A term employed during the 
 l6th and 17th centuries to denote the vaulted 
 ceiling of an apse. 
 Coillon. (See Coin.) 
 
 Coin or Coigne, Arch. 
 The comer of a building. 
 (See Quoin.) 
 
 Coin-stones, Arch. Cor- 
 ner-stones. 
 
 Cointise or Quintise. (i) 
 A scarf wrapped round the 
 body, and sometimes attached 
 to the helmet. (2) Quaintly- 
 cut coverings for the helmet. 
 Fig. 177 represents a helmet 
 dccjrated with PANACHE, 
 CORONET, and cointise. This 
 is the origin of tiiautlim; in 
 heraldry. (3) A garment 
 woni over armour, temp. Ed- 
 ward II., was so termed. (4) Horses' caparisons. 
 Colatoriam. \ colander. (See Collum 
 
 ViNARUM.) 
 
 Fig. 177. Helmet 
 with Cointise behind 
 
82 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 178. Collar of Lancaster. 
 
 Colayn Riban, O. E. An ecclesiastical textile, 
 or orphrey zoeb, for the manufacture of which 
 Cologne was famous in the 15th century. 
 
 Colcothar ofVitriol. A red pigment formerly 
 called caput inoiiiiiini. 
 
 Cold-harbour. This common topical name is 
 
 the Anglo- 
 Saxon ceald- 
 herberga, cold 
 '■' herherge^''ox 
 shelter, and 
 probably in- 
 dicates a place 
 where the 
 ruins of a 
 Roman villa 
 or station 
 were the only 
 available shel- 
 ter for travel- 
 lers, in the 
 ancient scar- 
 citv of inns. 
 
 Collar (of 
 a shaft), Arch. 
 The Annulet (q.v.). (See also Collar-keam.) 
 Collar, Med. (i) A defence of mail or plate 
 for the neck. (2) Generally. An ornament for 
 the neck. The Egj'ptians, Persians, Greeks, 
 Romans, and Gauls wore collars, which were 
 named variously streptos {crTp^irThs), torquis, 
 torques, &c. Collars were ornamented with 
 heraldic badges in the Middle Ages. (3) 
 Heraldic. One of the insignia of the orders of 
 knighthood. (See Fig. 17S.) 
 
 Collar of S.S. Origi- 
 nally adopted by Henry 
 IV., on the canopy of 
 whose tomb it is em- 
 ployed as decoration over 
 the arms of himself and 
 his queen. Its signifi- 
 cance is doubtful. Cam- 
 den says the letters are the initials of Sanctus 
 Simo Simplicius, an eminent Roman lawyer, 
 and that it was particularly worn by persons of 
 the legal profession. 
 
 Collar-beam, Arch. A horizontal tie, con- 
 necting a pair of rafters together, across the 
 vault of a roof. 
 
 CoUare, R. {colluvi, neck). A collar made of 
 iron or leather, and studded with spikes. It 
 was used both to confine slaves, and as a dog- 
 collar. When a slave ran away from his master, 
 an iron collar, with a leading-chain attached to 
 it, was put round his neck. 
 
 Collarium, Med. Armour for the neck. 
 Collegium, R. A religious or industrial cor- 
 poration in ancient Rome. The corresponding 
 Greek institutions were the Hetairiai. The 
 collegia included trade companies or guilds. 
 
 Fig. 179. Collar of S.S. 
 
 Collet. The setting which surrounds the stone 
 of a ring. (See Crampon. ) 
 
 Colliciae, CoUiquiae. (i) Broad open drains 
 through fields. (2) Gutters of hollow tiles 
 [itfibrices] placed beneath the roof of a house to 
 receive the rain-water, and convey it into the 
 Impluvium. 
 
 Colliciaris (sc. teguld). A hollow tile em- 
 ployed in the construction oi colliciic. 
 
 Collodion. A solution of gim cotton in 
 ether, used in photography. 
 
 Collum Vinarium (from collum, a neck). A 
 colander or wine-strainer. The custom of 
 straining wine dates back beyond our ei^a, and 
 Christ made an allusion to it when he told the 
 Pharisees that their colla allowed a camel to 
 pass, while they kept back a gnat. Snow was 
 put into a strainer or a bag, called respectively 
 collum nivarium, saccus nivarius, through which 
 the wine was allowed to filter, not only to cool 
 it, but because the intense cold cleared the wine, 
 and rendered it sparkling and transparent ; it 
 was then called vviiun saccatiim. The Christian 
 Church from the first adopted this instrument in 
 its liturgy ; another name for it was colatoriuin. 
 (See Nassa. ) The colander for wine was made 
 of silver, or bronze, or other metal. The linen 
 cloth called saccus was not used for wine of any 
 delicacy, as it spoiled its flavour. 
 
 Colluviarium, R. An opening made at regu- 
 lar intervals in the channel of an aqueduct, for 
 ventilation. As this opening formed a kind of 
 well, it was also called Puteus (q.v.). 
 
 Collyra, Gr. and R. A kind of bread made 
 in a special manner, which was eaten with soup 
 or sauce ; there was also a cake so called. 
 
 CoUyris {KoWvpls, synonym of KoWvpa, q.v.). 
 
 180. Collyrium or unguent Vase : Egyptian. 
 Museum of the Louvre. 
 
ART AXD ARCII/EOLOGV. 
 
 S3 
 
 A head-dress worn by Roman ladies, resembling 
 in shape the bread called KoWvpa; the latter was 
 called KoWvpls as well. 
 
 Collyrium. {KoWvpiof, dimin. of KoWvpa, q.v.). 
 (l) A term denoting anything we shoidd now call 
 an unguent, but especially the salve collyrium, 
 which was a liquid medicament. (2) Collyria 
 was a term applied to Egyptian vases of terra- 
 cotta, with or without enamel ; to small quad- 
 rangular boxes of wood or pottery; and, lastly, to 
 small cylindrical cases of wood or bronze divided 
 into compartments. There were three prevail- 
 ing forms of the vases. The Egyptians used 
 antimony to make their eyes look larger, and 
 had some medicament for the relief of tooth- 
 
 Fig. iSi. Roman Plebeian wearing the Colobiuni 
 
 ache ; and inscriptions indicating these uses 
 may be read upon vessels of this kind. (Fig. 180). 
 
 Colne, ( ). E. A basket or coop. 
 
 Colobiuni (from KoKo^bs, docked or curtailed). 
 A tunic with short sleeves, which scarcely 
 covered the upper part of the arm. At Rome 
 it was worn by men of free birth. The colohitDn 
 appears to have been tlie first dress adopted by 
 Christian deacons, and in the liturgical writings 
 it is often met with under the name of levito- 
 narium ; when it was of fine linen, it was also 
 caWeAldntono^ndleliitoiiarinin. (Fig. 1 8 1.) Later 
 on the sleeves were lengthened, and it became 
 known as the Dalmatic (q.v.). 
 
 Cologne Black. (See 15i.ack.) 
 
 Cologne Earth. A bituminous earth of a 
 violet-brown hue, transparent and durable in 
 water-colour painting. 
 
 Colonica. Synonym, oi vi//a rusika. A farm- 
 house. 
 
 Color, Lat. (i) The term is used in several 
 senses in mediaeval treatises upon music, with a 
 general idea of a quality of tone obtained by 
 striking variations. (2) The coloured lines used 
 in transcribing music. (See Neltmes.) 
 
 Colores Austeri. Ancient pigments, not 
 
 Colores Floridi. Ancient expensive and 
 brilliant pigments. They were chrysocollum, 
 indicum (or indigo), cx'ruleum (smalt), and 
 cinnabar. 
 
 Colossus (KoXocTffSs). The word was used 
 for all statues larger than life ; that at Rhodes 
 was ninety feet high. The Minerva and Jupiter 
 Olympus of Pheidias, the Famese Hercules, 
 and the Flora of the Belvidere, were all colossal. 
 
 Colours, in Heraldry, are five : Blue or 
 Azure, Red or Gules, Black or Sable, Green 
 or Vert, Purple or Purpure. In French 
 heraldry Green is Sinope. The uses and 
 general symbolism of each colour are described 
 under its own heading. The best work on sy/n- 
 bolic colours is the "Essay " of M. Portal. One of 
 the best on ihtthcory o/colours is that of Chevreuil. 
 
 Colubrina, Med. Lat. (from coluber, a snake). 
 A culverin. 
 
 Columbar, R. A kind of pillory used for pun- 
 ishing slaves. The instrument derived its name 
 from the holes in it, which bore some resem- 
 blance to jiigeon-holes. 
 
 Columbarium. A dove-cote or pigeon-house, 
 often constructed to hold as many as 4000 or 
 5000 birds. In the plural the term has many 
 meanings. (l) It denotes the pigeon-holes or 
 cells for the nests in a pigeon-house. (2) In a 
 sepulchral chamber, the niches for holding the 
 cinerary ums (olLc). Fig. 1S2 represents the 
 numerous columbaria in the tomb of the freed- 
 men of Octavia. In the sepulchral architecture 
 of the Jews, the rock-hewn walls forming the 
 vestibules of certain tombs were honey-combed 
 
 G 2 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 with minute columbaria, in which only lamps 
 were placed. Fig. 183 represents cells of this 
 character taken from the tomb of Quoubkt-el- 
 
 \ ^,^^;^yjX£i^M. 
 
 Fig. 182. Columbarium. 
 
 Endeh. (3) The openings in the side of a ship 
 through which the oars passed. (4) The holes 
 
 Fig. 1S3. Columbaria in rock-hewn walls. 
 
 made in a wall to receive the head of a tie-beam. 
 (S) The openings of the scoops in a particular 
 kind of hydraulic wheel called Tympanum (q. v.). 
 
 Fig. 184. Ionic column. 
 
 Columella. Di- 
 
 min. of colmnna. 
 (See Column, Cip- 
 
 PUS.) 
 
 Columen, Gr. and 
 R. The highest 
 timber in the frame- 
 work of a roof, 
 forming what is now 
 called the ridge- 
 piece. 
 
 Column, Arch. A 
 column consists of 
 three principal parts: 
 the base (a), the 
 shaft {b), and the 
 capital {c). In the 
 Doric, or most an- 
 cient style, the co- 
 lumns in a row rest 
 upon a common 
 base {podium). In 
 the Ionic and Co- 
 rinthian, each co- 
 lumn has its own 
 base {spira). The 
 shaft of all columns 
 ^'(i'/d'rj' gradually from 
 the base to the 
 capital. Any swell- 
 ing introduced to 
 modify the straight- 
 ness of the line was 
 called entasis. On 
 the summit of a 
 row of columns rests 
 the architrave, or 
 chief beam {d) ; 
 above this the 
 frieze {e\ and the 
 cornice (f) projects 
 above the frieze. 
 These three together 
 are called the en- 
 iablat/ur. The tri- 
 angidar gable-end of 
 the roof, above the 
 entablature, is called 
 the /cdi/i/ent. A cir- 
 cuit of columns, en- 
 closing an open 
 space in the interior 
 of a building, was 
 called a peristyle. 
 A temple of two 
 stories, with one 
 peristyle upon an- 
 other (Ionic or Co- 
 rinthian columns 
 over the heavier 
 Doric), was called 
 
ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 85 
 
 hyp^rthral. Tn Christian archrcology the column 
 is a symbol of the Church, which was called, so 
 early as St. Paul, colunuta el firmitattim veritatis 
 (the column and support of truth). 
 
 Colnres. In Astronomy, the two circles which 
 pass through the four cardinal points of the 
 ecliptic — the equinoctial and solstitial points. 
 
 Coluria, Arch. Circular segments of stone, 
 in the construction of a column, such as are 
 now called tambours or disks. 
 
 Colu8. A distaff. With the Romans it con- 
 sisted of a thick cane (iiriniJo, lioinix), split at 
 the end in such a way that the opening formed a 
 basket. Com/'tij, pUiia, or Uiita amicta were the 
 epithets applied to a colus when tilled with wool. 
 The thread obtained from it wxs called stamen. 
 The ball of loose wool at one end, prepared for 
 spinning, was called glomus. The lower end of 
 the distaff rested under the left arm ; the right 
 hand spun and wound the thrcid on to the 
 spindles (c.alledy}/j-«.f). (See Distaff.) 
 
 Colymbion, Chr., Med. A vessel for holy 
 water at the entrance of a church. 
 
 Colymbus, Gr. and R. A basin or reser\'oir 
 used either as a swimming-bath or for washing 
 linen in. 
 
 Coma («<{;u?j). (i) The hair; hair of the head. 
 (2) The mane of animals. (See C.esaries, 
 CiNciNNUs, IIaik, Otc.) 
 
 Comatcrius or Comatoria (sc. acus). A long 
 pin or bodkin of gold, silver, bronze, or ivory, 
 used by the Roman ladies to keep up their 
 hair when plaited. It was also called Acus 
 Crinalis (q.v.). (Compare Discekmculum.) 
 
 Combattant, Her. Said of lions, or other 
 animals of prey, rampant and face to face. 
 
 Combs (Lat. pecte)t, Gr. kt^Is), as used for 
 
 especially splendid. Greek and Roman combs 
 were of boxwood ; Egyptian combs were of 
 ivory. Uncombed hair was a general sign of 
 mourning. (See DiscERNicuLUM.) 
 
 Commentaculam (from commento, to strike 
 on the face). .V staff or wand carried in 
 sacred processicjns by the Roman priests to 
 assist them in clearing a way and preventing the 
 people from pressing in on them too closely. 
 CoiinuotiUiiliim was also used. 
 
 Commissatio (from commissar, to revel). A 
 revelling or fe.isting which began alter the 
 CtENA (q.v.), and lasted far on into the night. 
 (See SvMPOSii'M.) 
 
 Commistio nr Commixtio, Chr. The placing 
 of a portion of the bread into the chalice of wine, 
 during the ceremony of consecration. 
 
 Common-house. The part of a monastery in 
 which a tire was kept for the monksduringwinter. 
 
 Communicales, Chr. Communion vessels, 
 made especially to be carried in procession in 
 Rome. 
 
 Compass. In Music, the whole range of 
 sounds capable of being produced by a voice or 
 instrament. 
 
 Compass-headed, Arch. A semicircular arch. 
 
 Compass Roof, Arch. An open timber roof. 
 
 Compass Window, Arch. A b.ay-window 
 on a circular plan. 
 
 Compes. (I) A ring of goV\ or silver worn 
 by the Romans round the leg, just above the 
 ankle. (2) The chains or shackles worn round 
 the ankle by slaves or prisoners. 
 
 Compitalia, Compitales. A festival held by 
 the Romans in honour of the Lares compitales, 
 celebrated in the cross-roads, i-<7w//V/(7, where the 
 images of those deities were often placed in niches. 
 
 \g:^m^.k3 ■■ 
 
 .^. 
 
 V \ 
 
 II 
 
 lUl 
 
 ll 
 
 Fig. 1S5. .Ancient Carved Ivory Comb. 
 
 combing the hair, but not for wearing upon 
 the head, are found in Pompeian and i:g>ptian 
 tombs, and in the early British, Roman, and 
 Saxon barrows. In the Middle Ages ivory 
 combs were richly caned, and the ceremonial 
 combs for use in ecclesiastical ceremonies are 
 
 Complement, Her. Applied to the moon, 
 when full. 
 
 Complement. In Music, the interval to be 
 added to another interval to make an octave ; 
 e.g. a third to a sixth ; a fourth to a fifth, i:c. 
 
 CompIemenUry Colours. If the whole of the 
 
86 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 light M-hich is absorbed by a coloured body 
 were reunited with the whole of the light which 
 it reflects, white light would result ; in this case 
 the absorbed colours are complementary to those 
 which are reflected. The colour given by a 
 mixture of the colours of any portion of a spec- 
 trum is the compkincnt of the remaining portion. 
 Red is complementai"y to Green, Orange to 
 Blue, Greenish Yel/inv to Violet, Itidigo to Orange 
 Yellcnv, and, in each case, vice versd. 
 
 Completorium, Chr. The last of the Hours 
 of Prayer. 
 
 Compline, Chr. Short evening prayers com- 
 pleting the daily round of devotion prescribed by 
 the Hours of Prayer. 
 
 Compluvium, R. An opening in the roof of the 
 atrium, furnished with gutters all round, which 
 collected the rain-water from the roof, and con- 
 veyed it into the basin {impluvium) in the 
 middle of the atrium. 
 
 Compon-covert, O. E. A kind of lace. 
 
 Fig. i86. Capital of the Composite Order. 
 
 Composite Order of Architecture. The last 
 of the five Roman orders, composed of the 
 Ionic grafted upon the Corinthian order. The 
 examples at Rome are in the arch of Septimus 
 Severus, the arch of the Goldsmiths, the arch 
 of Titus, tlie temple of Bacchus, and the baths 
 of Diocletian. 
 
 Compound Arch, Arch. A usual form of 
 mediii-val arch, which " may be resolved into a 
 number of concentric archways, successively 
 placed within and behind each other." {Prof. 
 Willis.) 
 
 Compound Pier, Arch. A clustered Column 
 
 (q.V.). 
 
 Compounded Arms, Her. Bearings of two or 
 more distinct coats combined, to produce a 
 single comjiound coat. 
 
 Comus (Gr. kcS^oj). (i) A revel, or carousal 
 which usually ended in tlie guests parading the 
 streets crowned willi garlands, &c. (2) Festal 
 processions instituted in hunour.of Bacchus and 
 
 other gods, and of the victors at the games. (3) 
 Odes written to be sung at such processions, e. g. 
 those of Pindar. 
 
 Comus (Gr. KOfi/xhs, from kottto), to strike). 
 
 (1) A beating of the head and breast in lamen- 
 tation ; a dirge. (2) A mournful song sung in 
 alternate verses by an actor and a chorus in the 
 Attic drama. 
 
 Concaedes. A barricade constructed of trees 
 which have been cut down and placed across 
 the road (to impede the enemy's march). 
 
 Concamerate, Arch. To arch over ; to 
 vault. 
 
 Concave. Hollowed in ; opposed to convex, 
 bulging out. 
 
 Concha (lit. a muscle or cockle), (i) A 
 shell or shell-fish. (2) A Triton's conch. In 
 works of art, the Triton, or sea-god, has for a 
 trumpet the buccina, remarkable for a spiral 
 twist, long and straight ; or the murex, equally 
 twisted, but short and wide-mouthed. (3) 
 The term was applied, by analogy, to various 
 objects having the shape of a shell, such as cups 
 or vases used for holding perfumes or for other 
 purposes. (4) In Architecture, an apse, or a 
 plain concave of a dome, is so called. 
 
 Conchoid. A mathematical curve in the form 
 of the outline of a shell. 
 
 Conclave (with a key), Chr. (i) A meeting of 
 cardinals assembled to elect a pope ; and (2) the 
 hall or apartment in which such meeting is held. 
 The institution of the conclave dates from 
 Gregory X. 
 
 Concrete, Arch. A mixture of gravel, peb- 
 bles, or broken stone with cement. 
 
 Condalium (/cocSuA.ioi', dimin. of Ko'c5t;Xoj, 
 a knob or joint). A ring generally worn upon 
 the first joint of the forefinger on the right hand. 
 
 Conditivium, Conditorium. (i) An under- 
 ground vault in which were chests or coffins for 
 holding bodies which had not been reduced to 
 ashes. (2) A sarcophagus in which the body was 
 placed. (3) A kind of arsenal or magazine in 
 which military engines were kept. 
 
 Condrak, O. E. A kind of lace. 
 
 Condyle. A knuckle ; the rounded end of a 
 bone ; hence — 
 
 Condyloid. Shaped like a condyle ; and 
 
 Condylus. Synonym of Condalium (q.v.). 
 
 Cone. A figure broad and round at the base, 
 tapering upwards regularly towards a point. 
 
 Coney, Cony, O. E. (i) A variety of the rabbit. 
 
 (2) A beehive. 
 
 Confessio, Chr. Originally the place where a 
 saint or martyr was buried ; thence the altar 
 raised over his grave ; and subsequently the 
 chapel or basilica built there. 
 
 Conge, Arch. The cavetto (hollow mould- 
 ing) which unites the /^(^j'c' and ca/Z/rt/ of a column 
 to its sliafc. 
 
 Congius (deriv. doubtful). A Roman measure 
 
ART AND ARCILEOLOGY. 
 
 87 
 
 containing six scwiar/i or twelve Itcntiiui:. It was 
 used especially for measuring liquids. Atigl. a 
 pint and a lialf. 
 
 Conic Sections. Curves formed by the inter- 
 section of a iiv/t- and a plane; the circle, the 
 ellipse, the hyperbola, and the parabola. 
 
 Conisierium, Gr. and R. A room in which 
 wresllcrh, after having had oil applied to their 
 bodies, were rubbed over with fine sand {k6vis). 
 The conistcriiini was an appendage to a pakxastrum, 
 gymnasium, &c. 
 
 Conopeum, Canopium, Gr. and R. (from 
 Kwvic^, a gnat). A musquito-net, of very light 
 material, introduced into Rome from Egypt. 
 [This is the origin of the English word 
 canopy.'] 
 
 Consecratio, R. A kind of apotheosis or 
 deification by which a mortal was enrolled in the 
 number of the gods. It was unknown under the 
 republic, and was only instituted in the tmie and 
 on behalf of the emperors. The ceremony was 
 solemnized in the Field of Mars, and with 
 
 Fig. 187. Consecrated pyre on Roman medal. 
 
 the greatest splendour. A magnificent pyre was 
 raised, from the top of which, when kindled, an 
 eagle A\-as let fly, which was supposed to carry 
 up^ to the skies the soul of the deified emperor. 
 Fig. 187, taken from a medal, represents one 
 of these pyres. 
 
 Consentise, Gr. and R. Festivals held in 
 honour of the twelve principal divinities of Rome 
 or Greece. 
 
 Consignatorium Ablutoram, Chr. In early 
 times there were baptisteries near churches, with 
 a place closely adjoining in which to administer 
 the rite of confirmation ; it was the place specially 
 set apart for the administration of this rite that 
 was called consignatorium abliitorum. 
 
 Console. A projecting ornament, in wood or 
 stone, used as a bracket. 
 
 Constant White. Sulphate of B.^rytes 
 
 Constellations. Groups of stars, mostly 
 
 with classical names. Ancient C, forty-cigiit 
 formed by Ptolemy in a. i). 150, with two others 
 added by Tyclio 15ralie ; Modern C, fifty-nine 
 others since formed, many by Ilelvetius at the 
 end of the lyih century. {Rossiter.) 
 
 Constratum, R. A flooring constructed of 
 planks. (See CoASSATio.) 
 
 Consualia, R. A festival of ancient Rome 
 held in honour of the god Consus. It was from 
 this festival that the games of the circus took 
 their rise. Livy calls the god Neptunus Eques- 
 tris. The feast was held witli horse and chariot 
 races. Horses and mules did no work, and 
 were crowned with garlands during its celebra- 
 tion. The Rape of the Sabines took place at the 
 first Consualia. 
 
 Contabulatio, R. The long parallel folds 
 formed in any garment of ample size, such as the 
 toga, palla, and pal/inni. 
 
 Contignatio, R. (a joining together of beams). 
 The woodwork of beams and joists supporting 
 the flooring in a building of several stories. The 
 term is also used to denote the flooring and 
 sometimes the story itself. 
 
 Continuous Impost, Arch. In Gothic archi- 
 tecture, the mouldings of an arch, when carried 
 down to the ground without interruption, or 
 anything to mark the impost-joint. [N'ew- 
 lands.') 
 
 Contoise, Fr. A flowing scarf worn attached 
 to the helmet before 1350. (See Cointise.) 
 
 Contomonobolum, R. A game which con- 
 sisted in leaiHUg over a wide space by aid of a 
 pole {contiis) which was used as a fulcrum. 
 
 Contorniate. A class of antique medals 
 having the contotir, or edge, marked with a deep 
 cut. They generally have monograms on the 
 obverse, and scenes of mythology on the re- 
 verse. 
 
 Contour, Fr. Outline. 
 Contournee, Her. Facing to the sinister. 
 Contra, in compound words in music, sig- 
 nifies an octave belo-o : contra-basso, a double 
 bass, &c. , 
 
 Contra Votum, Chr. (i.e. agamst ones de- 
 sires). A formula of grief, placed by the ancients 
 on tombs, columns, and other sepulchral monu- 
 ments, and adopted by Christians in the 5th 
 century. (See Acclamations.) 
 
 Contractura, R. The tapering of the column, 
 which begins from the upper part of the shaft, 
 and gradually widens as it reaches the base. 
 (See Entasis.) _ . ., 
 
 Contralto, It. In Music, the voice of deepest 
 tone in females, allied to the tenor in men. 
 
 Contrapuntal, Mus. Relating to Counter- 
 point (q.v.). _ 
 
 Contre - imbrications. An ornament cut in 
 the form of fishes' scales overlapping one 
 another, the scales being indented. In the imbri- 
 cations they stand out. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Contrepoint, O. E. (See Pourpoixt.) 
 
 Contubernium, R. (i) A tent capable of 
 accommodating ten soldiers and their corporal 
 {deca7iiis). (2) A dwelling-place, especially for 
 slaves. Hence contubcrnalcs came to mean com- 
 rades, and generally persons living in intimacy 
 under one roof together. 
 
 Contus (Kovrh'i), Gr. and R. (i) A punt- 
 ing-pole, used also for taking soundings ; each 
 trireme was furnished wth three poles of 
 different lengths. (2) A cavalry pike or lance. 
 
 Conus, Gen. {kwvos, a cone). (l) In general, 
 any object of a conical form. (2) A kind of 
 sun-dial described upon a hollow cone. (3) The 
 metal ridge at the top of a helmet, to which the 
 plume was attached. (See Fig. 252.) 
 
 Convivium, R. A banquet which generally 
 took place at about the same hour as the C(X)ia, 
 but which was never followed by a conimissatio. 
 
 (See CCKNA, COMMISSATIO.) 
 
 Coopertorium, R. (that which covers). A rug 
 of coarse cloth ; a kind of blanket. 
 
 Cop, O.E. Generally the top of anything; a 
 mound or heap. (See Battlement.) 
 
 Copal. A hard resin, which, dissolved in 
 boiling linseed oil, forms an excellent varnish 
 for pictures. It is also used as a vehicle for 
 painting. The South African copal is the finest 
 in quality. (See Varnish.) 
 
 Copatain, O. E. A sugar-loaf hat ; " a copped- 
 crown hat." 
 
 Cope, Chr. A sacerdotal garment, also called 
 a pluvial, because it was originally worn by 
 priests in processions as a protection against the 
 rain. It was open in the front, and fastened on 
 the breast by a " morse " or clasp. In the 
 primitive Church the cope was furnished with 
 a hood, and hence mentioned as CucuLLA. 
 
 Cope, Arch. To top a wall with thin bricks 
 or stone. 
 
 Coperone, O. E., Arch. A pinnacle. 
 
 Cop-halfpenny, O. E. The game of "heads 
 and tails." 
 
 Cop-head, O. E. A crest of feathers or hair 
 on an animal's head. 
 
 Coping, Arch. The capping or covering 
 of a wall, generally sloping to throw off 
 
 In 
 
 ^WPffic/ll^l^^ii^ftJ^i 
 
 "^5"*^^ "-A^"*"^ 
 
 ^\i^(^\ 
 
 Ewer and basin of cnanielled ct^pper (Turkish). 
 
 Fig. 77 two of the merlons are 
 coped. 
 
 Cophinus. Gr. and R. A large 
 shallow wicker basket used for agri- 
 cultural purposes. Cophinus et 
 fanum, "a basket of hay," is 
 Juvenal's word fo>- the poor 
 man's bed. Compare English 
 coj/iii. 
 
 Coppa Puerpera, It. Caudle-cup. 
 
 Coppe (It.), Cups(Sp. copa). The 
 early Italian suit of playing cards 
 corresponding to heai'ts. The Rev. 
 E. S. Taylor suggests, ' ' The notion 
 of hearts, as the seat of the affec- 
 tions, &c., is in connexion with the 
 office of the clergy ,•" hence the 
 chalices. (See CcEUR. ) 
 
 Copped, O. E. Crested. (For 
 Cop-head, q.v.) 
 
 Copperas (white) is considered 
 the safest metallic (/;vVv- for pigments 
 and varnish. 
 
 Copper-enamelling. (Fig. 
 (See Enamels.) 
 
 Copper-plate Engraving. 
 Chalcugraphy.) 
 
 Coppet, O. E. Saucy. 
 
 Coppid, O. E. Peaked ; 
 ring to the fashion of the _ 
 
 peaked toe. 
 
 Copple-crowned, O. E. With a 
 head high and rising up, said of a 
 boy " with his hair on end." 
 
 Coppull, O. E. A hen's name 
 (in the Turnament of Tottenham). 
 
 Cops or Merlons, Arch. The raised 
 parts of a battlement. (See Fig. 77.) 
 
 iSS.) 
 (See 
 
 refer- 
 lon<r 
 
ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 89 
 
 bracket support - 
 
 into which the 
 also 
 
 Coracle, O. E. A boat of wicker-work 
 covered with hides. 
 
 Coracoid (Kupa|, a crow). In the form of a 
 crow's beak, e.g. a bone in the shouldcr-bkade. 
 
 Coral (see A Mi" lets) is mentioned in tlie 
 Lapidarium of Marbodus .as a very favourite and 
 potent amulet. 
 
 " Wondrous its power, so Zoro.ister sings. 
 And to the we.irer sure protection brings. 
 -And, lest they h.irni ship, land, or house, it binds 
 The scorching hghtning and the furious winds. 
 Sprinkled 'mid climbing vines or olives' rows. 
 Or with the seed the patient rustic sows, 
 'Twill from thy crops avert the arrowy hail, 
 And with abundance bless the smiling vale." 
 
 (King, Antique Gems.) 
 
 Coranach, Coronach, Gaelic [corah- raiuach, 
 a crying together). A dirge. 
 
 Coranto, It. An Italian form of the country 
 dance or jig. 
 
 Corazza, O. E. A cuirass. 
 
 Corbel, Arch. A projecting 
 ing a pier, cornice, or column. 
 
 Corbel Steps, Arch. Steps 
 outlines of a gable are sometimes broken 
 called CoKi!iK Steps. 
 
 Corbel Table. A term in medieval archi- 
 tecture, applied to a projecting course and the 
 row of corbels which support it. 
 
 Corbie, Scotch. A raven ; hence a "corbie 
 messenger,"' one that is long upon his errand, 
 like the raven sent from the ark, who returned 
 not again. 
 
 Corbie Steps. (See Corbel Steps.) 
 
 Corbis, R. A wicker basket of conical shape, 
 used especially for agricultural purposes. A 
 similar basket in every-day use in parts of Italy 
 is still called "la corbella." Cf. the German 
 " Korb." 
 
 Corbita, R. A merchantman of the larger class, 
 so called because it hung out a basket at the mast- 
 head. These vessels were also called oneraruc. 
 
 Corbona Ecclesise, Chr. The treasure of a 
 church, accumulated from the offerings of com- 
 municants at the Sacrament. The Greek synonym 
 for this term is i^azophyhicium. 
 
 Corbula. Dimin. of Corbis (q.v.). 
 
 Corce, O. E. The body, stomach. 
 
 " He start to hym with gret force, 
 And hyt hym egurly on the corcf '." 
 
 (Old MS. 
 
 Cordate. Cordiform. Heart-shaped. 
 
 Cordax, Gr. and R. A dance of the ancient 
 Greek comedy of a ridiculous and indecent 
 character. Fauns and satyrs are constantly re- 
 presented dancing the con/ax. 
 
 Cordeliers, Fr. The Franciscan friars are so 
 called from the rope girdles they wear. 
 
 Cordevan, O. E. A leather of goat-skin, 
 originally from Cordova in Spain. Spelt also 
 Cordcioaync ; hence cordwaiuer or cordiitcr, a 
 shoemaker. 
 
 Cordigard, Med. (from the French cor/>s 
 dc gardt'). A detachment of troops appointed 
 for a particular service. 
 
 Corean Porcelain, from a country intermediate 
 between China and Japan, combines the.qualities 
 
 Fig. 189. Corean tea-pot. (About a.d. 1562.) 
 
 of the most ancient art of each. The tea-pot re- 
 presented in Fig. 1S9 is covered with gravings in 
 the paste imitating the waves of the ocean, and 
 shows four times repeated an imperial Japanese 
 device, by which it appears that the piece was 
 destined for the Mikado. 
 
 Corinthian Order of Architecture. This order 
 originated in Greece, and the capital is said to 
 have been suggested by observing a tile placed 
 
 
 
 Fig. igo. Capit.il of the Corinthian Order. 
 
90 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 on a basket left in a garden, and an acanthus 
 growing round it. Tiie principal distinction of 
 this order is its capital, richly ornamented with 
 leaves and flowers. Among the principal Corin- 
 thian examples are the temple of Vesta, the 
 basilica of Antoninus, and the temples of Jupiter 
 Tonans and Jupiter Stator ; all at Rome. 
 
 Corium, R. Leathern body-armour cut into 
 scale fijrm. 
 
 Cork burned forms the pigment called Spanish 
 Black. 
 
 Corn. In pagan art, the attribute of Ceres and 
 Justitia and Juno Martialis. 
 
 Comal. The head of a tilting-lance. (See 
 
 CORONKL.) 
 
 Cornelian, Carnelian, Gen. A variety of chal- 
 cedony of a horny transparency and a more or 
 less deep red. Engraved cornelians have per- 
 petuated much information about the manners 
 and customs of the ancient Greeks and Romans. 
 (See Sards.) 
 
 Cornemuse. A French form of the bagpipe. 
 
 Cornet, (i) A kind of heraldic banner. 
 
 (2) The bearer of the colours of a regiment. 
 
 (3) Square caps worn in the Universities. 
 
 (4) Any object having co7'ners, or angular 
 extremities. (5) An obsolete musical instru- 
 ment, once in common use in Germany and in 
 England, something like a Hautboy, but larger 
 and of a coarser tone. (See Waits.) 
 
 Cornice. (See Coronis. ) 
 Cornichon, Fr. A kind of game at " quoits." 
 
 Comic ulum, 
 R. (dimin. of 
 cornu, and so a 
 small horn). It 
 was a mark of 
 distinction con- 
 ferred on a sol- 
 dier who had 
 distinguished 
 himself by his 
 conduct or courage, and was worn on his helmet. 
 On Thracian and other coins we find represen- 
 tations of this horn as part of the royal head- 
 dress. 
 
 Cornish, O. E. The ring placed at the mouth 
 of a cannon. 
 
 Cornlaiters, O. E. Newly-married peasants 
 begging corn to sow their first crop with. 
 
 Cornu, Cornus, and Cornum, R. (i) The 
 horn of an animal. (2) Any object made of 
 horn or of a horn-like shape. The musical 
 cornu was curved ; the straight horn was called 
 tuba. 
 
 Cornu Altaris (horn of the altar), in Chris- 
 tian archjeology, means merely the corner or 
 angle thereof. Cornu Evangelii is the angle to 
 the left, c. Epistohe that to the right, of the 
 celebrating priest. 
 
 Cornu-copiae, R. Horn of abundance, a symbol 
 
 Fia 
 
 igi. Coin showing the 
 Corniculum. 
 
 of concord, prosperity, and good fortune. It 
 was represented as a wreathed horn, filled to 
 overflowing with corn and fruit. 
 
 Corolla, R, (dimin. of Corona, q.v.). The 
 corolla denoted in a general sense a small crown 
 or even a garland ; in a more restricted accepta- 
 tion it was a garland of artificial flowers made 
 of horn shavings and painted various colours. 
 Women used to wear this kind of wreath during 
 winter. 
 
 CoroUarium, R. (dimin. of Corona, q.v.). 
 It denoted especially a wreath made out of thin 
 metal leaves, which the audience in a theatre 
 presented to their favourite actors. 
 
 Corona (Kopwi/rj), R. A crown or garland 
 made with natural or artificial leaves and 
 flowers (of horn, parchment, <S:c., or metal). 
 There were many different kinds of coromr, of 
 which the principal were the following : corona 
 civica ; corona classica, tiavalis, or rostrata ; 
 corona castrensis or vallaris ; corona longa ; 
 corona vmralis ; corona obsidionalis ; corona 
 natalitia ; corona oleagina ; corona ovalis ; 
 corotia pactilis, plectilis, or plexilis ; corona 
 truimphalis ; corona sutilis, &c. The most 
 honourable was the c. obsidionalis, presented 
 by a beleaguered army, after its liberation, 
 to the general who raised the siege. It was 
 made of grass, or wild flowers plucked on the 
 site. The c. civica was presented to a Roman 
 soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in 
 battle. It was made of 
 oak leaves. The c. na- 
 valis was made of gold. 
 The c. nmralis, pre- 
 sented to the first man 
 over the wall of a be- 
 sieged city, was also 
 made of gold, and it 
 was ornamented with 
 turrets. The c. cas- 
 trensis, presented to 
 the first soldier who 
 forced an entrance into 
 an enemy's camp, was 
 of gold ornamented 
 with palisades. Of the 
 c. triituiphalis there 
 were three kinds : one 
 of laurel or bay leaves, 
 worn by the command- 
 ing officer during his 
 triumph ; one of mas- 
 sive gold held over his 
 head ; and a third of 
 still greater value, also of gold. The c. ovalis, 
 to commemorate an ovation to an officer, was 
 made of myrtle leaves. The c. oleagina, of olive 
 leaves, was given to common soldiers. Besides 
 these, there were the various sacerdotal coronce, 
 emblematical of their functions : the funereal 
 
 Fig. 192. Mural crown. 
 
 Fig. 193. Naval crown. 
 
 Fig. 194. Celestial crown. 
 
AKl A.M) AKCH/LULOUV. 
 
 91 
 
 chaplcts of leaves and llowers for the dead, 
 called c. fiinehrcs or scpiilchrales ; the wreaths 
 of roses, violets, myrtles, ivy, &c. , worn at 
 con\-ivial meetings, c. convivialis ; and the 
 hritlal wreath, of Greek origin, matle of flowers 
 not bought, but plucked by the bride herself, 
 the verbena being the chosen flower among the 
 Romans, c. iiuptialis ; and finally the c. 
 natalitia suspended over the door of a house 
 where a child was born. At Athens this was 
 of olive for a boy, and of wool for a girl. At 
 Rome the wreath was made of laurel, ivy, or 
 parsley. The various crowns used in heraldry 
 are described under their respective headings. 
 (See Crown.) 
 
 Corona or Drip-stone, Clen. A moulding 
 forming part of a cornice, the lower part or 
 drip of which is grooved, so as to throw off the 
 rain-water from the structure. Drip-stones are 
 sometimes plain, sometimes decorated with rich 
 sculptures. 
 
 Corona Lucis, Chr. A lamp or chandelier 
 suspended above the altar of a church, from 
 which usually depended a jewelled cross. 
 Coronach, .Scotch. A dirge. 
 Coronarium (aureum), R. The gold for a 
 triumphal crown {corona trhimpkalis) : it was 
 sent by the provinces to a victorious chief or 
 general. 
 
 Coronarium (opus), R. Stucco-work applied 
 to the decoration of a cornice or projecting 
 moulding. 
 
 Coronal, Med. The head of a jousting-lance, 
 so called from its resemblance to a little crown. 
 Twelve were allowed to a filter in the time of 
 Henry VI. (Meyrick.) 
 
 Coronell, O. E. A colonel. 
 
 Coronets. Ensigns 
 of nobility worn upon 
 the head, introduced 
 into England about 
 the middle of the 
 14th century. (See 
 Baron, Duke.Earl, 
 (S;c.) Ladies also 
 wore them surmount- 
 ing the horned head- 
 dress of the reign of 
 Henry V. The engraving (Fig. 196) represents 
 Beatrice, Countess of Arundel, with coronet. 
 
 Coronis {Kopaivls). Anything curved ; the 
 cornice of an entablature. 
 
 Coronize (Gr. Koooivi^us, from /copoJf rj, a crow). 
 To beg for the crow ; said of strollers who went 
 about beggmg with a crow, singing begging 
 songs. (See Chelidonize.) 
 
 Corporal, O. E. The fine linen cloth or veil 
 for the pyx, sometimes embroidered with golden 
 thread and coloured silks. With such a "cor- 
 poral" Mary, Queen of Scots, bandaged her 
 eyes for her execution. 
 
 Fig. 195. Prince of Wales's 
 coronet. 
 
 Coronet of Countess of Arundel, temp. 
 Henry V 
 
 Corpse-candle, O. E. 
 formerlv nt lakc-wak-s. 
 
 A thick candle used 
 
 >?^ 
 
 Corpse-gate 
 or Lich-gate. 
 A shed over 
 the gate of a 
 churchyard to 
 rest the corpse 
 under. (Eig. 
 
 I97-) 
 Corr agis, 
 
 R. {corriigo, 
 
 \ to wrinkle). 
 
 ■"'^' '"^ Literally, 
 
 b' wrinkled ; a 
 
 loose garment 
 
 Fig. 197. Corpse or Lich-gate. which was 
 wrapped round 
 the body, and fell into numerous folds, so as to 
 present the appearance of a wrinkled surface. 
 Cors, Arch. The shaft of a pinnacle. 
 Corsae, R. The mouldings decorating the 
 surface of a marble door-post. 
 Corse, O. E. (See Corce.) 
 Corse of Silk, O. E. Probably a silk ribbon. 
 Corselet, Fr. A light breastplate ; i6th and 
 17th centuries. 
 
 Corspresant, Med. A mortuary. 
 
 Cortina, R. (i) A deep cir- 
 cular vessel in the shape of a 
 saucepan, used for various pur- 
 poses. (2) The snake's skin 
 spread over the tripod of the 
 Pythoness at Delphi. (3) An 
 altar of marble, bronze, or the 
 precious metals, in the form of 
 a tripod. (4) The vault over, 
 the stage in a theatre was called 
 corlina, from its resemblance 
 to the lid of a tripod. (5) 
 
 ,. . Tables of marble or bronze, 
 Cortina. 
 
92 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 made to imitate the slab upon which the Delphic 
 priestess sat, were also called cortince Delphicse. 
 (See Fig. 199.) 
 
 Fig. 199. Cortina (Etruscan). 
 
 Cortinale, R. A cellar in which wine was 
 boiled in caldrons [cortince) to preserve it. 
 
 Corundum. The Indian name for a very hard 
 mineral called adamantine spar. The ruby and 
 sapphire are varieties of corundiiiii. 
 
 Corven. O. E. for carven, cut. 
 
 " Corvette wyndows of glase. 
 With joly bandis of brase." 
 
 {Littcoin MS.) 
 
 Corvus, R. (lit. crow). A crane or gi'ap- 
 pling-iron, used in naval warfare. It was a 
 strong piece of iron with a spike at the end, 
 which, being violently let down upon a ship 
 from the yard-arm, or a special mast made for 
 the purpose, went through the bottom and sank 
 it, or at any rate grappled it fast. A variety of 
 corvus was also made use of in the assault of 
 fortified places. 
 
 Corybautica, Gr. and R. Festivals celebrated 
 at Cnossus, in Crete, by the Corj'bantes, in 
 honour of Atys and his mother Cybele. The 
 priests ran through town and country can7ing 
 torches and uttering savage cries to the accom- 
 paniment of drums and cymbals. They per- 
 formed frenzied dances known under the name 
 of Coryhantic dances. 
 
 Corycaeum, Gr. and R. A large apartment 
 in a gymnasium or a large bathing establishment, 
 for the CORYCOBOLIA or sack-throwing, a game 
 which consisted in suspending from the ceiling 
 of the C07yacu/n, at the height of about a 
 yard from the ground, a sack filled with sand, 
 bran, or seeds, to be thrust away with blows of the 
 fist, and when it was in full swing to be stopped 
 with the hands, back, or breast. The exercise 
 was also called Corycomachia. 
 
 Corymbus, R. ((copuMflo?, a cluster), (i) A 
 bunch of any fruit tliat grows in clusters, such 
 
 as ivy-berries. (2) A head-dress or wig ar- 
 ranged in the form of corymbi, in a knot at the 
 top of the head, as that of Venus is repre- 
 sented in the Medici statue. (3) The tenn is 
 also sometimes used as a synonym of Aplustre 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Corynalle, Arch. (See Cornal.) 
 
 " The schafte was strong over alle. 
 And a well-shaped corynalle." 
 
 Coryphaeus, Gr. (lit. at the head), (i) Any 
 leader. (2) Esp. the leader of the chonis of 
 the Attic drama. {3) An epithet of Jupiter 
 Capitolinus. 
 
 Corytus, Gr. and R. A bow-case. The 
 quiver for arrows was called pharetra. 
 
 Fig. 200. Cos — a Roman Grindstone. 
 
 Cos, R. A hone, whetstone, or grindstone. 
 Fig. 200 is taken from an engraved gem. 
 
 Cosmi (K($cr/uo(). The supreme magistrates in 
 Crete. 
 
 Costanti. One of the Italian literai7 
 academies. They had for their device the sun 
 shining on a column, with the motto TatiHim 
 volvihir timbra (the shadow only revolves). 
 
 Cote, O. E. A woman's gown ; 15th century. 
 
 Cote Armour. (See Coat Armour, Tabard.) 
 
 Cote-hardie. A tight-fitting gown ; 14th 
 century. 
 
 Cothurnus, Gr. and R. The Buskin ; a 
 high boot of Greek invention, met with on 
 representations of certain divinities and of some 
 of the emperors covered with rich ornamentation. 
 It is an attribute of the huntress Diana. The 
 sole was thickened with cork for tragic actors, 
 to make them taller. Horsemen wore it as 
 high as the knee. 
 
 Cotillion (Fr. cotte, an under-petticoat). A 
 dance introduced from France, where it usually 
 terminated a ball. 
 
 Cotise, Her. A diminutive of the Bend, 
 being one-fourth of its width. 
 
ART AND ARCILIiOLOGY. 
 
 93 
 
 Cotta. A sliort surplice. 
 Cottabus, Cottabe, Cotabos, Gr. and R. A 
 game of Greek origin, played in various manners, 
 by throwing wine into empty cups swimming 
 on a basin of water, or into scales suspended 
 above a bronze ornament. The man who 
 drowned most cups won a prize, or he who 
 made the best sound had a good omen. There 
 were other methods. 
 
 Cotyla, (!r. and R. A measure of capacity 
 equal to half a pint English. 
 
 Cotyttia (KOTTVTia). Nocturnal festivals cele- 
 brated by the Edonians of Thrace in honour of 
 a goddess called Cotytto (Cybele). 
 
 Couchant or Dor- 
 mant, Her. In repose. 
 The illustration gives 
 the device of King 
 Richard II., a white 
 hart coiichaiit on a 
 mount, &c. (Fig. 201.) 
 Coucher, O. E. A 
 book kept couched or 
 lying on a desk, e. g. 
 ^. ,, , ^ books of the church 
 
 ^ services left m the 
 
 places where they were used. 
 Coudieres. (See Coutere.) 
 Coufic. (See CuFic.) 
 
 Coulisse, Tech. A piece of timber with a 
 channel or groove in it, such as that in which 
 the side-scenes of a theatre move. 
 
 Counter, Her. Reversed or opposite. 
 Counterfort, Arch. A buttress. 
 Counterpoint, Music. The art of combining 
 melodies, or rather of adding to a melody 
 harmonious parts. Double Counterpoint is " a 
 kind of artificial composition, where the parts 
 are inverted in such a manner that the upper- 
 most becomes the lowermost, and vice versa.'' 
 (See Staincr and Barrett, Die. of Musical 
 Terms.) 
 
 Counter-proof. An impression of an engraving 
 printed from a wet proof. 
 
 Counter-seal or Secretum. A seal on the 
 reverse or back of another seal. Early seals 
 were generally impressed on both sides. 
 
 Countess, Arch. A roofing slate, 20 inches 
 by 10 inches. 
 
 Couped, Her. Cut off smoothly. The reverse 
 of erased. 
 
 Coupled (columns). Gen. Two columns are 
 said to be coupled when they are placed quite 
 close to each other without touching. Coupled 
 heads is the term applied to two heads placed 
 back to back upon the same pedestal or the 
 same trunk. Many pedestals ornamented with 
 Herm.'E (q.v.) are surmounted by coupled 
 heads. 
 
 Courant, Her. Running. 
 
 Course, Arch. One range, or stratum, of 
 
 bricks, stones, or other material in the construc- 
 tion of a wall. 
 
 Court Cards. The king, cpieen, and knave of 
 a suit. They were originally named in France ; 
 e. g. the four kint^s were Charlemagne, Casar, 
 Alexander, and David ; the four queens, ]\x<S\\\\, 
 Rachel, Argine, antl Pallas ; and the valets, 
 Lahire, Hector, Lancelot, and Ilogicr. Of 
 these the kini^s were said to represent the four 
 ancient monarchiesof the Jews, Greeks, Romans, 
 and Franks ; and the queens, wisdom, birth, 
 beauty, and fortitude. {Taylor.) (See Chat- 
 
 KANC.) 
 
 Court Cupboards, O. E. Richly carved and 
 large cupboards for plate and other valuables, 
 tenif^. Charles 1 . 
 
 Court Dish, O. E. A kind of drinking cup. 
 
 Courtepy (Teutonic). Short cloak or gown. 
 
 Coussinet, Arch. The crowning stone of a 
 pier, lying immediately under the arch. 
 
 Coutel, Fr. A short knife or dagger in use in 
 the Middle Ages. 
 
 Coutere or Coutes. The elbow-jjiece in armour. 
 
 Fig. 202. Couvre-feu (Curfew). 
 
 Couvre-feu, Angl. Curfew. A screen used, as 
 its name implies, for covering the fire ; intro- 
 duced with the famous Curfew-bcU, temp. 
 William Rufus. (Fig. 202.) 
 
 Cove, Arch. A name for concave mouldings 
 or other concavities. 
 
 Coved Ceiling, Arch. A ceiling springing 
 from the walls with a cove. 
 
 Coventry Blue. A celebrated "blew threde "' 
 made at Coventry, temp. Elizabeth. 
 
 Covert, Her. Partly covered. 
 
 Covinus, R. (Celtic, koicain). A war- 
 chariot. The spokes of its wheels were armed 
 with scythes. [It was used by the ancient 
 
94 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Britons. The Romans gave the name to a close 
 travelling carriage covered in all round.] (Com- 
 pare CURRUS, Carpf.ntum.) 
 
 Coward or Cowed, Her. An animal with its 
 tail between its legs. 
 
 Cow-lady, O. E. The lady-bird. 
 
 " A paire of buskins they did bring 
 Of the coiv-ladye's corall wyng." 
 
 (Mitsariiin Delicits.) 
 
 Cowl, Mod. (from ciuulla, Cucullus, q.v.). 
 A priest's hood. 
 
 Cox or Cokes, O. E. A fool ; hence Cox- 
 comb, for the top of a fool's cap. 
 
 Crackle Porcelain or Cracklin. A kind of 
 china, the glaze of which has been purposely 
 cracked all over in the kiln. The Chinese have 
 many kinds of this manufacture, some of which 
 are extremely rare and valuable. White and 
 grey are the common colours amongst modem 
 crackle. The yellow and cream-coloured speci- 
 mens are much prized : these are seldom seen in 
 Europe. The greens, light and dark, turquoise, 
 and reds are generally finely glazed, and have 
 the crackle lines small and minute. In colour- 
 ing, these examples are exquisite, and in this 
 
 Fig. 203. Silver Crater (Roman). Found at Hildesheim. 
 
 respect they throw our finest specimens of 
 European porcelain quite into the shade. The 
 green and turquoise crackle made in China at 
 the present day are veiy inferior to the old 
 kinds. Perhaps the rarest and most expensive 
 of all ancient crackles is a yellowish stone- 
 colour. {Fortune.) 
 Crackled Glass. (See Glass.) 
 Cracowes. Long-toed boots and shoes, in- 
 troduced in 1384. 
 
 Cradle Vault, Arch. A cylindrical vault. 
 Cradling. A builder's term for a timber frame 
 for a ceiling, &c. 
 
 Craig, Scotch, (i) A rock. (2) The neck; 
 throat. 
 
 Crampet. The decorated end of a scabbard. 
 Crampon. The border of gold which keeps a 
 stone in a ring. (See Collet.) 
 
 Cramp-ring, O. E. A ring consecrated on 
 Good Friday, an amulet against cramp. 
 
 Crancelin, Her.[(from the German A';'(7;;cA'?«, 
 a small wreath). The chaplet that crosses the 
 shield of Saxony. It is said to be an augmenta- 
 tion conferred by the Emperor Barbarossa, who 
 took from his head his own chaplet of rue, and 
 threw it across the shield of the Duke of 
 Saxony. {Boittcll.) 
 
 Crane's-bills. Geraniums, so called 
 from the shape of their seed-vessels. 
 
 Crannogs, Irish. Lake fortresses 
 constructed on artificial islands. 
 
 Crapaudine Doors. A technical name 
 for doors that turn on pivots at top and 
 bottom, or are hung with so-called centre- 
 pin hinges. 
 
 Crash. The grey linen used for 
 the kind of embroidery called c?-etucl- 
 work. 
 
 Crater, Gr. and R. (Kparrjp, from 
 Kspavvv/xi, to mix). (i) A large and 
 beautiful vase with a wide open mouth, 
 in which the wine and water \\as mixed 
 which was handed round at banquets 
 and sacrifices. It was into vases of this 
 description that slaves dipped a ladle 
 {cyathiis), with which they filled the 
 cups. The beautiful silver crater 
 shown in the illustration (Fig. 203), 
 of a date not later than the ist cen- 
 tury, was found with other treasures 
 of a similar kind at Hildesheim, 
 near Flanover, in 1869. It is now in 
 the Berlin Museum. (2) The mouth 
 of a volcano is named from its re- 
 semblance to the Greek crater. (3) A 
 small constellation of the southern 
 hemisphere called the Cup. 
 
 Crates, R. A frame or basket made 
 of hurdles, and so a hurdle itself 
 (English, *' cj-ate.") 
 
 Craticula, R. (dimin. of crates). A 
 
ART AND ARCII/EOLOGY. 
 
 95 
 
 small hurdle, nnd by analogy, a gridiron, which 
 looks like a small hurdle. 
 
 Creag, O. E. The game of ninepins. 
 
 Creagra. Gr. {Kpdyfja, from Kptas and ayptu, 
 i. e. a flesh-hook). A synonym of the Latin 
 term IIarpago (q.v.). 
 
 Creasing. A builder's word for a row of 
 tiles uutler the coping of a wall. 
 
 Credence Tabfe. The small table beside 
 an altar, on which the communion was placed 
 before consecration. 
 
 Creme-box, O. E. A chrismatory (q.v.). 
 
 Cremesyn, O. E. Crimson velvet. 
 
 Cremium, R. [crcmo, to bum). Small wood, 
 made up into bundles, used l)y bakers, and for 
 lighting the hypocausts under the baths. 
 
 Crenel. The peak at the top of a helmet. 
 
 Crenellated, Her. Embattled. (See Battle- 
 ment.) 
 
 Crenelle, Fr. A cutting or indentation of the 
 walls of a fortress or tower, &c. The spaces 
 between the solid masonry are called embrasures, 
 and the solid portions themselves merloiis ; 
 usually the tops of the merlons are coped to 
 throw off rain. (See CoPiNG.) Fig. 204 shows 
 
 Fig. 204 Crenellated walls at Pompeii. 
 
 a portion of the crenellated walls of Pompeii 
 restored. (See Fig. 77.) 
 
 Crepida, Gr. and R. (KpTjiris). A slipper 
 made of a strong leather sole, to the edges of 
 which was fixed a piece of leather with eyelet- 
 holes [ansa:) for the laces [corriifitr) or a strap 
 (amenfum). This shoe was of Greek origin. 
 Crepida carhatina was the name given to a shoe 
 of the simplest and plainest description. (See 
 Carbatina.) [This shoe is only found repre- 
 sented on figures clothed with the falliiivt, not 
 the to!:;a.'\ 
 
 Crepido, Gr. and R. (Kprjiris). In a general 
 sense, any kind of base or stand upon which 
 another object rests, and by analogy the em- 
 
 bankment of a quay, a dike, or jetty. The 
 term is also applied to the raised causeway 
 for foot passengers at the side of a road or street. 
 Fig. 204 represents a cre/u/o on a higli road near 
 
 Fig. 205. Crepido in a street in Pompeii. 
 
 Pompeii, and Fig. 205 a crepido in the streets ot 
 the same town. 
 
 Crepitaculum, R. (rr^/^, to creak). A child's 
 rattle, made in the form of a circle to which bells 
 were attached. These rattles have been found 
 in the excavations of Pompeii. Some authors 
 apply the termto theSiSTRUM of the Egyptians. 
 Crepitus (sc. digitoruni), R. A snapping of 
 the fingers made by pressing the tip of the 
 thumb firmly against the tip of the middle finger. 
 Crepundia, R. A general term for playthings 
 for children, as well as for necklaces of various 
 ornaments, or amulets. These were in some 
 instances of great length, and were worn by the 
 children like shoulder-belts. 
 
 Crequier, Her. The wild plum-tree : the 
 device of the Crequy family. 
 
 Crescent, Her. The difference of 
 the second son. The moon is a 
 crescent when she appears as in 
 Fig. 206. (Compare Decrescent, 
 Increscent.) 
 
 Cresolite, O. E. Crystal. 
 Crespine, Fr. A network to con- 
 fine the hair of ladies ; the ealaii- 
 iica of the ancients. It is found in mediaeval 
 monuments in a variety of forms. 
 
 Cressets. A small pan or portable fireplace, 
 fdled with combustibles, used for illuminating 
 purposes ; 1 6th century. Her., a beacon. (See 
 
 Fig. 54-) 
 
 Crest, Arch, {crista). A ninning ornament, 
 more or less incised and perforated, which is 
 
 Fig. 206 
 Crescent. 
 
96 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 207. Royal crest of 
 England. 
 
 placed on the ridge of roofs. Many monuments 
 of antiquity have been adorned with terra- cotta 
 crests ; in the Romano-Byzantine architecture 
 examples occur which are made of stone, while 
 in Pointed or Renaissance art they were made of 
 lead. 
 
 Crest, Her. (Lat. cris- 
 ia). This word, familiar 
 to us as the name of an 
 ornament surmounting 
 the helmet and the in- 
 signia of a gentleman of 
 coat armour, signified 
 in classic times a comb 
 terminating in a peak 
 in front of the casque 
 decorated with horse- 
 hair or plumes. (See 
 CRisiAjFig. 252.) The 
 earliest appearance of 
 a crest in England is 
 on the second seal of 
 Richard I. Fig. 207 
 illustrates the manner 
 in which the crest is 
 worn upon the royal 
 crown of England. 
 Crests are not worn by 
 ladies, excepting by the 
 Sovereign. (See 
 Panache.) 
 Crest-coronet, Crest-wreath, or Orle, Her. 
 A coronet or wreath to support a crest. (Fig. 
 208 and 209.) 
 
 Crest-tiles. Tiles 
 used for covering the 
 ridge of a roof. 
 
 Greta Lsevis. A 
 crayon of permanent 
 colour for chalk 
 drawing. 
 
 Cr e wel-w or k. 
 (See Crash.) 
 
 Crewels. A wor- 
 sted of two plies 
 
 Fig. 2o8. Crest-coronet. 
 
 Fig. 209. Crest-wreaths. 
 
 adapted for embroidery. 
 
 Crewetts. Small vessels used at the altar, to 
 hold the wine and water for consecration. 
 
 Crimson (Arab, cremisi, the cochineal insect). 
 A deep tone of red, tinged with blue. 
 
 Crinale, R. (crinis, the hair). A large con- 
 vex comb worn by women and children at the 
 back of the head. 
 
 Crined, Her. Having a mane or hair. 
 
 Crinetts, O. E. The long small black feathers 
 on a liawk's head. {_H.) 
 
 Crinze, O. E. A drinking cup. (//.) 
 
 Criobole, Gr. {Kpio&6xt\). A sacrifice to 
 Cybcle, so called because the victim was a 
 ram (/cpirfs). 
 
 Crista, R. The crest of the helmet, which 
 
 was attached to an elevated ridge (generally 
 of horsehair). A fine example is given in the 
 head of "Rome," on the Tazza of Diruta. 
 (Fig. 252.) (See Crest.) 
 
 Cristatus, R. {crista). Having a ridge and a 
 crest. (Fig. 252.) 
 
 Cristendom, O. E. Baptism. 
 
 "And that bastard that to the ys dere. 
 Crystyndoiiie sctialle he none have here." (//.) 
 
 Cristygrey. A kind of fur much used in the 
 15th century. 
 
 " Of no devyse embroudid hath hire wede, 
 Ne furrid with errayn ne with cristygrey." 
 
 Crites {Kpir-ns). A judge in cgnity, as opposed 
 to rjiKASTES, a judge in lazv. 
 
 Croakumshire. An ancient name for the 
 county of Northumberland. (//.) 
 
 Crobbe, O. E. Knops of buds hung as orna- 
 ments from a roof 
 
 Crobylus, Gr. and R. (/cpco/SuAos). A method 
 of arranging the hair peculiar to the inhabitants 
 of Athens. The hair, rolled up in a knot on the 
 top of the head, was fastened with golden clasps 
 in the shape of grasshoppers. The name applies 
 only to men's hair ; the same fashion for women 
 was called Coiyinlnts. 
 
 Croc or Crook. A curved mace. 
 Crocea. A cardinal's cloak. 
 Crochet. Knitting done with linen thread, 
 and used under the name of null's lace from the 
 1 6th century for bordering altar-cloths, albs, 
 &c. 
 
 Crocket, (i) An 
 architectural en- 
 richment, gene- 
 rally of leaves or 
 flowers ; an orna- 
 mentation pecu- 
 liar to the pointed 
 style of architec- 
 ture. (Fig. 210.) 
 (2) A large roll of 
 ^^'•K^^ hair, much worn 
 
 Edward I. 
 
 " His croclcet kembt, 
 and thereon set 
 A nouche with a 
 chapelet." 
 
 Crocota,Gr. and 
 
 R. (from Kp6Kus, 
 
 crocus). A veiy 
 
 rich robe of saffron colour, whence its name. It 
 
 was worn by Greek and Roman women as a gala 
 
 dress, especially at the Dionysia. 
 
 Cromlec'h, Celtic (from cromtn, curved, 
 and hx'k, place). An enclosure formed by 
 menhirs, or huge stones planted in the ground 
 in a circle or semicircle. These enclosures (Fig. 
 211) were consecrated places used as burying- 
 
 10. Crocket. 
 
ART AND ARCILEOLOGV. 
 
 grounds. (See Standing-stonks, Dolmkns, 
 Menhirs, &c.) 
 
 Fig. 212. Cross 
 Recercelie. 
 
 Fig. 213. St. Andrew's 
 Cross {Saltire). 
 
 Fig. 211. Cromlech. 
 
 Cross, Chr. {Crux). The 
 symbol of the Christian 
 religion. The ordinary or 
 pnmiti\e type of cross has no 
 summit. It is called coiii- 
 niissa or fatihtlata, and some- 
 times the Tan cross, from 
 its resemblance to the Greek 
 letter so named (T). Fig. 121 
 represents a stone cross 
 of the Romano - Byzantine 
 period, at Carew, in Eng- 
 land. The St. Andrew's 
 cross has the form of an X. 
 The Greek cross is of four 
 equal parts. The Latin cross 
 has the foot longer than the 
 summit or amis. The ^lal- 
 tese cross and the cross of 
 Jerusalem are varieties of 
 the Greek cross. The Patri- 
 archal cross (heraldic) has 
 two cross pieces, the triple 
 cross has three, &c. Per 
 Cross, in heraldry, is the 
 division of a shield quarterly 
 (a combination of pale and 
 fesse). (Figs. 212 to 215.) 
 
 Cross and Pile, O. E. The 
 game of " lieads and tails." 
 
 Cross-aisled, Arch. Hav- 
 ing TRANSETTS. 
 
 Cross-bows were brought to England by the 
 Crusaders. They were frequently richly carved 
 and inlaid. 
 
 Cross-days, O. 
 Ascension Day. 
 
 Cross-gartered, 
 on the leg. (//.) 
 
 Cross-hatching. A temi in cngi-aving applied 
 to lines which intersect at regular angles, to in- 
 crease depth of sliadow. 
 
 Crossos, Gr. (Kpaxnros). A wide-bodied vessel 
 narrowing towards the mouth ; it is fumi.shed 
 with a stand and two handles or ears (Si'toroi). 
 
 Cross, row, O. E. The alphabet. (See 
 Chkist-cross.) 
 
 Fig. 214. St. George' 
 CTO^Jimbriatcd. 
 
 E. The three days before 
 Havinij the carters crossed 
 
 Fisr. 215. Victoria Cross. 
 
 97 
 
 C r 08 8-springer, 
 .\rch. In vaulting, 
 tlie diagonal rib of a 
 
 GROIN. 
 
 Cross - vaulting, 
 
 Arch. Tlial which is 
 formed l)y the iiUcr- 
 section of two or more 
 simple vaults. When 
 the vaults spring at 
 the same level, and 
 rise to the same 
 height, the cross vault 
 is termed a groin. 
 The illustration (Fig. 
 173), the cloisters of 
 the church of Mont 
 St. Michel in France, 
 shows the cross-vault- 
 
 Fig. 216. Crutalia. Greek necklace. 
 
 Crotalium, 
 Gr. and R. 
 (from KpoTfw, 
 to rattle). A 
 small rattle. 
 The Greek and 
 Roman ladies 
 gave this name 
 to their pend- 
 ants formed of 
 two or four 
 pear - shaped 
 ])earls(c'A';/(r///), 
 wliich rattled 
 softly as the 
 wearer moved 
 about. (Fig. 
 216.) 
 
 Crotalum 
 Gr. and R. {KpSraKov). Castanets made of 
 slit cane, used by dancers in the worship 
 of Cybele. The Middle Ages also had their 
 croiala, which consisted of a metal rod, in which 
 were inserted rings, which sounded when tlie 
 instrument was 
 shaken. 
 
 Crow or Baven. 
 The attribute of 
 St. \'inccnt. 
 Crowde or Croud, 
 (). K. (I) The 
 cryi>t of a church. 
 (2) A fiddle. 
 
 Crown. (See 
 Corona. See also 
 MiKAL Crown, 
 Naval Crown, 
 Crest, &c.) 
 
 Crown (of a 
 bell). The top 
 of the inside of 
 u 
 
 Fig. 217. Crown of Her 
 Majesty the Queen. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 a bell, in which the ring is fixed from which the 
 clapper is suspended. In architecture the spire 
 of a steeple is said to crown the tower, or a 
 fleuron to crown a gable, &c. 
 
 Crown. An old English coin, the value of 
 which has varied at different periods. The 
 
 Fig. 218. Crown of the Rose. 
 
 illustration represents the gold crown of Heniy 
 VIII., dated 1462, called a crown of the Rose, 
 value 4^. dd. Other crown pieces were called, 
 from the mint-mark, crowns of the Sun. 
 
 Croyle, O. E. Crewel ; tightly-twisted 
 worsted. 
 
 Crozier, Chr. The name is often improperly 
 applied to the bishop's crooked pastoral staff ; it 
 belongs to the staff surmounted by a cross which 
 is borne before an archbishop. The Byzantine 
 crozier was that of the T-shaped cross ; it had 
 sometimes curved serpents on both sides. 
 
 Crucifix. The representation of the Saviour 
 on the Cross was first introduced in the time of 
 Constantine. It has undergone considerable 
 variation at different periods. 
 
 Fig. 219. Porcelain Cruciform Box (Egyptian). 
 
 Cruciform. Shaped to foim a cross. The 
 illustration represents a specimen of ancient 
 Egyptian porcelain, of this shape, ornamented 
 with the lotus. (See Egyptian Pottery.) 
 
 Crumata. (See Crusmata.) 
 
 Crumena, R. A leather pouch for carrying 
 money. The balantioji of the Greeks was worn 
 suspended from the neck by a strap. 
 
 Crumenal, O. E. A purse. 
 
 Crupezia, Gr. {Kpovw, to strike). A kind of 
 sandal M'itli a double sole, in the middle of which 
 were castanets with springs. (.See Crotalum.) 
 Greek flute-players used them in the theatre 
 to beat time to the singing and declamation of 
 the chorus. 
 
 Crusca, Accademia della. A literary aca- 
 demy established in Florence in the 15th century 
 
 by Cosmo de' Medici ; their device, a bolting- 
 mill, represented in Fig. 220, was symbolical of 
 
 Fig. 220. Device of the Delia Cruscan Academy. 
 
 their object to cultivate the Italian language by 
 winnowing the flour from the bran ; and in allu- 
 sion to it, the members called themselves by 
 appropriate names, as Infarinato, Rimenato, 
 Gramolato, Insaccato, &c. On the top of the 
 shield is the Marzocco, or Lion of Florence, the 
 emblem of the city. 
 
 Crusilee, Crusily, Her. Having the field 
 semee of small crosses. 
 
 Cruske, O. E. An earthen vessel ; cf. the 
 Irish criiishkeai. 
 
 Crusmata, Crumata, Gr. and R. {Kpovu, to 
 strike). Castanets. 
 
 Crustae, R. In the finest works of the chaser, 
 the ornamental pattern was frequently distinct 
 from the vessel, to which it was either fastened 
 pennanently, or so that it could be removed at 
 pleasure, the vessel being of silver, and the orna- 
 ments of gold, which were called frusta: or et>i- 
 blej)iata (Dr. Smith). Of these the former were 
 the figures embossed in low relief, and the e7n- 
 hlemata were those in high relief. (See Damas- 
 cening, Emblemata.) 
 
 Crustulum, R. (dimin. of crustum). Any- 
 
ART AM) ARCHAEOLOGY. 
 
 99 
 
 llung baked ; plaster mouldings ; a cheap kind 
 ol decoration in bas-relief. 
 
 Crutch. An attribute of St. Anthony, to 
 denote his age and feebleness. 
 
 Crux. The Latin equivalent for Cross 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Crwth (A.S. crudh, Eng. crmvd). A Welsh 
 instrument, a sort of violin, similar to the rcl'ck 
 of the liretons. 
 
 Crypta, Crypt, Chr. (kputttoj, to bury). Li 
 ancient times the crypt was really a cloister ; it 
 formed, in fact, a long and narrow gallery sur- 
 rounded by buildings, and itself surrounding a 
 building, garden, or court. The courtyards of 
 vilhc were surrounded by ci7pts ; the ruins of 
 Diomed's villa, at Pompeii, afford a curious 
 
 Fig. 221. Crypt at Laumeur (France). 
 
 instance of the kind. In modern archaeology 
 the term crj'pt is applied to a subterranean 
 chapel underneath a church. (Figs. 221 and 222.) 
 
 Fig. 222. Crypt of St. Mary's Church, Warwick. 
 
 Among the Romans the word meant (i) a 
 covered portico, or arcade, called crypto-portkus. 
 
 (2) A grotto, or more accinately a tunnel. (3) 
 A subterranean vault used for secret worsliip. (4) 
 \\\ the catacombs, a tomb in whicii a number of 
 bodies were interred togetiier. 
 
 Crypteia {«pu7rTe/a). A systematic massacre 
 of Helots at night, by young Spartans, who hid 
 themselves dining the day. 
 
 Crystal. Rock crystals are frequently found 
 large enough to make vessels of The Romans 
 hatl crystal drinking-cups of extraordinary size 
 and beauty. Crystal ornaments were especially 
 chosen for ecclesiastical purposes, and for 
 mediaeval bookbinding, <S:c., and are freiiucntly 
 found in early Dritish graves. 
 
 Crystalolype. A sun-picture taken and fixed 
 on glass by tile collodioTi jirocess. 
 
 Cubiculum, R. and Chr. (a^/'o, to recline), (i) 
 A bedroom. (2) The emperor's ]\avilion or tent 
 at the amphitheatre or circus. (3) In Christian 
 archeology, the sepulchral chambers of the cata- 
 combs. (See ClNKR.'VKU'.M.) 
 
 Cubile, R. [ciibo'). A bed, or chamber con- 
 taining a bed. 
 
 Cubit (Gr. it^xvs, Lat. nibilits, an elbow). 
 A measure of length among the Egyptians, 
 Greeks, and Romans. In Egypt there were 
 two cubits ; the natural cubit, or small 
 cubit, was equal to 18 inches (6 palms or 
 24 fingers) ; the royal cubit to 21 inches (7 palms 
 or 28 fingers). Each of the subdivisions of the 
 cubit was consecrated to a divinity. The Greek 
 cubit was equal to about iSj inches ; the Roman 
 cubit to very nearly iji inches. 
 
 Cubital, R. A bolster or cushion used by 
 the Romans to rest the elbow on when re- 
 clining. 
 
 Cubit-arm, Her. A human arm couped at the 
 elbow. 
 
 Cubitoria, — ae (sc. vcstimenta, vestcs). (See 
 
 CCKNATORIA.) 
 
 Cucullus, R. Literally, a piece of paper 
 rolled into the shape of a funnel, used at Rome 
 by apothecaries and other tradespeople for 
 wrapping up certain kinds of goods ; and hence, 
 by analogy, the hood affi.\ecl to certain garments, 
 such as the lacerna, pcenula, sagum, &c. (See 
 Cowl.) 
 
 Cucuma, R. A term applied to various 
 earthenware or metal vessels, when they were 
 used to heat water or any other liquid. 
 
 Cucurbita, R. A pumpkin or gourd, and 
 thence a cupping-glass. 
 
 Cudo. Cudon, R. A skull-cap made of soft 
 leather or furs. 
 
 Cuerpo (Span.). Body clothing, i. e. a 
 jacket. 
 
 Cufic (characters), .\rab. The Cufic is the 
 most ancient form of Arabian writing, and bears 
 a great resemblance to the .Syriac writing called 
 estraug/uio ; it appears to have originated in the 
 city of Cufa or Coufa, whence I lie name. 
 
 H 2 
 
 ^UNIVERSITY ) 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 223. Cuisse. 
 
 Cuirass. (See Cingulum, Lorica, Pec- 
 tor ale. Thorax.) 
 
 Cuir-boulli, Fr. Boiled leather, frequently 
 mentioned by medieval writers. It has lately 
 been revived under the name of impressed leather, 
 and brought to a hi^h state of perfection, [fair- 
 holt.) Hence : — 
 
 Cuirbouly, O. E. Tanned leather. 
 
 Cuisses, Fr. 
 Amroiir for 
 the thighs, in- 
 troduced a- 
 bout the mid- 
 dle of the 14th 
 century. In 
 earlyexamples 
 they consisted 
 of one, two, 
 or three pieces 
 of plate over- 
 lapping ; later 
 on they were 
 formed of one 
 piece only,and 
 finally were 
 finished with 
 a back piece, 
 enclosing the 
 whole of the 
 thigh in armour. 
 
 Cuitikins, Cutikins, Scotch. Guetres, gaiters. 
 Cuker, O. E. Part of a woman's horned head- 
 dress, " furred with a cat's skin." 
 
 Culcita, R. A mattress of horsehair, wool, 
 wadding, or feathers. 
 
 Culettes, Fr. Plates of armour protecting the 
 back, from the waist to the saddle. 
 
 Culeus or Culleus, R. The largest liquid 
 measure of capacity used by the Romans, con- 
 taining 20 amphorte, or about 1 19 gallons. The 
 same name was also applied to a very large sack, 
 of skin or leather, used for oil or wine. It was 
 in the culei that parricides were sewed up. 
 
 Culigna, R. A vessel for holding wine. It 
 was a kind of amphora of a broader form, its 
 width exceeding its height. 
 Culina, R. A kitchen. 
 Cullis, Arch. Same as Coulisse (q. v.). 
 Culme, O. E. The summit. 
 Cultellus, R. (dimin. of Culter, q.v.). A 
 knife. Ciiltelliis lignetis, a wedge of wood. 
 
 Culter or Culta, R. A knife. Culter eoqtiiiiaris 
 was a kitchen-knife; culter venatoriiis,2, hunting- 
 knife ; culter tonsorius, a razor ; culter vinitorius, 
 or falx vinitoria, a vine-dresser's pruning-knife. 
 The term denoted as well (i) the knife with 
 which the officiating priest cut the victim's 
 throat ; (2) a knife for carving, also called 
 cultellus; (3) the coulter of a plough fixed in 
 front of the plough-share. 
 
 Culullus, R. {culeus, q.v.). Generally, 
 
 any drinking-vessel, and more particularly any 
 earthenware vessel used by priests and vestals at 
 sacrifices. 
 
 Culver, A.S. A dove. 
 
 Culver-house. A pigeon-house. 
 
 Cumera, R. A kind of large box or basket 
 employed by country people for keeping their 
 seed-wheat in. 
 
 Cumerum, R. A bridal basket containing the 
 presents of the bride and bridegroom ; it was 
 carried by a cainilhis in the bridal procession. 
 
 Cumpi-coptra, Peruv. One of the divisions 
 in the royal arsenals of the ancient Peruvians. 
 It contained lama-wool, and textures of alpaca, 
 embroidered in the college of the Virgins of the 
 Sun (Pasua-Huasi, (q.v.). 
 
 Cunabula, R. Literally, a child's cradle, and 
 thence a bird's nest, a beehive, a native city ; 
 any place, in short, in which a living thing is 
 born. A synonym for this term is CuN^iL. 
 Bibliologists call early specimens of printing by 
 this name, or Incunabula (q.v.). 
 
 Cuneiform (characters). (Oriental characters 
 formed by a single symbol, which is in the shape 
 of a wedge {cuneus). This kind of writing has 
 been in use among many nations ; more particu- 
 larly the ancient Persians, Persepolitans, Baby- 
 
 Fig. 224. Cuneiform characters. 
 
 lonians, and Ninevites. Fig. 224 represents the 
 first cuneiform characters which found their way 
 to Europe. 
 
 Cuneus, R. (i) A wedge of wood, iron, or 
 any other metal. (2) In a theatre or amphi- 
 theatre, a set of tiers comprised within two 
 staircases (scales), so called from its wedge-like 
 form. (3) A body of soldiers drawn up in the 
 form of a wedge to break through the enemy's 
 line. The common soldiers called the forma- 
 tion caput porcimini, a pig's head. 
 
 Cuniculus, R. {cuneus). An underground 
 passage to a fortified place. 
 
 Cupa, R. A barrel or hogshead. Vi/ium de 
 cupd was wine which had not been drawn oft 
 in amphorae ; it was wine from the cask, new 
 wine. The cupa was sometimes made of earthen- 
 ware like the dolium. It was used for many 
 purposes besides that of a winevat. (See 
 Cupella.) 
 
 Cupel. A melting-pot for gold. 
 
 Cupella, R. and Chr. (dimin. of Cup.\, 
 q.v.). In Christian archeology, a tomb. 
 The word occurs on a catacomb marble, in- 
 
AK I AND ARCII.F.OLOGV. 
 
 1 ■.,■ 
 
 scribed with grotesque Latin : 
 "I, Secumla, erocleil this 
 cupdla to my two children," 
 &c. [The cupa was some- 
 times used by the Romans as 
 a sarcophagus.] (See Cine- 
 rarium.) 
 
 Cupola, It. A concave 
 roof, circular or polygonal. 
 
 Cups. (See CorrA.) 
 
 Curb Roof, Arch. A Man- 
 sard roof; a roof with a 
 double set of rafters on each 
 side, of peculiar construction. 
 
 Curch, Gael. A kerchief. 
 
 Curfew. (See Couvke- 
 FEU, Fig. 202.) 
 
 Curia, Curiae, R. (i) A 
 building in which the people 
 met together to offer sacri- 
 fices and take part in the 
 festivities on certain days of 
 festival. (2) The senatorial 
 cur'ur were buildings in which 
 the senate usually assembled. 
 (3) The Saliaii curia was a placa situated on 
 the Palatine Hill, which formed the place of 
 assembly for the Saltan priests who guarded the 
 ancilcs or sacred shields. (4) Curia calabra was 
 a small temple founded, almost simultaneously 
 with the building of Rome, on the Palatine ; it 
 formed the observatory for the petty pontiffs 
 whose duty it was to watch the appearance of the 
 new moon. In Christian archaeology the Noinaii 
 curia denotes the pontifical tribunals collectively. 
 
 Curliewurlies, Scotch. Fantastical circular 
 ornaments. 
 
 Currach, Scotch. A coracle or small skiff ; 
 a boat of wicker-work covered with hides. 
 
 Currus, Chariot (Gr. ap/na). A two-wheeled 
 car or carriage in use among nearly all the 
 nations of antiquity. There were racing-chariots, 
 riding-chariots, and triumphal chariots. Some of 
 these were profusely decorated with ivory {currus 
 ehnrnei). War-chariots armed with scythes or 
 sharp blades were called yir/c;?//. (See CoviNUS.) 
 The illustration (Fig. 225), a device of Philip II. 
 of Spain, represents Apollo driving the chariot 
 of the Sun. 
 
 Cursores. " Runners " before their masters' 
 carriages ; messengers generally. 
 
 Curtail Dog, O. E. A dog belonging to a 
 person not (lualified to hunt game, which, by the 
 forest laws, nnist have its tail cropped. 
 
 Curtail Step, Arch. The first step of a stair, 
 when its outer end is finished in the form of a 
 scroll ; when it has a circular end, it is called 
 a roimd-ended step. 
 
 Cushat, Scotch. A wood-pigeon. 
 
 Cushion-capital, Arch, (i) .V capital resem- 
 bling a cushion pressed by a weight. (2) A 
 
 cube rounded off at its lower angles ; the 
 capital most prevalent in the Norman style. 
 
 Cusp. In Astrology, the "entrance" of a 
 " house." 
 
 Cuspis, R. A point, more particularly the 
 
 Figs. 228, 229, 230. Cuspides— 
 Roman lances. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 point of a lance, or javelin, since these were not 
 barbed. Fig. 226 represents a javelin-head which 
 gives a complete idea of the character of the 
 point called cuspis ; Fig. 227 shows a flint lance ; 
 and Figs. 228 to 230 the lance-headed ciispides 
 affixed to the top of the Roman ensigns. (See 
 Spicdlum.) 
 
 Cusps. The foliations of architectural tracery, 
 such as are formed by the points of a trefoil. 
 
 Custodia. The shrine or receptacle for the host 
 in Spanish churches. 
 
 Cutlass, Coutel-hache, or Coutel-axe, O. E. 
 This weapon was introduced at the end of the 
 15th century. 
 
 Cut-work. Also called "opus consutum ;" 
 Ital. " di commesso." Open-work embroidery 
 came into universal use in England in the 16th 
 century. In the reign of Richard II., however, 
 we are told, — 
 
 " Cut werke was greate both in court and townes, 
 Bothe in mene's hoddies, and also in their gownes." 
 
 (See Appliqu£. ) 
 
 Cyanogen. A gaseous compound of carbon and ni- 
 trogen, necessary to the formation oi Prussian blue. 
 
 ^athus, Gr. and R. A vase or ladle 
 with one handle, used for taking wine from 
 the crater (Kparrip), in order to fill the cups 
 (pocu/a, ca/ices) of the guests, at feasts and 
 banquets. The term was also used to de- 
 note a small measure containing the twelfth 
 part of the sextaritts, or "0825 of a pint. The 
 cyathus was used in medicine to measure drugs 
 with accuracy. [It is often represented, on vases, 
 m the hands of Bacchus, in place of his proper 
 goblet the Cantharus.] 
 
 Cybistic (dance), R. {kv^kxtclo), to tumble). 
 A part of the military exercises in which the per- 
 former threw himself at intervals on his hands, 
 so as to rebound on his feet. 
 
 Cyclas, R. {kvkKcls, circular). A long and 
 loose piece of drapery, of a very fine texture ; it 
 was hemmed with purple or gold embroideiy. 
 The cyclas formed part of a woman's costume, 
 but it was also worn by men of an effeminate or 
 dissolute character ; hence^ 
 
 Cyclas, O. E. The name of a long .sleeveless 
 gown worn by knights over their armour (from 
 cic/afoiDi, q.v. , of which it was made). 
 
 Cyclopean (masonry, monuments), Gr. and R. 
 
 as Pelasgian, as being the work of Pelasgians 
 who had learned in the school of Phcenician 
 workmen called Cyclopes. These ancient 
 structures are formed of enormous irregidarly- 
 shaped stones (Fig. 231), placed one above 
 the other without cement or mortar. Remains 
 of them are found in Asia Minor, Greece, and 
 Italy; they consist chiefly of the walls of acropoles. 
 Cylix, Gr. and R. A vase also known as a 
 calix or cup. It was a wide flat drinking-cup, 
 
 IIIIIII- 
 
 Fig. 232. Cylix. A Gallic drinking-cup. 
 
 very shallow, of a circular form, with two 
 handles, and mounted on a tolerably tall foot. 
 Fig. 232 shows a silver cylix or Gaulish cup, 
 found in the ruins of Alisia. 
 
 Cyma, Cymatium (Eng. Ogee, Gr. Kv/jLanov). 
 An architectural moulding, named from the 
 Greek Kvfjta (wave or billow), the moulding 
 consisting of an undulation. A cyma, the out- 
 line of which is convex at the top and concave 
 below, is called cj/ma rcfersa ; when it is hollow 
 in the upper part, it is called a cr///a recta. (Fig. 
 233-) 
 
 Pig. 231. Cyclopean Masonry. 
 (KVK\cl>Tretov). Ancient structures, also known 
 
 Decorated Cyma. 
 
 Cymatile, R. (kC/xo). A Roman female dress, 
 of a changing sea-green colour, like the waves. 
 
 Cymba, R. (kv/ji^os, a hollow), (i) A small 
 boat. (2) A vase of metal or clay in the form 
 of a small boat. (See Cymbium. ) 
 
 Cymbals, O. E. A contrivance of a number 
 of metal plates, or bells, suspended on cords. 
 
 Cymbalum, R. (from kv/x^os). The cymbals ; 
 a musical instrument made of two disks of bronze 
 or l)rass. (See Cro'ialum, Flagellum.) 
 
 Cymbe, Gr. An ointment-pot, similar in 
 shape to the AmpitUa (q v.). 
 
Cymbium, R. (kvi^^Ioi'). A lu.al-sliai.c.l 
 (Irinkini^-cup with two handles. (See Cymha.) 
 
 Cynocephalus, Egyp. An ape witli a dog's 
 bead ; a sacred animal, representing Anubis in 
 the Egyptian mytliology. 
 
 Fig. 234. Branch of Cypress and of Myrtle. Device of 
 M. A. Colonna. 
 
 Cynophontis (sc. 4opTii), Gr. (derived from 
 the Greek kvwv, dog, and (p6vos, slaughter). 
 Festivals held at Argos during the dog-days, 
 when dogs found straying in the city were 
 killed. 
 
 Cynopolites, Egyi". {kwottoKItt^s). a nome 
 uf Upper Egypt. 
 
 Cypress. In Persian art, this tree is tlic frc- 
 {|uently-occurring eiuMcni of the religion of 
 Zoroaster, and of the soul aspiring to Heaven. 
 In Christian antl modern symbolism it is the 
 emblem of mourning. The device of cypress 
 and ntyrtU assumed by Marc Antonio Colonna 
 on the occasion of the defence of Ravenna is cm- 
 1 ilematic of " daxth or victory. " The wood of the 
 cypress-tree was much used for statuary by tht 
 ancients. Carved chests of cypress were espe- 
 cially used, in the .Middle Ages, for keeping 
 clothes and tapestry ; its aromatic properties 
 were considered a specific against moth. (Fig. 
 
 234.) 
 
 Cyprus. i hin stuff of which women's veils 
 were made. 
 
 Cyprus or Verona Green. A pigment men- 
 tioned by Pliny as Appian Green : it is prepared 
 from green earths found at Cyprus or Verona, 
 which are coloured by oxide of copper. (See 
 
 Al'l'I.ANt'M.) 
 
 Cysts or Cists, Etrus. (kictttj, a chest). Offer- 
 ings dedicated by women in the temple of Venus, 
 of cylindrical caskets of enchased bronze. The 
 handles of these caskets represent small figures, 
 and the feet the claws of animals. Those 
 which have been found in Etruscan tombs, 
 chiefly at Prreneste, are in many cases decorated 
 with a graffito designs. 
 
 Cyzicense, Gr. (KufiKTji'ai)- Large and richly- 
 decorated apartments, built for the first time at 
 Cyzicus, which had their principal fronts to the 
 north, and were situated in a garden. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dabber. A tool used in etching to distribute 
 the etching-ground over a plate of metal in the 
 first process of engraving, and, in printing from 
 copper-plate engraving and woodcuts, to spread 
 the ink. 
 
 Dactyliography or Dactyliology, Gen. (5a(c- 
 Tt'Aioy, a ring). The stutly of rings. 
 
 Dactyliotheca, Gr. {5a.KTv\io-dr]Kr], a ring- 
 1 ox), (i) A glass case or casket containing 
 rings. (2) A collection of rings, engraved stones, 
 or precious stones. (See Glyptotheca.) 
 
 Dactylus, Gr. (SdKTv\os, a finger). The Roman 
 digitus; a finger-breadth, the i6th part of a foot. 
 
 Dado, Arch, (i) The part of a pedestal 
 between the base and the cornice. (2) In 
 apartments, an arrangement of moulding, <S;c., 
 round the lower part of the wall. 
 
 Daedal. A fanciful word coined by the poet 
 Spen.ser, for "variegated in design." 
 
 Dsedala, Gr. Ancient images preserved in 
 sanctuaries in memory of Daedalus, to whom 
 were attributed the greater number of those 
 works of art the origin of which was unknown. 
 Hence the name was especially attributed to 
 certain wooden statues, ornamented with gilding, 
 bright colours, and real drapery, which were the 
 earliest known form of images of the gods. 
 
 Deedala, Gr. (5ai'5o\o). P'cstivals in honour 
 of Hera, celebrated in Bccotia. 
 
 Dsemon, Daimon, Gr. (Saiucof). The good 
 genius who watched over an individual during his 
 whole life, like the Latin Lur and Genius. It 
 was the belief of Socrates that he was guided 
 by his Daimon in every important act and 
 thought of his life. The word has a general 
 meaning of " Divinity." 
 
 Da J or Dagge. ( )ld English name of a 
 pistol. 
 
I04 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 O. E. Ornamental cutting of the 
 edges of garments, introduced into England 
 about 1346. (See the illustration to Coi.ntise, 
 Fig. 177). 
 
 Dagob, Hindoo. A conical tumulus or shrine 
 in which relics and images of Buddha were 
 woi-shipped. 
 
 Dag-swain, O. E. A sort of rough material 
 of which coverlets for beds, tables, or floors were 
 made. 
 
 Daguerreotype. A kind of photography on 
 plates of silver, named after M. Daguerre, the 
 inventor. 
 
 Daidies, Gr. (from Saicv, to kindle). A festival 
 held at Athens, during which torches were lit ; 
 it lasted three days. 
 
 Dais, Chr. 
 An architec- 
 tural structure, 
 decorated with 
 sculptures and 
 ornaments, 
 which serves 
 as a canopy 
 for an altar, 
 throne, pulpit, 
 chair {cathe- 
 dra) , statue, 
 or group. Fig. 
 -35 represents 
 a stone dais of 
 the St. Anne 
 door in the 
 cathedral of 
 Paris. 
 
 Dais. In Anglo-Saxon houses, and generally ; 
 a covered seat of honour, at the upper end of the 
 hall, on a raised floor. (" In all the houses of 
 the wealthy /;/ China there are two raised seats 
 at the end of the reception-room, with a table 
 between them." Fortune.) (See Deas.) 
 
 Dalmahoy, O. E. A kind of bushy bob-wig, 
 worn especially by chemists ; iSth century. 
 
 Dalmatic. A long robe or upper tunic partly 
 opening at the sides, so named from its being 
 ot Dalmatian origin ; an ecclesiastical vest- 
 ment ; also a portion of the coronation robes of 
 sovereign princes. It was usually made of 
 white silk with purple stripes, occasionally of 
 other colours, the left sleeve only being orna- 
 mented ; the right was plain for convenience. As 
 early as the reign of Richard I., the dalmatic is 
 mentioned amongst the coronation robes. (Fig. 
 236.) (See CoLOBiuM, Deacon.) 
 
 Damara or Dammar. A resin used for var- 
 nishes. It is a valuable substitute for mastic. 
 
 Damaretion. A Sicilian coin, supposed to 
 
 have been of gold, equal in value to a hsM-stater. 
 
 Damas (or Damascus) Pottery Ware. The 
 
 commercial name in the i6th century for a large 
 
 class of wares, now generally known as Persian. 
 
 Damascening, or Damaskeening, is the art 
 
 of inciiisting one metal on another, not in crusta. 
 
 Fig. 235. Dais. 
 
 Fig. 236. Ecclesiastical Dalmatic. 
 
 but in the form of wire, which by undercutting 
 and hammering is thoroughly incorporated with 
 the metal it is intendecl to ornament. (See 
 Damask, Damascus Blades.) The process 
 of etching slight ornaments on polished steel 
 wares is also called Damascening. (Fig. 237.) 
 
 Damascus Blades are prepared of a cast steel 
 highly charged with carbon, which, being tem- 
 pered by a peculiar process, assumes the many- 
 coloured watered appearance by which they are 
 known. The process is called Damascening 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Damask. A rich fabric, woven with large 
 patterns, in silk, linen, wool, or even cotton, 
 originally made at Damascus. (See Fig. 88.) 
 
 Dames, O. E. The old name for the game 
 of draughts, represented early in the 14th 
 century. The pieces were originally square. 
 
 Danace (5ai/aK-7j). The obolits whicli was placed 
 in the mouth of the dead to pay the passage of 
 the Styx. 
 
Dance of the Corybantes. (SeeCoRVUANTiCA.) 
 Dance of Death, Danse Macabre, Chr. Paintin"s, 
 
 Fig. 237- Specimen of Arabic Damascening (full size). 
 
 illuminations, or sculptures in bas-relief, repre- 
 senting men dancing under the eye of Death, -who 
 presides at this dance. In some instances the 
 performers are skeletons and corpses. The 
 most celebrated Dance of Death was that painted 
 in fresco by Holbein in the cloister of the 
 Dominicans at Basle. It has been destroyed 
 by fire, but the etching-needle has preserved 
 it for us. Other examples that may be named 
 are, that in the new church at Strasburg, that 
 of Lucerne, that in the palace at Dresden, and 
 — most ancient of all — that at JNIinden, in West- 
 phalia, which dates from 13S0. 
 
 Dancette, Arch. The chevron or zigzag 
 moulding peculiar to Norman architecture. 
 (See Chevron.) 
 
 Dangu Faience. Pottery from a manufactory 
 near Gisors in France, established in 1753. 
 
 Daphnephoria {Sd<l)i-n, a laurel). A festival 
 held in honour of Apollo every ninth year at 
 Thebes, in which the assistants carried laurel 
 branches. 
 
 Dara, Ind. A kind of tambourine. 
 
 Darabukkeh. An Egyptian drum, unaltered 
 from ancient times. 
 
 Daric Money. A Persian gold coin, stamped 
 on one side with the figure of an archer kneel- 
 ing, and on the other with a deep cleft, and to 
 which the name of Daric money has been given 
 by numismatists. Its proper name is the Stater 
 of Dareius I., king of Persia. Its value is about 
 
 l/. \S. \od. 
 
 Darned Netting (needlework). (See Lacis.) 
 Datatim ludere, R. To play witli a ball 
 ['' calih-bair'). 
 
 Davenport Pottery is the produce of a manu- 
 factory of fine faience established at Longport in 
 England by John Davenport in 1793. 
 
 Day, Arcli. Part of a 
 Bay. 
 
 Deacon, Chr. 
 deacon's vestment 
 
 Dead-boot, O. 
 dead. 
 
 Dealbatus, R. 
 Covered with a 
 
 wmdow : 
 
 the 
 
 V dalmatic, or an alb ; 
 E., Chr. Prayers fo 
 
 '"i 
 
 the 
 
 {deall>o, to whiten over). 
 coating of stucco {albarium 
 opus). The builders of antiquity made great use 
 of stucco, both in the interior and exterior of 
 buildings. All the buildings of Pompeii are 
 stuccoed. 
 
 Deambulatory, Arch, {dcamlmlo, to walk 
 about). The lateral nave which surrounds the 
 choir of a church ; it is usually separated from 
 the aisles by a grating (cancelli). 
 
 Deas, Dais, Dees, Scotch, (i) A table, es- 
 pecially the great hall table. (2) A pew in a 
 church. (3) A turf seat erected at the door of a 
 cottage. (See Dais.) 
 
 Death's-man, O. E. The executioner. 
 Debased, Her. Reversed. 
 Decadence. The term in ancient art is applied 
 to the period after the fall of Rome, and 
 before the Henaissance in the 141)1 century ; in 
 modern art to the period of the rococo style of 
 Louis XV. 
 
 Decaduchi (Se/ca-SoDxoi), Gr. A council of 
 ten, who ruled Athens from B.C. 403 until the 
 restoration of democracy. 
 
 Decan, Egyp. A period of ten days, which 
 was nded by a star called its Decan. The month 
 was divided into three decans, and the year into 
 thirty-six, each being presided over by its owi: 
 inferior divinity. On zodiacs they are arranged 
 in groups of three above the twelve superior 
 gods. The decans were the tutelary genii of the 
 horoscope. 
 
 Decarchia (Sed-apx'")- A council of the 
 Lacedivmonians. 
 
 Decastellare, Med. Lat. To dismantle. 
 Decastylos, Arch. jV building of which 
 the portico has ten columns ; a decastylic 
 pediment is a pediment supported by ten 
 columns. 
 
 Decemjugus (sc. ciirrus), R. A chariot 
 drawn l)y ten horses abreast; represented on the 
 medals of the later emperors. 
 
 Decempeda, R. A ten-foot measuring-rod 
 used by architects and surveyors. 
 
 Decemremis, R. (renins, an oar). A vessel 
 with ten banks of oars. It is certain that the 
 different ranks of rowers, who had each his own 
 seat, sat one above the other ; the lowest row 
 was called thalamos, tiie middle zuga, and the 
 uppermost thranos; but it is very difficult to under- 
 stand in what manner so many ranks could have 
 been arranged, and the question lias been the 
 subject of infmite discussion. 
 
 Decennalia or Decennia. A festival at Rome 
 in commemoration of tiie refusal of Autiustus to 
 
io6 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 become emperor for a longer period than ten 
 years at a time. 
 
 Decollation (= beheading). An ecclesiastical 
 expression applied to St. John the Baptist and 
 other martyrs. 
 
 Decorated Style of ArcMtecture. The second 
 of the Pointed or Gothic styles of architecture 
 used in England. It was developed from the 
 Early English at the end of the 13th century, 
 
 Delf. Common pottery from Delft in Hol- 
 land. 
 
 Delft Faiences are remarkable for the beauty 
 of their paste and of their enamel, but spurious 
 
 Fig. '238. Decorated window. 
 
 and gradually merged into the Perpendicular 
 during the latter part of the 14th. Its most 
 characteristic feature is the geometrical traceries 
 of the windows. 
 
 Decrescent, In Detriment, Her. 
 A half-moon having its horns to the 
 sinister. 
 
 Decursio, R. (decurro, to run or 
 march). Military manoeuvres ; a re- 
 view, sham fight, or any exercise for 
 training soldiers ; the term decursus 
 was also used. 
 Decussis, R. {decern, ten, and as). A piece of 
 money marked with the numeral X (lo), and 
 which was worth ten asses (post- Augustan ; see 
 Denarius). 
 
 De Fundato or Netted. A name given to 
 certain silks, which were dyed of the richest 
 purple, and figured with gold in the pattern of 
 netting. 
 
 De-gamboys, O. E. A musical instrument. 
 (See Viol de Gambo.) 
 
 Degradation, Gen. The diminishing of the 
 tones of colour, light, and shade, according to 
 the different degrees of distance. (A term used 
 especially in reference to glass painting.) 
 
 Degreed, Degraded, Her. Placed on steps. 
 Deice, Deas, or Deis, O. E. (See Dais.) 
 Deinos, Gr. A vessel with a wide mouth 
 and semi-spherical body, something like the 
 cacahus. 
 
 Fig. 240. Oil cruet, Delft ware. 
 
 imitations are said to be abundant. Fig. 240 is 
 a representative specimen of the real Delft ware. 
 The date of the establishment of this manu- 
 facture is uncertain, but eaidier than 1614; the 
 ornamentation is inspired by Japanese art. 
 (Consult Jacqiiemari' s History of the Ceramic 
 Art.) 
 
 Delia, Gr. Festivals and games at Delos. 
 
 DelpMca (sc. cortina), R. A table of a very 
 costly description, made of white marble or 
 bronze. It was used as a drinking-table, and 
 had only three feet richly ornamented. [Ex- 
 plained under the heading Cortina.] 
 
 Delphinia. A Greek festival in honour of 
 Apollo. 
 
 Delphinorum Columnae, R. The two columns 
 at one end of the spina of a circus, on which 
 marble figures of dolphins were placed. The 
 seven ova (eggs) on similar columns at the end 
 of the spina opposite to these dolphins, served 
 to indicate the number of turns made by the 
 chariots round the goal. (See OvuM.) [The 
 figure of the dolphin was selected in honour of 
 Neptune.] (Cf CiRcus.) 
 
 DelpMnus, Dolphin, Gen. {^e\<piv). The 
 dolphin was often used as an ornament, and 
 especially as a hand-rest or banister to the 
 
.VKl iV.Nl* .'VK>. 11/ll.Ui.VJl.j \ 
 
 loniitoria or entrances of tlie theatres and amphi- 
 theatres. Fig. 241 reineseuts a dolpliin utilized 
 
 Fig, 
 
 242. Dolphin. Medal 
 of Syracuse. 
 
 Fig. 241. Dolphin. Used as an ornament. 
 
 in this manner at the theatre of Puzzoli. Many 
 medals, as for instance 
 those of Syracuse (Fig. 
 242), are stamped with 
 a dolphin. (See also 
 Dolphin.) 
 
 DelpMs, R. A heavy 
 mass of iron or lead 
 used in naval warfare, 
 to drop on board of a 
 hostile ship and sink 
 it. (Compare CORVUS.) 
 Delubrum, R. {deluo, 
 to cleanse). A shrine; 
 the part of a temple 
 which contains the altar or statue of the deity, 
 and thence a temple containing an altar. 
 
 Dememhered, Dismembered, Her. Cut into 
 pieces, but without any alteration in the form of 
 the original figure. 
 
 Demi, Her. The half ; the 
 upper, front, or dexter half, 
 unless the contrary is specified. 
 Demi-brassarts, Vambraces, 
 or Avant-braces. Half-armour 
 for the arm. 
 
 Demi-culverin. A cannon 
 of four inches' bore. {Jlhyi'tck.) 
 Demi-hag. A smaller kind 
 of hackbut (arquebus). 
 Demi-haque, O. E. A fire-arm, smaller than 
 the arquebus ; i6th century. 
 
 Demi-jambes. Armour for the shins. 
 Demi-placcate. The lower part of a breast- 
 plate. 
 
 Demi-relievo. Sculpture in relief, in which 
 
 one-half of the figure projects; generally called 
 
 Mczzo-irlu-7'o. (See B.^sso-kelif.vo.) 
 
 Demiurgi {^rtyn-ovpyoi). Popular magistrates. 
 
 Demosii. Slaves belonging to the state, at Athens. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Demi- 
 
 lion, rampant. 
 
 Demotic (writing), I'-gyp- (St/^uoti/co, sc. 
 ypafiixara, i.e. jiopular writing). A mode of 
 writing among the ancient Egyptians, differing 
 from the hieroglyphic or sacred wrilmg. This 
 writing, which was employed for civil records, 
 was introduced under the twenty-fifth dynasty, 
 being derived from the /litialic 7>.'riliug, the first 
 al)breviation of the hieroglyphics. 
 
 Demster, O. E. A judge. 
 
 Demyt, O. E. An old [word for dimity ; a 
 kind of fustian. Perhaps so called because first 
 manufactured at Damietta. 
 
 Denarius, R. {deiii, by tens). The silver coin 
 ]nincii)ally in use among the Romans. Until 
 the reign of Augustus the denarius was worth 
 ten asses, and afterwards si.xteen. Demirms 
 aureus was a gold denarius, ecjual in value to 
 twenty-five silver denarii. 
 
 Denia. A city of Valencia in Spain, which 
 disputes with Alcora the production of a remark- 
 able kind of pottery, of which Jacquemart men- 
 tions a vase with two handles of -Vrab form, re- 
 sembling the alcarazas, upon a smooth white 
 enamel decorated with birds and flowers coarsely 
 painted. 
 
 Dens, R. Literally, a tooth; hence the prongs 
 of a fork, the tlukes of an anchor, the barbs of a 
 lance, the teeth of a saw or rake. 
 
 Dentale, R. (dens, a tooth). The piece of 
 wood in a plough on which the plough-share 
 {vomer) is fastened. 
 
 Dentatus, R. Armed with teeth. 
 
 Dentelle Decoration. Of French pottery, a 
 light lace pattern, more delicate than the "/(?/«- 
 breqiiin." 
 
 Dentels, Fr. (Sec Dentile.) 
 
 Dentile, Dentils (Latin, dciiticuli), Arch. 
 Ornaments in the form of small cubes or teeth, 
 used in the moulding of cornices, in the lONlC, 
 Corinthian, and Composite orders. (See 
 Tooth-ornament, Dog's-tooth.) 
 
 Depas, R. A bowl with two handles, the 
 foot of which is made of a low flat moulding 
 like the Doric fillet. 
 
 Depressed, Her. Surmounted, placed over 
 another. 
 
 Derby Porcelain. Manufactory cstalilished in 
 1750. Jacquemart says, " Derby has made fine 
 porcelains and statuettes which have nothing 
 to fear by comparison with the groups of 
 Saxony or Sevres." 
 
 Dere, O. E. Noble, honourable. 
 
 " Syr Cadore with his dri-c knyghttes." 
 
 Derring do, O. E. Deeds of arms. 
 
 Deruncinatus, R. Smoothed and polished 
 with the rniiiiiia or carpenter's plane. 
 
 Desca, Lai. A stall <>r desk in a church. 
 
 Descobinatus, R. Rapped with the Scoiuna 
 or carpenter's rasp. 
 
 Destrere, Anglo-Norman. A war-horse. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 linen cloth made at Ypres, is spoken of as early 
 as the 13th century. 
 
 " Of cloth making she had such a haunt. 
 She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunte." 
 
 {Prologiie of Canterbury Tales.) 
 
 The peculiarity of this cloth, as of that of Damas- 
 cus, was in the pattern. " To diaper''^ is, in 
 heraldry, to cover the field of an escutcheon 
 with devices independent of the armorial bear- 
 ings. The engraving shows a surcoat dia- 
 pered, on which are embroidered armorial 
 bearings. (Fig. 248.) 
 
 Diasia, Gr. Festivals in honour of Zeus, held 
 at Athens, outside of the walls of the city, for tlie 
 purpose of averting epidemics and other ills {aa-q). 
 
 Diastyle, Arch. An intercolumniation, in 
 which the columns are separated from each 
 other by a space of three diametei^s. 
 
 Diathyrum, Gr. A passage leading at one end 
 to the street-door of a house, and at the other 
 to the door of the courtyard. The Romans 
 called this space Prothyrum (q.v.). 
 
 Diatoni, Diatonoi, Gr. and R. (SiareiVoi, 
 to extend through). Long stones extending 
 from one face of a wall to the other (to which 
 modern architects give the name of pcrpenders 
 or perpeud-stones), and which were employed in 
 the method of construction called Emplecton 
 (q.v.). In Fig. 249 one is represented by the 
 stone placed between b and c. 
 
 | i((r,iiiflllliiii,iliiliMiiii'lllliiiifo^1iillliiilliliililHiiilii^ihiln! 
 
 iig 49 UiaioiKi 
 
 Diatreta, Gr. (StoTpTjra, i. e. bored through). 
 A drinking-cup made of glass, cut in such a 
 way that the designs or ornaments upon it 
 stand out completely from the body of the vase, 
 and form a tracery, which is only united to the 
 vase itself by small ties or pins left for the 
 purpose. 
 
 Diatriba, Gr. and R. (Siarpi^ui, to spend 
 time). Places in which learned discussions 
 were held, such as lecture or assembly rooms. 
 
 Diaulos, Gr. The double flute. (See Aui.os, 
 Flute.) One in the British Museum, found in 
 a tomb at Athens, is of cedar- wood, with tubes 
 fifteen inches in length. 
 
 Diazoma, Gr. (Sid^wixa, that which girdles). 
 A Greek synonym of the Latin term Pr^e- 
 CINCTIO (q.v.). 
 
 DicasterioD, Dicastery, Gr. (SiKaarijpwv ; 
 SiK-rj, justice). A tribunal at Athens in which 
 the people themselves administered justice with- 
 out the intervention of tlie magistrates. 
 
 Dicastes. A judge, or rather juryman, chosen 
 annually from the citizens at Athens. 
 
 Dicerion, Chr. {Si-Kspaiov, with two horns). 
 A candlestick with two laranches, holding which 
 in their hands the Greek priests bless the people. 
 The dicerion is symbolical of the two-fold nature 
 of Christ. (See Tricerion.) 
 
 Dichalcon, Gr. (5ixaA.K:os, i. e. double- 
 chalcos). A small Greek copper coin worth 
 only one-fourth or one-fifth of an obolus. 
 
 Dichoria, Gr. (St-xopia, i. e. division of 
 chorus). When the ancient choruses divided 
 into two, to recite in turn a part of the action 
 of a play, or mutually to interchange sentiments, 
 this action was called ^/c//(;r/a; each half of the 
 chorus was called Iiemichoria (r]ij.ixopia), and 
 each stanza antichoria {avrixopia). 
 
 Dicken, O. E. The devil. " Odds dickens ! " 
 
 Dicker, O. E. Half a score. 
 
 Dicomos, Gr. (ku/llos, a feast). A banquet- 
 ing-song, which was sung at tlie second course 
 of the feast at the festivals of Bacchus. 
 
 Dicrotos, Dicrotus, Gr. (Si-KpoTos, lit. double- 
 beating). The Greek name for a vessel with two 
 banks of oars, the Roman bireniis. 
 
 Dictynnia (Si'/cTuc/r, a hunter's net). A Cretan 
 festival in honour of Artemis. 
 
 Dictyotheton, Gr. (from Hktvov, a net). A 
 kind of masonry composed of regularly-cut 
 square stones, forming, in a wall so constructed. 
 
 Fig. 250. Dictyotheton. 
 
 a net-work or chess-board pattern. It answered 
 to the opus reticitlatitnt of the Romans. 
 
 Didrachma, Didrachmum, Gr. (5i -Spax/uo^). 
 A double silver draclima of tlie Greek coinage, 
 which was worth about two shillings. 
 
 Die. In Architecture, for dado, or the part of 
 a pedestal that would correspond to the dado 
 (q.v.). 
 
.Alxl :\.\l) i\l\\^ll/lA)i.{)(,\ 
 
 Die -sinking. The art of cngiaving on slccl 
 niouhls, nicilals, coins, an<l inscriptions. 
 
 Difference, DiiFerencing, Her. An acklition 
 to, or some change in, a coat-of-arms, introduced 
 for the purpose of distinguishing coats wliicli in 
 tlieir ]iriniary qualities are the same. Differ- 
 encing is sometimes used in the same sense as 
 Cadency; but, strictly, it is distinct, having refer- 
 ence to alliance and dependency, without blood- 
 relationship, or to the system adopted for distin- 
 gnisliing similar coats-of-arms. {Botitci/.) 
 
 Digitale, R. (digitus, a finger). A kind of 
 glove worn by the Sarmatians, an example of 
 which may be seen on Trajan's Ci>lumn. 
 
 Diglypb, Gr. and R. (h'i.-y\v(f)os, doubly 
 indented). An ornament consisting of two 
 g/y/'/ur (yAvcpal) or grooves chaimelled out on 
 consoles. (See Triglyph.) 
 
 Diipoleia {noKievs, of the city). A very ancient 
 Athenian festival, celebrated annually on the 
 Acropolis, in hononr of Zeus Polieus. 
 
 Dimidiated, Iler. 
 Cut in half per pale, 
 and one half removed. 
 Fig. 251 is a device 
 placed by James I. on 
 some of his coins, in 
 which the thistle and 
 rose are respectively 
 dimidiated. The legend 
 was, " Fait eos in gen- 
 tem unam." 
 
 Diocleia. A festi- 
 val of the Megarians, 
 held about the grave 
 of an ancient Athenian 
 hero. Diodes. There 
 was a prize for kissing. 
 Dionysia. The cele- 
 brated orgies of Dio- 
 nysus or Bacchus, sup- 
 pressed B.C. 186, and 
 substituted by the 
 Liberalia. (See Bacchanalia.) 
 
 Dioptra, Gr. and R. (SfoTrrpa ; Siopatw, to see 
 through). An instrument used in surveying to 
 measure distances and to take levels. 
 
 Dioscuria, Gr. and R. {AiotTKovpia). Games 
 instituted at Rome in honour of the Dioscuri 
 (Castor and Pollux), who, at the battle of Lake 
 Regillus against the Latins (496 n.c. ', were 
 supposed to have fought on the side of the 
 Romans. 
 
 Diospolites, Egyp. One of the nomes or 
 divisions of Lower Egypt. 
 
 Diota, Gr. (Si-cora, with two ears). A name 
 applied indifferently to any kind of vase furnished 
 with two handles, such as /ngc/.-w, amphora, can- 
 thari, <S;c. 
 
 Diplinthns, R. (TrAiVeoj, a brick). Masonry 
 two bricks thick. 
 
 Fig. 251. Rose dimidiated. 
 Device of James I. 
 
 Diplois, Gr. and R. l-dided iiUwu ; .m upper 
 garment wliich was doubled in the same manner 
 as a woman's siiawl at the i)resent day; it was 
 nuKJi worn among the Greeks. 
 
 Diploma, Gr. and R. {I'mKuy^a, j. c. double- 
 folded). A jiassport consisting of two leaves 
 (whence its name). The term is also used to 
 denote a diploma by which any right or privilege 
 is confcrreil. 
 
 Dipteral. Arch. A building having d(nible 
 wings. The term is applied to any i)uilding 
 having a double intcrcolumniation all round it. 
 
 Diptheree, Gr. and R. (ln(^6ipo.i ; 5t>tD, to 
 make supple), (i) Prepared skins for writing 
 on. (2) A kind of garment ; an overcoat of skin 
 or leather which Greek slaves put on over their 
 tunic. 
 
 Diptych, Gr. (5i'-7rTuxa, i.e. double-folded). 
 Double tablets united by means of strings 
 or hinges. Diptycha coiisiilaria, irdililia, pnr- 
 toria had engraved on them portraits of con- 
 suls, asdiles, pra'tors, and other magistrates. 
 These consular diptychs were a part of the 
 presents sent by new consuls on their appoint- 
 ment to very eminent persons. The series of 
 them is a very valuable record of the progress of 
 the art of ivory carving. In Christian archa-o- 
 logy diptychs were decorated with scenes from 
 biblical history. There were also diptychs of 
 tiie baptized ; of the bishops and benefactors of 
 a church, living or dead ; of saints and martyrs ; 
 and, lastly, of deceased members of the congre- 
 gation, whose souls were to be remembered at 
 mass. (See Trii'TVcii.) 
 
 Directors, or Triangular Compasses. A 
 mathematical instrument adapted for taking three 
 angular points at once. 
 
 Diribitorium, R. {diribco, to sort or separate). 
 A place or building in which a public officer 
 inspected the troops, distributed the pay, and 
 enrolled the conscripts in their respective regi- 
 ments. 
 
 Dirige, Chr. A psalm forming part of the 
 burial service, "Dirige gressus meos," \c. ; 
 hence Dirge, for funereal music or hynms in 
 general. 
 
 Dirk. A Scotch dagger. 
 
 Diruta. An impcjrtant porcelain mamifactory 
 in the Papal States, established by a pupil of 
 Luca dcUa Kobbia in 1461. 
 
 Discerniculum, K. {disci-i-iio, to divide). A 
 bodkin used l>y Roman women in the toilet to 
 part their hair. (See Comks.) 
 
 Discharging Arch. An arch built into the 
 structure of a wall, to relieve the parts below it 
 of the pressure of those above it ; such arches 
 are connnon over flat-headed doors or other 
 openings. 
 
 Discinctus, Gr. and R. {disciiiqo, to ungird). 
 A man who is iingirt, that is, who docs not wear 
 a girdle round the waist of his tunic ; for a man, 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 linen cloth made at Ypres, is spoken of as early 
 as the 13th century. 
 
 " Of cloth making she had such a haunt, 
 She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunte." 
 
 (Prologue of Canterbury Tales.) 
 
 The peculiarity of this cloth, as of that of Damas- 
 cus, was in the pattern. " To diaper" is, in 
 heraldry, to cover the field of an escutcheon 
 with devices independent of the armorial bear- 
 ings. The engraving shows a surcoat dia- 
 pered, on which are embroidered armorial 
 bearings. (Fig. 248.) 
 
 Diasia, Gr. Festivals in honour of Zeus, held 
 at Athens, outside of the walls of the city, for the 
 purpose of averting epidemics and other ills {aa-q). 
 
 Diastyle, Arch. An intercolumniation, in 
 which the columns are separated from each 
 other by a space of three diameters. 
 
 Diathyrum, Gr. A passage leading at one end 
 to the street-door of a house, and at the other 
 to the door of the courtyard. The Romans 
 called this space PkothykUM (q.v.). 
 
 Diatoni, Diatonoi, Gr. and R. (SiareiVoi, 
 to extend through). Long stones extending 
 from one face of a wall to the other (to which 
 modern architects give the name of pcrpendcrs 
 or pcrpend-sioiies), and which were employed in 
 the method of construction called Emplectox 
 (q.v.). In Fig. 249 one is represented by the 
 stone placed between b and c. 
 
 Fig. 249 Diatonoi. 
 
 Diatreta, Gr. (SiaTprjTa, i. e. bored through). 
 A drinking-cup made of glass, cut in such a 
 way that the designs or ornaments upon it 
 stand out completely from the body of the vase, 
 and form a tracery, which is only united to the 
 vase itself by small ties or pins left for the 
 purpose. 
 
 Diatriba, Gr. and R. (SiaTplPu, to spend 
 time). Places in which learned discussions 
 were held, such as lecture or assembly rooms. 
 
 Diaulos, Gr. The double flute. (See Aui.os, 
 Flute.) One in the British Museum, found in 
 a tomb at Athens, is of cedar- wood, with tubes 
 fifteen inches in length. 
 
 Diazoma, Gr. (Sia^'oi^a, that which girdles). 
 A Greek synonym of the Latin term PR.-li- 
 CINCTIO (q.v.). 
 
 Dicasterioo, Dicastery, Gr. (SiKaar'fipLou ; 
 SiKTj, justice). A tribunal at Athens in which 
 the people themselves administered justice with- 
 out the intervention of the magistrates. 
 
 Dicastes. A judge, or rather juryman, chosen 
 annually from the citizens at Athens. 
 
 Dicerion, Chr. (Si-Kepawv, with two horns). 
 A candlestick with two branches, holding which 
 in their hands the Greek priests bless the people. 
 The dicerion is symbolical of the two-fold nature 
 of Christ. (See Tricerion.) 
 
 Dichalcon, Gr. (Si'xaA/coj, i. e. double- 
 chalcos). A small Greek copper coin worth 
 only one-fourth or one-fifth of an obolus. 
 
 Dichoria, Gr. {li-xopia, i. e. division of 
 chorus). When the ancient choruses divided 
 into two, to recite in turn a part of the action 
 of a play, or mutually to interchange sentiments, 
 this action was cvM^A dichoria ; each half of the 
 chorus was called hemichoria {i]/Mixopia), and 
 each stanza antichoria {avTixopia). 
 
 Dicken, O. E. The devil. " Odds dickens ! " 
 
 Dicker, O. E. Haifa score. 
 
 Dicomos, Gr. {ku/xos, a feast). A banquet- 
 ing-song, which was sung at the second course 
 of the feast at the festivals of Bacciius. 
 
 Dicrotos, Dicrotus, Gr. (5i-KpoTos, lit. double- 
 beating). The Greek name for a vessel with two 
 banks of oars, the Roman diremis. 
 
 Dictynnia (SIktvov, a hunter's net). A Cretan 
 festival in honour of Artemis. 
 
 Dictyotheton, Gr. (from SiKTvov, a net). A 
 kind of masonry composed of regularly-cut 
 square stones, forming, in a wall so constructed, 
 
 Fig. 250. Dictyotheton. 
 
 a net-work or chess-board pattern. It answered 
 to the opus reticulatiiiii of the Romans. 
 
 Didrachma, Didrachmum, Gr. (Zi-Zpaxinov). 
 A double silver drachma of the Greelc coinage, 
 wliich was worth about two shillings. 
 
 Die. In Architecture, for dado, or the part of 
 a pedestal that would correspond to the dado 
 (q.v.). 
 
AKl AAi; AK(^ll/L(JLt)L.\. 
 
 Die -sinking. Tlie art of engraving on steel 
 moulds, medals, coins, and inscriptions. 
 
 Difference, Differencing, Her. An addition 
 to, or some change in, a coat-of-arms, introduced 
 for the purpose of distinguishing coats which in 
 their primary qualities are the same. Differ- 
 encing is sometimes used in the same sense as 
 Cadency; but, strictly, it is distinct, having refer- 
 ence to alliance and dependency, without lilood- 
 relationshiji, or to the system adopted for distin- 
 guishing similar coats-of-arnis. {BouteiL) 
 
 Digitale, R. (digitus, a finger). A kind of 
 glove worn by the Sarmatians, an example of 
 which may be seen on Trajan's Column. 
 
 Diglyph, Gr. and R. (h'i.-yKv<pos, doubly 
 indented). An ornament consisting of two 
 glyphu (7Ai;(j)ai) or grooves channelled out on 
 consoles. (See Triglyph.) 
 
 Diipoleia (TroAieus, of the city). A very ancient 
 Athenian festival, celebrated annually on the 
 Acropolis, in honour of Zeus Polieus. 
 
 Dimidiated, Her. 
 Cut in half per pale, 
 and one half removed. 
 Fig. 251 is a device 
 placed by James I. on 
 some of his coins, in 
 which the thistle and 
 rose are respectively 
 dii/iidiated. The legend 
 was, " Fecit eos in gen- 
 tem unani." 
 
 Diocleia. A festi- 
 val of the Megarians, 
 held about the grave 
 of an ancient Athenian 
 hero, Diodes. There 
 was a prize for kissing. 
 Dionysia. The cele- 
 brated orgies of Dio- 
 Fig.251. Rose dimidiated. "X^US Or Bacchus, sup- 
 Device of James I. pressed B.C. 186, and 
 substituted by the 
 Liberalia. (See Bacchanalia.) 
 
 Dioptra, Gr. and R. (StoTrrpa ; Siopdu, to see 
 through). An instrument used in sur\'eying to 
 measure distances and to take levels. 
 
 Dioscuria, Gr. and R. (AtoffKovpia). Games 
 instituted at Rome in honour of the Dioscuri 
 (Castor and Pollux), who, at the battle of Lake 
 Regillus against the Latins (496 u.c. ', were 
 supposed to have fought on the side of the 
 Romans. 
 
 Diospolites, Egyp. One of the nomes or 
 divisions of I>ower Egypt. 
 
 Diota, Gr. (Si-tora, with two ears). A name 
 applied indifferently to any kind of vase furnished 
 with two handles, such as lageiuc, amphora, can- 
 thari, tVc. 
 
 Diplinthus, R. (7rA.iV0os, a brick). Masonry 
 two bricks thick. 
 
 Diplois, Gr. and R. Folded iiiiwo ; an upper 
 garment which was doubled in tiie same manner 
 as a woman's shawl at the jirescnt d.ay ; it was 
 much worn among the Greeks. 
 
 Diploma, Gr. and R. {l[i,\onxa, j. e. double- 
 folded). A jia.ssport consisting of two leaves 
 (whence its name). Tiie term is also used to 
 denote a diploma by which any right or privilege 
 is ct)nferred. 
 
 Dipteral, Arch. A building having double 
 wings. The term is applied' to any building 
 having a double intercolumniation all round it. 
 
 Diptheree, Gr. and R. {St(p0fpat ; S((pa), to 
 make supple), (i) Prepared .skins for writing 
 on. (2) A kind of garment ; an overcoat of skin 
 or leather which Greek slaves put on over their 
 tunic. 
 
 Diptych, (;r. (Si-irruxa, i.e. double-folded). 
 Double tablets united by means of strings 
 or hinges. Diptycha coiisit/aria, irdilitia, pnc- 
 toria had engraved on them portraits of con- 
 suls, sediles, prcvtors, and other magistrates. 
 These consular diptychs were a part of the 
 presents sent by new consuls on their apjioint- 
 ment to very eminent persons. The series of 
 them is a very valuable record of the jirogress of 
 the art of ivory carving. In Christian archa-o- 
 logy diptychs were decorated with scenes from 
 biblical historj'. There were also di])tychs of 
 the Ijaptized ; of the bishops and lienefactors of 
 a church, living or dead ; of saints and martyrs ; 
 and, lastly, of deceased members of the congre- 
 gation, whose souls were to be remembered at 
 mass. (See TKil'TVcit.) 
 
 Directors, or Triangular Compasses. A 
 mathematical instnunent adapted for taking three 
 angular points at once. 
 
 Diribitorium, R. (dirihco, to sort or separate). 
 A place or building in which a public officer 
 inspected the troops, distributed the pay, and 
 enrolled the conscripts in their respective regi- 
 ments. 
 
 Dirige, Chr. A psalm forming part of the 
 burial service, "Dirige gressus meos," i\;c. ; 
 hence Dirge, for funereal music or hymns in 
 general. 
 
 Dirk. A Scotch dagger. 
 
 Diruta. An important porcelain manufactory 
 in the Papal States, established by a pupil of 
 Luca della Robbia in 1461. 
 
 Discerniculum, R. (liisccruo, to divide). A 
 bodkin used liy Roman women iu the toilet to 
 part their hair. (See CoMBS.) 
 
 Discharging Arch. An arch built into the 
 structure of a wall, to relieve the parts below it 
 of the pressure of tho.se above it ; such arches 
 are common over flat-headed doors or other 
 openings. 
 
 Discinctus, Gr. and R. {discingo, to iingird). 
 A man who is iingirt, that is, who does not wear 
 a girdle round the waist of his tunic ; for a man, 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 this was a mark of effeminate mamiers. Discinctus 
 miles denoted a soldier who had been stripped 
 by his commander of his sword-belt, as a mark of 
 disgrace. (Compare CiNGULUM.) 
 
 Fig. 252. Tazza ol Diruta, with head of "Rome." 
 
 Disclosed, Her. With expanded wings, in 
 the case of birds that are not birds of prey. The 
 contrary to Close. 
 
 Discobolus, Gr. and R. {litJKo-^iXos, i. e. 
 discus-throwing). A man throwing the Discus 
 fq.v.). [A celebrated statue of the sculptor 
 ^lyron so called.] 
 
 Fig. 253. Discobolus of Myron copied on a gem. 
 
 Discus, R. (SiVkos ; ^Mitv, to throw). 
 This term denoted (i) the discus hurled by the 
 Discobolus (q.v.); that is, a circular plate of 
 metal or stone, about ten or twelve inches in 
 diameter. {2) A sun-dial. (3) A shallow circular 
 vessel for holding eatables. 
 
 Fig. 254. Falcon Displayed. 
 
 Disk. (See Winged Disk.) 
 Disomum, Chr. {U-awixov, double-bodied). 
 An _ urn or tomb which held the ashes or 
 bodies of two persons; hisonnim was also 
 used. Both terms are met with in Christian 
 inscriptions. 
 
 Displayed, Her. 
 Birds of prey with 
 expanded wings. Fig. 
 254 represents the 
 crest of Edward IV., 
 the falcon and fet- 
 terlock. 
 
 Displuviatus, Dis- 
 pluviatum, R. An 
 atrium, the roof of 
 which was sloped 
 outwards from the 
 
 COMPLUVIUM(q.V. ), 
 
 instead of being 
 sloped towards it. 
 (See Impluvium and Atrium.) 
 
 Disposed, Disposition, Her. Arranged, ar- 
 rangement. 
 
 Distaff. A common object in ancient art. It 
 is an attribute of the Fates, and generally distaffs 
 of gold were given to the goddesses. It was 
 dedicated to Minerva. (See CoLUS.) The name 
 of St. Distaff's Day was given to the day after 
 Twelfth Day in England. 
 
 Distance. In a picture, the point ofdistnuce is 
 that where the visual rays meet ; middle distance 
 is the central portion of a picture, between the 
 foregnniud and the extreme distance. 
 
 Distemper. A kind of painting in which the 
 pigments are mixed with an aqueous vehicle, such 
 as size. Distemper is painted on a dry surface. 
 (See Fresco-painting.) 
 
 Ditriglyph, R. (Sh, twice, and rp[-yXv<pos]. 
 The space between two triglyphs in the Doric 
 order. The term is therefore a synonym of 
 Metope (q.v.). 
 
 Dividers. Ordinary compasses for taking off 
 and transferring measurements. 
 
 Dividiculum, R. A reservoir in the form of 
 a tower, in which the water of an aqueduct was 
 collected, and whence it was afterwards distributed. 
 (See CastellUiM ) 
 
 Docana (5o/cbs, a beam). An ancient Spartan 
 symbol of Castor and Pollux. It consisted of 
 two upright beams, with cross pieces. 
 
 Doecia. An important Italian manufactory of 
 soft porcelain founded in 1735. Jacquemart 
 says, "Doecia now inundates Europe with 
 spurious majolica of the i6th century, and with 
 false porcelain of Capo di Monte, of which she 
 possesses the moulds." 
 
 Dodecahedron, Gr. A solid figure of twelve 
 equal sides. 
 
 Dodecastyle, Gr. and R. (SoJSe/ca, twelve, and 
 a-TvKos, pillar). A Iniilding, the arrangement of 
 
AKl AINU AKi^M/l'-UI.UtiY, 
 
 which admits ot twelve cohimns in fmnt. A 
 dodecastylc pediment is a pediment supported by 
 twelve columns. 
 
 Dodra, R. {Jodnvis, nine parts). A kind of 
 beverage, or rather soup, composed of nine 
 ingredients. We learn from Ausonius that it 
 was made of bread, water, wine, oil, broth, salt, 
 sweet herbs, honey, and pepper. 
 
 Dodrans, R.(i. e. three-fourths). Nine wwr/Vr, 
 or three-quarters of an as. There was no coin 
 of this value. As a measure of /c-/ii^-//i, nine 
 inches. (.See As.) 
 
 Doif or DefF, Egyp. The square tambourine 
 of the ancient Egyptians ; the /<>/// of the 
 Hebrews, still in use among the Arabs, especially 
 in the Barbary States. 
 
 Dog. An emblem of fidelity and loyalty. In 
 medixval art, the attrilnite of St. Roch ; also of 
 St. Dominic, the founder of the Dominican order; 
 of St. Bernard, St. Wendelin, and St. Benignus. 
 As an emblem of lidclity, it is placed at the feet 
 of the effigies of married women upon sepulchres. 
 It was common to represent, in painting or 
 mosaic, a chained watch-dog at the doors of 
 Roman houses. The Dog ok I-"o is a sacred 
 emblem in China, sometimes called a Chimera ; 
 it is placed as the guardian of the thresholds of 
 temples, and of the Buddhist altars. In the 
 Chinese zodiacal system the dog is the sign for 
 the month of September. 
 
 Dog Latin. Barbarous Latin ; e. g. " Verte 
 canem ex" (turn the dog out). 
 
 Dog's-nose, O. E. A cordial used in low life, 
 composed of warm porter, moist sugar, gin, and 
 nutmeg. {Halli'toeH.) 
 
 Dog's-tooth Moulding, Arch. A characteris- 
 tic ornament of Early English architecture, 
 formed of four leaves with small spiral fillets, 
 
 which bear some resemblance to teeth. (Sec 
 
 ToOTII-OKNAMKNT.) 
 
 Dolabra, R.('Mo, to hew). An instrument like 
 a pick or hatchet, which varied in form according 
 to the different purposes 
 for whicli it was employed, 
 Tiie dolabra was used 
 for digging, cutting, break- 
 ing, and cho|)ping, and 
 was tluis a jiick, a hatchet, 
 J an adze or rtj^w, &c. Do- 
 
 labra of Hint or other hard 
 1:1 stone, called Celts, are of 
 
 remote antiquity. (.See 
 Cki.t.) (Kigs. 255to 257.) 
 Doliolum. Dimin. of 
 
 1 )()l,inM (q.V.). 
 
 Dolium or Culeus, Or. 
 and 1\. A large earthen- 
 ware vessel with a wide 
 mouth, and of rounded, 
 spherical form. It was 
 used to contain wine and 
 oil when first made, be- 
 fore they were trans- 
 ferred into smaller vessels 
 for keeping. 
 Dolmen, Celt. A term which, in the Celtic 
 
 Fie;. 258. Dolmen. 
 
 Fig. 255- Bronze Dolabra 
 yr hatchet ^Celtic). 
 
 Fig. 256. Hatchet, 
 flintstone. 
 
 Fig. 259. Dolmen, in the forest of Rennes. 
 
 language, means literally a stone t.able. It con- 
 sists of a number of stones, of which some are 
 fixed in the ground, and the otliers laid trans- 
 versely over them. These structures were used 
 as sepulchres. Figs. 25S and 259 represent two 
 different types of dolmens. (See Cromlf.CH.) 
 
 Dolon or Dole, R. (SdAo-O. (0 A long 
 stick armed with an iron point. (2) A cane, in 
 the hollow of which a poniard was concealed. 
 (3) The fore-topsail of a vessel. 
 
 Dolphin, I kr. A favourite fish with heralds. 
 It is best known as the armorial ensign of the 
 Dauphin, the eldest son and iicir apparent of the 
 kings of Erancc — (?/-, a Dolphin az. In Chris- 
 
114 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 260. Heraldic 
 Dolphin. 
 
 tian archseology the dolphin is the symbol of 
 swiftness, diligence, and love j it is often met 
 with entwined with an 
 anchor. The first Chris- 
 tians often wore these 
 two symbols united in a 
 ring, which was known 
 as a nautical anchor. 
 (See also Delphin.) 
 
 Dom?, It. (i) Lite- 
 rally, the house of God. 
 When a city possesses 
 several churches, the 
 name is applied to the 
 cathedral only. (2) The interior of a cupola. 
 Dominions, in Christian art. (See Angels.) 
 Domus, Gr. and R. (Gr. Ufios, oIkos). A 
 house, in contradistinction to insula, a group of 
 houses. The Greek hou^e is divided into two 
 parts by the central 
 chambers. The e.x- 
 ternal, the Andro- 
 Niris, contains the 
 men's, and the inner, 
 or Gyn.^conitis, 
 the women's apart- 
 ments. The whole 
 building was gene- 
 rally long and nar- 
 row, occupying a 
 comparatively small 
 frontage to the street, 
 and the outside wall 
 was plain without 
 windows. Outside 
 the door was often 
 an altar of Apollo 
 Agyieus, or an obe- 
 lisk, or sometimes a 
 laurel-tree, or a bust 
 of the god Hermes. 
 A few steps, called 
 Anabatiimoi, led 
 up to the house door 
 (avKela 6vpa), over 
 which there was 
 generally a motto 
 inscribed : the pas- 
 sage (dup<jope7oi', TTvAoov, dvpwi/) (a B in the plan) 
 had the stables on one side, and the porter's lodge 
 opposite, and led to c, the Peristyle or Aula 
 of the men's quarters, a Hyp^'ETHRAL, or open- 
 air court, surrounded by porticoes called Stoai, 
 and by the men's apartments, which were large 
 banqueting-rooms (oF/coi, avSpive^), smaller sit- 
 ting-rooms (e^f'Spai), and sleeping-chambers 
 (ScB^OTia, KOiTwves, olKr]fj.aTa). The door to the 
 passage D was called neravKos or fiecravAos (i.e. 
 the middle of the aula), and gave admission 
 to E, the peristyle or aula of the Gynaeconitis. 
 The rooms numbered 10 to 17 were the chambers 
 
 Fig. 261. Plan of a Greek 
 house. 
 
 of the women ; p p were called the Thalamos and 
 Amphithalamos ; H H and G were the iaricves, 
 or rooms for working in wool ; and at I was 
 the garden door (/cTjTraia 6vpa). There was 
 usually an upper story where guests and slaves 
 were lodged {inr€p£ov, SLrjpes), the stairs leading 
 to which were outside the house. The roofs 
 were flat, and it was 
 customary to walk 
 upon them. The 
 floors were of stone, 
 in later times orna- 
 mental or coloured. 
 The construction and 
 decoration varied 
 with the ages ; 
 painted ceilings were 
 a late introduction. 
 
 Of a Roman house, 
 the principal parts 
 were the Vestibu- 
 LUM, or court before 
 the door, open to the 
 street ; the Ostium, 
 Janua, or Fores, 
 the entrance; the Atrium, Cavum .-Edium, or 
 CaV/EDIUM, with the Compluvium open over 
 the central tank (termed the I.mpluvium) ; the 
 
 Fig. 262. Plan of a 
 Roman house. 
 
 Atrium with Doric columns. 
 {See also Fig. 49.) 
 
-AK 1 .\.\ 1) .\Kt:ii.i',()i.( )(",^ . 
 
 "5 
 
 Al-.l': (\vings\ TAiiLiNUM, Faucks, ami I'kki- 
 STVl.il'M : of each of which a notice will ho fouiul 
 in its alphabetical place in this work. (Set; also 
 
 CumCULA,TRICHNIA,EXKnR.E,riNACOTIlKCA. 
 Bir.LIOTHKCA, l!AI,NEUM,CULINA,C(i:NACiri,A, 
 
 Di.ETA, vSoLARiA, &c. ) Thc floors of a Roman 
 house were either of the composition called Kf- 
 PERATli), and, from thc process of beatin<^ ilown 
 pavita, were then called Pavimkn ruM, or 
 of stone or marble or mosaics (MusivuM opus). 
 The inner walls were usually covered with 
 frescoes. The ceilings left the beams visible, 
 which supported thc roof, and the hollow or 
 unplanked spaces (Lacunaria or Laquearia) 
 wore often covered with gold and ivory, or with 
 paintings. (See Camara.) The principal apart- 
 ments had no windows, deriving their light from 
 the roof; in the upper stories there were 
 windows either open or latticed, or later filled 
 with mica, and finally glass. 
 
 Don Pottery. A name given to the produrtions 
 of a porcelain manufactory established in 1 790 
 at Swinton on the Don. 
 
 Donjon, Mod. The principal tower of a 
 Norman or median'al 
 castle. It was gene- 
 rally separate from 
 the other parts of the 
 building. Thegrcater 
 number of feudal 
 fortresses originally 
 consisted merely of a 
 donjon erected on 
 an artificial earth- 
 work. This donjon 
 was surrounded by 
 an open space wall- 
 ed, called the Inner 
 IJailey, and another 
 lieyoiid called the 
 Outer I'ailey. Be- 
 neath were the dun- 
 geons. Fig. 264 re- 
 presents a donjon 
 called the Tower of 
 Loudun. The White 
 tower is the donjon of 
 theTower of London. 
 Doom. In Christian art, the Last Judgment ; 
 a subject usually painted over the chancel arch 
 in parochial churches. 
 
 Dorelot. A network for the hair, v/orn by 
 ladies in the 14th century. (See Calantica, 
 Cresi'ine, &c.) 
 
 Doric Order of Architecture. The earliest 
 and simplest of the three (J reek orders. " The 
 Gre-ian Doric order, at its best period, is one 
 of the most beautiful inventions of architecture — 
 strong and yet elegant, graceful in outline and 
 harmonious in all its forms, imposing when on 
 a great scale, and pleasing equally when reduced 
 
 Fig. 264. Donjon. 
 
 in size, iiy the exquisite simplicity of its parts." 
 [IVavlunds.) Thc columns of this onler liad no 
 pedestal, nor base ; 
 the capital, which 
 was half a dia- 
 meter in height, 
 had no astnii^u/, 
 but a few jiiaii' 
 fillols, with chan- 
 n c 1 s between 
 them, under thc 
 otoIp, and a small 
 channel below the 
 fillets. The oto/o 
 is generally flat, 
 and of great ]no- 
 jcction, with a 
 tftiirk, or return. 
 On this was laid 
 the A n A c us, 
 which was only a 
 plain tile, without 
 fillet or ornament. 
 A peculiarity of 
 this order was the 
 flutini:;s of the co- 
 lumn, twenty in 
 number, shallow, 
 and with sharp 
 edges. The best 
 examples of the 
 Grecian Doric 0/ 
 which we have 
 descriptions anil 
 figures are the 
 temples of Miner- 
 va (called the Par- 
 thenon) and of 
 Theseus at Athens, 
 and that of Mi- 
 nerva at .Sunium. 
 The Roman Doric differs in important particu- 
 lars from the Grecian. (See ROMAN DORIC. ) 
 Dormant or Couchant, Ilcr. Asleep. (See 
 
 ColUIIANT.) 
 
 Dormer (I"r. dortnir, to sleep). Thc top story 
 in the roof of a house. 
 
 Dormer Window. A gabled window in the 
 sloping side of a roof, projecting ivr/Zra//)'; when 
 it lies in the slope of the lonf, it is :\. skylight. 
 
 Dorneck, Domex, or Dornyks, (). L. An in- 
 feriordamask, wrought of silk, wool, linen thread, 
 and gold, at Tournay or /)<'/■//(•(-(• ; 15th century. 
 
 Dorsale, Dosser, Dossier, Chr. {dorsum, the 
 back). Pieces of tapestry or hangings put up 
 in the arches or bays surrounding the choir of a 
 church in order to screen the clergy and choristers 
 from draughts of air. Also iiieces of tai)estry hung 
 upon parajiets, the panels of pulpits and stalls, and 
 sometimes the backs of sidc-bo.irds. It was the 
 custom to hang tapestry, cloth of Arras, or 
 
 265. Column and Capil.il 
 Dftlic Doric Order. 
 
 I 2 
 
Ii6 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 needlework round the lower half of all the 
 ancient dining-halls to a height of about five 
 feet above the basement. 
 
 Dorsualia, R. (dorsum). An embroidered 
 saddle-cloth, which was laid across the back 
 of a horse on the occasion of a triumphal 
 entry, or on the backs of victims for sacrifice. 
 Examples of dorsualia occur on several monu- 
 ments, in especial on a bas-relief of the arch of 
 Titus, at Rome. 
 
 Doryphorus, Gen. {^opv-<t>6pos). Literally, 
 spear-bearer. Fig. 130 represents a Persian spear- 
 man. A celebrated statue of Polycleitus (of the 
 Argive school) is called the Doryphorus. 
 " Polyclitus advanced his art in several respects, 
 chiefly by fixing a law of proportion, of which 
 his Doryphorus, a youth bearing a spear, was 
 called the Canon (q.v.); and also by his making 
 the weight of the body rest on one foot, in 
 contradistinction to the ancient practice, thereby 
 producing a contrast between the supporting, 
 weight-bearing side of the body, and the sup- 
 ported, freely-resting side." (Butler'' s Imitative 
 Art.) The statue by Polycleitus is lost. The 
 proportions handed down to us by Vitruvius 
 
 are thus described by Bonomi: — 
 (i) The length of the horizontally extended arms equals 
 
 the height of the figure. 
 
 ( 2) The head is an eighth, the face a tenth of the whole 
 height. 
 
 (3) From the top of the scalp to the nipples is one-four t!i. 
 
 (4) From the nipples to horizontal line across the 
 centre of the square — the pubes — is one-fourth. 
 
 (5) From that line to one just below the knee-cap is 
 onefourtli. 
 
 (6) From that line to the ground is one-foicrth. 
 
 (7) The fore-arm (from the elbow) is Sl fourth of the 
 height ; the hand a tenth. 
 
 Dose orDosall, O. E. (Lat. Dorsale, q.v.). 
 
 Dossar. (See Dorsale.) 
 
 Douai. A manufactory of modern faience es- 
 tablished in 1784, producing stone-wares and 
 " cailloutages." 
 
 Double, Fr. (i ) The term is applied to precious 
 stones, when cemented ujjon glass. (2) The in- 
 side lining of a well-bound book. 
 
 Doublet, although deriving its name from 
 the French word doublee (lined), is in that lan- 
 guage more generally known as " Pourpoint," 
 of which, in fact, it is merely a variety. It 
 first appeared in England in the 14th century 
 made without sleeves, which for convenience 
 were afterwards added ; and being universally 
 adopted, it superseded the tunic. The engraving 
 shows a doublet with stuffed sleeves of the 
 time of Elizabeth. They v/ere worn of varied 
 forms till the reign of Charles II. (Fig. 267.) 
 
 Doubling, Her. The lining of a mantle or 
 mantling. 
 
 Dove. A Christian symbol of frequent occur- 
 rence ; it expresses candour, gentleness, inno- 
 cence, faith, and, in especial, the Holy Spirit. 
 It is also a symbol of martyrdom and grief, and 
 
 in this signification appears frequently repre- 
 sented on tombs and sarcophagi. With an 
 olive-bough in its mouth it is a symbol of peace, 
 and accordingly the inscription Pax (Peace) is 
 often found accompanying representations of the 
 dove, more particularly in the catacombs. 
 
 Fig. 267. Doublet costume, tevij>. Elizabeth. 
 
 With the Assyrians and Babylonians the dove 
 was the symbol of .Semiramis, who, according 
 to them, took this shape on leaving earth. The 
 dove was the favourite bird of Venus. As a 
 symbol of conjugal fidelity, the device of two 
 turtle-doves was adopted by Giovanna of 
 Austria on her marriage with Francesco de' 
 Medici. (Fig. 26S.) 
 
 Dove-tail or Swallow-tail, Gen. A method 
 of joining employed for wood, stone, or iron, 
 and so called because the tenon by which the 
 joint is effected is cut in the shape of a dove- 
 tail or swallow-tail. This tail fits into a notch 
 (Fig. 269). The ancients employed double dove- 
 tails for joining stones together; this method of 
 construction was called Opus Revinctum (q.v.). 
 
 Dove-tail Moulding, Arch. (Norman ; called 
 
.'\K 1 J\i\l) AKt 1 1 . I,( )1,( )(,\ 
 
 "7 
 
 also Triangular Frktte). Decorated with 
 running bands in the form of dove-tails. 
 
 
 A I'.ioNaiina de' Medici. 
 
 Doves, the Eucharistic. Sacred vessels of 
 jold, silver, gilded bronze, or ivory, in the 
 
 Fig. 269. Dove-tailed Masonry. 
 
 form of a dove, a tower, Sec, which served as 
 receptacles for the reserved Host ; they were 
 hung up in the middle of the Cihorium (q.v. ). 
 At the Amiens Museum a dove of this kind is 
 to be seen dating from the 12th century, and at 
 the church of St. Xazaire at Milan there is 
 one of silver, gilded within and enamelled with- 
 out, which is also veiy ancient. 
 
 Dowlas, O. E. Coarse linen cloth made in 
 Brittany ; "■ fdlhy doidas ! " 
 
 Drachma, Gr. (SpaxfJ-v', ^paaaofxai, to hold 
 in the hand). A drachm, the principal silver 
 coin of the Greeks. There were two kinds of 
 drachjiiata, which differed in value : the Attic 
 drachm and the /Eginetan. The Attic drachnui 
 was equal in value to a franc, equal to six oboloi. 
 The piece of four drachmas was called a staler. 
 As a weight the drachma was the eighth of an 
 iincia ; about = our modern dracJun. 
 
 Draco, Gen. (i) A dragon ; the ensign of the 
 Roman cohort in the time of Trajan, adojited from 
 the Parthians. (2) A fantastic animal of Pagan 
 mythology: the garden of the Ilesperides, the 
 Golden Fleece, and the fountain of Castalia were 
 all guarded by dragons. (3) In Christian 
 archeology the dragon symbolizes sin, es]3ecially 
 idolatry. (4) The Chinese give to several im- 
 mortals the figure of a dragon. They distin- 
 guish the long dragon of heaven, a being espe- 
 cially sacred; the Kau, dragon of the mountain ; 
 
 lii;. 270. Heraldic 
 Dragon. 
 
 and the Li, dragon of the sea. The dragons 
 are represented as "gigantic saurians, with 
 powerful claws, and terminated by a frightful 
 head, scaly and strongly toothed." There arc 
 the scaly dragon, the winged dragon, the horned 
 and the lu)rnless dragons, and the dragon 
 rolled within itself which has not yet taken 
 lliglit to the upper regions. In their zodiacal 
 system the dragon is the sign for the month ol 
 March. (See TciiY.) 
 
 Draconarius, R. The standanl-bcarer who 
 carried the diijco. 
 
 Dracontarium, K. • A band for the head, so 
 called because it was twisted in imitation of the 
 draco \\ hich was used as an en>ign. 
 
 Dragon, I Icr. A 
 winged monster having 
 four legs. (Seel)KACO.) 
 Dragon. A short car- 
 bine (hence" ibagooiis"). 
 Dragon's Blood. A 
 resinous astringent ex- 
 tractof a deep red colour, 
 used as a colouring ingre- 
 dient forspirit and turi)en- 
 tine varnishes and paints, 
 tSic. The Roman ciiiua 
 /wrwas Dragon's Blood. 
 Draught (or Drawte) Chamber, O. E. The 
 w\\.\\-dra7uiui::^ room. 
 
 Draughts, Game of. (See Damks, LAiKt/.N- 
 
 CUI.I.) 
 
 Dravid'ha, Ilind. A Hindoo temple con- 
 structed on an octagonal plan. (See Is' agar AS, 
 
 ViMANA, VkSARA.) 
 
 Dresden Porcelain, made at the Royal 
 Manufactory established at Meissen in Sa.vony 
 in 1709, is most excellent anterior to 1796, 
 since when its ancient perfection has been lost. 
 The mark of the best period is two crossed 
 swords, with a sloped cross or a .small circle 
 beneath. The later mark has a star beneath 
 the swords. On rejected ])ieces the sword> 
 were cut across with a line ; but the manufac- 
 tory at the present day counterfeits its old 
 marks. Fig. 271 is a specimen of the best 
 period, later than 1720 and before 1778. 
 
 Dressoir or Dressouer (the buffet of the 
 15th century, the tiidnia of the l6th) was the 
 principal object of the dining-room, on which 
 were displayed all the ornamental plate of the 
 owner of the house, costly vases, (!v:c. Kings 
 had often three dressers, one for silver, another 
 for silver-gold, and the third for gold plate. In 
 form they varied ; but they were made of the 
 most valuable woods, and enriched with the 
 finest carving. They were sometimes covered 
 over with cloth of gold : the city of Orleans 
 offered one in gold to Charles IV., which was 
 valued at Sooo livres Tournois. 
 
 Drilbu, 1 1 ind. A bell used in Buddhist worship. 
 
Its 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Drinking-cups of Glass are frequently found 
 in tlie Saxon barrows or graves in England. 
 They are ornamented in various patterns, and 
 
 Kig. j-ji. Dresden milk-jug. 
 
 rounded at the bottom. The Anglo-Saxons 
 were also rich in cups of the precious metals. 
 
 Fig. 272. Pot-pourri vase, Dresden china. 
 
 They used horn cup.-) also, as did the Normans. 
 In the 15th century tiat-shaped cups or bowls 
 were used. 
 
 Drip, Arch. The edge of a roof ; the eaves ; 
 the corona of a cornice. 
 
 Drip-stone, Arch. The moulding in Gothic 
 architecture which serves as a canopy for 
 an opening and to throw off the rain. It is 
 also called 7veatker- moulding and water-table. 
 (See also Corona.) 
 
 Dromo, Dromon, R. {5p6ixa>v ; Spo/^eir, to run). 
 A vessel remarkable for its swift sailing; hence — 
 
 Dromon or Dromound, O. E. A medieval ship, 
 propelled by oars and one sail, used for the trans- 
 port of troops. The Crusaders cz\\e.d.\is.droineda7y. 
 
 Dromos, Gr. and Egyp. [bp6ixos). (i) The 
 Spartan racecourse. (2) An avenue leading 
 to the entrances of Egyptian temples ; that lead- 
 ing to the great temple of Karnac contained 660 
 colossal sphinxes, all of which were monoliths. 
 
 Drop Lake is a pigment obtained from Bra- 
 zil wood, which affords a very fugitive colour. 
 
 Drops, Arch. (Lat. guttce). Ornaments re- 
 sembling drops, used in the Doric entablature,, 
 immediately under the TRIGLYI'H and mutule. 
 
 Druidic (Monuments), Celt. Celtic monu- 
 ments, also known by the name of Megalithic. 
 (See Standing-stones, Dolmens, Menhirs, 
 Cromlechs, &c. ). The most ancient and pro- 
 bably the largest Celtic or Druidical temple 
 was at Avebury in Wiltshire. D7: Stukdcy, 
 who .surveyed it in 1720, says that "this may 
 be regarded as the grand national cathedral, 
 while the smaller circles which are met with in 
 other parts of the island may be compared to 
 the parish or village churches. '' 
 
 Drum, Arch, (i) Of a dome or cupola, the 
 Stylobate (or vertical part on which the 
 columns rest). (2) Of the Corinthian and 
 Composite capitals, the solid part ; called also 
 Bell, Vase, Basket. 
 
 Dry Point. Direct engraving upon copper 
 with the sharp etching-needle itself, without the 
 plate being covered with etching-ground, or the 
 lines bit in by acid. This method produces very 
 soft and delicate work, but it is not so durable 
 in printing as the etched line. 
 
 Dryers. In painting, substances imparted 
 to oils to make them dry quickly. The most 
 general in use is oxide of lead, but white 
 copperas, oxide of manganese, ground glass, 
 oxide of zinc, calcined bones, chloride of lime, 
 and verdigris have all been used at various times. 
 
 Drying Oil. Boiled oil, used in painting 
 as a vehicle and a varnish. It is linseed oil 
 boiled with litharge (or oxide of lead). 
 
 Dryness. A style of painting in which the 
 outline is harsh and formal, and the colour defi- 
 cient in mellowness and harmony. 
 
 Duck-bills, O. E. Broad-toed shoes of the 
 15th century. 
 
ART AND ARCH GEOLOGY. 
 
 119 
 
 Buke, Her. The 
 
 Fig. 273. Duke's coronet. 
 
 highest rank and title 
 in the British 
 peerage ; fust 
 introduced by 
 Edward HI. 
 in the year 
 1337. when 
 lie created the 
 Black Prince 
 the first Eng- 
 lish duke (in 
 Latin "dux"). The coronet of a duke, arbitrary 
 in its adornment until the 1 6th century was far 
 advanced, is now a circlet, heightened with eight 
 conventional strawberry-leaves, of which in re- 
 presentation three and two half-leaves are 
 shown. {Bout ell.) 
 
 Dulcimer. A musical instrument, the proto- 
 type of our pianoforte. It was very early 
 known to the Arabs and Persians, who called it 
 saiitir. One of its old European names is the 
 ciinbal. The Hebrew ncbd, or perhaps the 
 psanicrin mentioned by Daniel, is supposed to 
 
 have been a dulcimer ; the psalterion of the 
 Greeks also. A hand organ of the Middle Ages 
 was called a dulcimer. 
 
 Dunkirk. A manufactory of modern faience 
 which only existed for a short time in the l8th 
 century, and was closed within a year. The 
 works are therefore very rare. Jacquemart 
 mentions a clock bearing a close resemblance 
 to certain Dutch products, inscribed Dickhoof 
 and A. Diiislmrg, and by the latter name 
 identified as Dunkirk work. 
 
 Duns, Celtic. Ancient hill forts of the sim- 
 plest kind, consisting of a round or oval earthen 
 wall and ditch on a rising ground, probably 
 contemporary with the pit dwellings. 
 
 Dunster, O. P^. Broad -cloth made in 
 Somersetshire, temp. Edward III. 
 
 Dutch Pink. (.See Pinks.) 
 
 Dutch White. (See Carhon'atf. ok Leah, 
 Barytes.) 
 
 Dwararab'ha, Dwaragopouras, Dwara- 
 harmya, Dwaraprasada, Dwarasala, Ind. (See 
 GorouRAs.) 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle, Her. The eagle (called in heraldry 
 .-i/tvw;/) appears in 
 the earliest iMiglish 
 examples of arms, 
 \ and his appearance 
 \ often denotes an 
 > alliance with Ger- 
 man princes. Both 
 the German em- 
 ]ierors and Rus- 
 sian czars adopted 
 the eagle for their 
 heraldic ensign in 
 support of their 
 claim to be con- 
 Fig. 274. Eagle— Ensign of France, sidered the suc- 
 cessors of the 
 Roman Ca.sars. The eagle borne as the en- 
 sign of Imperial France sits, grasping a thunder- 
 bolt, in an attitude of vigilance, having its 
 wings elevated, but the tips of the feathers 
 drooping, as they would be in a living bird. In 
 remote antiquity the eagle was an emblem of 
 the sun, and the double-headed eagle typifies the 
 rising and the setting sun. The eagle was the 
 attribute of Jove as his messenger. The eagle 
 killing a serpent or a hare is an ancient symbol 
 of victory. In Christian art the eagle is the attri- 
 bute of .St. John the Evangelist, the symbol of 
 the highest inspiration. St. John is sometimes 
 represented with human body and eagle head. 
 
 Fig. 275. Earl's coronet. 
 
 The lectern in Christian churches is commonly 
 in the form of an eagle. Elislia the prophet is 
 rejjresentcd with a two-headed eagle. (See 
 Aquil.-e. ) 
 
 Earl, Her. (from the Gaelic iarjlath, "a 
 dependent chief" = iar, "after," and fath, 
 " lord"; pronounced iarrl). Before 1337 the high- 
 est, and now the 
 third degree of rank 
 and dignity in the 
 British peerage. An 
 earl's coronet has 
 eight lofty rays of 
 gold rising from the 
 circlet, each of 
 which supports a 
 large pearl, while between each pair of these 
 rays there is a golden strawlierry-leaf In re- 
 presentation five of the rays and pearls are shown. 
 Elevated clusters of pearls appear in an earl's 
 coronet as early as 1445 ; but the present form 
 of the coronet may be assigned to the second 
 half of the following century. 
 
 Earl Marshal. In England, ore of the great 
 officers of slate, who regulates ceremonies and 
 takes cognizance of all matters relating to 
 honour, anus, and ])edigree. 
 
 Early English Architecture. The first of 
 the pointed or Gothic styles of architecture used 
 in England. It succeeded the Norman towards 
 the end of the I2tli century, and gradually 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 merged into the Decorated at the end of the 
 13th. Its leading peculiarity is the long narrow 
 lancet window. 
 Earn, Scotch. An eagle 
 
 Echinate. Armed with spines or bristles 
 like a hedgehog. 
 
 Fig, 276. Greek or Etruscan ear-rings in gold. 
 
 Ear-rings (Lat. inatircs, Gr. ifdna) were 
 a common ornament for ladies in Greece and 
 Rome, and among the early Saxons : they were 
 worn by men during the reigns of Elizabeth and 
 James I. 
 
 Earth Tables, Arch. The projecting course of 
 stones in a wall, immediately above the surface 
 of the ground, now called the plinth. {^Parker. ) 
 
 Earthenware. (See Pottery.) 
 
 Easel (from the German esel, an ass). A 
 frame with movable rest for resting pictures on. 
 
 Easel-picture. A small portable picture. 
 
 Easter, Chr. (A.vS. easire). From the goddess 
 "Eostur," whose festival fell in April. The 
 Latin name "Paschal" refers to the Jewish 
 feast of the Passover. The Paschal season 
 originally extended over fifteen days, from Palm 
 Sunday to Low Sunday. (See S/nith and 
 Ckecthani's Diet, of Christian Ant.) 
 
 Eaves (A. S. efcse, the edge). The over- 
 hanging " edge " of the roof of a house. 
 
 Ebenistes, Fr. Workers in fine cabinet- 
 making. 
 
 Ebony. A heavy, hard, black wood, obtained 
 from the Diospyrus ebenus. Ebony and other 
 exotic woods came into general use in Europe 
 from the end of the 17th centuiy — subsequently 
 to 1695, when the Dutch settled in Ceylon. The 
 black ebony is the most valuable, but there are 
 green and yellow varieties. Old carved ebony 
 furniture found in English houses dates gene- 
 rally from the early years of the Dutch occupa- 
 tion of Ceylon. 
 
 Ebnrnean. Made of ivory. 
 
 Ecbasios (iKdaiiu-, to disembark). A sacrifice 
 offered to Apollo after a favoiu'able voyage. 
 
 Ecclesia, Gr. General assembly of the citizens 
 of Athens. (See Sviith and Cheetham's Diet, 
 of Christian Ant. ) 
 
 Echea, Gr. and R. (^x^s sound or noise). 
 Earthenware or bronze vessels used to strengthen 
 the sound in theatres. (See Acoustic Vessels. ) 
 
 
 
 Fig. 277. Echinus or egg and luiigue on tlie ovulo of a 
 Greek cornice. 
 
 Echinus, Arch. (Gr. lyl.vo's, a hedgehog). 
 The egg and dart or egg and tongue ovnameni 
 frequently carved on the roimd moulding, much 
 used in classic architecture, called the ovo/o. 
 (Fig. 277.) 
 
 Echometry (/xerpoj/, a measure). Ihe art of 
 measuring the duration of sounds. 
 
 Ecorchee, Fr. (lit. flayed). Said of an ana- 
 tomical model specially prepared for the study 
 of the muscular system. 
 
 Ecphonesis, Chr. That part of a devotional 
 office which is said ajtdibly, in contrast with that 
 said secrete. 
 
 Ectypus, R. A hollow mould which pro- 
 duces an impression in relief which is called 
 eetypuin. 
 
 Fig 278. Ecuelle, Venetian porcelain. 
 
 Ecuelle, Fr. A porringer. Fig. 278 is a 
 specimen in the best style of Venetian porcelain. 
 
 Edward-Shovelboards, O. E. Broad shillings 
 of Edward VI., formerly used in playing the 
 game of shovelboard. {Halliwell.) 
 
 Effeir of War, Scotch. Warlike guise. 
 
 Effigies, R. An image or effigy. The word is 
 usually applied to the heads upon coins or medals. 
 
 Egg and Dart, or Egg and Tongue, Orna- 
 ment, Arch. (Fr. aards et oves). A carving 
 
ART AND ARCII^.OLOGV. 
 
 commonly inserted on the ovolo moulding. 
 (See Echinus. ) 
 
 Egg-feast or Egg-Saturday, O. E. The 
 Saturday before Shrove Tuesday. 
 
 Egg-shell Porcelain. A veiy thin white 
 porcelain of the " Rose family," to which the 
 Chinese have given the name of " porcelain 
 without embryo." 
 
 Eggs, as a Christian emblem, are supposed 
 to represent " the immature hope of the resur- 
 rection." {Martigny. ) 
 
 Egret (Fr. ais^frtte). A small white heron, 
 marked by a cirst on his head. 
 
 Egyptian Architecture and Sculpture can be 
 studied in the nn^numenti remaining from re- 
 motest antiquity to about a.d. 300. (ireat varieties 
 of style occur, which can be easily attributed to 
 their respective periods by the hieroglyphical 
 inscriptions. The three primitive motives of 
 all Egyptian buildings are the pyramid, caves, 
 and structures of tintber; all contemporary with 
 the most ancient relics. In sculpture, the most 
 ancient works of all are also those most remarkal)le 
 for fidelity to nature. The conventionality intro- 
 duced afterwards with the canon of proportions is 
 still comliined with a close imitation of Nature 
 in the details. The Grecian or Ptolemaic period 
 begins B.C. 322. [See Wilkinson^ s Ancient 
 Egyptians, Canincis Egyptian Architecture ; and 
 the works of Briigsch, Marriette, Soldi, Ebers, &c.] 
 Egyptian Blue, the brilliant blue pigment 
 found on the monu- 
 ments, is found by 
 analysis to consist of 
 the hydrated pro- 
 toxide of copper, 
 mixed with a minute 
 quantity of iron. The 
 green colour was de- 
 rived from another 
 oxide of copper ; vio- 
 let from manganese 
 or gold ; yellow from 
 silver, or perhaps 
 iron ; and red from 
 the protoxide of cop- 
 per. 
 
 Egyptian Pottery 
 of great beauty is 
 found in great quan- 
 tities along with the 
 costly ornaments 
 in the tombs. It is 
 intermediary between 
 porcelain and stone- 
 ware, and its colour- 
 ing demonstrates a 
 high degree of skill, 
 science, and precision of execution. Among 
 the forms frequently found are the oviform, 
 long-necked bottles (Fig. 279), lenticular phials 
 
 with royal cartouches (Fig- 280), lamps (l-ig. 
 281), &c. (See also Fig. 219.) 
 
 Fig. 279. Oviform bottle. 
 Egypti.in. 
 
 *^J^'U 
 
 bii; 280. Lenticiil.ir Phials. Loiivrc M11-.CU111, 
 
 Eikon, Gr., or Icon, Lat. An image; hence 
 iconoclasts or image-breakers. 
 
 Eileton, Chr. (from tWa), to wind or 
 
 Fig. 281. Lamp in blue enamelled carthiiiwurc. 
 Egyptian. 
 
 fold). The cloth on which the elements are 
 consecrated in the Eucharist. " The eiU-ton 
 represents the linen cloth in which the body of 
 Christ was wrapped when it was taken down 
 from the cross anil laid in the tomb."(6V/-///,///«j). 
 
 Eisodos, Chr. A ceremony of the Greek 
 Church, of two parts. (l) The bearing into 
 the church in proctssion of the book of the 
 Gospels is called the Lesser Entrance. (2) A 
 similar bearing in of the elements of the Eucha- 
 rist is called the Greater Entrance. 
 
 Eleeolite (lit. oil-stone). A mineral having 
 a fatty resinous lustre. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Elaeothesium, Gr. and R. A room in a 
 suite of batlis wliere oils, perfumes, and essences 
 were kept, and the bathers were anointed and 
 rubbed. 
 
 Elaphebolia, Gr. Athenian festivals held in 
 the month called Elaphebolion, or the ninth 
 month of the year, when a stag (tKacpos) was 
 sacrificed to Diana. 
 
 Elbow-g-auntlet. A long gauntlet of plate 
 armour, adopted from the Asiatics in the i6th 
 century. 
 
 Elbow-pieces (Fr. coudicrcs). Plate armour 
 to coN'cr the joint at the elbow. 
 
 Elbows, Alod. (Fr. accoudoirs). The divisions 
 between the stalls in a church, also called by 
 the French "museaux," from the fact of their 
 ends being ornamented with an animal's head. 
 
 Electoral Bonnet, Her. A cap of crimson 
 velvet guarded with ermine, borne over the 
 inescutcheon of the arms of Hanover from iSoi 
 to 1816. 
 
 Eleotrotint. A method of preparing en- 
 graved copper plates for the printing-press by 
 the electrotype process. {See Art Joiirnal, 1850.) 
 
 Electrotype. The process whereby works in 
 relief are produced by the agency of electricity, 
 through \\'hich certain metals, such as gold, 
 silver, and copper, are precipitated from their 
 solutions upon moulds in so fine a state of 
 division as to form a coherent mass of pure 
 metal, equal in toughness and flexibility to the 
 hammered metals. {Fair/iolt.) At the present 
 day electrotypes are generally taken from en- 
 gravings on wood for printing from. 
 
 Electrum {fiXtKrpou). In Homer and Hesiod 
 this word means amber. Pliny says that when 
 gold contains a fifth part of silver, it is called 
 electrum. Its colour was whiter and more 
 luminous than that of gold, and the metal was 
 supposed to betray the presence of poison. 
 Specimens are rare. A beautiful vase of electnnn 
 is preserved in the St. Petersburg Museum. 
 Some coins in electrum were struck by the 
 kings of Bosporus, and by Syracuse and some 
 Greek states. 
 
 Elements, Chr. The bread and the wine in 
 the Lord's Supper. In the Eastern liturgies 
 the unconsecrated elements are called "the 
 Mysteries," and the bread alone the Seal 
 ((T<ppa-yh), from its being divided by lines in the 
 form of a cross. The interesting subject of the 
 composition and form of the elements in the 
 early churches is fully discussed in the "Dic- 
 tionary of Christian Anti(piities " (Smith and 
 Cheetham). 
 
 Elemine. A crystallized resin used to give 
 consistency to the varnish which forms part of 
 the composition of lacquer. 
 
 Elenchus, R. (tXtyxos). (i) A pear-shaped 
 ]icarl highly esteemed by the Roman ladies, who 
 Wore such pearls niouiUed as ilrups or pendants 
 
 to brooches and rings. (See the illustration to 
 Crotalium.) (2) An index to a book. 
 
 Elephant. In mediaeval heraldry this animal 
 is a symlx)! of piety, from an ancient legend, 
 mentioned by /Elian, liiny, and others, that it 
 has in religious reverence, with a kind of dev('>- 
 tion, not only the stars and planets, but also the 
 sun and moon. 
 
 Elephant Paper. Drawing-paper manufac- 
 tured in sheets, measuring 28 inches by 23. 
 Double Elephant Paper measures 40 inches by 2b\. 
 Eleusinian Mysteries. The holiest and most 
 venerated of the Greek festivals. The Lesser 
 Eleusinia, held at Agr?c in the month Anthes- 
 terion, were a preparation for the Greater, 
 which were celebrated at Athens and Eleusis. 
 The Mysfce were the initiated at the Lesser, of 
 which the principal rite was the sacrifice of a 
 sow, previously purified by washing in the Can- 
 tharus. The Greater were celebrated every year 
 in the month Boedromion, and lasted nine days. 
 On the first day the Mysta; assembled at Athens ; 
 on the second they went through a ceremony of 
 purification at the sea coast ; the third was a 
 day of fasting ; on the fourth there was a pro- 
 cession of a waggon drawn by oxen, followed 
 by women who had small mystic cases in their 
 hands ; on the fifth, or torch day, the MystK 
 went in the evening with torches to the temple 
 of Demeter, where they passed the night ; on 
 the sixth, which was the most solemn of all, a 
 statue of lacchos, the son of Demeter, was 
 borne in procession to Eleusis, and the Mystrc 
 were there initiated in the last mysteries 
 during the following night. There was some- 
 thing in the secrets of this part of the ceremony 
 which excited greatly the imagination of the 
 ancient writers, especially Christians, who de- 
 scribe them "in an awful and horrible manner." 
 Each of the initiated was dismissed by the 
 niystagogiis with the words K6y^, ouira^. On 
 the next day they returned to Athens, and 
 resting on the bridge of Cephisus engaged in a 
 contest of ridicule with the passers-by : the 
 eighth and ninth days were unimportant. 
 
 Eleutheria. A Greek festival in honour oi 
 Zeus Eleutherios (the Deliverer). 
 
 Elevati of Ferrara. One of the Italian 
 literary academies. Their device was from the 
 fable of Hercules and Ant.vus, with the motto 
 from Horace, " S//perat tellus, sidera donat" 
 (Earth conquers us, but gives us Heaven). 
 
 Elevation, (i) In Architecture, &c., a per- 
 pendicular plan drawn to a scale. (2) In 
 Christian archreology, the Hfti'ig up of the 
 elements at certain points in the Eucharistic ser- 
 vice, universally prescribed in the early Oriental 
 liturgies, and introduced into the Western 
 Church with the doctrine of transubstantiatlon. 
 
 Elgin Marbles. Friezes and metojies from 
 the Parllienon at Athens, brought to the 
 
Fig. 282. Bas-reLef from the frieze of die Parthenon. One of the Elgin Marbles. 
 
 British Museum by Lord Elgin. They are 
 adorned -with sculptures in relief; those on the 
 frieze represent the Panathenaic procession in 
 honour of Athena; those on the metopes, chiefly 
 the contests of the Centaurs and Lapitha;. There 
 are also statues and friezes, especially from the 
 temple of the Wingless Victoiy and the Cho- 
 RAGic Monument of Lysicrates. They are 
 admirably described by Mr. Newton in his 
 
 Fig. 2S !. Great Se.il of ( Jiiccn Elizabeth. 
 
 " Guide " to these sculptures published by the 
 authorities of the British Museum. (Fig. 
 282.) ^ ^ 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen. The costume and the 
 royal apjnirtenances of this monarch are well 
 illustrated by the Royal Seal. In the Royal Arms 
 we see the lions and the lilies {France modern 
 and England quarterly). On the reverse (Fig. 
 284) the Tudor Rose, fleur-de-lis, and harp 
 appear separately crowned for England, 
 France, and Ireland. Elizabeth was fond 
 of allegory and devices. In her portrait 
 by Zoffany "the lining of her robe is 
 A\orked with eyes and ears, and on her 
 left sleeve is embroidered a serpent — all 
 to imply wisdom and vigilance." In her 
 other hand is a rainbow with the motto, 
 " Kon sine sole iris " (no rainbow without 
 the sun). 
 
 Elizabethan. The style of architecture 
 and flecoration gradually developed during 
 the reign oftheTudors in England. Its 
 characteristics are a mixed revival of clas- 
 sical forms with quaint and grotesque relics 
 of the Gothic. Typical examples are 
 Crewe Hall, Speke, in Lancashire, Haddon 
 Hall, Kenihvorth Castle, Raglan Castle, 
 \c. 
 
 Ellipsis, Ellipse. A figure formed by 
 cutting a cone obliquely across its length ; 
 hence — 
 
 Ellipsograph. An instrument for de- 
 scribing a semi-ellipse. 
 
 EUotia or Hellotia. A Corinthian fes- 
 tival with a torch-race, in honour of Athena 
 as a goddess of fire. 
 
124 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Ellychnium, R. {\vxyos, a light). The wick 
 
 Fig. 2S4. Great Seal uf (Jueen Elizabeth. 
 
 Emarginated. Having the margin broken 
 by a notcli or notches. 
 
 Embalming was frequently practised by the 
 early ChrLstians, especially with the bodies of 
 martyrs. The practice was derived from the 
 Jews. As a pagan ceremony embalming was 
 intended to facilitate crcviatioii. 
 
 Embalon, Cjr. and U. A beak, corresponding 
 to the modern ra>n, under the liows of a war 
 galley, for the jjurpose of sinking the enemy. 
 
 Embas, Gr. A shoe of white felt, used esp. 
 by the Ureotians. 
 
 Ember Days, Chr. (in Anglo-Saxon, yiiihrcit 
 dagas, "recurrent days;" in Latin, jcjiinia 
 quatuor tcmporum ; in French, ks quatre temps, 
 &.C.). Special fasts api^ointed to be observed at 
 
 Fig. 285. Eniblomata 
 
 the commencement of each of the /our seasons of 
 the year. In the Eastern Church there is no 
 trace of such an observance. (The word has no 
 connexion with embers in the sense of ashes.) 
 Emblazon, Her. (See Blazon.) 
 Emblemata, Gr. {iuBdWu, to put in). 
 Ini,.\ii) work, or (i) Mosaic made of 
 coloured cubes of glass or vitreous enamel. 
 (See Sectii.e, Tessellatum, Vermicu- 
 i.ATUM.) Fig. 285 represents emblemata 
 of different kinds of glass. (2) Crusts 
 exquisitely wrought on the surface of ves- 
 sels or other pieces of furniture ; as, for 
 instance, alabaster on marble, gold on 
 silver, silver on bronze. The Romans 
 generally used the term cnista: for this kind 
 of work. From Emblemata is derived 
 our word EMiiLE.M, the true meaning of 
 which is " a symbolical figure or compo- 
 sition which conceals an allegory." Thus 
 an ape symbolized malice and lust ; ■x pelican 
 piety, and the Redeemer's love for the world, 
 &c. The most important books of Emblems 
 are by Alciati, Faradin, and Sambuco. 
 
 Embolismus, Embolis, or Embolum, 
 Chr. (I) An inserted or intercalated prayer 
 in a liturgy. (2) The number of days re- 
 quired to make up the lunar year to the 
 solar. (See Epact.) 
 Embolium,Gr.andR. (lit.somethingthrown 
 in). Aninterlude orcomicpiecerecitedbyan 
 actress {cmboliaria) between the acts of a drama. 
 Embolos, Arch., Chr. A covered portico or 
 cloister surrounding the external walls of a church. 
 Embolum, Gr. The Greek term answering 
 to the Latin Rostrum (q.v.). (See also 
 Embolismus.) 
 
 Embolus, R. (ejujSoAos). The piston in the 
 chamber of a jnnnji. 
 
 Embossing, Embossment. A prominence like 
 a boss ; raised ornamental work. 
 
 Embowed, Her. Bent. An arm embowed 
 has the ell)ow to the dexter. 
 
 Embrasure, Arch, (i) The interval bet\\een 
 the cops of a battlement. (2) An expansion of 
 doorways, windows, &c., given by slanting the 
 sides. (See Splay.) 
 
 Embroidery is one of the oldest of the orna- 
 mental arts. Some specimens of ancient Egyp- 
 tian embroideiy are exhibited in the Louvre, and 
 Herodotus mentions the embroidered vestments 
 of the gods in Egypt. The Israelites appointed 
 Aholiab, " a cunning workman, and an embroi- 
 derer in blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine 
 linen," to be chief embroiJerer to the sacred ark. 
 The prophet Ezekiel mentions the embroidery 
 of Tyre. It was the principal domestic occu- 
 ]iation of ladies in G>-ecce, from the days when 
 l\-nelope embroidered a garment for Ulysses, 
 representing a dog chasing a deer. The J\omans 
 called embroidery " Phrygium,' and imported 
 
ART AND AR('ir.'T:oi,nr,v. 
 
 it largely from the East. In later times Byzan- 
 tium was celebrated for its cmhroidered ccclo- 
 
 F ^. -jj. Indian Embroidery. In tlie Indian bCLtion of 
 the South Kensington Museum. 
 
 siastical vestments. Pope Paschal, in the 9th 
 century, was the greatest patron of the art. 
 When the Caliph Omar pillaged the Persian 
 palace of Khosroes, he found there a carj)et of 
 silk and cloth of gold, sixty cubits square, hav- 
 ing a garden depicted upon it, and rubies, 
 emeralds, sapphires, beryls, topazes, and pearls 
 arranged with consummate skill to represent 
 trees, fruit and flowers, rivulets, fountains, roses 
 and shrubs. Our English word " embroidery " 
 is derived from the Celtic "brouda," to ]5rick. 
 Anglo-Saxonembroidery was celebrated through- 
 out Europe as Opus AnglicaniDii. The celebrated 
 Bayeux tapestry is attributed to the 12th century. 
 A copy of it may be seen in the South Kensing- 
 ton Kluseum. The art decayed in England 
 during the Civil War of the 17th century. 
 
 Embrued, Iler. Stained with blond. 
 
 Embu. A French term for the loss of lone in an oil 
 sketch, caused by the absorption of the oil whilst 
 it is drying. It is easily corrected l)y a glaze. 
 
 Emerald. A precious stone of various shades 
 of green, much used by the ancients for gem- 
 engraving. The less brilliant varieties are known 
 as beryls. For its significance in Christian art, 
 see Creen. 
 
 Emerald Green. A vivid bright green pig- 
 ment, prejiared from the arseniate of copper, and 
 used both in oil and water-colours ; called also 
 Paul Veronese Green. 
 
 Emissarium, R. [eniitlo, to send forth). A 
 channel, natural or artificial, for letting off 
 stagnant water. Some of these channels are the 
 most wonderful monuments of Roman ingenuity. 
 The lakes of Trasimene, Albano, Nemi, and 
 Fucino were all drained by EMissARlA. The 
 last is open to inspection, and is described as " a 
 stupendous work of engineering, planned by Julius 
 C;vsar, and completed by the Emperor Claudius. ' 
 
 Empaistic, Gr. Damascening (q.v.) or in 
 crusta work practised by the ancients, as opposed 
 to Toreutic Art (q.v.). 
 
 Emperor Paper. The largest kind of draw 
 ing-]5aper manufactured : in sheets measuring 
 66 inches by 47. 
 
 Emphotion, Chr, (from (fi(t>wTi^u, to en- 
 lighten). A name given in the early Church to 
 the white robe with which persons were in- 
 vested in baptism ; as it were, "a robe of light." 
 
 Emplecton, Gr. and R. (lit. inwoven). A 
 method of building, originating in Cireece and 
 adopted by the Romans, in which a space 
 left in the interior of the wall was fdled in 
 with rubble, the whole block of masonry being 
 bound together at intervals by ties (diatcynoi). 
 In the engraving, c and /' are the square status, 
 the parts between them being the ties ordiatonoi, 
 and (' the rubble. (.See Fig. 249.) 
 
 Emporium, Gr. and R. (e/uiropoj, a passenger 
 in a ship). A place at a sea-port where imported 
 merchandise was warehoused and exposed for 
 sale. The remains of the ancient emporium of 
 Rome have been discovered on the banks of the 
 Tiber. The name is sometimes applied to a town, 
 but applies properly only to a certain place in a 
 town. 
 
 Enafota or Enafodia, Chr. (Or. it/ved<t>uTa). 
 A corona or chandelier of " nine lights." 
 
 Enaluron, Her. (See Entoike.) 
 
 Enamel (Fr. es/nail ; Ital. smallo). A 
 glassy substance of many Inilliant colours, 
 melted and united to gold, silver, copper, 
 bronze, and other metals in the furnace. 
 Enamel is coloured whitehy oxide of tin, blue by 
 oxide of cobalt, ;■<•</ by gold, and^^cr^by copper. 
 Different kinds of enamel are (i) inlaid or in- 
 crusted. (2) Transparent, showing designs on 
 the metal under it, (3) Painted as a complete 
 
126 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 picture. "Many fine specimens of ancient 
 Chinese enamel were seen in the Exhibition of 
 1851. They have the enamel on copper, beau- 
 tifully coloured and enlivened with figures of 
 flowers, birds, and other animals. The 
 colouring is most chaste and effective. 
 The Chinese say that no good specimens of 
 this manufacture have been made for the 
 last six or eight hundred years." {For- 
 tune.) Beautiful transparent enamels are 
 made in India. 
 They look like 
 slices of emerald 
 or sapphire laid 
 in beds of gold, 
 having tiny figures 
 of beaten gold let 
 into their surfaces. 
 (SeealsoCLOisoN- 
 N^, Champ-leve, 
 Basse-taille, 
 &c.) The beautiful 
 example of enam- 
 el-work, Fig. 287, 
 is attributed to 
 Benvenuto Cellini. 
 (See Fig. 188.) 
 
 Enamel. Paint- 
 ing in enamel is 
 done by means of 
 colours that are 
 vitrifiable, a qua- 
 lity that is com- 
 municated to them 
 
 by combining them with a vitreous base, 
 which is called their flux. These are 
 fused and fixed on the enamel by the 
 action of fire, which produces in the colours 
 applied such changes as the artist has pre- 
 viously learned to calculate. [Boiivicr.) 
 Enamelled Glass. (See Glass.) 
 Enamelled Wares. (See Glazed Ware.) 
 Encaenia, Chr. A dedication festival. 
 Encarpa, Gr. An architectural 
 decoration formed of festoons f'is- 287 
 or garlands of flowers and fruits 
 {KapitoX), whence its name. Fig. 
 288 shows an example horn the temple of Vesta 
 at Tivoli. 
 
 Encaustic, R. (lit. burning in). The art of 
 painting in encaustic. Pliny says, " The colours 
 were applied with wax on marble, and trans- 
 parent gum on ivory. Coloured wax was ap- 
 plied to the wall in the form of a paste, and in 
 the manner of mosaic or enamels. This was 
 then melted or fused with hot irons {caiitcrid), 
 a small fillet of a different tint being in- 
 serted between each flat tint." Fairholt says, 
 "There is no antique painting extant which 
 is properly called encaustic ; all those sup- 
 posed to be so have, on closer examina- 
 
 Pendant 
 aiid enriched with jewe 
 
 tion, proved to be in Fresco or in Tem- 
 pera." 
 
 Encaustic Tiles. Ornamental tiles for floor- 
 ings, extensively used in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Encheirion, Chr. The napkin with 
 which the priest wipes his hands ; worn ■ 
 at the girdle. 
 
 Encoignure, Fr. A table made with 
 an angle to fit into a corner. 
 
 Encolpia, Chr. (lit. worn on the 
 breast, or from 
 the Gr. eyKuKiri^o}, 
 to contain in the 
 womb). (l) Small 
 caskets contain- 
 ing relics or a 
 copy of the Gos- 
 pels, worn by the 
 early Christians 
 suspended from 
 the neck. (See 
 
 E POM ADI ON.) 
 
 Their use is of 
 the highest an- 
 tiquity, anrl speci- 
 mens have been 
 found in the 
 tombs of the an- 
 cient cemetery of 
 the Vatican, be- 
 longing to the 
 4th century. 
 These were square 
 in form, having 
 on one side the sacred monogram IXP for 
 IH20T2 XPI2T02 between the letters 
 A and n. (2) The pectoral crosses worn 
 by bishops are also called encolpia. 
 Reliquaries in the form of a cross are 
 first mentioned by Gregory the Great. 
 He sent one of them to Queen Theode- 
 linda. {Martigny.) 
 
 Eticomboma, Gr. (i. e. girt on). A 
 Greek apron, tied round the 
 of gold, enamelled waist, worn chiefly by young 
 maidens and by slaves to keep 
 the tunic clean. 
 Encyclical Letters, (i) Chr. Letters "sent 
 round " to all who should read them, and not 
 addressed to any particular person (from the 
 members of a council, &c.). (2) Gen. The same 
 words, ypdfifjLara iyKvKKta, apply to the subjects 
 which the Greeks included in the " circle of the 
 sciences," or encyclopaedia. 
 Encysted. Enclosed in a cyst. 
 Endecagon (eVSe/ca, eleven ; ya>via, an angle). 
 A plane figure having eleven sides and eleven 
 angles. 
 
 Endorse, Her. A diminutive of the Pale 
 (q.v.), one-fourth of its width. 
 'Endo'hys. (See Endytis. ) 
 
AKl AMI ARCFI.EOF.nr.V. 
 
 Endromis, C.v. and R. {Sp6ij.oi, a course or 
 running). In Greek this name is given to himt- 
 
 Fig. 2SS. Encarpa (Festoons) on the Temple of Vesta 
 at Tivoli. 
 
 ing boots of Cretan origin, such as Diana is re 
 presented wearing by the Greek sculptors. 
 Among the Romans the cudromis was an ample 
 blanket of coarse wool, introduced from Gaul, 
 in which athletes wrapped themselves when they 
 were heated with the exercises. Endroniis Vyria 
 was the name given to a large woollen wrap 
 much fmer than the ordinary endromis, and 
 which was worn by the Roman ladies after their 
 gymnastic exercises. 
 
 Endytis, Chr. {iv^vu, to put on). This term, 
 in the Middle Ages, denoted an altar-covering ; 
 other terms for it were endothis and eudothys. 
 
 Energumens, Chr. Men possessed with 
 devils. 
 
 Enfeu, Fr. A sepulchral vault usually placed 
 under the choir of a church ; it assumed the 
 form of a large niche. Originally bisho])s were 
 interred by "droit d'enfeu" in tombs of this 
 kind. The term is derived from the Latin info- 
 dcrc (to dig). 
 
 Enfiled, Her. Pierced with the sword. 
 Engageants, Fr. " Double ruffles that fall 
 over the wrists." {Ladies' Dietioiiary, 1694.) 
 
 Engineer's Cartridge. Drawing-paper manu- 
 factured in sheets measuring 30 by 22 inches. 
 Double Engineer's Cartridge measures 46 inches 
 by 30. 
 
 Engobe, Fr. A "slip" or thin coating of 
 white clay used to coat pottery before the in- 
 vention of the tin glaze. 
 
 Engrailed, Her. A border-line indented in 
 semicircles. 
 
 Engraving. Copper-plate engraving is called 
 Chalcogr.VPHY (q.v.) ((Jr. \a\Kos, copper) ; 
 wood engraving, Xylography (q.v.) (Gr. 
 \^\)\ov, wood); and engraving on .stone. Litho- 
 graphy (q.v.) (Gr. Ai'Soj, a stone). [Each 
 process is described under its own heading. 
 See also Etching.] 
 
 127 
 
 Enhanced, Her. Raised towards the niUF 
 or iipinr jurtof the shield. ' 
 
 EnneapyloB, IVI. (^v^«aand wuAai). Literally 
 nme gates ; a fortified enclosure constructed by 
 t he H.eot.an I'ela^gians round the Acrop.,lis „f 
 .\tliens, some years after the Trojan war 
 .\erxcs destroyed the entuapyl.e after the cap- 
 ture of Athens. A few fragments of it remain 
 to this d.-iy, not far from the temple of the 
 \\ mgless Victory. 
 
 !■ igs. 389, 2./-. n.nlli,- F.nsigns. 
 
 Enotii, rir. ( Lat. /««//r<-.f ). Ear-rings (q.v.). 
 
 Enseniator, Med. Lat. (from the Italian in- 
 segna, an ensign). A mounted ensign-bearer. 
 
 Ensiculus, R. A small sword, or child's 
 sword, used as a plaything. It is the diminu- 
 tive of En. SIS. 
 
 Ensigned, Her. Adorned ; having some en- 
 sign of honour jilaced above, as a coronet above 
 a shield. 
 
 Fig. 291. Gallic Ensign. 
 
 Ensigns, Gen. (Lat. si^y/a militaria ; Gr. 
 ff7jjue7a). Military symbols beneath which sol- 
 diers are ranged according to the different 
 regiments to which they belong. The most 
 ancient Roman ensign was a bundle of btraw, 
 hay, or fern. Then came the eagle, the 
 wolf, the minotaur, the horse, and the boar. 
 
128 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Afterwards the eagle alone was displayed 
 (B.C. 104) ; it was made of silver or bronze, 
 
 Fig. 292. Entablature with leaf ornament. 
 
 Fig. 293. Entablature with honeysuckle ornament. 
 
 with expanded wings. The serpent or dra- 
 gon was used as a particular ensign by the 
 several cohorts, and the 
 centuries had also each 
 its ensign ; but these were 
 cloth flags. Under Con- 
 stantine the LABARUM 
 (q.v.) was introduced. 
 (See Cuspis, Figs. 22S to 
 230.) 
 
 Ensiludium, Med. Lat. 
 A contest in sport with 
 swords. (See Cembel, 
 Hastii.udium.) 
 
 Ensis, Sword. A syno- 
 nym of Geadius (q.v.). 
 
 Ensis a Estoc, 'Med. 
 A stabbing-sword, usually 
 carried at the saddle-bow. 
 Entablature. A mem- 
 ber of architecture placed 
 as a crown to another. 
 The entablature is com- 
 posed of arcJiitrave, the 
 part immediately above 
 the column ; frieze, the 
 central space ; and cor- 
 nice, the upper projecting 
 
 _^ mouldings. (See Fig. 184.) 
 
 |;iv5_ ^ Entalma, Chr. The 
 
 Fit;. .M(. I'uyptl.inColiuun, '^'-'cument by which a 
 
 showing entasis. bishop confers the right 
 
 of hearing confessions. 
 
 Entasis, Gr. and R. (h'Taais, a stretching 
 
 tight). The swelling of a balustre or of the shaft 
 
 of a column. The narrowing of the shaft is 
 
 called CoNTRACTURA (q.v.). 
 
 Enterclosp, Arch. A passage between two 
 rooms in a house. 
 
 Enthronisation, Chr. (Lat. incathedrare). (i) 
 The ceremony of placing a newly-ordained 
 bishop upon his throne. (2) That of placing the 
 relics in the altar of a church on consecration. 
 (3) The installation of a presbyter in his 
 church is sometimes called cnthronisation. 
 
 Entire, Her. Said of a charge when it ex- 
 tends to the border-lines of a shield, coat, or 
 banner ; also of a shield, coat, or banner of 
 arms, when borne without any difference or 
 mark of cadency. 
 
 Entoire, Entoyre, Her. A bordure charged 
 with a series of inanimate figures or devices, as 
 crosslets, roundles, &c. To a similar bordure 
 of living figures the term Enaluron is ap- 
 plied. 
 Entrance, Chr. (See EisoDOSand Introit.) 
 Entrecoupe, Fr. When two vaults are super- 
 imposed, and both spring from the same walls, 
 " entrecoupe " is the term applied to the arched 
 interval — if any — between them. 
 
 Enveloped, Environed, Her. Surrounded. 
 Eolian (.fflolian) Harp. A musical stringed 
 instrument arranged to be played upon by the 
 wind (from Eolus [or properly /Eolus], the ruler 
 of the winds). 
 
 Eolodicon. A musical instrument similar to 
 a harmonium, invented in the last century by 
 Eschenbach. 
 
 Eolophone. A musical instrument similar to 
 a harmonium. 
 
 Eora, Gr. (edpa). A festival held at Athens 
 in honour of Icarius and his daughter Erigone. 
 It was known also by the names of ALora 
 (aluipa) and Ale/is {'AXtjtis). The last appella- 
 tion originated in a hymn which was sung at the 
 festival, and which had been composed by Theo- 
 doras of Colophon. It was sometimes called 
 "Eudeipnos," from the rich banquets usually 
 given during its celebration. 
 
 Epact (Gr. enaKTal, sc. 7]fj.epai ; in Med. Lat. 
 adjectioiies Liincr). The number of days re- 
 quired at the end of a lunar year to complete 
 the solar year. (See Embolism us.) 
 
 Epagomenae (sc. days). Gen. (eirayofjLfvai 
 Tlfiepai, i. e. intercalated days). The name given 
 to the five supplementary days of the year 
 among those nations who divided the year into 
 twelve months of thirty days each. 
 
 Epaulliere or Epaullets, Fr. Shoulder-plates ; 
 also the shoulder-knots formerly worn by gen- 
 tlemen, l)ut now restricted to domestic servants. 
 (See Aic.LET.) 
 
 Ependytes, Chr. (eirevSiiTris, i. e. worn 
 above). The "fisher's coat" of St, Peter. A 
 coarse cloak worn by the monks of the Middle 
 Ages over another garment ; it is also called, 
 in the ancient MS S., superaria, siiperindiint, and 
 sagus rttsticus. It is frequently described, es- 
 pecially in the East, as made of skins '/jiriKoiiTijs, 
 pelliceus). 
 
/VI\l .V.Ni^ iVI\.(^U<n^UL,L^Li^ . 
 
 Epergne (¥v. t'/ari^yir, ccont)my). An orna- 
 mental stand, with dish ami branches, for tlie 
 centre of a table. 
 
 Epernay Ware. At Eiicrnay were specially 
 made glazed wares in relief for the service of the 
 table, in shapes such as a hare, a fowl, &c. , in 
 half relief; also surprise or puzzle jugs. 
 
 Epha or Ephah, Ileb. A measure of capa- 
 city, about 3 pecks and 3 ]Mnts. 
 
 Ephebeum, Gr. {iipri^iwi'). 'J'he large hall 
 of a gymnasium, situated in the centre of the 
 building, in which the youths {cphcbi) practised 
 gymnastic exercises. 
 
 Ephippiuni, Clr. [^<p[iri:iov, i.e. for putting on 
 a horse). A saddle. Among the Greeks and 
 Romans it was a kind of pad, square or round 
 in shape.and regularly stuffed. Saddle-cloths hung 
 from it, but it had no stirrups. The word sella, or 
 sella e<jiicsfris, became common in later times. 
 
 Ephod, Hebrew. A short upper garment worn 
 by the Jewish priests. The ephod, which was also 
 worn by the Jewish judges and kings, was made 
 of fine linen ; that of the high priest consisted of 
 a sleeved tunic, woven with gold thread, purple, 
 hyacmth, and twisted flax. Two sardonyx 
 stones set in gold adorned the clasps by which 
 this tunic was fastened round the shoulders. 
 
 Epi or Girouette, Fr. The complicated iron 
 ornament \\ ith which steeples and pointed roofs 
 were surmounted in the architecture of the Re- 
 nuissance period, replaced in modern times by 
 the weather-cock. A similar spiked ornament, 
 of pottery or metal, is still common on the gables 
 of houses in Normandy. 
 
 Epic. In Art, the graphic representation of 
 an "epos," or event, cardinal in history. 
 
 Epichysis, Gr. and R. {iirixvais, i. e. that 
 which pours in). A Greek pitcher with a 
 long neck and a handle ; it was used for pouring 
 wine into cups. 
 
 Epicopus, Gr. and R. (enlKcoiros, i.e. furnished 
 with oars). A vessel with oars. (See Navis. ) 
 
 Epicrocum, Gr. and R. A woman's garment, 
 of a saffron yellow (crocus), whence its name. 
 
 Epicycloid. "A curve described by the 
 movement of the circumference of one circle on 
 the convex or concave part of the circumference 
 of another." (Storvionth.) 
 
 EpideipniSjGr. (i.e. following the dinner). The 
 last course of a dinner or any kind of bantpiet. 
 
 Epidemia, Gr. (lit. among the peojile). Fes- 
 tivals held at Argos in honour of Juno, and at 
 Delos and Miletus in honour of Apollo. They 
 received their name from the fact that these 
 deities were supposed to be present at them, 
 and to mingle with the people (c'ttJ, among ; 
 57J;Uos, people). 
 
 Epidote. A mineral of a green or greyish 
 colour : of the garnet family. 
 
 Epidromos, Gr. (i) The mizen, or .sail on the 
 mast nearest to the stern, in vessels with several 
 
 masts. (2) A part of the oil-jircss. (3) A 
 running rope jiassing tinough tlic rings of a 
 large net for catching birds, by means of which 
 the huntsman, wiio was on the watch, closed tiic 
 net when the game had found their way into it. 
 
 Epigonation, Gr. , Chr. An ornament pecu- 
 liar tt) the I'.aslern Church ; a lozenge-shaped 
 piece of some slilf material, hanging from the 
 girdle on the right siile as low as the knee 
 (whence its name). 
 
 Epigrus. (See EnuRUs.) 
 
 Epiphany, Chr. This festival is known by 
 various names in the dilTerent European lan- 
 guages ; and the names are either (i) mere re- 
 productions of the Latin name, or renderings of 
 it ; or (2) refer to the manifestation to the Magi 
 as the three Kings, as the Dutch l)ne-Koningcn- 
 dag, &c ; or (3) indicate it as the final day of 
 the Christmas festivity. Twelfth Day, &c. (See 
 Smith and ChcethaiiCs Dietionary of Christian 
 Anti(jitities.) 
 
 Epiphi, I'-gyp. The third month of summer, 
 called the season of harvests. 
 
 Epirhedium, R. {M Gr., and rheda Gallic). 
 A kind of chariot. The word was formed by 
 the Romans as above, and is explained as Orna- 
 inctttuin rheJarum, ant plaiistrum. (.See Rheua, 
 
 I'l.AUSTRUM.) 
 
 Episcenium, Gr. and R. (^iiii-aKriviov, i. e. 
 above the stage). A room situated above the 
 stage, in ancient theatres, for the machinery. 
 
 Episcopalia, Chr. The ring and tiie pastoral 
 staff, the distinctive marks of the authority of a 
 bisho]). 
 
 Episotron {l-ni-awTpov). (See Canthus.) 
 
 Epistle Side (of a church). The south side. 
 
 Epistomium, R. (o-Tfi^ua, a mouth). The 
 cock of a vessel or water-pipe, which let out only 
 a little water at a time. 
 
 Epistylium, Gr. and R. {iT:i-(nv\i.ov). An 
 epistyle ; literally, on the column (firl, on, and 
 (ttCAoj, a column); that is, the architrave or 
 lower beam of an entablature laid horizontally 
 upon colunms. 15y analogy the term is used to 
 denote the entire Entahlature (q.v.). 
 
 Epitaph (e'TTiTocpior). (l) A eulogy pronounced 
 at a funeral. (2) Memorials of art in churches, 
 in remembrance of the dead. (3) Inscriptions 
 on tombs. 
 
 Epithalamium, Gr. A nuptial song. A 
 fragment df verses from one of these songs, 
 written by Hesiod, has come down to us. 
 
 Epithedes or Sima, Arch. The ujiper menibei 
 of the eorni«.e of an entablature. 
 
 Epitoga, K. A cloak worn over the toga. 
 Epitoxis, c;r. and R. That i)art of the cata- 
 pult in wliicli the missile was laid. 
 
 Epitrachelion, Chr. (i.e. on the neck). The 
 Greek name for the .stole. (See STOLE.) 
 
 Epiurus, R. (iitiovfoi). A wooden peg used 
 as a nail. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Epoch. A fixed and important period of 
 novelty or change, whicli gave a new and 
 distinctive character to Art. {Fairholt.) 
 
 Epomadion, Gr., Chr. The cord or ribbon by 
 which relics, or crosses (enxolpia), were sus- 
 pended from the neck. 
 
 Eques, R. Generally, any one on horseback, 
 a rider, and by analogy a knight, that is, a 
 patrician or man of distinguished family. Eqiics 
 alarius was the name given to the cavalry of the 
 allies ; equcs cataphractus was a knight whose 
 horse, as well as himself, was clad in complete 
 armour ; eqtics extraordinariiis were the picked 
 cavalry in the service of the consuls ; cqucs legio- 
 tian'us, cqucs fmtoriaiius, the prretorian cavalry ; 
 equcs sajttariiis, the mounted archers 
 
 Equipped, Her. P'uUy armed, caparisoned, or 
 provided. 
 
 Equiria, R. icqiius). Games instituted by 
 Romulus, and celebrated at Rome in the Field of 
 Mars on the third of the calends of March (27th 
 February). These games, held in honour of 
 Mars, consisted of chariot-races. There were two 
 festivals of this name ; the second was on the eve 
 of the ides of March ( 14th March). 
 
 Equuleus or Eculeus, R. (lit. a colt, a 
 young horse). This was an instrument of torture 
 on which slaves were placed astride. The law 
 prescril^ed that all staves called as witnesses 
 should be examined under torture. 
 
 Equus, R. A horse ; properly a stallion, as op- 
 posed ti) cautcritis, a l elding, and cqua, a mare. 
 
 Eradicated, Her. Torn up by the roots. 
 
 Erased, Her. Tom off with a ragged edge. 
 
 Eremites, Gr., Chr. Hermits. 
 
 Ergastulum, R. (fiiydConai, to work). A 
 private prison attached to a farm or vt//a rustica, 
 in which insubordinate and ill conducted slaves 
 were kept in chains ; they were under the super- 
 intendence of a gaoler, who was himself a slave, 
 and who was called Ergastularius. Ergas- 
 tiila were built underground, and thus formed 
 subterranean dungeons. 
 
 Ergata, Gr. and R. (fpyarTjs, i.e. worker). 
 A strong capstan used for moving heavy weights; 
 among other things, for hauling vessels on shore. 
 
 Ericius, R. (lit. hedgehog). A military en- 
 gine, a cheval-dc-frise or long beam studded 
 with iron spikes, whence its name. It was 
 placed across a door or other opening to which it 
 was desired to bar ingress. 
 
 Ermine, Ermines, Erminois, Her. The ani- 
 mal, the ermine, sometimes appears in blazon, 
 and an ermine spot is borne as a charge. Gene- 
 rally the ermine is an emblem of royalty, purity, 
 and honour. The illustration (Fig. 295) is of 
 the arms of Anne of Bretagne, the Queen of 
 Charles VHI. 
 
 Erotidia, Gr. (tpa^TiSia^. Festivals held every 
 fifth year at Thespioc in Ba-otia, in honour of 
 Eros, the principal divinity of the Thespians. 
 
 I Erpa, Egyp. A title in use among the Egyp- 
 tians implying authority generally ; the crown 
 
 Fig. 295. The Ermine. Arms of Anne of Brittany. 
 
 prince was so designated, and the high priest was, 
 
 in the same manner, called crpa of the priest?,. 
 Escallop or Scallop Sbells 
 were emblems worn by pil- 
 grims, and of St. James the 
 Great, from the 13th century. 
 Escape, Arch, (or Apo- 
 pyge). The small curvature 
 given to the top and bottom 
 of the shaft of a column 
 where it expands to meet the 
 edge of the fillet above the 
 
 torus of the base, and beneath the astragal under 
 
 the capital. 
 
 Escallop. 
 
 P'ig. 2l^7. Kscaufaille, or portable brazier. 
 
 Escaufaille, Fr. A small portable brazier on 
 wheels, which was taken from room to room as 
 required. 
 
 Eschelles, Fr. "A stomacher laced or rib- 
 boned in the form of a ladder." {Ladies' Did., 
 1694.) 
 
 Escoinson, Med. Fr. The interior edge of 
 the window-side or jamb. This was often de- 
 corated with a pilaster called the "pilastre des 
 ecoinsons." 
 
ART AND ARCHyl^OLOGY. 
 
 Escroll, Her. A ribbon cliarged with a motto; 
 also a ribbon, coiled at its extremities, borne 
 as a charge. 
 
 Escutcheon, (i) The heraldic shield. (2) 
 Metal plates on doors. Escutcheons are abun- 
 dantly used in Gothic architecture, and are 
 frequently canned on the bosses of ceilings and 
 
 dart 
 A 
 
 of 
 
 Escutcheon of (he Sforz.i! 
 
 at the ends of weather mouldings, &c. Some- 
 times, instead of armorial bearings, escutcheons 
 have the instruments of the Crucifixion or other 
 devices carved on them. 
 
 Escutcheon of Pretence, Her. A shield 
 charged upon the field of another shield of 
 larger size, and bearing a distinct coat of arms. 
 
 Espadon. A long Spanish sword. It was the 
 weapon used for decapitation of criminals. 
 
 Espietus, Expiotus, Med. Lat. A 
 (1361). 
 
 Espriugale, Springale, Espringold. 
 machine for throwing darts. 
 
 Esquire, Her. A rank next below that 
 knight. 
 
 Esseda, Essedum, R. (from the Celtic ess, a 
 carriage). A chariot of Gaulish origin, drawn 
 by two horses, which was used by the Britons 
 and the Germans in war. It was mounted 
 on two wheels, and was open in front, but 
 closed behind. The pole was broad, and the 
 rider used to nm to and fro upon it in the 
 battle. The Romans constructed carriages of 
 a similar kind. A similar chariot drawn by one 
 horse was called the cisiiim. (See Currus.) 
 
 Essonite. The cinnamon stone, a variety uf 
 the garnet. It is of a reddish yellow tint, 
 resembling the colour of cinnamon. These 
 stones come principally from Ceylon, and are 
 frequently sold for hyacinths or jacinths, from 
 which, however, they differ in many important 
 ])eculiarilies. (//. Jinianucl.) 
 
 Este. A manufactory in Italy of soft ixMce- 
 lain ; also of fine faience and ])ipe-clay. 
 
 K 
 
 Estivation, Bot. The arrangement of the un- 
 expanded leaves of the flower-bud which Inirst 
 in Summer; as opposed to Vkknation, the ar- 
 rangement of the leaves of the bud which burst 
 in Spring. 
 
 Estoc, Jm-. (Med. Lat. cstoqiium). A short 
 sword worn at the girdle ; also called a " tuck " 
 {temp. Elizabeth). 
 
 Estoile, Her. A star with wavy rays or 
 points, whicli are six, eight, or .sometimes 
 more in number. 
 
 Estrada, Fr., Arch. A ])lalform raised tiiree or 
 four inches above the rest of the floor of a cham- 
 ber, upon which to ]3lace a bed or a throne, &c. 
 
 Estrif or Estref, Med. A kind of arrow for 
 the balista. 
 
 Etching. Ill this process the cojjper plale 
 is covered with an etching-ground, which i> 
 a iireparation of bees'-wax, Burgundy pitch, 
 black pitch, and asphaltum (or other ingre- 
 dients) ; and the lines of the design are traced 
 out with etclijng-needles, which remove the 
 etching-ground from the copper \\'herever they 
 pass, and slightly scratcii the surface of the 
 plate. Next, a border of banking-wax is put 
 round the sides of the plate, making a trough of 
 it. The banking-wax is made of bees'-wax, 
 common pitch. Burgundy pitch, and sweet oil 
 melted in a crucible and poured into cold 
 water. The next operation is to pour in nitrous 
 acid reduced with water to a proper strength 
 (about one part acid to four parts water). 
 When the acid has been on a sufficient time to 
 corrode the fainter parts of the subject, it is to 
 be poured off, the plate washed with water, and 
 left to dry. These fainter parts are then to be 
 varnished with a mixture called stopping-ground, 
 made of lamp-black and Venice turpentine, 
 aj)plied with a camel's-hair pencil. This stops 
 the further action of the acid on these parts. 
 When the surface is dry, fresh acid is poured on 
 to bite in the bolder parts, and the processes of 
 stopping and biting in are alternated for eveiy 
 gradation of tint. The wax is removed from 
 the plate by heat, and cleaned away with a rag 
 moistened with olive oil ; and the work is then 
 complete, or it may be finished off with the 
 graver. Etching-points or needles resemble 
 common needles, fixed in handles four or five 
 inches long; some are made oval to produce 
 broader lines. The dry point is only a very 
 fine-pointed needle for the delicate lines. Imi- 
 tations of chalk and jiencil draw ings are some- 
 times produced by etching on soft ground. 
 Etc/ling on steel is done in the same way as on 
 copper. For etching on glass, a ground of 
 bees'-wax is laid on, and the design traced as 
 above. Sulphuric acid is then ])oured on, and 
 fluor-spar spiinkled on it, or fiuoric acid may be 
 at once used ; this is allowed to remain four or 
 five hours, and is then removed with oil of 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 turpentine. (See also Stipple, Mezzotinto, 
 Aquatinta.) 
 
 Eterea of Padua. One of the Italian literary 
 academies. Their device, a charioteer in his car 
 in the air, drawn by a white and black horse, the 
 one endeavouring to touch the earth, the other 
 to ascend. Motto, ^^ Victor sc tollit ad auras y 
 Etiolation. The process of blanching to 
 which plants are subject in dark places. 
 Ettwee. O. E. for Etui (q-v.). 
 
 Etui, Fr. (by con- 
 traction Twee, Boyer). 
 A case formerly worn 
 at the girdle by ladies. 
 They were made of 
 gold or silver, or orna- 
 mented with paintings 
 in enamel. The richly- 
 decorated example re- 
 presented in Fig. 299 
 was the property of a 
 granddaughter of Oli- 
 ver Cromwell. 
 
 Euripus, R. f i^- 
 piTTos). An artificial 
 canal or watercourse 
 in the gardens of a 
 Roman villa, generally 
 stocked with fish and 
 aquatic or amphibious 
 animals. The same 
 term was applied to a 
 moat dug at the foot 
 of the podimn in an 
 amphitheatre or circus, 
 which was intended, in 
 conjunction with the metal railings or trellis- 
 work placed at the top of the podium, as a pro- 
 tection to the spectators, when wild l)easts were 
 exhibited in the arena. Eiiriptts is also applied 
 by Tertullian and other authors to the spina of 
 a circus. 
 
 Eustyle, Arch. (e^-o-Ti/Xoj). An intercolum- 
 niation in which the columns are separated by 
 a width of two diameters and a quarter, 
 measured at the lower part of the column, ex- 
 cepting the central intercolumn, which is of three 
 diameters. It is the form of columniation which, 
 according to Vitruvius, satisfied the demands at 
 once of solidity of structure, beauty of appear- 
 ance, and general harmony of effect. 
 
 Euterpean. Pertaining to music : from the 
 Muse Euterpe. 
 
 Everriculum, R. {evcrro, to sweep out). A 
 fishing-net. 
 
 Ewery, Med. An office of household service, 
 where the ewers, &c., were kept : our modern 
 scullery. 
 
 Exacisculatus, R. Destroyed by means of a 
 pick {acisaclus). The term is of frequent 
 occurrence in sepulchral inscriptions, its purpose 
 
 Fig. 299. Etui. 
 
 being to serve as a notice to the thieves who 
 broke into tombs. 
 
 Examen, R. {cxigo, to examine). The 
 tongue or index on the beam of a balance. 
 
 Exasciatus, R. Hewn or fashioned with the 
 adze {ascia) ; whence the expression opus exas- 
 datum for work which only required to be 
 finished or polished. 
 
 Excalceatus, R. (lit. without shoes or 
 boots). A comic actor or comedian who wore 
 sandals. The tragic actor, on the other hand, 
 who wore on the stage the laced boot or cothur- 
 nus, was called cotlturnatus. 
 
 Excubitorium, R. The post or guard of the 
 excubitorcs ; of these there was one in each 
 quarter of the city, or fourteen in all. 
 
 Fig. 300. E.vedra. 
 
 Exedra, Gr. and R. An assembly-room or 
 hall for discussion or conversation, forming part 
 of a gymnasium, palaestra, or private house. In 
 many cases cxednc were in the open air, consist- 
 ing merely of circular marble benches. (Fig. 300. ) 
 When an exedra was covered in, one of the sides 
 often terminated in a circular apse (adsis). 
 [Larger rooms were called " Zesc/iai."] 
 
 Exedrium, R. Diminutive of Exedra (q.v.). 
 
 Exequiae. (See Exsequi^.) 
 
 Exergue. The bottom space on a coin, 
 where the date is engraved. 
 
 Exiteria, Gr. and R. (i^tT-fipLa, concerning 
 departure or result). Sacrifices offered to pro- 
 pitiate the gods on the eve of an important 
 enterprise, or in gratitude for success. 
 
 Exomis, Gr. and R. (i^-wfils, i. e. off the 
 .shoulders). A short tunic, of Greek origin, 
 adopted by the Romans. It left the right 
 shoulder and arm exposed, and had only a short 
 sleeve for the left arm. The term m'3s also 
 applied to the palliit/u, when so arranged upon 
 the person as to resemble the tunic just described. 
 
 Exonarthex. (See Nartiiex.) 
 
 Excstra, Gr. and R. (e^wo-Tpa). (i) A flying 
 bridge thrown from a movable tower iacroha- 
 ticou) on to the walls of a besieged town, by 
 means of which the assailants made their way 
 into the place. (2) A theatrical machine which 
 was pushed to the front of the stage from behind 
 a curtain which concealed it until it was wanted. 
 
 Expeditus (opposed to inipcditus), R. Free, 
 unencumbered ; light-armed troops {velites) were 
 
ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY. 
 
 »3.1 
 
 thus called {cxpedi/i), [or any other troops, wlien 
 
 they left tlicir impcdimciila behind for a forced 
 
 marcli, &c.] 
 Expositories. (See Monstrances.) 
 Exsequiae, R. {cxscquor, to follow after). A 
 
 funeral conducted with great pomp. (See 
 
 Fun us.) 
 Extispicium, R. {cxta and iiispicio, to inspect). 
 
 Divination by inspection of the entrails of victims 
 
 sacrificed on the altar ; called also Iiantspicina. 
 
 Extra-di3, Arch. The exterior curve of an 
 arcli ; opposed to the soKKir or intra-dos. 
 
 Extremities. In Art, the head, feet, and 
 hands : compare acrolillics. 
 
 Ex-voto, Gen. Offerings of any kind in 
 fulfdment of a vow {ex voto). 
 
 Eye. In Christian art, the emblem of Provi- 
 dence. Attrilnite of St. Lucia, as a symljol, uol 
 of her martyrdom, but of the meaning of iicr 
 name (" light "). (See Oudja, Ocui.us.) 
 
 F. 
 
 Fdbaria, R. Offerings of bean-flour {fabd) 
 made by the Romans on the ist of June to the 
 goddess Carna ; from these offerings the calends 
 of June took the name oifclmriir. 
 
 Fabatariam, R. A large earthenware vessel 
 in which bean-flour {pi(/s fuhacia) was served, 
 boiled up with water or broth. It formed a 
 kind oi polenta. 
 
 Fig. 301. Kaeaza swcctmeat-disu. 
 
134 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fabrica, R. {faher, an artisan). The shop in 
 which an artisan works, chiefly a joiner's or 
 carpenter's shop. 
 
 Fabrilia, R. A general term, including all the 
 different kinds of tools used by an artisan. 
 
 Facade, Arch. The face or front of a build- 
 ing. 
 
 Face-guard. On a helmet, a bar or bars of 
 iron protecting the face. 
 
 Face-painting, O. E. Portrait-painting. 
 
 Facets (Fr. facette, a little face). The flat 
 surfaces cut upon precious stones. 
 
 Facial Angle. The angle formed by two 
 lines, one horizontal from the nostrils to the ear, 
 the other perpendicular from the nostrils to the 
 forehead. 
 
 Fac-simile (from Latin factum, made, and 
 si?>itlt; like). A perfectly exact copy. 
 
 Factorium (sc. vas), R. A vessel containing 
 exactly a. factum, or quantity of grapes or olives 
 proper to be placed under the press {torcular) 
 at one factum or making. 
 
 Faculae, R. Little torches. 
 
 Faenza. A manufacture of pottery considered 
 by some writers to be the most ancient in Italy. 
 Garzoni, writing in 1485, says, "The majolicas 
 of F. are white and polished, and one can no 
 more confound them with those of Treviso, than 
 one would take puff-balls for tnifHes." Vincenzo 
 Lazari says they are distinguished by the softness 
 of the tints, the correctness of the drawing, and 
 the whiteness of the enamel at the back. For a 
 long and interesting account of this most im- 
 ]iortant botega, see Jacquemart, Hist, of the 
 Ceramic Art. The name of Fayence is derived 
 from Faenza, and not from the little town of 
 P\ayence in France. (Fig. 301.) 
 
 Faience. (See Fayence.) 
 
 Fairy Butter, O. E. (i) A fungous excres- 
 cence about the roots of trees, and (2) a species of 
 trcmclla found on furze and broom are so called. 
 
 Fairy Circles. Circles of coarse green grass 
 common iu meadows, and attributed to the 
 dancing of the fairies. 
 
 Fairy Dances z= Fairy Circles (q.v.). 
 
 Fairy Darts. Small flints in the form of 
 arrow-heads, possibly of the stone age. 
 
 Fairy Faces. Fossil cckiiii or sea-urchins. 
 
 Fairy Groats. A country name for certain 
 old coins. (See Harrison's England, p. 218.) 
 
 Fairy Loaves. Fossils found in the chalk, 
 called also fairy faces. 
 
 Fairy Money. Treasure trove was so called. 
 
 Fairy Pipes. Small old tobacco-pipes, fre- 
 quently found in the north of England. 
 
 Fairy Rings. (See Fairy Circles.) 
 
 Fairy Sparks. Phosphoric light seen on 
 various substances in the night time, {halliwell.) 
 
 Fairy Stones. (See Fairy Loaves.) 
 
 Faith, in Christian art, is represented by a 
 female figure holding the Eucharistic cup. 
 
 Fala, R. A wooden tower used in the siege 
 of a fortified place, but the exact form of which 
 is unknown ; it differed from the Acrobaticon. 
 
 Falarica or Phalarica, R. A heavy spear, 
 used by the Saguntines, which was generally 
 discharged from a balista. Its shaft was some- 
 times enveloped with sulphur and resin, and 
 with tow steeped in oil ; and it was launched 
 blazing against wooden towers for the purpose 
 of setting them on fire. 
 
 Falbala. (See Furbelow.) 
 
 Falcastrum, R. {faix, a sickle). An agri- 
 cultural tool with a curved blade for tearing up 
 weeds. 
 
 Falcatus, R. Furnished with scythes (/aA-^.r). 
 (See CuKRUS.) 
 
 Falchion. A broadsword, spelt " fawchon ;" 
 14th century. (See Falx.) 
 
 Falcicula. Dimin. oifa/x. 
 
 Falcon, in mediaeval art, is the attribute 01 
 a gentleman, in allusion to the restrictions of 
 the sumptuary laws. 
 
 Falcula. Dimin. oifaix. 
 
 Faldestol, O. E. An elbow-chair of state ; 
 modern '^fauteuil." (See Faldstool.) 
 
 Falding [X.S.feald). A kind of coarse cloth, 
 like frieze. 
 
 Faldstool, Faldistory, O. E. A folding-stool, 
 like a modern camp-stool, used in cathedral 
 church services in Saxon times. 
 
 Fall or Falling-band. A large collar falling 
 on to the shoulders; i6th and 17th centuries. 
 (See Bands.) 
 
 Fallals, O. E. The falling ruffs of a woman's 
 dress. 
 
 False, Her. Said of any charge when its 
 central area is removed ; thus an annulet is a 
 '' false roundle." 
 
 False Roof, Arch. The space between the 
 ceiling of the earret and the roof. 
 
 Fig. 302. Feather Fan — Italian. 
 
ART \\l) ARCHy^LOLOGY. 
 
 »3S 
 
 Falx, R. A scytlic, sickle, bill-hook, &c ; 
 any instrument with a curved edge used for 
 cutting grass, wood, or other objects. There 
 were many different kinds, which were called 
 respectively arlwraria and sylvatica, dcnticulcita. 
 
 Fig. 303. Venetian lady, with a square fan of the i6th 
 
 century. 
 
 fcciiaria or vcruculata, viiiitoria, vineatica, and 
 putatoria. The term falx was also applied to a 
 falchion strongly curved at the end. Falx 
 supina was a dagger with a keen and curved 
 blade ; falx nturalis was an instrument em- 
 ployed in warfare, both by sea and land, either to 
 cut the masts and rigging of a vessel, or to sweep 
 
 tlie ramparts clear of defenders. [Culler is a 
 knife with one straight edge ; falx, one with the 
 edge curved. Hence our filcli ion, &c ] 
 
 iFatnilia, Med. Lat. An old term for a set of 
 chessmen. Among the jewels in the wirdrobe- 
 book of Edward I. occur " una. fawil/a de ebore, 
 pro ludcndo ad scaccarium," and " una familia 
 pro scaccario de jaspide et crystallo." 
 
 Fan, Egyp. With the Egyptiaus, the fan of 
 ostrich feathers for brushing away flics was 
 looked upon as the insignia of princes and cliief- 
 tains ; \\\itjlabclhim or itmbellitin (parasol) was 
 carried by inferior officers. IJoth kinds of fan 
 are frequently represented on the sacred barges. 
 The use of the fan was first introduced into 
 England in the 1 6th century ; they were first 
 made of feathers with long handles of gold, 
 silver, or ivory of eIai)orate workmanship, and 
 sometimes inlaid with precious stones. The 
 engraving shows one from a portrait of Queen 
 Elizabeth. The Greeks and Romans had fans 
 of various elegant materials, often of peacock's 
 feathers ; sometimes of wings of birds, or of 
 linen stretched on a frame. Italian fans, 
 medireval, were square flags, as in Fig. 303. 
 Folding fans were fust introduced in the 17th 
 century. Inventories of clnuches and monas- 
 teries of the 14th century include ecclesiasti- 
 cal fans or fal'clla. These are still used in the 
 Catholic Church in the East. An illumination 
 at Rouen represents the deacon raising the 
 flabellum, a circular fan with a long handle, 
 over the head of the priest at the altar. In the 
 accounts of the churchwardens of Walberswick, 
 Suffolk, of 1493, is the entry "for a bessume of 
 pekok's fethers, IVd." (Figs. 302, 303.) 
 
 Fan-crest, Her. An early form of decoration 
 for the knightly helm. 
 
 Fandango. A .Spani.sh dance. 
 
 Fane. (i) A vane or weathercock; "a 
 fayne of a schipe,'' i.e. a vane on the to]i of a 
 mast. " Of sylver his maste, of golde hisyj/wc." 
 (2) Anglo-Saxon. A banner. (3) The white 
 flower-de-luce. {Gerard.) (4) Enemies. 
 {Hallhivll.) ( See also Fan 11 M.) 
 
 Fanfare, Fr. .\ llourish of trumpets. 
 
 Fannel or Phannel, O. E. The Fanon (q.v.). 
 
 Fanon, Chr. The maniple or napkin worn 
 by the priest at mass. It was originally 
 nothing but a plain strip of linen worn on the 
 left wrist. In later times it was highly deco- 
 rated, and often made of the richest materials. 
 
 Fan-tao, Chinese. A fabulous peach-tree, 
 which blossoms every 3000 years ; represented 
 on pottery as an attribute of Cheou-Lao, the 
 god of longevity, who holds in his hand a fruit 
 of it. 
 
 Fan-tracery. In Gotiiic architecture, elabo- 
 rate carved work spread over an arched surface, 
 like a fan with the handle resting on a corbel 
 or stone bracket below. 
 
1.16 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fannm, R. [fari, to speak) ; Eng. Fane. A 
 term synonymous with Templum (q.v.), but 
 implying also the idea of a place which had 
 been consecrated by the solemn formula of the 
 augurs. Thtfantan thus comprised not only the 
 building itself, the temple, but also all the conse- 
 crated ground surrounding it [" lociis liheratiis 
 et eff'atusr\ 
 
 Farrago, R. (i. e. made of fai\ spelt). 
 Fodder for horses and cattle, consisting of the 
 green eais of different kinds of grain. 
 
 Farthingale (Fr. vertugalc) is first spoken of 
 in 1547. It was a sort of cage made of whale- 
 bone worn under the petticoat, increasing the 
 size of the hips. In Elizabeth's reign it reached 
 to a preposterous size, giving the wearer the 
 appearance of "standing in a drum," according 
 to "Sir Roger de Coverley." There vitx&v<heel- 
 farthingales and tub -farthingales. Farthingales 
 
 Fig. 304. Farthingale of the time of Elizabeth. 
 
 were worn during the reign of Charles I., but of 
 more moderate dimensions; and in Charles II. 's 
 reign the fashion vanished to reappear in the 
 hoop of the 1 8th century. The engraving gives 
 an example of a moderate farthingale. (Fig. 304. ) 
 
 Fartura, R. [farcio, to stuff). The act of 
 fattening poultry ; and thence applied to a kind 
 of structure, the centre of which was filled with 
 rubble. 
 
 Fasces. (See Fascis.) 
 
 Fascia, R. Any strip of cloth used for a 
 
 bandage; such as (l) the swathes (Gr. crnap- 
 yavov) in which newly-born children were 
 wrapped ; (2) a white band, or for women, a 
 purple, worn as a diadem (DIADEM a) ; (3) 
 \f. pedoralis) a bandage worn by young 
 Roman girls to prevent excessive development 
 of the breast ; (4) (/! cruralis) a bandage 
 wound closely round the leg from the ankle to 
 the knee, &c. ; these were adopted in Europe in 
 the Middle Ages; (5) (/. pedulis, Gr. irolilov) 
 a sock ; (6) see Zona. (7) In architecture 
 the term fascia or facia is applied to three fiat 
 parallel ba)ids of stone, introduced to break the 
 monotony of architraves, more especially of the 
 Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite Orders. 
 
 Fig. 305. Roman lictor carrying the fasces. 
 
ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 137 
 
 Fasciculus, R. (diniin. o( /asa's). A small 
 bundle, or luiniber of objects tied up into small 
 bundles. 
 
 Fascina (/asdm/m = fascination). Amulets 
 worn to avert the "evil eye." " Nescio quis 
 teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos." {Virs^il.) 
 
 Fasciola (dimin. o{ fascia). A small bandage. 
 (See Fascia.) 
 
 Fascis, R. A bundle ; a small packet ; a 
 small faggot of wooil, or fascine. In the plural 
 fasiYS denoted the bundle of rods, with an axe 
 in the middle, carried by the lictors before cer- 
 tain of the Roman magistrates. (Sec Fig. 305.) 
 Fasas laiircati were the fasces crowned with 
 laurel leaves, which were carried before a vic- 
 torious general ; fasces vcrsi, the reversed fasces, 
 which were carried axe downwards, in token of 
 mourning, at funerals. The fasces were car- 
 ried by tire lictors on their shoulders, as shown 
 in Fig. 305 ; and when an inferior magistrate 
 met a superior one, the lictors of the former 
 lowered their fasces to him ; hence the expression 
 suhviittere fasces, to yield or confess inferiority. 
 
 Faselus. (See Phaselus.) 
 
 Fasti, R. {fas, divine law). Archives or 
 calendars engraved on stone or marble; they were 
 of two kinds. (l) The fasti sacri or kalem/ares, 
 a kind of almanack or calendar, setting out the 
 dies fasti, or lawful days on which certain kinds 
 of business might be transacted without impiety ; 
 also the religious festivals, &c. The calendars 
 were entirely in the keeping of the priests. (2) 
 The fasti aiinales or historici, which contained 
 the names of the consuls and magistrates, and a 
 short account of the most remarkable events. 
 Some important lists of this kind of the time of 
 Tiberius are preserved in the capitol at Rome, and 
 called the Fasti Capitolini. 
 
 Fastigium, R. [fastii^v, to raise to a point). 
 The top of a pediment, and thence the entire 
 pediment itself. In a building this term also 
 signifies the ridge, or top of a roof whose two 
 sides rise up to a point. 
 
 Faun (Lat. /7z ;/;?/«). A woodland god, fre- 
 quently re]5resented with sharp ears and with the 
 feet of a goat. 
 
 Fauteau, Fr. A military engine used in 
 the Middle Ages ; it was a kind of battering- 
 ram suspended in a tower. (See Aries.) 
 
 Faux, R. Any narrow passage, lobby, cor- 
 ridor, or entrance to a house, in especial the 
 passage which formed the communication 
 between two blocks of a house. In the plural, 
 Jaiices, like ea?-ceres, denoted stalls or stables for 
 horses. (See Carcer.) 
 
 Favissae, R. Pits or cellars under a temple, 
 in which all the furniture and sacred implements 
 which had become unfit for use were kept. 
 
 Favour, O. E. A love-gift ; a ribbon or 
 glove, &c., worn on the crest of the favoured 
 knight at a tournament, lic. 
 
 Favourite, O. E. A lock of hair : "a sort 
 of modish lock, dangling on the temples." 
 (^Ladies' D.ctio)iary, 1694.) 
 
 Favus, R. A flagstone or tablet of marble 
 cut into a hexagon, like the cell of a honey- 
 comb (faTiis), whence its name. [Pavements 
 of this pattern were called Sectilia.] 
 
 Fax, R. A torch. This consisted either of 
 pieces of wood joined together and steeped in 
 resin, or a metal tube filled with inflammable 
 materials, such as resin, pitch, tallow, tow im- 
 pregnated will) wax, Sec. [The early evening 
 was hence called prima fax, and as marriages 
 were celebrated at that time of day, the torch 
 was made an attribute of Hymen, and a syml)ol 
 of marriage. The torch was also carried at 
 funerals to fire the pile with.] 
 Fayence. Pottery. 
 
 Feather. In Christian art (German) an attri- 
 bute of St. Barbara ; it is generally a peacock's 
 feather. This refers to an old German version 
 of her legend, which relates that when St. Bar- 
 bara was scourged by her father, angels 
 changed the rods into feathers. 
 
 Featherings, in Architecture, are lacelike 
 ornaments along the edges of arcs in windows, 
 canopies, &c. 
 
 Feathers, Her. The feathers borne as crests 
 and badges are generally those of the ostrich, 
 sometimesof the swan, 
 the turkey, and a few 
 other birds. Fig. 306 
 is a representation of 
 an early ])lume of 
 ostrich feathers, as 
 they are carved, with 
 an escroU in place of a 
 coronet, in the Abbey 
 Church of St. Albans. 
 From the time of the 
 accession of the House 
 of Stuart to the crown 
 of the United King- 
 dom, the coroneted 
 plume of three ostrich feathers appears to have 
 been regarded, as it is at this present day, as 
 the special badge of the Princes of ^Vales. 
 
 Februa, Februales, R. A festival in honour 
 of the dead instituted by Numa ; it was cele- 
 brated every year on the ides of February. 
 
 Feet. In Christian art the feet of Our Lord, 
 also of angels and of the Apostles, should always 
 be represented naked, without shoes or sandals. 
 [Fair/w/t.) 
 
 Felt (Fr. /f«/r^). A sort of coarse wool, or 
 wool and hair. Felt hats were first made in 
 England by Spaniards and Dutchmen, in the 
 beginning of the reign of Henry VHI. Felt 
 was also used for the stufl'mg of garments. 
 
 Feminalia or Femoralia, R. {femur, the 
 thioh). Short breeches or a kind of drawers 
 
 FifC- 306. Ostrich feathers. 
 (An escToll for a coronet.) 
 
138 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 
 (^xe: 
 
 (^.'d'^/. 
 
 (%>} 
 
 &:: 
 
 m 
 
 :^. 
 
 cki 
 
 Fig. 307. Silver Feretory or Reliquary, of good English work, 
 for the most part in repouss^. 
 
 which reached from the waist to about the knee. 
 [Worn by Augustus Cassar, who was very 
 susceptible to cold.] 
 
 Feadace (armour). The old name for the 
 gorget. 
 
 Fenestella, Chr. (lit. a small window). A 
 niche made in the wall of a church, near the 
 altar, and containing the stone basin in which 
 the priest poured away the water in which he 
 had washed the chalice. 
 
 Fenestra, Window. Fenestra biforis is a Gc- 
 7nel-wi)idoiii, formed by a double bay. Fenestra 
 was the name given to the hole pierced in the 
 ears to receive the earrings, as also to the 
 loop-holes made in the walls of a fortress. 
 
 Fenestration, Arch. A term which expresses 
 the disposition and arrangement of all the 
 windows in a house. 
 
 Fengite. Transparent alabaster used for glass 
 in windows. 
 
 Ferculum, R. (f<.ro, to carry). Contracted 
 form of ferictiluni, a tray, and thence the 
 dishes carried upon a tray ; a course or remove. 
 In a triumphal procession the term was applied 
 to a platform for displaying an enemy's spoils, 
 a rich booty, images of the gods, &c. ; or the 
 ashes of the dead in a funeral. 
 
 Feretory, Chr. (i) A richly-ornamented 
 shrine, often of solid gold and set with jewels, 
 in which the relics of saints are carried in 
 Roman Catholic processions. (2) The en- 
 closure or chapel in which the shrine was 
 kept. 
 
 Feretrum or Pheretrum, Gr., R., and Chr. 
 (Lat. capuhis). A bier ; sometimes a shrine. 
 The term was used at a period when coffins were 
 uncommon ; more properly the Feretory, i 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Ferise, R. Days of festival among 
 the Romans ; they were classed as fol- 
 lows : (i) FeriiV statcv or statme, 
 which were held regularly on the 
 days indicated in the calendar ; these 
 were the immovable festivals, such as 
 the Agonalia, Carmentalia, Luper- 
 calia, &c. (2) Ferice coiicepta: or con- 
 ceptivce, which were held every year, 
 but at uncertain intervals ; these were 
 the movable festivals, such as the 
 Latinae, Sementivje, Paganalia, and 
 Compitalia. (3) Lastly, there were 
 the fericE imperativa or official festi- 
 vals, which were held by order of the 
 dictators, consuls, or praetors. All 
 ferice were dies nefasti, on which 
 lawsuits, political transactions, &c. 
 were impious, and slaves were re- 
 lieved of their labour. The feria 
 Latino: were the most important of 
 all Roman festivals. 
 
 Fermail, Her. A buckle. 
 Ferr, Her. A horse-shoe. 
 Ferrara. A manufactory of majolica in 
 North Italy, described by Jacquemart as "one 
 of the most brilliant in Italy ;" established 
 l)y Alfonso I. with artists imported from Faenza, 
 circa 1495. [Jacquemart.) 
 
 Ferrea Solea. A horse- 
 shoe. (See Solea and 
 
 IIlPPOSANDAI.IUM.) 
 
 Ferriterium. A prison 
 for slaves. Synonym ot 
 Ergastulum (q.v.). 
 
 Ferula, R. The fen- 
 nel ; a plant with which 
 children were beaten for 
 slight faults, and thence a 
 cane or stick with which 
 slaves were chastised. 
 Fesse, Her. One of the ordinaries. A broad 
 band of metal or colour crossing the shield 
 horizontally. 
 
 Fig. 30S 
 
 «|,,,.|,i^,i.,Miii-p| n 
 
 li 1 ,11 h{i i 1 iii| |i|i mil ii|i|i Ii|lllli pi!!!iJ!ilil!!!!!iilH|i||ll]ll'llHa!l|JIII 
 
 fr "i^^ 
 
 a^^: 
 
 Fig. -^ioo. Festoon of folinge. 
 
 Fesse-point, Her. The central ]ioint 01 an 
 escutcheon. 
 
 Fesse-wise, In Fesse, Her. Disposed in a 
 horizontal line, side by side, across the centre 
 of a field, and over the fesse-point of a shield. 
 
ART AM) ARCII.KOI.OCN-. 
 
 '39 
 
 Fig. 310. Fibula. 
 Gallic. 
 
 Festoon, Arch. Garland of flowers. (Imjt. 
 309.) (See Encarpa.) 
 
 Festra, R. An abljreviation anciently em- 
 ployed for Fkm'.stra (([.v.). 
 
 Festuca or Vindicta, R. The rod whicli the 
 lictor held over the head of a slave during 
 the ceremony of wa/iumiss/o, by which he was 
 given his freedom. (See Manumissio. ) 
 
 Fetter-lock, I!er. A shackle, padlock; a York- 
 shire badge. 
 
 Fibrinae (vestcs), Fibrinae (lana;). (Sec Gas- 
 
 TOKE.«.) 
 
 Fibula, Gen. (/^c, to fix), (i) A clasp, buckle, 
 or brooch ; any contri- 
 vance made of gold, 
 silver, bronze, ivory, 
 &.C., used for fasten- 
 ing male or female at- 
 tire. (2) The buckle 
 of a head-band {/ir/iia, 
 -'it/a). Figs. 310 and 
 311 represent buttons 
 and clasps belonging 
 to the Gaulish and 
 Merovingian periods. 
 [The girdles of the 
 Franks and Saxons, 
 found in English tombs, 
 were usually ornament- 
 ed most profusely. Not 
 only were the buckles 
 [fibuhe) of the richest 
 workmanship, and con- 
 spicuous for size and ' 
 decoration, but they are sometimes supple- 
 mented by enchased plates, or plates set 
 with precious stones. {Roach Smith.)] 
 (See Figs. 105 to 113.) 
 
 Fictile "Ware, Keremania, R. [fiuqo, 
 to mouldj. Any object made of terra- 
 cotta or pottery, such as tiles, bricks, 
 vases, &c. (See Poi 'fERY. ) 
 
 Fiddle (A.S. fuhele), or Viol, is repre- 
 sented in an Anglo-.Saxon MS. of the nth cen- 
 tury, of a pear- shape, with four strings. The fiddle- 
 bow probably originated in Hindustan, where 
 the Hindus claim that the ravanastron was in- 
 vented about 5000 years ago by Ravanon, a 
 king of Ceylon. Almost identical with this is 
 the Chinese fiddle called urheen, which has (;nly 
 two strings, and its body consists of a small 
 block of wood, hollowed out and covered with 
 a snake-skin. A German fiddle of the 9th century, 
 called lyra, has only one string. In the Nibe- 
 lungen Lied Volker is described as dexterous 
 in playing the fiddle. Interesting representa- 
 tions of performers on the fiddle are painted on 
 the roof of Peterborough Cathedral. They arc 
 attributed to the 12th century. 
 
 Fidelia, R. An earthenware vessel or jar 
 used as a receptacle for cement. 
 
 Fides or Fidis, R. .\ general term compris- 
 ing all stringed or gut instruments (from sphidc', 
 catgut). 
 
 Fidicula, R. (dimin. of /i,/es). A very 
 fine catgut string, a freh/e-string. The plural 
 fidieuliC denotes an instrument of torture for 
 slaves, the form of which is unknown. 
 
 Field. In Numismatics, the surface of a coin 
 on wliieh objects were engraved; in Heraldry, 
 the entire surface of a shield or baimer. 
 
 Figure-paintings. Paintings of tiie human 
 figure. 
 
 Filagree, Filigree, or Filigraine (It. jUi- 
 
 Fig. 312. Silver Filigree. Reliiniary, belonging to 
 
 Lord Hastings, said to have been dug up in the 
 
 foundation.s of St. Paul's, London. 
 
 grana—fdiini and j^ramtm, or granular net-work; 
 so called because the Italians, who first introduced 
 this style of work, ])laccd beads upon it. [^/;v.]). 
 This work is of gold or silver wire plaited and 
 soldered into delicate arabesques and (lower jxit- 
 terns. In the 15th century the Spanish Moors 
 "made admirable chiselled, enamelled, and 
 gilt work, and applied filigree work on the sur- 
 face, a system kept up at Salamanca anil Cor- 
 dova to the present day." The Eastern nations 
 have always been famous for filigree work. 
 
 File, Her. A label (from the Latin Jilum, 
 a narrow ribbon). 
 
 Filfot, called also the Gammadion. (See 
 
 FVI.KOT.) 
 
 Filigree Glass. (See Gi-.\ss. ) 
 Fillet, I kr. A diminutive of a chief. 
 Fillets, Gen. Strips of linen employed for 
 
I40 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 various purposes. The victims which were con- 
 ducted by priests to sacrifice were adorned with 
 sacred fillets. Among the Egyptians fillets were 
 employed to swathe mummies, the strips being 
 repeatedly wound by the embalmers round the 
 corpse, till it reassumed the appearance it had 
 presented before being dried. (See Diadem, 
 Fascia.) In Architecture, a small round or 
 rectangular moulding which separates two others 
 which are larger and more prominent ; the 
 fillet also separates the flutings of columns. 
 (See T/KNiA.) 
 
 Fimbria, R. The border 
 or fringe of a cloth or gar- 
 ment. [These were more 
 common among the Egyp- 
 tians and Assyrians than 
 the Greeks and Romans, and 
 are mentioned in the 
 Bible.] 
 
 Fimbriated, Her. Bor- 
 dered ; the border (which 
 is narrow) lying in the same 
 plane with the object bordered. (Fig. 313.) 
 Finial. In Gothic architecture, an ornament 
 of carved work represent- 
 ing foliage, on the apex 
 of a spire or pinnacle. 
 (See Crocket.) (Fig. 
 
 314-.) 
 
 Fir-cone upon a stem 
 was the form of vases spe- 
 cial to the majolica manu- 
 factory of Deruba ; "a 
 form," says Jacquemart, 
 "quite special to that 
 manufactory, and directly 
 imitated from the extreme 
 East and from Asia Minor." 
 Fire. Flames of fire 
 placed near St. Anthony 
 signify his spiritual aid as 
 patron saint against fire 
 in all shapes, in the next 
 world and inthis. 7o7igiies 
 0/ fire are, of course, de- 
 picted on the heads of tlie Apostles, in repre- 
 sentations of the Day of I'entecost. 
 Fire-dog. (See Andiron.) 
 Fire-lock. The musket fired by flint and 
 steel, invented in France about the year 1630. 
 (See Match-lock.) 
 
 Fire-stommer, (). E. A poker. 
 Fiscus, R. A wicker-work basket nsed for 
 gardening purposes, especially for gathering in 
 the olive and grape crops. The Romans also 
 made use of this basket for transporting sums of 
 money ; hence fiscus came to mean a money- 
 chest, and was the name given to that part of 
 the revenue which was applied to the civil list 
 of the emperors [opposed to cvrariuin, the pro- 
 
 Fig. 314. Finial. 
 
 perty of the senate]; but at last the word was 
 used to signify generally the property of the state. 
 
 Fish. In Christian art, the symbol of water 
 and the rite of baptism. (See Acrostic and 
 Vesica Piscis.) 
 
 Fistuca, R. A pavior's ram or beetle ; a 
 wooden bar or pile used to consolidate floorings, 
 masonry, and pavements. 
 
 Fistula, R. (i) A water-pipe of lead or 
 earthenware. (2) A writing-pen made of reed, 
 and thence a Pan's pipe. (3) A rolling-pin for 
 making pastry. (4) A probe. (5) A machine 
 for bruising corn, which was called fistula 
 farraria. 
 
 Fitch. The best of paint-brushes are made 
 of the hair of the fitch or polecat. They are 
 black, elastic, and firm though soft. They are 
 made flat or round, and are used also for var- 
 nishing. 
 
 Fitcbee, Iler. Pointed at the base. 
 
 Flabelliform, Arch, {flabelluni). Fan-shaped. 
 The term is usually applied to an ornament 
 composed of leaves and palms, which is of fre- 
 quent occurrence on Romano-Byzantine monu- 
 ments. 
 
 Flabellum, Gen. {flo, to blow). A fan. 
 (See Fan.) 
 
 Flagellum, Gen. {fiagjui/t). A whip or 
 scourge made with thongs of leather, especially 
 thongs of the ox's hide, or twisted or knotted 
 cords, &c., used in antiquity forjnmishing slaves 
 or culprits. It was a terrible weapon, and the 
 lash was often knotted with bones, or heavy 
 metal hooks to tear the flesh [scorpio). Gladia- 
 tors used to fight in the arena with fia^ct/a. 
 
 Flagon. A vessel with a long neck covered 
 at toji, and a spout. The flagons of the 15th 
 and 16th centuries are the best in design ami 
 ornamentation. 
 
 Flail. A weapon like a flail, of wood and 
 iron armed with spikes, /t'w/. Henry VIII. 
 
 Flake-white. So called from its form, in 
 commerce, oi flakes or scales. As a pigment it 
 possesses great body, and enters largely into 
 numerous compound tints. {Ftu'rholt.) (See 
 Carbonate of Lf\d ) 
 
 315 Hat-h -li 
 
 Flambiyant (style). Mod. The style of 
 French architecture peculiar to the 15th cen- 
 
AKl I\.\l) AKLll/tiULUUi . 
 
 141 
 
 tury, so called bccau.se the mullions and tracery 
 of the windows in the monuments belonging to 
 that period are curved and twisted like the 
 waving of flames. This style was contempo- 
 rary with that called "the perpendicular" in 
 England. 
 
 Flamen, R. A priest devoted to the service 
 of any one god ; e. g. Flavicn Martialis, the 
 jiriest of Mars. Their characteristic dress was 
 the Apex, the L.i:na, and a laurel wreath. 
 
 Fig. 316. Projecting-heads. 
 
 Flaming Heart, in Christian symbolism, 
 expre^^c^ fervent piety and love. 
 
 Flammeolum (dimin. of flamiitciiii:). A term 
 denoting a texture much finer than that of the 
 tlaiiintcuiii. 
 
 Flammeum, R. A bridal veil worn by the 
 
 Fig. 317. Old Flcmisli I.acc. 
 
 bride on liie day of her marriage ; it was of 
 light gau/e, and in colour of a vivid and bril- 
 liant yellow, like a llamc ; whence its name. 
 It covered the lady from head to foot, and was 
 removed by the bridegroom on their arrival 
 luime after tlie ceremony. 
 
 Flammula, R. A small flame ; a small 
 banner borne l)y light cavalry regiments ; it 
 was of a vivid and brilliant yellow colour, like 
 the bridal Jhiiiiiiicuin ; whence its name. (Mo- 
 dern Okiii.ammk, (pv. ) 
 Flanches, Flasquea, Ikr. Subordinarics. 
 Flat-heads, Projecting-heads, Mod. An orna- 
 ment iieculiar to the Romano-liyzantine period, 
 which decorates archi volts. Fig. 3'5 K'^e's an cx- 
 ami)leof llat-hcads; Fig. 316 of projecting-heads. 
 Flaying-knife. An attribute (jf St. Hartholo- 
 mew, signifying the manner of his martyrdom. 
 In Croyland Abbey it was anciently the custom 
 to present all members of the community with 
 small Haying-knives on St. Bartholomew's Day 
 (Aug. 24). 
 
 Flemish Lace. Flanders and Italy dispute 
 the invention of pillow lace. It is certain, how- 
 ever, that lace of home manufacture was worn 
 in the 15th century in the Low Countries, and 
 from that time to the present lace-making has 
 formed a source of national wealtii to I'.elgium. 
 The engraving shows a fine specimen of 
 old Flemish lace composed of six different 
 designs joined together, commonly known as 
 "Trolle Kant." A similar lace is made in 
 some of our own coimties, and called "Trolly." 
 (Fig. 317.) . , 
 
 Fleur-de-lis (Fr.), the royal msigma of 
 France, was first adopted by Louis VI 1. (about 
 A.D. 1137) scmcc, or scattered over the field. 
 This shield is blazoned as " France Ancient. ' 
 On the occasion of his marriage, in 1234, 
 St. Louis instituted the order of the " Cosse de 
 G e n e s t " (Fig. 
 \^5v..^ 318), and, as an 
 " '■*" emblem of his 
 humility, took for 
 his badge the 
 broom-flower with 
 the motto Exdltiil 
 hitmilis. The col- 
 lar of the order 
 was composcil of 
 broom - tlo wers 
 enamelled, inter- 
 mixed with flcurs- 
 d e - 1 i s. In the 
 reign of Charles 
 VI. four collars 
 of the order of the 
 Cosse de Ge- 
 nest were sent as 
 . ^ ... jiresents to King 
 'l^o^^.^^^fl^.^r- Richard 11. and 
 
142 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 his uncles the Dukes of Lancaster, Gloucester, 
 and York. The fleur-de-lis entered the English 
 insignia in 1275 with the marriage of Edmund 
 with Blanche of Artois, and was erased on 
 January i, 180 1. 
 
 Fleurettee, Her. Terminating in, or bordered 
 with fleurs-de-lis, like the cross in Fig. 318. 
 
 FleuroD. A small full-blown rose placed in 
 the centre of the abacus of the capital in certain 
 orders of architecture. 
 
 Flexed, Her. Bowed, bent. 
 
 Flighted, Her. Feathered, as arrows are. 
 
 Flo, O. E. An arrow. 
 
 " Rnbiii bent his joly bowe, 
 Therein he set &j2o." 
 
 (IVright's Songs and Carols.) 
 
 Floralia, or Florales Ludi. A Roman fes- 
 tival in honour of Flora, said to have been 
 instituted li.c. 238, to invoke the protection of 
 the goddess u])on the sjiring blossoms. 
 
 Florentine Fresco. A peculiar method of 
 fresco-jminting, by which the lime is kept 
 moistened durnig the process. 
 
 Florentine Lake. (Sec Carminated Lakes.) 
 Florentine Mosaic. Inlaid work in coloured 
 stones, and precious stones combined into beau- 
 tiful patterns. 
 
 Florid (style), Arch. This term, now dis- 
 used, has lieen replaced by that of Flamboyant 
 style Oi-v.). 
 
 Florimontana. A literary society established 
 at Annecy in 1606. They took for their device 
 an orange tree, with the motto, ^'' Florcs, fnuiits- 
 ijuc pcrcniics.'" 
 
 Fluor-spar or Derbyshire-spar. A mineral 
 rock very common in Derbyshire, where it is 
 made into ornaments, &c., with the lathe. 
 
 Flute, Gen. Said to have been invented by 
 Apollo or Mercury. The simplest form of flute 
 was made with an oat-stalk {avaia 1 or a hollow 
 reed {calanius) ; in the course of time it was 
 made of ivory, bone, or the shin-bones of 
 animals ; whence its 
 Latin name of Tuii.v 
 (q.v.). The Greek 
 llute (au/os) was held 
 like a flageolet, and a 
 vibrating reed was in- 
 serted into the mouth- 
 ])icce. The single flute 
 was called iiioiiaidos ; 
 the double one diaulos. 
 A specimen of the 
 last in the British 
 Museum was found in 
 a tomb at Athens. 
 It is made of cedar, 
 and the lubes, which 
 are filtecn inches in 
 length, have each a 
 
 Kig. 3iy Flutings. 
 
 Fig. 3:0. Focuhis. 
 
 separate mouthpiece and six finger-holes, five of 
 which are at the upper side, and one under- 
 neath. The flutes of the Eli-uscans were often 
 of ivory ; those used in religious ceremonies 
 were of boxwood, 
 ass's bone, bronze, 
 and silver. The Per- 
 sian flute called 
 " nay" and the 
 " surnayi" a kind 
 of oboe, are still 
 popular in the East. 
 lnA/cxico,ihe young 
 man sacrificed to the 
 god was taught to 
 play the flute, and 
 as he went to his 
 death he broke a 
 flute on each of 
 the steps of the 
 temple. The prac- 
 tice of making flutes 
 of the bones of their enemies was common with 
 many Indian tribes in America. 
 
 Flutings or Flutes, Arch. Small semicircular 
 indents or grooves cut perpendicularly, by way 
 of ornament, in the shafts of columns and 
 pilasters. Flutings may be either decorated or 
 plain. When filled with a bead-moulding, they 
 are said to be cabled. Fig. 319 represents flut- 
 ings decorated with leaves twined round a reed. 
 Fly, Her. The length and also the side of a 
 flag furthest from the mast. 
 
 Fo, Chinese. (See Dog of Fo.) The " Hand 
 of Fo " is a fragrant fruit, a kind of cedrat, 
 generally styled the Chinese hand-plant, used to 
 perfume apartments. 
 
 Focale, R. (fauces, the throat). A square 
 piece of cloth which was wrapped round the 
 neck, and covered the ears. 
 
 Foculus, R. (dimin. of foeus). A portable 
 
 fireplace; a brazier or chafing-dish. (Fig. 320. ) 
 
 Focus, R. The hearth or fireplace of a 
 
 house, consecrated to the Lares or household 
 
 gods. 
 
 (See Trefoil, Qua- 
 
 Foil, in Architecture. 
 TREFOIL, &c.) 
 
 321. Foliage of ih,; 
 Acanthus. 
 
 Foliage, Gen. 
 
 Nearly every style 
 of architecture has 
 made use of foliage 
 for purposes of or- 
 namentation. In an- 
 tiquity, the leaves 
 of the acanthus, 
 palm, laurel, olive, 
 ivy, &c., were thus 
 employed ; the Ro- 
 mano-Byzantine, By- 
 zantine, and Pointed 
 styles utilized for 
 
ART AND ARCIiyEOI.OfJV. 
 
 •43 
 
 tlie same purpose the vine, oak, ciiiqueioil, 
 parsley, nialionia, mullein, thistle, <S:c. r'oliage 
 has been applied to the decoration of capitals, 
 archivolts, bands, cornices, and friezes ; and 
 it has also been used to form Crockets (q.v.), 
 crownings, pinnacles, &c. Architectural work 
 thus enriched is said to be foliated, and the 
 ornament itself is called roLiATiON. 
 
 Fig. 322. Foliage on mou 
 
 Folliculus, R. A leather cap encircling the 
 hole by which an onr protruded from a ship. 
 The term is a diminutive of FoLLis (q.v.). 
 
 FoUis, R. A small ball of leatlier inflated 
 with air, which also went by the name oi folli- 
 ailiis ; used for a plaything. 
 
 Fong-hoang, Chinese. A fabulous bird 
 which is immortal, lives in the highest regions 
 of the air, and only ap]:iroaches men to announce 
 to them happy events and prosperous I'eigns. 
 It is easily recognized (on pottery, &.c.) by its 
 carunculated head, its neck surrounded by silky 
 feathers, and its tail partaking of the Argus 
 pheasant and the jieacock. {yacqiit'inart.) 
 
 Fontange, Kr. " A modish head-dress," 
 deriving its name from .Mademoiselle de Fon- 
 tange, a lady of the court of Louis XIV., 
 who invented it. (Fig. 326.) 
 
 Font-cloth, 
 (). E. (I) The 
 hanging with 
 Mhich the font 
 was ornamented. 
 (2) The CiiRis- 
 MALE (q.v.). 
 
 Fools. In 
 Church architec- 
 ture and decora- 
 tion, grotesque 
 figures of men 
 with fool's cap 
 and bells are 
 frequently seen 
 under the .seats 
 of c h o i r-stalls 
 and miserere 
 seats. (See the article Ol?sca;NA.) 
 
 Foolscap. A fool's cap was the device of the 
 Italian society called the Granelleschi, formed 
 at Venice in 1740 to oppose the corruption of 
 the Italian language. A sheet of foolscap pai)er 
 is 17 in. by 13^ in. 
 
 Forceps. Tongs or pincers, the attributes of 
 some of the martyrs. (See FoRFEX.) 
 
 Fig. 324. Baptismal font 
 ( Komano-Byzantiiic) . 
 
 V'^S- 323- Pompeian fount 
 
 Fons, Fountain, Gen. In antiquity, natural 
 springs and fountains were objects of religious 
 worship. Fig. 323 represents a Pompeian 
 fountain known as the Fountain of Abundance- 
 Font, Chr. The vessel which contains the 
 consecrated water used in the administration of 
 baptism, by sprinkling or asjiersion f Fig. 324), 
 introduced in lieu of the original mode of 
 immersion (Fig. 325). (Compare Piscina.) 
 
 Fig. 325. Early KiigliNli Font. 
 
 Foreshortening. The art of representing 
 objects on a plane surface as they appear to the 
 eye in pers])ective. 
 
 Forfex, R. (i) Large scissors or shears used to 
 cut hair or shear animals. (2) A c\\\^, in the 
 form of shears, for raising weights. (Fig. 327.) 
 Fig. 32S represents a shears described by ^'itrr.- 
 vius, which was used to raise stones. 
 
'44 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 326 
 
 t oiinngi. Held dress 
 
 Fori, R. 
 
 This term, which i: 
 fonts 
 
 Fig. 327. Roman Forfe.v. 
 
 the phiial of 
 denotes (i) 
 the flooring of a 
 ship ; (2) the floor- 
 ing of a bridge ; (3) 
 the standing-places 
 on a temporary plat- 
 form ; (4) the shelves 
 forming the divisions 
 or different stories of 
 a beehive; (5) the 
 narrow parallel fur- 
 rows drawn in a 
 garden by means of 
 the hoc. 
 
 Foricula. A lit- 
 tle door. Dimin. 
 of FoRis (q.v.). 
 
 Foris, R. The 
 door as distin- 
 guished from the 
 frame in which it 
 hung. In the plu- 
 
 ral, fores denotes a folding-door with 
 two leaves, as, for instance, foi'cs 
 caircris, the door of the stalls in a 
 circus. 
 
 Forks were not in general use 
 earlier than the 14th century. One of 
 the earliest occasions on which a fork 
 is mentioned informs us that John, 
 Duke of Brittany in 1306, had one 
 "to pick up soppys." 
 
 Forlon. A Spanish carriage with 
 four seats. 
 
 Forma, R. {fav, to produce). A 
 mould, form, or model ; a mould for 
 making bricks or other objects in 
 clay, such as (i) antefixa, masks, &c.; 
 (2) a shoemaker's last ; (3) the water- 
 way of a subterranean aqueduct. 
 Diminutive, Formella, R. A small 
 shape or mould used especially by the 
 Romans to give an artificial form to 
 the fish which was served as one of 
 the courses at dinner. 
 
 Fornacalia, R. A festival of 
 bakers in ho- 
 nour of the god- 
 dess Foruax 
 (oven-goddess). 
 It took place in 
 February, the 
 day being given 
 out by the curio 
 viaxiniiis, who 
 announced, in 
 tablets which 
 were placed in 
 the forum, the 
 part which each 
 curia had to take in the 
 festival. I'hose persons who did not know to 
 which curia they belonged, perfomied the rites on 
 the last day, called Stultorum fcri(V (the feasts of 
 fools). 
 
 Fornacula (dimin. of Fornax, q.v.). (i) 
 A small furnace for smelting metals. (2) A 
 small furnace for a bath-room. 
 
 Fornax, R. A furnace ; an oven ; a kiln 
 for baking pottery : foriiax calcaria, a lime- 
 kiln ; forimx irraria, a blast-furnace for smelt- 
 ing metals ; foniax balnci, a hypocaust or bath- 
 furnace ; this was also called Fornacula 
 (q.v.). P'ORNAX is also the name of the god- 
 dess of ovens. 
 
 Fornix, R. A term having the same mean- 
 ing as Arcus (q.v.). It also denotes (i) a 
 triumjihal arch {arcus triumphalis) ; (2) a vault 
 or vaulted room ; (3) a vaulted gate. 
 
 Forril. A kind of parchment, specially pre- 
 pared for bookbinding. 
 
 Forulu3, R. (dimin. oi forus, a shelf). A 
 cupboard, cabinet, or dwarf bookcase. 
 
 Forfex. 
 
ART AND ARCH.EOLOGY 
 
 '45 
 
 jiyy^ftf 
 
 Forum, R. A large open space used by 
 the Romans as a market ; it ansuered to the 
 Greek Agora (q.v.). Fig. 329 represents the 
 fonim civile of Pompeii, xmquestionably one 
 of the most complete examples bequeathed to 
 us by antiquity. A is the principal entrance ; 
 B, a Corinthian temple ; C, the public prison 
 {career piiblicus) ; D is supposed to have been a 
 horrcicm, or public granary ; E, the temple ot 
 Venus, the guardian goddess of the city ; F, the 
 basilica ; G, H, I, the curiae, which were a 
 kind of civil and commercial tribunals ; A' is a 
 rectangular building which probably served the 
 purpose of a shop for money-changers ; Z, a 
 portico terminating in an absis ; M, the temple 
 of Mercury or Quirinus ; N, a building with a 
 large semicircular tribune, which probably 
 formed the residence of the Augustales. 
 
 Forus. A synonym of FoRUM (q.v.). Fonts 
 akatorius was the term applied to a dice-table. 
 
 Fossil Ivory. The tusks of the mammoth — 
 the extinct elephas primigeniiis — found in great 
 quantity in Siberia, are the material of which 
 nearly all the ivory-turner's work in Russia is 
 made. The ivory has not undergone any petri- 
 fying change like other fossils, and is as well 
 
 adapted for use as that procured from living 
 species. 
 
 Fote (or Foot) Mantel. An outer garment 
 of the petticoat kind, bound round the hips (of 
 a woman on horseback) "to keep her gown or 
 surcoat clean." {Stnttt.) 
 
 " A/ofe-/nau/el about hir hips large." (C/taucer.) 
 
 Fountain, Her. A circular figure or rouxdle 
 that is A?;7j zc/nvjy arg. is so blazoned. 
 
 Fourchee, Her. Divided into two parts ; 
 said of a lion with a double tail. 
 
 Fraces, R. A kind of fuel made of the tan 
 obtained from tlie residuum of oil-presses ; it 
 was thus the jnilp of olives. 
 
 Frsenum, Frenum, R. A horse's bridle, 
 including the bit and the reins. [The bit was 
 called c>>ra or Greek ffTOfitoy.] 
 
 Framea, R. (i) ^ German spear, tlie iron 
 head of which was short but very shaqj ; it was 
 em])!oyed by them as a pike. (2) A weapon 
 used by the Franks. 
 
 Francisca. A kind of battle-axe used by the 
 Franks. 
 
 Frankfort Black. A German pigment pre- 
 pared like /i.'ue black (q.v.). 
 
 L 
 
146 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 French Tlltramarine. (See Guimet's Ultra- 
 marine.) 
 
 Fresco Painting (i.e. alfresco, upon fresh or 
 wet ground), generally employed for large pic- 
 tures on walls and ceilings, is executed with 
 raineral and earthy pigments upon a freshly-laid 
 
 laiaiaigigB 
 
 F!g. 330. Greclc Fret. 
 
 ground of stucco. It was known to the ancients. 
 and must be distinguished from distemper 
 PAINTING (q.v.) on plaster, which is a different 
 
 Greek Fret. 
 
 process. " Biion (or genuine) /r^J-ro," painted 
 on the fresh surface of plaster, is distinguished 
 from ''fresco sccco," or a process of painting on 
 
 Fig. 332. Greek Fret. 
 
 dry plaster commonly practised in Italy and 
 Munich. It is argued that the latter was the 
 process used at Pompeii, and generally by the 
 ancients, because { l) lime is found in nearly all the 
 
 not contain only one day's work, as it must 
 in biton fresco. 
 
 Fret, Arch. An angular, interlaced archi- 
 
 colours, anil (2) the nature of the joinings in 
 tlie work indicates that each compartment does 
 
 Fig. 334. Scroll Fret. 
 
 tectural ornament of the Greek and Romano- 
 Byzantine period, also known as broken batoon 
 and Vitrtivian scroll, and presenting some 
 analogy with chevroti or zigzag. There are 
 crenelated or rectangtilar frets, triangular, ne- 
 bulated, undulated frets, &c. 
 
 Fret, O. E. A caul of gold or silver wire. 
 
 " A/ret of golde she had next her hair." (Chancer.) 
 
 Fret or Frette, Her. 
 
 335. Badge of the Arundel 
 family, with fret. 
 
 One of the sub- 
 ordinaries. The 
 illustration is one 
 of the badges of 
 the Arundel fami- 
 ly : a chapeau or 
 and gules, sur- 
 mounted by a. fret 
 or, and an acorn 
 leaved vert. 
 
 Frieze, Arch. 
 That part cf the 
 entablature which 
 is included be- 
 the cornice. (See 
 
 tween the architrave and 
 Fig. 184. ) Another name for it is Zoophorus 
 (q.v.). It was generally richly sculptured. 
 The finest frieze ever found is that of the Par- 
 thenon, the ornamentation of which may be 
 studied in the Elgin-marble room at the British 
 Museum. (See Fig. 2S2.) 
 
 Frieze, Frize. A coarse woollen cloth, first 
 mentioned 1399. 
 
 " Cloth of gold, do not despize 
 To match thyself with cloth of frize. 
 Cloth of frize, be not too bold, 
 Though thou be matched with cloth of gold." 
 
 Frigidarium, R. {frigidus, cold), (i) A cool 
 apartment in a bathing establishment. (2) A 
 cool ]ilace used as a larder. 
 
 Frisquet. In wood engraving, a piece of 
 paper laid over the proof-paper in the act of 
 printing, to keep clean the parts not intended 
 to be exposed to the ink. 
 
 Fritillus, R. A dice-box of a cylindrical 
 form, called also turricula or pyrgus (Greek 
 
 (/)l;UOb). 
 
ART AND ARCH/EOLOCV. 
 
 47 
 
 Frog. An ancient emblem of silence and 
 secrecy, from a legend quoted by ^lian that 
 
 Fig. 336. Frog. The device of Mscenas. 
 
 the frogs of Syriapha never croak in their own 
 marshes. Hence it was adopted by Mtecenas, 
 the friend of Augustus, for his device. (Fig. 
 336.) 
 
 Frontale, Gen. {frons, the 
 forehead). (l) A frontlet or 
 head -band worn by Greek 
 women, and to be seen prin- 
 cipally on the statues of god- 
 desses. (2) A plate or band 
 of metal placed across the 
 forehead of horses (Fig. 337) 
 as a protection for the frontal 
 bone. The Medes, Persians, 
 Greeks, and Romans made use 
 of \\\(t frontale for their cavalry 
 horses. For the ecclesiastical 
 Frontal, Medieval, see Ante- 
 pen diu.m. Henry III. gave 
 a FRONTAL to the high altar 
 Abbey, upon which, besides 
 
 Fig. 337. Frontale 
 of a bridle. 
 
 at Westminster 
 
 carbuncles in golden s'ettmgs, and several large 
 pieces of enamel, were as many as 866 smaller 
 pieces of enamel. 
 
 Frontispiece. In Architecture, the facade or 
 face of a building. The engraved title-page of 
 a book was originally called the frontispiece. 
 
 Frote, O. E. To rub ; to stir. 
 
 Frountere, O. E. Frontal (q.v.). 
 
 Fucus, Gr. Cosmetic paint, much used by 
 the C^rcck and Roman ladies. They stained 
 their eyebrows black with a preparation of 
 sulphuret of antimony called stimmi, or of soot, 
 asbolos. The Roman ladies, in addition to rouge 
 and white for the complexion, used to trace out 
 the veins on their temples with a blue paint, 
 and they wore the patches of (^^lecn Anne's 
 time (J/Zcv/Za). "From beef without mustard, 
 a servant which overvalues himself, a«</a ivoman 
 ivhich paml€th,—goodi Lord deliver us!" 
 [Stubbcs.) 
 
 Fuller's Bat or Club. Attribute of St. James 
 the Less, wliu w as killed with such an implement. 
 
 FuUonica, FuUonum, R. (Julio, a fullLr). A 
 fuller's establishment. An example of one, in 
 perfect preservation, is preserved at Pompeii. 
 'Vhc ftdloih's acted as laundrymen to Greek and 
 Roman families, washing linen as well as 
 woollen clothes by treading in tubs (using urine 
 for soap, which was unknown to them) ; hence 
 saltits fulloiiiius, a fuller's dance. 
 
 Fulmen. The thunderbolt of Jove. (See 
 also Illai'A.) It is generally represented as a 
 double cone of flame, with lightnings on each 
 side, or frequently with wings. 
 
 Fumarium, R. {fitmiis, smoke). A chamber 
 in the upper part of a Roman house, into which 
 the smoke from the fires was conducted. Tiie 
 smoke-room was used for drying wood and 
 ripening wine. The " Rauchkammer" or smoke 
 attic is still a common institution in good houses 
 in Germany. 
 
 Funale, R. [funis, a rope). A link or torch 
 made of various materials. 
 
 Funalis or Funarius (sc. eqiiits). The trace- 
 horse, so called because its traces, instead of 
 being of leather, were of rope (fimis). 
 
 Funarius. (See Funalis.) 
 
 Funda, Sling, Gen. The sling has been em- 
 ployed by most of the peoples of antiquity as 
 a weapon of warfare for hurling stones, chiefly 
 flints or leaden bullets (glaiides). The slings of 
 the Egyptians were made of leather thongs or 
 plaited cord. Thefiitiditores, or slingers, of the 
 Greek and Roman armies carried each a pro- 
 vision of stones in the folds [sinus) of his pal- 
 lium, a shield on his left arm, and brandished 
 his sling in the right hand. The most celebrated 
 slingers were the inhabitants of the Balearic 
 Islands, which took their ancient name from 
 this circumstance. 
 
 Fundibalus, Fundibalum, R. (jSoAAoi, to 
 throw). A machine for hurling stones ; a kind 
 o{ balista (q.v.). (Fig. 2>1>''^.) 
 
 Fig. 338. P'undibaliis— Onager. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fundula, R. A blind alley or cul-de-sac. 
 Fig. 339 represents one of the kind at Pom- 
 peii. 
 
 Fig. 339. Street at Pompeii. 
 
 Fundulus, R. The piston of a hydraulic 
 machine. 
 
 Funeral Ceremonies, i. Greek. The expres- 
 sions TO SiKoia, font^ofieva, or izpoffriKovra, the 
 just and lawful rites, are expressive of the Greek 
 idea that the proper burial of the dead was a 
 most sacred duty to them. The first act was 
 to place in the mouth of the corpse an ohohis, 
 with which the spirit would pay the ferryman 
 in Hades. This coin was then called danakc. 
 The body was then washed and anointed, 
 the head crowned with flowers, and the hand- 
 somest robes put on. All this was done by the 
 women of the family. By the side of the bed 
 upon which the corpse was then laid (TrptJeeo-is) 
 were placed painted earthen vessels {Ucuthoi -, 
 see Lecythus), which were afterwards buried 
 with the corpse. (These vases are frequently 
 disinterred in modern excavations.) A honey- 
 cake {?neliltoHta) to throw to the dog Cerberus 
 was laid on the bed. Before the door a vessel 
 of water {ostracon or ardalion) was set, to be 
 used, like the holy water of Catholic times, by 
 persons leaving the house, for purification. On 
 the third day after death, the ecphora, or carry- 
 ing out for burial, took place in the morning 
 before sunrise. The men walked before the 
 corpse, and the women behind. Hired mourners 
 {threnodoi) accompanied the procession, playing 
 mournful tunes on the flute. The bodies were 
 either buried or burned, until cremation gave 
 way to a Christian prejudice. The body was 
 placed for burning on the top of a pyre (Gr. 
 
 TrDp, fire) ; and, in remote ages, animals, 
 prisoners, or slaves were burned with it. Oils 
 and perfumes were thrown into the flames. 
 Finally, the smouldering ashes were quenched 
 with wine, and relatives and friends collected 
 what remained of the bones. The bones were 
 then washed with wine and oil, and placed in 
 urns, often golden. 
 
 2. Roman. Funera justa conveys the same 
 idea as the Greek dicaia of the right and title 
 of the dead to a proper observance. With the 
 Romans, the washing, anointing, &c. of the 
 body was done by slaves [pollinctores) of the 
 undertakers, who were called libitiuarii, be- 
 cause they dwelt near the temple of Venus 
 Libitina, in which all things requisite for fune- 
 rals were sold and a mortuary register was kept. 
 The coin having been duly placed in the mouth, 
 the body was laid out in the vestibule dressed, 
 of ordinary citizens in a white toga, and of 
 magistrates in their official robes, and the couch 
 was strewn with flowers, and a branch of cypress 
 was placed at the door of the house. All fune- 
 rals were, in ancient times, performed at night, 
 but afterwards only those of the poor. At a 
 great funeral the corpse was carried out on 
 the eighth day, preceded by musicians {corni- 
 riiies, ike.) and mourning women {pneficcv), who 
 chanted a funeral hymn [luenia) ; players and 
 buffoons {histriones, scurrce) followed, and a 
 procession of the freed slaves wearing the cap 
 of Whexiy {pileali). Images of the deceased and 
 of his ancestors were borne before the corpse, 
 which was carried on a litter {feirtruni). The 
 common bier of the poor was called saiidapila, 
 and its bearers vespillones, because they bore it 
 forth in the evening {vespere). The couches of 
 the rich were of ivory, richly ornamented with 
 gold and purple. The relations walked behind 
 in mourning, sons with the head veiled, and 
 daughters with dishevelled hair. At the forum 
 a funeral oration {laudatio) was delivered, and 
 thence the procession went to the place of 
 burial or cremation. Those who were buried 
 (as all were subsequently to the 4ih century 
 A.D.) were placed in a coffin {area or locuhis), 
 often of stone. The Assian stone, from Assos 
 in Troas, was said to consume all the body, 
 with the exception of the teeth, in forty days, 
 whence it was called sarcophagus (q-v. ). For 
 cremation the pyre, or rogus, was built like an 
 altar, and the corpse in its splendid couch being 
 placed on the top, the nearest relation, with 
 averted face, fired a corner of the pile. Per- 
 fumes were forbidden by the Twelve Tables. 
 .Sometimes animals were slaughtered, and in 
 ancient times, captives and slaves, but afterwards 
 gladiators were hired to fight round the blazing 
 pile. (Compare BusTUM.) When the pyre 
 was burnt down, the embers were soaked with 
 wine, and the bones and ashes collected into 
 
.VKl AlNU AKCll/tiULlJO\ 
 
 149 
 
 cred urn of red 
 Ohojepore. 
 
 urns (See Urn A.) The solemnities continued 
 for nine days after the funeral, at the end of 
 which time a sacrifice was performed called the 
 novcmdiah. Men wore black for mourning, and 
 women white ; but at all banquets given in honour 
 of the dead the guests were clothed in white. 
 
 Funeral Urns 
 of Indian pot- 
 tery are found 
 of extremely 
 ancient date. 
 That repre- 
 sented in Fig. 
 340 is a cover- 
 ed jar, of primi- 
 tive make, with 
 an inscription 
 in ancient cha- 
 racters ; its 
 date is proba- 
 bly from 260 to 
 240 H.C. (Jac- 
 qiicmart. ) 
 
 Fur. Slrutt says that " the furs of sables, 
 beavers, foxes, cats, and lambs w^ere used in 
 England before the Conquest ; to which were 
 afterwards added those of ermines, squirrels, 
 martens, rabbits, goats, and many other animals." 
 In the Middle Ages the more precious furs, as 
 ermine and sable, were reserved for kings, 
 knights, and the principal nobility of both sexes. 
 Inferior ranks used " vair " and "gris," or 
 gray ; while citizens, burgesses, and priests wore 
 the common squirrel and lamb-skins. The 
 peasants wore cat-skins, badger-skins, &c. In 
 after times were added the skins of badgers, 
 bears, beavers, deer, fitches, foxes, foynes (or 
 martens), grays, hares, otters, sables, squirrels, 
 weasels, wolves, (.Vc. The mantles of our kings 
 and peers, and the furred robes of municipal 
 officers are the remains of this fashion, which in 
 the 13th century was almost universal. 
 
 Fur, Her. The furs 
 arc of comparatively rare 
 appearance in heraldry, 
 and do not appear in the 
 best ages. Vair and 
 erimne are common, in 
 Fig. 341 is an example 
 of the treatment of ermine 
 from the monument of 
 Edward III. 
 
 Furbelow, O. E. An 
 ornament on the petti- 
 coat of a woman's dress, described as a " puck- 
 ered flounce," to display which it became the 
 fashion to roll back the skirts of the gown. 
 "The Old Mode and the New, or the Country 
 Miss with her Furbelow," is the title of an old 
 play. temp. William and Mary. 
 Furca, R. A fork with two teeth {Indens), or 
 
 Fig. 341. Shield with 
 Ermine. 
 
 two prongs ; a hay-fork : furca caritarii, a fork 
 used for taking down the meat hung up in the 
 carttariuni. The \.i:x\\\ furca was further applied 
 to a kind of fork by aiil of which a foot- traveller 
 carried his baggage, but the more usual name 
 for this kind of fork w.as icruimia (q.v.). Also, 
 a wooden fork placed for i)unishment across 
 the shoulders of slaves and criminals, to the 
 l)rongs of which the hands were tied. Reversed 
 it formed a cross ujion which criminals were 
 executed, cither by scourging or by crucifixion 
 with nailing. The patibulum was a similar in- 
 strument (jf punishment formed like the letter II. 
 
 Furgon, O. I*;. (Fr. fouri^oii). A fork for 
 putting faggots and sticks on to the fire. 
 
 Fumus, R. (i) A baker's oven. (2) A 
 baker's shop. (See FoKNAX.) 
 
 Fuschan in Appules, O. E. Fustian of 
 Najdcs. (See Fustian.) 
 
 Fuscina, R. (i) A fork with three prongs used 
 for spearing fish. (2) The trident of the rclia- 
 riits. Originally it was called triJctis, and used 
 as a goad to drive horses. Neptune always 
 carries one. 
 
 Fuscinula (dimin. of FfsciNA, q.v.). A 
 carving-fork. 
 
 Fusee, Fr. A gun with a wide bore, like 
 a blunderbuss. 
 
 Fusiform [fusiis, a spindle). In the form of 
 a spintllc. 
 
 Fusil, Fr. The steel for striking fire from a 
 flint ; an ancient device of the Dukes of Bur- 
 gundy, the motto inculcating the worthlessness 
 of latent virtues never brought into action. 
 
 
 Fig. 342. Fuiil. Device of Philip of burgundy \\i. i^oj). 
 
 Fusi-yama. The sacred mountain of the 
 Japanese, often depicted on their porcelain. 
 
ISO 
 
 WORDS USKl) IN 
 
 Fustian. " A species of cotton cloth much 
 used by the Normans, particularly by the clergy, 
 and appropriated to their chasubles." (Stridt.) 
 It was orii^inally woven at Fustat, on the Nile, 
 with a warp of linen thread, and a woof of 
 thick cotton, so twilled and cut that it showed 
 on one side a thick but low pile. In the 14th 
 century Chaucer says of his knight, — 
 
 " Of fustian he wered a gepon." 
 
 In the 15th century Naples was celebrated for 
 fustian. An old English account of this date 
 has " Fuschan in Appules " (for Fustian from 
 Naples). 
 
 Fustibalum, R. A pole about four feet 
 long, furnished with a sling {fitnda) in the 
 middle. It was wielded by both hands, and 
 was used to hurl huge stones to a distance. 
 
 Fusus (Gr. aTpcLKTos). A spindle. It was 
 generally made of wood ; but some nations, as 
 
 for instance the Egyptians, had spindles o 
 pottery. 
 
 Fygury, O. E. An old name for silks dia- 
 /"tvvrt^ with y?o-«r(\f of flowers and fruit. A cope 
 in the York fabric rolls is described "una capa 
 de sateyn fygury." 
 
 Fylfot or Filfot. This mysterious ornament 
 exactly resembles the II induarrt;// of remote anti- 
 quity, i. e. the instrument of wood by which fire 
 was obtained by fric- 
 tion ; which is the 
 symbol of Agni. This 
 symbol has never been 
 lost, and occurs sixty 
 times on an ancient 
 Celtic funereal urn ; 
 also on monumental 
 brasses and church 
 embroidery of the Middle Ages. It is generally 
 called the Gammadion. 
 
 Fig. 343. Fylfot. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gabardine or Gallebardine, It. "A rough 
 Irish mantle, or horseman's coat ; a long cas- 
 sock." It was, and is, a favourite outer garment 
 of the Jews. 
 
 Gabion, Fortification. A basket filled with 
 earth, used in the construction of earthworks 
 for defensive purposes. 
 
 Gable, Arch. (German Giehd, point). The 
 triangular end of a house from the eaves to the 
 top. 
 
 Gablet. Diminutiveof gable— applied to fur- 
 niture and niches. 
 
 Gadlyngs, O. E. Spikes on the knuckles of 
 gauntlets, like the modern "knuckle-dusters." 
 
 Gaesum, R. A weapon of Celtic origin. It 
 was a strong, heavy javelin with a very long 
 barbed iron head, used rather as a missile than 
 a s]iear. 
 
 Gage, Med. A glove or cap thrown to the 
 ground as a challenge to combat. 
 
 Galages, O. E. (modern, goloshes). Clogs 
 fastened with latclicts. 
 
 Galaxia, Gr. (raAa|(o). Festivals in honour 
 of Apollo, who was surnamed Galaxies; they 
 were so called because the principal offering con- 
 sisted of a barley cake cooked with milk (70X0). 
 
 Galaxy (Gr. •^i.Ka., milk). In Astronomy, 
 the Milky Way. It passes between Sagittarius 
 and Gemini, dividing the sphere into two parts. 
 
 Galbanum, R. {galbus, yellow). A yellow 
 garment worn by women ; men who adopted 
 this kind of dress were looked upon as foppish 
 and effeminate. 
 
 Galbe, Fr. The general contour or outline of 
 
 any member of architecture ; in especial, the 
 shaft of a column. (See Contractura.) It 
 also denotes the lines of a vessel, console, 
 baluster, &c. 
 
 Galea, R. A helmet ; especially one of skin or 
 leather, in contradistinction to Cassis, which 
 denoted a metal helmet. 
 
 Galeated. In Heraldry, wearing a helmet. 
 
 Galeola, R. A very deep vessel in the shape 
 of a helmet. It was used for holding pure wine, 
 and was a kind of Acratophorum (q.v.). 
 
 Galerus, Galerum, R. A peasant's cap made 
 of fur, and thence a wig. It was a round leather 
 cap, ending in a point, originally peculiar to the 
 priesthood. 
 
 Galgal, Celt. A Celtic or megalithic monu- 
 ment, more commonly called Tumulus. 
 
 Galiot, Galliot (dimin. of galire). A ship 
 moved by both sails and oars. 
 
 Gall (A.S. gealla). In an animal, a bitter 
 yellowish-green lluid secreted by the gall- 
 bladder. Ox-gall, clarified by boiling with ani- 
 mal charcoal and filtering, is used in water- 
 colour and in ivory painting to make the colours 
 spread more evenly upon the paper, ivory, &c. : 
 mixed with gimi-arabic it thickens, and fixes the 
 colours. A coating ot it sets black-lead or 
 crayon drawings. This word is also applied to 
 anything exceedingly bitter, especially to the bitter 
 potion which it was customary among the Jews to 
 give to persons suffering death under sentence of 
 the law, for the purpose of rendering them less 
 sensible to pain, (ilor /isra xoKr^s, " vinegar 
 to drink mingled with gall." (Matt, xxvii. 34.) 
 
ART AND ARCII.T:OLOnV. 
 
 »5i 
 
 Galle (Tours de), Celt. 
 
 A name applied to 
 certain ancient monuments in France, built by 
 the Gauls. 
 
 Galleon (Sp. ^i^ahvn). A large Spanish ship, 
 formerly used in trading to America as a war 
 vessel. 
 
 Gallery, (len. A covered place much longer 
 than it is wide. In Christian archeology it is a 
 kind of tribune situated above the side aisles, 
 and having bays over 
 the nave ; it is also 
 called Triforium 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Galley (Icelandic 
 galhyda). A one-deck- 
 ed vessel, navigated 
 with sails and oars, 
 in Heraldry called a 
 Lymphad (q.v.). The 
 prow of a galley (Fig. 
 344), one of the devices 
 adopted by Cardinal 
 Richelieu, may still be 
 seen among the archi- 
 tectural decorations of 
 his palace. 
 
 Galloon (Sp. galoti). 
 A narrow kind of lace 
 made of silk woven 
 with cotton, gold, or 
 silver ; or of silk only. 
 Gallow-balk, O. E. 
 (See Galows.) 
 
 Ga.lly-gascoynes, 
 O. E. Broad loose 
 breeches; i6th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 " His galligaskins were of corduroy. 
 And garters he had none." 
 
 {The Weary Knife-grinder.) 
 
 Galows, O. E. An iron bar fastened inside 
 an open chimney, from which the reeking-hook 
 was hung, for suspending pots and vessels over 
 the fire. 
 
 Fig. 344. Device of Car- 
 dinal Richelieu, from the 
 Galerie d'0rlt5ans, 
 Palais Royal. 
 
 Galvanography. (See Ei.ectrography, 
 
 El.KCTKOTYPK. ) 
 
 Gamashes. "II igli boots, buskins, or startups. " 
 {Holnu\ 16SS.) 
 
 Gambeson (Saxon wambc, the belly). A 
 quilted tunic, stuffed with wool. It answered 
 the purpose of defensive armour, and was subse- 
 quently called :\. pour point. 
 
 Gamboge. A gum resin of a forest tree called 
 Garcinia Cambogia, generally imported in 
 cylindrical rolls. It forms a beautiful yellow pig- 
 ment, used for water-colour ; it is used to stain 
 wood in imitation of box, and the tincture 
 enters into the composition of the gold-coloured 
 varnish for lacquering brass ; it also gives a 
 beautiful and durable stain to marble. (^E. B.) 
 
 Gamelion. The seventh month of the ancient 
 Athenian year, corresponding to our January. 
 It was so called because it was a favourite 
 season for marriages (yauTj). 
 
 Fig- 345- Garde de Bras. 
 
 Fig. 346 Gargoulette. Arab. 
 
 Gammut. (See Gamut.) 
 
 Gamut. The musical scale ; so called from 
 the first tone, UT (our do), of the model scale of 
 Guido, which was represented by the Greek 
 gamma. 
 
 Ganoid (7o«'of, brightness). A name applied 
 to an order of fishes, having angular scales, 
 composed of bony plates, covered with a strong 
 shining enamel. _ _^ _ 
 
 ■1/?^ 
 
 <esE ubha, 
 
 Op nl 
 
J52 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Gantlet. (See Gauntlet.) 
 
 Garb, Her. A sheaf of wheat, or of any 
 other grain to be specified. 
 
 Garde de Bras. An additional protection for 
 the left arm, to the elbow-piece of which it was 
 fastened by straps and a screw. It was used 
 only for jousting, and first appears at the end of 
 the 15th cent. The example shown is of the i6th 
 cent., from the Meyrick collection. (Fig. 345.) 
 
 Gargoulette. An Arab vase, or water-cooler, 
 with one handle, furnished with a spout 
 adapted for drinking through. The piece in the 
 illustration is from the Arabian potteries of 
 Maghreb in Africa. This pottery is described 
 by M. Jacquemart as "covered with a pinkish 
 grey enamel of rose colour, and heightened by a 
 polychrome decoration in zones, generally con- 
 sisting of bands of scrolls, flowers, denticulations, 
 rosettes, &c. ; where citron, yellow, manganese- 
 brown, green, and blue form the most charming 
 harmony. 
 
 Gargoyle, Mod. The projecting extremity of 
 a gutter. In antiquity terra-cotta masks were 
 used fin- the purpose. (Fig. 347.) Durin£ 
 
 Fig. 347. Gargoyle, Antique. 
 
 (iuthic. 
 
 the Gothic period any kind of representation 
 was employed. Fig. 348 shows an upright 
 gargoyle from the church of St. Remy at 
 Dieppe. 
 
 Garland, Arch. A term employed by some 
 authors as synonymous with foliage ; but it 
 denotes rather heavy festoons tied with fillets, 
 and consisting of leaves, fruits, and flowers, as 
 shown in Figs. 287 and 309, taken from the tem- 
 pleof Vestaat Tivoli. (SeeENCARPA, Festoons.) 
 
 Garnet. This gem, on account of its brilliant 
 colour and hardness, is much used in jewellery, 
 and although an abundant supply renders it of 
 
 little value, the gem nevertheless possesses every 
 quality necessary for ornamental purposes. It 
 occurs in many colours — red, brown, yellow, 
 white, green, black ; the streak is white ; the 
 diaphaneity varies from transparent to sub- 
 translucent, or nearly opaque, and it has a sub- 
 conchoidal or uneven fracture. The varieties 
 used in jewellery are called carbuncle, cinna- 
 inon-stoiie (or essonite), almandine, and pyrope 
 or Bohemian garnet. Garnets are not much 
 used for engraving, being of splintery, bad grain 
 under the tool. {A. Billing, Science of Gems, 
 &c. ; H. Emanuel, Diamonds ajid Frecioits 
 Stones.') 
 
 Garnished, Her. Adorned in a becoming 
 manner. 
 
 Garter, Order of the, instituted by Edward 
 III. in 1350, consists of the Sovereign and 
 twenty-five knights companions, of whom the 
 Prince of Wales always is one. Knights of 
 the Garter place K.G. 
 after their names ; and 
 these letters take pre- 
 cedence of all other 
 titles, those of royalty 
 alone excepted. The 
 stalls of the knights 
 are in the choir of 
 St. George's Chapel, 
 Windsor Castle, where 
 their garter-plates are 
 fixed and their banners 
 are displayed. The in- 
 signia are the garter 
 itself, the badge of the 
 order; the collar, and 
 the Lesser George or 
 jewel. (Fig. 349.; It 
 was this jewel that 
 Charles I., immediately 
 before he suffered, de- 
 livered to Archbishop 
 Juxon, with the word 
 " Remember ! " The ribbon of the order is 
 dark blue ; it passes over the left shoulder, and 
 the Lesser George hangs from it under the right 
 arm. 
 
 Garter King of Arms, Her. The chief of the 
 official heralds of England, and ofiicer of arms 
 of the Order of the Garter. 
 
 Gastrum, R. An earthenware vessel with a 
 round belly ; whence its name. 
 
 Gaulus, R. A vessel used for drinking and 
 other purposes. The same term was also applied 
 to a broad-built ship employed by the Phoenicians 
 and by pirates. 
 
 Gauntlet. The knight's gauntlet was made of 
 
 leather covered with plates of steel. It was 
 
 not originally divided into fingers. (Fig. 350.) 
 
 Gausapa, Gausape, Gausapum, R.('>au(707r7jy). 
 
 (l) A garment introduced from Egypt into 
 
 Fig. 349. Order of the 
 Garter. Lesser George. 
 
AKl i\l\l) AK\-n/rAJlAK.» 
 
 »5J 
 
 Rome, in the time of Augustus ; it was made 
 of a woollen cloth with a long naji on 
 
 believed the existence of a good gcniii-i, or guar- 
 dian angel, born witii every mortal, and which 
 died at the same time with him. Genius loci 
 was the name given to the guardian spirit of a 
 place. [SceJuNONES, Larks, I'knatks, &c. 
 Tlie superstition has many forms in Christian 
 as well as in pagan arl.| 
 
 Genoa Lace. Mention is made of Genoa 
 1 .ace as early as the 1 5th century. ( Jenoa was 
 as celebrated for its pillow lace as Venice for its 
 
 Ki-. 350. Caumlot. 
 
 one side, and was worn on leaving the bath ; 
 it was white or dyed purple. Gausapa wa> 
 used not only for articles of dress, but for 
 table linen, napkins, dusters, and mattings. 
 (2) A wig made of human hair, worn at Rome 
 during the Emjiire. 
 
 Gauze. A light, transparent silk texture, 
 supposed to have been invented at Gaza in 
 Palestine ; whence the name. 
 
 Gavotte (It. gavotta). A lively dance-tune 
 in two-fourth time, consisting of tM-o sections, 
 each containing eight measures. 
 
 Gehenna (Heb." Cc-hiii-novi, i. e. the valley 
 of Hinnom). In this place, on the noith of 
 Jenasalem below Mount Zion, is a place called 
 Tophet, where children were sacrificed to 
 Moloch. King Josiah made it the common- 
 receptacle for rubbish and carcases, and a fire 
 was kept constantly burning there ; hence^ the 
 Jews used this term to signify "hell." (Com- 
 pare Hades.) 
 
 Gemellar, R. {geniellus, twin). A case for 
 holding oil ; it was called gemellar from the fact 
 of its being divided into two compartments. 
 
 Gemelled, Arch. Double ; thus a gemelUd 
 bay is one divided into two parts ; gcmclkdanhcs, 
 those which are joined two and two. 
 
 Gemelles, Her. In pairs. (See Bars-ge- 
 
 MELLES.) 
 
 Gemm», Lat. (i) Precious stones, esp. cut 
 or engraved. (2) Drinking-vessels or objects 
 made of precious stones. (3) Pearls. (4) The 
 eyes of a peacock's tail. The original meaning 
 of the word is a hud, eye, or gem on a plant ; 
 anything swelling and bright. 
 
 Gemojiiae, or Gemonise Scales, R. (i.e. steps of 
 sighs). Steps leading to the prison in the forum, 
 on the stairs of which the corpses of criminals 
 were exposed for several days. 
 
 Gems. Precious stones, especially when 
 carved. (SeeCAMEOS. ) 
 
 Genet, Her. A spotted animal, something 
 like a marten. 
 
 Genethliaci, Gr. and R. {yfvi0\-n, birth). 
 Astrologers who cast "nativities" 
 
 Genius, R. (geiio, to beget). The Romans 
 
 f^m^ 
 
 51. Genoa Point Lace— Pillow inade. 
 
 needle-made. The characteristic of this lace 
 I was its design, a kind of barleycorn-shaped 
 ' pattern, radiating into rosettes from a centre. 
 I It was particularly adapted for the large turn- 
 over collar of Louis XIII., and was produced 
 by plaiting, and made entirely on the pillow. 
 
 Genouillieres. Fr. Ii) Steel coverings for the 
 knees. Prom the 13th century. They were 
 often richly ornamented. (2) In foitijieatioii, 
 the sill of the embrasure. 
 
 Genre Pictures. Those representing scenes 
 of every-day life and manners. 
 
 1; •( ,._(irgc " Gold NoMc, Henry \ II 1. 
 
IS4 
 
 ^YORDS USED IN 
 
 Geodes. In Mineralogy, hollow lumps of 
 chalcedony found deposited in the cavities of 
 flints, formed by the chemical action of water. 
 
 George. A gold noble of the time of Henry 
 VIII. (Fig. 352.) 
 
 George, Saint, Her. The patron saint of 
 England. His red cross on a silver field first 
 appears in English heraldry in the 14th cen- 
 tury. (See Fig. 349.) 
 
 George, The, Her. A figure of St. George on 
 horseback, worn as a pendant to the collar 
 of the Order of the Garter. (See Garter.) 
 
 Georgic (yeupyiKbs, rustic ; from 77), earth, 
 and epyov, work). Poems on the subject of 
 husbandry. 
 
 German Silver. An alloy of nickel, zinc, 
 and copper. The proportions recommended 
 are nickel 25, zinc 25, copper 50. 
 
 Gerrhae. Persian shields made of wicker-work. 
 Ghebres, Pers. Fire-worshippers. 
 Ghibellines. An Italian faction, 13th cen- 
 tury, who supported the German Emperors 
 against the Giielphs, who stood by the Pope. 
 The war-cry of the Guelphs was taken from the 
 name of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, of the 
 house of Wolf; that of the Ghibellines from Weih- 
 linden, a town of Wiirtemberg, the seat of the 
 Hohenstauffen family, to which Conrad, Duke 
 of Franconia, belonged. These two dukes were 
 rivals for the 
 imperial throne 
 of Germany. 
 
 Ghoul, Ghole, 
 Pers. A demon 
 who fed on dead 
 bodies of men. 
 
 Giallo, Giallo- 
 lino,Gialdoliiio, 
 It. Pale yellow. 
 (See Massicot.) 
 Giaour, Turk- 
 ish. An unbe- 
 liever in Mo- 
 hammed. 
 
 Gigantoma- 
 chia, Gr. A fa- 
 vourite subject of 
 Greek art, representing the War of the Giants, 
 sons of Coelus and Terra, against Jupiter. They 
 "heaped Ossa on Pelion " to scale heaven, and 
 were defeated by Hercules. They are repre- 
 sented as of vast stature and strength, having 
 their feet covered with scales. A beautiful 
 cameo in the Naples Museum represents Jove 
 in his chariot subduing the giants. In 1875 the 
 German expedition found among the ruins of a 
 temple at Pergamus a series of sculptures of 
 almost colossal proportions, representing, as 
 Pliny describes them, the Wars of the Giants. 
 These sculptures are now in the Berlin Museum. 
 Gillo, R. A wine-cooler, of earthenware. 
 
 Fig- 353- Gimmel Rings. 
 The device of Cosmo de' Medici. 
 
 Gipciere. 
 
 Gimmel Eing, Her. Two, sometimes three 
 annulets interlaced. (Fig. 353.) 
 
 Gingham (Javanese ginggan\. Cotton cloth, 
 woven from dyed yarns ; distinguished from 
 cloth printed or dyed after weaving. 
 
 Ginglymus, R. (yiyyAvfios). A hinge moving 
 in a socket. 
 
 Gingriaus, R. (ylyypas). A flute used at 
 funerals. 
 
 Gipcieres. Richly- 
 ornamented leather 
 purses of the 14th 
 and 15 th centuries. 
 They were often en- 
 graved with religious 
 mottoes. (Fig. 354.) 
 Gipon. Probably 
 the same as ga/n- 
 hcson. 
 
 Girandole. A 
 large kind of 
 ranched candle- 
 stick. 
 
 Girdled, Girt, 
 Her. Encircled or 
 bound round. 
 Girdles. These were the most beautiful and 
 costly articles of dress during the Middle Ages. 
 They were frequently made entirely of gold or 
 silver, decorated with cameos, precious stones, 
 &c. Besides the knightly sword ; the purse, 
 dagger, rosary, or penner and ink-horn and other 
 objects were suspended from the girdle. From 
 this word the waist was called ihtgirdL' stead, or 
 place (j/t?c/) of the girdle. The girdles of ladies 
 were equally splendid, and frequently depended 
 nearly to the ground, as in Fig. 355. The 
 girdle is an attribute of St. Thomas, from a 
 legend that the Virgin, pitying his weakness 
 of faith, threw down to him her girdle, after 
 her assumption into heaven. 
 
 Girgillus, R. A roller turned by a windlass, 
 for drawing up the bucket of a well. (See Jack. ) 
 Girouette. (See En.) 
 Girt, Her. (See Girdled. ) 
 Gisarme. A scythe-shaped weapon with a 
 pike, fixed on a long staff. 
 
 Gittern, O. E. A small guitar, strung with 
 catgut. 
 
 Givre. (See Wyvern.) 
 Glabrous (Lat. glaher]. Smooth, bald. 
 Glade (Norman glette, a clear spot among 
 clouds). An opening or passage in a wood 
 through which the light may shine. 
 
 Gladiators were first exhibited at Rome, B.C. 
 264, at a funeral. The practice had its origin 
 in that very ancient one of slaughtering slaves 
 and captives on such occasions. Subsequently 
 it became more general. The different classes 
 of gladiators, distinguished by their arms and 
 other circumstances, were : AndabatcE, who wore 
 
helmets without any oldening for the eyes, and 
 tliercfore foui^lit lilimlfold ; Essc,/a)-ii, wlio 
 
 nil the walls of tombs in siulplnre m paiiit. 
 'Ihc most celclirated statues of I he k'm<l arc the 
 
 Fig. 355, Girdle of a Flemish lady of the 15th centurj'- 
 
 fought from chariots (Essed.^:) ; Hoplomachai, 
 who wore heavy defensive amiour ; Laqucatorcs, 
 who carried a sort of lasso or noose ; Alcridiani, 
 who fought in the middle of the day, and were 
 very slightly armed ; Mir»iiUoiies, so called 
 from their having the image of a fish (mormyr) 
 on their helmets ; Retiarii, armed with a trident 
 and a net. Others, as Samnitcs, Thraccs, &c., 
 were named from the nation whose fashion of 
 armour they adopted. The fights of gladiators 
 were favourite subjects of Roman art, and it is 
 assumed that in cases where no actual combats 
 took place at a funeral, they were represented 
 
 Fig 336 Roman sword. 
 
 so-called "Dying Gladiator" in the museum 
 of the capitol at Rome, and the Gladiator of 
 the Horghese collection. 
 
 Gladiolus. Diminutive of Gladius, and 
 synonym of Lic.Ul.A. (See both words.) 
 
 Gladius, R. A general term, 
 incluiling all the different kincls 
 of swords or glaives, but de- 
 noting more particularly the 
 two-edged swords used by the 
 Greeks, Romans, and Gauls. 
 Fig. 357 represents two Gaul- 
 ish swords, the form of which 
 may easily be guessed, even 
 though they are in the scab- 
 bard ; Fig. 356 is a Roman 
 gladius. 
 
 Glaive. A blade on a pole 
 having its edge on the outside 
 curve, used by foot-soldiers in 
 the 15th century. 
 
 Glans, Gr. and R. (lit. an 
 acorn). A large leaden slug, 
 of long oval form, which was 
 hurled by a sling in place of 
 stones. 
 
 Glass. The discovery is lost 
 in remote antiquity. Pliny 
 gives a legend which ascribes 
 it to chance. Glass bottles 
 in Egypt are represented upon monuments 
 of the 4th dynasty (at least 2000 years B.C.). 
 A vase of greenish glass found at Nineveh 
 dates from B.C. 700. Glass is found in the 
 windows at Pompeii ; and the Romans stained 
 it, blew it, worked it on lathes, anil en- 
 graved it. Pliny mentions, as made by the 
 Romans in his time, glass coloured opaque, 
 red, white, black (like obsidian), or imitating 
 jacinths, sapphires, and other gems; also 
 miiri-hine glass. This bst was either an imita- 
 tation of fluor spar, or a kind ol agate, or fluor 
 spar. The Romans also made mosaic or milk- 
 Jiori, in which the threads of colour are melted 
 into a rod, so that at every section the whole 
 pattern appears ; and cameo glasses, in which a 
 p.aste of one colour is laid over another, .and the 
 whole then carved into the requireil design ; 
 ('■(?/(/ Aw/ was also worked into the substance or 
 fi.xed on the surface. A gate at Constantinople 
 took its name iiom the glass works near it, but 
 
 Fig. 357- Gallic 
 swords. 
 
156 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 l''ig. 35S. \'cnoti.ui Ghis- \"a;,e, 16th century 
 
 iitlle is known of the Byzantine art, nor of 
 earlier European art than the 13th century. In 
 mediieval times stained glass windows, in leaden 
 frames, were constructed with great success in 
 England, France, and Flanders. In the 13th 
 century they appear in Italy. The \'enetian 
 art took its impulse from the capture of Con- 
 stantinople in 1204. Its peculiar beauty is de- 
 rived from the curved forms and tenuity of sub- 
 stance obtained in blowing. (Fig. 358.) There are 
 six kinds of Venetian glass, (i) Vessels of colour- 
 less or transparent i^lass, or of single colours, ge- 
 nerally blue or purple. (2) Gilt ox enavicllcd glass. 
 (3) Crackled glass, having a surface rough and 
 divided irregularly into ridges. (4) Variegated 
 or viarbled opaque glass, called schvitltz ; the 
 most common variety is a mixture of green and 1 
 purple, sometimes resembling jasper, sometimes \ 
 
 chalcedony ; other varieties are imi- 
 tations of lapis lazuli and tortoise- 
 shell ; and avanlurine, which is 
 obtained by mingling metallic filings 
 or fragments of gold leaf with 
 melted glass. (5) Millefiori, or 
 mosaic glass, in imitation of the 
 old Roman process. (6) Reticulated, 
 filigree, or lace glass. The varieties 
 contain fine threads of glass, gene- 
 rally coloured, but sometimes milk- 
 white, included in their substance. 
 The lightness and strength of the 
 Venetian glass are due to its not 
 containing lead like our modem 
 flint glass. Venetian mirrors were 
 for a long period widely celebrated. 
 The oldest example of the German 
 drinking-cups, ornamented with 
 paintings in enamel, is of the date 
 of 1553. The designs are com- 
 monly armorial bearings. From 
 the beginning of the 17th century 
 the Bohemian manufactories sup- 
 plied vases enriched with orna- 
 mental subjects, particularly with 
 portraits engraved upon the glass. 
 The art of icheel eiigravino upon 
 glass flourished in France under 
 Louis XVI. In modern times this 
 kind of ornamentation is produced 
 by the agency of hydrofluoric acid. 
 "Coarse glass-making in England 
 was, in Sussex, of great antiquity." 
 (fuller.) "The first making of 
 Venice glasses in England began in 
 London, about the beginning of 
 the reign of Queen Fllizabeth, by one 
 JacobVessaline, an Italian." (Stow.) 
 Glass-glazed Wares. (See Glaz- 
 ed Wares.) 
 
 Glaucous [y\avK6s]. Uf a sea- 
 green colour, or a greyish blue. 
 Glazed Wares. Almost immediately after the 
 invention of Ceramic manufacture, the applica- 
 tion of glaze or coloured enamel must have im- 
 ]iroved it. What we term gla(;ure is a light var- 
 nish which enlivens and harmonizes the porous 
 surface of tcrra-cotta. In its simple state it is 
 a mixture of silex and lead, and in this state it 
 is transparent, as we find it on antique vases ; 
 when vitrifiable, and mixed with tin, as in the 
 case of fnajolicas, it is called enamel ; and when 
 of vitrifiable and earthen substance, such as can 
 only be melted at the temperature required for 
 the baking of the paste itself, it is known as 
 Glaze, or couverte, and can be identified in the 
 Persian faiences and Flemish stone-ware. (Figs. 
 359, 360.) (See Biirty, Chejs-d'auvre of the 
 Industrial Arts. ) 
 
 Glazing. In oil painting, the application of 
 
ART AND ARCH/EOLOGV. 
 
 thin layer of colour to finally modify tlie tone. 
 In pottery, a vitreous covering over the surface. 
 (See Glazed Wares.) 
 
 Fig- 359' Flemish stone-ware Cruche, 17th century. 
 
 Globe, held in the hand, is the emblem of 
 power. 
 
 Globus, R. A military manoeuvre employed 
 by a body of Roman soldiers when surrounded 
 by superior forces ; it consisted in forming a 
 circle facing in every direction. 
 
 Glory, Nimbus or Aureole, the Christian 
 attribute of sanctity, is of pagan origin, com- 
 mon to images of the gods, and Roman, even 
 Christian, emperors. Satan in miniatures of 
 the 9th to 13th century wears a glory. The 
 earliest known Christian example is a gem of 
 St. Martin of the early part of the 6th century. 
 The glory round the head is projjerly the nimbus 
 or aureole. The oblong glory surrounding the 
 whole person, called in Latin "vesica piscis" (Fig. 
 361), and in Italian the "mandola'Valmond) from 
 its form, is confined to figures of Christ and the 
 
 »57 
 
 Virgin, or saints who are in the act of ascending 
 nito heaven. When used to distinguish one of the 
 
 Fig. 360. Grriiian enaniollcd stone-ware Criiche 
 date first half of the 16th century. 
 
 three divine Persons of the Trinity, the glory 
 is often cruciform or triangular : the square 
 nimbus designates a person living at the time 
 the work was executed. In other instances it is 
 circular. Coloured glories are variously sym- 
 bolical. {Mrs. Jameson, " The Poetry of Sacred 
 and Legendary Art") 
 
 Gloves In the 14th century already gloves 
 were worn, jewelled on the back, as a badge of 
 rank. "They were worn in the hat," says 
 Steevens, ''as the favour of a mistress, or the 
 memorial of a friend, and as a mark to be chal- 
 lenged by an enemy." A glove of the 17th cen- 
 tury is described "of a light buff leather, 
 beautifully ornamented with spangles and 
 needlework in gold and silver threads, with a 
 gold lace border, and silk opening at the 
 wrist." Gloves were called "cheirotheca?," 
 hand-coverers, by the Greeks and Romans ; 
 they were made without separate fingers, the 
 thumb only being free. A legend current at 
 Grenolile affn-ms that St. Anne, the mother 
 of the Virgin Mary, was a knitter of gloves. 
 
158 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Gluten. In wax painting, the compound 
 with which the pigrnents arc mixed. 
 
 Glyphs, Arcli. Tlic flutings of an ornament 
 or groovingform- 
 ing the segment 
 of a circle. (See 
 DlGLYPH, Tri- 
 GIAVII.) 
 
 Glyptics. The 
 
 an of engraving 
 on precious 
 stones. 
 
 Glyptotheca, 
 Gr. and R. (ij 
 A gallery for 
 sculpture. (2) A 
 collection of en- 
 graved stones. 
 
 Gnomon, Gr. 
 and R. The iron 
 jiin or index, 
 which, by the 
 projection of its 
 shadow, marks 
 the hour upon a 
 sun-dial. 
 
 Goal. (See 
 Met A.) 
 
 Goat. The 
 
 Fig. 
 
 361. Glory. Vesica Piscis 
 in Ely Cathedral. 
 
 Gold. It is probable that the earliest recorded 
 mark upon units of value was the image of a 
 sheep or an ox ; hence money in Latin is called 
 pecunia, from pcciis, cattle, the original form of 
 barbaric wealth, for which gold was the substi- 
 tute. The wealth of Abraham in silver and 
 gold, as well as in cattle, is mentioned in 
 Genesis. No coins of gold or silver have been 
 found in Egypt or Nineveh, although beau- 
 tiful specimens of the goldsmith's art have been 
 
 emblem of lasciviousness. 
 
 Gobelins. Celebrated Royal French manu- 
 factory of tapestry, named from the successors 
 of Jean Gobelin, who brought the art to Paris 
 in the 15th century from Rheims. [See Burty, 
 C/tefs-d'auvre 0/ Industrial Art.'\ 
 
 Godenda, O. E. A pole-axe, having a spike 
 at its end ; 13th century. 
 
 Goderonne, Gouderonne (Needlework). A 
 fluted pattern of embroidery in vogue in the 
 1 6th century. 
 
 Fig. 362. Egypti.i 
 
 of the 
 
 ancient Empire, found in the tomb of Queen Aah-Hotcp. 
 
 Fig. 363. Greek Ear-ring of gold, and part of a necklace. 
 (See also Fig. 276.) 
 
 recovered from the tombs of both countries. 
 The Hebrews, taught by the Egyptians, made 
 their ark, mercy-seat, altar of incense, seven- 
 branched candlestick, and othergolden ornaments, 
 even in the desert of Sinai. The seven-branched 
 candlestick is represented in sculpture on the 
 arch of Titus at Rome. At Babylon and 
 Nineveh gold is said to have been lavishly 
 applied in gilding sculpture, and even walls ; 
 but it is suggested that an alloy of copper, the 
 aiirichalcum of the Greeks, was the metal in 
 reality used for this purpose. The heroes of 
 the Greek epic had golden shields and 
 helmets ; breastplates and other large 
 pieces of golden armour are among the 
 recent discoveries at Mycena; ; at Kourioum 
 in the island of Cyprus also great stores of 
 golden ornaments of a very early age have 
 been discovered. In ScYTliiAN tombs in 
 Russia also, about Kertch, beautiful relics 
 of Grecian work in gold have been found, 
 .showing that in the very earliest ages the 
 skill and taste applied to this art were not 
 less than those of later times. The gold 
 jewellery of ancient India also excelled that 
 of modern date, but none, before or since, 
 ever equalled the great age of Greek art. 
 Pausanias describes a statue of Athene, 
 made bv Pheidias, and kept in the Par- 
 thenon at Athens, of ivory and gold — chrys- 
 elephantine — delicately worked all over ; and 
 a still larger statue of Jupiter, of the 
 
same maleiials. Native gold alloyed with one- 
 fifth silver was greatly prized by the Greek artists, 
 who gave it the name oieUr/ruiii. Examples of 
 this elcctrum are rare; there is a vase at St. Peters- 
 burg. The Romans used to pay enormous 
 prices for their household plate ; for an ex- 
 ample, the bowl of Pytheas, on which were 
 represented Ulysses and Diomed with the jialla- 
 dium, fetched 10,000 denarii, or about 330/. 
 per ounce. Few specimens of Roman art have 
 escaped destruction. (Fig. 7.) Of the age of 
 Byzantine splendour we are told that the 
 Emperor Acadius, early in the 5th century, sat 
 on a throne of massive gold, his chariot being 
 also of gold, &c. In the 9th century the 
 throne of Theophihis was overshadowed by a 
 tree of gold, with birds in the branches, and at 
 the foot two lions all gold. The lions roared 
 and the birds piped in the branches. A remark- 
 able wealth of ancient goldsmith's work has been 
 found in Ireland, consisting principally of 
 personal ornaments. In the 9th and loth cen- 
 turies the Irish workmanship was unsurpassed in 
 Europe. It consisted principally of objects for 
 religious use, and is characterized by a filagree 
 of extraordinary richness, akin to the intricate 
 traceries of the Irish illuminated work on MS. of 
 the same date and derivation. In the loth and 
 llth centuries there was a great revival of art 
 throughout Europe. In Germany, the abbey of 
 Hildesheim, under Bishop Bernward, became 
 the centre of a school of goldsmiths, and some 
 beautiful specimens of hammered gold, by the 
 bishop's hand, are preserved. 
 
 Gold, in Christian art. (See Yellow.) 
 
 Gold, Cloth of, is mentioned in the Penta- 
 teuch, and was common throughout the East in 
 all ages. It was originally wrought, not in 
 rounded wire but flat, as the Chinese, the 
 Indians, and the Italians (their lama iforo) 
 weave it now. The early Roman kings wore 
 tunics of gold, and the Romans used it as a 
 shroud for burial. King Childeric, A.D. 482, 
 was buried at Tournai in a mantle of golden 
 stuff. It was much favoured in England for 
 church vestments, and by royalty, especially by 
 Edward IV. and Henry VIII. and the nobility 
 of their time. (The different varieties are 
 described in their order. See AccA, Areste, 
 Batuz, Chryso-clavus, Ciclatoun, Dor- 
 neck, Samit.) 
 
 Goldbeater's Skin, prepared from a membrane 
 found in the s:omach of the ox, is used to 
 separate leaf-gold in the process of gold-beating. 
 
 Golden Fleece. An Order of Knighthood in- 
 stituted on the lOth of January, 1429, by Philip, 
 Duke of Burgimdy. The Collar is composed 
 of double steels, interwoven with flint-stones, 
 emitting sparks of fire, at the end whereof 
 hangs on the breast a Golden Fleece. The fusils 
 are joined two and two together, as if they were 
 
 double BB's (the cyphers of Burgundy). The 
 Jliut-sto)ies are the ancient arms of the Sove- 
 reigns of Burgundy, with the motto " A)ite foil 
 quant Jlaiuma tiiicet.'" (See Fig. 342.) The 
 motto of theOrder is "Prelium iton vi/e/alioniin." 
 There are four great officers, viz. the Chancellor, 
 Treasurer, Register, and a King of Arms, callccl 
 Toison d'Or. The Bai)c;k consists of a Golden 
 Fleece, sus]iended from a flint-stone, which is 
 surrounded with flames of gold. 
 
 Golden Spur." An Order of Knighthood 
 said to have been instituted by Pius IV., at 
 Rome, in 1559. They are sometimes sjioken of 
 as the Chevaliers Pies or Piurum, and must 
 he distinguished from those who are created 
 knights on the coronation or marriage days of 
 Emperors and Kings, and who receive at the 
 same time the Spurs of Honour. These alone 
 are entitled to the appellation of Equites 
 AuRATl. [Cf. Peter de Belief, Favin, &c.] 
 Golden Stole of Venice. (See Stola d'Oro.) 
 Golione, O. E. A kind of gown. 
 Gondola, It. A Venetian pleasure-boat or 
 barge. 
 
 Gonfalon or Gonfanon, Fr. (i) A richly- 
 worked pointed banner carried upon a lance ; 
 13th century. (2) An ecclesiastical banner. 
 Gonfalonier. The bearer of a gonfalon. 
 Goniometer {'^oivia, an angle, &c.). An in- 
 strument for measuring the angles of crystals. 
 
 Gonjo, O. P>. (14th century). Said to be the 
 gorget. 
 
 Gopouras, Hind. The pyramid-shaped door 
 of the Hindoo temples. Dwat arab'ha, or door 
 of splendour, was the name given to a door with 
 one or two tiers ; dioarasala, or door of the 
 dwelling, a door with two or four tiers ; dwara- 
 prasada, or propitious door, a door with three 
 to five tiers ; dioaraliariuya, or door of the 
 palace, a door with five to seven tiers ; lastly, 
 diuaragopouras, or door-tower with seven to 
 sixteen tiers. 
 
 Gorged, Her. Wearing a collar. 
 Gorget, Fr. A defence or covering for the neck. 
 Gorgoneia. Masks of 
 the Gorgon's head, which 
 were fixed as bosses 
 upon walls or shields. 
 
 Gossamer, O. E. (pro- 
 perly God's summer'). The 
 name is attributed to an 
 old legend that the fine 
 filaments so called are 
 the fragments of the 
 winding-sheet of the Vir- 
 gin Mary, which fell 
 away from her as she 
 was taken up to heaven. 
 
 Gothamites, O. E. The inhabitants of 
 the village of Gotham in Northumberland, re- 
 nowned for their stupidity. A reprint of the 
 
 Fig, 364. Gorgoneia. 
 
i6o 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 365. Goiird-shapcd bottle. 
 Anatolian. 
 
 tale called " The Wise Men of Gotham " 
 api)eared in 1840. 
 
 Gouache, Fr. This term is applied to the 
 use in water-colour painting of opaque colours 
 more or less mixed and modified with white. 
 The process is extremely ancient, known to the 
 Chinese and Indians of the earliest times, and 
 to the Greeks and Romans. It was the method 
 used by mediaeval ilkiminators. Its result is a 
 velvety reflection of the light. 
 
 Gourd of Noah. 
 A piece of ancient 
 blue faience from 
 Asia Minor. Ac- 
 cording to the tra- 
 dition current in 
 the coimtry, these 
 vessels, which are 
 in great venera- 
 tion, would go back 
 to such remote an- 
 tiquity that it was 
 by one of them 
 that Noah was be- 
 trayed into the first 
 act of inebriety re- 
 corded in history. 
 {Jncqiie7iiart. ) 
 Gouttee, Guttee, Her. Sprinkled over with 
 drops of gold, silver, blue (tears), red (blood), 
 or Ijlack (poix). 
 
 Gown (British givn, Norman gunna). 
 men wore gowns in the Middle Ages, 
 women at all times. 
 
 Grabatus, R. (Kpdfiaros). A sort of 
 framework, consisting of a network of cords, 
 used to support a mattress ; it was the least 
 comfortable kind of bed ; whence the French 
 word g>-ahat to denote a sorry kind of bed. 
 Gradient, Her. Walking. 
 Gradus, R. A flight of steps leading to a 
 temple ; the tiers of seats in a theatre or amphi- 
 theatre, &c. 
 
 Graecostasis. A part of the Roman forum, 
 where the Greek ambassadors stood to hear the 
 debates. 
 
 Graffiti, It. Lines drawn with a graver upon 
 clay or plaster. (See Sgraffiti.) 
 Grafted, Her. Inserted and fixed. 
 Grand-garde. Plate armour to cover the 
 breast and left shoulder, worn outside the usual 
 armour in jousting at tournaments. 
 
 Grand Quarters, Her. The four primary 
 divisions of a shield when it is divided per cross 
 or quarterly. 
 
 Graphite. Plumbago. 
 
 Graphometer. A mathematical instrument, 
 called also a semicircle 
 
 Graphotype. A method of producing book 
 illustrations for printing along with type, with- 
 out the art of an engraver. 
 
 The 
 the 
 
 low 
 
 Grass-green. (See Chrysocolla.) 
 
 Graver or Burin. An engraving-tool. (See 
 Chalcography.) 
 
 Grazioso, It. In Music, an intimation to per- 
 form the music smoothly and gracefully. 
 
 Greaves. Plate armour for the legs. 
 
 Grece, O. F. A step, or flight of stairs. 
 (See Gryse. ) 
 
 Greeces, Her. Steps. 
 
 Greek Lace. A kind of cutwork, described 
 under Lace (q.v.). 
 
 Green, in Christian art, or the emerald, is the 
 colour of spring ; emblem of hope, particularly 
 hope in immortality ; and of victory, as the colour 
 of the palm and the laurel. 
 
 Green. (See Carbonates of Copper, Ox- 
 ides OF Copper, Scheele's Green, Sap 
 Green, Chrome Green, &c. ) 
 
 Green Bice, (keen cinnabar. (See Chrome 
 Green.) 
 
 Green Earth (burnt terra-verde) is a brown 
 pigment, very useful for landscape painting in 
 oil colours ; it is not affected by exposure to 
 strong light or impure air. 
 
 Green Lakes. (See Purple Lakes.) 
 
 Green Verditer. (See Verditer.) 
 
 Gregorian Calendar. The calendar as re- 
 formed by Po]je Gregory XIII. in 1582. 
 
 Gregorian Music. A collection of chants, 
 originally compiled by Gregory I. (the Great), 
 A.D. 600. "It was observed by St. Gregory, 
 a great musician of his time, that the Anibrosian 
 Chants, handed down traditionally to a great 
 extent, had become corrupted ; he therefore 
 subjected them to revision, and added other 
 modes and scales to those four which Ambrose 
 had retained. This was done by taking away 
 the upper tetrachord from the Ambrosian scales, 
 and placing it below the lower tetrachord." 
 (See iMtisic, by the Rev. J. R. Lunn, B.D., in 
 Dictionary of Christian Antiquities.) 
 
 Grey, in Christian art, the colour of ashes, 
 signified mourning, humility, and innocence 
 accused. 
 
 Greybeards, O. E. Stone-ware drinking-jugs, 
 with a bearded face on the spout. 
 
 Gridiron (It. la g7-aticohi). The attribute of 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Griffin. (See Gryphus.) 
 
 Grinding. Pigments are generally ground 
 in po]ipy or nut oil, which dry best and do not 
 deaden the colours. It is essential that these 
 oils be in the purest state, bright and clear. A 
 good oil ought to be so dry in five or six days 
 that the jiicture can be repainted. 
 
 Griphus, Gr. and R. (7pr0os). Literally, a 
 fishing-net, and thence a riddle propounded by 
 guests at a banquet. 
 
 Grisaille, Fr. A style of painting in grey, by 
 which solid bodies are rejiresented as if in relief; 
 adapted for architectural subjects. 
 
Groat. An old English silver coin, equal to a,d. 
 In England, in the Saxon times, no silver coin 
 larger in value than a penny was struck, nor after 
 the Conquest till the reign of Edwartl III., who 
 
 strument used by land-surveyors. In tlic 
 plural, gi-uiihc denotes the intersection of two 
 roads cutting each other at right angles. 
 
 Fig. 366. Groat cf Edward III. 
 
 about 1 35 1 coined grosses or great pieces, 
 ■which went for i,d. each ; and so the matter 
 stood till the reign of Henry VII., who in 
 1504 first coined shillings. 
 
 Q:xc%X2iXa.(Yx. gros-grains). A coarse wool- 
 len cloth with large woof and a rough pile. 
 Grogram gowns were worn by counti7women, 
 15th to 17th centuries, fairholt says that the 
 mixed liquor called ^r^io- obtained its name from 
 the admiral who ordered it to be given to the 
 sailors ; who from wearing a grogram coat was 
 called " Old Grog. " 
 
 Groin, Arch. The angular curve formed at 
 the intersection of a vaulted roof; the line 
 made by the intersection of arched vaults 
 crossing each other at any angle. (See Fig. 
 
 Grolier Scroll. A beautiful and elaborate 
 style of decoration for bookbinding, introduced 
 by Grolicr, a celebrated patron ol bookbinding, 
 in the 15th century. 
 
 Grcma and Giuma, R. A quadrant; an in- 
 
 Fig. 367. Grotesque from a stall in Rouen Cathedral. 
 
 Fig. 368. Grotesque decoration from the Cathedral 
 at Rouen. 
 
 Grotesques, Arch. (It. gi-ottesco, the style in 
 which grottoes were ornamented). Figures of a 
 monstrous, comic, or obscene character, which 
 were spread in profusion over the fa5ades of 
 churches by mediaeval artists (ymaigicrs) ; in 
 stone and in wood ; on choir-stalls and the 
 wood-work and wainscoting of interiors. Figs. 
 367, 368 represent figures upon the stalls and 
 columns in Rouen Cathedral. 
 
 Grounds or Priming. In painting, the first 
 coat of colour laid all over the canvas, upon 
 which the ]iicture is to be painted. 
 
 Grus, Lat. (a crane). A constellation of the 
 southern hemisphere. 
 
 Gry. A measure containing •j'^ of a line. A 
 line is -jl, of a digit, a digit is ^j of a foot, and a 
 (philosophical) foot is ^ of a pendulum whose 
 vibrations, in the latitude of 45°, are each equal 
 to one second of time, or g'j of a minute. 
 
 Gryphus.Griffin, 
 Gen. (7pi5iJ'). A 
 fabulous animal, 
 represented with 
 the body of a lion, 
 and the head and 
 wings of an eagle. 
 In ancient art it 
 was applied in 
 the decoration of 
 friezes, one of the 
 finest specimens being that at the temple of 
 Antoninus and Faustina at Rome. It was a 
 heraldic symbol among the .Scythians, and is 
 
 M 
 
 Fig. 369. Heraldic Griffin. 
 
l62 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 the ancient crest of the city of London. As an 
 emblem this monster symbolizes the destroying 
 power of the gods. 
 
 Gryse, Grece, Tredyl, or Steyre, O. E. A 
 step, a night of stairs. 
 
 GuacosorHuacos, Peruv. 
 The consecrated Ijurial- 
 ]ilaccs of the ancient Peru- 
 \'ians. 
 
 Guardant, Her. Look- 
 ing out from the field, as 
 the lions in Fig. 370. 
 
 Guazzo, It. A hard and 
 durable kind of distemper 
 painting, used by the an- 
 cients, calculated to resist 
 damp and to preserve the 
 colours. 
 
 Gubbio. A celebrated Italian botega of 
 ceramic art, founded in 1498 by Giorgio An- 
 dreoli, the reputed inventor of the secret of me- 
 tallic lustres. Fig. 371 is a cup bearing upon 
 
 Fig. 371. Gubbio Cup, 1519. Louvre Museum. 
 
 a fillet the inscription " Ex Giorg." " of the 
 fabric of Giorgio." 
 
 Gubemaculum, R. {guberno, to direct). A 
 rudder ; originally an oar with a broad blade, 
 which was fixed, not at the extremity, but at 
 each side of the stern. A ship had commonly 
 two rudders joined together by a pole. 
 Guelfs or Guelphs. (See Ghihellines.) 
 Gueux, Badge of tbe. The celebrated 
 Netherlandish confraternity of the Gueux (or 
 Beggars), which had its origin in a jest spoken 
 at a banquet, assumed not only the dress, but the 
 staff, wooden bowl, and wallet of the professional 
 
 beggar, and even went so far as to clothe their 
 retainers and servants in mendicant garb. The 
 
 Fig. 372. Badge of the Gueux. 
 
 badge represents two hands clasped across and 
 through a double wallet. 
 
 Guidon, Fr. (i) The silk standard of a 
 regiment ; (2| its bearer. 
 
 Guige, Her. A sliield-belt worn over the 
 right shoulder. 
 
 Guild, O. E. (Saxon guilda7i, to pay). A 
 fraternity or company, eveiy member of which 
 was gildare, i. e. had to pay something towards 
 the charges. Merchant guilds first became 
 general in Europe in the nth century. (See 
 Aiidcrsoii's History of Commerce, vol. i. p. 70.) 
 
 Fig. 373- Base ornamented with guilloche. 
 
 Fig. 374. Band with the guilloche ornament. 
 
 Guilloche. A series of interlaced ornaments 
 on stone, resembling network. 
 
 Guilloched. Waved or engine-turned. 
 
 Guimet's Ultramarine. A valuable substitute 
 for the more costly preparation. It is trans- 
 parent and durable. 
 
 Guimet's Yellow is the deutoxide of lead and 
 antimony, useful in enamel or porcelain painting. 
 
 Guinea. An English coin first struck temp. 
 Car. II., and so called because the gold was 
 brought from the coast of Guinea (the Portu- 
 guese Genahod). It originally bore the impress 
 of an elephant. The sovereign superseded it in 
 1817. 
 
 Guisarme. An ancient weapon of the nature 
 of a pike or bill. (See Meyrick.) 
 
L.lN.\^ll/liV^i_,V^Vj 1 , 
 
 Guitar (Spanish giiitami). A stringed 
 musical instrument, played as a harp with the 
 fmgers. 
 
 Gules, Her. (Fr. gitculcs). Red, represented 
 in engraving by perpendicular lines. 
 
 Gum-arabic dissolved in water constitutes 
 the well-known vehicle for water-colour paint- 
 ing — gum 7i'(7/tV. 
 
 Gunter's Line. A line of logarithms 
 graduated on a ruler, for practical use in the 
 application of logarithms to the ordinary cal- 
 culations of an architect, builder, &c. Other 
 similar instruments invented by the great mathe- 
 matician (4- 1626) are Giint,i-\^ Quadrant and 
 Gmite-rs Scale, used by seamen and for astro- 
 nomical calculations. 
 
 Gurgustium, R. A cave, hovel, or any dark 
 and wretched abode. 
 
 Gussets were small pieces of chain mail at 
 the openings of the joints beneath the arms. 
 
 Guttse, Arch, (drops). Small conical-shaped 
 ornaments, used in the Doric entablature im- 
 mediately under the mutule beneath the triglyph. 
 (See Fig. 265.) 
 
 Guttee, Her. (See Goutt^e.) Sprinkled 
 over. 
 
 Guttumium, R. [gnttur, the throat). A 
 water-jug or ewer ; it was a vessel of very 
 elegant form, and was used chiefly by slaves for 
 pouring water over the hands of the guests he- 
 fore and after a meal. (See Ablutions.) 
 
 Guttus, R. {gittta, a drop). A vessel with a 
 very narrow neck and mouth, by means of 
 which liquids could be poured out drop by 
 
 163 
 
 drop ; whence its name. It was especially used 
 in sacrifices, and is a common object upon coins 
 of a religious character. 
 
 Gutty, Iler. Charged or sprinkled with 
 dro/s. 
 
 Gwerre, O. E. The choir of a church. 
 Gymmers, O. E. Hinges. (The word is 
 still used.) 
 
 Gymnasium, Gr. {yvuvaaiov ; yv/xfhs, strip- 
 ped). A large building used by the Greeks, 
 answering to the Roman palcrstra, in whicli 
 gymnastics were taught and practised. There 
 were also attached to it assembly rooms for 
 rhetoriciairs and pliilosophers. 
 
 Gyngeceum, Gr. (from yw)], a woman). That 
 part of the Greek house which was set apart for 
 the women. (See DoMUS.) 
 
 Gypsum (Gr. y\j^o%). The property of rapid 
 consolidation renders gypsum very available 
 for taking casts of works of art, &c. It is 
 much employed in architectural ornaments. 
 The gypsum of Paris is called Montmar- 
 trite, and forms the best 
 Plaster of Paris, as it re- 
 sists the weather better 
 than purer sorts. It con- 
 tains 17 per cent, of car- 
 bonate of lime. (See also 
 Alabaster.) 
 
 Gyron, Her. A trian- 
 gidar figure, one of the 
 subordinaries. 
 
 Gyronny, Her. A field 
 divided into g}Tons. 
 
 Fig. 375- Gyronny. 
 
 H. 
 
 H, as an old Latin numeral, denotes 200, 
 and with a dash above it (H) 200,000. 
 
 Habena, R. (haheo, to hold). A term with 
 numerous meanings, all of which were con- 
 nected more or less with the idea of a thong or 
 strap. In the singular, it signifies a halter ; in 
 the plural, habciur, reins. 
 
 Habergeon. A coat of mail, or breastplate. 
 
 Habited, Her. Clothed. 
 
 Hackbut or Hagbut. Arquebus with a hooked 
 stock. 
 
 Hackney Coach (from the French cochc-a- 
 haguenee). The hai]uciue was a strong kind 
 of horse formerly let out on hire for short 
 journeys. 
 
 Hadrianea, R. Small buildings in which 
 Christians were allowed to meet, in virtue of an 
 edict granted in their favour by the Emperor 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Haematinon, R. {aluarwov, of blood). A 
 kind of glassy substance of a beautiful red, and 
 susceptible of taking a fine polish. It was used 
 to make small cii,bes for mosaic or small works 
 of art. 
 
 Hagiographa (sacrea loritings). A name 
 applied to those books of .Scripture which, 
 according to the Jewish classification, held the 
 lowest rank in regard to -inspiration. These are 
 the books of Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, 
 Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, 
 Daniel, Esther, Ezra, and Chronicles. 
 
 Hair. The Assyrian monarchs are repre- 
 sented with beard elaborately plaited, and hair 
 falling in ringlets on the shoulder, which may 
 have been partly artificial, like that of the 
 Persian monarchs, who, according to Xenophon, 
 wore a wig. Both the hair and beard were 
 dyed, and the eyes blackened with kohl, &c. 
 
164 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 {Layard.) The Egyptians kept the head shaved, 
 and wore wigs and beard-boxes. The Hehrtivs 
 generally wore the hair short, but the horse- 
 guards of King Solomon "daily strewed their 
 heads with gold dust, which glittered in the 
 sun." (Josep/ius.) The ancient Greeks wore 
 their liair long. The Athenians wore it long 
 in childhood, had it cut short at a solemn 
 ceremony when they became eighteen years of 
 age, and afterwards allowed it to grow, and 
 wore it rolled up in a knot on the crown of the 
 head, fastened with golden clasps {erobyhis, 
 corymluis'). Women wore bands or coifs (sphen- 
 done, kekjyphahis, sacciis, initrd). Youths and 
 athletes are represented with short hair. The 
 favourite colour was blonde [xantlins^ ; black 
 was the most common. The ancient Rinnans 
 also wore long hairj about 300 B.C. the prac- 
 tice of wearing it short came in {rineinnzis. 
 ci7-j-ns). The Roman women anciently dressed 
 their hair very plainly, but in the Augustan 
 period adopted some extravagant fashions. 
 Each of the gods is distinguished by his peculiar 
 form of hair : that of Jupiter is long and flowing ; 
 Mercury has close curling hair, iS:c. The Danes, 
 Gauls, and Anglo-Saxons wore long flowing 
 hair, and the shearing of it was a punishment : 
 when Julius Caesar conquered the Gauls, he cut 
 off their long hair. Among the early Frankish 
 kings long hair was the privilege of the blood 
 royal From the time of Clovis the French 
 nobility wore short hair, but as they grew less 
 martial the hair became longer. Francois I. 
 introduced short hair, which prevailed until the 
 reign of Louis XIII., which was follo\\ed by the 
 period of periwigs and perukes of Louis XIV. 
 The variations from the Conquest to the last 
 generation in ^;?f'/«;/(/ are so striking and fre- 
 quent that each reign may be distinguished by 
 its appropriate head-dress. (Consult Fairholfs 
 Costume in England, Pla7iche's Cyclopcedia of 
 Costume, &c.) 
 
 H><ir-cloth. (See Cilicium.) 
 
 Hair Pencils or Brushes are made of the finer 
 hairs of the marten, badger, polecat, camel, &c., 
 mounted in quills or white iron tubes. The 
 round brushes should swell all round from the 
 base, and diminish upwards to a fine point, ter- 
 minating with the imcut ends of the hair. (See 
 FiTcir.) 
 
 Halbert. A footman's weapon in the form of 
 a battle-axe and pike at the end of a long staff. 
 
 H Icyon. The ancient name of \\\t Aleedo 
 or king-fisher ; hence — 
 
 Ha'cyon Days, i. e. the calm and peaceful 
 season when the kir.g-fisher lays its eggs in nests 
 close by the brink of the sea ; i. e. seven days 
 before and as many after the winter solstice. 
 
 " Seven winter dayes \viih j^eacefull calme possest 
 Alcyon sits upon her floating nest." 
 
 Sandy's Ovid, I\M. b. xi.) 
 
 Hall-marks. The Goldsmiths of London 
 fomied their company in 1327, and were incor- 
 porated by charter in 1392. The hall-marks, 
 in the order of their introduction, are as fol- 
 lows : — I. The leopard's head, called the king's 
 mark. 2. The maker's mark, originally a 
 rose, crown, or other emblem with or without 
 initials. 3. The annual letter, in the order of 
 the alphabet from A to V, omitting J and U. 
 This mark is changed every twenty years. 4. 
 The lion passant, added in 1597. 5. Instead of 
 the leopard's head (i) for the king's mark, the 
 lion's head erased, introduced in 1697 when the 
 standard was changed, and, 6, a figure of 
 Britannia substituted for the lion passa?it (4) at 
 the same time. Plate with this mark is called 
 Britannia plate. The old standard (of 1 1 oz. 
 2 dwt. pure gold in the lb.") was restored in 1719. 
 7. The head of the reigning sovereign in profiile, 
 ordered in 1784, when a fresh duty was laid 
 upon plate. 
 
 Hailing, O. E. Tapestry. 
 
 Hallowmas, Chr. The feast of All Souls, 
 or the time about All Sovds' and All Saints' 
 Days, viz. the ist and 2nd of November ; and 
 thence to Candlemas, or the 2nd of February. 
 
 Halmos, Gr. and R. A vessel of round form, 
 supported on a raised stand entirely distinct from 
 the vessel itself ; it was used as a drinking-cup. 
 
 Halmote or Halimote. The Saxon name for 
 a meeting of tenants, now called a court baron. 
 
 Halteres (Gr. aArfipes'), in the gymnastic exer- 
 cises of the Greeks and Romans, were masses 
 of lead, iron, or stone held in the hands to give 
 impetus in leaping, or used as dumb-bells. 
 
 Ham (Scotch Iiarne). A Saxon word for a 
 place of dwelling, a home ; hence "hamlet." 
 " This word," says Stow, "originally meant the 
 seat of a freeholder, comprehending the mansion- 
 house and adjacent buildings." 
 
 Fig. 376. Hanaper. 
 
Hama, Gr. and R. (&/j.rj or a^ij). A bucket 
 used for various purposes. 
 Hamburg White. (See Carison.ate ok Lead, 
 
 liAKVTlS.) 
 
 Hames , <y Heames, Her. Parts of liorses' harness. 
 
 Hunmer or Martel. Her. Represented much 
 like an ordinaiy haniiner. 
 
 Hamus or Hamulus. A fish-hook. 
 
 Hanaper, U. li. (.Mod. /lam/er). A wicker 
 basket. (Fig. 376.) Writs in tlie Court of Chancery 
 were thrown into such a basket (in luDiapcrio), 
 and the office was called from that circumstance 
 the Haniper Office. It was abolished in 1842. 
 
 Handkerchiefs embroidered in gold were 
 presented and worn as favours in the reign of 
 Elizalicth. Paisley handkerchiefs were intro- 
 duced in 1743. 
 
 Handle, Gen. In antiquity the leaves of a 
 door were fitted with handles like those of our 
 own day. Fig. 377 represents a bronze handle 
 
 fig- 377- Bronze door-handle. Roman. 
 
 consisting of a double ring. Of these, the inner 
 one could be raised so as to allow a person's 
 hand to take hold of it, and draw the door his 
 own way. This work of art is at the present 
 time in the Museum of Perugia. 
 
 Handruffs, O. E. Ruffles. 
 
 Handseax. The Anglo-Saxon dagger. 
 
 Hanger, O. E. A small sword worn by gen- 
 tlemen with morning dress in the 17th century. 
 
 Hangers or Carriages, ( ). E. Appendages to 
 the swurd-belt iVom which the sword hung, often 
 richly embroidered or jewelled. 
 
 Hanselines (15th century). Loose breeches. 
 (See Slop.) 
 
 Haphe, Gr. and R. (h.<pTi) i.e a grip). The 
 yellow sand with which wrestlers sprinkled them- 
 selves over after having been rubbed with oil. The 
 
 object of this sprinkling was to enable the 
 wrestlers to take a firmer grasp one of the 
 other. 
 
 Hara, Gr. and R. A pig-sty, especially for a 
 breeding sow. The term also denoted a pen for 
 geese. 
 
 Hare, Chr. In Christian iconography the iiare 
 symbolizes the rapid c<,iurse of life. Representa- 
 tions of this animal ore met with on lamps, en- 
 graved stones, sepulchral stones, &c. 
 
 Hirlequin (It. Harhyuino, or little Ilarlay). 
 The name is derived from that of a fanicjus 
 Italian comedian, who appeared in Paris in the 
 time of Henri HI., and from frequenting the 
 house of JNI. de Harlay was so called by his 
 companions. {A/cnagt: ) 
 
 Harmamaxa, Gr. and R. {apfn-afxa^a) . A 
 four-wheeled carriage or litter covered overhead, 
 and enclosed with curtains. It was generally large, 
 and drawn by four horses, and richly ornamented. 
 It was principally used for women and children. 
 Harmonica. A musical instrument consisting 
 of a number of glass cups fi.xed upon a revolving 
 spindle, and made to vibrate by friction applied 
 to their edges. These "musical glasses" are 
 described in a work published in 1677. A 
 Jiarpsichord- harjHouica is a similar instrument, 
 in which finger keys like those of a pianoforte 
 are used. (See the article in Encycl. Brit., 
 8th edition.) 
 
 Harmonium. A musical instrument having 
 a key-board like a pianoforte, and the sounds 
 (which resemble those of organ pipes) produced 
 by the vibration of thin tongues of metal. 
 
 Harp. The Egyptians had various kinds of 
 harps, some of which were elegantly shaped and 
 tastefully ornamented. The name of the harp 
 was biini. Its frame had no front pillar. The 
 harps represented on the monuments varied in 
 size from 6^ feet high downwards, and had from 
 4 to 28 strings. A beautiful Egyptian harp, in 
 the Louvre collection, is of triangular shape with 
 21 strings, but, like all the harps represented on 
 the monuments, it has no fore-pillar. The 
 strings were of catgut. Assyrian sculptures also 
 represent harps. These also had no front pillar, 
 and were about 4 feet high, with ornamental 
 appendages on the lower frame. The upper 
 frame contained the sound-holes and the tun- 
 ing-pegs in regular order. The strings are 
 supposed to have been of silk. The Greek 
 harp, called kitiyra, resembled the Assyrian, and 
 is represented with 13 strings : it is an attribute 
 of Polyhymnia. The An(;lo-Sa.xons called 
 the harp the gko-bcam, or "glee-wood ;" and it 
 was their most popular instrument. King David 
 playing a harp is represented on an A.S. monu- 
 ment of the nth century. It was the favourite 
 instrument of the German and Celtic bards, 
 and of the Scandinavian skalds. It is repre- 
 sented with 12 strings and 2 sound-holes, and 
 
i66 
 
 WORDS USED IX 
 
 having a fore-pillar. A curious Irish harp of the 
 8th century, or earlier, is represented in Bunt- 
 ing's " Ancient Music of Ireland," having no 
 fore-pillar. The Finns had a harp {harpii, 
 kantele) with a similar frame, devoid of a front 
 pillar. In Chris'I IAN art a harp is the attri- 
 bute of King David and of St. Cecilia. St. 
 Dunstan is also occasionally represented with it. 
 In Heraldry the harp is the device and badge of 
 Ireland. The Irish harp of gold with silver 
 strings on a blue field forms the third quarter 
 of the royal arms. 
 
 Harpaga, Harpago, Gr. and R. A general 
 term, including any kind of hook for grappling ; 
 more particularly a military engine invented by 
 Pericles, and introduced into the Roman navy by 
 Duillius. It consisted of a joist about two yards 
 and a half long, each face of which was coated 
 with iron, and having at one end a harpoon of 
 iron or bronze ; the other end was fitted with an 
 iron ring, to which a rope was attached, so as to 
 enable it to be drawn back when it had once 
 grappled a ship or its rigging. Harpago or ivolf 
 was the term applied to a beam armed with a 
 harpoon, which was employed to break down 
 the tops of walls, or widen a breach already 
 made. [A flesh-hook used in cookery to take 
 boiled meat out of the caldron.] 
 
 Harpastum, R. A small ball employed for a 
 game in which the players formed two sides. 
 They stationed themselves at some distance from 
 a line traced on the ground or sand where the 
 harpastiitn was placed. At a given signal each 
 player threw himself upon the ball, in order to 
 try and send it beyond the bounds of the opposite 
 party. 
 
 Harpies, Gen. {"Apirviai, i.e. the Snatchers). 
 "Winged monsters, daughters of Neptune and 
 Terra, three in number, viz. Aello (the tempest), 
 Ocypetc (swift-flying), and Celhio ; represent- 
 ing the storm-winds. They had the faces of old 
 women, a vulture's body, and huge claws ; they 
 were the representatives of the Evil Fates, and 
 the rulers of i.torms and tempests. In Christian 
 iconography the Harpies symbolize the devil 
 and repentance. [In the so-called " Harpy tomb" 
 in the British Museum they are represented 
 carrying off Camiro and Clytia, the daughters of 
 Pandanis of Crete, as a punishment for his 
 complicity with Tantalus in stealing ambrosia 
 and nectar from the table of the gods, j 
 
 Harpsichord. A musical instrument inter- 
 mediate between the. spinet, virginals, &c., and 
 \.h.ii pianoforte, which supplanted it in the iSth 
 century. It may be described as a horizontal 
 harp enclosed in a sonorous case, the wires 
 being struck with jacks armed with crow-quills, 
 and moved with finger keys. 
 
 Harquebus. An improvement of the hand- 
 gun introduced in the 15th century, applying 
 the invention of the trizs'cr. 
 
 Hart. A stag in its sixth year. 
 
 Hart or Hind, in Christian art, originally 
 typified solitude and purity of life. It was 
 the attribute of St. 
 Hubert, St. Julian, 
 and St. Eustace. 
 
 Hart, Her. A stag 
 with attires ; the female 
 is a hind. 
 
 Hasta (Gr. tyxos). 
 A spear used as a pike 
 for thrusting, or as a 
 missile for hurling from 
 the hand, or as a bolt 
 from an engine. Homer 
 ' ' a pole hea\'y with 
 amentata, for hurlirig. 
 
 Heraldic Hart. 
 
 defines the spear as 
 bronze." The hasta 
 
 had a leathern thong for a handle {amentum) in 
 the middle ; hasta pitra was a spear without a 
 head, and was a much-valued decoration given 
 to a Roman soldier who had saved a citizen's 
 life ; hasta celibaiium was a spear which, having 
 been thrust into the body of a gladiator as he lay 
 dead in the arena, was afterwards used at mar- 
 riages to part the hair of the bride. A spear 
 was set up before a place where sales by auction 
 were going on, and an auction-room was hence 
 called Hastarium. Different 
 kinds of spear were the lancca 
 of the Greeks ; the pnhim, 
 peculiar to the Romans ; the 
 verii, verntum, or "spit," of 
 the Roman light infantry ; 
 the gcTsiim, a Celtic weapon 
 adopted by the Romans ; the 
 spai-rns, our English spar or 
 spear, the rudest missile of 
 the whole class ; and many 
 others mentioned under their 
 respective headings in this 
 work. 
 
 Hasta Pura. In Numis- 
 matics, a headless spear or 
 long sceptre, an attribute of all 
 the heathen deities ; a symbol 
 of the goodness of the gods 
 and the conduct of providence, 
 equally mild and forcible. 
 
 Hastarium, R. A room in 
 which sales were made sul/ 
 hasta publiea, that is, by public auction, under 
 the public authority indicated by the spear. The 
 term also denoted a list or catalogaie of sale. 
 
 Hastile, R. {hasta). The shaft of a spear, and 
 thence the spear itself, a goad, &c. 
 
 Hat (A.S. haet, a covering for the head). 
 Froissart describes hats and plumes worn at 
 Edward's court in 1340, when the Garter order 
 was instituted. Hats were originally of a scarlet- 
 red colour, and made of "a fine kinde of haire 
 matted thegither." A remarkable series of 
 
 Fig. 379. Ha^ta — 
 
 Roman ceremonial 
 
 spear. 
 
changes in the fashion of hats is given in 
 Plaiiihd's Encyclopicdia of Costume. Our illustra- 
 tion represents a young Venetian noble of the 
 Middle Ages. (See also the illustrations to 
 
 POURPOINT, BiRETTA, BOMISARDS, CaLASH, 
 
 Capuchon, Chapeau, Coronets, &c.) 
 
 Costume of a nobleman in Venice (i6th cen- 
 tury), showing the Hat of the period. 
 
 Hatchment, Her. (for atchievemenf). An 
 achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame, 
 placed upon the front of the residence of a 
 person lately deceased, made to distinguish his 
 rank and position in life. 
 
 Hauberk (Germ. Hals-berg, a throat-guard). 
 
 A military tunic of ringed mail, of German 
 origin, introduced in the I2lh century. 
 Haumudeys, O. E. A purse. 
 
 Hauriant, Her. 
 •"^aid of fishes up- 
 right, "sucking the 
 air." (iMg. 3S1.) 
 
 Hautboy. A 
 wind instrument ol 
 the rocd kind. 
 
 Haversack (I'r. 
 havre-sac). A 
 soldier's knapsack. 
 Hawk, Kgyp. 
 This bird syml)ol- 
 i/.cs the successive 
 new births of the 
 rising sun. The 
 hawk is the bird of 
 Horus. It stood, 
 at certain periods, for the word God, and, with 
 a human head, for the word soitl. The sun 
 (A'(7) is likewise represented with a hawk's head, 
 ornamented with the disk. 
 
 Head-piece. An'ornamental engraving at the 
 commencement of a new chapter in a book. 
 
 Head-rail. The head-dress worn by Saxon 
 and Norman ladies. 
 
 Healfang, A.S. The pillory, or a fine in 
 
 commutation. " Qui falsiiin leslimoniuin dcdit, 
 
 reddat rcgi vel terrcc domino healfang." 
 
 Heang-loo, Chinese. An incense-burner. 
 
 Heart. On numerous Christian tombs hearts 
 
 maybe seen sculptured. Many archreologists have 
 
 Fig. 381. Hauriant. 
 
 y JJ>"' ''-I"' MIU !..,.,, ,,1 ., ,, ,M "I'-'. -in- l| 
 
 
 Fig. 382. Inscription, with hearts, found at Alise. 
 
 attempted to explain their meaning as symbols, 
 but without entering on an unprofitable discus- 
 sion of that question, it may be noticed that, 
 in many cases, what archaeologists have sup- 
 posed to be hearts were nothing but ivy-leaves, 
 \vhich served as marks of separation between 
 different words or sentences. P'ig. 3S2 repre- 
 sents an inscription at Alise in which ivy- 
 leaves figure, together with an ornamdiit which 
 some would insist were fiames, if tliey were to 
 take the leaves for hearts. When inscriptions. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 however, are defaced, the shape of the leaves 
 is not nearly so distinguishable as in the figure. 
 [One of the most frequent methods in which 
 this emblem is introduced in Christian art 
 is that the Saviour, or the Virgin Mary, is re- 
 presented opening the breast to display the 
 living heart — the natural symbol of Love, De- 
 votion, or Sorrow. The Heart is an attribute 
 of St. Theresa, St. Augustine, and other saints. 
 The flaming heart is the emblem of charity. 
 The heart pierced by seven daggers symbolizes 
 the "seven sorrows" of Mary.] 
 
 Hecatesia, Or. ('EfcaTrjo-io). Festivals held 
 at Athens in honour of Hecate. 
 
 Hecatomb, Gr. and R. (eKardfi^rj). A sacri- 
 fice offered in Greece and Rome under special 
 circumstances, and at which a hundred head of 
 cattle (eKOTo;/) were slain ; whence the name of 
 the festival. [The term was generally applied 
 to a// great sacrifices, of much less extent than 
 that implied by its etymological meaning.] 
 
 Hecatompylae, Gr. (eKardu-TruAai). The city 
 with a hundred gates; a name given to the 
 Egyptian Tliebes. 
 
 Hecatonstylon, Hecatonstyle, Gr. and R. 
 (^KaThf and (ttvAos). A portico or colonnade 
 with a hundred columns. 
 
 Hecte or Hectaeus, Gr. =: a sixth (R. niodius). 
 In dry measure, the sixth part of the medimnus, 
 or nearly two gallons English. Coins of uncer- 
 tain value bore the same name ; they were sixths 
 of other units of value. 
 
 Hegira (Arabic hajara, to desert). The 
 flight from Mecca, i6th July, A.D. 622, from 
 which Mohammedan chronology is calculated. 
 
 Helciarius, R. One who tows a boat. He 
 was so called because he passed a rope round 
 his body in the way of a belt, the rope thus 
 forming a noose {/wlcintii). 
 
 Helepolis, C}r. and R. (lAe'-TroAty, the taker 
 of cities). A lofty square tower, on wheels, 
 used in besieging fortified places. It was ninety 
 cubits high and forty wide ; inside were nine 
 stories, the lower containing machines for throw- 
 ing great stones ; the middle, large catapults for 
 throwing spears ; and the highest other machines- 
 It was manned with 200 soldiers. The name 
 was afterwards applied to other siege engines of 
 similar construction. 
 
 Helical, Arch. (6A.(|, a wreath). A spiral line 
 distinguished from spiral. A staircase is helical 
 when the steps wind round a cylindrical newel ; 
 whereas the spiral winds round a cone, and is 
 constantly narrowing its axis. The term is 
 applied to the volutes of a Corinthian capital. 
 (See Helix.) 
 
 Heliochromy (Gr. tJAioj, the sun, and xp'^l^'^> 
 colour). I'rocessof taking coloured photographs. 
 
 Heliopolites, Egyj). One of the nomes or 
 divisions of Lower Egypt, capital An, the sacred 
 name for Heliopolis near Cairo. 
 
 Fig. >iS3. Helm of a 
 Gentleman or Esquire 
 
 Heliotrope. T\i& HcBinatite ox bloodstone ; a 
 siliceous mineral of a dark green colour, com- 
 monly variegated with bright red spots. 
 
 Heliotropion, Gr. A kind of sun-dial. (See 
 
 HOKOLOGIUM.) 
 
 Helix, Arch. (e'Aif, anything spiral). A small 
 volute like the tendril of a vine placed under 
 the Corinthian abacus. They are arranged in 
 couples springing from one base, and unite at 
 the summit. 
 
 Hellebore. A famous purgative medicine 
 among the ancient Greeks and Romans. 
 Philosophers prepared for work by drinking an 
 infusion of the black hellebore, like tea. The 
 best grew in the island of Anticyra in the 
 yEgean Sea, and the gathering of it was accom- 
 panied by superstitious rites. 
 
 Helm, Helmet, Her. 
 Now placed as an acces- 
 sory above a shield of 
 arms. Modern usage dis- 
 tinguishes helms according 
 to the rank of the wearer. 
 The term helm was applied 
 by both Saxons and Nor- 
 mans, in the llth century, 
 to the conical steel cap 
 with a nose-guard, which 
 was the common head- 
 piece of the day, and is 
 depicted in contemporary 
 illuminations, sculptures, and tapestries. After- 
 wards it was restricted to the casque, which 
 covered the whole head, and had an aventaile or 
 vizor for the face. The use of the helm finally 
 ceased in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 
 Helmet. The 
 d iminu ti ve of 
 Helm, first ap- 
 plied to the smaller 
 head-piece which 
 superseded it in 
 the 15th century. 
 (See Galea, Ar- 
 MET, Bascinet, 
 BuRGONET, Cas- 
 que, Chapelle 
 le Fer, &c.) 
 
 Hemi-iGr. ■^^t-). 
 Half; used in com- 
 position of words 
 like the Latin semi 
 or dc»ii. 
 
 Hemichorion {^\^xl.xipl■ov). (See Dichorea.) 
 
 Hemicyclium, Gr. and R. {-ijfj.i-KVKAioi'). A 
 
 semicircular alcove, to which persons resorted 
 
 for mutual conversation. The term was also 
 
 used to denote a sun-dial. 
 
 Hemina, Gr. and R. (w''«'". i- e. halfj. A 
 measure of capacity containing half a sextarius 
 (equal to the Greek colyle = half a pint English). 
 
 Fig. 384. Helmet or Burgonet 
 of the i6th century. 
 
Fig. 385. Sun-dial (Hemi- 
 sphasrium). 
 
 Hemiolia, Gr. and R. {rjfii-oXla, i. e. one and a 
 half). A vessel of iieculiar construction em- 
 ployed especially by Greek pirates. 
 
 Hemisplieerium, R. 
 A sun-dial in the form 
 of a hemisphere ; 
 whence its name. 
 
 (FiR. 385-) 
 
 Hemlock, the Co- 
 itiiim tiiaciilatum of 
 botanists, was the poi- 
 son used by the an- 
 cient Greeks for the 
 despatch of state pri- 
 soners. Its effects 
 are accurately de- 
 scribed in Plato's de- 
 scription of the death 
 of Socrates. 
 
 Heptagon (Gr.eTrra, 
 seven, and ydvri, an 
 angle). A ses'en-sided 
 figure. 
 
 Hepteris, Gr. and 
 
 R. (STTT-^pTJs). A 
 
 ship of war with 
 seven ranks of oars. 
 
 Hersea. Important Greek festivals, cele- 
 brated in honour of Hera in all the towns of 
 Greece. Ac Argos, every fifth year, an immense 
 body of young men in armour formed a pro- 
 cession, preceded by a Hecatomb of oxen, to 
 the great temple of Hera, between Argos and 
 MyceuDs, where the oxen were slaughtered, and 
 their flesh distributed to the citizens. 
 
 Herald (Germ. Herold). An officer of arms. 
 The heralds of England were incorporated 
 by Richard III. The college now consists 
 of three kings of arms, six heralds, and four 
 pursuivants. The office of Earl Marshal, the 
 supreme head of the English heralds, is here- 
 ditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk. 
 There is another herald king styled "Bath," 
 who is specially attached to that order ; he is 
 not a member of the college. The chief herald 
 of Scotland is styled Lord Lyon King of Arms ; 
 that of Ireland, Ulster King of Arms. Chester 
 herald is mentioned in the reign of Richard II., 
 Lancaster king of arms \xnAQX Henry IV. (See 
 Marshal, Kings of Arms, &c.) 
 
 Heralds' College. A college of heralds was 
 instituted in Rome by Numa Pompilius, and 
 the office was held sacred among the most 
 ancient Oriental nations. The institution was 
 imported into England in the Middle Ages 
 from Germany, a corporation of heralds, similar 
 to the collegium fetialium of Rome, having 
 been established in England in 1483 by Richard 
 III. (See Pitiscus, tom. i., and Ho/mann, 
 torn, ii.) 
 
 Hermae, Gr. and R. ('EpiiaT). Ilerma:, a 
 
 kind of pedestals surmounted only by the head, 
 or, in some cases, the bust of Hermes. Great 
 reverence was felt for these statues. Houses at 
 Athens had one before the doors ; they were also 
 placed in front of temples, near tombs, at 
 street corners, or as mile-stones on the high roads. 
 Hermuli, or small Ileriiuc, were a common orna- 
 ment of furniture, as ))ilasters and supports. 
 The same name is applied to similar statues 
 having a man's head. This statue was probably 
 one of the first attempts of art at plastic repre- 
 sentation. The phallus and a pointed beard 
 originally were essential parts of the symbol. 
 In place of arms there were projections to hang 
 garlands on. Then a mantle was introduced 
 from the shoulders. Afterwards the whole torso 
 was placed above the pillar; and finally the 
 pillar itself was shaped into a perfect statue. 
 All these gradations of the sculptor's art are 
 traceable in existing monuments. 
 
 Hermsea. Festivals of Hermes, celebrated 
 by the boys in the gymnasia, of which Hermes 
 was the tutelary deity. 
 
 Hermeneutse, Chr. (epMTjreuToO. Literally, 
 interpreters. In the earliest ages of the Church, 
 these were officials whose duty it was to translate 
 sacred discourses or portions of Holy Scripture. 
 
 Herne-pan, O. E. (for iro}i-pan). Skull-cap 
 worn under the helmet. 
 
 Heroum, Gr. {r]pwoy, i. e. place of a hero). A 
 kind of /Edicula (q-v.), orsmall temple, which 
 served as a funeral monument. Several repre- 
 sentations of Roman Heroa may be seen in 
 the British Museum, representing funeral feasts 
 in a temple, carved on the face of a sarcophagus 
 (in the Towneley collection). 
 
 Herring-bone Masonry. Common in late 
 Roman or early Saxon walls, where the orna- 
 mental lines take a sloping, parallel, zigzag 
 direction. 
 
 Herygoud, O. E. A cloak with hanging 
 sleeves. 
 
 Heuk or Huque, O. E. (i) Originally a cloak 
 or mantle worn in the Middle Ages ; then (2) a 
 tight-fitting dress worn by both sexes. {Fairholt; 
 see also Plaiiche, Encyclopccdia. ) There appears 
 to be great uncertainty as to the character of 
 this garment. 
 
 Hexaclinon, Gr. and R. {l\a-K\ivos). A 
 dining or banqueting couch capable of holding 
 six persons. 
 
 Hexaphoron, Gr. and R. (e^a-<J)opo«/). A litter 
 carried l>y six porters. 
 
 Hexapterygon, Chr. {ki,a-T:Tipvyov). A fan 
 used by Greek Catholics, and so named because 
 it has on it figures of seraphim with six wings. 
 (See Fan and Flabellum.) 
 
 Hexastyle, Arch. (e|a-(rTuAos). A fajade of 
 which the roof is supported by six columns. 
 
 Hexeris, Gr. (e^-^pijs). A vessel with six 
 ranks of oars. 
 
I70 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Hiberna or Hyberna, R. A winter apart- 
 ment. The halls in a Roman country house 
 were built to face different ways according to 
 the seasons ; verna and aiitiimnalis looked to 
 the east ; hyberita, to the west ; astiva, to the 
 north. 
 
 Hidage, Hidegild, A.S. A tax payable to 
 the Saxon kings of England for every hide of 
 land. The word is indifferently used to signify 
 exemption from such a tax. 
 
 Hidalgo (Span, hijo iValgo, son of some- 
 body). An obsolete title of nobility in Spain. 
 
 Hieroglyphics, Egyp. (i^phs, sacred, and 
 y\v(pw, to carve). Characters of Egyptian 
 writing, the letters of which are figurative or 
 symbolic. There are three kinds of Egyptian 
 writing, the hieroglyphic, the hieratic, and the 
 demotic. Clement of Alexandria says that in 
 the education of the Egyptians three styles of 
 writing are taught : the first is called the 
 epistolary {enchorial or de?iiotic) ; the second 
 the sacerdotal {hieratic), which the sacred Scribes 
 employ ; and the third the hieroglyphic. Other 
 nations, as for instance the ancient Mexicans, 
 have likewise employed hieroglyphics. 
 
 Hieromancy, Gr. and R. Divination from 
 sacrifices. 
 
 Hieron, Gr. {Uphv, i. e. holy place). The 
 whole of the sacred enclosure of a temple, which 
 enclosed the woods, the building, and the priests" 
 dwelling-place. 
 
 High-warp Tapestry. Made on a loom, in 
 which the warp is arranged on a vertical plane, 
 as the Gobelins. Loiv-warp tapestry is made 
 on a flat loom, as at Aubusson, Beauvais, and 
 other places. It is made more rapidly, and is 
 inferior in beauty to the former. 
 
 Hilaria. A great Roman festival in honour 
 of Cybele, celebrated at the vernal equinox. It 
 consisted chiefly of extravagant merry-making 
 to celebrate the advent of spring. 
 
 Hippocampus, Gr. and R. A fabulous animal, 
 which had the fore-quarters of a horse ending in 
 the tail of a dolphin. [It is imitated from the 
 little "sea-horse" of the Mediterranean, now 
 common in aquariums ; and in mural paintings 
 of Pompeii is represented attached to the chariot 
 of Neptune.] 
 
 Hippocentaur. A fabulous animal, composed 
 of a human body and head attached to the 
 shoulders of a horse. (See also Centaur.) 
 
 Hippocervus, Chr. A fantastic animal, half 
 horse and half stag ; it personifies the pusillani- 
 mous man who throws himself without reflection 
 into uncertain paths, and soon falls into despair 
 at having lost himself in them. 
 
 Hippocratia, Gr. Festivals held in Arcadia 
 in honour of Neptune, who, by striking the 
 earth witli his trident, had given birth to the 
 horse. 
 
 Hippodromus, Gr. and R. The Greek name 
 
 for an arena for horse and chariot races, in con- 
 tradistinction to the stadium, which ser\'ed for 
 foot-racing. Fig. 386 represents the hippodrome 
 at Olympia, taken from Cell's Itinerary of the 
 Morea. The following is the key to the plan : — 
 I, 2, and 3 are carceres ; A, the space included 
 between the stalls or carceres ; B, starting-place 
 for the chariots ; c, the colonnade ; D, the 
 arena; E, the barrier; F, the goal; G, the 
 
 Fig. 386. Ground-plan of a Hippodrome. 
 
 space occupied by the spectators. [The word 
 was also applied to the races themselves.] (See 
 also Circus.) 
 
 Hippogryph. A mythical animal represented 
 as a winged horse with the head of a gyyphon. 
 
 Hippopera, Gr. and R. (i7r7ro-7r7';po). A 
 saddle-bag for travellers on horseback. (See 
 
 ASCOPERA.) 
 
 Hippotoxotes (iViro-To^jTr/s). A mounted 
 archer. The Syrians, Persians, Medes, Greeks, 
 and Romans had mounted archers among then- 
 light cavalry. 
 
 Histrio. An actor. The Greek dramas 
 were originally represented on the stage by 
 one performer, who represented in succession 
 the different characters. /Eschylus introduced 
 a second and a third actor. The actors 
 
were all amateurs, and it was not until a 
 later period that the histrionic profession be- 
 came a speciality. Soiihocles and .l^schylus i 
 both probably acted their own plays. The 
 Ro.MAX name for an actor, histrio, was formed 
 from the Etruscan /lister, a dancer. The earliest 
 /lis/rio/ics were dancers, and performed to the 
 music of a flute ; then Roman youths imitating | 
 them introduced jocular dialogue, and this was 
 the origin of the drama. After the organization 
 of the theatres, the /listrioiics were subjected to 
 certain disabilities ; they were a despised class, 
 and excluded from the rights of citizenship. 
 The gi'eatest of liistrioncs in Rome were Roscius 
 and ^■Esopus, who realized great fortunes by 
 their acting. 
 
 Hobelarii, Med. Lat. (See Hoblers.) 
 Hoblers, A.S. Feudal tenants bound to 
 serve as light horsemen in times of invasion. 
 
 Hob-nob, O. E. (Saxon habbaii, to have ; 
 nccbban, not to have). " Hit or miss ;" hence 
 a common invitation to reciprocal drinking. 
 
 Hock-day, Hoke-day, or Hock Tuesday. A 
 holiday kept to commemorate the expulsion of 
 the Danes. It was held on the second Tues- 
 day after Easter, //t?;/'/;/^ consisted in stopping 
 the highway with ropes, and taking toll of 
 passers-by. 
 
 Hocus-pocus. Probably a profane corrup- 
 tion of the words hoc est corpus used in the 
 Latin mass. 
 
 Holocaust. A sacrifice entirely consumed 
 by fire. 
 
 Holosericum (Gr. o\ov, all ; irripiKov, silk). A 
 textile (?// si//c. 
 
 Holy Bread, Holy Loaf, or Eulogia (Lat. 
 pants I'CHcdicttis). This was not the eucharistic 
 bread (which was used in the wafer form for the 
 Communion), but ordinary leavened bread, 
 blessed by the priest after mass, cut up into 
 small pieces and given to the people. 
 
 Holy-bread-skep, O. E. A vessel for con- 
 taining the holy bread. 
 
 Holy Water Pot, Chr. A metal vessel fre- 
 quently found at the doors 
 of Roman Catholic churches, 
 to contain the consecrated 
 water, which was dispensed 
 \\\\.\\ the nsper^il/nin. 
 
 Holy Water Sprinkler or 
 Morning Star, O. E. A 
 military club or flail set with 
 spikes, which sprinkled the 
 blood about as the asper- 
 gilhim sprinkles the holy 
 water. 
 
 Holy Water Stone or 
 Stoup, Chr. A stone re- 
 ceptacle placed at the en- 
 trance of a church for hold- 
 
 Honeysuckle Pattern. A common Greek 
 ornament, fully described by its name. (See 
 
 Fl.EUKOX.) 
 
 Honiton Guipure. Lace was made in Devon- 
 shire, as well as in other parts of England, of 
 silk and coarse thread until 1567, when the 
 fine thread now used was introduced, it is said, 
 by Flemings, who had escaped from the persecu- 
 tions of the Duke of Alva. (See Old Devon- 
 shire.) Honiton lace owes its great reputa- 
 tion to the sprigs made separately on a pillow, 
 and afterwards either worked in with the 
 beautiful pillow net or sewn on it. This net 
 was made of the finest thread from Antwerp, 
 the price of which in 1790 was 70/. per pound. 
 (See Mechlin Lace, iSth century.) Heath- 
 coat's invention, however, dealt a fatal blow to 
 the trade of the net-makers, and since then 
 
 L^;V^?iil 
 
 
 
 r^^^^^^^- 
 
 Fig. 387. Holy Water . , , , 
 
 Stone (Renaissance), mg the holy water. 
 
 Fig. 3S8. Honiton Guipuie. 
 
 Honiton lace is usually made by uniting the 
 sprigs on a pillow, or joining them with a needle 
 by various stitches, as shown in the engraving. 
 
 Honour, Legion of. Instituted 3rd June, 
 1S02, by Napoleon I. as first consul. 
 
 Hoodman-blind. Old English for Blind- 
 man's Buff (q.v. ). 
 
 Hoods (A.S. Noci) were probably introduced 
 by the Normans. They are constantly repre- 
 sented, with great variation of fashion, in illustra- 
 tions of the nth to 18th century, as a part of 
 the costume of both sexes. They were finally 
 displaced by caps and bonnets in the reign of 
 George II. (See Chaperon, Cowl.) 
 
 Hoops, in ladies' dress, were introduced in 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth, displacing the 
 
'7^ 
 
 WORDS USED IX 
 
 FARTHINGALE ; and Were finally abandoned in 
 that of George III. 
 
 Hop-harlot, O. E. A very coarse coverlet 
 I'or beds. 
 
 Horatia Pila, R. A pillar erected at the 
 west extremity of the Roman forum to receive 
 the trophy ol the spoils of the three Curiatii 
 brought back by Horatius. 
 
 Horns. A portion of a lady's head-dress, 
 mentioned in the 13th century. They appear to 
 iiave Ijeen formeil by the foldings of ihtiforgc/ or 
 wiinplc, and a disposition of the hair on eaciiside 
 of tlie head into the form of rams' horns. For 
 the horned head-ilress of the 15th century, see 
 the illustration to Coronet. 
 
 Horologium. (i) Sun-dials preceded all 
 other instruments for the measurement of time. 
 The gnoiium or stochcwn of the Greeks was a 
 perpendicular staff or pillar, the shadow of 
 which fell upon a properly marked ground ; the 
 polos or heliotropion consisted of a perpendicular 
 staff, in a basin in which the twelve parts of the 
 day were marked by lines. (2) The cLpsydra 
 was a hollow globe, with a short neck, and holes 
 in the bottom ; it measured time by the escape 
 of water, and was at first used like an hour- 
 glass to regtdate the length of speeches in the 
 Athenian courts. The escape of water was 
 stopped by inserting a stopper in the mouth, 
 when the speaker was interrupted. Smaller 
 clepsydrata made of glass and marked with the 
 hours were used in families. A precisely similar 
 history applies to the hoivlogia of ROiME. 
 
 Horreum (dmiin. horrcoiitvi), R. (i) Lite- 
 rally, a place in which ripe fruits were kept ; a 
 granary, or storehouse for grain ; hor7-eitm piib- 
 liciini was the public granary. (2) Any store- 
 house or depot ; horrea subterranea, cellars. (3) 
 It was applied to places in which luorks of art 
 were kept, and Seneca calls his library a /icrrt'ww. 
 
 Horse. In Christian art, the emblem of 
 courage and generosity ; attribute of St. Martin, 
 St. Maurice, Si. George, and others. The 
 Chinese have a sacred horse, which is affirmed to 
 have appeared from a river to the philosopher 
 Fou-hi, bearing instruction in eight diagrams 
 of the characters proper to express certain ab- 
 stract ideas. 
 
 Horse-shoe, Arch. A form of the stilted 
 arch elevated beyond half the diameter of the 
 curve on which it is described. (See Arch.) 
 
 Hortus (dimin. horinlus), R. A pleasure- 
 garden, park, and thence a kitchen garden ; 
 horli pciisilts witra hanging gardens. The most 
 striking features of a Roman garden were lines 
 of large trees planted in regular order ; alleys or 
 walks {ambulationes) formed by closely clipped 
 hedges of bo.x, yew, cypress, and other ever 
 greens ; beds of acanthus, rows of fruit-trees 
 especially of vines, with statues, pyramids, 
 fountains, and summer-houses (dicrtic). The 
 
 Romans were fond of the art of cutting and 
 twisting trees, especially box, into figines of 
 animals, ships, &C. {ars topiaria). The princi- 
 pal garden-fiowers seem to have been violets 
 and roses, and they had also the crocus, nar- 
 cissus, lily, gladiolus, iris, poppy, amaranth, and 
 others. Conservatories and hot-houses are 
 frequently mentioned by Martial. An orna- 
 mental garden was also called viridarium, and 
 the gardener topiarius or viridarius. The com- 
 mon name for a gardener is villicus or cidtor 
 hortorum. (Consult SniitlCs Diet, of Ant. ^ 
 
 Hospitium, R. {hospes, a guest). A general 
 term to denote any place in which a traveller 
 finds shelter, board, and lodging. [The word 
 had a very wide meaning of hospitality, regulated 
 in all its details by the religious and social and 
 politic sentiments of the nations.] 
 
 Hostia, R. {hostio, to strike). A victim offered 
 in sacrifice. 
 
 Hot Cockles, O. E. A game common in the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 Hot-houses, O. E. The name for Turkish 
 baths ; 1 6th century. 
 
 Houppeland, O. E. A very full loose upper 
 garment with large hanging sleeves ; 14th century. 
 It was probably introduced from Spain, and 
 was something like a cassock. 
 
 House. (See Domus.) 
 
 Houseling Bread, O. E., Chr. (See Singing 
 Bread, Huwsling Bell.) 
 
 Housia or Housse, O. E. An outer garment, 
 comliining cloak and tunic ; a tabard. 
 
 Howsling Bell, O. E. The bell which was 
 nmg before the Holy Eucharist, when taken to 
 the sick. 
 
 Howve (Saxon, from the old German hoo/d). 
 A hood. A common phrase quoted by Chaucer, 
 " to set a man's ho7Cive," is the same as to " set 
 his cap," irap him or cheat him. 
 
 Huacos. (See Guacas.) 
 
 Huircas or Pinchas, Peruv. Subterranean 
 aqueducts of the ancient Peruvians, distinct 
 from the barecac or open conduits. 
 
 HuUings or HuUyng. Old English name 
 for hangings for a hall, &c. 
 
 Humatio, R. [humo, to bury). The act of 
 burying, and thence any mode of interment 
 whatever. 
 
 Hume's Permanent White. Sulphate of 
 
 BaRYTES (q.v.). 
 
 Humerale. (See Anabologium, Amice.) 
 Humettee, Her. Cut short at the extremi- 
 ties. 
 
 Hunting Flask. M. Jacquemart thinks that 
 that represented in Fig. 3S9 may be reasonably 
 attributed to Palissy. It is glazed in green, 
 and diapered with little flames of a deeper 
 shade. Upon the body, in relief, is the es- 
 cutcheon of the celebrated Anne de Mont- 
 morency, round it the collar of St. Michael, 
 
aiul on each side the Constable's swoid sup- 
 
 Fig. 
 
 389. Hunting Flask of Jaspered Ware, 
 1554 — 1556. Louvre Museum. 
 
 known as Poimenes (the Shepherds), Mentioie 
 Sati, Asian Shepherds, and even Scourf^es, from 
 their invasion of some jiart of Eastern Egypt. 
 
 Hydra, Clr. (a watcr-seri^ent). A hundred- 
 headed monster of Greek mythology, sprung, 
 like the Chiman-a, from Typhon and Echidna ; 
 he was killed by Hercules. In Heraldry the 
 hydra is represented with only nine heads. The 
 illustration (Fig. 390) is of the device adopted 
 by Curtio Gonzaga, an Italian poet, to symbolize 
 the constancy of his love, with the motto, " If I 
 kill it, more strong it revives." 
 
 ported by a mailed arm and the motto of his 
 house, "A Pianos" (unwavering). A mask 
 of Italian style and rayonnated suns complete 
 the decoration of this curious sealed earthen- 
 ware. 
 
 Hurst, Her. A clump of trees. 
 
 Hurte, Her. A blue roundle. 
 
 Hutch, O. E. (Fr. hiiche). A locker, which 
 generally stood at the foot of the bed, to con- 
 tain clothes and objects of value. It was com- 
 monly used for a seat. 
 
 Huvette, Fr. A close steel skull-cap. 
 
 Hyacinth, (i) A precious stone of a violet 
 colour. (2) The colour formed of red with 
 blue, blue predominating. (3) The flower 
 hyacinth among the ancient Greeks was the 
 eml)lem of death. 
 
 Hyacinthia, Gr. A national festival, cele- 
 brated annually at Amyclje by the Amyclzeans 
 and Spartans, in honour of the hero Hyacinthus, 
 who was accidentally killed by Apollo with a 
 quoit. 
 
 Hyalotype (D'aAoy, glass, and tvttuu, to print). 
 An invention for printing photographs from the 
 negative on to glass, instead of paper. 
 
 Hycsos, Egyp. (lit. impure). A people 
 of unknown origin, nomad tribes, but not 
 savages, as has hitherto been believed, who 
 came from Sinai, Arabia, and Syria. They are 
 
 Fig. 390. Hydra witli seven heads. 
 
 Hydraletes, Gr. (i) A mill for grinding 
 corn, driven by water. (2) A waterfall or cur- 
 rent of water. 
 
 Hydraulis, Gr. (DSpauAiy). A water-organ. 
 The hydraulic organ, invented about B.C. 200, was 
 really a pneumatic organ ; the water was only 
 used to force the air through the p»ipes. It is 
 represented on a coin of Nero in the British 
 Museum. Only ten pipes are given to it, and 
 there is no indication of any key-board. It had 
 eight stops, and consequently eight rows of 
 pipes ; these were partly of bronze, and partly 
 of reed. It continued in use so late as the 9th 
 century of our era. 
 
 Hydria, (]v. A large, heavy vessel, used 
 principally for holding a store of water. It is. 
 represented urn-shaped, with a broad base and 
 a narrow mouth, sometimes with one and some- 
 times with two handles at the top, and smaller 
 ones on the belly. The name is applied to other 
 pails of bronze or silver, &c. (Fig. 391.) 
 
 Hydriaphoria, Gr. (water-bearing), (i) Fune- 
 real ceremonies performed at Athens in memory 
 of those who had jierished in the deluges of 
 Ogyges, Deucalion, &c. (2) A service exacted 
 from married alien women in Athens by the 
 female citizens, when they walked in the gi-eat 
 procession at the Panathenaic feasts, and the 
 former carried vessels of water for them. 
 
174 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Hydroceramic (vessels), Gr. Vessels made 
 of a porous clay, in which liquids were put for 
 the purpose of cooling them ; they were a kind 
 of alcarazas. 
 
 Fig. 391. Hydria, or Water-jug, in black glaze. 
 
 Hydroscope. Another name for the clepsydra. 
 (See IIoROLOGiUM. ) 
 
 Hypaethral, Gr. and R. (lit. under the sky, 
 or Jin the open air). The term was applied to 
 
 any building, especially a temple, the cella of 
 which had no roof. On the roofs of Egyptian 
 temples, hypjiethral temples are arranged with 
 regard to astronomical observations, by which 
 the calendar was regulated. 
 
 Fig. 393. Hypocausis of i Roman villa at Tusculum. 
 
 Hypaethrum, Gr. , and R. A grating or 
 danstra placed over the principal door of a 
 temple for the purpose of admitting light into a 
 part of the cella. Fig. 392 shows one of the 
 bronze doors of the Pantheon at Rome, with 
 its hypathrum. 
 
 Hyperthyrum, Gr. and R. (over the door). 
 A frieze and cornice arranged and decorated in 
 various ways for the decoration of the lintel of a 
 door. 
 
 Hypocastanum. Greek for Chesnut Brown 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Fig. 3y2. llyp.Llln-iiii 
 
 Fig. 394. Hypocausis discovered at Paris. 
 
 Hypocaust, Gr. and R. (yird-zcauo-js and 
 v-K6-Kav(nov). A furnace with flues running 
 underneath the floor of an apartment or bath, 
 for heating the air. Fig. 393 represents the 
 sectional elevation of a bath-room discovered 
 in a Roman villa at Tusculum. Fig. 394 repre- 
 sents a hypocattsis discovered at Paris in the old 
 Rue ()e Constantine, near Notre Dame. 
 
 Hypogeum, Aixh. A building under-ground ; 
 a sepulchral vault. They form a principal pan 
 of Egyptian architecture of every period. The 
 
Greek term is a synonym of the Latin CoNDi- 
 TORIUM (q.v.) 
 
 Hyporchema, Gr. A lively dance, accom- 
 panied by a mimic performance, at the festivals 
 of Apollo among the Dorians. A chorus of 
 singers danced round the altars, and others acted 
 comic or playful scenes. 
 
 Hypotrachelium or Cincture, Arch. Tlie 
 part of the Doric capital included between the 
 astragal and tlie lower annulets or fillets. 
 
 Hysteria, Gr. (from Is, a pig). Greek festi- 
 vals, in which swine were sacrificed in honour 
 of Venus. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ich Dien. I serve. The popular belief that 
 Edward the Black Prince adopted this motto 
 and the "Prince of Wales's feathers," at the 
 battle of Cressy, from the blind King of Bohe- 
 mia, is not sustained by investigation. It was 
 at the battle of Poitiers that he first adopted 
 this crest, joining to the family badge the old 
 English word /c den (Theyn), "I serve," in 
 accordance with the words of the Apostle, 
 "The heir, while he is a child, differeth nothing 
 from a servant." {Mrs. Palliser ; Historic De- 
 vices. ) 
 
 Ichnography. The art of making maps or 
 plans. 
 
 Iconic {^z. statues'), Gr. and R. {ilnoviKa, i.e.) 
 Portrait-statues ; especially statues raised in 
 honour of athletes who had been victorious in 
 the contests. 
 
 Iconoclasts, Chr. Image-breakers. The 
 name originated in the 8th or 9th century in 
 the Eastern Empire, from which finally Theo- 
 philus banished all the painters and statuaries 
 in S32. It has been since generally applied to 
 those who, at various outbreaks of fanaticism, 
 have destroyed ecclesiastical objects of art, and 
 is especially applicable to the disciples of Savo- 
 narola in 1497, and to the Puritans of Scotland 
 and England during the civil wars. 
 
 Iconography (i. e. image-description). The 
 science that deals with statues and images, 
 bas-reliefs, busts, medals, &c. Thus we have 
 an Egyptian, Greek, Roman, mediceval icono- 
 graphy, &c. The best work on this science is 
 ' ' Christian Iconography ; or the History of 
 Christian Art in the Middle Ages," by M. Di- 
 dron. The second volume contains a manual on 
 the subject by a painter of the I2th century. 
 
 Iconostasis, Chr. The screen of the chancel 
 in ancient churches, so called because it was 
 there that images (elfccJi'esi were displayed for 
 the adoration of the faithful. 
 
 Ideal and £eal. " Any work of art which 
 represents, not a material object, but the mental 
 conception of a material object, is in the pri- 
 mary sense of the word ideal ; that is to say, it 
 
 represents an idea, not a thing. Any work of 
 art which represents or realizes a material object 
 is, in the primary sense of the term, un-ideal." 
 {Modern Painters, vol. ii. chap. 13. ) In a 
 practical sense an ideal picture or statue (e. g. 
 the Medici Venus) is not the portrait of an 
 individual model, but the putting together of 
 selected parts from several models. Raphael 
 said, "To paint a beautiful woman I must see 
 several, and I have also recourse to a certain 
 ideal in my mind;" and Guido said, "The 
 beautiful and pure idea must be in the mind, and 
 then it is no matter what the model is." 
 
 Ides, Idus, R. One of the monthly divisions 
 in the Roman year ; it fell on the 15th in 
 months of thirty-one days, excepting January, 
 August, and December ; in months with only 
 twenty-nine or thirty days, the ides fell on 
 the 13th. The kalends are the first of every 
 month ; the nones are the 7th of March, May, 
 July, and October, and the 5th of all the other 
 months ; and the ides always fall eight days 
 later than the nones ; and the days are reckoned 
 backwards : thus the 13th of January is the ides 
 of January, and the 14th of January the 19th day 
 ante diem (or before) the February kalends. 
 The morrow of the ides was looked upon as an 
 unlucky day (nefas). 
 
 lUapa, Peruv. One of the divisions of the 
 temple of the Sun {Inti) among the ancient 
 Peruvians, so called because it was dedicated to 
 the thunder {Illapa). (See Inti.) 
 
 Illumination. This art originated simply in 
 the application of minium (or red lead) as a 
 colour or ink, to decorate a portion of a piece of 
 writing, the general text of which was in black 
 ink. The term was retained long after the 
 original red lead was superseded by the more 
 brilliant cinnabar, or vermilion. Ornaments of 
 all kinds were gradually added, and the term in- 
 cludes the practice of every kind of ornamental 
 or ornamented writing. From the 3rd century 
 Greek and Roman specimens exist of golden 
 lettering upon purple or rose-coloured vellum, 
 and the art prevailed wherever monasteries were 
 
176 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 founded. Anglo-Saxon and Irish MSS. of the 
 6th and 7th centuries exhibit a marvellous per- 
 fection, characterized by wonderfully minute in- 
 terlacements of the patterns. Nearly all the best 
 specimens of illumination were destroyed on the 
 dissolution of monasteries. (Consult " The 
 Art of Illuminating" by IF. J?. Timvis.) 
 
 Imagines a vestir, It. Wooden images set 
 up in Italian churches, with the heads and ex- 
 tremities finished, and the bodies covered with 
 real drapery. 
 
 Imagines Majorum, R. Portraits of ancestors, 
 or family portraits ; they usually consisted of 
 waxen masks, which were kept in the cases of an 
 armarium or in an adicula ; or small statues 
 which were earned before the corpse in a 
 funeral procession. 
 
 Imbrex, R. A ridge-tile of semi-cylindrical 
 form, and thus distinct from the tegiila, which 
 was a flat tile. It was called imbrex from its 
 collecting the rain (imber^. Jnibrex siipinus\\o.'-> 
 the name given to a channel or gutter formed of 
 ridge-tiles laid on their backs. 
 
 Imbrications. Architectural ornaments which 
 take the form of fishes' scales, or of seg- 
 mental ridge-tiles (imbrices) which overlap ; 
 whence the name given to them. 
 
 Imbricatus, R. Covered with flat and ridge- 
 tiJes itt-guhe and imbrices). 
 
 Imbrothered, O. E. P2mbroidered. 
 
 Imbrued, Her. Stained with blood. 
 
 Immissarium, R. (tmmitto, to send into). A 
 stone basin or trough ; any receptacle built upon 
 the ground for the purpose of containing water 
 supplied from the castellum. 
 
 Impale, Her. To conjoin two separate coats 
 of arms on one shield (as a husband's and 
 wife's, &c.). The device of Queen Mary (Fig. 
 395) is the impalement of the double Tudor 
 rose with the arms of Catherine of Aragon. 
 
 Impannata, It. Oiled paper. 
 
 Impasto, It. The thickness of the body of 
 pigment laid on to a painting. Rembrandt, 
 Salvator Rosa, and others used a thick impasto ; 
 Raphael, Guido, and others, one extremely thin. 
 
 Imperial. Anything adapted by its excel- 
 lence for royal uses, or distinguished in size, is 
 generally so called, (i) O. E. A sort of pre- 
 cious silk, wrought partly with gold, used by 
 royalty and for ecclesiastical purposes, brought 
 to England from Greece in the 12th century. 
 (2) The largest kind of slate for roofing. _ (3) 
 Paper 27 inches by 23. (4) Sp. The roof of a 
 coach ; hence, in English, a trunk made to fit the 
 top of a carriage. (5) Russian. A gold coin of 
 10 silver roubles. 
 
 Impluviata, R. A cloak of square shape 
 and brown in colour, worn as a protection against 
 rain. 
 
 Impluvium, R. (i) A cistern on the floor of 
 the atrium in a Roman house, into which the 
 
 rain was conducted. (2) The aperture in the 
 roof of the atrium. (See DoMUS. ) 
 
 Impost, Arch. The horizontal mouldings on 
 a pillar, from which an arch is projected. 
 
 In antis. Arch. A name given to those 
 temples, the pronaos or entrance porch ot 
 which was formed by two antas or pilasters, 
 and two columns. (See Antte.) 
 
 f"iS- 395- Device of Philip and Mary. Arms of Tudor and 
 Aragou Impaled (R ayonnant) . 
 
 Inauguratio, R. Generally the term ap- 
 plies to the ceremony by which the sanction 
 of the gods was invoked upon any decree of 
 man, such as the admission of a new member 
 into a corporation or college, or the choice of 
 the site of a theatre, city, or temple, &c. 
 
 Inaures, R. {auris, the ear ; Gr. enotion). 
 Earrings. Among the Greeks and Romans 
 they were worn only by women. (See Ear- 
 rings.) 
 
 Incensed, Inflamed, Her. On fire. (See 
 
 FOCULUS.) 
 
 Incisura, R. (incido, to cut). Hatchings 
 made by means of a brush. 
 
 Incitega, R. A kind of tripod or stand for 
 vessels rounded or pointed at the bottom. 
 
 Incle, Inkle. A sort of tape used as a 
 trimming to a dress. 
 
 Incrustation. The word has a general sig- 
 nification, "a coat of one material applied to 
 another." Technically it should be applied to 
 
marble alone ; thus a thin slab of marble is 
 inrnisUi/ upon a body of slate or stone, metals 
 are DAMASCENED, fused pigments are enamel, 
 and woods are veneered. 
 
 Incubones, R. Genii who were supposed to 
 guard treasure hidden under the earth. 
 
 Incunabula, (i) Swaddling-clothes for in- 
 fants. (2) Ancient specimens of printing are 
 so called. 
 
 Incus, K. {iinudo, to beat on). An anvil. 
 
 Fig. 396. Indented. 
 
 Indented, Her. One of the dividing and 
 border lines. It resembles the teeth of a saw. 
 
 Indian Art. The study of the forms and 
 principles of Indian Art is indispensable to an 
 appreciation of the true principles of ornamental 
 design in general. The excellence of Indian 
 manufactures is due to the system of Guilds 
 rigidly adhered to for ages, which has resulted 
 in the production of a race of hereditary crafts- 
 men unequalled for their skill and taste in 
 execution and design. Their pottery is dis- 
 tinguished above all. others for purity and 
 simplicity of form, obvious fitness to purpose, 
 and individual freedom of design. Its origin 
 
 Fig. 397. Printed Calico (Indian) illustrati 
 the treatment of flowers. 
 
 antedates the Institutes of Manu, and is lost in 
 antiquity. Indian gold and metal work is sup- 
 posed by Dr. Birdwood to owe its origin to Greek 
 influence, but has acquired in its development a 
 purely Oriental character. The Hindoos exhibit 
 the greatest skill in the Oriental arts of damas- 
 cening and enamelling, as well as in lacquer work 
 and wood and ivory carving. All their designs are 
 deeply symbolical, and closely interwoven with 
 the primitive religious impulses of humanity. 
 India was probably the first country in which 
 the art of weaving was brought to perfection, 
 and the fame of its cloudy gauzes and its gold 
 and silver brocades is more ancient than the 
 Code of Manu. • The art is repeatedly men- 
 tioned in the Vedas. The purity of Indian Art is 
 endangered in modern days by the introduction 
 of machine-made goods and European design. 
 (Consult Dr. Bird-MOod^s Handbook of Indian 
 Art?, 
 
 Indian Ink or Chinese Ink. A black pig- 
 ment for water-colour painting, made from oil 
 and lamp-black, thickened with some vegetable 
 gum, and scented with musk or camphor. 
 Many cheap and poor imitations of it are made. 
 
 Indian Ochre. A red pigment. (See Red 
 Ochres.) 
 
 Indian Paper. A delicate yellowish paper 
 used for proof impressions in engraving. A 
 Japanese paper of a similar quality is now fre- 
 quently used. 
 
 Indian Ked or Persian Red. A purple earth 
 commonly sold under this name is the peroxide 
 of iron. It is of a deep hue, opaque and 
 permanent, and useful both in oil and water- 
 colour painting ; mixed with white it forms 
 valuable flesh-tints. {Fairholt.) (See OCHRE, 
 Amatita.) 
 
 Indian Rubber, Caoutchouc. An elastic 
 gum ; the sap of the Siphonia elastka, and 
 several of the fig tribe in India and South 
 America. It was brought into use early in the 
 1 8th century. In its natural state it is of a pale 
 yellow brown. 
 
 Indian Yellow. A golden yellow pigment 
 and dye, said to be procured from the urine of 
 the cow, or else from camel's dung. It is used 
 in water-colour painting, but is not usually 
 permanent. In some parts of the East it is 
 called Purree. 
 
 Indigetes (sc. Di), R. Indigenous gods. 
 Heroes who were deified and worshipped as 
 protectors of a place. The term is derived 
 from inde and genitus, meaning born in that 
 place. yEneas, Faunus, Romulus, &c.,were indi- 
 genous gods. _ •' 
 
 Indigo. A deep blue pigment prepared from 
 the leaves and branches of a small shrub ; it is 
 transparent, tolerably permanent, and mixes well 
 with other pigments, forming excellent greens and 
 purples. A deep brown, known as indigo brown, 
 
 N 
 
178 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 and a deep red resin, known as indigo 7rd, may 
 be extracted by purifying the blue colour obtained 
 from this dye. The old blue dye of the abori- 
 ginal Britons was produced from luoad (isatis 
 tinctoria). {FairhoU.) (See Intense Blue.) 
 
 Inescutcheon, Her. An heraldic shield 
 borne as a charge. 
 
 Inferiae, R. Sacrifices or offerings made at 
 the tomiis of the dead. 
 
 Infiammati. A literary society of Padua in 
 Italy. Device : Hercules upon the funeral pile 
 on Mount Gita. Motto : '■'■ Arso il mortal al del 
 m' aiidru /' ch'mo" 
 
 Infocati. One of the Italian literary societies. 
 Device : a bar of hot iron on an anvil, beaten by 
 two hammers. Motto: " In quascuiiquc formas" 
 
 In Foliage, Her. Bearing leaves. 
 
 Infrenatus (sc. eques), R. A horseman who 
 rides without a bridle (frenuiti), controlling his 
 horse solely by the voice or the pressure of the 
 knees upon its side. (Fig. 282.) 
 
 Infula, R. A flock of red and white wool 
 worn by priestesses and vestals and other Romans 
 on festive or solemn occasions. In sacrificing 
 also an infula was tied with a white band 
 {vitta) upon the victim. Hence— 
 
 Infulae, Chr. Ribands hanging from a 
 bishop's mitre. 
 
 In Glory, In Splendour, Her. The sun 
 irradiated. 
 
 Inlaying. Inserting ornaments in wood-work 
 for decorative furniture. (See BouLE, Mar- 
 
 QUKTRY.) 
 
 In Lure, Her. Wings conjoined, with their 
 tips drooping. 
 
 Inoa. Greek festivals in honour of Ino, esp. 
 on the Corinthian Isthmus ; they consisted of 
 contests and sacrifices. (See Matralia.) 
 
 In Pretence, Her. Placed upon, and in 
 front of. 
 
 In Pride, Her. Having the tail displayed, as 
 a peacock's. The illustration is the device of 
 
 Fig. 398. I'c.iLOLk in pride 
 
 Joan of Castile : "A peacock, in his pride, upon 
 the terrestrial globe." (Fig. 39S. ) 
 
 Insensati of Perugia. One of the Italian 
 literary academies. Their device was a flock of 
 cranes, arranged in order, flying across the sea, 
 each with a stone in its foot and sand in its 
 mouth. Mottoes, " Vel cum po)idere^\ (even 
 with this weight), or " Iter tutissimiim," in 
 allusion to Pliny's statement that the cranes 
 used stones and sand for ballast, "wherewith 
 they fly more steadily and endure the wind." 
 
 Insignia, R. {in, and sigiium, a mark). 
 Generally, any object which serves as a mark 
 or ornament for distinguished persons ; a cere- 
 monial badge,' a badge 6f office, &c. (See 
 Ensigns.) 
 
 Insubulum, R. A weaver's beam or roller, 
 round which he rolled the cloth as it was made. 
 Insula, R. A house, or block of houses, 
 having a free space all round them. [Under 
 the ehiperors the word dointis meant any house, 
 detached or otherwise, where a family lived ; 
 and insula meant a hired lodging.] 
 
 Intaglio, It. A stone in which the en- 
 graved subject is sunk beneath the surface, and 
 thus distinguished from a cameo, which is 
 engraved in relief. 
 
 Intaglio-relievato(It. ), ox cavo-relievo. Sunk- 
 relief, in which the work is recessed within an 
 outline, but still raised in flat relief, not pro- 
 jecting above the surface of the slab; as seen 
 in the ancient Egyptian carvings. 
 
 Intense Blue.; A preparation of indigo, very 
 durable and transparent. 
 Intense Madder Purple. (See Madder.) 
 Intercolumniation, Arch. The space be- 
 tween two columns. This space varies accord- 
 ing to the orders of architecture and the taste 
 of the architect. According as the space is 
 greater or less between the columns of a temple, 
 the latter is called aerostyle, eustyle, systyle, and 
 pycnostylc. Generally speaking, in the monu- 
 ments of antiquity, whatever be the intercolum- 
 niation adopted, the space comprised between 
 the two columns which face the door of the 
 building is wider than tlie intercolumniation at 
 the sides. 
 
 Intermetium, R. The long barrier running 
 down tile arena of a circus between the two 
 goals {iiui,c). (See Meta.) 
 
 Intermodillions, Arch. The space included 
 between two modillions (projecting brackets in 
 the Corinthian order). This space is regular, 
 and often decorated with various ornaments. In 
 the Romano- Byzantine and Renaissance styles, 
 modillions are often united by arcades. 
 
 Intertignium, R. The space between the 
 tie-beams {/ixua) in the wood-work of a roof. 
 
 Interula, R. (inferior, inner). An under- 
 tunic ; a kind of flannel chemise worn by both 
 men and women. 
 
Intestinum (opus), R. [i/i/us, within). Tlie 
 inner fittings or work of any kind in the inside 
 of a house, and thence wood-work, Joinery. 
 
 Iodine Yellow. A very bright yellow pig- 
 ment, very liable to change. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 399. Part of the Facade of the Peruvian temple 
 Inti-huasi. 
 
 Inti or Punchau, Peruv. The Sun or supreme 
 god, inferior deities being called coiwpa and 
 canopa. The temple of the Sun was called 
 Inti-lmasi (house of the Sun) ; it comprised 
 seven principal divisions ; the inti or sanctuary, 
 situated in the centre of the temple ; the second 
 division was called mama-quilla, from the fact 
 of its being dedicated to the moon, which was 
 thus named ; the third was dedicated to the 
 stars, called mj////;',- the fourth to the thunder, 
 and called illapa ; the fifth to the rainbow, and 
 called chcichi ; the si.\th division was occupied 
 by the chief priest {liuilacnvia) ; the seventh and 
 last division formed the dwelling of the priests. 
 
 Intronati of Siena. One of the Italian lite- 
 rary academies. Their device was a gourd for 
 containing salt, with the motto, " Mdiora 
 latent" (the better part is hidden). 
 
 Iodine Scarlet {pure scarlet). A pigment 
 more brilliant than vermilion, very susceptible 
 to metallic agency. 
 
 Fig. 400. Ionic capital. 
 From the Ertchtheium, Athens 
 
 Ionic, Arch. One of the orders of Grecian 
 architecture, distinguished principally by the 
 urnaments of its Capital, which are spiral and 
 are called Volutes, four in number. The Ionic 
 Shaft is about nine diameters high, including 
 the Base (which is half a diameter) and the 
 C.\riTAL, to the bottom of the volute. The 
 Pedestal is a little taller and more ornamented 
 than the Doric. The Bases used are very 
 various. The Attic base is very often used, 
 and, with an astragal added above the upper 
 torus, makes a beautiful and appropriate base 
 for the Ionic. The Cornices are (i) plain 
 Grecian, or (2) the dentil cornice, or (3) the 
 nwdillon cornice. The Ionic shaft may be 
 fluted in twenty-four semicircular flutes with 
 fillets between them. The best Ionic example 
 was the temple on the Ilissus at Athens. The 
 temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome is an inferior 
 specimen. (See also Figs. 69, 1S4.) 
 
 Irish Cloth, white and red, in the reign of 
 King John was much used in England. 
 
 Iron. Indian red, Venetian red, Afars red, 
 J/ars orange, Mars yelloio are all coloured by 
 iron (see Mars), and are valuable for their 
 great durability. (See METALLURGY.) 
 
 Irradiated, Her. Surrounded by rays of 
 light. 
 
 Iseia, Gr. and R. ("lo-tm). Festivals in 
 honour of Isis. Among the Romans they de- 
 generated into mere licentiousness, and were 
 abolished by the senate. 
 
 Iselastici Ludi, Gr. and R. Athletic con- 
 tests which gave the victor the right of return- 
 ing to his native city in a chariot (ejVeAouj'eij') ; 
 whence the name iselastici. These contests 
 formed part of the four great games of Greece, 
 viz. the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Xemean 
 games. 
 
 Isodomos or Isodomum, Gr. and R. (tV($5o/uos, 
 i. e. equal course). A structure built in equal 
 courses, that is, in such a way that the surface 
 
 N 2 
 
I So 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 401. Ivory carving. Sword-hilt of the i6th century. 
 
 each stone is of one uniform size, and that the 
 joints of one layer are adjusted with those of 
 another so as to correspond symmetrically. 
 
 
 /'// 
 
 '/-'/^ 
 
 '/ 
 
 '"A. 
 
 
 /V-/^/ 
 
 / /7T- 
 
 /- 
 
 'Mi 
 
 /] 
 
 Pljil IIMPll)l!fill| 
 
 mm^mw^ 
 
 ijupi 
 
 m 
 
 l. ■ 
 
 " • 1" ^l'" 
 
 
 ■^ ■ "" 
 
 -] ''iiiiil 
 
 . 
 
 ■'";■'■,■ 
 
 ' 1 ■■ - ' 
 
 !■-- 
 
 P5 "^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 :--,^J.:.l- 
 
 .;,: ,1: ::L: 
 
 
 -■3i 
 
 Fig. 400 a. Isodomum opus. 
 
 Isokephaleia (Gr. iVos, equal ; Ke4>a.\h, head). 
 A rule in Greek sculpture by which the heads of 
 all the figures on a bas-relief were of the same 
 height from the ground. 
 
 l;ometiical Perspective, used for representing 
 a. bird's-eye view of a place, combines the 
 advantages of a ground-plan and elevation ; 
 only the lines of the base are made to converge, 
 leaving the whole figure cubical, and without 
 the expression of distance from the point of sight. 
 
 Ispahan Tiles, of the period of Shah- 
 Abbas — 1 6th century — are remarkable for 
 exquisite design. 
 
 Italian Earth. Burnt Roman ochre; 
 resembles Venetian red in colour ; and, 
 mixed with white, yields valuable flesh- 
 tints. (Fair/iolt.) 
 
 Italian Pink, or yeUoiu lake. A trans- 
 parent bright-coloured pigment, liable to 
 change. (See Yrllow Lake, Pinks.) 
 
 Italian Varnish. A mixture of white 
 wax and linseed oil, used as a vehicle in 
 painting. It has good consistency, flows 
 freely from the pencil, and is useful for 
 glazing. 
 
 Ivory Black. A pigment prepared by 
 heating ivory shavings in an iron cylinder ; 
 when from bone, it is called bone black 
 (q.v.). The real ivoiy black is a fine, 
 transparent, deep-toned pigment, e.xtremely 
 valuable in oil and water-colour painting. 
 The bone black (commonly sold as ivory 
 black) is much browner. 
 
 Ivory Carving. This art, in consider- 
 able perfection, was known to prehistoric 
 man at the period of the so-called stone 
 age. Egyptian and Assyrian specimens of 
 the art are of a 
 date at least as 
 early as that of 
 Moses. From the 
 year IChdo B.C. 
 down to the Chris- 
 tian era, there 
 was a constant 
 succession of 
 artists in ivory in 
 the western 
 
 Asiatic countries, 
 
 in Egypt, in 
 
 Greece, and in 
 
 Italy. P'rom the time 
 
 of Augustus, ivory 
 
 carving shared in 
 
 the general decline 
 
 of art. Increasing in 
 
 number as they come 
 
 nearer to the Middle 
 
 Ages, we can refer to 
 
 carved ivories of every 
 
 century, preserved in 
 
 museums in England 
 
 and abroad. The most 
 
 important ivories up to 
 
 the 7th centurv are the 
 
 con?,\x\a.x diptychs, origi- 
 nally a favourite form 
 
 of presents from newly- 
 appointed consuls to 
 
 eminent persons ; sub- pjg. ^^^ i^^^ carving. 
 
 sequently adapted to Spoon of the i6th century. 
 
Chr 
 the 
 
 istian uses, or as weddini^ presents, &c. In 
 Miildle Ages, from the 8th to the i6th cen- 
 
 Fig. 403. Ivory carving, 15th century, 
 tury, the use of ivory was adopted for general 
 
 purposes. The favourite subjects of the carv- 
 ings are those drawn from the romances of the 
 Middle Ages— especially the romance of the 
 Rose — and in the 15th century, scenes of 
 domestic life, illustrating the dress, armour, 
 and manners and customs of the day. Combs 
 of every date, from the Roman and Anglo- 
 Saxon period, and earlier, are found in British 
 graves. In short, from the time when the first 
 prehistoric carvings of antediluvian animals 
 were made to the present, every age of human 
 civilization appears to be more or less fully 
 illustrated in carvings upon ivory and bone. 
 (See also Chessmen.) The earliest material 
 was found in the tusks of the mammoth : from 
 Iceland we have beautiful carvings of the 7th 
 century in the teeth of the walrus. Fossil tusks 
 of the mammoth are found in great quantities 
 in Siberia, and are almost the only material of 
 the ivoiy-turner's work in Russia. African and 
 Asiatic elephant ivory are the best, and differ, 
 the former, when newly cut, being of a mellow, 
 warm, transparent tint. Asiatic ivory tends to 
 become yellow by exposure. A fine specimen 
 of carving in ivory is given in Fig. 403 from 
 a Mirror-case of the 15th century. (See 
 also Fig. 185, and illustrations to Pyx, Trip- 
 tych, &c. ) 
 
 Ivy, Chr. The symbol of eternal life. 
 
 Iwbwb, Celt. The ancient military cry, 
 which has given name to many places ; as Cwm 
 Iwbwb, in Wales, the Jujupania of Ptolemy, 
 {Meyrick.) 
 
 Izeds, Persian. Beneficent genii of the 
 mythology of Zoroaster. Ormuzd, the supreme 
 god, created twenty-eight of them to be the 
 attendants of the ainchaspands. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacinth. A precious stone. (See Hya- 
 cinth.) 
 
 Jack-boots (O. E.) were introduced in the 
 17th century. 
 
 Jackes, O. E. (1) Towels. (2) The roller 
 for a well-rope. 
 
 Jacket or Jack, Jerkin, &c., O. E. ; worn 
 over the doublet ; but the names are applied 
 indiscriminately to a great variety of such gar- 
 ments. 
 
 Jacob's Staff, O. E. A pilgrim's staff. 
 
 Jacobus. An English coin of James I., value 
 
 25^., weighing 6 dwt. 10 grains. The Carohis, 
 a similar coin, value 23^-., weighed 5 dwt. 
 20 grains. 
 
 Jaculatores, R. Soldiers armed with a jave- 
 lin {jaculum), who formed part of the light troops 
 of the Roman army. 
 
 Jade. Spanish /^i'^/^rt de la yjada. A green 
 stone, closely resembling jasper, much used by 
 prehistoric man, and to which supernatural 
 virtues have in all ages been attributed, espe- 
 cially by the ancient Mexicans. Fine specimens 
 of jades are carved in China, where they are of 
 
1 82 
 
 WORDS USED IX 
 
 a whitish colour, and are called Yii. The clear 
 white and green specimens are the most prized 
 by collectors. (See Nephrite, Saussurite.) 
 
 Jagerant. (See Jazerine.) 
 
 Jamb, Arch. The side of any opening in a 
 wall. 
 
 Jambe, Gambe, Her. The leg of a lion or 
 other Ijeast of prey- 
 
 Jambes. Armour for the legs ; 14th century. 
 
 Janua, R. {Jainis). The front door of a 
 house opening on the street. The inner doors 
 were called ostia, in the singular ostiuyn, while 
 the city gates were called portce. 
 
 Januales, Janualia, R. Festivals held at 
 Rome, in honour of Janus, on the first or 
 kalends of January in each year ; the offerings 
 consisted of incense, fruits, and a cake called 
 janual. 
 
 Japanese Paper of a creamy tint is frequently 
 used for proof impressions of etchings, &c. 
 
 Japanning. A species of lac-varnishing, in 
 imitation of the lacquered ware of Japan. (See 
 Lac, Lacquer.) 
 
 Jasper. A kind of agate, the best known 
 description of which is of a green colour. Many 
 colours and varieties are used for gem-engraving, 
 such as agate-jasper, striped jasper, Egyptian 
 red and brown, and porcelain jasper. In the 
 Christian religion the jasper symbolizes faith ; 
 its hardness expresses the firmness of faith ; its 
 opaqueness the impenetrability of the mysterious. 
 
 Jasponyx. An onyx mixed with jasper. 
 
 Javelin. A light hand-spear. (See Hasta.) 
 
 Jayada. (See Vimana.) 
 
 Jazel. A precious stone of an azure blue 
 colour. 
 
 Jazerine (It. ghiazerino). A jacket strength- 
 ened with overlapping plates of steel, covered 
 with velvet or cloth, and sometimes ornamented 
 with brass ; 13th century. 
 
 Jennet. A Spanish or Barbary horse. 
 
 Jerkin, O. E. The jerkin was genei-ally woni 
 over the doublet ; but occasionally the doublet 
 was worn alone, and in many instances is con- 
 founded with the jerkin. Either had sleeves or 
 not, as the wearer pleased. 
 
 " My jerkin is a doublet." (Shakspeare.) 
 
 Jessaut, 
 
 Fig. 404. 
 
 Jessaiit-de- 
 
 lys. 
 
 Her. Shooting forth, as plants 
 growing out of the earth. 
 
 Jessant-de-lys, Her. A combi- 
 nation of a lion's face and a fleur- 
 de-lys. 
 
 Jesse, O. E. A large branched 
 chandelier. 
 
 Jesse, Tree of, Chr. An orna- 
 mental design common in early 
 Christian art, representing the 
 genealogy of our Lord in the per- 
 sons of his ancestors in the fiesh. 
 
 Fig. 405. Hawk's bells 
 and Jesses. 
 
 Jesseraunt. (See Jazerine.) 
 Jesses. Straps for hawk's bells. (See Fig. 405.) 
 Jet. A variety of soft 
 bituminous coal, admit- 
 ting of a fine polish, which 
 is used for ornaments. It 
 is, in its natural state, soft 
 and brittle, of a velvet- 
 black colour, and lustrous. 
 Ornaments of jet are found 
 in ancient tiiintiU. 
 Jet d'Ean, Fr. A fountain. That at Chats- 
 worth springs 267 feet in the air, and is the 
 highest in existence. 
 
 Jew's Harp or Jew's Trump (from the French 
 jeti and tronipe). A small musical instrument, 
 known for centuries all over Europe, consisting 
 of a metal frame with two branches, and a 
 vibrating tongue of steel in the middle. It has 
 suggested a number of modem instruments, 
 including the Harmonium. 
 
 Jew's Pitch. A kind o{ asphaltum used as a 
 brown pigment. It attracts dust, and never 
 dries perfectly. 
 
 Jewes Light, O. E. (See Judas Light.) 
 Joguss or Yugs. In Hindoo chronology, eras 
 or periods of years. (l) The Snttce Yik^, or age 
 of purity, lasted 3,200,000 years ; the life of man 
 being then 100,000 years, and his stature 21 cubits. 
 (2) The Thiar Yttg, in which one-third of man 
 was corrupted, lasted 2,400,000 years; the life 
 of man being then 10,000 years. (3) The D'wa- 
 paarVtig, in which half the human race became 
 depraved, lasted 1,600,000 years; the life of 
 man being 1000 years. (4) The Collee Ytig, in 
 which all mankind are corrupt, is the present 
 era, ordained to subsist 400,000 years (of which 
 about 50CO have elapsed) ; the life of man being 
 limited to 100 years. There are, however, con- 
 flicting accounts of the duration of the different 
 yogitcs. ( See Halhecfs Preface to the Gent 00 La7C's.) 
 Joinery (in Latin, intestinum opus) has to deal 
 with the addition in a building of all the fixed 
 wood- work necessary for convenience or orna- 
 ment. The most celebrated work on the 
 subject is AUchohojUs Carpenter's Guide, and 
 Carpenfe?''s and 'Joiner's Assistant, published in 
 1792. The modern art of joinery properly dates 
 from the introduction of the geometrical stair- 
 case, or stair supported by thewall only, the first 
 English example of which is said to have been 
 erected by Sir Christopher Wren in St. Paul's. 
 [See Joinery in Eney. Brit. 8th ed.] 
 
 Joseph, O. E. A lady's riding-habit, but- 
 toned ilown the front. 
 
 Jousting-helmets were made wide and large, 
 resting on the shoulders, and decorated with a 
 crest. It was common to make them of comical, 
 fantastic designs ; such as weathercocks with the 
 points of the compass, immense figures of birds 
 and beasts, &c. 
 
Jousts or Justs. Duels in the tilting-grouml ; 
 generally with blunted spears, for a friendly 
 trial of skill. 
 
 Jousts a Outrance. Jousts in which the com- 
 batants fought till death ensued. 
 
 Jousts of Peace {/lasHIiuiia pacifua; Fr. 
 jollies d p/aisiDue). 'I'hese dilTered from real 
 jousts or tournaments in the strength of the 
 armour worn, and the weapons used. The lance 
 was topped with a coroitcl instead of a steel 
 point ; the sword was pointless and blunted, 
 being often of whalebone covered with leather 
 silvered over. 
 
 Fig. 406. Chinese vase decorated with signs of 
 longevity. 
 
 Jouy (wishes of good fortune). Chinese 
 porcelain vases so called, used for birthday and 
 other presents. In the vase represented on Fig. 
 406, the handles form the word expressive of 
 the greeting above mentioned. 
 
 Jowlopped, Her. Having wattles and a comb, 
 as a cock. 
 
 Joys of the Virgin, Chr. The seven joys 
 and seven sorrows are frequently painted toge- 
 gether in churches. The joys are, (i) The 
 Annunciation. (2) The Visitation. (3) The 
 Nativity. (4) The Adoration of the Three 
 Kings. (5) The Presentation in the Temple. 
 (6) The finding of Christ, by his mother, in the 
 Temple. (7) The Assumption and Coronation 
 of the Virgin. The seven sorrows are, (i) The 
 prophecy of Simeon. (2) The Flight into 
 
 Egypt. (3) The loss of the child in the Temple. 
 (4) The Betrayal. (5) The Crucifixion. (6) The 
 Deposition from the Cross. (7) The Ascen- 
 sion. 
 
 Jube (Arch. Mod.). A structure of carved 
 stone-work, separating the chancel from the choir 
 in a church. From this position the daily 
 lessons were chanted, preceded by the words 
 ^' Jul'e, Domine, benedicere ;" hence its name. 
 In English it is called indifferently, the rood- 
 loft, holy-loft, rood-screen, or jube. 
 
 Jubilee, (i) Heb. (from yWv/, a ram's horn 
 (trumpet) ; or from /a/w/, to recall). A Jewish 
 festival celebrated every fifty years, when slaves 
 were restored to liberty, and exiles recalled. (2) 
 Chr. A commemoration ceremony at Rome, 
 during which the Pope grants plenary indul- 
 gences ; held at irregular intervals. 
 
 Judas Light, Judas Candlestick, Jewes 
 Light, O. E. The wooden imitation of a candle- 
 stick which held the Paschal candle. 
 
 Jugalis (sc. ajKiis). A horse harnessed to a 
 yoke (Jugitm), instead of traces (fimalis). 
 
 Jugerum. A Roman superficial measure, 
 240 feet by 120 feet. In the original assignment 
 of landed property, two jugera were allotted to 
 each citizen, as heritable property. 
 
 Jugum (Gr. ^v'^6v). (i) A yoke for 
 draught cattle. (2) INIetaphorically, subjugation 
 — '''■ sub jitgiim inii tcre'^ =:io pass under the 
 yoke, as nations conquered by the Romans 
 were made to. This ceremonial yoke was con- 
 structed of a horizontal supported by two up- 
 right spears, at such a height that those passing 
 under it had to stoop the head and shoulders. 
 (3) In a general sense the word signifies that 
 which joins two things together, a cross-beam, 
 &c. 
 
 Jugumentum. Door-head, transverse beam 
 on the uprights {limen superiiis'). 
 
 Jumps, O. E. (i) A loose bodice for ladies. 
 
 " Now a shape in neat stays, now a slattern in jumps : 
 Now high on French heels, now low in your pumps ; 
 Like the cock on the tower that shews you the weather, 
 You are hardly the same for two days together." 
 
 (Universal Magazine, 17S0.) 
 
 (2) A jacket or loose coat reaching to the thighs, 
 buttoned down before, with sleeves to the 
 wrist. A precisely similar lounging-coat, still in 
 vogue at Cape Colony, is called Zl jiDnper. 
 
 Junones. Tutelary genii of women, as the 
 genii were of men. They are represented as 
 females, clothed in drapery, having bats' wings. 
 
 Jnpon, Fr. Another name for Vi pcnirpoint, or 
 close tunic, worn over the armour by knights 
 in the Middle Ages. (See Fig. 463.) 
 
 Juruparis (Amer. Indian). A mysterious 
 trumpet of the Indians, an object of great vene- 
 ration. Women are never permitted to see it; 
 if any does so, she is put to death by poison. 
 
'84 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 No youths are allowed to see it until they have 
 passed through an ordeal of initiatory fastings 
 and scourgings. It is usually kept hidden in 
 the bed of a stream, deep in the forest ; and no 
 one dares to drink of the water of that stream. 
 It is brought out and blown at feasts. The 
 inside of the instrument is a tube made of slips 
 of the Paxiaba palm, wrapped round with long 
 
 strips of bark. A specimen is preserved in the 
 museum at Kew Gardens. 
 
 Javenalia, R. Scenic games instituted by 
 Nero in commemoration of his shaving his beard 
 for the first time. They consisted of theatrical 
 performances in a private theatre erected in a 
 pleasure-ground {nemtis). The name was after- 
 wards given to the Jan u alia. 
 
 K. 
 
 For Greek words not found tinder this initial, see C. 
 
 Kalathos, Gr. (/c(£\a9os). Literally, made 
 of wicker-work. A drinking-cup, so called be- 
 cause it resembled the wicker-work basket of 
 the Greek women. It was usually furnished 
 with a ring, through which a finger might be 
 put in order to lift it. The word is also written 
 calathos. 
 
 Kaleidoscope {Ka\hs, beautiful ; elSos, a form ; 
 (XKoiTtu, to see). An optical instrument invented 
 in 1814 by Sir David Brewster, which by means 
 of mirrors inserted in it exhibits repetitions of 
 objects placed within it, in certain symmetrical 
 combinations. There are several different kinds, 
 called polyce)ttral, tdrascopes, hexascopes, poly- 
 angular, &c., according to their construction. 
 
 Kang, Hind. A bracelet or ring ; kang-doy, 
 a bracelet for the wrist or arm ; kang-cheung, 
 a bracelet or ring worn by the Khmers above 
 the ankle. 
 
 Kaolin. The name first applied by the 
 Chinese to the fine white porcelain earth de- 
 rived from the decomposition of the feldspathic 
 granites ; used for fine pottery. 
 
 Kayles (Fr. quilles). Modern ninepins, 
 represented in M.SS. of the 14th century. 
 
 Keep of a castle. The Donjon (q.v.). 
 
 Keeping in a picture. Harmony and the 
 proper subordination of parts. 
 
 Kendal. A kind of green woollen cloth or 
 baize, first made at the town of Kendal, in 
 Westmoreland ; i6th century. 
 
 " Misbegotten knaves in Kendal green." 
 
 (S hakspearc .) 
 
 Kerchief of Pleasaunce. An embroidered 
 cloth worn by a knight for the sake of a lady, 
 in his helmet, or, in later times, round his arm ; 
 which is the origin of crape being so worn for 
 mourning. 
 
 " Morcore there is ykome into Enlond a knyght out of 
 Spayne wyth a kercheff of plesunse i-wrapped about hys 
 armc, the gwych knyght wyl renne a course wyth a sharpe 
 
 spere for his sov'eyn lady sake." {Paston Letters, vo\. 
 p. 6.) 
 
 Kerchiefs or CovercMefs (c/iief =ihe head), 
 O. E. Head-cloths of fine linen worn by ladies. 
 Kermes (Arabic = little worm). An insect 
 produced on the Quercus coccifera. The dead 
 bodies of the female insect produce a fine scarlet 
 dye stuff. 
 
 Kern. The Irish infantry were formerly so 
 called. 
 
 Kersey. A coarse narrow woollen cloth ; 
 hence " Kersey-mere," so called from the 7nere 
 (or miry brook) which runs through the village 
 of Kersey in Suffolk, where this cloth was first 
 made. 
 
 Kettle-drum. A drum with a body of brass. 
 
 Kettle-hat, 
 O. E. The 
 iron hat of a 
 knight of the 
 Middle Ages ; 
 also the lea- 
 ther burgonet 
 of the 15th 
 centurj-. 
 
 Kettle-pins, 
 O. E. (See 
 Kayles. ) 
 
 Key-note. 
 In Music, the 
 foundation or lowest note of the scale. What- 
 ever note this is, the intervals between the third 
 and fourth notes, and between the seventh and 
 eighth above it, must be semi-tones. 
 
 Key-stone, Arch. The central stone of an 
 arch. 
 
 Keys. In Christian art, the attribute of St. 
 Peter, signifying his control over the entrances 
 of Heaven and Ilell ; hence the insignia of the 
 Papacy. They also denote, in heraldry, office 
 in the State, such as that of chamberlain of 
 the court. 
 
 Fig. 407. Kettle-hat. 
 
Khan, Orient. The name used by Eastern 
 nations to denote a caravanserai. 
 
 Kher, Egyp. The quarter of tombs ; the 
 whole number of burial-places or /lypogaa col- 
 lected together at one spot. 
 
 Fig. 408. Khmer Architecture. Base of a pillar in a 
 
 Temple of Cambodia, showing the god 
 
 Brahma with four faces. 
 
 Khmers, Hind. The ancient inhabitants of 
 Cambodia, a territory in South-East Asia, who 
 had attained a high stage of civilization, to 
 judge by the artistic remains of the Khmer 
 nation which survive. 
 
 Khopesh, Egyp. The dagger of the Egyp- 
 tian kings ; its curved blade bore some resem- 
 blance to the thigh of an ox, which was called 
 in Egj'ptian khopcsh or khopesk. 
 
 Kin-chung, Chinese. A golden bell. 
 
 King-fisher. (See Halcyon.) 
 
 King-post. The central upright post support- 
 ing the gable of a roof. 
 
 King's Yellow. (See Orpiment.) 
 
 Kings of Arms. Officers of Heralds' College. 
 I'here are three — Garter, Clarencetix, and 
 Norroy. 
 
 Kinnor, Heb. A stringed instrument of the 
 Hebrews ; it had eight, ten, or twenty-four 
 strings, which were played either with the fingers 
 or a plectrum. 
 
 Kinschall. A small curved Turkish dagger. 
 
 Kiosk, Kiosque. A Turkish pleasure-house. 
 
 Kircher, Kirchowe, O. E. A kerchief. 
 Kirtel, O. E. A loose gown, a tunic or 
 waistcoat ; also a monk's gown. 
 Kiste, O. E. A chest. 
 
 Kistvaen, Celt. A Celtic monument more 
 commonly known as a Dolmen (q-v. ). 
 
 Kit-cat. Canvas for portraits — 28 or 29 inches 
 by 36— of the size adopted by Sir Godfrey 
 Kneller, in painting the portraits of the Kit-cat 
 Club. The club had taken its name from 
 Christopher Cat, a pastrycook, who supplied 
 them at their meetings with mutton-pies. Ad- 
 dison, Steele, Walpole, iVIarlborough, and other 
 staunch Whigs were the principal members. 
 It dissolved about 1720. 
 
 Klaft, Egyp. A royal head-dress of striped 
 cloth forming a kind of hood, and terminating 
 in two flaps which fall over the breast. A great 
 many Egyptian statues are represented with the 
 klaft. It is suggested by M. Soldi that the 
 invention of this ornament was for the purpose of 
 strengthening the figure, by avoiding the thinness 
 of the shape of the neck. 
 
 Knapsack. A case for a foot-soldier's stores, 
 carried at the back. Knap means a protu- 
 berance. 
 
 Knife, Chr. (See Flaying-knife.) This 
 is also the attribute of Sts. Agatha, Albert, and 
 Christina ; and a sacrificing-knife of St. Zadkiel 
 the Angel. 
 
 Knighthood. The principal English orders 
 are of the Garter, established 1343, and the 
 Bath shortly afterwards ; of St. Patrick for 
 Ireland, established in 1783 ; and the O^-der of 
 the Thistle, at least as ancient as Robert II. of 
 Scotland. There is a French order of the 
 Thistle, founded in 1463 ; but the most ancient 
 French order is the Gennet, in 706. In France 
 are also the orders of St. Michel and of St. 
 Louis ; but these French orders are now all 
 superseded by the Legion of Honour. [See 
 An Accurate Historical Account of all the 
 Orders of Knighthood.^ 
 
 Knight-service, O. E. A tenure of lands 
 formerly held by knights, on condition of per- 
 forming military service. 
 
 Knol, Hind. A 
 road or high road 
 which frequently 
 passes over very 
 low bridges. 
 
 Knop, O. E. 
 A button. 
 
 Knop, Knob, 
 Arch. A boss. 
 
 Knop and Flow- 
 er Pattern. An 
 ornament of re- 
 mote antiquity, 
 Fig. 409. Architectural original basis of a 
 
 Knop or Boss. great branch of 
 
186 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 decorative art in all nations, common on early 
 Indian monuments, and with different variations 
 in the art of Assyria, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. 
 The variations are regulated according to the 
 flora of the various countries, the k7iop (or bud) 
 andyfiJWdV- being always the radical idea. 
 
 Knot, Her. An inter- 
 twined cord, borne as a 
 badge. Cords intertwined 
 about other figures and 
 devices form so-called 
 compound badges, which 
 significantly declared the 
 union of two houses ; thus 
 the Dacre knot is entwined 
 about the Dacre escallop 
 and the famous ' ' ragged 
 staff" of Beauchamp and 
 Neville. An Order ok 
 THE Knot was esta- 
 blished at Naples in 1252. 
 The badge of silk, gold, 
 and pearls was tied in a 
 knot upon the arm, and those who were invested 
 with it made a vow to untie it at Jerusalem. 
 (Fig. 410 and 410 a.) 
 
 Knuckle-bones. (See Talus.) 
 Koope, O. E. A cope. 
 
 Koukim, Heb. Kilns for the cremation of 
 the dead, such as are occasionally found in 
 
 Y\2.. 410. 
 Bourchier Knot. 
 
 Fig. 410 a. Dacre Knot 
 and Badge. 
 
 the ancient tombs of the 
 Valley of Hinnom (Ge- 
 henna). 
 
 Kourganes, Or. Grassy 
 mounds, such as are 
 frequently met with in 
 Russia in Europe, and 
 which bear a strong resem- 
 blance to tiimitli and 
 barroivs. (See Tumu- 
 lus. ) 
 
 Krems White or Vienna 
 White. A pigment manu- 
 factured at Krems in 
 Austria. It is the finest white lead used in oils. 
 
 Krouts, Hind. An ornament resembling 
 embroidery. The monuments of Khmer art 
 are adorned with krouts of a rich ornamentation, 
 somewhat similar to certain ornaments of the 
 French Renaissance. (See Fig. 408.) 
 
 Krumhorn. An old musical instrament of the 
 cornet kind. 
 
 Kufic. (See CuFic.) 
 
 Kussier. A Turkish musical instrument, 
 consisting of five strings, stretched over a skin 
 that covers a kind of basin. 
 Kymbium. (See Cymbium.) 
 Kyphi, Egyp. A perfume which was burnt 
 before the statues of the gods ; it was composed 
 of si.xteen different ingredients. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labarum, Chrism, R. The standard of the 
 Roman emperors from the time of Constantino ; 
 in form it resembled the vexilliim of the cavalry. 
 The Labarum is the banner of the Chrism, or 
 sign that appeared to Constantine, viz. the 
 Greek letters XP in a monogram (the two first 
 letters of the Name XPISTOS) ; sometimes 
 followed by the Roman letters IHSV, or the 
 motto in full, '■'■in hoc sigiio vinces." It is, 
 under several variations, a common ecclesias- 
 tical emblem. 
 
 Labellum. Dimin. of L.^brum (q.v.). 
 
 imr 
 
 zxzxz^ 
 
 Heraldic Label.s. 
 Fig. 411. Labels of 3 points. Label of 5 points. 
 
 Labels, in heraldry, are marks o{ cadency, (i) 
 A band crossing the shield, with three points de- 
 
 pending, marks the coat of an eldest son. (2 
 Broad ribands hanging from a knight's helmet. 
 (3) In mediaeval architecture and church decora- 
 tion, images of saints and angels bear labels 
 inscribed with texts and mottoes. 
 Labis. (See Spoon.) 
 
 Labrum, R. (lit. a lip). A general term to 
 denote any kind of vessel the brim of which 
 turned over on the outside like the lip of 
 the human mouth ; 
 a wide flat basin 
 whicli stood in the 
 thermal chamber or 
 Caldarium (q.v.) 
 of the Roman baths. 
 Labyrinth, Gen. 
 (\a.^\j ^tivQ 0%). A 
 building of consi- 
 derable size, usually 
 unilerground, con- 
 taining streets and 
 Fi^. 412. Labyrinth. cross-roads, like the 
 
catacombs, &c. The term is also applied to 
 intricate designs executed on the grass-plots of 
 gardens, and on the mosaic or glazed tiles n 
 pavements. (Fig. 412. ) (See Minotaur.) 
 
 Lac or Gum Lac (Arabic, lal:cilt). A resin 
 produced on an East-Indian tree by the punc- 
 tures of the Coccus liicca insect. It forms a 
 brittle substance of a tlark red colour, and when 
 in grains is called seed lac, and in thin flat plates 
 shell lac. (See Lacquer.) The chief use of 
 
 Fig. 413. Point de France (pillow-made), 17th century. 
 
 Fig. 414, Old Brussels or Point d'Anglcterrc. 
 
 lac in Europe is for making sealing-wax. and 
 as a basis for spirit varnishes and French 
 polish. 
 
 Lace was originally of a heavy texture, more 
 like embroidery. It was of two kinds, lacis, or 
 "darned netting," and '''■ ciitwork." Lacis, 
 often worked in coloured silks and gold thread, 
 was also called " opus araneum" or "spider- 
 work." In *''■ cnhvork,^^ a net of threads was 
 laid on to cloth, and the cloth sewn to it in 
 parts, and the other parts cut away ; or, by 
 another method, the threads were arranged ou 
 a frame, all radiating from a common centre, 
 and then worked into patterns. This was the 
 old convent lace of Italy, called " Greek lace.''' 
 Poi}it laces are lace made with a needle on a 
 parchment pattern. The principal are the 
 ancient laces of Italy, Spain, and Portugal ; and 
 the modern point d'Alencon of France. Pillow 
 laces are made by the weaving, twisting, and 
 plaiting of the threads with bobbins on a 
 cushion ; such are Mechlin, Lille, Valenciennes, 
 Honiton, Buckingham, and many manufactories 
 in France. Brussels lace is both point and 
 pillo'iv. The thread is scarcely visible for fine- 
 ness, and costs 240/. per pound. This lace is 
 called in France point d'Angleterre, or English 
 point. (Fig. 414.) 
 
 Lace Glass. (See Glass.) 
 
 Lacerna, R. An open cloak worn by the 
 Romans over the toga, and fastened on the right 
 shoulder with a brooch or fibula. It frequently 
 had a cowl attached. (See Abolla, P^nula, 
 Pallium.) 
 
 Lachrymatory. A tear-bottle ; so called from 
 the use attributed to it of holding tears con- 
 secrated to the dead. These phials are made 
 of glass or earthenware, with a long neck, and the 
 mouth formed to receive the eye-ball. The figure 
 of one or two eyes has sometimes been found 
 impressed upon them. 
 
 Lacinia, R. The two excrescences, like a 
 divided dewlap on the throat of a goat, which 
 were represented on the necks of fauns and 
 satyrs. 
 
 Laciniae, Gr. and R. The hanging corners 
 of the toga and chlamys, and the metal knobs 
 attached to make them hang straight. 
 
 Lacis. A kind of embroidery, of subjects in 
 squares, with counted stitches (called also "point 
 conte," darned netting, &c. ). (See Lace.) 
 
 Laconicum, R. A seinicircular termination 
 to a room in a set of baths (caldariuni), so called 
 because of Spartan origin. Under the word 
 BalnEyE will be found the laconicum of Pompeii, 
 restored. (Fig. 56.) 
 
 Lacquer (Fr. laqtic) is made of a solution 
 of shell lac and alcohol, coloured with saffron or 
 other colouring matters. Specimens of ancient 
 Chinese red lacquer deeply carved with figures 
 of birds, flowers, &c., and generally made in 
 
i88 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 the form of trays, boxes, and sometimes vases, 
 are met with in the more northern Chinese 
 towns, and are much prized. What is called 
 the old gold yapan lacquer is also esteemed by 
 Chinese connoisseurs, and the specimens of this 
 are comparatively rare at the present day. 
 {FortMte. ) 
 
 Lacs d'amour, Fr. True-lovers' knots. 
 
 Lacuna, R. {lacus, a hollow). An ash-pit 
 placed beneath a lime-kiln to receive the ashes 
 from the kiln. 
 
 Lacunar, Arch. A flat roof or ceiling, in 
 contradistinction to a camera, vaulted roof. 
 
 Lacunaria, Arch. Panels in a flat ceiling 
 (lacunar), formed by the rafters crossing one 
 another at right angles. The edges of these 
 panels are often decorated with carved and gilt 
 ornaments, and the centres filled in with paint- 
 ings. 
 
 Lacus, R. {\aKKos). A lake, and thence a 
 large, shallow, open basin, or artificial reser- 
 voir ; also, a pit made below the level of a 
 wine-cellar {cella vinarid), or of an oil-cellar 
 {cella olearis), to receive the wine or oil as it 
 comes from the presses. 
 
 Lady. A word of Saxon origin, generally 
 supposed to signify "loaf-giver," from klaf, a 
 loaf. As a title it belongs to the daughters of 
 all peers above the rank of a viscount, but is 
 extended by courtesy to the wives of knights. 
 
 Lady Day, Chr. The 25th of March. Fes- 
 tival of the Annunciation. 
 
 Lsena, R. (i) A cloth with a long nap. 
 (2) A thick woollen cloak worn over the toga 
 for the sake of warmth. In later times the Isena 
 was often worn as a substitute for the toga. 
 
 Lagena, Gr. and R. An earthenware vessel 
 with a swelling body, used for holding wine 
 or vegetables and dried fruits. 
 
 Laid Papers. Papers with a ribbed surface ; 
 as cream-laid, blue-laid, &c. 
 
 Lake, Cloth of, O. E. Linen for under-gar- 
 ments. 
 
 Lakes. (See Carmine.) Pigments of a fine 
 crimson red colour, of which there are several 
 kinds ; they are prepared from cochineal, 
 kermes, lac, and the best from madder-root. 
 Common lake is obtained from Brazil wood, 
 which affords a very fugitive colour. (See 
 Yellow Lake, Purple Lakes, Green Lakes, 
 Carminated Lakes, Drop Lake, Red Lake, 
 Mineral Lake, Madder, &c.) 
 
 Lakes of Florence, Paris, Vienna, &c. (See 
 Carminated Lakes.) 
 
 Lamb. The peculiar symbol of the Re- 
 deemer, generally the emblem of innocence, 
 meekness, modesty. It is properly called the 
 Paschal Lamb, and with a flag, or between two 
 .stars and a crescent, was the badge of the 
 Knights Templars. (See Agnus Dei.) 
 
 Lamboys (Fr. lambeaii). A kind of skirt 
 
 over the thighs, worn over the armour. (See 
 
 Fig- 463-) 
 
 Lambrequin. A covering for the helmet. 
 (See Mantling.) 
 
 Lamb's-wool, O. E. A drink of ale with the 
 pulp of roasted apples in it. 
 
 Lames, Fr. Flexible plates or blades of 
 steel, worn over the hips. 
 
 Lametta. Brass, silver, or gold foil or 
 wire. 
 
 Lamiae, Gr. and R. Vampires who fed at 
 night on the flesh of human beings. The Lamias 
 of Pliny are animals with the face and head of 
 a woman, and the tail of a serpent, inhabiting 
 the deserts of Africa. 
 
 Laminated. Disposed in layers or plates. 
 Lammas, O. E. The ist of August. 
 
 Lamp, Lantern, 
 or Taper, in Chris- 
 tian art, was an 
 emblem of piety ; 
 an attribute of St. 
 Lucia. (See Lu- 
 cerna, Lych- 
 Nus, Lantern.) 
 Lampadephoria, 
 Gr. (torch-bear- 
 ing). A game 
 common through- 
 out Greece, in 
 which the com- 
 petitors raced, 
 either on foot or 
 horseback, six 
 stadia (about 
 
 three-quarters of 
 a mile), carrying 
 lamps prepared 
 for the purpose. 
 (See Lam PAS.) 
 
 Lampas, Gr. 
 and R. A general 
 term denoting 
 anything which 
 shines or affords 
 light ; a torch, a 
 lamp, and espe- 
 cially a link. The 
 word was frequently used for lampadeplioria, the 
 torcli-race. 
 
 Lamp-black. A soot used as a pigment. 
 It is very opaque, and dries slowly in oil. It is 
 also the basis of all printing and lithographic 
 inks. 
 
 Lance. In Christian art, the attribute of St. 
 Matthias, in allusion to the method of his 
 martyrdom. (See Amentum, Lancea, Hasta.) 
 A shivered lance with the motto " Lacrymre hinc, 
 hinc dolor," was a device adopted by Catherine 
 de' Medicis after the fatal accident to her hus- 
 band, Henry II., in a tournament. (Fig. 416.) 
 
 Fig. 415. Roman Lamp. 
 
Fig. 416. Device uf Catherine de' Medicis. 
 
 Lance-rest. A projecting iron fixed to a 
 breastplate to support the end of the lance in a 
 joust or tournament. 
 
 Lancea, R. A long, light spear, serving 
 both as a pike and a missile. 
 
 Lanceola. Dimin. of Lancea (q.v.). 
 Lanceolated, Arch. Having the form of a 
 spear-head. The term is applied to lancet 
 windows, arches, and members of architecture 
 forming a rose. 
 
 Lancet Arch. 
 A pointed arch, 
 obtuse at , the 
 point, resembling 
 a surgeon's lancet, 
 from which a style 
 of architecture, 
 common in Eng- 
 land in the 13th 
 century, is named. 
 (Fig. 417.) (See 
 Early English 
 Architecture.) 
 Lancula, R. 
 (dimin. of Lanx). 
 The scale which 
 was placed, when 
 necessary, at one 
 of the ends 
 of a Roman steel- 
 yurdl s/a^era). (Fig. 
 418.) 
 
 Fig. 417. Lancet Arch. 
 13th century. 
 
 Landgrave (Germ. Laud, Graf). A title 
 given to those Counts of Germany who take 
 their rank from a large tract of land. The first 
 Landgraves were those of Thuringia, Hesse, 
 Alsace, and Leuchtenberg. 
 
 Langue-de-boeaf, Fr. A blade fixed to a pike- 
 staff ; named after its shape. 
 
 Langued, Her. To denote the tincture of an 
 animal's tongue. 
 
 Laniarium, Laniena, R. {laii/us, a butcher). 
 A slaughter-house or butcher's shop. 
 
 Laniers, O. E. 
 Leather straps for 
 various uses ; as 
 armlets to a shield, 
 or as garters ' or 
 bands, cVc. 
 
 Lanipendia, R. 
 {/ana, wool, and 
 pcnderc, to weigh). 
 A woman whose 
 duty it was to 
 weigh the wool for 
 spinning, and dis- 
 tribute it among 
 the slav-es for their 
 daily tasks. 
 
 Lanista, R. A 
 
 man who trained 
 
 gladiators for the 
 
 Roman circus. 
 
 They were fre- 
 
 „ , , quently his own 
 
 titr. 418. Lancula. ' \ , , 
 
 ° ^ property, and he 
 
 let them out for hire ; or he received them from 
 
 their owners into his school (ludus) for training. 
 
 Fig. 419. Old English Horn Lantern. 
 
I go 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Lansquenet, Fr. A game at cards. 
 Lantern. In Christian art, the attribute of 
 »St. Gudula, in alhision to the legend of her 
 miraculous lantern, which her prayers rekindled 
 as often as .Satan extinguished it. In Archi- 
 tecture, a small turret above the roof of a build- 
 ing, having windows all round it. 
 
 Lanterne des Morts or 
 Churchyard Beacon, Arcli. 
 A small tower raised upon 
 abase, and generally round, 
 but sometimes square or 
 polygonal ; with windows 
 at the top to emit the 
 shining rays from the lamp 
 inside. Fig. 420 represents 
 a " lanterne des morts " at 
 Ciron, France. 
 
 Lanx, R. This term 
 denotes (l) a circular dish 
 of silver or other metal, 
 often embossed, used espe- 
 cially at banquets. (2) The 
 scale of a balance {libra). 
 (3) A salver for handing 
 fruits or other dainties at 
 dessert. 
 
 Laocoon. A magnificent 
 sculpture, found in 1506 
 among the ruins of the 
 palace of Titus, now in 
 the Vatican. It represents 
 Laocoon and his two 
 sons struggling in the 
 folds of two monster ser- 
 pents. According to Pliny 
 it is the work of three 
 Rhodian sculptors, Agesan- 
 der, Polydorus, and Athe- 
 nodorus, and stood in the 
 palace of Titus. He said 
 that it was made of one stone, but the joining 
 of five pieces has been detected. [See Lcssing's 
 " Laokoon."'\ 
 
 Laphria, Gr. An annual festival, celebrated 
 at I'atrce in Achaia, in honour of Artemis, sur- 
 named Laphria. 
 
 Lapidary. An artist who cuts, grinds, and 
 polishes gems and stones. In the lapidary's 
 scale of hardness of minerals there are 10 standard 
 degrees, represented as follows : — No. I, tale, 
 which is very easily cut ; No. 2, compact 
 gypsum ; No. 3, calc-spar ; No. 4, fluor-spar ; 
 No. 5, apatite ; No. 6, felspar; No. 7, quartz; 
 No. 8, topaz; No. (), sapphire ; No. 10, dianioud. 
 Diamonds are for the most part cut at Amsterdam. 
 Lapis Lazuli. A beautiful blue mineral stone 
 of various shades of colour. (See Ul.TRA- 
 
 Fig. 420. Lanterne 
 des Morts. 
 
 various 
 
 MARINE.) 
 
 Laquear, Laqueare. 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Synonym of Lacunar 
 
 Laqueatores, R. An order of gladiators who 
 used a noose to catch their adversaries. 
 
 Laqueatus, R. A ceiling decorated with 
 panels {lacunar). 
 
 Lararium, R. A small shrine conseci^ated 
 to the gods called Lares ; a room in which the 
 images of the Lares or tutelary genii of the 
 house were placed. It is said to have been 
 customary for religious Romans, immediately 
 after they rose in the morning, to pray in the 
 Lararium. 
 
 Larentalia, Larentinalia, or Laurentalia, 
 R. A Roman festival in honour of Acca 
 Larentia, the nurse of Romulus and Remus ; or, 
 according to another tradition, a festival in- 
 stituted by Ancus in honour of a wealthy 
 courtezan named Larentia, who had bequeathed 
 all her property to the Roman people. It was 
 celebrated on the loth of December. 
 
 Lares, R. The Lares Privati, Domestici, 
 or Familiares, were the guardian deities of 
 the house. The spot peculiarly sacred to 
 them was the focus, or hearth, in the Atrium, 
 where the altar for domestic sacrifice stood, 
 and near it was a niche, containing little 
 images of these gods, to whom offerings of 
 flowers, frankincense, and wine were made 
 from time to time, and regularly on the kalends 
 of each month. There were many classes of 
 Lares Publici: (i) The Lares rurales, who pre- 
 sided over the flocks, herds, &c. (2) The Lares 
 compitales, worshipped where two cross-roads 
 met, &c. [Cf. Ovid, Fasti, v. 129.] 
 
 Larghetto, It. In Music, less slow than largo. 
 
 Largo, It. In jMusic, a slow movement, one 
 degree quicker than adagio. 
 
 Latch, O. E. A cross-bow. 
 
 Lateen Sail. A triangular mainsail on a tall 
 sloping yard, which reaches down to the deck. 
 
 Later, R. A brick ; the -rXivdos of the Greeks. 
 Among the Romans bricks were of various 
 forms ; the largest was called feiitadoruiit ; the 
 next size, tetradorum. Later coctus, coctilis was 
 the term applied to a baked brick ; later crudus 
 was an unbaked brick, i.e. one dried in the 
 sun. Pliny calls the brick-field Lateraria. 
 
 Latericium (opus), R. A structure built of 
 bricks, 
 
 Laterna, Lanterna. A L.antern (q.v.). 
 
 Laton or Latten, O. E. An alloy of brass, of 
 which candlesticks, sepulchral monuments, 
 crosses, <S:c., were made in the Middle Ages. 
 White Laton was a mixture of brass and tin. 
 
 Latrunculi, R. (Gr. Trecro-ot). The ancient 
 game of draughts. It is mentioned by Homer. 
 The Romans often had twelve lines of squares 
 {mandne) on the draught-board. The number 
 of pieces varied from five to twelve, and in later 
 times tlie game was played with the tessenr or dice. 
 
 Lattice, Arch. A trellis or cross-barred work ; 
 a network window. 
 
Laura, Chr. The origin of the name is 
 obscure. It signifies a collection of separate 
 cells in a wilderness, where a community of 
 monks lived each in his own cell, meeting 
 together only during two days of the week. The 
 most celebrated /tiitms were in Palestine. 
 
 Laurel, Gen. The emblem of glory and 
 victory. Sacred also to Apollo. In modern 
 times an emblem of peace. 
 
 Lautumise, R. (Ao-TO;uia). A stone-quarry, 
 and thence a prison hewn out of a quarry, 
 more particularly the public prison of Syracuse, 
 hewn into the solid clifT, but roofless. The 
 Tullianum at Rome was called Lautumiix; 
 also. 
 
 Lava. The scoria from an active volcano, 
 which is well adapted to ornamental carving. 
 
 Lavabo. (See Lavatorium. ) 
 
 Lavacrum, R. {/azv, to wash). A bath of 
 hot or cold water, in contradistinction to a 
 vapour-bath {caldariuin). 
 
 Lavatorium, R. {lavo, to wash). A small 
 building in a monastery, in which the monks 
 washed their hands before and aftera repast. The 
 
 Fi^. 421. Stamped gilt and painted leather hangings 
 illustrating a pictorial arrangement of pattern. 
 
 lavatorium was usually placed near the refec- 
 tory. 
 
 Lawn. This f.ne linen flibric was introduced 
 in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Lay Figure. A large wooden jointed doll, 
 used by artists to display drai)ery. 
 
 Lead-glazed Wares. (See Pottery.) 
 
 Leather was used instead of tapestry for th? 
 hangings of rooms in the i6lh century, and was 
 beatuifully gilded and chased. (Consult " L'Art 
 de travailler les Cuirs dorcs ou argentes," by M. 
 Fougeroux de Bondary, in "Description des 
 Arts.ct Metiers," 1762.) (Fig. 421.) 
 
 Leaves, Her. Their peculiarities are blazoned 
 as laurel leaf, oak leaf, c\;c. 
 
 Leaves, Leafage. (See Foliage.) 
 
 Lebes, Gr. (As'/Stjj ; Aei'Sw, to pour out). A 
 brass saucepan or caldron {^pelvis, ahemuji)-, if 
 was a deep vessel with, swelling sides. It was 
 sometimes made with a pointed bottom to fit 
 into a stand, which was called IxcrrEG4. 
 j Lebiton, Lebitonarium. (See Colobium.) 
 j Lecane, Gr, A dnnking-bowl used by the 
 Etrurians (basin-shaped, with a lid). 
 
 Lectern. A reading-desk in a Christian 
 church ; most frequently of brass in the form 
 of an eagle, but often decorated with more 
 elaborate emblems. 
 
 Lectica, R. {kctus, a couch). A couch or 
 litter carried by bearers, used both by men and 
 women ; it was introduced from the East, and 
 was quickly adopted in Greece and Rome. 
 The Greek litter had a roof made of the skin 
 of an ox, and the sides covered with curtains. 
 Among the Romans it was seldom used except- 
 ing for travelling, until the luxurious days ot 
 the empire, when the lectica became a very 
 splendid affair. It was sometimes constructed 
 I with gold and ivory, and instead of curtains it 
 was closed at the sides, with windows of trans- 
 parent stone {lapis speailaris). When standing, 
 it rested on four feet. It was borne upon poles 
 (asseres) by t\\-o or more slaves, and was called 
 hexophron, octophron, &c., according to the 
 number of lectkarii employed to cany it. 
 
 Lecticula. Dimin. of lectica ; it denoted a 
 litter for the conveyance of the sick, or a bier 
 on which a dead body was carried out. 
 
 Lectisternium, R. {lectics, 3.\\6.stenio, to spread 
 out). A religious ceremony consisting of a 
 banquet offered to the gods, at which the statues 
 of the latter were present stretched out on 
 couches, with tables and viands before them as 
 if they were partaking of the feast. 
 
 Lectorium, Chr. {lector, a reader). An old 
 term afterwards replaced by that of Ambo 
 (q.V.). 
 
 Lectrin, Chr. An old term now replaced by 
 jiibc ox rood-loft and desk. 
 
 Lectrum, Chr. An old term denoting a 
 I praying-desk. 
 
192 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Lectus, R. {lego, to put together). A bed or 
 couch complete ; lecitts cubicularis, a sleeping- 
 couch ; lecttis genialis, a nuptial bed ; lecius 
 adversus, a symbolical marriage-bed ; lectus 
 tricliiiaris, a dining-couch, a couch for three 
 persons, placed in ihttridiniutn or<lining-room ; 
 lectus fwiebris, a funeral bier. The diminutive 
 of this term is lectulus. The lectus cubiculnris 
 resembled an old-fashioned sofa with a high 
 back ; being of considerable height, it was 
 reached by means of a footstool [scamitum). or a 
 set of steps (g>-adus). The lectus goiialis (Gr. 
 evyi)) or marriage-bed was still higher, larger, 
 and handsomely decorated ; it is represented 
 with a flight of steps at the foot. The lectus 
 adversus was a symbolical marriage-bed, and 
 stood in the atrium, opposite to the entrance 
 of the house, and was, as it were, the throne 
 or seat of office, from which the housewife 
 superintended the spinning, weaving, and similar 
 duties of the servants. The lectus triclinaris 
 used at meals is described under the article. 
 Lectus fwiebris is the name of the bier upon 
 which the dead were bonie to burial or the pyre. 
 
 Lecythus, Gr. 
 A cylindrical vase 
 made to contain oil 
 or perfumes. It 
 often figures in the 
 hands of goddesses, 
 or of females at the 
 toilet; and is most- 
 ly ornamented with 
 delicate paintings 
 and choice sub- 
 jects. (Fig. 422.) 
 Ledger, Arch. 
 A stone slab. 
 
 Ledger Lines. 
 In Music, extra 
 lines above or be- 
 low the five ruled 
 lines. 
 
 Ledgment, Arch. 
 A horizontal course 
 of stone or mould- 
 ings, particularly 
 the base mould- 
 
 Leet, O. E. An 
 ancient Anglo- 
 Saxon court of jus- 
 tice; amanor court. 
 Legato, It. Li- 
 terally, " bound ;" 
 smooth and gliding 
 
 Fig. 422. Lecythus. 
 
 in Music signifies " i 
 manner." 
 
 Legend. In Numismatics, the words round 
 the edge of a medal or coin. 
 
 Leghorn. A kind of straw plait, first invented 
 at Leghorn. 
 
 Legio, R. (/<?ftJ, to collect). A Roman legion ; 
 a division of the army consisting of from three 
 to six thousand hea\'y-armed soldiers, who were 
 called legionarii. Twelve thousand legionaries 
 Avere required to make up a consular army. 
 The legion contained troops of all arms ; 
 infantry, cavalry, and the ancient substitutes 
 for artillery ; and was an army complete in itself. 
 The numbers varied, as well as the organization, 
 at different periods. Livy speaks of legions of 
 5000 infantry and 300 horse. The subject is one 
 demanding voluminous description. The legion 
 was subdivided into Cohortes, Manipuli, Cen- 
 turije, Signa, Ordines, Contubemia. 
 
 Leice, Celt. Also called meanal leice. The 
 stone of destiny ; a large crj'stal kept by the 
 Druids for soothsaying. 
 
 Leister or Lister, Scotch. A trident or many- 
 pronged spear for striking fish. 
 
 Leming Star, O. E. (from A. S. /^wc", bright- 
 ness). A comet. 
 
 Lemman (A.S. /if^=loved, and viati). A 
 sweetheart, &c. 
 
 Lemnian Beddle. An ochre of a deep red 
 colour and firm consistence, used as a pigment. 
 
 Lemniscus, R. {XrinviaKos ; A^rov, wool). A 
 fillet or ribbon awarded, as a mark of honour, to 
 a person who had distinguished himself in any 
 way. The person who wore it was called lemnis- 
 calus. It hung down from crowns or diadems 
 at the back of the head. Lemnisci were also 
 worn, without corona, by ladies for ornament. 
 Hence, in Geometry, a cun'e of the form of the 
 figure 8 is called Icjiiniscata. 
 
 Lemon Yellow. A bright pigment, brighter 
 and clearer than Naples yellow or masticot, 
 and not liable to change. 
 
 Lemures or Manes, R. The souls of the 
 dead, who, according to the religious belief of 
 the Romans, were transformed into beneficent 
 or evil genii, according as the individual had 
 been during his life good or bad, virtuous or 
 worthless. ^^ Lares si meriti boni sint ; Le- 
 vi urcs sive Lari'as si mali ; Alanes autem cum 
 iicertum est," says St. Augustine. 
 
 Lemuria. Festivals in honour of the Lemures 
 celebrated at Rome, at night and in silence, on 
 the 9th, nth, and 13th of May. r)uring them 
 the temples of the gods were closed, and mar- 
 riage was considered unlucky ; hence the pro- 
 verb, J\/ense I^Iaio ??iale luibcvt. Those who 
 celebrated the Lemuria walked bare-footed, 
 washed their hands three times, and threw black 
 beans nine times behind their backs. On the 
 second of the three days there were games in the 
 circus in honour of Mars, and on the third day 
 the images of the thirty Argei, made of rushes, 
 were thrown from the Pons Sublicius into the 
 Tiber by the Vestal virgins. On the same day 
 there was a festival of merchants. 
 
 Lenn or Linn, Celt. A woollen wrap with a 
 
long nap, or simply the skin of some animal, 
 worn in severe weather as a kind of upper gar- 
 nunt by the poorer class of Gauls. 
 
 Lens (lit. a lentil). A convex or concave 
 glass, which, by changing the direction of 
 rays of light, magnifies or diminishes objects. 
 
 Lent (A.S. loictcu. Spring), Chr. The 
 forty days' fast preparatory to Easter. Pope 
 Chcgory the Great speaks of this fast as of 
 thirty-si.x days' duration ; i. e. six weeks, not 
 counting the Sundays, which, it is suggested, 
 amounts to one-tc-nth, or a tithe of the year. 
 
 Lent Rose or Lent Lily, O. E. The daffodil. 
 
 Lentiform. Shaped like a double convex 
 lens. 
 
 Lentiner, O. E. A hawk taken in Eent. 
 
 L'Envoy. "The conclusion of a ballet, or 
 sonnet, in a short stanzo by itselfe, and serving 
 oftentimes as a dedication of the whole." 
 {Cot -rave.) 
 
 Leonine Verses. Rhyming Latin composi- 
 tions, very popular in the Middle Ages. In the 
 3rd century a piece of 1200 such verses was 
 written by Commodianus. St. Augustine and 
 the venerable Bede also wrote some. The 
 proper leonine consists of a couplet rhyming at 
 the end ; but the rhymes may be otherwise dis- 
 tributed : e. g. — 
 
 " O miseratrix ! O dominatrix ! pra;cipe dictu ; 
 Ne devastemur, ne lapidemur, grandinis ictu." 
 
 Leontarium, Chr. A fountain of lions spout- 
 ing water ; frequently placed in the courtyard 
 or atrium of basilican churches. 
 
 Leopard, Her. A lion in any other attitude 
 than "rampant" was blazoned by the early 
 heralds as a "leopard." Till the 14th century 
 the lions of the Royal Shield of England were 
 designated leopards. 
 
 Leon, Chinese, (i) A building of many 
 stories, like a pagoda. (2) An upper floor in a 
 Chinese house. 
 
 Lepaste, R. (AeTraj, a limpet ; Lat. patella). 
 A large vessel, in form like the cylix, but rest- 
 ing on a broad stand ; employed from the 
 earliest times for holding pure ^\•ine. 
 
 Leporarium, R. f/<yv/r. a hare). A hare 
 
 Fig. 423. The Lesche at Delphi. 
 
 warren ; a walled paddock in which four-footed 
 game were preserved. 
 
 Lesche, Gr. {\((txv, i. e. a place for talking). 
 A public place of assembly and conversation, or 
 a small exchange for transacting business, &c. 
 The lesche of Delphi (Fig. 423) was cele- 
 brated for the painting which it contained by 
 Polygnotus (470 li.c). At Athens there were 
 360 leschai, small buildings or porticoes fur- 
 nished with seats and exposed to the sun, 
 where the poor could rest in warmth and shelter. 
 
 Lesina, It. An awl. The device of the 
 Lesina Academy, with the motto, "L'assoti^Iiar 
 la piii, Dieglio anche foraP 
 
 Lettern, Arch. The Lccteni of a church is 
 often so called, when made of Latteii. or brass. 
 The word is used instead oi Latten. 
 
 Letters of the Alphabet are sometimes used 
 as charges in heraldry. The practice of weav- 
 ing letters into the ornamentation of textile 
 fabrics is very ancient in the East. Pliny says, 
 " Parthi literas vestibus intexunt." Fanciful 
 designs imitating or copying oriental letters 
 without meaning were worked in church textiles 
 in early Christian times ; and the artists of Italy 
 up to the middle of the i6th century repre- 
 sented such devices on the hems of the garments 
 of great personages in their paintings. 
 
 Leucite {KivKhs, white). White spa)-, or 
 white garnet ; a white stony substance found 
 among volcanic productions. 
 
 Leucomb, O. E. A dormer window. 
 
 Leucopyrite. A mineral used in the produc- 
 tion of artificial orpimcnt. 
 
 Levacion, O. E. The elevation of the host 
 in the mass. 
 
 Levant. The Eastern shores of the Medi- 
 terranean. 
 
 Levecel, O. E. A penthouse or projecting 
 roof over a door or an open shed. 
 
 Levesele, O. E. A lattice. The original of 
 the chequers on the door-posts of inns. 
 
 Levitonarium. (See Colobium.) 
 
 Lew, O. E. (modern led). Sheltered from the 
 wind ; hence Lewe "Water (modern /«/['t'-warm 
 water). 
 
 Lewins, O. E. A kind of bands put about a 
 hawk. 
 
 Libbard, O. E. A leopard. 
 
 Libella, R. {libra, a level or balance), (i) A 
 level, or instniment employed by masons, joiners, 
 and carpenters, in the same way as with us, for 
 testing the evenness of the surface of their work. 
 (2) A small Roman silver coin, afterwards sub- 
 stituted by the As, which it equalled in value. 
 
 Libellus or Libellulus, R. A small book, 
 pamphlet, letter, or notice. 
 
 Liber (literally, the rind oi the papyrus ; Gr. 
 ^i^Kiov, from the Egyptian word byblos, the 
 papyrus plant). Abook. — VzixAi\w&\\\.{ntembraua) 
 was invented by Eumenes, king of Pergamos ; 
 
 O 
 
194 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 hence its name of fergamentuvi. The paper 
 {char la) or parchment was only written upon on one 
 side ; the other side was stained yellow. Writ- 
 ings were frequently washed off, and the parch- 
 ment used again was called palimpscstus. The 
 sheets forming a book were joined together and 
 rolled round a staff, and then called a volume 
 {volumeti). The stick was usually ornamented 
 with balls or bosses, ornamented or painted, 
 called umbilici. The ends of the roll, carefully 
 cut, polished with pumice-stone, and coloured 
 black, were called gemina: f routes. The reader 
 held the staff in his left hand to unroll the sheet 
 (evolvcrc librnm), as he proceeded, with his right. 
 The roll, if valuable, was kept in a parchment 
 case, which was stained with a purple colour, or 
 yellow. The title of the book [iitulus or index) 
 was written on a small strip of papyrus or parch- 
 ment with a light red colour (coccum or minium) ; 
 and this practice was the origin of the art of 
 illumination. 
 
 Liber Pontificalis, seti de gestis Romanorum 
 pontifiiuni. A work of the 15th century, of 
 great value to the student of early Christian art 
 work, and in particular of textiles and embroidery. 
 
 Libra, R. (i) A balance \\ith two scales 
 (lanx), depending by chains from the ends of 
 the beam {jugum) ; in the centre of the latter 
 was a handle {a7isa). (2) The As or pound ; 
 the unit of weight. (See As.) 
 
 Libretto, It. The words of an opera, oratorio, 
 &c. 
 
 Librile, R. {Ultra). A term denoting the 
 ends of the beam {jugum^ in a balance, and 
 thence the balance itself ; it is thus synonymous 
 with Libra (q.v.). 
 
 Liburna, Liburnica, R. A vessel of war so 
 called from the fact that it was built on a model 
 invented by the Illyrian pirates, or Liburni. 
 
 Licbanos, Gr. {^forefinger string). The note 
 below the Mese of the seven-stringed lyre. (See 
 Mese.) 
 
 Lich-gate. A shed over the gate of a church- 
 yard to rest the corpse under. (See Corpse- 
 GATE.) (Fig. 197.) 
 
 Lich-stone — near a churchyard gate, for rest- 
 ing coffins on — is generally raised about three 
 feet from the ground, shaped like a coffin, and 
 has stone benches round it for the bearers to 
 rest upon. 
 
 Liciae, Med. Lat. (Fr. lices), from the Italian 
 lizza, pp lings. The lists ; an enclosed space 
 surrounding a camp or castle. 
 
 Licium, R. A leash, or thick thread, em- 
 ployed to divide in two a set of threads in a 
 warp, in order to allow the shuttle to pass 
 through them. By analogy, any kind of thread 
 or cord used for fastening. 
 
 L'lctor, R. (See Fasces.) 
 
 Lieberkuhn. A reflecting mirror on a micro- 
 scope, named after the inventor. 
 
 Lieme Rib (in a vault). Arch. (From Her, to 
 bind.) " Any rib that does not arise from the 
 impost, and is not a ridge rib, but crosses from 
 one boss or intersection of the principal ribs to 
 another. Vaults in which such li£rnes are em- 
 ployed are termed lierxe vaults." {Parker's 
 Glossary.) 
 
 Light Red. A pigment of a russet orange 
 tint, produced from burnt ochre. 
 
 Lights. The openings between the mullions 
 of a window. (See Days.) 
 
 Ligula, R. (i) A small tongue-shaped sword. 
 
 (Fig. 424.) The 
 
 term is derived 
 
 from lingua, a 
 
 tongue. (2) A 
 
 Fig. 424. Ligula. liquid measure, a 
 
 large spoonful, 
 
 distinguished from cochlear, which is a small 
 
 spoonful. (3) The leather tongue of a shoe. 
 
 Lilies, in Christian art, are the symbols of 
 purity ; the special attribute of the Virgin 
 Mary. They are frequent in the catacombs on 
 the tombs of Christian virgins. 
 
 Lily or Iris Green (It. verde giglio). A pig- 
 ment anciently used in Italy. It was prepared 
 by dipping linen rags into the juice of plants, 
 and then preserving them dry. 
 
 Lima, R. (i) A file or rasp, applied to the same 
 purposes as at the present day. (See Scobina.) 
 (21 In Med. Lat., a tool or weapon worn by archers 
 in the French service, either as a kind of sword 
 or for sharpening arrows with. {Meyrick.) 
 
 Limbeck, O. L. An alembeck. 
 
 Limbo, O. E. Hell. 
 
 " Beholde now what owre Lord Jhesu dide one the 
 Saturday, as sune as he was dede. He went downe to 
 helle to owre holy fadyrs that ware in lyvtbo to tyme of 
 his Resureccione." (JAS". Lincoln. A. i. 17, f. 186.) 
 
 Limbus, R. An ornamental band or border 
 resembling scroll-work or architectural foliage, 
 employed as an ornament on dress, vases 
 (especially on Etruscan vases), &c. ; and thence 
 (i) a ribbon worn as an ornament in the 
 hair ; (2) the zodiacal circle described on a 
 globe (see Fig. 48) ; (3) a stout cord forming 
 the main rope in a fishing-net ; (4* in Med. 
 Latin, a military tunic — the (jerman Wapcnrock ; 
 or a wrapper worn by soldiers round the head, 
 temp. John, usually termed f(z;'_n'a«. {Meyrick.) 
 
 Lime. .Slaked lime, alone or mixed with 
 pulverized white marble, was a white pigment 
 used in fresco-painting. 
 
 Lime-hound, O. E. A sporting-dog in a lime 
 or leash. 
 
 Limen, R. The threshold or step laid down 
 before the entrance of a door ; the same term 
 is also applied to the lintel. Limen superius is 
 the lintel, and limen inferius the threshold 
 properly so called. 
 
 " Limeu superura inferumquc, salve !" (Plautus.) 
 
Limer, O. E. A l)loo<llioun(l. "A dogge 
 engemlreil Ijetwccne an liouiulc niul a mastyve, 
 called a lyiiinicr, or a imingrell." 
 
 Limito'ur, O. E. A begging friar. 
 
 Limning, O. E. Painting, especially portrait 
 painting. 
 
 Limoges Enamel. A kind of incrusted 
 enamel on the system called champlcvc ; per- 
 fected at Limoges, in France, in the 15th cen- 
 tury, and hence called Opus dc Limogia. (See 
 En.amel.) The enamels and METAL work of 
 LiMtH'.KS, in furniture, decoration of armour, 
 and church utensils, are very important. The 
 monument of Aylmer de Valence in Westmin- 
 ster Abbey is Limoges workmanship. 
 
 Limus, 1\.. A kind of apron bordered with 
 a purple hem, worn by the popa or attendant 
 who killed the animal offered at a sacrifice. 
 
 Lincei. An academy for natural history, 
 founded in Rome in 1603. They adopted the 
 lynx for their device " because the academicians 
 should have the eyes of a lynx to penetrate the 
 secrets of nature." {Mrs. Biiry-Palliser.) 
 
 Line of Beauty. A curve like an elongated 
 S. (See Hos;artlis Analysis of Beauty.) 
 
 Line of Life. One of the lines in the hand ; 
 a term in palmistry. 
 
 Linea, R. {linuin, a fiax-thread). A line or 
 any kind of string ; linea alba, a rope whitened 
 with chalk and stretched across the arena in a 
 circus for the purpose of giving a fair start to 
 runners, chariots, or riders. 
 
 Lined, Her. (i) Having a cord attached. 
 (2) liaving a lining. 
 
 Lineleon. Linseed oil. " Lineleon ex semine 
 liiii jiet.'' 
 
 Linen. Painting on linen was largely prac- 
 tised in England during the 14th century ; and 
 a drawing sent by Albert Durer to Raphael is 
 described by Vasari as having been painted "in 
 water colours on a fine linen cloth, which 
 showed the transparent lights on both sides, 
 without white ; water-colours only being added, 
 while the cloth was left for the lights ; which 
 thing appeared wonderful to Raphael." {Vasari, 
 Vila di Raffaello.) 
 
 Linen-scroll. A decorative ornament, com- 
 mon in German wood-carving of the 15th and i6th 
 centuries. It resembles a napkin stood on end, 
 and partly opened into scroll-shaped cylinders. 
 
 Linset, O. E. The stool on which women 
 sat while spinning. 
 
 Linsey-woolsey (O. E. Lylse-wulse). Coarse 
 woollen stuff tirst made at Linsey in Suffolk. 
 
 Linstock, O. E. (15th century). A pike, with 
 branches on each side to hold a lighted match 
 for firing artillery. 
 
 Lintel. The stone or beam placed across a 
 door or window overhead {limen superius). 
 
 Liateolum, R.andChr. {linteitin). Any small 
 piece of linen, such as a napkin or handkerchief. 
 
 Linter, K. A flat boat, frequently formed of 
 the trunk of a tree, used in shallow waters for 
 the transport of produce ; it was also used in 
 the construction of bridges of boats. 
 
 Linum, i-l. {Kivov). Flax, and thence anything 
 made of that fd^re. 
 
 Lion, O. E. (from lie on). Tlie main beam 
 of a ceiling. 
 
 Rampant. Statant guardant. Rampant guardant. 
 ^ 
 
 Pas:;ant guardant. Statant. Passant. 
 
 Fig. 425. Heraldic Lions. 
 
 Lion. In Heraldry, the lion couchant repre- 
 sents sovereignty ; rampant, magnanimity ; 
 passant, resolution ; guardant, prudence ; sa- 
 liant, valour ; seiant, counsel ; and regardant, 
 circumspection. (See Leopard, Marzocco.) 
 
 Lioncel, Her. A lion drawn to a small 
 scale, generally rampant. 
 
 Lions, in Christian art, typify the resurrection 
 of the Redeemer ; because, according to an 
 oriental fable, the lion's cub was born dead, and 
 in three days its sire licked it into life. The lion 
 also typifies solitude, and is therefore the attribute 
 of hermits ; and as the type of fortitude and 
 resolution it was placed at the feet of martyrs. 
 
 Lip Moulding, Arch. So called from its re- 
 semblance to an overhanging lip. It is common 
 in the Perpendicular period. 
 
 LicLuid Madder Lake or Rubiate. A brilliant 
 rose-coloured pigment, used in oil or water- 
 colour painting. 
 
 Liripipes, O. E. The long tails of hoods, 
 which hung down the back. Worn also by the 
 Italians. (Fig. 426.) 
 
 List, Arch. A straight upright ring en- 
 circling the lower part of a column, just above 
 the torus, and next to the shaft. 
 
 List, Listel, Arch. A small square moulding, 
 also called 2. fillet. Fig. 427 represents a base, 
 the ornamentation of which is made up of 
 numerous listels or fillets. 
 
 Litany Stool. In a church, a small low desk 
 at which the Litany was sung. 
 
 " The priest goeth from out of his seat into the body 
 of the church, and (at a low desk before the chancel door, 
 called \}nQ fcildstool)VxiQs.\'r> and says or sine;s the Litany.'" 
 \Eliz. xviii. 1559.) ^~" 
 
 Q 2 
 
196 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 426. Liripipes. Italian, i6th century. 
 
 Literatus or Litteratus, R. [litera, a letter). 
 In general, anything that is marked with letters ; 
 and thence (l) a slave who has been branded 
 on the forehead with a hot iron, also called 
 inscriptiis, nctahis, stigmatus. (2) A gram- 
 marian, learned man, or commentator. 
 
 Fig. 427. Listels. 
 
 Litharge. An ingredient of drying-oil (q. v. ). 
 
 Lithochrome. Another name for Chromo- 
 LiriiOGRArnY, or colour-printing. 
 
 Lithography, or drawing on stone, was 
 invented by Aloys Senefelder of Munich 
 in 1796. Drawings are made on a polished 
 surface of calcareous stone, with ink and 
 chalk of a soapy nature. The lithographic 
 iiik is made of tallow-soap, pure white wax. 
 lamp-black, and a small quantity of tallow, all 
 boiled together, and, when cool, dissolved in 
 
 distilled water ; the ingredients for the lifJio- 
 graphic chalk are the same, with a small quantity 
 of potash added during the boiling. After the 
 drawing on the stone is perfectly dry, a very 
 weak solution of sulphuric acid is poured over 
 it, which takes up the alkali from the ink or 
 chalk, and leaves an insoluble substance behind 
 it, while it lowers in a slight degree the surface 
 of the stone not drawn upon, and prepares it for 
 the free absorption of water. Weak gum-water 
 is next applied to clo.se the pores of the stone, 
 and to keep it moist. The stone is then washed 
 with water, and the printing-ink applied in the 
 ordinary way. It then passes through the press, 
 the washing with water and daubing with ink 
 being repeated after every impression. As many 
 as 70,000 copies have in this way been taken 
 from one stone, the last being nearly as good as 
 the first. Copper-plate and steel engravings can 
 be transferred to stone. (See the article " Li- 
 thography" in the Encyclopcsdia Britaiinica, 
 8th ed. ) 
 
 Lithostrotum, R. (A.(f»o'-o-Tp&>Toj'). The pave- 
 ment of a Roman road, and thence any orna- 
 mental pavement, mosaic, incrusted marble, 
 coloured inlaid-work, &c. 
 
 Litmus or Lacmus. The red, violet, and blue 
 colours known as archil, cudbear, and litmus, 
 are derived from certain lichens ; litmus from 
 the roccclla tinctoria. 
 
 Liturgy {\f:l.^ov^l^y6s). The printed formulary 
 according to which the public services in a 
 church are performed. 
 
 Lituus, R. (an Etruscan word, signifying 
 crooked). (l) A brass trumpet formed of a long, 
 straight tube, but curved and opening out wide 
 at the end like a tobacco-pipe. The t2iba was 
 straight, the cormi spiral. (2) An augur's staff 
 curved into the form of a crook, with which they 
 divided the expanse of the sky into regions in 
 their divinations. 
 
 Livery (Fr. livree). Literally, the distnbii- 
 iioii ; that is to say, of clothes to be worn by 
 the servants of palaces, &c. (See Badges.) 
 
 Livery Colours. In the Middle Ages all great 
 houses had their own livery colours. Thus those 
 of the House of York were blue and crimson, 
 those of the House of Lancaster white and blue, 
 of the House of Tudor white and green, of the 
 House of Stuart scarlet and gold. 
 
 Loaves, in Christian art, are the emblems 
 of charily to the poor ; the attribute of St. 
 Philip the Apostle and other saints. 
 
 Lobe (of an arch), Fr. ; AngWci/oil ; e. g. a 
 trefoil arch is arc irilobe. 
 
 Local Colour is the real fundamental colour of 
 an object, considered apart from all accidental 
 variations of light and reflexion. 
 
 Locellus, R. A box or casket ; this term is 
 a iliniinutivc of LOCULUS. 
 
 Lochaber Axe. A short pole with a sharp 
 
axe at one end, an ancient \\eapon of the 
 Ilii^lilandeis of Scotland. 
 
 Locker, Clir. Arch. A cupboard for sacred 
 vessels generally left in the thickness of the wall 
 on the north sitle of the altar of a church. (See 
 Secretarium.) 
 
 Locking up. Any process by which a colour, 
 liable to be affected by damp, can be rendered 
 durable. 
 
 Loculamentum, R. {loculus, a little place). 
 Any box, chest, or case, the interior of which is 
 divided into compartments. 
 
 Loculus, R. (dimin. onociis, a place). (l) A 
 coffin, generally of stone. (See S.^rcophagus.) 
 
 (2) A compartment in the manger of a stable. 
 
 (3) A small chest fitted with compartments. 
 Locutorium, Chr. Of a convent, &c., the 
 
 farlonr. 
 
 Figs. 42S, 429. Badge of Rich:\rd II. in Westminster 
 Hall. 
 
 Lodged, Her. Said of animals of the chase 
 hi repose. The illustration shows the favourite 
 badge of Richard II. : a white hart chained, and 
 in an attitude of rest. " This device is repeated 
 in Westminster Hall 83 times ; and all are 
 equally consistent with heraldic truth and accu- 
 racy, without any of them being an exact 
 counterpart of any other." {Boutdl, English 
 Heraldry.) (Fig. 42S.) 
 
 Loegria, O. E. England. {Geoffry of Mon- 
 mouth.^ 
 
 Logan Stones (properly logging stones, from 
 O. E. log, to oscillate). Rockixg stones (q.v.). 
 
 Logeum, Gr. {Xoyilov). A Greek term 
 synonymous with PuLPlTL'>r (q.v.). 
 
 Loggia, It. The gallery, or corridor, of a 
 palace. 
 
 Lombard Architecture. " A style invented 
 by the Lombards (Longobardi) in the 7th cen- 
 tury in imitation of the Roman. It continued 
 in use till the loth century, and gave place to 
 the Norman style. It is rude, heavy, and mas- 
 sive, with small narrow windows." (Parker.) 
 The above is only one application of the term, 
 which is applied by different writers to a great 
 number of different styles. The Lombardesqite 
 style (It. lo stile Lomhardesco) applies to the 
 architectural works of the family of Pietro Lom- 
 
 hardo (15th century). The Lombard Gothic is 
 still another style (of the 12th century). 
 
 Loops, Loups, Arch. Another name for 
 Cren'ki.s ((|.v.), or emljrasures. 
 
 Lord. The word is Saxon ; from hlaf or 
 klaf, a loaf of bread ; and ford, to give ; hence 
 it means originally bread-giver. 
 
 Fig. 431. Fraameiii of a 
 Gallic cuirass. 
 
 Fig. 430. Gallic cuirass in the Louvre. 
 
 lories, (ir. a'vl R. (/();7//«,athong). A cuirass; 
 it was made either 
 — for officers, of two 
 yvoKa, the breast 
 and back-pieces; or, 
 for the soldiers, of 
 a number of small 
 metal scales or 
 bands, fastened to- 
 gether with rivets 
 or rings, and flexi- 
 ble. Among the 
 Asiatics the cuirass 
 was frequently 
 made of cotton ; and among the Sarmatians, 
 and other nations, of horn. 
 Lorimers, O. E. Bit-makers. 
 Lorraine Cross. A cross with two projecting 
 arms on each side. 
 
 Lorraine Glass for painted windows ; ob- 
 tained from the Vosges as early as the 13th 
 century, and then called Burgimdy glass. "When 
 any one means to paint, let him choose the Lor- 
 raine glass, which inclines to the white yellow 
 because that bears the fire best, and receives the 
 colour better than any other." {F<Hibiai, 1619.) 
 Lota. A sacred utensil in India, used in 
 ceremonial and other ablutions. It is a globular 
 bowl with a low narrow neck, sometimes chased 
 or engraved and incrusted. 
 
 Lotus (AcoTos). The lotus is a frequently 
 recurring cyina in Hindoo architecture. In 
 Egyptian archaeology, the lotus, of which two 
 partially opened buds may be seen in Fig. 432, 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 432. Lotus-flowers. 
 
 was the symbol of the 
 rising of the sun, of 
 fertilization, life, and 
 resurrection. The lotus 
 appears in the ornamen- 
 tation of the largest as 
 well as of the smallest 
 monuments of Egyptian 
 
 i\l VlftW WWtHli ^^^ ' ^'"^^ '^ '■■'^'^ motive 
 \ wJ\f\ l\l!f 1i\ °^ many of the columns 
 
 \.^V'',I l\»Ulli j^j^j} capitals of the tem- 
 
 ples and palaces of a 
 certain period, as well as 
 of the decoration of vases 
 and other small objects. 
 Three lotus-stems issu- 
 ing from a basin sym- 
 bolized Upper Egypt. 
 
 Louis d'Or, Fr. A 
 gold coin, value about 
 20s., first struck in 1640. 
 Louis Treize Style 
 (Arch.), a French ver- 
 sion of Italian art, pre- 
 vailed from 1625 to 1650, 
 and producedyfrt^z IcPaji- 
 t)-e, the ornamentist, and 
 the following styles : — ■ 
 Louis Quatorze, Arch. A style of ornament 
 developed towards the close of the 17th century 
 (1643 — I7I5). It is described as "essentially 
 an ornamental style, its chief aim being effect by 
 a brilliant play of light and shade ; colour, or 
 mere beauty of form in detail, having no part in 
 it. This style arose in Italy, and the Chiesa 
 del Gesu at Rome is mentioned as its type or 
 model. The great medium of the Louis 
 Quatorze was gilt stucco-work, which, for a 
 while, seems to have almost wholly superseded 
 decorative painting ; and this absence of colour 
 in the principal decorations of the period seems 
 to have led to its more striking characteristic, — 
 infinite play of light and shade." {Woriuim, 
 Analysis of Ornament.') In this style symmetry 
 was first systematically avoided. In the Furni- 
 ture of the period the characteristic details are 
 the scroll and shell. The classical ornaments 
 and aU the elements of the Cittque-cenio, from 
 which the Louis Quatorze proceeded, are 
 admitted under peculiar treatment, as acces- 
 sories ; the panels are fomred by chains of 
 scrolls, or a combination of the scroll and shell. 
 Versailles is the great repertory of the Louis 
 Quatorze (Fig. 433), and the designs of Watteau 
 ts finest exemplification. 
 
 Louis Quinze, Arch. This style (1715 — 74) 
 is the exaggeration of the Louis Quatorze, re- 
 jecting all symmetry, and introducing the 
 elongation of the foliations of the scroll, mixed 
 up with a species of crimped conventional 
 coquillage or shell-work. The style found its 
 
 culmination in the bizarre absurdities of the 
 Rococo. 
 
 Louvre, Arch. The open turret in the roofs 
 of ancient halls, through which the smoke 
 escaped before the introduction of modern 
 chimneys. 
 
 Louvre-boarding or LufFer-boarding, Arch. 
 A series of overlapping boards sloping from 
 the top downwards, and from within outwards, 
 and fixed in a framework of timber. They 
 are placed in the apertures of towers and 
 belfries for the sake of ventilating the timbers, 
 and are sloped to prevent rain and snow from 
 penetrating within, and to direct the sound of 
 the bells downwards. Sometimes the wooden 
 boardings are covered with lead, slate, or 
 zinc, in order to preserve them. 
 
 Louvre-window, Belfry-arch, Arch. The 
 large lights fitted with louvre-boarding in 
 belfries. 
 
 Love-apple. The tomato is so called. 
 
 Love-feast. An annual feast celebrated in 
 some parishes in England on the Thursday 
 before Easter. (See Edioards's Old English 
 Customs.) 
 
 Love-in-Idleness, O. E. The heart's-ease. 
 
 Love-knot. A complicated figure by which 
 an interchange of affection is supposed to be 
 figured. 
 
 Love-lies-bleeding, O. E. A flower; a kind 
 of amarantli. 
 
 Love-lock. A long ringlet of hair worn on 
 the left side of the head, and allowed to stream 
 down the shoulder sometimes as far as the 
 elbow. The love-lock is mentioned in Queen 
 Elizabeth's reign. "Will you be Frenchified, 
 with a love-lock down to your shoulders, wherein 
 you may weave your mistress's favour?" {Quip 
 for an Upstart Courtier.) 
 
 "Why should thy sweete love-Iocke hang dangling 
 downe. 
 Kissing thy girdle-stud with falling pride ? 
 Although thy skin be white, thy haire is browne ; 
 Oh, let not then thy haire thy beautie hide." 
 
 (The Affectionate SlieJ>heard.) 
 
 Lovel, O. E. A dog. 
 
 "The Ratte, the Catte, and Lovell ourdogge. 
 Rule all England under the hogge." (1484- J 
 
 Low Side-window, Arch. A peculiar small 
 window found in many churches near the west 
 end of the chancel, and very near the ground. 
 It was never glazed, but closed with wooden or 
 iron gratings. Its object has never been ascer- 
 tained. Most of the examples are of the 13th 
 or 14th century. (See Arclucological Journal, 
 vol. iv. p. 314.) 
 
 Low Sunday, Chr. The Sunday next after 
 Easter. 
 
 Lozenge. In Heraldry, the diamond-shaped 
 figure used for a shield to display the arms of 
 spinsters and widows. The lozenge is always 
 
Fig- 433- Heraldic Decoration at Versailles — Louis Quatorze 
 
 placed upright on the shield, and its true propor- 
 tions are as 5 to 4. (See Mascle.) 
 
 Lozenge Moulding or Lozenge Fret. An 
 ornament used in Norman architecture, present- 
 ing the appearance of diagonal riljs, enclosing 
 diamond-shaped panels. 
 
 Lozenges. A term in 
 wood-engraving for a 
 class of fine gravers 
 used for outlines and 
 very fine shading. 
 
 Lozengy, Her. A 
 field divided lozenge- 
 wise. (Fig. 434.) 
 
 Lucariae, R. Fes- 
 tivals instituted at 
 Rome to commemorate 
 Fig. 434. Shield of Hubert the refuge which the 
 de Burgh, Earl of Kent. Roman army had once 
 found in a wood {lucus) between the Via 
 Salaria and the left bank of the Tiber. At 
 the time of the invasion of the Gauls in the 
 year 365 B.C., the Roman army would have 
 been entirely cut to pieces but for this refuge. 
 Lacarne, Fr. Arch. A dormeror garret window. 
 Luce, Her. The fish now called a pike. 
 (Fig. 380.) 
 
 Lucerna, R. {Jncco, to 
 shine). An oil-lamp of 
 terra-cotta or bronze. (Fig. 
 435.) On one side they had 
 a handle, and on the other 
 one or more places for 
 wicks {myxcv). The oil was 
 poured in through an open- 
 ing in the centre. Lucerna 
 bilychnis, trilyclinis, poly- 
 lychnis, and lucerna bimyxos, 
 trwiyxcs, or poly/nyxos, were 
 respectively lamps with two, 
 three, or several nozzles, 
 or with two, three, or 
 several wicks ; lucerna pen- 
 silis was a hanging lamp. 
 (See Fig. 435.) 
 
 Lucidse, Med. Lat. Lus- 
 trous varnishes. 
 
 Lucifer {lux, light ; fero, 
 to bring). The morning or 
 evening star. 
 
 Lucta, Lactamen, Luctatio 
 
 (Gr. TTciA?;, TTaKaiafxtx, iraXaLcr- 
 
 /LLoaiivr], or KaTaB^rjTiKv). 
 
 Wrestling. In the Homeric 
 
 age the wrestlers contended 
 
 naked, excepting the feri- 
 
 zoina round the loins; about 
 
 B.C. 720 (the 15th Olympiad) 
 
 this was discarded. The 
 
 Cretans and Lacedremonians, 
 
 and afterwards the Greeks, 
 
 anointed the body with oil, and then strewed it 
 
 over with sand or dust. The Lucta or Pale 
 
 differed from the Pancratium. In the latter. 
 
 Hg. 435. Bronze Lucerna. Romaa. 
 
\YORDS USED IN 
 
 boxing and wrestling were combined, and the 
 contest continued until one party was killed, or 
 unable to continue. In wrestling, on the other 
 hand, the victory was awarded to the man who 
 first threw the other three times. The most 
 famous wrestler of antiquity was Milo of Crotona, 
 who flourished B.C. 509, and was seven times 
 crowned at the I^ythian games, and six times at 
 Olympia. 
 
 LucuUite. A variety of black marble, first 
 brought to Rome from an island at Assouan on 
 the Nile by LucuUus. 
 
 Ludi. Games at festivals, or a general 
 name for such festivals as consisted entirely 
 of games and contests. Ludi ch-censes were 
 games held in the circus, gladiatorial and 
 other. (See CiRCUS.) Ludi scenici were 
 theatrical representations. Ludi stati, like the 
 FericE slata, were those held regularly on certain 
 days marked in the calendar. Ludi imperativi, on 
 the other hand, were held by special appoint- 
 ment, and votivi in fulfilment of vows. The 
 games were superintended by the /Ediles. The 
 principal games will be found described under 
 the headings Apollinares, Augustales, Capi- 
 tolini, Circenses, Compitalia, Floralia, V\x- 
 nebres, Liberales or Dionysia, Megalesia, 
 Plebeii, Sseculares, &c. 
 
 Ludus, R. A game or pastime ; ludus 
 litterarius, or ludus simply, was a school for the 
 instruction of youth ; ludiis duodccim sa-iptoruiii, 
 a kind of backgammon played by the ancients ; 
 ludus fidiciuin, a music school ; ludus gladia- 
 torius, a school for gladiators directed by a 
 lanista. 
 
 Lumachel (It. lumachclla, a little snail). A 
 marble full of fossil shells, and of beautiful 
 iridescent colours, sometimes a deep red or 
 orange ; called also fi7-e marble. 
 
 Luna, R. (lit. moon). An ivory or silver 
 shoe-buckle worn by Roman senators. (Com- 
 pare Lunula.) 
 
 Lunated. Crescent-shaped. 
 
 Lunette, (i) In Fortification, a work with 
 two faces and two flanks, i. e. a Redan to which 
 flanks or lateral wings have been added j in 
 form, therefore, it resembles a Bastion. (2) 
 In Architecture, a crescent or semicircular 
 window, or space above a square window 
 beneath a rounded roof. Hence the paintings 
 on sucli a space are called lunettes ; e. g. those 
 of Raffaelle in the Vatican. 
 
 Lunula, R. (dimin. of luna). (i) An orna- 
 ment in the form of a crescent worn by women 
 round the neck. (2) The white moon-shaped 
 marks at the roots of the finger-nails. (Cf.MENls.) 
 
 Lupatum, R. A jagged bit with teeth like 
 a saw (lupus) ; M'hence its name. 
 
 Lupercalia, R. Festivals held at Rome 
 on the fifteenth of the calends of March 
 (15th of February), in the Lupercal, a sacred 
 
 435 a. Hawk's 
 Lure. 
 
 The great epic 
 Portuguese poet 
 
 enclosure or cave on the Palatine, regarded as 
 the den of the she-wolf who nursed Romulus 
 and Remus. The luperci assembled together 
 and sacrificed goats and young dogs, with the 
 skins of which they ran through the streets half 
 naked. [Lupercus, or Februus, was the god of 
 fertility. The festival was originally a shepherd 
 festival ; the ceremony was symbolical of a 
 purification of shepherds, and commemorated 
 the time when Rome was a nation of shep- 
 herds.] 
 
 Lupus, R. (lit. wolf), (i) A hand-saw. (2) 
 Lupus ferreus, a huge iron hook, lowered from 
 the walls of a besieged place to catchthe point 
 of the battering-ram. (See Harpaga.) 
 
 Lara, R. Literally, the mouth of a large 
 leathern sack for wine and oil, and thence the 
 sack itself. 
 
 Lure. A falconer's de- 
 coy, made of feathers on a 
 cord, to attract a hawk back 
 to the wrist. The illustra- 
 tion is a heraldic lure. 
 (See Fig. 91. See also In 
 Lure.) 
 Lusiad. 
 of the 
 Camoens. 
 
 Lustratio (Gr. KoiOapa-is). 
 A purification, originally by water, afterwards 
 by solemn ceremonies of sprinkling, or the 
 smoke of sacrifice ; made privately after deaths 
 or accidental pollutions, and publicly on the 
 occasion of public disasters, prodigies, or the 
 like ; and at certain fixed periods, especially at 
 the close of every lustrum. 
 
 Lustricus (sc. dies), R. (lustrum, a lustration). 
 The day of purification for a new-born infant, 
 when it received its name. 
 
 Lustrum, R. (luo, to wash). A solemn pui'i- 
 fication performed by the censors on laying down 
 their office, that is to say, every Jive years ; 
 whence the term was used to denote that space 
 of time. 
 
 Lute (Arabic, el oud). A stringed instrument 
 of great antiquity, first mentioned in Persia in 
 682 A. D. Before the loth century the lute had 
 only four strings, or four pairs producing four 
 tones, each tone having two strings tuned in 
 unison. About the loth century a string for a 
 fifth tone was added. The strings were made of 
 silk neatly twisted. The neck of the instrument 
 was provided with frets of string, regulated 
 according to the system of seventeen intervals to 
 an octave. The Chinese god of music is repre- 
 sented playing on a lute with four strings. The 
 lute was very popular in England in Elizabeth's 
 time. Originally it had eight catgut strings, ar- 
 ranged in four pairs, each pair being in unison. 
 The number of strings varied from time to 
 time, and in the 17th century they were twenty- 
 
.•M\l^ ^VI\.V„ 11^ I'^Wlj 
 
 four. Tlie size of tlic lute also varied ; the 
 treble lute was the smallest, and the bass lute the 
 largest. There were also the Arciilute, the 
 
 ClI ITAKKONK, 
 
 Theoruo, &c. 
 (Consult Tho- 
 mas Mace' s 
 Miisiik''s Monu- 
 ment, 1676.) 
 
 Lycaea. A 
 festival of the 
 Arcadians in 
 honour of Zeus 
 AvKolos. 
 
 Lyceium. A 
 sacred enclosure 
 at Athens, 
 dedicated to 
 Apollo Lycius, 
 where the pole- 
 niarck originally 
 held his court. 
 It was decorated 
 with fountains, 
 plantations, and 
 ornamental edi- 
 fices by Peisis- 
 tratus, Pericles, 
 and Lycurgus. 
 Here Aristotle 
 delivered his 
 lectures, as he 
 zvalkcd abont 
 with his follow- 
 ers, hence called 
 '■'■ Peripatetics." 
 Lychnus, Lychnuchus,R. {Kvx^os, Aux^oOxos). 
 The former of these terms is of by far the most 
 frequent occurrence. It denotes a kind of lantern 
 or candlestick made to support oil lamps {Incer- 
 jtcc). Fig. 436 represents a lychnus supporting 
 three htcerna. 
 
 Lydian. Of music, soft and slow ; generally 
 effeminate. 
 
 Lydian Stone {Lydius lapis or Heraclius 
 lapis) was a kind of flinty slate used by the 
 ancients as a touchstone for the trial of gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Lymphad, Her. An ancient galley, the 
 feudal ensign of the house of Lorn, and as 
 such quartered by the Dukes of Argyle. 
 It is borne also by the 
 Prince of Wales as "Lord 
 of the Isles." (Fig. 437.) 
 Lynx Sapphire. A la- 
 pidaiy's term for dark- 
 grey or greenish-blue va- 
 rieties of the sapphire. 
 
 Lyon King at Arms. 
 The Scotch Herald, Lord 
 Fig. 437. LymphaJ. Lyon. The regalia of 
 
 Fig. 436. Lj'chnus. 
 
 this officer are, a crown of gold, with a crimson 
 velvet cap, &c.; a velvet robe reaching to 
 his feet, with the arms of the kingdom 
 embroidered thereon, both before and behind, 
 in the proper tinctures ; a triple row of gold 
 chains round his neck, with an oval gold medal 
 pendent thereto, on one side of which is the 
 royal bearing, and on the other St. Andrew 
 with his cross enamelled in proper colours, . nd 
 a baton of gold enamelled green, powd ed 
 with the badges of the kingdom. 
 
 Lyra, Gr. and R. (\upa). A lyre ; a 
 stringed instrument which assumed var ous 
 forms. On Assyrian monuments the lyre occurs in 
 throe different forms, and is held horizontally 
 in playing. Its front bar was generally either 
 oblique or slightly curved. It was played with 
 a plectrum or with the fingers. The Hebrew 
 lyre is represented on coins of Judas Maccabasus. 
 Some have three strings, others five, and others 
 six. The two sides of the frames appear to have 
 been made of horns of animals. The Hebrew 
 square-shaped lyre is probably the PSALTERION 
 the KiXXOR, a lyre of triangular shape, the 
 instrument of King David, is named in the 
 Bible as the oldest stringed instrument, the in- 
 vention of Jubal. The Rabbis record that King 
 David used to suspend his over his pillow at 
 night. On Egyptian monuments, at Beni 
 Hassan, a Hebrew lyre is represented, probably 
 of the date of Joseph, 1700 B.C. The Greeks 
 had lyres of many kinds, distinguished by diffe- 
 rent names ; Lyra, a generic term, and also the 
 lyre oval at the base, to be held in the lap ; 
 KiTHARA, with a square base, to be held 
 against the breast ; Chelys, a small lyre with 
 body made of tortoise-shell ; Phormix, a large 
 lyre, &c. Some lyres have a bridge, others have 
 none ; the largest were probably held on or 
 between the knees, or were tied by a band to 
 the left arm. The strings of catgut or sinew 
 were twanged with a plektron or short stem of 
 ivory or metal, pointed at both ends. The lyre 
 was the most favourite instrument of the 
 Romans, under various names. The Cornu 
 had a frame ending at the top in two long horns ; 
 the Barbitos was a lyre with a large body ; 
 the Psalterium was of an oblong square shape, 
 &c. The lyre is represented in early Christian 
 monuments of the 4th century. In one of them 
 the Saviour is represented as Apollo touching 
 the lyre. Anglo-Saxon MSS. of the gth cen- 
 tury also represent the lyre. A German fiddle 
 of the 9th century, with only one string, is called 
 lyra in the MS. In Christian symbolism the 
 lyre represented "the attractive power of the 
 Lord." (See Mese.) 
 
 Lysis, Arch. A plinth, or step above the 
 cornice of the podium which surrounds the 
 Pedestal. 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 M. 
 
 M-roof, Arch. A roof formed by the junction 
 
 of two common roofs, with a valley between 
 
 them. 
 Macabre. (See Dance of Death.) 
 Macaronic Verses. A burlesque of Latin, 
 
 chequered with Italian, Tuscan, and plebeian 
 
 words, described by the author : — 
 
 "Ars ista poetica nuncupatur Ars Macaronica, a 
 Macaronibus derivata ; qui Macarones sunt quoddam 
 pulraentum, farina, caseo, butyro compaginatum, grossum, 
 rude et rusticanum. Ideo Macaronica nil nisi grosse- 
 dinem, ruditatem,et Vccabulazzos debet in se contincre." 
 
 Macchia, It. (lit. a spot or stain). " The 
 blocking out of the masses of light and shade." 
 (See Eastlake's Materials, &c., ii. 355.) 
 
 Mace (Fr. masse or massue). A military club 
 or staff, generally of iron with a wooden handle, 
 useful for breaking defensive armour. The 
 mace was generally worn at the saddle-bow ; 
 and was subsequently perforated to form a 
 pistol, and finally superseded by the pistol. In 
 the Middle Ages the mace became an emblem of 
 office ; and is so still — usually surmounted by 
 a crown. (See Clava, Club.) 
 
 Macellarius, R. {viaceUum, a market). A 
 keeper of a shop for the sale of fruit and cooked 
 provisions. His shop was called taverna macel- 
 laria. 
 
 Macellum, Gr. and R. {/^aKeWov). A covered 
 market in which were sold all kinds of provisions, 
 such as fish, poultry, and game ; it. was distinct 
 from the open market called FoRUi%[ (q.v. ). 
 
 Maceria, R. (i) A 
 rough wall formed 
 of materials of every 
 description, and 
 having no/i^c/;/^. (2) 
 An enclosed place 
 unroofed. (Fig. 
 
 438.) 
 
 Machaera, Gr. 
 and R. {ndxcapa). 
 A sword with only 
 one edge, made 
 rather for cutting 
 than thrusting. 
 
 Machoerium, Gr. and R. (ixaxaipiov). Dimin. 
 of niachicra, a knife employed chiefly by fisher- 
 men. 
 
 Machserophorus, Gr. and R. {ixa.xo.ipo-<^6pos). 
 Literally, armed tvith the hunting-knife, the 
 machccritiin ; an epithet of the so-called bar- 
 barous nations, such as the Egyptians, Persians, 
 Medes, Thracians, and Gauls. 
 
 Fig. 438. Maceria. 
 
 Machicolated, Arch. Furnished with machi- 
 colations. 
 
 Machicolations (Fr. machicoulis), Arch. 
 Openings or grooves made under the parapet of 
 a fortified place, through which stones, pitch, 
 boiling water, or hot sand were throwTi down. 
 
 Macrochera, Gr. {fxaKp6-x^i-p, long-armed). 
 A tunic with long sleeves, called by the Romans 
 Chiridota. 
 
 Macrocolum, Macrocollum, R. Paper of 
 the largest size, that is to say, in sheets formed 
 of a number of pieces of parchment or papyrus 
 glued together. 
 
 Macula, R. The mesh of a net ; in the 
 plural inaculcc. 
 
 Madder. The root of "rubia tinctoria " 
 {Yx. garance), from which a number of valuable 
 pigments are made, which are transparent and 
 permanent, working equally well in oil and in 
 water colours. They vaiy from the lightest and 
 most delicate rose to the deepest purple, and 
 are known as rose madder, pink madder, mad- 
 der-carmine, fiirple madder, brozvn madder, 
 intense madder-purple, and orange madder- 
 lake. 
 
 Madonna, It. The Virgin Mary. (See 
 Joys.) 
 
 Maeander, Gr. (Maiai-Spos). An ornamental 
 design so called from the numerous windings it 
 described, like the river ALvander. Its proper 
 name is the Greek Fret. (Figs. 334 to 336.) 
 
 Maelium. (See Melium.) 
 
 Maemacteria, Gr. duaifj-aKT-fipia). Festivals 
 held at Athens in honour of the boisterous or 
 stormy Zeus {MaiiJ.a.KTr)s), with the object of 
 obtaining a mild winter. 
 
 Meenad, Gr. (/xaifas). Literally, a frenzied 
 woman, and thence a bacchante. (See Baccha. ) 
 
 Maenhir. (See Menhir.) 
 
 Maenia Columna, R. A column situated in 
 the Roman fomm, near which certain magis- 
 trates (triiiniviri criminates) judged criminals, 
 slaves, and vagrants. 
 
 Maeniana, Msenianse Scholse, R. Celebrated 
 schools of Gaid founded by Augustus at Autun 
 {Augiistoditmim or Bibracte), so called because 
 the buildings were furnished with balconies 
 {nucniana). (See M^NIANUM.) 
 
 Maenianum, R. A structure supported on 
 corbels ; a balcony projecting from the wall of a 
 house ; in a theatre or amphitheatre, one range 
 of seats comprised between two landing-places 
 (prcvcinctiones). Originally a balcony erected 
 round the Roman forum, B.C. 31S, to give 
 
accommodation to the spectators of gladiatorial 
 contests. Afterwards balconies in general were 
 so called. 
 
 Maes, Celt. A Welsh word for a field of 
 battle, common in topographical nomenclature. 
 
 Mafil. (See Mahkil.) 
 
 Mafors or Mavors (Gr. ixa<pwpiov) was a short 
 veil covering the head and neck and flowing 
 down on the shoulders, such as nuns wear in 
 imitation of the Virgin Mary. 
 
 Magadis, Gr. (^d7a5ij). A musical instru- 
 ment invented by the Lydians ; it was a kind of 
 harp, which changed its form and was afterwards 
 called -Samiuca (q.v.). (See Lyra.) 
 
 Maghreb Pottery. (See Gargoulette.) * 
 
 Magi. The adoration of the Magi (commemo- 
 rated on Christmas Day) is the subject of some of 
 the earliest specimens of Christian art. A fresco 
 in the catacomb of St. Agnes, representing the 
 Magi before Herod, is attributed to the 2nd 
 century, and the mosaics of St. Maria Mag- 
 giore at Rome, in which the same subject 
 occurs, are of the 5th century. 
 
 Magnase Black. A colour which dries 
 rapidly when mixed with oil, and is of intense 
 body. 
 
 Mahfil, Arab. A raised seat in a mosque, 
 for the iiiiaiini mocri who reads the Koran, and 
 for the imaiiJii khatib, who recites prayer, 
 preaches, and acts as the minister of the ser- 
 vices generally. 
 
 Mahl-stick. A stick with a pad at the end, 
 upon which the painter rests the wrist of his 
 right arm while working. 
 
 Mahogany. Wood of the Sivietcnia vialio- 
 gonl of Jamaica and Honduras. Satin-wood, 
 or green mahogany, is the Chloroxyllon ; 
 mottled, or African mahogany, is the Khayci ; 
 Indian mahogany is the Cedrda toona. 
 
 Mahoitres, O. E. The name of a singular 
 fashion of the 15th century — "of prankyd 
 gownes, and shoulders tip sd, moss and flocks 
 sewed within " — of padding up the shoulder 
 to give a broad appearance to the chest. (See 
 Figs. Si» 355> and 469.) 
 
 Mail (from the Fr. maillc, the meshes of 
 a net). Applied to chain or ringed armour. 
 " Rich mayles that ronke {strong) were and 
 round." 
 
 Mainefaire, O. E. The covering for a horse's 
 inane. It was made of overlapping plates, like 
 a lobster's tail ; and was fastened to the testicre 
 by buttons, and round the animal's neck by 
 straps. {Meyrick. ) 
 
 Maintenance, Cap of, Her. (See Chapeau.) 
 
 Maiolica ur Majolica. The Italian name for 
 the glazed earthenware introduced by Moorish 
 potters from the island of Majorca. Originally 
 these terms were only applied to ''^ lustrezuares,^' 
 but from the i6th century they were generally 
 applied to the glazed cart/icnivare of Italy. A 
 
 coarser lead-glazed lustred ware was known as 
 mezza-majolica. The distinguishing characteris- 
 tics of the Majolica ware are " coarseness of 
 ware, intricacy of pattern, and occasionally pris- 
 matic glaze." It is also named Faiioncp:, from 
 the boiega at Faenza, and, when decorated with 
 subjects after designs of Raphael, " Raffaclle 
 ware." Fayence, terraglia, as distinct from 
 Porcelain, is formed of potter's clay (hence its 
 English name Pottery) mixed with marl and 
 
 Fig. 439. INIajolica Plate (Urbino Ware). 
 
 sand, and is soft or Iiai-d according to the nature 
 of the composition, and the degree of heat under 
 which it is fired in the kiln. English earthen- 
 ware is soft, while stone-ware, Qtieen''s-ware, &c , 
 are hard. Soft wares are either unglazed, 01 
 lustrous, or glazed, or enamelled. The Italian 
 lusti'ous ware is properly, and the glazed ware 
 improperly, but generally called Majolica. 
 
 Majesty (It. Maesta), Chr. A conventional 
 representation of the Saviour in glory, on a 
 throne, encompassed by a nimbus, and sur- 
 rounded by cherubim, and the four evangelistic 
 symbols, and the letters A and Ci. " The only 
 existing document relating to Cimabue shows 
 that he was employed in 1301 on a mosaic 
 ' Majesty ' in the tribune of the Duomo at Pisa." 
 {Eastlake.) 
 
 Mala Pioba. Irish {mala, a bag). The bag- 
 pipe. 
 
 Malachite. A native carbonate of copper, 
 forming a beautiful and permanent gi^een pig- 
 ment, used for oils and water-colours. Incrusted 
 upon other materials it is used for articles of 
 ornament. Blue malachite is pure cai^bonate 
 
234 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 of copper ; f^rcen malachite is green carbonate of 
 copper ; emerald or royal malachite is dioptase 
 of copper, a still rarer green and the best of all, 
 which is a mixture of copper and silica ; false 
 or/j-^/i/j-malachite is phosphate of copper, soft 
 and silky, and of a rich velvet green marred by 
 black spots or lines, and not so rich as the three 
 kinds (jf true malachite. 
 
 Malchus, R. An old term for a confessional 
 having only one stool for penitents ; it signified 
 that which has only one ear, from the fact that 
 Malchus, Caiaphas' servant, was deprived of his 
 right ear by I'cter. 
 
 Malleability. The jM-operty of extension 
 under the hammer {mcil/ens). Gold is the most 
 malleable of metals. The art of rendering ^/ai-j 
 malleal)le was discovered by an architect in the 
 reign of Tiberius. Buried treasures of glass 
 vessels have been found to be malleable when 
 first disinterred, but to harden quickly on ex- 
 posure to the air. 
 
 Malleus, R. (i) A hammer. (2) Med. 
 The .Maule (Gothic Miolner), Thor's ham- 
 mer ; a military weapon. 
 
 Malluvia, Malluvium, R. A wash-hand basin. 
 
 Malus, R. 
 {mains, an ap- 
 ple-tree), (i) 
 The mast of a 
 vessel. (2) In 
 theatres and 
 amphitheatres 
 (Fig. 440) mali 
 were the poles 
 over which the 
 velarhim was 
 stretched. 
 
 Malveisin, 
 Med. (Fr. mal- 
 voisin, a dis- 
 agreeable 
 neighbour). A 
 military engine 
 for projecting 
 stones or ar- 
 rows. 
 Mama-quilla, 
 
 Fig. 440. Mains of an Amphitheatre. Peruv. One of 
 
 the divisions of 
 
 the temple of the Sun, Inti (q.v.) ; so called 
 
 because it was dedicated to the moon, Mama- 
 
 qiiilla. 
 
 Mamillare, R. {mamilla, the breast), (i) A 
 broad band made of soft leather, a kind of small 
 stays, used by the Roman ladies to support the 
 breasts. (2) In Mediaeval Latin, circular plates 
 on the surcoat with rings from which two chains 
 depended, one of which was attached to the 
 sword and the other to the sheath. The fashion 
 was introduced under Edward I., and continued 
 until Henry V. 
 
 ^lilil 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 MM 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 lii' 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 ~T 
 
 I 
 
 1! 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 IHFf 
 
 Mil 'III 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 1 iiji 
 1 liii 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 !l, 
 
 ill' 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 wM 1' II 1 1 
 
 
 
 llt 
 
 J 
 
 iih' 'ill! 
 
 ■ii <||I :i 1 
 
 1 
 
 S3l'ii.!ii- 
 
 llflliP! llr lllll 
 
 
 Mane op Oly, Dutch. Poppy oil, "a very 
 white oil used by the painters in the Nether- 
 lands, who execute delicate works requiring 
 lively colours, such as the vases of flowers of De 
 Ghein, &c." {Eastlake.') 
 
 Mandorla, Chr. (lit. an almond). (See Au- 
 reole and Vesica Piscis.) 
 
 Mandra, Chr. (lit. a fold). A favourite 
 appellation for monastic establishments in the 
 East. 
 
 Manducus, R. {mando, to chew). A comic 
 masked character, distinguished by his ugliness 
 and voracity (whence his name). (See Per- 
 sona.) 
 
 Mandyas, Chr. In the Greek Church, an 
 outer garment worn by monks. It is a long 
 cloak, reaching almost to the feet, and fastened 
 at the throat. It is originally a Persian dress, 
 and is frequently mentioned as worn by emperors 
 and kings. 
 
 Manefaire, O. E. A covering of armour for 
 a horse's vtane. 
 
 Manes, R. The shades of the dead. (See 
 Lemures.) 
 
 Manganese Brown. A rich semi-opaque 
 brown pigment, permanent and drying well. 
 (See Cappagh.) 
 
 Manger, Chr. The boards of the manger in 
 which the Infant Saviour was laid, are said to 
 be preserved in the ciypt of the church of St. 
 Maria Maggiore at Rome. They are called the 
 culla, and are the object of a solemn procession 
 on Christmas Eve. 
 
 Mangonell, Med. A military machine for 
 hurling stones ; the spelling is frequently va- 
 ried : — 
 
 " Vous peussez bugles, mangoniaux 
 Veoir pardessus les carniaux." 
 
 (Roman de la Rose.) 
 
 Manica, R. {maims, a hand), (i) An armlet, or 
 piece of armour which protected the arm of the 
 gladiator. (2) A leather glove worn by bar- 
 barous nations. In the plural, manica: denotes 
 (i) manacles ; (2) a grappling-iron called 
 Harpaoa (q.v.). 
 
 Manicora, Manicore, Chr. In Christian 
 iconography, the manicora is a hybrid animal 
 with a human head, and a globular body ending 
 in a serpent. It is a symbol of the World, 
 the Flesh, and the Devil. (Fig. 441.) 
 
 Maniple, Chr. A short stole held in the left 
 hand, originally used as a napkin by the 
 ofiiciating jiriest. Afterwards it was worn pen- 
 dent from the wrist, and richly decorated. (See 
 Fanox.) The word is derived from^ 
 
 Manipulus, R. (lit. a handful), (i) A mani- 
 ple, the earliest ensign of the Roman legion ; it 
 consisted of a handful of hay attached to the 
 end of a pole. (2) A body of infantry in a 
 legion, consisting of about iSo to 200 
 men. 
 
ART AND ARCH.EOLOGV 
 
 205 
 
 Mansard Roof, Arch, (so called from Man- 
 sai-ii, the French architect, who introduced it), 
 
 Fig. 441. Manicore. 
 
 or Curb Roof (from the French coiirher, to 
 liend). A roof with two sets of rafters, of which 
 the upper part is, as it \\ere, broken off", and 
 not so steep as the lower. According to 
 Alcsaiigcs, Mansard took the idea of his roof 
 from a frame composed by Segallo, and Michael 
 Angelo employed it in the construction of the 
 dome of St. Peter's. The houses in Lower 
 Brittany were covered with these roofs in the 
 end of the 15th century. 
 
 Manse, O. E. The parsonage-house. 
 
 Mansio, R. (manco, to remain). Stations 
 placed at intervals along the high roads, to serve 
 as halting-places for the troops on a march. 
 (See MuTATio.) 
 
 Mantapa, Hind. A porch to a temple. 
 
 Mantel-piece, Arch, (formerly iiiantil). A 
 cloak or covering ; hence the slab which covers 
 a part of the fireplace ; the canopy over a 
 shrine (Latin maudiialis'). 
 
 Mantelet or Mantlet. A shed used for 
 protecting soldiers from missile weapons. (See 
 Pluteus. ) 
 
 Mantica, R. {inaiius, the hand). A double 
 wallet serving as a portmanteau for riders or 
 pedestrians. 
 
 Mantle. A flowing robe worn over the 
 armour, as shown in the costume of the knights 
 in the ivory mirror-case. (Fig. 463.! 
 
 Mantling or Lambrequin. A small mantle, 
 of some rich materials, attached to the helmet, 
 and worn hanging down, and ending in tassels. 
 
 (See Fig. 177.) It is usually represented, in 
 Heraldry, with jagged ends, to represent the 
 cuts it would 1)6 exposed to in actual battle. 
 
 Manuale, R. (maims, the hand). A wooden 
 case for a Ijook. 
 
 Manuballista, R. A hand-liallista. (See 
 
 AKCUr.AI,l,IST.\.) 
 
 Manubrium, R. (i. e. what is borne in the 
 hand). A general term for a handle of any 
 kind. (See Fig. 377.) 
 
 Manus Ferrea, R. Literally, a /in/i{^ of iron . 
 an iron hook which served as a grappling-iron, 
 differing from the harpaga, as it was launched 
 at the end of a chain, while the harpaga was 
 fixed on a long beam [asser). 
 
 Marble. The finest for statuary, from Carrara, 
 is of a pure white ; that from Faros is of a 
 waxy cream colour ; others coloured with 
 metallic oxides are available for ornamental 
 purposes. Many cements have been produced 
 as "artificial marble." (See SCAGLIOLA.) 
 
 Marble Silk had a weft of several colours so 
 woven as to make the whole web look like 
 marble stained with a variety of tints. On the 
 6th of Noveml)er, 1551, "the old qwyne of 
 Schottes rod thrught London ; then cam the 
 lord tresorer with a C. great horsse and iher 
 cotes of ma/du//." Its use prevailed for three 
 centuries. 
 
 Marbling " is an art which consists in the pro- 
 duction of certain patterns and effects by means 
 of colours so prepared as to float on a mucilagi- 
 nous liquid. While so floating they foiTn into 
 patterns, which are taken off on to a sheet of 
 paper (for book-covers), or to the smoothly cut 
 edges of a book, by dipping." (IVooliwugh, 
 The Whole Art of Marbling, 1881.) 
 
 Marcus, R. A blacksmith's hammer ; a 
 sledge-hammer. (See Malleus.) 
 
 Mardelles, Margelles, or Marges, Celt. Ex- 
 cavations met with in several parts of Europe, 
 supposed to be Celtic. 
 
 Mark, O. E. An ancient coin, value I3J-. i^i. ; 
 formerly the equivalent of 30 silver pennies. 
 
 Marmouset, Arch. Fr. (monkey). A grotesque 
 figure introduced into architectural decoration 
 in the 13th century. 
 
 Marouflage, Fr. {maronfler, to line). A 
 method of house-painting in France, upon a 
 lining of prepared canvas fixed uj^on the surface 
 to be decorated. 
 
 Marquess, Mar- 
 quis. Ikr. The 
 second uriler of 
 the British peer- 
 age, in rank next 
 to that of duke, 
 was introduced 
 Fig. 442. Marquess's coronet. into England in 
 1387 by Richard 
 II. The coronet, apparently contemporary in 
 
2o6 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 its present form with that of the dukes, has its 
 golden circlet heightened with four strawberry- 
 leaves and as many pearls arranged alternately. 
 Marquetry. Inlaid-work 
 of ornamental woods and 
 atones of various colours 
 put together and mixed with 
 metals. The art has existed 
 from the earliest ages ; but 
 no nation has brought it 
 to a higher degree of per- 
 fection than the Italians of 
 the 15th century. The 
 Florentines especially have 
 produced work of this kind 
 which is unapproached ; the 
 Medici chapel at Florence 
 may be particularly m- 
 stanced. Figs. 443 and 444 
 represent specimens of an- 
 tique work. The Venetian 
 marquetry, derived from 
 Persia and India, is a fine 
 inlay of ivory, metal, and 
 woods, stained to vary the 
 colour. This work is in 
 geometric patterns only. In 
 France,inthe earlymarquetry designs, picturesque 
 landscapes, broken architecture, and figures are 
 
 ''"ig- 443- -"^hatt 
 
 ornamented with 
 
 Marquetry. 
 
 Fig. 444. Marquetry. 
 
 represented. Colours are occasionally stained 
 on the wood. Ivory and ebony are the favourite 
 materials. In England, it is an art imported 
 from Holland in the reign of William and 
 Mary. The older designs on Dutch marquetry 
 represent tulips and other flowers, foliage, birds, 
 &c., all in gay colours, generally the self colours 
 of the wood used. Sometimes the eyes and 
 other salient points are in ivory and mother-of- 
 pearl. (Compare Boule, Certosina W^ork, 
 Emhlemata, Musivum Opus, Reisher- 
 WORK, &c.) 
 
 Marra, R. A kind of hoe with indented 
 teeth, used for tearing up weeds. (Fig. 445.) 
 
 Mars Brown. A brown pigment. 
 
 Mars (Reds, Sec). Calcined earths of which 
 the brightness of the redness is regulated by the 
 duration of the roasting. 
 
 Fig. 445. JSIarra. 
 
 Marseilles Faience. This ancient city has 
 at all times been celebrated in the ceramic arts. 
 Fig. 446 gives a representative specimen of 
 modern polychrome work, decorated with 
 flowers easily recognized by the disposition 
 of their long stalks. These flowers are, in 
 
 Fig. 446. Teapot of Marseilles faience. 
 
 other specimens, accompanied by marine land- 
 scapes. Other polychrome services are called 
 from their designs "services aux insectes." 
 
 Marsupium, R. {ixapaiiviov). A purse for 
 containing money; it was made of leather 
 and shaped like a pear, being confined at the 
 top with a string. (Hence the adjective w^r- 
 j-k/Ziz/ appl ied to the kangaroo, &c.) 
 
 Martel de Fer, Med. A weapon v.hich had 
 at one end a pick, and at the other a hammer, 
 axe-blade, half-moon, mace-head, or other 
 fanciful termination. {Mcyrick.) 
 
 Martlet, Her. Bird, usually represented with- 
 out feet. (Figs. 447, 448.) 
 
 Fig. 447. Early Heraldic 
 Martlet. 
 
 Fig. 448. Heraldic 
 ilartlet. 
 
 Martyrium, Chr. An altar erected over the 
 tomb of a martyr. 
 
 Marzocco, It. The Lion of Florence. The 
 heraldic emblem of the city. (Fig. 449.) 
 
Fig. 449. II Marzocco, the bronze Lion now in the Bargello at Florence 
 By Donatello (about a.d. 1420). 
 
 Mascaron, Arch. Fr. 
 
 . 450. Ltri;-c.in Mask 
 in terra-cotta. 
 
 A mask ; the face of a 
 man or animal 
 employed as an 
 ornamentation 
 for decorating 
 the key-stones 
 of arches or 
 vaults, or the 
 stones of an 
 arch, &c. (Fig. 
 450.) 
 
 Mascle, Her. 
 The central 
 lozenge of a 
 diapered sur- 
 face; it is 
 drawn with 
 right angles. 
 Maser or Mazer, O. E. A bowl of maple- 
 wood. The name is applied to similar bowls or 
 goblets of other woods. 
 
 " The nsazers four. 
 My noble fathers loved of yore," 
 are mentioned by Scott in "The Lord of the 
 Isles." They were richly ornamented, frequently 
 with legends on the rim, such as 
 " In the name of the Trinitie 
 Fille the kup and drinke to me," 
 
 and the rim was often covered with silver or gold. 
 
 Massicot. The name of an ancient pigment 
 of a dull orange colour. 
 
 Mastaba, Mastabe, Egyp. An outer chapel 
 attached to Egyptian burial-places ; it was gene- 
 rally a small quadrangular building, the door 
 of which faced the East. 
 
 Master Arch, O. E. The central or widest 
 arch of a bridge. 
 
 Mastic. A resin used for varnish. (Dissolve 
 
 one part of mastic resin in 
 two of oil of turpentine.) 
 (See Varnish.) In France, 
 the term is applied to a 
 cement used to fill up joints 
 in masonry ; in joinery, to a 
 composition of wax, resin, 
 and pounded brick, applied 
 to fill up knots and chinks 
 in the wood. Putty is also 
 St) called. 
 
 Mastigophorus, Gr. and 
 R. (,ua(rTi7o-(/>df)os). A slave- 
 driver, and thence an officer 
 w lio fulfilled the same func- 
 tiiins as our policemen. 
 The mastigophori were so 
 named because they carried 
 a whip (lUdffTtya (pepnv), in 
 order to put down any 
 crowding or tumult ; it was 
 also part of their duty to 
 repress any infringement of 
 the i-egulations at the public games. 
 
 Match-lock. A gun which was exploded by 
 means of a match, before the introduction of 
 the flint and steel. (See Fire-lock.) 
 
 Materiatio, R. [materia, materials). The 
 timber-work of a roof, consisting of two principal 
 rafters (canterii), a tie-beam {tigtiiim), a ridge- 
 piece (ealciiHe)i), beams [trabes), struts {capreoW), 
 purlines {tenipla), and common rafters {asseres). 
 Materis, R. A Celtic javelin with a broadhead. 
 Matralia, R. (i. e. pertaining to a mother). 
 The festival of MattUa (the Ino of the 
 Greeks), Mhich was held at Rome every 
 year on the third of the ides of June 
 (nth of June). Prayers were offered by the 
 Roman matrons on behalf of their nephews, 
 they being afraid to pray for their own children, 
 since those of Matuta had turned out so unfor- 
 tunately. 
 
 Matronalia, R. A festival of the Roman 
 matrons held on the calends of March, at 
 which matrons offered sacrifices to Mars and 
 Juno Lucina. 
 
 Mattucashlash. An ancient Scotch weapon, 
 sometimes called the armpit dagger, being worn 
 on the arm ready to be used on coming to close 
 quarters. 
 Maule. (See Malleus.) 
 Maunde, O. E. A basket. 
 Mausoleum, R. The tomb of Mausolus, king 
 of Caria, at Halicarnassus, ranked among the 
 seven wonders of the world. The name was after- 
 wards applied to tombs of an imposing size and 
 splendour, such as the tomb of Augustus in the 
 Field of Mars, and that of Hadrian, on the 
 banks of the Tiber, now known as Fort St. 
 Angeio. A representation of it, in its original 
 state, is shown in Fig. 451. 
 
208 
 
 WORDS USED'IN 
 
 Mauve is the colour of a peach blossom ; 
 obtained as a dye from aniline found in gas tar. 
 
 Maze, Chr. Labyrinthine figures in the pave- 
 ments of churclies and on the turf of greens. 
 
 and much of it was made like our modern 
 insertion. The engraving shows a specimen 
 
 To trace tlie former kneeling was a species of 
 penance. 
 
 Mazmorra, Sp. A tank lined with cement, 
 sunk in the ground and used for storing grain. 
 (See Murray's Handbook, Spain, p. 361, Gra- 
 jiada, &c.) 
 
 Mazonum, Gr. {ixaCo-vofxilov ; ixa^a, barley- 
 bread). A wooden platter for domestic use, 
 and thence a salver of bronze or gold on 
 which perfumes were burnt in the religious 
 processions of Bacchus. 
 
 Mechlin Lace is fine, transparent, and effec- 
 tive. It is made in one piece on the pillow ; 
 its distinguishing feature is the flat thread which 
 forms the flowers, and gives to the lace the 
 character cf embroidery. In 1699 — when 
 Charles II. 's prohibition to the introduction of 
 Flanders lace was removed — Mechlin lace 
 became the fashion in England, and continued 
 so during the succeeding century. In the 17th 
 century the Beguinage nuns were celebrated for 
 their lace-making, and they supported their 
 house by their work. Previous to 1665 the 
 name of Mechlin was given to all pillow lace, 
 
 Mechlin Lace, iSth cemury. 
 
 of old Mechlin lace formerly in great favour as 
 head-dresses and other trimmings. 
 
 Medallion, (i) A medal of a larger size 
 than the ordinary coinage. (2) In Architecture, 
 a circular or oval tablet on the face of a build- 
 ing. 
 
 Mediaeval. (See Middle Aces.) 
 Medimnus, Gr. {^li^l^xvos). The principal 
 Greek measure of capacity, holding as much as 
 six Roman modii. It was especially used for 
 measuring com. 
 
Meditrinalia, R. {lucdcor, to remedy). 
 Roman festivals in honour of Meditrina, the 
 goddess of healing, celebrated on the lith of 
 October, at which new wine was tasted, it 
 being looked upon by the Romans as a preser- 
 vative of health. 
 
 Medium. The liquid in which pigments are 
 ground. The best are linseed oil and nut 
 oil. 
 
 n a shield. 
 
 Medusa Head was frequently used as an orna- 
 ment for the centre of a shield. (Cf. GoRGONEiA.) 
 
 Megalartia, Gr. (/ueyaAapTia). Festivals 
 held at Delos in honour of Ceres, who was 
 called Megalartos (MeydXapros) from her hav- 
 ing bestowed bread on mankind. 
 
 Megalesian (games), R. {Ludi niegaleuses). 
 Festivals celebrated annually on the 4th of April 
 in honour of Cybelc, who was called the Great 
 (MeyaAcra), in which the people went in pro- 
 cession to the Field of Mars to witness scenic 
 spectacles. The magistrates attended these spec- 
 tacles in a purple toga, or "toga prastexta ;" 
 hence the expression " Purpura Megalensis." 
 
 Megylp. A vehicle used by some oil-painters, 
 condemned as tending to destroy the permanency 
 of the picture. 
 
 Melides, Gr. Nymphs of fniit-trees. (Cf 
 Hamadryades. ) 
 
 Melina, R. A pouch made out of the skin 
 of a marten (or a badger, meles). 
 
 Melium, R. A collar for sporting-dogs, 
 studded with nails and iron spikes {claviilis, 
 capitatis). 
 
 Mell. (See Malleus.) 
 
 Melotte, O. E. A garment worn by monks 
 during laborious occupation. [Hallmell. ) 
 
 Membrana, R. {inonbrnin, skin). Parchment 
 f(jr writing on was introduced as a substitute for 
 the Egyptian papyrus by Eumenes II., king of 
 Pergamus. It was usually written over on one 
 side, and the back was stained with saffron. 
 The writings were frequently erased, and the 
 paper or parchment used again. It was then 
 
 called :\.paU)iipscst. All the sheets used for one 
 work were joined together into a long scroll, 
 which was folded round a staff, and then called 
 7'olu/>icn ; usually there were ornamental balls 
 or bosses, projecting from the ends of the staff, 
 called itnilii/iri or cornua. The ends of the roll 
 were carefully cut and blackened ; they were 
 called ^ww/z/K' frontcs. The roll itself was kept 
 in a parchment case, which was stained purple 
 or yellow. (See also Liiser.) 
 
 Membranula, R. (dimin. of membrana). A 
 small strip (if parchment on which the title or 
 contents of a volume were inscribed in minium. 
 
 Menat, Egyp. An Egy[)tian amulet worn 
 on a necklace. The menat evidently formed 
 some symbol, the meaning of which has 
 hitherto not been discovered. 
 
 Menehis or Minihis, Fr. This term, de- 
 rived from the Celtic mcuech-ti (house of a monk), 
 or manacli-li (free spot of earth), was formerly 
 used in Brittany to denote a place of asylum 
 which had been consecrated in any way. 
 
 Menhir, Celt. A Celtic monument con- 
 sisting of a huge stone fixed upright in the 
 ground. Menhirs are found associated with 
 dolmens, tnniuli, and circles of stones. (Consult 
 Bertrajtd, Arclhvlogie Celtique et Gauloise, p. 84.) 
 
 Menis, Meniscus, Gr. and R. {/xrivLffKos ; 
 fj.r)vri, the moon). A crescent-shaped piece of 
 metal which was placed on statues of the gods 
 to hinder birds from settling on them. The 
 same term was used to denote an ornament, 
 likewise in the shape of a crescent, placed by the 
 Romans at the beginning of their books ; hence 
 the expression a nienide, from the beginning. 
 (Cf. Luna.) 
 
 Mensa, R. (Gr. Tpairefa). A board, tablet, 
 or table ; mcnsa escaria, or mensa simply, a 
 dining-table ; ?nensa piima, secunda, the first, 
 second course of a meal ; mensa tripes, a table 
 with three feet, in contradistinction to mono- 
 podinm, a talile with a single leg ; mensa vinaria, 
 a drinking-table (see Delphica) ; mensa sacra, 
 an altar-table ; mcnsa vasaria, a table for 
 holding vessels ; mensa piiblica, a public bank ; 
 hence mcnsarii, bankers. 
 
 Mensao, Celt. A Celtic monument more 
 usually called MENHIR (q.v.)- 
 
 Mensole, Arch. A term denoting the key- 
 stone of an arch. 
 
 Menzil, Orient. Houses in the East for the 
 reception of travellers, in places where there are 
 neither cai^avanserais nor khans. 
 
 Mereack, Hind. A sort of thick black 
 varnish employed by the Khmers to coat over 
 statues made of any soft stone, which are ex- 
 posed to the changes of the weather. This 
 varnish was, in many instances, itself covered 
 with gold-leaf. 
 
 Merkins, O. E. A name given to ringlets of 
 false hair, much worn by ladies temp. Charles I. 
 
 r 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Merlons, Arch. The Cofs or raised parts of 
 a battlement. Figures of warriors or animals 
 are sometimes carved on the tops. (See Battle- 
 ment. ) 
 
 Kig. 455. ]\Iermaid and Pillars of Hercules. 
 Arms of the Colonna family. 
 
 Mermaid. An ancient device of the Colonna 
 family was the mermaid between the pillars of 
 Hercules, with the motto Contemnit tutap}-occllas. 
 
 Mesaulse (jueV-ovAa). (i) The narrow pas- 
 sage or coiTidor which, in a Greek house, 
 connected the andron with the gyitcEcewn. (2) 
 The door in this passage. 
 
 Mese (the middle, sc. x°9^'h)- The central 
 note of the seven-stringed lyre. The Greeks had 
 no names to distinguish musical notes. They 
 were expressed by the names of the strings of 
 the lyre. Thus, Nete, d ; Paranete, c ; 
 Paramese, b fiat ; and IVIese, a, in the treble 
 or upper tetrachord ; and LiCHANOS, ^; 
 Parhypate, /; and Hypate, e, in the base 
 or lower tetrachord. 
 
 Mesjid, Arab. A small mosque. These 
 exist in great numbers. The Sultan Mohamet II. 
 alone consecrated I'jo mesjids in Constantinople. 
 
 Messe, A.S. The Mass. 
 
 Messle-house or Meselle-house, O. E. (from 
 the obsolete word /ncasle, a leper). A hospital 
 or lazar-house. 
 
 Meta, R. {nicHor, to measure). Any object 
 with a circular base and of conical shape ; in 
 a circus the term 7?icta, or rather metie (for there 
 were two sets of goals), was applied to a set of 
 three cones placed together upon a pedestal, 
 as shown in Fig. 456, to mark the turning-points 
 of the race-course. In a mill for grinding corn 
 
 Fig. 456. Metaofa Roman 
 race-course. 
 
 the name of meta was 
 applied to the lower 
 part of the mill, which 
 was hewn into the 
 form of a cone. (See 
 Circus, Ovum, 
 Spina, &c.) 
 
 Metal, Tech. (i) A 
 mass of glass in the 
 slate of paste, ad- 
 herent to the pipe 
 and already blown ; 
 it may be regarded 
 as the first stage in 
 the production of a 
 piece. (2) Broken 
 glass. (3) Broken 
 stones for repairing 
 roads. 
 
 Metal, Her. The 
 tinctures or and ar- 
 goif. 
 
 Metallic Canvas. 
 A combination of 
 metal and canvas ; 
 waterproof for various 
 uses. 
 A composition of gravel, 
 an arti- 
 
 Metallic Lava. 
 
 pounded chalk, tar, and wax, forming 
 
 ficial stone to be cast into ornamental shapes in 
 
 moulds. The vestibule of the Euston Station 
 
 is paved with this preparation. {Builder, vi, 
 
 502.) 
 
 Metallurgy. It was at a comparatively late 
 period of human civilization that the art of 
 working in iron was brought to perfection. The 
 ancient Egyptians, probably aware of its re- 
 sources, had a superstitious objection to its use ; 
 but they hardened bronze to a degree unknown 
 to later ages, and their bronze statuary of the 
 most ancient period is worthy of any age. The 
 bronze-work of Britain and Ireland is as ancient 
 as any; and, in beauty of form and perfection of 
 casting, rivals the best modern work. Of the 
 work in Greece we are told that Athens alone 
 contained 3000 bronze statues in the year 130 B.C., 
 and vast treasures of metallurgy have been dis- 
 covered in Herculaneum and Pompeii. In 
 mediaeval times Ireland was famous for metal- 
 lurgy, and of its admirable copper-works of the 
 nth century many splendid relics remain, 
 especially the so-called Bell of St. Patrick. 
 Oriental bronzes, of characteristic design, are 
 plentiful from all ages ; especially beautiful 
 and perfect in execution are those of China and 
 Japan. The best period of workmanship in 
 Iron is the Middle Ages ; gates and hinges, keys, 
 and especially weapons and defensive armour being 
 the chief objects produced. (Consult Fiigiit, Digby 
 Wyatt.) (See also Bronze, Copper, Damas- 
 cening, Gold, <S:c. ) 
 
Fig- 457- 0"6 of the carved Metopes of the Parthenon, 
 representing the War of the Centaurs and the Lapithas. 
 
 Metope, Arch. (/uer-oTrTj, i. e. the space be- 
 tween the dirai). A kind of panel between 
 the triglyphs in the Doric frieze (Fig. 458) ; 
 
 Fig. 458 
 
 (Doric). 
 
 in some Greek examples quite plain, in others 
 ornamented with sculpture. The metopes of 
 the Parthenon in the British Museum are carved 
 with representations of the war of the Centaurs 
 and Lapitha?. (Fig. 457.) (See Elgin Mar- 
 bles.) In Roman buildings the metopes are 
 usually carved, and are exact squares ; but in 
 the Greek Doric this was not necessary. 
 
 Metreta, Gr. (^erpTjTT/s, i. e. measurer). The 
 unit in the Greek measures of capacity ; it held 
 two cotylcr, or about eight gallons. 
 
 Meurtriere, O. E. "A black knot, that 
 unties and ties the curies of the hair." {Ladies'' 
 Did., 1694.) 
 
 Mews, O. E. Originally a courtyard for 
 " mewing " (i.e. moulting) hawks. 
 
 Mexican Architecture. The principal monu- 
 
 p 
 
 ments of tlic valley of Mexico are 
 situated in a small tract in the cen- 
 tre of the table-land of Anahuac. 
 These consist of pyramidal temples 
 {icocallis) formed in terraces, with 
 flat tops, and always surmounted 
 by a chamber or cell, which is the 
 temple itself. In Yucatan there 
 are more architectural remains than 
 anywhere in the world, with palaces 
 of all dates, generally pyramidal, 
 and often ricli withelaborate carvings. 
 (See Stcpluus' s Incidents of Travel 
 in Yucatan.) (Fig. 45S a.) 
 
 Mezza-majolica was the coarser 
 majolica ware formed of potter's 
 earth, covered with a white "slip," 
 upon which the subject was painted, 
 then glazed with the common lead 
 glaze, over which the lustre pig- 
 ments were applied ; the majolica, 
 on the other hand, being the tin- 
 enamelled ware similarly lustred. 
 (See Majolica.) 
 
 Mezzanine, Entresole, Half-story, 
 Arch. A small story intermediate 
 between two others of larger size. 
 A mezzanine or Flemish window- 
 was a window either square or 
 broader than it was long, made in an attic. 
 
 Fig. 45S a. Me.Kican temple — Teocalli. 
 
 or in a lower story lying between two higher 
 stories. 
 
 Mezzo-relievo, It. Sculpture in relief, in 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 459. Jardiniere— Milan Faience. 
 
 which one half of the figure projects ; some- 
 times called Demi-relievo. 
 
 Mias, Hind. A commemorative monument. 
 
 Mica, Micatio, R. (mico, to move quickly). 
 A game called by the Italians of the present day 
 
 
 Fig. 460. Milan Reticella Lace. 
 
 mora ; two players simultaneously 
 stretching out one or more fingers, and 
 each guessing the number held up by 
 his adversary. 
 
 Middle Ages. The medireval period 
 — of transition between ancient and 
 modem times — between the loth and 
 the 15th centuries is one of the grandest 
 periods in art. It begins with the 
 decay of Rome, and merges into the 
 Renaissance. 
 
 Middle Distance, in a landscape : — 
 between the foreground and the back- 
 ground. Great skill is displayed in 
 the expression of distance by the 
 effects of intei'vening atmospheres, and 
 by the design of intermediate plans 
 carrying the eye onward and suggest- 
 ing space. 
 
 "Middle Ground in a landscape. (See Mid- 
 dle DiSTAN'CE.) 
 
 Middle Pointed Period of Architecture is a 
 name given to that period of Gothic architecture 
 in England, which is generally described as " the 
 Dcrorated Period:' 
 
 Middle Post. The King Post in the truss of 
 a roof. 
 
 Milan Faience. Fig. 459 is an illustration of 
 the Oriental imitations for which Milan was 
 famous. "It is," says M. Jacquemart, "of 
 such beautiful enamel that it might be taken for 
 porcelain. The upper and lower edges are 
 decorated with shells, scrolls, and rocailles in 
 relief, heightened with gold ; the whole surface 
 has a decoration of peonies and sprigs in blue, 
 red, and gold, which rival in beauty the richest 
 specimens of old Delft." 
 
 Milan Lace. The engraving shows a speci- 
 men of Old Milan Point or Reticella from the 
 convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in that 
 city. (See Reticella.) (Fig. 460.) 
 
 Miliarium, R. (i) A tall narrow copper 
 vessel employed in baths for heating the 
 water. (2) The column of an olive-press {tra- 
 petuDi), which rose from the centre of the mortar 
 {inorlariitni). 
 
 Military Architecture. The science of build- 
 ing fortresses and fortifying town walls, &c. 
 [See VioUet le Due, '"'■ Essai siir V Architecture 
 i/ti.'itaire ait Moyen A^i^e."] 
 
 Milled Money, with gi-ooved edges, was first 
 coined in this country in 1561. 
 
 Millefiori. Mosaic glass. (See Glass.) 
 Milliarium, R. {inille, a thousand, sc. paces). 
 A column placed at intervals of a mile (1618 
 I'higlish yards) along a Roman road to indicate 
 the distance. (Fig. 461.) It was also called /rr/w. 
 iMiinaritini aureum was the name given to the 
 golden mile-stone erected by Augustus in the 
 l'"orum, where the principal roads of the Empire 
 terminated. A stone, called the "London 
 
Stone," in Cannon Street, E.C., is supposed to 
 have markeil the eentre of the Roman roads in 
 Britain. 
 
 Fig. 461. Roman Mile-stone at Nic-sur-Aisne in 
 France. 
 
 Mill-rind. Fer-de-Moline, Her. The iron 
 fixed to tlie centre of a millstone. 
 
 Millstone-grit. The name of a good build- 
 ing stone, plentiful in the north of England. It 
 is supposed to be formed by a re-aggregation of 
 the disintegrated materials of granite. (See 
 the Pitildcr, vol. ix. 639.) 
 
 Millus, R. (See Melium.) 
 
 Mimbar, Arabic. A pulpit in a mosque. 
 A finely-carved mimbar is in the South Ken- 
 sington Museum. 
 
 Minah, Minar, Ilind. A tower or pillar. 
 The Siirkh Alinar and Minar Cliakri, among 
 the topes at Cabul, are almost the only pillars 
 existing in India. They are generally ascribed 
 to Alexander the Great, but are probably 
 Buddhist monuments of the 3rd or 4th cen- 
 tury of our era. 
 
 Minaret (Arabic menarah, a lantern). A 
 feature peculiar to Mohammedan architecture. 
 A tall, slender shaft or turret, rising high above 
 all surrounding buildings of the mosijuc to which 
 it is attached ; in several stories, with or with- 
 out external galleries, but usually having three. 
 From these galleries the muezzin summon the 
 faithful to prayer. Blind men are generally 
 selected for this duty, because the minaret 
 commands a view of the house-tops used as 
 sleeping-chaniliers in the East. 
 
 Mineral Black. A native oxide of carbon. 
 
 Mineral Blue. A native carbonate of copiier 
 which is liable to change its tint to green, if 
 mixed with oil. {Fairholl.) 
 Mineral Brown. (See Cappagh.) 
 Mineral Green. Malachite (q.v.). (See 
 
 CARIiONATrS OF COPPEK.) 
 
 Mineral Lake is a French pigment, a kind 
 of orange chrome. 
 
 Mineral Yellow. A pigment of chloride of 
 lead, which liecomes paler by time. The name 
 lias also l)cen applied to Yellow OciiiiE and 
 Yellow Arsenic (q.v.). 
 
 Minerval, R. A present or fee which Roman 
 scholars took to their masters every year, on 
 the fourteenth of the calends of April (19th of 
 March), that is, en occasion of the festivals of 
 Minerva. 
 
 Minever, O. E. (i) Either the pure white 
 fur with wliich the robes of peers and judges are 
 trimmed — '■'■ mi never pure ^ ox (2) the ermine with 
 minute spots of black in it — minutus varius — in 
 lieu of the complete tails ; or (3) the fur of the 
 ermine mixed with that of the small weasel. 
 (Consult Planchffs Cyclopccdia; see also 
 Vair.) 
 
 Miniature. Literally, a painting executed 
 in inininm (vermilion). Now used for any 
 small picture, and especially for a small por- 
 trait. 
 
 Ministerium, Chr. All the sacred ornaments 
 and utensils of a church taken collectively. 
 
 Minium. A kind of red lead obtained by 
 exposing lead or its protoxide to heat, till it is 
 converted to a red oxide. It is a fine orange 
 pigment, but fugitive and liable to decomposition 
 when mixed with other pigments. The ancient 
 minium was cinnabar, or vermilion. (See 
 Illuminating.) 
 
 Minnim, Heb. Stringed musical instruments 
 of the lute or guitar kind. 
 
 Fig. 462. Minotaur. Device of Gonzalvo Perez. 
 
214 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig . 463. Mirror-case of carved vorj' — 14th cent 
 
 Minotaur, R. A monster, half man, half 
 bull, confined in the labyrinth constructed by 
 Daedalus in Crete. It was assumed as a device 
 by Gonzalvo Perez, with the motto from Isaiah 
 XXX. 15. (Fig. 462.) 
 
 Minster, Abbey-church,O.E.(Germ.^/M«j-/^r). 
 A church to which a monastery was attached ; 
 a cathedral. I'he name survives in "West- 
 minstcr. " 
 
 Minstrel Gallery, O. E. The loft in a 
 church was so called. 
 
 Minuscule. (See Semi-uncials.) 
 
 Minute, It. A subdivision of the vtodidc in 
 the measurement of architectural proportion. 
 It is the twelfth, the eighteenth, or the thirtieth 
 part of the Module. 
 
 Mirador, Sp. A belvedere, or overhanging 
 bow-window. 
 
 Mirror. In the Middle Ages mirrors were 
 often enclosed in cases of metal or carved ivory. 
 The example (Fig. 463) gives a representation 
 of the Siege of the Castle of Love from one of 
 the romances of the period. (See Glass.) 
 
 Mirror, Arch. A small oval ornament cut 
 into the deep mouldings, and separated by 
 wreaths of flowers. 
 
 Miserere. A projecting bracket, on the 
 sellette of a church stall, on which, when the 
 seat was turned up, there was a leaning-space, 
 
 available to the infirm during 
 the parts of the service required 
 to be performed standing. (See 
 Sellette.) 
 
 Misericorde. The narrow- 
 bladed dagger used to put the 
 victory with sword or lance to 
 the test, by obliging a fallen 
 antagonist to cry (or mercy, or 
 by despatching him. 
 
 Mis'rha, Hind. Hindoo 
 temples built with two kinds 
 of materials ; whence their 
 name of mixed {mis'rha). (.See 
 Sud'ha, Vimana, and San- 
 
 CIRA. ) 
 
 Missilia, R. (i. e. things 
 thrown). Presents of cheques 
 or tickets thrown by the 
 emperor and wealthy persons 
 among the people. The cheques 
 were payable to the bearer at 
 the magazine of the donor. 
 (See Congiarium.) 
 
 Mistarius, Mixtarius, R. 
 Any vessel of large size used 
 for mixing water with wine. 
 
 Mitella, Gr. (dimin. of 
 initra). (l) A head-band or 
 coif of peaked form worn by 
 Greek women. (2) A scarf 
 used as a bandage or support 
 for a broken arm. 
 
 Mithriatic (Festivals), Pers. and R. Festivals 
 held in honour of Mithras, the Persian sun- 
 god. 
 
 Mitis Green. (See Emerald Green.) 
 Mitra, Gr. and R. {lArpa). (i) A mitre or 
 head-dress of the Galli or priests of Cybele ; it 
 was a Phrygian cap of felt, which was tied under 
 the chin by lappets ; it was also called a Phry- 
 gian tiara. (2) A cable fastened round the hull 
 of a vessel to strengthen the timbers. 
 
 Mitre, Chr. Her. The ensign of archiepiscopal 
 and episcopal rank, placed above the arms of 
 prelates of the Church of England, sometimes 
 borne as a charge, and adopted by the Berke- 
 leys as their crest. The contour of the mitre 
 has varied considerably at various times, growing 
 continually higher and more pointed. It was 
 first worn by bisho])s about the close of the loth 
 century. Bishops had three kinds of mitres : 
 the simplex, of plain white linen ; the ajiri- 
 frigata, ornamented with gold orphreys ; and 
 the p7-ctiosa, enriched with gold and jewels, 
 for use at high festivals. (Fig. 464.) In Archi- 
 tecture, the corner line formed by the meeting of 
 mouldings intercepting each other at an angle. 
 
 Mitten, Mitaine, Anglo-Norman. A glove ; 
 not restricted to gloves without fingers. "Gloves 
 made of linnen or woollen, whether knit or 
 
stytched : sometimes also they call so gloves 
 made of leather without fingers." i^Ray.) (See 
 
 MUKFETEE.) 
 
 Fig. 464. Mitre. Arms of St. Albaii's Abbey. 
 
 Moat, Mote, (i) Originally a heap or hillock ; 
 the dune on wliich a tower was built, forming 
 the original castle. The Saxons assembled on 
 such moats or mounds to make laws and ad- 
 minister justice ; hence their word wittcii-niotc 
 for parliament. (2) Mod. Usually applied 
 to the fosse of a rampart, the side next the for- 
 tress being the scarp, and the opposite the 
 counterscarp. 
 
 Mobcap, O. E. A cap tying under a woman's 
 chin by an excessively broad band, generally 
 made of the same material as the cap itself. (//".) 
 
 Moccinigo. A small Venetian coin, worth 
 about 9,7. (//. ) 
 
 Mochado, Mokkado, O. E. (i) A silk stuff, 
 commonly called "mock velvet," much used in 
 the 1 6th and 17th centuries. (Fairholt.) (2) A 
 woollen stuff of the same kind. (Hallnaell.) 
 It was probably a mixture of silk and wool. 
 {Plaiichc.) 
 
 Modena Pottery. The antique pottery of 
 Modena is referred to by Pliny and Livy, but 
 there is no exact record or marked example of 
 wares produced there during the Renaissance. 
 The manufacture flourishes now at Sassiiolo, a 
 town ten miles south of Modena. 
 
 Modesty Bit or Piece, O. E. " A narrow lace 
 which runs along the upper part of the stays, 
 before, being a part of the tucker, is called the 
 modesty piece." {Guardian.) "Modesty bits — 
 out of fashion " is an announcement in the 
 London Chronicle, vol. xi. 1762. 
 
 Modillions, Arch. Small brackets under 
 the coronce of cornices ; when square they 
 are called Mutules. In the Corinthian order 
 
 they have carved leaves spread under them. Fig. 
 465 is taken from the temple of Mars the 
 Avenger, at Rome. 
 
 Modius, R. [modus, a measure or standard). 
 The largest Roman measure of capacity. 
 
 Module, Arch. A measure adopted by 
 archite:cts to determine by the column the propor- 
 tions of the different parts of a work of archi- 
 tecture. It is usually the diameter or the semi- 
 diameter of the shaft of the column. 
 
 Moenia, R. A term synonymous with 
 MuRUS (q.v.) ; but more comprehensive, in that 
 it implies not merely the idea of walls, but also 
 of the buildings attached to them. 
 
 " Mcenia lata videt, triplici circumdata n?!tro." (l^'ir^il.) 
 
 Mogul Architecture is that of the buildings 
 erected in the reigns of the Mogul emperors, 
 kings of Delhi, from A.D. 1531 to the present 
 century. 
 
 Moilon (Fr. niocUon), Arch. Rubble- 
 masonry. 
 
 Mokador, Mocket, O. E. A napkin, hand- 
 kerchief, or bib. 
 
 " Goo horn, lytyl babe, and sytt on thi moderes lap, 
 And put a mokador s.io'ca. tfii brest, 
 And pray thi modyr to fade the with the pappe." 
 (Tivcntieth Coventry Mystery.) 
 
 Fig. 466. ^lola versatilis. 
 
2l6 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Mola, R. {molo^ to grind). A mill ; mola 
 mamtaria, a hand-mill ; >>iola buxca, a box-wood 
 mill, or mill for grinding pepper ; mola aquaria, 
 a water-mill ; viola asinaria, a mill worked by 
 a beast of burden ; viola versatilis, a grindstone 
 (Fig. 466 represents Love sharpening his arrows, 
 from an engraved gem) ; viola oUaria, a mill for 
 crushing olives. 
 
 Mold, O. E. (for mould). Earth ; ground. 
 The word is constantly applied to the ground in 
 works of art. (See Degrevant, 1039 ; Hallhuell.) 
 
 Moline, Her. A cross terminating like the 
 Mill-rind. In modern cadency it is the 
 difference of the eighth son. 
 
 Mollicina, MolocMna (sc. vestis), R. (^uoAo- 
 X^va, i. c. mallow-coloured). A garment made 
 from the fibres of a mallow [Iiibisais). 
 
 Mona Marble. A beautiful marble of a 
 greenish colour, obtained in the Isle of Anglesea. 
 
 Monastic Orders consisted of Benedictine or 
 black monks, and Cistercian or white monks. 
 There were the Regular Orders, the Military 
 Orders, the Conventual Orders, Colleges, &c. 
 
 Monaulos, Gr. and R. (yuoV-auAos, single- 
 flute). A Greek pipe made of a reed, of 
 Egyptian origin, blown at the end without a 
 reed mouthpiece, and remarkable for the sweet- 
 ness of its tone. 
 
 Monelle, Menial, Moynel. Arch. (See 
 
 MULLIOXS.) 
 
 Moneris, Gr. {/xov-ripT^s, single). A galley 
 or ship -whh a single 
 bench of rowers. 
 
 Monile, Gr. and R. 
 A necklace or collar. 
 Fig. 468 represents a 
 bronze necklace belong- 
 ing to the Gaulish pe- 
 riod, and Fig. 467 a 
 part of the same neck- 
 lace on a larger scale. 
 By analogy the term 
 was applied to the or- 
 naments worn by horses 
 about the neck. (See 
 Neckl.vces.) 
 
 Monks, Chr. In the 
 religious iconography of 
 the Gothic period, espe- 
 cially the 14th and 15th 
 centuries, there fre- 
 quently occur grotesque 
 representations of monks. 
 (See Fig. 351.) 
 
 Monmouth Cap, O. E. 
 A cap worn by soldiers 
 and sailors. 
 
 Monochord. A one-stringed musical instru- 
 ment, much used for measuring the proportions 
 of length which yield the various sounds 
 within an octave. 
 
 Fig. 467. Monile. Detail 
 of ornament. 
 
 Fig. 468. Monile. A Gaulish collar. 
 
 Monochrome Painting, (i) Painting in a single 
 colour, as, for instance, red upon a black 
 ground, or white upon a red ground. The most 
 numerous class of specimens of this kind of 
 painting are upon terra-cotta, as the Etruscan 
 vases. (2) The term is applied to paintings in 
 tints of one colour, in imitation of bas-reliefs. 
 
 Monogram. A combination of two or more 
 letters into one design, illustrated especially in 
 ecclesiastical decoration of the 14th and 15th 
 centuries, &c. The abbreviation IHS is said to 
 have been invented by St. Bernardino of Siena 
 about 1437. For Artists^ monogravis, see 
 Stell-cuay, Heller, Brulliot {Dictionaries of Mono- 
 qravis). 
 
 Monolith {fj.ov6-\iQos). An object formed 
 of a single block of stone. 
 
 Monolium, Monolinum, R. A necklace formed 
 with a single string of pearls. (See Monile.) 
 
 Monoloris, R. (Gr. ix6vos, one, and Lat. loruin , 
 a thong. A hybrid word). Decorated with a 
 single band of purple and gold, like the 
 Paragaud.v (q.v.). 
 
 Monopodium (sc. mensa), R. [ixovo-Ttijliov). 
 A table with a single foot. 
 
 Monopteral.Arch. (/toj/d-Trrepoy). \Vith a single 
 wing ; a circular temple or shrine, consisting of 
 a roof supported on columns, without any cella. 
 
 Monostyle, Arch, (i) Piers of a single shaft 
 are sometimes distinguished by this name from 
 compound piers, then called for distinction /<?/)'- 
 style. (2) A building which is of one style of 
 architecture throughout ; or (3) surrounded by 
 a single row of pillars. 
 
 Monota, Gr. A vase with one ear Tor 
 handle). 
 
Monotriglyph, Aicli. The intercolumniation 
 in ihc Doric order, which embraces one triglyph 
 and two metopes in the entablature. ( Parker^ s 
 Glossary of Architecture. ) 
 
 Monoxylos, Monoxylus, Gr. and R. {\xov6- 
 ^vXos). Litci-ally, licwu or made out of a single 
 piece (if wood. 
 
 Monsters, in Architecture. (See Centaur, 
 
 GkIKI IN, (■.KOTKS(TnKS, Sl'HINX, &.C.) 
 
 Monstrance, Expositorium, Chr. {monstrarc, 
 to show). iVn ornumenUil vessel of gold, silver, 
 silver-gilt, or gilded or silvered copper, repre- 
 senting usually a sun with rays, in the centre of 
 which is a /«/////{? or glass box in which the conse- 
 crated wafer is carried and exposed on the altars of 
 churches. The earliest monstrances, which are 
 now calleil c.xpositorics, do not date beyond the 
 1 2th century. Very ancient specimens e.xist at 
 Rheims, Namur, 6v:c. 
 
 Montem. An annual custom at Eton ; a pro- 
 cession of boats ad iiiontciii. (^ee Brand, i. 237.) 
 
 Montero. "A close hood wherewith tra- 
 vellers preserve their faces and heads from frost- 
 bitingand weather-beating in winter." {Cotgravc.) 
 
 Monteth, O. E. A vessel used for cooling 
 wine-glasses in. [Hallru'elL) 
 
 Mont-la-haut. "A certain wier (wire) that 
 raises the head-dress by degrees or stories." 
 {Ladies' Diet., 1694.) 
 
 Montmorency Escutcheon. (Sec the illustra- 
 tion to HU.\ riMi-FLASK.) 
 
 Monumentum, R. {//lo/ieo, to remind). In 
 general, any token, statue, or monument in- 
 tended to perpetuate the memory of anything. 
 Moimmentitm scpitlchri is the name given to a 
 tomb. The Monument of the Great Fire of 
 London, erected by Sir Christopher Wren, is of 
 the Italo-Vitruvian-Doric order, of Portland 
 stone, .and consists of a pedestal about 21 feet 
 square, with a ///;/M 27 feet, and a fluted shaft 
 15 feet at the base ; on the abacus is a balcony 
 encompassing a moulded cylinder, which sup- 
 ports a flaming vase of gilt bronze, indicative of 
 its commemoration of the Great Fire. Defoe 
 describes it as " built in the form of a candle with 
 a hantlsome gilt frame." Its entire height is 
 202 feet, and it is the loftiest isolated column in 
 the world. Its interior contains a spiral stair- 
 case of 345 black marble steps. (See CocHLis.) 
 
 Monyal, O. E. for jMullion (q.v.). 
 
 Moorish Architecture, or Arabian or Mo- 
 hammedan architecture, arose at the beginning 
 of the 7ih century in the East, and in Spain, 
 Sicily, and Byzantium in Europe. The style 
 originated in a free adaptation of different 
 features of Christian architecture, and their 
 earliest mosques were built by Christian archi- 
 tects. The horse-shoe arch is a very early 
 characteristic of their style, and the pointed arch 
 appears at Cairo and elsewhere three centuries 
 earlier than in Europe. The most perfect 
 
 specimen of the luxury of decoration of which 
 this style is capable is found in the Alhambra. 
 (See Alhambraic Architecture ; consult 
 the Essai sur r Architecture des Arabes et dcs 
 A/ores, by Giraiilt de Fraiigy, 1S41.) 
 
 Moor-Stone. A very coarse granite found in 
 Cornwall ami some other parts of England, and 
 of great value for the coarser parts of building ; 
 it is also found in inunense strata in Ireland. Its 
 colours are chielly black and white. 
 
 Moot-hall, O. E. A public assembly-house ; 
 a town-hall, &c. (See Moat.) 
 
 Mora, R. {mora, an obstacle). A projection 
 or cross-bar on a spear to prevent its penetrating 
 too far. 
 
 Mordaunt, Fr. The catch for the tongue of 
 ihe buckle of a belt. 
 
 Moresco - Spanish, or Saracenic Textiles 
 wrought in Spain, are remarkable for an in- 
 genious imitation of gold, produced by shreds of 
 gilded parchment tut up into narrow flat strips 
 and woven with the silk. 
 
 Moresque or Moresco-Spanish Architecture 
 is the work of Moori^li workmen, executed for 
 their Christian masters in Spain. The most re- 
 markable examples are in the city of Toledo 
 (described by Street, Gothic Architecture in Spain). 
 Morion. A head-piece of the i6th century, 
 introduced by the Spaniards, who had copied it 
 from the Moors, to the rest of Europe about 
 1550. It was worn as late as the reign of 
 Chaides I. There were peaked morions, coming 
 to a point at the top ; and high combed morions, 
 surmounted by a kind of crest or ridge. 
 
 Moriones, R. (i) Idiots, dwarfs, or deformed 
 persons, used as slaves, to afford amusement in 
 the houses of the great. (2) A dark-brown 
 gem ; perhaps the smoky topaz. 
 
 Morisco, O. E. (See Morris Dance.) 
 Moristan, Arab. A hospital. 
 Morne, Mornette. The head of a blunted 
 tilting-lance, the point being turned back. 
 
 Morning Star, O. E. A club called also a 
 Holy Water Sprinkler (q.v.). 
 
 Morris Dance, O. E. (or Moorish). A very 
 ancient dance, of masked and costumed per- 
 formers, with bells, &c. 
 
 Morris Pike, O. E. (for Moorish). Long 
 pikes copied from those of the Moors, the staves 
 of which were covered with little nails. 
 
 Morse, Chr. (Fr. mordre, to bite). The clasp 
 or brooch which fastened the cope on the breast. 
 (See the illustration to Poi'E.) 
 
 Mort, (). E. (death). The notes blown on 
 the horn at the death of a deer. 
 
 Mortuary Palls, in the Middle Ages, for the 
 covering (jf the biers of dead people were richly 
 decorated. One at Amiens is decorated, upon 
 white stripes on a black ground, with skulls 
 and bones and the words " memento mori " 
 interspersed. 
 
2l8 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Mosaic, or more correctly Musaic Work. 
 Opus Musivum, glass mosaic ; Opus Tesse- 
 LATUM, clay mosaic ; Opus Lithostrotum, 
 stone mosaic. 
 
 Mosaic Glass, Millefiori. (See Glass.) 
 
 Mose. (I) Probably a dish ("Dyschmete" 
 made of apples was called " Appulmoce "). 
 (2) P'or Morse (q.v.). 
 
 Moton, O. E. A piece of armour intended to 
 protect the right arm-pit, used in the reigns of 
 Henry VL, Edward IV., and Richard III. 
 
 Mottoes, in Heraldry, are words, or very short 
 sentences, sometimes placed above the crest, 
 but generally below the shield. Mottoes are 
 sometimes emblematical or allusive, and fre- 
 quently punning, as the " Set on " of the Setons, 
 the "Tight on" of the Tittons, and the "Est 
 hie" of the Eastwicks. (See Labels [2].) 
 
 Mould. (See Mold. ) 
 
 Mouldings. A general term for the varieties 
 of outline given to suboixlinate parts of architec- 
 ture, such as cornices, capitals, bases, &c. These 
 (described in their places) are principally : the 
 Fillet or List, the Astragal or Bead, the 
 Cyma Reversa or Ogee, the Cyma Recta 
 or Cyma, the Cavetto or hollow moulding, 
 the OvoLO or quarter round, the vScotia or 
 Trochilus. These are frequently enriched by 
 foliage, cgg-and-tong7te and other ornaments, &c. 
 (See the article in Parker'' s Glossary of Arclii- 
 tectiire for a history of the diversities of the 
 mouldings in the different styles.) 
 
 Moulinet. A machine for winding up a cross- 
 bow. 
 
 Mound, Her. A globe encircled and arched 
 
 over with rich bands, and surmounted by a cross- 
 
 patee ; an ensign of the royal estate. (See 
 
 ,-- , Crown, Orb, Re- 
 
 '■•(■ 
 
 GALIA.) 
 
 Mountain or Mi- 
 neral Blue (Green). 
 
 (See Carbonates 
 OF Copper.) 
 Moustiers Faience. 
 Moustiers in Pro- 
 vence is one of the 
 most important of 
 the French ceramic 
 centres. The mug 
 represented in Fig. 
 469 is coloured with 
 namcnted with medallion 
 
 Fig. 469. Mug of Moustiers 
 make. 
 
 varied enamels, and 
 and Mi'caths. 
 
 Muckinder, Muckinger, O. E. A pocket- 
 handkerchief (sc. dirty). 
 
 Mueta, Med. Lat. (Old Fr. mitelte). A 
 M'atch-tower. 
 
 Muffler. A handkerchief covering the chin 
 and throat, and sometimes used to cover the face 
 {mil file ox tiiuzzle). 
 " I spy a great peard under her tnufflcr." (Shakspeare.) 
 
 Fig. 471. 
 
 Muffs were introduced into England from 
 France in the reign of Charles II. They were 
 previously known in England, but were sub- 
 sequently more common, and used by both 
 sexes. Very little variation has occurred in 
 their manufacture. 
 
 Muglias, Arab. A kind of pastilles ; a sub- 
 stance employed in the Middle Ages for making 
 odoriferous beads ; they were burnt for fumiga- 
 tions. 
 
 Mulctra, Mulctrale, Mulctrum, R. and Chr. 
 {i/iiilgeo, to milk). A milk-pail for milking 
 cows. In Christian archreology it is a pastoral 
 vessel which is a eucharistic symbol. 
 
 Mullets, Her. Stars gene- 
 rally of five, but sometimes of 
 six or more rays. Fig. 470 is 
 of the date 1295, and Fig. 471 
 its development in 1431. 
 
 MuUeus, Mule, R. [dikIIus, 
 a red mullet). A red half-boot, 
 which only certain magistrates 
 had the right of wearing, viz. 
 the ancient dictators, consuls, 
 preetors, censors, and a:diles. 
 
 Mullions or Munnions, 
 Arch. The slender piers which 
 separate a window into seve- 
 ral compartments. 
 
 Multifoiled, Arch. Having 
 
 many Foils (q.v. ). This term is 
 
 synonymous with polyfoiled. 
 
 Mummy. This pigment should be made of 
 
 the pure Egy]itian asphaltum, ground up with 
 
 drying oil or with aml)er varnish. 
 
 Mummy- cloths (Egyptian) were of fine un- 
 mixed flaxen linen, beautifully woven, of yarns 
 of nearly 100 hanks in the pound, with 140 
 threads in an inch in the warp, and about 64 in 
 the woof. 
 
 Muniment- rooms, to be strong and fire-proof, 
 were erected over porches, gateways, &c. They 
 contained charters, archives, &c. (See Char- 
 ter-house.) 
 
 Munnions, Arch., for Mullions (q.v.). 
 Mural. Ccnerally, on a wall; as — 
 Mural Arch. An arch against a wall , frequent 
 in the aisles of medireval buildings. 
 
 Mural Crown (Her.) 
 represents masonry, and 
 is embattled. (See 
 
 Corona.) 
 
 Mural Monument. A 
 tablet fixed to a wall, 
 &c. 
 
 Mural Painting. (See 
 Fresco, Tempera, &c.) 
 
 Murex, R. (i) A Triton's horn or conch; 
 (2) murex ferrciis, a caltrap, thrown down 
 to hinder the advance of cavalry, its long 
 spikes being so arranged as to pierce into the 
 
 472. Mural 
 crown. 
 
liorses' feet, and so disable tlicni. (Sec Cal- 
 TRArs. ) 
 
 Murrey, O. E. A reddish purple or mul- 
 berry colour. The livery of the House of York. 
 
 Murrhina, Murrhea, and Myrrhina, R. Mur- 
 rhine vases ; they are spoken of by I'liny, and have 
 given rise to interminable treatises and discus- 
 sions, with the sole result that no light whatever 
 lias I)ccn thrown on the nature of these vases. 
 
 Murrhine Glass. (See Glass.) 
 
 Fig. 473. Walls of Megalopolis. 
 
 Murus, R. Walls as defences and fortifi- 
 cations, in contradistinction to faries, the wall 
 of a building. Fig. 473 represents a portion of 
 the walls of Megalopolis. (See Mcenia.) 
 
 Muscarium, R. (imisca, a fly), (i) A fly- 
 flap. Hence (2) The tail of a horse. (3) A 
 case in which papers were shut up in order to 
 preserve them from fly-stains. 
 
 Muses, the personifications of the liberal arts, 
 are represented conventionally as follows : — • 
 
 Calliope. The Muse of epic poetry ; a tablet 
 and stylus, sometimes a roll. 
 
 Cleio. The Muse of history; seated in an 
 arm-chair with an open roll of paper, some- 
 times with a sun-dial. 
 
 Euterpe. The Muse of lyric poetry; with 
 a double flute. 
 
 Melpomene. The Muse of tragedy ; with a 
 tragic mask, the club of Hercules, and sword ; 
 crowned with the vine-leaves of Bacchus, and 
 shod in the cotkurnits ; often heroically posed 
 with one foot on a fragment of rock. 
 
 Terpsichore. The Muse of choral dance and 
 religious song ; with lyra and pkctrutn. As the 
 Muse of religious poetry, her expression is digni- 
 fied and earnest. 
 
 Erato. The Muse of erotic poetry and soft 
 Lydian music ; sometimes has the lyre, some- 
 times is represented dancing, always gentle and 
 feminine in expression. 
 
 Polyhymnia. The ^luse of the sublime hymn 
 and divine tradition ; usually appears without 
 any attribute, in an attitude of meditation ; 
 sometimes the inscription MT0OT2 {of the 
 myth). 
 
 Urania. The Muse of astronomy; points 
 
 with a staff to a celestial globe. (Lachesis, one 
 of the Parca", has the same attributes.) 
 
 Thalcia. The Muse of pastoral life, of 
 comedy, and of idyllic poetry ; appears with the 
 comic mask, a shej)herd's staff, and a wreath of 
 ivy, or basket ; sometimes dressed in a sheep- 
 skin. 
 
 The Muses are sometimes represented with 
 feathers on their heads, alluding to their contest 
 with the Sirens, whom they stripped of their 
 wing feathers, which they wore as oraaments. 
 {Hirt. Mythologisches Bilderbuch, \t. 203.) 
 
 Museum, Gr. and R. (Moutreio;'). Literally, 
 a temple of the Muses. The term was after- 
 wards applied to an establishment founded by 
 Ptolemy I., called Soter, at Alexandria in 
 Egypt, in which scholars and literary men were 
 maintained at the public expense. In a villa, it 
 was a grotto or retreat to which people retired 
 for meditation. 
 
 Musivum (opus), R. 
 {^ovailov). This term 
 was used by the Romans 
 to denote a mosaic of 
 small cubes of coloured 
 glass or enamel, in con- 
 tradistinction to LlTHO- 
 STROTUM (q.v.), which 
 was a pavement made 
 of real stones and mar- 
 bles of different colours ; 
 but in a more extended 
 sense, the term Musivum 
 denotes any kind of 
 mosaic. Figs. 474 and 
 475 show examples of 
 various kinds. Fig. 476 
 is a mosaic forming a 
 ( )i:iis musivum. border. 
 
 Muslin, originally es- 
 teemed for the beauty with which gold was 
 woven in its warp, took its name from the city 
 of MousuU in Turkey in Asia. 
 
 Fia 
 
 Fig. 475. Opus musivum. 
 
 Musquet. A long heavy match-lock gun, 
 introduced from Spain in the Dutch wars of the 
 1 6th century, which eventually displaced the 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 harquel)us. 
 LOCK.) 
 
 (See SxAPHAUN'CE and Wheel- 
 
 Fig. 476. Opus musivum — bordering. 
 
 Musquet-rest. A staff with a forked head 
 required to support the musquet. It was 
 trailed by a string from the wrist. 
 
 Mustarde Villars, O. E. Either (i) a kind of 
 cloth, probably so named from JMoustier de 
 Villiers, near Harfleur ; or else (2) (as Stovve 
 says) "a colour, now out of use." Mus^trrd wa^s 
 a favourite colour for liveries and official dresses 
 in the 15th century. 
 
 Mutatio, R. Literally, change. The Ro- 
 mans gave the name of niiitatioiies to the post- 
 houses for relays of horses established along the 
 high roads for the service of the state. 
 
 Mutch, O. E. An old woman's close cap. 
 {Fair/iolt.) 
 
 Mute, Fr. This tenn, derived from the 
 Latin muta, is employed by ancient authprs as 
 a synonym for belfry, turret, or bell-tcnver. 
 
 Mutule, Arch. In a general sense, any 
 stone or wooden projection which stands out 
 beyond the surface of a wall, such as a rafter, 
 for instance. In a more restricted sense, it de- 
 notes an architectural ornament characteristic of 
 the Doric order, consisting of a square block 
 placed at equal intervals above the triglyphs 
 and metopes in a Doric cornice. In the 
 Corinthian order mictiiles are replaced by 
 modillions. 
 
 Mynchery, A.S. A nunneiy. The word 
 survives in local dialects, and is applied to the 
 ruins ; e. g. of the ancient mynichery at Little - 
 more, near Oxford. 
 
 Myrtle Crown for bloodless victors. The 
 myrtle was sacred to Venus. It flourished on 
 the sea-coast of Italy and Greece. The wood is 
 very hard, and is used for furniture, marquetry, 
 and turning. Another myrtle wood from Van 
 Diemen's Land is beautifully veined for cabinet 
 work. 
 
 Myth, Gen. {ySiBos, lit. that which is spoken). 
 The name given to obscure traditions handed 
 down from remote antiquity, antecedent to 
 written or precise history ; opposed to legendary 
 record (which can be read). 
 
 N. 
 
 Nahlia. Nablum. A stringed musical instru- 
 ment ; a kind oi cithara in the shape of a semi- 
 circle. 
 
 Nacre, Fr. Alother-of-pearl, the iridescent 
 inner lining of the pearl mussel or oyster. 
 
 Nacreous Shells. Iridescent shells. Several 
 kinds are used for manufactures, as some species 
 of Alelea-^rina, Ttirbo, Nautili, &c. 
 
 Nadir (Arab. nadJiir, opposite). The part 
 of the heavens directly under our feet ; oppo- 
 site to the Zenith. 
 
 Nsenia. (SeeNENiA.) 
 
 Naga, I\Ialay. Jars with the tigurc of a 
 dragon traced on them. 
 
 Naga Architecture (Hind, naga, a poisonous 
 snake). Temples dedicated to the worship of 
 the seven-headed snakes are found in Cashmere, 
 remarkable for their identity of style with the 
 Grecian Doric, unlike anything found in any 
 other part of India. [Consult Fergusson, His- 
 tory of Architecture, ii. 703 — 732.] 
 
 Nagara. A Hindoo name for a music-gallery 
 in front of the Jain temples. 
 
 Nahinna. A Persian manufacture of majo- 
 lica. The Comte de Rochechouart saj's that 
 the ancient faience of Persia is as admirable as 
 the modern is detestable, though it retains a 
 degree of oriental elegance. 
 
 Naiad. A water-nymph. 
 
 Nail. In cloth measure. 2 1 inches. 
 
 Nail-head Moulding. Arch. An ornament 
 formed by a series of projections resembling 
 round or angular nail-heads. 
 
 Nainsook, Hind. A thick sort of jaconet 
 maslin. 
 
 Naipes, Sp. Playing-cards. The word is 
 supposed to be derived from the initials of 
 Nicolao Pepin, the inventor. {Diccionario dc la 
 Lengua Casfellaiia.) Hence the Italian nailn. 
 
 Naked Flooring, Arch. The timber-work 
 which supports a tloor. 
 
 Namby-pamby. Affectedly pretty. Tire 
 
term originated in criticism of an English poet 
 of the 17th century — Ambrose Phillips. 
 
 Nancy Biscuit. A peculiar porcelain made 
 at Nancy. The faiencerie was established in 
 1774 by Nicolas Lelong. 
 
 Nankeen. A buff-coloured cotton cloth, in- 
 troduced from the province of Nankin, in China. 
 
 Nan-mo, Chinese. A beautiful wood, resem- 
 bling cedar, used for temples, palaces, and 
 houses of state. 
 
 Nantes. INIanufactories of white faience were 
 established here in 1588 and 1625 ; and that of 
 Le Roy de Montilliee and others in the i8th 
 century. 
 
 Naology. The science of temples. (See 
 Diiiilcv's iViiolcgy, or a Treatise on the Origin, 
 Progress, and Symbolical Import of the Sacred 
 Structures of the IVorld.) 
 
 F'g- 477- Narghilly — Persian. 
 
 Naos, Gr. The interior apartment of a 
 Greek temple ; the cclla of the Roman temple. 
 
 Napery. A general term for made-up linen 
 cloth. 
 
 Naphthar, Heb. (lit. thick rvater). The name 
 given by Nehemiah to the substance that they found 
 in the pit where the sacred fire of the temple 
 had been hidden during the Captivity. This 
 "thick water, which" (the legend says) "being 
 poured over the sacrifice and the wood, was 
 kindled by the gi-eat heat of the sun and then 
 burnt with an exceedingly bright and clear 
 fiame," was the naphtha of modern commerce. 
 
 Napiform (Lat. napiis, a turnip). Turnip- 
 shaped. 
 
 Napkin (little nape). A pocket-handker- 
 chief. 
 
 " Vour napkin is too little." (Othello.) 
 
 Napkin Pattern. A decorative ornament 
 very common in ("icrman wood-carving of the 
 15th and i6th centuries. (See Linen Scroll.) 
 Naples Majolicas were already celebrated 
 early in the l6th century. M. Jacquemart de- 
 scribes some vases of colossal size, evidently 
 constructed for "la grande decoration," being 
 painted on only one face ; handles in the form 
 of caryatids add to the majestic appearance of 
 these vases ; the subjects are scriptural, exe- 
 cuted in blue camayeu picked out in black ; the 
 design is free, elegant though rather straggling, 
 and the touch is bold and spirited. 
 
 Naples Yellow (It. ^i^iallolino). A com- 
 pound of the oxides of lead and antimony, 
 having a rich, opaque, golden hue. As a pig- 
 ment for oil-painting and for porcelain and 
 enamel, it is now superseded by chromate of lead. 
 As a water-colour pigment it is liable to blacken 
 upon exposure to damp or bad air. 
 
 Napron. An apron used by mediaeval masons. 
 Limas was another kind of apron worn by 
 them. 
 
 Nard (Lat. nardus). Ointment prepared from 
 the spikenard shrub. 
 
 Nares, Lat. (the nostrils), (i) The perforations 
 in the register-table of an organ, which admit 
 air to the openings of the pipes. (2) The issue 
 of a conduit . 
 
 Nargile or Narghilly, Persian. A tobacco- 
 pipe with an arrangement for passing the 
 smoke through water. The illustration is the 
 bowl of a Persian pipe of this description, in 
 Chinese porcelain. (Fig. 477.) 
 
 Nariform (Lat. naris, the nostril). Nose- 
 shaped. 
 
 Narthex, Chr. The vestibule of a church ; 
 sometimes within the church, sometimes with- 
 out, but always further from the altar than the 
 part where the " faithful " were assembled. Hence 
 it was a place for the catechumens. The nar- 
 thex communicated with the Jiave by the 
 " beautiful gates," and with the outside by the 
 " great gates. " In monastic churches the nar- 
 thex was the place for the general public. 
 
 Nasal, O. E. The bar of a helmet which 
 protected the nose. 
 
 Nask, Hind. A quoin, or coin-stone. 
 Natalitii Ludi, R. Games in the circus in 
 honour of an emperor's birthday. 
 
 Natatorium. A cold swimming-pool in the 
 baths. That at Pompeii is of white marble 
 twelve feet ten inches in diameter, and about 
 three feet deep, with three marble steps, and a 
 seat round it raised about ten inches from the 
 bottom. There is a platform or ambulatory 
 round the bath, also of marble. (See Sigma.) 
 The ceiling is vaulted, with a window in the 
 centre. (See Baptisterium.) 
 
 Natatorium, Chr. A baptismal font ; Gr. 
 KoKvjx^T]dpa [piscina probata). 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Natinz. A Persian manufacture of majolica. 
 (See Nahinna.) 
 
 Nativity. While the Adoration of the Magi 
 is one of the commonest subjects of early Chris- 
 tian art, the Nativity is one of the rarest. It is 
 not found in any catacomb frescoes, or the 
 mosaics of any basilicas or churches. The 
 only examples are sculptural, and this on ivories, 
 gems, &c. On these generally the Child is 
 seen wrapped in swaddling clothes as the cen- 
 tral object, the star appears above, the Virgin 
 on a rude couch, and sometimes St. Josepli 
 rapt in thought, his head resting on his hand ; 
 the ox and the ass appear behind, and shepherils 
 with curved staves stand by adoring. 
 
 Natural. In Music, a character marked jj 
 used to correct the power of a previous sharp or 
 flat. A natural scale is a scale written without 
 sharps or flats. 
 
 Naturalisti, It. Artists who work on the 
 principle of a close adherence to the forms and 
 colours actually combined in natural objects. 
 The epithet was particularly applied as a term 
 of reproach to the founders of the modern Dutch 
 school of painting. (See Ideal. ) 
 
 Fig. 478, Naumachia, from a coin of Domitian. 
 
 Naumachia {vav%, a ship, and m^^XI. a battle). 
 
 (1 ) A spectacle representing a sea-fight, a subject 
 frequently represented on coins and sculptures. 
 
 (2) A building erected for such shows. Napo- 
 leon I. had a theatre at Milan filled with water 
 for a sea-fight. 
 
 Nautilus. A shell-fish that sails on the sur- 
 face of the sea in its shell. Its spiral univalve 
 shell is a common motive in ornamental design. 
 
 " Learn of the little nautilus to sail, 
 Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale." 
 
 KPoJ-c.) 
 
 Fig. 480. Naval crown. 
 
 Fig. 479. Nautilus. Device of the Affidati Academy. 
 
 The illustration is the device of the Affidati, an 
 Italian literary Academy, with the motto " Safe 
 above and below." 
 
 Navalis Corona. 
 (See CoROXA N.wa- 
 Lis.) (Fig. 480.) 
 
 Nave, Arch, (so 
 called from its vaulted 
 roof resembling in 
 shape an inverted ship 
 (navis); oxhomjiave, 
 the centre of any- 
 thing). The middle part or body of a church 
 between the aisles, extending from the choir to 
 the principal entrance. The Germans call this 
 part of a church "Schiff." 
 
 Navette, Navicula, Chr. The vessel, in the 
 shape of a boat, in which incense is placed for 
 the supply of the thurible. 
 
 Navicella, Chr. A celebrated mosaic, at 
 Rome, of a ship tossed by storms and assailed 
 by demons ; emblematic of the Church. 
 
 Neanderthal. A valley near Dusseldorf, in 
 which bones and skulls were found of men 
 asserted to have heen /ncaclu/fu'tc. 
 Neat-house, O. E. A cattle-shed. 
 Nebris, Gr. (from vf^phs, a fawn). A 
 fawn's skin, worn originally by hunters ; an 
 attribute of Dionysus, and assumed by his 
 votaries. It is represented in ancient art as 
 worn not only by male and female bacchanals, 
 but also by Pans and Satyrs. It was commonly 
 put on in the same manner as the a^is, or 
 goat's -skin, by tying the two fore-legs over the 
 right shoulder, so as to allow the body of the 
 skin to cover the left side of the wearer. 
 
 Nebular (Lat. nelntla, a mist). Belonging to 
 the nebu!;v, or clusters of stars only visible as a 
 light, gauzy appearance or mist in the skies. 
 
Nebule Moulding. A decorated moulding of 
 Norman architecture, so called from the edge 
 
 Fig. 481. Nebule Moulding. 
 
 forming an undulating or waving line. (See Fig. 
 4S1.) 
 
 Nebulee, Her. 
 
 A dividing and 
 
 border line, as re- 
 
 f-~^-\ presented in Fig. 
 
 
 cr> 
 
 4S; 
 
 Nebulous. 
 
 Fig. 482. Nebulee. Cloudy or hazy. 
 
 Nebuly, Her. 
 Ornamented with light wavy lines. 
 
 Neck, Arch. The plain part at the bottom 
 of a Roman Doric or other capital, between 
 the mouldings and the top of the shaft. (.See 
 Hypotrachelium.) 
 
 Necklaces. An ornament common to all ages 
 and nations. The ancient Egyptians of both 
 sexes wore them of gold or beads, generally with 
 a large drop or figure in the centre, and strung 
 of the various religious emblems; amethysts, 
 pearls, gold or cornelian bottles, imitations of 
 fish, shell, and leaves ; finally, an infinite variety 
 of devices. (See IVilkinsoji's Ancient Egyptians, 
 ii. 343. ) An illustration of a common form of 
 Greek necklaces is given under Crotalium. The 
 British women of the earliest ages wore neck- 
 laces of jet, ivory, and amber, beads, shells, 
 &c., besides gold links hooked together. (See 
 also MoNiLE, Torque.) The Anglo-Norman 
 ladies do not appear to have worn necklaces, 
 and no medieval examples are found earlier than 
 the 15th century. (See Figs. 303, 304, 483.) 
 
 Neck-mouldings, Arch. The mouldings at 
 the bottom of the capital, in Gothic architecture. 
 
 Necrodeipnon, Gr. A feast after a funeral ; 
 a common suliject on tombs. A horse's head 
 is usually placed in one corner of the representa- 
 tion, as an emblem of death as a journey. 
 
 Necrologium, Chr. A book kept in religious 
 houses for the names of the founders and bene- 
 factors to be mentioned in the prayers. 
 
 Necromancy (Gr. v^Kphs, the (lead, and txavr^ia, 
 prophecy). Calling up the spirits of the dead 
 for divination ; hence generally applied to con- 
 
 juring. Necromancy was practised in two ways 
 by inspection of the entrails, and by invoking 
 the dead. 
 
 Fig. 483. Necklace. Costume of a Roman lady of the 
 i6th century. 
 
 Necropolis, Gr. A city of the dead ; a 
 cemetery. 
 
 Nectar, Gr. The drink of the gods. 
 
 Necysia, Gr. Offerings of garlands of flowers 
 and other objects made at the tombs of deceased 
 relatives on the anniversary of the day of death, 
 or, as some suppose, on their birthdays. (See 
 Genesia.) 
 
 Needfire, or Fire of St. John Baptist 
 (Old Germ. N'odfyr, Niedfyr). A supersti- 
 tious practice of the ancients, derived from 
 
224 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 a pagan source, of celebrating the birthday 
 of St. John Baptist at the midsummer solstice 
 (St. John's Eve) by lighting fires, carrying about 
 firebrands, or rolling a burning wheel. The 
 practice is one of many examples of the caution 
 with which the evangelizing ecclesiastics of the 
 Middle Ages refrained from abruptly disturbing 
 the deeply-rooted superstitions of the ancient 
 Germans. [Consult Grimm's German Mytho- 
 logy -, Brand, Popular Antiqinties.'\ 
 Needle, Arch. K\\ obelisk ((\.\.). 
 
 
 Fig. 4S4. Needle Point Lace. 
 
 Needle Point in relief. To Venice belongs 
 the invention of the two most perfect produc- 
 tions of the needle — "Point coupe," and Vene- 
 tian point in relief. Various other wonderful 
 products of the needle are included under the 
 general name of Venetian point, all of excpiisite 
 workmanship. The needle point in relief is 
 made by means of cotton placed as thick as may 
 be required to raise the pattern ; an infinity of 
 lieautiful stitches are introduced into the flowers, 
 which are surrounded by a pearl of geometric 
 regularity. The engraving is an exquisite 
 specimen of the fine raised needle point. 
 
 Nef or Ship. A costly and curious piece of 
 jilate tor the table, used as an epergne in the 
 Middle Ages. In the i6th century they were 
 
 perfect models of actual ships, with masts,' 
 yards, shrouds, and sailors climbing in the rig- 
 ging. They were filled with sweetmeats, and were 
 sometimes put on wheels ; and there is one at 
 Emden in Hanover from the hull of which 
 wine was drunk. 
 
 Negative. In Photography, a picture oil glass 
 having the lights and shadows reversed, from 
 which positives may be printed. 
 
 Neginoth, Heb. A general term for stringed 
 musical instruments. 
 
 Nehiloth, Heb. (root chalal, to perforate). A 
 general term for perforated wind instruments of 
 music. 
 
 Nelumbo, Chinese. A fruit-tree closely con- 
 nected with the Buddhist legends, and from its 
 symbolical significance and adaptability to orna- 
 mentation, commonly represented on porcelain. 
 (See yacqiieviart. Hist, de la Ceramique?) 
 
 Nenia, R. The funeral song which the hired 
 mourners sang at a Roman funeral, in praise of 
 the deceased. Lessiis was their wailing or cry 
 of lamentation. 
 
 Neimphar (It. neniifar'). The great white 
 water-lily of Europe. 
 
 Neocori, Or. and R. (i) Originally sweepers 
 of the temple. (2) In early times applied to 
 the priests in charge of temples. (3) Under 
 the Roman emperors, to all Asiatic cities which 
 had temples dedicated to an emperor ; it occurs 
 in this sense (Necoxc^pos) on the coins of Ephesus, 
 Smyrna, and other cities. 
 
 Neoteric, Gr. Of recent origin ; modem. 
 
 Nepaul Paper. A strong unsized paper, made 
 in Nepaul from the pulverized bark of the 
 Daphne papyracea. Sheets of this paper are 
 sometimes made many yards square. 
 
 Nephrite. A mineral. (See Jade.) 
 
 Neptunalia. Festivals celebrated at Rome 
 on the 23rd of July, in honour of Neptune. 
 The people built huts of branches and foliage 
 about the streets. 
 
 Nereids, Gr. Nymphs of the sea, who were 
 the constant attendants of Neptune. 
 
 Nero Antico, It. Antique marble of Egyp- 
 tian and other ancient statuary, of an intense 
 black, pi'obably the result of ages of exposure, 
 as no marble of the same intensity of blackness 
 is found in any quarries. Marble, called also 
 nero antico, of two degrees of beauty, is quarried 
 at Aubert (Girons) in France ; and the mauso- 
 leum of Napoleon I. is constructed of this 
 stone. 
 
 Nerved, Her. Having fibres, as leaves. 
 
 Nerves, Arch. The name is sometimes applied 
 to the ribs and mouldings on the side surface 
 of a vault. 
 
 Nessotrophium, Gr. A place in a Roman 
 villa for breeiling domestic ducks. It was sur- 
 rounded by a high wall, on which was a high 
 ledge with nests for the birds. A pond was dug 
 
in the middle of the enclosure, which was 
 planted witii shrubs. 
 
 Net Tracery, Arch. A simple and beautiful 
 form of tracery of the Dcroi-afn/ ytcriod, consist- 
 ing of a series of loops resembling the meshes of 
 a net, each loop being quatrefoiled. An exam- 
 ple occurs in the east cloister of Westminster 
 Abbey. 
 
 Nete, dr. The shortest string, or highest 
 note, of tlic seven-stringed lyre. (.Sec Mese.) 
 
 Netherstocks, O. E. The name given to 
 sit>i-l-/;!!^s m the i6th century, as continuations 
 of the trunk-hose or upper stocks, 
 
 Nethinim, Heb. (from nafkan, to give). The 
 servants of the priests and Levites about the 
 Temple. 
 
 Nettle-cloth. A material made in Germany 
 of very thick cotton, used as a substitute for 
 japanned leather, on the peaks of caps, &c. 
 
 Network {flatorium opus). An ancient 
 method of embroidery in England, used for 
 church use or household furniture, l3y darning 
 or working the subject upon linen netting. This 
 method chiefly prevailed in the 14th century. 
 
 Neuma or Pneuma (lit. a breath). A musi- 
 cal passage consisting of a number of notes 
 sung to one syllable, or sim- 
 ply to a sound, as "ah " pro- 
 longed. " In hujus fme netima- 
 tizamus, id est jubilamus, dum 
 finem protrahimus, et ei velut 
 caudam accingimus." 
 
 Neutral Colour is that re- 
 sulting from a combination of 
 blue, red, and yellow, result- 
 ing in grey. 
 
 Neutral Tint. An artificial 
 pigment used in water-colours, 
 composed of sepia, and indigo 
 and other blues, with madder 
 and other lakes; producing a 
 scale of neutral colours. 
 
 Neuvaines, Fr. Chr, Set 
 prayers repeated for nine con- 
 secutive days. 
 
 Nevers Faience. (.See Ni- 
 
 VERXAIS.) 
 
 Newcastle Glass. A cro7vn 
 Ljlass, held the best for win- 
 dows from 1728 to 1830, 
 when it was superseded by the 
 improved make of sheet glass. 
 It was of an ash colour, 
 subject to specks, streaks, 
 and other blemishes, and fre- 
 quently warped. 
 
 Newel, Arch. The upright 
 central pillar supporting a 
 geometrical staircase. 
 
 Newel Stairs, Arch. Where 
 the steps are pinned into the 
 
 Fig. 435. Xichc in 
 
 the Sigma of the 
 
 Calkarium. 
 
 wall, and there is no central pillar, the 
 staircase is said to have an open or hollow 
 newel. (See Joinery.) 
 
 Niche, Arcii. (It. nicchia, a sea-shell). A 
 recess in a wall for a statue or bust. (Fig. 485.) 
 
 Niche-vaulting', Arch. (Germ. Mitscheli^e- 
 ivdlbe). A form of roofing- in a semi-cupola 
 design, common in the choirs of churches. 
 
 Nick, Old Nick, O. E. (Icelandic nikr ; 
 A.S. nicor, a water-god). The devil. 
 
 Nickel (contraction of Kupfernickel, or Nick's 
 copper, a term of derision given to it by the 
 German miners). A white or reddish-white 
 metal, from which nickel-silver is made. It is 
 used to a large extent in the arts, being re- 
 markable for the ])eculiar whiteness and silver-like 
 lustre which it communicates to other metals 
 when alloyed with them. 
 
 Nickel-silver. German silver, or white 
 metal, a compound of tin and nickel. 
 
 Niello. The art of chasing out lines or forms, 
 and inlaying a black composition called nigellum 
 or niello, was probably well known to the 
 Greeks. The Byzantines compounded for this 
 purpose silver, lead, sulphur, and copper, and 
 laid it on the silver in a powder ; being then 
 passed through the furnace, it melted and incor- 
 porated with the solid metal. A process pro- 
 ducing a similar result of black tracery is prac- 
 tised in porcelain painting, and called Niello- 
 enamel. 
 
 Nigged Ashlar, O. E. Stone hewn with a 
 pick or a pointed hammer, presenting a gnawed 
 or nibbled surface : from the Swedish nag^a, to 
 gnaw. 
 
 Nilometer. A building erected, a.d. 847, 
 in the island of Rhoda, opposite to Caii-o, for 
 recording the annual rise of the Nile (i. e. 16 
 cubits). It is a slender octagonal shaft about 
 20 feet in height, with a Corinthian capital. 
 (See the Builder, xvii. 255.) 
 
 Nimbed, Her. Having the head encircled 
 with a nimbus ; usually represented by a circular 
 line. 
 
 Nimbus (Lat. ni/nbus, a bright or black 
 cloud). In Christian art, a disc or plate, com- 
 monly golden, sometimes red, blue, or green, 
 or banded like a rainbow, placed vertically be- 
 hind the heads of persons of special dignity or 
 sanctity as a symbol of honour. After the 
 Sth century living persons were, in Italy, dis- 
 tinguished by a square nimbus, which some- 
 times assumed the form of a scroll partly unrolled. 
 The nimbus is of heathen origin. Virgil de- 
 scribes Juno as " nimbosuccincta." The heads of 
 the statues of the gods, and the Roman emperors, 
 after they began to claim divine honours, were 
 decorated with a crown of rays. On medals of 
 the Christian emperors also the nimbus is found, 
 e.g. Constantine. In illuminated MSS. it is 
 found on Pharaoh, Ahab, and other kings. It 
 
226 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 is a familiar symbol of dignity or power in the 
 East, but does not appear as a Christian emblem 
 before the 6th century. [See the article Nimbus 
 in the Diet, of Christian Aiitiquitics.\ (See 
 Aureole, Glory, Vesica Piscis, &.z.) 
 
 Nincompoop, O. E. A corruption of the Latin 
 lion compos ; a fool. 
 
 Ninth. In Music, an interval consisting of 
 an octave and a tone, or semi-tone. 
 
 Nisan, Heb. The month in the Jewish calendar 
 answering to our April. 
 
 Nitrate of Silver, used in photography, is silver 
 dissolved in nitric acid. 
 
 Nivarius (saccus), R. A bag of snow used a> 
 a wine-cooler. (See Collum Vinarium.) 
 
 Nivernais Fai- 
 ence. An impor- 
 tant branch of the 
 ceramic" art," esta- 
 blished,', in « 1 608 at 
 Nevers • in ' France 
 by the brothers 
 Gonrade..' _, (Fig. 
 486. )• 
 
 Nobbled Stone, 
 Arch. Stone 
 roughly rounded at 
 the quarry to di- 
 minish its bulk for 
 transport.' 
 
 Noble. A gold 
 coin worth 6s. Sii. 
 (Fig. 487.) 
 
 Nodes. In As- 
 tronomy, the two points where the orbit of a 
 heavenly body intersects the ecliptic. 
 
 Nodus, Arch. The Latin name for a key- 
 stone, or a /'OSS in vaulting. 
 
 Nog, O. E. Timbers built into walls to 
 strengthen the structure. They show on the 
 plastering of houses in ornamental patterns. In 
 Kent these houses are called " wood noggen " 
 houses. 
 
 Noggin, O. E. " A mug or pot of earth 
 with a large belly and narrower mouth." 
 
 Fig. 486. Jar. Nivernais 
 Faience. 
 
 Fig. 487. Noble of Henry \. 
 
 Nogging, Arch. Brickwork in panels car- 
 ried between quarters. 
 
 Nome, Egyp. (-.oixosK A division or district 
 of Egypt ; there were forty-four in all. Eacli 
 noma was placed under the protection of a 
 special divinity, and ruled by a resident military 
 governor. 
 
 Nonagon. A nine-sided polygon. 
 Nones, (i) R. One of tiie three divisions of 
 the Roman month ; the ninth days before the 
 Ides of each month. (2) Chr. One of the 
 Hours of Prayer (q.v.). 
 
 Nonunia, O. E. A quick time in music, 
 containing nii>e crotchets between the bar>. 
 {Halli-u'eU.) ■ ,.,. 
 
 Norman Architecture. It was introduced into 
 England atthe Conquest,.\.D. lo6,6,ahd wa's super- 
 seded iriuhe I2th' century by. the- EarhvEnghsJi 
 style. .Solid ' massive masonry, round-headed 
 doors and windows, and low square central tower 
 are (broadly) its characteristics. Among details 
 the zigi^ag and the billet mouldings are the most, 
 iloticeflble. (Fig. 488.) 
 
 ' Norman Pottery, Mediaeval. The illustration 
 is from a pavement of a church of the I2th 
 century. "Nothing," says Jacquemart, ''is 
 more curious than the study of the.se tiles, in 
 which, with rudimentaiy means, art already 
 begins to manifest its power. There, iii a grace- 
 ful chequer-work, the fleur-de-lis of l-'rantc 
 heightens at intervals a seme of trefoils and 
 rosettes ; scrolls of notched leaves combine in 
 graceful borders; circles divided crosswa\s 
 receive in their sections stars and heraldic 
 suns ; here are armour-clad warriors, mounted 
 upon horses richly caparisoned, &c. — all that 
 picturesque fancy assisted by the resources of 
 heraldry could invent to animate the cold 
 compartments of the pavement, and give a 
 meaning to the vast naves trodden every day 
 by the Christian multitude." {^Histoire d-j r Art 
 Ct'raiiiiijiie.) (Fig. 489.) 
 
 Norns, Nomas, Icelandic. The three Fates, 
 whose names signify the Past, the Present, and 
 the Future. 
 
 Norroy King at Arms. Tiic 
 third of the kings at arms, whc,.-,o 
 jurisdiction lies ti> ilic nortJi of 
 the Trent. 
 
 North Side of a churcii " was re- 
 garded as tlie source of the cold 
 wind, and the haunt of .Sat.in. 
 In some Coniisii churches thevc 
 is an entrance calletl the deviTs 
 door, adjoining the font, which 
 was only opened at the time of 
 the renunciation made in baptism, 
 for the escape of th.c fieniL In 
 consequence of these superstitions, 
 and its sunless aspect, the nor- 
 thern parts of clutrchyards are 
 
ART^AND ARClI.tOLOGV 
 
 127 
 
 Fig. 488. Norman Architecture. The Round Church, Cambridge. 
 
 usually devoid of graves." {IVallcott, Sacred 
 Arc/uro/og}'.) 
 
 Norwegian Architecture. The timber-built 
 churches are of great interest, and exhibit the 
 wonderful durability of the Norwegian pine. 
 They are generally in the form of a cross, with 
 a tower in the centre ending in a cupola or 
 spire, and with high pitched roofs. The orna- 
 mental details are elaborate and richly carved. 
 The whole is often painted of a rich brown 
 
 Fig. 489. Incrusted Tile. Norm.-in. Middle Ages. 
 
 colour ; sometimes of a bright red. Some o 
 these churches date from the lith or 12th 
 century, and are an imitation in wood of the 
 masonic style of the period. 
 
 Nosocomium, R. {voao-Kop-uov). A hospital. 
 
 Notatus, R. {nolo, to mark). A slave 
 branded with a hot iron. 
 
 Note of a Room. The vibrations of the air 
 in a chamber or vaulted .space produce a musical 
 note proper to the dimensions and other con- 
 ditions of the place, which a good musical ear 
 can recognize and identify. [See T. R. Swif/i's 
 Aioiistics, pp. S3 — 87.] 
 
 Nottingham White. White lead. (See Car- 
 bonate OF Lead.) 
 
 November (Lat. uovem, nine). The niuth 
 month of the Roman year, which began with 
 March. It consisted originally of thirty days, but 
 Julius Ca.sar added one to it. Augustus, how- 
 ever, reduced it to its original number. 
 
 Nowed, Her. Coiled in a knot, as n snake. 
 The illustration (Fig. 490) is the ordinar}- device 
 of the house of Savoy — the " true lovers' knot ;" 
 with the Latin motto, " It binds but constrains 
 not." 
 
 Nowel, O. E. (Fr. uod, from natalis). A 
 cry of joy ; properly that at Cliristmas, of joy 
 for the birth t/ the Saviour. It originally signi- 
 fied the feast of Christmas. 
 
 Nubilarinm, R. A shod u>ed as a bam ; it 
 was situated cli sc to the tlirc-^liing-lloor. 
 
 Numella, Nnmellns, R. A kmd of pillory 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 for keeping men and animnls in a- fixed posi- 
 tion. It was made use of in surgical operations, 
 and as an instrument of torture, .' 
 
 Fig. 490. Kovved. Device of the House of Savoy. 
 
 Numismatics {numisma, coined money). The 
 science of coins and medals. The earhest 
 known coins were' issued by the Greeks, pro- 
 bably in the 8th century B.C. (See the Article 
 in the Encyclopadia Britan., 8th edition, from 
 which reference can be taken to exhaustive 
 treatises on the various ramifications of this 
 science.) 
 
 Nummud, Persian. A carpet of felt much 
 used in Persia. 
 
 Nun's Thread. A kind of thread£formerly 
 made to a large extent in Paisley. 
 
 Nun' a Work (Fr. ccjivre de noimain). As 
 eavly as the 14th century needlework was gene- 
 rally so described. Ahciefit lace is still so called 
 in many parts of the country. 
 
 Nundinse {novemdma: ; from- iiovem, nine, 
 and dies, days). Romaiv weeks ; the nomen- 
 clature including the day before and that after 
 the seven days. The name was given to the 
 M'eekly w/rtr^vZ-days at Rome. '.•■ ' ■ 
 
 Nupta, K.{nul'o, to wed). A married woman. 
 
 Nuremberg Vase. Fig. 491 is one of the 
 gems, of the Renaissance period, issued from 
 Nuremberg ; a vase with portraits heightened 
 with enamels and gold. {jfattpieDiarl^ 
 
 Nurhag ■ (Sardinian N'oraga). Primitive 
 buildings in the island of Sardinia, of remote 
 antiquity, having turrets as high as 30 to 60 
 feet, and containing stones of 100 cubic feet 
 each in their structure. [See Waring, Stone 
 Mo)nimciitsJ\ 
 
 Nurspell. An old English game like trap, 
 bat, and ball. It is played with a kibble, a mir, 
 and a spell. When the end of the spell 'is struck 
 with the kibble, the mcr rises into the air, &c. 
 
 Nut. In Christian symbolism, an emblem of 
 
 111. =1.-1 
 
 io 
 
 Fig. 492. Nymphaeum of Egeria, near Rome. 
 
 the Divinity of Christ hidden in His manhood. 
 St. Augustine has a long treatise on the sym- 
 bolism of the husk, shell, and kernel of the nut. 
 {^Sen?i. de temp. Dominic, ante Nativ. ) 
 
 Fig. 491. NurtMiberg Vase, enamelled in relief. 
 
 Fig. 493. Nymphaeum at Nismes (restored). 
 
Nut Oil. This medium for colour-grinding is 
 derived from the wahiut ; as a vehicle it is pre- 
 ferred to linseed oil, and is the quickest dryer. 
 (See IMediums, Oils.) 
 
 Nutmeg Ornament, Arch. A common fea- 
 ture in Early luiglish work in the north of 
 England, but not in the south. It resembles 
 half a nutmeg, and is carved at certain dis- 
 tances apart in the hollow of a dripstone at 
 St. Mary's Church, Nunnionkton, Yorkshire. 
 
 Nuttoo, Hind. A nose-stud or ornament 
 worn by Indian women, often set with bril- 
 liants, rubies, emeralds, and pearls. 
 
 Nymphaeum, Nympheum {vvfitpaiou and pvfi- 
 cty(7oi'). Literally, a building consecrated to the 
 nymphs. It was a large and richly-decorated 
 chamber, with columns, niches, and statues, and 
 
 a fountain in the centre. Nymphpca were often 
 erected near the head of a spring, and formed 
 cool and agreeable retreats, l^'ig. 492 rei)rescnts 
 a jiortion of the ruins of the nymph;\;um of 
 Egeria, near Rome ; and Eig. 493 the interior of 
 the nymph;\)um at Nismes, restored. In Chris- 
 tian times the fountains or cisterns common at 
 the doors of churches were called nyniphcca. 
 
 Nymphs. Inferior goddesses of the moun- 
 tains, forests, waters, or meadows. Those pre- 
 siding over rivers, &c.,were Oceanides, Naiads, 
 Nereids ; those over mountains, Oreiads ; 
 those over woods and trees. Dryads and 
 Ha.madryads ; those over valleys, Nap.«^, 
 &c. They were represented in art as beautiful 
 young women. The waters of Hades had their 
 presiding nymphs, the Avernales. 
 
 o. 
 
 was used as a numeral by the ancients to 
 represent 11, and with a dash over it (O) to 
 denote 11,000. 
 
 0, O. E. Anything circular. Shakspeare 
 calls the stars " those fiery O's." 
 
 Oak-apple Day, O. E. The 29th of May, in 
 commemoration of the escape of King Charles in 
 the oak-tree. 
 
 Oak-tree, the emblem of- virtue, force, and 
 strength, is frequently introduced in ancient 
 sculpture. In Christian art an attribute of St. 
 Boniface, in allusion to his cutting down a 
 Druid ical oak. 
 
 Oasis (from the Coptic onah, a resting-place). 
 One of the verdant spots that occur at intervals 
 in the deserts of Africa ; hence any fertile spot 
 in a desert, with the obvious symbolical applica- 
 tion. 
 
 Oast-house, O. E. A kiln for drying hops. 
 
 Oban. The principal gold coin of Japan, 
 worth about 4/. 2s. 
 
 Obba, Gr. and R. (S,u)3i|). A drinking- 
 vessel of earthenware or wood, probably funnel- 
 shaped ; hence — 
 
 Obbatus, Gr. and R. Made in the shape of 
 an obba, that is, terminating in a point. The 
 term is often applied to the cap of the 
 Dioscuri. 
 
 Obelisk {o^eXicTKos, lit. a small spit). Also 
 called a needle. A tall, rectangular, monolithic 
 column, of slightly pyramidal shape, invented 
 by the Egyptians ; in nearly every case they 
 are covered from the base to the top, and on all 
 four sides, with hieroglyphic symbols. (Fig. 494.) 
 
 Oberon. The king of the fairies. 
 
 Obex, R. {ohjicio, to obstruct). Any contriv- 
 ance to keep a door closed, such as a bolt, lock, 
 latch, iron bar, &c. 
 
 Oblata, Chr. The sacred bread. This word 
 was more commonly applied to the nnconsccrated 
 loaf, and Hostia to the consecrated. (For par- 
 ticulars respecting the preparation and the form 
 of oblates, see the article Elements in Smith 
 and Cheethani, Diet, of Christian Antiquities^ 
 In the same manner Oblati were lay-brothers 
 in a monastery who had not taken the vows. 
 
 Oblate. Flattened or shortened like the 
 earth at the poles. The earth is an oblate 
 spheroid. 
 
 Oblationarium, Chr. A small table placed 
 near the high altar, or at the end of one of the 
 side aisles, on which the people laid their offer- 
 ings. It was also used, when in the choir, to hold 
 the sacred utensils in place of the credence-table. 
 In the Greek Church the oblationarium is still 
 used for the bread, wine, and sacred vessels 
 required in the mass. 
 
 Oble, Oblete (Lat. oblata), O. E. The con- 
 secrated wafer distributed to communicants at 
 mass. 
 
 " Ne Jhesu was nat the oble 
 That reysed was at the sacre." 
 
 {Hart. MS.) 
 
 Hence, a wafer-cake, sweetened with honey, 
 and made of the finest wheaten bread. 
 
 Oboe or Hautboy (from Fr. haul, high, and 
 bois, wood). A wind instrument like a flute, 
 sounded through a reed. 
 
 Obolo, Mod. A copper coin, worth about 
 a halfpenny, circulated in the Ionian Islands. 
 
J30 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Obolos, Gr. (derived from 6&ohhs, a brooch, ori- 
 ginally). A small copper coin worth the sixth part 
 
 Fig. 494. Egyptian Obelisk. 
 
 of a drachm. The obolos in later times was of 
 bronze ; but in the best times of Athens it was 
 of silver. Its value in the .<^ginetan standard 
 was ri66 of a penny. 
 
 Obscoena, Chr. Obscene representations fre- 
 quently met with in Christian iconography, 
 which, according to De Canmont, are "to warn 
 the faithful that they ought to enter the temple 
 with pure hearts, leaving outside all the passions 
 that soil the soul." 
 
 Obsidian. A volcanic glass found near vol- 
 canoes, used in anticiuity for the manufacture of 
 mirrors, axes, knives, &c. (.See Glass.) 
 
 Obstragulum, R. A long leather strap 
 {amenttni/) worn as a fastening to the crefidd. 
 
 Obstrigillum, R. A shoe, the sides cf which 
 were lengthened into a lappet over the 
 instep. 
 
 Obturaculnm. Obturamentum, R. (ohturo, to 
 
 stop up). A stopper for the neck of a bottle 
 or the mouth of a vessel. 
 
 Obverse. Of a coin, the face, or side which 
 bears the principal sjTiibol. The other side is the 
 Reverse. 
 
 Ocal, Span. Coarse silk. 
 
 OccabuB, R. (oKKo^os). A kind of spoon. 
 
 Occidental Diamond. A precious stone of 
 inferior hardness and beauty. 
 
 Occultation. The disappearance or eclipse 
 of one heavenly body behind another. 
 
 Ocellata, R. (lit. marked with ocelli or spots). 
 Marbles used as playthings by children. 
 
 Ocellated. Full of eyes ; said of a peacock's 
 tail. (See Fig. 398.) 
 
 Ochre. Argillaceous earth of different colours 
 which, when finely ground, is used as a pigment. 
 Red ochre is a ibrm of specular iron ore ; Itoich 
 ochre is a variety of haematite. The yellow 
 ochres become red when calcined, but the 
 finest reds are made from those which are brown 
 in the bed. Native red ochre is called red 
 chalk or reddle in England. Spanish Brown, 
 'Indian A'ed, Venetiati Red, and the yellow 
 ochres have nearly the same composition. The 
 other ochres are known as Oxford, Roman, and 
 stone ochres, and as terra di Sienna and lunher. 
 They are all valuable and durable pigments for 
 oil, water, or enamel painting. (See Am.^tita.) 
 
 Ocrea, R. A gieave ; a piece of armour which 
 covered the shin-bone from below the knee to 
 the ankle. It was generally richly ornamented 
 by designs embossed or chased upon it. (Modern 
 Jami;es.) 
 
 Octagon. A figure of eight equal sides, con- 
 sidered as an emblem of regeneration ; conse- 
 f juently the proper fomi for baptistries and fonts. 
 {Fairholt.) 
 
 Octahedron. A solid contained by eight equal 
 sides, which are equilateral triangles. 
 
 Octastyle, R. (owTct-o-TuXos). An octastyle 
 portico is a portico having eight columns in 
 front ; octastyle pediment, a pediment supportetl 
 by eight columns. The pediment of the Par- 
 thenon at Athens, from which the Elgin Mar- 
 bles come, is an octastyle. 
 
 Octave, (i) In Music, the longest interval 
 in the diatonic scale ; as from do to (/.:', or c to 
 C. (2) Chr. Eight days, or the eighth day after 
 a Church festival (the festival being included) 
 kept as a repetition or pi'olongation of the festival. 
 It is a Western custom unknown to the Eastern 
 Church. 
 
 October. The eighth month of the old Roman 
 year, but the tenth in the calendar of Numa, 
 Julius C;esar, &c. It was sacred to Mars, and a 
 horse called the October equus was annually sacri- 
 ficed to Mars. 
 
 Octofoil, Her. A double quatre/oil; the 
 difference of a ninth son. 
 
 Octophoron or Octaphoron, Gr. and R. 
 
(vitTU>(l>!jpOv}. 
 
 slaves. 
 
 A litter [Lxtiia) borne by eight 
 
 Ocularium, Med. Lat. 
 The narrow slit or o|)en- 
 ing for the sight in a hel- 
 met. (See Fig. 495.) 
 
 Oculus, Chr. A round 
 window of frequent oc- 
 currence in the tympanum 
 of the pediment in Latin 
 basilicas, and occasion- 
 ally in certain churches 
 (jf tlie nth century. 
 
 Ode ((,'5^, a song). A 
 short lyrical poem, in- 
 tended to be sung to the 
 accompaniment of an in- 
 strument, especially the 
 lyre; hence the expres- 
 ksion lyric poetry. 
 
 Odeoa {(f^flov ; 4^ri, a 
 >ong). A small theatre 
 at Athens, built Ijy Peri- 
 cles for musical perform- 
 ances. By analog}', the 
 name was applied to any 
 theatre built on a circular plan and covered with 
 a roof, like that of Athens, shown in Fig. 496. 
 
 :. 495. Ocularium 
 in a helmet. 
 
 Fig. 496. Ground-plan of the Odeon at Athens. 
 
 (Ecos, (Ecus, Gr. (oIkos). A Greek house ; 
 the term, however, denoted rather a large 
 apartment resembling the atrium, but entirely 
 shut in, that is to say, without impluvium. 
 In Fig. 497, A is the cecus ; B, C, two 
 rooms forming offices ; D, a tablinum ; E, a 
 portico ; G, the entrance to the house ; H, 
 work-rooms ; T, the triclinium. (Ecus tetra- 
 stylos was a house in \\hich four columns 
 supported the roof; cecus Corinthiiis, having 
 one order of columns supporting an archi- 
 
 trave, cornice, and an arched roof; ' acus 
 Egyptius, in which the pillars supported 
 
 Fig. 497. Ground-plan of a Greek house. 
 
 galleiT with a paved floor, forming a walk 
 round the apartment ; above these pillars others 
 were placed, one-fourth less in height ; and 
 between the upper columns were placed win- 
 dows ; and the cccits Cyzicenics, which looked 
 to the north, and, if possible, faced gardens, 
 to which it opened by folding-doors, was a 
 summer-house. fSee DoMUS. ) 
 
 (Eil-de-boeuf, Arch. A small round or oval 
 windo\A- in a roof. 
 
 (Billets. (See Oillets.) 
 
 (Enochoe (Gr. 
 olvos, wine, and 
 Xf«j to pour). 
 An earthen vase 
 used to take 
 the wine out of 
 the crater and 
 distribute it into 
 cups. It is the 
 vase carried by 
 the goddesses, and 
 used for libations. 
 (Figs. 498,49s a.) 
 CEnophorum,(ir. 
 and R. \olvo- 
 <p6pov). A light 
 case or basket for 
 carrying wine. 
 
 CEnopolium,Gr. 
 and R. (oiVo- 
 
 TrdiXiov). The shop 
 
 FlK. 4Q&. <i-nocnue, decorated r i i i_ 
 
 with zoophori, or bands of a dealer who 
 
 of animals sold wine to be 
 
233 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 carried away ; distinct from the taberna mcrito7-ia 
 or dei'crsoria, which was a pubUc tavern. 
 
 OfPendix, R. A string by which the apex, 
 or cap worn by the flamens, Sahans, or other 
 members of priestly colleges, was fastened under 
 the chin. 
 
 Offertoria, Chr. (i) The anthems sung in a 
 Christian church while the oblations were re- 
 ceived ; mentioned by Isidonis, A.D. 595: 
 ' ' Offertoria quK 
 in sacrificiorum 
 honore canuntur." 
 (2) I-arge plates, 
 which, in the 
 Christian 
 churches of Gaul, 
 served to collect 
 the bread which 
 the Christians had 
 just laid on the 
 altar. A beau- 
 tiful specimen of 
 such dishes, found 
 in Siberia in 1867, 
 and described by 
 Rossi, is 6 inches 
 in diameter, and 
 weighs 1 2 lbs. It 
 has a relief in 
 repousse w o r k, 
 consisting of a 
 cross planted on a 
 Fig. 49S a. CEnochoe, or Wine-jug, small globe stud- 
 in black glazed earthenware. ^jg^ with Stars 
 
 beneath which 
 issue the four rivers of Paradise ; and on either 
 side stand two nimbed angels, holding a rod in 
 the left hand, and raising their right hand 
 towards the cross in token of adoration. De 
 Rossi regards this dish as the work of Byzantine 
 goldsmiths of the 6th century. (3) At Rome, 
 acolytes went in and out amorig the people, and 
 collected the offerings in napkins of fine linen or 
 richer material called also offertoria, 
 
 OflFertories, in Egyptian archeology, are offer- 
 ings made to the gods, of various shapes; such 
 as outstretched hands supporting a cup, or 
 spoons of ivory, wood, or bronze, the handle of 
 which is formed by a human figure. 
 
 OfS.cina, R. A workshop, in contradistinc- 
 tion to tabernay a store, and apotheca, a shop ; 
 thus, officina ccrarioriivt was a goldsmidi's 
 Avorkshop; officina fullomwi, a fuller's establish- 
 ment. 
 
 Oifuscati. One of the Italian literary aca- 
 demies. They bore for their device a bear, 
 roused from his natural heaviness by the stings 
 of bees, with the motto, " Stings (or points) will 
 .sharpen steel." . (Fig. 499.) 
 
 Ogam, Celtic. 'Ihe sacred Avriting of the 
 Druids. (Cf. Ogham.) 
 
 Ogee Arch or Contrasted Arch or Mould- 
 ing, Arch. An arch or moulding described 
 
 Fig. 499. Device of the Offuscati Academy. 
 
 by means of four centres, so as to be alter- 
 nately concave and convex. It was fre- 
 quently employed in fifteenth-century monu- 
 ments, and its constant recurrence in the later 
 Gothic or flamboyant architecture has given 
 rise to its French name of ogival. 
 
 Ogham. A kind of short-hand WTiting or 
 cipher in use among the ancient Irish. (6".) 
 
 Ogivale, Fr. A French architectural term 
 of constant occurrence, applied to the architec- 
 ture of the medireval period in France, during 
 which the pointed arch was used. 
 
 Ogive, Fr. Arch. A pointed arch ; not the 
 Ogee. 
 
 Ogivette, Arch. A small ogee. 
 
 Ogress, Her. A pellet or black roundle. 
 
 Oil Painting was introduced in Flanders by 
 the brothers Van Eyck in 1410, and in Italy by 
 Antonello da Messina in or about 1455. 
 
 Oillets or Oylets. Loopholes. 
 
 Oils. The fixed oils used in painting are 
 linseed, walnut, and /(^//j, purified and rendered 
 drying by the addition of litharge. They 
 should be pale in colour, limpid, and trans- 
 parent, and should dry quickly : mit oil in a 
 few hours, linseed in a day, and poppy oil in 
 thirty -six to forty hours. The essential oils used 
 in painting are turpentine, for diluting the pig- 
 ments ground in oil, and spike, or lavender, for 
 wax and enamel painting. 
 
 Oinerusis, Gr. (ojV-^puo-ts). (See Arysti- 
 
 CHOS.) 
 
 . Ointment-box, in Christian art, is the attri- 
 bute of St. Maiy Magdalene, St. Joseph of 
 Arimathrea, and other saints. 
 
Oiron, a small town in Fiance (so named 
 from the Hocks of geese which circle round it 
 
 Fig. 500. Covered Tazza ; Faience of Oiron. 
 In the Louvre. 
 
 Oi-rond in winter), is the place where the fine 
 faiences, usually called Henri II. ware, were 
 made. " Here is France," says M. Jacquemart, 
 "in the l6th century in possession of a pottery, 
 the discovery of which is attributed 200 years 
 later to England." ■ .There are only about fifty 
 pieces known, five of which may be seen in the 
 South Kensington Museum. 
 
 Okel, Egyp. A caravanserai. A large 
 covered court surrounded by two stories of 
 galleries, of which the lower is used as shops, 
 &c., and the upper one as lodging-rooms. 
 
 Oldham. A coarse kind of cloth originated 
 at Oldham in Norfolk, temp. Richard II. 
 
 Olibanum. A gum-resin used for incense. 
 
 Oliphant, A.S. An elephant ; hence a hunt- 
 ing-horn of ivory. 
 
 Olive. A blue-grey colour ; violet mixed with 
 green. 
 
 Olive(-tree). (l) In Christian art, the em- 
 blem of peace and concord, and frequent on 
 early Christian tombs in the catacombs, with or 
 without the dove. (2) Arch. Its leaf was intro- 
 duced into sculpture by the ancients, in wreajhs 
 or garlands. The Corinthian order is enriched 
 with o//tr-leaves, as are almost all the antiques at 
 Rome of this order. (3) R. The corona olcagina, 
 an honorary wreath made of olive-leaves, was 
 conferred by the Romans on soldiers and com- 
 manders through whose instrumentality a triumph 
 
 had been obtained when they were not personally 
 present in the action. (4) Gr. Itwas the olive-\.x<tQ 
 that Minerva caused to spring from the ground 
 in the citadel at Athens. (5) The colour and 
 grain of the wood, and of the root portion espe- 
 cially, are very beautiful, and valuable for de- 
 corative and cabinet work. 
 
 Olivette. A P'lemish name iox poppy oil. 
 
 Olivine. A variety of chrysolite of a dark 
 green, commonly called bottle-green colour. 
 
 OUa, R. An earthenware vessel of very 
 common make. It resembled our flower-pots, 
 but had swelling sides, and was covered with a 
 lid. It was used for cooking meat and vege- 
 tables and for preserving grapes (z/ivz ollaria), 
 and as a cinerary urn {olla ossKaria or cineraria). 
 Hence — 
 
 Olla-podrida, Sp. A stew of meat and vege- 
 tables mixed, common in .Spain. The word is 
 used to describe any other incongruous mixture. 
 
 Ollarium, R. A niche in a sepulchral cham- 
 ber, in which the olla ossiiaria was placed. (See 
 Cinerarium, Fig. 160.) 
 
 Olpe, Gr. (oXTrrj). A kind of aryhallos with a 
 curved handle, but no spout (originally a leather 
 oil-flask). 
 
 Olympiad, Gr. ('OAi;^7rias). The period of 
 four years between two consecutive celebrations 
 of the Olympic games. The first Olympiad 
 began B.C. 776. 
 
 Olympic Games, Gr. Games instituted by 
 Hercules in honour of Jupiter Olympius ; they 
 were the most ancient and celebrated in all 
 Greece. They derived their name from Olympia, 
 in Greece, where they were celebrated. They 
 were finally suppressed by Theodosius, a.d. 394. 
 
 Ombre. A kind of damask. 
 
 Ombros. The name for a particular quality 
 of jnadder. 
 
 Omophagi, Gr. {o3ixo-(payoi, sc. ^alres, i. e. 
 flesh-eating banquets). Festivals held at Chic 
 and Tenedos in honour of Bacchus. 
 
 Omophorion. (i) An article of female dress, 
 worn on the slioidders. (2) A vestment of the 
 Greek Church, consisting of a long woollen band 
 with embroidered crosses. It is typical of the 
 lost sheep borne home on the shoulders of the 
 Shepherd. 
 
 Onager, Onagrus, R. An engine for hurling 
 stones of great size. 
 
 Onicolo or Nicolo. A variety of the onyx, 
 with a deep-brown ground, on which is a band 
 of bluish white, used for making cameos. 
 
 Onocentaurs. Fabulous animals, half man, 
 half ass. 
 
 Onychomancy (onyx, a nail). Divination by 
 means of the marks on the nails of the hands. 
 
 Onyx (ui'i'l, a finger-nail). ( i ) A general name 
 for the varieties of the agate which con- 
 sist of alternate layers of white, brown, or 
 black, greatly valued by the ancients for cameos. 
 
234 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 In the Christian syml)olisni the onyx typifies 
 Innocence and candour. (See Onicolo. ) (2) 
 The name has also been applied by the ancients 
 to Oriental alabaster. (3) Onyx marble was a 
 name given to Algerian marble from Oran, of 
 which "pure white, brilliant red, golden yel- 
 low, and hues of green, with every variety of 
 striation and flocculence, exist." [Seethe j5/^//r/- 
 ing Neii's. xiv. 4S9.] 
 
 Opa, Ope, Gr. Arch. (ottt]). A cavity in which a 
 tie-beam {(igiiiiiii) rests ; ^\'hence the space in- 
 cluded between two inrai or tigtta was called 
 mctopa or intcvtigmitn. 
 
 Opacity. Want of transparency . 
 
 Opaion, Gr. Arch. The panels on a ceiling 
 formed by the intersection of its beams. 
 
 Opal. A semi-transparent stone, remarkable 
 for the play of colours that it exhibits. - Three 
 varieties are, the • oriental opal, called also the 
 noble opal and the harlequin opal, remarkable 
 for its flashes of brilliant colours having a 
 triangular disposition. The affection that the 
 ancients entertained for this beautiful gem was 
 unbounded. The Roman senator Nonnius pre- 
 ferred exile to parting with a brilliant opal the 
 size of a filbert which Marc Antony coveted. 
 The /ire opal is furnished principally by Mexico. 
 Its colour, more pronounced than that of the 
 oriental opal, and the carmine or vinous red tint 
 of its fires, permit it to be easily recognized. 
 The common opal displays very little fire ; its 
 colour is milk-white, which, joined to a texture 
 extremely homogeneous, renders it semi-trans- 
 parent. [Z. Dieitlafait.l 
 
 Opal Glass, called also Milk-white Glass ; 
 prepared for globes to lamps, &c. 
 
 Opales, Opalia, R. Festivals of Ops, the 
 wife of .Saturn, which were held every year on 
 the fourteenth of the calends of January (19th of 
 December). 
 
 Opalescent. Having a play of colours like 
 the opal. 
 
 Open-tide, O. E. The season between 
 Epiphany and Ash- Wednesday, when mamages 
 were publicly solemnized. 
 
 Opera. A lyrical drama set to music ; origi- 
 nated at Florence in the 1 6th century. [Con- 
 sult Doni (passim), Arteaga Manfredini, Signo- 
 relli, &c. ; also Dr. Bnrney's Tours and 
 Correspondence, and Grimm's Co7'respondence.'\ 
 
 Operculum, R. A cover for any kind of 
 earthenware vessel. 
 
 Ophicleide (o<pJs, a serpent, and kAsIj, a key). 
 A wind instrument of brass or copper made in 
 the form of a serpent. Generally, the bass of a 
 military band. 
 
 Ophiomancy, Gr. Divination by snakes. 
 
 Ophiomorphous. Snake-shaped. 
 
 Ophite or Ophiolite. Green porphyry or 
 Sekpenti.n'E. 
 
 Ophites, Chr. A sect which arose in the 2nd 
 
 century in the Christian Church. They believed 
 that the Serpent who tempted Eve was Christ him- 
 self. They are also called Serpentinians. (6'.) 
 
 (Jpima Spolia. Trophy 
 
 Opima Spolia, R. The " spoils of honour, " 
 consisting of armour set up' as a trophy and 
 dedicated in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius at 
 Rome. These were spoils taken from the chief 
 of a hostile army, who had been killed by the 
 hand of a Roman general. Plutarch asserts 
 that the spolia opima were actually taken only 
 three times. 
 
 Opinicus, Her. A fabulous heraldic monster; 
 a dragon before and a lion behind, withacamels 
 tail. 
 
 Opisthodomos, Gr. (on-io-erf-Sojuos). Latin, Pos- 
 ticum. A small chamber placed at the back 
 of a temple, to which the priests alone had 
 access. 
 
Oporotlieca, Gr. (diru'po'dvKri). A store-house 
 fur fruits. 
 
 Oppidan. At Eton College, a boy who is 
 not a king's scholar, and boards in the town. 
 
 Fig. 502. Oppidum and carceres of the circus of 
 Caracalla. 
 
 Oppidum, R. A fortified town, and thence 
 the mass of buildings occupying the extremity 
 of a circus, in which were the stalls for the 
 chariots and horses {careens). Fig. 502 gives 
 a representation of the oppidum in the circus of 
 Caracalla. 
 
 Optical Correction is a name given to the 
 task of adapting art objects, or architectural 
 proportions and ornaments, to the circumstances 
 of distance or comparison in which they are to 
 be exhibited. Belzoni observes that the heads 
 of colossal Egyptian statues are proportionally 
 larger than the lower members. (For numerous 
 examples of this contrivance, see the article in 
 the Architectural Publication Society's Dic- 
 tionary.) 
 
 Optics (Gr. oTTTouai, to see). The science of 
 the nature and properties of light ; of its changes 
 as it penetrates or is reflected or absorbed- by 
 bodies ; of the structure of the eye, and the 
 Laws of vision ; and of instnnnents in connexion 
 with sight. It is thus closely connected with 
 the science of colour, and the arts in general. 
 The earliest treatise extant on this science is 
 Euclid's Optica et Catoptrica. (Cf. Dr. Smith's 
 Optics, &c.) 
 
 Optigraph. A telescope for copying land- 
 scapes. (See Claude Glass.) 
 
 Optostratum, R. (oittos, brick, and crrpwTov, 
 strewn). A brick pavement, often arranged in 
 a herring-boned pattern, as in the Opus Spica- 
 
 TUM. (Fig. 509.) ; 
 
 Opus Albarium.' (.See Stucco.) 
 
 Opus Alexandrinum. A mosaic flooring 
 
 much used by the Romans, consisting of geo- 
 metric figures, atid generally of only two kinds 
 of tessera, red and black on a white ground. (See 
 MusivuM Opus.) 
 
 Opus Araneum (spider- work). A kind of 
 embroidery, Ijlh century; modern "guipure 
 d'ari." 
 
 Opus Consutum. Applique work in embroi- 
 deiy. (See Applique.) 
 
 Opus Filatorium. A kind of embroidery, 
 14th century ; mmlern " filet brode." 
 
 Opus Greecum, R. Inlaid pavement. (See 
 MusivuM Opus.) 
 
 Opus Incertum, R. A Roman method of 
 Iniilding ; the construction of walls of very small 
 rough stones, not laid in courses, but held toge- 
 ther by the mortar. 
 
 Fig. 504. Pseiidisodomum opus, with a course of opus 
 insertum. 
 
 Opus Insertum, R. A Roman method of 
 building, of courses of flat tiles, the most durable 
 of all. Such courses were also introduced in 
 the other kinds of stone and brick walls, in 
 which they served, as bond-courses, and also 
 kept the damp from rising from the ground. 
 
 Fig. 503. Alexandrinum opus. 
 
 Fig. 503. Musivum opus. 1 
 
 Opus Musivum. Mosaic. (See MusivuM.) 
 
 Opus Pectineum (comb-wrought ). Woven work 
 imitating end >roidery. 
 
 Opus Phrygianum, R. Fine embroidery. 
 (See Okpurey.) 
 
 Opus Plumarium (feather-stitch). Embroidery 
 
2^,6 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 of which the stitches overlap one another like 
 the feathers of a bird. 
 
 construction, with an ornamental surface re- 
 semliling the meshes of a net. 
 
 Opus Spicatum, R. Hening-bone masonry. 
 
 Fig. 506. Pseudisodomum opus. 
 
 Opus Pseud-iso-domum, Gr. (lit. quasi-equal 
 structure). A Greek method of building in 
 which the courses are (l) parallel and unequal, 
 
 Fig. io7' Gate of Lions at Mycenae. 
 I'seudisodomum opus. 
 
 but regular among themselves, as in Fig. 506 ; 
 or (2) irregular altogether, as in the Gate of 
 Lions at Mycenoe, Fig. 507 (or in Fig. 504). 
 
 Fig. 508. Structura reticulata. 
 
 Opus Pulvinarium (cushion-style). Embroi- 
 dery like modern Berlin work, generally used 
 for cushions. 
 
 Opus Reticulatum, R. A Roman method of 
 
 Fig. 509. Spicatum opus. 
 
 Or, Her. The metal gold, expressed in en- 
 graving by small dots, as on Fig. 375. 
 
 Or basane, Fr. Leather stamped in gold, 
 used as hangings in the i6th and 17th cen- 
 turies. 
 
 Ora, R. The cable which fastened the stern 
 of a ship to the shore, while the ANCORALEkept 
 her head out to sea. 
 
 Ora. An old Saxon coin of 16 or 20 pence 
 in value. 
 
 Orange. The colour formed by the mixture 
 of 5 parts of red and 3 parts of yellow. It is 
 the complementary of blue. The nearest pig- 
 ment is cadminm yellow. 
 
 Orange Chrome. A sub-chromate of lead, 
 which yields a beautiful orange pigment. 
 
 Orange Madder -lake. (See Madder.) 
 
 Orange Minium. (See Minium.) 
 
 Orange Vermilion. A durable pigment for 
 oil and water colours, in colour resembling red 
 lead. 
 
 Orange Yellow. A yellow inclining to red, 
 represented by molybdate of lead. (Austed, 
 Elementa)y Course.') 
 
 Orange-tree. In Christian art, symbol of the 
 " Heavenly Bride." 
 
 Oranti, It. The name given to certain male 
 and female figures found in the catacomb fres- 
 coes at Rome, represented with the hands spread 
 in the Eastern attitude of prayer. 
 
 Orarium, R. A scarf or handkerchief thrown 
 to the crowd in a circus, to wave to the chariot- 
 drivers. In Christian archaeology, (i) A scarf 
 affixed to the pastoral staff; as early as the 
 13th century. (2) The stole. (3) The border 
 of an ecclesiastical vestment. {Flanehe.) (See 
 Stole, Sudarium.) 
 
 Orb. One of the emblems of sovereignty 
 with which kings are solemnly invested at their 
 coronation. It is a globe surmounted by a cross, 
 and is held in the palm of the left hand. In 
 Art it is a common attribute of the Infant 
 Saviour. 
 
 Orca, Gr. and R. (op/crjor Cpxa). An earthen- 
 ware vessel of large size, but smaller than the 
 
amphora j it was used for holding salted fish. 
 The diminutive is orcuht ; the modern Italian 
 oirio. 
 
 Orchestra, Clr. and R. (opxvfTTpa, i.e. dancing- 
 place). The lowest part of the Greek and 
 Roman theatres ; usually occupied by the chorus. 
 It contained an altar, on which sacrifices to 
 Bacchus were sometimes made. ? 
 
 Orchestrino. A modern musical instrument 
 invented by Poulleau. It was shaped Like a 
 pianoforte with similar finger-keys, and the 
 sounds were produced by the frictionof a bow 
 upon strings. 
 
 Orchestrion.. A modern portable organ, in- 
 vented Viy tlie Abbe Vogler aljout 17S9. A 
 similarly-named instrument invented in 1796 by 
 Kunz, a lk)hemian, consisted of a pianoforte 
 coml)ined with some organ-stops. 
 
 Orcula. Diminutive of (7;rr;. 
 
 Order. In classical architecture, a column 
 entire; i.e. base, shaft, capital, and entablature. 
 There are usually said to be five orders : the 
 Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Com- 
 posite. 
 
 Orders of Knighthood. (See Knighthood.) 
 
 Ordinary, Her. An early principal charge of 
 a simple character. 
 
 Oread. A mountain-nymph. 
 
 Oreae, R. {ora, the mouth). A snaffle-bit 
 for horses. 
 
 Oreiller, Her. A cushion or pillow. 
 
 Oreillettes, Fr. Ear-pieces on helmets ; 1 5th 
 and 1 6th centuries. 
 
 Orfrays. The gold, silver, or silk em- 
 broidery on rich garments, chiefly sacerdotal 
 ornaments. The term has two derivations ; 
 
 Fig. 510. Regals or Portable Organ. 
 
 some derive it from aurum Phrygium, because 
 the Phrygians, who were excellent embroiderers, 
 were considered to have invented the style; 
 otliers take it to be from aurum fractum 
 (broken). In mediceval Latin the term for 
 orfrays was aurifrigia, aurifrisa, aurifrisiis^ and 
 aurifrixiis. ' •■ 
 
 Organ. Organs are said to have been first intro- 
 duced into France, a.d. 289, from Greece. A 
 large organ existed in Westminster Abbey in the 
 loth century. Portable organs called also Re- 
 gals were also common. The antique organs 
 had no key-boards, which were introduced in 
 the nth century, simultaneously with the inven- 
 tion of the musical stave (Cf. Hydraula.) 
 The Regals or jiortable organ is an attribute 
 of St. Cecilia. (Fig. 510.) 
 
 Organdi. A kind of muslin. 
 
 Organistrum, O. E. A musical instrument, 
 resembling the modern hurdy-gurdy, played by 
 two persons, of whom one turned the handle, 
 while the other played the keys. 
 
 Organolyricon. A musical instrument in- 
 vented in Paris in iSio by M. de St. Pern. It 
 consists of a pianoforte with two rows of keys, 
 and contains twelve different wind instruments, 
 viz. three flutes, an oboe, a clarionet, a bassoon, 
 horns, trumpet, and fife. 
 
 Organzine. Thrown silk of a very fine tex- 
 ture. {S.) 
 
 Orgies, Gr. (opyta). Festivals of Bacchus at 
 which all who were present were carried away 
 by frenzy. The same term was also used to 
 denote the festivals of Ceres and those of the 
 Cabirl 
 
 Orgues, Fr. Med. (i) Pieces of timber, pointed 
 and shod witli iron, hung like a portcullis over 
 a gateway, to be let down in case of attack. 
 (2) An arrangement of gun-barrels, the pre- 
 cursor of the mitrailleuse. {S.) 
 
 Orgyia (from opiyta, to extend). A Greek 
 measure of length, representing the distance 
 from end to end of the outstretched arms, or the 
 height of the human figure. It was equal to 
 four cubits or six feet, and was one-hundredth 
 of a stadium. 
 
 Orichalcum (from opos and x°-^'<-^^t i- e. 
 Diountaiii bronze). A metallic compound, akin 
 to copper and bronze, which was highly prized 
 by the ancients. It was probably brass. 
 
 Oriel or Oriole, Chr. {on'olum, a little en- 
 trance). A projecting angular window, gene- 
 rally triangrdaror pentagonal in shape. A large 
 bay or recessed window in a church or in an 
 apartment. The word has been used in many 
 senses, with the general meaning of a recess 
 within or a projection from a building. A small 
 oratory. 
 
 Orientation, Chr. The arrangement of a 
 church by which a worshipper faces the east at 
 prayers. 
 
238 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Oriflamme. The ancient royal banner of 
 France, coloured purple-azure and gold. It w-as 
 split into five points, and sometimes bore upon 
 it a saltire wavy, from the centre of which 
 golden rays diverged. 
 
 Orillon, Fr. A mass of earth lined with a 
 wall on the shoulder of a bastion, for the pro- 
 tection of a gun. 
 
 Orle. (i) Arch. 
 A fillet or listel 
 placed beneath the 
 ovolo of a capital. 
 (2) In Heraldry, a 
 subordinary foiTned 
 of a border of a 
 shield which is 
 cliarged upon ano- 
 ther and a larger 
 Fig. SI I. Orle or crest- wreath. gj^jgjj_ (^^ n^^Mz 
 
 wreath or torse which encircled the crest, com- 
 posed ordinarily of silk of two colours twisted 
 together, and representing the principal metal 
 and tincture in the wearer's armorial bearings. 
 {Planche) 
 
 Orleans. A cloth made of worsted and 
 cotton. 
 
 Orlo. A Spanish musical instrument. 
 
 Orlop-deck of a ship. That over the hold, 
 on which the cables are stowed. 
 
 Ormolu, Fr. (w, gold, and vioiihi, ground). 
 72 '43 copper, 25*2 zinc, and 2 '65 tin ; used for 
 cheap jewellery, &c. Mosaic gold, another name 
 for such a metal, is composed of 65 copper and 
 35 zinc. 
 
 Ormolu Varnish. A copper, bronze, or 
 imitation-gold varnish. 
 
 Ornithon, R. {hpviQwv). A poultry-yard or 
 aviary. 
 
 Orpharion, O. E. A kind of lute. {Halli- 
 well. ) 
 
 Orpheon. A musical instrument. 
 
 Orphrey. An old English word for gold 
 embroidery, from the Latin aiiriphryginm. (See 
 Orfrays.) 
 
 Orpiment (Lat. auripignuntiDii ; Ang. king's 
 ycUoTo). A yellow pigment of arsenic with 
 sulphur, or, when the arsenic predominates, an 
 orange colour. The finest native orpiment 
 comes from Persia, and is called golden 
 orpimeMt- 
 
 Orpin, O. E., contraction of Orpiment. 
 Yellow arsenic. 
 
 6rrery. A machine for representing in a 
 model the motions and relative positions of the 
 heavenly bodies. 
 
 Orrice or Orris. A peculiar pattern in whicli 
 gold or silver lace is worked. The edges are 
 ornamented -vfTCa. conical figures, place<l at 
 oqual distances, with spots between them. 
 
 Orthostata, Gr. ( opedffTara, i. e. standing 
 upright), (i) The facings of a wall, consisting of 
 
 different materials from the internal part of it. 
 
 (Fig. 512.) (2) An anta or pilaster. 
 Orthron. (See Hours of Prayer.) 
 Oscen, plur. Oscines. R. {os, mouth, and cayio, 
 
 to predict). A bird ortirds from whose singing 
 
 it was possible to draw auguries 
 
 fc. u , Ilk- It— Ife^ttfa^ '*= 
 
 Wit-lt=-ta=jfe 
 
 rii Hill b> fe 1^ i-^ i.:^ iiL^-w^l 
 ^it^-Ur ^^ lit aLUfci 
 
 ^t^ 
 
 ■iPiriiiiii^ 
 
 !• ig 51 Orthostita Fac ng of 1 Greek wall 
 
 Oschophoria, Gr. (o(rx''-'?"^P"'> i- ^- vine-branch- 
 bearing). Athenian vintage festivals, instituted 
 in honour of Bacchus and Ariadne by Theseus, 
 or according to other authorities, in honour of 
 Dionysus and Athena, in which those who 
 took part carried vine-boughs loaded with grapes. 
 The festival was concluded by a race on the sea- 
 shore from the temple of Bacchus to that of 
 Minerva. The victor's prize was a cup called 
 Pentaploa, because it containedyfz'd? ingredients: 
 wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil. 
 
 Oscillatio, R. A swing. The Roman swings 
 are represented having legs like a chair. 
 
 Oscilla, R. (dimin. of os, mouth or face). 
 Small images or masks, generally of Bacchus, 
 hung up in vineyards to ensure a good crop, 
 and practically useful to scare off birds from the 
 grapes. 
 
 Osculare, Osculatorium, Chr. (See Pax.) 
 
 Ossarium and Ossuarium, R. {os, a bone). A 
 sarcophagus of earthenware, stone, or marble, in 
 which the vessel containing the cremated ashes 
 of the dead was placed. 
 
 Ossature, Arch, (from the Italian ossatura, 
 skeleton). The skeleton or framework of a Gothic 
 roof or a window. In the roof, the ossature com- 
 prises the nerves, the transverse or longitudinal 
 archef>' the diagonal rib, &c. ; in a window, the 
 iron fnaming. 
 
 Osteau, Arch. An old term used to denote 
 the rose'^ilaced in the upper part of a mullioned 
 window ; it was also applied to a rosace and a 
 medallion. 
 
 Ostinati. An Italian literary academy, whose 
 device was a p)Tamid blown from all quarters 
 by the winds, with the obstinate motto, ^^Frustra" 
 (in vain). 
 
Ostium. R. A lobby inside the entrance door 
 of a Roman house, deep enough to contain a 
 small porter's lodge on one side, and leading to 
 an inner door which opened on the Atriim. 
 The street door was called Janua. (See 
 DoMrs.-) 
 
 Ostrich Eggs, Chr. The jM-actice of sus- 
 pending eggs of ostriches in churches was pro- 
 bably introduced from the East by Crusaders. 
 
 "In some churches two eggs of ostriches, and other 
 things which cause admiration, and which are rarely 
 seen, .ire acc\istomed .to be suspended : that by their 
 means the people may be drawn to church, and have 
 their minds the more aflectcd.'" (Dununiius on Sym- 
 bol! sat.) 
 
 Ostrum, R. A puiple colour used by the' 
 ancients, produced from the juice of the inurex 
 fish. 
 
 Othone. Chr. (See Stole.) 
 
 Ottone, It. Brass. - ' . 
 
 Oubliettes, Fr. Subterranean dungeons,' 
 into which prisoners were thrown to be oiiblics 
 (forgotten). The side walls, were in some cases 
 armed with strong sharp blades, -Hhich cut the 
 victims to pieces as they fell. It should be 
 mentioned that in many cases cesspools have 
 been mistaken for oubliettes. 
 
 Ouch Or Nouche, O. E. An ornament of the 
 lirooch kind ; a jewel. (Mod.) The setting of 
 a precious stone. 
 
 Oudenardes. Tapestry landscapes first made 
 at that place ; called also ' ' tapisseries de ver- 
 dure. ^^ 
 
 Ourania, Gr. (oypano, i. e. in the air). A 
 game at catch-ball. 
 
 Outline, which has no real existence in nature, 
 is defined by Aristotle as irepas a-repeov, "the 
 boundary of solid form." The only light and 
 shade used in outlines is the greater lightness or 
 darkness of the lines. 
 
 Outre, Fr. Exaggerated, fantastic, absurd. 
 
 Oval (Lat. ovum, an egg). The oval, formed 
 of a continuous curve, differs from the Ellipse, 
 which is equally broad at both ends, in 
 having one end narrower than the other, and is 
 sometimes called a false ellipse. Ovals in win- 
 dows, arches, and other parts of architecture 
 e.^ist, but are rare. 
 
 Ovatio. ,A lesser triumph distinguished from 
 Triumphus. The general entered the city on 
 foot, and dressed in the toga prajtexta of a magis- 
 trate, attended only by musicians, and knights 
 and plebeians ; and the sacrifice by which the 
 ceremony concluded was a sheep (ovis) instead of 
 a bull ; hence the word ovation. 
 
 Overstory, Arch. The Clerestory. 
 
 Overture (Fr. ouvertnre, an opening ; It. 
 sln/otiia). Instrumental music preceding an 
 opera, &c. 
 
 ftvile, R. Literally, a sheep-fold, and thence 
 an enclosure in the Campus Martius in which 
 
 each centun,' assembled before proceeding to 
 place its votes {tabell(e) in the urn (eista). It 
 was divided into compartments approached 
 through narrow piassages cMcdpontes qx ponticuli. 
 On entering, the citizens received their voting- 
 tablets {tabclhe'), and \\hen they had consulted 
 within the enclosure, they passed out by another 
 pons, at which they threw their votes into the 
 chest (cista). 
 
 Fig. 513. Ovolo or Quarter-round. 
 
 Ovolo, Arch, (from the Latin ovum), (i) A 
 convex moulding showing tiie quarter of a circle, 
 
 
 Fig. 514. Egg and dart mo.ilding. 
 
 and thence called quarter-round. (2) The echinus 
 of the Doric capital. (3) An ornament composed 
 of eggs, separated either by tongues fFig. 277) 
 or by darts (Fig. 514). (See EcHixus. ) 
 
 Ovum, Egg, R. 
 Conical egg-shaped 
 balls which were plac- 
 ed upon the spina of 
 a circus, on a stone 
 table supported by four 
 columns. (Fig. 515.) 
 There was a second 
 table at the other end 
 of the spina, on which 
 were placed small 
 marble dolphins. Ovum 
 OrphiiUiiL, or Orphic 
 egg, was the mysterious 
 symbol employed by 
 Orpheus to denote the 
 procreative principle 
 with which the whole 
 earth is pervaded. Oviun aui^uiuum was an 
 oval ball of glass worn by the Druids round 
 their neck ; so named because, as was asserted, 
 it was produced from the mingled saliva of two 
 serpents {angiies\. 
 
 Owl. With tne Athenian^ the owl was the 
 
 Fig. 515. Ovum. 
 Egg-shaped balls. 
 
240 
 
 WORDS USED IX 
 
 emblem of prudence and wisdom ; the bird of 
 Athene. In Christian art it symbolizes darkness 
 and solitude, and hence unbelief. 
 
 Ox. In Christian art the attribute of St. 
 Luke ; the emblem of the priesthood and of 
 sacrifice. In representations of the Nativity an 
 ox and an ass are commonly introduced. 
 
 Ox-gall. The bile or bitter fluid secreted by 
 the liver of the ox ; when refined it is used in 
 oil and water-colour painting to fix and thicken 
 the colours. (See Gall.) I 
 
 Oxford Ochre. An o.\ide of iron used as a 
 pigment of a brownish yellow in oil and 
 water colours. (See Ochre.) 
 
 Oxide of Zinc. A u<hite pigment which is 
 more permanent in resisting gases, than the 
 white lead. 
 
 Oxides of Copper. The pigments derived 
 from these were well known to the ancients. 
 Modem pigments are Blue Vcrditer, Brunswick 
 Green, Verdigris, and Ema-ald or Scheele's 
 Green (q-v.). 
 
 Oxybaphoi, Gr. Small cymbals in the shape 
 of vinegar-saucers. 
 
 Oxybaphon {o^vBi.(pov). A Greek term applied 
 to a bell-shaped vase with a plain foot and a 
 moulded rim, synonymous with the Latin Ace- 
 tabulum (q.v.). 
 
 Oyelet, Oylet. (See Oillets.) 
 
 Oyer and Terminer. Ancient law-French. 
 The words mean to hear atid to determine, and 
 express the authority or commission given to 
 an appointed court of justice. 
 
 P. 
 
 Packfong or Pakfong. A Chinese name for 
 Argentine, or German silver. 
 
 Paean (Gr. -naidv). A hymn to Apollo, of 
 gratitude or propitiation. It was also used 
 as a battle-song before and after an engage- 
 ment. 
 
 Paenula, R. A thick cloak with a hole 
 to put the head through ; it was furnished 
 with a hood, and was worn in travelling, or as a 
 protection against cold and rain. 
 
 Pagai, Hind. A kind of short double oar, 
 with broad ends resembling small scoops. 
 
 Paganalia, Paganales, R. A rustic festival 
 which took place yearly towards the end of 
 Januaiy or the beginning of February, seven 
 days after the Semcntivi€. It was the festival 
 of villages (fagi) and of villagers i^pagani), 
 whence its name. Sacrifices were offered in 
 honour of Proserpine, goddess of vegetation. 
 As the old religion continued to prevail in the 
 villages long after that of Christ was established 
 in the towns, the words pagan and unbeliever 
 gradually became synonymous. 
 
 Paganica (sc. pila), R. A ball covered with 
 leather and stuffed with feathers or down ; it 
 took its name from the peasants or country 
 people {pagani), who used it for playing a game 
 the nature of which is not known. 
 
 Pagina, R. (lit. a thing fastened). This 
 term, when synonymous with scheda, signifies a 
 page of paper, the page of a volume ; or else it 
 serves to denote one of the columns of writing 
 which cover a sheet of paper. 
 
 Pagoda, Mind, (i) A religious building of the 
 Hindoos. The great ancient pagodas of India are 
 
 monolithic temples he\vn out of rocky moun- 
 tains ; but the term is also applied to temples 
 built in the open air. (2) Gold coins formerly cur- 
 rent in India were called pagodas. 
 
 Pagoda-stone. A limestone containing taper- 
 ing fossil shells shaped like a Chinese pagoda 
 at the top. 
 
 Pagodite. A stone much used by the 
 Chinese for carving into pagodas and other 
 ornaments. 
 
 Pagus, R. Any lofty site in the country 
 capable of being easily turned into a fortified 
 post by means of a few siege works. The name 
 was extended to the country surrounding a for- 
 tified ^^llage ; and each of the country tribes 
 was divided by Numa into a certain number of 
 pagi._ 
 
 Paile. An old term used to denote a striped 
 cloth of floss silk manufactured at Alexandria 
 in Egj'jJt, and thence a mantle, canopy, or 
 pavilion. 
 
 Pala, It. An altar front. The Pala d'oro 
 of St. IMark's, Venice, is a celebrated specimen 
 of Byzantine art. It is of silver-gilt ornamented 
 with gems and enamels, with Greek and Latin 
 inscriptions in niello, and representations from 
 sacred artd profane history. It was originally 
 made at Constantinople in 976, but has been re- 
 paired in 1 105, in 1209, and in 1345, by which 
 it has lost much of its original character. 
 
 Pala, R. A spade, or scoop in the form of a 
 spade, and thence the Isezil of a ring. 
 
 Palaestra (iraXaiffTpa). A place for wrestling, 
 formerly part of the gymnasium. (.See Gymna- 
 sium.) 
 
Palanga. (See Phalang/E.) Hence :— 
 
 Palanquin. A covered conveyance for one 
 person, carried on the shoulders of men in In- 
 dia and China. They are often very splendidly 
 carved, and decorated with tapestry, ornamental 
 vooil.s, and inlaid-work. 
 
 Palaria, R. An exercise practised by young 
 Roman recruits, which consisted of hurling 
 javelins (//A;) against a siake (pci/its) fixed in 
 the ground. (See Pki.. ) 
 
 Pale, Gr. (irdKri). A Greek term having the 
 same meaning as LUCTA, LUCTAMEN, Lucta- 
 
 MENTUM (([.v.). 
 
 Pale, Tier. One of the ordinaries. Pale- 
 wise or In Pale, arranged vertically one above 
 the other, as the lions of England. (See Per.) 
 
 Paleste, Gv. (iraAaio-TTj, i. e. palm of the hand). 
 A lineal measure used by the Greeks equal to 
 the quarter of a foot, or a little more than three 
 inches. (See Palmus.) 
 
 Palette. "Setting the palette " is arranging 
 the colours for use. This is always done in a 
 certain order regulated by the key in which the 
 picture is to be painted. The order generally 
 recommended is to begin with white, and then 
 proceed through the yellows, reds, and blues to 
 black. The Egyptians used palettes of a long 
 rectangular form ; one side higher than the 
 other, had two or three saucers sunk in it to 
 hold cakes of colour or ink ; the other side 
 was notched to receive the calami or cut reeds 
 used as writing-pens. 
 
 Palettes or Roundels, in Armour, are round 
 plates or shields hung on the armour to defend 
 the joints of the arm, necessarily left free for 
 action. 
 
 Palilia, R. A festival in honour of Pales, 
 the goddess of shepherds and flocks ; it was 
 held on the 2 1st of April. 
 
 Palimpsest (iraAi'/u-'I'TjfToy, lit. scraped again). 
 A parchment the writing on which had been 
 erased, so that it might be used again. Monu- 
 mental brasses are found to have been re- 
 versed and used a second time. In both cases 
 the most ancient writing or inscription is gene- 
 rally the most valuable and interesting. 
 
 Palindrome (jaXiv, again, and SpJ/xoy, a 
 course). A sentence which reads the same when 
 read backwards or forwards. Such is the Greek 
 inscription on the ancient font in the chapel of 
 Duhvich College: ^^ vv^ovavoix-f\p.a}xi)p.ova.vo-i/i.v.^' 
 "Purify the heart and notthe countenance alone." 
 
 Palissy Ware. The pieces to which Palissy 
 owes his reputation, in the first place, are the 
 so-called " rustic pottery " {rustiqucs Jigulines), 
 " dishes or vases where upon a rough ground 
 strewn with fossil shells, lizards and salaman- 
 ders are running, frogs jumping, snakes crawling 
 or sleeping, or more still, in a streamlet of 
 water wriggling eels, pointed-nosed pikes, trout 
 with spotted scales, and a thousand others of 
 
 our fresh-water fishes are swimming." When 
 afterwards he worked in the capital, he did not 
 give up his rustic compositions, but mixed them 
 with the human figure. "There is an identity of 
 
 /'Ji^ 
 
 Fig. 516. Palissy Jug. 
 
 style in all his figures and compositions ; such 
 as the Diana, Plenty, &c. , framed round with 
 delicate and ingenious ornaments drawn in the 
 taste of the period." {Jaajiiemart.) 
 
 Paliurus. A thorn-bush with long sharp 
 spikes, common on the coasts of the Mediter- 
 ranean, where it is called Chrisfs thorn, because 
 it is said to have furnished material of which the 
 Crown of thorns was woven. 
 
 Palla, Gr. and R. A robe of state worn by 
 patrician ladies, and frequently represented 
 on statues of goddesses. Palla cithara'dica 
 was the name given to a long robe which 
 musicians wore upon the stage ; Apollo is often 
 represented with this garment, especially when 
 he is surnamed Citliaradiis and Mttsagetes. 
 Palla Gallica was a short garment like a 
 Tabard, open in front and behind ; it was worn 
 by the Gauls and adopted by the Romans, who 
 called it Caracalla (q.v.). 
 
 Palla Corporalis, Chr. The veil for the Pyx. 
 (See Corporal.) 
 
 Palladium, (i) An image of Pallas Athene, 
 kept carefully hidden, and revered as the safe- 
 guard of the place where it lay. The most cele- 
 brated was the Palladium of Troy, said to have been 
 
242 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 thrown from Olympus by the hand of Zeus. It 
 was about three cubits high, and represented the 
 goddess sitting with a spear in her right hand, and 
 in her left a distaff and spindle. (2) The term 
 has been applied to a metal discovered by Dr. 
 Wollaston in 1803, obtained from platinum, 
 which it resembles in colour and lustre. 
 
 Pallium (Gr. luinov). A large square 
 woollen sheet or blanket worn by the Greeks 
 over the shoulders, and fastened like the Abolla 
 round the neck with a brooch {fibula) ; it 
 formed the principal article of the amictus or 
 Greek dress. (Hence the expression to/(?//;V7/^, or 
 cloak over, an offence.) (2) Chr. A vestment be- 
 stowed by the Pope on all patriarchs and arch- 
 bishops on their accession to office as the symbol 
 of their ecclesiastical power. The material is 
 obtained from the wool of two lambs slain on 
 the Eve of St. Agnes. The modern pallium of 
 the Church is a short white cloak ornamented 
 with a red cross, which encircles the neck and 
 shoulders, and falls down the back. The pall 
 or pallium is a charge in the arms of the Sees of 
 Canterbury, Armagh, and Dublin. 
 
 Pall-mall. The ancient form of the game of 
 croquet, " wherein a round box bowle is with a 
 mallet strucke through a high arch of yron 
 standing at either end of an ally." {Coi^ravc.) 
 "This game is used at the long alley near 
 St. James's, and vulgarly called Pell-Mell. " 
 {Blojiiit's Glossary, 1681.) 
 
 Palm. The ancient classical emblem of vic- 
 tory and triumph was early assumed by the 
 Christians as the universal symbol of martyr- 
 dom. In England we understand by palm, not 
 the leaves of a palm-tree, 
 but ' ' the yelowe that grow- 
 eth on wyllowes." 
 
 Palm-leaf, Arch. An 
 architectural ornament 
 
 bearing more or less resem- 
 blance to a palm-leaf, em- 
 ployed for mouldings, and 
 for the decoration of the 
 corners of the ceilings in 
 Doric cornices ; and in an- 
 tefixa;, as crownings for 
 the pediment and as acro- 
 tcria. Figs. 516a and 516b represent palm-leaves 
 of terra-cotta. 
 
 Palmus, Gr. and R. A measure of length. 
 Of the Greek palnnis the greater {ffmOaij.^) con- 
 tained nine finger-breadths, and the less (ttoAo- 
 KTTT]) four. The greater Roman palviiis contained 
 twelve finger-breadths or about nine inches, and 
 the less four finger-breadths. The greater palvnts 
 was taken from the length of the hand or 
 span, the less from the breadth of it. 
 
 Palstave, Celt. A wedge-shaped axe used by 
 the Celtic nations in war for battering the 
 armour of the enemy. (See Fig. 255.) 
 
 Fig. 516 a. Palm leaf 
 Ornament. 
 
 Fig. 516 b. Architectural Palm-Ieaf 
 Ornament. 
 
 Paltock (mo- 
 dem paletot). 
 "A short 
 cloake with 
 sleeves," i. e. 
 a great-coat. 
 
 Paludamen- 
 tum, R. A 
 military cloak 
 \\ om over their 
 armour by the 
 L,'enerals and 
 superior of- 
 ficers of the 
 Roman army ; 
 an officer thus 
 dressed was 
 said to be 
 paliidatus. (See 
 Fig. 44.) 
 
 Palus, R. 
 {pango, to fix). 
 A stake plant- 
 ed in the earth, 
 against which 
 recruits hurled 
 their javelins (pila). The 
 mediaeval Pel (q.v. ). 
 
 Pam, O. E. The knave 
 of clubs. {Ilallhi'ell.) 
 
 Pammachium (iroMMa- 
 Xioj/). A synonym for Pan- 
 cratium (q.v.). 
 
 Panache, Her. A plume 
 of feathers set upright and 
 borne as a crest. Fig. 
 5 1 7 is from the seal of Ed- 
 ward Courtenay, A.D. 1400. 
 Panarium, R. {panis, 
 bread). A bread-basket ; 
 a pantry in which bread was 
 kept. 
 
 Panathensea, Gr. {TlavaQrivaia). Festivals of 
 Minerva Athene among the Athenians, so called 
 because they formed the festival of all the 
 peoples placed under the protection of Minerva 
 (■Kuv, all, and 'A6r]pn). There were the Greater 
 and Lesser Panathenrea ; the former being held 
 every five years, the latter every three years. 
 The procession at the Greater festival is the 
 subject of the friezes from the Parthenon now 
 in the British Museum. (See Elgin Marbles.) 
 They represent the solemn transportation of the 
 pcpliis of Athene to her temple, in which nearly 
 the whole of the population took part, on foot, 
 on horseback, or in chariots. Old men carried 
 olive-branches, young men attended in armour, 
 and maidens carried baskets of flowers. 
 
 Panaulon. An enlarged German flute with 
 sixteen finger-keys ; invented recently by Trexler 
 of Vienna. It is available as a bass to other flutes. 
 
 Fig. 517- Panache. 
 
Pancratium, R. (fromiTdv eveiy : and Kpdros 
 force). A wrestling and boxing match, in wliich 
 the combatants employed every means to disable 
 each other ; and the contest Avas continued 
 until one of the combatants owned himself 
 disabled by holding up a finger, or was killed. 
 
 Paned, O. E. Striped. 
 
 Paned Hose, lirceches formed of stripes, 
 with small panes or squares of silk or velvet. 
 (//.,/I;ur//.) 
 
 Panegyris, Egyp. (Travfiyvpti). A popular 
 festival of Egypt, to which the whole country 
 was summoned in order to celebrate the 
 thirtieth anniversary of the reigning monarch. 
 
 Panels, ^Vrch. The sunken compartments in 
 wood and stone-work; very abundant in Gothic 
 architecture as ornaments on walls, ceilings, &c. 
 After the expiration of Gothic architecture, 
 panelling in great measure ceased to be used in 
 stone-work. 
 
 Panel Picture. A painting on a board or 
 panel. 
 
 Panisci, R. (Xlavla-Koi, dimin. from Tldv). 
 Literally, small Pans, small rustic gods no bigger 
 than pigmies. 
 
 Pannetier Green. A handsome and durable 
 emerald green, prepared by a secret process by 
 its inventor, J\I. Pannetier. It is sold at a high 
 price. 
 
 Panoply {jTavoTzXia). A complete suit of 
 armour. (See Armour.) 
 
 Pantables (for Paxtofles). Slippers. 
 
 " Hee standeth upon his pantables, and regardeth 
 greatly his reputacion." {Sakcr's Narboniis, 1580.) 
 
 Pantaloon. From the Italian //(7«A7/6v;/t'(plant 
 the lion) ; the Venetian standard-bearers (of 
 the lio'i of St. Mark) being so called, who wore 
 tight hose, the name came to be given to tight 
 hose in general. In ancient pantomimes. Pan- 
 taloon was always a Venetian. (See Harle- 
 quin.) 
 
 Pantaloons, O. E. "Garments made for 
 merry-andrews, that have the breeches and 
 stockings of the same stuff, and joined together 
 as one garment." {Halli'odl.) 
 
 Panthea, Gen. (Trar-fleia). Statues or figures 
 which combine the symbols of several divinities. 
 
 Pantheon {ttuv, every, and Qfbs, god). A 
 temple dedicated to all the divinities collectively. 
 That at Rome is now a Christian church. It is 
 circular, 150 feet in height and in diameter, 
 with a domed roof. 
 
 Pantherinae, R. Panther-tables ; of wood 
 striped like the skin of a panther. (See Ti- 
 GRix.y..) 
 
 Pantobles, Pantoffles, O. E. Slippers. 
 
 Pantofles, O. E. Slippers or wooden jjattens. 
 
 Pantograph. An instrument for enlarging 
 or reducing plans and 'designs, largely used in 
 the arts, e. g. in machine embroidery. 
 
 Pantomime {-KavThs, of everything ; fufios, 
 
 mimic). Gesture and action applied, without 
 speech, to represent emotion ; hence applied 
 to the form of theatrical performance which 
 consists entirely or principally of gesture and 
 action. 
 
 Paper. (See Ciiarta.) 
 
 Papier-mache, Fr. Paper-pulp ; made by 
 compressing the pulp, or by pasting together 
 difl'crent thicknesses of paper, to the hardness 
 and consistency of wood. It is an invention of 
 the 1 8th century, and originated in snuff-boxes 
 called after their manufacturer "Martins." 
 The ])rocess has since been developed to great 
 perfection by the invention of new varnishes 
 and methods of ornament, the princi]ial of 
 which are gilding and bronzing, pearl and gem 
 inlaying, &c. (See a paper by /i. Hunt in the 
 Artjoitrnal, 1851.) 
 
 Papilio, R. (lit. a butterfly). A military 
 tent, so called because the curtains opened and 
 shut like the wings of a butterfly. 
 
 Papyrus. The paper made of the papyrus 
 plant, used by the Egyptians and other nations 
 of antiquity. T\iC Papyrus rolls on which im- 
 portant relics of Egyptian literature and art have 
 come down to us, were formed of a sheet of 
 papyrus rolled on a slender wooden cylinder. 
 They have mostly been discovered in mummy 
 cases, and contain illustrations of funeral cere- 
 monies and religious emblems relating to the 
 future of the soul. Others are historical or lite- 
 rary, and some have been discovered containing 
 caricatures and comic illustrations. (Cf. Liker.) 
 
 Parada, Celt. A tent or awning stretched 
 over the deck of a vessel, and thence a cabin 
 hung with tapestry. 
 
 Paradise or Parvise, Chr. (i) A vestibule or 
 courtyard in front of a church. The term must 
 thus, at a certain period, have been synonymous 
 with iiarthex or porch. At the present day the 
 term is applied to the open space to be found 
 in front of cathedrals or public buildings. (2) 
 The word is sometimes applied to the room 
 that is often found above church porches. (See 
 Cloister Garth.) 
 
 Paradisus (TrapaSeiiros). A Persian park or 
 pleasure-garden, enclosed within a wall, elabo- 
 rately planted and irrigated, and stocked with 
 animals for the chase. Hence the Garden of 
 Eden was so called. 
 
 Paragauda, Paragaudis, R. An embroidered 
 band of silk or gold thread sewn on to a 
 tunic. 
 
 Paraison, Fr. A term in glass, equivalent to 
 the English Metal (q.v.). 
 
 Paralus (TrapaXos). The name of an Athenian 
 state vessel, kept, like that of the Doge of Venice 
 in modern times, for state and religious cere- 
 monies. A sister vessel was named the 
 Salamini.\; they were both fast-sailing 
 triremes. 
 
244 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Paramese, Gr. (next to middle), or Trite 
 (third). The third treble note, immediately 
 above the mese, of the seven-stringed lyre. (See 
 Mese.) 
 
 Paranete, Gr. (beside the shortest). The 
 second trelile note of the seven-stringed lyre. 
 (See Mese.) 
 
 Parapet, It. (parare petto, to defend the breast). 
 A wall breast-high on a fortification, roof, or 
 other gallery. (See Crenels.) 
 
 Paraphernalia (from the Greek irapdtpipva.). 
 That which a wife brings besides her dower ; i.e. 
 her personal attire and ornament. 
 
 Parasang. A Persian measui-e of distance, 
 about 30 Greek stadia or 3| English miles. 
 
 Paratorium. (See Oblationarium. ) 
 
 Parazonium, R. (Trapa^oSi'ioj'). A short sword 
 or kind of dagger worn by the tribunes and 
 superior officers cf the Roman army attached 
 to their belt on the right side. This sword was 
 shorter than the gladius worn by the common 
 soldier on the right side. 
 
 Parchment. The finer kind of parchment 
 known as velhim is from the skins of calves, kids, 
 and dead-bom lambs. The stout parchment of 
 drum-heads is from the skin of the wolf, although 
 that of the ass or calf is sometimes used. The 
 parchment of battledores is from the skin of the 
 ass, and that used for sieves from the skin of the 
 he-goat. The green parchment used in book- 
 binding is coloured by means of Verdigris. (See 
 Liber. ) The name comes from the Latin 
 Pergamentum. Eumenes, King of Pergamus, 
 has the honour of the invention. 
 
 Parentales, Parentalia, R. Festivals, also 
 called Febriiales, which were held by the Romans 
 in honour of deceased ancestors. 
 
 Pargetting, Parge-work, O. E. In Archi- 
 tecture, an old term for the ornamental plaster- 
 work common on the outside walls of timber- 
 built houses of Queen Elizabeth's and earlier 
 periods. 
 
 Parhypate, Gr. (beside the longest). The 
 second bass note of the seven-stringed lyre 
 (See Mese.) 
 
 Parian Chronicle. A slab of Parian marble, 
 among the so-called Arundel Marbles in the 
 University of Oxford, containing a chronological 
 record of Greek history from B.C. 1582 to B.C. 
 264. 
 
 Parian Marble from the island cf Paros was 
 of extremely fine grain, easy to work, and of a 
 creamy white. The marble rnnv called Parian 
 has a coarse sparkling grain, which, however, 
 takes a high finish. (^Rcdford, Ancietit Sculp- 
 ture.) 
 
 Paries, R. The wall of a house or any build- 
 ing, in contradistinction to vmrtts, vmri, which 
 denoted the walls of a city. 
 
 Paris Black. A name for IvoRY Black 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Paris Blue. A very handsome dark violet- 
 blue pigment. " Its great qualities of body and 
 intensity of coloration will always ensure it a 
 large sale ; moreover, its mixture with chrome 
 yellow produces a fine greai-ciiniabar or leaf- 
 grccn." (Habich.) 
 
 Paris Lake. (See Carminated Lakes.) 
 
 Parlour (Lat. parlatorinm). (i) The old 
 " speke-house " in a convent for inmates to 
 speak with their friends. (2) Any private 
 room. 
 
 Parma, R. (ttopm')). A shield, usually of 
 circular form, carried in the Roman anny by 
 the light-armed troops or light infantry (^jelites) 
 and the ca^'ally {eqiiitcs']. The parina thraci- 
 dicaused by the class of gladiators called T/iraces 
 was not round, but in the form of a small 
 Scutum (q.v.). 
 
 Parquet. French flooring of inlaid wood- 
 work. 
 
 Parsley, Arch. In eveiy period, but especially 
 in Romano- Byzantine and Gothic art, parsley- 
 leaves have been abundantly made use of in 
 architectural decoration. 
 
 Parthenon. The famous temple of Minerva 
 in the Acropolis at Athens. The finest 
 example of the Grecian-Doric style of ar- 
 chitecture ; built by Pheidias, 454 — 43S B.C. 
 Fergusson says, "For beauty of detail, and for 
 the exquisite perception of the highest and most 
 recondite principles of art ever applied to archi- 
 tecture, it stands utterly and entirely alone and 
 unrivalled — the glory of Greece. " {Hist, of 
 Architecture.') The celebrated frieze, 525 feet in 
 length, ran all round the outer wall of the cella 
 close up to the ceiling. The best work on the 
 Parthenon sculptures is by Michaelis (Der Par- 
 ///^;w;/, Leipzig, 1871). (See Elgin Marbles.) 
 
 Partisan, O. E. A knrd of short pike, intro- 
 duced temp. Edward III. 
 
 Partlet, O. E. A ruff. " A maydens necker- 
 chefe or lynnen parlette." 
 
 Party, Parted, Her. Divided. (See Per.) 
 
 Parvise. (See Paradise.) 
 
 Paschal Taper, Chr. A large wax-candle 
 which was consecrated during the service on 
 Easter Eve, and lighted on Sundays from 
 Easter to Whitsuntide, with five grains of in- 
 cense attached to it to indicate the five mova- 
 ble feasts of the year. 
 
 Pasquinade, It. A lampoon ; so called from 
 Fasqiiiiio, an Italian barber at Rome, whose door 
 was opposite to the statue of a gladiator on which 
 such satirical writings were posted. 
 
 Passamen, O. E. A kind of lace. (Hall.) 
 
 Passant, Her. Walking and looking for- 
 ward. Passant gtiardaiit, walking and looking 
 out from the shield ; passant regiiardant, 
 walking and looking back ; passant 7-epassa)it, 
 walking in opposite directions. (Fig. 518, 
 5I9-) 
 
Passe-partout, Fr. A light picture-frame 
 of cardboard, having the inner edges generally 
 gilt. 
 
 Passementerie, Fr. Trimming, lace, or tape 
 of gold, silver, lace, or thread. 
 
 Fig. 518. Passant. 
 
 Fig. 519. Passant guardant. 
 
 Passion, Instruments of the — a frequent 
 subject in ecclesiastical decoration of the Middle 
 Ages — are, the Pitcher from which Jesus 
 poured water ; the Towel — represented as 
 hanging on a ring — wherewith He wiped the 
 Apostles' feet ; the Two Swords which they 
 showed Him, when He said, " It is enough ;" 
 the Ear of Malchus ; St. Peter's Sword, 
 represented as a small falchion; the Post to 
 which the Saviour was bound ; the Scourge ; 
 the Crown of Thorns ; the Reed wherewith 
 He was smitten on the head ; the Cross ; the 
 Ladder ; the Nails ; the Spear of Longinus, 
 crossed by the Reed with the Sponge ; the 
 Fire at which St. Peter warmed himself; the 
 Cock ; the Pincers, and a Heart pierced 
 with five wounds. 
 
 Passus, R. A pace, from the point where the 
 heel leaves the ground, to where the same 
 heel is set down ; five Roman feet. Milk pas- 
 sjitim, or a thousand such paces, formed the 
 Roman mile. 
 
 Pasta Verde, It. Sap-green; a vegetable 
 green pigment prepared from the berries of the 
 buckthorn. 
 
 Pastel. The French name for coloured 
 crayons. Pastel-painting was much used for 
 portraits in the beginning of the 19th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Pasticcio, It. An imitation of the style of 
 another painter in an independent design. 
 
 Pastophori, Gr.andEgyp.(7ra(rTo-(popof). Priests 
 who, at certain ceremonies, carried small shrines 
 (i/aos) containing the image of a deity, which 
 were hidden from the eyes of the crowd by a 
 veil of different colours called -naa-rbs, whence 
 ■naaTov (pepeiv (to carry the fastos), the term 
 applied to the priests who performed this duty. 
 The keepers of the temple were also so 
 called. 
 
 Pastophoria, Chr. Small apses flanking the 
 principal apse in a basilica, in whicli the con- 
 secrated bread was kept. 
 
 Pastoral 
 
 Staff, Chr. 
 The pedum 
 of antiquity 
 and emblem 
 of a bishop's 
 pastoral re- 
 sponsibility is 
 distinct from 
 the Crozier 
 (q.v.) of an 
 archbishop, 
 and has a 
 crook head. 
 Pastouraux, 
 C u b i c a 1 
 stones, usu- 
 ally of two 
 c o 1 o u r s, 
 applied in 
 the orna- 
 mentation of 
 Romano-By- 
 zantine ar- 
 architecture. 
 Patagium, 
 R. A band 
 of purple, or- 
 with gold or- 
 naments or 
 e m broidery, 
 which was 
 placed round 
 the neck and down the front of a woman's tunic 
 {tunica mulichris). 
 
 Patee or Pattee, Her. A small cross with 
 the arms widening towards the ends. 
 Patella. Diminutive of Patera (q.v.). 
 Patena, R. and Chr. A manger of wood, 
 stone, or marble for holding food for horses ; 
 when it was divided into several compartments, 
 these were called loculL (See LocuLUS.) In 
 Christian archreology, patena was the term 
 applied to a small plate of gold or silver, used 
 in the celebration of mass to cover over the 
 chalice, and to hold the pieces of the host after 
 it has been broken by the priest. 
 Patent Yellow. (See Turner's Yellow.) 
 Patera, dimin. Patella ((piaK-n). Flat plates 
 or dishes for holding fluids for domestic use, 
 and wine for libations in the sacrifices. The 
 common kinds were of red earthenware, orna- 
 mented with designs in black. Others were of 
 bronze or silver, often richly decorated with 
 chasing, &c. (Compare Patina.) In Archi- 
 tecture, a great variety of flat ornaments used in 
 all styles of architecture are improperly called 
 patera, the word applying properly to cir- 
 cular ornaments resembling the classical dish 
 often found on friezes of classical architec- 
 ture. (Fig. 521, 522.) 
 
 Fig. 520. Bishop's Pastoral Staff. 
 
246 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 I ij;. 521. Patera. 
 
 Fig. 522. Side viuw , .showing the depth of the patera. 
 
 Paternosters or Bead-ornament, (i ) A rosary. 
 (2) Architectural ornanients in the form of 
 
 (L 
 
 CX^AwCXXJCJkXJ 
 
 Fig. 523. Paternosters. 
 
 berries or beads (Fig. 523), -which decorate 
 bands or other mouldings, and which often 
 occur above ovolos. 
 
 Patibulum, R. An instrument of punish- 
 ment in the form of a forlc (furca), between the 
 prongs of which the criminal's neck was placed. 
 His hands were fastened to the prongs of the 
 fork, and in this condition {patilmlatus) he was 
 flogged through the city. The name oi paiilnduni, 
 or crux patilmla7-ia, was also given to a cross to 
 which criminals were nailed. 
 
 Patina. The rust of antiquity found on 
 bronzes and coins ; it cannot be removed by 
 rubbing or wetting it. It varies with the nature 
 of the soil, and in some cases the surface ac- 
 quires the smoothness and colour of malachite. 
 
 Patina, R. An earthenware vessel, used gene- 
 rally for cookery. It was deeper than the 
 patera, but less deep than the olla. 
 
 Patonce, Ilcr. A variety of the heraldic 
 cross. 
 
 Patriarchal, Her. A variety of the heraldic 
 cross, with a short cross-bar on the upper limb. 
 
 Patrick, Order of 
 St., indicated by the 
 letters K.P., was in- 
 stituted by George III. 
 in 1783. The badge 
 or jewel is of gold 
 enamelled and oval in 
 form, and is worn sus- 
 pended from a collar 
 formed of alternate 
 roses and harps, or 
 from a broad sky-blue 
 ribbon. 
 
 Patten, Fr. (i) A 
 woman's clog. (2) 
 The base of a column. 
 Patulous. Spread- 
 ing. 
 Paul Veronese Green. 
 An arscnite or arseniate of copper. A fine and 
 durable colour, used either lor oil or Avater- 
 colour painting. (See EMERALD Green.) 
 
 Pavilion. Arch. A projecting apartment, 
 usually with a dome or turret. 
 
 Fig. 524. fSadge of 
 "St. Patrick. 
 
 
 Fig. 525. Pavimentum (sectile). 
 
 Fig. 526. Pavimentum (sectile). 
 
 Pavimentum, R. A pavement formed by 
 means of pieces of tile, crushed stones, flints, 
 and other materials set in a bed of ashes or 
 cement, and consolidated by beating down with 
 the rammer (paviciila), whence its name o( paz'i- 
 vtciitum. There were various kinds oi pavimejifa : 
 the secf/k (Figs. 525, 526), the tesseUatu7n or 
 icsseris striictuni, the vervi'ujilatitm, the saclplu- 
 ratuDi, and the icstaceiiin, &c. 
 
Pavo. (See Peacock.) 
 
 Pavonaceum (sc. opus), R. An arrange- 
 ment of materials placed so as to overlap one 
 another, and bearing more or less resemblance 
 to the feathers in a peacock's tail. 
 
 Pavonine. Coloured like a peacock's tail. 
 
 Pax, Paxboard, Chr. A representation of 
 the Crucilixiiin upon a piece of wood or metal, 
 with a hamlle at the back. It was kissed 
 by the priest in the mass at the words '■'■ Pax 
 Domini sit sciitt'er z'ol'iscum" and afterwards 
 passed roimd to be kissed by the congregation. 
 It was also spelt Paxbrede. Also called Oscui.A- 
 
 TOKIUM. 
 
 Peach-stone Black, prepared from calcined 
 stones of fruits, is a handsome colour, but has a 
 reddish tinge. Ground with oil and white lead, 
 the colour called old i^ray is obtained. 
 
 Peacock, R. and Chr. In antiquity the 
 peacock was sacred to Juno, and is called 
 Junonia avis. It is represented on Roman im- 
 perial coins bearing the empresses up to heaven, 
 as the eagle does the emperors ; and hence in 
 Christian archeology is the symbol of the re- 
 surrection. (Her., see Fig. 398, In Pride.) 
 
 Pea-green. (See Chrysocolla.) 
 
 Pean, Her. One of the furs ; represented in 
 gold spots on a black ground. 
 
 Pean or Paean. A song or shout of triumph. 
 
 Pearl. A secretion of the mollusc ; in its 
 normal development a thickening of the shell, 
 which supplies viollier-of-pearl ; abnormally, 
 forming globules for the purpose of encysting 
 foreign substances intruded within the shell, 
 which are the precious pearls used in jewellery. 
 
 Pearl, in Chinese the emblem of talent, is 
 put by the Chinese on porcelains destined for 
 rewards of poets and other laiiirati in China. 
 
 Pebble. A name given by lapidaries to 
 many different stones. 
 
 Pechblende or Pech-urane, Germ. An ore of 
 uranium and iron, used in porcelain painting and 
 glass, producing a handsome greenish-yellow 
 pigment. 
 
 Pecten, Egyp. and R. {pecto, to comb), (i) A 
 comb for the hair ; among the Egyptians and 
 Romans they were made of boxwood or ivorj-. 
 (See Comb.) (2) A weaver's comb for pressing 
 the threads of the web firmly together. (3) A 
 comb for carding flax or wool. (4) A reaper's 
 "comb," used in several countries, especially 
 Gaul, instead of a sickle, for plucking the ears 
 of wheat from the stalk. (5) A haymaker's 
 rake, (S;c. 
 
 Pectinated. Having teeth like a comb. 
 
 Pectoral, Gen. {pectus, the breast). A plate 
 forming the front of a cuirass, and thus covering 
 the chest. 
 
 Peculium, R. Property or earnings which a 
 slave or a filius fainilias was permittetl to 
 acquire and consider as his own, although in 
 
 strict law it belonged to the master or father. 
 The slave was sometimes allowed by agreement 
 to use this peculium for the purpose of pur- 
 chasing his liberty. 
 
 Pecunia, R. Money ; so called from pecus, 
 a herd of cattle, Man's primitive medium of ex- 
 change. 
 
 Pedal. In Music, a passage where the harmony 
 moves upon a sustained sound, which is either 
 the dominant or the tonic of the key. 
 
 Pede-cloth, Chr. A carj-iet laid on the space 
 between the altar and the rails. 
 
 Pedestal, Gen. The 
 base of a structure ; 
 the base supporting a 
 statue, group, or mo- 
 numental column. A 
 pedestal has three 
 parts : the base or foot 
 next the ground, the 
 dado or die forming the 
 centre, and the cornice 
 or surbase mouldings at 
 the top. Fig. 527 re- 
 presents a half-section 
 of the base of Trajan's 
 column at Rome ; Fig. 
 528 a half-section of 
 the base of the column 
 dedicated to Antoninus 
 Pius, and preserved in 
 the Pio Clementino 
 Museum at Rome ; 
 lastly, Fig. 529 gives a 
 part of the pedestal 
 or base of the Pan- 
 drosium at Athens ; 
 when, however, pedes- 
 tals support caryatides 
 or columns, they are 
 more commonly called 
 Stylobates (q.v. ). 
 
 Pedica, R. (i) A 
 snare by which an ani- 
 mal is caught by the 
 foot (pes). (2) Fetters 
 or irons worn on the 
 feet by slaves. 
 
 Pediculated, Arch. 
 Sustained or supported 
 by a Pedicule (q.v.). 
 Pedicule, Arch. A 
 small pillar which 
 serves as a support to 
 anything ; whence the 
 expressions mofiopedi- 
 culated (with a single 
 pedicule) (Fig. 387), 
 and poly pediculated 
 (with several pedi- 
 cules). 
 
 i'iK. 527. Pedestal of 
 Trajan's Column. 
 
 mM':i'/Mmmiih 
 
 Fig. 528. Pedestal. 
 
 of Column of 
 
 Antoninus Pius. 
 
248 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Pediluvium. (See 
 
 AliU TlUNS.) 
 
 Pediment, Arch. 
 The triangular crown- 
 ing of a portico, usu- 
 ally supported by a 
 row of columns. (Fig. 
 26.) The temples of 
 antiquity generally had 
 two pediments, one on 
 each face. The inner 
 part of the pediment 
 is called the Tym- 
 panum (q.v.). 
 
 Pedum, Gen. {,pes, 
 afoot). A shepherd's 
 crook, or curved stick for 
 catching goats or sheep 
 by the leg. Fauns and satyrs are often represented 
 carrying the pastoral crook, and it is the attri- 
 bute of Thalia, as the muse of pastoral poetry. 
 (See under Peplum.) In Egyptian archaeology 
 it is a symbol of authority, and is frequently 
 to be seen in the hands of Osiris and the 
 Pharaohs ; the Egj'ptian term for it is hyq. (Cf. 
 Hycsos.) In early Christian art it is an attri- 
 bute of Our Lord as the Good Shepherd. Repre- 
 sentations of the pedum are of frequent occur- 
 rence in the catacomb paintings. (See Pastoral 
 Staff.) 
 
 Fig. 529. Pedestal of the 
 Androsium at Athens. 
 
 f'g- 530' Pegasus. Device of Cardinal Rembo. 
 
 _ sus. A horse with wings ; emblem 
 of fame, eloquence, poetic study, \an(l contem- 
 plation. A bronze medal of Cardinal Bcmbo, 
 the great Italian author of the 16th century, in 
 
 the Museum at South Kensington, shows his 
 device given above. (Fig. 530.) 
 
 Pegma, R. (tt^^mo, i.e. a thing fastened). 
 ( l) This term denotes generally anything made of a 
 number of boards joined together. (2) In a more 
 restricted sense it means a theatrical machine 
 of several stages {tabiilatd) , one above the other, 
 which could be raised or lowered by balance 
 weights. On such stages gladiators called pe£-- 
 7/iares fought in the amphitheatres, and battles 
 and other scenes were represented. When they 
 were used in sacrifices, the victim was slaughtered 
 in an upper stage and the priest stood in one 
 under the ground, and was afterwards brought 
 up to be shown to the people with the blood 
 of the victim upon him. In theatres similar 
 pegmata were employed for the purpose of 
 changing the scenery. (3) Lastly the term was 
 used to denote any kind of wooden furniture 
 or joinery in a house, such as shelves, side- 
 boards, bookcases, &c. 
 
 Pegola, It. Greek pitch ; boiled resin for 
 varnishes. 
 
 Pel, O. E. (Lat. fahts). A post, six feet in 
 height, set firmly in the ground, to be hewn at 
 with sword or mace for exercise. The weapons 
 were double the ordinary weight, and the 
 swordsman had to cover himself from imaginary 
 blows in return with a shield, called ^fan, also 
 of double weight. (See Quintain.) (Consult 
 RIcyrick, vol. i. 145.) The pel was in the same 
 way set up as a mark to throw spears at, and for 
 archery practice- 
 
 Pelecinon, Gr. A sun-dial so called because 
 it ended in a "dove-tail " [iTiKiKlvos). 
 
 Pelican tearing open her breast to feed her 
 young with her own blood w^as an early symbol 
 of the Redemption and of the virtue of Charity. 
 As a device it was borne by William of Orange, 
 with the appropriate motto '■'■ Pre lege, grcge et 
 
 t'g' 531 • A Pelican in its piety. 
 
 n'^6'" (for the law, the peojile, and the king); 
 a slight modification of thijt of Alphonso the 
 
Wise. (Fig. 531.) It is descrihcd in Heraldry 
 as '■'■ a pelican in its piety P 
 
 Pelisse (from pellis, a skin). A robe made of 
 fur. 
 
 Pellet, Her. A black roundle. 
 
 Pellicatus, R. {pellis, a skin). Literally, 
 covered with skin. The term was specially 
 applied to earthenware vessels which were 
 covered over with skin in order to keep the 
 provisions they held fresh. 
 
 Pellitus, R. (pellis, skin). Clothed by means 
 of skins; dressed in furs. 
 
 Pelluvia, Pelluvium, R. (pes, a foot, and Ino, 
 to wash). A basin in which the feet were 
 washed, in contradistinction to the vessel called 
 mallttz'ium. 
 
 Pelta, Gr. (7re\TTj). A small shield made of 
 some light material, such as wood or wicker- 
 work, and covered with leather. In shape it 
 was sometimes elliptical, but more often cut away 
 at the top, so that at that part it resembled a 
 crescent. (Compare Clii'eus.) 
 
 Pelvis, R. A general term used in ancient 
 times to denote any kind of circular-shaped 
 vessel. The term corresponded to the Greek 
 TreAt/ca. 
 
 Penates {penns, food). Household gods who 
 were believed by th-^ ancients to be the be- 
 stowers of all the worldly blessings enjoyed by 
 a family. 
 
 Pencil. A collection of rays of light con- 
 verging to a point is so called. 
 
 Pendant. In Heraldry, drooping. 
 
 Pendant Key-stone. A synonym of Pen- 
 DENTiVE. (See this word and FuRCA.) 
 
 Pendants, Arch. Ornaments hanging down 
 from the ceilings and roofs of Gothic architec- 
 ture. Generally, a pair of pictures or statues 
 appropriate to each other are called pendant 
 each of the other. 
 
 Pendentives, Arch. In a spherical roof inter- 
 sected with groined compartments, the term 
 pendentives was applied to the surfaces included 
 between such compartments. The same term 
 is applied to the surfaces included in the angles 
 formed by a groined vaulting at its spring. 
 
 Penetrale, R. An inner apartment. (Cf. 
 Adytum.) 
 
 Penicillum, Penicillus, R. {penis, a tail). 
 (Gr. vrroypa(pLs.) A painter's pencil or brush. 
 The brashes of the ancients were made either 
 with hair or a kind of seaweed or sponge. 
 
 Peniculus. Synonym of Penicillu.m. 
 
 Penna, R. A quill, a large and strong feather, 
 in contradistinction to plnwa, which denotes the 
 small feathers spread over a bird's body ; and 
 thence a writing-pen, which was used instead of 
 the arundo or calamus. 
 
 Penna, Med. During the Middle Ages this 
 tenn was used to denote the battlements of a 
 castle wall, and thence the castle itself. 
 
 Fig. 532. Pennon. 
 
 Pennon, Her. An 
 armorial lance-llag, 
 pointctl or swallow- 
 tailed at the fly, 
 borne by knights. 
 
 Pentachord. Any 
 musical instrument 
 having five strings ; 
 a system of five 
 sounds. 
 
 Pentacle (It. 
 pentacolo). A talis- 
 man ; a figure 
 formed of two 
 triangles, intersect- 
 ing so as to form a six-pointed star. A frequent 
 object in early ornamental art. 
 
 Pentagon. A figiue of five sides and five angles. 
 
 Pentagraph. A mechanism contrived to 
 
 facilitate the copying of drawings on a different 
 
 scale, invented by Christopher Scheiner, a 
 
 Suabian Jesuit, in the i6th century. 
 
 Pentahedron. A solid figure having five equal 
 sides. 
 
 Pentalpha. The pentacle was so called. 
 "A star of five points, composed of five A's interlaced, 
 was formerly made by physicians the symbol of health, 
 under the name of Pentalpha." {J\Icnestr!er.) 
 
 Pentaptych. An altar painting of five or 
 more leaves. (See DiPTYCH.) 
 
 Pentaspastos, Gr. (iro^Ta-o-TratrToj). A kind of 
 pulley, the block of which contains a system of 
 five pulleys {orhicnli). This engine was em- 
 ployed to lift great weights. 
 
 Pentastyle, Arch. A portico of five columns. 
 
 Pentathlon, Gr. Greek games similar to the 
 QuiNQUEKTiu.M (q.v.) of the Romans, fre- 
 quently represented on ancient vases. 
 
 Pentelic Marble from a mountain of that 
 name near Athens, of which the Parthenon and 
 other temples are built, has a beautiful luarin 
 yellowish tone, comparable to ivory. All the 
 Athenian statues are of this marble. 
 
 Penteloris. (See Paragauda. ) 
 
 Pent-roof, Arch. A roof sloping only from one 
 side ; lience a pent-house for a house or shed 
 covered by such a roof. 
 
 Penula' (See P.4i;NUi,A.) 
 
 Penumbra (Lat. pene, almost, and tinibra, 
 shade). The part of a picture where the light 
 and shade blend together. 
 
 Peperino, It. (pcpe, pepper). A pepper- 
 coloured building-stone much used in the con- 
 struction of ancient Rome, formerly called Lapis 
 Albanus. 
 
 Peplum and Peplus, Gr. {irewXov and TTfTrAos). 
 The robe peculiarly proper to Minerva. (See Pan- 
 ATHEN.E.v.) A large full robe or shawl worn by 
 women, corresponding to the hiniation ox pallium 
 of the men. On occasions of funerals or weddings 
 this shawl was thrown over the head as a veil. 
 
250 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 The choicest productions of the loom in anti- 
 quity weve fie/i/i ; and the most splendid dyes, 
 and curious workmanship, and skilful designs 
 were lavished ujron their manufacture. They 
 were a common form of offering to the treasures 
 of the temples. A fine statue in the British 
 Museum represents the Muse Thalia wearing 
 ihepe/>/os and chilon, and holding the pastoral 
 /^(////;/ in her hand. (Fig. 533.) 
 
 !•"'?• 533- Thalia, the Muse of Comedy. 
 Wearing the chiton and peploz. 
 
 Per, Her. In blazoning the divisions of a 
 shield the term "/''''." signifying " by" or "by 
 means of," is employed sometimes alone, and 
 sometimes (having the same signification) with 
 the word " party " or " parted." The following 
 are the primary divisions of a shield : — Fig. <?, 
 
 Per Pale, or Parted per Pale, or Party per Pale ; 
 Fig. /', Per Fes se or Pa7-ted per Fesse ; Fig. c. 
 Per Cross or Quarterly {Per Pale and Per Fesse 
 together); Fig. d, Per Bend ; Y'lg. c. Per Bend 
 Sinister ; Fig. /, Per Saltire {Per Bend and 
 Per Bend Sinister) ; Fig. g, Per Chevron ; Fig. 
 h. Per Tieree or Tiereee (divided into three 
 equal divisions by two vertical lines). (Boiitell.) 
 
 / s h 
 
 Divisions of the heraldic shield. 
 
 Pera, R. (ir-ripa). A wallet or haversack of 
 leather or hide, which was carried, slung over the 
 shoulder, by travellers, peasant.s, and beggars. 
 The Cynic philosophers, anticipating the frater- 
 nity of the GuEUX, adopted the M^allet as a 
 distinctive part of their costume. 
 
 Pergula, R. (pergere, to continue on). Gene- 
 rally, any construction added to another beyond 
 the original plan, generally in the way of a 
 lean-to ; e. g. a balcony built over the colon- 
 nades of a forum, or a gallery placed on a 
 house-top ; a room in which paintings were e.x- 
 hibited ; a lecture-room, &c. 
 
 Periactos, R. {irepl-aKTos, i.e. that turns 
 round). A theatrical machine used by the 
 ancients ; it was of very simple construction, 
 being formed of three frames arranged so as to 
 form a triangidar prism, on each face of which a 
 different scene was painted. At each side of 
 the stage there was a periactos which turned on 
 pivots as required, so as to admit of a rapid 
 change of scene. 
 
 Periapts, O. E. Charms worn about the 
 neck. {Sliakspcare.) 
 
 Peribole, Gr. and R. {irepiPoK^, an enclosing). 
 The sacred enclosure of a temple, which was 
 in some instances of sufficient size to contain 
 not only altars and statues of the god, but 
 shrines and a sacred wood. In Christian archi- 
 tecture the word was used for the wall of 
 enclosure of the choir, &c. 
 
 Peridot, Fr. A yellow gem suj^jiosed to be 
 the tcpa: of the ancients. 
 
 Peridrome, dr. and R. (irepi-Spofx^, a running- 
 round). A gallery or covered promenade which 
 ran round a temple or other building. 
 
ART AND ARCII/EOLoen- 
 
 251 
 
 Perigee. Near tlic cailli ; figuratively " at its 
 lowest." 
 
 Perihelion. Near tlic ■^wn ; Jigurativcly '^ Vii 
 its higliost." 
 
 Perimeter. The outline of a rectilinear figure. 
 
 Peripatetics. Disciples of Aristotle, who 
 icalkcd about during his lectures in the Lyceum 
 at Athens. 
 
 Peripetasma {irepi-TrfTafffia). A general term 
 including anything that is flat and hung up or 
 spread out, such as a covering, tapestry, hang- 
 ings, curtains, <S:c. 
 
 Periphery, Gr. and R. {irepi-(pfp€ia). (i) The 
 circumference of a curvilinear figure. (2) Orna- 
 ments in relief executed on the sides of vases, 
 mnning round them. (See CuusnE.) 
 
 Periptery, Arch, {inpi- 
 
 c='^—^ ^ ^ - TTxepor, lit. with wings 
 
 %i^"^i^ around). A huilding sur- 
 
 M L rounded by columns at 
 
 ■ I equal distances one from 
 4 7 V the other ; the distance be- 
 
 ■ fc' tween the wall of enclosure 
 
 ■ ■ : and the colonnade being 
 ^iB iM%| I equal to that between the 
 
 columns. Peripteral temples 
 are distinguished as wo- 
 iiopteral, or those with a 
 single row of columns ; 
 dipteral, those with two 
 rows ; pseudo-dipteral, or 
 buildings with one row of 
 columns standing apart 
 and one embedded ; lastly, 
 pseudo-peripteral (Fig. 535), or buildings whose 
 columns are embedded in the wall. 
 
 Periscelis, Cir. (Trepi-o-K-eAis). (i) An anklet 
 worn by Oriental and Greek women, and less 
 frequently by Roman ladies also. (2) The word 
 is sometimes used iorfeminalia (q.v.). 
 
 Peristerium, Chr. A kind of canopy sur- 
 rounding the sacred vessels containing the host. 
 The eucharistic doves are called /t';7.f/(?;-(?. 
 
 Peristroma, R. {inpi-aTpoifxa). In gener.al, 
 anything used as a covering, in especial that 
 which is spread over a bed, and thence curtains, 
 carpets, or hangings. 
 
 Peristyle, Arch. [irspi-ffTvAov). A building 
 the ////tvw;- of which is surrounded with columns, 
 the opposite of Peripteros ; a building may, 
 however, be peripteral and yet possess a peristyle. 
 The term is also a Greek name for the Atrium. 
 Perivalium, Med. A Latin word used 
 in the Middle Ages to denote the choir of a 
 church, or the .'^talJs of the choir. 
 Permanent White. (.See Constant White. ) 
 Pero, R. A tall boot reaching to the calf, 
 made of untanncd leather with the fur on. worn 
 by shepherds and agricultural labourers, and 
 still common in Italian villages. 
 Perogue. (See riROOUi:.) 
 
 Fig- 535- Ground-plan 
 of a psciido-pcriptcral 
 temple. 
 
 Perpend-stone, Arch. .\ large stone reach- 
 ing through the wall, visible (111 iioth sides. 
 
 Perpendicular Style of Architecture. The 
 third and last of the pointed or Clolhic styles of 
 architecture used in England. It was developeil 
 from the Decorated during the latter part of the 
 14th century, and continued in use till the 
 middle of the i6th, when it gave way to the 
 style called ]'',Li/,AnETiL\N. it is peculiar to 
 England. Its chief characteristics are a general 
 prevalence of perpendicular lines, panelling of 
 flat surfaces, and the multiplicity of small shafts 
 with which the piers, &c. , are overlaid. 
 
 Perron, Arch. A staircase, or ilight of steps, 
 outside a buikling. 
 
 Perse, Fr. Lliintz. 
 
 Fig. 536. Persian Bowl. 
 
 Fig. 537. Flask. Persian. 
 
252 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 ^y^i^^t^E^^^e^^^^WA^WA 
 
 7^'/^ 
 
 
 Fig. 538. Persian Plaque, with polychrome decoration. 
 
 A thin inferior silk used for lining 
 Persiennes). Venetian 
 
 Persian. 
 garments. 
 
 Persian Blinds (Fr. 
 blinds. 
 
 Persian Pottery. The illustrations (from 
 Jacquemart's History of the Ceramic Art) are 
 (Fig. 536) a bowl of soft porcelain, blue ex- 
 ternally and decorated with abundant vegetation 
 and fantastic birds with peacocks' tails ; (Fig. 
 537) a flask, also of soft porcelain, charac- 
 terized by a blackish-blue scroll encircling 
 the principal subject; and (Fig. 538) a faience 
 tile which J\I. Jacquemart considers pure Mo- 
 hammedan art, is very interesting for the sub- 
 ject that it represents — the caaba or sacred 
 mosque of Mecca, the object of the Moham- 
 luedan pilgrimage. (Consult Souvenir <fnn 
 voyai^e en J'erse, Coviie de Kochchouart.) 
 
 Persian Red. (See Indian Red.) 
 
 Persiana, It. (i) A silk with a pattern of 
 large flowers. (2) Venetian blinds ; Persiennes. 
 
 Persians, Gr. and R.(7r€p(rtKa). Columns the 
 shafts of which consist of figures of Persian 
 slaves ; they are also known as Persian columns. 
 
 great blocks of 
 
 and 6 feet in thickness. 
 
 richly ornamented, the 
 
 Vi^ 
 
 Fig. 539. Persona comica, 
 
 Persona, Gr. and R. A 
 mask worn by actors upon 
 the stage ; there wore persona: 
 tragica;, comicce (Fig. 539)» 
 mutcc, &c., that is, masks for 
 tragic, comic, or mute per- 
 sons, &c. The custom is at- 
 tributed to that of smearing 
 the face with certain juices 
 and colours, and appearing 
 in disguise at the festivals of 
 Dionysus ; and is probably as 
 old as the drama itself. 
 
 Perspective. The art of re- 
 presenting on a flat surface 
 the appearance of objects 
 from one given point of view. 
 Linear perspective \'i the science 
 by which the principles of 
 geometry are applied in this art. 
 (See Aerial and Isometri- 
 CAL Perspective.) 
 
 Pertica, R. A rod, pole, or 
 stick ; a foot, or measure of 
 length divided into twelve 
 inches (imcice) and sixteen 
 fingers (digiti). 
 
 Perticae, Chr. In mediaeval 
 architecture, beams behind 
 the altar in a church, from 
 which relics were suspended 
 on days of festival. 
 
 Peruque. (See Wigs.) 
 Peruvian Architecture. 
 The Peruvian temples and 
 palaces were generally low 
 and spacious, constructed of 
 stone often 3S feet by 18 
 The interiors were 
 sides of the apart- 
 ments being thickly 
 studded with gold and 
 silver. Niches in the 
 walls were filled with 
 images of plants and 
 animals, also of the 
 ]^recious metals. The 
 Western wall of the 
 ii-mple was placed 
 lu receive the first 
 rays of the rising sun 
 upon a statue of the 
 god engraved on a 
 plate of gold and 
 thickly studded with 
 emeralds and pre- 
 ciou> stones. 
 
 Pes, R. A foot ; 
 the standard mea- 
 sure of length, com- 
 posed of 12 uncics or 
 
indies, or i6 (iigili,fii!ger-l>n-adlhs. It equalled 
 1 1 "6496 inches English. 
 
 Pesante, It. A weight = half a drachm. 
 
 Fig. 540. Vase of Pesaro Ware. 
 
 Pesaro Ware. The particular characteristic 
 of the mother-of-pearl majolica of Pesaro is a 
 pale, limpid yellow, associated with a pure blue; 
 under the effect of luminous rays these colours 
 become animated and shootout in pencils of red, 
 golden yellow, green, and blue of remarkable 
 intensity, (jacqiicinart.) (Fig. 540.) 
 
 Peseta, Sp. A silver coin, about the fourth 
 of a Mexican dollar; about lohi. 
 
 Pesillo, It. Small scales used for weighing 
 gold and silver, and gems. 
 
 Pessi (Gr. ireircrof). Draughts. (See Latrun- 
 Cl'LI.) 
 
 Pessulus, R. A bolt for a door. 
 
 Petasus, Gr. and R. (TreVao-os, i. e. that 
 which spreads out), (i) A soft felt hat with 
 broad brim. (2) The winged cap of Mercury. 
 Most of the horsemen in the Panathenaic pro- 
 cession (see Elgin Marbles) wear the petasus. 
 In Greek art it is a conventional sign of a 
 traveller. (Compare PiLEUS.) 
 
 Petaurum, R. [ireTavpuf, lit. a perch for fowls). 
 A machine employed in the Roman games ; 
 probably a fixed "see-saw." 
 
 Peter-boat, O. E. A river Jis/icrman's 
 wherry. 
 
 Petit Canon, Fr. A kind of printing-type ; 
 t'vo-Unc in English. 
 
 Petit Gris, Er. Minever fur. (See Vair.) 
 
 Petit Texte, Fr. A kind of printing-type ; 
 bixviei: 
 
 Petoritum, R. An open four-wheeled car- 
 riage, a kind of cart used for conveying slaves. 
 Its Gallic origin is indicated by the etymology 
 of the word, viz. pctocr, four, and r//, a wheel. 
 
 Petronel (Er. poictrinal). A ])iece of artillery 
 or fire-arm, used in the l6th century, which 
 
 was afterwards converted into a clumsy gun 
 called a blunderbuss. It was the medium be- 
 tween the arcpiebus and the pistol. 
 
 Petunse, Chinese. A fine clay used for porce- 
 lain ; a kind of kaolin. 
 
 Peulvan, Celt. (See Menhir.) 
 
 Pewter. An alloy of 100 parts of tin to 17 of 
 antimony ; or 89 tin, 7 antimony, and 2 copper. 
 Tin and zinc, and lead and tin, are sometimes 
 used to make pewter. The ancient guild of the 
 Pewterers' Company have their hall in Lime 
 Street. 
 
 Phaecasia, Gr. and R. {<paiKa.(nov). White 
 shoes worn by different classes among the 
 Greeks and Romans, but more especially by the 
 priests and gynmasiarchs. 
 
 Plialse or Falae, R. Wooden towers which 
 were erected temiiorarily in a circus for the 
 display of sham fights and captures of cities. 
 (Compare Pegma.) 
 
 Phalangae, Palangae, R. (^ipaKwy^. A pole 
 employed for carrying purposes. Two men took 
 the ends of this pole upon the shoulders, the 
 burden being suspended from it in the middle. 
 The same tenn was also applied to the rollers 
 placed beneath objects whose weight rendered 
 them difficult to move. The persons who made 
 use of phalanga for carrying anything were 
 called phalaiti^arii. 
 
 Phalanx, Gr. A close compact mass of in- 
 fantry soldiers drawn up in files, usually eight 
 deep. The Theban phalanx was twenty-five 
 in depth. 
 
 Phalarica. (See Falarica.) 
 
 Phalerae, R. {(paXapa). 
 Medals of gold, silver, or 
 bronze (Fig. 541), worn 
 upon the breast as a mili- 
 tary decoration, and fre- 
 quently displayed on the 
 harness of the horses. 
 
 Phannel, O. E. (See 
 Fanun. ) 
 
 Phantasmagoria. Lite- 
 rally, a procession of 
 images. A name applied 
 especially to dissolving views shown by the 
 alternate use of each of two magic lanterns. 
 
 Pharetra, Gr. and R. {(papirpa). A quiver. 
 This was made of hide or leather, often richly 
 ornamented with gold, painting, or braiding. 
 It had a lid, and hung, from a belt over the right 
 shoulder, on the left hip. (See Corytus, 
 Quivers.) 
 
 Pharos, Pharus, Gr. and R. {(pdpos). A 
 lighthouse ; the name was derived from that 
 which Ptolemy Philadelphus erected in the 
 island of IMiaros, at the entrance to the harbour 
 of Alexandria, in Egypt. 
 
 Phaselus, Egyp. ^(tjydariAoi). A light Egyp- 
 tian boat, long and narrow in shape, and made 
 
 Fig. 541. Gallic 
 Phalera. 
 
254 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 544. Part of the Frieze of the temple of Apollo Epicurius near Phigalia. 
 
 Fig. 54-'. Phaskon. 
 
 of very slight materials, such as osier, papyrus, 
 and terra-cotta ; it derived its name from the re- 
 semblance it bore to the pod of a bean ((^ao-jjAos). 
 Phaskon, Gr. A 
 vessel of a flattened 
 ovoid form, with a 
 long spout, and a han- 
 dle at the top, like 
 the askos. 
 
 Phenakistoscope 
 {(pffaKLCTTtKiis, decep- 
 tive, and (TKonew, to 
 view), or Spectro- 
 scope. A toy for illustrating the duration of 
 impressions on the retina of the eye. (See 
 Spectra.) 
 
 Phenicine. An indigo purple pigment. 
 
 Pheon, Her. A 
 pointed spear - head 
 borne with the point in 
 base. {Boittell.) ' ' The 
 fcon, or pheon, was a 
 barbed javelin ; the 
 heads of these are 
 still heraldic bearings, 
 and from their figure, 
 we find the barbs 
 cscalloped, or invecked 
 as the heralds term it, aside." (i\Icyrick.) 
 Pheretrum. (See Feretrum.) 
 Phiala, Phiale, Gr. {(pidkn). The Greek 
 term synonymous with the Latin Patera. 
 But Jacqiumart says, "Quant a la phiale, 
 sorte de fdite houteille qui nous a donne le 
 mot fiolcx ellc figure asscz souvent dans les m.ains 
 des divinites." 
 
 Phigalian Marbles. Friezes in the Hellenic 
 room of the British Museum, from a temple to 
 Apollo Epicurius, near the ancient Phigalia in 
 Arcadia. There are twenty-three slabs in high 
 
 543. Pheon. 
 
 relief, eleven representing the battle between the 
 Centaurs and the Lapitha;, and the rest the 
 contest of the Greeks and Amazons. They are 
 attributed to the same period as the Parthenon, 
 but are considered inferior in style and workman- 
 ship. (Fig. 544.) 
 
 Philactery. (See Phylactery.) 
 
 Philomel. Poetical for the nightingale. 
 
 Philyra and Philura, Gr. (cpiAtypa). Strips 
 of papyrus used for making a sheet of writing- 
 paper ; ten or twelve strips of papyrus were first 
 glued together lengthwise, and at the back of 
 these a sufficient number of strips were fastened 
 crosswise to double the thickness of the surface 
 so obtained. 
 
 Fhimus, Gr. {i^{.\x6s). A Greek term synony- 
 mous with Fritillus (q.v. ). 
 
 Phiolse Rubricatae. (SeeSANCuiNOLENTA.) 
 
 Fig. 545. Phxnix. Device of Cardinal Trent. 
 Phoenix, Chr. In Christian arck-eology the 
 
phcenix, which is consumed by concentrating the 
 sun's rays in its body, and immediaicly rises 
 again from its ashes, represents the mystery of 
 tlie resurrection after death. In this sense it was 
 adoptetl frecjuently as a device by ecclesiastics. 
 (See 1!f:xn<)1'. ) In blazon it is always repre- 
 sented as issuant from (lan~.es. (Fig. 545- ) ' 
 
 Phorminx, Gr. ((pdpiJLiy^). llo'mer's epithet 
 for the ancient /jvv. It was a large lyre, ami 
 resembleil the citliara of later times, or the 
 modern guitar. It was used at an early period 
 singly, or for accomjinnying recitations. 
 
 Photogalvanography. An art invented by 
 Mr. Paul I'retsch, of Vienna, for printing from 
 photographs by the medium of gutta jjcrcha. 
 For a descrijition of the process, see the Manual 
 of FhotOi^ra/'Ity, 5th edition, pp. 269, 270. 
 
 Photoglyphic Engraving. An invention of 
 ]Mr. Fox Talbot (1S58) for engraving on metal 
 plates by the action of light. {'iQQFhoioip'apkic 
 'Jonriia!, vol. v. p. 58.) 
 
 Photography. A great many processes of 
 producing pictures by the action of the sun's 
 rays upon a sensitive surface are included under 
 this general term, such as the Daguerreotype, the 
 Talbotype, &c. [Consult in the first instance 
 R, Hunt's Manual of Photography, from which 
 reference can be taken to other authorities.] 
 
 Photolithography. The art of preparing 
 lithographic stones for printing from, by the 
 medium of photography. 
 
 Photometallography. A process of etching 
 on metal plates, by the action of light, invented 
 by Mr. C. J. Burnett (1S58). (See Photographic 
 yoiirnal, vol. v. p. 97.) 
 
 Photometer. An instrument for measuring 
 the intensity of light. 
 
 Phototype. A plate, like an engraved plate, 
 produced from a photograph, for printing from. 
 Photozincography. The art of preparing zinc 
 plates for printing from, by the medium of 
 photography. 
 
 Phrase. In Music, a passage of melody or 
 harmony containing a musical idea, more or 
 less complete in respect of cadence. 
 
 Phrygian. Applied to music of a lively 
 kind. (Cf. Lydiax.) 
 
 Phrygian Work, O. E. Embroidery. (See 
 Orfrays.) 
 
 Phrygianum (opus). A name given to all fine 
 embroidery by the Romans, at a period when the 
 work of the Phrygian women was most perfect. 
 Phrygio, R. A Phi7gian, or embroiderer, 
 because the inhabitants of Phrygia had the 
 reputation of being excellent embroiderers. 
 
 Phylactery, Gen. {(pvAaKTriptov, a preserva- 
 tive), (i) A general temi which included any 
 kind of amulet worn about the person as a 
 protection against dangers of all kinds. (2 
 Strips of parchment or vellum, upon which 
 the Jews transcribed passages from the sacred 
 
 books, and which they either wore upon the 
 arm or the forehead, in a small leather box. 
 (3) In the Middle Ages the term was applied 
 to the scrolls held in the hands of angels or 
 other persons represented in painting or sculpture. 
 These scrolls bore inscriptions. (See Lahkls.) 
 Phylaka, Gr. ((pvXaKr)). A prison ; a Greek 
 term corresponding to the Latin words Cakcer 
 and Ergastulum (q.v.). 
 
 Phytography. A process of nature-printing 
 from ]ilants, by passing them between soft metal 
 plates through a rolling press. 
 
 Piazza, It. A scjuare or open place sur- 
 rounded by buildings, generally .supported by 
 ]iillars, and forming a vaulted promenade ; 
 hence the term is sometimes applied to the 
 archways of a colonnade. 
 
 Pibroch, Scotch. Bagpipe music. 
 Pica (pie). Printing type of the size formerly 
 used in jirinting the pit; or service-book. 
 
 Piccadilly, Old Fr. A high, broad, peaked 
 collar or ruff, tc/np. James I. The tailor who 
 made these ruffs is said to have l^uilt the street 
 called by this name. 
 
 Piccagium, Med. Lat. (English use). Money 
 paid in fairs for breaking ground. 
 
 Piccolo, It. A small flute. Small pianofortes 
 are so called also. 
 
 Pictura, R. (pingo, to paint). The art of 
 painting ; pictura in tabula, a painting on wood ; 
 pictura in liriteo or in sipario, a painting on 
 canvas ; pictura iniista, a painting in encaustic 
 or wax ; pictura 7ido tcctorio, a fresco-painting. 
 Embroidery was called pictura tcxtilis. 
 
 Picturatus, R. Painted ; tabella picturata, a 
 painted panel ; lintcum picturatiim, embroidered 
 linen. 
 
 Piece de Maitrise, Fr. A test-work produced 
 by an apprentice to prove his competence to 
 become a master of his art or craft. 
 Piedouche, Fr. A bracket-pedestal. 
 Pieds de Herisson, Fr. Fabulous animals so 
 called represented on Persian pottery, mentioned 
 by Jacquemart (p. 152) ; having the legs of a 
 stag, the tail of a tiger, and the head of a 
 woman. The legend is that Mohamet and Ali 
 will mount such beasts on the Day of Judgment. 
 Piers, in Architecture, are the perpendicular 
 supports from which arclics spring. 
 
 Pieta, It. A picture or statue of the Body 
 of Christ, attended by the Virgin Mary, or by 
 holy women and angels. 
 
 Pietra Dura. Mosaic panelling of hard 
 pebbles of variegated colours, representing fniit, 
 birds, &c. in relief, and used as a decoration for 
 coffers and cabinets in the 15th century. 
 
 Pietre Commesse, It. Costly inlaid-work re- 
 presenting flowers, fruit, (S:c., in precious stones 
 — such as agates, jaspers, lapis lazuli, &c. — intro- 
 duced in Florence in the 17th century, and still 
 maintained in the royal manufactory of that city. 
 
256 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 The finest examples are in the chapel of the 
 Medici attached to the cathedral church of 
 St. Lorenzo. 
 
 Pig. A black pig was represented at St. 
 Anthony's feet, representing his victory over 
 sensuality and gluttony. The monks of the order 
 of .St. Anthony used to keep herds of consecrated 
 pigs. 
 
 Pigments. The colours used in painting. A 
 large number are described in their order. 
 Standard works on ancient and modem pig- 
 ments are Eastlakc^s Materials for a History of 
 Painting ; Merrifield's Ancient Art of Paint- 
 ing ; //nndertp fund's Art of Painting restored to 
 its Simplest and Surest Principles. An exh austive 
 catalogue of other works on the subject has been 
 issued by the Librarian of the South Kensington 
 Museum. 
 
 Pike. A celebrated infantry weapon now re- 
 placed by the bayonet, consisting of a strong 
 spear or lance with a spike at the butt for fixing 
 in the ground. The shape of the head has varied 
 at different periods. 
 
 Pila, R. This word has different meanings, 
 according as the first syllable is long or short. 
 In the first case it denotes (i) a mortar ; (2) 
 a pillar or conical pier for supporting the 
 superstructure of a bridge ; (3) a iDreakwater. 
 When the first syllable is short, the word denotes 
 (l) a playing-ball. The game of ball, from the 
 earliest times to the fall of the Roman Em- 
 pire, was one of the favourite exercises of 
 the Greeks and Romans. In the baths and 
 the gymnasiums a room {spharisteriiwi) was 
 set apart for the purpose. Pila was a small 
 ball ; follis, a large one filled with air : other 
 balls were \he paganica and the harpastiim. (2) 
 Pi/a vitrea, a glass globe. {3) A dummy made to 
 roughly imitate the human fomi. 
 
 Pilaster, It. A square pillar on a wall, 
 partly embedded in it, one-fourth or one-fifth of 
 its thickness projecting. 
 
 Pile, (i) Her. One of the ordinaries, inform 
 like a wedge. (2) An arrow used in hunting, 
 with a round knob below the head, to prevent it 
 penetrating too far. (3) The nap or surface on 
 velvet. 
 
 Pileatus, R. One who wears the pileiis, or 
 skull-cap of felt ; it was specially worn by the 
 seafaring classes, and also by the Dioscuri 
 (Castor and Pollux). 
 
 Pilentum, R. A state carriage in which the 
 Roman ladies rode when attending any ceremony, 
 whereas for purposes of recreation or for visiting 
 they made use of the carpentnni or the karma- 
 vtaxa. 
 
 Pileolus, R. Diminutive of PiLEUS ; it was 
 a small felt skull-cap which hardly covered the 
 to]i (if the head. 
 
 Pilaus, Pileum, R. (wiAos, felt). A kind of 
 close-fitting felt cap worn more particularly by 
 
 the seafaring classes. The pilens varied in form 
 amongst the different nations by whom it was 
 adopted ; it was worn exclusively by men. The 
 most familiar form of the pileus, in art, is the 
 Phrygian bonnet, or cap of liberty. (Cf. 
 Petasus.) 
 
 Pillar Dollars are Spanish silver coins, 
 stamped on the obverse with the royal arms of 
 .Spain supported by two columns. 
 
 Pillion, O. E. A soft pad-saddle with a foot- 
 rest, for a woman or child to ride on behind a man. 
 
 Pillow or Head-stool, Egyp. A kind of rest 
 for the head, made sometimes of stone (onyx, 
 alabaster, or sandstone), but more generally of 
 wood, and used by the Egyptians to support and 
 raise the head during sleep. In form it was a 
 half-cylinder, and the base was more or less 
 raised above the ground. This kind of pillow is 
 still in use at the present day among various 
 peoples, particularly the Nubians, the Japanese, 
 and the Ashantees of Western Africa. 
 
 Pillow-beres, O. E. Pillow-cases. They were 
 at all times an object of rich ornamentation. 
 
 Pillow Lace. Lace worked by hand, bv 
 throwing hohbins upon a cushion or pillow. (See 
 Lace.) 
 
 Pilum, R. A javelin ; the missile weapon 
 of the Roman infantry, but used likewise as a 
 pike for charging the enemy. It was a thick 
 strong weapon, 6 feet 3 inches in length, half of 
 wood and half of iron, with a barbed head of 9 
 inches of solid iron. The term also denotes a 
 heavy pestle for bruising things in a mortar. 
 
 Pilus, Med. Lat. (Fr. pien). A pointed club 
 or javelin. 
 
 Pina, Sp. An amalgam of silver. 
 
 Pinacotheca, Gr. and R. (irivaKo-driKT]). A 
 picture-gallery, one of the ordinary adjuncts 
 to Greek or Roman houses of wealthy private 
 persons. 
 
 Pinaculum, Gr. and R. (a ridge or crest). 
 A roof terminating in a ridge, the ordinary 
 covering for a temple, whereas private houses 
 had a fiat roof. 
 
 Pinchbeck. An alloy of 85 per cent, copper 
 or brass, and 15 per cent, zinc ; named after its 
 inventor. It is sometimes called tomlmck. 
 
 Pindaric. Of verses, irregular in metre ; like 
 the ver-es of the lyric poet Pindar. 
 
 PJngle Pan, Scotch. A small tin ladle used 
 for mixing children's food. 
 
 Pink Madder. (See 1\L\dder.) 
 
 Pinking. Stamping out borders and edges 
 upon textile fabrics with a cutting instrament. 
 
 Pinks {Yk. stil de grain). These are water- 
 colour pigments of a yellow or greenish-yellow 
 colour produced from the precipitation of vege- 
 table juices, such as saffron, aloes, buckthorn- 
 berries, broom-flowers, <S:c., upon chalk or 
 whiting. Thty M'e Italian pink, sometimes called 
 yello-M lake; bivron pink, rose pink, ZiwXDiitchpink. 
 
Pinna, R. (lit. a wing). (i) The top of an 
 embattled ivall, the battlements. (2) The blade of 
 a nulilcr. 
 
 Pinnacle, Arch. A small spire, generally 
 with four sides and ornamented ; it is usually 
 placed on the tops of buttresses, both external 
 and internal. 
 
 Pins. Metal pins were introduced into this 
 country from France in 1543, previous to 
 which ladies were accustomed to fasten their 
 dresses with skewers of box-wood, ivory, or 
 bone. 
 
 Pipe. A musical wind-instrument, represented 
 in the 14th century, in Strut fs Sports and Pas- 
 times, as used with the tabor to accompany 
 mountebanks, &c. (See also AuLOS, PiTO, &c.) 
 
 Pipe-clay. An oily clay found in large 
 quantities in Devonshire ; used for moulding 
 earthenware, but chiefly for tobacco-pipes. 
 
 Piriform, Arch. Pear-shaped. The term is 
 applied to roofs domed in the form of a pear ; 
 the Baptistery of Parma may be cited as an 
 example. 
 
 Pirogue. An Indian canoe, hollowed out of 
 a solid tree. 
 
 Piscina, R. {piscis, a fish). (i) A fish- 
 pond, an indispensable appendage to the villa of 
 a wealthy Roman. (2) A large uncovered tank 
 in the open air used as a swimming-bath, and 
 distinct from the baptisferinm, which was under 
 cover. (3) Piscina liinaria was the reservoir of 
 an aqueduct. In medieval archceology the name 
 was given (i) to credence-tables; (2) to bap- 
 tisteries. (See Baptisterium, Natatorium.) 
 
 Pise-work. A method of constructing very 
 durable walls of blocks oi kneaded ea)-th. It was 
 probably suggested by the building processes of 
 the ants, and Pliny calls such wdWsforinacicc. 
 
 Pistillum, Pistillus, R. A pestle for a 
 mortar. 
 
 Pistol. Invented at Pistoia in Tuscany. (See 
 Pallas Arniata, Sir yatnes Turner, 1670 ; Mey- 
 7-ick, iii. 76.) 
 
 Pistole. A Spanish gold coin, worth about 
 l6-r. ; the fourth of a doubloon. 
 
 Pistolese, It. A long dagger or stabbing- 
 knife of Pistoia. 
 
 Pistrina, Pistrinum, R. {pistor, a miller). 
 Originally this term denoted a mill for grinding 
 grain ; later on it was used exclusively to de- 
 note a house of correction for slaves who had 
 to turn the mill. The work was of a most 
 laborious kind. 
 
 Pistris, Pistrix, R. {irlarpis). (i) A marine 
 monster, representations of which are to be seen 
 on the walls of several houses at Pompeii (in 
 the legend of Theseus and Andromeda). It is 
 always represented with the head of a dragon, 
 and the fins and tail of a fish ; and was adopted 
 in early Christian art for the fish that swallowed 
 Jonah, (2) A military engine. 
 
 Pitch-blende. An ore used in porcelain 
 painting. It produces a fine orange colour ; also 
 a black. 
 
 Pitch-pipe. A sort of whistle for ascertaining 
 the pitch of a musical instrument, or for setting 
 the key-note. 
 
 Pithos, R. [(irldos). A large earthenware jar 
 with a narrow neck, used in ancient and modern 
 times for storing wine and oil. It appears 
 upon a bas-relief in the Villa Albani as the tub 
 of Diogenes. 
 
 Pito, Sp. A Mexican name for the pipe of 
 the Aztecs, which resembled a flageolet. It was 
 made of red clay, and had four finger-holes. 
 The young man selected as a victim at the 
 sacrifice to Tezcatlepoca was carefully instructed 
 before his death in the art of playing this instru- 
 ment, and as he ascended the temple or teo- 
 calli to the sacrifice, he broke a flute upon 
 each of the steps of the temple. 
 
 Piu, It. Rather ; used in Music, as pin forte, 
 rather loud. 
 
 Pix or Pyx, Chr. (Try|ij). (i) A box to keep the 
 unconsecrated altar-breads in. It was generally 
 circular, with a pointed cover, and richly 
 enamelled. (2) The vessel in which the holy 
 eucharist was suspended over the altar. (3) 
 The box kept at the British Mint to contain 
 the coins selected to be tried in assay, to as- 
 certain whether the coinage is of the standard 
 purity. (See Ciborium [3], Monstrance, 
 cS:c.) 
 
 Pizzicato (It.). An expression in music ; 
 playing on the violin like a harp. 
 
 Placage, Fr. Veneering or inlaying. 
 
 Plack, Scotch. A small copper coin formerly 
 current in Scotland ; equal to the third of an 
 English penny. 
 
 Placket, O. E. A petticoat. {Shakspeare. ) 
 
 Plafond, Plafonner, Fr. Arch, {plat-fond). 
 The French term for a ceiling, often the subject 
 of elaborate architectural, carved, or painted 
 decoration. The peculiar foreshortened per- 
 spective characteristic of figure-pictures on a 
 ceiling is hence described us " plafonne ;" and it 
 is generally said of a painter distinguished for 
 bold foreshortenings, "II excelle a. plafontier." 
 Plafonds of different periods are found of wood, 
 lath and plaster, or stone. 
 
 Plaga, R. A hunting-net, the diminutive of 
 which \s plagula (small net) ; the latter term also 
 denotes the curtains hung round a couch or litter, 
 a width of cloth, a strip of paper, <S:c. 
 
 Plagula. (See Plaga.) 
 
 Planchet. A name for the smooth coin pre- 
 pared for stamping before it has passed under 
 the die. 
 
 Planeta. A robe worn hy priests, resembling 
 the Dalmatic (see Fig. 236) worn by deacons. 
 (See CiiAsur.LE.) 
 
 Planetary Machine. (See Orrery.) 
 
 s 
 
258 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Planisphere. A projection of the sphere and 
 its various circles on a plane surface. 
 
 Planta Genista, Her. 
 The broom-plant badge 
 of the Plantagenets. 
 
 Plaque, Fr. A flat 
 plate of metal or painted 
 china. Limoges enamels 
 of the 15th century are 
 described as plaques. 
 
 Plasm. A mould or 
 
 r" r T>i . r- • . matrix. 
 
 Fig. ^i,(i. Planta (jenista. -.. . 
 
 " ^^ Plasma. A green 
 
 transparent chalcedony found in India and China. 
 
 Plaster of Paris. The cement or plaster ob- 
 tained from gypsum, originally prepared near 
 Paris. It is usually sold in the form of white 
 powder, and is largely used in the arts. Ver- 
 rocchio (1435 — 1488) is said to have been the 
 first sculptor to cast moulds in plaster of Paris. 
 (See Gypsum.) 
 
 Plastic Art. Sculpture ; opposed to Graphic 
 Art, or painting, &c. 
 
 Plastron, Fr. A fencing-pad to cover the 
 body. Plastron-de-fcr was an iron breastplate 
 worn under the hauberk, especially when the 
 latter was of ringed mail. 
 
 Plat-band. (See T/enia.) 
 
 Plata, Sp. Silver (hence our //rt/f). 
 
 Plate, Her. A silver roundle. 
 
 Plate-armour, consisting entirely of metal 
 plates, became general during the 15th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Plate-glass. A superior kind of thick glass, 
 used chiefly for mirrors and for large windows. 
 
 Plate-jack, O. E. Coat armour. 
 
 Plate-marks. (See Hall-marks.) 
 
 Plate-paper is a thick soft paper expressly 
 prepared for printing engravings upon. 
 
 Platea, Gr. and R. (TrAaTtTa, i.e. broad). A 
 wide fine street in a city, in contradistinction to 
 a small street called angiportiis, which means 
 literally a narrow street. 
 
 Platen. Of a printing-press, the flat part by 
 which the impression is made. 
 
 Plateresca, Sp. A name given to goldsmiths' 
 work of the 14th and 15th centuries, which re- 
 flected the complicated and delicate forms of 
 ornament applied in the pointed architecture of 
 the period. 
 
 Plates are properly illustrations taken from 
 copper or steel engravings ; cuts are impressions 
 from wood-blocks. 
 
 Platina. Twisted silver-wire. 
 
 Platina Yellow. Two pigments, one of a pale 
 yellow colour, the other resembling cadtniuni 
 yellow, are sold under this name. 
 
 Plating is the art of covering metals 
 with a thin surface of silver or gold for orna- 
 ment. 
 
 Platinum (Sp. Hata, silver). A white metal 
 
 exceedingly ductile, malleable, and difficult of 
 fusion. It is found in the Ural Mountains and 
 in South America, and is much used in gold- 
 smiths' work in Russia. 
 
 Plaustrum, R. {plaudo, to nimble). A two- 
 wheeled cart drawn by two oxen, and used for 
 conveying'agricultural produce"; plaustrum majus 
 was a much larger cart mounted on four wheels. 
 It had a long pole projecting behind, on which 
 blocks of stone or other cargo could be balanced 
 on planks attached. The wheels {tympana) 
 were of solid wood nearly a foot in thickness, 
 and their creaking was heard to a great dis- 
 tance (hence the name). 
 
 Plectrum or Plektron, Gr. and R. (from 
 TrArfffcreii', to strike). A short stem of ivory or 
 metal pointed at both ends, used to strike the 
 chords of the lyre, the harbiton, the cithara, 
 and some other stringed instruments. 
 
 Plemochoe, Gr. and R. (TrArj/io-xo??, i. e. that 
 pours a flood). A vessel in the shape of a top ; 
 it resembled the cotyle. 
 
 Plenitude, Her. Said of the moon when in 
 full. 
 
 Plenshing-nail. A large nail for fastening 
 the planks of floors to the joists. 
 
 Plethron, Gr. The basis of land measure- 
 ment, being 100 feet square, or 10,000 square 
 feet. As a lineal measure, lOO feet, or about loi 
 of English measurement. 
 
 Plinth, Arch. (ttAiV&os). Lit. a tile or brick, 
 and thence the lower projecting base of a 
 column, pedestal, or wall, which resembles a 
 strong square tile placed beneath the last torus 
 at the base of a column. (See Abacus.) 
 
 Plinthium, R. {irXivQiov^, A sun-dial, so 
 called because its divisions were marked on a 
 flat surface (ttAiVOo?). 
 
 Plocage, Fr. Carding-wool. 
 Plombage. Lead work. 
 Plombagine. Plumbago. 
 Plostellum. Diminutive of Plaustrum. 
 Ploughs are mentioned in Deuteronomy 
 (1451 B.C.), and represented on Egyptian sculp- 
 tures of still earlier date. The Roman plough 
 of the date of our era is described by Virgil. 
 
 Plough Monday was the name given by 
 our ancestors to the first Monday after the 
 Epiphany, the return to labour after the Christ- 
 mas holiday. 
 
 Plumae, R. (lit. feathers). The scales of 
 armour, arranged to imitate feathers. (See 
 Penna.) 
 
 Plumarium Opus. (See Opus P.) 
 Plumbago. A carburet of iron commonly 
 known as black lead, also called GRAPHITE, 
 used for making cmcibles and black-lead 
 pencils. 
 
 Plumbeous Wares. Lead-glazed, by the ad- 
 dition of an oxide of lead in the preparation of 
 the glaze. (See Pottery.) 
 
Plumbum, R. (lit. lend). A general term de- 
 nciting anything that is made of lead, sucli as 
 a lead pipe, a slinger's bullet, <S:c. 
 
 seat. Fig. 54S shows tlie fodinm of a 
 seiDulchral chamber. In an amphitheatre, /^^//ww 
 
 Fig. 547. Pluteus. 
 
 Pluteus, R. A general term including any- 
 thing made of boards adapted to afford a support, 
 cover, passage, &c. ; and thus sometimes used 
 as a synonym for inuscuhis or protective shed. 
 Fig. 547, ^pluteus upon three wheels, was used 
 for protecting soldiers conducting an approach 
 at the foot of a rampart. These phitei were 
 covered with the skins of animals, which were 
 wetted to protect the machines from fire ; and 
 helped to deaden the shock of missiles. 
 
 Plynteria, Gr. (irXwrripia, washing). Festivals 
 held at Athens in honour of Athena Aglauros, 
 in which the statue of the goddess was stripped 
 of its garments and ornaments and washed. It 
 was carefully concealed in the mean time, and 
 the city being thus in a manner deprived of its 
 protecting divinity, the day was considered an 
 ill-omened one. 
 
 Pnigeus, R. (7r*'i7ei<s, lit. a choker). A kind 
 of funnel employed to stop or repress the air in 
 a hydraulic organ. 
 
 Pnyx, Gr. The site in Athens where the 
 EccLESi.-E were held. It was a semicircular 
 rising ground, with an area of 12,000 square 
 yards, levelled with a pavement of large stones, 
 and surrounded by a wall, behind which was the 
 Bema or platform from which speakers ad- 
 dressed the people. 
 
 Pocillum orToculum, R. Any cup or glass for 
 drinking, distinct from, the Crater for mixing, 
 and the Cyathus for ladling the wine. (Cf. 
 
 POKAL.) 
 
 Poddisoy, Padusoy, O. E. (Fr. pou de scie). 
 A rich jilaiii silk. 
 
 Podera, Gr. {-rroSrip-ns, i.e. reaching to the feet). 
 A rich linen dress worn by Greek women, the 
 edges of which were indented. 
 
 Podium, Arch. (■!r6Sioi', lit. a small foot). 
 A low wall or basement, generally with a 
 plinth and cornice, running round a room or in 
 front of a building, forming a sort of shelf or 
 
 Fig. 548. Podium running round a sepulchral chamber. 
 
 was the name for a raised basement which ran 
 like a high enclosure round the whole circum- 
 ference of the arena. Lastly, the term is some- 
 times used as a synonym for a socle, and a con- 
 sole or bracket. 
 
 S 2 
 
 Fig. 549. Point Lace a bride picot^e. 
 
 Poele, Fr. (lit. a frying-pan). A square 
 shield with a raised edge and a grating on it, 
 which resembled the German baking-dish. In 
 a tournament, the joust "<> la poele''' was the 
 most dangerous of all, as the champions fought 
 bare-headed and without armour. Their horses 
 were blindfolded, and a coffm was brought into 
 the course before the combat commenced. 
 {Meyj-ick.') 
 
26o 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Point Lace a bride picotce ground. This lace 
 is made with the neeiUe (see Needle Point), 
 some parts of the pattern only slightly raised in 
 relief being united by stitches called bride 
 picotce. (Fig. 549.) 
 
 Point of Sight. The principal vanishing 
 point, in perspective, to which the horizontal 
 lines converge. 
 
 Pointed or Christian Architecture is generally 
 called Gothic ; and is a general term, de- 
 scriptive of all the styles that have prevailed 
 subsequent to the introduction of the pointed 
 arch, commencing with 
 the nth century. 
 
 Pointel. The medi- 
 reval stylus or gra- 
 phium (q.v.). 
 
 Points. In the 15th 
 and 1 6th centuries, be- 
 fore the introduction 
 (if buttons, the dif- 
 ferent parts of dress 
 were fastened with 
 ribands, having orna- 
 mental points or metal 
 tags at the end. (See 
 Fig. 559.) 
 
 Poitrine, Fr. A 
 breastplate for man 
 or horse. 
 
 Pokal, Germ. (Lat. 
 pociiluiii). Adrinking- 
 cup. (Fig. 550.) 
 
 Poke, O. E. A 
 bag ; modern pocket. 
 Poker Pictures. 
 Drawings burned upon 
 wood with hot irons ; 
 much patronized in 
 the iSth century. 
 Pol, Edepol, R. A 
 familiar oath or adjuration especially employed 
 by the Roman women ; it was an abbreviation 
 of By Pollux ! 
 
 Polariscope. An instrument for exhibiting 
 the polarization of light. 
 
 Pole-axe. A weapon of the 15th century, 
 combining a hatchet, a pike, and a serrated 
 hammer. Used principally by cavalry. 
 Poleyns, Fr. (See Gexouillieres.) 
 PoUubrum and Polubrum, R. An old term 
 for which there was substituted later on tnal- 
 lut'inin, aquiniauale, aqniiiiinariiiiit, trullcinn ; 
 it was a kind of basin for washing the hands, the 
 xipvi'^, x^poyiTTTpov of the Greeks. 
 
 Polos, Gr. A kind of sun-dial. (See HoRO- 
 
 LOGIUM.) 
 
 Polyandrion, Chr. (Gr. TroXv-ifSptof). A 
 common sepulchre in which more than four 
 bodies were liuried. (See LocULUS.) 
 
 Polychord. An instrument for application to 
 
 Fig. 550. Pokal, or German 
 Tankard. 
 
 the pianoforte for coupling together the strings 
 of two octave notes. 
 
 Polychromy. Colouring statuary, bas-reliefs, 
 and architecture ; to be distinguished from 
 forming them of variously-coloured materials. 
 This was not done by painting with an opaque 
 colour, but a sort of staining of the surface by 
 thin, transparent colouring matter. M. de 
 Quincy states that the fine preservation of the 
 surface of some antique statues, such as the 
 Apollo Belvedere, Hercules of Glycon, and 
 Venus de Medici, is attributable to the use of 
 wax colouring. Stones of various colours were 
 used to represent different parts of the figure, 
 and in busts of the Roman emperors the dress is 
 frequently of coloured marble, while the flesh is 
 of white. [Consult Redfords Ancient Sculpture.'^ 
 
 Polyhedron. A solid with many faces or planes. 
 
 Polyptyca, Gr. (ttoXu-tttux")- (i) Tablets, a 
 sufficient number of which are put together to 
 
 Fig. 551. A Silver Engraved Pomander, or Scent-box, 
 shown open and closed. 
 
form what \ve' now call a note-book. (2) A 
 polyptych ; a iiictuic with several compart- 
 ments. (Cf. Dll'TYCII.) 
 
 Polystyle, Arch. Surrounded liy several 
 rows of columns, as in Moorish arciiitccturo. 
 The porticoes of a Greek temple had never 
 more than ten columns in front (dccastyle). 
 
 Pomander, U. K. {ho\\\ po/mnc d\i>iil'>r, -ptr- 
 fume apple). A scent-box worn at the end of 
 the hanging girdles of the i6th century. (See 
 PouNCET-i!OX.) (Tig. 551.) Consult an in- 
 teresting monogi-aph by A'. //. Sodcn Smith, 
 '''Notes on Poma/ii/c'rs." 
 
 Pomme, Her. A green roundle. 
 
 Pomcerium, R. {J>ost and //nrniim {mums) 
 behind the walls). A line enclosing a town, 
 marked out at intervals by stone pillars. When 
 the limits of the town were extended, the foma- 
 rium could not be changed without augury by 
 i\\& jus pomarii, and, in any case, only by a town 
 whose inhabitants had contributed to the exten- 
 sion of the limits of the empire. 
 
 Pompa, R. and Gr. (ttoiUtttj). A solemn pro- 
 cession, especially that with which the games of 
 the circus were preceded. 
 
 Pondus, Weight, R. (pendo, to suspend). 
 An object used for weighing, either with the 
 balance {libra), or the steel-yard {statera). The 
 same term was also applied to a weaver's 
 weights ; these were of stone, terra-cotta, or lead. 
 
 Fig. 552. Pons. 
 
 Pons, R. {Gr.yicpvpa). (i) A bridge ; the cause- 
 way iaq;i,vr) which traversed the Roman bridge 
 was paved with large jsolygonal stones ; on either 
 side of it was a pathway {cnpido). Fig. 552 
 shows the Roman bridge at St. Chamas, at the 
 ends of which were erected triumphal arches [for- 
 nkes\. (See Fornix.) Pons sublicius was a 
 wooden bridge built upon piles ; pons suffragio- 
 rum, the voting-bridge over which the electors 
 passed as they came out of the septum to cast 
 their vote {iabella) into the urn (cista). It is pro- 
 
 bable that the Greek bridges were of wood. 
 (2) A wharf or landing-stage by the water-side. 
 
 Poongi, Hindoo. A curious musical instrument 
 made of a gourd, or sort of cocoa-nut, into which 
 two pipes are inserted. It is the instrument 
 played by the Samjiuris, or snake-charmers, to 
 the performing cobras. 
 
 Pope. The illustration represents the Pope 
 of Rome in full pontificals, viz. the tiara, 
 consisting of three crowns of gold decorated 
 
 Fig. 553. Pope in full pontificals. 
 
 with precious stones and suiTnounted by a cross, 
 and over a rochet (surplice) of silk a mantle 
 of gold work plentifully ornamented with 
 pearls. The under vestment, which is long, is 
 of hyacinth colour. The slippers are of velvet 
 
262 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 with a cross of gold, which all who wish to 
 speak to the Pope reverently kiss. Late mediaeval 
 artists attributed this costume to the First Person 
 of the Trinity. It is given also to St. Clement, 
 St. Cornelius, St. Fabian, St. Gregory, St. 
 Peter, and St. Sylvanus. 
 
 Popina, R. A tavern or refreshment-place 
 where food was sold, in contradistinction to 
 caupona, which was a shop for selling wine. 
 
 Popinjay, O. E. A parrot. 
 
 Poplin. A textile of modern introduction, 
 woven of threads of silk and worsted. 
 
 Poppy, Chr. This plant, the seed of which 
 affords a soporific oil, symbolizes, in Christian 
 iconograpliy, death. 
 
 Poppy Oil. A bland drying oil, obtained from 
 poppy-seed, and used in painting. (See OiLS.) 
 
 Poppy-head. A term in decorative art for the 
 carved cnnaments with which the tops of the 
 uprights of wood-work, such as the ends of 
 benches, backs of chairs, bedposts, (Sic, were 
 crowned. 
 
 Popularia, R. The second maniamim or 
 tier of seats in an amphitheatre. 
 
 Porcelain (Ancient Chinese) (from the Por- 
 tuguese porcellana, little pigs ; a name given to 
 cowrie-shells by the early traders, and applied 
 to porcelain, which they thought was made of 
 them, or because it resembled the interior of a 
 shell). A fine species of transparent earthen- 
 ware, the chief component part of which is 
 silex. (^Fairholt.) The most ancient examples 
 of porcelain in China are circular dishes 
 with upright sides, very thick, strong, and 
 heavy, and which invariably have the marks 
 of one, two, or three on the bottom thus: 
 I. II. III. The colours of these rare speci- 
 mens vary. The kinds most highly prized have 
 a brownish-yellow ground, over which is thrown 
 a light shot sky-blue, with here and there a 
 dash of blood-red. The Chinese say there are 
 
 ^UC 
 
 but a few of these specimens in the country, 
 and that they are more than a thousand years 
 old. {^Foi-tune. ) The first imitations of Chinese 
 porcelain in Europe date from the 1 6th century, 
 under the Medici family, and include specimens 
 supposed to have been designed by the imme- 
 diate pupils of Raffaelle. (See Raffaelle- 
 WARE.) Among the next earliest produced is 
 that of Fulham, by Dr. Dwight, in 1671, and of 
 St. Cloud in France about 1695. 
 
 Fig- 554- Pent-house Porch. 
 
 F'g- 555- Ground-plan of a Cupola Porch. 
 
 Porch, Arch. A structure placed in front of 
 the door of a church or other building, and very 
 variable in form. In the ancient basilicas the ves- 
 tibule is more commonly called Narthex (q.v.). 
 Fig. 554 shows a wooden porch also called a 
 poit-honse poirh, and Fig. 555 a plan of what is 
 called a cupola porch, from the fact that, its 
 ground being circular, it is surmounted by a dome. 
 
 Porcupine (Fr./^r^ epic). Hereditary device 
 
 Fig, 556. Porcupine. Device of Louis XII. 
 
of the Valois family. The " Order of the Por- 
 cupine" was instituted in 1397 by Louis, Duke 
 of Orleans, and abolislied by Louis XIL, who 
 retained tlie badge (Fig. 556), anilliad his cannon 
 marked with a porcupine. In numismatics his 
 golden "ecus au pore epic " are rare and highly 
 valued. 
 
 Porcupine-wood. The ornamental wood of 
 a palm, the markings of which in the horizontal 
 section resemble porcupine ijuills. 
 
 Porphyry. A hard stone much used in 
 Egyptian sculpture, and for sarcophagi. It was 
 of a fine red colour, passing into purple and 
 green, and susceptible of a fine polish. (See 
 also Rosso Antico.) 
 
 Porporino, It. A yellow powder substituted 
 for gold by media:val artists. It was com- 
 pounded of quicksilver, sulphur, and tin. 
 
 Fig- 557- Porta (Gate of Perusium). 
 
 Porta, R. This term denotes the gate of a 
 city, a large gate in any enclosure, in contra- 
 distinction to Janua and Ostium (q.v.), which 
 denote the doors of a building. Fig. 557 
 shows the ancient gate of Perugia. 
 
 Portcullis. A kind of iron grating, form- 
 ing an outer door, which slided up and down 
 perpendicularly in the grooves of a bay. It was 
 
 suspended by a chain, which could instantly be 
 lowered, as occasion required, in order to pre- 
 vent ingress and cut off all communication. By 
 the Greeks and Romans they were called portis 
 catai-adcc, and in the Middle Ages they were 
 known as Saracenic gates. 
 
 Portcullis, Her. A defence 
 for a gateway, borne as a 
 badge by the Houses of 
 Beaufort and Tudor. Motto, 
 ' ' Altera scciirifas." (Fig. 558.) 
 Porticus, Portico, R.(^or/a). 
 A long colonnade serving as 
 a covered promenade. In 
 an amphitheatre, the covered 
 gallery at the top which 
 was appropriated to women or slaves. A 
 wooden gallery covered over with a roof, but 
 in some cases entirely open on the side of the 
 countiy. (See Templum.) 
 
 Portisculus, R. A director's staff wielded on 
 board ship by the officer who gave the time to 
 the rowers to make them row in unison. 
 
 Portrait Painting. The earliest portrait on 
 record is that of Polygnotus, painted by himself, 
 B.C. 400. Giotto is said to have been the 
 earliest successful portrait painter of modern 
 times. The different sizes of portraits are the 
 following : — 
 
 ft. in. ft. in. 
 
 Bishop's whole length 8 10 by 5 10. 
 
 Whole length 7 10 „ 410. 
 
 Bishop's half-length 4 S „ 3 8. 
 
 Half-length 42 „ 34. 
 
 Small half-length 3 8 „ 2 10. 
 
 Kit-cat 30 .. 2 4- 
 
 Three-quarter size 2 6 ,, 2 i. 
 
 Head size 20,, 18. 
 
 Portula. A wicket made in a large gate in 
 order to give admittance into a city without 
 opening the porta or large gate. 
 
 Posnett, O. E. A little pot. 
 
 Postergale, Chr. A Dorsal (q.v.). 
 
 Postern {posterna, a back-door). A private 
 gate in a rampart, either upon the platfonn 
 or at the angle of a curtain, and opening 
 into the ditches, whence it was possible to pass 
 by the pas-de-simris, without being seen by the 
 besiegers, into the covered way and the glacis. 
 
 Posticum, R. (Gr. irapadvpa). (i) A back 
 door to a Roman house. (2) In Architecture, 
 the part of a building opposite to the fa9ade ; 
 the posterior fa9ade. 
 
 Postis, R. The jamb of a door, supporting 
 the lintel or linicn superius. 
 
 Postscenium, R. The part of a Roman 
 theatre behind the stage, in which the actors 
 dressed, and the appointments and machines 
 were kept. 
 
 Potichomanie. A process of ornamenting 
 glass with coloured designs on paper, in imita- 
 tion of painted porcelain. 
 
264 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Potter's Clay, found in Dorsetshire and 
 Devonshire, is used for modelling and for 
 pottery ; mixed with linseed oil, it is used as a 
 ground in painting. 
 
 Pottery (Fayence, Terraglia), as distinct from 
 porcelain, is formed of potter's clay mixed with 
 marl of argillaceous and calcareous nature, and 
 sand, variously proportioned, and may be classed 
 under two divisions : Soft (Fayence a pate 
 tendre), and Hard (Fayence a pate dure), ac- 
 cording to the nature of the composition or the 
 degree of heat under which it has been fired in 
 the kiln. What is known generally in England 
 as earthenware is soft, while stone-ivarc, Queen's- 
 ware, &c., are hard. The characteristics of the 
 soft wares are a paste or body which may be 
 scratched with a knife or file, and fusil)ility 
 generally at the heat of a porcelain furnace. 
 These soft wares may be again divided into 
 four subdivisions : nnglazed, lustrous, glazed, or 
 enamelled. Among the three first of these sub- 
 divisions may be arranged almost all the ancient 
 pottery of Egypt, Greece, Etruria, and Rome ; 
 as also the larger portion of that in general use 
 among all nations during mediDsval and modern 
 times. The glazed wares may be again divided 
 into silicious or glass-glazed ivares, and pluni- 
 beojis or lead-glazed. In these subdivisions the 
 foundation is in all cases the same. The mixed 
 clay or " paste" or " body" is formed by the 
 hand or on the wheel, or impressed into moulds ; 
 then slowly dried and baked in a furnace or 
 stove, after which, on cooling, it is in a state to 
 receive the glaze. This is prepared by fusing 
 sand or other silicious material with potash or 
 soda to form a translucent glass, the composition 
 of the glaze upon vitreous or glass-glazed v/ares. 
 The addition of oxide of lead constitutes the 
 glaze ol pluniheoiis wares ; and the further addi- 
 tion of the oxide of tin produces an enamel of 
 an opaque white of great purity, which is the 
 characteristic glazing of stanniferous or tin- 
 glazed wares. Most of the principal seats of the 
 manufacture of pottery, and a description of 
 the objects manufactured, and methods used in 
 the manufacture, will be found mentioned under 
 their respective headings. 
 
 Poulaines, Fr. Long- toed boots and shoes, 
 introduced in 1384. (See Cracowes.) 
 
 Pounce - paper. A kind of transparent 
 tracing-paper, free from grease, &c. ; made in 
 Carlsruhe. 
 
 Pounced. In Engraving, dotted all over. 
 
 Pouncet-box, O. E. A perfume-box, carved 
 with open work. (See Pomander.) 
 
 Pouranamas, Hind. Very ancient books of 
 India, which give a part of Hindoo history 
 from the beginning of the Hindoo monarchy, or 
 the time of the king Ellou or Ella. 
 
 Pourpoint, Fr. A quilled doublet, worn in 
 the 14th and 15th centuries. The illustration 
 
 represents a Venetian gallant of the l6th century. 
 (See Gambeson.) 
 
 Fig. 559. Pourpoint. Worn by a Venetian youth 
 of the i6th centurj'. 
 
 Powder-blue is pulverized pipe-clay, a good 
 "pounce" for transferring designs upon linen 
 for embroidery. 
 
 Powdered, Her. (See SftMfi.) 
 
 Powers, Chr. Guardian angels, usually 
 represented bearing a staff. (See Angels.) 
 
 Praecinctio, R. (frcreingo, to gird). A lobby 
 running quite round the circle formed by the 
 cavecc in the interior of a theatre or am]ihi- 
 theatre ; the same term is also used to denote 
 
Fig. 560. Praifurniumhypocaust. 
 
 the passages between the tiers of scats comprisetl 
 witliin each inicnianiitii. According to their 
 importance, theatres and amphitheatres were 
 divided into two, three, and sometimes four 
 pra^cinctiones. 
 
 Prsefericulum, R. A metal basin without 
 handles, used for holding sacred utensils. 
 
 PrsefiCEe, R. Women hired as mourners at 
 the funerals of wealthy persons. 
 
 w— Praefurnium, R. 
 Xhe moutli t)f a 
 furnace placed be- 
 neath a liypocaiisis 
 or heating-stove in 
 a set of l)aths. Fig. 
 560 shows the/r^- 
 funiinm of a hy- 
 pocausis which 
 was drawn upon 
 the walls of a la- 
 conkiim situated 
 near the church 
 of St. Cecilia at 
 Rome. (See Hy- 
 
 POCAUSIS.) 
 
 Prsetexta, R. A Toga with a broad purple 
 border. It was introduced by the Etruscans, 
 and was the costume assigned to priests and 
 magistrates, to boys before they came of age, 
 and to women before their marriage. (See 
 Tor.A.) (Fig. 561.) 
 
 Praetorium, R. The tent of the commander- 
 in-chief of the army ; it was so called because 
 in the earliest times of Rome the consul who 
 commanded the army bore the title of pi-cctor. 
 The residence of a governor of a province was 
 also called pnTtoriiim, and finally the name 
 was given to any large house or palace. 
 
 Prandiutn, R. {prandco, to breakfast). The 
 midday meal, which came between breakfast 
 (^jcntacuhiin) and dinner (avna). 
 
 Prastura. (See Upapitha.) 
 
 Prea-koul, Hind. An upright stone or sacred 
 boundary among the Khmers. 
 
 Preasat, Hind. The tower of the Khmers ; 
 frcasat-stHpai means little tower ; prcasat-phra- 
 danircy, the elephant tower of the king. 
 
 Precarium, Chr. A temporary benefice 
 granted to a layman by the Church ; the holder 
 of the benefice was, however, bound to pay the 
 Church certain dues. 
 
 Predella, It. A ledge behind the altar of 
 a church on A\hich the altar-piece was placed, 
 containing small pictures, of similar subjects to 
 the altar-piece. 
 
 Prefericulum, R. A shallow metal bowl used 
 in sacrifices for carrying the sacred vessels. Its 
 shape resembled the patera. 
 
 Premier Coup. (See Prima Painting.) 
 
 Pre-Raphaelites. A modern school of 
 painters, who, throwing aside all conventional 
 
 laws and traditions in art, direct their study to 
 the forms and colours of Nature. 
 
 Presentoir, Fr. An epergne or table-stand 
 for flowers ; made very shallow, on a tall and 
 richly-decorated stem. A favourite subject of 
 the goldsmith's art in the i6th century. 
 
 Fig. 561. Roman maiden'wearing the toga prcetcxta. 
 
 Pressed Glass, Glass pressed into a mould 
 by a machine ; differing from blaiuti glass. 
 
 Presto, It. In Music, quickly. 
 
 Priapeia, R. {TTpi6.TTna). Festivals in honour 
 of Priapus ; they were held chiefly at Lamp- 
 sacus. 
 
 Pricket. A young stag of two years, when 
 his horns begin to sprout. 
 
266 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Prie-Dieu. A kneeling-desk for prayers. 
 
 Prima Painting (in French, feinhire au 
 premier coup) is a modern style directed to the 
 avoidance of extreme finish, described in a work 
 hy Hundertpfiaid, " The Art of Painting restored 
 to its Simplest and Surest Friiuiples." 
 
 Primary Colours. Blue, yellow, and red, 
 from which all colours are derived. 
 
 Primero, O. E. A game at cards mentioned 
 by Shakspeare. 
 
 Primicerii, Chr. This term had several 
 meanings, but it was usually employed to de- 
 note the first person inscribed on a list, because 
 the tablet on which the names were written was 
 covered with wax ; whence primi-cerius (from 
 cera, wax), the first upon the wax. In cathe- 
 dral churches the primicerius presided over the 
 choir, and regulated the order and method of 
 the ceremonies. 
 
 Priming. (See Grounds.) 
 
 Prince's Metal or Prince Eupert's Metal. 
 An alloy of 72 parts of copper and 28 parts 
 of zinc, which has a resemblance to gold. 
 
 Princedoms or Principalities, Chr. An 
 order of THRONES of angels ; usually represented 
 in complete armour, carrying pennons. (See 
 Fig. 24. ) 
 
 Principes, R. A body of heavy-armed foot- 
 soldiers ; thus named, because, in the order of 
 battle, they were placed first. 
 
 Principia, R. {prineeps, chief, foremost). 
 The headquarters in a Roman camp, comprising 
 not only the tents of the general and the supe- 
 rior officers, but also an open space in which 
 justice was administered and sacrifices offered to 
 the gods ; it was in the same open space that 
 all the standards of the legion were set up. 
 
 Priory, Chr. A monastery attached, as a 
 rule, to an abbey ; there were also, however, 
 priories which formed the head of an order. In 
 the order of Malta each tongue comprehended 
 several great priories. 
 
 Fig. 562. Prismatic mouldings. 
 
 Prismatic (mouldings). A kind of moulding 
 resembling the facets of a prism (Fig. 562), 
 which is sometimes met with in archivolts 
 of the Romano-Byzantine period. The same 
 term is likewise applied to mouldings charac- 
 teristic of the flamboyant style, which assume, 
 especially in their base, the form of prisms. 
 
 Proaron, Gr. and R. {Trp6apof ; a-pvai, to draw 
 water). A vessel of a flattened spheroid form, 
 with two handles. 
 
 Proaulium, R. {pro, in front of). The vesti- 
 bule of any building. 
 
 Prochous, Gr. {-Kpoxoos, i. e. thing for pour- 
 ing out). A small jug for pouring liquid into a 
 cask ; it had a narrow neck, a very large handle, 
 and a pointed mouth. 
 
 Procoeton, Gr. and R. (irpo-KoiTiv). An 
 antechamber or room preceding other rooms or 
 chambers. 
 
 Prodd, O. E. A light cross-bow, used by 
 ladies, temp. Elizabeth. 
 
 Prodomos, Arch. (irprf-So/xos). The fa9ade of 
 a temple or building, and sometimes the porch 
 of a church. 
 
 Profile. The side view of the human face. 
 It is observed by Fairholt that ' ' a face which, 
 seen directly in front, is attractive by its rounded 
 outline, blooming colour, and lovely smile, is 
 often divested of its charms when seen in profile, 
 and strikes only as far as it has an intellectual 
 expression. Only where great symmetry exists, 
 connected with a preponderance of the intellec- 
 tual over the sensual, will a profile appear finer 
 than the front face." 
 
 Projectura, R. The beaver of a helmet. 
 Proletarii, R. The proletariate, or Roman 
 citizens of the lowest class of the people, so 
 called because they contributed nothing to the 
 resources of the republic except by their off- 
 spring {proles) ; being, as they were, too poor 
 to pay taxes. 
 
 Prom, Hind, An ornamented carpet in 
 Khmer art. 
 
 Prometheia. An Athenian festival in honour 
 of Prometheus, with a torch-race {lampade- 
 phorid). 
 
 Promulsis. The first course at a Roman 
 dinner, arranged to stimulate the appetite ; eggs 
 were a principal ingredient, whence the proverb 
 ab ovo usqzie ad mala (from first to last). 
 
 Pronaos, R. {Tvp6-vaos). A portico situated 
 in front of a temple ; it was open on all sides, 
 and surrounded only by columns, which, in 
 front, supported not only the entablature, but 
 the pediment {fastiginm). 
 
 Proper, Her. Said of a thing exhibited in 
 its natural, or proper, colour. 
 
 Proplasma, Gr. and R. {wp6-ir\a(rfia). A 
 rough model or embodiment of the sculptor's 
 first idea, executed by him in clay. 
 
 Propnigeum, Gr. and R. The mouth of the 
 furnace of the Hypocausis (q.v.). 
 
 Propylaea, Gr. The open court at the entrance 
 to a sacred enclosure ; e. g. an Egyptian temple, 
 or especially the Acropolis at Athens. 
 
 Prora, R. (Trpaipa). The prow or fore-part of 
 a ship, whence proreta, a man who stood at the 
 ship's head ; proreus was a term also used. (See 
 
 ACROSTOI.IUM.) 
 
 Proscenium, R. (Trpo-ffurifiov). The stage in 
 a Greek or Roman theatre ; it included the 
 
whole platform comprised between the orchestra 
 and the wall of the stage ; the term was also used 
 sometimes to denote the wall of the stage itself. 
 
 Proscenium, Mod. The ornamental frame on 
 which the curtain hangs. 
 
 Prostyles, R. (Trpc^-o-ri/Aoj). A building or 
 temple which has a porch supported by a row 
 of columns. 
 
 Proteleia, Gr. (Trpo-TeXeio). Sacrifices which 
 were offered to Diana, Juno, the Graces, and 
 Venus prior to the celebration of a marriage. 
 
 Prothyrum, Gr. (Trpd-Oupoi'). With the Greeks, 
 the vestibule in front of the door of a house, 
 where there was generally an altar of Apollo, 
 or a statue or laurel-tree; with the Romans, 
 the prothyrum was the corridor or passage 
 leading from the street to the atrium (Fig. 563). 
 
 Fig. 563. Entrance (Prothyrum) of a Roman house. 
 
 Prototype {izpHiTov, first ; tvitov, mould). The 
 model of a plastic design ; hence figm-atively, 
 a type or forerunner. 
 
 Protractor. An instrument for laying down 
 and measuring angles upon paper. 
 
 Protypum, Gr. and R. (TrpJ-ruTro*'). A model, 
 
 first model or mould for making any object in 
 clay, sucli as antefi.xce. 
 
 Prussian Blue. A valuable pigment of a 
 greenish-blue colour, of great body, trans- 
 parency, and permanency ; a mixture of prus- 
 siate of potash and rust, or oxide of iron. (See 
 Cyano(;en.) 
 
 Prussian Brown. A deep-brown pigment, 
 more permanent tlian madder. 
 
 Psaltery. A stringed instrument or kind of 
 lyre of an oblong square shape, played with a 
 rather large plectrum. 
 
 Pschent, Egyp. The head-dress of the 
 ancient kings of Egypt, which should properly 
 be called sk/ient, since the / only represents the 
 article t/w. This head-dress is the emblem of 
 supreme power, the symbol of dominion over 
 the south and north. It is a diadem composed 
 of the united crowns of the Upper and Lower 
 Egypts. 
 
 Psephus, Gr. {■^ri(pos). A round stone used 
 by the Athenian voters to record their votes. 
 
 Pseudisodomum {opus). (See Opus Pseudi- 
 
 SODOMUM.) 
 
 Fig. 564. Ground plan of a Pseuilodipteral Temple. 
 
 Pseudodipteros, Gr. and R. {^iv^o-^'nmpos). 
 A building or temple which presents the ap- 
 pearance of being surrounded by a double 
 colonnade, though it possesses only a single 
 one, which is separated from the walls of the cella, 
 as in the dipteral arrangement. (Fig. 564.) 
 
 Pseudoperipteros, Gr. and R. (il-euSo-TrepiirTe- 
 por). A building or temple which presents the 
 appearance of being surrounded by a colonnade, 
 although in reality it does not possess one, the 
 columns being embedded in the walls of the cella. 
 (See Peripteros, under which an example of 
 this kind of temple is given.) 
 
 Pseudothyrum, Gr. and R. ('\iiv^6-dvpov). 
 Literally, a false door, and thence a secret door, 
 or door hidden by some means or other. 
 
 Pseudourbana (sc. (cdi/iiia), R. The dwell- 
 ing-house of the owner of a farm, which was 
 distinct from the buildings set apart for the 
 farm people and the slaves, xhcfainilia rustica. 
 
 Psili, Gr. (ildAoi). Light-armed troops, who 
 wore skins or leather instead of metal armour, and 
 fought generally with bows and arrows or slings. 
 
268 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Psyche, Fr. A cheval-glass or mirror, 
 
 Psycter, Gr. {\pvKTrip). A metal wine-cooler, 
 often of silver, consisting of an outer vessel to 
 contain ice, and an inner vessel for the wine. 
 
 Pterotus, R. {TmpuiT6s). That which has 
 wings or ears ; an epithet applied to the drink- 
 ing-cup called calix. 
 
 Puggaree, Hind. A piece of muslin worn as 
 a turl)an. 
 
 Pugillares, R. Writing-tablets small enough 
 to be held in the hand (piigillus), whence their 
 name. 
 
 Pugio, R. (Gr. ludxaipa). A short dagger, 
 without a sheath, worn by officers of high 
 rank. 
 
 Pulpitum, R. The tribune of an orator, or the 
 chair of a professor. In a theatre the term was 
 used to denote the part of the stage next to the 
 orchestra. (See Proscenium.) 
 
 Pulviuar, R. {pulvinns, a cushion). A 
 cushion or bolster, and thence a state couch or a 
 marriage-bed. 
 
 Pulvinarium, R. (i) A room in a temple, in 
 which was set out the pidvinar or couch for the 
 gods at the feast of the Lectisternium. (2) 
 See Opus Pulvinarium. 
 
 :^:,.iMi^SS^ms^m 
 
 Fig. 565. Pulvinatus. 
 
 Pulvinatus, R. Having a contour similar to 
 that of a cushion or bolster, and thence the 
 cylinder formed by the swelling of the volute at 
 the side of the Ionic capital. (Fig. 565.) 
 
 Pumice-stone. A kind of lava of less specific 
 gravity than water. The dome of the mosque 
 of St. Sophia at Constantinople is built of 
 pumice-stone. 
 
 Punchau. (SeelNTi. ) 
 
 Punctum, R. A vote or suffrage, because in 
 early times each citizen, instead of laying down 
 a tessera or tablet with his vote, passed in front 
 of the rogator, or voting officer who had the list 
 of candidates before him, and pricked a hole 
 {piinctuin) in the tablet against the name of the 
 candidate for whom the vote was given. 
 
 Punkahs. Swinging fans suspended from 
 the ceilings of houses in India, often richly 
 embroidered and decorated with feathers, bril- 
 liant insects, gold and silver, &c. 
 
 Puntilla, Sp. A narrow point-lace edging. 
 
 Pupa, R. A doll ; a child's plaything. Dolls 
 of terra-cotta have been found in various coun- 
 tries. In Egypt dolls have been found, made 
 
 out of wood, painted, and in perfect proportion, 
 with glass beads on the head in imitation of 
 hair. As a rule, the ancient dolls are made 
 with movable joints. 
 
 Puppis, R. The poop or after-part of a 
 vessel as opposed to the prora or prow. (See 
 Prora.) 
 
 Purbeck-stone. A rough grey sandstone 
 from Dorsetshire, largely used for building 
 purposes in London. 
 
 Purim (Festivals of), Heb. Jewish festivals 
 called Festivals of the Lots, instituted in memory 
 of Esther, who had averted the peril with 
 which Haman threatened the Jews ; they were 
 so called because the favourite of Ahasuerus was 
 to have decimated the Jews by casting lots to 
 see who should be put to death. 
 
 Purple, Gen. An insignia of authority per- 
 taining to certain magistrates who wore purple 
 robes or bands of purple on their attire. There 
 were two kinds of purple, the amethyst and 
 the Tyrian ; the former was a deep violet, and 
 obtained from a shell-fish {imtrcx triiiiculiis) ; 
 the Tyrian was more brilliant and had a redder 
 tinge ; it was obtained from the murex bran- 
 dan's. 
 
 Purple is red graduated with blue, the red 
 predominating ; red with black makes purple- 
 lilack. Purple pigments are madder purple, 
 violet mars, burnt carmine (for water-colours). 
 
 Purple Lakes and Gi-een Lakes are made by 
 mixing yelkno lakes with blue pigments. (See 
 Yellow Lake.) 
 
 Purple Madder. (See Madder.) 
 Purple-wood. A beautiful deep-coloured 
 Brazilian wood, used for marquetry and inlaid- 
 work, but principally for the ramrods of gims. 
 
 Fig. 566. Puteus. Manhole of an Aqueduct. 
 
 Purpure, Her. Purple. 
 
 Purree, Hind. A bright golden-yellow pig- 
 ment prepared from camel's dung. (See Indian 
 Yellow.) 
 
 Pursuivants. The lowest order of officers in 
 Herald's College ; of whom there are four, 
 called respectively Rouge Croix, Rouge Dragon, 
 Blue Mantle, and Portcullis. In the Middle 
 
Ages these officers were attached to the house- 
 holds of the nobiUty, and bore titles generally 
 taken from the armorial insignia of their lords. 
 
 Puteal, R. A place struck by lightning, and 
 thus rendered sacred ; in order to keep it from 
 the tread of profane feet, it was surrounded by a 
 low wall similar to that which protected a well 
 (^p(ftits) ; whence the name oi piiUal. 
 
 Puteus, R. (i) A well fed by a spring or an 
 underground stream of water ; (2) an ojiening 
 or manhole of an aqueduct (Fig. 566) ; (3) a pit 
 for preserving grain. 
 
 Puticuli, Puticulse, R. Common pits in 
 which the bodies of those slaves and paupers 
 were buried, who had not the means to pay for 
 a funeral pyre or a private tomb. 
 
 Puttock, O. E. A base kind of hawk. 
 [Shakspiarc. ) 
 
 Pyanepsia, Gr. {irvaviyli/ia). Ancient "Bean- 
 feasts." Athenian festivals in honour of Apollo, 
 instituted by Theseus after his victory over the 
 Minotaur; they were so called because beans 
 were cooked for the banquet in honour of the 
 god {iTvavos, a bean, and 'i^eiv, to cook). 
 
 Pyat, O. E. A magpie. 
 
 Pykers, O. E. A kind of fishing-boats. 
 
 Pylon, Egyp. (ttvXuiv). A monumental gate 
 composed of two lofty and massive pyramidal 
 towers, forming the entrance to the enclosure of 
 the great Egyptian temples. The interior of 
 a pylon contained staircases and chambers. A 
 splendid example in full preservation is that of 
 the temple at Esneh on the Nile. 
 
 Pyra, Gr. and R. (irupa, lit. the burning- 
 place). A funeral pile before it was set on fire, 
 in contradistinction to rogiis, a funeral pile 
 which has been lighted. It was built in the form 
 of an altar with four equal sides, which were 
 frequently covered with foliage of dark leaves ; 
 and cypress-trees were placed in front of the 
 pile. The corpse was placed on the top, in the 
 bier {Lxtica) on which it had been borne to the 
 place. (See Funeral Ceremonies.) 
 
 Pyraeum, Pers. [irvpiiov). A place in which 
 the Persians kept the sacred fire {fiiros, fire). 
 At Bactria there were seven pyrcea, in honour 
 of the seven planets. 
 
 Pyramid (Egyptian, Pi-rama, a mountain). 
 In the hieroglyphics called Almmer, "a great 
 tomb," which it essentially is, or rather a 
 great cairn over the cave tomb excavated in the 
 live rock immediately under its apex. This 
 sepulchral chamber having been connected 
 with the upper world by a passage sloping 
 downrwards from the north, the graduated 
 structure was regularly built over it, the propor- 
 tions of the base to the sides being constantly 
 preserved, and the whole forming always a 
 perfect pyramid ; so that the building could be 
 continued during the whole lifetime of its 
 destined tenant, and covered and closed in 
 
 immediately upon his death. It is on record 
 that from Seneferoo, the first king whose name 
 has been found upon monuments, to the last of 
 the Sixth Dynasty, i. e. during the whole 
 ]ieriod of the Ancient Empire, every king of 
 Egypt built a pyramid. (Consult Vysc, Pyramids 
 o/Gezch.) 
 
 Pyrotechny [irvp, fire, and rtx^v, art). The 
 art of making fireworks. The Chinese had 
 great skill in this art long before its introduction 
 into Europe, and are at this day unrivalled in it. 
 The best English work on the subject is per- 
 ha]is that by G. W. Mortimer (London, 1853). 
 
 Pyrrhica, Gr. (Tri/pp/x??). A war-dance 
 in great favour with the early Greeks, and fre- 
 quently represented in sculptures, in which 
 warriors brandished their weapons and went 
 through a mock combat. 
 
 Pythia, Gr. (t^vQm). (i) A priestess of 
 Apollo at Delphi, represented seated on the 
 ss^cYed tripod. (See CORTINA.) (2) Games insti- 
 tuted at Delphi in honour of Apollo, and of 
 his killing the Pytho, the monstrous serpent 
 born from the waters in Deucalion's flood. 
 
 Pythoness. Synonym of Pythia (q.v.). The 
 term was also used to denote certain sorceresses, 
 such as the pythoness of Endor. 
 
 Pyx, or Pix, Cloths. (See Corporals.) 
 
 Fig. 567. Small Ivory Pyx. Ninth Century (?). 
 
 Pyx. The word in its earliest meaning in- 
 cluded any small box or case, and often in the 
 Middle Ages it contained relics. Thus in the 
 Durham treasury there was " a tooth of St. 
 Gengulphus, good for the falling sickness, in a 
 small ivory pyx." The pyx used for the sacra- 
 ment was usually ornamented with religious 
 subjects, other than the incidents of the lives of 
 saints. (Fig. 567.) 
 
 Pyxis, Gr. and R. (ti;|1j, lit. a box-wood 
 box). A casket, trinket-box, or jewel-case. 
 
270 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Q. 
 
 Many Old English words are indifferently spelt ivith qu, ch, and c ; such as quire, choir 
 
 quoif, coif, S(c. 
 
 Quadra, R. Generally, any square or 
 rectangular object ; such as a table, plinth, 
 or abacus. 
 
 Quadragesima, Chr. Lent is so called, 
 because it has yi'r/j' days. 
 
 Quadrans, R. (a fourth part). A small bronze 
 coin worth the quarter of an as, or about a 
 farthing. 
 
 Quadrant. An instniment for measuring 
 celestial altitudes ; superseded by the Circle. 
 (See Sextant.) (Consult Lalande, Astronomie, 
 § 2311, &c., 3me edition). 
 
 Quadrantal, R. A square vessel used as a 
 measure, the solid contents of which were 
 exactly equal to an amphora. A standard 
 model was kept in the temple of Jupiter 
 Capitolinus. 
 
 Quadrelle, O. E. A mace, with four lateral 
 projections, ornamental like the leaves of a 
 flower. {i^tQ Flanche, Cycl. ^yCcj/ww^, Plate xii. 
 16.) 
 
 Quadrellus, Med. Lat. A quarrel for a cross- 
 bow. 
 
 Quadriforjs, R. A door folding into four 
 leaves. 
 
 Quadriga, R. Generally Quadrigse (Greek 
 TfTpaopia or TedpiiriTos). A chariot in which 
 four horses were yoked abreast. The two 
 strongest horses were harnessed under the yoke 
 in the centre ; the others were fastened on each 
 side by means of ropes. (See Currus.) 
 
 Quadrigatus, R. A silver denarius, so called 
 from its having a quadriga on the reverse. 
 
 Quadrilateral. Four-sided. 
 
 Quadriliteral. Consisting of four letters. 
 
 Quadrille, Med. (It. squadriglia, dimin. of 
 squadra — our "squadron" — a small partyof troops 
 drawn up in a square). Small parties of richly- 
 caparisoned horsemen, who rode at tournaments 
 and public festivals. The modern dance so 
 called was introduced in 1808. 
 
 Quadriremis, R. A galley with four banks 
 of rowers. 
 
 Quadrisomus, Chr. A sarcophagus with 
 compartments for four bodies. One discovered 
 in the Vatican cemetery at Rome contained the 
 bodies of the first four popes called Leo. (Cf. 
 
 BiSOMUS.) 
 
 Quadrivalves, Arch. (See QUADRIFORIS.) 
 Quadrivium (lit. of four ways). The four 
 
 minor arts of arithmetic, music, geometrj-, and 
 astronomy. (See Trivium.) 
 
 Quadrivium, R. A place where fourroadsmeet. 
 
 Quadrumane. Having four prehensile hands 
 or feet, like monkeys. 
 
 Quadruplatores, R. Public informers, who 
 were rewarded with a fourth part of the 
 criminal's property on obtaining a conviction. 
 
 Quaestiones Perpetuae, R. Permanent tribu- 
 nals established at Rome to take cognizance of 
 criminal cases. 
 
 Quaestorium, R. In a Roman camp, the 
 q7urstor''s tent ; this was in some cases near the 
 porta decumana, or the rear of the camp ; in 
 others, on one side of the Pr.^TORIUM (q.v.). 
 
 Quaich, Queish, or Quegh, Scotch. An old- 
 fashioned drinking-cup or bowl, with two 
 handles. (English Maser [?].) 
 
 Quality-binding, Scotch. A kind of worsted 
 tape used in the borders of carpets. 
 
 Qualus, R. (Gr. Kalathos, q.v.). A wicker- 
 work basket. 
 
 Quandary, O. E. (from Fr. qu^cn dirai-je ?). 
 Doubt and perplexity. 
 
 Quannet. A tool for working in horn and 
 tortoise-shell. 
 
 Quarnellus, Med., in fortification. (See 
 Crenel. ) 
 
 Quarrel (Fr. canran), Arch. A lozenge- 
 shaped brick, stone, or pane of glass ; a 
 glazier's diamond. 
 
 Quarrel, O. E. An arrow for the cross-bow 
 with a four-square head. 
 
 Quarter-deck, on a ship of war. The deck abaft 
 the mainmast, appropriated to the commissioned 
 ofiicers. These were originally of great height, 
 corresponding with the lofty forecastle for 
 soldiers, and helped to make the ships top- 
 heavy and unmanageable. A commission on 
 ship-building in 1618 says, — 
 
 " They must bee somewhat snugg built, without 
 double galUrj-s, and too lofty upper workes, which 
 overcharge many shipps, and make them coeme faire, 
 but not worke well at sea." 
 
 Quarter-gallery of a ship. A balcony round 
 the stem. 
 
 Quarter-round, Arch. The ovolo moulding 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Quarter-tones (Gr. diesis), in Music, were 
 the subiect of much discussion among the an- 
 
Fig. s6S. Royal Arms of 
 
 England, tcvip. Edward III., 
 
 quartered with the tleur-de-lys 
 
 of France. 
 
 cient Greeks, but they were used on the lyre for 
 an occasional "grace-note.'' Aristoxenos says 
 "no voice could sing three of them in suc- 
 cession, neither can the singer sing less than the 
 quarter-tone correctly, nor the hearer judge of 
 it." (Consult C/iappelfs IIIsL of A/iisii-.) 
 
 Quartering, Her. 
 Marshalling two or 
 more coats of arms 
 in the different 
 quarters of the same 
 shield. (Fig. 568.) 
 Quartet, Quar- 
 tetto. It. A piece 
 of music for four 
 performers, each of 
 whose parts is ol>li- 
 gaio, i. e. essential 
 to the music. 
 
 Quartile. In As- 
 tronomy, distant 
 from each other 90 
 degrees, or a quarter of a circle. 
 
 Quasillum (dimin. of Qualu.s, q.v.) was 
 a small basket in which the quantity of wool 
 was measured, which was assigned to a slave to 
 spin in a day's work. 
 
 Quatrefoil. An ornament in 
 pointed architecture consisting 
 of four foils. The term is like- 
 wise applied to a rosace fonned 
 of four divisions, which figures 
 frequently in the upper part of 
 pointed windows. 
 
 Quatrefoil or Primrose, Her. 
 A flower or figure having four foils or conjoined 
 leaves. 
 
 Quattrocento, It. (lit. four hundred). A 
 term applied to the characteristic style of the 
 artists who practised in the 1 5lh century ; it was 
 hard, and peculiar in colour as well as in form 
 and pose. It was the intennediate of that pro- 
 gressive period of art, which, commencing with 
 Fra Angelico, Masaccio, jNIantegna, Botticelli, 
 and other celebrated painters, between a.d. 
 1400 and 1500, 
 reached excellence 
 in the i6th century 
 (the cinque cento) 
 with Leonardo da 
 Vinci and Ra- 
 phael. 
 
 Quaver. A 
 musical note of 
 very short time 
 r= half a crotchet. 
 Queen. Crown 
 of Her Majesty. 
 (See Fig. 570.) 
 „. r- fu Queen -post (an- 
 
 Fig. 370. Crown of Her .^ -7 
 
 Majesty the Queen. Ciently fnck-post 
 
 or {side-post), Arch. An upright post similar in 
 use and position to the King-post, but rising, 
 not in the centre to the point of the gable, but 
 midway between the wtW and the centre. 
 
 Queen's Boots. The interesting fact in English 
 archa-ology is not generally known, that Her 
 Majesty's boots are provided for by an annual 
 tax of two shillings (on the whole) upon the 
 village of Ketton in Rutlandshire "■pro ocrcis 
 regiiice. " 
 
 Queen's Ware. A cream-coloured glazed 
 earthenware of the Wedgwood manufacture at 
 liurslem, 1759-70. 
 
 Queen's Yellow. A colour formed from the 
 subsulphate of mercuiy. 
 
 Queintise, O. E. A dress curiously cut or 
 ornamented. (See Cointoise.) 
 
 Querpo (for Cuerpo). Partly undressed. 
 
 Querpo-hood. A hood worn by the Puritans. 
 
 " No face of mine shall by my friends be viewed 
 In Quaker's pinner, or in qiierpo-\\OQA. 
 
 {A rchaeologia, vol. xxvii.) 
 
 Queshews, O. E. Cuisses; aiTnour for the 
 thighs. 
 
 Queue, Fr. A support for a lance. It was 
 a large piece of iron screwed to the back of the 
 breastplate, curved downward to hold down 
 the end of the lance. 
 
 Queue Fourchee, Her. Having a double 
 tail, or two tails. 
 
 Quichuas. Remarkable specimens of pottery, 
 from this Peruvian coast province, doubtless of 
 remote antiquity, resemble in their freedom 
 from conventionality and successful imitation of 
 natural forms all primitive Egyptian and other 
 sculpture. Jacquemart describes the vase of the 
 illustration (on page 214) as the chef-d''Q:uvre of 
 American ceramics ; and, from the close resem- 
 blance of the features of the figure represented 
 to certain groups of prisoners on the Egj-ptian 
 bas-reliefs, as well as to the ethnic type of the 
 ancient Japanese kings, makes important de- 
 ductions with reference to the dispersion of 
 mankind, and the commerce of the old and new 
 worlds in prehistoric times. 
 
 Quicksilver, alloyed with tin-foil, forms the 
 reflecting surface of looking-glasses, and is 
 largely used in the operations of gilding and 
 silvering metals. 
 
 Quilled, Her. A term used to blazon the 
 quills of_/£a///(r.r; thus a blue feather having its 
 quill golden is blazoned — a. [eathci az., qui//ed or. 
 {Boutell.) 
 
 Quilts for bed-coverings, in England, were 
 formerly made of embroidered linen with em- 
 blems of the evangelists in the four corners. 
 At Durham, in 1446, in the dormitory of the 
 priory was a quilt "cum iiij'^'' evangelibtis in 
 corneriis." The Very Rev. Daniel Rock {Tex' 
 
272 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 tile Fabrics) suggests that this gave rise to the 
 old nursery rhyme : — 
 
 " Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, 
 Bless the bed that I he on." 
 
 Quinarius. A Roman coin = half a denarius, 
 or five asses. 
 
 Quincaillerie, Fr. A general term for all 
 kinds of metallurgical work in copper, brass, 
 iron, &c. 
 
 Fig. 571. Qiunce. Device of the Sforzas. 
 
 Quince, Her. The ^^ Porno cotogno" the em- 
 blem of the town of Cotignola, adopted by the 
 founder of the Sforza family who was born 
 there. The Emperor Robert of Bavaria added 
 a lion in 14CI as a reward of an act of bravery, 
 to "support the quince \v\\}s\ his left hand and 
 defend it with his right," adding " guai a chi lo 
 tocchi !" (Fig. 571.) 
 
 Quincunx, R. (i. e. five-twelfths of anything), 
 (i) A Roman bronze coin, equivalent to five- 
 twelfths of an as, and weighing five ounces 
 {ujtcia:). (2) An arrangement of five objects in 
 a square ; one at each corner, and one in the 
 middle. (3) l\\ gardening, said of trees planted 
 in oblique rows of three and two, or in a (jiiin- 
 ciinx (No. 2). 
 
 Quincupedal, R. A rod five feet in length, 
 for taking measurements in masonry. 
 
 Quindecagon. A plane figure having fifteen 
 sides and fifteen angles. 
 
 Quinite. A Spanish textile of hair with silk 
 or other thread. 
 
 Quinquagesima, Chr. The fiftieth day before 
 Easter; Shrove Sunday. {S.) 
 
 Quinquatrus (or — ia), R. Festivals of Mi- 
 nerva, celebrated on the 19th of March. They 
 lasted five days ; on the first no blood was shed, 
 but on the last four there were contests of 
 gladiators. Another festival called Qninqiiatriis 
 vtinores, also in honour of Minerva, was cele- 
 brated on the ides of Jime. 
 
 Quinquennalia, R. Games celebrated every 
 
 four years at Rome ; instituted by Nero, A.D. 60. 
 They consisted of music, gymnastical contests, 
 and horse-races. 
 
 Quinqueremis, R. A galley with five banks 
 of oars. 
 
 Quinquertium, R. (Gr. Pentathlon). A gym- 
 nastic contest of Greek origin, so called because 
 it consisted of five exercises, viz. leafing, run- 
 ning, 'corestling, throtving the discus, and thrffiu- 
 i)ig the spear. Introduced in the Olympic 
 games in 01. 18. 
 
 Quintain, O. E. A post set up to be tilted 
 at by mounted soldiers ; sometimes a man turn- 
 ing on a pivot ; sometimes a flat board, on a 
 pivot, with a heavy bag of sand at the other 
 end, which knocked the tilter on the back if he 
 charged unskilfully. (See Strutt, Sports and 
 Pastimes, p. 89, Plates ix. and x.) 
 
 Quintana, R. A causeway fifty feet wide 
 in a Roman camp. 
 
 Quintetto, It. A piece of music for five per- 
 formers, ohligati. (Cf. Quartet. ) 
 
 Quintile. In Astronomy, distant from each 
 other 72 degrees, or :\. fifth of a circle. 
 
 Quippa, Peru v. (lit. a knot). A fringe of 
 knotted and particoloured threads, used to 
 record events in ancient Mexico. 
 
 Quippos or Quippus, Peruv. A plaited cord 
 of strings of different colours and lengths, used 
 as a substitute for writing among the ancient 
 Peruvians. 
 
 Quire. O. E. for Choir. 
 
 Quirinalia, R. A festival sacred to Romulus 
 — Quirinus — held on the 17th of February, as the 
 anniversary of the day on which he was sup- 
 posed to have been carried up to heaven. The 
 festival was also called Stultortim feria. (See 
 
 FORNACALIA.) 
 
 Quirk, Arch. An acute channel by which 
 the convex parts of Greek mouldings (the ogees 
 and ovolos) are separated from the fillet or 
 soffit that covers them. In Gothic architecture 
 quirks are abundantly used between mouldings. 
 
 Quishwine, Quusson, and Qwissinge. Old 
 ways of spelling the word " cushion." 
 
 Quivers. The ancient Greeks and Etruscans, 
 the Normans and Saxons wore quivers (fharetra) 
 on a belt slung over the shoulder. Archers of 
 the 1 2th to 14th century carried their arrows 
 stuck in their belts. 
 
 " A shefe of peacock arwes bryght and kene 
 Under /lis belt he bare ful thriftely." 
 
 {CJiauccr.) 
 
 Quivers were probably introduced into England 
 in the 15th century. 
 
 Quoif or Coif, O. E. A close-fitting cap worn 
 by both sexes, and by lawyers, temp. Elizabeth. 
 
 Quoin or Coin, (i) Arch. The external 
 angle of a building. (2) O. E. A wedge. 
 
 Quoits. A very ancient game derived from 
 the Roman Discus (q.v.). 
 
R. 
 
 Ra. The sun-god with hawk head is a com- 
 mon object of Egyptian jiottery and architec- 
 tural ornament, subseijuent to tlie Asiatic in- 
 vasions. It typifies the union of the yellow 
 Asiatic and the native Egyptian races. 
 
 Rabato, Sp. A neck-band or ruff. (See 
 Rkuato.) 
 
 Rabbet (from rchatcd). In Joinery a groove 
 in the edge of a board. 
 
 ■ Rabyte, O. E. (for Aral)yte). An Arab 
 horse. 
 
 Racana, Chr. A blanket of hair-cloth pre- 
 scribed for the couches of monks, &c., in 
 summer. 
 
 " Pro anis nzc///«/> propter Kstus utanlur." 
 
 Rack, O. E. The last fleeting vestige of the 
 highest clouds. 
 
 Racon, O. E. The pot-hook by which vessels 
 are suspended over a fire. (See Galows.) 
 
 Radiant, Rayonee. Encircled with rays. 
 
 (Fig. 395-) 
 
 Radius, R. A pomted rod employed by 
 certain professors of astronomy and mathematics 
 for tracing figures on the sand. Also the 
 spoke of a wheel, a ray of light, and lastly, a 
 stake used in constructing intrenchments 
 
 Radula, R. A scraper, an iron tool used for 
 paring or scratching off. 
 
 Raiffaelle-ware. A fine kind of Urbino 
 majolica, the designs for which were probably 
 furnished by pupils of the great master. 
 
 Rag. In Masonry, stone that breaks in jagged 
 pieces. 
 
 Bagged Staff, Her. (See Ragul^e.) 
 
 Ragman's or Rageman's Roll, O. E. (i) 
 In History, a roll of the nobles of Scotland, 
 who swore fealty to Edward I. at Berwick, in 
 1296 ; hence (2) a game of chance, in which a 
 number of versified descriptions of character 
 were drawn from a roll by the members of a 
 company; 13th to 15th century. The game 
 survives among children of the present age 
 in the custom of drawing Twelfth-Night cha- 
 racters. 
 
 Ragstone. A rough kind of sandstone found 
 
 in Kent. 
 
 Ragulee, Ra- 
 J~lJ~LJ~Lf~LJ~l-n- guly, Her. Ser- 
 Fig. 572. Ragulee. rated. A "rag- 
 
 ged staff," or 
 "staff ragulte," is a part of a stem from 
 
 which the branches have been cut off roughly. 
 
 The illustration is the well-known device of 
 tlie Earls of War- 
 wick, originating 
 with Arthgal, one 
 of the Knights of 
 the Round Table ; 
 because, says Le- 
 land, " this Arthgal 
 took a here in his 
 arms, for that, in 
 Britisch, soundeth a 
 bere in Englisch." 
 
 (Fig- 573-) 
 
 Rahal, Arabic. 
 A load for a camel ; 
 about 5 cwt. 
 
 Rains, or Raynes, 
 Cloths (a.d. 1327 
 — 1434, &c.). Fine 
 linen woven at Rennes in Brittany. 
 
 Raj eta, Sp. A coarse cloth of mixed 
 colours. 
 
 Rallum, R. A piece of iron on the end 
 of a stick, used to scrape off earth from the 
 plough-share. 
 
 Fig- 573- Bsar and Ragged 
 Staff. 
 
 Fig. 574. Assyrian Battering-ram. 
 
 Ram, in Christian iconography, is a sjTnbol 
 not fully explained. It was probably connected 
 with the idea of a manfulyfj^/// \\iih the powers 
 of evil. Two rams face to face with a cross 
 between them are a frequent symbol. (Consult 
 
 T 
 
^74 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Martigny, Diet, dcs Atiiitj. Chret. s. v. 
 Belier.) 
 
 Ram, O. E. for rain. {Shakspeare.') 
 Ram or Battering-ram. (See Aries.) The 
 illustration (Fig. 574) is from the Assyrian 
 sculptures, showing the invention of the testudo 
 to be of great antiquity. 
 
 Ramadhan. The ninth month of the Arabian 
 calendar, and the Mohammedan month of 
 fasting ; it is followed by the festival of the 
 Little Bairain. 
 
 Ramalia, R. {ramus, a ram). Roman festi- 
 vals instituted in honour of Ariadne and 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Ramillete, Sp. A nosegay ; a pyramid of 
 sweetmeats and fruits. 
 
 Rampant, Her. Erect, one hind paw 
 on the ground, the other three paws ele- 
 vated ; the animal look- 
 ing forward, and hav- 
 ing his tail elevated. 
 
 Rampant gnardant, 
 Her. The same as 
 rampant, but looking 
 out of the shield. 
 
 Rampant reguar- 
 dant, Her. The same 
 as rampant, but look- 
 ing backv/ards. 
 
 Ranseur, Fr. A sort 
 of partisan in use in 
 the time of Edward 
 IV., having a broad 
 long blade in the 
 centre, and projecting 
 shorter blades on each 
 side. 
 
 Rantletree, Scotch, 
 (i) The beam in the 
 chimney from which 
 the crook is suspended, 
 when there is no grate 
 (Angl. Galows. See 
 (2) A tree chosen with 
 two branches, which are cut short, and left 
 in the shape of a Y, built into the gable 
 of a cottage to support one end of the roof- 
 tree. 
 
 Rapier, introduced from Spain in the i6th 
 century, remained the favourite weapon of gen- 
 tlemen. It is a light sword with a narrow blade 
 adapted only for thrusting. It used to be called 
 a tuck. 
 
 Rapier-dance. A theatrical dance still prac- 
 tised in Yorkshire, consisting of evolutions of 
 the dancers with naked r.apiers round a per- 
 former who kneels in the centre and finally 
 simulates death. (Compare Sword-dance.) 
 
 Raploch, Scotch. Coarse undyed woollen 
 dotli. 
 Rareca. Peruvian aqueducts ; distinct from 
 
 Fig. 575. Lion Ramp.int. 
 
 also Reekixg-hook). 
 
 the subterranean aqueducts called Huircas or 
 Piiichas (q.v.). 
 
 Rash. " A species of inferior silk, or silk and 
 . stuff manufacture. " {Nares.) 
 
 Raster, Eastrum, R. {rado, to scrape). A 
 rake. 
 
 Rat. In Chinese symbolism, the month of 
 November. (See Tchy Periods.) 
 
 Rath, Celtic. An ancient fortress or castle 
 of the Irish chiefs, consisting of a circular in- 
 trenched enclosure, with buildings in the centre. 
 
 Rational, Heb. A square piece of richly- 
 embroidered doth worn by the Jewish hi'di 
 priest upon the breast, above the ephod. 
 
 Ratis, R. A raft of strong beams or planks ; 
 and thence a flat boat, a bridge of boats, 
 &c. 
 
 Raunle-tree. Scotch ; for Raxti.e-tree 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Raven, the ensign of the ancient Danes, wasthe 
 bird of Odin. In Christian art, the emblem of 
 Divine Providence (in allusion to the history of 
 Elisha); attriljute of certain saints, especially of 
 ascetics. (See Crow.) 
 
 Ray, Chr. The fish {lina diaudaii) which 
 was burned by Tobias (vii. 2, 3), and the eggs 
 of which are still burnt for intermittent fevers 
 among the Greeks. {Harris, 408. ) 
 
 Ray, O. E. (i. e. rayed). Striped cloth much 
 worn in the 13th and 14th centuries. 
 
 Raynes, O. E. (from Rennes in Brittany). 
 Fine linen. 
 
 " Cloth of raynes to sleep on soft." [C/tanccr.) 
 
 Rayonnee, Her. (See Radiant.) 
 
 Real (Eng. Royal). A Spanish coin. There 
 are two kinds : a real of plate, \\ox\\\ a^^d., and 
 a realofvelloit, worth zhd. (Cf. Rial ) 
 
 Realgar. A red pigment, formed of arsenic 
 in combination with sulphur. A fugitive and. 
 corrosive pigment. (See Merimee, De la Peiti- 
 tiire a riiuile, p. 124.) 
 
 Realism, Realistic, in Art. (See Ideal and 
 Real.) 
 
 Rebated. Turned back, as the head of a 
 Morne or jousting-lance. 
 
 Rebato, Sp. The turn-down collar of the 
 15th and 1 6th centuries. 
 
 Rebec, Sp. A musical instrument of three 
 strings, tuned in fifths, and played with a bow 
 like a fiddle. It was originally introduced into 
 Spain by the Moors. 
 
 Rebiting. A process of renewing the lines of 
 a worn-out plate, by etching them over again ; 
 a difficult and dehcate operation, which is rarely 
 performed with entire success. 
 
 Rebus, Her. An allusive charge or device. 
 A ton or tun pierced by a bird-bolt is in the 
 church of Great St. Bartliolomew, of which 
 Prior Bolton was the last prior. 
 
Fig.cy?- Rebus (Prior Bolton). 
 The Kelt and Tun, 
 
 Fig. 578. Cross 
 Kecercelie. 
 
 " Prior Rnlton 
 With his bolt and tun " 
 
 (Ben yoiisor:.) 
 
 Recamo, Sp. 
 
 Embroidery of 
 raised work. 
 
 Recel, Sp. A 
 kind of striped 
 t;i)ieslry. 
 
 Receptorium, R. 
 {irccpto, to re- 
 ceive). A kind of 
 parlour, also call- 
 ed saliitatoriuin, 
 which generally 
 adjoined the an- 
 cient basilicas. 
 
 Recercelee, 
 Her. A variety 
 of the heraldic cross. 
 
 Recheat, O. E. A sound 
 on the horn to call dogs 
 away from the chase. 
 
 Recinctus. Equivalent 
 in meaning to DisciNC- 
 R)'\S)/ TUS(q.V.). 
 
 ^^-^^^i' Recorders. A musical 
 
 instrument mentioned by 
 Shakspeare. It resembled 
 a very large clarionet. 
 Milton also speaks of 
 
 ' the Dorian mood 
 Of flutes and so/t recorders." 
 
 [Paradise Lost, i. 550.; 
 
 Recta, R. A straight tunic, made out of a 
 single piece, which took the form of the body ; 
 it hung from the neck, and fell down as far as 
 the feet. 
 
 Rectilinear figures are those composed en- 
 tirely of straight or right lines. 
 
 Red. One of the three primary colours, pro- 
 ducing with YELLOW, orange, and with BLUE, 
 violet. The principal red pigments are car- 
 mine, vermilion, chrome red, scarlet lake, madder 
 lake, light 7-ed, burnt sienna, {oxyellnu reds ; and 
 Venetian red, Indian red, crimson lake, for blue 
 reds. Red, in Christian art, represented by the 
 ruby, signified fire, divine love, the Holy Spirit, 
 heat or the creative power, and royalty. In a bad 
 sense, red signified blood, war, hatred, and 
 punishment. Red and black combined were the 
 colours of purgatory and the devil. (See Real- 
 gar, Indigo.) 
 
 Red Chalk or Reddle is a mi.vture of clay and 
 red iron OCHRE, used as a crayon in drawing. 
 (See Ochre.) 
 
 Red Lake. (See Carmine.) 
 
 Red Lead. A pigment which mixes badly 
 with other pigments. (See Minium.) 
 
 Red Ochre includes Indian red, scarlet ochre, 
 I)idian ochre, reddle, &c. 
 
 Red Orpiment. (See Realgar.) 
 
 Redan, the simplest kind of work in field 
 fortification, generally consists of a parapet 
 of earth, divided on the plan into two faces, 
 which make with one another a salient angle, 
 or one whose vertex is towards the enemy. 
 
 Reddle. (See Red Chalk.) 
 
 Redimiculum, R. {redimio, to bind round). 
 A long string or ribbon attached to any kind of 
 head-dress. 
 
 Redoubt is a general name for nearly every 
 kind of work in the class of field fortifications. 
 
 Redshank, Scotch. A Highlander wearing 
 buskins of red-deer skin, with the hair out- 
 wards. 
 
 Reduction. In Art, a copy on a smaller 
 scale. Tiic work is done mechanically by a 
 process of subdivision of the original into seg- 
 ments or squares. 
 
 Reekie, Scotch. Smoky ; hence Auld Reekie, 
 the city of Ixlinburgh. 
 
 Reeking-hook, O. E. A pot-hook hung in 
 the chimney, to suspend vessels over an open 
 fire. (See Galows.) 
 
 Re-entering, in Engraving, is the sharpening 
 or deepening with a graver the lines insuffi- 
 ciently bitten in by the acid. 
 
 Refectory, Mod. (reficio, to refresh). A hall 
 in which the monks of a monastery assembled 
 to take their meals ; one of the most im- 
 portant rooms of the establishment ; it was 
 often divided into two naves by a row of columns 
 called the spine (spina), which received the 
 spring of the vaultings forming the roof of the 
 refectory. 
 
 T 2 
 
 Fig. 579. Regals or Portable Organ. 
 
276 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Reflected Lights thrown by an illuminated 
 surface into the shadows opposed to it, modify 
 the Local Colour of every object that we 
 observe in nature, and should accordingly be 
 made to do so in painting. 
 
 Eeflexed, Reflected, Her. Curved and carried 
 backwards. 
 
 Refraction is the diversion of a ray of light 
 which occurs when it falls obliquely on the sur- 
 face of a medium differing in density from that 
 through which it had previously moved. The 
 differently-coloured rays have different degrees 
 of refrangibility. Refraction is the cause of 
 the phenomena of the mirage. Fata Morgana, 
 &c., and presents to us the light of the sun 
 before his actual emergence above the horizon. 
 
 Regal or Regals, O. E. (i) A small por- 
 table organ, with single or double sets of 
 pipes (the attribute of St. Cecilia, and of 
 saints and angels of the heavenly choir). The 
 illustration (Fig. 579) of an angel playing the 
 regals, is taken from an ancient MS. (2) A 
 kind of harmonica, with sonorous slabs of 
 wood. 
 
 Regalia. The ensigns of royalty. The re- 
 galia of England are the crown, sceptre, verge 
 or rod with the dove, St. Edward's staff, the 
 orb or mound, the sword of mercy called 
 Curtana, the two swords of spiritual and tem- 
 poral justice, the ring of alliance with the 
 kingdom, the armillse or bracelets, the spurs of 
 chivalry, and some royal vestments ; and are 
 kept in the Jewel Office in the Tower of Lon- 
 don. The Scottish insignia, a crown, a sceptre, 
 and a sword of state, are kept in the Crown- 
 room at Edinburgh. The illustration shows 
 the regalia and state vestments of the Grand 
 Duke of Tuscany, in the i6th century. (Fig. 
 580.) 
 
 Regifugium, R. (lit. flight of the king). 
 An annual festival held on the sixth day of the 
 calends of March (24th of February), in comme- 
 moration of the flight of Tarquin and the esta- 
 blishment of the Roman republic. 
 
 Regioles, Fr. Chr. Small doors in the con- 
 fessio or martyrium of an altar, containing 
 relics of a saint or martyr. The faithful used 
 to introduce handkerchiefs by these doors, that 
 they might consecrate them by contact with the 
 relics. 
 
 Regrating or Skinning, in Masonry, is the 
 process of scraping or hammering off the outer 
 surface of old stones to make them look white 
 and new ; it has been greatly abused in the 
 restoration of ancient buildings. 
 
 Reguardant, Her. Turning the head and 
 looking back ; emblematic of circumspection 
 and prudence. 
 
 Regula, R. A straight nile used by artisans. 
 
 Regulares, Chr. Horizontal rods of wood or 
 metal in churches for the suspension of veils or 
 
 curtains. These were often made of gold or 
 silver, with a row of images on the upper part. 
 
 Fig. 580. Regalia. Grand Duke of Tuscany in state 
 costume, with crown and sceptre, &c. 
 
 Regulus (in Greek PaatXiaKos) is the name 
 given by ancient astronomers to a line drawn 
 from the polar star, between the pointers, 
 &.C., to the bright star called a Leonis or Cor 
 Leonis (the lion's heart)- 
 
 Reindeer, Her. A hart with double antlers, 
 one pair erect, the other drooping. 
 
 Reisner-work. A corrupt spelling of the 
 name of Riesener, a celebrated worker in mar- 
 quetry in France in the 1 8th century. 
 
 " Riesener used tulip, rosewood, holly, maple, labur- 
 num, purple-wood, &c. Wreaths and bunches of flowers, 
 exquisitely worked and boldly designed, form centres of 
 his marquetry panels, which are often plain surfaces of 
 
one wood. On the sides, in borders and compartments, 
 we fwul diaper patterns in three or four quiet colours." 
 (Sec VollcH, .Indent and Moiicrn Furniture, &c.) 
 
 Belief (It. rilicvo). Sculpture i)rojccting — 
 Alto-rei.ikvo, more than half; iMk/,/,o-kk- 
 i.iEVO, exactly half; ISasso-ukmevo, less than 
 half. (See also Rondo Bosso, Intaglio 
 Rei.ievato, Stacciato.) 
 
 Reliquary, Chr. A portable shrine or casket 
 made to contain relics. A reliquary made to be 
 worn round the neck was called cncolpiiiin {4v 
 K6\Tr(j>, in the ho^om), phrlacteriit/n, &c.; one to 
 be carried processionally,yiv-(f/'/'«w. (See Fere- 
 tory, Fii(. 307.) 
 
 Remarque, Fr. A slight sketch on the mar- 
 gin beneath an etching or engraving, to denote 
 the earliest proof impressions. 
 
 Removed, Her. Out of its proper position. 
 
 Remuria, R. A Roman festival in honour 
 of Remus, held on the third of the ides of 
 May (13th of May) on the Palatine mount, on 
 the spot where Remus had taken the auspices, 
 and where he was buried. 
 
 Renaissance (lit. new-birth or revival). The 
 term is popularly applied to the gradual return 
 to classical principles in Art in the 13th and 14th 
 centuries. The Italian renaissance, begun by 
 NiCCOLA PiSANO in architecture and sculpture, 
 and by GlOTTO in painting, was fostered by the 
 Medici family, and culminated in Leonardo, 
 ^lichelangelo, and Raphael. Teutonic art 
 (Flemish, German, and Dutch) had also their 
 periods of revival. It is, however, impossible 
 to indicate their representatives without entering 
 upon debateable questions. Goldsmith's work, 
 pottery, and other tiseful arts passed through 
 parallel periods of revival concurrent, or nearly 
 so, with those in painting. 
 
 Rengue, Sp. A kind of gauze worn on 
 official robes in Spain. 
 
 Reno and Rheno, R. A very short cloak, 
 often made of skins, peculiar to the Gauls and 
 Germans, and adopted by the Roman soldiery. 
 
 Repagula, R. (lit. fastening back). A double 
 fastening to a door ; of two bolts {pc'ssitli), one of 
 which was shot towards the right, and the other 
 to the left. 
 
 Replica. A duplicate of a picture, done by 
 the same painter. 
 
 Repose. (See Riposo.) 
 
 Repositorium, R. \repo)io, to lay down). A 
 sideboard for plates and dishes in a dining-room; 
 it was divided into several stories, and formed 
 a kind of dinner-wagon ; and many examples 
 were richly ornamented, and inlaid with varie- 
 gated woods, or tortoise-shell and silver, &c. 
 
 Repousse, Fr. Metal-work hammered out 
 from behind into ornaments in relic'f. 
 
 Requiem, Chr. The Roman Missa pro De- 
 fitnctis,ox service for the dead, beginning with the 
 anthem ^'■Requiem ittcrnam dona as, Doniinc." 
 
 Rerebrace, O. E. (for the French arriire 
 bras). Armour for the upper part of the arm. 
 
 Rerebrake, O. E. A pommel at the back of 
 a saddle to support the horseman under the 
 shock of a tilting-bout. (See Mcyrick, vol. ii. 
 
 P- I37-) 
 
 Reredos, Chr. (i) The wall or screen at the 
 back of an altar. In the primitive churches, 
 in which the bishop's seat was at the back of 
 the altar, there was no reredos. Its introtluction 
 dates from the period (about the 1 2th century) 
 when the episcopal seats and the choirs were 
 established in front of the altars. (2) The 
 Rood-screen was sometimes so called. (3) 
 The open hearth was so called. Hollinshed 
 relates that, before the invention of chimneys, 
 "each man made his fire against a rercdosse in 
 the hall, where he dined and dressed his meat." 
 
 Rere-supper (Fr. arricre soiiper). The last 
 meal taken in the day; 15th century. 
 
 Resins. (See Amber, Copal, Damara, 
 Mastic, &c. ) 
 
 Ressaunt, O. E. Arch. An obsolete term 
 applied to members of architecture inflected or 
 curved like an Ogee moulding. 
 
 Rest. In Music, a character denoting silence 
 for a length denoted by the character used to 
 express the rest, i.e. semi-breve, minim, eroiehet, 
 quaver, &c. 
 
 Restoration. In Architecture, a drawing 
 of an ancient building in its original design. 
 
 Retable (Fr.), Chr. (See Reredos.) 
 
 Rete and Reiis, R. A net. 
 
 Retiarius. A gladiator whose only arms 
 were a trident and net ; with the latter he tried 
 to embarrass the adversary by casting it over his 
 head, and, having done so, to wound him with 
 the trident ; failing in their throw, their only 
 resource was to run round the arena preparing 
 the net for a second attempt. They fought 
 generally with the Mirmillones, and had no 
 helmet nor other protective armour excepting 
 for the left arm. (See Gladiators.) 
 
 Reticella (Lat. reliciilns, a little net). This 
 was the first known needle-made lace, produced 
 in all lace-making countries under different 
 names. (See Greek Lace. ) It was made in 
 several ways : the first consisted in arranging a 
 network of threads on a small frame, crossing 
 and interlacing them in various complicated 
 patterns. Beneath this network was gummed a 
 piece of fine cloth, open like canvas, called quin- 
 tain (from the town in Brittany where it was 
 made). Then with a needle the network was 
 sewn to the quintain by edging round those 
 parts of the pattern which were to remain thick, 
 then cutting away the superfluous cloth : 
 hence the name of cutwork in England. A 
 more simple mode was to make the pattern de- 
 tached without any linen ; the threads radiating 
 at equal distances from one common centre 
 
278 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 served as a frame-work to others, which were 
 united to them in geometric forms worked over 
 
 w^^(^<!^^%»X#IC.#l#I^I#IC4l#I< 
 
 ^»^i#i#r#%»^^^tLc>i4i«»i#i< 
 
 I. Venetian Reticella Lace. 
 
 with hutton-hole stitch (or poi7it notti). The 
 engraving shows a fine specimen of reticella 
 
 from Venice, 1493. (See also Milan Reti- 
 cella.) 
 
 Reticulated. Latticed like the meshes of a 
 net {rcte). 
 
 Reticulated Glass. (See Glass.) 
 
 Reticulated Porcelain is an Oriental product, 
 of which the outer side is entirely cut out in geo- 
 metric patterns, honeycomb, circles intercrossed 
 and superposed to a second vase of similar, or of 
 simply cylindrical form. Fig. 582 is a specimen 
 of this style. 
 
 Reticulated Work, Arch. (Lat. reticulata 
 stnictiira, literally, made like a net). Masonry 
 constructed with diamond-shaped stones, or 
 Quarrels, shown in Figs. 493 and 583. The 
 
 HOACIIOWL^. 
 
 Fig. 582. Reticulated Vase. Japanese. 
 
 Fig- 5^3- Reticulatum opus. 
 
 latter shows one of the mouths of the cloaca 
 opening on the Tiber. Reticulata fenestra was a 
 window grated over with bars of wood or metal 
 crossing in the form of network. 
 
 Reticulum, R. Diminutive oi rete, a net. 
 
 Retinaculum, R. {retineo, to hold back). A 
 rope used to moor a vessel to the shore. 
 
 Retorted, Her. Intertwined. 
 
 Retro-choir, Chr. Arch. Chapels behind or 
 about the choir. 
 
 Reverse. The back of a medal. In very 
 ancient coins this had no mark except that of 
 the instrument by which it was fixed to receive 
 the stamp oi '(\\& obverse. By degrees this grew 
 into a figure of a dolphin or some other 
 animal. Some ancient Greek reverses are 
 i)itaglios of the stamp in relief of the obverse. 
 Complete reverses appear on Greek coins 
 al)out 500 B.C., and are of exquisite execution. 
 (Cf. Obverse. ) 
 
 Revinctum (opus), R. {rrc'incio, to bind fast). 
 Dove-tailed masonry. (See Fig. 269.) 
 
 Rhabdion (lit. a small rod). An instrument 
 used in encaustic painting, with which the wax 
 
Fig. 5S4. Rhyton. Greek Drinking-cup. 
 
 tints were blended. It was probably flat at one 
 end, and kept heated in a small furnace close at 
 hand. (See Eastlake, Materials^ &c. . i. 154.) 
 
 Bheda, R. A roomy four-wheeled carriage, 
 of Gallic origin, with several seats. The driver 
 was called Rhedarius. 
 
 Bheno, Gr. \l>7]v, a sheep). A sheepskin 
 cloak, covering the shoulders and as far as to the 
 waist, worn by the ancient. Germans as a pro- 
 tection against rain. 
 
 Rhingrave. The petticoat breeches worn in 
 the reign of Charles II. {Planche.') 
 
 Bhomboid. "An equilateral oblique parallelo- 
 gram. " 
 
 Ehomphaea, Komphaea, Eumpia, R. A 
 sword with a long blade, used by the Thracians. 
 
 Ehyton, Gr. and R. (^yrbi/, lit. flowing). A 
 drinking-vessel of earthenware in the form of a 
 horn or trumpet ; in many instances with a handle. 
 
 Eial or Eoyal ( Sp. real). A Spanish coin intro- 
 duced into England in i6th cent. (See Real.) 
 
 Fig. 5S5. Rial. Queen Elizabeth- 
 
 Eiband or Eibbon (Welsh rliihin ; 
 Irish n/i/i/'/i, 6ic.). A long narrow 
 web of silk worn for ornament or 
 use ; especially for a l>aif^e of devo- 
 tion in love or war. 
 
 "See in the lists they wait the trumpet's 
 sound : 
 Some love-device is wrought on every 
 
 sword, 
 And every ribbon bears some mystic 
 word." 
 
 {Granvi/^e.) 
 
 The Ribbons of the various orders 
 of Knighthood are: — of the Gar- 
 ter, a broad dark blue ribbon 
 passing over the left shoulder ; of 
 the Thistle, a broad dark green 
 ribbon ; of St. Patrick, a light 
 blue ; of the Bath, red ; of the 
 Star of India, pale blue with 
 white borders. 
 
 Eibbon, Eiband, Her. A diminu- 
 tive of a Bend. 
 
 Eibibe. A kind of fiddle; 15th 
 centuiy. 
 Bibs, Arch. Projecting bands on ceilings, 
 &c. 
 
 Eica, R. A square piece of cloth with a 
 fringe, worn by priests and women on the head, 
 and especially by the former when they were 
 offering a sacrifice ; ricula was a smaller veil 
 worn in the same fashion. (Cf. Flam- 
 
 MEUM.) 
 
 Bice-paper. A delicate vegetable film brought 
 from China, and used as a substitute for draw- 
 ing-paper in the representation of richly- 
 coloured insects or flowers, &c. 
 
 Bidels. French word for bed-curtains ; 15th 
 centurv. 
 
 Eimenato. It. (See Critsca.) 
 Eing Mail. Flexible armour of iron rings 
 interwoven ; introduced from the East by the 
 Crusaders. 
 
 Eings. The symbolic use of signet-rings is 
 mentioned in many passages of the Holy Scrip- 
 tures, especially as a transfer of authority ; as 
 Pharaoh to Joseph (Gen. xli. 42), 
 Ahasuerus to Haman, &c. A large 
 collection of Egyptian signet-rings 
 is in the British Museum, many 
 being much too large to be worn on 
 the hand. EGYPTIAN rings were of 
 ivory, porcelain, or stone, but gene- 
 rally of gold. The Etruscans 
 and Sabines wore rings at the 
 foundation of Rome, 753 B.C., those 
 of the former being remarkable foi 
 beauty and intrinsic value. The 
 Laced/EMONIANS wore iron rings. 
 The Romans also under the Re- 
 public were proud of wearing an 
 iron ring ; under the Empire the 
 
2 So 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 586. Ring of chiselled iron. 
 French. i6th century. 
 
 Fig. 587. Venetian Ring, 
 century. 
 
 i6th 
 
 privilege of wearing a ring raised the wearer to 
 the equestrian order. Greek and Roman rings 
 were, generally speaking, massive and simple, and 
 of obvious value 
 in metal and 
 stone, until in 
 the degenerate 
 times of the 
 Empire luxury 
 spread, and the 
 lower classes be- 
 gan to disfigure 
 themselves with 
 cheap jewellery. 
 Solid rings were 
 carved out of 
 rock - crystal in 
 Christian times ; 
 and others were 
 made of stone, 
 chiefly of cal- 
 cedony. Rings 
 of amber, glass, 
 earthenware, and 
 other materials 
 were exhumed at 
 Pompeii. The 
 Britons and Saxons had beautiful jewel- 
 lery. The former wore the ring on the middle 
 finger; the Anglo-Saxons on the third finger of 
 the right hand, which was thence poetically 
 called the " golden finger. " A beautiful speci- 
 men of enamelled art is the gold ring of Ethel- 
 wulf, king of Wessex (the father of Alfred the 
 Great), now in the medal room of the British 
 Museum. Among the niello rings of the 
 Saxon period is one in the British Museum in- 
 scribed " Ahlreds owns me, Eanred engraved 
 me." Plain wire rings, or plain bands of metal 
 merely twisted round the finger, are common 
 objects in Saxon tombs ; but the most beautiful 
 specimens of this, as of other branches of the 
 goldsmith's art in antiquity, are from. IRELAND. 
 In Scandinavia the earliest forms are spiral, 
 and of simple workmanship. Rings were a part 
 of the official jewellery of kings, bishops, and 
 cardinals ; and the fishermaiC s ring, with a re- 
 presentation of St. Peter in a boat fishing, was 
 the papal ring of investiture. A copious litera- 
 ture on this special subject deals with the super- 
 stitions, ceremonies, customs, and anecdotes 
 connected with finger-rings, as well as with their 
 exemplification of the history of the development 
 or decadence of art. A collector divides his 
 rings into Aiitiipic, J\lcdi(€val, and Modern ; the 
 former period ending A.D. 8co, and classified by 
 nationalities. The later collections are classi- 
 fied as Official: ecclesiastical, civil, and military; 
 or Personal, viz. signet-rings, love and marriage, 
 mourning, &c.; historical, religious (i. e. devo- 
 tional, &c.), magic, and simply ornamental. 
 
 (The substance of the above is drawn from 
 Fi7iger-ring Lore, &c., by W. Jones, Chatlo, 
 1S77 ; arid Antique Gems, by the Rev. C. IV. 
 A'in^. For the significance of rings in con- 
 nexion with the history of Christianity, see Smith 
 and Chcetham, Diet, of Christ. Ant. s. v.) 
 
 Kinman's Green. (See Cobalt.) 
 
 Rip-rap, Arch. A builder's term for a foun- 
 dation of loose stones. 
 
 Riposo, It. The rest of the Holy Family 
 during the Flight into Egypt is often shortly 
 designated the Riposo ; it is treated by difierent 
 masters in a great variety of styles. 
 
 Riscus, R. (yio-Kos). A wardrobe or chest 
 for clothes. 
 
 Rising, Ronsaant. Her. Said of birds about 
 to take wing. 
 
 Rivers, Chr. The four rivers of Paradise are 
 variously represented in primitive Christian 
 art ; e. g. the I/AMB standing on a mountain, 
 from which they flow ; or they are personified, 
 and symbolize the four Evangelists : the Gihon 
 is St. Matthew ; Pison, St. John ; Tigris, 
 St. Mark ; and Euphrates, St. Luke. The fol- 
 lowing lines in one instance accompany such a 
 representation on an engraved copper plate : — 
 " Fons paradisiacus per flumina quatuor exit ; 
 Hec quadriga levis te Xpe per omnia vexit." 
 In CLASSIC art generally, rivers are personified 
 as half-prostrate figures reclining upon an urn, 
 and marked by certain attributes ; e. g. of the 
 Nile, a hippopotamus ; of the Tiber, a wolf 
 suckling Romulus and Remus ; other rivers by 
 the flora or by certain cities of their banks, &c. 
 (Consult Didron, Iconographie Chrit.; Mar- 
 iigny, &c.) 
 
 Roan. (1) A kind of leather much used for 
 bookbinding ; it is of sheepskins tanned with 
 
 
 ■-.-■^J— T-^ 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 
 rm 
 
 ■'J j . 1 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 lIM . C C C E 1 V i 
 
 
 - s 
 
 E X 
 
 c 
 
 :■! 
 
 '■ Jl J 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Jl ii 
 
 '!! 1 ■ \ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 5S3. Robur. Prison at Rome. 
 
sumach. (2) Said ot a hay or sorel horse 
 marked with t;rey. 
 
 Robigalia, R. Roman festivals held every 
 year 011 tlie sixth of the calends of May (25th 
 of April), in honour of tiie t;;oil Robigus, to pre- 
 serve the wheat from mildew. 
 
 Roborarium [ro/'itr, strength). An enclosure 
 within a wooden palisade. 
 
 Bobur, R. The subterranean dungeon of a 
 prison {cara'r), in which criminals were executed. 
 In Fig. 588 the character of the rolnir is clearly 
 seen ; it is that of the prison of Ancus Martins 
 and Servius Tullius at Rome, of which some 
 ruins still remain. 
 
 Rochet, Chr. (Lat. rochctum ; Anglo-Saxon 
 roc, a loose upper garment). A short surplice 
 without sleeves, open at the sides ; imitated 
 from a linen outer garment of the same name, 
 much worn by women in the 14th century. 
 Chaucer says, — 
 
 "There is no clothe syttoth bette 
 On daraoselle than doth rokette." 
 
 Rock-crystal. A material much used for 
 carving in China. Fortune says, " Fine speci- 
 mens of rock-crystal, carved into figures, cups, 
 and vases, are met with in the curiosity shops of 
 Foo-chow-foo. Some of these specimens are 
 white, others golden yellow, and others again 
 blue and black. One kind looks as if human 
 hair was thrown in and crystallized. Jmitatioiis 
 of this stone are common in Canton, made into 
 snuff-bottles, such as are commonly used by the 
 Chinese." The Greek name (KfivaraWos, ice) 
 refers to the belief that it was frozen water ; 
 the Indians believe it to be the husk of which 
 the diamond is the kernel, and call it the unripe 
 diamond ; in Japan it is cut into round balls 
 used for cooling the hands; in China also it is 
 extensively carved ; in the Middle Ages it was 
 highly valued throughout Europe as a detector 
 of poison. Still more recently crystal balls have 
 been supposed to have magical influence, and 
 used for divination and conjuring. 
 
 Rockets, O. E. Slabs of wood used on 
 lances, during exercise, for the same purpose as 
 the buttons of foils. 
 
 Rococo, It. The style of decoration into 
 which that of the Louis Quinze period culmi- 
 nated, distinguished for a superfluity of confused 
 and discordant detail. (See Louis XV.) 
 
 Rod. In measurement, 16^ feet linear, or 
 272J square feet. 
 
 Rodomel, O. E. The juice of roses, mixed 
 with honey. 
 
 Rogus, R. A funeral pile when in process 
 of burning, in contradistinction to Pyka (q.v.). 
 
 Rokelay, O. E. A short cloak. 
 
 Roll-moulding (Arch.), profusely used in the 
 Early English and Decorated styles, is a round 
 moulding, divided longitudinally along the 
 middle, the upper half of which projects over 
 
 the lower. Roll and fillet moulding is a roll- 
 moulding with a square fillet on the face of 
 it. 
 
 Rolls of Arms. Heraldic records of ancient 
 armorial insignia, preserved on strips of parch- 
 ment. The earliest known are of the 13th cen- 
 tury. (Consult i>*w/ /<•//. ) 
 
 Romal, Hind. A silk fabric, of which cotton 
 imitations are made in England. 
 
 Fig. 589. Temple of Vesta at Tivoli, with 
 Roman-Corinthian columns. 
 
 Roman Architecture is a combination of the 
 Etruscan and the GVvt'/C', principally distinguished 
 from the latter by the circular arch, and the 
 monopteral or circular temple unknown to the 
 Greeks, but a favourite form with the tomb- 
 building ancestors of the Etruscans. ^\).q orders 
 of Roman architecture were the Doric and 
 Ionic, detrimentally modified ; the Corinthian, 
 which they greatly enriched ; and the Com- 
 posite, of which the upper part of the capital 
 was Ionic, and the remainder Corinthian. The 
 distinguishing feature of the Roman architecture 
 is, however, less in the modifications of the orders, 
 than in their application in composite arcades, or 
 plain arches of Etruscan design, faced by and 
 supporting a purely ornamental arrangement of 
 a long horizontal entablature on two columns. 
 (Consult Ferpissoti, Hist, of Arch., vol. i.) 
 
282 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Roman-Doric Order of Architecture. A de- 
 teriorated imitation of the Grecian-Doric, 
 adopted, with considerable modifications, by 
 modern ItaUan architects. 
 
 Roman Ochre or Italian Earth. A pigment 
 of a rich orange-yellow, used both raw, and 
 burnt in oil and water-colours. (See Ochre.) 
 
 Roman Sepia is sepia (q.v.) mixed with 
 red. 
 
 Romanesque. A degenerated and hybrid 
 style of architecture and ornament, transitional 
 from the classical Roman to the introduction of 
 the Gothic. In the architecture there is an 
 incongruous combination of the horizontal and 
 arched methods of construction ; and in the 
 ornament a similar dissonance of natural and 
 conventional or fanciful objects. Fairholt calls 
 it the classic rococo. Fergiisson {Hist, of Arch., 
 vol. i. p. 352) defines the Romanesque as "that 
 modification of the classical Roman form, which 
 was introduced between the reigns of Constan- 
 tine and Justinian, and was avowedly an attempt 
 to adapt classical forms to Christian purposes." 
 He says, "If Romanesque is to be applied to 
 our Norman architecture, the Parthenon ought 
 to be called Egyptianesque, and the Temple at 
 Ephesus Assyriancsqiie." There seems to be 
 no universally-received definition of this term. 
 
 Rondache, Fr. A round 
 shield for foot -soldiers. It 
 had a slit near the top to 
 look through, and another at 
 the side for the sword. 
 
 Ronde Bosse (It. rondo 
 hosso). Sculpture in relief 
 with a complete rounded out- 
 line, detached from the 
 ground. 
 
 Rood, Chr. (i) A cross 
 or crucifix. (2) A space of 
 1 2 10 square yards ; the 
 fourth of an acre. (3) In 
 building, 36 square yards of 
 work. (4) As a linear mea- 
 sure variable, from 21 feet 
 to 36 yards. 
 
 Rood-beam, Chr. The 
 beam across the church by 
 which the rood was sup- 
 ported when there was no 
 rood-loft. 
 
 Rood-cloth, Chr. The 
 veil by which the large 
 cnicifix or rood was hidden 
 during Lent. 
 
 Rood - loft, Rood - screen, 
 Chr. A gallery, generally 
 placed over the chancel 
 screen in parish churches, in 
 which the cross or rood was 
 set to view. 
 
 Rood-tower, Rood-steeple, Chr. Arch. A • 
 tower or steeple of a cruciform church, built 
 above the intersection, i. e. immediately over the 
 rood. 
 
 Roquelaure. " A short abridgment or com- 
 pendium of a cloak, which is dedicated to the 
 Duke of Roquelaure." 
 
 Rorarii, R. {i-os, the dew). A body of light 
 skirmishers in the Roman army, who were 
 ranged in the second rank of the triarii, with the 
 accensi behind them in the third line. They took 
 their name from the light missiles which they 
 scattered upon the enemy, which were like the 
 drops of rain before a thunder shower. It was 
 their business to begin the attack, and retire 
 behind the triarii when pressed. Their skir- 
 mishing was a prelude to the charge of the 
 heavy-armed spears (Jiastati). 
 
 Rosary, Chr. A string or chaplet of beads 
 for numbering prayers, an Oriental and ante- 
 Christian custom of great antiquity. They are 
 called tasbih by the Indian Mohammedans ; 
 in Sanscrit ya/a^a/rt, "the muttering chaplet," 
 &c. 
 
 Rose, Her. Represented in blazon without 
 leaves. The rose of England is generally drawn 
 like the natural flower, or with natural stem, 
 branches, leaves, and buds, but with heraldic 
 
 Fig. 591. Rose-window in the Church of 
 St. Croix, Orleans. 
 
rose-flowers. (See Fig. 395.) In Classic art, 
 a rose upon a tomb is an emblem of a short 
 
 life. 
 
 The an- 
 
 cicnt 
 
 Romans 
 
 \\crc 
 
 passion- 
 
 ately 
 
 fond of 
 
 roses, 
 
 and cul- 
 
 tivaled them as- 
 siduously in their 
 Fig. 590. Heraldic K.s-s. gardens, and in-- 
 
 troduced them 
 plentifully in their feasts and symposia. In 
 meiiiicval England roses were the favourite pre- 
 sents on birthdays ; and Whitsuntide was called, 
 from the plenty of them, Rose Easter. Sticking 
 a rose in the ear was the boast of an accepted 
 lover. 
 
 "That in mine ear I durst not stick a rose. 
 Lest men should say. Look where three farthings goes." 
 
 (Shakspcare.) 
 
 The allusion refers to a thin silver coin of the 
 reign of Elizabeth, called the three- farthing 
 rose. [Plant hi) 
 
 Rose-engine Pattern (Fr. gmllochis). (i) 
 An architectural moulding, also called Greek 
 fret, meanders, and quirked torus. (2) In gold- 
 smiths' work it is an ornament of network made 
 by means of a machine called a rose-engine. 
 l^Bosc.) 
 
 Eose Lake, Kose Madder. A rich tint pre- 
 pared from lac and madder. (See Madder.) 
 
 Rose Pink. A coarse kind of lake ; a 
 delicate and fugitive colour. (See PiNKS.) 
 
 Rose-quartz. A massive quartz of a rose-red 
 colour, common in Ceylon. , 
 
 Rose-window (sometimes called a Catherine 
 wheel). Arch. A large circular window divided 
 into compartments by curved mullions. The 
 most beautiful examples are met with in churches 
 of the Florid Gothic period. (Fig. 591.) 
 
 Rose-wood, Rhodes-wood, largely used in 
 furniture as a favourite veneer, is a name applied 
 to a large variety of trees, mostly imported from 
 Brazil. 
 
 Rosemary, in Old England, was closely con- 
 nected with wedding-feasts and with funerals. 
 
 " There's rosemary' : that's for remembrance ; pray you. 
 love, remember : and there is pansies ; that's for thoughts." 
 
 (Hamlet.) 
 
 " There's Rosemarie ; the Arabians justifie. 
 It comfortelh the braine and memorie." 
 
 (A Dialogue bctivecn Naticre and the Phoenix, 
 by R. Chester, i6oi.) 
 
 Rosetta-wood. A beautifully-veined East In- 
 dian wood, of a bright-red orange colour. 
 
 Rosettes. (See Ribands.) 
 
 Rosins. (See Resins.) 
 
 Rosso Antioo, It. Ancient marble of a deep 
 red tint, jirobably deepened in colour by an- 
 tiquity, like the Nero Antico (q.v.). It is the 
 
 material of many ancient Egyptian and early 
 Greek sculptures, unequalled in tone by the 
 products of any modern quarries. It contains 
 white spots and veins. 
 
 Rostrum, R. (Gr. Ei/iholos). The prow of a 
 ship. .'Vhe plural rostra was used to denote a 
 tribune in the Roman forum, from which orators 
 addressed the people ; it was so called because 
 it was decorated with the figure-heads of the 
 sjiips taken from the Volscians in the Latin 
 War. 
 
 Rota, R. (i) A wheel composed of a nave 
 (modi lis), spokes {radii), felloes (a/w/r/fj), and iron 
 tires [orbcs or caiilhi ferrarii). (2) It was also 
 an instrument of punishment. Rota aijtcaria 
 was a hydraulic wheel ; rota fignlaris, a potter's 
 wheel. 
 
 Rotta (Germ, rottc ; Eng. rote), a stringed 
 instrument of the early Middle Ages, sounded 
 either as a harp or a fiddle. 
 
 Rotunda. A dome-shaped or moiwpteral 
 
 (q.v.) structure. The largest rotunda ever made 
 
 was that of the Vienna Exhibition in 1873. 
 
 Rouelle, Fr. (lit. a small wheel). A 
 
 French term which has 
 
 been applied by antiquaries 
 
 to numerous objects more or 
 
 less resembling a wheel, 
 
 such as brooches and coins. 
 
 The Gallic coin (Fig. 592) 
 
 is from the bas-reliefs on a 
 
 Roman arch at Orange. 
 
 Rouennais Faience. This 
 style, of strongly Oriental 
 character, and mostly ap- 
 plied to the decoration of what are called 
 "lambrequins " (or mantlings) and " dentelles " 
 
 Fig. 592. Gallic 
 coin. 
 
 Fig. 503. Rouen Plate. Decorated a la Come. 
 
284 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 (lace), has been the object of universal imitation 
 in France and other countries. Figs. 593 and 
 
 Fig. 594. Slipper in Rouen Faience. 
 
 594 are representative specimens remarkable 
 for great originality. 
 
 Eouge Croix, Rouge Dragon. Two of the 
 four Pursuivants (heralds of the lowest type) of 
 Herald's College. 
 
 Rouge Royal, Arch. A kind of red marble. 
 Round Towers. There are upwards of a hun- 
 dred in Ireland, of which about twenty are per- 
 fect. Generally the tower is a hollow circular 
 column from 50 to 150 feet high, capped by a 
 short pointed roof of stone. The base, fre- 
 quently of Cyclopean masonry, measures from 
 40 to 60 feet in circumference, and the form of 
 tlie whole tower is tapering towards the summit. 
 The single entrance door is always from 8 to 1 5 
 feet above the ground ; the windows, scattered, 
 light the internal stories or rooms. Innumerable 
 and wild conjectures of the origin and purpose 
 of these towers have been made. The most 
 sober appears to be that they were the earliest 
 form of buildings of a monastic order, adapted 
 to the exigencies of a Christian settlement in the 
 midst of pagans and pirates. (See Fetrie, The 
 Round Towers of Ireland.) 
 
 Roundels. ( i ) Wooden platters decorated with 
 painting and gilding ; i6th century. (2) Small 
 round shields borne by soldiers in the 14th and 
 15th centuries. (3) Arch. The bead or astragal 
 moulding. 
 
 Eoundle, Her. A circular figure in 
 Heraldry, of which there are many 
 kinds : as the Bezant, Plate, 
 TORTEAU, &c. (q.v.). In modern 
 Heraldry a roundle gules is callctl 
 ToRTEAU; azure, Hurt; sable. Pellet 
 or Ogress ; vert, Pomme ; purpure, 
 (See also Fountain, Annulet.) 
 Roussant, Her. About to fly. 
 Rowan-tree, Scotch. The mountain ash. 
 Rowel. The wheel of a spur. 
 Rowel Lights, Chr. Lights in a church, let 
 up and down by a pulley, especially a star-like 
 light made to move at the Epiphany, when the 
 
 Fig 595- 
 Bezant. 
 
 Golpe. 
 
 coming of the wise men was acted as a religious 
 play. Any small hoop or ring movable on the 
 place that holds it is a " roT.uel." 
 
 Rowell orRicel, O. E. A vessel mentioned, 
 but not described, in Church records (of IVal- 
 berswick, Suffolk), to be used twice in the year ; 
 " whereby, and the great quantity of Wax and 
 Frankincense, a ceremonial Imitation of the 
 Birth and Burial of our Saviour seems to have 
 been celebrated." {Gardner, T, Historical 
 Account.) 
 
 Royal, (i) Taper : 21 inches by 19. {2) Ar- 
 tillery. A very small mortar, (t,) Sailing. The 
 upper sail above the top-gallant. (4) O. E. 
 A Rial (q.v.), a coin of the value of ten shil- 
 lings. 
 
 Royal Blue (Fr. bleu du roi). A vitreous 
 pigment used in porcelain painting, resulting in 
 a rich, deep blue colour. It is prepared from 
 smalt. 
 
 Rubelite. A precious stone not much used 
 for jewellery. It is a species of totinnaltnc, 
 red and pink in colour. 
 
 Rubens Brown. A rich brown pigment. 
 Rubiate. A name for Liquid Madder Lake 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Rubicelle. An orange-coloured stone, a 
 variety of the spinel ruby. 
 
 Rubrica, R. Red ochre ; and thence rubric, 
 an edict or ordinance of the Civil Law written 
 in red ochre, while the ordinances and rules of 
 the prostors were written in black on a white 
 ground on the Album (q.v.). 
 
 Ruby, in Christian art. (See Red.) 
 Ruby or Red Sapphire. A corundum, the 
 most valuable of all gems ; when perfect and 
 large, exceeding even the diamond in value. 
 The colour varies from the lightest rose tint to 
 the deepest carmine. The most valuable tint is 
 called "pigeon's blood," a pure deep rich red, 
 without any admixture of blue or yellow. 
 Brahmin traditions speak of the abode of the 
 gods lighted by enormous rubies ; and one name 
 of the Kings of Pegu was " Lord of Rubies." 
 In medireval times the ruby was regarded as an 
 amulet against poison, plague, sadness, evil 
 thoughts, wicked spirits, &c. It also kept the 
 wearer in health, and cheered his mind, and 
 blackened when he incurred danger. (Consult 
 Emanuel, Diamonds and Precious Stones, &c. ) 
 Rudder. On ancient coins, &c., with the 
 orb and fasces, emblem of the supreme power. 
 Rudens, R. The smaller ropes in a ship. 
 Rudiarii. Veteran gladiators discharged from 
 the service by the presentation of a wooden 
 sword {rudis). 
 
 Rudis, R. (l) A spoon or similar instrument. 
 (2) A wooden sword. (See Rudiarii.) 
 When a gladiator received his discharge, a rudis 
 was given him, together with a freedman's 
 cap, by way of declaration that he had been 
 
granted his liberty, a fact expressed by tlie 
 phrase nuie donari. 
 
 Rue, Her. A chaplet of rue is blazoned 
 beud--ivisc (see Per Bend) across the shield of 
 Saxony. (See Crancei.in. ) 
 
 RufHes. Lace frills worn over the wrists, 
 introduced temp. Henry VHI. 
 
 Ruff and Honours. An ancient game of 
 cards from which Whist is derived. 
 
 559, 561, 5S0, <S;c. (Consult riaiuhc, Cycl. of 
 Costume. ) 
 
 Rugae, Chr. The metal cancelli or screens of 
 the more sacred parts of a church. The presby- 
 tery of St. Peter's was fenced in with silver 
 " rugn>," and the confessional with rugje of gold. 
 (See Smith and Clieetliam.) 
 
 RuUions, Scotch. Shoes made of untanned 
 leather. 
 
 Rum-swizzle. "The name given in Dublin 
 to a faliric made from undyed foreign wool, 
 which, while preserving its natural property of 
 resisting wet, possesses the qualities of common 
 cloth." (Simmonds' Commercial Diet.) 
 
 Rumex, R. A weapon of similar character 
 to the Sparum, the head of which was formed 
 like a spear with a hook on the blade. 
 
 Runcina, R. A carpenter's tool of the 
 nature of a plane. 
 
 Runco, R. A hoe. 
 
 Runes, Scand. Magical inscriptions in a 
 character believed by the northern nations to 
 have been invented by Woden. "The Runic 
 alphabet," says Mr. Wheaton, "consists pro- 
 perly of sixteen letters, which are Phoenician 
 in their origin. . . . They are only Roman, 
 with the curves changed into straight lines for 
 the convenience of engraving on hard sub- 
 stances." (I/ist. of the Northmen, p. 61.) 
 
 Ruskie, Scotch. A coarse straw hat ; a basket 
 or beehive of plaited osiers or straw. 
 
 Russells, O. E. A kind of satin. 
 
 Russet. A red grey colour ; violet mixed 
 with orange. Its complementaiy is p-een grey. 
 
 Rust (oxide) of iron. "The best rust" is 
 mentioned in a list of colours of the 17th cen- 
 tury. {Brotvn, Ars Pictoria, Appendix, p. 5.) 
 
 Fig. 590. Silesian Maiden with Ruff. 
 
 Ruffs. Large collars of lace or muslin. A 
 fashion of the i6th century ; it commenced at the 
 end of the reign of Henry VHL Cambrics and 
 lawn for making ruffs were first imported under 
 EMzabech. For illustrations of various modifi- 
 cations of this fashion, see Figs. 267, 283, 304, 
 
 Fig. 597. Rustic Wotk. Bossage. 
 
 Rustic Work (Fr. bossage). Ashlar masonry, 
 the joints of which are worked with grooves or 
 channels to render them conspicuous ; some- 
 times the whole of the joints are worked in this 
 way, and sometimes only the horizontal ones. 
 (See Fig. 597.) 
 
 Rustre, Her. A Loze.nge pierced with a 
 circular opening. 
 
 Rustred Armour seems to h.ave grown out of the 
 7-ing armour. It consisted of one row of flat rings 
 about double the usual size, laid half over the 
 other, so that two in the outer partly covered one. 
 
286 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 s. 
 
 S, as a numeral, was used to represent 7 ; as 
 an abbreviation it generally means socius or 
 Fellow (of a society) ; S. P. Q. R., on Roman 
 monuments, stands for senatus, populusque 
 Romanus. 
 
 Sabanum, R. {(rafiavov). A kind of cloth, 
 towel, or napkin. 
 
 Sabaoth, Heb. Armies; hosts of angels. 
 It is also written Zabaoth. 
 
 Sabatiaes, O. E. (i) Steel armour for the feet ; 
 l6th century. (2) Slippers, or clogs. 
 
 Sabiauism. The worship of the heavenly 
 bodies. 
 
 Sable, (i) The best and most costly brushes 
 for painting are made from this fur. (2) In 
 Heraldry, the colour black, represented in 
 engraving by crossed lines. (See Fig. 375.) 
 
 Sabre, Fr. A curved sword with a broad 
 and heavy blade. 
 
 Sabretasche, Fr. A pocket worn, suspended 
 from the sword-belt, by a cavalry officer. 
 
 Sac-friars. (See Saccus.) 
 
 Sacciperium, R. A large sackcloth bag. A 
 pocket. 
 
 Saccus, R. (auKKos:). A large sack of coarse 
 cloth for wheat, flour, &c. (2) A beggar's 
 wallet. (3) Chr. (Angl. sack). A coarse upper 
 garment of sack or hair-cloth, worn by monks ; 
 hence called Sac-friars. (Cf. Sacque.) 
 
 Sacellum, R. (dimin. of sacrum). A small 
 precinct enclosing an altar, and consecrated to a 
 divinity. In Christian architecture, small 
 monumental chapels within churches. 
 
 Sachem. The chief of a tribe of North 
 American Indians. 
 
 Sackbut, O. E. (9th century). A wind in- 
 strument resembling the trombone. 
 
 Sacque. Part of a lady's dress in the reign 
 of Louis XIV. It was a silk cloak, and hung 
 from the shoulders, spreading over the dress to 
 the ground. In England it was worn in part of 
 the reign of George III. (Fig. 598.) 
 
 Sacrarium (sacrum, holy). A place in which 
 sacred things are kept ; the sacristy in a tem- 
 ple. In a private house a place used as a chapel 
 or oratory. 
 
 Sacring Bell, Chr. A hand-bell rung at the 
 elevation of the Host. 
 
 "Her eye was as bright as the merry sunlight, 
 When it shines on the dewy grass ; 
 And her voice was as clear as a sacring bell. 
 That is rung at the holy mass." 
 
 (See also Sanctus Bell.) 
 
 Sacristy, of a church, the apartment where 
 the vestments and vessels are kept. 
 
 Sacro Catino, It. An extraordinary hexa- 
 
 gonal glass dish preserved in the cathedral 
 at Genoa, which was for a long time supposed 
 to have been formed of a single emerald ; and to 
 have been either "a gift from the Queen of 
 Sheba to Solomon, or the dish which held the 
 Paschal Lamb at the Last .Supper," &c. It was 
 obtained in the Crusades in iioi, and was for 
 many generations an object of superstitious 
 reverence. Its principal interest now is in the 
 evidence it bears to the early perfection of the 
 art of making and colouring glass. 
 
 Sadda, Pers. (lit. a hundred gates). An 
 abridgment of the Zend-Avesta or sacred books 
 of the ancient Persians. 
 
 Saddle-bars. .Said of small iron bars, in 
 glazing casements, to which the lead panels are 
 fastened. 
 
 Fig. 59S. Sacque of the time of Louis XIV. 
 
Saddle-roof, Arch. A roof of two gables. 
 (French, en i>alii?r.) 
 
 Safety-arch, Arch. An arch in a wall over 
 a door ur vindow, to keep the weight of the 
 wall above off the lintel. 
 
 Safflower. A delicate red colour obtained 
 frtmi the tlower of that name. 
 
 Saffron (It. zafferano). Produced from the 
 flowers of the crocus ; a yellow pigment princi- 
 pally used as a glazing. 
 
 Saga, R. A woman skilled in religious 
 mysteries ; and thence a witch or sorceress. 
 
 Sagaris, Orient. {<j ay apis), A two-edged 
 axe, also called bipeiiuis ; it was used by the 
 Amazons, WassagetK, and Persians. (See Bi- 
 
 PENNIS.) 
 
 Sagena, Gr. and R. {trayrivn'). A large fish- 
 ing-net ; modern Sc'/nc. It was fitted with leaden 
 weights at the bottom and corks at the top. 
 
 Sagitta, R, (i) An arrow ; primitively 
 with heads of flint, afterwards of bronze and 
 iron. The heads of the arrows of the Greeks 
 and Romans were oval ; among other nations 
 they were triangular and barbed, like those car- 
 ried by the Sagittarhs in Fig. 599. This Jcind 
 of arrow was called sagit/a liasta or aduiica. 
 (2) A lancet for bleeding animals. 
 
 Fig. 599. Sagitt.nrius. 
 
 Sagittarius, R. An archer ; a sign of the 
 zodiac, represented as a centaur. (Fig. 599.) 
 In Christian art, a symbol of Divine vengeance. 
 
 Sagma, R. ((ri-y^a). A wooden pack- 
 saddle. Sagmarius, R. A beast of burden 
 carrying the sagma. 
 
 Sagochlamys, R. A military cloak which 
 combined the Roman sagiis and the Greek 
 chlainys. 
 
 Sagua or Sagam, Celt. A woollen cloak 
 with a long nap, worn folded and fastened 
 round the neck by a clasp, especially by 
 soldiers on a campaign (Fig. 44) ; hence saga is 
 a sign of war, as toga is of peace. At a later period 
 the same name was given to a kind of blouse, 
 striped or checked in staring colours, and 
 adorned with flowers and other ornaments, and 
 bordered with bands of purple and gold and 
 silver embroidery, worn by the Gauls in Ar- 
 tois and Flanders. 
 
 Saic, Turk. A sailing-vessel common in the 
 Levant. 
 
 Sale, O. E. A delicate serge or woollen 
 cloth. 
 
 Saints-bell, O. E. for .Sacring-bell. 
 
 Salade, Sallet. A light helmet resembling 
 the Kettlk-hat (Fig. 407), introduced from 
 Germany in the 15th century. 
 
 Salam-stone. A name given to the blue or 
 oriental sapphire from Ceylon. 
 
 Fig. 600. Salamander. Device of Francis I., the 
 " Father of Letters." 
 
 Salamander, Chr. In Christian art, a symbol 
 of fire, and sujiposed to live in fire ; or, accord- 
 ing to Pliny, "to quench it as if ice were put 
 into it." In Heraldry it is either represented as 
 a lizard, or as a kind of dog breathing flames. 
 Fig. 600 is the device of Francis I. of France, 
 with a motto implying that a good prince 
 nourishes that which is good, and expels the 
 bad. At the meeting of the Field of the Cloth 
 of Gold, the king's guard at the tournament was 
 clothed in blue and yellow, with the salamander 
 embroidered thereon. 
 
 Salamander's Hair. The variety of asbestos 
 called ainiaitthus. 
 
 Salet, O. E. A light helmet. (.See Salade.) 
 
 Salic Dances. (See Salil) 
 
 Salient, Her. In the act of leaping or 
 
288 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 6oi. Argent a 
 saltire gules, 
 
 bounding, the hind-paws on the ground, both 
 the fore-paws elevated. 
 
 Salinum, R. (sal, salt). A salt-cellar. 
 
 Saltatio, R. {salto, to dance). Dancing ; 
 applied to religious dances, gymnastic or war 
 dances, Corybantic, Salic, Mimetic or 
 theatrical dances, &c. 
 
 Saltire or Saltier, Her. An ordinary in the 
 form of St. Andrew's Cross. The illustration 
 (Fig. 6oi) is '''■ argent a 
 
 SALTIRE ^/to." 
 
 Salutatorium. (See 
 Recettorium. 
 Salute at Sea. The 
 
 English claim the right, 
 formerly claimed by the 
 Venetians, of being sa- 
 luted fiist in all places, 
 as sovereigns of the seas. 
 The naval salute to the British flag began in 
 the reign of King Alfred. 
 
 Sambuca, R. {aa/xBiiKri). (i) A stringed 
 musical instrument, which varied in form, but 
 resembled a harp. (2) Militaiy. A scaling- 
 ladder. 
 
 Sam-cloth, O. E. (needlework). A sampler. 
 " A sain-cloth, vulgarly a sampler." 
 
 Samit, for Exsamit {k\, six ; /uiVoi, threads). 
 A splendid tissue, having six threads of silk in 
 the warp, and the weft of flat gold shreds. 
 
 Sammaron-cloth, O. E. A woven mixture of 
 linen and hemp. 
 
 Sanmites. Gladiators armed like the Sam- 
 nite soldiers, with a close helmet, shield, and 
 greaves. 
 
 Sampan. A Chinese canoe or small boat. 
 
 Sampler (Lat. exemplar). A piece of orna- 
 mental needlework, done for a sample or 
 specimen. 
 
 Sanctus Bell, Chr. A fixed bell rung at the 
 elevation of the Host, at the words "sanctus, 
 sanctus, sanctus, Deus Sabaoth." It was fixed 
 outside the church, generally on the eastern 
 gable of the nave. (See Sacring Bell.) (2) 
 In the absence of a fixed bell, small bells car- 
 ried by acolytes, often the subject of rich orna- 
 mentation, sometimes consisting of a carillon of 
 three small bells hidden within one large one, 
 thus blending their sounds. 
 
 Sandal. (See Cendal.) 
 
 Sandal-wood. Ornamental wood highly 
 valued for cabinet-work ; when old it becomes 
 yellow and highly odoriferous. 
 
 Sandalium, Gr. and R. {(xav^dKiov). A 
 richly-ornamented sandal worn exclusively by 
 women. 
 
 Sandapila, R. A rough kind of bier for the 
 poor. (See Lectica.) 
 
 Sandarac. A resin used for spirit varnishes. 
 
 Sandys, Gr. (aai'Siil). A Lydian tunic, of a 
 fine and transparent texture, dyed with the juice 
 
 of the sandyx, which gave it a flesh-coloured 
 tint. 
 
 Sang-real (Saint Graal). The Holy Grail 
 said to have been brought to England by Joseph 
 of Arimathea. The legend is that it is an 
 emerald cup, or the cup used at the Last 
 Supper, containing the real (or it may mean 
 " royal ") Blood (sang-reel or real). 
 
 "The cup, the cup itself, from which our Lord 
 Drank at the last sad supper with his own." 
 
 i^Tennyson.) 
 
 Sanglier, Her. A wild boar. 
 
 Sanguine. A deep blood colour, prepared 
 from oxide of iron. 
 
 Sanguinolentae (sc. ampullae). Glass vessels 
 found in the catacombs at Rome, containing 
 a red sediment, ascertained by analysis to be 
 blood; and canonically pronounced by the 
 Roman Church to be that of the early Christian 
 martyrs in whose tombs it has been found. (The 
 subject is discussed at length by V. Schiiltze: 
 die Katakomben, Leipzig, 1882.) 
 
 Sanhedrim, Heb. The supreme council of 
 the Jews, which sat at Jerusalem in a circular 
 hall, one half of which was within the temple, 
 and the other outside. (Bosc.) 
 
 Sap-green. The only green vegetable pig- 
 ment ; used in water-colour painting. Obtained 
 by evaporating the juice of the berries of the 
 buckthorn, mixed with lime. 
 
 Sap-wood. I'he soft white wood immediately 
 under the bark of a tree. 
 
 Sapphire (Syriac saphilaJi). The oriental 
 sapphire from Arabia, which has been known 
 from the earliest antiquity, was one of the stones 
 on the breastplate of Aaron, and was dedicated 
 to Apollo by the Greeks, by whom it was 
 regarded as the gem of gems — the sacred stone 
 par excellence. The sapphires from Brazil are 
 also called oriental sapphires. The sapphires 
 of Puy, found in a mountain in Central France, 
 vary from the deepest to the palest blue, passing 
 sometimes to a reddish blue or even to a 
 yellowish green. The sapphire, although ex- 
 tremely hard, has been engraved by the ancients. 
 There is a beautiful sapphire among the crown 
 jewels of Russia, representing a draped female 
 figure : the stone is of two tints, and the artist 
 has skilfully used the dark tint for the woman 
 and the light for the drapery. (Z. Dieulafait. ) 
 
 Sapphire, in Christian art. (See Blue.) 
 
 Saraballa, Sarabara, Gr. and R. {crapdl3a\\a). 
 Loose trousers, which reached from the waist to 
 the mstep, worn by the Parthians, Medes, and 
 Persians. 
 
 Saraband, Sp. A slow dance derived from 
 the Saracens ; the music for sarabands, by 
 Corelli and other old masters, is interesting. 
 (See Chappeir s History of iVusic, &c.) 
 
 Saracenic Architecture. (See Alhambraic, 
 Moorish, Mokesco-Spanish.) 
 
 \ 
 
Sarapis, Pers. (tra'poTris). The tunic of the 
 kings of I'crsia ; it was made of a fnie purple- 
 coloured cloth, with a white band in front em- 
 broidered with gold. 
 
 Sarcenet. A fine thin woven silk. An im- 
 pro\x\l cciidal, introduced in the 15th century 
 by the Saracens of the south of Spain ; hence 
 its name. (See Cendai..) 
 
 Sarcilis, Chr. A woollen garment — not de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Sarcoline (Gr. (rapi,, flesh). Flesh-coloured. 
 
 Sarcolite. A stone of a rose-flesh colour. 
 
 Sarcophagus, Gen. {(rapKocpa-yos ; oap^, flesh, 
 and (payilv, to eat). A coftin of a limestone 
 called Lapis Assius, in which the corpse was 
 rapidly consumed. The great sarcophagus called 
 "of Alexander the Great," in the British 
 Museum, is a celebrated specimen. (See Bi- 
 SOMUS, QUAURISOMUS, and Tkisomus.) 
 
 Sard or Carnelian. A brownish-red variety 
 of chalcedony. 
 
 Sard-achates. A name given by the ancients 
 to varieties of agate, which contained layers of 
 Sard or carnelian. 
 
 Sardonic Laughter. A distortion of the fea- 
 tures of the dying, the closing symptom of seve- 
 ral fatal diseases ; named from the poisonous 
 herb Sardonia. 
 
 Sard-onyx. A precious stone composed of 
 alternate layers of carnelian and clialcedony ; 
 extensively used for gem-engraving. 
 
 Sardel, Sardine, Sardius. A precious stone 
 mentioned in Scripture in the description of 
 Aaron's breastplate. 
 
 Sarissa, Gr. [aapiaao). The longest and 
 heaviest spear of the Greeks peculiar to the 
 Macedonian phalanx. 
 
 Sarrazinois Carpets. Embroidered stuffs re- 
 sembling tapestry, made in the loth and lith 
 centuries, doubtless imitated from work by the 
 Saracens. 
 
 Sarsen-stones. Boulders of sandstone found 
 on the Chalk downs in Wiltshire. 
 
 Sarsnet. (See Sarcenet.) 
 
 Sartago, R. A frying-pan ; in the patois of 
 Languedoc, sartan. 
 
 Satin. This fine silk, originally imported from 
 China, was first known in England in the 14th 
 century. It is thicker than ordinary silk, and re- 
 markable for its smooth glossy surface, not exhibi- 
 ting the marks of the reticulations ofthe threads. 
 
 Satin-spar. An ornamental stone, having a 
 soft satiny surface when polished. 
 
 Satin-wood. An ornamental yellow wood 
 much used in cabinet-making. 
 
 Satinet. A thin kind of satin. 
 
 Saturn, Iler. The black colour in the arms 
 of sovereign princes. 
 
 Saturnalia, R. Festivals of Saturn, held on 
 the seventh of the calends of January (14th of 
 December), instituted by Numa. During the 
 
 four or five days that this festival lasted, both 
 pulilic and private business was interru]ited ; 
 and bancjuets and festivities were held, in which 
 masters and slaves met on a temporary footing of 
 equality. In the feasts at rustic ]daces, the 
 hollow statue of Saturn was filled with oil ; he 
 held a pruning knife in his hand, and his feet 
 were surrounded with a band of wool. 
 
 Satyrs. Greek deities of the wooded plains, 
 as the Roman fauns were of the fieliis. They 
 are usually represented as the attendants of 
 Bacchus, or the lovers of the Nymphs, with 
 goat's legs and horns, and human bodies covered 
 with short hair ; often with Lacinia on the neck. 
 
 Saunders' Blue (Green) (from the French cen- 
 drcs' l>/ct(). The blue ashes of calcined lapis 
 lazuli. (See Carisonates of Copper.) 
 
 Saurians. Animals of the lizard tribe, cro- 
 codiles, &c., antediluvian and other. 
 
 Fig. 0u2. Device of Charles d'Aiul 
 Chaiiinoiit. 
 
 , Sieur de 
 
 Savage-man or Wood-man, Iler. A wild 
 man, naked, or clothed in skins or leaves, and 
 carrying a club. The illustration is the device 
 of De Chaumont, Marshal of France (+ 1 510), 
 with the motto, " Alitcm aiiiiiiiDU agrcsii sub 
 tegiiiine scaliro," which he bore embroidered on 
 the pennon of his company. 
 
 Savonnerie. (See Turkey-stitch.) 
 
 Saxon Blue. Sulphate of indigo used as a 
 dye-stuff. 
 
 Saxon Gold-work of elegant design and skilful 
 workmansiiip,may be attributed to the 5 th and 6th 
 centuries. The art wasdoubtless imported by Ro- 
 man colonists. Specimens may be studied in the 
 South Kensington Museum. (See Metallurgy.) 
 
 Scabellum, R. (dimin. from Scamnum, 
 q. V.) (i) A stool or step to pet into bed 
 
 u 
 
29° 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 with. (2) A shoe with a Castanet 
 in the sole, with which the wearer 
 beat time, a5 an accompaniment 
 to music. 
 
 Scagliola (It. scaglia, a chip of 
 marble). Artificial marble made 
 of gypsum, glue, &c., of variegated 
 colours, in imitation of marble, 
 applied in ornamental work like 
 stucco, but admitting a fine polish. 
 
 Scalse, R. {scando, to climb). 
 A ladder or staircase. 
 
 Scald, Scand. A poet or bard. 
 
 Scaldino, It. A copper. 
 
 Scale, in Music (It. scala, a 
 ladder). (See Tones.) 
 
 Scalmus, R. (aKoKiiis). The thole, or strong 
 peg with a tliong, with which an oar was at- 
 tached to the side of a ship. 
 
 Scalper, Scalprum, R. {scalfio, to cut). A 
 general term for all kinds of cutting tools, such 
 as chisels, knives, &c. 
 
 Scalptura. Engraving in precious stones. 
 (See Intaglio, Cameo.) 
 
 Scamnum, R. {scando, to climb). A stool 
 for a bed or arm-chair, or a stone bench with a 
 step. 
 
 Scandula, R. A wooden shingle used for 
 tiles {/cguhc). 
 
 Scansoria Machina or Scansorium, R. {scando, 
 to mount). A scaffolding, such as a tower, 
 which enables work to be carried on at various 
 heights from the ground. 
 
 Scantling. In Masonry, the size of a stone, 
 in length, breadth, and thickness. In Carpentry, 
 the dimensions of a timber in breadth and thick- 
 ness only. Any piece of timber less than five 
 inches square is called scantling. 
 
 Scapha, R. {ffKacpri, i.e. dug out). A long- 
 boat or cutter attached to a larger vessel ; 
 obviously, from the etymology, a sort of canoe 
 in its origin ; our " skiff." 
 
 Scapbium, R. {aKacptov). A vessel of Greek 
 origin and of small size, and in the form of a 
 boat {scaphd), which, though used as a drink- 
 ing-cup, is especially to be classed among 
 sacrificial utensils. 
 
 Scapple. In Masonry, to reduce a stone to a 
 straight surface, without making it smooth. 
 
 Scapulary, Chr. A part of the monastic 
 dress, worn by both sexes over the shoulders 
 (scapula). It is generally a narrow strip of 
 cloth contrasting with the colour of the dress, 
 reaching almost to the feet. 
 
 Scapus, Gr. and R. {aKairos). A shaft or 
 stem. This term is applied to several distinct 
 things, which all, however, imply an idea of 
 use in support of some other thing ; as, for in- 
 stance, the shaft of a column, which supports 
 a capital, and occasionally an entablature ; the 
 central shaft or newel which supports the stair- 
 
 Fig. 603. Scarabseus, sacred. 
 
 case of a column ; the stem of a candelabrum or 
 lamp-rest, and so on. 
 
 Scarabseus (Egyp.), or sacred ateuchus, is 
 an attribute of Phtha, and the symbol of creation. 
 Under the name of Khcper (creator), the scara- 
 bteus was given to the soldiers in exchange for 
 their oath of fidelity, and worn by them as a 
 finger ring. With wings extended (as in Fig. 
 603) it is a funereal ornament. 
 
 Scarlet. (See Iodine Scarlet.) 
 
 Scarlet Ocbre. (See Venetian Red.) 
 
 Scarpe, Escarps, Her. A diminutive of a 
 bend sinister. 
 
 Scauper. A tool used by engravers ; a kind 
 of gouge. (Angl. scoopcr.) 
 
 Scena, Gr. and R. {aK-t)v{t). (i) The stage of 
 a theatre, including not only the part so called 
 at the present day, but the wall at the back, which 
 was provided with three doors, one in the centre 
 {valviB rcgicc), and two lateral ones {valvcv hospi- 
 talcs). (2) A double-edged axe, used in the 
 sacrifices ; one of the iron sides of this axe had 
 the broad blade of the sccuris, and the other that 
 of the dolabra. In the sense of "an axe," scena 
 is the contracted form of an old Latin word 
 saccna. 
 
 Scene-painting was invented by Inigo Jones, 
 about 1 5 10. 
 
 Scenograpbia, R. {(TKi\vo-ypa<p[a). The draw- 
 ing of a Iniilding \\\ perspective. A geometrical plan 
 is called orthographia. 
 
 Sceptre, Gr. and R. (tr/c^TTTpoi'). Originally, 
 in early antiquity, a long staff similar to the 
 shaft of a spear, which was carried by gi-eat 
 persons to lean on when walking. Afterwards 
 it became the truncheon, and a weapon of 
 offence and defence. Later on, an ornament was 
 added to the upper end of this staff, and it be- 
 came the insignia of power and authority. The 
 ivory sceptre of the kings and consuls of Rome 
 was surmounted by an eagle. The sceptre was 
 an attribute of Jupiter and Juno, as sovereigns 
 of the gods. 
 
 Scbafte, O. E. (See Shaft.) 
 
 Scbeele's Green. A green pigment ; an arsenite 
 
of copper ; arsenite of potash mixed with sul- 
 phate of copper ; used in oil and water-colours. 
 
 Scherzo, It. {Havf/i/). A lively style in music; 
 faster tlian the minuet (such as in Bcctlioven'' s 
 Second Symphony, o\>. 36, in D major). 
 
 Schleswig Lace. North Schleswig (or South 
 Jutland) is the only province of Denmark in 
 which there was a regular manufacture of lace. 
 The art itself is su]->poscd to have been intro- 
 duced, in 1515, by Queen Elizabeth (sister of the 
 Emperor Charles V., and wife of Christian II. 
 of Denmark). About 1712 lace-making was 
 much improved by Brabant women. The earlier 
 specimens are all of Flemish character, made on 
 the pillow in the same way, occasionally imi- 
 tating the Mechlin ground with the pattern ap- 
 parently run in with the needle. All Schleswig 
 laces are remarkable iox their fine quality and 
 
 V'; T^ - V,.-.- ,- .:,V7/ .••.-;•.■.•..>.• ,.,_ ■•.■•••■■•.' ■'-■:•, --^.....t Vej.: 
 
 '■>■:-' <'\ i/'--ri- *" ■■■■■■■■■ "-^'.--:/i^'-::^^ri^- 
 
 Fig. 604. Schleswig Lace. 
 
 excellent workmanship. The engraving shows 
 part of a shirt-collar of Christian IV., of a Bra- 
 bant pattern to be seen in his portrait in 
 Hampton Court Palace. 
 
 Schmeltz, Germ. Glass ornament ; produced 
 by fusing lumps of coloured glass together to 
 imitate marble, cornelian, and other stones. (See 
 Glass.) 
 
 Schweinfurth's Green. A brilliant sea-green 
 pigment. 
 
 Scimitar. (See Scymetar.) 
 
 Scimpodium, Gr. and R. (irKifx-n-SStou, lit. foot- 
 prop). A couch or long chair for an invalid. 
 
 Scintillant, Her. Emitting sparks. (See 
 Fig. 342.) 
 
 Sciolist (from a-Kihs, a shadow). A man of 
 superficial acquirements, who sees only the 
 shadozus of things. 
 
 Scioptics {(TKia, a shadow). The branch of 
 the science of optics applied in the construction 
 of the catucra obsciira. 
 
 Sciothericon (o-KioOrjpiK-Jf ). A sun-dial. 
 
 Scipio. An official staff. (See Sceptre.) 
 
 Scirophoria. Athenian festivals held in the 
 month Scirophorion or June. 
 
 Scirpea, R. A waggon formed of basket- 
 work of plaited rushes {scirpiis), and used prin- 
 cipally for agricultural operations. 
 
 Scobina, R. {scabo, to scrape). A rasp for 
 wood ; distinct from I'uiia, a file for metals. 
 
 Scobs. Shreds of ivory, metals, &c., turned 
 off the lathe or rasp, &c. 
 
 Sconces. Brackets projecting from the wall, 
 supporting candlesticks : originated in the 15th 
 century, and from that date form an important 
 branch of metallurgical art-work. 
 
 Scopae, R. A broom made of small twigs of 
 wood. This term survives in the Languedoc 
 csambf. Scopulae, R. A little broom. 
 
 Scorpers. In wood engraving, tools used for 
 cutting away large spaces after outlining or 
 engraving, so as to leave only the drawing in 
 relief. 
 
 Scorpio, Gr, and R. (lit. a scorpion), (i) A 
 kind of cross-bow. (2) A pyramid of stones 
 raised for a landmark in country places. 
 
 Fig. 605. Scotia or Trochilus. 
 
 Scotia or Trochilus, Arch, fo-fcoria, rpox^Aos). 
 A concave moulding employed especially in the 
 decoration of the bases of columns or pilasters, 
 between the fillets of the tori. In plain bases 
 the scotice are smooth, and in decorated bases 
 they are ornamented with sculptures, as shown 
 in Fig. 605. 
 
 Scourge. (See Flagellum and Flagrum.) 
 
 Scraper. An engraver's tool for removing 
 Burrs (qv.). 
 
 Screen, Chr. An open banner of woodwork 
 or stone enclosing the choir or chancel of a 
 church, chapel, or tomb ; generally highly en- 
 riched by carving and gilding, and the lower 
 panels decorated with painting. (See Rood- 
 loft. ) 
 
 Scrinium,Scrinia,Chr.and R. (i) Chr. Achest 
 which held chiefly liturgical writings; accord- 
 ing to the writings they contained, these cases 
 were variously distinguished as scrinia episto- 
 lariim, scrinia disposilio)ntm, scrinia libcUortim, 
 so-itiia mcmoriic, scrinia sacra, &c. Scrinia 
 were generally kept in the diaconicwn or sccvo- 
 phylaciiim. (2) Cylindrical boxes or cases used 
 for carrying volumes (i.e. rolls) and papers (cf. 
 
292 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Hanaper). (3) Scrinia iingnentaria were used 
 to contain phials of oils and perfumes, &c., 
 for the toilette. 
 
 Scriptorium, Chr. An apartment in large 
 monasteries where manuscripts were transcribed. 
 
 Scripulum. (See Scrupulum.) 
 
 Scrupulum, R. {scmpiis, lit. a small stone). 
 A scruple, the smallest Roman gold coin ; it 
 weighed a third of the denarms aureus. (See 
 Denarius.) 
 
 Scrutoire, Fr. An old way of spelling 
 escritoire. 
 
 Scudo, It. A silver coin worth about 4^-. 
 In Rome the gold scudo is worth 65^. 
 
 Sculponeae, R, A common kind of boot, 
 with a wooden sole ; it was worn by the 
 familia rustica, or slaves who worked in the 
 country. 
 
 Sculpture (from sculpo, to cai-ve) includes all 
 carved work, in wood, ivory, stone, marble, 
 metal, or other material ; and also those works 
 formed in a softer material not requiring carv- 
 ing, such as wax or clay. It includes Sta- 
 tuary, carved ornament, and Glyptics or 
 incised gems and cameos. From the practice of 
 preparing the model in clay, sculpture is also 
 called the plastic art. A most remarkable in- 
 cident in the history of sculpture, is the fact that 
 the most ancient specimens are carved of the 
 hardest stones, such as basalt, granite, and por- 
 phyry ; and that this work was done at a period 
 antecedent to the introduction of steel tools. 
 (Consult Rcitford's Aticient Sculpture.) 
 
 Scumbling. The process of going over a 
 painting with a nearly dry brush, to soften and 
 blend the tints. 
 
 Scutage, O. E. (from scututn, a shield). 
 A tax upon lands held by hiight-service. 
 
 Scutale, R. (from scutiwi, i. e. shield- 
 shaped). The hollow in the thongs of a sling 
 in wliicli the missile is laid. 
 
 Scutarius, Med. An esquire or shield- 
 bearer. 
 
 Scutcheon, for Escutcheon (q.v.). 
 
 Scutella. Diminutive of Scutra (q.v.). 
 
 Scutica, Gr. and R. A whip made with a 
 leather thong [aKvnKis]. 
 
 Scutiform. Shaped like a shield. 
 
 Scutra, R. {ixom. scutum, i.e. shield-shaped). 
 Diminutive scutella. A square wooden tray for 
 plates, dishes, and cups. 
 
 Scutum, R. and Egyp. The large oblong 
 shield of the Roman infantry, in contradistinc- 
 tion to clipeus, a round shield. (See Shields. ) 
 
 Scymetar. A sword of oriental origin, with 
 a curved blade, very sharp. 
 
 Scyphus, Gr. and R. (o-kuc^os). A drinking- 
 cup of wood or silver, of smaller capacity than 
 the Bromias (q.v.). It was sacred to Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Seals. Ancient porcelain seals, to which the 
 
 Chinese attribute an antiquity of from looo to 
 2000 years, are met with in collections ; and 
 precisely identical specimens have been found in 
 the bogs of Irelaiid. They are of a peculiar 
 white or cream-coloured porcelain, such as has 
 not been made in China for several hundred 
 years. It is believed that the Irish specimens 
 must have lain buried there from a period 
 anterior to histoiy. (^Fortune.) (See Sigillum, 
 Rings.) 
 
 Seax. A Saxon sword. 
 
 Secco, It. Fresco-painting in secco is that 
 kind which absorbs the colours into the plaster, 
 and gives them a dry sunken appearance. {Fair- 
 holt^ 
 
 Second Distance. In a picture, the part of 
 the middle distance next the foreground. 
 
 Secondary Colours. The three primary colours 
 (containing nothing of any other colour) — blue, 
 red, and yellow — when mixed in equal propor- 
 tions produce three secondary colours: — blue and 
 yellow produce ^^^i?«; blue and red, violet ; and 
 yellow and red, orange. Mixed in tinequal 
 proportions they produce what are called 
 Tones (q.v.). 
 
 Secos, Egyp. {(T7)k6s). The name for the 
 Naos in an Egyptian temple. 
 
 Secretarium, Chr. [secretum, secret). A 
 sac7-isty (not a tabernacle, as maintained by some 
 authors) in the apse, at the side of the altar. In 
 the ancient basilicas there were two such re- 
 cesses, one on each side of the altar. 
 
 Sectilis. (See PavimentUxM.) 
 
 Securicula (diminutive oi securis). In Archi- 
 tecture, a dove-tail mortise. 
 
 Securis, R. (seco, to cut). An axe or hatchet 
 of any kind ; but esp. that borne by the lictors 
 in the Fasces. (SeeDoLABRA, Bipennis, Fas- 
 cis, &c.) 
 
 Securis Dannica, Med. (See Bipennis.) 
 
 Secutores, R. Gladiators appointed to fight 
 ■with the A'etiarii (whom they were constantly 
 pursuing round the circus) ; or those who re- 
 placed others killed were so called. 
 
 Sedes, Sedile (dimin. sedicuUi). Any kind of 
 seat. 
 
 Sedilia. (i) R. The rows of seats in the 
 amphitheatre. (2) Chr. In a Catholic church, 
 the stone seats on the south side of the altar, for 
 the use of the clergy in the intervals of the ser- 
 vices. 
 
 Segestrium, R. (lit. of straw). A coarse 
 wrapper made of skins or straw-matting. 
 
 Segmenta, R. {seco, to cut off). 'Strips of 
 rich cloth or tissues of gold or silver worn as a 
 border to the dresses of wealthy Roman ladies. 
 
 Segno. In Music, a direction to repeat : — 
 al segno, as far as the sign ; dal segno, from the 
 sign. 
 
 Segreant, Her. A griffin or wyvem ram- 
 pant. (See Fig. 369.) 
 
Fig. 606. Sejant. 
 
 Fig 607. 
 Sejant Rampant. 
 
 Sejant, Her. Sitting :— 
 of a lion, at rest with his 
 fcire-Iegs stretched on the 
 ground, hut awake, and his 
 head and tail elevated. 
 
 Sejant Eampant. Seated 
 like a cat, with his fore-legs 
 erect. 
 
 Sejugis, R. {sex, six, and 
 /lingo, to join). A chariot 
 drawn by six horses abreast. 
 
 Seliquastrum, Chr. A seat 
 of highly archaic character 
 met with on certain monu- 
 ments of Christian art. 
 
 Sella, R. {sciiai, to sit). 
 A low seat without back, 
 a stool ; sella cunilis, a curule chair ; its 
 feet were of ivory, and took the form of an 
 X, and it folded like a camp-stool ; sella 
 castre/isis, a real camp-stool ; sella Inilnearis, a 
 bath-seat, we possess a specimen in ancient red 
 marble of the greatest beauty, another name for 
 it was sella pertiisa ; sella tonsoria, a barber's 
 chair. Again, the term sella was applied to a 
 sedan-chair (sella portatoria, gestatoria, fertoria), 
 and a pack-saddle for beasts of burden {sella 
 bajulaioria), and to a riding-saddle {sella eques- 
 tris). 
 
 Sellaria, R. A large reception-room, so 
 called because it was furnished with a number 
 oi sella:. 
 
 Sellaris (sc. eqiius], R. A saddle-horse. 
 Sellula, R. (dimin. of Sella). A small 
 sedan-chair. 
 
 Sembella, R. A nominal subdivision of the 
 denarius, of which it was worth a twentieth 
 part, or about fivepence. 
 
 Semee or Aspers- 
 ed, Her. Sown 
 broadcast, or scat- 
 tered, without any 
 fixed number, over 
 the field. (Fig. 608.) 
 Sementivae, R. 
 [semciitis, a sow- 
 ing). A festival 
 which took place at 
 seed-time in honour 
 of Ceres and Tellus. 
 Semi- {^M'-). as an adjunct, is the Greek form 
 of demi = half. 
 
 Semibreve. In Music, half a breve ; the 
 longest note in modern music, marked O. 
 
 Semicinctium, R. {semi, half, and ciiigo, to 
 gird). A sliort kilt worn by men when going 
 through violent exercises or severe bodily labour; 
 it reached from the %vaist to the knees. 
 
 Semidiapason. In Music, an octave lessened 
 
 by a semitone. ^ 
 
 Semiquaver. A sixteenth of a semibreve — ^. 
 
 Fig. 608. Flcnr-dc-lis 
 [semee). Ancient France. 
 
 Semis, Semissis. The half of an As, or six 
 ounces ; hence Sewtsses = iiix per cent, interest. 
 
 Semita, R. {se and meo, i. e. going aside). A 
 pathway in a field ; a narrow lane in a town. 
 
 Semitarge, Med. Fr. A scimitar. (See 
 Tar(;k.) 
 
 Semitone. In Music ; the smallest interval in 
 modern music ; the ancients had quarter-tones 
 
 (q.V.). 
 
 Semi-uncials. During the 6th and 7lh cen- 
 turies, a transition style of illuminating prevailed, 
 the letters of which have been termed semi- 
 uncials. This, in a further transition, became 
 more like the old Roman cursive, which was 
 called then minuscule ; it began to prevail over 
 uncials about the 8th century, and in the loth 
 its use was established. (See UNCIAL Letters.) 
 
 Semuncia. Half an ounce. 
 
 Senaculum, R. A place in which the senate 
 used to meet. There were at Rome three sena- 
 cula ; one between the Capitol and the Forum, 
 a second near the Porta Capena, and a third 
 near the temple of Bellona. 
 
 Senio, R. The number six inscribed on the 
 face of dice, and thence the throw when all the 
 sixes turned up. 
 
 Sentina, R. The well or hold of a ship. 
 
 Sentinaculum, R. A ship's pump. 
 
 Sepia. A warm, brown, water-colour pig- 
 ment obtained from the ink-bag of the cuttle- 
 fish. (.See Roman Sepia.) 
 
 Sept-foil, Chr. A figure of se-'en foils, typical 
 of the seven sacraments of the Church, and other 
 mysteries of religion linked to the number seven. 
 
 Septilateral. Having seven sides. 
 
 Septimontium, R. A festival of the seven 
 hills, celebrated at Rome in December. 
 
 Septizonium, Septemzonium, R. A building 
 of great magnificence, which had seven stories 
 of columns one above the other ; each set sup- 
 ported an entablature and cornice running right 
 round the building {zona), whence the name 
 Septizonium. 
 
 Septum, R. and Chr. {sepio, to fence in). 
 In general, any enclosure shut in by walls, pali- 
 sades, barriers, hedges, &c. In Christian 
 archeology, septum was the name given to a 
 barrier, which, in the ancient Roman basilicas, 
 separated the nave from the absides. 
 
 Septunx, R. {septem and uncia). Seven- 
 twelfths of any quantity, whatever its nature. 
 
 Sepulchre, Chr. The Holy Sepulchre is a 
 favourite subject of architectural sculpture, in 
 cathedrals and continental churches. It is gene- 
 rally found on the north side of the chancel near 
 the altar. 
 
 Sepulcrum, R. {sepelio, to bury). A sepul- 
 chre, the general term for any kind of tomb in 
 which the dead were buried, or in which theirashes 
 were deposited in urns. Sepulcrum familiare, 
 a sepulchre erected for a single person, or for the 
 
294 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 members of a family. The sepulcntm comvmne 
 was a tomb held in common by a number of 
 persons belonging either to a single family, or 
 several families, or a group of individuals, such 
 as that given in Fig. 182, which represents the 
 tomb of the freedmen of Octavia. 
 
 Sequin (It. zecchino). A gold coin in Italy, 
 ivorlh about <^s. bd. ; and in Turkey worth about 
 IS. 6d. 
 
 Sera, R. {sero, to fasten). A padlock or 
 movaljlc lock to a door. 
 
 Serapeum, Egyp. {(TapaTnlov). A general 
 term for sepulchral monuments in Egypt, but 
 more especially that of Memphis. (Bosc.) 
 
 Seraph; pi. Seraphim, Heb. (See Angels, 
 Cherubim.) "They are usually represented 
 with \\ings and a flaming heart, to typify spiritual 
 emotion and divine affection ; or covered all 
 over with eyes, to denote their knowledge of all 
 human events as counsellors of the Most High. 
 The Seraph's head in Heraldry, is usually 
 delineated with six wings, two above and two 
 below, which cross each other, and one on each 
 side of the head." {/'atr/ioU.) 
 
 Serges, Chr. Fr. The large wax candles used 
 in churches. They are often covered with texts 
 and devices. 
 
 Seria, R. An earthenware vessel used 
 chiefly for holding wine and oil ; it was larger 
 than the amphora, and smaller than the doliiiin. 
 
 Serpent. A musical wind-instrument, of a 
 powerful bass ; invented by a French priest at 
 Auxerre in 1590. 
 
 Serpent, (i) In Christian archaeology an 
 emblem of the principle of evil ; the Virgin 
 Mary is frequently represented trampling on the 
 head of the serpent. It is especially a symbol 
 of cunning, lying, and envy. (2) Generally. 
 The serpent with its tail in its mouth describes 
 a circle which is the symbol of eternity. In 
 Classic Art it is an attribute of ^sculapius, and 
 of Apollo ; and a symbol of the Genius Loci 
 (esp. of temples, &c.). 
 
 Serpentine Verses begin and end with the 
 same word : 
 
 " Ambo florcntes aetatibus, Arcades arabo." 
 
 Serrated. Having an edge like the teeth of 
 a saw (serrd). 
 
 Set-ofFs, Arch. The mouldings and slopes 
 on buttresses, dividing them into stages. 
 
 Setting drawings in pencil or crayon is done 
 by simply passing tlicm through a dish of milk, 
 or by washing the surface with a weak solution 
 of isinglass. 
 
 Severey, Arch. A bay, or compartment in 
 a vaulted ceiling. 
 
 Sevres Poi celain. The celebrated manufac- 
 tory at Sevres was established in 1756. Soon 
 afterwards it became the property of the king. 
 Louis XV., and was much patronized both by 
 
 him and Madame de Pompadour. Some of the 
 first artists of France were employed to decorate 
 the plaques and vases, and the productions of this 
 
 Fig. 609. Sevres Vase, with jewelled ornament. 
 
 factory are more highly prized than any others 
 in the world. In 1870 three jardiuicrcs were 
 sold by auction in London for over 10,000/, 
 
The finest colours of this porcelain were the 
 bleu (ill roi and the rose dc Pompadour. 
 
 Sewer. (See Cloaca. ) 
 
 Sextans, R. {scxtus, si.\th1. A coii|)cr coin 
 Worth tlic tenth of an as, in weight about two 
 ounces (iiinite). 
 
 Sextant. The sixth part of a circle ; an arc 
 of 60 decrees. 
 
 Sextarius, R. (scxtus). A measure of capa- 
 city used for liquids, grain, &c. ; it held the 
 tenth of a CoNUius (q.v.). 
 
 Sextertius, R. A coin originally of silver, and 
 afterwards of fine copper (auric/talcum) ; it was 
 worth two ases and a half. 
 
 Sextula, R. The sixth part of the ounce 
 (uiuiit) ; tlie smallest denomination of Roman 
 money. 
 
 Sforzato (It.). In Music ; with force, louder 
 than the rest. 
 
 Sfregazzi or Sfregature, It. By this term is 
 meant a peculiar thin kind of glazing, which is 
 executed by dipping the finger into the colour, 
 and drawing it once lightly and evenly along the 
 part of the picture on which it is to be applied 
 — such as the shade on the cheek, the limbs, &c., 
 or wherever it is wished to lay a soft thin 
 shadow. (Consult Jl/rs. Merri field, Ancient 
 Practice of Painting, vol. ii. p. 879.) 
 
 Sgraffito, It. (lit. scratched). A method of 
 painting on stucco, in which a ground of dark 
 stucco is covered with a coat of white, and the 
 design is formed by scraping this away for the 
 shadows. (Consult an article liyil/r. Alan Cole 
 in the House Purnisher cuui Decorator, May 10, 
 
 1873-) 
 
 Shackle and Padlock, Her. 
 A badge of the Yorkist party 
 during the wars of the Roses ; 
 called also a Fetter-lock. 
 Shades. (See Umkr/E.) 
 Shaft, Arch. The part of 
 the column comprised between 
 the base and the capital. 
 
 Shaft, O. E. The May- 
 pole. May-poles seem to have 
 existed in most villages until the 
 Civil War. They were abolished by an ordi- 
 nance of the Long Parliament, April 6, 1644, 
 as heathenish vanities " generally abused to 
 superstition and wickednesse." 
 
 Shaftman, O. E. A measure roughly six 
 inches ; ' ' the measure of the fist with the 
 thumb set up." [Ray. 1674.) 
 
 Shagreen. A grained leather prepared from 
 the skin of a species of shark, and stained green. 
 A close imitation is made from horses' or asses' 
 skins, in Russia, and dyed red, blue, or l)]ack. 
 
 Shalm or Shawm. A musical instrument, a 
 pipe with a reed in the mouth-hole. 
 
 Shamrock, Her, A trefoil plant or leaf, the 
 badge of Ireland. 
 
 Shard, O. E. A piece of broken pottery. 
 (It has other meanings. Consult Ilalliwcll.) 
 
 Shay-le, Chin. A relic of I'.uddha. 
 
 Sheaf, (i) A bundle of ripe corn bound up in 
 the field ; the device assumed by Alfonso 
 d'Avalos, when he was made captain-general of 
 
 Fig. 611. Sheaf. Device of Alphonso d'Avalos. 
 
 the army of Charles V., with the motto implying 
 incessant devotion to his work, — that, as soon as 
 one harvest is reaped, its successor must be sown. 
 (2) A bunch of twenty-four arrows, enough to fill 
 a quiver. 
 
 Sheep. In Christian art, the twelve apostles 
 occur in early mosaics as twelve sheep, and our 
 Lord in the midst as their Shepherd. 
 
 Shekel. A Jewish coin, value about 2s. 6d 
 
 Shell, Chr. In Gallic as in Christian tombs 
 shells are of frequent occurrence ; there is no 
 doubt that they symbolize the resurrection, 
 the body of man being looked upon as a shell 
 which he leaves behind him at death. Diffe- 
 rent kinds of shell are met with, but that of most 
 frequent occurrence is the common snail-shell 
 {helix pomatia). (See Escallop.) 
 
 Shell-cameos. Cameos carved on shells. 
 These are certain conch shells or strombs, the 
 substance of which consists of two distinct layers 
 of different colours. The black conch offers the 
 most decided contrast in the colours. 
 
 Shelllac. Cnide lac-resin melted into plates 
 or shales. (See Lac.) 
 
 Shenti, Egyp. A short pair of drawers, 
 fastened round the hips by a belt, worn by the 
 ancient F,gy]itians. 
 
 Shepherd's Crook. (See Pedum.) 
 
 Shepherds. (See Hvcsos.) 
 
 Shingles. Wooden tiles ; frequently used for 
 church spires. 
 
 Ship. ;V symbol of the Church. (SeeNAVETTE.) 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Li^'A J -^A 
 
 y.'/^ 
 
 X 'W^-^ 
 
 It:-* ^ 
 
 Fig. 6i2. Shrine of the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral. 13th century. 
 
 Shoes. The shoes worn by the Greeks gene- 
 rally reached to the middle of the leg ; the 
 Romans had the cakens and the solea or sandal ; 
 the former was worn with the toga on ordinary 
 occasions ; the sandal on a journey or at a 
 feast ; but it was considered effeminate to 
 appear in public with them. Black shoes were 
 worn by the citizens of ordinary rank (see 
 Atramentum, Chalcanthum), , and white 
 ones (sometimes red) by the women ; on cere- 
 monial occasions the magistrates wore red 
 shoes. Patricians and their children wore a 
 crescent shoe-buckle (see Luna). Slaves went 
 barefooted. The Jews had shoes of leather, 
 wood, &c., tied with thongs passed under the 
 soles of the feet ; to " untie the latchets " of a 
 man's shoes was a sign of deep subservience. 
 In ancient as in modem times the Oriental 
 ]ieoples put off their shoes as we uncover the 
 head. {(l,o\\s\\\x. Herbert Spencer on Ceremonies^ 
 
 Shop. (See Taberna.) 
 
 Shrine. A repository for relics ; either fixed, 
 as a tomb ; or movable, as a ferdoiy. (See 
 P"ig. 307.) The Shrine of the Three Kings in 
 Cologne Cathedral is one of the most celebrated 
 and costly in the world. (Fig. 612.) 
 
 Sibina, Sibyna, Gr. and R. {ai&vv-r\). A 
 kind of boar-spear employed in hunting. 
 
 Sibylline (Books), R. The Sibylline books 
 were a series of oracles of the destiny of the 
 Roman Empire ; they were three in number, and 
 were placed by Tarquin in a vault of the temple 
 of Jupiter Capitolinus, and were consulted in 
 cases of difficulty by an order of the senate. 
 They perished in 670 a.u.c, when the Capitol 
 was burnt. A set of Sibylline oracles in exist- 
 ence, which predict very clearly the establish- 
 ment of the Christian religion, have been ascer- 
 tained to be a forgery of the 2nd century of the 
 Christian era. 
 
 Sibyls, Gr. and R. (2i/3uAXo). Prophetesses 
 of antiquity recognized by the ancient Christian 
 Church, and a common object of symbolical 
 ecclesiastical sculpture, with reference to their 
 foreknowledge of the fulfilment of inspired pro- 
 phecy ; they are twelve in number, having each 
 a jiroper emblem. (Cf. Smith and Chee- 
 tham. ) 
 
 Sica, R. (dimin. sicilla). A curved dagger or 
 
 scimitar ; distinct from PlJGlO, a straight dagger. 
 
 It was the weapon preferred by thieves and 
 
 I assassins on account of the convenience of its 
 
Fig. 614. Silver gilt dish and ewer ; the property of St. John's College, Cambridge. (Work of the late 17th century.) 
 
 shape for concealment. (From this word onr 
 English sickle is derived.) 
 
 Siccative. A synonym for Drying (q.v.). 
 
 Sicilis, R. A sickle. 
 
 Sienite. A statuary marble from Syene 
 (Assouan) on the Nile. 
 
 Sienna, Terra di Sienna. A brown pigment. 
 (See Ochres.) 
 
 Sigilla, R. (dimin. of signum, an image), 
 (l) A seal or signet. (2) Small sculptured or 
 moulded bosses, used to decorate vases or 
 architecture. (3) Small statuettes, called also 
 
 SiGILLARIA. 
 
 Sigillaria, R. (i) The last days of the festival of 
 the Saturnalia, when sigiflu, or statuettes of 
 gold and silver or terra-cotta, were offered to 
 Saturn, and amongst the people, as presents to 
 each other. 
 
 Sigillatus, R. Ornamented or decorated 
 with sigilla, (See SloiLLUM.) 
 
 Sigla, It. (contraction of sigilla). A conven- 
 tional sign used instead of a word or phrase ; 
 such as = for equal to, and + for phis ; 
 A. U.C. for ab iirbe conditd, &c. 
 
 Sigma, R. A semicircular couch, so called 
 because it assumed the form of the Greek 2, 
 which was originally written like our C. Hence, 
 the seat which ran round the walls of the Pis- 
 CIXA in a bath. (See Stibadium.) 
 
 Signa Militaria. (See Ensigns.) 
 
 Signature, in printing, is a letter put at the 
 
 bottom of the first page in every sheet, as a 
 direction to the binder in collating them. 
 
 Signets. (See Rings.) 
 
 Signinum (opus), R. A kind of concrete for 
 floorings, invented at Signia, and formed of 
 broken tiles consolidated with mortar, and 
 levelled with a pavior's beetle. 
 
 Signum, R. A general term for any kind of 
 sign or mark by which anything can be recog- 
 nized ; such as an image or figure, the intaglio 
 on a ring, the sign of a shop, or a military 
 standard or ensign {signa militaria), as repre- 
 sented in Fig. 665. 
 
 Fig. 613. Wall of Silex. 
 
 Silex, R. In general a flint or flint-stone, 
 and thence, by extension, any kind of hard stone 
 hewn into polygonal blocks, as shown in Fig. 
 613. 
 
 Silhouette, Fr. A profile portrait, or repre- 
 sentation of the shape contained in the outline 
 of an object, with no attempt to fill in the parts. 
 
298 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Silicernium, Gr. and R. A funeral feast in 
 
 honour of the dead. 
 
 Silicious Wares. (See Pottery.) 
 
 Sill or Cill of a window or door. The 
 
 LiMEN Inferius (q.v.). 
 
 Fig. 615. Silver tankard of the i6th century. 
 (Belonging to the Norwich Corporation.) 
 
 Silver. The history of working in silver is 
 identical with that of Goldsmiths' work in gene- 
 ral. (See Gold.) /'^//^« remarks that though 
 Phidias and his contemporaries made great 
 statues of gold, many artists who devoted them- 
 selves mainly and altogether to working in the 
 precious metals executed their best work in 
 silver. Silver was also largely used for the sur- 
 faces of mirrors, which were hung on the walls 
 of temples. The best collection of antique silver 
 plate was found at Hiltlesheim, in Germany, in 
 1869, and is now in the Berlin Museum. The 
 silver stoup (Fig. 615) belonging to the Cor- 
 poration of Norwich, is of the time of Elizalieth. 
 The illustration (Fig. 614) of the silver dish and 
 ewer at St. John's College (1670), is representa- 
 tive of the change that the goldsmiths' style 
 
 underwent about the middle of the 17th century, 
 after which time the light and graceful leaf work 
 gave way to heavier designs. (Consult Pollen, 
 Gold and Silversmiths' Work. ) 
 
 Silver. In Christian art, an emblem of purity. 
 (See White.) As one of the two inetals among 
 the tifictures of Ileraldr)', represented by a white 
 space. (See Argent.) 
 
 Silver, Cloth of. Josephus tells us that the 
 royal robe of Herod Agrippa was a tunic made 
 of silver. In the Middle Ages it was woven, 
 like gold, in long narrow shreds unmixed with 
 anything else, into a web for garments. 
 
 Sima, Arch. (See Cy.ma.) 
 
 Simikion, Gr. [aiiiiKiov). A musical instru- 
 ment of the Greeks ; it had thirty-five strings. 
 
 Simpulum or Simpuvium, R. A small cup 
 used for libations. It was in the form of a ladle 
 with a long handle. 
 
 Sinciput. The front part of the head. The 
 back part is the occiptit. 
 
 Sindon (o-ti'Scii'). (See Corporal. ) 
 
 Singing-bread, Chr. The larger altar breads 
 used in the mass were called singing-bread ; the 
 smaller ones consecrated for the people were 
 known as houseling-bread. (See also HoLY 
 Bread.) 
 
 Sinister, Her. The left side of a shield 
 (considered from the back, or wearer's point of 
 view). The bendlet or baton sinister is generally 
 (not rigorously; regarded in modern Heraldry as 
 the most appropriate difference of illegitimacy. 
 (Consult Boittell's English Het-aldry, p. 194.) 
 
 Sinopia. A fine red pigment found upon 
 ancient mural paintings. 
 
 Sinum or Sinus, R. A vessel of small dimen- 
 sions, but tolerably wide and deep, which was 
 used for holding wine or milk. 
 
 Siparium, R. The curtain of a theatre. It 
 was divided in the middle and withdrawn to 
 the sides to disclose the stage. 
 
 Sipho, Gr. {aitptav, a hollow body). A siphon 
 for exhausting liquids from a vessel by the pres- 
 sure of the atmospliere. A painting at Thebes 
 shows that the principle of the siphon was 
 known to the Egyptians as early as the eigh- 
 teenth dynasty. The same name was applied 
 to a suction and forcing pump, which was gene- 
 rally employed as a fire-engine. 
 
 Sirens (Gr. Sfip-Tji'e? [probably from treipo, a 
 chain, to signify their attractive power]). These 
 mythical representatives of the evil side of the 
 seductive power of music, are represented in 
 art as lovely women to the waist, and fishes 
 or birds below. Sometimes they have wings, 
 which the Muses are said to have plucked (see 
 Muses) of their feathers ; as Orpheus, by open- 
 ing their minds to the unattainable higher 
 music, drove them to suicide in the end. In 
 Christian symbolism the sirens typify the three 
 carnal lusts. (See Fig. 455.) 
 
Situlus. 
 
 Sirpea. (See Scirpea.) 
 Sispa-sastra, Hind. A Hindoo work, the 
 title of which means literally the science of 
 manual art. It was a kind of encyclopivdia, 
 and comprised about thirty treatises on the 
 manual arts, and included a treatise on archi- 
 tecture written by a Hindoo whose name has 
 not come dow n to us ; but a sage or mage 
 called Dupayana compiled, abridged, and edited, 
 about 1500 K.c, the lost treatise of the Hindoo 
 architect. (Bosr.) 
 
 Sistrum, Egyp. (ffuarpov ; a-fiu, to shake). 
 A kind of rattle formed by a certain number of 
 metallic rods which passed through a framework 
 also of metal ; this was attached to a short 
 handle ending in a head of Athor. By shaking 
 the instrument by the handle the metallic rods 
 and the movable rings suspended from them 
 were made to give out a sharp rattling sound. 
 The Egyptians made use of the sistrum in the 
 ceremonial worship of Isis and at funerals. 
 Roman coins of Hadrian present a personifica- 
 tion of Egypt as a female figure seated with the 
 sacred ibis at her feet, and a sistrum in her 
 hand. The instrument is still in use on the 
 Nile. 
 
 Sitella. Diminutive of Situ la (q.v.). 
 
 Situla, R. A bucket for drawing water from 
 a well. 
 
 Synonym of SiTULA (q.v.). 
 
 Sixfoil, Her. A flower of six 
 leaves. 
 
 Size is used to prepare paper 
 for printing upon, and as a vehi- 
 cle in oil painting. (See Distem- 
 per.) 
 
 Skeens, Celtic. Long sharp 
 knives ; '■'■ skeen diibh^'' black knife, 
 the Highlander's dernier ressort. 
 
 Skinning, in Masonry. (See Regrating.) 
 
 Skirophorion. (See Scirophorium.) 
 
 Sling. (See Balea, Funda.) 
 
 Slipped, Her. Pulled or torn off. 
 
 Smalt. A vitreous substance coloured by 
 cobalt, used for painting on china, not being 
 affected by fire. It makes also a bad pigment in 
 water-colour painting, and is largely used for 
 giving a blue tinge to writing-paper, linen, &c. 
 (See Cobalt.) 
 
 Smalti, It. Cubes of coloured glass applied 
 in the modem Mosaics. 
 
 Snail, Chr. In Christian iconography the 
 snail is an emblem of sloth and of the resur- 
 rection. 
 
 Snood (A.S. snod). A head-band for ladies, 
 of the Anglo-Saxon period, similar to that 
 now used by young unmarried women in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Soapstone. (See Steatite.) 
 
 Socculus. Diminutive of soccus. 
 
 Soccus, Gr. and R. A slipper worn in 
 
 Greece both by men and women, but at Rome 
 by women only. It was worn by actors upon 
 the stage. 
 
 Socle, Arch. A plain block or plinth form- 
 ing a low pedestal to a column ; or a plinth 
 round the bottom of a wall. 
 
 Soffit, Arch. The flat surface on the lower 
 side of an arch or cornice. 
 
 Solarium, R. (^1;/, the sun), (i) A sun-dial ; 
 (2) a water-clock or clepsydra {solarium ex 
 aqua) ; (3) a terrace constructed on the top of a 
 house or portico. 
 
 Soldurii, Gaul. A body of Gallic warriors 
 forming a Clan under one chief. 
 
 Solea, R. and Chr. {solum, sole of the foot). 
 A sandal of the simplest kind, consisting of a 
 sole fastened on with straps over the instep. 
 Solea ferren, a horse-shoe, or socctis oi won ; solea 
 Sparta, a sock of Spanish broom for the feet of 
 beasts of burden or of cattle ; solea lignea, 
 wooden clogs fastened to the feet of criminals. 
 Lastly the term denoted a machine for crushing 
 olives, the nature and shape of which are en- 
 tirely unknown. In Christian archaeology, the 
 X^xm. solea was used to denote, in the early basi- 
 licas, a space in front of the choir. 
 
 Soler (Lat. solarium; A.S. up-Jlor). The 
 upper floor of a house, approached by a staeger 
 (Ang. stair) outside. 
 
 Soles of the Feet, Egyp. and Chr. On a 
 great number of Christian tombs there occur re- 
 presentations of the soles of the feet. This 
 symbol has been variously explained. In our 
 opinion, one which has never been broached be- 
 fore, it denoted that the dead were in the 
 power of God ; for among the Egj'ptians, when- 
 ever a god or powerful king was spoken of, it 
 was said of him that he put his enemies under 
 the sole of his foot. Ezekiel uses the same terms 
 in speaking of Jehovah. Whenever an Egyp- 
 tian went on a pilgrimage to a distant place, he 
 never left the country without engraving on some 
 stone the impression of his feet, to which he 
 added his name and titles. {Bosc.) 
 
 Soliferreum or SoUiferreum, R. A javelin 
 made entirely of massive iron. 
 
 Solium, R. This term denotes (i) a chair 
 or arm-chair with a high back ; (2) a bier of 
 wood or terra-cotta for a dead body ; (3) the 
 granite or marble seat in an ancient bath. 
 
 Solstice. The time when the sun appears to 
 standstill, at one of the solstitial points, i.e. 
 at his greatest distance from the equator ; the 
 summer solstice is the longest day, June 22nd ; 
 the winter solstice December 22nd, in the North 
 Hemisphere ; reversed in the South. 
 
 Sonata, Ital. A piece of music with various 
 movements, composed for a single instrument 
 with or without accompaniment. Sonate di 
 camera, sonatas adapted for chamber music j 
 sonate de chiesa, iox cSxyxxQXi'e.'s,. 
 
 CAL I FOF.H'^, 
 
300 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 SonnacMosi of Bologna. One of the Italian 
 Academies, having for their device a bear, which 
 sleeps through the winter ; and the motto spero 
 avafizar con la vigilia il soiitio. (I hope by 
 vigils to make up for sleep.) 
 
 Sorrows of the Virgin. (See Joys of the 
 Virgin.) 
 
 Sortes, R. Lots ; small tablets or counters 
 thrown into a SiTELLA or urn full of water, and 
 withdrawn for soothsaying. 
 
 Soteria, Gr. and R. {a-uT'fipia, i.e. of saving). 
 Sacrifices in honour of the gods offered by way 
 of thanksgiving for escape from any danger. 
 
 Sounding-board, Chr. A sort of dome or 
 canopy, placed above pulpits to convey the 
 voice of the preacher to his auditory. In the 
 centre of the lower part of the canopy there is 
 often a carved dove, symbolizing the Holy 
 Ghost. Sounding-boards must be placed five 
 feet above the speaker's head, and their dia- 
 meter should exceed that of the pulpit by six to 
 eight inches on either side. 
 
 Soutane, Fr. A white woollen cassock, worn 
 by priests under the rochet. 
 
 Sow, Chr. In Christian iconography, the sow 
 is a symbol of evil, impurity, gluttony, and 
 fecundity. It is borne in the crest of Hamilton, 
 Duke of Hamilton, with the motto, "Through." 
 
 Span. Of an arch, the breadth between the 
 imposts. 
 
 Spandril, Arch. The triangular space be- 
 tween the upper arch of a door and the square 
 mouldings which form a frame to it. 
 
 Spangles, of gold and silver, were, in the 
 Middle Ages, artistically shaped concave, and 
 sewed on like tiles, one overlapping the other, 
 producing a rich and pleasing effect. Our pre- 
 sent flat spangles are quite modern. 
 
 Spanish Black. A pigment of burnt cork. 
 
 Spanish Brown. (See Ochre.) 
 
 Spanish Ferreto. A rich reddish-brown pig- 
 ment. 
 
 Spanish Red. An ochreous red pigment, 
 yellower than the Venetian red. 
 
 Spanish Stitch. A kind of embroidery intro- 
 duced into England by Katharine of Aragon in 
 1501. 
 
 Span-roof, Arch. Having two inclined sides ; 
 not ■a. pent -roof. 
 
 Spartea. (See Solea.) 
 
 Sparum, R. A weapon specially employed 
 by the agricultural population, whence its name 
 of sparum agrcste, telitm rustic ii}n. It ^^-as a 
 kind of halberd. A form spams was also in 
 use. 
 
 Spatha, Gr. and R. {crizaeri). (i) A batten or 
 wooden blade used by weavers for beating the 
 threads of the woof. (2) The spatula of a 
 druggist or chemist. (3) A long, broad, two- 
 edged sword, with a sharp point. 
 
 Spathalium, Gr. and R. {airaQaKio:). A kind 
 
 of bracelet with bells attached, so that it bore 
 some resemblance to the fiower-sheath of the 
 palm-tree {spatha), whence its name. 
 Speak-house, O. E. A parlour. 
 Spean, Hind. A monumental bridge, of no 
 great height, among the Khmers or ancient in- 
 habitants of Cambodgia. The balustrade of 
 this bridge was formed by means of Nagagas 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Spear, Her., is seldom seen in blazon, though 
 it appears as a "punning device" in the arms 
 granted to Shakspeare's father. (See Lance, 
 CL'SPIS, &c.) 
 
 Specillum, R. A surgeon's probe, of iron, 
 bronze, or silver. 
 
 Spectra. Impressions which remain for a 
 time on the retina of the eye, after looking at 
 certain bright and coloured objects. They are 
 either similar in colour and form to the objects 
 which excited them, or vary according to the 
 laws of the spectrum ; e.g. if the eye is fixed on 
 a 7-ed wafer, lying on a sheet of luhite paper, it 
 will appear fringed with a faint gree)i; then 
 if, after a time, the eye is turned to another part 
 of the paper, where there is no wafer, a green 
 wafer will appear. 
 
 Spectrum. The series of colours that a beam 
 of white light slips into under refraction : — 
 red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and 
 violet. 
 
 Specula, R. A watch-tower. 
 
 Specularia, Gr. and R. Window-panes made 
 with a kind of transparent stone Qapis specu- 
 lar is). 
 
 Speculum, R. {specio, to behold). A mirror ; 
 they were made in ancient times of a white 
 composition of copper and tin, and afterwards 
 of silver. The back of the mirror was decorated 
 with beautiful engraved or enchased designs. 
 There were also glass mirrors backed with a thin 
 leaf of metal. Mirrors were not contrived to be 
 hung against a wall, or to stand on a table, but 
 were generally held by female slaves in front of 
 their mistresses. (See Mirrors.) 
 
 Specus, R. Originally a dark grotto or cave; 
 later the covered canal of an aqueduct. 
 
 Spence, O. E. The buttery attached to the 
 hall; 13th, 14th century. 
 
 Specs, Egyp. ((TTre'os). Hypogea or subterra- 
 nean Egyptian temples. Heinispeos was the 
 name given to temples built partly above and 
 partly under the ground. 
 
 Sperlings, O. E. Sprats. 
 
 Sperthe, O. E. A battle-axe. 
 
 Spetum, Med. A kind of Partisan, but 
 narrower and lighter. 
 
 Sphasristerium, Gr. and R. (<r(/)oipi<rT^pioj', lit. 
 place for ball). An apartment attached to a 
 gymnasium or set of baths for playing with balls. 
 
 Sphaeromachia, Gr. and R. {afaipo-fiax'^a}- A 
 game of ball. 
 
Sphendone, Gr. A band or fillet with which 
 Greek ladies confined their hair. (See DlA- 
 DEMA, IIaik, &c. ) 
 
 // ; r 
 
 '\ 
 
 \mK 
 
 Fig. 617. Andro-Sjiliiiix. 
 
 Sphinx, 'Egyp.{'S<piyO. An emblem peculiarly 
 Egyptian, signifying the religious mystery ; in 
 this sense it was adopted by the Romans and 
 placed in the pronaos of their temples. The 
 Andko-Sphinx (Fig. 617), a human head upon 
 a lion's body, typified generally the union of in- 
 
 Fig 618. Crio-Sphinx. 
 
 tellectual and physical power ; theCRlo-SPHiNX 
 (Fig. 618) had the head of a ram ; and the 
 
 Fi^. 6iy. Hieraco-Sphinx. 
 
 ITieraco-Sphinx (Fig. 619) that of a hawk. 
 The two latter are complex emblems ; the hawk 
 being the sun-god's and the king's special figure, 
 and the ram that of the god Neph. The sym- 
 
 bolical importanccof these figures was completely 
 disregarded in the course of their application 
 to the purposes of Greek art. 
 
 Sphyrelata, Gr. Hammered metal-work ; 
 the earliest form of art manufacture in metal. 
 Archaic statues, antecedent to the invention of the 
 art of casting, were formed of hammered plates 
 fastened together with rivets. (See Metal- 
 
 LUKGY.) 
 
 Spicae Testaceae, R. {spica, car of corn). Ob- 
 long bricks for pavements ; applied in the 
 Spicatum Opus. 
 
 Spicatum (opus), R. A term answering to 
 our hekring-kone work ; it was a kind of 
 
 Fig. 620. Spicatum Opus. 
 
 construction in which the stones were arranged 
 so as to resemble the setting of the grains in an 
 ear of corn. (Fig. 620.) 
 
 Fig. 621. Spiculum. 
 
 Spiculum, R. (dimin. of spicum, a point). 
 The barbed iron head of an arrow or lance. 
 The custom of barbing weapons dates from a 
 very early period, since it is met with in pre- 
 historic times. Fig. 621 shows a barbed bone 
 arrow. 
 
 Spider-work (opus arafteum'). A kind of em- 
 broidery ; specimens of the 13th and 14th centuries 
 are in South Kensington Museum. 
 
 Spike. Oil of spike used in wax painting is 
 prepared from the wild lavender. 
 
 Spina, R. flit, a spine). A long, low wall 
 along the middle of a circus, marking off the 
 course in a race. At each end were the goals, 
 [mdtr). (See CiRCUS, Meta.) 
 
 Spinet (Ital. spindta). An old-fashioned 
 musical instrument on the principle of the 
 harpsichord and pianoforte. Brass and steel 
 wires were struck by quills fixed to the tongues 
 of jacks which were moved by the keys of a 
 finger-board. (Fig. 622.) 
 
 Spinther, R. ((njxy/cT^ip). A bracelet ; it was 
 worn upon the left arm, and retained in its 
 place merely by the elasticity of the material. 
 
302r 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 622. Spinet. 18th century. 
 
 The term is really a corruption of sphincter, 
 the muscle which 
 remains naturally- 
 contracted. (See 
 Armilla.) 
 
 Spira, R. (o-TreT- 
 pa). Anything 
 
 spiral or coiled ; 
 such as (i) a coil of 
 rope ; (2) an orna- 
 ment worn by wo- 
 men on the head ; 
 (3) the string by 
 which the cap of 
 the Salian priests 
 was fastened under 
 the chin ; (4) the 
 base of a column. 
 
 Spire, Arch. An 
 acutely-pointed ter- 
 mination crowning 
 a steeple. (See 
 Champ'er.) 
 
 Spirit Fresco. A 
 new method of 
 painting in fresco, 
 introduced by Mr. 
 Ciambier Parry, 
 18S0. 
 
 Spirits of Wine 
 
 are used to dissolve 
 
 resins in the prepa- 
 
 „. , ,, , . ration of varnishes. 
 
 Fig. 623. Carved ivory SnirulB l^imi 
 
 Spoon with figure of ispirma. IJmil- 
 
 " January." nutive of spira. 
 
 Spittle or Spittle- 
 house, O. E. A hospital. 
 
 Spolarium, R. {spolio, to strip off). A cloak- 
 room in the baths, where the bathers left their 
 clothes ; in an amphitheatre or circus the term 
 was applied to a cella in which gladiators 
 who had been killed 
 in the arena were 
 stripped of their 
 clothes and wea- 
 pons. 
 
 Spolia, R. Booty 
 taken in war. Pr.«- 
 DA means plunder 
 generally; Manu- 
 BIUM, the share of 
 the commander or 
 the state; Exuvi.ii, 
 the personal spoils 
 of an enemy ; and 
 Spolta, properly 
 speaking, arms or 
 implements of war. 
 (See Opima Spo- 
 lia.) 
 
 Spoon, Chr. In 
 early times, espe- 
 cially among the 
 Greeks, Syrians, and 
 Copts, the sacrament 
 in one kind only 
 was administered 
 with a small gold 
 or silver spoon, in- 
 to which a few 
 drops of the conse- 
 crated wine were 
 poured. In the Mid- 
 dle Ages spoons were frequently ornama-'ted 
 
 Fig. 624. Folding Spoon 
 of carved box- wood. 
 
with figures, some carved in ivory or wood, 
 and others of metal. Ai>ostlk Spoons had 
 figures of the Apostles on the handles. (See 
 Lahis and Cochlear.) 
 
 Sporta, R. A broad ]ilaited basket made 
 of wood and usually furnished with two han- 
 dles, niminutives of this term are sportcUa 
 and sportttla. 
 
 Springers, Arch. The lowest stones of an 
 arch resting on a column, pilaster, or cluster of 
 small colums. 
 
 Spurs with rowels appear first in the 13th 
 century ; in early times and in antiquity they 
 were merely sharp goads fixed to the heel. In 
 the middle of the 15th century spurs were of 
 extravagant length. In Heraldry, the knightly 
 spur had a single point, up to about 1320, and 
 was known as the " pryck-spur;" the later form 
 is called the " rouelle-spur. " 
 
 Spurn, O. E. A piece of stone or wood pro- 
 tecting a corner house or gate-post from wheels. 
 One end is fixed in the giound, and the other 
 attached at an angle to the post or wall. 
 
 SquiDch, Arch. Small arches built across 
 angles of towers to support projecting masonry 
 above. 
 
 Stadium, Gr. [araZMv]. The course for the 
 foot-race at Olympia, which measured exactly 
 one stadium (6o6| feet). The stadium was the 
 principal Greek measure for distance, and 
 equalled the eighth of a Roman mile. 
 
 Stag (cc7~nis). Representations of the stag 
 occur in many Christian bas-reliefs and paint- 
 ings. It is the emblem of many dissimilar moral 
 ideas, but more especially of a longing desire 
 for baptism, from an application of the text in the 
 42nd Psalm, "Likeas the hart," &c. (SeeHART.) 
 
 Stalactite (Gr. <Tra.\ayfj.a, an icicle). Spar, 
 in the form of icicles hanging from the roof of 
 a cavern. Stalagmites are heaped up from their 
 droppings on the floor, forming when they unite 
 witli the Stalactites the so-called Organ-pipes. 
 
 Stalagmium, Gr. and R. {(rraKayfjuov). An 
 ear-ring decorated with pearls, or small gold or 
 silver drops, which bore more or less resem- 
 blance to the shape of a drop of water (o-roAay/ua), 
 ■whence its name. 
 
 Stall-plate, Her. The plate bearing the 
 arms of a knight, and placed in his stall in the 
 chapel of his order. 
 
 Stalls, Chr. Seats in a chapel ; made to be 
 used in two ways : either with the flap of the 
 seat let down called " sellette," which formed 
 the regular seat, or with the flap raised, afllbrding 
 only a small resting-place called /niserere. The 
 elbows are often called "museaux" from their 
 being in many cases ornamented with the head 
 of some animal. (See Miserere.) 
 
 Stamen, R. The spun thread as it comes off 
 the spindle. 
 
 Stamnos, Gr. and R. A vessel in the shape 
 
 of a Panathenscan water-jar or amphora, but with 
 a wider neck, and with two ears and no handle. 
 Stanchion, Arch. The upright iron bar be- 
 tween the mullions of a window. 
 
 Standard or Banner, Chr. The symbol of 
 victory over sin, death, and idolatry. (See En- 
 signs, Lakarum, Signa, &c.) In heraldry, a 
 long narrow flag introduced in the 14th century. 
 The Royal Standard bears the blazonry of 
 the Queen's arms. The Union Jack was pro- 
 duced in the reign of James I., in 1606, as the 
 national flag of united England and Scotland, 
 combining the banners of St. George and St. 
 Andrew. The latest Union Jack shows, over 
 the saltire of St. Andrew, the gtdes of St. 
 Patrick, and was introduced upon the occasion 
 of the ?/;//(V/ with Ireland. The word "Jack" 
 is a corruption of the French "Jacques," for 
 James. 
 
 Standing Stones. Celtic monuments, also 
 called viegalithic, consisting of a row of 
 stones standing in a line. (See Dolmen, 
 Menhir, Megalithic, &c.) 
 
 Standish, O. E. A case for pens and ink; 
 an inkstand. 
 
 Stanniferous Wares. (See Pottery. ) 
 Stapes, Stapia, Med. Lat. A stirrup. 
 
 Staroflndia. 
 An order of 
 knighthood 
 instituted by 
 Queen Vic- 
 toria in 1861. 
 The Insignia 
 are the Badge 
 
 (Fig- 171) ; 
 
 collar of heral- 
 dic roses and 
 lotus - flowers 
 al t ernating 
 with palm- 
 branches, a ' 
 crown being 
 in the centre ; 
 ribbon of pale 
 blue with 
 white borders, 
 crossing the 
 left shoulder ; 
 
 Fig. 625. Badge of the Staroflndia. , • , 
 
 diamonds, 
 
 having a mullet upon an irradiated field in its cen- 
 tre, with the motto "Heaven's Light our Guide." 
 Stars, Her. (See Estoile, Mullet.) 
 Stars, Chr. Emblematic of the canopy of 
 Heaven, are generally represented on the domed 
 ceilings of churches. These were usually 
 forged in metal and fixed on to an azure 
 ground. They are attributes of the Virgin 
 Mary as queen of heaven, and of St. Dominic 
 and other saints. 
 
304 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Stars, Star-moulding, Arch. An ornament 
 of the Romano- 
 Byzantine period, 
 in the shape of 
 a star with four 
 rays only. (F iR. 
 627.) It is met 
 with as a decora- 
 tion in various 
 
 ^ 
 
 Mullet. Estoile 
 
 Fig. 626. Heraldic Stars. 
 
 mouldinfrs. 
 
 Fig. 628. Statera. 
 
 Fig. 627. Star-moulding. 
 
 Statera, R A 
 steelyard or Ro 
 man balance, of 
 much latei mven- 
 tion than the 
 scales called li- 
 bra. It consisted 
 (Fig. 628) of a 
 rod or yard 
 (scapa), divided 
 by equidistant 
 points {ptincta), 
 and was suspend- 
 ed by means of 
 a handle {ansa) 
 consisting of a 
 hook or chain 
 The weight {trqui' 
 pondiiwi) forms a counterjioise to any object 
 suspended from one of the hooks or the 
 ■AczXe. (lanaila). (Fig. 418.) The teim is some- 
 times looked upon as a synonym of Libra (q v ) 
 It denotes besides (i) a wooden bar or yoke 
 placed across the withers of a pair of horses 
 harnessed to a BijUGUS (q.v.) ; (2) a plate or 
 dish, probably of circular form. 
 
 Statuettes. Small statues in bronze or 
 porcelain for the decoration of rooms. For 
 Porcelain Statuary, consult Jacquemart's His- 
 iory of the Ceramic Art. 
 
 Stauracin (Gr. (TTavph^, a cross) was a silken 
 stuff figured with small plain crosses ; hence 
 polystaiiron, having many crosses. 
 
 Steatite or Soapstone. A soft, unctuous, 
 magnesian mineral, used by the Chinese for 
 statuary and decorative purposes. 
 
 Steel, Engraving in, was invented during 
 
 the present century. The process is nearly the 
 same as engraving in copper. (See Chalco- 
 graphy.) 
 
 Stega, Gr. and R. (o-reyT), i.e. a covering). 
 The deck of a ship; a synonym for Constratum 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Steganography, Gr. {a-n-yavl^, secret). Cy- 
 pher, or secret writing, by substitution of signs 
 for letters. 
 
 Steinkerque was a twisted necktie,and owed its 
 origin to the battle of that name fought in 1692 
 by Marshal Luxembourg against William of 
 Orange. When the French princes were sud- 
 denly ordered into action, hastily tying their 
 cravats — in peaceful times an elaborate proceeding 
 — they rushed to the charge and gained the day. 
 
 Fig. 629. Steinkerque. 
 
 In honour of this event ladies also wore their 
 lace neckerchiefs twisted in this careless fashion. 
 Steinkerques became the rage, and were worn 
 in England and France by men and women for 
 many years afterwards. The engraving repre- 
 sents the G'^and Dauphin of France wearing a 
 Steinkerque. 
 
 Stela, Stele, Gr. A pillar, or stone of a cylin- 
 drical or quadrangular shape, often surmounted 
 by an ornament in the form of a palm. These 
 
stdcs ser\'ed to mark out burial-places. Fig. 
 631 represents a Roman, and Fig. 630 a Greek 
 stele. 
 
 Fig. 630. Greek Stele. 
 
 Stemma, Gr. 
 which crowns). 
 
 and R. (o-TeV.ua, i. e. that 
 Among the Greeks this term 
 served to denote a wreath 
 bound round with woollen 
 fillets ; among the Romans 
 the same term denoted a 
 long roll of parchment 
 ornamented with garlands. 
 This roll contained the 
 genealogy of the family. 
 Stcinmata were hung upon 
 the busts of ancestors, 
 and in front of the ima- 
 gines majorum. 
 
 Stencil. A plate of any 
 material in which patterns 
 - have been cut out. The 
 use of stencil plates is of 
 great antiquity. They were 
 used in the schools of ancient Rome to teach 
 writing, and by the emperors for affixing their 
 sign manual to documents. 
 
 Stereobate. The base of a plain wall. (See 
 Stylobates. 
 
 Stereochromy. A new method of wall-paint- 
 ing, with water colours sprinkled over with 
 fluoric acid, adapted permanently to resist all 
 the influences of climate. 
 
 Stereo-graphy {crrepihs, solid). Geometrical 
 drawing of solids on a plane surface. 
 
 Stereoscope. A binocular glass, arranged 
 in conformity with the natural convergence of 
 the sight of each eye to a focal centre. An 
 object is photographed twice, as it would appear 
 to each eye if the other were closed ; and when 
 the two pictures are looked at together in the 
 stereoscope, an effect of rounded solidity 
 
 Fig. 631. 
 Roman btela. 
 
 (stereon) is produced. The effect is particularly 
 beautiful in photographs of statues. 
 
 Stereotype. Solid type, obtained from a 
 cast of the forme of movable type, for permanent 
 use in printing works of which many editions 
 are required. 
 
 Steyre, (J. E. A stair. 
 
 Stiacciato, Ital. Sculpture in very low relief, 
 less than basso- rclitT'o. 
 
 Stibadium, Gr. and R. {(jrt&i^iov). A circu- 
 lar dining-couch generally made of wicker-work. 
 Another name for it was Sigma. 
 
 Sticharium, Chr. (o-Tixapioc). A white tunic 
 worn by the Greek bishops and deacons in 
 certain ceremonies. 
 
 Stigma, K. {aTiyfxa, lit. a mark by pricking). 
 A mark, impression, or brand. Thieves were 
 branded with the letter F, which stood iox fur, 
 thief. A stigma tattooed on the arm was the 
 mark by which conscripts were declared capable 
 of military service, &c., hence 
 
 Stigmata, Chr. The marks of the five sacred 
 wounds on the hands, feet, and side of Our 
 Lord ; said to have been miraculously printed 
 on the persons of saints. 
 
 Stil-de-grain. (See Pinks.) 
 
 Still Life. Inanimate objects. 
 
 Stilted Arch. One having the capital or 
 impost mouldings of the jambs below the level 
 of the springing of the curve, the moulding of 
 the arch being continued vertically down to the 
 impost mouldings. 
 
 Stilus, Stylus, R. A style, or instrument of 
 bone, ivorj', iron, bronze, or silver, about five 
 inches long, having one end pointed, and the 
 other flattened like a spatula ; the latter served 
 either to spread the w^ax on the writing-tablet, 
 or to erase by smoothing down what had been 
 written upon it ; the other and pointed end 
 served for writing upon the wax-covered tablet. 
 The term also denoted (i) the needle or index 
 of a sun-dial ; (2) a bronze needle ; (3) a probe 
 employed for garden purposes. (4) A sharp stake 
 in a pitfall. It was also zzW^A graphium. 
 
 Stimulus, R. (o-TtX«, to prick). A goad for 
 driving cattle. 
 
 Stipple. Etched imitations of chalk drawings 
 of the human figure, called engravings in stiff le, 
 have a very soft effect, but are inferior to en- 
 graving. In this variety the whole subject is 
 executed in dots without strokes on the etching- 
 ground, and these dots are bitten in with aqua- 
 fortis. The dots may be harmonized with a 
 little hammer, in which case the work is called 
 opus mallei. In the method known as mezzo- 
 tinfo, a dark barb or ground is raised uniformly 
 by means of a toothed tool ; and the design 
 being traced, the light parts are scraped off from 
 the plate by fitting instruments, according to the 
 effect required. (See En(;raving.) 
 
 Stips, R. A small bronze coin, equal to the 
 
 X 
 
3o6 
 
 \VORDS USED IN 
 
 twelfth part of an as, or about a quarter of a far- 
 thing ; it bore on the reverse the prowof a vessel. 
 
 Fig. 632. Stola. Costume of a Roman Matron. 
 Stocheion, Gr. A form of sun-diah (See 
 
 HOROLOGIUM.) 
 
 Stockings were introduced into England 
 with knitting in 1 501, when Queen Elizabeth 
 was presented with a pair of black knit sdk 
 stockings by her tirewoman, and immediately 
 discontinued the cloth hose she had previously 
 worn. The Sc9tch claim the invention of knit- 
 ting, and a French company of stocking-knitters 
 established at Paris in 1527 took for their patron 
 St. Fiacre, who is said to have been the son of a 
 King of Scotland. (See Netherstocks.) 
 
 Stola, R, [ffToK)}, lit. an equipment). The 
 
 robe worn by Roman matrons ; it consisted of 
 a wide tunic with long sleeves. It came 
 down to the ankles or feet, and was confined at 
 the waist by a girdle, leaving broad loose folds 
 over the breast. The pallium was worn over 
 the siola. It was the distinguishing dress of 
 the Roman matron, and the meretrices or 
 divorced women were forbidden to wear it. The 
 stola was also worn by a certain class of priests. 
 (See Pallium, Toga.) (See Fig. 632.) 
 
 Stole, Chr. This 
 term, a synonym 
 of orarinm, denot- 
 ed, with the early 
 Christians, accord- 
 ing to Fleury, a 
 piece of fine linen 
 which was worn 
 round the neck. It 
 was used as a kind 
 of pocket-handker- 
 chief, long before 
 the introduction of 
 Christianity, by the 
 Romans, who nam- 
 ed it indifferently 
 linteolum, strophi- 
 uni, and sudarhim. 
 In the Christian 
 Church it is repre- 
 sented by a narrow 
 ban d of embroidered 
 stuff, and worn over 
 the left shoulder by 
 deacons ; and across 
 both shoulders by 
 bishops and priests. 
 It is sacred to the 
 memory of the cloth 
 with which the Sa- 
 viour is alleged to 
 have wiped away 
 the sweat from His face as He passed to the 
 Crucifixion. (See Sudarium, Orarium.) 
 
 Stone Ochre. A pigment. An earthy oxide 
 of iron. (See Ochres.) 
 
 Stone-ware. (See Pottery.) 
 Stopping-out. In etching, arresting the 
 action of the acid on the fainter lines of a plate, 
 by covering them over with a preparation 
 called stopping ground, while the deeper and 
 broader parts corrode. (See Etching.) 
 
 Stoup, Chr. A small niche with a basin, at 
 
 the entrance of a church, placed there for the holy 
 
 water. O. E. A kind of tankard. (.See Fig. 615.) 
 
 Stragulatae. Striped or barred silks ; 13th 
 
 centuiy. 
 
 Stragulum, R. {sterna, to throw over). A 
 general term to denote any kind of covering used 
 for bed-clothing, or a covering for men, horses, 
 or beasts of burden, and thence a caparison. 
 
634. Strasburg Porcelain. Open-work liasket. 
 
 Strap-work, Arch. A form of architectural 
 ornament, by the tracery of a narrow band or 
 fillet in convolutions similar to those that a 
 leather strap thrown down at hazard would form. 
 It is characteristic of the Renaissance period. 
 
 Strasburg Porcelain. The manufacture of 
 this ware, which was begun by Charles Han- 
 nong about 1721, became very celebrated for 
 about sixty years. (Consult Jacquemart's His- 
 tory of the Ceramic A?-t. ) (Fig. 634. ) 
 
 Strasburg Turpentine. A varnish made 
 of the resin from the silver fir {/limis piced), 
 diluted with naphtha, drying linseed, or nut oil. 
 
 Strena, R. A new year's gift or present 
 made on the calends of Januaiy. 
 
 Stria, R. The fluting of a column. 
 
 Striated. Fluted like a column. 
 
 Strigilis, R. (striiigo, to scrape). A bronze 
 scraper for the skin, cur\'ed and hollowed like 
 a spoon, used in the bath. The same term 
 is used in architecture for a fluting which resem- 
 bles the bath-strigil in form. 
 
 String-course, Arch. A narrow moulding 
 projecting from the wall of a building in a 
 horizontal line. 
 
 Stroma, Gr. (ffrpuna). A Greek term 
 S}Tionymous with the Latin Stragulu.M. 
 
 Strontian Yellow. A pale canary-coloured 
 pigment. 
 
 Strophe {a-Tpe(pw, to turn). In Greek poetry, 
 the first division of a choral ode, of which the 
 other parts were the antistrophe and the epode. 
 
 Strophium, R. {(TTp6<i)iov, lit. a thing twisted), 
 (l) A long scarf which the Roman women rolled 
 into a band, and fastened round the body and 
 breast. (2) A girdle for the same purpose, gene- 
 rally of leather. (3) The term likewise denoted 
 the cable of an anchor. (See Orarium.) 
 
 Structura, R. {slnto, to build up). A 
 
 general term for any kind of 
 masonry. (Sec Orus.) 
 
 Struppus or Strupus.R. A rope 
 or other fastening by which the oar 
 is attaclied to the thole (scalmus). 
 Stucco, It. A fine plaster, for 
 covering walls, prejiared byvarious 
 methods, as a mixture of gypsum 
 and glue ; or white marble, pul- 
 verized with plaster of lime and 
 mixed with water ; the opus alha- 
 riiiiii of the ancients. 
 
 Stump, for drawing in pencil or 
 crayon. It is a thick roll of strong 
 paper made into a kind of pencil, 
 and used for rubbing over lines to 
 soften them down for ground 
 tints, gradation of shading, iS:c. 
 
 Styiites, Chr. ((TTuA.iT7}r). 
 " Pillar saints." Anchorites of 
 the early Church who passed 
 their lives on the top of a 
 column, in order to give themselves up to medi- 
 tation. There were some of them in Syria down 
 to the 1 2th century. They derived their name 
 from (TTuAos, a column. 
 
 Fig. 636. Stylobates. 
 
 Stvl)bate, Arch. A pedestal supporting a 
 row of columns ; Figs. 635 to 637 represent three 
 richly-decorated sty- 
 lobates found in the 
 baths and other Ro- 
 man ruins at Nismes. 
 (See Pedestal, Ste- 
 
 REDIIATE.) 
 
 Stylus, R. (Gr. 
 (TTvKos). A pointed in- 
 strument with which 
 tlie Romans wrote on 
 their waxed tablets. 
 (See Srii.ns.) 
 
 Subarmale, Suber- 
 male, R. A garment 
 worn by soldiers un- 
 derneath their ar- 
 
 X 2 
 
AYORDS USED IX 
 
 mour ; it formed the tunic nf the legionaries, 
 and representations of it are very frequently met 
 with on the bas-reliefs of monumental columns 
 and triumphal arches. 
 
 Subjugium, R. Curved pieces of wood placed 
 at each end of a yoke, undei-neath it ; whence 
 their name. 
 
 Sublicius, R. [sithlica, a pile). Any wooden 
 structure supported on ]iiles. (See PoNS.) 
 
 Subligaculum, Subligar, R. {siibligo, to tie 
 below). A cloth worn by acrobats, drawn be- 
 tween the legs and made fast to the girdle. 
 
 Subsecus, R. A tenon, in carpentry ; that is, 
 the tongue or wedge which fits into a mortise. 
 
 Subeellium, R. (i.e. lower than z sella). A 
 movable bench without a back, which was used 
 m large assemblies. In a theatre or circus the 
 same term was applied to the circular rows of 
 seats in the cavea. 
 
 Subsericum. Partly, not all, silk ; opposed 
 to holoscriciim. 
 
 Substructio, R. {substnto, to build under- 
 neath). Any work of solid masonry, such as a 
 foundation wall, abutment walls, &c. (SeeSus- 
 
 PENSURA.) 
 
 Subtrefoiled, Arch. Decorated with foils 
 placed underneath ; a term applied to what are 
 called trefoil-headed arches. 
 
 Subucula, R. [sub, and duo, to put on). 
 Under-garments of wool which the Romans 
 wore next the skin, imderneath the tunic. 
 
 Suburbanum, R. A villa in the suburbs of 
 Rome. 
 
 Succinctus, R. {succingo, to gird beneath). 
 Wearing a girdle round the waist above the 
 tunic ; applied to a person prepared for active 
 exertion. 
 
 Sucula, R. A capstan. 
 
 Sudarium, Chr. A name of the miraculous 
 portrait of our Lord, impressed on the cloth 
 presented to Him by St. Veronica on the way 
 to the Crucifixion. (See Siole, Vera Icon.) 
 A representation of this legendary portrait is 
 given in Albert Diirer's " Little Passion." 
 
 Sudatorium, R. {sudor, sweat). The hot 
 room in a Roman bath. (See Caldarium.) 
 
 Sud'ha, Hind. A temple of the Khmers or 
 ancient inhabitants of Cambodgia, built of one 
 unmixed material, and thence called pure 
 {sttd'/ia). 
 
 SuflSbuIum, R. A large square piece of 
 white cloth worn by vestals and priests during 
 the discharge of their functions. 
 
 Suggestus, R. {sitb and oero, to heap up). 
 (l) A stage or platform from which an orator 
 addressed a crowd. The Rostra at Rome was 
 a celebrated suggeshis. (2) In a camp the 
 suggestus was formed of stones and clods of turf, 
 or constructed of woodwork, from which the 
 general liarangued the troops. (3) The raised 
 seat from whicli the Emperor saw the games. 
 
 Suile, R. A stable for pigs ; among the 
 Romans a building of considerable size, contain- 
 ing a number of separate sties {hara). 
 
 Fig. 630. .SugKc-MUb. 
 
 Sulphate of Barytes. (See Barytes.) 
 Sulphate of Zinc, or white vitrol, is used as 
 a dryer. 
 
 Sulphurs. Impressions taken by the gold- 
 smiths of the 1 6th century from the engravings 
 executed on plates, paxes, &c. ; and which they 
 obtained by spreading a layer of melted sulphur 
 on the face of the plate, producing a cast in 
 relief of the lines engraved. Some few of these 
 proofs exist in the British and continental 
 museums, and are known as "sulphurs." They 
 are amongst the rarest specimens connected with 
 the art of engraving. {Fairholt.) 
 
 639. Device of Louis XIV. 
 
 Sun, Her. When represented shining and 
 surroinided by rays, he has a representation of 
 a human face on his disc, and is blazoned "In 
 
splendour," or "In i;:lory ;" wlien " eclijised " 
 tlie representation is the same, but tincturetl 
 sable. 
 
 Sundials. The sundial of Ahaz is mentioned 
 by Isaiah, 713 l!.C. Sundials with appropriate 
 mottoes have been at all times fashionable. 
 Mrs. Palliser gives a long selection of such 
 mottoes : e.g. : — 
 
 Nulla hor.i sine linea, " No hour without a line." (Nee 
 monientuin sine linea, was Cardinal Richelieu's motto.) 
 Pereunt et imputantur — " They pass and are imputed " — 
 (Miirtuil). 0/ the passing hour, Dubia omnibus, ultima 
 multis — ("Uncertain to all, the last to many" 1; or, suprema 
 haec multis forsitan tibi — ( ' The last to many, perhaps to 
 thee "). The old sundial at the Palais de Justice in Paris 
 is inscribed, in letters of gold. Sacra Themis mores, ut 
 pendula dirigit horas — (" Holy Justice guides manners, as 
 this dial does the hours). The largest number are 
 allusions to Deat/i, as : 
 
 lo vado e vengo ogiii giorno. Ma tu andrai senza ritor- 
 no — I" I go and come daily, but thou shalt go and never 
 return.") And on a sundial at Hourges is the following : 
 *' La vie est comme I'hombre, 
 Insensible en son coiirs. 
 On la croit immobile : 
 Elle s'avance toujours.'' 
 
 More cheerful mottoes are found from Horace, as : 
 Carpe diem. Horas non numero nisi serenas (at Venice), 
 &c. 
 
 (Consult Mrs. Alfred Gaily, " Book of Sun- 
 dials") 
 
 Super-altar, Chr. A small portable altar. 
 Superaria. (.See Ependvtes.) 
 Supercilium, R. (lit. eye-brow). (SeeLiMEX 
 
 SUPERIUS.) 
 
 Superindum. (See Ependytes.) 
 Superpellicum, Chr. A surplice. 
 Suppedaneum. A synonym for Scabeli.u.m 
 and Scam NT M (q.v.). 
 
 Supplicatio, R. {supplko, to kneel down). 
 
 The act of praying when kneeling; opposed to 
 prtxalio, a prayer uttered standing. Solemn 
 thanksgivings offered to the gods in their 
 temples. 
 
 Supporter, Her. A figure that stands by 
 a shield of arms, as if sui)porting or guarding 
 it. .Supporters came into use during the I4lh 
 century. (See Fig. 24.) 
 
 Surahe, Pers. A Persian wine-bottle. The 
 illustration represents a beautiful specimen of 
 hard porcelain decorated in patterns, of Chinese 
 character, executed under the glaze with cobalt. 
 A legend on the medallions contains the words 
 Dch sitrahi', " Give me the bottle." (Fig. 640.) 
 
 Surbase, Arch. The shaft of a Pedestal. 
 
 Surcoat. Any garment worn over armour ; 
 more es]iecially the long flowing garment worn 
 by knights until 1325. (See Fig. 463.) 
 
 Surface-lib, Arch. The rib of a groined 
 vaulting. 
 
 Surinda, Hind. A stringed instrument played 
 with a bow. 
 
 Surod, Hind. A kind of guitar, sounded 
 with a plectrum. 
 
 Surplice. Chr. The Protestant all>. See 
 Slevcns, in a note to All's Well that Ends IVell, 
 Act i., scene 3, for notices of the Puritan aver- 
 sion to this article of clerical costume. 
 
 Fig. 643 Surahs or Wine bottle. Persian Porcelain. 
 
 Fig. 641. Suspensura, showing the pillars supporting 
 the floor of a bath-room. 
 
 Suspensura, R. In a general sense this 
 term denotes anything that is supported, sus- 
 pended above arcades, columns, or pillars, and 
 more especially the flooring of a bath-room, 
 when it is supported by small low pillars. 
 Fig. 391 shows the flooring of a bath-room, and 
 Fig. 641 the pillars supporting the suspensura. 
 See Hypocaust. ) 
 
 Svastika, Hind. A kind of Greek cross, 
 each branch of which ends in a hook. This 
 cross has a sacred character, and is met with on 
 a great variety of objects. Its origin dates back 
 to the bronze age, and it is represented on the 
 weapons of that period, (See Fylfot. ) 
 
WORDS USED IN 
 
 Swallow. In Christian symbolism, the em- 
 blem of pride and of conversion. 
 
 Swallow-tail. (See Dove-tail.) 
 
 Swan, Her. When blazoned " proper " — 
 white with red beak and legs — it is the badge 
 of the Bohuns, Staffords, and some other families. 
 
 Swathbondes, (J. E. Swaddling clothes 
 (mentioned Ijy Slmkspeare). 
 
 Swine's Feather, O. E. A kind of bayonet 
 about six inches long, affixed to a musket-rest 
 and projected by the action of a spring; 17th 
 century. 
 
 Sword. (See Gladius.) 
 
 Sword, in Christian art, is a symbol of 
 martyrdom ; it is also the attribute of martyrs 
 who were soldiers. In Heraldry, when borne as 
 a charge, it is straight in the blade, pointed, 
 and with a cross-guard. The custom of swearing 
 on the sword, the hilt of which took the shape 
 of a cross, or had crosses engraved on it, is men- 
 tioned in very ancient history. (Cf. Hamlet.') 
 
 Sympathetic Inks. Inks of which the marks 
 are invisible until the moisture is absorbed by 
 the application of heat. (See Cobalt.) 
 
 Symposium, Gr. A drinking-party, distin- 
 guished from dcipnoii, a feast. A very com- 
 mon sulaject of representations on ancient vases. 
 
 Syndon or Sindon, A better kind of cendal 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Synoikia, Gr. (i) Athenian festivals held in 
 honour of Athena in the month Hecatorabeion 
 (July — August). Their object was to commemo- 
 rate the union of the government of all the 
 
 towns of Attica in Athens. (2) A lodging- 
 house adapted to hold several families (Latin, 
 insula), for the convenience of foreigners and 
 others who by Athenian law were prohibited 
 from acquiring house property of their own. 
 
 Synthesis or Synthesina, Gr. and R.((n;;'-9e(ris). 
 One of thei'c'j-to ca-iiatorur which the master of the 
 hotise, the Amphitryon, provided for his guests. 
 The parable of the "Wedding Garment" has 
 reference to this practice. It was a kind of 
 tunic worn over the other garments, and during 
 the Saturnalia by all classes alike. It was 
 usually dyed some colour, and was not white like 
 tlie toga. 
 
 Sypirs, O. E. Cloth of Cyprus. 
 
 Syrinx (O. E. 9th and loth cent.). An 
 instrument resembling Pandean pipes. 
 
 Syrinx, Gr. and R. (o''''P'7l)- The pastoral 
 pipe invented by Pan ; it was called by the 
 poets arundo and fistula. It was fonned of 
 seven hollow reeds of regulated lengths adjusted 
 to form an octave. 
 
 Syrma, Gr. {avpot, to sweep). A robe with a 
 train worn on the stage by those actors who had 
 to represent the parts of gods or heroes. Hence 
 the word is poetically used for tragedy. 
 
 Systyle, Gr. and R. (cruo-TuXos). An arrange- 
 ment in architecture, the intercolumniation of 
 which is of the width of two diameters of the 
 shaft, measured at its lower part, just above the 
 apophyge ; the distance between the plinths 
 being exactly equal to the diameter of the 
 plinths, as in the Parthenon at Athens. 
 
 r. 
 
 Big. 642. Tabard. 
 
 Tabard, O.E.(Lat. 
 
 colobium). A tunic 
 with sleeves, worn 
 over the armour by 
 knights of the Tudor 
 period, and blazoned 
 on the sleeves, front, 
 and back ; it is the 
 official costume of a 
 herald ; Chaucer's 
 ploughman wears a 
 tabard, like the mo- 
 dern smock - frock. 
 (See Coat-armour.) 
 Fig. 642. 
 
 Tabaret. A stout, 
 satin-striped silk. 
 
 Tabbinet, O. E. Another name for Poplin. 
 
 Tabby, O. E. A silk watered or figured. 
 
 Tabella, Gen. (dimin. of tabula). A small 
 board, or tablet, of any kind, esp. (i) a wax- 
 tablet ; (2) a voting-tablet {tessera) ; (3) a letter 
 sent by a messenger {tabellaritts) ; (4) tabella 
 absoliitoria, a receipt for a debt ; (5) tabella 
 damiiatoria, a judicial record of a verdict and sen- 
 tence ; C6) tabella lifninis, the leaf of a door, &c. 
 
 Taberna, R. (i) A retail shop ; Fig. 643 
 shows a sliop at Pompeii, restored. (2) Taber- 
 na deversoria, taberna tneritoria, or simply 
 taberna, a wine-shop or tavern. (Fig. 643.) 
 
 Tabernacle Work, Arch. The ornamented 
 open work over tlie stalls (of a cathedral church, 
 &c.), and, in general, any minute ornamental 
 open-work is called tabeniaele work. 
 
 Taberaaculum, Tabernacle, R. and Chr. 
 
Fig. 643. Taborna. 
 
 (Lit. a tent), (i) A booth of planks, or a 
 wooden hut covered with hides. (2) In 
 Christian archaeology, the tabernacle is a small 
 shrine placed on the altar for the consecrated 
 wafer. It succeeded the pyx, which v.-as an- 
 ciently deposited in one of two chambers ar- 
 ranged on each side of the altar. Originally 
 of goldsmith's work, in the 15th and i6th cen- 
 turies they became stone shrines decorated 
 with sculpture, approached by steps, rising into 
 lanterns and pinnacles to the roof of the 
 church. A cast of a beautiful tabernacle of 
 late 15th century, marble with a gilt metal door, 
 is in the South Kensington Museum. Taber- 
 nacles of ivory were common in the 1 6th cen- 
 tury. (3) Ornamental niches in a hall. (4) 
 Accurately applied the term signifies a canopy, 
 (of stone, wood, or other material) such as was 
 placed over a NiCHE, a stall, &c. 
 
 Tabernula. Dimin. of Taberna (q.v. ). 
 Tabinet. (See Tabbinet.) 
 TabI shamee, Egyp. The Syrian drum, used 
 by the modern Egyptians ; a kind of kettledrum 
 of tinned copper, with a parchment face. 
 
 Tablature, Fr. One part of a painted wall or 
 ceiling, forming a single piece or design. 
 
 Table, O. E. The ancient meaning of this 
 word was " any level expanded surface," such 
 as a flat piece of board. A picture was called 
 a table (Latin tabula) as late as the 17th cen- 
 tury. (See Taium.a.) 
 
 Table-base, Arch. A Base-moulding, near 
 the ground, innnediately over the ]ilinth. 
 
 Table Diamond. A gem cut with a Hat sur- 
 face. 
 
 Tablementum, Arch. Syno- 
 nym iif 'I'aium.a. 
 
 Tables, O. E. (i) Backgam 
 mun. (2) Ivory writing-tablets, 
 so called, were used in the 
 middle ages in England by 
 jjcople of all ranks : — 
 
 " His felaw had a staff tipped with 
 horn, 
 A pair of tables all of ivory,_ 
 And a pointed ypolished fetishly, 
 And wrote alway the names, as he 
 
 stood 
 Of alle folk that gaue hem any 
 good." 
 
 (Chancer.) 
 
 Tablet. (Fr. tahlette.) Any 
 llat surface for inscriptions ; 
 leaves for memoranda. 
 
 Tablets. In architecture a 
 general term for small project- 
 ing mouldings or strings, mostly 
 horizontal. The tablet at the 
 top, under the battlement, is 
 called a cornice, and that at the 
 bottom a basement, under which 
 is generally a thicker wall. The tablet running 
 round doors and windows is called a dripstone, 
 and if ornamented a canopy. {Ricknian, p. 42.) 
 Tabletterie, Fr. Turned work in ivory or 
 shells, &c. 
 
 Tablinum, R. One of the apartments in a 
 Roman house ; it was a recess in the Atrium, 
 and contained the wax or ivory portraits and 
 statues in bronze and marble of ancestors, and 
 carved representations of their honourable achieve- 
 ments in the state, and the family archives. (See 
 
 DOMUS.) 
 
 Tabor, Tabour, O. E. A very loud drum 
 " which is bad for people's heads, for, if 
 stretched tight and struck hard, it may be heard 
 at half a league's distance." 
 
 Tabouret. An embroidery frame. 
 ' Tablet, Heb. A small tabor. 
 
 Tabula, R. and Chr. (i) Literally, a ;^/rt«-(', and 
 thence used to denote a variety of objects made 
 of wood or planks, as for instance a bench ; a 
 dice-table; a waxed writing-tablet [tabula cerata); 
 a panel-painting; a votive-tablet; a voting- 
 ticket. (2) Arch. Properly any solid con- 
 struction adapted for superficial decoration, as 
 i\\Q frontal of an altar. " The most remarkable 
 example of the tabula destined for the front of 
 the Altar, is preserved in Westminster Abbey ; 
 it is formed of wood, elaborately carved, 
 painted and enriched with a kind of mosaic 
 work of coloured glass, superficially inlaid, a 
 species of decoration of Italian origin." (Con- 
 sult Parkers Glossary s.v.) (3) In Christian 
 archreology, tabiihe nuptiales or dotales was 
 the name given to the parchment scrolls in 
 
312 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 the hands of persons who figure in the marriage 
 scenes represented on tombs. 
 
 Tabularium, R. A place set apart in the 
 temples at Rome where the public records were 
 kept. 
 
 Tace, Chr. The cross or crutch of St. 
 Anthony. 
 
 Taces. (See Tassets.) i:hQ skirts or cover- 
 ings to the pockets. {Meyrick.) 
 
 Taces. Overlapping plates of armour to en- 
 velope the abdomen (see Taches), introduced 
 in the 14th century, under Richard IT. 
 
 Tack or Dag, O. E. A kind of pistol : some- 
 thing like a. fetrond. 
 
 Taeda or Teda, R. A resinous torch made 
 with pieces and slips of the pine called teda. 
 
 Fig. 644. 'iaKiiia. 
 
 Taenia, Gr. and R. (i) The ribbon with 
 which a wreath or fillet round the head was at- 
 tached. (2) In architecture, the band which 
 separates the Doric frieze from the architrave ; 
 it is, in many cases, ornamented with painting 
 similar to that shown in Fig. 644. 
 
 Taffeta (Pers. taftah, from taftan, to twist). 
 A thin, glossy silken fal^ric, having a wavy 
 lustre ; a less costly silk than Cendal (q.v.), 
 1 6th century. Stcnv records that it was first 
 made in England by John Tyce, of Shoreditch, 
 London, 41 Elizabeth, 1598. 
 
 Taille de bois, Fr. Wood engraving. 
 
 Taille douce, Fr. Copper-plate engraving. 
 
 Taille dure, Fr. Steel engraving. 
 
 Tail-piece. An ornamental design placed at 
 the end of a page or chapter of a book. In 
 French ciil-de-lampe. 
 
 Takel, Q. E. An arrow, — 
 "Wei could he dress his takel yeomanly." (Chancer!) 
 
 Talaria, R. {talus, the ankle). Wings fixed 
 to the ankles ; the attribute of Mercury, Per- 
 seus, and sometimes Minerva. They are repre- 
 sented either attached to sandals, or growing 
 from the limb. 
 
 Talbot, Her. A badge of the Earl of Shrews- 
 bury of that name (the "Scourge of France"). 
 A silver running hound or talhut. 
 
 Talbotype. The photographic process of 
 multiplying impressions from a negative, invented 
 by Mr, Fox Talbot. (See Calotype.) 
 
 Talc (from Germ. Talg, tallow). A translu- 
 cent mineral, resembling mica but much softer. 
 "Being calcined and variously prepared, it 
 maketh a curious whitewash, which some justify 
 lawful, because clearing not changing the com- 
 plexion." (Ftdler.) The Chinese make lanterns, 
 shades, and ornaments of talc. 
 
 Talent, Gr. and R. {rdKavTov, lit. a 
 balance). A weight of silver with the Greeks, 
 and of copper with the Romans ; applied as a 
 unit of value. The Greek talent of silver is 
 estimated at rather less than 250/. sterling — it 
 contained 60 tnina, or 6000 drachma. The Attic 
 talent was of much smaller value, of less than an 
 ounce of gold, and is that generally intended by 
 the word. The silver talent was called talentuiii 
 magniivi. The Jewish talent of silverzrabout 
 396/., and of gold — about 5475/. From its 
 application as an expression of a man's available 
 wealth, metaphorically applied in Scripture to 
 resources of any kind, as of intellect, position, 
 &c., for the due unselfish administration of which 
 he is responsible. 
 
 Talero, It. A Venetian silver coin = about 
 five francs. 
 
 Talevas, Talvas. (See Tavolace.) 
 
 Tali, R. (Gr. a(TTpo7oAor). Knuckle-bones 
 of sheep or goats, used from the earliest times, 
 exactly as they are by children now, to play with. 
 When they were marked with black dots on each 
 face they were used as dice. The numbers were 
 I, 3, 4 and 6; i being opposite to 6, and 3 oppo- 
 site to 4 ; and each number, and each cast, 
 had its appropriate name : i was called in Greek 
 yuofos, efj, Kvu>v, '^ios ; Ionic oivt\ ; Latin, 
 unio, viiltiirius, canis ; 3 was rpias, and ternio ; 
 4, TiTpas, z.nd tjuaternio ; 6, €|os, e|iTr)s, KcDos, 
 and sem'o. The best throw was that called 
 Femts OYJactits Venereus, in which the four tali 
 showed different numbers. By this cast the 
 player became king of the feast or symposium ; 
 in the canis (dog-throw), on the other hand, all 
 four dice turned up the same number. 
 
 Talisman (Arab, tilsam, a magical image). A 
 charm worn about the person as a protection 
 from dangers, especially from the effects of magic 
 and the "evil eye." The hnllir worn by chil- 
 dren, and the rings of the ladies among the 
 Greeks and Romans frequently contained such 
 charms. The practice has survived in all ages and 
 nations, and is not at all unfrequent in the 19th 
 century, and even among the educated classes. 
 
 Tall-boys, O. E. High cups or glasses. 
 
 Tall-men, O. E. Loaded dice. 
 
 Tall-wood, O. E. " Facte wodde to make 
 bylJctles of, taillee." (Palsgrave.) 
 
 Talleh, Arab. Myrrh from Abyssinia. 
 
 Tallow-cut (Fr. en cabuchon). This is a term 
 applied by lapidaries to precious stones not 
 cut into regular /oiTt'/j-, but ground down and 
 polished. 
 
Tally, O. E. (Fr. iailkr, to cut.) An an- 
 cient method of keeping record of monies 
 advanced to the Royal Exchequer. A tally was 
 a piece of wood inscribetl with a receipt, which 
 was split by an officer, and one part delivered 
 to the lender, and the other, called the Stocl-, 
 preserved in the Tally-oft"ice in the Excheciuer. 
 Hence the name Stocks iov the Ciovernment 
 securities. After the disuse of the tallies in 1782 
 the old ones were used for hring in the Houses 
 of Parliament, and caused their destruction in 
 1S34. 
 
 Talmud (Chaldean, lit. instruction,) consists 
 of two parts, the Mishna and Gemara ; and 
 contains the whole body of Hebrew law and 
 traditions. 
 
 Talus, (i) R. The game of knuckle-bones. 
 (See Astragalus.) (2) Arch. The sloping 
 part of a work, a term in fortification. 
 
 Talvace, O. E. A shield or buckler, circular 
 
 An oblong wooden skidd, 14th 
 
 and projectini: 
 
 Talvas, O.'E. 
 century. 
 
 Tambour, Fr. A small drum. Rich em- 
 broidery work done on a drum-shaped frame. 
 
 Tamboura. An ancient musical instrument of 
 the lute or guitar kind. The Hindoos represent 
 Ganesa, the god of wisdom, as a man with the 
 head of an elephant, holding a tamboura in his 
 hands. 
 
 Tambourine. A small drum with only one 
 skin, played on by the hand. 
 
 Fig. 643. Flemish Tunkard, silvcrgih. 17th century. 
 
 Tamine, Taminy, Tammy (Fr. /amis, a sieve). 
 A lliin wdcilien textile, highly glazed. 
 Tampion. (See Tompion.) 
 Tang-fish. Seals are so called in the Shet- 
 lands. 
 
 Tankard. (Norman Fr. Tankar.) A drinking- 
 jug with a cover. The name is said to be com- 
 pounded of I'taiii, tin, and qiiartc, a quart mea- 
 sure. The Flemish had tankards of wood, with 
 pegs down the sides, to measure the quantity 
 drunk. (See Figs. 615 and 645.) (See PoKAL.) 
 Tapestry. The introduction of tapestry pro- 
 perly so called dates from the I2th century, 
 when it began to rival the more ancient embroi- 
 dered stuffs c'nWo.iX Sarrazi)iois carpets. Tapestry 
 is woven on looms, i. e. on a ivarp rolled round 
 two cylinders, and stretched out between them 
 either vertically or horizontally, for the insertion 
 of the woof between and among the threads. 
 When woven on a vertical warp, it is called 
 high-warp {haute- lissc) ; when horizontal, low- 
 warp {basse- lissc). The former produces, for 
 many reasons, incomparably the finest work, and 
 is the method adopted for the Gobelins and 
 Savonnerie tapestries. The progress of the art 
 has followed, especially in Flanders, that of 
 painting, from which its models are derived. It 
 has become less popular than it was during the 
 present century, from the general disuse of 
 hangings in the decoration of houses. Perhaps 
 the best condensed account of this extensive 
 subject is the work of M. Alfred de Champeaux, 
 translated for the South Kensington Museum. 
 (See Bayeux Tapestry.) 
 
 Tapul, O. E. The perpendicular ridge down 
 the centre of a breastplate. 
 
 Tar-black. A kind of lamp black prepared 
 by the combustion of coal tar, or of the heavy 
 oils of tar and schist. 
 
 Targe, Fr. Med. A dagger or small sword : 
 " Les autres gens avoient targes et semitarges, 
 qui sont espees de Turquie." (See Semi- 
 targe.) 
 
 Targe or Target, O. E. A round shield. 
 Targe (or Pavoise) Futee, P"r. A shield com- 
 posed of several pieces, which loosened on being 
 struck, and fell asunder. The Swabian jousters 
 at Maximilian's triumph are described {Meyrick, 
 vol. ii.) as bearing these shields. 
 
 Targe, Target, {y^ &\<A\ targa, wicker-work.) 
 Targum, Chaldee (lit. interpretation). A 
 paraphrase, or lesson from the Old Testament 
 in the Chaldee language. 
 Tarn. A mountain lake. 
 Tarots. Emblematical cards still used in 
 Switzerland and parts of Germany. " They are 
 unknown, except as curiosities, to tlie Parisians 
 and to ourselves ; but they are, nevertheless, 
 the sole representatives of the original cards 
 which the Gipsies brought with them into 
 Europe." {Rev. E. S. Taylor.) 
 
314 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Tarpaulin. A tarred palling or covering. 
 
 Tars, Cloth of. A web of silk and the downy 
 wool of goats of Tibet, the forerunner of cash- 
 vicre. 
 
 Tarsia or Intarsia. A kind of mosaic in 
 woods ; representing views of buildings and 
 ornament of various kinds, by inlaying pieces 
 of wood, of various colours and shades, into 
 panels of walnut wood. 
 
 Tarsus. In Anatomy, the instep and socket 
 of the ankle-bone. 
 
 Tartan, Fr. {not Gaelic). The Highland 
 plaid, the dress of the Scottish Highlanders, 
 said to be derived from the Celta ; the Galli non 
 braccati. 
 
 Tartarium. Cloth of Tars was a costly cloth 
 of royal purple, probably a mixture of silk and 
 goat's-hair from Thibet. It is mentioned by 
 Chaucer : — 
 
 " His coat armure was of cloth of Tars, 
 Couched with perles." 
 
 Tas or Tats, Egyp. Amulets of gilded syca- 
 more wood, cornelian, jasper, glass, &c., found 
 suspended from the necks of mummies. 
 
 Tassel-gentle, O. E. (for tercel-gentle). A 
 species of hawk. {Skakspeare.) 
 
 Tasses. Flaps of armour attached to the bot- 
 tom of the breast-plate for the protection of the 
 thighs. 
 
 Tat or Dad, Egyp. A sculptor's stool ; a reli- 
 gious emblem worn by gods and sacred animals 
 round the neck. The term was also probably a 
 name of Mendes. 
 
 Tau, Taucross. (i) Her. A cross formed like 
 the letter T, so-called in Greek. This charge is 
 also called the Cross of St. Anthony. (2) Chr. As 
 a motive for ornamental design the tan is the 
 ancient form of the episcopal staff as represented 
 in the catacombs. Originally curved like the 
 pagan lituns, it became in the 8th century 
 straight. The Taus were often hollowed to con- 
 tain relics, &c. [Con'iwli Ivories, by IV. Maskcll, 
 pp. 84, 85.) 
 
 Tauntons. A kind of broad cloth made at 
 Taunton in Somersetshire. 
 
 Tavolace or Talevas (It. tavolaccio^. A 
 large thick wooden shield ; like a table 
 [tavola) of wood (hence its name), 15th century. 
 
 Tawdry. Showy. The word is said to be 
 derived from Ethelreda torquem, St. Ethelred's 
 necklace, which was composed of rows of 
 twisted lace, an ornament much used by Anglo- 
 vSaxon ladies. {Storniont. ) 
 
 Tawdry Lace. A kind of fine lace alluded to 
 by Shakspeare, Spenser, &c. {Halliwell.) 
 " Fimbriae nundinis sancta; Ethelredse emptae." (Coles) 
 Tawney, O. E. A deep orange colour, used 
 in the Middle Ages as a livery colour. 
 
 Tawney Coat, O. E. The dress of a summoner 
 or apparitor. {Sliakspearc.) 
 
 The art of preserving the skins 
 
 Taxidermy. 
 
 of animals. 
 
 Tazza, It. An ornamental cup or vase, with 
 a flat shallow bowl, standing on a foot, and with 
 handles. 
 
 Tchy, Chinese. Twelve recurrent periods of 
 the cycle of sixty years, represented by animals 
 assigned to the twelve months, i.e. the signs of 
 the Chinese Zodiac. They are: November, the 
 rat; December, the ox; January, the tiger; 
 February, the rabbit ; March, the dragon ; 
 April, the serpent; May, the horse; June, the 
 iiare ; July, the ape ; August, the hen ; Septem- 
 ber, the dog; October, the boar. The above 
 are accordingly frequent accessories of designs 
 on porcelain. 
 
 Te Deum, Chr. The first words and title of a 
 hymn composed by St. Augustin and St. Am- 
 brose about 390. 
 
 Tegillum, R. (dimin. of tegulum, a roof). A 
 short mantle with a hood, made of a coarse 
 material ; worn by country people and fisher- 
 men. 
 
 Tegula, R. (Gr. Kepafios ; Lat. lego, to cover). 
 A roofing tile ; originally of baked clay or wooden 
 shingles. At an early date (620 B.C.) tiles of 
 marble were introduced, and were followed by 
 tiles of gilded bronze ; per tegulas exire means 
 to go out by the opening in the roof of the 
 atrium, the compluvium. 
 
 Teheran "Ware. An 
 inferior Persian majo- 
 lica. 
 
 Tela, R. A loom, an 
 essential adjunct to every 
 large establishment in an- 
 cient Rome ; tela jngalis 
 was the simplest descrip- 
 tion of weaving-loom. The 
 ivarp was called stamen 
 from its upright position ; 
 the wooj subtegmen or 
 trama. In Greek (siJ\ixoiv 
 and KpoKT). 
 
 Telamones, R. Figures 
 of men, which were em- 
 ployed in lieu of columns 
 to support an entablature. 
 (See Atlantes.) (Fig. 
 646.) 
 
 Temo, R. The pole of 
 a carriage, waggon, plough, 
 &c. 
 
 Tempera Painting. 
 
 Painting with pigments 
 mixed with chalk or clay, 
 and diluted with weak ghie 
 or size ; chiefly used in 
 scene-painting and decora- 
 tion. (See Distemper.) 
 iig. 040. Telamou. Templars. An order 
 
of kniglitliood introduced about A.D. Iii8, and 
 suppressed A.D. 1309. They wore a red Mal- 
 tese cross on a white field, and bore a banner 
 showing that cross on a white field ; and a 
 second banner of black and white called Beau 
 Scant, this word Beau Scant being their battle- 
 cry. Their badges were the Agnus Dei, or 
 Lamb and Flag ; and a device reinesenting 
 two knights on one horse, indicating the 
 original poverty of the order. This is bla- 
 zoned in modern times as a pegasus, the two 
 knights being mistaken for wings on a Joying 
 horse. 
 
 Template, (i) A model in thin board of an 
 ornament to be produced in sculpture. (2) A 
 short timber under a giider. 
 
 Temple. (See Te.mi'I.um.) 
 
 Temple Church, London — a round church — • 
 is a representative specimen of the transition 
 period of architecture in Lngland from the NoR- 
 JIAN to the Early Lnglish. "The Eastern 
 part is a most excellent specunen of plain light 
 Early English, and its growing and slender piers 
 are perhaps unequalled." {A'/e/c/uaii, Architee- 
 tiire in England, &.c. ) 
 
 Templet. (See Template.) 
 
 Templum, Temple, R. {rifxvw, to cut off). A 
 Greek temple was not originally intended for 
 worshippers, but as a shrine for the gods. 
 In the earliest times the Greek temples were 
 made of wood, and the primitive origin of 
 them was probably a hollow tree in which tlie 
 image was placed as in a niche. The early 
 Greek temples were dark and gloomy, having 
 no windows, but lighted through the door, or 
 by lamps. At a very early stage in history, 
 temples of great grandeur and beauty are men- 
 tioned. All temples were built in an oblong 
 or round form, and were mostly adorned 
 with columns ; they were classified accordingly 
 as astyle, without any columns ; in antis, with 
 
 Fig. 647. Templum in antis. 
 
 two columns in front, between the aw/i^ ; pro- 
 style, with four columns in front ; or amphi- 
 prostyle, with four columns at each end ; 
 peripteral, with columns at each end and along 
 the sides ; or dipteral, with two ranges of columns 
 all round, one witliin the other, &c. They 
 were also described according to the number of 
 columns in tiie porticoes, as tetrastyle, liexastyle, 
 dccastyle, &c., — this number was never uneven ; 
 or according to the intercolumniation, as pyctto- 
 style, systyle, eustyle, diastyle, or arccostyle. 
 I^Iany of the great temples consisted ot 
 three parts : the pronaos or vestibule ; the 
 cella, properly the naos ; and the opistho- 
 doiiios. 
 
 Tendrils of a vine or other creeping plant, 
 with which it clasps the objects that support it, 
 furnish abundant suggestions for ornamental 
 designs in scroll-work. 
 
 Tenebrosi. A school of Italian artists who 
 devoted their attention to striking Rembrandt 
 effects of light and shade ; represented by Cara- 
 vaggio. 
 
 Tenant, Tenant. A term in French heraldry 
 applied to human figures as Supporters. 
 
 Tennee or Tawney, Her. A deep orange 
 colour, indicated by vertical lines crossing PuR- 
 pure. 
 
 Tenon. The end of a piece of wood, shaped 
 to fit into another piece. 
 
 Tenor. In Music, a high male voice. 
 
 Tensa or Thensa, R. A triumphal car, pro- 
 bably in the form of a platform on wheels, and 
 richly decorated, upon which the images of cer- 
 tain gods were paraded during the Circensian 
 games. The ceremony was regarded as one of 
 the highest solemnity, and the car was escorted 
 by the senators in robes of state, who helped to 
 drag the carriage or to lead the horses, with 
 thongs attached lor the purpose. 
 
 Tenture, Fr. Paper or tapestry hangings. 
 
 Tepidarium, R. {tepidus, lukewarm), (i) A 
 warm room in a bath ; used as a preparation for 
 the SuDA'iORiUM. (2) The vessel in which the 
 water was heated. 
 
 Tercel, O. E. The male hawk. {Shak- 
 speare.) 
 
 Terce major. A sequence of three best 
 cards. 
 
 Terebenthina. Turpentine. 
 
 Terebra, R. {tero, to rub or wear away), (i) 
 Any tool used for boring, such as a drill, a gim- 
 let, an auger, &c. (2) A mechanical ram con- 
 trived to jiierce the walls of a fortification. 
 
 Terginum, R. {te>-giim, the back). A leathern 
 lash use<l f(jr llogging slaves. 
 
 Terminal Figures. Statues of the god Ter- 
 minus. (See Termini, Herm.-e.) 
 
 Terminalia, R. Festivals in honour of Ter- 
 minus tJie god of boundaries ; they took place 
 yearly on the eighth day of the calends of March 
 
;i6 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 648. Terminus. 
 
 (23rd of February), wliich was the last day of 
 
 the old Roman year. 
 
 Termini, Terms, 
 R. The statues of 
 the god Termi- 
 nus, which con- 
 sisted merely of 
 posts or pillars for 
 landmarks, were 
 crowned \\'ith gar- 
 lands by the pro- 
 prietors of co-ter- 
 minous lands. 
 
 " When Tarquin the 
 Proud desired to build 
 a temple to Jupiter up- 
 on the Tarpeian rock, 
 he begged all the in- 
 ferior divinities to give 
 up the altars tney had 
 upon the rock in fa- 
 vour of the master ox 
 them all. All the gods 
 cheerfully consented 
 except Terminus. This 
 I'erminus, therefore, 
 who refused to yield 
 to Jupiter, was chosen 
 by Erasmus for his 
 h.tughty device, with 
 the motto Ceiio nulli. 
 {A/r. Palliser, Historic 
 Devices, ifc.) (See 
 Fig. 648.) 
 Terra-cotta, It. Baked clay ; largely used in 
 architectural ornament. 
 Terra da Boccali, It. (See Terra di Lava. ) 
 Terra di Lava, It. A clay which was 
 anciently used in combination with charcoal to 
 form a white ground for the reception of oil 
 colours. 
 
 Terra di Siena. An ochreous earth produc- 
 ing a yellow and a deep orange pigment ; useful 
 for oil and water-colour painting. (See Siena.) 
 Terra Nera. Black earth ; an ancient pig- 
 ment. 
 
 Terra Verde. (See Green Earth.) 
 Terraglia. (See Pottery.) 
 Terretta, It. (See Terra di Lava.) 
 Terry Velvet. A kind of silk plush or ribbed 
 velvet. 
 
 Tertiary Colours, produced by the mixture 
 of two secondary colours, are greys, inclining to 
 the primary or secondary colour which is in 
 excess in their composition. (Consult Chevreuil 
 on Colours. ) 
 
 Teruncius, R. A silver coin equal in value 
 to one-fourth of an as. 
 
 Tessela, R. (diminutive of tessera). A small 
 cube of stone or marlile used for making mosaic 
 ])a\-ements {lesselatiim opus or tesselata strite- 
 turd). 
 
 Tesselated pavement. Inlaid or mosaic work 
 composed of tesselee. Tesselatiim fiagrnm. (See 
 Flacjrum.) Cf. MusivuM Opus. (Consult 
 
 Buikinan and Ne-Linnarch, J\cmnins of Roman 
 Art in Cirencester.) 
 
 Tessera, R. (Gr. Kv^o-i). A cube, a die ; 
 tessercB, tessera: liisorice, dice of ivory, bone, or 
 wood ; the dice-box is fritillns. (Compare 
 Talus.) Tessera hospitalis was an oblong 
 token of wood or earthenware, exchanged 
 among families agreed to mutual hospitality. 
 Many of the^e tokens have the bust of Jupiter 
 Hospitalis impressed ; tessera theatralis, a pass 
 to the theatre ; tessera militaris (Gr. a\jv&t]na), 
 a tablet on which the watch-word or war-cry of 
 the day was written ; it was passed about the 
 ranks before joining battle. TessercE frumen- 
 taricE or numtnaricz, vouchers for bread or 
 money distributed by the magistrates among the 
 poor. (Cf. Tessela, Talus, Tabul.^.) 
 
 Testa, R. A sherd of tiles or pottery, and 
 thence an earthenware vase. 
 
 Testaceum, R. {testa). Made of tiles ; the 
 term was used to denote a roofing or pavement 
 made with the fragments of broken tiles. 
 
 Tester, (i) Any flat f<?;w/j. The framework 
 over a four-post bedstead. (2) A silver coin so 
 called from the head {teste) of the king upon it. 
 In the reign of Henry VIII. it was worth \2d. 
 and afterwards dd. French testers were struck 
 by Louis XII. in 1513, and Scotch under Queen 
 Mary in 1559. 
 
 Testiere, Med. Fr. Originally, mailed armour 
 for a horse's head, subsequently a plate between 
 the ears on which a crest was fixed. (See 
 Chanfron.) 
 
 Testif, Fr. Camel's hair. 
 Testudinatus, R. Made in the form of a 
 Testudo (q.v.) ; the term was applied either to 
 a roof or a ceiling. 
 
 Testudineus, R. Made with tortoise-shells. 
 
 Fig. 649. Testudo. 
 
 Testudo, R. {testa, ashell). (i) A tortoise, and 
 thence a lyre of which the sounding bottom was 
 
made out of a tortoise-shell. (2) In Archi- 
 tecture, an arched ceiling, the four sides of 
 which converge to a centre. (3) Tcstitdo aric- 
 taria was a movable wooden shed covered 
 with skins and containing a battering-ram (Fig. 
 574). (4) Lastly the term di-notcd a kind of 
 defensive roof formed by the shields of soldiers 
 when advancing to the foot of a rampart (Fig. 
 640). 
 
 Tetra-chordon, Gr. and R. (rfTpd-xopSov). 
 Literally, having four strings ; hydraitlos tctra- 
 chordon was a hydraulic organ with four pipes. 
 
 Tetra-comus, Gr. A bancpieting-song sung 
 at the lestival of Bacchus during the fourth 
 cour>e (Kiuoj). 
 
 Tetra-doros (sc. lato^, Gr. A peculiar kind 
 of brick described by \'itr\u'ius ; it was called 
 from its measuring four hand-breadths. 
 
 Tetra-drachmum, Gr. (T€Tpo-5pax/ttoj'). An 
 Attic silver coin of the value of four drachma:, 
 or about 3,f. 31/. 
 
 Tetrafcliated, Arch. Said of any architec- 
 tural decoration showing four foils. 
 
 Tetragon. A plane figure having four angles ; 
 a four-sided figure. 
 
 Tetra-morph, Chr. (Gr. ricraapa, four; /uop<j)^, 
 shape). The union of the four attributes of the 
 Evangelists (the angel, eagle, lion, and ox), in 
 one figure, e. g. as a woman crowned and 
 seated on an animal which, with the body of a 
 horse, has the four heads of the mystic creatures ; 
 and of the four feet one is human, one hoofed 
 for the ox, one clawed like an eagle's, and one 
 like a lion's ; underneath is inscribed Animal 
 Eccicsia. 
 
 Tetra-style,Gr. and R.(T€Tpd(rTuAos). Having 
 four columns. (See TtMPLUM.) 
 
 Tetra-vela, Lat. "The veils or curtains 
 placed between the pillars which supported the 
 canopy of the altar, at the sides and in front, and 
 which were drawn round it when the priest 
 was not officiating." {Fairholt.) 
 
 Teutonic Order. A military order of knights, 
 established in the Holy Land about 1191. They 
 first subdued and Christianized Prussia. 
 
 Tewel, Arch. (From the French tiij'au.) A 
 pipe or flue to convey smoke : it is mentioned 
 by Chaucer : 
 
 "... Soche a smoke gan out wende 
 Blacke, blue and greenish, swartishe, rede. 
 As doith where that men melte lede, 
 Lo ! all on hie from the tewcll." 
 
 {House of Fame.') 
 
 Textile, R. {texo, to weave). Woven. Any- 
 thing capable of being woven. 
 
 Texture. In Art, the surface appearance of 
 a representation not of textiles only, but of the 
 other parts of a picture — wood, marble, skin, 
 hair, &c. Gerard Dow excels in texture. 
 
 Thalamifera, Gr. A term applied, in de- 
 scribing ancient sculpture, to kneeling figures 
 
 supporting tablets, on which figures of the gods 
 or inscriptions are carved. 
 
 Thalamus, Gr. and R. (BaKanos). The 
 nuptial chamber in a Roman house ; the others 
 wore called DoKMiTOKlA. 
 
 Thalysia, (Ir. {daKv-ffia). Greek festivals of 
 the harvest and vintage. 
 
 Thargelia, Gr. (OapyifiXia.). Very ancient festi- 
 vals held at Athens on the occasion of a plague 
 or other public disaster in honour of Apollo and 
 Artemis ; in which two persons, generally crimi- 
 nals, were put to death for the ptirijicaiion of 
 the city. 
 
 Thaumaturgi, Chr. (flai/MaTo-epyJs). Workers 
 of miracles. 
 
 Theatrum, Theatre, Gr. and R. {Brarpou, lit. 
 a place for seeing). The construction of the 
 ancient Greek theatre was similar to that of 
 modern theatres. The seats rose one behind 
 and above the other in concentric half-circles, 
 and the whole space enclosed was called cavea, 
 the pit, being in most cases a real excavation 
 from the rock. The central level space within 
 and below the circles for spectators was covered 
 with boards, upon which the c/ionts danced and 
 performed their part. This was the Orchestra, 
 the central point of which and of the plan of the 
 whole building was the Thymele, or altar of 
 Dionysus. This altar became a propei-ty of the 
 piece, doing duty as a funeral monument, an 
 altar, or a pulpit for the leader of the chorus or 
 flute-player, according to the nature of t'ne per- 
 formance going on, in which it must be remem- 
 bered that the part assigned to the chorus in the 
 orchestra below was quite as important as any 
 other, and in its original intention was in fact 
 the centre of interest, lo which the performance 
 on the stage was accessory. The whole theatre 
 and orchestra were open to the sky. The cavea 
 of the former accommodated about 50,000 spec- 
 tators. The arrangements of the stage were 
 elaborate and ingenious, and the art of scene- 
 painting developed at a very early period. The 
 Roman theatre differed from the Greek princi- 
 pally in the absence of an orchestra, that space 
 (the modern ///) being used for the seats of 
 senators, foreign ambassadors, &c. Remains of 
 ancient theatres still exist in Greece, Italy, and 
 France. The most perfect of these are the 
 Colosseum at Rome, and the amphitheatre at 
 Nismes. 
 
 Theca Calamaria, Gr. and R. (^tJktj ; tiStjjUi, 
 to ]nit into). A portable inkstand. 
 Thenard's Blue. (See Cobalt.) 
 Thensa. (See Tensa.) 
 
 Theo-gamia, Gr. (^io-ya.ixia). Greek festivals 
 held in honcnir of Proserpine and commemorat- 
 ing her marriage with Pluto. 
 
 Theorbo. A stringed musical instrument ; a 
 kind of lute, having supplementary strings by 
 the side of the finger-board. 
 
3i8 
 
 \VORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 650. Part of the Frieze of the Temple of Theseus, Athens. 
 
 Thermae, Gr. and R. (depfiai, lit. hot-springs). 
 Distinguished from balnecE. The luxurious es- 
 tablishments for bathing, gymnastics, and con- 
 versation which grew up under the Roman 
 Empire, on which all the resources of architec- 
 ture and decorative ^irt were lavished. The 
 ruins of the thernuF of Titus, Caracalla, and 
 Diocletian are still visible. They contained, 
 besides the baths properly so called, ^' excdrcshr 
 philosophers and rhetoricians to lecture in, por- 
 ticoes for the idle, and libraries for the learned, and 
 were adorned with marbles and fountains, and 
 shaded with walks and plantations." 
 
 Thermography. A chemical process for 
 copying prints and drawings upon paper or 
 metal by the agency oi heat without light. 
 
 Thermopolium, R. (OepfMo-ndoAwv). A re- 
 freshment-room, in which warm drinks were 
 sold, such as mulled wine, mead, &c. 
 
 Thermulse (dimin. of thertncB). Baths on 
 a small scale. 
 
 Thesaurus, Gr. A treasure-house. In the 
 monuments of the heroic period many subterra- 
 nean buildings of great extent and peculiar con- 
 struction have been attributed to this purpose ; 
 but they may more probably have been sepul- 
 chral. In historical times the public treasures 
 were in the agorce or the temples. (See ^Era- 
 
 RIUM.) 
 
 Thesetim. An Athenian temple built in the 
 5th century B.C., to receive the bones of The- 
 seus. It was richly ornamented with statuary 
 and sculpture. The former has been destroyed ; 
 but some metopes and sculptured friezes in high 
 relief remain, of which castings exist in the 
 British Museum. Our illustration represents an 
 
 incident of the "Battle of the gods and the 
 giants," and is remarkable for anatomical pre- 
 cision. In these sculptures Greek art has en- 
 tirely emerged from the archaic stage, and they 
 were doubtless the inspiring models for Pheidias 
 and his contemporaries, and the forerunners of 
 the Parthenon sculptures. (See Elgin Mar- 
 bles.) 
 
 Thesmo-phoria. Greek festivals of women 
 and maidens in honour of Demeter, in com- 
 memoration of the traditions of civilized life. 
 The solemnities opened with processions of 
 women bearing on their heads the books of the 
 sacred laws (ascribed to Demeter). On the 
 second day, of fasting and mourning, the women 
 remained all day grouped round the statue of 
 Demeter in the temple, taking no other food 
 than cakes of sesame and honey, and in the 
 afternoon walked barefoot in procession behind 
 a waggon on which baskets with mystical symbols 
 were borne to the thesmophorion. On the third 
 day they commemorated the smiles of Demeter, 
 under the epitliet of KaKKiyiveia. 
 
 Thibet Cloth. A fabric of goat's hair ; called 
 also camlet. 
 
 Thick-pleached, O. E. Thickly interwoven. 
 {Shahspeare.) 
 
 Thieves' Vinegar. A kind of aromatic vine- 
 gar for a sick-room, consisting of the dried tops 
 of rosemary, sage-leaves, lavender-flowers, and 
 bruised cloves, steeped in acetic acid and boiling 
 water. It derives its name and popularity from 
 a story that thieves who plundered the dead 
 bodies during the plague with perfect security, 
 attrilnited their impunity to the use of this dis- 
 infectant. {Siininoiids' Commercial Dictionary. ) 
 
Thimbles are said to have been found at 
 Herculaneum. The manufacture was introduced 
 into England, from Holland, about 1695. 
 
 Thistle, Her. The national badge of Scotland 
 represented after its natural aspect and tinctured 
 projier. The Order of 
 the Thistle of Scotland 
 was instituted a long 
 time before the union 
 of the two kingdoms 
 (commemorated in the 
 badge selected by 
 James I. of the rose 
 and thistle combined). 
 (Fig. 293.) The badge 
 or jewel is of gold ena- 
 melled, having a figure 
 of St. Andrew holding 
 his silver saltire and 
 surrounded by rays, 
 and an oval border 
 with the motto. It is 
 borne from the collar 
 of the order formed 
 of thistles alternating with bunches of rue 
 sprigs, or on a dark-green ribbon across the 
 shoulder. The order of the Ecu d' Or, instituted 
 by Louis of Bourbon (1410), had also a thistle in 
 the jewel and girdle. 
 
 Tholus, Or. and R. f0o'A.os). A dome and 
 cupola of a circular building. 
 
 Thorax, Gr. (OoSpal). (i) A breastplate; 
 Latin Lorica (q.v. ). (2) A bust of wax, marble, 
 or bronze. 
 
 Three-pile, O. E. Rich velvet. 
 Three-quarter. A size of portrait ; 30 inches 
 by 25. (See Portr.-vit Painting.) 
 
 Thrones, Chr. An order of angels, usually 
 represented with double wings, supporting the 
 Throne of the Almighty in ethereal space. 
 
 Through-stone or Throwstone, O. E. (vari- 
 ously spelt, derived from Anglo-Saxon, tknih, 
 a coffin.) A flat grave-stone. Parker gives in 
 his "Glossary " the following quotation : — 
 
 " Over the midst of the said vault did lie Ji fair throw- 
 stone, and at each either side of the stone it was open, 
 through which were cast the bones of the monks whose 
 graves were opened for other monks to lie in ; which 
 vault was made to be a charnel-house to put dead men's 
 bones in." 
 
 [.Ancient Rites 0/ Durham. ) 
 
 Thurible, Chr. An incense-burner. Gene- 
 rally of bronze. The practice of burning incense 
 in religious functions is very ancient, and origi- 
 nated in the East. The illustration (Fig. 652) is 
 a beautiful specimen of Arabian work devoted 
 to this object. 
 
 Thurles, O.E. (holes through the wall). The 
 small windows of a house ; 12th century. 
 
 Thyas or Thias, Gr. A Bacchante, the Greek 
 equivalent for the Latin Baccha. 
 
 Thymela, Thymele, Gr. (eujue'ATj). (Lite- 
 rally, a place for sacrifice.) An altar placed in 
 the orchestra of a Greek theatre and dedicated 
 to Bacchus. 
 
 Thyroma, Gr. {Qvpu)u.a). A synonym for 
 the Latin Janua ('|.v.). 
 
 Thyrsus, R. {edpaos). A long staff, sur- 
 mounted with a fir-cone, or a bunch of vine- 
 leaves or ivy, with grapes or berries, carried by 
 Bacchus, and the satyrs, monads, and others, 
 during the celebration of religious rites. Be- 
 neath the garland or fir-cone the thyrsus ends in 
 the shaip j^oint of a spear, a puncture from which 
 induces madness. 
 
 Tiara, Gr. [Tiapa). A hat with a tall 
 high crown ; the characteristic head-dress of the 
 north-western Asiatics; especially the Armenians, 
 Parthians, Medes, and Persians. Tiara recta or 
 cidaris was an upright tiara, the regal head- 
 dress of Persia. Tiara Phrygia was a synonym 
 for Mitra. Fig. 183 represents the head-dress 
 and costume of a Persian soldier. 
 
 Tiara, Chr. The Pope's triple crown, em- 
 blematic of his authority in the three kingdoms 
 of heaven, earth, and the lower world. (See 
 Fig.. 653.) 
 
 Tibia, R. (Greek, attlos). A pipe or flute of 
 reed, bone, ivory, horn, or metal, perforated 
 with holes for the notes like a flute ; the prin- 
 
 Fig. 652. Thurible- An Arabic incense-burner in brass, 
 inlaid with silver. 
 
320 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 cipal varieties were:— the 9>!o;iau/os or single 
 pipe, including the bagpipe [iitricolarhis) ; 
 
 •t 'g- 653- Persian soldier wearing the tiara. 
 
 the diaulos, or double pipe, bound round the 
 cheeks with a bandage called by the Romans 
 capistrttni, and in Greek phorbeia; and the 
 syrinx or Pandeean pipe, of three to nine tubes. 
 
 Tibia Curva, R. A kind of flute curved at 
 its broadest end. 
 
 Tibia Dextra, R. The right-hand pipe of 
 the diaulos, usually constiiicted of the upper and 
 thinner part of a reed. 
 
 Tibia Gingrina, R. A flute made of a long 
 thin tube of reed with a mouth-hole at the side 
 of one end. 
 
 Tibia Ligula, R. A flute resembling the 
 modern flageolet. 
 
 Tibia Longa, R. A flute used especially in 
 religious worship. 
 
 Tibia Obliqua, R. A flute having the mouth- 
 piece at right angles to the tube. 
 
 Tibia Sinistra, R. The left-hand pipe of the 
 diaulos, usually constructed of the lower and 
 broader part of a reed. 
 
 Tibia Utricolarius, R. The ancient bag- 
 iu|.e 
 
 Tibia Vasca, R. A flute having the mouth- 
 piece at a right angle. 
 
 Tibiae Pares, R. A name for the double 
 
 I flute when the tubes were exactly alike, impaj-es 
 j when they differed. 
 
 ! Tie-beam, Arch. The strong horizontal on 
 which the king-post and other uprights rest, 
 which support the beams of a roof. 
 
 Tierce, Per Tierce, Her. Divided into three 
 equal parts. 
 
 Tig, O. E. A shallow drinking-bowl with 
 four handles, made to pass round the table from 
 hand to hand as a loving cup. 
 
 Tiger- wood, obtained from Guiana, is a valu- 
 al)le ornamental wood for cabinet-work. 
 
 Tignum, R. In a general sense wood used 
 in carpentry, a beam or joist ; in a more re- 
 stricted sense, a tie-beam, rafters, brackets, (S:c. 
 
 Tigrinae. Tiger-tables Great importance was 
 attached in Roman decorative art to the grain 
 of the wood. Tables having " veins arranged 
 in wavy lines," were called Tigrinre, from the 
 resemblance of their pattern to that of a tiger's 
 skin. Those having " veins which formed 
 spirals, or little whirlpools," were called pan- 
 therincT, or panther-tables. 
 
 Tiles for roofs are of two kinds : — plain tiles 
 and pan tiles ; they are mentioned in an ancient 
 statute of King Edward IV. (1477), regulating the 
 " Fesure, whitying, et anelyng de tewle, appelez 
 pleintile, autrement nosmez thaktile, roftile, ou crestile, 
 cornertile et guttertile fait et affaire deinz cest Roialme." 
 
 Glazed or encaustic tiles were anciently much 
 used for paving sacred edifices. English designs 
 are generally heraldic in character. In Spanish 
 architecture tiles were used for the decoration 
 of walls instead of hangings ; and richly deco- 
 rated pavements are found in Asia Minor and 
 the East Indies. (Consult Parker^ s Glossary, 
 y. G. Nichols, Exatnples of Tiles, <S;c.) 
 
 Tilt, O. E. The word is properly applied to 
 the exercises in training for the joust, against 
 the Quintain, the Pel, the ring, and other 
 objects. 
 
 Timbre, Her. (i) Anciently, the crest ; (2) 
 Modern French, the hebn, in a coat of arms. 
 
 Timbrel. An ancient tambourine, with a 
 double row of gingles. 
 
 Tin-glazed Wares. (See Pottery.) 
 
 Tina, R. A large vessel used for holding 
 wine ; its shape is unknown. 
 
 Tinctures, Her. The two metals and the 
 five colours of heraldry. 
 
 Tint of colour = degree of intensity. In 
 painting in oils this is lowered by the addition of 
 a white pigment, in water colours by dilution. 
 " Tint is any unbroken state of any colour, 
 varying between the intensity of its parent colour 
 and the purity of white." (J. B. Fyne, ifi t/u 
 Art C/jiio/t 0/ 184^.) (See Tones.) 
 
 Tint-tools. In copper and wood engraving, 
 gravers used for skies, still waters, architecture, 
 &c. The word "tint" in engraving means 
 colour, and skies are tints cut horizontally. 
 
Fig. 654- Tintinnabulum. Front view, 
 
 Tintinnabulatus, R. Carrying a bell {tiittin- 
 
 iiiiliitliim) ; a term applied especially to animals 
 
 which carried a 
 bell hunij round 
 their neck. 
 
 Tintinnabu- 
 lum, R. ((Jr. 
 Kuihc»v). A 
 
 bell used as a 
 hand-bell ; they 
 took very vari- 
 ous forms in 
 antiquity, he- 
 ni i s p h e r i c al, 
 pear-shaped, or 
 cylindrical, and 
 some were 
 
 square. The 
 Romans also 
 made use of a 
 kind of swing- 
 inggongsimilar 
 to that shown 
 in Figs. 654 
 and 655, of a 
 specimen dis- 
 covered at 
 Pompeii, and 
 now in the 
 Naples 
 museum. 
 
 Tintinnabu- 
 lum, O. E. A 
 musical instru- 
 ment made of a 
 set of bells, 
 arranged in 
 order within a 
 frame. 
 
 Tints. (See 
 Tone.) 
 Tiraz, Arab. The ancient name of the apart- 
 ment in an Arab palace set apart for weaving ; 
 also of the rich silken stuffs woven there. 
 
 Tire Valiant or Volant, O. E. A kind of head- 
 dress. {Shaks/>ca)-e.) 
 
 Titulus, R. (i) The title or Index of a 
 book. (2) A notice in front of a house to be let 
 or sold. (3) An epitaph or other inscription on 
 monuments. (4) A large board mounted on a spear 
 and inscribed with the numbers of the prisoners, 
 cities, and standards that had been captured 
 from the enemy ; carried in a triumph or 
 
 OVATION". 
 
 Tobine. A stout twilled silk. 
 
 Toga, R. {(ego, to cover). The principal 
 outer garment of a Roman, as the Pallium 
 (q.v. ) was the national dress of the Greek. 
 Among the different kinds of toga were the 
 foga restrida, togafusa, toga prcctexta, toga pur a 
 or virilis, toga palmata, toga picturata, &c. 
 
 Fig. 655. Tintinnabulum. Side view. 
 
 The colour of the toga was ordinarily white. 
 Candidates (from candidits, white) were so called 
 from their whitening their togas with chalk ; the 
 toga pid/a, of the natural colour of black wool, 
 was worn in mourning ; the toga picta, or em- 
 broidered toga, was for generals on their triumphs. 
 (See also Pk/ETEXTA, Trahea, &c.) The illus- 
 tration (Fig. 656) represents the statue of a 
 Roman senator of the Augustan age. 
 
 Togatus, R. Wearing the toga; essentially the 
 Roman costume, opposed io palliatus, a man in 
 the Greek dress. 
 
 Togula, R. (dimin. of toga). (i) A toga 
 of a line texture ; or (2) the short and thread- 
 
322 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 bare toga of coarse texture, worn by a poor man, 
 who tlien went by the name o{ togatulus. 
 
 Toilinet. A textile of silk or cotton warp, 
 with woollen weft. 
 
 Toise. In French lineal measurement = 76 
 inches. 
 
 Toison d'Or, Her. The Golden Fleece. A 
 French order of knighthood, instituted by Philip 
 the Good in 1429. The order has a king-at- 
 arms called Toison d'Or. The collar is composed 
 of flint-stones, alternately with double fusils 
 placed two and two together, forming double B's. 
 From this suspends a Golden Fleece. The 
 motto is, " Pretium non vile laborum." (See 
 Fusil.) 
 
 Tokens. Small coins issued by tradesmen for 
 current money. (Consult IV. Boy7ie's Tokens, 
 &c.) 
 
 ToUeno, R. {fol/o, to lift), (i; A contrivance 
 for drawing water from a well, made of a strong 
 cross-bar poised from the top of an upright 
 beam, with a weight at one end and a rope and 
 bucket at the other. (2) A similar apparatus 
 was used in siege operations to lift soldiers up 
 to a wall. 
 
 Tom-tom. Oriental small drum, of a barrel 
 form, covered at each end with skin, carried 
 obliquely, and beaten with one hand at each 
 end. 
 
 fig- 657- Lycian Tomb of great antiquity. 
 
 Tomb. P'rom the earliest ages tombs similar 
 in general design to those of modern times have 
 been used to mark the resting-places of the dead. 
 F'S- 657 represents an ancient monument in 
 Lycia. (See Stela, Shrine.) 
 
 Tombac. Red brass ; the white tombac is 
 an alloy of copper and zinc, containing not more 
 than 20 per cent, of zinc. 
 
 Tompion. The plug to the mouth of a 
 cannon. 
 
 Tondi, It. A name given to a series of twelve 
 circular medallions, painted by Luca della 
 Robbia, with impersonations of the twelve 
 months. 
 
 Tondino, It. A name given to small plates 
 or dishes, which it was a medieval fashion for the 
 gallants to present, filled with confectioneries, 
 to ladies. They are described as small, with a 
 wide flat brim and sunk centre ; in this, the cen- 
 tral medallion generally occupied by a figure of 
 Cupid, hearts tied by ribbons or pierced with 
 arrows, or by joined hands, and similar amatory 
 devices, or with a shield of arms and initial letters, 
 &c. 
 
 Tones are the modifications which a colour, 
 in its greatest intensity, is capable of receiving 
 from white, which Imvers its tone, or black which 
 hcii^htens it. A scale is an assemblage of tones 
 of the same colour, thus modified. The pure 
 colour is the 7W7-mal tone of the scale. Hues axe 
 the modifications which a colour receives from 
 the addition of a small quantity of another 
 colour. [Chevreuil on Colour, pp. 34, 35.) 
 
 Tonometer. A delicate instrument for tuning 
 musical instruments, by marking the number of 
 vibrations. 
 
 Tonstrina, R. A barber's shop ; frequented 
 only by the middle classes ; the rich were 
 shaved at their houses ; and the poor allowed 
 their beards and hair to grow. 
 
 Tonsure, Chr. The clerical crown, adopted, 
 it is said, in imitation of St. Peter, or of the 
 Crown of Thorns, was disapproved of in the 4th 
 century as pertaining only to penitents ; and not 
 made essential till the end of the 5th or begin- 
 ning of the 6th centuries. 
 
 Tontisse, Fr. Flock-paper ; paper-hangings 
 ornamented with flock-wool. 
 
 Tooth Ornament, Arch. A name of the nail- 
 head moulding. It is the peculiar distinction 
 of the Early English style, to which it is nearly, 
 if not exclusively, confined. It is the regular 
 progression from the Norman zigzag to the deli- 
 cate quatrefoil of the Decorated English. 
 It resembles a succession of low, square, pierced 
 pyramids set on the edges of a hollow mould- 
 ing. 
 
 Toothing, Arch. Projecting bricks left at the 
 end of a wall, to form a union with any further 
 buildings. 
 
 Topaz. There are two varieties of this gem ; 
 the Brazilian yellow, which is the best known, 
 and the Oriental. 
 
 Topaz, Her. In blazoning arms of nobles, 
 the names of gems were sometimes substituted 
 for tinctures ; the topaz for gold (Or). 
 
Topes, Hind. Bluuldist sepiilclirril monu- 
 ments, cone-shaped, and round at tlie tops, like 
 the i/iTx'o/is of Ava and Ceylon. 
 
 Topiaria (Ars), R. Artificial training of 
 shrubs and trees into fantastic shapes. Painted 
 representations of landscapes on the walls of 
 houses were called ToriA. (See Hortus.) 
 
 Topiarius, R. A gardener skilled in the 
 Ars Tcm'iaria (q.v.). 
 
 Torale. R. {torus, a couch). The hanging 
 valance of a couch. 
 
 Torch, R. The emblem of marriage, from 
 the custom of forming wedding processions in the 
 evening by torch-light. Upright, the torch was 
 the emblem of rejoicing ; reversed, of death or 
 sleep ; hence its application upon funereal monu- 
 ments. 
 
 Torcular, Torculum, R. A wine or oil press, 
 llonce— 
 
 Torcularium, k. The press-room. 
 
 Toreador, Sp. A bull-fighter. 
 
 Toreuma, Gr. and R. (ropet/^o). Cai-viiig 
 iifon ivory executed on the lathe.' 
 
 Toreutic Art (from lopd'w, to bore through ; 
 or from Topos, clear, distinct). Sculpture ; es- 
 pecially of metals, ivories, metallic castings in 
 relief, &c. A long essay on the meaning of this 
 word occurs in the works of De Quincy. 
 
 Tormentum, R. (i) {Torquco,\.o twist.) A 
 general term for such instruments as the lialista, 
 catapulta, onager, scorpio, &c., from the twisting 
 of the strands of the ropes that were used as the 
 string to the bow. (2) Torture. By the Greek 
 law the evidence of slaves was ahvays extracted 
 by torture. In Rome free persons in humble 
 circumstances were also subjected to it in cases 
 of treason. 
 
 Tornus, Gr. and R. A lathe or potter's 
 wheel. 
 
 Torquatus, R. Wearing the Gallic torque. 
 Torqitatus miles, a soldier who received such 
 a collar as a reward, and wore it. not round 
 the neck, but on the breast, like a decoration. 
 
 Torques, Gen. {torqueo, to twist). A necklace, 
 or armlet, or collar of gold or other wire spirally 
 twisted. (See Armilla, Monmle, &c.) • 
 
 Torse, Her. A crest wreath. (See Orle.) 
 
 Torso, It. In Sculpture, the trunk regarded 
 apart from the head and limbs. The celebrated 
 Torso of Hercules, in the Vatican, by Apollonios, 
 about 336 B.C., is said to have been the favourite 
 inspiration of Michael Angelo. Another fine 
 torso is that known as the Farnese, in the Naples 
 Museum, representing probably a seated figure 
 of Bacchus. 
 
 Torteau, Her. A red Roundle (q.v.). 
 
 Tortoise. Among the Egyptians the tortoise 
 was an emblem of darkness and of death. Fig. 
 129 is the remarkable device of Cosmo, Grand 
 Duke of Tuscany, with the motto, " Hasten 
 slowly," i. e. have caution with energy. 
 
 Y 
 
 Fig. 658. Torto 
 
 Device of ilio I >ukc of Tuscany. 
 
 Tortoise-shell is largely used for making 
 combs, and for veneering on cabinet-work. When 
 it is softened with hot water, it receives impres- 
 sions which become permanent if it is suddenly 
 cooled. The plates used are those found on the 
 back of the sea-turtle (chelone imbricata). Five 
 large plates are obtained from the middle of the 
 carapace or upper buckler, and four large ones 
 from the sides, called "blades," and twenty-five 
 smaller plates from the edges, called "feet or 
 noses." The belly shells are of a yellow colour, 
 and are used for the purposes of horn. 
 
 Torus, R. Anything swelling like the strand 
 of a rope. A bed covered witli sheets or blan- 
 kets {tor alia). 
 
 Fig. 659. Torus moulding. 
 
 Torus, Arch. A convex moulding used in 
 architectural decoration (Fig. 659) at all periods 
 and by all nations. 
 
 Touchstone is a kind of black jasper, known 
 ns Lydian stone, used for testing gold. This is 
 done with touching needles tijij^cd with metal in 
 various states of alloy, and the streaks that they 
 make on the touchstone determine the fineness 
 of the gold. In Architecture, certain black 
 marbles were anciently so called, from their 
 supposed identity with the lapis Lydius. 
 
 Tough, Turkish. A Turkish standard ; a 
 horse-tail attached to the upjier part of a pike 
 which ends in a crescent and ball. 
 
 Tourelle, Fr. A small lower on a castle, with 
 a winding staircase. 
 
 Towers. (See Roi:nd Towers.) 
 
 Trabea, R. (lit. shaped like a trabs or beam). 
 A rich toga, either made entirely of purple 
 
524 
 
 WORDS USED IX 
 
 cloth or decorated with horizontal stripes of 
 that colour. The purple toga was an attribute 
 of the gods^ and afterwards of the emperors ; 
 purple and white, or purple and saffron, of 
 augurs ; purple and white, of royalty (kings). 
 
 Trabs, R. A beam ; especially a long beam 
 supporting the joists of a ceiling. 
 
 Tracery. In architecture or decorative work, 
 geometrical ornament, such as is inserted on the 
 upper parts of Gothic windows, in Alhambraic 
 architecture, &c. 
 
 Tracing-paper is made of tissue-paper soaked 
 in oil or thin varnish. 
 
 Trajan Column, in Rome, the work of 
 Apollodorus, A.D. 1 14, is loi feet in diameter, 
 and 127 feet high, made of 34 blocks of white 
 marble— 23 in the shaft, 9 in the base, which is 
 finely sculptured, and 2 in the capital and torus. 
 The sculptures show about 2500 figures besides 
 the horses, and represent the battles and sieges 
 of the Dacian War. The column is a perfect 
 handbook of the military costume of Rome and 
 other countries of its period. (Consult the work 
 of Alfonso G. Hispano, published at Rome, 
 1586, which contains 130 plates representing all 
 the sculptures ; or the more modern work of 
 Pietro Santo Bartoli, which contains beautiful 
 engravings of all the reliefs. ) A plaster cast of 
 the column in two pieces is in the South Ken- 
 sington Museum, with a handbook by J. H. 
 Pollen on a desk near its base, with the aid of 
 which it can be perfectly studied at leisure. 
 
 Trama, Sp. The weft or woof; a kind of 
 silk thread so called. 
 
 Transenna, R. and Chr. A snare for birds. 
 It consisted of a net stretched over a circular 
 framework. In Christian archaeology, the name 
 was given to a marble lattice placed in the cata- 
 comb chapels to protect the relics. 
 
 Transept, Arch. A transverse nave, passing 
 in front of the choir, and crossing the longitudinal 
 or central nave of a church. It is sometimes 
 called the cross^ and each of its parts to the right 
 and left of the nave are called cross-aisles. 
 
 Transfluent, Her. Flowing through. 
 
 Transition Periods of Architecture. Gene- 
 rally speaking, all periods deserve this title, as 
 the progressive change of the styles is continuous. 
 Those with more precision so described are, in 
 English Architecture, three : — from the Norman 
 to the Early English; and then to the Deco- 
 rated; and thirdly to the Perpendicular, 
 styles. 
 
 Transmuted, Her. Counter-changed. 
 
 Transom, Arch. The horizontal cross-bar in 
 a window. 
 
 Transposed, Her. Reversed. 
 Transtrum, R. {trans, across). In a general 
 sense a horizontal beam. In the plural, transtra, 
 the cross-benches of a ship occupied by the 
 rowers. 
 
 I Trapeso, It. A weight for gold and silver ; 
 the twentieth part of an ounce. 
 
 Trapetum, R. A mill for crushing olives. 
 
 Trapezophorum, R. {Tpair(:^o-<p6pov). A richly- 
 carved leg for sideboards or small tables ; some- 
 times called Delphica (q.v.). 
 
 Trasformati of Milan. One of the Italian 
 Academies who bore as a device a plane-tree, 
 and the verse from Virgil, " <?/ stcrilcs platani 
 malos gesserc valentes, " the barren planes have 
 borne good fruit " (cut out of a wild olive-tree 
 and grafted in). 
 
 Travagliati. One of the Italian literary 
 academies, whose device was a sieve {iL'aglio) 
 with the motto " dome pnriim" (until clean). 
 
 Traversed, Her. Facing to the sinister. 
 
 Travertine, Travertine, It. A compact kind 
 of TUF.\ stone, used in architecture ; part of 
 St. Peter's and the Colosseum of Rome are 
 built of this stone. (See Tufa.) It is a stone 
 of a white or yellowish tint, and was used by the 
 ancient painters to give body to lakes. 
 
 Trebuchet, Fr. Med. A mechanical contriv- 
 ance for projecting stones and darts ; a kind of 
 enormous cross-bow or sling. 
 
 Tredyl, O. E. (See Gryse.) 
 
 Treflee, Her. (See Botonnee.) 
 
 Trefoil, Arch. An ornament 
 of three foils peculiar to the 
 Romano-Byzantine and pointed 
 styles. This ornament occurs in 
 bands or string-courses, and also 
 
 Fiu 660. forms entablatured foliage. A 
 
 Trefoil slipped, synonym for it is tiercefoil. In 
 Heraldry, a leaf of three conjoined 
 foils generally borne slipped. (Fig. 660.) 
 
 Trellis. Open lattice-work. 
 
 Trenchers (Fr. tranchoirs). Originally thick 
 slices of bread on which the meat was served, 
 instead of plates ; 13th century. 
 
 Trental, O. E. Chr. for Trigintale. Thirty 
 masses for the dead. 
 
 Tresson, Fr. A net for the hair, worn by 
 ladies in the Middle Ages. (See Calantica. ) 
 
 Tressure, Her. A variety of the Orle, 
 generally set round with Jtenrs-de-lys. A strik- 
 ing example is to be seen in the Royal Shield 
 of Scotland, now displayed in the second quarter 
 of the Royal Arms, blazoned as — Or, -coithin a 
 double Tressure fory ; counterflory, a lion ram- 
 pant gtiardant. 
 
 Trevat. A weaver's cutting instniment for 
 severing the pile-threads of velvet. 
 
 Triangle, Chr. An equilateral triangle is a 
 symbol of the Holy Trinity, and therefore the 
 motive, only second in frequency and importance 
 to the Cross, of the construction and decoration 
 of Christian churches. 
 
 Triangle. A musical instrument of early 
 occurrence, producing sound by the striking of a 
 metal triangle with a metal rod. 
 
Triblet. A goldsmith's tool used in making 
 rings. 
 
 Tribometer. An instrument for estimating 
 the friction of different metals. 
 
 Tribon, Gr. antl R. {rpi^aiv). Literally, 
 worn threadbare ; and thence a coarse and com- 
 mon sort of mantle worn l)y the vSpartans or 
 by Romans who affected Spartan manners. 
 
 Tribula or Tribuluin, R. (u-ro, to rub). An 
 apparatus for tlireshing corn ; consisting of a 
 lieavy platform armed with iron teeth or sharp 
 flints. 
 
 Tribulus, R. (rpi-BoKos, three-pointed). A 
 Caltkap (q.v.). 
 
 Tribunal, R. A raised platform for the 
 curule chairs of the magistrates in the Basilica. 
 
 Tribune, R. and Chr. The semicircular 
 recess in a Latin basilica in which the chief 
 magistrate had his raised seat and administered 
 justice. In Christian archivology, a gallery in 
 a church ; the triforiuiii and the organ-loft 
 are tribunes. In Italian, trihuna, a picture- 
 gallery. 
 
 Tricerion, Chr. {jpis, thrice ; Kepas, a horn). 
 A cancilestick with three branches, symbolizing 
 the Holy Trinity. (See DiCERlON.) 
 
 Tricked, Her. Sketched with pen and ink in 
 outline. 
 
 Triclinium, Gr. R. and Chr. (tpl-kKIviov). A 
 set of three dining-couches arranged round a 
 table, and thence the dining-room itself, 
 especially the summer dining-room. In Chris- 
 tian archeology the tricli)iiiim was an apartment 
 attached to a Christian basilica, in which pilgrims 
 were entertained. 
 
 Tricolor. The French national standard — 
 red, white, and blue — introduced at the period 
 of the revolution of 1789. 
 
 Tricomos, Gr. and R. A song for the third 
 course of a banquet (Koi/ios) at the festivals of 
 Bacchus. The coiniis was peculiar to the first, 
 and the tctracomos to the fourth course. 
 
 Tricot, Fr. (i) Silk net. (2; A knitted 
 cotton fabric. 
 
 Trident, R. A three- 
 pronged fork, the attribute 
 of Neptune, used (i) for 
 spearing fish ; (2) by the 
 class of gladiators called 
 Retiarii ; (3) as a goad for 
 horses and cattle. 
 
 Triens, R. A small 
 copper coin current among 
 the Romans ; it was worth 
 the third of an as, or about 
 one farthing. It bore on 
 the obverse a ship's prow or a horse's head, 
 and four balls indicating four ounces {itnciic). 
 
 Trieterides, Gr. (Tpi-eTijpi5es). Festivals of 
 Bacchus, held in Bceotia every third year. 
 Triforium, Chr, A gallery over the side 
 
 Fig. 661. Trident. 
 
 aisles of a church, open to the nave in arcades 
 of three arches {Ires fores). 
 
 Triga, R. A car drawn by three horses yoked 
 either al)reast or with one in front. 
 
 Trigarium, R. A field for the exercise of 
 tr/gir and other chariots. 
 
 Triglyph, Arch. {rpiyXvipos). An ornament 
 consisting of three flutings or upright groovings 
 separating the metopes in a Doric frieze. (Fig. 
 
 45S-) 
 
 Trigonalis, R. Xliree-cornered " catch-ball ;" 
 a subject on frescoes. 
 
 Fig. 662. 'rrigonum opus. 
 
 Trigonum, Gr. and R. {rp'\.y(avov). (i) A mosaic 
 of triangular pieces of marble, glass, terra- 
 cotta, or other material [sect ilia). Fig. 662 
 is from a pavement at the entrance of a house at 
 Pompeii. (2) A musical stringed instrument ; 
 a triangular lyre, probably derived from Egypt. 
 Trilith, Celt. (Tpi-KtSos). A Celtic monu- 
 ment of three stones forming a kind of door. 
 
 Trilix, R. In weaving, triple thread. (Com- 
 pare BiLIX.) 
 
 Trilobate, Arch. Presentmg three foils. 
 Trimodia, R. A basket or vessel made to 
 contain three modii {tres ?jiodii). 
 
 Trinity, Chr. For a detailed account of the 
 progressive series of representations in Art of the 
 Holy Trinity, consult Fairholfs Dictionary, 
 DidroiCs Iconographie Chn'ticitnc, &c. 
 
 Triobolum, Gr. A Greek silver coin of the 
 value of three oboli. It was the established fee 
 payable to an Athenian 
 dilcast for the hearing of a 
 cause. 
 
 Tripetia. A Gallic term 
 signifying a three - legged 
 stool. 
 
 Tripod (Gr. rpi-TJovs). A 
 vessel or table on three 
 feet ; esp. the slab at Delphi 
 upon which the priestess of 
 Apollo sat. (See Delphica, 
 Cortina.) 
 Tripping, Her. In easy 
 Fig. 663. Tnpod. n,otio„^ j^, a stag. 
 
 Triptych (rpl-Trrvxos, three-fold). A form 
 of picture, generally for ecclesiastical purposes, 
 in three panels ; a centre, and two hanging doors 
 worked on both sides. (Fig. 664.) 
 
 Tripudium, R. The noise made by the grain 
 
326 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 664. Triptych carved in ivory with open doors. 
 
 as it fell from the beaks of the sacred chickens 
 on to the ground ; it was looked upon by the 
 priest as a favourable omen ; another name for 
 it was terripavhim (striking the earth). (See 
 
 AUSPICIUM.) 
 
 Triquetra, Arch. A symmetrical interlaced 
 ornament of early northern monuments. An 
 endless line forming three arcs symmetrically 
 interlaced will describe the figure. 
 
 Trireme, R. {tres, and remus, oar). A 
 galley with three banks of rowers. 
 
 Trisomus, Chr. (jp[-aunx.os). A triple sarco- 
 phagus. (Cf. BiSOMUS.) 
 
 Trispastus, R. (TpL-airaa-ros, drawn three- 
 fold). A block for raising weights ; of 
 three pullies {orbiculi), set in a single block 
 {trochlea). 
 
 Triton. A sea-monster ; generally represented 
 as blowing a shell (jnnrex), and with a body 
 above the waist like that of a man, and below 
 like a dolphin. 
 
 Triumphal Arch. A monumental structure, 
 usually a portico with one or more arches, 
 erected across a public road for a triumphal pro- 
 cession to pass vmder. 
 
 Triumphalia, R. Insignia conferred upon a 
 general on the occasion of a triumph ; consisting 
 of a richly embroidered toga and tunic, a sceptre, 
 a chaplet of laurel leaves with a crown of gold, 
 and a chariot. 
 
 Triumphalis (Via), R. The road traversed 
 by a triuni]iii. 
 
 Triumphus, Triumph, R. The pageant of 
 the entry of a victorious general into Rome. 
 
 Trivet, Her. A circular or triangular iron 
 
 frame with three feet, borne by the family of 
 Tryvett. 
 
 Trivium, R. {tres, and via, a way). A 
 place where three roads meet. 
 
 Trochilus, Arch. A concave moulding in 
 classic architecture. (See Scotia.) 
 
 Trochlea, R. (rpoxiAea). A machine for 
 raising weights, very similar to the Trispastos. 
 
 Trochus [jpoy)i%, a wheel). A hoop repre- 
 sented on ancient gems as driven by naked boys 
 with a crooked stick, precisely in the e.xisting 
 school fashion. It was of bronze, often with 
 rings attached. 
 
 Trombone. A large trumpet with an arrange- 
 
 Fig 665. Trophy on a triumphal arch. 
 
Fig. 666. Trulla. 
 
 ment ot sliding tubes tor moclulating the tones 
 by whicli every gradation of sound within its 
 compass can be exactly ])roduced. 
 
 Trophy, Gr. (Tp6waiov). A monument of 
 victory (Tpoirri). Fig. 665 represents a trophy of 
 Gallic spoils, from a bas-relief on the triumphal 
 arch at Orange. 
 
 Trotcosie, Scotch. A warm covering for the 
 head, neck, and breast, worn by travellers. 
 
 Trua, dim. Trulla, R. 
 (l) A large flat ladle or 
 spoon perforated with holes 
 and used for skimming 
 liquids when boiling. (2) 
 Akind of drinking-cup. (3) 
 A portable brazier or 
 earthenware vessel per- 
 forated with holes (Fig- 
 666) for carrying hot coals 
 about. (4) A mason's 
 trowel. 
 
 Trullissatio, R. A coating of plaster or 
 cement \:\\d on by the trowel {^trulla). 
 Trumeau, Fr. A pier looking-glass. 
 
 Trumpet, Her. The Roman 
 titlhi ; a long straight tube ex- 
 panded at its extremity. 
 
 Truncated. With the top cut 
 off parallel to the base. 
 
 Trunnions. The side supports 
 on which a cannon rests on its 
 carriage. 
 
 Truss, Arch. The system of 
 timbers mutually supporting each 
 other and the roof. 
 
 Trussed, Her. 
 with closed wings. 
 Trussing, Her. 
 prey, devouring. 
 
 Tuba, R. A straight bronze 
 trumpet with a small mouthpiece at one end, 
 the other being wide and bell-shaped. (Cf. 
 
 CORNU.) 
 
 Tubilustrum, Quinquatrus, R. Festivals held 
 at Rome twice a year, for the purification of 
 trumpets {tuba:). 
 
 Tubla. Assyrian drums, %vith skin at the 
 top only. 
 
 Tuck, O. E. A short sword or dagger, worn 
 in the i6tb and 17th centuries by all classes. 
 
 Tucket, O. E. (It. toccata). A flourish on a 
 trumpet. 
 
 Tudesco, Sp. A wide cloak. 
 
 Tudor Arch, Arch. An arch of four centres, 
 flat for its span ; having two of its centres in or 
 near the spring, and the other two far below it. 
 (Riikinan ) 
 
 Tudor Flower, Arch. An ornament common 
 to Elizabethan buildings. A flat flower, or leaf, 
 as a crest or finish on cornices, &c. 
 
 Tudor Eose, formed by the union of the 
 
 Fig. 667. 
 Trumpet. 
 
 Said of birds, 
 Said of birds of 
 
 white and red roses of \ ork and Lancaster ; is 
 described in heraldry as a white rose charged 
 upon a red one. (See Fig. 395.) 
 
 Tudor Style, Arch. The style which pre- 
 vailed under the Tudor dynasty. The term is 
 loosely applied to various periods. (See Per- 
 pendicular. ) 
 
 Tufa. A porous variety of limestone depo- 
 sited by calcareous water. It hardens on ex- 
 posure to the air ; and was much used by the 
 Romans for facing buildings, and generally, on 
 account of its lightness, for vaulting. (See 
 
 TrAVER IINE.) 
 
 Tugurium, R. {tego, to cover). A thatched 
 roof, and thence, a peasant's hut. 
 
 Tulip-tree. The wood of this tree is smooth 
 and fine-grained, very easily wrought, and not 
 liable to split. It is largely used in carving and 
 ornamental work, and for panels in coach 
 building. 
 
 Tulle. A plain silk lace, blonde or net. 
 
 Tumblers. The drinking-glasses so called 
 take their name from their original shape, 
 rounded at the bottom, so that they tumbled over 
 unless they were very carefully set down. Simi- 
 lar goblets are still made of wood in Germany ; 
 often with the inscription — 
 
 " Trink' mich aus, und leg" mich nieder : 
 Steh' ich auf, so fiill' mich wieder." 
 
 Fig. 668. Plan of a Tumulus. 
 
 Tumulus (tumco, to swell). Sepulchral 
 mounds of ancient and prehistoric construction. 
 The illustrations, figs. 668 and 669, show the 
 plan and section of a Gallic tumulus opened at 
 Fontenay le Marmion. 
 
?28 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Tumulus Honorarius. (See Cenotaphium.) 
 Tunbridge Ware. Inlaid work of variously- 
 coloured woods made at Tunbridge Wells in 
 Kent. 
 
 I - 
 
 Fig. 669. Section of a Tumulus. 
 
 Tunica, Gr. and R. A tunic ; the principal 
 garment worn both by men and women among 
 the Greeks and Romans. It was a kind of 
 woollen shirt confined round the neck and the 
 waist ; it came down as far as the knee ; it 
 had short sleeves which only covered the upper 
 part of the arm. Tunics were classed as follows : 
 the exowis, the eponiis, the chiton, the manicata 
 or ?iianulcata, the talaris, the miiliebris, the 
 interior or intima, the recta, the angjisticlavia, 
 the laticlavia, the fatagiata, the pabnata, the 
 asema, and the picta. (Bosc.) (Fig. 670.) 
 
 Tunicatus, Gr. and R. Wearing a tunic. 
 
 Tunicle, Chr. (Lat. subtile). The vestment 
 of the sub-deacon ; it resembled the dalmatic, 
 but had tight sleeves. 
 
 Turbo, R. (Gr. /3f>;8/f). A child's whipping- 
 top ; the whorl of a spindle. 
 
 Turibulum. (See Thurible.) 
 
 Turicremus. (See Thuricremus.) 
 
 Turkey Carpets are made entirely of wool, 
 the loops being larger tlian those of Brussels 
 carpeting, and always cut ; the cutting of the 
 yarn gives the surface the appearance of velvet. 
 
 Turkey-stitch {pdiit de Turqitie). A kind 
 of carpet made at the Savonnerie, established 
 1627. 
 
 Turma, R. A squadron of legionary cavalry ; 
 it consisted of thirty-two men commanded by a 
 decurion, and led under a vexillum. 
 
 TurnbuU's Blue. A light and delicate variety 
 of Prussian blue. 
 
 Turner's Yellow. An oxychloride of lead, 
 known also as patent yelloiu, and Cassell 
 yelloiii. 
 
 Turquoise. A valuable blue gem for orna- 
 mental purposes. {S.) Fossil ivory impregnated 
 with copper. [F.) 
 
 Turrets, Arch. (Fr. tourette, a small tower). 
 Towers of great height in proportion to their dia- 
 meter, and large pinnacles, are called turrets ; 
 these often contain staircases, and are sometimes 
 crowned with small spires. Large towers often 
 have turrets at their comers. 
 
 Turricula, R. (dimin. of turris). A small 
 tower ; also, a dice-box in the form of a tower, 
 
 Fig. 670. Tunica muliebris, talaris 
 
to which the Greeks applied the term of/>yrgus 
 {irvpyos). I'urrkuia has a synonym Fritillus 
 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Turriger, R. Bearing a tower ; the term 
 a]iplies both to an elephant and a ship of war 
 when thus armed. 
 
 Tunis, Tower. In a general sense, any 
 building or collection of buildings either 
 lofty in themselves or built upon an elevation, 
 and thence, fortifications, such as a tower of de- 
 fence, the tower of a city gate or a castle, a 
 Donjon (q.v.). 
 
 Tus or Thus, R. Frankincense, imported 
 from Arabia and used in great quantities by the 
 ancients either for religious ceiemonies or to 
 perfume their apartments. 
 
 Tuscan Order of Architecture. The sim- 
 plest of the five Okukks of classical architec- 
 ture, having no ornament whatever ; unknown 
 to the Greeks ; a variety of Roman-Doric 
 (q.v.). The column is about seven diameters 
 high, including the base and capital. The base 
 is half a diameter in height ; the capital is of 
 equal height, having a square abacus, with a 
 small projecting fillet on the upper edge — under 
 the abacus is an ovolo and a fillet with neck 
 below ; the shaft is Jiever fluted ; the entablature 
 is quite plain, having neither mutules nor 
 modillions ; X}ive. frieze also is quite plain. 
 
 Tusses or Toothing-stones, in building, are 
 projecting stones for joining other buildings 
 upon. 
 
 Tutulatus, R. Having the hair arranged in 
 the form of a cone, or wearing the sacerdotal cap 
 called tutuliis, and thence a priest who usually 
 wore the Tutulus (q.v.). 
 
 Tutnlus or Apex, R. (i) A flamen's cap ; it 
 was conical and almost pointed. (2) A mode of 
 arranging the hair on the crown of the head in 
 
 the .shape of a pyramid or cone. An example 
 is seen in the IVIedicean Venus. 
 
 Twill. A kind of ribbed cloth. 
 
 Tympanium, R. {j\j}x-na.viov). A pearl shaped 
 like a kettle-drum, namely, with one surface 
 flat and the other round. 
 
 Tympanum, V^. {rvii.Ttavov'). (i) A tambourine, 
 like that of modern times : a piece of stiff parch- 
 ment stretched over a hoop witii bells. (2) 
 A dmm-shaped wheel ; tympanum dentatuin, 
 a cogged wheel. (3) In architecture, the flat 
 
 Fig. 671. iympniium. Romano-Byzantine. 
 
 surface, whether triangular or round, marked 
 out by the mouldings of a pediment. Fig. 671 
 shows a tympanum of the Romano-Byzantine 
 period. (For Triangular Pediment, see 
 Fig. 26.) 
 
 Tynes, Scotch, (i) Branches of a stag's 
 antlers. (2) Teeth of a harrow. 
 
 Tyrian Purple. An ancient dye of a brilliant 
 colour, obtained from shells of the ifiurex and 
 purpura. 
 
 u. 
 
 U. The letter repeated so as to mark the 
 feathering upon tails of birds, is a peculiarity of 
 Sicilian silks. 
 
 TIdo, R. A sock made of goat-skin, or felt. 
 
 Ulna, R. A measure of length, subdivision 
 of the foot mea.sure. 
 
 Ultramarine or Lapis Laznli [azurrum trans- 
 viarinum). A beautiful blue pigment obtained 
 from lazulite, highly esteemed by early painters. 
 In consequence of the costliness -of this pigment 
 its use in a picture was regulated by special con- 
 tract, and it was either supplied or paid for by 
 the person who ordered the picture. Lely has 
 
 recorded that he paid for his as much as 4/. \os. 
 the ounce. The pigment is now artificially 
 compounded. (Cf. Guimet's U.) 
 
 Umbella, Umbraculum, R. {umbra, shade). 
 An umbrella, made to open and shut like those 
 of modern times. It is represented on vases 
 held by a female slave over the head of her mis- 
 tress. (See also Umbrellas.) 
 
 Umber. A massive mineral pigment u.sed by 
 painters as a brown colour, and to make varnish 
 dry quickly. Katv umber is of an olive brown, 
 which becomes much redder when burnt. (See 
 Ochres.) 
 
330 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Umbilici, R. (lit. navels), were the orna- 
 mental bosses which projected from each end 
 of the staff round which a volume of papyrus 
 or parchment {liber) vi-iis rolled. They were 
 also called cornua, and getniiicc frontes. (See 
 Liber.) 
 
 Umbo (Gr. 6ix(pa\6s). (i) The boss of a 
 shield, often sharp and projecting so as to form 
 an offensive \^eapon in itself. (2) A bunch 
 formed by the folds of the toga tacked in to the 
 belt across the chest. 
 
 Umbrae, R. The shades of the departed ; repre- 
 sented in the forms in which they abandoned 
 life. Those killed in battle, mutilated, &c. 
 
 Umbrellas. Anglo-Saxon manuscripts some- 
 times represent a servant holding an umbrella 
 over the head of his master. In the sculptures 
 of ancient Egypt and Assyria they are repre- 
 sented borne by the attendants on a king. The 
 Greek and Roman ladies used parasols in all 
 respects resembling those of modern times. In 
 the Panathenaic procession the daughters of 
 foreign settlers in Athens had to carry para- 
 sols over the heads of the Athenian maidens 
 taking part in the procession. They were sub- 
 stituted later on by broad hats, the Roman 
 Petasus and the Greek Tholia. In the 
 Siamese empire an umbrella is the emblem of 
 the royal dignity. 
 
 Umbrere, Um- 
 bril. In mediae- 
 val armour, a pro- 
 jection on a hel- 
 met acting as a 
 guard to the eyes. 
 Umbril. (See 
 Umbrere.) 
 
 Uncia (Gr. oh-y- 
 Kia, Aiigl. ounce). 
 The unit of mea- 
 surement. The 
 twelfth part of any- 
 thing. In cur- 
 rency, a copper 
 coin ; the twelfth 
 part of an As. 
 Its value was expressed on the obverse and 
 reverse by one ball ; in lineal measurement, 
 the twelfth of a foot, whence our inch; in 
 square measure, the twelfth of a Jugenim ; of 
 liquids, tlie twelfth of a sextarius ; in weight, 
 the twelfth of a pound (libra). 
 
 Uncial Letters. When writing on papyrus 
 or vellum became common, many of the straiglit 
 lines of the cajntals, in that kind of writing;, 
 gradually acquired a curved form. From tlic 
 6th to the 8th, or even loth century, these 
 uncials, or partly rounded capitals, prevail in 
 illuminated MSS. (See also Minuscule, 
 Semi-uncials.) 
 
 Uncus, R. (07KOS). A hook such as (i) that 
 
 Fig. 672. Umbril. 
 
 with which the corpses of gladiators were 
 dragged out of the arena ; or those of criminals 
 from the carnificina where they were executed. 
 (2) The fluke of an anchor, &c. 
 
 Under-croft, Arch. A subterranean chamber. 
 
 Fig. 673. Undulated moulding. 
 
 Undulated, Arch, {unda, a wave). Moulded 
 or sculptured in the {ovva oi 3. wave ; as for in- 
 stance the undulated torus. (See Nebule.) 
 
 (Fig. 673.) 
 
 Undy, Undee, Her. Wavy. 
 
 Unguentaria, R. Flasks or boxes of costly 
 workmanship for holding perfumes, essences, 
 oils, and salves, for use in the baths, &c. (See 
 Narthecia.) 
 
 Unicorn. In Christian art a symbol of 
 purity, especially of female chastity. Attribute 
 of St. Justina of Antioch. In Heraldry it is 
 famous as the sinister supporter of the Royal 
 Shield of England. The legend was that its 
 body took the form of a horse and antelope, and 
 
 Fig. 674. Unicorn. Device of the Orsini family. 
 
it had one horn on its head. It was believed to 
 live solitary in the wooils, and could only be 
 caught by a maiden. The jM^operty of detecting 
 poison was attributed to its horn, and Ilentzner, 
 who visited England in 1 59S, says : — 
 
 " We were shown at Wiiuisor the horn of .in Unicorn, 
 of about eight spans and a half in length, valued at above 
 100/." 
 
 It is frequently mentioned in ancient inven- 
 tories :— 
 
 " 1391. Une manche d'or d'un essay de lincourne pour 
 attoucner aux viandes de Monseigneur le Dauphui." 
 Comptes Royaux, quoted by Mrs. Bury Palliser." 
 
 In allusion to this property, Alviano, the 
 champion of the Orsini family, adopted as his 
 device a unicorn at a fountain surrounded l)y 
 snakes, toads, and other reptiles, and stirring up 
 the water with its horn before he drinks, with 
 the motto, " I expel poisons." 
 
 Union Cloths. Fabrics of wool with wefts 
 of cotton. 
 
 Union Jack. The National Ensign of the 
 United Kingdom 
 of Great Britain 
 — exhibiting the 
 Union of the 
 crosses of St. 
 George and St. 
 Andrew combined 
 — first displayed in 
 the reign of James 
 I., 1606. The 
 flag as it is now 
 used, dates from 
 the beginning of 
 this century. It 
 is borne on a 
 shield, charged in 
 pretence upon the 
 escutcheon of the 
 Duke of Welling- 
 ton. 
 Upapitha, Hind. The pedestal of the Hindoo 
 orders, which included, besides the pedestal 
 properly so called, the base (athist/iama), the 
 pillar or shaft {slaiiilni) which was either square 
 or polygonal and only rounded at the upper part 
 near the capital or cushion which took its place, 
 and lastly the entablature (pi-asttira). 
 
 Uraeus, Egyp. A transcription of the Egyptian 
 word drd or the asp haJJ, a kind of serpent 
 called by the Greeks basilicon (^aaiAiKov). The 
 ttraus as an emblem of the sovereign power 
 forms the distinctive ornament in the head- 
 dress of the Egyptian kings. 
 
 Urbino Ware, made at Urbino, under the 
 patronage of its Duke. " A city," says Jacque- 
 mart, " which has supplied potters and painters 
 to the greater part of the workshops of Italy ; 
 which has sent ceramic colonies to Flanders and 
 
 Corfu, and yet we are scarcely acquainted with 
 its works, except those of its decline." (Fig. 
 676.) (See Majolica.) 
 
 Fiii. 675. Present Union Jack. 
 
 Fig. 676. Plate of Urbino Ware, Louvre Museum. 
 
 Urceolated (Basket), Arch. The corbel of 
 the capital which narrows a little underneath its 
 upper part. 
 
 Urceolus. Diminutive of Urceus (q.v.). 
 
 Urceus, R. An earthenware pitcher used in 
 religious ceremonies ; represented on coins in the 
 form of a modern ewer. 
 
 Uriant, Her. Said of a fish when it swims in a 
 vertical position ; head downwards. (Cf Hau- 
 
 RIANT.) 
 
 Urn. The 
 common um, 
 the KaA.7rij of 
 the Greeks, 
 had a nar- 
 row neck and 
 swelling bo- 
 dy ; it was 
 used for con- 
 veying water 
 from the foun- 
 tain. The fu- 
 nereal cine- 
 rary um was 
 in general 
 quadrangu- 
 lar, but there 
 were a large number which resembled the kalpis, 
 with the exception that they had a wider neck 
 and were furnished in every case with a lid. 
 
 Fig. 677. Funereal urn, Indian. 
 
332 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Fig. 677 represents a funeral urn of Indian pot- 
 tery, of very ancient date. The electoral um, 
 from which lots were drawn at the comitia 
 to decide the order of voting, was of an oval 
 form and had a narrow neck to prevent the 
 possibility of more than one number being drawn 
 out at a time. An urn is always introduced as an 
 appropriate emblem of the river-gods. The 
 ur7ia was a measure of capacity containing 
 eight congii or half an Amphora. 
 
 XJrnarium, R. A square table or hollow 
 slab on which iirncB or earthenware vessels were 
 placed. 
 
 TJstrina, TJstrinum, R. {jtro, to burn). A 
 public place for burning the bodies of the dead, 
 in contradistinction to BusTUM, a private place 
 of cremation, situated within the sepulchral 
 enclosure. It was in the public ustrina that the 
 bodies of people of moderate means as well as 
 the poor were burned. 
 
 Uter, R. A wine-skin or large leathern bag 
 made of goat-skin, pig-skin, or ox-hide, and used 
 for holding wine or other liquids. Uter unciiis 
 was a goat-skin inflated with air and thoroughly 
 greased on the outside. The peasants of Greece 
 were fond of dancing and leaping upon these 
 wine-skins, which it was extremely difficult to 
 do without frequent falls. This was a very 
 popular rustic game, and formed a principal 
 feature of the second day of the festival of 
 Bacchus, called by the Greeks Ascoliai^ haK(ii\ia), 
 aaKbs being the Greek equivalent of zitcj-. 
 
 TJti Rogas, R. A voting formula affirmative 
 of the proposition in debate, written on the 
 ticket in the abbreviated form V. R. iox uti rogas 
 (as you propose). 
 
 Utricularius, R. (from 7ite)-). A performer 
 on the bag-pipe. 
 
 TItriculus. Diminutive of Uter (q.v.). 
 
 V. 
 
 In inediirval words the initials V and B occasionally interchange :- 
 
 a banner, S(c. 
 
 -as Vanneriayi7;' Banneria, 
 
 Vacerra, R. {vacca, a cow). An enclosure 
 in which cattle were kept. 
 
 Vacons, Hind. Hindoo genii which figure in 
 the celestial hierarchy immediately after Brahma. 
 They are eight in number, and each of them pro- 
 tects one of the eight regions of the world : 
 Paoulestia is the guardian of the North or 
 mineral wealth ; Ima, god of the dead and the 
 infernal regions, is the guardian of the South ; 
 Indra, god of the ether and the day, the guardian 
 of the East ; Pratcheta, god of waters and the 
 ocean, the guardian of the West ; I^ania, who 
 is looked upon as an incarnation of Siva, is the 
 guardian of the North-East ; Pavana, king of 
 the winds, the guardian of the North-West ; 
 Agni or Pacava, the god of fire, is the guardian 
 of the South-East ; and Nirouti, the prince 
 of the evil genii, is the guardian of the South- 
 West. {Bosc.) 
 
 Vagina, R. The scabbard of a sword, made 
 of wood or leather, and generally ornamented 
 with plates and bosses of metal. (See Fig. 44.) 
 
 Vails (from Vale, farewell !). Fees to servants 
 from parting guests. 
 
 Vair. The fur of the squirrel, much worn in 
 state costumes of the 14th century. In Heraldry 
 — one of the furs — represented as a series of 
 small shields placed close together, alternately 
 blue and white. 
 
 Valance. Drapery hangings for furniture, 
 cornices, &c. ; hence — 
 
 Valenced. Fringed with a beard. {Shake- 
 speare. ) 
 
 Fia;. 678. Gilded Vase of Valentia, with votive inscription. 
 
Valencia Pottery. M. Jacqucmart considers 
 this the most ancient and the true centre of the 
 ceramic fabrication in Spain, carried back by 
 tradition to the Roman domination. On the 
 conquest of Spain from the Moors tlie Saracen 
 potters of Valencia were protected by special 
 charter. "Fit^. 678 is an illustration of the gilded 
 ware for which Valencia is famous. 
 
 'alencicnnes. 
 
 Valenciennes. The date of the introduction 
 of the manufacture of this lace is unknown, 
 although it existed before the time of Louis 
 XIV., under whose reign it flourished and 
 reached its climax between 1725 and 1780. 
 Valenciennes lace is made entirely on the 
 pillow, of simple combinations, with one 
 kind of thread for the pattern and for the 
 ground. (See engraving.) No lace is so ex- 
 pensive to make from the number of bobbins 
 required. The flax used is of the finest quality, 
 so fine that the lace-makers worked in under- 
 ground cellars to keep their work from the air, 
 and scarcely completed an inch and half of lace 
 in a day. 
 
 Valendar Clay. A kind of potter's clay from 
 
 Nassau. (Siniiuonds.) 
 
 Valet, O. E. (Med. Lat. valcti). Sons of 
 
 the nobility and of knights bore this title, until 
 
 they acquired the military belt. {Meyrick.) 
 Valle Cypre. A silk mourning crape, called 
 
 also Bolcigna crape. 
 
 Vallum, (n\ and R. {vaHits, a stake). A 
 
 palisade made with strong branches of trees, 
 
 which was placed on the top of the embankment 
 
 {agger) surrounding a camp. 
 
 Vambrace. 
 
 Valvee, R. (Gr. ffavU). Folding doors or 
 shutters ; synonym of FoRES. 
 
 Vambrace (Fr. 
 in'ajit bras). The 
 ancient UKACin- 
 AT,f:, the cover- 
 ing of the lower 
 arm, from the 
 elbow to the 
 wrist. Originally 
 it covered only 
 the outside of 
 the arm, but 
 afterwards was 
 made like a 
 sleeve of iron. 
 (C f. R E R E- 
 
 BRACE.) 
 
 Vamp. Upper 
 leathers for shoes. 
 In Russia and 
 the East they 
 are richly em- 
 broidered. 
 Vampire. A monster of mediaeval icono- 
 grajihy. A well-known example is the one 
 which decorates the angle of one of the towers 
 in Paris Cathedral. 
 
 Vamplate (Fr. avant plaque). A guard of 
 metal over the handle of a tilting-lance. 
 
 Van (from Fr. avant). Of an aniiy, the 
 front. 
 
 Vandyke-brown. A pigment of a fine, deep, 
 semi-transparent brown colour obtained from 
 peat. 
 
 Vane, or Fane, O. E. (from the German 
 Fall lie, a banner), (i) A broad flag to be car- 
 ried by a knight in a tournament. {Meyrick, i. 
 155.) Hence (2) a weathercock, in AIedi?eval 
 buildings generally in the form of a heraldic 
 banner supported by a figure. (See FANE.) 
 
 Vanishing Point. In perspective. (See 
 Point of Sioht.) 
 
 Vannerie, Fr. Basket-work. 
 Vannus, R. A winnowing-van ; i.e. a broad 
 flat basket used for winnowing the chaff" from 
 the corn. It was among the agricultural symbols 
 borne in the processions of Ceres. A sculpture 
 in the British Museum represents the infant 
 Bacchus riding in such a basket in the hands 
 of a pair of dancing bacchantes. 
 Vantbrace. (See Va.mbr.a.ce.) 
 Vaquero, Sp. A jacket worn by women and 
 children. 
 
 Vardingale, O. IC. The farthingale or hooped 
 petticoat of Elizabeth's reign, fig. 681. 
 
 " Supporters, ■pos,X.\ires,/arihi>igalt-s, 
 Above the loins to wear, 
 That, be she ne'er so slender, yet 
 She cross-like seems four square." 
 
 (IVarntr, in Albion's England.) 
 
334 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Vamislies are made by dissolving resins or 
 gam-resins in alcohol, ether, &c., so that as the 
 spirit evaporates the varnish dries down into a 
 
 Fig. 68i. Farthingale, temp. Elizabeth. 
 
 transparent film ; varnishes are coloured with 
 aloes, annotto, cochineal, dragon's blood, gam- 
 boge, indigo, red saunders, saffron, or turmeric. 
 Amber varnish is hardest and most durable in 
 colour, but dries very slowly. Animl- varnish 
 dries quickly, but is liable to crack, and 
 deepens in colour with exposure to the air. 
 Copal ranks next to amber in durability, 
 and the varnish becomes lighter by expo- 
 sure ; the best copal varnishes are slow in 
 drying unless mixed with anime. Mastic is a 
 favourite spirit varnish used as a picture varnish 
 and for delicate works of a pale colour. Daviar 
 mixed with mastic makes an appropriate varnish 
 for maps and similar work. The qualities to be 
 sought in varnishes for a painting are that they 
 should resist damp, exclude air, and not injure 
 the colour. (See also Italian varnish, 
 Strasburg turpentine, &c.) 
 
 Vas, R. A vase. Any kind of vessel, e.g. 
 Vasa Co7-inthia, Vasa Deliaca, Vasa Samia, 
 Murrhina, &c. The manufacture and orna- 
 mentation of vases was one of the most impor- 
 tant branches of Classical Art. Illustrations of 
 vases are found in this work under : 
 
 Fig. 
 Acratophorum ... 7 
 
 Amphora 20 
 
 Arezzo Vase .... 37 
 
 Aryballos 46 
 
 Bifrons 85 
 
 Cantharus .... 132 
 
 Cylix 232 
 
 Ecuelle 278 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Egyptian 279 
 
 Funeral Urn .... 340 
 
 Hydria 391 
 
 Chinese Vase . . . 406 
 
 Lecythus 422 
 
 Nuremberg .... 491 
 
 Oinochoe . ... . . 498 
 
 Valentia . . " . . .678 
 
 Vatillum. (See Batillum.) 
 
 Vaunt-brace, O. E., or Warn-brace. Armour 
 for the body. 
 
 Vectis, R. {veho, to carry), A bar of wood 
 or iron used as a lever, crow-bar, capstan bar, or 
 pole for carrying burdens on the back ; the 
 workman who made use of a vectis was called 
 vectiarius. 
 
 Vedas (from Sanskrit vid, to know). Hind. 
 Four collections of sacred books said to have 
 been collated about 3000 B.C. from earlier docu- 
 ments. They are the Rigveda, a collection of 
 hymns and prayers ; the Yajurveda, liturgi- 
 cal and ceremonial ordinances ; Samaveda, 
 lyrical pieces ; and Atharvaveda, chiefly in- 
 cantations. Besides the above, each Veda con- 
 tains fragmentaiy writings called Sambiita, and 
 dogmatic treatises called Brahtnana ; and cer- 
 tain Commentaries, called Upavedas, Vedangas, 
 and Upangas are regarded as forming a fifth 
 Veda. The above form the sacred books of the 
 Hindoo religion. 
 
 Vegetable Blue Black. (See Blue Black.) 
 
 Vegetable Ivory. Nuts of a South Americrn 
 palm {Phytclepha^ macrocarpa^ resembling ivory, 
 and much used for ornamental carving. 
 
 Vehicles or Mediums. The liquid in which 
 pigments are applied. In fresco and water- 
 colour painting ginn-water is used ; m distemper 
 painting, size ; in oil painting, the fixed oils of 
 linseed, nut, and poppy. In encaustic wax is 
 used. (See also Medium, Copal, Italian 
 varnish, Megylp, &c.) 
 
 Velamen and Velamentum, R. (velum, a veil). 
 A veil worn by women, concealing the whole 
 person. (See Flammeum.) 
 
 Velarium, R. {velion, a covering). An awn- 
 ing stretched over a theatre ; usually of woollen 
 cloth, but sometimes of more costly materials. 
 
 Velatura, It. A mode of glazing, adopted by 
 the early Italian painters, by which the colour 
 was rubbed on by all the fingers or the flat of 
 the hand, so as to fill the interstices left by the 
 brush, and cover the entire surface of the picture 
 thinly and evenly. {Fairholt.) 
 
 Velatus, R. {7jelo, to cover). Veiled or wear- 
 ing flowing garments ; having the forehead en- 
 circled with a garland. Milites velati were 
 supernumerary soldiers who filled the places of 
 those who were killed or disabled. 
 
 Velites, R. A body of light-armed infantry 
 not forming part of the legion, who skirmished 
 in small companies. 
 
Vellum. Fine parchment from the skins of 
 calves ; any parchment binding is by librarians 
 technically described as vellum. It is a beautifnl 
 substitute for paper, for luxurious printing of 
 books for presentation, &c. , and was much used 
 by mediaeval artists for painting and illumi- 
 nating. 
 
 Velours (Fr. Velvet). A kind of velvet or 
 plush for furniture, carpets. Sec, manufactured 
 in Prussia, partly of linen, and partly of double 
 cotton warps with mohair yarn weft. {Sim- 
 vionds' Coniincrcial Diet.) 
 
 Velours d'Utrecht. A woollen velvet, for 
 tapestry, &c., made in the Netherlands. 
 
 Veloute, Fr. Velvet lace. 
 
 Velum, R. (i) A general term for any kind 
 of sail, esp. the square inaiii-.uiil of a ship m con- 
 tradistinction to the other sails. (2) The cur- 
 tain or drop-scene of a theatre. (3) The curtain 
 or hanging put up as a covering in front of a 
 door. (4) A synonym for Velarium. 
 
 Velure (Fr. velours). Velvet. {Shakespeare.) 
 Velvet (Ital. velliito ; hairy or shaggy, like an 
 animal's skin) was introduced into Fngland in 
 the 13th century. Velvet upon velvet is that 
 where the j^attern shows itself in a double pile, 
 one pile higher than the other. ^' Purshed" 
 velvet was velvet raised in a network ]xattern. 
 
 Velvet Painting. The art of painting on fine 
 velvet. 
 
 Velveteen. A kind of FtiSTiAN. 
 Venabulum, R. (venor, to hunt). A hunting- 
 spear, a strong staff with abroad lozenge-shaped 
 iron head. 
 
 Venationes. Hunting scenes and sports in 
 the arena in which wild beasts were introduced 
 fighting with each other and with men, a com- 
 mon subject of representation on bas-reliefs on 
 ancient tombs. 
 
 Veneering is the art of covering wooden 
 objects with a thin slice of ornamental wood, so 
 as to give the whole the false appearance of 
 being made of the superior wood. It is distinct 
 from Marquetry or Inlaid-work (q.v.). 
 
 Veneficium, R. The crime of poisoning ; an 
 accusation abused by the ancient Romans almost 
 as that of witchcraft was in the middle ages. 
 
 Venetian Blinds are those made of laths strung 
 together. 
 
 A white talc used for mark- 
 
 A door lighted by panes of 
 
 Fig. 682. Venetian point in relief, English made. 
 
 Venetian Chalk. 
 
 ing cloth, &c. 
 
 Venetian Door. 
 glass on each side. 
 
 Venetian Point. The engraving represents 
 an exquisite specimen of Venetian point lace in 
 relief, shown at the International Exhibition, 
 1874, among other wonderful reproductions of 
 ancient needle-made lace. (For method of 
 working, see Needle Point.) 
 
 Venetian Porcelain. (See Ecuelle.) 
 
 Venetian Red or Scarlet Ochre. A burnt 
 ochre, used as a pigment in oil and water 
 colours. Its colour is red, alloyed with blue 
 and yellow. 
 
 Venetian Window. A window with three 
 separate lights. 
 
 Venew (Fr. venu). A bout at a fencing- 
 school. 
 
 Venice, Doge of. The illustration represents 
 the state costume of the Doge of Venice, wear- 
 ing the traditional cap of liberty, the ermine, 
 and richly-embroidered robes of his office. 
 
 Venice Turpentine. A product of the larch, 
 used fur varnishing pictures. It is liable to 
 crack. 
 
 Venice White. (See Carbonate of Lead, 
 Barvtes.) 
 
 Ventaile or Aventail. A movable front to a 
 helmet, through which the wearer breathed : — 
 " qua ventus hauritur." 
 
 " L'escu au col, la ventaille fermee." 
 
 (Koman de Ronccvaitx.) 
 
 mmimmpwi 
 
536 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Ventrale, R. {venter, the belly). A girdle 
 of peculiar shape, fastened round the loins over 
 the abdomen. 
 
 Vents, Scotch. Chimneys. 
 
 Venturina, Sp. A precious stone, of a yel- 
 lowish-brown colour. Hence : — 
 
 Venturine. A powder of gold used to sprinkle 
 over japanned surfaces. 
 
 Ver Sacrum, R. (lit. aholy(ordedicated) Spring). 
 The dedication to sacrifice of all that is born 
 in a certain year, in the months of March and 
 April, was a common practice of the early 
 Italian nations, especially of the Sabines. In 
 the most ancient times actual infanticide was a 
 
 Fig. 683J Venice, Doge of, in state costume, i6th tentury . 
 
 part of this offering ; but in later years the 
 practice was modified as regarded children. 
 They were brought up, under a vow of dedica- 
 tion, to the age of twenty-one, and then with 
 veiled faces expelled across the frontiers. Many 
 colonies resulted from this practice. 
 
 Vera Icon, Chr. The true image impressed 
 upon theSUDARiUM (q.v.) of St. Veronica. In 
 St. Peter's at Rome, in a chapel dedicated to that 
 saint, a painting on linen is shown as the verita- 
 ble napkin of St. Veronica ; and a fine mosaic 
 over the altar, after a design by Andrea Sacchi, 
 represents the incident. (See Stole.) 
 
 Verandah. An open portico to a house. In 
 the tropical countries the open verandah is the 
 principal apartment of a house, and Society 
 appear to the passers-by, in their illuminated 
 verandahs, like the actors on the stage of a 
 theatre. 
 
 Verbena, R. Sacred herbs torn up by the 
 roots from the enclosure of the Capitoline hill ; 
 which the Roman fotiales or ambassadors always 
 carried in their hands on foreign embassies. 
 (Compare Vindici.-e.) 
 
 " When an injury had been received from a foreign 
 state four fetiales were deputed to seek redress, who 
 agam elected one of their numberto .-ict as representative. 
 He was styled /afer /a/ra^ai f>opuli Roinani. A fillet 
 of white wool was bound round his head, together with a 
 •wreath 0/ sacred lurbs gathered within the enclosure of 
 the Capitoline hill (verbence, Sagmina), whence he was 
 called Verbenarius." {Dr. Smith.) 
 
 Verber, R. In a general sense, any kind of 
 leather thong ; as, for instance, the thong of a 
 sling, the thong of a whip for driving horses or 
 scourging slaves, &c. 
 
 Verde Antic 0. A green mottled serpentine 
 marble, used by ancient sculptors, found at 
 Taygetos. It is much valued for its beautiful 
 markings. 
 
 Verde Azurro, It. (i) A native carbonate of 
 copper, of a greenish-blue colour; the Anncniau 
 stone of Pliny. (2) A blue-green pigment. 
 
 Verde Eterno. A dark green pigment, 
 anciently used by the Venetian painters. 
 
 Verdigris. A bright acetate of copper, used 
 as a green pigment. 
 
 Verditer (Blue and Green). A hydrated per- 
 carbonate of copper. It is generally prepared 
 by decomposing the solution of nitrate of copper, 
 by the addition of chalk. The refined blue and 
 green verditers, see Carbonates of Copper 
 {Mountain blue). The verditer known as 
 Bre?nen Green is produced by subjecting copper 
 to the action of sea salt and vitriol for three 
 months. (Cf. Chrysocolla.) 
 
 VeretODUS, Med. Lat. The ViRETON (q.v.). 
 
 Verge, O. E. A rod. In Medieval Archi- 
 tecture the shaft of a column. 
 
 Verge Board, Arch. The external gable- 
 board of a house, M'hich is often elaborately 
 
ornamented with carvings. (See Barge 
 Board.) 
 
 Vergers (Fr. 7vr^<; a staff). Officers who 
 carry a rod or staff of office. In the law courts 
 a wliite wand, before the judges ; in cathedrals, 
 <l\:c.,a roil lipjicd with silver. 
 
 Verguilla, Sp. Gold or silver wire, without 
 silk. 
 
 Vermeil, Fr. Silver gilt, or gilt bronze. 
 
 Vermiculatum. A kind of pavement disposed 
 in wreathed lines like tiie undulations of worms 
 (zr////c-s). (See I'avimentum.) 
 
 Vermilion. The minium of the ancients. 
 A bright and beautiful red colour. 
 
 Vermilion. 'I'he bisulphurel of mercury in 
 powder, a delicate bright red pigment which is 
 pale or deep ; supposed to be the pigment known 
 to the Romans as minium. (Cf. Cinnabar, 
 Rkd Lead.) 
 
 Vernacle, Chr. A term for the Vera 
 Icon. 
 
 Vernation. See Estivation. 
 
 Vernis-Martin Work. A Japanese stvle of 
 painting and enamelling on furniture, carriages, 
 and small objects, named alter the introducer, 
 who was born about I 706. 
 
 Vernon Gallery, founded in 1S47 by the gift 
 of Mr. Robert Vernon of 157 pictures of the 
 British school, is now in the South Kensington 
 Museum. 
 
 Verona Green. A variety of Green Earth 
 (q.v.). (See Appianum.) 
 
 Verona Serge. A thin textile fabric, made of 
 worsted, or mohair, and of cotton. 
 
 Veronese Green. (See Carbonate of Cop- 
 per.) 
 
 Veronica. (See Vera Icon. ) 
 
 Vert, Her. Green, represented in engraving 
 by lines sloping downwards from left to right. 
 
 Vert bleu, Fr. (See Verde Azurro.) 
 
 Verticillus, R. {verto, to turn). The whorl 
 of a spindle, a small disk of wood, stone, or 
 metal, by means of which a rotary movement is 
 given to the spindle. (Cf. Turbo.) 
 
 Veru, R. Literally, a roasting-spit made of 
 wood and with an iron point. The term was 
 also applied to a weapon of Samnite origin used 
 by the Roman infantry, and bearing much re- 
 semblance to a spit. (2) An arrow or dart. 
 (Fr. vn-e.) 
 
 Veruculum, R. (dimin. of veru). A small 
 javelin used by the Roman infantry. 
 
 Vervels, Varvals, Iler. Small rings. 
 
 Vesara, Hind. A Hindoo temple built on a 
 circular plan. 
 
 Vesica Piscis (in Italian, mandorla, al- 
 mond). The oblong glory surrounding the 
 whole person of Our Lord, or the Virgin, or 
 saints ascending into heaven. The seals of 
 abbeys, colleges, and other religious establish- 
 ments were all of this form. (See Fig. 684.) 
 
 It is 
 
 in form symbolical of the monogram 
 (See Acrostic.) 
 
 Fig. 684. Vesica Piscis. 
 
 Vespae, Ves- 
 pillones, R. The 
 bearers of a bier 
 in a fimcral were 
 so called by the 
 common people, 
 because they 
 
 came to fetch the 
 bodies in the 
 evening (vesper- 
 tino tempore). 
 
 Vespers, Chr. 
 In the Roman 
 Church, the af- 
 ternoon service ; 
 in the English 
 Church, Evening 
 Prayer. 
 
 Vessets. A 
 kind of cloth. 
 
 Vest, O. E. 
 " A wide gar- 
 ment reaching to 
 the knees, open 
 before, and turned up with a facing or lining, 
 the sleeves turned up at the elbows." {JRan- 
 dle Holme, 16S3.) 
 
 Vestalia, Gr. and R. Festivals in honour of 
 Vesta. Asses were driven through Rome, carry- 
 ing wreaths of flowers and rolls. 
 
 Vestals, R. The priestesses of the goddess 
 Vesta, to whom the charge was committed of 
 the sacred fire. They were originally four, 
 subsequently six in number. Their distinctive 
 dress was the infula fitting close to the head, 
 with vittts depending, a long tunic of white 
 linen, and the purple TOGA, or mantle, with a 
 long train to it. 
 
 Vested, Her. Clothed. 
 
 Vestibule, Arch. An entrance-court or vacant 
 space before the entrance to a house, temple, or 
 other building. (See DoMUS.) 
 
 Vestment, Chr. The hangings of an altar, 
 and the robes of the clergy ; the term often com- 
 prises also the sacred vessels. 
 
 Vestry, Chr. The modern vestuirium in a 
 church ; called also the Sacristy. 
 
 Vethym, or Vathym, O. E. A fathom — six feet. 
 Vettura, It. (Fr. voiture). A travelling car- 
 riage. 
 
 Vexillatio, R. Troops under one vexillum ; 
 and thence the troops of the allies. 
 
 Vexillum, R. A cavalry standard consisting 
 of a square piece of woollen cloth spread upon 
 a cross. (See Su;na Militaria.) 
 
 Vexillum Regale, Med. Lat. The Royal 
 Standard. 
 
 Via, R. The high road. These were so 
 constructed by the Romans that following gene- 
 
 z 
 
338 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 rations used them without repair for more than 
 a thousand years. The earhest was the Appian 
 or the Great South Road from Rome to Brindisi, 
 made B.C. 312 ; the Great North /vVrf^z" continued 
 through Gaul was the Flaniinian Road. The 
 constiTJCtion of a Roman road was the follow- 
 ing : — between trenches thirteen to fifteen feet 
 apart, the gremium or foundation was made 
 firm, if necessary, in a marsh, with piles ; this 
 was covered with large stones of a regulated 
 size, such as London streets were formerly 
 paved with {statiuiuii), and this with mac- 
 adamized stones cemented with lime [rudzts), 
 rammed down hard, and nine inches thick ; 
 then came small shards of pottery, six inches 
 thick, also cemented with lime [nitcleiis), and 
 over this the pavement of large blocks of the 
 hardest stone (see Silex), irregular, but fitted 
 and joined with the greatest nicety, and 
 perfec'ly "-moothed with a slope for drainage. 
 
 Viaticum, R. A provision for a journey. 
 Adopted by the Christian Church in reference 
 to the last offices of religion to the dying, with 
 the obvious symbolical significance. 
 
 Vibia, R. A cross-bar and uprights forming 
 a trestle. 
 
 Vibrella, Med. Lat. A cannon. 
 Vices. The seven Vices commonly met with 
 in Christian allegory are : Anger, Avarice, Envy, 
 I.ust, Pride, Revenge, and Sloth, 
 
 Vicessis, R. Twenty pounds weight = I4'987 
 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 Victima, R. The animals used for sacrifices 
 were mostly domestic ; as bulls, sheep, goats, 
 pigs, dogs, or horses ; each god had his favourite 
 animals. The head of the victim was generally 
 strewed with roasted barley meal, mixed with 
 salt, and adorned with garlands, and sometimes 
 its horns were gilt. A bunch of hair was cut 
 from its forehead and thrown into the fire as 
 priinatiir. It was killed by a person called the 
 fopa, not by the priests ; and part of the intes- 
 tines were burned, or to river-gods, thi-own into 
 the river, &c. 
 |«^=-""i::-J "^'^^^ 1 Victoria Cross is 
 
 :^rrz :: — I- of bronze, and was 
 
 instituted by the 
 (^)ueen in 1856 to 
 render honour to 
 "conspicuous bra- 
 very " in actual con- 
 flict by sea or land. 
 It is worn on the left 
 ireast attached to a 
 )Iue ribbon for the 
 Navy, and a red for 
 the Army. 
 
 Victoriatus R. A 
 silver coin stamped 
 with a figure of Vic- 
 tory, while its ob- 
 
 verse represented 
 686.) 
 
 a bearded Jupiter. (Fig 
 
 Victory is repre- 
 sented by the an- 
 cients winged, and 
 bearing a pahii 
 branch and a laurel 
 crown. Fig. 687 
 is the beautiful de- 
 vice adopted by 
 Martin, King of 
 Aragon, in 1 396, 
 with the motto, " Not in the Darkness." 
 
 Fie. 686. 
 
 '"T. 685. Victoria Cross. 
 
 Fig. 687. Victory. Device of IMartin, King of Aragon. 
 
 Vicuna. A kind of alpaca wool. 
 
 Vicus, R. (Gr. ku/xti). A quarter in a city. 
 
 Vidrecome, Fr. A large drinking-glass. 
 
 Vielle, Fr. The " hurdy-gurdy," an ancient 
 stringed instrument played with finger-keys, and 
 producing sound by the friction of a wheel 
 instead of a fiddle-bow. 
 
 Vienna Lake. (See Carminated Lakes.) 
 
 Vienna White. (See Carbonate ok Lead.) 
 
 Vigessis, R. (See Vicessis.) 
 
 Vignette (Fr. a little vine). A small wood- 
 cut or illustration on a page. In Architecture, 
 a running ornament of leaves and tendrils, com- 
 mon in the hollow mouldings of Gothic Archi- 
 tecture ; especially in the Decorated and Perpen- 
 dicular styles. {Parker. ) 
 
 Vihuela. A musical instrument, represented 
 in the celebrated Portico della Gloria of Santiago 
 da Compostella, in Spain. It closely resembles 
 the Rebec (q.v.). 
 
 Villa, R. A Roman farmstead or country 
 house. It was divided into three distinct parts : 
 the tirbana, or house of the owner; the 7-ustica, 
 or fann building in which the slaves and animals 
 
lived; and \.\\Q/nic(iiaria or magazine for storiii<j; 
 the produce. 
 
 Villicus, R. A gardener. (See IToktus). 
 
 Vimana, Ilind. A Hindoo temple consisting 
 merely of a building in the form of a pyramid, 
 allowing of several stories whieh recede one above 
 the other. Vimanas are divideil into five groups : 
 the medium vimana, called santidca ; the vic- 
 torious {faiifica), the enormous {jayada), the 
 admirable {atlP /ui(a), and the amiable (san'U- 
 cania). 
 
 Vina, Hind. A kind of Hindoo lyre fur- 
 nislied with a small number of strings. 
 
 Vinalia. Roman festivals of two kinds — 
 ■urban and rustic. The former were kept on 
 23rd April, when the wine of the previous year 
 was first broached ; the rustic on 19th August, 
 when the vintage opened by the priest solemnly 
 plucking the first bunch of grapes, after a sacri- 
 fice of lambs to Jupiter. 
 
 Vinatico. A coarse mahogany wood, obtained 
 in Madeira, from Persea ludica. 
 
 Vinculum, R. {vincio, to bind). A general 
 term to denote anything that binds, fastens, or 
 clasps ; such as a string, lace, ribbon, chaplet, 
 or garland, strap, dog or slave- collar, manacles, 
 fetters. (See Amentum, Collare, Com pes, 
 Corona, &c.) 
 
 Vindiciae {vindico, to claim) . A fragment of 
 any property under dispute which, imder the 
 old Roman jurisprudence, the plaintiff was 
 compelled to bring before the court and to place 
 beneath his foot while stating his case ; if the 
 property in question were a flock, the vindicia 
 consisted of a tuft of wool ; if an estate or field, 
 of a clod or turf taken from the said estate or 
 field. 
 
 Vindicta, R. (vindico, to deliver). The rod 
 with which the prretor or his lictor struck a 
 slave on the head in the ceremony of manu- 
 missio, by way of declaration that he was free. 
 (See Festuca.) 
 
 Vine. (See Vitis. ) 
 
 Vine Black. Ink used in copper-plate print- 
 ing ; prepared from the charred husks of grapes 
 and the residue of the vine press. 
 
 Vinea, R. (lit. a bower of vine-branches). 
 The vinccr, also called under the emperors 
 causicT, were a kind of mantelets or sheds 
 employed in siege operations, made of light 
 timbers covered with planks and the skins of 
 animals. 
 
 Vinum Saccatum. (See Collum Vina- 
 
 RlfM.) 
 
 Viol. (See Fiddle.) 
 
 Viola or Alto-viola. A tenor violin ; tuned 
 an octave above the violoncello. It is larger 
 than the ordinary violin and has four gut strings, 
 of which the third and fourth are covered with 
 silver-plated copper wire. Its name in the 
 ancient " set of viols " was viola di brace io. 
 
 Viola da Gamba. An instrument closely re- 
 sembling the motleni violoncello. (See Fig. 
 
 6S9.) 
 
 Viola da Gamba. 
 
 Viola d'Amore, It. An obsolete species of 
 violin producing a very sweet and peculiar tone 
 by an arrangement of metal wires vibrating in 
 unison with the gut-strings. 
 
 Violet is a combination of equal red and 
 blue. It is complementary to yellow. In Chris- 
 tian art, the colour violet or the amethyst, 
 signified love and truth, or passion and suf- 
 fering. 
 
 Violet Wood. A turnery wood of Guiana, 
 the produce <.i{ Andira violacea. 
 
 Violin. This instrument has three gut strings, 
 and a fourth of silver wire. The back, neck, sides, 
 and circles are generally made of sycamore ; the 
 /'('//)', bass-bar, sound-post, and six blocks, of deal ; 
 the finger-board and tail-piece of ebony. The 
 
34° 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Hindus claim the invention of the ho-u, for a 
 period about 3000 years B.C. (See Fiddle.) 
 
 Violoncello. A large and deep-toned instru- 
 ment of the viol kind, the two lowest strings 
 being covered with silver wire. 
 
 Violone, It. Contre-basso or double bass ; 
 the largest instrument of the violin kind. 
 
 Virago Sleeves. A fashion of ladies' dress 
 in the reign of Charles I., perpetuated in the 
 bishop's sleeves. 
 
 Vire, Fr. A barbed arrow, used with the 
 early cross-bow. 
 
 Vireton, It. A peculiar form of arrow, the 
 feathers in which are spirally arranged to pro- 
 duce a spinning movement in its flight. 
 
 Virga, R. A general term for any kind of 
 rod or wand ; as, for instance, a riding-whip ; a 
 switch for chastising children or slaves ; a very 
 slight stick carried by a lictor to aid him in 
 opening a way through the crowd for the magis- 
 trate before whom he walked. 
 
 Virgatus, R. Striped ; a term applied to 
 
 Fig. 690. Virginal. i6th century. 
 
 cloth or drapery ornamented with bands [virga), 
 or to anything plaited with twigs of osier, such 
 as a basket. 
 
 Virginal. A musical instrument which ori- 
 ginated in the middle ages. A specimen of the 
 time of Elizabeth, in the form of a miniature 
 pianoforte , is in the South Kensington Museum. 
 (Fig. 690.) It was followed by the SPINET (q.v.). 
 
 Virgins are usually represented soberly robed 
 with long hair streaming down their backs. 
 The parable of the wise and foolish virgins is a 
 very common subject of mediaeval sculpture and 
 church decoration. 
 
 Viria, R. A veiy ancient term replaced by 
 
 ARMII.L.-V (q v.). 
 
 Viridarium, R. An ornamental garden. 
 (See HoRTUS.) 
 
 Virtu, Fr. The quality of rareness, or art ex- 
 
 Fig. 691. Viscount's 
 Coronet. 
 
 cellence sought in the selection of specimens of 
 art -work by a Virtuoso. 
 
 Virtues. A degree of the second order of 
 Angels. They are usually represented in com- 
 plete armour bearing pennons and battle-axes. 
 The Cardinal virtues are : Power, Prudence, 
 Temperance, and Justice ; and the Theological 
 virtues are : Faith, Hope, and Charity. There 
 are innumerable other virtues variously repre- 
 sented in Christian allegory, opposed to corre- 
 sponding Vices. 
 
 Virtuoso, It. A man skilled in the selection 
 of specimens of art-work. 
 
 Viscount (vice- 
 comes). The fourth 
 degree of rank and 
 dignity in the British 
 peerage. Originally an 
 earl's deputy in his 
 county, made an ar- 
 bitrary title of honour, 
 next in rank to an 
 earl, by Henry VI. in 1440. A viscount's 
 mantle is two doublings and a half of plain 
 fun His coronet, granted by James I., has 
 only a row of sixteen pearls set close to the 
 circlet. 
 
 Vise, Arch. A spiral staircase. (See Newel.) 
 
 "Vyce, a touming stayre, vis'' {Palsgrave.) 
 
 Visitation, Chr. (It. La visitazioiie ; German, 
 die Heimsuchung Maria). A frequent theme of 
 Christian art, representing the meeting of the 
 Virgin Mary and Elizabeth, the mother of St. 
 John the Baptist. (Consult Mrs. jfameson's 
 Legends of the Madontia.) 
 
 Visor. The part of a helmet made to cover 
 the face. (See U.MBRIL.) 
 
 Vitis, Vine, R. and Chr. A vine or vine- 
 branch with which a centurion punished any 
 soldier who had neglected his duty. In Chris- 
 tian symbolism, the vine-stock with clusters of 
 grapes is an emblem of the Church. Represen- 
 tations of it are frequently met with on monu- 
 ments of Christian art. 
 
 Vitreous Wares. Wares having a glassy 
 surface. (See Pottery.) 
 
 Vitro di Trino (Ital.). An ornamental glass- 
 work invented by the Venetians in the 15th 
 century, consisting of a sort of lace-work of 
 white enamel or transparent glass, forming a 
 series of diamond-shaped sections ; in the centre 
 of each an air-bubble was allowed to remain as 
 a decoration. {Fairholt .) 
 
 Vitrum, R. Glass (q.v.). 
 
 Vitruvian Scroll, Arch. A name given to a 
 peculiar pattern of scroll-work, consisting of 
 convolved undulations, used in classical archi- 
 tecture. {Parker.) 
 
 Vitta, R. A ribbon or band worn round 
 the head by Roman women of free birth to con- 
 
fine their liair. Vitta sacra was a long ribbon 
 confining the flocks of wool which formed an in- 
 fitla, and worn by the priests or the victim des- 
 tined for sacrifice. The term was further 
 a]iplied to the ribbon wliich jiassed round gar- 
 lands or festoons of leaves and fruits, and thence 
 to any ribbon employed in tiie decoration of an 
 architectural motive, sucii as tori for instance, as 
 shown in Fig. 693. 
 
 Fig. 693. Vitta. 
 
 Vittatus, R. Adorned with the -'ilta; a 
 term applied to women, victims, and certain 
 architectural ornaments. 
 
 Vivarium, R. {vivum, a living thing). A 
 general term for any kind of place in which 
 live animals are kept ; such as aviaries, warrens, 
 fish-]-)onds, game preserves, <S;c. 
 
 Vivianite. A blue phosphate of iron, occa- 
 sionally used as a pigment. 
 
 Vizard. A mask for the face. 
 
 "On with this robe of mine. 
 This vizard and this cap !" 
 
 {Old Play.) 
 
 Vizor. (See Visor.) 
 
 Voided, Her. Having the central area re- 
 moved. 
 
 Volant, Her. Flying. 
 
 Volante Piece. A piece of jousting-armour 
 fastened to the Grand-GARDE above it, pro- 
 tecting the neck and breast. 
 
 Volets, Fr. (i) The side wm^'-j- of a Triptych. 
 (2) A gauze veil worn at the back of the head, 
 by ladies, in the Middle Ages. (See Fig. 704.) 
 
 Volumen, R. {volvo, to roll). A very long, 
 narrow sheet made of strips of papyrus glued 
 together. This sheet was gradually rolled round 
 a wooden cylinder as the reader perused what 
 was written on it, an operation expressed by 
 the term ez'olvere volumen. When a work was 
 of considerable length, each book or chapter 
 was rolled round a separate stick or wooden 
 cylinder, so that a single volume {volumen) 
 consisted of a large number of rolls. 
 
 Volupere, O. E. A woman's cap or night- 
 cap. 
 
 " The tapes of her white volufiere" 
 
 {Chaucer, The Millers Tale.) 
 
 Volute, Arch, {volvo, to roll), (i) The spiral 
 scroll peculiarly distinguishing the capital in the 
 Ionic order. (Fig. 694. ) (2) The small volutes 
 of the Corinthian capital which are placed at 
 the four angles of the abacus ; they are called 
 Jielkes majores, while the volutes beneath the 
 
 cinque- foils are called hcUccs iiiinores. (See 
 Helix.) 
 
 Vomer, Vomis, R. A plough-share ; it re- 
 sembled almost exactly our modern ones. 
 
 Fig. 694. Ionic Volute. 
 
 Vomitoria, R. (voiuo, to discharge). Doors 
 in a theatre or amphitheatre opening on the 
 corridors of the building, or on to the scales 
 
 I'lg. 695. Voniitoriiun. 
 
 leading into the cavca. Fig. 695 represents a 
 vomitorium (restored) in the Coliseum or Flavian 
 amphitheatre, at Rome. 
 
 Votive Tablets. Sculptured representations 
 of parts of the body affected with disease, 
 offered to the gods, either in gratitude or propi- 
 tiation. The superstition introduced by the 
 ancient Egyptians has survived all religious re- 
 volutions, and survives in Roman Catholic coun- 
 tries at the present day. Wilkinson says : — 
 
 " After the cure of a disease was effected they (the 
 ancient Egyptians) freqnently suspended a model of the 
 restored part in the temple of the god whose interposition 
 they had invoked, precisely in the same manner as in 
 the .sheikh's tombs in modern Egypt, and in the Roman 
 Catholic chapels of Italy and other countries, consecrated 
 to the Virgin or a saint ; and ears, eyes, distorted arms 
 and other members were dedicated as memorials of their 
 gratitude and superstition." {Ancient Egyptians.) 
 
 Voulge. (See Langue de Bceuf.) 
 Voussoir, Arch. A French term for the 
 
342 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 wedge-shaped stones (ring-stones) of which an 
 arch is composed. 
 
 Vulcanalia. Roman festivals to Vulcan, cele- 
 brated with games in the Flaminian circus on 
 the 23rd August. The sacrifices were oijishes, 
 which tlie people threw into the fire ; and it was 
 the custom to commence the work of the day by 
 candle-light, in honour of the god ot fire. 
 
 Vulned, Her. Wounded or bleeding. The 
 pelican in its piety (Fig. 531) s described as 
 vtilning herself. 
 
 Vulture, Egyp. Among the Egyptians, the 
 vulture is the symbol of maternity, and accord- 
 
 ingly a representation of it served to write the 
 word fnother, and the name of the goddess 
 Maut. 
 
 Vulture Feathers. Largely used for making 
 artificial flowers ; the feathers of species of 
 accipitres imported from Bombay. 
 
 Vulturius, Vulture, R. A throw at dice. It 
 is not known how many points made up a vul- 
 ture, but it is clear from certain authors that it 
 was a bad throw, although not so bad as the 
 caiiis or dog. 
 
 Vuyders or Guiders. Straps to draw toge- 
 gether the parts of armour. 
 
 w. 
 
 This initial interchanges frequently zuith gu -.—as ward, guard ; xvicket, guichet, S;c. 
 
 Wafters, O. E. Blunted swords for exercise. 
 
 Wain, O. E. A wagon. 
 
 Wainscot, Arch, (from the German Wand- 
 Schotten, wall-covering), wooden panelling used 
 to line the inner walls. 
 
 Waist. The central part of the upper deck 
 of a ship, between the fore and main masts. 
 
 Wait. An old English wind instrument re- 
 sembling the Shawm (q.v.). It was used by 
 the watchmen or waights, to proclaim the time 
 of night. 
 
 Waka-tana. The war canoe of New Zea- 
 land ; some of these are fifty feet long, by four 
 feet beam, with a high stern-post. This and the 
 carved prow are both richly decorated with a 
 profusion of feathers. {Si/n)no)ids.) 
 
 Wakes (A.vS. ivcecaii). Originally vigils or 
 eves of Saints' days. The late-ivake of the 
 Highlanders ; the lyke-tvake o{ \}lv& early English, 
 and the zuake of the Irish are the remains of the 
 ancient northern custom of watching the body 
 of a deceased friend before burial. (Consult 
 B?'and^s Popular Antiquities.') 
 
 Wales. The strong sideplanks of the body 
 of a ship, running fore and aft. 
 
 Walking-sticks. (See Bourdon.) (See also 
 Fig. 91.) Fairholt {Cost nine in England) gives 
 the following quotation from an inventory of 
 Greenwich Palace, temp. Henry VIII. 
 
 "A cane, garnished with sylver and gilte, with astro- 
 nomie upon it. A cane, garnished with golde, having a 
 perfume in the toppe, under that a diall, with a pair of 
 twitchers, and a pair of compasses of golde, and a foot 
 rule of golde, a knife and a file the haft of golde, with a 
 whetstone tipped with golde." 
 
 Under Charles II. bunches of ribands on the 
 tops of canes were fashionable. 
 Wall Painting. The Greek temples were 
 
 brilliantly decorated with painting and gilding 
 internally. The method has been investigated 
 and is described to be the colouring of the body 
 of the wall of a pale yellow or golden colour, 
 the triglyphs and mutules blue, the metopes 
 and the tympanum red, and some other portions 
 of the building green, and varying these tints or 
 using them of greater or less intensity as the 
 judgment of the artist dictated." {Hittorf Essay 
 on the Polychj-omy of Greek Architecture.^ The 
 colouring of the Egyptian bas-reliefs is familiar. 
 The buildings of HerculaneunI and Pompeii 
 were decorated with frescoes and mosaics, in the 
 Augustan age of Roman art. In the Middle 
 Ages the custom was continued of decorating 
 with colour the architecture of sacred edifices ; 
 and many old palaces and mansions in England 
 show relics of the practice of decorating the walls 
 with tempera, especially under Henry III. (See 
 Frescoes, Stereochromy, Water\vork, &c.) 
 
 Wallet. The badge of the Gueux ; two 
 hands clasped through the handles of a beggar's 
 wallet. (See GUEUX.) 
 
 Wall-plates, in building. Horizontal timbers, 
 called plates, properly those at the top of a 
 building under the roof 
 
 Walled, Muraillee, Her. Made to represent 
 brick or stonework. 
 
 Walling Wax. The composition with which 
 etchers make a wall round the plate upon which 
 they are proceeding to pour the acid. (See 
 Engraving.) 
 
 Walnut, Chr. In Christian iconography the 
 walnut is the symbol of perfection. (See 
 
 Nl'T.) 
 
 Walnut Oil. (See Nut Oil.) 
 Wambais (Saxon wamhe, the belly). A stuff- 
 ing of wool in the quilted tunic or Gamkeson. 
 
The best illustration is the conventional figure 
 of Punch. 
 
 Fig 696. Wallet — Badge of the Gueux. 
 
 Wampum, North American Indian. Strings 
 of shells worn as belts and used for money. 
 
 Wang, Chinese. Yellow. The sacred 
 colour. 
 
 Wapentake, O. E. A hundred, or district. 
 The term is derived from li'capoii-takiiig (or 
 counting). 
 
 Wapinshaw, O. E. A review of weapons. 
 
 " Et fiat visus armornm, quod dicitur Wapinschaw." 
 (Scotch Statute.) 
 
 Wappenrock, Germ. A military cloak, with 
 armorial charges. (See Tab.\rd.) 
 
 Ward, of a castle. The Bailey or court- 
 yard. (See Balluim.) 
 
 Warnbrace. (See Vauntbrace.) 
 
 Wassail or Wassel, O. E. {'i2i\.oxi'waes hael, 
 "to your health."). (l) A drinking-bout gene- 
 rally. (2) A drink made of roasted apples. 
 
 Watchet, O. E. Pale blue. 
 
 " The saphyre stone is of a luatchet blue." 
 
 (BarnficWs Affectionate Shepherd, 1504.) 
 
 Water, of a diamond ; its lustre. 
 
 Water-colour Paiating was gradually raised 
 from the hard dry style of the last century to its 
 present brilliancy, by the efforts of Nicholson, 
 Copley Fielding, Sandby, Varley, the great 
 'I'urner, Pj'ne, Cattermole, Prout, &c., within 
 the present century. The Water Colour 
 Society's Exhibition was begim in 1805. 
 {Haydn's Diet, of Dates.) 
 
 Water Colours. The principal are lemon 
 yell<nv, gamboge, Indiati yellow, yellow ochre, 
 chrome, vermiliott, light red, Indian red, rose 
 madder, carmine, purple madder, Vandyke brown, 
 sepia, b7-07i.<n pink, sap green, emerald green, 
 indigo, ultramarine, smalt, and cobalt. 
 
 Water-gilding. Gilding with a thin coat of 
 amalgam. 
 
 Water-mark, on paper. A device resembling 
 a trans]iarency in the texture, which is printed 
 during the process of manufacture, by means of 
 
 wire or brass plates on the mould of the paper 
 machine. 
 
 Water-scape. A fanciful term sometimes 
 used to distinguish a sea view from a landscape. 
 
 Water-table, Arch. A horizontal set-oft in 
 a wall, slii]Kd to throw off the wet. 
 
 Water-work, O. E. Wall painting in dis- 
 temper. 
 
 " A pretty slight drollery, or the German hunting in 
 xvatenvork, is worth a thousand of these bed-hangings, 
 and these fly-bitten tapestries.' {Shakespeare.) 
 
 Watered (silk) having a shaded or diversified 
 surface ; produced by placing two pieces of silk 
 lengthways between metallic rollers, where they 
 are subjected to different degrees of pressure. 
 
 Watteau Pictures. Idyllic scenes of imagi- 
 nary Arcadian enjoyment, and a certain fanciful 
 style of costume characteristic of Watteau's pic- 
 tures, called in French "scenes de la vie 
 galante." 
 
 Wattle. An Australian name for various 
 woods of the Acacia species. 
 
 Wattled, Her. Having a comb and gills, as 
 a cock. 
 
 Wayn-cloutt, O. E. A waggon-cloth. 
 
 Wax. Bleached bees'-wax is the vehicle in 
 encattstie painting. 
 
 Wax-painting! (See Encaustic Painting.) 
 
 Weathercock. (See Fane.) 
 
 Weathering, Arch. The slope of flat sur- 
 faces, for drainage. 
 
 Webbing Tape. A kind of broad tape. 
 
 Wedgwood Ware. The manufacture of 
 Josiah Wedgwood begun in 1759, at Etruria, 
 in Staffordshire. A fine white, cream-coloured 
 ware, having a clear and hard body, with more 
 compact glaze and more perfect substance than 
 the majolica. Many of the groups on Wedgwood 
 vases and plaques were designed by Flaxman. 
 (Fig. 697.) 
 
 Weepers, O. E. Statues in niches round 
 tombs, representing the mourners. 
 
 Welding. The union of two pieces of metal 
 together, by heat and pressure. 
 
 Welkin. The sky ; hence welkin eyes, blue 
 eyes. [Shakspeare.') 
 
 Well-staircase. A spiral staircase. (See 
 Newki..) 
 
 Welsh Hook. A medireval weapon, a kind 
 of bill with a hook at the back, used to drag a 
 horse soldier from his saddle. 
 
 Welt. A joint or fold in a texture. The 
 term is variously explained as synonymous with 
 guard, a facing to a gown ; or purjles, i.e. 
 fringes. 'Consult Fairholt, s.v.) 
 
 Welted Brocades and Ciuilts. Articles with 
 folds in tlie texture ; lined and ribbed. 
 
 Weued, A. S. The altar. 
 
 " In chvrche to vore the heye iveued Constantyn hym 
 sleu." 
 
 (Robert 0/ Gloucester.) 
 
344 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 Whalebone is the commercial name for the 
 haleen plates found in the mouth of the whale, 
 of which there are about 300 in each animal. 
 
 Fig. 697. Wedgwood Vase. 
 
 What-not. A modern piece of furniture, a 
 light sideboard or stand. 
 
 Wheel. In Christian art, the attribute of 
 St. Catherine, in allusion to the manner of 
 her martyrdom. 
 
 Wheel, Catherine Wheel. Represented in 
 heraldry with curved spikes projecting from its 
 rim. 
 
 Wheel Engraving upon Glass. (See 
 Glass.) 
 
 Wheel-lock. A crude invention in gunnery, 
 of the i6th century, for winding up the trigger 
 of a gun with a hand-winch. 
 
 Whinyard, O. E. A sword. 
 
 Whipping-tops are represented in Anglo- 
 
 Saxon manuscripts ; the thongs of the whips are 
 knotted, which would add to the difficulty of the 
 game. 
 
 Whisk, O. E. 
 A ruff ox band. 
 
 "A woman's >iec 
 •whisk is used both 
 plain and laced, and 
 is called of most a 
 gorget or falling 
 whisk, because it fal- 
 leth about the shoul- 
 d e r s." (R an die 
 Holme.) 
 
 Whisket, O. E. 
 
 A basket. S. 
 
 Whistle. Pre- 
 historic specimens 
 of whistles made 
 of bones have been 
 disinterred among 
 relics of the Stone 
 Age. The Mexi- 
 cans in antiquity 
 made curiously 
 grotesque whistles 
 of baked clay re- 
 presenting carica- 
 tures of the human 
 face and figure, 
 birds, beasts, and 
 flowers. (Consult 
 Mitsical Instrn- 
 tneiits by Carl En- 
 
 White, in Chris- 
 tian art repre- 
 sented by the 
 diamond or silver, was the emblem of light, 
 religious purity, innocence, virginity, faith, joy, 
 and life. {J.) 
 
 White is in theory the result of the union 
 of the three primary colours. The principal 
 white pigments are white lead, Lakeivhite, Kretns 
 white, zinc while, constant white (q.v.). (See 
 Carbonate of Lead, O.xide of Zinc, &c.) 
 
 White Copper. German silver. 
 
 White Lead is the white pigment universally 
 used for oil-painting ; it is considered a good 
 dryer, and is used to render oil more drying. 
 (Consult MerrificWs Treatise, &c. , vol. i. cl.). 
 (See Carbonate of Lead.) 
 
 White Vitriol. Sulphate of Zinc (q.v.). 
 
 Whiting, as used for wall-painting, &c., is 
 pure chalk, cleansed and ground with water. 
 
 Whittle, O. E. A pocket clasp knife. 
 i^Shakspeare^ 
 
 Whole and Halves. Proportional compasses 
 used for the enlargement or reduction of drawings. 
 
 Whorler. The wheel of a potter's lathe. 
 
 Wicker-work. Texture of osiers, or small 
 twigs ; basket-work. 
 
 Fig. 698. Falling "Whisk.' 
 
Wicket (Fr. Giihhet). A small door per- 
 forated in a larger one. 
 
 Wigs (contraction of Periwigs, from Fr. fer- 
 ntcjuc) were brought in from France in the i6th 
 century. They took their greatest proportions 
 in the time of Louis XIV. In the early iSth 
 century also they are described as of immense 
 size, "large enough to have loaded a camel." 
 And of this date is the celebrated wig-maker's 
 sign, in which Absalom was represented hang- 
 ing by the hair in a tree, and King David weep- 
 ing beneath, exclaiming,— 
 
 " O Abs.ilom ! O Abs.Tlom ! 
 O Absalom, my son ! 
 If thou h.idst worn .T fcriivig 
 Thou hadst not been undone." 
 
 Smaller varieties were called perukes or travel- 
 ling-wigs ; and the campaign 7i'/g, which " hath 
 knots or />ods, a o'/'/i/i' on each side with a curled 
 forehead." These dildos or pole-locks were the 
 origin of the pigtail. (See H.-VIR.) 
 
 Wilton Carpets are a kind of Brussels car- 
 peting, with the yarns cut. 
 
 Wimple, O. E. A nun's hood, covering the 
 neck and shoulders,adopted by ladies in general, 
 /t'wA Ilenrv VII. 
 
 Winchester Bushel. An ancient standard 
 measure of capacity preserved in the Town Hall 
 at Winchester. It dates from the reign of King 
 Edgar. It is iSj inches wide, and 8 inches 
 deep. 
 
 Windows. The earliest of stained glass in 
 Italy were painted by order of Pope Leo III., 
 at Rome, in 795. The windows of some churches 
 were closed with valves or shutters of stone, 
 like those of the Duomo of Torcello, erected in 
 icxd8. Others were filled with slabs of trans- 
 parent talc or alabaster. The earliest painted 
 glass in Vork Cathedral is of A.D. 1200. The 
 use of glass windows in private houses was not 
 general until the 14th century. During the 
 Middle Ages glass windows were in movable 
 wooden frames, and were taken away by 
 families when they travelled. (Consult Halla7n^s 
 Middle Ages, vol. iii.) Substitutes for glass were 
 thin parchment or linen, painted and varnished, 
 or even paper. {Le Vieil, de la Peinture stir 
 Verre.) These paper windows may still be 
 seen in villages in the north of Italy. 
 
 Winds (Latin, Voiti). The impersonations of 
 the winds were held in high veneration, espe- 
 cially by the Athenians. The four principal 
 were Eurus or Vulturnus, the east or south-east 
 wind ; Auster, the south wind, the Notus of the 
 Greeks, pernicious to plants and men ; Zephy- 
 rus, the son of Aurora and father of Carpus 
 (fruit), a genial, health-bearing breeze, called 
 also ^a>r}<p6pos, life-bearing ; and Boreas, the 
 strong north -wind, usually represented with the 
 feet of a serpent, his wings dripping with golden 
 
 dewdrops, and the train of his garment sweep- 
 ing along the ground. Inferior winds were 
 Solanus, in Greek Apeliotes, answering to the 
 east, and represented as a young man holding 
 fruit in his lap ; Africus, south-west, repre- 
 sented with black wings and melancholy coun- 
 tenance ; Corus, north-west, ilrivcs clouds of 
 snow before him ; Aquilo, north-east by north, 
 equally dreadful in appearance, from aquila, an 
 eagle, tyjie of swiftness and impetuosity. 
 
 Windsor Chairs. A plain kind of strong 
 wooden chairs, so-called. 
 
 Wings, from time immemorial, have been the 
 Oriental and Egyptian symbol of power as well 
 as of swiftness ; of the spiritual and aerial, in 
 contradistinction to the human and the earthly ; 
 also in Chaldaic and Babylonian remains, in the 
 Lycian and Nineveh marbles, and on the gems 
 and other relics of the Gnostics In Etruscan 
 art all their divinities are winged. 
 
 Wings, in theatres. The shifting side-scenes 
 on the stage. In costume, the projections on 
 the shoulders of a doublet. (See Fig. 91.) 
 
 Wise Men, Chr. The Magi. (See Epi- 
 phany.) 
 
 Wisp, O. E. A broom. 
 
 Woad. A dye plant — Isatis tinctoria. 
 
 Wolf. In Egypt was worshipped at Lycopo- 
 lis ; it figures frequently among hieroglyphic signs. 
 The Greeks had consecrated the wolf to Apollo, 
 the Romans to Mars. In Christian (especially 
 Spanish) art, an attribute of St. Vincent, in 
 allusion to the legend that wild beasts were 
 driven away from his body after his martyrdom, 
 by a raven. 
 
 Wood-carving. One of the most ancient 
 manifestations of the art instinct of humanity is 
 found in the very earliest relics of every nation. 
 Especially in Egypt specimens remarkable for 
 fidelity of representation have been recently dis- 
 interred, and stand in the Boulac Museum. 
 Among Christian countries Germany is the 
 most distinguished in this branch of art, but 
 Holland and Belgium closely rival it in excel- 
 lence and abundance of early specimens. Illus- 
 trious English carvers in wood were mostly of 
 Dutch or German extraction. The most famous 
 of them is Grinling Gibbons, employed by Sir 
 Christopher Wren in the decoration of St. 
 Paul's Cathedral. He excelled in carving 
 flowers and foliage. 
 
 Wood-engraving or Xylography. Box-wood 
 is the only kind that can be used. The blocks 
 when smoothed and polished are prepared for 
 drawing on, by rubbing the polished surface 
 with bath brick in very fine powder mixed with 
 water. When this thin coating is dry, it is re- 
 moved by rubbing the block on the palm of the 
 hand ; its only use is to make the surface less 
 slippery. There are four descriptions of cutting 
 tools used in wood-engraving. The graver is 
 
346 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 not very different from that used for copper- 
 plate, but has the point ground to a peculiar 
 form by rubbing on a Turkey stone. Eight or 
 viw\e. gravers, of different sizes, are generally re- 
 
 Fig. 699. Carved-wood mirror frame, 
 belonging to Lord Stafford at Costessy. 
 
 quired, commencing with a very fine one, which 
 is called the outline tool, and increasing in size 
 or breadth. Tinting \^ cutting series of parallel 
 lines, which, v/hen engraved, form an even and 
 uniform tint. For this process there is a dis- 
 
 tinct set of tools called tinting tools. Gouges of 
 different sizes are used for scooping out the wood 
 towards the centre of the block, and flat tools or 
 chisels for cutting it away towards the edges. 
 The earliest known wood-engraving, " The 
 Virgin surrounded by four Saints," is dated 
 1418. A print of it is in the Brussels Museum. 
 
 Wood-skin. An American name for a large 
 canoe made of bark. 
 
 Woof. The 7veft, or cross-texture of fabrics. 
 Woolsack. The seat of the Lord Chancellor, 
 in the House of Lords. 
 
 Working Drawings (Arch.) are enlarged por- 
 tions of plans with details of a building, for the 
 practical artificers to work from. 
 
 Worsted (properly Worstead, spelt also "w^r- 
 sett '' and " 7votyst'") was the name given to the 
 cloth woven of the hard thread produced by the 
 peculiar carding process that was invented at 
 IVorstead in Norfolk ; 14th centuiy. 
 
 Won or Wouwou, Egyp. The Egj'ptian name 
 for the dog ; it is evidently an onomatopoeia, 
 like the name for a cat, which is written 
 Maaou. (See Canis.) 
 
 Wreath. Wreaths have at all times been 
 prominent among symbolical personal orna- 
 ments ; always with an honourable or pleasant 
 signification ; wreaths of ivy distinguished the 
 votaries of Bacchus ; appropriate wreaths were 
 invented for sacrifices at the altar for heroic or 
 priestly or literary distinction. (See Orle, 
 Crest, Wreath, &c. ) 
 
 Wrest. O. E. An instrument 
 for drawing up the strings of a 
 harp. {Shakespeare.) 
 
 Wyn, O. E. A narrow flag. 
 Wyvern, Wivern, Her. A 
 fabulous creature, a species of 
 dragon with two legs, and re- 
 presented having its tail nowed. 
 (Fig. 700.) 
 
 X. 
 
 ( The syllable ^uu- in Greek is generally rendered Syn, q.v-) 
 
 X. The Roman numeral for ten. 
 
 Xanthian Marbles. Sculptures found in 
 183S at Xanthus, in ancient Lycia, now in the 
 British Museum. The figures are Assyrian in 
 character, and of a date not later than 500 B.C. 
 Besides the so-called Harpy tomb (see Harpies), 
 there are sieges, processions, and many figures, 
 in the energetic action so remarkable in the 
 Nineveh sculptures. Most of the figures are in 
 profile ; but the eyes, like those of Egyptian 
 sculptures, are shown in full. 
 
 Xebec. A small lateen-rigged three-masted 
 vessel, common in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Xenagia, Gr. {i^ivar/ia). A subdivision of the 
 Greek army consisting of 256 men, and sub- 
 divided into four tetrarchies, commanded by the 
 Xenagos, an officer appointed by the Spartans, 
 who had the control of the armies of the Greek 
 states. 
 
 Xenia, Gr. (^eVia, lit. friendly gifts), (i) 
 Delicacies, dainties, or pastry which were sent 
 to one another by the Greeks and Romans as 
 
a pledge of fricnclship, chiefly during the Satur- 
 nalia. (2) Decorations to the walls of j.'v/t'.r/'- 
 chambers consisting of paintings of still life 
 representing game, fruits, fisii, anil flowers. 
 
 Xenodochium, R. {Xivo-loxfiov). A low- 
 Latin term for a hospice intendeil for the recep- 
 tion of pilgrims and sick persons. Childebert 
 founded a xciwdochinin at Lyons in the 6th 
 century. 
 
 Xerophagia, Ciir. (I^jpo-^ay/a). A six days' 
 fast throughout Holy Week, during which the 
 Christians of the primitive Church eat only 
 bread with a little salt, and drank nothing but 
 water. 
 
 Xestes, Gr. (Lat. Sextarius). A Creek mea- 
 sure of capacity ; very nearly a //«/ ; equivalent 
 to the Latin Sextarius. 
 
 Xo'ites, Egyp. A nome or division of Lower 
 Egypt, the capital of which was Khsonou ; 
 Ammon-Ra was the principal deity there wor- 
 shipped. 
 
 Xylography. Wood-engraving (q.v.). 
 
 Xylon, (Ir. (lit. wood). A Greek measure of 
 lengtli, equal to 4 feet and 6-6 indies. 
 
 Xylopyrography. Poker-painting ; the art 
 of burning pictures on to wood. 
 
 Xyneciae, Gr. {aw-oiKia). Festivals held at 
 Athens in honour of Minerva, to commemorate 
 the union of the inhabitants of Attica into a 
 single city. These festivals were instituted by 
 Theseus, and held every year in the month of 
 July. Another name for them was Mctariic 
 (^fxerolKiai). 
 
 Xystus, Gr. (^uo-tJj). A covered place 
 situated near a portico, within which, in a 
 palcestra or stadium, athletes went through their 
 exercises. Pausanias tells us that this part of 
 the stadium received its name from the fact that 
 Hercules used every day to clear out the palcestra 
 at Elis in order to inure himself to toil, and that 
 he tore up many weeds by scraping iXvti), to 
 scrape, i,ii(n6s). The baths and thermix; at 
 Rome were furnished with large xysti, in which 
 young men went through a number of exercises. 
 The term xystus was also generally applied by 
 the Romans to the beds of rare flowers and 
 shrubs in the centre of the peristyle ; it also de- 
 noted a garden walk perfectly straight, and 
 planted in a regular style ; and lastly, an open 
 \\alk or terrace in a garden attached to any 
 buildinsj. 
 
 Y. 
 
 The letter Y is called the letter of Pythagoras 
 because that philosopher inade it the symbol of 
 life. The foot of the letter, he said, represented 
 infancy, and as man gradually rises to the age of 
 reason, he finds two paths set before him, the 
 one leading to good, the other to evil, portrayed 
 by two forks of the letter. The illustration is 
 the device of Jean de Morvilliers (+ 1577), 
 Chancellor of France ; the harrow tied to the 
 Pythagorean T, a rel'iis on his name Mori- 
 vic-licrs — " Death and life united." The harrow 
 is the symbol of Death, which makes all things 
 equal. (Fig. 701.) 
 
 Yacca. An ornamental Jamaica wood used 
 for cabinet-making. 
 
 Yard (from the Saxon geard or gyrd, from 
 gyrdan, to enclose). Originally estimated to 
 measure the girth of a man's body ; until 
 Henry L decreed that it should be the length of 
 his arm. 
 
 Yataghan. A Turkish dagger or scimitar. 
 
 Yawl. A man-of-war's boat, rowed with six 
 oars. 
 
 Ychma, Peruv. The name for wild cinnabar 
 among the ancient Peruvians ; it was employed 
 by them for painting the body and drawing 
 figures on the face and arms. 
 
 Yellow. One of the three primary colours ; 
 producing with green, blue ; and with red, 
 orange. The principal yellow pigments are 
 gamboge (bluish), gold ochre (reddish), yelloio 
 
 Fig. 701. Device of Morvilliers. (The Pythagorean V.) 
 
348 
 
 WORDS USED IN 
 
 ochre, N'aples yelhti', chrome yelloiv, lemon 
 yellow, Indian yellow, gall-stone, Roman ochre. 
 Mars yellow, terra di Siena, Italian pink, cad- 
 mium yellow, &c. 
 
 Yellow, in Christian art, or gold, was the 
 symbol of the sun ; of the goodness of God, 
 initiation or marriage, faith or fruitfulness. In 
 a bad sense yellow signifies inconstancy, jealousy, 
 deceit ; in this sense it is given to the traitor 
 Judas, who is generally habited in dirty yellow. 
 
 Yellow Arsenic. (See Yellow Orpiment. ) 
 
 Yellow Flag. Denoting sickness on board of 
 a ship or (|uarantine. 
 
 Yellow Lake. A bright pigment, very sus- 
 ceptiljle to the action of light or metal. (See 
 Pjnks.) 
 
 Yellow Metal. A composition, two-thirds 
 copper and one-third zinc. 
 
 Yellow Ochre. An argillaceous earth, co- 
 loured by admixture of iron. (See Ochre.) 
 
 Yellow Orpiment {aitripigmentum). A bright 
 and pure yellow pigment, but not durable, and 
 dries very slowly ; called also Yellow Arsenic. 
 
 Yeoman of the Guard. A beef-eater ; one of 
 the British sovereign's state body-guard ; below 
 the gentleman-at-arms. Instituted at the coro- 
 nation of Henry VII. in 1485. 
 
 Yew. Taxus haccata. The word is lai'gely 
 used in cabinet-making. The excellence of the 
 wood for making bows led to the trees being 
 planted in churcliyards, to preserve them. 
 
 Ymaigier. (See Imagier.) 
 
 Ymaigerie, Imagery, Med. (i) Illuminated 
 borders on missals and manuscripts executed by 
 the miniaturists of the Middle Ages. (2) Bas- 
 reliefs and sculptures on wood and stone. 
 
 Yoke. A symbolical device assumed by Pope 
 Leo X. in allusion to the text " My yoke is 
 easy," expressed in the one word of the motto 
 ''Suave." (SeeJuGUM.) Fig. 702. 
 
 York Collar. Her. Was formed of alternate 
 Suns and A'oses. 
 
 York Herald. One of the six Heralds of the 
 College of Arms. (See Heralds.) 
 
 York Eose. Her. The 7C'hite rose of the 
 family of York. (See Fig. 589.) 
 
 Yorkshire Grit. A stone used for polishing 
 marble and engravers' copper plates. 
 
 702. Yoke. Device of Pope Leo X. 
 
 Ypres Lace is the finest and most costly kind 
 of Valenciennes. 
 
 Yu, Chinese, (i) A hard and heavy stone, 
 supposed to be a kind of agate which was used 
 for the ancient musical instrument king, which 
 was a kind of harmonicon made of slabs of 
 sonorous stone of different sizes. (2) An ancient 
 name for a curious wind instrument of high 
 antiquity, which is still in use and is now called 
 cheng. It consists of a number of tubes placed 
 in a calabash, or bowl, and blown into through 
 a long curved tube. 
 
 Yucatan. A province of Mexico remarkable for 
 its architectural monuments of a forgotten civili- 
 zation, described by .S/f^/z^f/w, Incidents of Travel 
 in Yucatan. (See Mexican Architecture.) 
 
 Yufts. A kind of Russia leather, red and 
 soft, with a pleasant smell. 
 
 Yule, O, E. Christmas time. 
 
 z. 
 
 The initials Z and S and Z and C frequently interchange, especially in old 'vords derived front 
 the Gertnan, as zither, cither; zentner, centner, dr'C. The German Z is pronounced ts. 
 
 Zaba, Zava. An Arabic cuirass. (Aley. 
 rick.) 
 
 Zabaoth. (See Sabaoth.) 
 
 Zafiferano, It. Saffron. A vegetable yellow 
 pigment. 
 
 Zaffre (It. zaffiro'). An ancient blue pigment, 
 
 prepared from cobalt, of a sapphire blue, re- 
 sembling smalt. 
 
 Zamarilla, Sp. A loose jacket of sheep- 
 skins. 
 
 Zarf. An oriental saucer for coffee-cups. 
 
 Zauca, Zaucha, or Zauga, Gr. and R. A 
 
soft and flexible leatlier boot peculiar to Eastern 
 nations ; it was worn untler the trousers. 
 Zazahan, Sp. A kind of flowered silk. 
 Zebec. A common form of sailing vessel in 
 the Mediterranean, rigi^eil with a lateen sail. 
 
 Zebra Wood. The J/vauialiaUi of Guiana, a 
 beautiful wootl for furniture. 
 
 Zebu. The humped species to which the 
 sacred Brahmin bull belongs, represented in 
 Hindu art. 
 
 Zema, Gr. and R. (C*m")- *^ vessel of earthen- 
 ware or metal, a saucepan. 
 
 Zemzemeeyeli, Arabic. A skin for carrying 
 water in the desert. 
 
 Zend-Avesta, Pers. " The Word of Life " 
 or " Living Word." The sacred book of the 
 Parsees ; it consists of two parts, one of which 
 is written in Zend, the other in Pchloi and 
 Parscc. The first part is called Vendidad.-Sali , 
 and the seconil Boundehcch. 
 
 Zenith. The centre of the arch of the sky 
 overhead. (Cf. Nadir.) 
 
 Zephyr Yarn is the dyed worsted thread 
 usually known as Berlin icool. 
 Zeuxite. A gem. (See Tourmaline.) 
 Zigzag, Arch. One of the mouldings 
 freiiuently used in Norman architecture, run- 
 ning in zigzag lines. (See Fig. 488.) Fig. 123 
 is an illustration of a variety of this orna- 
 ment on a column. Zii^zig mouldings in 
 connexion with pointed arches are characteristic 
 of the transition period of architecture, from 
 the Norman to the Early English, frequently 
 called chevron. 
 
 Zimarra. An Oriental robe, called in 
 England also Sai/iare. Described as a lady's 
 jacket : " it has a loose body and four side laps 
 or skirts, which extend to the knee ; the sleeves 
 short, cut to the elbow, turned up and faced." 
 — Randle Holme. 
 
 Zincography. Engraving on plates of zinc, 
 introduced in 1817. (See Photozincography.) 
 Zinc White. A pigment recently introduced 
 as a substitute for the preparations of white lead. 
 It is little liable to change, either by atmospheric 
 action or mixture with other pigments. It is the 
 white oxide of zinc, and is also called Chinese 
 White (q.v.). 
 Zipo, Med. Lat. A shirt of mail. 
 Zircon, A peculiar rare grey and brown 
 earth, found in the true rough and opaque 
 varieties of hyacinth stone, which are met with 
 in Ceylon, Norway, Carinthia, and the Ural. 
 The term hyacinth is applied to the transparent 
 and bright-coloured varieties of zircon, and 
 jargooti to crystals devoid of colour and of a 
 smoky tinge, occasionally sold as inferior dia- 
 monds. (Simmoiids Com. Diet.) 
 
 Zither. A favourite stringed instrument of a 
 soft and sweet effect, much used in the Austrian 
 Tyrol. It is played lying flat on a table, and 
 
 the strings struck with a plectrum worn on the 
 t humb. 
 
 Zocle or Socle, Arch. The plinth in classical 
 architecture. 
 
 Zodiacus, Zodiac, Gen. {^u^iaKhs, i. e. per- 
 taining to animals). The zone of the celestial 
 
 Fig. 704. Duchess of Parma in richly embroidered robes 
 and zimarra. 
 
 sphere which extends to eight degrees on either 
 side of the ecliptic. The Egyptians had repre- 
 sentations of it in their temples, the most 
 celebrated being that of Denderah, a cast of 
 which is at the Louvre. Other zodiacs have 
 also been found in the great temple of Esneh 
 and at Contra-Lato. Many monuments of the 
 Romano-Byzantine and Gothic periods possess 
 
350 
 
 WORDS USED IN ART AND ARCH/EOLOGY. 
 
 representations of zodiacs. They occur on the 
 doorways and other parts of churches from the 
 end of the lOth century. In particular may be 
 noted the one which figures on the bas-reliefs of 
 the frieze in the side apsides of the Romano- 
 Auvergniate church of St. Paul d'lssoire. One 
 of the largest zodiacs, dating from the beginning 
 of the nth century, is that of the church of St. 
 Vezelay. The series of medallions which sur- 
 round the great tympanum representing Christ 
 and the apostles, contain, independently of the 
 signs of the zodiac, representations of the agri- 
 cultural operations belonging to each month of 
 the year. 
 
 Zona, Gr. (i) 
 A girdle, used to 
 gird up the skirts 
 of the di-ess for 
 freedom of ac- 
 tion (Fig. 157) ; 
 Fig. 705. Zona. on occasions of 
 
 solemnity, as sa- 
 crifices or fune- 
 rals, the girdle was relaxed, and the folds of the 
 dress allowed to hang to the feet (Fig. 537) ; 
 as a part of the marriage ceremony it was taken 
 off. Upon the armour of men it supported the 
 kilt, and was worn round the cuirass (Fig. 
 705 ; cf. Fig. 44). It was generally used 
 as a purse. The celebrated girdle {cesttts) of 
 Venus, which conferred beauty and inspired love, 
 is not represented on the statues of that goddess. 
 There is a town on the ^gean Sea called Zona 
 from the belt of trees upon it, still growing in 
 the pi'ocessional order in which they arrived 
 when they left their native plantations and fol- 
 lowed the music of Orpheus. (2) In Architec- 
 ture, an entablature which encircles any isolated 
 building. Lofty buildings surrounded by seven 
 zones were described as scptizonia. (3) In 
 painted vases, horizontal annular bands often 
 decorated with animals. (See ZooPHORi. ) 
 Zonula. Diminutive of Zona. 
 Zoomara, Arab. A double clarionet. 
 Zoophori. Bands of ornament on friezes, 
 vases, &c., representing animals. (See Figs. 
 706, 707.) 
 
 Fig. 706. Greek Vase deco- 
 tated with Zoophori. 
 
 Zophoms, Gr. and 
 R. (^ii>(p6po%). Lite- 
 rally, bearing animals, 
 and thence a frieze, 
 decorated with figures 
 of animals, conven- 
 tional or real. 
 
 Zotheca, Gr. and 
 R. (Cco-07)K7)). A small 
 chamber adjoining a 
 large r apartment, 
 whither the occupant 
 might retire for the 
 purpose of study. (2) 
 A small niche for the 
 reception of a statue, 
 vase, or any other 
 object. The Romans 
 had a diminutive for 
 zotheca, viz. zothecida. 
 
 Zummarah, Eg)'p. 
 A musical instrument; 
 a double reed pipe. 
 
LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, 
 
 ST. JOHN'S SQUARE. 
 
RETURN TO the circuloTion desk of any 
 University of California Library 
 or to the 
 NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 Blcig.400, Richmond Field Station 
 University of California 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 • 2-month loons moy be renewed by celling 
 (510)642-6753 
 
 • 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing 
 books to NRLF 
 
 • Renewals and rechdrges mdy be mdde 4 
 ddys prior to due ddte. 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 a^PR ? 199? 
 
 12,000(11/95) 
 
'ft.'*; 
 
 
 p}