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THE ALKALI MAKERS' HANDBOOK,
LUNGE AND HUBTER.
THE
SPECIALISTS'
SERIES.
THE
ALKALI-MAKERS' HANDBOOK,
TABLES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR MANUFACTURERS
OF SULPHURIC ACID, NITRIC ACID, SODA, POTASH,
AND AMMONIA.
GEOEGE LUNGE, PH.D.,
*\
Professor of Technical Chemistry, Zurich;
FEEDINAND HUETEE, PH.D.,
Consulting Chemist to the United Alkali Co., Limit
SECOND EDITION,
ENLARGED AND THOROUGHLY REVISED.
,>
LONDON: WHITTAKER & CO., 2, WHITE HART STREET,
PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
GEORGE BELL & SONS : YORK STREET,
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T P / 5 t
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THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS,
FHOME, AND LONDON.
PEEFACE TO THE FIEST EDITION,
MOST practical chemists and manufacturers have long felt the want
of uniformity in analytical methods, tables of specific gravities, etc.,
employed by buyers and sellers for the valuation of chemicals, and by
manufacturers for controlling and superintending their various pro-
cesses. Want of uniformity in this respect is constantly leading to
disagreements, and prevents exact comparison of results.
In order to terminate the confusion, Mr. Stroof, manager of the
Griesheim Alkali Works, suggested to the German Society of Alkali
Makers that they should have a standard manual published. This
suggestion was adopted, a committee of seven, of owners and managers
of high reputation, was appointed, and the first of the undersigned
was induced to collect and sift the material for such a manual.
The first condition imposed upon him was to state only one method
for each analytical operation for the preparation of standard solutions
and for sampling the materials. Only one method was to be chosen,
in order that no discrepancies might arise, which would certainly
happen if two or more methods had been introduced.
In selecting the one standard method, the first and most important
consideration was, that the method should permit a certain indispens-
able degree of accuracy. No pains were spared to arrive at a satis-
factory result in this respect. Where there was a choice between
several equally accurate methods, the one occupying least time and
requiring least apparatLis, or one already widely known and employed,
was preferred.
The author prepared a draft, which, together with various sugges-
tions from others, was fully discussed at the several meetings of
the committee. These meetings were held at ..intervals of six and
twelve months respectively, in order to give the author and his
assistants time to carry out experimental researches, to clear up any
v I
doubtful points. Most of these experiments have been described in a
report published partially in the Journal of the Society of Chemical
Industry, 1882, pp. 12, 55, and 91. Public criticism was then invited,
and several important contributions were thus obtained. "Ultimately,
after the complete manuscript had been circulated among the members
of the committee, it was agreed to on all points.
The methods described in this little work are thus acknowledged
by the united voice of the German Alkali and Ammonia manufac-
turers as the most suitable, and are not the arbitrary choice of the
author. Many of the processes, the description of which frequently
only occupies a few lines, are the result of many a month of arduous
labour, and of subsequent anxious d'scussion by all concerned.
The want of standard table 3 of specific gravities of various solutions,
was felt quite as much as the want of standard analytical methods.
For some substances such tables had never been constructed, and for
very few substances indeed were the data provided to reduce the
specific gravity of the solution to a normal temperature. The author
and his colleagues have striven to remedy this defect by a careful
examination of the ex'sting tables, and by supplying now ones where
required.
In addition a number of general tables, useful to alkali manufac-
turers, have been provided. Every care has bsen taken to ensure the
accuracy of these tables, many of them, particularly those referring
to atomic weights, percentage composition, and analytical factors,
having been entirely recalculated.
The German edition, the small compass of which but little betrays
the labour expended upon it, was issued with the expectation that it
would be accepted as a standard work by all German Alkali manufac-
turers, by their customers, and by commercial analysts. This expec-
tation has already been realized in a great measure. It has already
become customary to make these analytical methods and specific
gravity tables binding in all transactions between buyers and sellers,
until the progress of science necessitates the substitution of more
accurate methods and tables in future editions.
From many sides the desire has been expressed that this little work
should be made accessible to the English public. For this purpose the
co-operation of the second of the undersigned was obtained. To him
is due the extensive labour of recalculating all the tables for English
weights and measures. In making these calculations every one of
the tables was, as far as possible, reconstructed from the original data
by graphic interpolation. Errors of computation were avoided as
much as possible by the use of Thomas' Arithmometer and Fuller's
Calculator ; and the hope is expressed that the tables, based on the
English weights and measures, will be found equally reliable as those
based on the metric system. The chapters on Deacon's process and
on chimney-testing are also due to him, and in general he has adapted
the work to suit the wants of English manufacturers. But in no
essential particular does this edition deviate from the German, a few
additions excepted.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
IN this edition numerous small errors of the first edition, almost
unavoidable in such a case, have been corrected, and many minor
improvements have been made. Moreover, for reasons explained by
one of us in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (1890, p.
1013), a considerable number of new methods for analysis have been
introduced.
The new tables for specific gravities of sulphuric, hydrochloric, and
nitric acid, and of liquor ammoniae, constructed with extreme care by
one of us, with his assistants, have b3en substituted for the tables of
Kolb and Carius contained in the first edition.
All suggestions for alterations which have reached us since the
publication of the first edition have been carefully considered, and
have been adopted wherever it was possible and consistent with our
endeavour to maintain unchanged the general scope and character of
the book.
As the size of the page has been somewhat increased, the designa-
tion " handbook " has been substituted for " pocketbook" in the title.
G. LUNGE.
F. HURTEK.
ZURICH AND WIDNES,
August, 1891.
NOTE.
ALL temperatures are indicated in degrees centigrade, unless the
contrary is expressed.
The atomic iveights are stated in table No. 1 in round numbers, and
these are made use of in all calculations contained in this book. This
has been done because the so-called correct atomic weights are not
accepted equally by all chemists, and are subject to alteration by new
researches, whilst there is practically no disagreement concerning the
rounded-off atomic weights of the more important elements, and these
are, at any rate, sufficiently near the truth for all technical purposes.
An exception has been made for platinum, for which the figure adopted
by all German potash manufacturers and analytical chemists has
been retained.
We have, however, also added a table giving the values of atomic
weights assumed by Ostwald to be the nearest approximations to the
truth.
CONTENTS.
TAGS
Preface to First Edition v
Preface to Second Edition vii
Preliminary Note viii
Contents ix
GENEEAL TABLES ........... 1
Table 1. Atomic Weights, Equivalent Weights (in round numbers),
and Valency of Elements "... 2
IA. Accurate atomic weights (Ostwald) 3
2. Symbols, molecular and equivalent weights, and percentage
composition of chemical compounds important to the
Alkali industry 4
3. Factors for calculating gravimetric analyses . . . 12
4. Solubility of different salts 16
5. Solubility of different salts at different temperatures . * 17
6. Solubility of some gases in water 20
7. Solubility of Ammonia in water by weight . . . .21
8. Solubility of Chlorine in water
, 9. Solubility of Hydrogen Chloride in water . ...
10. Specific gravities of different solids ..... 22
11. Weight of substances as stored 24
12. Specific gravity of different liquids 25
13. Specific gravity and percentage of saturated solutions .
11. Specific gravity of gases and vapours 26
15. Linear expansion of different substances . . . .27
16. Comparison of different thermometric scales by Centigrade
degrees as units 28
16u. By Fahrenheit degrees as units ' . 29
17. Conversion of Centigrade into Fahrenheit degrees above 100,
and vice versa, . 30
18. Fusing points . . .31
19. Boiling points 32
20. Reduction of volumes of gases to a temperature of C
21. Reduction of volumes of gases to a pressure of 760 mm.
21u. Factors for reducing a given volume of gas to normal tern
perature and pressure
34
40
46
49
50
51
24. Tension of aqueous vapour in inches of mercury from 1 to
100 Fah 52
2Ju. Tension of aqueous vapour from 100 to 4-10 Fah. . . 54
25. Variation of boiling point of water with different baro-
metric pressures 55
26. Specific heats .... 5 ..... 56
ix
22. Volumes of water at different temperatures . . .
,. 22u. Reduction of water pressure to mercurial pressure .
23. Tensions of aqueous vapour between - 20 and +118 C.
23n. Tensions of aqueous vapour for temperatures above 40 C
PAGE
Table 27. Mathematical tables (circumference and area of circles,
squares, cubes, square and cube roots) .... 57
28. Formulae for mensuration of areas and solid contents . . 71
29. Weights and measures of different countries . .73
30. Tables for reducing English to metrical weights and mea-
sures, and vice versa 7G
31. Weight of sheet metals 80
32. Coinage of different countries
33. Air-compression 82
SPECIAL PART S3
1. FUEL AND FURNACES . 85
A. Fuel (Moisture, fixed carbon, ash) -
B. Furnaces 86
1. Chimney gases
2. Gas from Producers
3. Speed of draught 87
C. Temperature (Pyrometers) 90
2. SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE ........ 91
A. Brimstone ,
B. Spent oxide of gas works 92
C. Pyrites. Moisture. Sulphur 93
Copper. Zinc 94
Carbonic Acid 95
D. Burnt Pyrites. Sulphur. Copper ,96
E. Gases. Burner gases. Chamber exit gases. Sulphur and
Nitrogen Acids. Rules of Alkali Makers' Association . . .97
Nitric Oxide 99
F. SuJpJmric Acid 100
1. Specific gravity of Sulphuric Acid at 60 F.
2. Specific gravity of highly concentrated Sulphuric Acid . . 103
3. Specific gravities and percentage of fuming (Nordhausen) Oil
of Vitriol at different temperatures 101
4. Table for reducing the specific gravities of Sulphuric Acid
to any other temperature . . 105
5. Freezing and melting points of Sulphuric Acid . . . 107
6. Boiling points of Sulphuric Acid 108
7. Percentage of S0 3 in Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol . . . 109
7A. Quantitative estimation of free Sulphuric Acid . . . 110
8. Examination of Sulphuric Acid for other substances . .
(a) Nitrous Acid
(6) Total Nitrogen acids. Nitrometer Ill
Gas-Volumeter . . . 113
Quantitative test for Nitrogen acids 114
(c) Lead -
(d) Iron . . . . .
9. Analysis of fuming Sulphuric Acid (Nordhausen Acid, An-
hydride) 115
3. SALTCAKE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID 116
A. Salt (Common Salt, Bock-salt)
Moisture, Insoluble, Chlorine
Lime , 117
B. Saltcake. Free Acid, NaCl, Iron, Residue, Lime, Magnesia . .
Alumina, Sodium Sulphate 118
si
PVftK
C. Chimney-testing 118
Act of Parliament, Hydrochloric Acid
D. Hydrochloric Acid 120
1. Specific gravities at 15 C
2. Influence of temperature on specific gravity .... 121
3. Analysis : HC1, Sulphuric Acid, Iron 122
4. BLEACHING POWDER AND CHLORATE OF POTASH . . , . .
A. Natural Manganese Ore
1. Manganese Dioxide
2. Carbon Dioxide . 123
3. Hydrochloric Acid required for decomposing . . . .
B. Recovered Manganese Mud and Weldon Liquors , . . .
1. MnO.,
2. Total Manganese
3. Base 124
C. Limestone : Insoluble, Lime
Magnesia, Iron 125
D. Quicklime : Free CaO, CO, ....,...
DA. Slaked Lime . . '. .
Table showing amount of Lime in milk of lime . . . .
E. Bleaching powder. Available chlorine. "* . . . . 126
Comparison of percentage with French degrees . . . .
F. Deacon process: HC1, free Cl 126
G. Chlorate of Potash : Chlorate, Chloride 127
Commercial Chlorate 128
5. SODA-ASH MANUFACTURE
A. Raw Materials : Saltcake, Limestone, Coal (Sulphur) . .
B. Black Ash . .
I. Tests made with the muddy mixture
Free Lime, Total Lime 129
II. Tests made with the clear portion
Sodium Carbonate, Caustic, Sulphide . . . , .
Sodium Chloride, Sulphate, Carbonated sample .... 130
C. Tank Waste ( Vat Waste} .
Available Soda, Total Soda
Total and oxidizable Sulphur 131
D. Tank Liquor ( Vat Liquor] .
Sodium Ferrocyanide
Silica, Alumina, Ferric Oxide 132
E. Carbonated Liquors . ' ."
Bicarbonate
F. Specific gravities of solutions of Sodium Carlonate, at 15 C. . . 133
Ditto, at 30 C 131
Influence of temperature on specific gravities .... 136
G. Commercial Soda-ash 138
Comparison of French, German, and English Alkalimetrical
degrees 139
II. Caustic Soda 141
1. Caustic liquor
Specific gravities of solutions of Sodium Hydrate . . .
Influence of temperature on specific gravities .... 143
2. Lime Mud
3. Fished salts 145
4. Caustic bottoms
5. Commercial Caustic Soda .
PAGE
6. SULPHUR RECOVERY (CHANCE PROCESS) 145
1. Sulphur as Sulphides in vat waste
2. Sulphur as Sulphides in carbonated mud
3. Sulphide-Sulphur + CO 2 in vat wastj
4. Sulphur as Sulphide in solutions
5. Soda, Lime, and Thiosulphate in liquors
6. Lime-kiln gases
14G
147
7. Gas from Gas-holder (H.,S)
8. Exit-gases from the Claus kilns (H,S, SO,) .
7. NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE . . 148
A. Nitrate of Soda
B. Nitre-Cake 149
C. Nitric Acid 150
1. Specific gravities at 15 C
2. Influence of temperature on specific gravity .... 153
3-8. Impurities 155
D. Mixtures of Sulphuric and Nitric Acid . . .....
8. POTASH MANUFACTURE
A. Potassium Chloride
B. Potassium Sulphate .......... 157
C.-H. Limestone, Coal, Black Ash, Tank Waste, Tank Liquor, Carbon-
ated Liquor. . . . . . . . . . .
I. Commercial Carbonate of Potash
Specific gravities of solutions at 15 C 158
Influence of temperature on specific gravitit s 160
9. AMMONIA MANUFACTURE 162
A. Gas Liquor ...........
1. Volatile Ammonia (distillation method)
2. Total Ammonia
3. Total Sulphur 163 \
4. Sulphocyanide
B. Sulphate of Ammonia .........
1. Estimation of Ammonia (bromine metho.l) , . . .
2. Sulphocyanide 164
C. Specific gravities of Liquor Ammonite 165
D. Specific gravitit s of Solutions of Commercial Ammonium Carbonate 166
APPENDIX 167
A. Preparation of Standard Solutions
Introductory -
1. Normal Acid and Alkali 168
2. Potassium Permanganate 170
3. Iodine Solution 171
4. Sodium Arsenite Solution -
5. Silver Solution . . 172
G. Copper Solution
7. Oxalic Acid Solution
B. Rules for Sampling
1. Ores and Minerals
2. Chemicals 174
C. Comparison of the Hydrometer degrees 175
D. Value of Alkali per ton 177
Addendum to p. 86. Checking working of fireplaces and firemen 181
Erratum on page 3 . . . . . . .
Alphabetical Index .182
GENEBAL TABLES.
TABLE I. ATOMIC WEIGHTS, EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS (IN
ROUND NUMBERS), AND VALENCY OF ELEMENTS.
Symbol and
Valency.
Atomic Weight.*
Equivalent
Weight.
Aluminium.
A1 1V
27-5
1375
Sl-,111 V
122
122
Arsenic
Barium
As 1 " v
Ba 11
75
137
75
GS'5
Beryllium
Be"
9'4
47
Bi 111 v
208
208
Boron ...
Bo m
11
11
B romine
Br 1 vn
80
80
Cadmium
Cd u
112
53
Cs 1
133
133
Calcium
Ca"
40
20
Carbon
C IV "
12
6
Cerium
Ce IV
137
G8'5
Chlorine
Cl 1 vn
35"5
35'5
C r ii iv vi
52 5
20 '25
Cobalt
Co" VI
59
29'5
Copoer
Cu 11
G3'5
3175
Didymium
Di IV
144
72
Erbium . ..
Er 111
170'G
85 '3
Fluorine
F
19
19
Gold
An 111
197
197
Hydrogen
Hi 1
1
1
Indium
In 111
113
50'5
Iodine ..
I 1 VI1
127
127
Indium
J r IV VI
193
96'5
Iron
F e II IV VI
5G
28
Lanthanum ...
La lv
139
G'J-5
Lead
Pb" IV
207
1035
Lithium
Li 1
7
7
Magnesium
Mg"
21
12
TVfanga.ninm ,,,
Mu" VI1
55
27'5
Mercury
Hg"
200
100
Molybdenum
Mo VI
96
43
Nickel
Ni n
59
295
Niobium
Nb v
94
47
Nitrogen.
JJIII V
14
14
Osmium
Os IV VI
199
99'5
Oxygen
O 11
16
8
Palladium
p
(NH 4 )oHPO 4
80
132
14
sodium phosphate
(NH 4 )NaHPO 4 +4aq .
209
15
platinum chloride . ..
446-18
16
sulphate
(NH 4 ). 2 SO 4 .,
132
17
sulphocyanate
NH 4 CNS
76
18
Arsenic oxide
As>(X ..
230
19
Arsenious oxide
198
20
trisulphide
AsS 3
246
21
BaO
153
22
hydrate
BaCHO ).,..,
171
23
hydrate cryst
Ba(HO) 2 +8aq
315
24
carbonate
BaCO 3
197
25
chloride .
BaCL>+2aq
244
BaSO 4
233
27
Calcium monoxide
CaO
56
28
hydrate
Ca(HO) 2
74
29
carbonate . ...
CaCO 3
100
an
chloride
CaCl 2
111
31
chloride cryst
CaCl,+6aq
219
39
chlorate
207
33
hy pochlorite
Ca(OCl) 2 !
143
34
phosphate monobasic .
234
35
phosphate dibasic
CaHPO 4 . .
136
36
phosphate tribasic
310
37
sulphate anhydrous .
CaS0 4 1
136
* Modern notation and atomic weights.
WEIGHTS, AND PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL
TO THE ALKALI INDUSTRY.
No.
Equivalent Formula, t
Eqnivlt.
weight.
Percentage Composition.
1
AUO 3
51*5
Al 53-40 O 46-60
2
A1 9 O 3 3HO
73.5
Al O 65-61 H O 34-39
3
A1 2 CJ 3
134
Al 20-5 9 Cl 79-48
4
A1 2 O 3 3S0 3
171 '5
Al O 30-03 SO 69-97 * *
5
6
A1 2 3 3SO 3 +18HO ...
NH,
333-5
17
A1 2 O 3 15-44, SO 3 35-98, H 2 O 48-58
N 82-35 H 17-67
7
g
A1 2 3 3S0 3 + NH 4 OS\
3 +24HO/
3NH T 1CO 2 +2HO ...
453-5
157
A1 2 O 3 11-35, NH 3 3-75. SO 3 35-29, H 2 O
[49-61
NH 3 -:> -49 CO 56-05 H O 11-46
9
NH 4 C1
53-5
NH,, 31-77 H Cl 68-23 '
10
11
12
2MgONH 4 OAs0 5 + |
HO
2MgONH 4 OP0 5 + 12}
HOJ
NH 4 ONO 5 ..
190
245
SO
MgO 21-05, As 2 O 5 60-53, NH 3 8-95, H..O
9-47
MgO 16-30, NH 3 6-93, P 2 O 5 29-09, H 2 O
47-68
NH 3 21-25 N O 67-50 H 2 O ll- 9 5
13
2NH 4 OHOPO 5
132
NH 3 25-68 P 2 O- 53-93 H 2 O 20-39
14
15
NH 4 ONaOHOPO,+ }
8HOJ
NH 4 ClPtCl 2
209
2 9 3-09
NH 3 8-13, Na 2 O 14-83,' P 2 O 5 33-97, H,O
43-06
NH 3 7-62 Pfc 44-19 Cl 47-74, H/45
16
NH 4 OSO, .
66
NH 3 25-76 SO 3 60-61 H 2 O 13-63
17
NH 4 C,NS a
76
NH 4 22-37 H 1-81 CN 34-21, S 42 11
18
AsO 5
115
As 65-22 O 34-78
19
AsO-j ...
09
As 75-76 O 21-24
20
AsS 3
123
As 60-98 S 39-02
21
BaO
76-5
Ba 89-54 O 10-46
22
BaOHO
85'5
BaO 89-47 H,O 10-53
<>3
BaO9HO
157-5
BaO 48-60 H 2 O 51-40
24
BaOCO.,
98-5
BaO 77-60 COo 22-40
23
BaCl + 2HO
122
Ba Clo 85-24. H 2 O 14-76
26
BaOS0 3
116-5
BaO 6o-67 SO 3 34-33
27
CaO
28
Ca 71-43 O 28-57
28
CaOHO
37
CaO 75-67, H 2 O 24-33
29
CaOCO 2
50
CaO 56-00 CO 2 44-00
80
CaCl
Ca 36-05 Cl 63-95
81
CaCl + 6HO ..
109-5
CaCl, 50-69 H,O 49-31
32
CaOClO 5
103-5
CaO 27-05 C1 2 O 5 72-95
88
CaOCIO
71-5
CaO 39-16. Cl 49-65, O 11-19
34
Ca02HOPO-
117
CaO 23-93 P 2 O- 60-68, H.,O 15-38
35
2CaOHOPO5
136
CaO 41-18, POi
CENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Continued.
No.
Equivalent Formula.
Equivlt,
weight.
Percentage Composition.
00
CaOSO 3 + 2IIO
86
CaO 32-56 S0 3 46-51 H 9 O 20-03
qq
CaOSO 2
60
CaO 48-67, SO 2 53-33
40
CaOS 2 O 2 .
76
CaO 36-84 SO 42-11 S 21-05
41
CaS
36
Ca 55-56 S 44-44
A\>
CaS
100
Ca 20-00 S 80-00
4Q
CO,..
22
C 27-27 O 72-73
44
co -
14
C 42-85 O 57-15
JX
CoH,
16
C 75-00 H 25-00
4fi
CJI,
'28
C 85-72 H 14 >9 8
47
CuCl
67-25
Cu 47-21 Cl 52-79
4R
CuO . .
39-75
Cu 79-87 O 20-13
40
CuS
47-75
Cu 66-49 S 33-51
KO
Cu,S
79-5
Cu 79-87 S 20-13
R1
CuOS0 5 5HO
124-75
CuO 31-86 SO 3 3 0? 06 H,0 36-03
r,o
HC1
36-5
Cl 97-26 H 2-74
53
CIO.
43-5
Cl 81-61 O 18-39
1^4
C1OHO
52-5
Cl 67-62 O 30-48 H 1-90
KX
FeoOo
80
Fe 70-0 O 30-0
56
Fe 2 O 3 3HO
107
Fe 2 O 3 74-77 H 2 O 25-23
r;?
FeCl
63-5
Fe 44-09 Cl 55-91
58
FeCldHO
99-5
FeCl 2 63-82 H 2 O 36-18
59
FeoClo
162-5
Fe 34-46 Cl 65-54
60
Fesv!:::::::::::::::::::::
44
Fe 63-64, S 36-36
61
FeS,
60
Fe 46-67 S 53-33
62
FeOS0 3 7HO
139
Fe 20-14, O 5-76, S0 3 28-78, II 2 45-32
63
PbO
111-5
Pb 92-38 O 7*17
64
PbOCO 2
133-5
PbO 83-52, CO 2 16-48
65
PbCl
139
Pb 74-46 Cl 25-54
66
PbOS0 3
151-5
PbO 73-60, SO 3 26-40
67
PbS
118-5
Pb 86-61 S 13-39
63
PbO 2
119-5
Pb 86-61, O 13-39
69
MoO
20
MO- 60-00 O 40-00
70
MoOHO
29
M^O 68-96, H,O 31-04
71
Mo-Cl
47-5
MO- 25-^6 Cl 74-74
72
MCl-f 6HO .
101-5
M^C] 2 46-80, H.,O 53-2
73
MgOCO,
42
MgO 47-62, CO 2 52-38
74
MgOSO 3 +7HO
2Mo-OPO-
123
111
MgO 16-26, SO 3 32-52, H 2 51-22
MgO 36-04, P 2 6- 63-96
76
MnO .
85-5
Mn 77-47, O 22-53
77
Mn 3 O t
114-5
Mn 72-05, O 27-95
8
SYMBOLS, MOLECULAR AND EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS, AND PER-
COMPOUNDS.
Molecular formula.
Manganic oxide
Manganese dioxide
Manganous chloride
sulphate
Nitrosulphonic aci d ,ni trososul phur ic \
acid, chamber crystals /
Nitrous oxide ....
Nitric oxide
Nitrous ajtihydride
Nitric peroxide, tetroxide
Nitric acid...
Mn,O 8
Mn0. 2 .
MnCL
MnSO 4
N0.
NO ,
Phosphoric anhydride
acid, ortho
acid, pyro
acid, meta
HN
sa
PO,
H 4 P.,0 7
Platinum chloride
PtCl 4
Potassium oxide
hydrate
bichromato
carbonate
bicarbonate
chlorate
chloride
ferricyanide, red prussiate
f errocyanide, yellow prus-
[siate
iodide
nitrate
permanganate
phosphate
platinum chloride
silicate
sulphate
bisulphate
sulphide
sulphite
bisulphite
sulphocyanate
Potash, alum
Solenious anhydride
Silicic acid, anhydride
Silver chloride ...
K,O
KOH ...
K 2 Cr 2 O 7
K a CO
KHC0 3
KClOg...
KC1
KJ
KN0 3 ..
KMnO 4
jv 2 ovy 4
KHS0 4 ..
K.S
K,SO 3 2aq
KCNS
KAl(S0 4 ) i 12aq
SeO 2
SiO 2
AgCl
9
CENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Continxed.
No.
Equivalent Formula.
Eqnivlt.
weight.
Percentage Composition.
70
MrioOo
79
Mn 69-62 O 30-38
79
MnOj
43-5
Mn 63-22, O 36'78
SO
MnCl
63
Mn 43-65 Cl 56-35
01
MnOSO 3
75' 5
MnO 47-0 9 S0 3 5-98
or)
2SO HONOo
127
S0 3 6-99 N 2 O^ 29-92 H 2 7-09
pa
NO
22
N 63-64, O 36-36
84
NO,
30
N 46-67, O 53-33
85
1S T O 3
38
N 36-84, O 63-16
Pifi
NO 4 . .
46
N 30-44 O 69-56
87
NO 5 HO
63
NoO 5 85-71, HoO 14-29
88
PO 5
71
P 43-66 O 56-34
89
PO-3HO
98
P 2 O- 72-45 H 2 O 27-55
qo
PO- 9 HO
89
P-O 5 79-77, H 9 O 20-23
91
PO 5 HO
80
P,O 5 88-75 H 2 O 11-25
99
ptCl 2
169-59
Pt 58-13 Cl 41-7
93
KO
47
K 82-98, O 17-02
94
KOHO
56
K,O 83-93, H 2 O 16-07
95
KO2CrO 3
147-5
K 2 O 31-86 CrO, 63-14
c fi
KOCOo
69
K,O 68-12 CO 2 31-88
97
KOHOCOj
100
K 2 O 47-00 CO., 44-00 HoO 9-00
98
KOC1O-
122-5
KoO 38-37 Cl 28-98 O 3^-65
99
KCI
74-5
K 52-35 Cl 47-65
100
3KCyFe 2 Cv,
329
K 35-56 Fe 17-02 CN 47-42
101
2KCyFeC v3HO
211
K 37-03' Fe 13-25, CN 36-93, II 2 12-79
102
KJ
166
K 23-49 J 76-51
103
KONO-
101
KoO 46-54 NoO 5 53-46
104
KOMn 2 O
158
KoO 29-75 MnoO 7 70-25
105
9KOHOPO-
174
K,O 54-0 P,O- 40-81 HO 5-17
10G
KClPtClo
211-09
Pt 40-39 Cl 43-63 K 15-98 (KC1 30-52)
107
KOSiO 2
77
KoO 61-04 SiOo 38-96
108
KOS0 3
87
KoO 54-02 S0 3 45-98
109
KOHO'^SO
136
KoO 34-56 SO 3 58-83 HoO 6-62
110
KS
55
K 70-91, S 29-09
111
KOSO 2 2HO
97
K,O 48-45 SO-, 33-00 HoO 18-55
112
KOHOSO,
120
KoO 39-17 SOo 53-33 H.O7-50
113
KCoNSo ....
97
K 40-21 C 12-37 N 14-43 S 32-99
114
115
JKOSO 3 + AloO s 3S0 3 \
\ +24HO.../
SOo
474-5
55*5
K 2 O 9-91, A1 2 O 3 10-84, SO 3 33-73, H 2 O
45-52
Se 71-17 O 28-83
116
SiO>
30-0
Si 46-67 O 53-33
117
Ao'Cl
143-5
AO- 75-6 Cl 24-74
10
SYMBOLS, MOLECULAE AND EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS, AND PER-
No.
COMPOUNDS.
Molecular formula.
Molcr.
weight.
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
Silver nitrate
AgNOo .
170
248
62
40
58-5
289
382
106
124
286
84
106-5
74-5
85
358
122
142
322
120
234
104
248
78
206
56
61
80
98
178
114
194
226
258
34
225
18
81
136
161
287
97
sulphide. .
AgoS
Sodium oxide
NaoO ....
hydrate
NaHO
chloride
NaCl
aluminate . .
Na 6 Al 2 O r
borate
Na 2 B 4 O-10ao . .. .
Na 2 CO 3
carbonate, monohydrated . . .
carbonate, decahydra ted erst,
b icarbonate
Na 2 CO 3 aq
Nu,CO 3 10aq
NaHCO 3
chlorate
NaClO 3
hypochloritc . . .
NaOCl
nitrate
NaN0 3
phosphate . ...
Na 2 HP0 4 12aq
silicate
Na 2 SiO 3
sulphate . . ...
NaoSO, ,
crvst
Na 2 S0 4 10aq .
bisulphate ....
NaHSO 4
sulphite
bisulphite
NaHSO 3
thiosulphate, hyposulphite...
sulphide
Na
ZnSO 4
t
ZnSO 4 7aq
sulphide
11
CENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS- Continued.
Equivalent Formula.
Eqnivlt.
weight.
Percentage Composition.
Ao-ONO* ,
170
124
31
40
58-5
144-5
191-0
53
62
143
84
106-5
74-5
85
358
61
71
161
120
117
104
124
39
103
56
32
40
49
89
57
97
113
129
17
112-5
9
40-5
68
80-5
143-5
48-5
Ag 63-53, NO 3 36-47
Ag 87-09, S 12-91
Na 74-19, 25-81
Na,O 77-50, H,O 22-50
Na"39-32, Cl 60-68
Na 2 O 64-36, A1 2 O 3 35-64
Na 2 16-23, B 2 O 3 36-65, H 2 O 47-12
Na 2 O 58-49, CO 2 41-51
Na 2 O 50-00, CO 2 35-48, H 2 O 14-52
Na 2 O 21-68, CO 2 15-39, H 2 O 62-93
Na 2 O 36-90. CO 2 52-38, H 2 O 10-71
Na 2 29-10,' C1 2 5 70-90
Na 2 O 41-61, C1 2 O 58-39
Na,O 36-47, N 2 O 5 63-53
Na 2 O 17-32, P 2 O 5 19-84, H,0 62-84
Na 2 50-82, SO 2 49-18
Na 2 O 43-66, S0 3 56-34
Na 2 O 19-25, SO, 24-84, H 2 O 55-91
Na 2 O 25-83, S0 3 66-67, H 2 O 7-50
Na 2 O 26-50, SO 2 27-35, H 2 O 46-15
Na 2 O 29-81, SO 2 61-54, H 9 O 8-65
Na,0 25-00, S 12-90, SO, 25-80, H 2
36-30
Na 58-97, S 41-03, corresponding to
Na 2 S 37-86, S 4 62-14 [79-49 Na 2 O
Na 2 S 69-65, H 2 S 30-35
S 50-00, O 50-00
S 40-00, O 60-00
SO, 81-63, H.,0 18-37
H 2 SO 4 55-06,'SO, 44-91
S0 2 56-14, S 28-07, H 2 O 15-79
SO 3 41-24, S0 2 32-99, S 16-49, H O 9-23
S0 3 35-39, S0 2 28-32, S 28-32, H'.O 7-97
S0 3 31-01, SOo 24-81, S 37-20, H.,O 6-93
S 94-12, H 5-88
Sn 52-44, Cl 31-56, H 2 16-00
H 11-11, O 88-89
Zn 80-25, O 19-75
Zn 47-79, Cl 52-21
ZnO 50-31, SO 3 49-69
ZnO 28-22, SO, 27-87, H,,0 43-91
Zn 67-01, S 32-99
AcS ,
NaO
NaOHO
NaCl
3NaOAl 9 O 3
NaO2B0 3 + 10HO
NaOCOo....
NaOCO 2 + HO
NaOCO, + 10IIO
NaOHO2CO.>
NaOCIO- ..."
NaOCIO
NaONO-
2NaOHOPO 5 + 24HO
NaOSiO,
NaOS0 3
NaOSO 3 + 10HO
NaOHO2S0 3 . .
NaOS0 2 + 6HO
NaOHO2SO, .
NaOS.,Oo + 5HO ......
NaS
NaS 5
NaSHS
so.>
S0 3 .
HOS0 3
HO2SO
HOS,O,
HOS 3 O
HOS 4 O 5
HOS-O-
HS
SnCl+2HO
HO . .
ZnO
ZnCl
ZllOSOg
ZnOS0 2 + 7HO
ZnS
TABLE 3.-FACTORS FOR CALCULATING
Substance Weighed.
Substance to be determined.
Ammonium.
Ammonium Chloride, NH-iCl
Ammonia, NETa
Ammonium platinum chloride, \
Ammonium oxide (NH^jO
Ammonia, NUa
Arsenic. r
Arsenic trisulphide, Afg^s \
Nitrogen, N
Arsenic, As
Arsenic trioxide, Af^Oa
Arsenic Anhydride, A? 2 o s
Arsenic, As
Ammonium magnesium arsenate, J
MfffNFT.^ A Cak-ium oxide, j QQ
Carbon.
Carbonic anhydride, CO
Carbon, C ,.
Calcium carbonate CaCOa
t Carbonic anhydride, | QQ
Chlorine, Cl
Barium carbonate, BaCOa
Chlorine. r
Silver chloride A^Cl ^
Hydrochloric acid, HC1
Copper.
Copper oxide, CuO
Chloric anhydride, ClaOg
Sodium chloride, NaCl
Copper Cu
Copper, Cu
Iron.
Cupric oxide, CuO
Iron, Fe
Lead.
Lead monoxide, PbO
Ferrous oxide, FcC)
Lead, Pb
Lead, Pb
JLcacl sulpiiatc, l boU4 <
T nnA on'WViI/la PKQ 3
Lead oxide, PbO
Lead, Pb.
Lead, Pb
Lead oxide, PbO
Lead oxide, PbO
13
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSES.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0-31776
0-11654
0-07620
0-06276
0-63552
0-23308
0-15240
0-12552
0-95328
0-34962
0-22860
0-18828
1-27104
0-46616
0-30480
0-25104
1-58880
0-58270
0-38100
0-31380
1-90656
0-69924
0-45720
0-37656
2-22432
0-81578
0-53340
0-43932
2-54208
0-93232
0-60960
050208
2-85984
1-04886
0-68580
0-56484
0-60975
0-80438
0-93496
0-39473
0-52105
0-60526
1-21950
1-60976
1-80992
G'78946
1-04210
1-21052
1-82925
2-41464
2-80488
1-18419
1-56315
1-81578
2-43900
3-21552
373984
1-57892
2-08420
2-42104
2-04875
4-02440
4-67480
1-97305
2-60525
3-02630
3-65850
4-82928
5-60976
2-36838
3-12630
3-63156
3-26825
5-63416
6-54472
2*76311
3-64735
4-23682
4-87800
6-43904
7-47968
3-15784
4-16840
4-84208
5-48775
7-24392
8-41464
3-55257
4-68945
5-44734
0-65665
1-31330
1-96995
2-62660
3-28325
3-93990
4-59655
5-25320
5-90985
0'//6oo
0-54839
1-55310
1-09678
2'329G5
1-64517
3-10620
2-19356
3-88275
2-74195
4-65930
3-29034
5-43585
3-83873
6-21240
4-38712
6*98895
4-93551
0-41176
0'56000
0-82352
1-12000
1-23523
1-68000
1-64704
2-24000
2-05880
2-80000
2-47056
3-36000
2-88232
3-92000
3-29408
4-48000
370584
504000
0-27273
0-44000
0-2^335
0-54546
0-88000
0-44670
0-81819
1-32000
0-67005
1-09092
1-76000
0-89340
1-36365
2-20000
1-11675
1-63638
2-64000
1-34010
1-90911
3-08000
1-56345
2-18184
3-52000
1-78680
2-45457
3-96000
2-01015
0-24739
0-25435
0-52613
0-40767
0-49478
0-50870
1-05226
0-81534
0-74217
0*76305
1-57839
1-22301
0-98956
1-01740
2-10452
1-63068
1-23695
1-27175
2-63065
203835
1-48434
1-52610
3-15678
2-44602
1-73173
1-78045
3-68291
2-85369
1-97912
2-03480
4-20904
3-26136
2-22651
2-28915
473517
3-66903
0-79874
0-79874
100000
1-59748
1-59748
2-00000
239622
2-39622
3-00000
3-19496
3-19496
4-00000
3-99370
3-99370
5-00000
4-79244
4-79244
6-00000
559118
5-59118
7-00000
6-38992
6-38992
8-00000
7-18866
7-18866
9-00000
0-70000
90000
1-40000
1-80000
2-10000
2-70000
2-80000
3-60000
3-50000
4-50000
4-20000
5-40000
4-90000
tf'30000
5-60000
7-20000
6-30000
8-10000
0-92825
0-68317
073597
0-8G611
0-93305
1-07730
1-85650
1-36634
1-47194
173222
1-86610
2-15400
2-78475
204951
2-20791
2-59833
2-79915
3-23190
3-71300
2-73268
2-94388
3-46444
3-73220
4-30920
4-64125
3-41585
3-67985
4-33055
4-66525
5-38650
5-56950
4-09902
4-41582
5-19666
5-59830
6-46380
6-49775
4-78219
5-15179
6-06277
653135
7-54110
7-42600
5-46536
* .QO**r*{*
O OO/ /O
6-92888
7-46440
8-61840
8-35425
6-14853
6-62373
779499
8-39745
9-69570
FACTOES FOE CALCULATING
Substance Weighed.
Substance to be determined.
Hydrogen.
Water H 2
Hydrogen, H
Magnesium.
Magnesia, MgO
Magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg^O;
Manganese.
Mangano-manganic oxide, Mn 3 04
Manganese sulphide. MnS ]
Magnesia, MgO
Manganese, Mn ... .
Manganese, Mn
(.
Nitrogen.
Ammonium platinum chloride,
(NH 4 ) 2 PtC1 6
Platinum, Ft ...
Nitrogen, N
Nitrogen , N
Phosphorus.
Magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg- 2 P 2 7
Potassium.
C Phosphoric anhydride, P 2 5
(. Phosphorus, P
Potassium oxide, K 2 O
Potassium chloride, KC1
Potassium oxide, K 2 O
C Potassium oxide, K 2 O
Potassium platinum chloride, E^PtCIc
Sodium.
(. Potassium chloride, KC1 .
Sodium oxide Nn 2 O
Sodium carbonate NogC* '3
Sodium oxide, Na)O
Sodium chloride NaCl
Sodium oxide, Na 2 O
Sulphur. r
Barium sulphate, BaS04 <
Zinc.
Sulphur, S
Sulphuric anhydride, SO^
Sulphurous anhydride, SO 2
Sodium sulphate, NoS0 4
Zinc, Zn
Zinc, Zn
Zinc sulphide, ZnS \
Zinc oxide, ZuO
15
GEAVIMETEIC ANALYSES-contimted,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
011111
0-33333
0-36036
022222
0-66066
0-72072
0-33333
1-00000
1-08108
0-44444
1-33333
1-44144
0"55555
1-66666
1-80180
0-66666
2-00000
2-16216
0-77777
233333
2-52252
0-88888
2-66666
2-88288
i-ooooo
3-00000
3-24324
0-72052
0-63218
0-81609
1-44104
1-26436
1-63218
2-16156
1-89651
2-44827
2-88208
2-52872
3-20436
3-60260
3-16090
4-08045
4-32312
3-79308
4-89654
5-04364
4-42526
5-71263
5-76416
5-05744
6-52872
6-48468
5-68962
7-34481
0-00276
0-14200
0-12552
0-28400
0-18828
0-42000
0-25104
0-56800
0-31380
0-71000
0-37656
0-85200
0-43932
0-99400
0-50208
1-13600
0-56484
1-27800
0-63964
0-27923
1-27928
0-55356
1-91892
0-83784
2-55850
1-11712
3-19820
1-39640
3-83784
1-67568
4-47748
1-95496
5-11712
2-23424
5-75676
2-51352
0-54023
0-63087
0-19255
0-30521
1-08046
1-26174
0-38510
0-61042
1-62069
1-89261
0-57765
0-91563
2-10092
2-52348
0-77020
1-22084
2-70115
3-15435
0-96275
1-52605
3-24138
3-78522
1-15530
1-83126
3-78161
4-41609
1-34785
2-13647
4-32184
5-04696
1-54040
2-44168
4-86207
5-67783
1-73295
2-74689
0-43662
0-58491
0-52991
0-87324
1-16982
1-05982
1-30986
1-75473
1-58973
1-74648
2-33904
2-11964
2-18310
2-92455
264955
2-61972
3-50946
3-17946
3-05634
4-09437
3-70937
3-49296
4-67928
4-23928
392958
5-26419
4-76919
0-13734
0-34335
0-27467
060944
0-27468
0-68670
0-54934
1-21888
0-41202
1-03005
0-82401
1-82832
0-54936
1-37340
1-09868
2-43776
0-68670
1-71675
1-37335
3-04720
0-82404
2-06010
1-64802
3-65664
0-96138
2-40345
1-92269
4-26608
1-09872
274680
2-19736
4-87552
1-23606
3-09015
2-47203
5-48496
0-80295
0-670/8
0-83539
1-60590
1-34156
1-67078
2-40885
2-01234
2-50617
3-21180
2-68312
3-34156
4-01475
3-35390
4-17695
4-81770
4-02468
5-01234
5-62065
4-69546
5-84773
6-42360
5-36624
6-68312
7-22655
6-03702
7-51851
10
TABLE 4.-SOLUBILITY OF DIFFERENT SALTS.
REMARK. The solubility is given in parts of the anhydrous salt dissolved
by 100 parts of water.
100 Water Dissolve.
Cold.
Boiling.
9
422
potash .
8-5
357
Aluminium sulphate
83
89
Ammonium oxalate
4-5
40-8
nitrate
199
sulphate
66
100
Barium chloride . ..
35
60
hydrate
5
10
nitrate
8
35
Boric acid
2
21
Bromine
3
Calcium carbonate
0-0036
400
hydrate .
0-128
0-079
nitrate
400
sulphate
0-23
0-21
Copper acetate
7
19-8
nitrate
127
sulphate
21
75
Iron protosulphate
20
178
Lead acetate
46
71
3
5
nitrate .
48
139
008
IVIafirnesium oxide . ...
002
002
carbonate
02
chloride
200
400
Man^anous chloride
62
123
Oxalic acid
11-5
100
Potassium hydrate
200
chromate (neutral)
48
bichromate
10
102
oxalate (acid) . ...
2-5
10
100
thicjjulphate . ...
deliouescent
0-4
10-5
tartrate (neutral)
133
296
cyanide
122
28
91
f erricyanide
40
82
141
221
Sodium acetate
35
150
borate
4
55
hydrate
61
thiosulphate
50
more than 200
17
SOLUBILITY OF DIFFEBENT SALTS continued.
100 Water Dissolve.
Cold.
Boiling.
Sodium phosphate . . . .
12
sulphite
25
100
Strontium hydrate
1-6
34-8
nitrate
20
113
chloride
53
102
Tartar ic acid
76
200
Tin (stannous) chloride
270
300
sulphate
50
95
j.-
Off -
&,
TABLE 5.-SOLUBILITY OF CERTAIN SALTS AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.
Ammonium Carbonate.
100 parts water dissolve (Berzelius)
at
13 25 parts
17 30
32 37
41 40
49 50
Ammonium Chloride.
100 parts water dissolve at
15 35-68 parts NH 4 C1 (Gerlach)
19 36-8 (Schiff)
100 100
Calcium Chloride.
1 part anhydrous CaCl 2 dissolves
(Kremers) at"
10-2 in 1-58 parts water
20 1-35
40 0-83
60 0-72
1 part CaCl 2 , 6aq., dissolves at
10 in 0-5 parts water
16 0-25
100 every proportion
Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salts).
100 parts water dissolve (Gay-
Lussac and Tobler) at
24-7 MgS0 4 as cryst. salt
10 30-5
20 35-0
25 37-1
30 39-8
40 47-0
50 49-7
55 52-8
60 55-9
70 60-4
80 65-1
90 70-3
105-5 132-50 (Griffiths)
Potassium Carbonate.
(1) Anhydrous (Osann).
1 part dissolves at
3 in 1-05 parts water
6 0-962
12-6 0-900
26 0-747
70 0-490
15 0-922 (Gerlach).
c
18
SOLUBILITY OF CEETAIN SALTS AT DIFFEKENT
TEMPEEATUEES continued.
(2) Crystallized (Poggiale).
100 parts water dissolves at
83-12K 2 CO 3 =131-15K 2 C0 3 .2a(i.
10 88-72 142-50
20 94-06 153-70
30 100-03 166-85
40 106-20 18007
50 112-90 196-60
60 119-24 212-35
70 127-10 232-84
80 134-25 252-57
90 143-18 278-72
100 153-66 311-85
135 205-11 526-10
Potassium Bicarbonate.
100 parts water dissolve (Poggiale) at
19-61 parts KHC0 3
10 23-23
20 26-91
30 30-57
40 34-15
50 37-92
60 41-35
70 45-24
Potassium Chlorate.
100 parts water dissolve at
3-33 parts KC1O 3 (Gay-Lus-
13-32 5-60 sac)
15-37 6-03
24-43 8-44
35-02 12-05
49-08 18-96
74-89 35-40
104-78 60-24
17 6-68 (V. Meyer)
18 6-82
98 55-50
Potassium Chloride.
100 parts water dissolve at
29-21 KC1 (Gay-Lussac)
11-8 34-6 (Kopp)
13-8 34-9
15-6 35
19 34-53 (Gay-Lussac)
52 43-59
79 50-93
109-6 59-26
Potassium Nitrate.
100 parts water dissolve at
13-32 parts KNO 3 (Gay-Lus-
5-01 16-72 sac)
11-67 22-23
17-91 29-31
24-94 38-40
35-13 54-82
45-10 74-66
54-72 97-05
65-45 125-42
79-72 169-27
97-66 236-45
114-5 281-61
Potassium Sulphate.
100 parts water dissolve at
12-5 10 K,S0 4 (Brandes and .Firn-
15 10-38" haber)
31-25 14
37-5 17
50 25
56-25 22
68-75 21-95
87-5 25
100 26
101-7 21-21
Sodium Carbonate.
100 parts water dissolve at
[(Loewel)
6 97NaoCO 3 21-33NaoCO 3 10aq.
10 12-06 ' 40-94
15 16-20 63-20
20 21-71 92-82
25 28-50 149-13
30 37-24 273-64
32 59 (Mulder)
3479 46-2
80 45-9
85 45-7
90 45-6
95 45-4
100 45-1
Boiling point of the saturated
solution 106
19
SOLUBILITY OF CEETAIN SALTS AT DIFFEKENT
TEMPEE ATUEES - continued .
Sodium Bicarbonate.
20- 89-55
100 parts water dissolve at
6-90 NaHC0 3 (Dibbits)
i r\ o -i v
30 95-37
40 102-31
50 111-13
10 8-lo
60 119-94
20 9-60
70 129-63
30 11-10
80 140-72
40 12-70
60 14-45
90 153-63
100 16820
60 16-40
120 225-30
Sodium Chloride.
The saturated solution boils at 122
100 parts water dissolve at
-15 32-73 NaCl (Poggiale)
Sodium Sulphate.
-10 33-49
100 parts water dissolve (Gay-
- 5 34-22
Lussac) at
35-52
5-02Na,S0 4 12-17NaoS04,10aq
+5 35-63
11-67 10-12 " 26-38
9 35-74
13-30 11-74 31-33
14 35-87
17-91 16-73 48-28
25 36-13
25-05 28-11 99-48
40 36-64
28-76 37-35 161-53
50 36-98
30-75 43-05 215-77
60 37-25
31-84 47-37 270-22
70 37-88
32-73 50-65 322-12
80 38-22
33-88 50-04 312-11
90 38-87
40-15 48-78 291-44
100 39-61
45-04 47-81 276-91
109-7 40-35
50-40 46-82 262-35
59-79 45-42
Sodium Chlorate.
70-61 44-35
100 parts water dissolve at
84-42 42-96
81-9 NaClO 3 (Kremers)
103-17 42-65
20 99
40 123-5
Sodium Thiosulphate (hyposulphite).
60 147-1
80 175-6
100232-6
100 parts water dissolve (Mulder) at
47-6 Na,S 2 O 3 as cryst, salt
16 65
120 333-3
20 69
Sodium Nitrate.
25 75
30 82
100 parts water dissolve at
35 89
- & 68-80 NaNOs (Poggiale)
40 98
+0 79-75
45 109
10 84-30
47114
16 87-63
60 192 (Kremers)
ui g
^
8 i.
I!
3.2
CGQ
II
c-S
^'3
vH CO >.O
b- o ^n
i ^ co
CM 01
> O
^6
-<35 GO
l> O5
T-HiH
M CM CM
CO (M iH
iiOOiC
> O> CO CO
ift iH O ^
O2 t> iO CO > I O
t> l> t> L>- t> l>
'O OOOOO OO'
o 66666 '66666 66
cp co cp p p ppTHTHp^cpcpcpcp
rH CM CO CT. CO O O
s feststs
CppTHCpIp
SfecSSc3
CO O C72 CO TH CO O CM CO O5 T^ CO CO lO G2 CO
Oppcpcpp Cpb-THCpp JpOCOrHh-CM
dioDcoTficb TH6obcb>b
CMOCtit^CD
-^i T}1 CO CO CO
O l^-. O ^tl O5 1C CO TH O TH
CO 00 TH CO XO 00 TH r* b- O
O 5p CO L^ CD p p -^ CO CO
cbcbcbcbcb cbcbcb^cb
coco
66666
CM iO CM CM CO
' CO C5 XO -tf
I iO TH r-l iO rH
cocococo.co cococococo cocococococo
O^ Oi C^ C^ O^ Gt> G5 G^ Ot) O^ GJ Gi O G^ G5 Gi
ooooo
66666
OOOOO 000'
66666 666'
O O OO 00 O
.6 666666
<*- O- !> CD
i> 10 * CM 6-1 6
i o o o cp o o o '
16666 6 6 6 (
ooo oo o
666666
lOCOt>OOO> OiH
21
TABLE 7.-SOLUBILITYQF AMMONIA IN WATER BY WEIGHT.
(Solubility by Volame in Table 6.) Ig. Water Dissolves at 760 mm.
pressure (Roseoa and Dittmar).
At
gNH,
.At
I
gNir,
At
gNII s
At
.gNU,
- 0-875
16
0-582
30^
0-403
44
0-275
2
0-833
18
0-554
32
0-382
46
0-259
4
0-792
20
0-526
34 ;
0-362
48
0-244
6
0-751
22
0-499
36
0-343
50
0-229
8
0-713
24
0474
38
0-324
52
0-214
10
0-679
26
0-449
40
0-307
54
0-200
12
0-645
28
O426
42
0-290
56
0-185
14
0-612
TABLE 8.-SOLUBILITY OF CHLORINE IN WATER.
(SchOrifeld.)
1 Vol. Water absorbs Vols. Chlorine, calculated at 10 and 760 mm. pressure.
At
Vol. Chlor.
At
Vol. Chlor. !
i
At
Vol.jChlor.
At
Vol. Chlor.
10
2-5852
IV
2-2405
26
' 1-9099
34
1-5934
11
2-5413"
19
2-1984
27
1-8695
35
1-5555
12
2-4977'
20
2-1565
28
1-8295
36
1-5166
13
2-4543
21
2-1148
29
1-7895
37
1-4785
14
2-4111
22
2-0734
30
1-7499
38
1-4406
15
2-3681
23
2-0322
31
1-7104
39
1-4029
16
2-3253
24
1-9912
32
1-6712
40
1-3655
17
2-2828
25
1-9504
33
1-6322
TABLE 9.-SOLUBILITY OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN
WATER.
1. Br WEIGHT (Eoscoe and Dittmar). Ig. Water absorbs at 760mm.
pressure.
At
gHCl
At
gHCl
At
gnci
At
giici
0-825
16
0-742
32
0-665
48
0-603
4
0-804
20
0-721
33
0-649
52
0-589
8
0-783
24
0-700
40
0-633
56
0-575
12
0-762
28
0-682
44
0-618
60
0-561
22
SOLUBILITY OF HYDKOGEN CHLORIDE IN WATER continued.
2. BY VOLUME (Deicke). Iccm. Water absorbs at a pressure of 760mm.
At
ccm. HC1
Spec. Grav. of the Acid
Formed.
Percentage of HC1 in
same.
525-2
1-2257
45-148
4
497-7
1-2265
44-361
8
480-3
1-2185
43-828
12
471-3
1-2148
43-277
14
462-4
1-2074
42-829
18
451-2
1-2064
42-344
18-25
450-7
1-2056
42-283
23
435-0
1-2014
41-536
TABLE 10.-SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF DIFFERENT SOLIDS.
Alderwood .
0-5-0-6
Brickwork
1-5-1-7
4-15
Bricks ordinary
1-4-2-2
Alum ammonia .
1-626
8-4 8-7
potash
1-724
Calamine
4-1-4-5
Alumina sulphate cr3 r st
1-596
Chalk
1-8-2-7
Aluminium
2-76
Calcium chloride, crvst.. . .
' 1-612
Alumstone . .
2-8
chloride, anhydrous
2-240
1-707
silicate
2-9
1-77
carbonate
2-7
chloride
1-528
phosphate
3-18
Anhy drou s gypsum
2-96
1-4 1-7
sulphate, anhydrous
Calcspar
2-927
2-72
Antimony
6-7
1-16-1-27
3-884
Cement
2-7-3-05
Arsenic acid
4-250
China clay, kaolin
2-21
Asphalt ...
1-1-1*2
Charcoal, organic
1-57
0-7 0-8
wood
0-3-0-5
2-664
Coke porous
0-4
carbonate
4*56
Coal porous
1-16-1-63
sulphate (spar) . . .
4-73
1-66
Copper, metallic, cast
hammered
8-726
8-94
Bauxite *
4-1-4-3
Basalt
2-8-3-2
oxide
6-43
0-7-0-8
sulphate
2-27
0-7 0-8
5-97
9-85
Clay
1-8-2-6
Cryolite
2-96
cite)
2-9
Elmwood
0-67
1-692
Fat animal
0-82
1-479
! Felspar ... .. .
2-532-6
1-830
Fibres vegetable
1-51
1-2-1-4
0-6
SPECIFIC GEAVITIES OF DIFFEEENT SOLIDS-continued.
Firebricks
1-85
Pinewood red
0-5
Flint
2-7
Platinum
21-1
Glass, green
2-642
Pockwood
1-263
plate . .
2-450
Poplar
0-38
crystal, Bohem. ...
2-9-3-0
Porcelain
2-1-2-5
flint Eno-1
3-4 3-44
Porphyry
2-8
Glauber's salt cryst
1-52
Potash
2-3
an hy drou s
2-63
Potassium carbonate
2-264
Granite
2-5 2-9
chlorate.
2-35
Gypsum plaster-of-paris
2-322
chloride
1-945
cast dry
97
chromate
2-603
Heavy spar
4-3-4-48
nitrate
2-058
Iodine . . .
4-948
sulphate .
2-66
Iron, wrought
7-4-7-9
bisulphate . . .
2-277
grey cast
6-6-7-3
hydrate
2-044
white cast
7-1 7-9
Quartz
2-7
peroxide
5-22
Resin
1-07
hydrated oxide .
3-94
Eock salt
2-1-2-2
magnetic oxide
5-4
Sal-ammoniac
1-528
carbonate
3-87
Sand dry
1-4-1-6
sulphate, cryst
1-904
damp
1-9-2-0
pyrites white ....
4-65 4-88
Sandstone . .
1-9-2-5
5-18
Silver
10-6
Larchwood
0-44 0-5
Silver chloride . . .
5-501
Li"nite .
1-2 1-4
Slate
2-7
Lime, burnt, quick
3-08
Sodium carbonate ;uih....
2-509
Limewocd . .
0-5
carbonate cryst
1-454
Litharge
9-36
chloride
2-078
Lead cast
11-3
nitrate
2-226
red
8-62
sulphate
2-63
chromate
6-00
sulphide
2-471
acetate cr\*st
2-395
thiosulphate
1-736
carbonate
6-47
hydrate
2-130
nitrate
4-40
Steel
7-80
sulphide
7-505
Steel cast
7-92
sulphate . . .
6-169
hardened
7-66
chloride
5-802
Sulphur native
2-069
Magnesia calcined
3-2
sticks fresh
1-98
2-94
sticks old
2-05
Magnesite
2-9 3-1
soft amorphous
1-96
Magnesium sulph., cryst.
chloride, cryst.
1-751
1-558
Sulphuric anhydride
Tin cast -.
1-97
7-21-7-4
2-94
hammered
7-475 -sv.
4-7-5-0-
"Willow wood
O-S-O-olfl
Marble
2-5 2-8
Witherite
4-30
Nickel .
8-9
6-8
OalcAvood, dry
0-85 0-95
rolled
7-2
Phosphorus yellow
l-8 9 6
blende
3-9-4-2
2-106
oxide
5-73 -
Pinewood, white
0*55
sulphate
2-036
2-1
TABLE II. WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCES AS STORED.
SUBSTANCE.
ICub.
Metre
Weighs
ICub.
Foot
Weighs
Tons
per
Cub. Foot.
Bricks
Kilo.
2100
1200
1650
1570
2000
1800
1000
1330
1770
400
330
420
2500
2340
1520
1310
1335
689
1180
1400
962
1268
810
1195
1010
986
1058
497-593
721-834
2210
1550
417-534
1600
738
Ib.a.cl.p.
131
75
103
98
125
112
62-5
83
110
24-5
20-5
26
156
146-5
95-0
81-5
83
43
73-5
87-5
60
79
50-5
74-5
63
61-5
66
31-37
45-52
138
96-5
26-33
100
46
0584
0335
0459
0437
0558
0500
0279
0370
0491
0107
0091
0116
0696
0654
0424
0364
0375
0192
0328
0391
0268
0352
0225
0332
0281
0274
0295
0151
0216
0616
0431
0131
0446
0205
Clay damp
Limestone and other Building Stones
Mortar (lime and sand)
Sand dry
Fir Lo^s .
RAW MATERIALS, ETC., FOR ALKALI WORKS.
smalls
Nitre
Nitrecake (acid Sulphate of Soda)
Salt
Black Ash (lumps)
Alkali Waste (wet)
Soda Salts (Na,CO 3 + HoO) (drained)
Soda A'vh (unground)
Soda Crystals
Bicarbonate (ground)
Quicklime (small lumps)
Bleaching Powder
Coke (for fillin cr towers)
Flints
25
TABLE 12.-SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS.
Specific
Gravity.
At
Temp.
Specific
Gravity.
At
Temp.
.Alcohol
0-7939
12-5
Nitrogen peroxide
1-064
17
(liquid)
1-45
Bisulphide of carbon.
1-272
Olive oil
0-917
15
Benzene
0-85
15*5
Petroleum
0-78-0-81
15
Coal tar
1-15
15
B/apeseed oil
0-9136
15
Ether
0-723
19-5
Sulphurous anhy-
Glycerine
1-260
15
dride (liquid)
1-45
-20
I/ins a ed Oil . .
0-9347
15
Sea water
1-02-1-04
15
Mercury
13-596
Spirits of turp'ntine
0-865
15
TABLE 13.-SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND PERCENTAGE OF
SATURATED SOLUTIONS.
T/ie percentage refers to anhydrous salt.
Tem-
peratui e.
Per-
cent apre
of Salt.
Specific
Gravity.
Degrees
Twaddell.
A-mmonium chloride
15
26-30
1-0776
sulphate
19
50-00
1-2890
57-8
Barium chloride
15
25-97
1-2827
56-5
Calcium chloride .
15
40-66
1-4110
89-2
Ma fmesium s u Iphate
15
25-^5
1-2880
57-6
Potassium chloride
15
21-90
1-1723
34-4
carbonate
15
52-02
1-5708
114
nitrate
15
21-07
1-1441
28-8
sulphate
15
9-92
1-0831
16-6
Sodium chloride
15
26-395
1-2043
40-8
carbonate
15
14-35
1-1535
30-7
nitrate
195
4(3.95
1-3804
76
sulphate
15-0
11-95
1-1117
22-3
26
TABLE 14.-SPECIFIO GRAVITY OF GASES AND VAPOURS.
North Latitude, 52 30', 130 feet above sea level.
Gas.
Mole-
cular
weight.
Speci6c
gravity.
Air = l.
Grams per
litre at
7GOmin. &
0C.
Grains per
cnh. foot.
29'92"&32F.
Lbs. per *
cui). foot
2J'fl2" &
32' F.
Ammonia
NH 3
17
0-58890
0-76199
332-96
04757
Atmospheric air t ..
Bromine
Br*
160
1-00000
5-52271
1-293909
7-14588
565-16
819-1
08074
4460
Cl,
71
2-44921
3-16906
1384-73
1978
Carbonic oxide
CO
28
096709
1-25133
546-78
07811
Carbonic anhydride
CO.,
C. 2 H 4
44
28
1-51968
0-96744
1-96633
1-25178
859-21
546-98
12274
07814
Hydrog ^n
fT 3
2
0-06923
0-08958
39-1439
0055919
Hydrogen chloride
Iodine.
HC1
I 9
36-5
254
1-25922
8-756
1-62932
11-328
711-94
4949-90
1017
7071
IVEe thane
CH,
16
0-55297
0-71549
312-64
04466
Hg
200
8-9582
3914-39
5592
Nitrogen
No
28
0-97010
1-25523
548-47
07835
Nitrous oxide
N,b
44
1-52269
1-97093
860-90
12?9
NO
30
1-03767
1-34261
586-66
08381
Nitrous anhydride
Nitric peroxide
^
Oxygen .....
N 2 3
NO 2
N 2 4
Oo
76
46
92
32
2-630
1-592
3-184
1-10521
3-40412
2-06039
4-12078
1-43003
1487-46
900-31
1800-63
624-85
2125
1286
2572
089'>6
Sulphuretted \
hydrogen /
Sulphurous \
anhydride /
H 2 S
S0 2
S 2
34
64
64
1-17697
2-21295
2-2155
1-52290
286336
. 2-86663
665-44
1251-19
1252-59
09506
1787
1789
Water
H 9 O
18
0-62182
0-80458
351-57
05022
* For calculations with large quantities of gas it is sufficiently accurate to assume that
10,000 cubic feet weigh as many cwt. ns the molecular weight of the gas divided by 4 indi-
cates. For example, 10,000 cubic feet of sulphuretted hydrogen weigh -V= 8 ' 5 cwt.
(Exactly, it would be 8'48S cwt.)
27
TABLE 15.-LINEAR EXPANSION OF DIFFERENT
SUBSTANCES.
By variation of temperature from to 100 C. (32-212 F.)
Brass I 0-001868
Charcoal from oak ' 0-001200
fir ' 0-00100
Copper ! 0-001718
Glass, flint ! 0-000817
white 0-000861
green ' 0-000786
Gold 0-001466
Iron, wrought 0-001235
cast 0-001110
Lead 0-002848
Marble of Carrara 0-000849
St. Beat 0-000418
Platinum 0-000884
Silver 0-001908
Solder, hard 0-002058
Steel, hardened 0-001240
not hardened 0-001079
Tin 0-001938
Water 0-015538
Zinc ...; ! 0-002942
535
833
1000
582
1219
1161
1305
682
812
1 : 901
351
1178
2392
1132
524
486
807
927
516
71-4
1:340
28
co o "*< co o T? ] tO-*C. C5 C C-l -f 1 b CO CS i CO io t> CO O
eo co co so w ^t t -t ^ -* rf 10 >-c i 10 in 10 o o o o -o i^
s
I S
CO
o^
?
o
co
+
O
CO O ''Ji d COO'*
CO
c^ oj
I +
TABLE I7.-CONVERSION OF CELSIUS INTO FAHRENHEIT
DEGREES ABOVE 100 AND VICE VERSA.
Divide the degrees above 100 into hundreds and a remainder. The figure
corresponding to the hundreds is taken from the following tables and added
to that corresponding to the remainder as taken from Table 17. If, on
converting Fahrenheit into Celsius, the "remainder" amounts to 32, or
below this, the degrees Celsius corresponding to it are negative (below freez-
ing point), and hence must be deducted from the figures of the following
table. Also take notice, for example, that 300 F. is not = 1667 C., but =
1GG-7 - 17-8, or = 111-1 + 37-7 = 148-9 C.
A.
Ccls.
- Fahr.
Cols.
Fahr.
Gels.
Fahr.
Cels.
Fahr.
100
180
600
1080
1100
1980
1600
2880
200
360
700
1260
1200
2160
1700
3060
300
540
800
1440
1300
2340
1800
3240
400
720
900
1620
1400
2520
1900
3420
500
900
1000
1800
1500
2700
2000
3600
Fahr.
Cels.
Fahr.
Cels.
Fahr.
Cels.
Fahr.
Cels.
100
55-6
1000
556-6
1900
1055-6
2800
1555-6
200
111-1
1100
611-1
2000
1111-1
2900
1611-1
300
166-7
1200
666-7
2100
1166-7
3000
1666-7
400
222-2
1300
722-2
2200
1222-2
3100
1722-2
500
277-8
1400
777-8
2300
1277-8
3200
1777-8
600
333-3
1500
833-3
2400
1333-3
3300
1833-3
700
388-9
1600
888-9
2500
1388-9
3400
1888-9
800
444-4
1700
944-4
2600
1444-4
3500
1944-4
900
500
1800
1000
2700
1500
TABLE 18.-FUSING POINTS.
C.
F.
Aluminium
700
1292
Antimony
432
809
Asphalt ....
100
212
Bismuth
260
500
Boric Acid
186
867
Brass
COO
1652
Bromine
22
7-6
Bronze
900
1652
Cadmium
316
600
Cobalt
1500
2732
Colophonium
135
275
Copper .
1100
2012
Cupric chloride
498
928
Cuprous chloride
434
813
Fat, oxen
40
104
sheep
42
107-6
pi " ..
27
80-6
Fluorspar
902
1655
Glass .
1200
2192
Glass containing lead
1000
1832
Gold
1075
1967
Iron cast white .
1075
1967
crcv
1275
2327
wrought ...
1550
2822
113
235-4
326
618
oxide ...
954
1749
chloride .
498
928
Magnesium
500
932
IVEercu ry
39
-38-2
JVIercuric chloride
293
560
Naphthalene
79
174-2
K ickel
1500
2732
Palm oil
29
84-2
Paraffin
45-60
113-140
Pitch (coal tar)
150-200
300-400
Phosphorus
41
111-2
32
FUSING POINTS-co;iHM*Z.
C.
F.
Platinum
1775
3227
Potassium chlorate
359
678
iod ide
634
1173
carbonate .
834
1533
nitrate
329
624
Stearic acid
70
158
Steel . .
1375
2507
Silver metallic
960
1760
451
843-8
nitrate
217
422
825
1517
Selenium .
217
422
Sodium chloride
772
1421
sulphate . .
861
1581
nitrate
316
600
chlorate
302
575
carbonate
814
1497
45-50
113-122
Thallium
290
554
Tin
230
446
Wax bee's
62-70
143-158
Zinc...,
412
773
TABLE 19.-BOILING POINTS.
C.
F.
78
172-4
Ammonia, anhydrous
-38-5
-37-3
nitrate, satur. solution
164
327
Barium chloride, satur. solution
104-4
220
Bisulphide of carbon
47-0
116-6
Benzene
80-4
177
Bromine
63-0
145-4
Calcium chloride satur solution
179-5
355-1
66 per cent, solution
156
312-8
33 per cent solution .
128
262-4
33
BOILING POINTS. Continued.
Calcium nitrate, satur. solution 152
Carbon dioxide ; 78
Ether ..-. , , 35
Hydrochloric acid, 20-2 per cent. HC1 ; ....;... . 110
Iodine .;. ..;,,., >;...;.,.;; ; i; . ..,..;...; above 200
Methylio alcohol ;...,., 60
Mercury ; ;....; ; ,. ; 357
Naphthalene 217
Nitric acid, most concentrated ...,.......; 86
specific gravity 1*42.....;.... 121
Nitrous anhydride ...; ; :.... 2
oxide ; 88
Nitrogen peroxide . ;.... 28
Potassium chloride, satur. solution 110
chlorate, satur. solution 105
acetate, satur. solution 169-4
carbonate, satur. solution 135
nitrate, satur. solution 118
Sodium chloride satur. solution 108-4
acetate 124-4
carbonate 106
phosphate 106-6
nitrate 122
Sulphur, 448
Sulphuric acid, H 2 SO 4 326
anhydride a 15
/3 50
Sulphurous anhydride 10
Turpentine, spirits of , 160
C.
305-6
-108
95
230
392
140
674-6
422-6
186-8
249-S
28-4
-126
82-4
230
221
336-9
275
244-4
227-1
255-9
222-8
223-8
251-6
838
618-8
59
122
14
320
34
TABLE 20. REDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF
I. Table for reducing the volumes
1
2
3
4
5
6
f-O
/
8
9
10 |
1
0-996
0-993
0-989
0-986
0-982
0-978
0-97s| 0-972
0-968
0-965
2
1-993
1-985
1-978
1-973
1-964
1-957
1-950 1-943
1-936
1-929
3
2'989
2-978
2-967
2-957
2-946
2-936
2-925 2-915
2-904
2-894
4
3-985
3-971
3-956
3-942
3-928
3-914
3-900 3-886
3-872
3-859
5
4-982
4-964
4-946
4-928
4-910
4-893
4-876! 4-858
4-841
4-824
6
5-978
5 '956
5-935
5-913
5-892
5-871
5-850 5-830
5-809
5-788
7
6-974
6-949
6-924
6-899
6-874
6-850
6-825 6-801
6-777
6-753
8
7-970
7-942
7-913
7-885
7-856
7-828
7-800 7-773
7-745
7718
9
8-967
8-934
8-902
8-870
8-838
8-807
8-775 8-744
8-713
8-682
10
9'963
9-927
9-891
9-856
9-820
9-785
9-750
9'716
9-681
9-647
11
10-96
1092
10-88
10-84
10-80
10-76
10-73
10-69
10-65
10-61
12
11-96
11-91
11-87
11-83
11-78
11-74
11-70
11-66
11-62
11-57
13
12-95
12-91
12-86
12-81
1276
12-72
12-68
12-63
12-59
12*54
14
13-95
13-90
13-85
13-80
13-75
13-70
13-65
13-60
13-55
13-50
15
14-95
14-89
14-84
14-78
14-73
14-68
14-63
14-57
14-52
14-47
16
15-94
15-88
15-83
15-77
15-71
15-66
15-60
15-55
15-49
15-43
17
16-94
16-87
16-82
16-75
16-69
16-64
16-58
16-52
16-46
16-40
18
17-93
17-87
17-81
17-74
17-67
17-61
17-55
17-49
17-43
17-36
19
18-93
18-86
18-79
18-72
18-65
18-59
18-53
18-46
18-39
18-33
20
19-93
19-85
14-/8
1971
19-64
19-57
19-50
19-43
19-36
19-29
21
20-93
20-84
20-77
20-69
20-62
20-55
20-48
20-40
20-33
20-26
22
21-92
21-84
21-76
21-68
21-60
21-53
21-45
21-37
21-30
21-22
23
22-92
22-83
22-75
22-66
22-58
22-51
22-43
22-35
22-26
22-18
24
23-92
23-82
23-74
23-65
23-56
23-48
23-40
23-32
23-23
23-15
25
24-91
24-81
24-73
24-64
24-55
24-46
24-38
24-29
24-20
24-11
26
25-91
25-81
25-72
2562
25-53
25-44
25-35
25-26
25-17
25-08
27
26-90
26-80
26-71
26-61
26-52
26-42
26-33
26-23
26-13
26-04
28
27-9/)
27-79
27-69
27-59
27-50
27-40
27-30
27-20
27-10
27-01
29
28-90
28-78
28-68
28-58
28-48
28-38
28-28
28-17
28-07
27-97
30
29-89
29'78
29-67
29-57
29-46
29-36
29-25
29-15
29-04
28-94
31
30-89
30-77
30-66
30-55
30-44
30-34
30:23
30-12
30-01
29-91
32
31-88
3176
31-65
31-54
31-42
31-32
31-20
31-09
30-98
30-87
33
32-88
32-76
32-64
32-52
32-40
32-30
32-18
32-06
31-94
31-84
34
33-88
33-75
33-63
33-51
33-38
33-27
33-15
33-03
32-91
32-80
35
34-87
34-74
34-62
34-50
34-37
34-25
34-13
34-01
33-88
33-77
36
35-87
35-74
35-61
35-48
35-35
35-23
35-10
34-98
34-85
34-73
37
36-87
36-73
36-60
36-47
36-33
36-21
36-08
35-95
35-82
35'70
38
37-86
37-72
37-59
37*45
37-32
37-19
37-05
36-92
36-79
36-66
39
38-86
38-71
38-58
38-44
38-30
3816
38-03
37-89
37-75
37-62
40
39-85
39-71
39-56
39-42
39-28
39-14
39-00
38-86
38-72
38-59
41
40-85
40-70
40'55
40-41
40-26
40-12
39-98
39-83
39-69
39-55
42
41-85
41-69
41-54
41*39
41-24
41-10
40-95
40-80
40-66
40-52
43
42-84
42-68
42-53
42-38
42-22
42-08
41-93
41-78
41-62
41-48
44
43-84
43-68
43-52
43-37
43-20
43-05
4290
42-75
42-59
42-45
45
44-84
44-67
44-51
44-35
44-19
44-03
43-88
43-72
43-56
43-41
46
45'83
45-66
45-50
45-34
45-17
45-01
44-85
44-69
44-53
44-38
47
4(5-83
46-65
46-48
46-32
46-15
45-99
45-83
45-66
45-50
45-34
48
47-83
47-65
47-48
47-31
47-13
46-97
46-80
46-63
46-47
46-31
49
48-82
48-64
48-47
48-29
48-12
47-95
47-78
47-60
47-44
47-27
50
49-82
49-64
49-46
49-28
49-10
48-93
48-75
48-58
48-41
48-24
35
GASES TO NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE.
of gases to a temperature of C.
_
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
51
50*82
50-63
50-45
50-26
50-08
49-91
49-73
49-55
49-38
49-21
51
52
51-81
51-62
51-44
51-25
51-06
50-89
50-70
50-52
50-35
50-17
52
53
52-81
52-62
52-43
52-24
52-05
51-87
51-68
51-49
51-31
51-13
53
54
53-81
53-61
53-42
53-22
53-03
52-84
52-65
52-46
52-28
52-10
54
55
54*80
54-60
54-41
54-21
54-01
53-82
53-63
53-44
53-25
53-06
55
56
55-80
55-60
55-40
55-19
54-99
54-80
54-60
54-41
54-22
54-03
56
57
56-80
56-59
56-39
56-18
55*97
5578
55-58
55-38
55-19
54-99
57
58
57-79
57'58
57-37
57-16
56-95
56-76
56*55
56-35
56-15
55-96
58
59
5879
58-57
58-37
58-15
57-93
57-74
57'53
57-32
57-12
56-92
59
60
59-78
59-56
59'35
59-13
58-92
58-71
58-50
58-30
58-03
57'88
60
61
6078
60-56
60-34
60-12
59-90
59-69
59-48
59-27
59-06
58-85
61
62
6178
61'55
61-33
61-10
60-88
60-67
60-45
60-24
60-03
59-81
62
63
6277
62-54
62-32
62-09
61-86
61-65
61-43
61-21
6099
60-77
63
64
63-77
63-53
63-31
63-07
62-84
62-63
62-40
62-18
61-96
6174
64
65
64'76
64-53
64-30
64-06
63-83
63-61
63-38
63-15
62-93
62-70
65
66
6576
65-52
65-29
65-04
64-81
64-58
64-35
64-13
63-89
63-67
66
67
6675
66-51
66-27
66-03
65-79
65-56
65-33
65-10
64-86
64-63
67
68
6775
67'50
67-26
67'02
66-77
66-54
66-30
66-07
65-83
65-60
68
69
68-75
68'50
68-25
68-01
67-75
67-52
67-28
67-04
66-80
66-56
69
70
69-74
69-49
69-24
68-99
68-74
68-50
68-25
68-01
67-77
67'53
70
71
70-74
70-48
70-23
69-98
69-72
69-48
69-23
68-98
68-74
68-49
71
72
7174
71-48
71-22
70-96
70-70
70-46
70-20
69-95
69-71
69-46
72
73
7273
72-47
72-21
71-95
71-69
71-44
71-18
70-93
70-67
70-42
73
74
73-73
73-46
73-20
72-93
72-66
72-41
72-15
71-90
71-64
71-39
74
75
74-72
74-45
74-19
73-92
73-65
73-39
73-13
72-87
72-61
72-35
75
76
75-72
75-45
75-18
74-90
74-63
74-37
74-10
73-84
73-58
73-32
76
77
76-72
76-44
76-17
75-89
75-61
75-35
75-08
74-81
74-55
74-28
77
78
77-71
77-43
77-15
76-87
76-59
76-33
76-05
75-78
75-51
75 '25
78
79
1 78'71
78-42
78-14
77 "86
77 '58
77-31
77-03
76-75
76-48
76-21
79
80
79-70
79-42
79-13
78-85
78'56
78-28
78*00
7773
77'45
77'18
80
81
80-70
80-41
80-12
79-83
79-54
79-26
78-98
78-70
78-42
78-14
81
82
81-69
81-40
81-11
80-82
80-52
80-24
79-95
79-67
79-39
79-11
82
83
82-69
82-39
82-10
81-81
81-51
81-22
80-93
80-64
80-36
80-07
83
84
83-69
83-39
83-09
82-79
82-49
82-20
81-90
81-61
81-32
81-04
84
85
81-68
84-38
84-08
83-78
83-47
83-17
82-88
82-58
82-29
82-00
85
86
85-68
85-37
85-07
84-76
84-45
84-15
83-85
83-55
83-26
82-97
86
87
86-68
86-37
86-06
85-75
85-43
85-13
84-83
84-53
84-23
83-93
87
88
1 87-67
87-36
87'05
86-73
86-42
86-11
85-80
85-50
85-20
84-90
88
89
, 88-67
88-35
88-04
87-72
87-40
87-09
86-78
86-47
86-16
85-86
89
90
89-67
89-34
89-02
88-70
88-38
88-07
87-75
87'44
87-13
86-82
90
91
' 90-66
90-34
90-01
89-69
89-36
89-05
88-73
88-41
88-10
87-79
91
92
91-66
91-33
91-00
90-67
90-34
90-03
89-70
89-38
89-07
88-75
92
93
92-66
92-32
91-99
91-66
91-33
91-01
90-68
90-36
90-03
89-72
93
94
93-65
93-31
92-98
92-64
92-31
91-98
91-65
91-33
91-00
90-68
94
95
9i'65
94-31
93-97
93-63
93-29
92-96
92-63
92-30
91-97
91-65
95
96
95'65
95-30
94-96
94-61
94-27
93-94
93-60
93-27
92-94
92-61
96
97
96-64
96-29
95-95
95-60
95-25
94-92
94-58
94-24
93-91
93-57
97
98
97*64
97-28
96-93
96-58
96-24
95-90
95-55
95-21
94-87
94-54
98
99
98-64
98-27
97-92
97-57
97-22
96-87
96-53
96-18
95*84
95-50
99
100
99-63
99-27
98-91
98-56
98-20
97-85
97-50
97-16
96-81
96-47
100
80
BEDUCT1ON OF THE VOLUME OF GASES TO
Table for reducing the volumes of gases
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
0-961
0-958
0-955
0-951
0-948
0-945
0-941
0-938
0-935
0-932
1
2
1-923
1-916
1-909
1-903
1-896
1-889
1-883
1-876
1-869
1-864
2
3
2-884
2-874
2-864
2-854
2-844
2-834
2-824
2-815
2-805
2795
3
4
3*845
3-832
3-818
3-805
3-792
3-779
3-766
3-753
3-740
3-727
4
5
4-807
4-790
4*773
4-757
4-740
4724
4-707
4-691
4-675
4-659
5
6
5-768
5-747
5"728
5-708
5-688
5-668
5-648
5-629
5-609
5-591
6
7
6-729
6-705
6-682
6-659
6-636
6-613
6-590
6-567
6-544
6-523
7
8
7'690
7-663
7-637
7'610
7'584
7'558
7-531
7-506
7-479
7-454
8
9
8-652
8-621
8-591
8-562
8-532
8-502
8-472
8-444
8-414
8-386
9
10
9-613
9-579
9-546
9-513
9-480
9-447
9-414
9-382
9-349
9-318
10
11
10-57
10-53
10-50
10-46
10-43
10-39
10-35
10-32
10-28
10-25
11
12
11-53
11-49
11-45
11-42
11-38
11-33
11-30
11-26
11-21
1118
12
13
12-49
12-45
12-41
12-36
12-32
12-28
12-24
12-20
12-15
12-11
13
14
13-45
13-41
13-36
13-31
13-27
13-22
13-17
13-13
13-08
13-04
14
15
14-42
14-37
14-32
14-27
14-22
14-17
14-12
14-07
14-02
13-97
15
16
15-38
15-32
15-27
15-22
15-17
1511
15-06
15-01
14-96
14-91
16
17
16-34
16-28
16-23
16-17
1612
16-06
16-00
15-95
15-89
15-84
17
18
17-30
17-24
17-18
17-12
17-06
17-00
16-94
16-89
16-82
16-76
18
19
18-26
18-20
18-14
18-07
18-01
17-95
17-89
17-83
17-76
17-70
19
20
19-23
19-16
19-09
19-03
18-96
18-89
18-83
18-76
18-69
18-64
20
21
20-19
20-12
20-04
1998
19-91
19-84
19-77
19-70
19-62
19-57
21
22
21-15
21-08
21-00
20-93
20-86
20-78
20-71
20-64
20-56
20-50
22
23
22-11
22-03
21-95
21-88
21-80
21-73
21-65
21-58
21-50
21-43
23
24
23-07
22-99
22-91
22-83
22-75
22-67
22-59
22-51
22-43
22-37
24
25
24-03
23-95
23-86
23-78
23-70
23-61
23-54
23-45
23-37
23-30
25
26
25-00
24-91
24-81
2473
24-65
21-56
24-48
24-39
24-30
24-23
26
27
25-96
25-87
25-77
25-69
25-60
25-50
25-42
25-33
25-23
25-16
27
28
26-92
26-82
26-72
26-64
26-54
26-45
26 % 36
26-27
26-17
26-09
28.
29
27-88
27-78
27-68
27-59
27-49
27-39
27-30
27-20
2710
27-02
29'
30
28-84
28-74
28-64
28-54
28-44
28-34
28-24
28-15
28-05
27-95
30'
31
29-80
29'70
29-59
29-49
29-39
29-28
29-18
29-09
28-99
28-87
31
32
30-76
30-66
30-55
30-44
30-34
30-23
30-12
30-03
29-92
29-81
32.
33
31-72
31-61
31-50
31-39
31-28
31-17
31-06
30-97
30-86
30-74
33
34
32'68
32-57
32-46
32-34
32-23
32-12
32-01
31-90
31-79
31-68
34
35
33-65
33-53
33-41
33-30
33-18
33-06
32-95
32-84
32-73
32-61
35
36
34-61
34-49
34-37
34-25
34-13
34-01
33-89
33-78
33-66
33-54
36
37
35-57
35-45
35-32
35-20
35-08
34-95
34-83
34-72
34-59
34-47
37
38
36-53
36-40
36'28
36-15
36-02
35-90
35-77
35-66
35-53
35-40
38
39
37-49
37'36
37-23
37-10
36-97
36-84
36-71
36-59
36-46
36-34
39'
40
38-45
38-32
38-18
38-05
37-92
37-79
37-66
37-53
37-40
37-27
40
41
39-41
39-28
39-14
39-00
38-87
38*73
38-60
38-47
38-34
38-20
41
42
40-37
40-21
40-09
39-95
39-82
39-68
39-54
39-41
39-27
39-13
42
43
41-33
41-19
41-05
40-90
40*76
40-62
40-48
40-35
40-21
40-07
43
44
42-30
42-15
42-00
41-86
41-71
41-57
41-43
41-28
41-14
41-00
44
45
43-26
43-11
42-95
42-81
42-66
42-51
42-37
42-22
42-08
41-93
45
46
44-29
44-07
43-91
43*76
43-61
43-46
43-31
43-16
43-01
42-86
4ft
47
45-18
45-03
44-86
44-71
44'56
44-40
44-25
44-10
43*94
43-79
47
48
46-14
45-98
45-82
45-66
45-50
45-35
45-19
45-04
44-88
44-72
48
49
47-10
46-94
46-77
46-61
46-45
46-29
46-13
45-97
45-81
45-65
49
50
48-07
47-90
47-73
47-57
4/-40
47-24
47-07
46-91
46-75
46-59
50
37
NORMAL TEMPEEATUEE AND PEESSUEE.
to a temperature of C. continued.
11
12
13
14
15'
16
17
18
19
20*
51
49*03
48-86
48-69
48-52
48-35
48-18
48-01
47-85
47-68
47-52
51
52
49-99
49-82
49-64
49-47
49-30
49-13
48-95
48-79
48-62
48-45
52
53
50-95
50-77
50-59
50-42
50-24
50-07
49-89
49-72
49-55
49-38
53
54
51-91
5173
51-55
51-37
51-19
51-02
50-54
50-66
50-49
50-32
54
55
52'87
52-69
52-50
52-33
52-14
51-93
51-78
51-60
51-43
51-25
55
56
53-84
53-65
53-46
53-28
53-09
52-91
52-72
52-54
52-36
52-18
56
57
54-80
54-61
54-41
54-23
54-04
53-86
53-66
53-48
53-29
53-71 ! 57
53
55-76
55*56
55-37
55-18
54-98
54*80
54-60
54-42
54-23
54-04 | 58
59
56-72
56-52
56-32
56-13
55-93
55*74
55-54
55-35
55-16
54-97
59
60
57-68
57-47
57-28
57-03
56-88
56-68
56-48
56-29
56-09
55-91
60
61
53-64
58-43
58-23
58-03
57-83
57-63
57-42
57-23
57-02
56-84 i 61
62
59-60
59-39
59-19
58-93
58-78
58-57
53-36
58-17
57'96
57-77
62
63
CO'56
60-35
60-14
59-93
59-72
59-52
59-30
59-11
58-90
58*11
63
61
61-53
61-31
61-10
60-88
60-67
60-46
60-25
60-04
59-83
59*64
64
65
62-49
62-26
62-05
61-84
61-62
61-40
61-19
60-93
60-77
60-57
65
66
63'45
63-22
63-01
62-79
62-57
62-35
62-13
61-92
61-70
61-50
66
67
64-41
64-18
63-96
63-74
63-52
63-29
63-07
62-86
62-63
62-43
67
68
65-37
65-13
64-92
64-69
64-46
64-23
64-01
63-80
63-57
63-36
68
69
66-33
66-09
65-87
65-64
65-41
65-18
64-95
64-73
64-50
64-30
69
70
67-29
67'05
66-82
66-59
66-36
66-13
65-90
65*67
65-44
65-23
70
71
63-25
68-01
67'77
67'54
67-31
67-07
66-84
66-61
66-38
66-16
71
72
69-21
68-97
68-73
68-49
68-26
68-02
67-78
67*55
67-31
67*09
72
73
70-17
69-92
69-68
69-44
69-20
63-96
68-72
63-49
68-26
68-03
73
74
71-14
70-88
70-64
70-40
70*15
69-91
69-66
69-42
69-18
68*96
74
75
72-10
71-84
71-59
71-35
71-10
70-85
70-61
70-37
70-12
69*89
75
76
73-06
72-80
72'55
72-30
72-05
71-80
71-55
71-30
71-05
70-82
76
77
74-02
73-76
73-51
73-25
73-00
72-74
72-49
72-24
71-98
71-75
77
78
74-93
74-71
74-46
74-20
73-94
73-69
73-43
73-18
72-92
72-68
78
79
75-94
75-67
75-41
75*15
74-89
74-63
74-37
74-11
73-85
73-61
79
80
76'90
76-63
76-37
76-10
75-84
75-58
75-31
75*06
74-79
74-54
80
81
77-86
77-59
77-32
77-05
76-79
76-52
76-25
76-00
75-73
75-47
81
82
78-82
78 "55
78-28
78-00
77'74
77-47
77-19
76-94
76-66
76-40
82
83
79-78
79-50
79-23
78-95
78-68
78-41
78-13
77-87
77-60
77-34
83
84
80-75
80-46
80-19
79-91
79-63
79-35
79-08
78-81
78-53
78-27
84
85
81-71
81-42
81-14
80-86
80-58
80-30
80-02
79-75
79-47
79-20
85
86
82-67
82-38
82-10
81-81
81-53
81-24
80-96
80-69
80-40
80-13
86
87
83-63
83-33
83-05
82-76
82-48
82-19
81-90
81-63
81-33
81-06
87
88
84-59
84-29
84-01
8371
83-42
83-13
82-84
82-57
82-27
81-99
88
89
85-56
85-25
84-96
84-66
84-37
84-08
83*78
83-50
83-22
82-93
89
90
86-52
86-21
85-92
85-62
85-32
85-02
84-72
84*44
84-14
83-86
90
91
87-48
8717
86-87
86-57
86-27
85-96
85-66
85*33
85-07
84*79
91
92
88-44
88-13
87-83
87-52
87-22
86-91
86-60
86-32
86-01
85-72
92
93
89-40
89-08
88-78
88-47
88-16
87-85
87-54
87-25
86-95
86-66
93
94
90-36
90-04
89-73
89-42
89-11
88-80
88-49
88-19
87-88
87*59
9i
95
91-33
91-00
90-68
90-38
90-06
89-74
89-43
89-13
88-82
88-52
95
9G
92-29
91-96
91-64
91-33
91-01
90-69
90-37
90-07
8975
89-45
96
97
93-25
92-92
92-59
92-28
91-96
91-63
91-31
91-00
90-68
90-38
97
98
94-21
93-87
93-55
93-23
92-90
92-58
92-25
91-94
91-62
91-31
93
99
95-17
94-83
94-50
94-18
93-85
93-52
93-19
92-88
92-55
92-24
99
100
96-13
95-79
95-46
95-13
94-80
94-17
94-14
93-82
93-49
93-18 100
BEDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF GASES TO
Table for reducing the volumes of gases
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
1
0-929
0-926
0-922' 0-919
0-916
0-913
0-910
0-907
0-904
1
2
1-857
1-851
1-845 1-839
1-832
1-826
1-820
1-814
1-808
2
3
2'786
2-777
2-767| 2-758
2-749
2-739
2-730
2-721
2712
3
4
3-714
3-702
3-690
3-677
3-665
3-652
3-640
3-628
3-616
4
5
4-643
4-628
4-612
4-597
4-581
4-566
4551 4-535
4-520
5
G
5'572
5"552
5-534
5-516
5-497
5-479
5-461
5-442
5-424
6
7
6500
6-479
6-457
6-435
6-413
6-392
6-371
6-349
6-328
7
8
7-429
7-404
7-379
7-354
7-330
7-305
7-281
7-256
7232
8
9
8-357
8-330
8-302
8-274
8-246
8-218
8-191
8-163
8-136
9
10
9-286
9-255
9-224
9-193
9-162
9-131
9-101
9-070
9-040
10
11
10-21
10-18
10-15
10-11
10-07
10-04
10-01
9-98
9-94
11
12
11-14
11-11
11-07
11-03
10-99
1096
10-92
10-88
10-85
12
13
12-07
1203
11-99
11-95
11-91
11-87
11-83
11-79
11-75
13
14
13-00
12-96
12-91
12-87
1283
12-78
12-74
12-70
12-66
14
15
13-93
13-88
13'Sl
13-79
13-74
13-70
13-65
13-61
13-56
15
1G
14-8G
14-81
14-76
14-71
14-66
14-61
14-56
1451
14-46
16
17
15-79
15'73
15-68
15-G3
15-58
15-52
15-47
1542
15-37
17
18
16'71
16-66
16-60
1G-55
16-49
16-44
16-38
16-33
16-27
18
19
17-64
17-58
17-53
17-47
17-41
17-35
17-29
1723
17'18
19
20
18-57
18-51
18-45
18-39
18-32
18-26
1820
18-14
18-08
20
21
19-50
19-43
19-37
19-31
19-24
19-17
19-11
19-05
18-98
21
22
20-43
20-36
20-29
20-23
20-15
20-09
20-02
19-95
1989
22
23
21-36
21-29
21-21
21-15
21-07
21-00
20-93
20-86
20-79
23
24
22-28
22-21
22-14
22-07
21-99
21-91
21-84
21-77
21-70
24
25
23-21
23-14
23-06
2299
22-90
22-83
22-75
22-63
22-60
25
26
24-14
24-06
23-98
23-91
23-82
2374
23-66
23-58
23-50
28
27
25-07
24-99
24-90
24-83
24-73
24-65
24-57
24-49
24-41
27
28
26-00
25-91
25-82
25-74
25-65
25-57
25-48
25-40
25-31
28
29
26-93
26-84
26-75
26-67
26-57
26-48
26-39
2630
26-22
29
30
27-86
2777
27-67
27-58
2749
27-39
27-30
27-21
27-12
30
31
28'79
28-70
28-59
28-50
28-41
28-30
28-21
28-12
28-02
31
32
2972
29-62
29-51
29-42
29-32
29-22
29-12
29-02
28-93
32
33
3065
30-55
30-44
3034
30-24
30-13
30-03
29-93
29-33
33
34
31-57
31-47
31-36
31-26
31-16
31-04
30-94
30-84
30-74
34
35
32-50
32-40
32-23
32-18
32-07
31-96
31-85
31-75
31-64
35
36
33-43
33-32
33-20
33-10
32-99
32-87
32-76
32-65
32-54
36
37
34-36
34-25
34-12
34-02
33-90
3378
33-67
33-56
33-45
37
38
35-29
35-17
3505
3493
34-82
3470
3458
34-47
34-35
38
39
36'22
36-10
35-97
35-85
35-74
35-61
35-49
35-47
35-26
39
40
37-14
37-02
3690
36-77
36-65
36-52
36-40
3G-28
36-16
40
41
38-07
37-95
37-82
37'69
37-57
37-43
37-31
37-19
37-06
41
42
39-00
38-87
38-74
38-61
38-48
38-35
38-22
38-09
3797
42
43
39-93
39-80
3966
39-53
39-40
39-26
3913
39-00
38-87
43
44
40-85
40-72
40-59
40-45
40-32
40-17
4004
39-91
39'78
44
45
4178
41-65
40-51
41-37
41-23
41-09
40-95
40-82
40-68
45
4G
4271
42-57
42-43
42-29
42-15
42-00
41-86
41-72
41-58
46
47
43-64
43-50
43-35
43-21
43-06
42-91
42-77
42-63
42-49
47
43
44-57
44-42
44-27
44-12
43-98
43-83
4368
43-54
4339
48
4l
13'5
6-;;34
30
9-443
0-9
1-636
2-2
2-557
4-0
3-448
7-5
4-721
14-0
6-450
35
10-199
i-o
1724
23
2-615
4-2
3-469
8-0
4-876
15-0
6-667
40
10-903
11
1-808
2-4
2-671
4'4
3-616
8'5
5-026
16-0
6-896
45
11-515
1-2
1-889
2-5
2726
4-6
3-693
9-0
5-172
17-0
7'U
50
12-190
1-3
1-966
26
2-779
4-8
3-777
9-5 5-314
18-0
7-314
i
. CORRECTIONS FOR TEMPERATURE.
Column a shows the temperature of the chimney or flue, column b the
factor for multiplying the figure found in Table a in order to arrive at
the real speed of the current of gas.
A. EEADINGS IN DEGEEES FAHKENHEIT.
Fa'ir.
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
1-0634
90
0-9723
ISO
0-9012
380
0-7865
5
1'0577
95
0'9o79
185
0-8977
400
077
Siemens' copper pyrometer, which is on the same principle, gives the
degrees corresponding to the readings of the thermometer without any
calculations by means of a special scale ; but the indications of this instru-
ment are very rough.
2. SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE.
A.-BEIMSTONE.
1. Moisture. In order to prevent the evaporation of moisture during
grinding, an average sample of the unground or only roughly-crushed
materials weighing lOOgrms. is dried at 100 C. for some hours in an oven
or water-bath.
2. Ashes. lOgrms. are burnt in a tared porcelain dish, and the residue
weighed.
3. Direct Estimation of Sulphur. (Macagno, Chem. News, v. 43, p. 192).
50grms. of the finely-ground brimstone are dissolved in 200c.c. carbon
92
bisulphide by digesting in a stoppered bottle at the ordinary temperature,
and the specific gravity of the liquid=s is estimated. This must be reduced
to the specific gravity at 15 C.=S by means of the formula (valid up to 25
C.) S=s + 0014 ( 15). The following table gives for each value of S the
percentage in this solution, which number must be multiplied by 4 to
indicate the percentage of sulphur in the sample of brimstone :
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF SULPHUR IN CARBON
BISULPHIDE.
Snec.
Grav.
I
Spec.
Grav.
1
Spec.
Grav.
I
Spec.
Grav.
I
Spec.
Grav.
I
Spec.
Grav.
%
S
1-271
1-292
5-0
1-313
10-2
1-334
15-2
1-355
20-4
1-376
28-1
1-272
0-2
1-293
5-3
1-314
10-4
1-335
15-4
1-356
20-6
1-377
28-5
1-273
0-4
1-291
5-6
1-315
10-6
1-336
156
1-357
21-0
1-378
29-0
1-274
0'6
1-295
5-8
1-316
10-9
1-337
15-9
1-353
21-2
1-379
297
1-275
0-9
1-293
60
1-317
11-1
1-338
16-1
1-359
21-5
1-380
30-2
1-276
1-2
1-297
6-3
1-318
11-3
1-339
16'4
1-360
21-8
1-381
30-8
1-277
1-4
1-298
6-5
1-319
11-6
1-340
16-6
1-361
22-1
1-382
31-4
1-278
1-6
1-299
6-7
1-320
11-8
1-341
16'9
1-362 i 22-3
1-383
31-9
1-279
1-9
1-300
7-0
1-321
12-1
1-342
17-1
1-363
22-7
1-384
32-6
280
2-1
1-301
7-2
1-322
12-3
1-343
17-4
1-364
23-0
1-385
33-2
281
2-4
1-302
7'5
1-323
12-6
1-344
17-6
1-365
23-2
1-386
33-8
282
2-6
1-303
7'8
1-324
12-8
1-345
17'9
1-366
23-6
1-387
34-5
283
2-9
1-304
8-0
1-325
13'1
1-346
181
1-367
24-0
1-388
35-2
284
3-1
V305
8'2
1-326
13-3
1-347
18-4
1-368
24-3
1-389
36-1
285
3-4
1-306
8'5
1-327
13'5
1-348
18-6
1-369
21-8
1-390
36-7
286
3-6
1-307
87
T328
13'8
1-349
18-9
1-370
25-1
1-391
37-2
1-287
3-9
1-308
8-9
1-329
14-0
1-350
19-0
1-371
25-6
(saturated)
1-288
4-1
1-309
9-2
1-330
14-2
1-351
19-3
1-372 26-0
1-289
4-4
1-310
9'4
1-331
14-5
1-352
19-6
1-373 26-5
1-290
4-6
1-311
97
1-332
14-7
1-353
19-9
1-374 26-9
1-291
4-8
1-312
9'9
1-333
15-0
1-354
20-1
1-375 j 27'4
B.-SPENT OXIDE OF GASWORKS.
This is contaminated with saw-dust, tarry matters, and variable quantities
of lime, etc., which latter retain part of the sulphur in burning, hence a
method is employed which estimates only the recoverable portion of the
sulphur (Zulkowsky, Dingler's Journal, v. 241, p. 52). The sulphur of the
spent oxide is burnt with the aid of platinized asbestos (comp. p. 86), the
gases are passed into a solution of caustic potash and potassium hypobromite,
and the sulphuric acid there condensed or formed is estimated by precipi-
tation with BaCl 2 . The combustion takes place in a combustion tube (Fig.
5) 2ft. long, narrowed at a, and drawn out at the end into a long tube, not
too thin, and bent downwards. B 3tween a and b there is a layer of asbestos
8in. to lOin. long, and at a distance of Sin. or 4in. from this a porcelain
boat with about 0'4grm. spent oxide. The end of the tube at k is connected
with an oxygen gasholder. The absorption takes place in the two 3-bulb
tubes c and d (5 Jin. high) and the tube e, filled with glass-wool. The
absorbing liquid is made by dissolving ^ ISOgrms. caustic potash (purified
with alcohol from sulphate) in water, adding lOOgrms. bromine, taking care
to keep the mixture cool, and diluting to l,000c.c. 30c.c. of this suffice for
estimating O5grm. sulphur. The tube e ought also to be moistened with it.
First heat the portion of the tube between a and 6, passing moist oxygen
through it at the same time ; then heat the boat from the right to the left,
lastly the tube, up to the place /. The current of gas must be much
stronger than for an organic analysis, lest any sulphur should escape un-
burnt, but not so strong as to draw off any S0 3 unabsorbed. So long as
FIG. 5.
any dew appears at h it must be driven into the receiver with a Bunsen
burner. When this ceases (usually in about an hour) the expariment is
finished. The receivers are then taken off, washed out, and the acid re-
maining in h is recovered by aspirating several times water through it.
All the liquids are united, supersaturated with HC1 in order to decompose
the potassium hydrate and hypobromite, heated, concentrated if necessary,
and the sulphuric acid is precipitated with BaCl 2 , as directed in the follow-
ing paragraph (C 2).
In lieu of the bromine solution proposed by Zulkowsky, hydrogen
peroxide can be used ; but it must be free from sulphuric acid, or els3 the
sulphuric acid contained in it must be allowed for. In this case the analysis
may be performed volumetrically by means of caustic soda solution.
C. PYBITES.
1. Moisture. 'The ground pyrites is dried at 105 C. till the weight re-
mains constant. For the following tests the pyrites is not employed in the
flried state, but the finely-ground average sample, as it is kept in a well-
sealed bottle. Compare the Appendix as to drawing and reducing an
average sample.
2. Sulphur. About O5grm. of pyrites is treated with about lOc.c. of a
mixture of 3 vols. nitric acid (specific gravity 1-4) and 1 vol. strong hydro-
chloric acid, both ascertained to be absolutely free from sulphuric acid.
Avoid all spurting. Heat up the mixture now and then, evaporate to
dryness in a water-bath, add 5c.c. hydrochloric acid, evaporate once more
(no nitrous fumes ought to escape now), add Ic.c. concentrated hydrochloric
acid and lOOc.c. hot water, filter through a small filter, and wash with hot
water. The insoluble residue may be dried, ignited, and weighed. It may
contain, besides silicic acid and silicates, the sulphates of barium, lead, and
even calcium, whose sulphur, as being useless, is purposely neglected. The
filtrate and washings are saturated with ammonia, avoiding much excess
of it and keeping the hot liquid about 10 or 15 minutes before filtration,
but net boiling till all the ammonia is expelled (in which case the preci-
94
pitate contains some basic sulphate). The precipitated ferric hydrate is
filtered and washed. This can be done in from half to one hour, by em-
ploying the following precautions : (1) Filter hot, and wash on the filter
with hot water, avoiding channels in the mass, but so that the whole
precipitate is thoroughly churned up with the water each time (washing
by decantation would produce too great a bulk of liquid) ; (2) employ
sufficiently dense but rapidly-filtering paper; (3) use funnels, made at an
angle of exactly 60, whose tube is not too wide, and is completely filled by
the liquid running through. A filter pump may also be employed with
the usual precautions. Wash till about Ic.c. of the washings on adding
BaCl 2 shows no opalescence even after a few minutes. The filtrate and
washings should not exceed 200c.c., or else should be concentrated by
evaporation. Acidulate with pure HC1 in very slight excess, heat to boiling,
remove the burner, and add a solution of BaCl 2 previously heated to boiling.
(A large excess of BaCl 2 must be decidedly avoided.) For O5grm. pyrites,
20c.c. of a 10 per cent, solution of BaCl 2 is always more than sufficient.
This is roughly measured off in a test-tube provided with a mark, and
heated in the same tube. After precipitation the liquid is left to stand for
half an hour, when the precipitate should be completely settled. Decant
the clear portion as well as possible through a filter, pour lOOc.c. boiling
water on the precipitate, and stir up. Wait two or three minutes, when
the liquid ought to have settled completely, and decant again. Repeat
the treatment with boiling water, and the decantation three or four times,
till the liquid has lost its acid reaction. Wash the precipitate on to the
filter, dry, and ignite. It should be a perfectly white and loose powder.
One part of it is equal to 0-13734 sulphur (factors on pp. 14, 15).
3. Copper (Process employed at the Duisburg Copper Extraction Works).
Igrm. of pyrites, finely powdered and dried at 100 C., is treated with con-
centrated nitric acid, and then evaporated to dryness. Pour concentrated
sulphuric acid over the residue, and heat on a sand-bath till the free acid
is driven off. Let it cool down, boil up the mass with water, allow it to
cool, add quarter of the bulk of spirit of wine, let stand for 12 hours, and
filter. The residue on the filter is washed with a mixture of 1 part alcohol
and 2 parts water till no more copper can be found. The dilute filtrate is
saturated with H 2 S and allowed to stand for some hours. The precipitate
(containing the sulphides of copper, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth) is
washed with a solution of H 2 S containing a little sulphuric acid, dried,
mixed with the ashes of the filter and with pure sulphur (recrystallized
from CS 2 ), ignited in a Eose's crucible in a current of hydrogen or coal gas,
and weighed. In this operation arsenic is completely volatilised ; antimony
and bismuth remain along with the copper. Spanish pyrites contains an
almost constant quantity of 0-05 per cent. Sb and Bi, of which O-OOOSgrm.,
together with the weight of the filter ashes, is deducted from the CuoS (1
part Cu 2 O= 0-79874 Cu).*
4. Zinc is sometimes estimated in pyrites, because the sulphur combined
with it is hardly recoverable for acid making. The following method
(Schaffner's modified) is employed at the Vieille Montague and the Rhenish
* The electrolytical method has not been adopted at Duisburgr, because copper precipi-
tated the first time is not pure, and two precipitations cause more trouble than the above-
described method. But at the copper works the purity of the Cu 3 S is checked by the
electrolytical method. The Duisburg method, as given in text, is open to the objection of
being rather lengthy, and of deducting a constant quantity of Sb an4 Bi, which cannot
be quite correct in all cases; but as it is accepted as binding upon buyers and sellers in
Germany, we have given it as it stands.
95
Zincworks : O5grm. of the ore is dissolved as described on p. 94. All nitric
acid is destroyed in the same way. Any metals precipitable by H 2 S from
an acid solution are removed by this reagent. The filtrate is freed from
H 2 S by boiling, and oxidized by a little aqua regia. The ferric oxide is
precipitated with SOc.c. of liquor ammonias (if Mn is present, the liquor is
allowed to stand for six hours, when the Mn will be precipitated as well),
filtered, dissolved on the filter (as it always contains zinc) in a little HC1,
without previous washing, precipitated once more with NH 3 , and filtered
again. Both filtrates are united, diluted to half a litre, and titrated in a
tall beaker by a solution of pure crystallized sodium sulphide, of which Ic.c.
ought to be as nearly as possible =0-01 Zn. With more dilute liquors the
results are not so good. Add the liquid, constantly stirring, till a paper
soaked with a basic solution of ferric chloride, half dipping into the liquid,
is blackened. The paper is either attached to the side of the beaker or sus-
pended from platinum wire. The Na 2 S solution is standardized exactly in
the same way by weighing off pure zinc, dissolving, and supersaturating
with NH 3 . But exactly the same dilution and excess of ammonia must be
used as in the former operation, in order to employ the same excess of Na 2 S
for blackening the iron paper in both cases, and the degree of blackening
should also be the same. The solution of sodium sulphide should not be
more than a fortnight old.
FIG. 6.
5. Carbonic Acid (calcium carbonate, etc.) is sometimes estimated, because
the bases combined with it make a corresponding quantity of sulphur use-
less in the form of sulphates. As the quantity is always small, the CO 2 is
estimated gravimetrically by expelling it by strong acids and absorbing
it in soda lime in the apparatus, Fig. 6. The flask a, holding 200c.c.,
is closed with an indiarubber cork. Through this 'passes the swan-neck CO
tube 6, reaching down to the bottom of a and connected outside by means of
a pinch-cock joint, either with a small funnel or (at the .end of the operation)
with a U tube filled with soda lime. In a second perforation of the cork fe
fixed the delivery tube c, cut obliquely at the lower end, and enlarged above
the cork into a bulb. The latter is connected with a series of U tubes, which
are once for all put together and hung with wire loops from a carrying rod
fixed in a stand, so that the whole is ready for use at any time. The tube
No. 1 (Tin. long, fin. wide inside) contains only a little calcium chloride
(absolutely free from alkaline reaction) in its bend. No. 2 (same size") is
filled with calcium chloride. No. 3 (same size) with pumice, boiled with a
concentrated solution of copper sulphate, dried, and heated to the point
96
where all water is driven off for the absorption of II 2 S and HC1.* The tubes
Nos. 4 to 7 are 4in. long and in. wide. No. 4 contains calcium chloride ;
Nos. 5 and 6 about 20grms. granular soda lime, except the upper third of
the second limb, which is filled with granular calcium chloride ; No. 7, in
the first limb calcium chloride, and in the second soda lime. Nos. 1 to 4
serve for removing from the gas its moisture and HC1 ; Nos. 5 and 6 for
absorbing the C0 2 , the CaCl 2 preventing any escape of moisture from the
soda lime. No. 7 is a guard-tube kgainsfe CO 2 and H 2 O entering from with-
.out. Only Nos. 5 and 6 are weighed (both together) before and after the
experiment. The contents of No. 1 must generally be renewed after each
experiment ; those of No. 5 pretty frequently, according to the CO 2 present ;
those of No. 6 very rarely. The apparatus is tested in the usual way for its
gas-tightness, and serves for all estimations of C0 2 by weight. For making
a test, put the weighed substance into the flask a, along with 50c.c. of water;
gradually run in through b a sufficient quantity of dilute HC1 or SO 4 H 2
(compare footnote), take away the funnel, connect b with the soda-lime
guard -tube, and aspirate from the other end, at the (J tube No. 7, a steady
current of air, free from CO 2 , through a, whose contents are at the same
time heated, but not to the boiling point. The process of absorption can be
followed by the progressive rise of temperature in the soda-lime tube No. 5.
When this has become quite cold, the current of air is passed through
another 20 minutes, after which the experiment is finished. The contents
of a ought never to be heated strongly enough to make the calcium chloride
in No. 1 deliquesce. (This estimation requires a great deal of practice and
care to avoid errors. An easier, quicker, and more reliable method of
estimating CO 2 by the volume of the gas has been worked out by Lunge
and Marchlewski, Zeitsch. f. angew. Chem., April, 1891, p. 229).
D. BURNT PYRITES (CINDERS).
1. Sulphur is estimated by John Watson's method (S.C.I., 1888, pp. 305. 730).
Place exactly 2 grams bicarbonate of soda of known alkalinity in a nickel
or platinum crucible ; add 3-200 grams of the powdered sample of burnt
ore; mix intimately with a flattened glass rod; heat gently over a low
Bunsen flame for five or ten minutes ; stir up the mixture again ; continue
the heating over a stronger flame for tenor fifteen minutes longer; wash
the contents of the crucible into a beaker; boil for ten minutes ; filter and
wash the insoluble portion, till all alkaline reaction has ceased ; allow the
washings to cool ; add methyl-orange and titrate with normal hydrochloric
acid; each c.c. of which saturates 0-053 Na 2 C0 3 , and indicates 0-016 S.
If we call the number of c.c. of that acid, consumed by 2 grams of the
bicarbonate employed, a, and the number of c.c., consumed on retitrating
after the test, b, the number 2(a - b) expresses the percentage of sulphur in
the burnt ore.
2. Copper is estimated as on page 94, but the solution of the sample (1 giro.)
is made by means of hydrochloric acid, with a few drops of nitric acid. A
deduction of 0-07 per cent, for Bi and Sb is made from the percentage of Cu
found.
* If the carbonates can be decomposed by dilute sulphuric acid, and if at the same time
no sensible quantity of HjS can escape (e.g., in estimatii g CO S in caustic soda), it is pre-
ferable to employ dilute sulphuric acid for driving off the CO a in the flask a, and to leave
out the tube No. 3, which omission w.ill lessen the chance of error caused by any trace of
water left in the copner sulphate.
97
E. GASES.
1. Burner Gases. SO ? is estimated by Eeich's method (Lunge's Sulphuric
Acid and Alkali, vol. i., p. 251 ; vol. iii., p. 852). The gas is aspirated
through a solution of iodine, contained in a wide-necked 200c.c. bottle, and
coloured blue by starch solution, till the colour has been just discharged.
This bottle is connected with a larger bottle, converted into an aspirator by
a tap near its bottom, or by a siphon ^fitted with a pinch-cock. Water is
run from this into a graduated 250c.c. jar. All this time the iodine bottle is
shaken up, and at the moment when the colour is discharged the tap of the
aspirator is closed, and the volume of water in the jar is read oft. It is equal
to that of the gas aspirated through when increased by that of the S0 2 ab-
sorbed. The absorbing bottle is charged with lOc.c. of a decinormal sol J-
tion of iodine (12-7 grms. iodine per litre, preparation and examination in
the Appendix), along with about 50c.c. of water, a little starch solution, and
a little sodium bicarbonate. The above quantity of iodine is 032grm.
S0 2 =ll'14c.c. at C. and a pressure of 760mm. The latter figure, multi-
plied by 100 and divided by llc.c. + the volume of the water run out. yields
the percentage of SO 2 in the gas by volume.
This calculation is saved by the following table, in which the llc.c. are
already taken into account.
c.c. Water in the Per cent. SO 9
Measuring Jar. by Volume.
82 12-0
86 11-5
90 11-0
95 10-5
100 10-0
106 9-5
113 9-0
c.c Water in the Per cent. SO,
Measurin g Jar. by Vol ume .
128 8-0
138 7-5
148 7-0
160 6-5
175 6-0
192 5-5
212 5-0
120 8-5
In this no notice is taken of temperature and barometer. If these are to be
observed, the volume read off is reduced to and 760mm. by the tables 20
and 21 or 21B, and then looked up in the above table.
Total Acids (SO 2 + SC>3) are estimated in exactly the same way, and calcu-
lated as SO 2 , by employing, in lieu of iodine and starch, a decinormal caus-
tic soda solution, coloured by phenolphthalein, and passing gas through it
with constant agitation, until the liquid is just decolorized. A very suit-
able form of apparatus is that in which the inlet gas-tube is closed at the
lower end, and is provided, below the level of the liquid, with many pinhole
openings, which break up the current of gas into as many fine streams.
2. Chamber Gases. These are analysed like No. 3.
3. Chamber Exit Gases as Oxygen. Before estimating this the acids are
removed from the gas by washing with a solution of potash or soda. Single
samples can be taken at odd times during the day, but it is recommended to
take an average sample for the whole daj r j by aspirating at least 10 or 20
litres of gas, and analysing a portion of this. The estimation of oxygen is
best made by moist phosphorus in an Orsat apparatus (page 86) with two
absorbing tubes, one of which is filled with potash solution for removing the
acids, the other with small pieces of phosphorus. The manipulation is
exactly as in testing fire gases, but it should be observed that the tempera-
ture must be at least 16, better 18 C., otherwise the tube must be warmed
a little.
4. Sulphur and Nitrogen Acids. The different acid compounds of sulphur
are estimated together, as well as those of nitrogen, whatever degree of oxi-
dation they may possess. The following prescriptions agree in the main
with those published by the British Alkali Makers' Association in 1878. A
continuous test over 24 hours is taken of the gases escaping from the exit
pipes of the Gay-Lussac towers, aspirating at least one cubic foot per hour
by means of any aspirator acting at a constant rate and recording the
volume of gas=V by means of gauging the aspirator or by a gas meter. The
volume V is reduced to C. and 760mm. pressure (=32 F. and 29-92 inches*)
by the tables 20 and 21 or 21s, and is now called V 1 . In order to allow
comparisons, the number of cubic feet of chamber space per pound of sulphur
burnt and passing into the chambers is recorded, excluding towers, but in-
cluding tunnels, the amount of sulphur being taken by the weekly average,
each firm to state the distance of the testing hole from the point at which
the gases leave the Gay-Lussac towers. The absorption apparatus consists
of four bottles or tubes, containing not less than lOOc.c. of absorbing liquid,
with a depth of at least Sin. in each bottle, the aperture of inlet tubes not
to exceed ^in. in diameter, and to be measured by a standard wire. The
first three bottles contain each lOOc c. of normal caustic soda solution (31
grms. per litre), the fourth lOOc.c. distilled water. The caustic soda used
must be free from nitrogen acids. The gases are tested (1) for total acidity,
stated in grains of SO 3 per cubic foot of gas, elsewhere in grammes per cubic
metre. (2) Sulphur acids. (3) Nitrogen acids, both stated in grains of S and
N per cubic foot (or grammes per cubic metre). "The analysis is carried out
as follows : The contents of the four bottles are united, taking care not to
unnecessarily augment the bulk of the liquids, and are divided into three
equal parts, one of which is reserved for accidents, etc. The first part is
titrated with normal sulphuric acid (49 grms. SO 4 H 8 per litre), to ascertain
total acidity. The number of cubic centimetres of acid necessary for neu-
tralization is called x. /The second part of the liquid is gradually poured
into a warm solution of potassium permanganate, strongly acidified with
pure sulphuric acid. A small excess of permanganate must be present, and
must be afterwards reduced by the addition of a few drops of sulphurous
acid solution, until only a faint red tint is visible. Now all Nitrogen acids
are present as HNO 3 , but no excess of SO 2 . The HNO 3 is estimated by its
action on F e S0 4 . 25c c. of a solution, containing per litre 100 grms. crystal-
lized ferrous sulphate and 100 grms. pure sulphuric acid (the same solution
which is used for estimating MnO 2 ) are put into a flask, 20c.c. to 25c.c. pure
concentrated sulphuric acid is added, the mixture is allowed to cool, and
the other mixture, treated with permanganate, etc., is added. The flask is
closed by a cork with glass tubes. A current of CO 2 passes through and
issues beneath the surface of some water, to prevent entrance of air. First,
all the air is expelled in this way by means of an apparatus evolving CO 2
with constant action ; then the solutions are introduced, and the contents of
the flask are heated to boiling, till the dark colour produced by the for-
mation of NO has changed to a clear light yellow. This lasts a quarter of
an hour to one hour, according to the quantity of NO 3 H present and that of
the sulphuric acid added. The unoxidized ferrous sulphate is titrated by a
seminormal permanganate solution (yielding 004 grm. oxygen per cubic
centimetre compare Appendix). The cubic centimetres used=2/. Since
the titre of the iron solution changes pretty quickly, it should be tested
* The law prescribes the cubic feet to be measured at 60 P. and 30 inches, which neces-
sitates the use of other tables or factors than those mentioned in the text, but the differ-
ence should be hardly perceptible, and certainly within the limits of experimental error.
daily by taking out 25c.c. with the same pipette as serves for the above-
described operation, and ascertaining the amount of permanganate required
for oxidizing it z c.c. The magnitudes sought are found by the following
equations :
1. Total Acidity in grammes per cubic
metre =
1. To'al Acidity in grains per cubic
fOOt=>
_ 1-852, 100-aQ
2. Sulphur in grammes per cubic
metre=
_0 008,600 -6x-z+y)
V 1
3. Nitrogen in grammes per cubic
metre =
V 1
2. Sulphur in grains per cubic
g= 0-12346 ,600-6cc-3+#)
V 1
3. Nitrogen in grains per cubic
foot =
N _0-10803; 2 -j/)
The legal limit for total acidity is 4 grains of S0 3 per cubic foot.*
For the purposes of the Alkali Act, it is sufficient, in lieu of the just-
described separate process, to estimate total acidity only by the test described
on p. 97, employing decinormal soda solution and phenolphthalein.
5. Nitric Oxide (NO) can be present in the exit gases after passing through
the absorbing bottles. If it is to be estimated, an absorption tube (Fig.
7) f is interposed between the tubes of the last-described apparatus and the
Pio. 7.
aspirator. This tube contains SOc.c. of semi -normal permanganate and Ic.c.
of sulphuric acid, specific gravity 1-25. The gas is passed through for .24 hours,
and the tube emptied and washed out. Now add SOc.c ferrous sulphate
solution, corresponding to 2z permanganate (compare last paragraph), and
retitrate the decolorized liquid with permanganate. The quantity of the
latter now used is called u. The NO has consumed (30+% 2z)c.c. perman-
ganate, which is equal
In grammes of nitrogen per cubic
metre of the volume V 1 .
N _ 0-007 (30 + u-2z)
3V 1
In grains of nitrogen per cubio
foot.
* Alkali Act, 1881, Sec. 8.
t This shape of bulb-tubes has been found to be far superior to any other form of absorp-
tion-tubes tried.
100
F.-SULPHURIC ACID.
1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHUEIC ACID AT 60 F.
(LUNGE & IsLEi;.)
EH
100 par?*
cor
so,
by weight
t;iiu
H 2 S0 4
Kilo per litr
H a SO 4
1 Cub
weighs
Ib. avd.
c Foot of Ac
contains
Ib. avd.
H a SO 4
id 60 F.
yields
Ib. >.v
1-828
74-86
91-70
1-676
1-829
75-03
91-90
1-681
166
1-830
75-19
92-10
1-685
1-831
75-35
92-30
1-690
1-832
75-53
92-52
1-695
1-833
75-72
92-75
1-700
1-834
75-96
93-05
1-706
167
1-835
76-27
93-43
1-713
. . .
1-836
76-57
93-80
1-722
...
1-837
7690
94-20
1-730
...
1-838
77-23
94-60
1-739
1-839
77-55
95-00
1-748
168
1-840
78-04
95-60
1-759
1-8405
78-33
95-95
1-765
1-8410
79-19
97-00
1-786
1-8415
79-76
97-70 '
1-799
1-8410
80-16
98-20
1-808
1-8405
80-57
98-70
1-816
1-8400
80-98
99-20
1-825
1-8395
81-18
99-45
1-830
1-8390
81-39
99-70
1-834
...
1-8385
81-59
99-95
1-838
104
3. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AND PERCENTAGE OF FUMING
(NORDHAUSEN) OIL OF VITRIOL AT DIFFERENT TEM-
PERATURES.
Density at
SO,
Per Cent.
15
20
25
30
35C.
1-8417
1-8371
1-8323
1-8287
1-8240
76-67
1-8427
1-8378
1-8333
1-8295
1-8249
77-49
1-8428
1-8388
1-8351
1-8302
1-8255
78-34
1-8437
1-8390
1-8346
1-8300
1-8257
79-04
1-8427
1-8386
1-8351
1-8297
1-8250
79-99
1-8420
1-8372
1-8326
1-8281
1-8234
80-46
1-8398
1-8350
1-8305
1-8263
1-8218
80-94
1-8446
1-8400
1-8353
1-8307
1-8262
81-37
1-8509
1-8466
1-8418
1-8371
1-8324
81-91
1-8571
1-8522
1 : 8476
1-8432
1-8385
82-17
1-8097
1-8647
1-8595
1-8545
1-8498
82-94
1-8790
1-8742
1-8687
1-&610
1-8592
83-25
1-8875
1-8823
1-8767
1-8713
1-8661
83-84
1-8942
1-8888
1-8833
1-8775
1-8722
84-12
1-8990
1-8940
1-8890
1-8830
1-8772
84-33
1-9034
1-8984
1-8930
1-8874
1-8820
84-67
1-9072
1-9021
1-8950
1-8900
1-8845
84-82
1-9095
1-9042
1-8986
1-8932
1-8866
84-99
1-9121
1-9053
1-8993
1-8948
1-8892
85-14
1-9250
1-9193
1-9135
1-9082
1-9023
85-54
1-9290
1-9236
1-9183
1-9129
1-9073
85-68
1-9368
1-9310
1-9250
1-9187
1-9122
85-88
1-9447
1-9392
1-9334
1-9279
1-9222
86-51
1-9520
1-9465
1-9402
1-9338
1-9278
86-72
1-9584
1-9528
1-9466
1-9406
1-9340
87-03
1-0632
1-9573
1-9518
1-9457
1-9398
87-46
cryst.
cryst.
1-9740
1-9666
1-9740
88-00
The above table is only intended for controlling the works, but not for
commercial purposes, because the specific gravity is anything but a certain
guide for the percentage of Nordhausen acid, and altogether fails as such
for the strengths just below the monohydrate. The table was not mc.de for
chemically pure acids, but for commercial acid.
105
4. TABLE FOR REDUCING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF
SULPHURIC ACID OF VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO ANY
OTHER TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C.)-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
46
50
1-857
1-852
1-846
1-840
1-835
1-830
1-825
1-821
1-816
1-811
1-806
1-847
1-841
1-836
1-830
1-825
1-820
1-815
1-810
1-805
1-800
1-795
1-837
1-831
1-825
1-820
1-815
1-809
1-804
1799
1-794
1-789
1-784
1-827
1-821
1-815
1-810
1-805
1-799
1-793
1-788
1-783
1-778
1-773
1-817
1-811
1-805
1-800
1-794
L788
1-783
1-777
1-772
1-766
1-761
1-807
1-801
1796
1-790
1-784
1-778
1-773
1-767
1-762
1-756
1-751
1797
1-791
1-786
1-780
1-774
1-768
1-763
1-757
1752
1746
1-741
1-786
1-781
1-776
1-770
1-765
1-759
1-754
1-748
1-743
1-737
1-732
1-776
1-770
1-765
1-760
1755
1-749
1-744
1-738
1-733
1-728
1-723
1-765
1-760
1'755
1-750
1-745
1-740
1-735
1-730
1-725
1-720
1715
1754
1-750
1-745
1-740
1735
1730
1-726
1721
1716
1711
1-706
17-J4
1-740
1-735
1-730
1-725
1-720
1-716
1711
1706
1701
1-696
1-734
1-730
1-725
1-720
1715
1710
1-706
1-701
1-696
1-691
1-686
1-724
1-720
1-715
1710
1-705
1-700
1-696
1-691
1-686
1-681
1-676
1-714
1-710
1-705
1-700
1-695
1-690
1-686
1-681
1-676
1-671
1-667
1704
1-700
1-695
1-690
1-685
1-680
1-676
1-671
1-6G6
1-661
1-656
1-694
1-690
1-685
1-680
1-675
1-670
1-666
1-661
1-656
1-651
1-646
1-684
1-680
1-675
1-670
1-665
1-660
1-656
1-651
1-646
1-641
1-637
1-674
1-670
1-665
1-660
1-655
1.-650
1-646
1-641
1-636
1-632
1-628
1-664
1-660
1-655
1-650
1-645
1-640
1-636
1-632
1-627
1-622
1-618
1-654
1-650
1-645
1-640
1-635
1-631
1-626
1-622
1-617
1-612
1-608
1-644
1-640
1-635
1-630
1-625
1-621
1-616
1-612
1-607
1-602
1-598
1-634
1-630
1-625
1-620
1-615
1-611
1-606
1-602
1-597
1-592
1-588
1-624
1-620
1-615
1-610
1-605
1-601
1-596
1-592
1-587
1-582
1-578
1-614
1-610
1-605
1-600
1-595
1-591
1586
1-582
1-577
1-572
1-568
1-601
1-600
1-595
1-590
1-585
1-581
1-576
1-572
1-567
1-562
1-558
1-594
1-589
1-584
1-580
1-575
1-570
T5G6
562
1-558
1-553
1-548
1-584
1-579
1-574
1-570
1-566
1-561
1-556
552
1-518
1-543
1-539
1-574
1-569
1-564
1-560
1-556
1-552
1-547
543
1-539
1-534
1-530
1-563
1-558
1-554
1-550
1-546
1-542
1-538
1-534
1-530
1-525
1-521
1-552
1-548
1-544
1-540
1-536
1-532
1-528
524
1-520
1-516
1-512
1-542
1-538
1-534
1-530
1-526
1-522
1-518
1-514
1-510
1-506
1-502
1-532
1-528
1-521
1-520
1-516
1-512
1-508
1-504
1-500
1-497
1-492
1-522
1518
1-514
1-510
1-506
1-502
1-498
1-494
1-490
1-486
1-482
1-512
1-508
1-504
1-500
1-496
1-492
1-488
1-484
1-480
1-476
1-472
1-502
1-498
1-494
1-490
1-486
1-482
1-478
1-474
1-470
1-466
1-462
1-492
1-488
1-484
1-480
1-476
1-472
1-468
1-465
1-461
1-457
1-453
1-482
1-478
1-474
1-470
1-466
1-462
1-458
1-455
1-451
1-447
1-443
1-472
1-468
1-464
1-460
1-456
1-452
1-448
1-445
1-442
1-438
1-434
1-462
1-458
1-454
1-450
1-446
1-442
1-438
1-435
1-432
1-429
1-425
1-452
1-448
1-444
1-440
1-436
1-432
1-429
1-426
1-423
1-420
1-416
1-442
1-438
1-434
1-430
1-426
1-422
1-419
1-416
1-413
1-409
1-405
1-432
1-428
1-424
1-420
1-416
1413
1-410
1-406
1-402
1-398
1-394
1-422
1-418
1-414
1-410
1-406
1-403
1-399
1-396
1-392
1-388
1-384
1-412
1-408
1-404
1-400
1-396
1-393
1-389
1-386
1-382
1-378
1-374
1-402
1-398
1-394
1-390
1-386
1-383
1-379
1-372
1-372
1-368
1-364
1-392
1-388
1-384
1-380
1-376
1373
1-370
1-362
1-362
1-359
1-355
1-382
1-378
1-374
1-370
1-366
1-363
1-360
1-352
1-352
1-349
1-346
1-372
1-368
1-364
1-360
1-356
1-353
1-350
1-344
1-344
1-340
1-336
1-362
1-358
1-354
1-350
1-346
1-343
1-340
1-334
1-334
1-330
1-326
106
4. TABLE FOB REDUCING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SUL-
PHURIC ACID OF VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO ANY OTHER
TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C.). Continued.
55
60
65
7o
75
80
85"
90
95
100
1-801
1796
1-792
1787
1-782
1-778
1-774
1770
1766
1-762
1790
1787
1-781
1-776
1770
1'766
1-762
1-757
1752
1-748
1779
1774
1-769
1-764
1-759
1-754
1-749
1-744
1-739
1-734
1767
1762
1-757
1-752
1-747
1-741
1-736
1-731
1-726
1-721
1755
1-750
1-744
1-739
1734
1-729
1-724
1719
1-714
1-708
1746
1-741
1-735
1-730
1-725
1-720
1-715
1710
1-705
1-700
1736
1-731
1726
1-721
1-716
1-712
1-707
1-702
1-697
1-692
1727
1-722
1717
1-712
1707
1-702
1-697
1-693
1-688
1-683
1718
1-713
1708
1-703
1-698
1-693
1-688
1-684
1-679
1-674
1710
1-705
1-700
1-195
1-699
1-685
1-681
1-676
1-671
1-667
1702
1-697
1-692
1.688
1-683
1-678
1-674
1-669
1-664
1-660
1-692
1-687
1-683
1-678
1-673
1-668
1-664
1-659
1-654
1-650
1-682
1-677
1-673
1-668
1-663
1-659
1-654
1-649
1-644
1-640
1-672
1-667
1-663
1-658
1-653
1-649
1-644
1-639
1-635
1-630
1-662
1-657
1-653
1-648
1-644
1-639
1-634
1-630
1-625
1-620
1-652
1-647
1-642
1-638
1-634
1-630
1-625
1-620
1-615
1-610
1-642
1-637
1-632
1-628
1-624
1620
1-615
1-611
1-606
] 602
1-6-33
1-628
1-623
1-619
1-615
1-611
1-606
1-602
1-597
1-593
1-623
1-619
1-614
1-610
1-606
1-602
1-597
1-593
1-588
1-584
1-614
1-610
1-605
1-600
1-596
1-592
1-588
1-583
1-579
1-575
1-604
1-600
1-595
1-591
1-586
1-582
1-578
1-574
1-570
1-565
1-594
1590
1-585
1-581
T577
1-573
1-569
1565
1-561
1-556
1-584
1-580
1-576
1-572
1-568
1-561
1-560
1-556
1-552
1-547
1-574
1-570
1-566
1-562
1-558
1-554
1-550
1-546
1542
1-537
1-564
1-560
1-556
1-552
1-548
1-544
1-540
1-536
1-531
1-527
1-554
1-550
1-545
1-541
1-537
1-533
1-529
1-525
1-521
1-516
1-544
1-539
1-535
1-531
1-527
1-523
1-519
1-515
1-510
1-503
1-535
1-531
1-526
1-522
1-518
1513
1-509
1'505
1-501
1-496
1-526
1-522
1-517
1-513
1-509
1-504
1-500
1-496
1-492
1-487
1-517
1-513
1-509
1-504
1-500
1-495
1-491
1-487
1-483
1-478
1-508
1-504
1-500
1-495
1-491
1-436
1-482
1-478
1-473
1-469
1-498
1-494
1-490
1-485
1-481
1-476
1-472
1-468
1-463
1-459
1-488
1-484
1-480
1-476
1-472
1-467
1-462
1-458
1-453
1-449
1-478
1-474
1-470
1-466
1-462
1-457
1-452
1-448
1-443
1-438
1-468
1-464
1-460
1-455
1-451
1-446
1-442
1-438
1-433
1-428
1-458
1454
1-450
1-442
1-441
1-437
1-433
1-429
1-424
1-419
1-449
1-445
1-441
1-436
1-432
1-428
1-424
1-419
1414
1-410
1-439
1-435
1-431
1-427
1-423
1-418
1-414
1-409
1-405
1-401
1-430
1-426
1-422
1-418
1-413
1-409
1-405
1-400
1-396
1-392
1-421
1-417
1-413
1-409
1-404
1-400
1-396
1-391
1-387
1-383
1-412
1-407
1-403
1-399
1-395
1-391
1-386
1-382
1-378
1-374
1-401
1-397
1-393
1-389
1-385
1-380
1-376
1-372
1-368
1-364
1-390
1-386
1-382
1-378
1-374
1-370
1-366
1-362
1-358
1-353
1-380
1-376
1-372
1-368
1364
1-360
1-356
1-352
1-348
1-343
1-370
1-366
1-362
1-358
1-354
1-350
1-346
1-342
1-338
1-333
1-360
1-356
1-352
1-348
1-351
1 346
1-342
1-338
1-342
1-337
1-334
1-329
1-332
1-327
1-323
1-319
1-322
1-317
1-314
1-310
~~
*"**
107
4. -TABLE FOE, REDUCING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF
SULPHURIC ACID OF VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO ANY OTHER
TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C.\ Continued.
6
10
15
2o
25
30
35
4d
45
50
1-352
1-348
1-344
1-340
1-336
1-333
1-330
1-327
1-324
1-320
1-316
1-341
1-337
1-333
1-330
1-327
1-321
1-321
1-318
1-314
1-310
1-306
1-330
1-326
1-323
1-320
1-317
1-314
1-311
1-308
1304
1-301
1-297
1-320
1-316
1-313
1-310
1-307
1-304
1-301
1-298
1-294
1-291
1-287
1-310
1-306
1-303
1-300
1-297
1-294
1-291
1-288
1-284
1-281
1-277
1-300
1-296
1-293
1-290
1-237
1-284
1-280
1-277
1-274
1-270
1-267
1-290
1-286
1-283
1-280
1-277
1-274
1-270
1-267
1-264
1-260
1-256
1-280
1-276
1-273
1-270
1-267
1-264
1-260
1-257
1-254
1-250
1-246
1-270
1-266
1-263
1-260
1-257
1-254
1-251
1-248
1-245
1-241
1-237
1-260
1-256
1-253
1-250
1-247
1-244
1-241
1-238
1-235
1-231
1-227
1-250
1-246
1-243
1-240
1-237
1-234
1-230
1-227
1-224
1-220
1-217
1-240
1-236
1-233
1-230
1-227
1-224
1-220
1-217
1-214
1-210
1-207
1-230
1-226
1-223
1-220
1-217
1-214
1-210
1-207
1-204
1-200
1-197
1-220
1-216
1-213
1-210
1-206
1-204
1-200
1-197
1-194
1-190
1-187
1-210
1-206
1-203
1-200
1-196
1-193
1-190
1-186
1-183
1-180
1-176
1-200
1-196
1-193
1-190
1-186
1-183
1-180
1-176
1-173
1-169
1-165
1-190
1-186
1-183
1-180
1-176
1-173
1-170
1-166
1-163
1-159
1-155
1-180
1-176
1-173
1-170
1-166
1-163
1-160
1-156
1-153
1-149
1-146
1-169
1*166
1-163
1-160
1-157
1-153
1-150
1-147
1-144
1-141
1-138
1-159
1-156
1-153
1-150
1-147
1-143
1-140
1-137
1-134
1-131
1-128
1-149
1-146
1-143
1-140
1-137
1-134
1-131
1-128
1-125
1-122
1-119
1-13S
1-135
1-133
1-130
1-127
1-125
1-122
1-119
1-116
1-113
1-110
1-128
1-125
1-123
1-120
1-118
1-115
1-112
1-110
1-107
1-104
1-102
1-118
1-115
1-113
1-110
1-108
1-105
1-102
1-100
1-097
1-094
1-092
1-108
1-105
1-103
1-100
1-097
1-094
1-092
1-090
1-087
1-084
1-082
1-098
1-095
1-093
1-090
1-087
1-084
1-082
1-080
1-077
1-074
1-072
1-088
1-085
1-083
1-080
1-077
1-074
1-072
1-070
1-067
1-064
1-062
1-078
1-075
1-073
1-070
1-067
1-0(54
1-062
V060
1-057
1-054
1-052
1-068
1-065
1-063
1-060
1-057
1-054
1-052
1-050
1-048
1-044
1-042
1-058
1-055
1-053
1-050
1-047
1-044
1-042
1-040
1-038
1-034
1-032
1-048
1-045
1-043
1-040
1-037
1-034
1-032
1-030
1-028
1-024
1-022
1-038
1-035
1-033
1-030
1-027
1-024
1-022
1-020
1-018
1-014
1-012
1-028
1-025
1-023
1-020
1-017
1-014
1-012
1-010
1-008
1004
1-002
1-018
1-015
1-013
1-010
1-007
1-004
1-002
1000
0-998
0-994
0-992
5. FREEZING AND MELTING POINTS OF SULPHURIC ACID/
Spec. Grav. at 15.
Freezing point.
Melting point.
1-671
Liquid at -20
1-691
Liquid at -20
1712
Liquid at -20
1-727
-7-5
-7'5
1-732
-8-5
-8-5
1-749
-0-2
+ 4-5
1-767
+1-6
+ 6-5
1*778
+ 8'5
+ 8-5
1-790
+ 4-5
+ 8-0
1-807
-9-0
-6-0
1-822
Liquid at -20
1-840
Liquid at -20
* Lunge, Berichte d. deutsch. chem. Ges. 1831 S.
108
4.- TABLE FOE REDUCING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF
SULPHURIC ACID OF VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO ANY
OTHER TEMPERATURE (DEGREES CJ.-Continued.
65 C
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
1-312
1-308
1-304
1-300
_
_
_
__
1-302
1-298
1-294
1-290
1-293
1-289
1-284
1-280
1-283
1-279
1-274
1-270
1-273
1-269
1-265
1-260
1-263
1-259
1-255
1-250
1-252
1-248
1-244
1-240
1-242
1-238
1-234
1-230
1-233
1-224
1-224
1-220
1-223
1-214
1-214
1-210
1-210
1-209
1-204
1-200
1-204
1-200
1-195
1-190
1-194
1-190
1-185
1-180
183
1-179
1-175
1-170
172
1-168
1-164
1-160
.
162
1-158
1-154
1-150
_
152
1-148
1-144
1-140
143
1-139
1-135
T131
135
1-131
1-127
1-123
1-125
1-122
1-118
1-114
1-116
1-113
1-109
1-106
1-107
1-104
1-100
1-097
1-099
1096
1-092
1-088
1-089
1-086
1-082
1-078
1-079
1-075
1-072
1-068
1-069
1-065
1-062
1-058
__
1-059
1-055
1-052
1-048
1-049
1-045
1-042
1-038
1-036
1-035
1-032
1-028
1-039
1-025
1-022
1-018
1-019
0-015
1-012
1008
_
1-009
1-005
1-002
0-998
0-999
1-995
0-992
0-988
_
0-989
0-985
0-982
0-978
6. BOILING POINTS OF SULPHURIC ACID.
(Lunge, Ber. d. d. chem. Ges. 11, 370.)
Proc.
SO.H,
Spec.
Gr.
Boil.
Point.
Proc.
S0 4 H a
Spec.
Gr.
Boil.
Point.
Proc.
S0 4 H a
Spec.
Gr.
Boil.
Point.
5
1-031
101
56
1-459
133
82
1-758
218-5
10
1-069
102
60
1-503
141-5
84
1773
227
15
1107
103-5
62-5
1-530
147
86
1-791
238-5
20
1-147
105
G5
1-557
153-5
88
1-807
251-5
25
1-184
106-5
67-5
1-585
161
90
1-818
262-5
30
1-224
108
70
1-615
170
91
1-824
268
35
1-265
100
72
1-639
174-5
92
1-830
274-5
40
1-307
114
74
1-661
180-5
93
1-834
281-5
45
1-352
118-5
76
1-688
189
91
1-837
288-5
50
1-399
121
78
1710
199
95
1-840
295
53
1-428
128-5
80
1733
207
Monohydrate (100/o) boils at 338 (Marignac).
7. PERCENTAGE OF SO 3 IN NORDHAUSEN OIL OF VITRIOL.
Fy lifting out two stripes crossing each other at righk angles, adding some-
tiling from the centre of each remaining quadrant. The reduced sample is
crushed further, either in a large metal mortar, or preferably with a sledge-
hammer on a flanged cast-iron plate of about 3 ft. square, bedded on a solid
foundation ; the latter process is much more convenient and cleanly than
grinding in a mortar. The coarse portions are sifted out by a riddle of in.
holes and crushed again, till all has passed through. The product is re-
duced as in (a), by mixing, etc., to a quantity of 2 or 4 Ibs., from which the
sample-bottles are filled as prescribed above.
* At some factor! s very unsatisfactory results have been obtained with ibis mode of
sampling ; they prefer that described later on (iu b), of taking a certain number of entire
tubs, barrows, or carts as sample.'
174
i
2. CHEMICALS.
Kaltcake, soda ash, etc., if in bulk, are sampled as in No. 1 a. If packed
in casks, each third, fifth, or tenth cask, according to the size
of the parcel, is bored at one of its bottoms and sampled by
means of an auger (fig. 13), which is inserted up to the centre of
the cask, turning it round its axle all the while. The single cask
samples are put into a large wide-mouthed bottle as drawn, till
the sampling is over. Then empty the whole on to a large sheet
of paper, mix thoroughly, crush any lumps with a spatula, and
fill the 4-ounce bottles, previously prepared, exactly as described
on No. 1 as for ores, observing the same rules for corking and
sealing.
Bleaching powder, jjotashes, and any other substances which are
liable to ba quickly spoilt in contact with the air by attract-
ing moisture, or from other reasons, are treated like the foregoing
substances, but operating with the greatest possible spaed, and
keeping the large bottle for collecting the cask-samples well closed.
The sampling is still more safely performed by taking away the
uppar end of the cask, removing the top layer to a depth of
about two inches, taking a handful of stuff from the interior
as far as it is possible to reach in, which should be nearly at the
centre of the cask, and throwing it into the large bottles. In this
case there is the least contact with air. Or else a sample-auger
is employed, which is closed at its upper half, and is only turned
round when its point has arrived in the centre of the cask ; in this
case the top layer does not get into the auger. Samples of
bleaching-powder ought to be kept in a dark and cold place, and
ought to be tested without any great delay.
Caustic Soda. Since the samples attract moisture and carbonic
acid on their surface, even in well-closed bottles, the outer opaque
crust must be removed by scraping before weighing out the tests (compare
page 145). It should be borne in mind that the centre of the drum is of
weaker strength than the remainder, because the foreign salts accumulate
in the portion remaining liquid the longest. The average strength is best
represented by the portions next to the bottom and sides of the drum,
which solidify quickest.
Solid sulphuric anhydride cannot be sampled directly for analysis. An
auger cannot be employed, as the mass is too firm and tough ; melting the
mass in the drums themselves is out of the question, on account of the
clouds of fumes. The following process is, therefore, employed : A large
sample of the solid anhydride is mixed with so much exactly analysed
" monohydrated " sulphuric acid that an acid of about 70 per cent, is
formed, which is liquid at ordinary temperatures. This mixture is made
in a stoppered bottle, and is gently heated to 30" or 40 C., the stopper being
loosely put in, till the solution is complete, whereupon a small sample is
taken out by means of Lunge & Bey's glass-tap pipette (p. 116).
Fia. 13.
175
C. COMPARISON OF THE HYDROMETER DEGREES ACCORD-
ING TO BAUME AND TWADDELL, WITH THE SPECIFIC
GRAVITIES.
B.
T.
Spec.
Gravity.
B,
T.
Spec.
Gravity.
B.
T.
Spec.
Gravity.
1-000
15-4
24
1-120
29-3
51
1-255
9-7
1
1-005
16-0
25
1-125
29-7
52
1260
l-Q
1*4
1-007
16-5
26
1-130
30-0
52-6
1-263
1-4
2
1-010
17-0
26-8
1-134
30-2
53
1-265
2-0
2-8
1-014
17-1
27
1-135
306
54
1-270
2-1
3
1-015
17-7
28
1-140
31-0
54-8
1-274
2-7
4
1-020
18-0
28-4
1-142
31-1
55
1-275
3-0
4-4
1-022
18-3
29
1-145
31-5
56
1-280
3-4
5
1-025
18-8
30
1-150
32-0
57
1-285
4-0
5-8
1-029
19-0
30-4
1-152
32-4
58
1-290
4-1
6
1-030
19-3
31
1-155
32-8
59
1-295
4-7
7
1-035
19-8
32
1-160
33-0
59-4
1-297
5-0
7-4
1-037
20-0
32-4
1-162
33-3
60
1-300
5-4
8
1-040
20-3
33
1-165
33-7
61
1-305
6-0
9
1-045
20-9
34
1-170
34-0
61-6
1-308
6-7
10
1-050
21-0
34-2
1-171
34-2
62
1-310
7-0
102
1-052
21-4
35
1-175
34-6
63
1-315
7.4
11
1-055
22-0
36
1-180
35-0
64
1-320
8-0
12
1-060
22-5
37
1-185
35-4
65
1-325
8-7
13
1-065
23-0
38
1-190
35-8
66
1-330
9-0
13-4
1-067
23-5
39
1-195
36-0
66-4
1-332
9-4
14
1-070
24-0
40
1-200
362
67
1-335
10.0
15
1-075
24-5
41
1-205
36-6
68
1-340
10-6
16
1-080
25-0
42
1-210
37-0
69
1-345
11-0
16-6
1-083
25-5
43
1-215
37-4
70
1-350
11-2
17
1-085
26-0
44
1-220
37-8
71
1-355
11-9
18
1-090
26-4
45
1-225
38-0
71-4
1-357
12-0 18-2
1-09 L
26-9
46
1-230
38-2
72
1-360
12-4 19
1-095
27-0
46-2
1-231
38-6
73
1-365
ID-O 20
1-100
27-4
47
1-235
390
74
1-370
13-6 : 21
1-105
27-9
48
1-240
39-4
75
1-375
14-0
21-6
1-108
28-0
48-2
1-211
39-8
76
1-380
11-2
22
1-110
28-4
49
1-245
40-0
76-6
1-383
11-9
23
1-115
28-8
50
1-250
40-1
77
1-385
15-0
23-2
1-116
29-0
50-4
1-252
40-5
78
1-390
144-3
N.B. The Baume degrees are calculated by the formula d = ?-f-, water of 15 C.
being put = and sulphuric acid of 1 8t2 at 15 C. -63; compare Lunge's Sulphuric
Acid and Alkali, vol. i., p. 20. This is the Baume's hydrometer, mostly used on the Conti-
nent of Europe; but other scales are in use there as well, and quite another scale for
Baume's hydrometer is used in America.
176
C.-COMPARISON OF THE HYDROMETER DEGREES ACCORD-
ING TO BAUME AND TWADDELL, WITH THE SPECIFIC
GRAVITIES. Continued,
B.
T.
Spec.
Gravity.
B.
T.
Spec.
Gravity.
B.
T.
Spec.
Gravity.
40-8
79
1-395
50-9
109
1-545
59-5
140
1-700
41-0
79-4
1-397
51-0
109-2
1-546
59-7
141
1-705
41-2
80
1-400
51-2
110
1-550
60-0
142
1-710
41-6
81
1-405
51-5
111
1-555
60-2
143
1-715
42-0
82
1-410
51-8
112
1-560
60-4
144
1-720
42-3
83
1-415
52-0
112-6
1-563
60-6
145
1-725
42-7
84
1-420
52-1
113
1-565
60-9
146
1-730
43-0
84-8
1-424
52-4
114
1-570
61-0
146-4
1-732
43-1
85
1-425
52-7
115
1-575
61-1
147
1-735
43-4
86
1-430
53-0
116
1-580
61-4
148
1-740
43-8
87
1-435
53-3
117
1-585
61-6
149
1-745
44-0
87-6
1-438
53-6
118
1-590
61-8
150
1-750
44-1
88
1-440
53-9
119
1-595
62-0
150-6
1-753
44-4
89
1-445
54-0
119-4
1-597
62-1
151
1-755
44-8
90
1-450
54-1
120
1-600
62-3
152
1-760
45-0
90-6
1-453
54-4
121
1-605
62-5
153
1-765
45-1
91
1-455
54-7
122
1-610
62-8
154
1-770
45-4
92
1-460
55-0
123
1-615
63-0
155
1-775
45-8
93
1-465
55-2
124
1-620
63-2
156
1-780
46-0
93-6
1-468
55-5
125
1-625
63-5
157
1-785
46-1
94
1-470
55-8
126
1-630
63-7
158
1-790
46-4
95
1-475
56-0
127
1-635
61-0
159
1-795
46-8
96
1-480
56-3
128
1-610
64-2
160
1-800
47-0
96-6
1-483
56-6
129
1-645
64-4
161
1-805
47-1
97
1-485
56-9
130
1-650
64-6
162
1-810
47-4
98
1-490
57-0
130-4
1-652
64-8
163
1-815
47-8
99
1-495
57-1
131
1-655
65-0
164
1-820
48-0
99-6
1-498
57-4
132
1-660
65-2
165
1-825
48-1
100
1-500
57-7
133
1-665
65-5
166
1-830
48-4
101
1-505
57-9
134
1-670
65-7
167
l-35
48-7
102
1-510
58-0
134-2
1-671
65-9
16S
1-840
4er
unit.
20%.
30%.
40%.
48%.
eo%.
P nee.
li!
fa
s. (7.
150
171
192
1 11 3
s. d.
1 17 6
2 7t
239
2 6 10
5. d.
2 10
2 14 2
2 18 4
326
s. d.
300
350
3 10
3 15
s. d.
326
3 7 8.J
3 12 11
3 18 1
1
1 13 4
1 15 5
1 17 6
1 19 7
2 10
2 13 H
2 16 3
2 19 4
368
3 10 10
3 15
3 19 2
400
450
4 10
4 15
434
4 8 6
4 13 9
4 18 11J
it
218
239
2 5 10
2 7 11
326
3 5 7i
389
3 11 10J
434
476
4 11 8
4 15 10
500
550
5 10
5 15
542
5 9 4i
5 14 7"
5 19 9
Ig
2 JO
2 12 1
2 14 2
2 16 3
3 15
3 18 li
413
4 4 4
500
542
584
5 12 6
600
650
6 10
6 15
650
6 10 2J
6 15 5
7 7J
ir
2 18 4
305
326
347
476
4 10 7i
4 13 9"
4 16 10J
5 10 8
6 10
650
692
700
750
7 10
7 15
7 5 10
7 11 OJ
7 16 3
8 1 5i
2
2l
368
389
3 10 10
3 12 11
500
5 3 li
563"
5 9 4}
6 13 4
6 17 6
718
7 5 10
800
850
8 10
8JL5
868
8 11 10i
8 17 1"
9 2 3J
1
2, L
3 15
3 17 1
3 19 2
413
434
5 12 6
5 15 7.J
5 18 9
6 1 lOi
650
7 10
7 14 2
7 18 4
826
868
900
950
9 10
9 15
10
976
9 12 8i
9 17 11"
10 3 U
10 8 4"
To find the value of intermediate strengths not given in the table, for
instance 36$ at 1 T 5 5 per unit, find for 30% 3 5
then for 6 13
The sum gives value per ton of 36% 3 18 9
180
D.- VALUE OF ALKALI PEE, TON. -Continued.
Price per
unit.
52%.
54%.
60%.
57%.
58%.
Pence.
1
Ji
5. rf.
350
3 10 5
3 15 10
413
s. d.
376
3 13 14
3 18 9
4 4 4
s. d,
3 10
3 15 10
418
476
s. d.
3 11 3
3 17 2i
4 3 14
4 9 0|
s. d.
3 12 6
3 18 64
447"
4 10 7|
1
I
468
4 12 1
4 17 6
5 2 11
4 10
4 15 74
513"
5 6 lOJ
4 13 4
4 19 2
550
5 10 10
4 15
5 11J
5 6 10.V
5 12 Of
4 10 8
5 2 8i
589"
5 14 9.J
i&
584
5 13 9
5 19 2
647
5 12 6
5 18 1J
639
6 9 4
5 16 8
626
684
6 14 2
5 18 9
6 4 8J
6 10 1\
6 16 6|
6 10
6 6 10
6 12 11
6 18 11
6 10
6 15 5
7 10
763
6 15
7 74
763"
7 11 10J
700
7 5 10
7 11 8
7 17 6
726
7 8 5J
7 14 4J
8 3|
750
7 11 O.V
7 17 1
8 3 1
if
7 11 8
7 17 1
826
8 7 11
7 17 6
8 3 1
889
8 14 4i
834
892
8 15
9 10
863
8 12 2i
8 18 1
9 4 Of
892
8 15 2J
913
9 7 3
2
2*
8 13 4
8 18 9
942
997
900
9 5 74
9 11 3"
9 16 10
968
9 12 6
9 18 4
10 4 2
9 10
9 15 Hi
10 1 10i
10 7 9|
9 13 4
9 19 4.|
10 5 5
10 11 5i
1
9 15
10 5
10 5 10
10 11 3
10 16 8
10 2 6
10 8 li
10 13 9"
10 19 4|
11 5
10 10
10 15 10
11 1 8
11 7 6
11 13 4
10 13 9
10 19 8i
11 5 74
11 11 6f
11 17 6
10 17 6
11 3 64
11 9 7"
11 15 7
12 1 8"
To find the value of intermediate strengths not given in the table, for
instance 36$ at 1& per unit, find for 30$ 3 5 7.J
then for 6$ 13 1}
The sum gives value per ton of 36^ 3 18 9
181
ADDENDUM TO PAGE 86.
Checking the working of fireplaces and firemen. The estimation of C0 2 in
the chimney gases, as described page 86, if combined with an observation
of temperature, admits of checking both the efficiency of a special fireplace
and the daily work of the firemen, according to a formula developed by
Lunge in Zsch. f. angew. Chem., 1889, p. 240. A consecutive number, say
from 10 to 15 testings for CO 2 . are made by an Orsat apparatus in the flue
leading from the fireplace to the chimney, and the mean volume percentage
of CO 2 found is called n. At the same time a thermometer with very long
stem, tightly inserted in the testing hole in such manner that its bulb is
well within the flue, but that the scale can be read off outside, is observed at
frequent intervals, and the mean temperature of the gases is called ', that
of the air outside t. c is the specific heat of a cubic metre of CO 2 , expressed
in gram-calories ; c' that of N or O (see below). The total volume of exit-
gases, produced by the combustion of 1 kilog. of carbon burnt on the grate,
is = 1-854 ( - J cubic metres, and the loss of heat in the exit-gases,
expressed in gram-calories :
L = 1-854 (f - t) c + 1-854 (f - t) / 10 -n\ c ' ;
the loss, expressed in per cent, of the heat theoretically given out by the
carbon :
100 L
8080 '
The value of c' may be assumed for all temperatures = 0'31 ; that of c
varies with the temparature, and must be taken as follows:
If V is below 150 C., c = 0-41.
between 150-200 = 0-43.
200-250 = 0-44.
250-300 = 0-45.
300-350 = 0-46.
EEEATUM.
Tage 3. The atomic weight of Niobium is 94-2 (0=16) or 93-9 (11=
INDEX.
Acid, standard, 168.
Acids in chimney gases, 97, 98, 118.
Air compression, 82.
Air, speed of currents, tables of, 88.
Alkali, standard, 168.
value per ton, 177.
,, Works Regulation Act, 118.
Alkalimetrical degrees, table, 139.
Alkalimetry, 168.
Alumina, 118, 132.
Ammonia, spec, gravities, 165.
solubility, 21.
standard, 169.
, , estimation of volatile, distillation
method, 162.
estimation of, total, 162.
by the bromine method,
163.
carbonate, spec. grav. , 166.
sulphate, 163.
sulphocyanide, 163.
Analysis, gravimetric factors, 12.
Anemometer, 87, 90.
Anhydride, sulphuric, 104, 109, 115.
sampling, 174.
Aqueous vapour tension, 50, 51, 52.
Area of circles, etc., 57, 71.
Arsenite of soda solution, standard, 171.
Atomic weights in round numbers, 2.
accurate, 3.
Available alkali, 138, 145.
Azotometer, 163.
Base in Weldon mud, 124.
Baum^'s hydrometer, 175.
Bicarbonate, 132.
Black-ash, 128.
Bleaching-powder, 126.
Boiling points, various, 32.
of sulphuric acid, 103.
., ,, water, 65.
Bottoms, caustic, 145.
Brimstone, 92.
Burner gases, 97.
Burnt pyrites, 96.
Carbonate of ammonia, spec, grav., 165.
,, soda, 129, 138; spec, grav.,
133.
Carbonated liquor, 130, 132.
Carbonic acid, 95, 123, 125, 132, 145, 146.
Caustic bottoms, 145.
liquor, 141.
Caustic soda in black-ash, 129 ; spec, grav.,
141 ; commercial, 145.
,, ,, sampling, 174.
Chamber exit gases, 97, 98.
Chance process. 145.
Chemicals, sampling, 174.
Chimney gases, 83, 118.
Chlorate of potash, 127.
Chlorides in common salt, 116.
black-ash, 136.
,. ,. soda ash, 138.
Chlorine, solubility, 21.
in common salt, 116.
,, bleaching powder, 126.
,, Deacon process, 126.
Chlorometrical degrees, table, 126.
Cinders (pyrites), 96.
Circles, area, etc., of, 57; mensuration, 71.
Circumferences of circles, 57.
Glaus-kiln gases, 147.
Coal, 85; sampling, 174.
,, mixing, 128.
sulphur in, 128.
Coinage of different countries, 80.
Compounds, symbols, etc., 4.
Contents, mensuration, 71.
Copper in pyrites, 94, 96.
,, solution, standard, 172.
Cube roots, 57.
Cubes, 57.
Currents of air, speed of, 88.
Deacon process, 126.
Draught, testing, 87.
Elements, 2, 3.
Equivalent weights, 4.
Exit gases from chambers, 97, 98.
,, condensers, 118.
Expansion by heat, 22.
,, ,, ,, of water, 49.
Factors for gravimetric analysis, 12.
reducing gases to normal con-
ditions, 46.
Ferric oxide, 132.
Ferrocyanide, 131.
Fire-places, checking the working of, 86,
181.
Fished salts, 145.
Fletcher's anemometer, 87.
Formula^ chemical, 4.
,, for mensuration, 71.
ISJ
183
Fuel, 85.
Fuming sulphuric acid, 101, 109, 115, 174.
Furnace pases, 86, 181.
Fusing points, 31.
of sulphuric acid, 107.
Gases, reduction of volumes to normal tem-
perature, 34.
,, reduction of volumes to normal
pressure, 40.
,, reduction of volumes both together
by factors, 46.
,, reduction of volumes both together
by the gas- volumeter, 113.
spec, gravities, 26.
from burners, 97.
chamber exits, 97, 98, 99.
,, chimneys and producers, 86.
,, condensers, 118.
speed of, 89.
Gas-liquor, 162.
Gas-volumeter, 113, 122, 126, 164, 170.
Glass-tap pipette, 115.
Grains, conversions into grams, 79, 167.
Gravimetric analysis, factors for, 12.
Heat develop
Heats, specific, 56".
Horse-powera, 75.
Hydrochloric acid, spec, grav., 120.
,, analysis, 122.
,, solubility, 21.
,, ,, in chimney gases, 118.
for decomposing man-
ganese, 123.
Hydrogen sulphide, 147.
Hydrometers, 175.
Indicators, 169.
Iodine as impurity, 149, 155.
,, standard, 171.
Iron as impurity, 114, 117, 122, 125, 138, 145,
155.
solution, 122.
wire for analysis, 170.
Lead in sulphuric acid, 114.
Lime, 117, 125, 129, Ul, U6.
milk of, 125.
Lime-kiln gases, 147.
Lime-mud, 143.
Limestone, 121.
Liquor ammoniae, spec, grav., 163.
Magnesia, 117, 125, 157.
Manganese, 122 123.
ore, 122; sampling, 172.
recovered, 123.
Measures of different countries. 73.
reduction of metric, 76.
Melting points, 31.
Mensuration of areas and contents, 71.
Methyl-orange, 169.
Metric weights and measures, 73.
reduction to English, 76.
Minerals, sampling, 172.
Mixing-coal, 128.
Moisture, 85, 92, 93, 125, 118, 155.
Molecular weights, 4.
Nitrate of soda, 148.
Nitre-cake, 149.
Nitric acid, spec, grav., 150.
,, ,, impurities, 155.
mixtures with sulphuric acid,
155.
Nitric oxide, 99.
Nitrogen in mixing coal, 128.
,, acids in chamber-exits, 98.
in sulphuric acid, 111, 114.
Nitrometer, I. ///
Nitrousacid.llO.
Norhausen O.V., see Anhydride.
Ores, sampling, 172.
Orsat's apparatus, 86, 97.
Oxalic acid solution, 172.
Oxide of gas-works, 92.
Oxygen in chamber gases, 97.
Percentage composition of compounds, 4.
Potah, 155; sampling, 174.
P. t:ispj.im carbonate, commercial, 157.
spec. grav. of solu-
tions, 158.
chlorate, 127.
,, chloride, 155.
,, permangate, standard, 170.
sulphate, 157.
Pressure, reduction of gases to normal, 40,
46, 113.
Producer gas, 86.
Pyrites, 93 ; sampling, 172.
burnt. 96.
Pyrometers, 90.
Quicklime, 125.
Reduction of gases to normal state, 34, 40,
46, 113.
Reich's test for burner gas, 97.
Salt, common, 116; sampling, 172.
Saltcake, 117.
Salts, fished, 145.
solubility of, 16, 17.
saturated solutions, spec, grav., 25.
Sampling, rules for, 172.
Silica, 132.
Silver solution, standard, 172.
Soda, available, 129, 130, 131, 146.
Soda-ash, raw materials. 128.
commercial, 138; degrees, 139;
prices per ton, 177.
Soflium arsenite, standard, 171.
,, bicarbonate, 132.
carbonate, spec, gravities, 133, 134,
136.
,, carbonate, estimation, 129, 138, 143,
145.
chloride, estimation, 116, 117, 130,
138,145,149, 156.
,, hydrate, spec, gravities, 141.
estimation, 122, H3, 145.
Solubility of various salts, etc., 16, 17, 21,
22.
,, gases, 20.
Specific gravities of gases and vapours, 23.
,i n i liquids, 25.
184
Specific gravities of saturated solutions, 25.
,,Bolids,23.
heats, 56.
Speed of air (draught), 87.
Spent oxide of gas-works, 92.
Squares, square roots, 57.
Standard solutions, 168.
Sulpha.e of ammonia, 163.
soda, 117, 130, 138.
potash, 157.
Sulphides, 129, 131, 138, 145.
Sulphites, 138, 145.
Snlphocyanides, 163.
fc ulphur, 92 ; solubility, 92.
estimation. 92, 91, 96, 128, 131, 145,
146.
, , acids in chamber exits, 98.
dioxide, 97, 98, 147.
,, recovery, 145.
Sulphuretted hydrogen, 147.
Sulphuric acid, spec, grav., 100, 103, 101. 105.
freezing and melting points,
107.
,, ,, boiling points, 108.
,. ,; percentage ( f SO 3 in Nord-
hausen acid, 109.
estimation, 94, 110, 115, 122,
155.
impurities, 110.
Sulphurous acid, 97, 08, 147.
Symbols of compounds, 4.
Tank liquor, 131.
waste, 130, 145.
Temperature of furnace gases, 90.
Temperatures of gases, reduction to 0, 34,
46.
Thermometer scales, 28, 29, 30.
Thiosulphate, 145, 146.
Twaddell's hydrometer, 175.
Valency of elements, 2.
Vapour, aqueous tensions, 50, 51, 52.
Vapours, spec. grav. of, 26.
Vat liquor, 131.
,, waste, 130, 145.
Volumes, gases, correction o p , 34, 40, 46,
113.
Water, boiling points. 55.
volumes at diff. temperatures, 49.
pressure, reduction to mercurial, 49.
vapour tension, 50, 51, 52.
, estimation, see Moisture.
Weights of diff. countries, 73.
English and metrical, 76.
of sub&tances as stored, 24.
,, sheet metals, 80.
Weldon mud, 123.
Zinc, 95.
Telegrams
'DAGLISH," St. Helens.
Established 1798.
. pelen's Engine ft Boiler OJorks,
LANCASHIRE.
THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (continued}.
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