i v *'' LIBRARY OF TRE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA f OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES. Works in Preparation. LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS AND LIGHTNING GUARDS. By Professor OLIVER J. LODGE, D.Sc., F.R.S., M.Inst.E.E. With numerous Illustrations. [In the press , THE DYNAMO. By C. C. HAWKINS, A.M.Inst.C.E., and J. WALLIS. [Preparing. CABLES AND CABLE LAYING. By STUART A. RUSSELL, A.M.Inst.C.E. [Preparing. COLD PRODUCTION. By H. G. HARRIS, M.Inst.C.B. THE ALKALI MAKERS' HANDBOOK. By Professor Dr. GEORGE LUNGE and Dr. FERDINAND HURTER. Second Edition, revised, and in great part rewritten. [In the press. ARC AND GLOW LAMPS. New and Revised Edition. [Preparing. THE DRAINAGE OF HABITABLE BUILDINGS. By W. LEE BEARDMORE, A.M.Inst.C.E., Member of Council and Hon. Sec. of the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society. [In the press. ALTERNATING CURRENTS OF ELECTRICITY. 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GEOEGE LUNGE, PH.D., *\ Professor of Technical Chemistry, Zurich; FEEDINAND HUETEE, PH.D., Consulting Chemist to the United Alkali Co., Limit SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED AND THOROUGHLY REVISED. ,> LONDON: WHITTAKER & CO., 2, WHITE HART STREET, PATERNOSTER SQUARE. GEORGE BELL & SONS : YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. T P / 5 t BUTLER & TAXNEE, THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS, FHOME, AND LONDON. PEEFACE TO THE FIEST EDITION, MOST practical chemists and manufacturers have long felt the want of uniformity in analytical methods, tables of specific gravities, etc., employed by buyers and sellers for the valuation of chemicals, and by manufacturers for controlling and superintending their various pro- cesses. Want of uniformity in this respect is constantly leading to disagreements, and prevents exact comparison of results. In order to terminate the confusion, Mr. Stroof, manager of the Griesheim Alkali Works, suggested to the German Society of Alkali Makers that they should have a standard manual published. This suggestion was adopted, a committee of seven, of owners and managers of high reputation, was appointed, and the first of the undersigned was induced to collect and sift the material for such a manual. The first condition imposed upon him was to state only one method for each analytical operation for the preparation of standard solutions and for sampling the materials. Only one method was to be chosen, in order that no discrepancies might arise, which would certainly happen if two or more methods had been introduced. In selecting the one standard method, the first and most important consideration was, that the method should permit a certain indispens- able degree of accuracy. No pains were spared to arrive at a satis- factory result in this respect. Where there was a choice between several equally accurate methods, the one occupying least time and requiring least apparatLis, or one already widely known and employed, was preferred. The author prepared a draft, which, together with various sugges- tions from others, was fully discussed at the several meetings of the committee. These meetings were held at ..intervals of six and twelve months respectively, in order to give the author and his assistants time to carry out experimental researches, to clear up any v I doubtful points. Most of these experiments have been described in a report published partially in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1882, pp. 12, 55, and 91. Public criticism was then invited, and several important contributions were thus obtained. "Ultimately, after the complete manuscript had been circulated among the members of the committee, it was agreed to on all points. The methods described in this little work are thus acknowledged by the united voice of the German Alkali and Ammonia manufac- turers as the most suitable, and are not the arbitrary choice of the author. Many of the processes, the description of which frequently only occupies a few lines, are the result of many a month of arduous labour, and of subsequent anxious d'scussion by all concerned. The want of standard table 3 of specific gravities of various solutions, was felt quite as much as the want of standard analytical methods. For some substances such tables had never been constructed, and for very few substances indeed were the data provided to reduce the specific gravity of the solution to a normal temperature. The author and his colleagues have striven to remedy this defect by a careful examination of the ex'sting tables, and by supplying now ones where required. In addition a number of general tables, useful to alkali manufac- turers, have been provided. Every care has bsen taken to ensure the accuracy of these tables, many of them, particularly those referring to atomic weights, percentage composition, and analytical factors, having been entirely recalculated. The German edition, the small compass of which but little betrays the labour expended upon it, was issued with the expectation that it would be accepted as a standard work by all German Alkali manufac- turers, by their customers, and by commercial analysts. This expec- tation has already been realized in a great measure. It has already become customary to make these analytical methods and specific gravity tables binding in all transactions between buyers and sellers, until the progress of science necessitates the substitution of more accurate methods and tables in future editions. From many sides the desire has been expressed that this little work should be made accessible to the English public. For this purpose the co-operation of the second of the undersigned was obtained. To him is due the extensive labour of recalculating all the tables for English weights and measures. In making these calculations every one of the tables was, as far as possible, reconstructed from the original data by graphic interpolation. Errors of computation were avoided as much as possible by the use of Thomas' Arithmometer and Fuller's Calculator ; and the hope is expressed that the tables, based on the English weights and measures, will be found equally reliable as those based on the metric system. The chapters on Deacon's process and on chimney-testing are also due to him, and in general he has adapted the work to suit the wants of English manufacturers. But in no essential particular does this edition deviate from the German, a few additions excepted. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. IN this edition numerous small errors of the first edition, almost unavoidable in such a case, have been corrected, and many minor improvements have been made. Moreover, for reasons explained by one of us in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (1890, p. 1013), a considerable number of new methods for analysis have been introduced. The new tables for specific gravities of sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acid, and of liquor ammoniae, constructed with extreme care by one of us, with his assistants, have b3en substituted for the tables of Kolb and Carius contained in the first edition. All suggestions for alterations which have reached us since the publication of the first edition have been carefully considered, and have been adopted wherever it was possible and consistent with our endeavour to maintain unchanged the general scope and character of the book. As the size of the page has been somewhat increased, the designa- tion " handbook " has been substituted for " pocketbook" in the title. G. LUNGE. F. HURTEK. ZURICH AND WIDNES, August, 1891. NOTE. ALL temperatures are indicated in degrees centigrade, unless the contrary is expressed. The atomic iveights are stated in table No. 1 in round numbers, and these are made use of in all calculations contained in this book. This has been done because the so-called correct atomic weights are not accepted equally by all chemists, and are subject to alteration by new researches, whilst there is practically no disagreement concerning the rounded-off atomic weights of the more important elements, and these are, at any rate, sufficiently near the truth for all technical purposes. An exception has been made for platinum, for which the figure adopted by all German potash manufacturers and analytical chemists has been retained. We have, however, also added a table giving the values of atomic weights assumed by Ostwald to be the nearest approximations to the truth. CONTENTS. TAGS Preface to First Edition v Preface to Second Edition vii Preliminary Note viii Contents ix GENEEAL TABLES ........... 1 Table 1. Atomic Weights, Equivalent Weights (in round numbers), and Valency of Elements "... 2 IA. Accurate atomic weights (Ostwald) 3 2. Symbols, molecular and equivalent weights, and percentage composition of chemical compounds important to the Alkali industry 4 3. Factors for calculating gravimetric analyses . . . 12 4. Solubility of different salts 16 5. Solubility of different salts at different temperatures . * 17 6. Solubility of some gases in water 20 7. Solubility of Ammonia in water by weight . . . .21 8. Solubility of Chlorine in water , 9. Solubility of Hydrogen Chloride in water . ... 10. Specific gravities of different solids ..... 22 11. Weight of substances as stored 24 12. Specific gravity of different liquids 25 13. Specific gravity and percentage of saturated solutions . 11. Specific gravity of gases and vapours 26 15. Linear expansion of different substances . . . .27 16. Comparison of different thermometric scales by Centigrade degrees as units 28 16u. By Fahrenheit degrees as units ' . 29 17. Conversion of Centigrade into Fahrenheit degrees above 100, and vice versa, . 30 18. Fusing points . . .31 19. Boiling points 32 20. Reduction of volumes of gases to a temperature of C 21. Reduction of volumes of gases to a pressure of 760 mm. 21u. Factors for reducing a given volume of gas to normal tern perature and pressure 34 40 46 49 50 51 24. Tension of aqueous vapour in inches of mercury from 1 to 100 Fah 52 2Ju. Tension of aqueous vapour from 100 to 4-10 Fah. . . 54 25. Variation of boiling point of water with different baro- metric pressures 55 26. Specific heats .... 5 ..... 56 ix 22. Volumes of water at different temperatures . . . ,. 22u. Reduction of water pressure to mercurial pressure . 23. Tensions of aqueous vapour between - 20 and +118 C. 23n. Tensions of aqueous vapour for temperatures above 40 C PAGE Table 27. Mathematical tables (circumference and area of circles, squares, cubes, square and cube roots) .... 57 28. Formulae for mensuration of areas and solid contents . . 71 29. Weights and measures of different countries . .73 30. Tables for reducing English to metrical weights and mea- sures, and vice versa 7G 31. Weight of sheet metals 80 32. Coinage of different countries 33. Air-compression 82 SPECIAL PART S3 1. FUEL AND FURNACES . 85 A. Fuel (Moisture, fixed carbon, ash) - B. Furnaces 86 1. Chimney gases 2. Gas from Producers 3. Speed of draught 87 C. Temperature (Pyrometers) 90 2. SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE ........ 91 A. Brimstone , B. Spent oxide of gas works 92 C. Pyrites. Moisture. Sulphur 93 Copper. Zinc 94 Carbonic Acid 95 D. Burnt Pyrites. Sulphur. Copper ,96 E. Gases. Burner gases. Chamber exit gases. Sulphur and Nitrogen Acids. Rules of Alkali Makers' Association . . .97 Nitric Oxide 99 F. SuJpJmric Acid 100 1. Specific gravity of Sulphuric Acid at 60 F. 2. Specific gravity of highly concentrated Sulphuric Acid . . 103 3. Specific gravities and percentage of fuming (Nordhausen) Oil of Vitriol at different temperatures 101 4. Table for reducing the specific gravities of Sulphuric Acid to any other temperature . . 105 5. Freezing and melting points of Sulphuric Acid . . . 107 6. Boiling points of Sulphuric Acid 108 7. Percentage of S0 3 in Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol . . . 109 7A. Quantitative estimation of free Sulphuric Acid . . . 110 8. Examination of Sulphuric Acid for other substances . . (a) Nitrous Acid (6) Total Nitrogen acids. Nitrometer Ill Gas-Volumeter . . . 113 Quantitative test for Nitrogen acids 114 (c) Lead - (d) Iron . . . . . 9. Analysis of fuming Sulphuric Acid (Nordhausen Acid, An- hydride) 115 3. SALTCAKE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID 116 A. Salt (Common Salt, Bock-salt) Moisture, Insoluble, Chlorine Lime , 117 B. Saltcake. Free Acid, NaCl, Iron, Residue, Lime, Magnesia . . Alumina, Sodium Sulphate 118 si PVftK C. Chimney-testing 118 Act of Parliament, Hydrochloric Acid D. Hydrochloric Acid 120 1. Specific gravities at 15 C 2. Influence of temperature on specific gravity .... 121 3. Analysis : HC1, Sulphuric Acid, Iron 122 4. BLEACHING POWDER AND CHLORATE OF POTASH . . , . . A. Natural Manganese Ore 1. Manganese Dioxide 2. Carbon Dioxide . 123 3. Hydrochloric Acid required for decomposing . . . . B. Recovered Manganese Mud and Weldon Liquors , . . . 1. MnO., 2. Total Manganese 3. Base 124 C. Limestone : Insoluble, Lime Magnesia, Iron 125 D. Quicklime : Free CaO, CO, ....,... DA. Slaked Lime . . '. . Table showing amount of Lime in milk of lime . . . . E. Bleaching powder. Available chlorine. "* . . . . 126 Comparison of percentage with French degrees . . . . F. Deacon process: HC1, free Cl 126 G. Chlorate of Potash : Chlorate, Chloride 127 Commercial Chlorate 128 5. SODA-ASH MANUFACTURE A. Raw Materials : Saltcake, Limestone, Coal (Sulphur) . . B. Black Ash . . I. Tests made with the muddy mixture Free Lime, Total Lime 129 II. Tests made with the clear portion Sodium Carbonate, Caustic, Sulphide . . . , . Sodium Chloride, Sulphate, Carbonated sample .... 130 C. Tank Waste ( Vat Waste} . Available Soda, Total Soda Total and oxidizable Sulphur 131 D. Tank Liquor ( Vat Liquor] . Sodium Ferrocyanide Silica, Alumina, Ferric Oxide 132 E. Carbonated Liquors . ' ." Bicarbonate F. Specific gravities of solutions of Sodium Carlonate, at 15 C. . . 133 Ditto, at 30 C 131 Influence of temperature on specific gravities .... 136 G. Commercial Soda-ash 138 Comparison of French, German, and English Alkalimetrical degrees 139 II. Caustic Soda 141 1. Caustic liquor Specific gravities of solutions of Sodium Hydrate . . . Influence of temperature on specific gravities .... 143 2. Lime Mud 3. Fished salts 145 4. Caustic bottoms 5. Commercial Caustic Soda . PAGE 6. SULPHUR RECOVERY (CHANCE PROCESS) 145 1. Sulphur as Sulphides in vat waste 2. Sulphur as Sulphides in carbonated mud 3. Sulphide-Sulphur + CO 2 in vat wastj 4. Sulphur as Sulphide in solutions 5. Soda, Lime, and Thiosulphate in liquors 6. Lime-kiln gases 14G 147 7. Gas from Gas-holder (H.,S) 8. Exit-gases from the Claus kilns (H,S, SO,) . 7. NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE . . 148 A. Nitrate of Soda B. Nitre-Cake 149 C. Nitric Acid 150 1. Specific gravities at 15 C 2. Influence of temperature on specific gravity .... 153 3-8. Impurities 155 D. Mixtures of Sulphuric and Nitric Acid . . ..... 8. POTASH MANUFACTURE A. Potassium Chloride B. Potassium Sulphate .......... 157 C.-H. Limestone, Coal, Black Ash, Tank Waste, Tank Liquor, Carbon- ated Liquor. . . . . . . . . . . I. Commercial Carbonate of Potash Specific gravities of solutions at 15 C 158 Influence of temperature on specific gravitit s 160 9. AMMONIA MANUFACTURE 162 A. Gas Liquor ........... 1. Volatile Ammonia (distillation method) 2. Total Ammonia 3. Total Sulphur 163 \ 4. Sulphocyanide B. Sulphate of Ammonia ......... 1. Estimation of Ammonia (bromine metho.l) , . . . 2. Sulphocyanide 164 C. Specific gravities of Liquor Ammonite 165 D. Specific gravitit s of Solutions of Commercial Ammonium Carbonate 166 APPENDIX 167 A. Preparation of Standard Solutions Introductory - 1. Normal Acid and Alkali 168 2. Potassium Permanganate 170 3. Iodine Solution 171 4. Sodium Arsenite Solution - 5. Silver Solution . . 172 G. Copper Solution 7. Oxalic Acid Solution B. Rules for Sampling 1. Ores and Minerals 2. Chemicals 174 C. Comparison of the Hydrometer degrees 175 D. Value of Alkali per ton 177 Addendum to p. 86. Checking working of fireplaces and firemen 181 Erratum on page 3 . . . . . . . Alphabetical Index .182 GENEBAL TABLES. TABLE I. ATOMIC WEIGHTS, EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS (IN ROUND NUMBERS), AND VALENCY OF ELEMENTS. Symbol and Valency. Atomic Weight.* Equivalent Weight. Aluminium. A1 1V 27-5 1375 Sl-,111 V 122 122 Arsenic Barium As 1 " v Ba 11 75 137 75 GS'5 Beryllium Be" 9'4 47 Bi 111 v 208 208 Boron ... Bo m 11 11 B romine Br 1 vn 80 80 Cadmium Cd u 112 53 Cs 1 133 133 Calcium Ca" 40 20 Carbon C IV " 12 6 Cerium Ce IV 137 G8'5 Chlorine Cl 1 vn 35"5 35'5 C r ii iv vi 52 5 20 '25 Cobalt Co" VI 59 29'5 Copoer Cu 11 G3'5 3175 Didymium Di IV 144 72 Erbium . .. Er 111 170'G 85 '3 Fluorine F 19 19 Gold An 111 197 197 Hydrogen Hi 1 1 1 Indium In 111 113 50'5 Iodine .. I 1 VI1 127 127 Indium J r IV VI 193 96'5 Iron F e II IV VI 5G 28 Lanthanum ... La lv 139 G'J-5 Lead Pb" IV 207 1035 Lithium Li 1 7 7 Magnesium Mg" 21 12 TVfanga.ninm ,,, Mu" VI1 55 27'5 Mercury Hg" 200 100 Molybdenum Mo VI 96 43 Nickel Ni n 59 295 Niobium Nb v 94 47 Nitrogen. JJIII V 14 14 Osmium Os IV VI 199 99'5 Oxygen O 11 16 8 Palladium p

(NH 4 )oHPO 4 80 132 14 sodium phosphate (NH 4 )NaHPO 4 +4aq . 209 15 platinum chloride . .. 446-18 16 sulphate (NH 4 ). 2 SO 4 ., 132 17 sulphocyanate NH 4 CNS 76 18 Arsenic oxide As>(X .. 230 19 Arsenious oxide 198 20 trisulphide AsS 3 246 21 BaO 153 22 hydrate BaCHO ).,.., 171 23 hydrate cryst Ba(HO) 2 +8aq 315 24 carbonate BaCO 3 197 25 chloride . BaCL>+2aq 244 BaSO 4 233 27 Calcium monoxide CaO 56 28 hydrate Ca(HO) 2 74 29 carbonate . ... CaCO 3 100 an chloride CaCl 2 111 31 chloride cryst CaCl,+6aq 219 39 chlorate 207 33 hy pochlorite Ca(OCl) 2 ! 143 34 phosphate monobasic . 234 35 phosphate dibasic CaHPO 4 . . 136 36 phosphate tribasic 310 37 sulphate anhydrous . CaS0 4 1 136 * Modern notation and atomic weights. WEIGHTS, AND PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL TO THE ALKALI INDUSTRY. No. Equivalent Formula, t Eqnivlt. weight. Percentage Composition. 1 AUO 3 51*5 Al 53-40 O 46-60 2 A1 9 O 3 3HO 73.5 Al O 65-61 H O 34-39 3 A1 2 CJ 3 134 Al 20-5 9 Cl 79-48 4 A1 2 O 3 3S0 3 171 '5 Al O 30-03 SO 69-97 * * 5 6 A1 2 3 3SO 3 +18HO ... NH, 333-5 17 A1 2 O 3 15-44, SO 3 35-98, H 2 O 48-58 N 82-35 H 17-67 7 g A1 2 3 3S0 3 + NH 4 OS\ 3 +24HO/ 3NH T 1CO 2 +2HO ... 453-5 157 A1 2 O 3 11-35, NH 3 3-75. SO 3 35-29, H 2 O [49-61 NH 3 -:> -49 CO 56-05 H O 11-46 9 NH 4 C1 53-5 NH,, 31-77 H Cl 68-23 ' 10 11 12 2MgONH 4 OAs0 5 + | HO 2MgONH 4 OP0 5 + 12} HOJ NH 4 ONO 5 .. 190 245 SO MgO 21-05, As 2 O 5 60-53, NH 3 8-95, H..O 9-47 MgO 16-30, NH 3 6-93, P 2 O 5 29-09, H 2 O 47-68 NH 3 21-25 N O 67-50 H 2 O ll- 9 5 13 2NH 4 OHOPO 5 132 NH 3 25-68 P 2 O- 53-93 H 2 O 20-39 14 15 NH 4 ONaOHOPO,+ } 8HOJ NH 4 ClPtCl 2 209 2 9 3-09 NH 3 8-13, Na 2 O 14-83,' P 2 O 5 33-97, H,O 43-06 NH 3 7-62 Pfc 44-19 Cl 47-74, H/45 16 NH 4 OSO, . 66 NH 3 25-76 SO 3 60-61 H 2 O 13-63 17 NH 4 C,NS a 76 NH 4 22-37 H 1-81 CN 34-21, S 42 11 18 AsO 5 115 As 65-22 O 34-78 19 AsO-j ... 09 As 75-76 O 21-24 20 AsS 3 123 As 60-98 S 39-02 21 BaO 76-5 Ba 89-54 O 10-46 22 BaOHO 85'5 BaO 89-47 H,O 10-53 <>3 BaO9HO 157-5 BaO 48-60 H 2 O 51-40 24 BaOCO., 98-5 BaO 77-60 COo 22-40 23 BaCl + 2HO 122 Ba Clo 85-24. H 2 O 14-76 26 BaOS0 3 116-5 BaO 6o-67 SO 3 34-33 27 CaO 28 Ca 71-43 O 28-57 28 CaOHO 37 CaO 75-67, H 2 O 24-33 29 CaOCO 2 50 CaO 56-00 CO 2 44-00 80 CaCl Ca 36-05 Cl 63-95 81 CaCl + 6HO .. 109-5 CaCl, 50-69 H,O 49-31 32 CaOClO 5 103-5 CaO 27-05 C1 2 O 5 72-95 88 CaOCIO 71-5 CaO 39-16. Cl 49-65, O 11-19 34 Ca02HOPO- 117 CaO 23-93 P 2 O- 60-68, H.,O 15-38 35 2CaOHOPO5 136 CaO 41-18, POi CENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Continued. No. Equivalent Formula. Equivlt, weight. Percentage Composition. 00 CaOSO 3 + 2IIO 86 CaO 32-56 S0 3 46-51 H 9 O 20-03 qq CaOSO 2 60 CaO 48-67, SO 2 53-33 40 CaOS 2 O 2 . 76 CaO 36-84 SO 42-11 S 21-05 41 CaS 36 Ca 55-56 S 44-44 A\> CaS 100 Ca 20-00 S 80-00 4Q CO,.. 22 C 27-27 O 72-73 44 co - 14 C 42-85 O 57-15 JX CoH, 16 C 75-00 H 25-00 4fi CJI, '28 C 85-72 H 14 >9 8 47 CuCl 67-25 Cu 47-21 Cl 52-79 4R CuO . . 39-75 Cu 79-87 O 20-13 40 CuS 47-75 Cu 66-49 S 33-51 KO Cu,S 79-5 Cu 79-87 S 20-13 R1 CuOS0 5 5HO 124-75 CuO 31-86 SO 3 3 0? 06 H,0 36-03 r,o HC1 36-5 Cl 97-26 H 2-74 53 CIO. 43-5 Cl 81-61 O 18-39 1^4 C1OHO 52-5 Cl 67-62 O 30-48 H 1-90 KX FeoOo 80 Fe 70-0 O 30-0 56 Fe 2 O 3 3HO 107 Fe 2 O 3 74-77 H 2 O 25-23 r;? FeCl 63-5 Fe 44-09 Cl 55-91 58 FeCldHO 99-5 FeCl 2 63-82 H 2 O 36-18 59 FeoClo 162-5 Fe 34-46 Cl 65-54 60 Fesv!::::::::::::::::::::: 44 Fe 63-64, S 36-36 61 FeS, 60 Fe 46-67 S 53-33 62 FeOS0 3 7HO 139 Fe 20-14, O 5-76, S0 3 28-78, II 2 45-32 63 PbO 111-5 Pb 92-38 O 7*17 64 PbOCO 2 133-5 PbO 83-52, CO 2 16-48 65 PbCl 139 Pb 74-46 Cl 25-54 66 PbOS0 3 151-5 PbO 73-60, SO 3 26-40 67 PbS 118-5 Pb 86-61 S 13-39 63 PbO 2 119-5 Pb 86-61, O 13-39 69 MoO 20 MO- 60-00 O 40-00 70 MoOHO 29 M^O 68-96, H,O 31-04 71 Mo-Cl 47-5 MO- 25-^6 Cl 74-74 72 MCl-f 6HO . 101-5 M^C] 2 46-80, H.,O 53-2 73 MgOCO, 42 MgO 47-62, CO 2 52-38 74 MgOSO 3 +7HO 2Mo-OPO- 123 111 MgO 16-26, SO 3 32-52, H 2 51-22 MgO 36-04, P 2 6- 63-96 76 MnO . 85-5 Mn 77-47, O 22-53 77 Mn 3 O t 114-5 Mn 72-05, O 27-95 8 SYMBOLS, MOLECULAR AND EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS, AND PER- COMPOUNDS. Molecular formula. Manganic oxide Manganese dioxide Manganous chloride sulphate Nitrosulphonic aci d ,ni trososul phur ic \ acid, chamber crystals / Nitrous oxide .... Nitric oxide Nitrous ajtihydride Nitric peroxide, tetroxide Nitric acid... Mn,O 8 Mn0. 2 . MnCL MnSO 4 N0. NO , Phosphoric anhydride acid, ortho acid, pyro acid, meta HN sa PO, H 4 P.,0 7 Platinum chloride PtCl 4 Potassium oxide hydrate bichromato carbonate bicarbonate chlorate chloride ferricyanide, red prussiate f errocyanide, yellow prus- [siate iodide nitrate permanganate phosphate platinum chloride silicate sulphate bisulphate sulphide sulphite bisulphite sulphocyanate Potash, alum Solenious anhydride Silicic acid, anhydride Silver chloride ... K,O KOH ... K 2 Cr 2 O 7 K a CO KHC0 3 KClOg... KC1 KJ KN0 3 .. KMnO 4 jv 2 ovy 4 KHS0 4 .. K.S K,SO 3 2aq KCNS KAl(S0 4 ) i 12aq SeO 2 SiO 2 AgCl 9 CENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Continxed. No. Equivalent Formula. Eqnivlt. weight. Percentage Composition. 70 MrioOo 79 Mn 69-62 O 30-38 79 MnOj 43-5 Mn 63-22, O 36'78 SO MnCl 63 Mn 43-65 Cl 56-35 01 MnOSO 3 75' 5 MnO 47-0 9 S0 3 5-98 or) 2SO HONOo 127 S0 3 6-99 N 2 O^ 29-92 H 2 7-09 pa NO 22 N 63-64, O 36-36 84 NO, 30 N 46-67, O 53-33 85 1S T O 3 38 N 36-84, O 63-16 Pifi NO 4 . . 46 N 30-44 O 69-56 87 NO 5 HO 63 NoO 5 85-71, HoO 14-29 88 PO 5 71 P 43-66 O 56-34 89 PO-3HO 98 P 2 O- 72-45 H 2 O 27-55 qo PO- 9 HO 89 P-O 5 79-77, H 9 O 20-23 91 PO 5 HO 80 P,O 5 88-75 H 2 O 11-25 99 ptCl 2 169-59 Pt 58-13 Cl 41-7 93 KO 47 K 82-98, O 17-02 94 KOHO 56 K,O 83-93, H 2 O 16-07 95 KO2CrO 3 147-5 K 2 O 31-86 CrO, 63-14 c fi KOCOo 69 K,O 68-12 CO 2 31-88 97 KOHOCOj 100 K 2 O 47-00 CO., 44-00 HoO 9-00 98 KOC1O- 122-5 KoO 38-37 Cl 28-98 O 3^-65 99 KCI 74-5 K 52-35 Cl 47-65 100 3KCyFe 2 Cv, 329 K 35-56 Fe 17-02 CN 47-42 101 2KCyFeC v3HO 211 K 37-03' Fe 13-25, CN 36-93, II 2 12-79 102 KJ 166 K 23-49 J 76-51 103 KONO- 101 KoO 46-54 NoO 5 53-46 104 KOMn 2 O 158 KoO 29-75 MnoO 7 70-25 105 9KOHOPO- 174 K,O 54-0 P,O- 40-81 HO 5-17 10G KClPtClo 211-09 Pt 40-39 Cl 43-63 K 15-98 (KC1 30-52) 107 KOSiO 2 77 KoO 61-04 SiOo 38-96 108 KOS0 3 87 KoO 54-02 S0 3 45-98 109 KOHO'^SO 136 KoO 34-56 SO 3 58-83 HoO 6-62 110 KS 55 K 70-91, S 29-09 111 KOSO 2 2HO 97 K,O 48-45 SO-, 33-00 HoO 18-55 112 KOHOSO, 120 KoO 39-17 SOo 53-33 H.O7-50 113 KCoNSo .... 97 K 40-21 C 12-37 N 14-43 S 32-99 114 115 JKOSO 3 + AloO s 3S0 3 \ \ +24HO.../ SOo 474-5 55*5 K 2 O 9-91, A1 2 O 3 10-84, SO 3 33-73, H 2 O 45-52 Se 71-17 O 28-83 116 SiO> 30-0 Si 46-67 O 53-33 117 Ao'Cl 143-5 AO- 75-6 Cl 24-74 10 SYMBOLS, MOLECULAE AND EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS, AND PER- No. COMPOUNDS. Molecular formula. Molcr. weight. 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 Silver nitrate AgNOo . 170 248 62 40 58-5 289 382 106 124 286 84 106-5 74-5 85 358 122 142 322 120 234 104 248 78 206 56 61 80 98 178 114 194 226 258 34 225 18 81 136 161 287 97 sulphide. . AgoS Sodium oxide NaoO .... hydrate NaHO chloride NaCl aluminate . . Na 6 Al 2 O r borate Na 2 B 4 O-10ao . .. . Na 2 CO 3 carbonate, monohydrated . . . carbonate, decahydra ted erst, b icarbonate Na 2 CO 3 aq Nu,CO 3 10aq NaHCO 3 chlorate NaClO 3 hypochloritc . . . NaOCl nitrate NaN0 3 phosphate . ... Na 2 HP0 4 12aq silicate Na 2 SiO 3 sulphate . . ... NaoSO, , crvst Na 2 S0 4 10aq . bisulphate .... NaHSO 4 sulphite bisulphite NaHSO 3 thiosulphate, hyposulphite... sulphide Na ZnSO 4 t ZnSO 4 7aq sulphide 11 CENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS- Continued. Equivalent Formula. Eqnivlt. weight. Percentage Composition. Ao-ONO* , 170 124 31 40 58-5 144-5 191-0 53 62 143 84 106-5 74-5 85 358 61 71 161 120 117 104 124 39 103 56 32 40 49 89 57 97 113 129 17 112-5 9 40-5 68 80-5 143-5 48-5 Ag 63-53, NO 3 36-47 Ag 87-09, S 12-91 Na 74-19, 25-81 Na,O 77-50, H,O 22-50 Na"39-32, Cl 60-68 Na 2 O 64-36, A1 2 O 3 35-64 Na 2 16-23, B 2 O 3 36-65, H 2 O 47-12 Na 2 O 58-49, CO 2 41-51 Na 2 O 50-00, CO 2 35-48, H 2 O 14-52 Na 2 O 21-68, CO 2 15-39, H 2 O 62-93 Na 2 O 36-90. CO 2 52-38, H 2 O 10-71 Na 2 29-10,' C1 2 5 70-90 Na 2 O 41-61, C1 2 O 58-39 Na,O 36-47, N 2 O 5 63-53 Na 2 O 17-32, P 2 O 5 19-84, H,0 62-84 Na 2 50-82, SO 2 49-18 Na 2 O 43-66, S0 3 56-34 Na 2 O 19-25, SO, 24-84, H 2 O 55-91 Na 2 O 25-83, S0 3 66-67, H 2 O 7-50 Na 2 O 26-50, SO 2 27-35, H 2 O 46-15 Na 2 O 29-81, SO 2 61-54, H 9 O 8-65 Na,0 25-00, S 12-90, SO, 25-80, H 2 36-30 Na 58-97, S 41-03, corresponding to Na 2 S 37-86, S 4 62-14 [79-49 Na 2 O Na 2 S 69-65, H 2 S 30-35 S 50-00, O 50-00 S 40-00, O 60-00 SO, 81-63, H.,0 18-37 H 2 SO 4 55-06,'SO, 44-91 S0 2 56-14, S 28-07, H 2 O 15-79 SO 3 41-24, S0 2 32-99, S 16-49, H O 9-23 S0 3 35-39, S0 2 28-32, S 28-32, H'.O 7-97 S0 3 31-01, SOo 24-81, S 37-20, H.,O 6-93 S 94-12, H 5-88 Sn 52-44, Cl 31-56, H 2 16-00 H 11-11, O 88-89 Zn 80-25, O 19-75 Zn 47-79, Cl 52-21 ZnO 50-31, SO 3 49-69 ZnO 28-22, SO, 27-87, H,,0 43-91 Zn 67-01, S 32-99 AcS , NaO NaOHO NaCl 3NaOAl 9 O 3 NaO2B0 3 + 10HO NaOCOo.... NaOCO 2 + HO NaOCO, + 10IIO NaOHO2CO.> NaOCIO- ..." NaOCIO NaONO- 2NaOHOPO 5 + 24HO NaOSiO, NaOS0 3 NaOSO 3 + 10HO NaOHO2S0 3 . . NaOS0 2 + 6HO NaOHO2SO, . NaOS.,Oo + 5HO ...... NaS NaS 5 NaSHS so.> S0 3 . HOS0 3 HO2SO HOS,O, HOS 3 O HOS 4 O 5 HOS-O- HS SnCl+2HO HO . . ZnO ZnCl ZllOSOg ZnOS0 2 + 7HO ZnS TABLE 3.-FACTORS FOR CALCULATING Substance Weighed. Substance to be determined. Ammonium. Ammonium Chloride, NH-iCl Ammonia, NETa Ammonium platinum chloride, \ Ammonium oxide (NH^jO Ammonia, NUa Arsenic. r Arsenic trisulphide, Afg^s \ Nitrogen, N Arsenic, As Arsenic trioxide, Af^Oa Arsenic Anhydride, A? 2 o s Arsenic, As Ammonium magnesium arsenate, J MfffNFT.^ A Cak-ium oxide, j QQ Carbon. Carbonic anhydride, CO Carbon, C ,. Calcium carbonate CaCOa t Carbonic anhydride, | QQ Chlorine, Cl Barium carbonate, BaCOa Chlorine. r Silver chloride A^Cl ^ Hydrochloric acid, HC1 Copper. Copper oxide, CuO Chloric anhydride, ClaOg Sodium chloride, NaCl Copper Cu Copper, Cu Iron. Cupric oxide, CuO Iron, Fe Lead. Lead monoxide, PbO Ferrous oxide, FcC) Lead, Pb Lead, Pb JLcacl sulpiiatc, l boU4 < T nnA on'WViI/la PKQ 3 Lead oxide, PbO Lead, Pb. Lead, Pb Lead oxide, PbO Lead oxide, PbO 13 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSES. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0-31776 0-11654 0-07620 0-06276 0-63552 0-23308 0-15240 0-12552 0-95328 0-34962 0-22860 0-18828 1-27104 0-46616 0-30480 0-25104 1-58880 0-58270 0-38100 0-31380 1-90656 0-69924 0-45720 0-37656 2-22432 0-81578 0-53340 0-43932 2-54208 0-93232 0-60960 050208 2-85984 1-04886 0-68580 0-56484 0-60975 0-80438 0-93496 0-39473 0-52105 0-60526 1-21950 1-60976 1-80992 G'78946 1-04210 1-21052 1-82925 2-41464 2-80488 1-18419 1-56315 1-81578 2-43900 3-21552 373984 1-57892 2-08420 2-42104 2-04875 4-02440 4-67480 1-97305 2-60525 3-02630 3-65850 4-82928 5-60976 2-36838 3-12630 3-63156 3-26825 5-63416 6-54472 2*76311 3-64735 4-23682 4-87800 6-43904 7-47968 3-15784 4-16840 4-84208 5-48775 7-24392 8-41464 3-55257 4-68945 5-44734 0-65665 1-31330 1-96995 2-62660 3-28325 3-93990 4-59655 5-25320 5-90985 0'//6oo 0-54839 1-55310 1-09678 2'329G5 1-64517 3-10620 2-19356 3-88275 2-74195 4-65930 3-29034 5-43585 3-83873 6-21240 4-38712 6*98895 4-93551 0-41176 0'56000 0-82352 1-12000 1-23523 1-68000 1-64704 2-24000 2-05880 2-80000 2-47056 3-36000 2-88232 3-92000 3-29408 4-48000 370584 504000 0-27273 0-44000 0-2^335 0-54546 0-88000 0-44670 0-81819 1-32000 0-67005 1-09092 1-76000 0-89340 1-36365 2-20000 1-11675 1-63638 2-64000 1-34010 1-90911 3-08000 1-56345 2-18184 3-52000 1-78680 2-45457 3-96000 2-01015 0-24739 0-25435 0-52613 0-40767 0-49478 0-50870 1-05226 0-81534 0-74217 0*76305 1-57839 1-22301 0-98956 1-01740 2-10452 1-63068 1-23695 1-27175 2-63065 203835 1-48434 1-52610 3-15678 2-44602 1-73173 1-78045 3-68291 2-85369 1-97912 2-03480 4-20904 3-26136 2-22651 2-28915 473517 3-66903 0-79874 0-79874 100000 1-59748 1-59748 2-00000 239622 2-39622 3-00000 3-19496 3-19496 4-00000 3-99370 3-99370 5-00000 4-79244 4-79244 6-00000 559118 5-59118 7-00000 6-38992 6-38992 8-00000 7-18866 7-18866 9-00000 0-70000 90000 1-40000 1-80000 2-10000 2-70000 2-80000 3-60000 3-50000 4-50000 4-20000 5-40000 4-90000 tf'30000 5-60000 7-20000 6-30000 8-10000 0-92825 0-68317 073597 0-8G611 0-93305 1-07730 1-85650 1-36634 1-47194 173222 1-86610 2-15400 2-78475 204951 2-20791 2-59833 2-79915 3-23190 3-71300 2-73268 2-94388 3-46444 3-73220 4-30920 4-64125 3-41585 3-67985 4-33055 4-66525 5-38650 5-56950 4-09902 4-41582 5-19666 5-59830 6-46380 6-49775 4-78219 5-15179 6-06277 653135 7-54110 7-42600 5-46536 * .QO**r*{* O OO/ /O 6-92888 7-46440 8-61840 8-35425 6-14853 6-62373 779499 8-39745 9-69570 FACTOES FOE CALCULATING Substance Weighed. Substance to be determined. Hydrogen. Water H 2 Hydrogen, H Magnesium. Magnesia, MgO Magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg^O; Manganese. Mangano-manganic oxide, Mn 3 04 Manganese sulphide. MnS ] Magnesia, MgO Manganese, Mn ... . Manganese, Mn (. Nitrogen. Ammonium platinum chloride, (NH 4 ) 2 PtC1 6 Platinum, Ft ... Nitrogen, N Nitrogen , N Phosphorus. Magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg- 2 P 2 7 Potassium. C Phosphoric anhydride, P 2 5 (. Phosphorus, P Potassium oxide, K 2 O Potassium chloride, KC1 Potassium oxide, K 2 O C Potassium oxide, K 2 O Potassium platinum chloride, E^PtCIc Sodium. (. Potassium chloride, KC1 . Sodium oxide Nn 2 O Sodium carbonate NogC* '3 Sodium oxide, Na)O Sodium chloride NaCl Sodium oxide, Na 2 O Sulphur. r Barium sulphate, BaS04 < Zinc. Sulphur, S Sulphuric anhydride, SO^ Sulphurous anhydride, SO 2 Sodium sulphate, NoS0 4 Zinc, Zn Zinc, Zn Zinc sulphide, ZnS \ Zinc oxide, ZuO 15 GEAVIMETEIC ANALYSES-contimted, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 011111 0-33333 0-36036 022222 0-66066 0-72072 0-33333 1-00000 1-08108 0-44444 1-33333 1-44144 0"55555 1-66666 1-80180 0-66666 2-00000 2-16216 0-77777 233333 2-52252 0-88888 2-66666 2-88288 i-ooooo 3-00000 3-24324 0-72052 0-63218 0-81609 1-44104 1-26436 1-63218 2-16156 1-89651 2-44827 2-88208 2-52872 3-20436 3-60260 3-16090 4-08045 4-32312 3-79308 4-89654 5-04364 4-42526 5-71263 5-76416 5-05744 6-52872 6-48468 5-68962 7-34481 0-00276 0-14200 0-12552 0-28400 0-18828 0-42000 0-25104 0-56800 0-31380 0-71000 0-37656 0-85200 0-43932 0-99400 0-50208 1-13600 0-56484 1-27800 0-63964 0-27923 1-27928 0-55356 1-91892 0-83784 2-55850 1-11712 3-19820 1-39640 3-83784 1-67568 4-47748 1-95496 5-11712 2-23424 5-75676 2-51352 0-54023 0-63087 0-19255 0-30521 1-08046 1-26174 0-38510 0-61042 1-62069 1-89261 0-57765 0-91563 2-10092 2-52348 0-77020 1-22084 2-70115 3-15435 0-96275 1-52605 3-24138 3-78522 1-15530 1-83126 3-78161 4-41609 1-34785 2-13647 4-32184 5-04696 1-54040 2-44168 4-86207 5-67783 1-73295 2-74689 0-43662 0-58491 0-52991 0-87324 1-16982 1-05982 1-30986 1-75473 1-58973 1-74648 2-33904 2-11964 2-18310 2-92455 264955 2-61972 3-50946 3-17946 3-05634 4-09437 3-70937 3-49296 4-67928 4-23928 392958 5-26419 4-76919 0-13734 0-34335 0-27467 060944 0-27468 0-68670 0-54934 1-21888 0-41202 1-03005 0-82401 1-82832 0-54936 1-37340 1-09868 2-43776 0-68670 1-71675 1-37335 3-04720 0-82404 2-06010 1-64802 3-65664 0-96138 2-40345 1-92269 4-26608 1-09872 274680 2-19736 4-87552 1-23606 3-09015 2-47203 5-48496 0-80295 0-670/8 0-83539 1-60590 1-34156 1-67078 2-40885 2-01234 2-50617 3-21180 2-68312 3-34156 4-01475 3-35390 4-17695 4-81770 4-02468 5-01234 5-62065 4-69546 5-84773 6-42360 5-36624 6-68312 7-22655 6-03702 7-51851 10 TABLE 4.-SOLUBILITY OF DIFFERENT SALTS. REMARK. The solubility is given in parts of the anhydrous salt dissolved by 100 parts of water. 100 Water Dissolve. Cold. Boiling. 9 422 potash . 8-5 357 Aluminium sulphate 83 89 Ammonium oxalate 4-5 40-8 nitrate 199 sulphate 66 100 Barium chloride . .. 35 60 hydrate 5 10 nitrate 8 35 Boric acid 2 21 Bromine 3 Calcium carbonate 0-0036 400 hydrate . 0-128 0-079 nitrate 400 sulphate 0-23 0-21 Copper acetate 7 19-8 nitrate 127 sulphate 21 75 Iron protosulphate 20 178 Lead acetate 46 71 3 5 nitrate . 48 139 008 IVIafirnesium oxide . ... 002 002 carbonate 02 chloride 200 400 Man^anous chloride 62 123 Oxalic acid 11-5 100 Potassium hydrate 200 chromate (neutral) 48 bichromate 10 102 oxalate (acid) . ... 2-5 10 100 thicjjulphate . ... deliouescent 0-4 10-5 tartrate (neutral) 133 296 cyanide 122 28 91 f erricyanide 40 82 141 221 Sodium acetate 35 150 borate 4 55 hydrate 61 thiosulphate 50 more than 200 17 SOLUBILITY OF DIFFEBENT SALTS continued. 100 Water Dissolve. Cold. Boiling. Sodium phosphate . . . . 12 sulphite 25 100 Strontium hydrate 1-6 34-8 nitrate 20 113 chloride 53 102 Tartar ic acid 76 200 Tin (stannous) chloride 270 300 sulphate 50 95 j.- Off - &, TABLE 5.-SOLUBILITY OF CERTAIN SALTS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. Ammonium Carbonate. 100 parts water dissolve (Berzelius) at 13 25 parts 17 30 32 37 41 40 49 50 Ammonium Chloride. 100 parts water dissolve at 15 35-68 parts NH 4 C1 (Gerlach) 19 36-8 (Schiff) 100 100 Calcium Chloride. 1 part anhydrous CaCl 2 dissolves (Kremers) at" 10-2 in 1-58 parts water 20 1-35 40 0-83 60 0-72 1 part CaCl 2 , 6aq., dissolves at 10 in 0-5 parts water 16 0-25 100 every proportion Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salts). 100 parts water dissolve (Gay- Lussac and Tobler) at 24-7 MgS0 4 as cryst. salt 10 30-5 20 35-0 25 37-1 30 39-8 40 47-0 50 49-7 55 52-8 60 55-9 70 60-4 80 65-1 90 70-3 105-5 132-50 (Griffiths) Potassium Carbonate. (1) Anhydrous (Osann). 1 part dissolves at 3 in 1-05 parts water 6 0-962 12-6 0-900 26 0-747 70 0-490 15 0-922 (Gerlach). c 18 SOLUBILITY OF CEETAIN SALTS AT DIFFEKENT TEMPEEATUEES continued. (2) Crystallized (Poggiale). 100 parts water dissolves at 83-12K 2 CO 3 =131-15K 2 C0 3 .2a(i. 10 88-72 142-50 20 94-06 153-70 30 100-03 166-85 40 106-20 18007 50 112-90 196-60 60 119-24 212-35 70 127-10 232-84 80 134-25 252-57 90 143-18 278-72 100 153-66 311-85 135 205-11 526-10 Potassium Bicarbonate. 100 parts water dissolve (Poggiale) at 19-61 parts KHC0 3 10 23-23 20 26-91 30 30-57 40 34-15 50 37-92 60 41-35 70 45-24 Potassium Chlorate. 100 parts water dissolve at 3-33 parts KC1O 3 (Gay-Lus- 13-32 5-60 sac) 15-37 6-03 24-43 8-44 35-02 12-05 49-08 18-96 74-89 35-40 104-78 60-24 17 6-68 (V. Meyer) 18 6-82 98 55-50 Potassium Chloride. 100 parts water dissolve at 29-21 KC1 (Gay-Lussac) 11-8 34-6 (Kopp) 13-8 34-9 15-6 35 19 34-53 (Gay-Lussac) 52 43-59 79 50-93 109-6 59-26 Potassium Nitrate. 100 parts water dissolve at 13-32 parts KNO 3 (Gay-Lus- 5-01 16-72 sac) 11-67 22-23 17-91 29-31 24-94 38-40 35-13 54-82 45-10 74-66 54-72 97-05 65-45 125-42 79-72 169-27 97-66 236-45 114-5 281-61 Potassium Sulphate. 100 parts water dissolve at 12-5 10 K,S0 4 (Brandes and .Firn- 15 10-38" haber) 31-25 14 37-5 17 50 25 56-25 22 68-75 21-95 87-5 25 100 26 101-7 21-21 Sodium Carbonate. 100 parts water dissolve at [(Loewel) 6 97NaoCO 3 21-33NaoCO 3 10aq. 10 12-06 ' 40-94 15 16-20 63-20 20 21-71 92-82 25 28-50 149-13 30 37-24 273-64 32 59 (Mulder) 3479 46-2 80 45-9 85 45-7 90 45-6 95 45-4 100 45-1 Boiling point of the saturated solution 106 19 SOLUBILITY OF CEETAIN SALTS AT DIFFEKENT TEMPEE ATUEES - continued . Sodium Bicarbonate. 20- 89-55 100 parts water dissolve at 6-90 NaHC0 3 (Dibbits) i r\ o -i v 30 95-37 40 102-31 50 111-13 10 8-lo 60 119-94 20 9-60 70 129-63 30 11-10 80 140-72 40 12-70 60 14-45 90 153-63 100 16820 60 16-40 120 225-30 Sodium Chloride. The saturated solution boils at 122 100 parts water dissolve at -15 32-73 NaCl (Poggiale) Sodium Sulphate. -10 33-49 100 parts water dissolve (Gay- - 5 34-22 Lussac) at 35-52 5-02Na,S0 4 12-17NaoS04,10aq +5 35-63 11-67 10-12 " 26-38 9 35-74 13-30 11-74 31-33 14 35-87 17-91 16-73 48-28 25 36-13 25-05 28-11 99-48 40 36-64 28-76 37-35 161-53 50 36-98 30-75 43-05 215-77 60 37-25 31-84 47-37 270-22 70 37-88 32-73 50-65 322-12 80 38-22 33-88 50-04 312-11 90 38-87 40-15 48-78 291-44 100 39-61 45-04 47-81 276-91 109-7 40-35 50-40 46-82 262-35 59-79 45-42 Sodium Chlorate. 70-61 44-35 100 parts water dissolve at 84-42 42-96 81-9 NaClO 3 (Kremers) 103-17 42-65 20 99 40 123-5 Sodium Thiosulphate (hyposulphite). 60 147-1 80 175-6 100232-6 100 parts water dissolve (Mulder) at 47-6 Na,S 2 O 3 as cryst, salt 16 65 120 333-3 20 69 Sodium Nitrate. 25 75 30 82 100 parts water dissolve at 35 89 - & 68-80 NaNOs (Poggiale) 40 98 +0 79-75 45 109 10 84-30 47114 16 87-63 60 192 (Kremers) ui g ^ 8 i. I! 3.2 CGQ II c-S ^'3 vH CO >.O b- o ^n i ^ co CM 01 > O ^6 -<35 GO l> O5 T-HiH M CM CM CO (M iH iiOOiC > O> CO CO ift iH O ^ O2 t> iO CO > I O t> l> t> L>- t> l> 'O OOOOO OO' o 66666 '66666 66 cp co cp p p ppTHTHp^cpcpcpcp rH CM CO CT. CO O O s feststs CppTHCpIp SfecSSc3 CO O C72 CO TH CO O CM CO O5 T^ CO CO lO G2 CO Oppcpcpp Cpb-THCpp JpOCOrHh-CM dioDcoTficb TH6obcb>b CMOCtit^CD -^i T}1 CO CO CO O l^-. O ^tl O5 1C CO TH O TH CO 00 TH CO XO 00 TH r* b- O O 5p CO L^ CD p p -^ CO CO cbcbcbcbcb cbcbcb^cb coco 66666 CM iO CM CM CO ' CO C5 XO -tf I iO TH r-l iO rH cocococo.co cococococo cocococococo O^ Oi C^ C^ O^ Gt> G5 G^ Ot) O^ GJ Gi O G^ G5 Gi ooooo 66666 OOOOO 000' 66666 666' O O OO 00 O .6 666666 <*- O- !> CD i> 10 * CM 6-1 6 i o o o cp o o o ' 16666 6 6 6 ( ooo oo o 666666 lOCOt>OOO> OiH 21 TABLE 7.-SOLUBILITYQF AMMONIA IN WATER BY WEIGHT. (Solubility by Volame in Table 6.) Ig. Water Dissolves at 760 mm. pressure (Roseoa and Dittmar). At gNH, .At I gNir, At gNII s At .gNU, - 0-875 16 0-582 30^ 0-403 44 0-275 2 0-833 18 0-554 32 0-382 46 0-259 4 0-792 20 0-526 34 ; 0-362 48 0-244 6 0-751 22 0-499 36 0-343 50 0-229 8 0-713 24 0474 38 0-324 52 0-214 10 0-679 26 0-449 40 0-307 54 0-200 12 0-645 28 O426 42 0-290 56 0-185 14 0-612 TABLE 8.-SOLUBILITY OF CHLORINE IN WATER. (SchOrifeld.) 1 Vol. Water absorbs Vols. Chlorine, calculated at 10 and 760 mm. pressure. At Vol. Chlor. At Vol. Chlor. ! i At Vol.jChlor. At Vol. Chlor. 10 2-5852 IV 2-2405 26 ' 1-9099 34 1-5934 11 2-5413" 19 2-1984 27 1-8695 35 1-5555 12 2-4977' 20 2-1565 28 1-8295 36 1-5166 13 2-4543 21 2-1148 29 1-7895 37 1-4785 14 2-4111 22 2-0734 30 1-7499 38 1-4406 15 2-3681 23 2-0322 31 1-7104 39 1-4029 16 2-3253 24 1-9912 32 1-6712 40 1-3655 17 2-2828 25 1-9504 33 1-6322 TABLE 9.-SOLUBILITY OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN WATER. 1. Br WEIGHT (Eoscoe and Dittmar). Ig. Water absorbs at 760mm. pressure. At gHCl At gHCl At gnci At giici 0-825 16 0-742 32 0-665 48 0-603 4 0-804 20 0-721 33 0-649 52 0-589 8 0-783 24 0-700 40 0-633 56 0-575 12 0-762 28 0-682 44 0-618 60 0-561 22 SOLUBILITY OF HYDKOGEN CHLORIDE IN WATER continued. 2. BY VOLUME (Deicke). Iccm. Water absorbs at a pressure of 760mm. At ccm. HC1 Spec. Grav. of the Acid Formed. Percentage of HC1 in same. 525-2 1-2257 45-148 4 497-7 1-2265 44-361 8 480-3 1-2185 43-828 12 471-3 1-2148 43-277 14 462-4 1-2074 42-829 18 451-2 1-2064 42-344 18-25 450-7 1-2056 42-283 23 435-0 1-2014 41-536 TABLE 10.-SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF DIFFERENT SOLIDS. Alderwood . 0-5-0-6 Brickwork 1-5-1-7 4-15 Bricks ordinary 1-4-2-2 Alum ammonia . 1-626 8-4 8-7 potash 1-724 Calamine 4-1-4-5 Alumina sulphate cr3 r st 1-596 Chalk 1-8-2-7 Aluminium 2-76 Calcium chloride, crvst.. . . ' 1-612 Alumstone . . 2-8 chloride, anhydrous 2-240 1-707 silicate 2-9 1-77 carbonate 2-7 chloride 1-528 phosphate 3-18 Anhy drou s gypsum 2-96 1-4 1-7 sulphate, anhydrous Calcspar 2-927 2-72 Antimony 6-7 1-16-1-27 3-884 Cement 2-7-3-05 Arsenic acid 4-250 China clay, kaolin 2-21 Asphalt ... 1-1-1*2 Charcoal, organic 1-57 0-7 0-8 wood 0-3-0-5 2-664 Coke porous 0-4 carbonate 4*56 Coal porous 1-16-1-63 sulphate (spar) . . . 4-73 1-66 Copper, metallic, cast hammered 8-726 8-94 Bauxite * 4-1-4-3 Basalt 2-8-3-2 oxide 6-43 0-7-0-8 sulphate 2-27 0-7 0-8 5-97 9-85 Clay 1-8-2-6 Cryolite 2-96 cite) 2-9 Elmwood 0-67 1-692 Fat animal 0-82 1-479 ! Felspar ... .. . 2-532-6 1-830 Fibres vegetable 1-51 1-2-1-4 0-6 SPECIFIC GEAVITIES OF DIFFEEENT SOLIDS-continued. Firebricks 1-85 Pinewood red 0-5 Flint 2-7 Platinum 21-1 Glass, green 2-642 Pockwood 1-263 plate . . 2-450 Poplar 0-38 crystal, Bohem. ... 2-9-3-0 Porcelain 2-1-2-5 flint Eno-1 3-4 3-44 Porphyry 2-8 Glauber's salt cryst 1-52 Potash 2-3 an hy drou s 2-63 Potassium carbonate 2-264 Granite 2-5 2-9 chlorate. 2-35 Gypsum plaster-of-paris 2-322 chloride 1-945 cast dry 97 chromate 2-603 Heavy spar 4-3-4-48 nitrate 2-058 Iodine . . . 4-948 sulphate . 2-66 Iron, wrought 7-4-7-9 bisulphate . . . 2-277 grey cast 6-6-7-3 hydrate 2-044 white cast 7-1 7-9 Quartz 2-7 peroxide 5-22 Resin 1-07 hydrated oxide . 3-94 Eock salt 2-1-2-2 magnetic oxide 5-4 Sal-ammoniac 1-528 carbonate 3-87 Sand dry 1-4-1-6 sulphate, cryst 1-904 damp 1-9-2-0 pyrites white .... 4-65 4-88 Sandstone . . 1-9-2-5 5-18 Silver 10-6 Larchwood 0-44 0-5 Silver chloride . . . 5-501 Li"nite . 1-2 1-4 Slate 2-7 Lime, burnt, quick 3-08 Sodium carbonate ;uih.... 2-509 Limewocd . . 0-5 carbonate cryst 1-454 Litharge 9-36 chloride 2-078 Lead cast 11-3 nitrate 2-226 red 8-62 sulphate 2-63 chromate 6-00 sulphide 2-471 acetate cr\*st 2-395 thiosulphate 1-736 carbonate 6-47 hydrate 2-130 nitrate 4-40 Steel 7-80 sulphide 7-505 Steel cast 7-92 sulphate . . . 6-169 hardened 7-66 chloride 5-802 Sulphur native 2-069 Magnesia calcined 3-2 sticks fresh 1-98 2-94 sticks old 2-05 Magnesite 2-9 3-1 soft amorphous 1-96 Magnesium sulph., cryst. chloride, cryst. 1-751 1-558 Sulphuric anhydride Tin cast -. 1-97 7-21-7-4 2-94 hammered 7-475 -sv. 4-7-5-0- "Willow wood O-S-O-olfl Marble 2-5 2-8 Witherite 4-30 Nickel . 8-9 6-8 OalcAvood, dry 0-85 0-95 rolled 7-2 Phosphorus yellow l-8 9 6 blende 3-9-4-2 2-106 oxide 5-73 - Pinewood, white 0*55 sulphate 2-036 2-1 TABLE II. WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCES AS STORED. SUBSTANCE. ICub. Metre Weighs ICub. Foot Weighs Tons per Cub. Foot. Bricks Kilo. 2100 1200 1650 1570 2000 1800 1000 1330 1770 400 330 420 2500 2340 1520 1310 1335 689 1180 1400 962 1268 810 1195 1010 986 1058 497-593 721-834 2210 1550 417-534 1600 738 Ib.a.cl.p. 131 75 103 98 125 112 62-5 83 110 24-5 20-5 26 156 146-5 95-0 81-5 83 43 73-5 87-5 60 79 50-5 74-5 63 61-5 66 31-37 45-52 138 96-5 26-33 100 46 0584 0335 0459 0437 0558 0500 0279 0370 0491 0107 0091 0116 0696 0654 0424 0364 0375 0192 0328 0391 0268 0352 0225 0332 0281 0274 0295 0151 0216 0616 0431 0131 0446 0205 Clay damp Limestone and other Building Stones Mortar (lime and sand) Sand dry Fir Lo^s . RAW MATERIALS, ETC., FOR ALKALI WORKS. smalls Nitre Nitrecake (acid Sulphate of Soda) Salt Black Ash (lumps) Alkali Waste (wet) Soda Salts (Na,CO 3 + HoO) (drained) Soda A'vh (unground) Soda Crystals Bicarbonate (ground) Quicklime (small lumps) Bleaching Powder Coke (for fillin cr towers) Flints 25 TABLE 12.-SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS. Specific Gravity. At Temp. Specific Gravity. At Temp. .Alcohol 0-7939 12-5 Nitrogen peroxide 1-064 17 (liquid) 1-45 Bisulphide of carbon. 1-272 Olive oil 0-917 15 Benzene 0-85 15*5 Petroleum 0-78-0-81 15 Coal tar 1-15 15 B/apeseed oil 0-9136 15 Ether 0-723 19-5 Sulphurous anhy- Glycerine 1-260 15 dride (liquid) 1-45 -20 I/ins a ed Oil . . 0-9347 15 Sea water 1-02-1-04 15 Mercury 13-596 Spirits of turp'ntine 0-865 15 TABLE 13.-SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND PERCENTAGE OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS. T/ie percentage refers to anhydrous salt. Tem- peratui e. Per- cent apre of Salt. Specific Gravity. Degrees Twaddell. A-mmonium chloride 15 26-30 1-0776 sulphate 19 50-00 1-2890 57-8 Barium chloride 15 25-97 1-2827 56-5 Calcium chloride . 15 40-66 1-4110 89-2 Ma fmesium s u Iphate 15 25-^5 1-2880 57-6 Potassium chloride 15 21-90 1-1723 34-4 carbonate 15 52-02 1-5708 114 nitrate 15 21-07 1-1441 28-8 sulphate 15 9-92 1-0831 16-6 Sodium chloride 15 26-395 1-2043 40-8 carbonate 15 14-35 1-1535 30-7 nitrate 195 4(3.95 1-3804 76 sulphate 15-0 11-95 1-1117 22-3 26 TABLE 14.-SPECIFIO GRAVITY OF GASES AND VAPOURS. North Latitude, 52 30', 130 feet above sea level. Gas. Mole- cular weight. Speci6c gravity. Air = l. Grams per litre at 7GOmin. & 0C. Grains per cnh. foot. 29'92"&32F. Lbs. per * cui). foot 2J'fl2" & 32' F. Ammonia NH 3 17 0-58890 0-76199 332-96 04757 Atmospheric air t .. Bromine Br* 160 1-00000 5-52271 1-293909 7-14588 565-16 819-1 08074 4460 Cl, 71 2-44921 3-16906 1384-73 1978 Carbonic oxide CO 28 096709 1-25133 546-78 07811 Carbonic anhydride CO., C. 2 H 4 44 28 1-51968 0-96744 1-96633 1-25178 859-21 546-98 12274 07814 Hydrog ^n fT 3 2 0-06923 0-08958 39-1439 0055919 Hydrogen chloride Iodine. HC1 I 9 36-5 254 1-25922 8-756 1-62932 11-328 711-94 4949-90 1017 7071 IVEe thane CH, 16 0-55297 0-71549 312-64 04466 Hg 200 8-9582 3914-39 5592 Nitrogen No 28 0-97010 1-25523 548-47 07835 Nitrous oxide N,b 44 1-52269 1-97093 860-90 12?9 NO 30 1-03767 1-34261 586-66 08381 Nitrous anhydride Nitric peroxide ^ Oxygen ..... N 2 3 NO 2 N 2 4 Oo 76 46 92 32 2-630 1-592 3-184 1-10521 3-40412 2-06039 4-12078 1-43003 1487-46 900-31 1800-63 624-85 2125 1286 2572 089'>6 Sulphuretted \ hydrogen / Sulphurous \ anhydride / H 2 S S0 2 S 2 34 64 64 1-17697 2-21295 2-2155 1-52290 286336 . 2-86663 665-44 1251-19 1252-59 09506 1787 1789 Water H 9 O 18 0-62182 0-80458 351-57 05022 * For calculations with large quantities of gas it is sufficiently accurate to assume that 10,000 cubic feet weigh as many cwt. ns the molecular weight of the gas divided by 4 indi- cates. For example, 10,000 cubic feet of sulphuretted hydrogen weigh -V= 8 ' 5 cwt. (Exactly, it would be 8'48S cwt.) 27 TABLE 15.-LINEAR EXPANSION OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES. By variation of temperature from to 100 C. (32-212 F.) Brass I 0-001868 Charcoal from oak ' 0-001200 fir ' 0-00100 Copper ! 0-001718 Glass, flint ! 0-000817 white 0-000861 green ' 0-000786 Gold 0-001466 Iron, wrought 0-001235 cast 0-001110 Lead 0-002848 Marble of Carrara 0-000849 St. Beat 0-000418 Platinum 0-000884 Silver 0-001908 Solder, hard 0-002058 Steel, hardened 0-001240 not hardened 0-001079 Tin 0-001938 Water 0-015538 Zinc ...; ! 0-002942 535 833 1000 582 1219 1161 1305 682 812 1 : 901 351 1178 2392 1132 524 486 807 927 516 71-4 1:340 28 co o "*< co o T? ] tO-*C. C5 C C-l -f 1 b CO CS i CO io t> CO O eo co co so w ^t t -t ^ -* rf 10 >-c i 10 in 10 o o o o -o i^ s I S CO o^ ? o co + O CO O ''Ji d COO'* CO c^ oj I + TABLE I7.-CONVERSION OF CELSIUS INTO FAHRENHEIT DEGREES ABOVE 100 AND VICE VERSA. Divide the degrees above 100 into hundreds and a remainder. The figure corresponding to the hundreds is taken from the following tables and added to that corresponding to the remainder as taken from Table 17. If, on converting Fahrenheit into Celsius, the "remainder" amounts to 32, or below this, the degrees Celsius corresponding to it are negative (below freez- ing point), and hence must be deducted from the figures of the following table. Also take notice, for example, that 300 F. is not = 1667 C., but = 1GG-7 - 17-8, or = 111-1 + 37-7 = 148-9 C. A. Ccls. - Fahr. Cols. Fahr. Gels. Fahr. Cels. Fahr. 100 180 600 1080 1100 1980 1600 2880 200 360 700 1260 1200 2160 1700 3060 300 540 800 1440 1300 2340 1800 3240 400 720 900 1620 1400 2520 1900 3420 500 900 1000 1800 1500 2700 2000 3600 Fahr. Cels. Fahr. Cels. Fahr. Cels. Fahr. Cels. 100 55-6 1000 556-6 1900 1055-6 2800 1555-6 200 111-1 1100 611-1 2000 1111-1 2900 1611-1 300 166-7 1200 666-7 2100 1166-7 3000 1666-7 400 222-2 1300 722-2 2200 1222-2 3100 1722-2 500 277-8 1400 777-8 2300 1277-8 3200 1777-8 600 333-3 1500 833-3 2400 1333-3 3300 1833-3 700 388-9 1600 888-9 2500 1388-9 3400 1888-9 800 444-4 1700 944-4 2600 1444-4 3500 1944-4 900 500 1800 1000 2700 1500 TABLE 18.-FUSING POINTS. C. F. Aluminium 700 1292 Antimony 432 809 Asphalt .... 100 212 Bismuth 260 500 Boric Acid 186 867 Brass COO 1652 Bromine 22 7-6 Bronze 900 1652 Cadmium 316 600 Cobalt 1500 2732 Colophonium 135 275 Copper . 1100 2012 Cupric chloride 498 928 Cuprous chloride 434 813 Fat, oxen 40 104 sheep 42 107-6 pi " .. 27 80-6 Fluorspar 902 1655 Glass . 1200 2192 Glass containing lead 1000 1832 Gold 1075 1967 Iron cast white . 1075 1967 crcv 1275 2327 wrought ... 1550 2822 113 235-4 326 618 oxide ... 954 1749 chloride . 498 928 Magnesium 500 932 IVEercu ry 39 -38-2 JVIercuric chloride 293 560 Naphthalene 79 174-2 K ickel 1500 2732 Palm oil 29 84-2 Paraffin 45-60 113-140 Pitch (coal tar) 150-200 300-400 Phosphorus 41 111-2 32 FUSING POINTS-co;iHM*Z. C. F. Platinum 1775 3227 Potassium chlorate 359 678 iod ide 634 1173 carbonate . 834 1533 nitrate 329 624 Stearic acid 70 158 Steel . . 1375 2507 Silver metallic 960 1760 451 843-8 nitrate 217 422 825 1517 Selenium . 217 422 Sodium chloride 772 1421 sulphate . . 861 1581 nitrate 316 600 chlorate 302 575 carbonate 814 1497 45-50 113-122 Thallium 290 554 Tin 230 446 Wax bee's 62-70 143-158 Zinc..., 412 773 TABLE 19.-BOILING POINTS. C. F. 78 172-4 Ammonia, anhydrous -38-5 -37-3 nitrate, satur. solution 164 327 Barium chloride, satur. solution 104-4 220 Bisulphide of carbon 47-0 116-6 Benzene 80-4 177 Bromine 63-0 145-4 Calcium chloride satur solution 179-5 355-1 66 per cent, solution 156 312-8 33 per cent solution . 128 262-4 33 BOILING POINTS. Continued. Calcium nitrate, satur. solution 152 Carbon dioxide ; 78 Ether ..-. , , 35 Hydrochloric acid, 20-2 per cent. HC1 ; ....;... . 110 Iodine .;. ..;,,., >;...;.,.;; ; i; . ..,..;...; above 200 Methylio alcohol ;...,., 60 Mercury ; ;....; ; ,. ; 357 Naphthalene 217 Nitric acid, most concentrated ...,.......; 86 specific gravity 1*42.....;.... 121 Nitrous anhydride ...; ; :.... 2 oxide ; 88 Nitrogen peroxide . ;.... 28 Potassium chloride, satur. solution 110 chlorate, satur. solution 105 acetate, satur. solution 169-4 carbonate, satur. solution 135 nitrate, satur. solution 118 Sodium chloride satur. solution 108-4 acetate 124-4 carbonate 106 phosphate 106-6 nitrate 122 Sulphur, 448 Sulphuric acid, H 2 SO 4 326 anhydride a 15 /3 50 Sulphurous anhydride 10 Turpentine, spirits of , 160 C. 305-6 -108 95 230 392 140 674-6 422-6 186-8 249-S 28-4 -126 82-4 230 221 336-9 275 244-4 227-1 255-9 222-8 223-8 251-6 838 618-8 59 122 14 320 34 TABLE 20. REDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF I. Table for reducing the volumes 1 2 3 4 5 6 f-O / 8 9 10 | 1 0-996 0-993 0-989 0-986 0-982 0-978 0-97s| 0-972 0-968 0-965 2 1-993 1-985 1-978 1-973 1-964 1-957 1-950 1-943 1-936 1-929 3 2'989 2-978 2-967 2-957 2-946 2-936 2-925 2-915 2-904 2-894 4 3-985 3-971 3-956 3-942 3-928 3-914 3-900 3-886 3-872 3-859 5 4-982 4-964 4-946 4-928 4-910 4-893 4-876! 4-858 4-841 4-824 6 5-978 5 '956 5-935 5-913 5-892 5-871 5-850 5-830 5-809 5-788 7 6-974 6-949 6-924 6-899 6-874 6-850 6-825 6-801 6-777 6-753 8 7-970 7-942 7-913 7-885 7-856 7-828 7-800 7-773 7-745 7718 9 8-967 8-934 8-902 8-870 8-838 8-807 8-775 8-744 8-713 8-682 10 9'963 9-927 9-891 9-856 9-820 9-785 9-750 9'716 9-681 9-647 11 10-96 1092 10-88 10-84 10-80 10-76 10-73 10-69 10-65 10-61 12 11-96 11-91 11-87 11-83 11-78 11-74 11-70 11-66 11-62 11-57 13 12-95 12-91 12-86 12-81 1276 12-72 12-68 12-63 12-59 12*54 14 13-95 13-90 13-85 13-80 13-75 13-70 13-65 13-60 13-55 13-50 15 14-95 14-89 14-84 14-78 14-73 14-68 14-63 14-57 14-52 14-47 16 15-94 15-88 15-83 15-77 15-71 15-66 15-60 15-55 15-49 15-43 17 16-94 16-87 16-82 16-75 16-69 16-64 16-58 16-52 16-46 16-40 18 17-93 17-87 17-81 17-74 17-67 17-61 17-55 17-49 17-43 17-36 19 18-93 18-86 18-79 18-72 18-65 18-59 18-53 18-46 18-39 18-33 20 19-93 19-85 14-/8 1971 19-64 19-57 19-50 19-43 19-36 19-29 21 20-93 20-84 20-77 20-69 20-62 20-55 20-48 20-40 20-33 20-26 22 21-92 21-84 21-76 21-68 21-60 21-53 21-45 21-37 21-30 21-22 23 22-92 22-83 22-75 22-66 22-58 22-51 22-43 22-35 22-26 22-18 24 23-92 23-82 23-74 23-65 23-56 23-48 23-40 23-32 23-23 23-15 25 24-91 24-81 24-73 24-64 24-55 24-46 24-38 24-29 24-20 24-11 26 25-91 25-81 25-72 2562 25-53 25-44 25-35 25-26 25-17 25-08 27 26-90 26-80 26-71 26-61 26-52 26-42 26-33 26-23 26-13 26-04 28 27-9/) 27-79 27-69 27-59 27-50 27-40 27-30 27-20 27-10 27-01 29 28-90 28-78 28-68 28-58 28-48 28-38 28-28 28-17 28-07 27-97 30 29-89 29'78 29-67 29-57 29-46 29-36 29-25 29-15 29-04 28-94 31 30-89 30-77 30-66 30-55 30-44 30-34 30:23 30-12 30-01 29-91 32 31-88 3176 31-65 31-54 31-42 31-32 31-20 31-09 30-98 30-87 33 32-88 32-76 32-64 32-52 32-40 32-30 32-18 32-06 31-94 31-84 34 33-88 33-75 33-63 33-51 33-38 33-27 33-15 33-03 32-91 32-80 35 34-87 34-74 34-62 34-50 34-37 34-25 34-13 34-01 33-88 33-77 36 35-87 35-74 35-61 35-48 35-35 35-23 35-10 34-98 34-85 34-73 37 36-87 36-73 36-60 36-47 36-33 36-21 36-08 35-95 35-82 35'70 38 37-86 37-72 37-59 37*45 37-32 37-19 37-05 36-92 36-79 36-66 39 38-86 38-71 38-58 38-44 38-30 3816 38-03 37-89 37-75 37-62 40 39-85 39-71 39-56 39-42 39-28 39-14 39-00 38-86 38-72 38-59 41 40-85 40-70 40'55 40-41 40-26 40-12 39-98 39-83 39-69 39-55 42 41-85 41-69 41-54 41*39 41-24 41-10 40-95 40-80 40-66 40-52 43 42-84 42-68 42-53 42-38 42-22 42-08 41-93 41-78 41-62 41-48 44 43-84 43-68 43-52 43-37 43-20 43-05 4290 42-75 42-59 42-45 45 44-84 44-67 44-51 44-35 44-19 44-03 43-88 43-72 43-56 43-41 46 45'83 45-66 45-50 45-34 45-17 45-01 44-85 44-69 44-53 44-38 47 4(5-83 46-65 46-48 46-32 46-15 45-99 45-83 45-66 45-50 45-34 48 47-83 47-65 47-48 47-31 47-13 46-97 46-80 46-63 46-47 46-31 49 48-82 48-64 48-47 48-29 48-12 47-95 47-78 47-60 47-44 47-27 50 49-82 49-64 49-46 49-28 49-10 48-93 48-75 48-58 48-41 48-24 35 GASES TO NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. of gases to a temperature of C. _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 51 50*82 50-63 50-45 50-26 50-08 49-91 49-73 49-55 49-38 49-21 51 52 51-81 51-62 51-44 51-25 51-06 50-89 50-70 50-52 50-35 50-17 52 53 52-81 52-62 52-43 52-24 52-05 51-87 51-68 51-49 51-31 51-13 53 54 53-81 53-61 53-42 53-22 53-03 52-84 52-65 52-46 52-28 52-10 54 55 54*80 54-60 54-41 54-21 54-01 53-82 53-63 53-44 53-25 53-06 55 56 55-80 55-60 55-40 55-19 54-99 54-80 54-60 54-41 54-22 54-03 56 57 56-80 56-59 56-39 56-18 55*97 5578 55-58 55-38 55-19 54-99 57 58 57-79 57'58 57-37 57-16 56-95 56-76 56*55 56-35 56-15 55-96 58 59 5879 58-57 58-37 58-15 57-93 57-74 57'53 57-32 57-12 56-92 59 60 59-78 59-56 59'35 59-13 58-92 58-71 58-50 58-30 58-03 57'88 60 61 6078 60-56 60-34 60-12 59-90 59-69 59-48 59-27 59-06 58-85 61 62 6178 61'55 61-33 61-10 60-88 60-67 60-45 60-24 60-03 59-81 62 63 6277 62-54 62-32 62-09 61-86 61-65 61-43 61-21 6099 60-77 63 64 63-77 63-53 63-31 63-07 62-84 62-63 62-40 62-18 61-96 6174 64 65 64'76 64-53 64-30 64-06 63-83 63-61 63-38 63-15 62-93 62-70 65 66 6576 65-52 65-29 65-04 64-81 64-58 64-35 64-13 63-89 63-67 66 67 6675 66-51 66-27 66-03 65-79 65-56 65-33 65-10 64-86 64-63 67 68 6775 67'50 67-26 67'02 66-77 66-54 66-30 66-07 65-83 65-60 68 69 68-75 68'50 68-25 68-01 67-75 67-52 67-28 67-04 66-80 66-56 69 70 69-74 69-49 69-24 68-99 68-74 68-50 68-25 68-01 67-77 67'53 70 71 70-74 70-48 70-23 69-98 69-72 69-48 69-23 68-98 68-74 68-49 71 72 7174 71-48 71-22 70-96 70-70 70-46 70-20 69-95 69-71 69-46 72 73 7273 72-47 72-21 71-95 71-69 71-44 71-18 70-93 70-67 70-42 73 74 73-73 73-46 73-20 72-93 72-66 72-41 72-15 71-90 71-64 71-39 74 75 74-72 74-45 74-19 73-92 73-65 73-39 73-13 72-87 72-61 72-35 75 76 75-72 75-45 75-18 74-90 74-63 74-37 74-10 73-84 73-58 73-32 76 77 76-72 76-44 76-17 75-89 75-61 75-35 75-08 74-81 74-55 74-28 77 78 77-71 77-43 77-15 76-87 76-59 76-33 76-05 75-78 75-51 75 '25 78 79 1 78'71 78-42 78-14 77 "86 77 '58 77-31 77-03 76-75 76-48 76-21 79 80 79-70 79-42 79-13 78-85 78'56 78-28 78*00 7773 77'45 77'18 80 81 80-70 80-41 80-12 79-83 79-54 79-26 78-98 78-70 78-42 78-14 81 82 81-69 81-40 81-11 80-82 80-52 80-24 79-95 79-67 79-39 79-11 82 83 82-69 82-39 82-10 81-81 81-51 81-22 80-93 80-64 80-36 80-07 83 84 83-69 83-39 83-09 82-79 82-49 82-20 81-90 81-61 81-32 81-04 84 85 81-68 84-38 84-08 83-78 83-47 83-17 82-88 82-58 82-29 82-00 85 86 85-68 85-37 85-07 84-76 84-45 84-15 83-85 83-55 83-26 82-97 86 87 86-68 86-37 86-06 85-75 85-43 85-13 84-83 84-53 84-23 83-93 87 88 1 87-67 87-36 87'05 86-73 86-42 86-11 85-80 85-50 85-20 84-90 88 89 , 88-67 88-35 88-04 87-72 87-40 87-09 86-78 86-47 86-16 85-86 89 90 89-67 89-34 89-02 88-70 88-38 88-07 87-75 87'44 87-13 86-82 90 91 ' 90-66 90-34 90-01 89-69 89-36 89-05 88-73 88-41 88-10 87-79 91 92 91-66 91-33 91-00 90-67 90-34 90-03 89-70 89-38 89-07 88-75 92 93 92-66 92-32 91-99 91-66 91-33 91-01 90-68 90-36 90-03 89-72 93 94 93-65 93-31 92-98 92-64 92-31 91-98 91-65 91-33 91-00 90-68 94 95 9i'65 94-31 93-97 93-63 93-29 92-96 92-63 92-30 91-97 91-65 95 96 95'65 95-30 94-96 94-61 94-27 93-94 93-60 93-27 92-94 92-61 96 97 96-64 96-29 95-95 95-60 95-25 94-92 94-58 94-24 93-91 93-57 97 98 97*64 97-28 96-93 96-58 96-24 95-90 95-55 95-21 94-87 94-54 98 99 98-64 98-27 97-92 97-57 97-22 96-87 96-53 96-18 95*84 95-50 99 100 99-63 99-27 98-91 98-56 98-20 97-85 97-50 97-16 96-81 96-47 100 80 BEDUCT1ON OF THE VOLUME OF GASES TO Table for reducing the volumes of gases 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 0-961 0-958 0-955 0-951 0-948 0-945 0-941 0-938 0-935 0-932 1 2 1-923 1-916 1-909 1-903 1-896 1-889 1-883 1-876 1-869 1-864 2 3 2-884 2-874 2-864 2-854 2-844 2-834 2-824 2-815 2-805 2795 3 4 3*845 3-832 3-818 3-805 3-792 3-779 3-766 3-753 3-740 3-727 4 5 4-807 4-790 4*773 4-757 4-740 4724 4-707 4-691 4-675 4-659 5 6 5-768 5-747 5"728 5-708 5-688 5-668 5-648 5-629 5-609 5-591 6 7 6-729 6-705 6-682 6-659 6-636 6-613 6-590 6-567 6-544 6-523 7 8 7'690 7-663 7-637 7'610 7'584 7'558 7-531 7-506 7-479 7-454 8 9 8-652 8-621 8-591 8-562 8-532 8-502 8-472 8-444 8-414 8-386 9 10 9-613 9-579 9-546 9-513 9-480 9-447 9-414 9-382 9-349 9-318 10 11 10-57 10-53 10-50 10-46 10-43 10-39 10-35 10-32 10-28 10-25 11 12 11-53 11-49 11-45 11-42 11-38 11-33 11-30 11-26 11-21 1118 12 13 12-49 12-45 12-41 12-36 12-32 12-28 12-24 12-20 12-15 12-11 13 14 13-45 13-41 13-36 13-31 13-27 13-22 13-17 13-13 13-08 13-04 14 15 14-42 14-37 14-32 14-27 14-22 14-17 14-12 14-07 14-02 13-97 15 16 15-38 15-32 15-27 15-22 15-17 1511 15-06 15-01 14-96 14-91 16 17 16-34 16-28 16-23 16-17 1612 16-06 16-00 15-95 15-89 15-84 17 18 17-30 17-24 17-18 17-12 17-06 17-00 16-94 16-89 16-82 16-76 18 19 18-26 18-20 18-14 18-07 18-01 17-95 17-89 17-83 17-76 17-70 19 20 19-23 19-16 19-09 19-03 18-96 18-89 18-83 18-76 18-69 18-64 20 21 20-19 20-12 20-04 1998 19-91 19-84 19-77 19-70 19-62 19-57 21 22 21-15 21-08 21-00 20-93 20-86 20-78 20-71 20-64 20-56 20-50 22 23 22-11 22-03 21-95 21-88 21-80 21-73 21-65 21-58 21-50 21-43 23 24 23-07 22-99 22-91 22-83 22-75 22-67 22-59 22-51 22-43 22-37 24 25 24-03 23-95 23-86 23-78 23-70 23-61 23-54 23-45 23-37 23-30 25 26 25-00 24-91 24-81 2473 24-65 21-56 24-48 24-39 24-30 24-23 26 27 25-96 25-87 25-77 25-69 25-60 25-50 25-42 25-33 25-23 25-16 27 28 26-92 26-82 26-72 26-64 26-54 26-45 26 % 36 26-27 26-17 26-09 28. 29 27-88 27-78 27-68 27-59 27-49 27-39 27-30 27-20 2710 27-02 29' 30 28-84 28-74 28-64 28-54 28-44 28-34 28-24 28-15 28-05 27-95 30' 31 29-80 29'70 29-59 29-49 29-39 29-28 29-18 29-09 28-99 28-87 31 32 30-76 30-66 30-55 30-44 30-34 30-23 30-12 30-03 29-92 29-81 32. 33 31-72 31-61 31-50 31-39 31-28 31-17 31-06 30-97 30-86 30-74 33 34 32'68 32-57 32-46 32-34 32-23 32-12 32-01 31-90 31-79 31-68 34 35 33-65 33-53 33-41 33-30 33-18 33-06 32-95 32-84 32-73 32-61 35 36 34-61 34-49 34-37 34-25 34-13 34-01 33-89 33-78 33-66 33-54 36 37 35-57 35-45 35-32 35-20 35-08 34-95 34-83 34-72 34-59 34-47 37 38 36-53 36-40 36'28 36-15 36-02 35-90 35-77 35-66 35-53 35-40 38 39 37-49 37'36 37-23 37-10 36-97 36-84 36-71 36-59 36-46 36-34 39' 40 38-45 38-32 38-18 38-05 37-92 37-79 37-66 37-53 37-40 37-27 40 41 39-41 39-28 39-14 39-00 38-87 38*73 38-60 38-47 38-34 38-20 41 42 40-37 40-21 40-09 39-95 39-82 39-68 39-54 39-41 39-27 39-13 42 43 41-33 41-19 41-05 40-90 40*76 40-62 40-48 40-35 40-21 40-07 43 44 42-30 42-15 42-00 41-86 41-71 41-57 41-43 41-28 41-14 41-00 44 45 43-26 43-11 42-95 42-81 42-66 42-51 42-37 42-22 42-08 41-93 45 46 44-29 44-07 43-91 43*76 43-61 43-46 43-31 43-16 43-01 42-86 4ft 47 45-18 45-03 44-86 44-71 44'56 44-40 44-25 44-10 43*94 43-79 47 48 46-14 45-98 45-82 45-66 45-50 45-35 45-19 45-04 44-88 44-72 48 49 47-10 46-94 46-77 46-61 46-45 46-29 46-13 45-97 45-81 45-65 49 50 48-07 47-90 47-73 47-57 4/-40 47-24 47-07 46-91 46-75 46-59 50 37 NORMAL TEMPEEATUEE AND PEESSUEE. to a temperature of C. continued. 11 12 13 14 15' 16 17 18 19 20* 51 49*03 48-86 48-69 48-52 48-35 48-18 48-01 47-85 47-68 47-52 51 52 49-99 49-82 49-64 49-47 49-30 49-13 48-95 48-79 48-62 48-45 52 53 50-95 50-77 50-59 50-42 50-24 50-07 49-89 49-72 49-55 49-38 53 54 51-91 5173 51-55 51-37 51-19 51-02 50-54 50-66 50-49 50-32 54 55 52'87 52-69 52-50 52-33 52-14 51-93 51-78 51-60 51-43 51-25 55 56 53-84 53-65 53-46 53-28 53-09 52-91 52-72 52-54 52-36 52-18 56 57 54-80 54-61 54-41 54-23 54-04 53-86 53-66 53-48 53-29 53-71 ! 57 53 55-76 55*56 55-37 55-18 54-98 54*80 54-60 54-42 54-23 54-04 | 58 59 56-72 56-52 56-32 56-13 55-93 55*74 55-54 55-35 55-16 54-97 59 60 57-68 57-47 57-28 57-03 56-88 56-68 56-48 56-29 56-09 55-91 60 61 53-64 58-43 58-23 58-03 57-83 57-63 57-42 57-23 57-02 56-84 i 61 62 59-60 59-39 59-19 58-93 58-78 58-57 53-36 58-17 57'96 57-77 62 63 CO'56 60-35 60-14 59-93 59-72 59-52 59-30 59-11 58-90 58*11 63 61 61-53 61-31 61-10 60-88 60-67 60-46 60-25 60-04 59-83 59*64 64 65 62-49 62-26 62-05 61-84 61-62 61-40 61-19 60-93 60-77 60-57 65 66 63'45 63-22 63-01 62-79 62-57 62-35 62-13 61-92 61-70 61-50 66 67 64-41 64-18 63-96 63-74 63-52 63-29 63-07 62-86 62-63 62-43 67 68 65-37 65-13 64-92 64-69 64-46 64-23 64-01 63-80 63-57 63-36 68 69 66-33 66-09 65-87 65-64 65-41 65-18 64-95 64-73 64-50 64-30 69 70 67-29 67'05 66-82 66-59 66-36 66-13 65-90 65*67 65-44 65-23 70 71 63-25 68-01 67'77 67'54 67-31 67-07 66-84 66-61 66-38 66-16 71 72 69-21 68-97 68-73 68-49 68-26 68-02 67-78 67*55 67-31 67*09 72 73 70-17 69-92 69-68 69-44 69-20 63-96 68-72 63-49 68-26 68-03 73 74 71-14 70-88 70-64 70-40 70*15 69-91 69-66 69-42 69-18 68*96 74 75 72-10 71-84 71-59 71-35 71-10 70-85 70-61 70-37 70-12 69*89 75 76 73-06 72-80 72'55 72-30 72-05 71-80 71-55 71-30 71-05 70-82 76 77 74-02 73-76 73-51 73-25 73-00 72-74 72-49 72-24 71-98 71-75 77 78 74-93 74-71 74-46 74-20 73-94 73-69 73-43 73-18 72-92 72-68 78 79 75-94 75-67 75-41 75*15 74-89 74-63 74-37 74-11 73-85 73-61 79 80 76'90 76-63 76-37 76-10 75-84 75-58 75-31 75*06 74-79 74-54 80 81 77-86 77-59 77-32 77-05 76-79 76-52 76-25 76-00 75-73 75-47 81 82 78-82 78 "55 78-28 78-00 77'74 77-47 77-19 76-94 76-66 76-40 82 83 79-78 79-50 79-23 78-95 78-68 78-41 78-13 77-87 77-60 77-34 83 84 80-75 80-46 80-19 79-91 79-63 79-35 79-08 78-81 78-53 78-27 84 85 81-71 81-42 81-14 80-86 80-58 80-30 80-02 79-75 79-47 79-20 85 86 82-67 82-38 82-10 81-81 81-53 81-24 80-96 80-69 80-40 80-13 86 87 83-63 83-33 83-05 82-76 82-48 82-19 81-90 81-63 81-33 81-06 87 88 84-59 84-29 84-01 8371 83-42 83-13 82-84 82-57 82-27 81-99 88 89 85-56 85-25 84-96 84-66 84-37 84-08 83*78 83-50 83-22 82-93 89 90 86-52 86-21 85-92 85-62 85-32 85-02 84-72 84*44 84-14 83-86 90 91 87-48 8717 86-87 86-57 86-27 85-96 85-66 85*33 85-07 84*79 91 92 88-44 88-13 87-83 87-52 87-22 86-91 86-60 86-32 86-01 85-72 92 93 89-40 89-08 88-78 88-47 88-16 87-85 87-54 87-25 86-95 86-66 93 94 90-36 90-04 89-73 89-42 89-11 88-80 88-49 88-19 87-88 87*59 9i 95 91-33 91-00 90-68 90-38 90-06 89-74 89-43 89-13 88-82 88-52 95 9G 92-29 91-96 91-64 91-33 91-01 90-69 90-37 90-07 8975 89-45 96 97 93-25 92-92 92-59 92-28 91-96 91-63 91-31 91-00 90-68 90-38 97 98 94-21 93-87 93-55 93-23 92-90 92-58 92-25 91-94 91-62 91-31 93 99 95-17 94-83 94-50 94-18 93-85 93-52 93-19 92-88 92-55 92-24 99 100 96-13 95-79 95-46 95-13 94-80 94-17 94-14 93-82 93-49 93-18 100 BEDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF GASES TO Table for reducing the volumes of gases 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 0-929 0-926 0-922' 0-919 0-916 0-913 0-910 0-907 0-904 1 2 1-857 1-851 1-845 1-839 1-832 1-826 1-820 1-814 1-808 2 3 2'786 2-777 2-767| 2-758 2-749 2-739 2-730 2-721 2712 3 4 3-714 3-702 3-690 3-677 3-665 3-652 3-640 3-628 3-616 4 5 4-643 4-628 4-612 4-597 4-581 4-566 4551 4-535 4-520 5 G 5'572 5"552 5-534 5-516 5-497 5-479 5-461 5-442 5-424 6 7 6500 6-479 6-457 6-435 6-413 6-392 6-371 6-349 6-328 7 8 7-429 7-404 7-379 7-354 7-330 7-305 7-281 7-256 7232 8 9 8-357 8-330 8-302 8-274 8-246 8-218 8-191 8-163 8-136 9 10 9-286 9-255 9-224 9-193 9-162 9-131 9-101 9-070 9-040 10 11 10-21 10-18 10-15 10-11 10-07 10-04 10-01 9-98 9-94 11 12 11-14 11-11 11-07 11-03 10-99 1096 10-92 10-88 10-85 12 13 12-07 1203 11-99 11-95 11-91 11-87 11-83 11-79 11-75 13 14 13-00 12-96 12-91 12-87 1283 12-78 12-74 12-70 12-66 14 15 13-93 13-88 13'Sl 13-79 13-74 13-70 13-65 13-61 13-56 15 1G 14-8G 14-81 14-76 14-71 14-66 14-61 14-56 1451 14-46 16 17 15-79 15'73 15-68 15-G3 15-58 15-52 15-47 1542 15-37 17 18 16'71 16-66 16-60 1G-55 16-49 16-44 16-38 16-33 16-27 18 19 17-64 17-58 17-53 17-47 17-41 17-35 17-29 1723 17'18 19 20 18-57 18-51 18-45 18-39 18-32 18-26 1820 18-14 18-08 20 21 19-50 19-43 19-37 19-31 19-24 19-17 19-11 19-05 18-98 21 22 20-43 20-36 20-29 20-23 20-15 20-09 20-02 19-95 1989 22 23 21-36 21-29 21-21 21-15 21-07 21-00 20-93 20-86 20-79 23 24 22-28 22-21 22-14 22-07 21-99 21-91 21-84 21-77 21-70 24 25 23-21 23-14 23-06 2299 22-90 22-83 22-75 22-63 22-60 25 26 24-14 24-06 23-98 23-91 23-82 2374 23-66 23-58 23-50 28 27 25-07 24-99 24-90 24-83 24-73 24-65 24-57 24-49 24-41 27 28 26-00 25-91 25-82 25-74 25-65 25-57 25-48 25-40 25-31 28 29 26-93 26-84 26-75 26-67 26-57 26-48 26-39 2630 26-22 29 30 27-86 2777 27-67 27-58 2749 27-39 27-30 27-21 27-12 30 31 28'79 28-70 28-59 28-50 28-41 28-30 28-21 28-12 28-02 31 32 2972 29-62 29-51 29-42 29-32 29-22 29-12 29-02 28-93 32 33 3065 30-55 30-44 3034 30-24 30-13 30-03 29-93 29-33 33 34 31-57 31-47 31-36 31-26 31-16 31-04 30-94 30-84 30-74 34 35 32-50 32-40 32-23 32-18 32-07 31-96 31-85 31-75 31-64 35 36 33-43 33-32 33-20 33-10 32-99 32-87 32-76 32-65 32-54 36 37 34-36 34-25 34-12 34-02 33-90 3378 33-67 33-56 33-45 37 38 35-29 35-17 3505 3493 34-82 3470 3458 34-47 34-35 38 39 36'22 36-10 35-97 35-85 35-74 35-61 35-49 35-47 35-26 39 40 37-14 37-02 3690 36-77 36-65 36-52 36-40 3G-28 36-16 40 41 38-07 37-95 37-82 37'69 37-57 37-43 37-31 37-19 37-06 41 42 39-00 38-87 38-74 38-61 38-48 38-35 38-22 38-09 3797 42 43 39-93 39-80 3966 39-53 39-40 39-26 3913 39-00 38-87 43 44 40-85 40-72 40-59 40-45 40-32 40-17 4004 39-91 39'78 44 45 4178 41-65 40-51 41-37 41-23 41-09 40-95 40-82 40-68 45 4G 4271 42-57 42-43 42-29 42-15 42-00 41-86 41-72 41-58 46 47 43-64 43-50 43-35 43-21 43-06 42-91 42-77 42-63 42-49 47 43 44-57 44-42 44-27 44-12 43-98 43-83 4368 43-54 4339 48 4l 13'5 6-;;34 30 9-443 0-9 1-636 2-2 2-557 4-0 3-448 7-5 4-721 14-0 6-450 35 10-199 i-o 1724 23 2-615 4-2 3-469 8-0 4-876 15-0 6-667 40 10-903 11 1-808 2-4 2-671 4'4 3-616 8'5 5-026 16-0 6-896 45 11-515 1-2 1-889 2-5 2726 4-6 3-693 9-0 5-172 17-0 7'U 50 12-190 1-3 1-966 26 2-779 4-8 3-777 9-5 5-314 18-0 7-314 i . CORRECTIONS FOR TEMPERATURE. Column a shows the temperature of the chimney or flue, column b the factor for multiplying the figure found in Table a in order to arrive at the real speed of the current of gas. A. EEADINGS IN DEGEEES FAHKENHEIT. Fa'ir. b a b a b a b 1-0634 90 0-9723 ISO 0-9012 380 0-7865 5 1'0577 95 0'9o79 185 0-8977 400 077 Siemens' copper pyrometer, which is on the same principle, gives the degrees corresponding to the readings of the thermometer without any calculations by means of a special scale ; but the indications of this instru- ment are very rough. 2. SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE. A.-BEIMSTONE. 1. Moisture. In order to prevent the evaporation of moisture during grinding, an average sample of the unground or only roughly-crushed materials weighing lOOgrms. is dried at 100 C. for some hours in an oven or water-bath. 2. Ashes. lOgrms. are burnt in a tared porcelain dish, and the residue weighed. 3. Direct Estimation of Sulphur. (Macagno, Chem. News, v. 43, p. 192). 50grms. of the finely-ground brimstone are dissolved in 200c.c. carbon 92 bisulphide by digesting in a stoppered bottle at the ordinary temperature, and the specific gravity of the liquid=s is estimated. This must be reduced to the specific gravity at 15 C.=S by means of the formula (valid up to 25 C.) S=s + 0014 ( 15). The following table gives for each value of S the percentage in this solution, which number must be multiplied by 4 to indicate the percentage of sulphur in the sample of brimstone : SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF SULPHUR IN CARBON BISULPHIDE. Snec. Grav. I Spec. Grav. 1 Spec. Grav. I Spec. Grav. I Spec. Grav. I Spec. Grav. % S 1-271 1-292 5-0 1-313 10-2 1-334 15-2 1-355 20-4 1-376 28-1 1-272 0-2 1-293 5-3 1-314 10-4 1-335 15-4 1-356 20-6 1-377 28-5 1-273 0-4 1-291 5-6 1-315 10-6 1-336 156 1-357 21-0 1-378 29-0 1-274 0'6 1-295 5-8 1-316 10-9 1-337 15-9 1-353 21-2 1-379 297 1-275 0-9 1-293 60 1-317 11-1 1-338 16-1 1-359 21-5 1-380 30-2 1-276 1-2 1-297 6-3 1-318 11-3 1-339 16'4 1-360 21-8 1-381 30-8 1-277 1-4 1-298 6-5 1-319 11-6 1-340 16-6 1-361 22-1 1-382 31-4 1-278 1-6 1-299 6-7 1-320 11-8 1-341 16'9 1-362 i 22-3 1-383 31-9 1-279 1-9 1-300 7-0 1-321 12-1 1-342 17-1 1-363 22-7 1-384 32-6 280 2-1 1-301 7-2 1-322 12-3 1-343 17-4 1-364 23-0 1-385 33-2 281 2-4 1-302 7'5 1-323 12-6 1-344 17-6 1-365 23-2 1-386 33-8 282 2-6 1-303 7'8 1-324 12-8 1-345 17'9 1-366 23-6 1-387 34-5 283 2-9 1-304 8-0 1-325 13'1 1-346 181 1-367 24-0 1-388 35-2 284 3-1 V305 8'2 1-326 13-3 1-347 18-4 1-368 24-3 1-389 36-1 285 3-4 1-306 8'5 1-327 13'5 1-348 18-6 1-369 21-8 1-390 36-7 286 3-6 1-307 87 T328 13'8 1-349 18-9 1-370 25-1 1-391 37-2 1-287 3-9 1-308 8-9 1-329 14-0 1-350 19-0 1-371 25-6 (saturated) 1-288 4-1 1-309 9-2 1-330 14-2 1-351 19-3 1-372 26-0 1-289 4-4 1-310 9'4 1-331 14-5 1-352 19-6 1-373 26-5 1-290 4-6 1-311 97 1-332 14-7 1-353 19-9 1-374 26-9 1-291 4-8 1-312 9'9 1-333 15-0 1-354 20-1 1-375 j 27'4 B.-SPENT OXIDE OF GASWORKS. This is contaminated with saw-dust, tarry matters, and variable quantities of lime, etc., which latter retain part of the sulphur in burning, hence a method is employed which estimates only the recoverable portion of the sulphur (Zulkowsky, Dingler's Journal, v. 241, p. 52). The sulphur of the spent oxide is burnt with the aid of platinized asbestos (comp. p. 86), the gases are passed into a solution of caustic potash and potassium hypobromite, and the sulphuric acid there condensed or formed is estimated by precipi- tation with BaCl 2 . The combustion takes place in a combustion tube (Fig. 5) 2ft. long, narrowed at a, and drawn out at the end into a long tube, not too thin, and bent downwards. B 3tween a and b there is a layer of asbestos 8in. to lOin. long, and at a distance of Sin. or 4in. from this a porcelain boat with about 0'4grm. spent oxide. The end of the tube at k is connected with an oxygen gasholder. The absorption takes place in the two 3-bulb tubes c and d (5 Jin. high) and the tube e, filled with glass-wool. The absorbing liquid is made by dissolving ^ ISOgrms. caustic potash (purified with alcohol from sulphate) in water, adding lOOgrms. bromine, taking care to keep the mixture cool, and diluting to l,000c.c. 30c.c. of this suffice for estimating O5grm. sulphur. The tube e ought also to be moistened with it. First heat the portion of the tube between a and 6, passing moist oxygen through it at the same time ; then heat the boat from the right to the left, lastly the tube, up to the place /. The current of gas must be much stronger than for an organic analysis, lest any sulphur should escape un- burnt, but not so strong as to draw off any S0 3 unabsorbed. So long as FIG. 5. any dew appears at h it must be driven into the receiver with a Bunsen burner. When this ceases (usually in about an hour) the expariment is finished. The receivers are then taken off, washed out, and the acid re- maining in h is recovered by aspirating several times water through it. All the liquids are united, supersaturated with HC1 in order to decompose the potassium hydrate and hypobromite, heated, concentrated if necessary, and the sulphuric acid is precipitated with BaCl 2 , as directed in the follow- ing paragraph (C 2). In lieu of the bromine solution proposed by Zulkowsky, hydrogen peroxide can be used ; but it must be free from sulphuric acid, or els3 the sulphuric acid contained in it must be allowed for. In this case the analysis may be performed volumetrically by means of caustic soda solution. C. PYBITES. 1. Moisture. 'The ground pyrites is dried at 105 C. till the weight re- mains constant. For the following tests the pyrites is not employed in the flried state, but the finely-ground average sample, as it is kept in a well- sealed bottle. Compare the Appendix as to drawing and reducing an average sample. 2. Sulphur. About O5grm. of pyrites is treated with about lOc.c. of a mixture of 3 vols. nitric acid (specific gravity 1-4) and 1 vol. strong hydro- chloric acid, both ascertained to be absolutely free from sulphuric acid. Avoid all spurting. Heat up the mixture now and then, evaporate to dryness in a water-bath, add 5c.c. hydrochloric acid, evaporate once more (no nitrous fumes ought to escape now), add Ic.c. concentrated hydrochloric acid and lOOc.c. hot water, filter through a small filter, and wash with hot water. The insoluble residue may be dried, ignited, and weighed. It may contain, besides silicic acid and silicates, the sulphates of barium, lead, and even calcium, whose sulphur, as being useless, is purposely neglected. The filtrate and washings are saturated with ammonia, avoiding much excess of it and keeping the hot liquid about 10 or 15 minutes before filtration, but net boiling till all the ammonia is expelled (in which case the preci- 94 pitate contains some basic sulphate). The precipitated ferric hydrate is filtered and washed. This can be done in from half to one hour, by em- ploying the following precautions : (1) Filter hot, and wash on the filter with hot water, avoiding channels in the mass, but so that the whole precipitate is thoroughly churned up with the water each time (washing by decantation would produce too great a bulk of liquid) ; (2) employ sufficiently dense but rapidly-filtering paper; (3) use funnels, made at an angle of exactly 60, whose tube is not too wide, and is completely filled by the liquid running through. A filter pump may also be employed with the usual precautions. Wash till about Ic.c. of the washings on adding BaCl 2 shows no opalescence even after a few minutes. The filtrate and washings should not exceed 200c.c., or else should be concentrated by evaporation. Acidulate with pure HC1 in very slight excess, heat to boiling, remove the burner, and add a solution of BaCl 2 previously heated to boiling. (A large excess of BaCl 2 must be decidedly avoided.) For O5grm. pyrites, 20c.c. of a 10 per cent, solution of BaCl 2 is always more than sufficient. This is roughly measured off in a test-tube provided with a mark, and heated in the same tube. After precipitation the liquid is left to stand for half an hour, when the precipitate should be completely settled. Decant the clear portion as well as possible through a filter, pour lOOc.c. boiling water on the precipitate, and stir up. Wait two or three minutes, when the liquid ought to have settled completely, and decant again. Repeat the treatment with boiling water, and the decantation three or four times, till the liquid has lost its acid reaction. Wash the precipitate on to the filter, dry, and ignite. It should be a perfectly white and loose powder. One part of it is equal to 0-13734 sulphur (factors on pp. 14, 15). 3. Copper (Process employed at the Duisburg Copper Extraction Works). Igrm. of pyrites, finely powdered and dried at 100 C., is treated with con- centrated nitric acid, and then evaporated to dryness. Pour concentrated sulphuric acid over the residue, and heat on a sand-bath till the free acid is driven off. Let it cool down, boil up the mass with water, allow it to cool, add quarter of the bulk of spirit of wine, let stand for 12 hours, and filter. The residue on the filter is washed with a mixture of 1 part alcohol and 2 parts water till no more copper can be found. The dilute filtrate is saturated with H 2 S and allowed to stand for some hours. The precipitate (containing the sulphides of copper, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth) is washed with a solution of H 2 S containing a little sulphuric acid, dried, mixed with the ashes of the filter and with pure sulphur (recrystallized from CS 2 ), ignited in a Eose's crucible in a current of hydrogen or coal gas, and weighed. In this operation arsenic is completely volatilised ; antimony and bismuth remain along with the copper. Spanish pyrites contains an almost constant quantity of 0-05 per cent. Sb and Bi, of which O-OOOSgrm., together with the weight of the filter ashes, is deducted from the CuoS (1 part Cu 2 O= 0-79874 Cu).* 4. Zinc is sometimes estimated in pyrites, because the sulphur combined with it is hardly recoverable for acid making. The following method (Schaffner's modified) is employed at the Vieille Montague and the Rhenish * The electrolytical method has not been adopted at Duisburgr, because copper precipi- tated the first time is not pure, and two precipitations cause more trouble than the above- described method. But at the copper works the purity of the Cu 3 S is checked by the electrolytical method. The Duisburg method, as given in text, is open to the objection of being rather lengthy, and of deducting a constant quantity of Sb an4 Bi, which cannot be quite correct in all cases; but as it is accepted as binding upon buyers and sellers in Germany, we have given it as it stands. 95 Zincworks : O5grm. of the ore is dissolved as described on p. 94. All nitric acid is destroyed in the same way. Any metals precipitable by H 2 S from an acid solution are removed by this reagent. The filtrate is freed from H 2 S by boiling, and oxidized by a little aqua regia. The ferric oxide is precipitated with SOc.c. of liquor ammonias (if Mn is present, the liquor is allowed to stand for six hours, when the Mn will be precipitated as well), filtered, dissolved on the filter (as it always contains zinc) in a little HC1, without previous washing, precipitated once more with NH 3 , and filtered again. Both filtrates are united, diluted to half a litre, and titrated in a tall beaker by a solution of pure crystallized sodium sulphide, of which Ic.c. ought to be as nearly as possible =0-01 Zn. With more dilute liquors the results are not so good. Add the liquid, constantly stirring, till a paper soaked with a basic solution of ferric chloride, half dipping into the liquid, is blackened. The paper is either attached to the side of the beaker or sus- pended from platinum wire. The Na 2 S solution is standardized exactly in the same way by weighing off pure zinc, dissolving, and supersaturating with NH 3 . But exactly the same dilution and excess of ammonia must be used as in the former operation, in order to employ the same excess of Na 2 S for blackening the iron paper in both cases, and the degree of blackening should also be the same. The solution of sodium sulphide should not be more than a fortnight old. FIG. 6. 5. Carbonic Acid (calcium carbonate, etc.) is sometimes estimated, because the bases combined with it make a corresponding quantity of sulphur use- less in the form of sulphates. As the quantity is always small, the CO 2 is estimated gravimetrically by expelling it by strong acids and absorbing it in soda lime in the apparatus, Fig. 6. The flask a, holding 200c.c., is closed with an indiarubber cork. Through this 'passes the swan-neck CO tube 6, reaching down to the bottom of a and connected outside by means of a pinch-cock joint, either with a small funnel or (at the .end of the operation) with a U tube filled with soda lime. In a second perforation of the cork fe fixed the delivery tube c, cut obliquely at the lower end, and enlarged above the cork into a bulb. The latter is connected with a series of U tubes, which are once for all put together and hung with wire loops from a carrying rod fixed in a stand, so that the whole is ready for use at any time. The tube No. 1 (Tin. long, fin. wide inside) contains only a little calcium chloride (absolutely free from alkaline reaction) in its bend. No. 2 (same size") is filled with calcium chloride. No. 3 (same size) with pumice, boiled with a concentrated solution of copper sulphate, dried, and heated to the point 96 where all water is driven off for the absorption of II 2 S and HC1.* The tubes Nos. 4 to 7 are 4in. long and in. wide. No. 4 contains calcium chloride ; Nos. 5 and 6 about 20grms. granular soda lime, except the upper third of the second limb, which is filled with granular calcium chloride ; No. 7, in the first limb calcium chloride, and in the second soda lime. Nos. 1 to 4 serve for removing from the gas its moisture and HC1 ; Nos. 5 and 6 for absorbing the C0 2 , the CaCl 2 preventing any escape of moisture from the soda lime. No. 7 is a guard-tube kgainsfe CO 2 and H 2 O entering from with- .out. Only Nos. 5 and 6 are weighed (both together) before and after the experiment. The contents of No. 1 must generally be renewed after each experiment ; those of No. 5 pretty frequently, according to the CO 2 present ; those of No. 6 very rarely. The apparatus is tested in the usual way for its gas-tightness, and serves for all estimations of C0 2 by weight. For making a test, put the weighed substance into the flask a, along with 50c.c. of water; gradually run in through b a sufficient quantity of dilute HC1 or SO 4 H 2 (compare footnote), take away the funnel, connect b with the soda-lime guard -tube, and aspirate from the other end, at the (J tube No. 7, a steady current of air, free from CO 2 , through a, whose contents are at the same time heated, but not to the boiling point. The process of absorption can be followed by the progressive rise of temperature in the soda-lime tube No. 5. When this has become quite cold, the current of air is passed through another 20 minutes, after which the experiment is finished. The contents of a ought never to be heated strongly enough to make the calcium chloride in No. 1 deliquesce. (This estimation requires a great deal of practice and care to avoid errors. An easier, quicker, and more reliable method of estimating CO 2 by the volume of the gas has been worked out by Lunge and Marchlewski, Zeitsch. f. angew. Chem., April, 1891, p. 229). D. BURNT PYRITES (CINDERS). 1. Sulphur is estimated by John Watson's method (S.C.I., 1888, pp. 305. 730). Place exactly 2 grams bicarbonate of soda of known alkalinity in a nickel or platinum crucible ; add 3-200 grams of the powdered sample of burnt ore; mix intimately with a flattened glass rod; heat gently over a low Bunsen flame for five or ten minutes ; stir up the mixture again ; continue the heating over a stronger flame for tenor fifteen minutes longer; wash the contents of the crucible into a beaker; boil for ten minutes ; filter and wash the insoluble portion, till all alkaline reaction has ceased ; allow the washings to cool ; add methyl-orange and titrate with normal hydrochloric acid; each c.c. of which saturates 0-053 Na 2 C0 3 , and indicates 0-016 S. If we call the number of c.c. of that acid, consumed by 2 grams of the bicarbonate employed, a, and the number of c.c., consumed on retitrating after the test, b, the number 2(a - b) expresses the percentage of sulphur in the burnt ore. 2. Copper is estimated as on page 94, but the solution of the sample (1 giro.) is made by means of hydrochloric acid, with a few drops of nitric acid. A deduction of 0-07 per cent, for Bi and Sb is made from the percentage of Cu found. * If the carbonates can be decomposed by dilute sulphuric acid, and if at the same time no sensible quantity of HjS can escape (e.g., in estimatii g CO S in caustic soda), it is pre- ferable to employ dilute sulphuric acid for driving off the CO a in the flask a, and to leave out the tube No. 3, which omission w.ill lessen the chance of error caused by any trace of water left in the copner sulphate. 97 E. GASES. 1. Burner Gases. SO ? is estimated by Eeich's method (Lunge's Sulphuric Acid and Alkali, vol. i., p. 251 ; vol. iii., p. 852). The gas is aspirated through a solution of iodine, contained in a wide-necked 200c.c. bottle, and coloured blue by starch solution, till the colour has been just discharged. This bottle is connected with a larger bottle, converted into an aspirator by a tap near its bottom, or by a siphon ^fitted with a pinch-cock. Water is run from this into a graduated 250c.c. jar. All this time the iodine bottle is shaken up, and at the moment when the colour is discharged the tap of the aspirator is closed, and the volume of water in the jar is read oft. It is equal to that of the gas aspirated through when increased by that of the S0 2 ab- sorbed. The absorbing bottle is charged with lOc.c. of a decinormal sol J- tion of iodine (12-7 grms. iodine per litre, preparation and examination in the Appendix), along with about 50c.c. of water, a little starch solution, and a little sodium bicarbonate. The above quantity of iodine is 032grm. S0 2 =ll'14c.c. at C. and a pressure of 760mm. The latter figure, multi- plied by 100 and divided by llc.c. + the volume of the water run out. yields the percentage of SO 2 in the gas by volume. This calculation is saved by the following table, in which the llc.c. are already taken into account. c.c. Water in the Per cent. SO 9 Measuring Jar. by Volume. 82 12-0 86 11-5 90 11-0 95 10-5 100 10-0 106 9-5 113 9-0 c.c Water in the Per cent. SO, Measurin g Jar. by Vol ume . 128 8-0 138 7-5 148 7-0 160 6-5 175 6-0 192 5-5 212 5-0 120 8-5 In this no notice is taken of temperature and barometer. If these are to be observed, the volume read off is reduced to and 760mm. by the tables 20 and 21 or 21B, and then looked up in the above table. Total Acids (SO 2 + SC>3) are estimated in exactly the same way, and calcu- lated as SO 2 , by employing, in lieu of iodine and starch, a decinormal caus- tic soda solution, coloured by phenolphthalein, and passing gas through it with constant agitation, until the liquid is just decolorized. A very suit- able form of apparatus is that in which the inlet gas-tube is closed at the lower end, and is provided, below the level of the liquid, with many pinhole openings, which break up the current of gas into as many fine streams. 2. Chamber Gases. These are analysed like No. 3. 3. Chamber Exit Gases as Oxygen. Before estimating this the acids are removed from the gas by washing with a solution of potash or soda. Single samples can be taken at odd times during the day, but it is recommended to take an average sample for the whole daj r j by aspirating at least 10 or 20 litres of gas, and analysing a portion of this. The estimation of oxygen is best made by moist phosphorus in an Orsat apparatus (page 86) with two absorbing tubes, one of which is filled with potash solution for removing the acids, the other with small pieces of phosphorus. The manipulation is exactly as in testing fire gases, but it should be observed that the tempera- ture must be at least 16, better 18 C., otherwise the tube must be warmed a little. 4. Sulphur and Nitrogen Acids. The different acid compounds of sulphur are estimated together, as well as those of nitrogen, whatever degree of oxi- dation they may possess. The following prescriptions agree in the main with those published by the British Alkali Makers' Association in 1878. A continuous test over 24 hours is taken of the gases escaping from the exit pipes of the Gay-Lussac towers, aspirating at least one cubic foot per hour by means of any aspirator acting at a constant rate and recording the volume of gas=V by means of gauging the aspirator or by a gas meter. The volume V is reduced to C. and 760mm. pressure (=32 F. and 29-92 inches*) by the tables 20 and 21 or 21s, and is now called V 1 . In order to allow comparisons, the number of cubic feet of chamber space per pound of sulphur burnt and passing into the chambers is recorded, excluding towers, but in- cluding tunnels, the amount of sulphur being taken by the weekly average, each firm to state the distance of the testing hole from the point at which the gases leave the Gay-Lussac towers. The absorption apparatus consists of four bottles or tubes, containing not less than lOOc.c. of absorbing liquid, with a depth of at least Sin. in each bottle, the aperture of inlet tubes not to exceed ^in. in diameter, and to be measured by a standard wire. The first three bottles contain each lOOc c. of normal caustic soda solution (31 grms. per litre), the fourth lOOc.c. distilled water. The caustic soda used must be free from nitrogen acids. The gases are tested (1) for total acidity, stated in grains of SO 3 per cubic foot of gas, elsewhere in grammes per cubic metre. (2) Sulphur acids. (3) Nitrogen acids, both stated in grains of S and N per cubic foot (or grammes per cubic metre). "The analysis is carried out as follows : The contents of the four bottles are united, taking care not to unnecessarily augment the bulk of the liquids, and are divided into three equal parts, one of which is reserved for accidents, etc. The first part is titrated with normal sulphuric acid (49 grms. SO 4 H 8 per litre), to ascertain total acidity. The number of cubic centimetres of acid necessary for neu- tralization is called x. /The second part of the liquid is gradually poured into a warm solution of potassium permanganate, strongly acidified with pure sulphuric acid. A small excess of permanganate must be present, and must be afterwards reduced by the addition of a few drops of sulphurous acid solution, until only a faint red tint is visible. Now all Nitrogen acids are present as HNO 3 , but no excess of SO 2 . The HNO 3 is estimated by its action on F e S0 4 . 25c c. of a solution, containing per litre 100 grms. crystal- lized ferrous sulphate and 100 grms. pure sulphuric acid (the same solution which is used for estimating MnO 2 ) are put into a flask, 20c.c. to 25c.c. pure concentrated sulphuric acid is added, the mixture is allowed to cool, and the other mixture, treated with permanganate, etc., is added. The flask is closed by a cork with glass tubes. A current of CO 2 passes through and issues beneath the surface of some water, to prevent entrance of air. First, all the air is expelled in this way by means of an apparatus evolving CO 2 with constant action ; then the solutions are introduced, and the contents of the flask are heated to boiling, till the dark colour produced by the for- mation of NO has changed to a clear light yellow. This lasts a quarter of an hour to one hour, according to the quantity of NO 3 H present and that of the sulphuric acid added. The unoxidized ferrous sulphate is titrated by a seminormal permanganate solution (yielding 004 grm. oxygen per cubic centimetre compare Appendix). The cubic centimetres used=2/. Since the titre of the iron solution changes pretty quickly, it should be tested * The law prescribes the cubic feet to be measured at 60 P. and 30 inches, which neces- sitates the use of other tables or factors than those mentioned in the text, but the differ- ence should be hardly perceptible, and certainly within the limits of experimental error. daily by taking out 25c.c. with the same pipette as serves for the above- described operation, and ascertaining the amount of permanganate required for oxidizing it z c.c. The magnitudes sought are found by the following equations : 1. Total Acidity in grammes per cubic metre = 1. To'al Acidity in grains per cubic fOOt=> _ 1-852, 100-aQ 2. Sulphur in grammes per cubic metre= _0 008,600 -6x-z+y) V 1 3. Nitrogen in grammes per cubic metre = V 1 2. Sulphur in grains per cubic g= 0-12346 ,600-6cc-3+#) V 1 3. Nitrogen in grains per cubic foot = N _0-10803; 2 -j/) The legal limit for total acidity is 4 grains of S0 3 per cubic foot.* For the purposes of the Alkali Act, it is sufficient, in lieu of the just- described separate process, to estimate total acidity only by the test described on p. 97, employing decinormal soda solution and phenolphthalein. 5. Nitric Oxide (NO) can be present in the exit gases after passing through the absorbing bottles. If it is to be estimated, an absorption tube (Fig. 7) f is interposed between the tubes of the last-described apparatus and the Pio. 7. aspirator. This tube contains SOc.c. of semi -normal permanganate and Ic.c. of sulphuric acid, specific gravity 1-25. The gas is passed through for .24 hours, and the tube emptied and washed out. Now add SOc.c ferrous sulphate solution, corresponding to 2z permanganate (compare last paragraph), and retitrate the decolorized liquid with permanganate. The quantity of the latter now used is called u. The NO has consumed (30+% 2z)c.c. perman- ganate, which is equal In grammes of nitrogen per cubic metre of the volume V 1 . N _ 0-007 (30 + u-2z) 3V 1 In grains of nitrogen per cubio foot. * Alkali Act, 1881, Sec. 8. t This shape of bulb-tubes has been found to be far superior to any other form of absorp- tion-tubes tried. 100 F.-SULPHURIC ACID. 1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SULPHUEIC ACID AT 60 F. (LUNGE & IsLEi;.) EH 100 par?* cor so, by weight t;iiu H 2 S0 4 Kilo per litr H a SO 4 1 Cub weighs Ib. avd. c Foot of Ac contains Ib. avd. H a SO 4 id 60 F. yields Ib. >.v 1-828 74-86 91-70 1-676 1-829 75-03 91-90 1-681 166 1-830 75-19 92-10 1-685 1-831 75-35 92-30 1-690 1-832 75-53 92-52 1-695 1-833 75-72 92-75 1-700 1-834 75-96 93-05 1-706 167 1-835 76-27 93-43 1-713 . . . 1-836 76-57 93-80 1-722 ... 1-837 7690 94-20 1-730 ... 1-838 77-23 94-60 1-739 1-839 77-55 95-00 1-748 168 1-840 78-04 95-60 1-759 1-8405 78-33 95-95 1-765 1-8410 79-19 97-00 1-786 1-8415 79-76 97-70 ' 1-799 1-8410 80-16 98-20 1-808 1-8405 80-57 98-70 1-816 1-8400 80-98 99-20 1-825 1-8395 81-18 99-45 1-830 1-8390 81-39 99-70 1-834 ... 1-8385 81-59 99-95 1-838 104 3. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AND PERCENTAGE OF FUMING (NORDHAUSEN) OIL OF VITRIOL AT DIFFERENT TEM- PERATURES. Density at SO, Per Cent. 15 20 25 30 35C. 1-8417 1-8371 1-8323 1-8287 1-8240 76-67 1-8427 1-8378 1-8333 1-8295 1-8249 77-49 1-8428 1-8388 1-8351 1-8302 1-8255 78-34 1-8437 1-8390 1-8346 1-8300 1-8257 79-04 1-8427 1-8386 1-8351 1-8297 1-8250 79-99 1-8420 1-8372 1-8326 1-8281 1-8234 80-46 1-8398 1-8350 1-8305 1-8263 1-8218 80-94 1-8446 1-8400 1-8353 1-8307 1-8262 81-37 1-8509 1-8466 1-8418 1-8371 1-8324 81-91 1-8571 1-8522 1 : 8476 1-8432 1-8385 82-17 1-8097 1-8647 1-8595 1-8545 1-8498 82-94 1-8790 1-8742 1-8687 1-&610 1-8592 83-25 1-8875 1-8823 1-8767 1-8713 1-8661 83-84 1-8942 1-8888 1-8833 1-8775 1-8722 84-12 1-8990 1-8940 1-8890 1-8830 1-8772 84-33 1-9034 1-8984 1-8930 1-8874 1-8820 84-67 1-9072 1-9021 1-8950 1-8900 1-8845 84-82 1-9095 1-9042 1-8986 1-8932 1-8866 84-99 1-9121 1-9053 1-8993 1-8948 1-8892 85-14 1-9250 1-9193 1-9135 1-9082 1-9023 85-54 1-9290 1-9236 1-9183 1-9129 1-9073 85-68 1-9368 1-9310 1-9250 1-9187 1-9122 85-88 1-9447 1-9392 1-9334 1-9279 1-9222 86-51 1-9520 1-9465 1-9402 1-9338 1-9278 86-72 1-9584 1-9528 1-9466 1-9406 1-9340 87-03 1-0632 1-9573 1-9518 1-9457 1-9398 87-46 cryst. cryst. 1-9740 1-9666 1-9740 88-00 The above table is only intended for controlling the works, but not for commercial purposes, because the specific gravity is anything but a certain guide for the percentage of Nordhausen acid, and altogether fails as such for the strengths just below the monohydrate. The table was not mc.de for chemically pure acids, but for commercial acid. 105 4. TABLE FOR REDUCING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SULPHURIC ACID OF VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO ANY OTHER TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C.)- 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 46 50 1-857 1-852 1-846 1-840 1-835 1-830 1-825 1-821 1-816 1-811 1-806 1-847 1-841 1-836 1-830 1-825 1-820 1-815 1-810 1-805 1-800 1-795 1-837 1-831 1-825 1-820 1-815 1-809 1-804 1799 1-794 1-789 1-784 1-827 1-821 1-815 1-810 1-805 1-799 1-793 1-788 1-783 1-778 1-773 1-817 1-811 1-805 1-800 1-794 L788 1-783 1-777 1-772 1-766 1-761 1-807 1-801 1796 1-790 1-784 1-778 1-773 1-767 1-762 1-756 1-751 1797 1-791 1-786 1-780 1-774 1-768 1-763 1-757 1752 1746 1-741 1-786 1-781 1-776 1-770 1-765 1-759 1-754 1-748 1-743 1-737 1-732 1-776 1-770 1-765 1-760 1755 1-749 1-744 1-738 1-733 1-728 1-723 1-765 1-760 1'755 1-750 1-745 1-740 1-735 1-730 1-725 1-720 1715 1754 1-750 1-745 1-740 1735 1730 1-726 1721 1716 1711 1-706 17-J4 1-740 1-735 1-730 1-725 1-720 1-716 1711 1706 1701 1-696 1-734 1-730 1-725 1-720 1715 1710 1-706 1-701 1-696 1-691 1-686 1-724 1-720 1-715 1710 1-705 1-700 1-696 1-691 1-686 1-681 1-676 1-714 1-710 1-705 1-700 1-695 1-690 1-686 1-681 1-676 1-671 1-667 1704 1-700 1-695 1-690 1-685 1-680 1-676 1-671 1-6G6 1-661 1-656 1-694 1-690 1-685 1-680 1-675 1-670 1-666 1-661 1-656 1-651 1-646 1-684 1-680 1-675 1-670 1-665 1-660 1-656 1-651 1-646 1-641 1-637 1-674 1-670 1-665 1-660 1-655 1.-650 1-646 1-641 1-636 1-632 1-628 1-664 1-660 1-655 1-650 1-645 1-640 1-636 1-632 1-627 1-622 1-618 1-654 1-650 1-645 1-640 1-635 1-631 1-626 1-622 1-617 1-612 1-608 1-644 1-640 1-635 1-630 1-625 1-621 1-616 1-612 1-607 1-602 1-598 1-634 1-630 1-625 1-620 1-615 1-611 1-606 1-602 1-597 1-592 1-588 1-624 1-620 1-615 1-610 1-605 1-601 1-596 1-592 1-587 1-582 1-578 1-614 1-610 1-605 1-600 1-595 1-591 1586 1-582 1-577 1-572 1-568 1-601 1-600 1-595 1-590 1-585 1-581 1-576 1-572 1-567 1-562 1-558 1-594 1-589 1-584 1-580 1-575 1-570 T5G6 562 1-558 1-553 1-548 1-584 1-579 1-574 1-570 1-566 1-561 1-556 552 1-518 1-543 1-539 1-574 1-569 1-564 1-560 1-556 1-552 1-547 543 1-539 1-534 1-530 1-563 1-558 1-554 1-550 1-546 1-542 1-538 1-534 1-530 1-525 1-521 1-552 1-548 1-544 1-540 1-536 1-532 1-528 524 1-520 1-516 1-512 1-542 1-538 1-534 1-530 1-526 1-522 1-518 1-514 1-510 1-506 1-502 1-532 1-528 1-521 1-520 1-516 1-512 1-508 1-504 1-500 1-497 1-492 1-522 1518 1-514 1-510 1-506 1-502 1-498 1-494 1-490 1-486 1-482 1-512 1-508 1-504 1-500 1-496 1-492 1-488 1-484 1-480 1-476 1-472 1-502 1-498 1-494 1-490 1-486 1-482 1-478 1-474 1-470 1-466 1-462 1-492 1-488 1-484 1-480 1-476 1-472 1-468 1-465 1-461 1-457 1-453 1-482 1-478 1-474 1-470 1-466 1-462 1-458 1-455 1-451 1-447 1-443 1-472 1-468 1-464 1-460 1-456 1-452 1-448 1-445 1-442 1-438 1-434 1-462 1-458 1-454 1-450 1-446 1-442 1-438 1-435 1-432 1-429 1-425 1-452 1-448 1-444 1-440 1-436 1-432 1-429 1-426 1-423 1-420 1-416 1-442 1-438 1-434 1-430 1-426 1-422 1-419 1-416 1-413 1-409 1-405 1-432 1-428 1-424 1-420 1-416 1413 1-410 1-406 1-402 1-398 1-394 1-422 1-418 1-414 1-410 1-406 1-403 1-399 1-396 1-392 1-388 1-384 1-412 1-408 1-404 1-400 1-396 1-393 1-389 1-386 1-382 1-378 1-374 1-402 1-398 1-394 1-390 1-386 1-383 1-379 1-372 1-372 1-368 1-364 1-392 1-388 1-384 1-380 1-376 1373 1-370 1-362 1-362 1-359 1-355 1-382 1-378 1-374 1-370 1-366 1-363 1-360 1-352 1-352 1-349 1-346 1-372 1-368 1-364 1-360 1-356 1-353 1-350 1-344 1-344 1-340 1-336 1-362 1-358 1-354 1-350 1-346 1-343 1-340 1-334 1-334 1-330 1-326 106 4. TABLE FOB REDUCING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SUL- PHURIC ACID OF VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO ANY OTHER TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C.). Continued. 55 60 65 7o 75 80 85" 90 95 100 1-801 1796 1-792 1787 1-782 1-778 1-774 1770 1766 1-762 1790 1787 1-781 1-776 1770 1'766 1-762 1-757 1752 1-748 1779 1774 1-769 1-764 1-759 1-754 1-749 1-744 1-739 1-734 1767 1762 1-757 1-752 1-747 1-741 1-736 1-731 1-726 1-721 1755 1-750 1-744 1-739 1734 1-729 1-724 1719 1-714 1-708 1746 1-741 1-735 1-730 1-725 1-720 1-715 1710 1-705 1-700 1736 1-731 1726 1-721 1-716 1-712 1-707 1-702 1-697 1-692 1727 1-722 1717 1-712 1707 1-702 1-697 1-693 1-688 1-683 1718 1-713 1708 1-703 1-698 1-693 1-688 1-684 1-679 1-674 1710 1-705 1-700 1-195 1-699 1-685 1-681 1-676 1-671 1-667 1702 1-697 1-692 1.688 1-683 1-678 1-674 1-669 1-664 1-660 1-692 1-687 1-683 1-678 1-673 1-668 1-664 1-659 1-654 1-650 1-682 1-677 1-673 1-668 1-663 1-659 1-654 1-649 1-644 1-640 1-672 1-667 1-663 1-658 1-653 1-649 1-644 1-639 1-635 1-630 1-662 1-657 1-653 1-648 1-644 1-639 1-634 1-630 1-625 1-620 1-652 1-647 1-642 1-638 1-634 1-630 1-625 1-620 1-615 1-610 1-642 1-637 1-632 1-628 1-624 1620 1-615 1-611 1-606 ] 602 1-6-33 1-628 1-623 1-619 1-615 1-611 1-606 1-602 1-597 1-593 1-623 1-619 1-614 1-610 1-606 1-602 1-597 1-593 1-588 1-584 1-614 1-610 1-605 1-600 1-596 1-592 1-588 1-583 1-579 1-575 1-604 1-600 1-595 1-591 1-586 1-582 1-578 1-574 1-570 1-565 1-594 1590 1-585 1-581 T577 1-573 1-569 1565 1-561 1-556 1-584 1-580 1-576 1-572 1-568 1-561 1-560 1-556 1-552 1-547 1-574 1-570 1-566 1-562 1-558 1-554 1-550 1-546 1542 1-537 1-564 1-560 1-556 1-552 1-548 1-544 1-540 1-536 1-531 1-527 1-554 1-550 1-545 1-541 1-537 1-533 1-529 1-525 1-521 1-516 1-544 1-539 1-535 1-531 1-527 1-523 1-519 1-515 1-510 1-503 1-535 1-531 1-526 1-522 1-518 1513 1-509 1'505 1-501 1-496 1-526 1-522 1-517 1-513 1-509 1-504 1-500 1-496 1-492 1-487 1-517 1-513 1-509 1-504 1-500 1-495 1-491 1-487 1-483 1-478 1-508 1-504 1-500 1-495 1-491 1-436 1-482 1-478 1-473 1-469 1-498 1-494 1-490 1-485 1-481 1-476 1-472 1-468 1-463 1-459 1-488 1-484 1-480 1-476 1-472 1-467 1-462 1-458 1-453 1-449 1-478 1-474 1-470 1-466 1-462 1-457 1-452 1-448 1-443 1-438 1-468 1-464 1-460 1-455 1-451 1-446 1-442 1-438 1-433 1-428 1-458 1454 1-450 1-442 1-441 1-437 1-433 1-429 1-424 1-419 1-449 1-445 1-441 1-436 1-432 1-428 1-424 1-419 1414 1-410 1-439 1-435 1-431 1-427 1-423 1-418 1-414 1-409 1-405 1-401 1-430 1-426 1-422 1-418 1-413 1-409 1-405 1-400 1-396 1-392 1-421 1-417 1-413 1-409 1-404 1-400 1-396 1-391 1-387 1-383 1-412 1-407 1-403 1-399 1-395 1-391 1-386 1-382 1-378 1-374 1-401 1-397 1-393 1-389 1-385 1-380 1-376 1-372 1-368 1-364 1-390 1-386 1-382 1-378 1-374 1-370 1-366 1-362 1-358 1-353 1-380 1-376 1-372 1-368 1364 1-360 1-356 1-352 1-348 1-343 1-370 1-366 1-362 1-358 1-354 1-350 1-346 1-342 1-338 1-333 1-360 1-356 1-352 1-348 1-351 1 346 1-342 1-338 1-342 1-337 1-334 1-329 1-332 1-327 1-323 1-319 1-322 1-317 1-314 1-310 ~~ *"** 107 4. -TABLE FOE, REDUCING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SULPHURIC ACID OF VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO ANY OTHER TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C.\ Continued. 6 10 15 2o 25 30 35 4d 45 50 1-352 1-348 1-344 1-340 1-336 1-333 1-330 1-327 1-324 1-320 1-316 1-341 1-337 1-333 1-330 1-327 1-321 1-321 1-318 1-314 1-310 1-306 1-330 1-326 1-323 1-320 1-317 1-314 1-311 1-308 1304 1-301 1-297 1-320 1-316 1-313 1-310 1-307 1-304 1-301 1-298 1-294 1-291 1-287 1-310 1-306 1-303 1-300 1-297 1-294 1-291 1-288 1-284 1-281 1-277 1-300 1-296 1-293 1-290 1-237 1-284 1-280 1-277 1-274 1-270 1-267 1-290 1-286 1-283 1-280 1-277 1-274 1-270 1-267 1-264 1-260 1-256 1-280 1-276 1-273 1-270 1-267 1-264 1-260 1-257 1-254 1-250 1-246 1-270 1-266 1-263 1-260 1-257 1-254 1-251 1-248 1-245 1-241 1-237 1-260 1-256 1-253 1-250 1-247 1-244 1-241 1-238 1-235 1-231 1-227 1-250 1-246 1-243 1-240 1-237 1-234 1-230 1-227 1-224 1-220 1-217 1-240 1-236 1-233 1-230 1-227 1-224 1-220 1-217 1-214 1-210 1-207 1-230 1-226 1-223 1-220 1-217 1-214 1-210 1-207 1-204 1-200 1-197 1-220 1-216 1-213 1-210 1-206 1-204 1-200 1-197 1-194 1-190 1-187 1-210 1-206 1-203 1-200 1-196 1-193 1-190 1-186 1-183 1-180 1-176 1-200 1-196 1-193 1-190 1-186 1-183 1-180 1-176 1-173 1-169 1-165 1-190 1-186 1-183 1-180 1-176 1-173 1-170 1-166 1-163 1-159 1-155 1-180 1-176 1-173 1-170 1-166 1-163 1-160 1-156 1-153 1-149 1-146 1-169 1*166 1-163 1-160 1-157 1-153 1-150 1-147 1-144 1-141 1-138 1-159 1-156 1-153 1-150 1-147 1-143 1-140 1-137 1-134 1-131 1-128 1-149 1-146 1-143 1-140 1-137 1-134 1-131 1-128 1-125 1-122 1-119 1-13S 1-135 1-133 1-130 1-127 1-125 1-122 1-119 1-116 1-113 1-110 1-128 1-125 1-123 1-120 1-118 1-115 1-112 1-110 1-107 1-104 1-102 1-118 1-115 1-113 1-110 1-108 1-105 1-102 1-100 1-097 1-094 1-092 1-108 1-105 1-103 1-100 1-097 1-094 1-092 1-090 1-087 1-084 1-082 1-098 1-095 1-093 1-090 1-087 1-084 1-082 1-080 1-077 1-074 1-072 1-088 1-085 1-083 1-080 1-077 1-074 1-072 1-070 1-067 1-064 1-062 1-078 1-075 1-073 1-070 1-067 1-0(54 1-062 V060 1-057 1-054 1-052 1-068 1-065 1-063 1-060 1-057 1-054 1-052 1-050 1-048 1-044 1-042 1-058 1-055 1-053 1-050 1-047 1-044 1-042 1-040 1-038 1-034 1-032 1-048 1-045 1-043 1-040 1-037 1-034 1-032 1-030 1-028 1-024 1-022 1-038 1-035 1-033 1-030 1-027 1-024 1-022 1-020 1-018 1-014 1-012 1-028 1-025 1-023 1-020 1-017 1-014 1-012 1-010 1-008 1004 1-002 1-018 1-015 1-013 1-010 1-007 1-004 1-002 1000 0-998 0-994 0-992 5. FREEZING AND MELTING POINTS OF SULPHURIC ACID/ Spec. Grav. at 15. Freezing point. Melting point. 1-671 Liquid at -20 1-691 Liquid at -20 1712 Liquid at -20 1-727 -7-5 -7'5 1-732 -8-5 -8-5 1-749 -0-2 + 4-5 1-767 +1-6 + 6-5 1*778 + 8'5 + 8-5 1-790 + 4-5 + 8-0 1-807 -9-0 -6-0 1-822 Liquid at -20 1-840 Liquid at -20 * Lunge, Berichte d. deutsch. chem. Ges. 1831 S. 108 4.- TABLE FOE REDUCING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SULPHURIC ACID OF VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO ANY OTHER TEMPERATURE (DEGREES CJ.-Continued. 65 C 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 1-312 1-308 1-304 1-300 _ _ _ __ 1-302 1-298 1-294 1-290 1-293 1-289 1-284 1-280 1-283 1-279 1-274 1-270 1-273 1-269 1-265 1-260 1-263 1-259 1-255 1-250 1-252 1-248 1-244 1-240 1-242 1-238 1-234 1-230 1-233 1-224 1-224 1-220 1-223 1-214 1-214 1-210 1-210 1-209 1-204 1-200 1-204 1-200 1-195 1-190 1-194 1-190 1-185 1-180 183 1-179 1-175 1-170 172 1-168 1-164 1-160 . 162 1-158 1-154 1-150 _ 152 1-148 1-144 1-140 143 1-139 1-135 T131 135 1-131 1-127 1-123 1-125 1-122 1-118 1-114 1-116 1-113 1-109 1-106 1-107 1-104 1-100 1-097 1-099 1096 1-092 1-088 1-089 1-086 1-082 1-078 1-079 1-075 1-072 1-068 1-069 1-065 1-062 1-058 __ 1-059 1-055 1-052 1-048 1-049 1-045 1-042 1-038 1-036 1-035 1-032 1-028 1-039 1-025 1-022 1-018 1-019 0-015 1-012 1008 _ 1-009 1-005 1-002 0-998 0-999 1-995 0-992 0-988 _ 0-989 0-985 0-982 0-978 6. BOILING POINTS OF SULPHURIC ACID. (Lunge, Ber. d. d. chem. Ges. 11, 370.) Proc. SO.H, Spec. Gr. Boil. Point. Proc. S0 4 H a Spec. Gr. Boil. Point. Proc. S0 4 H a Spec. Gr. Boil. Point. 5 1-031 101 56 1-459 133 82 1-758 218-5 10 1-069 102 60 1-503 141-5 84 1773 227 15 1107 103-5 62-5 1-530 147 86 1-791 238-5 20 1-147 105 G5 1-557 153-5 88 1-807 251-5 25 1-184 106-5 67-5 1-585 161 90 1-818 262-5 30 1-224 108 70 1-615 170 91 1-824 268 35 1-265 100 72 1-639 174-5 92 1-830 274-5 40 1-307 114 74 1-661 180-5 93 1-834 281-5 45 1-352 118-5 76 1-688 189 91 1-837 288-5 50 1-399 121 78 1710 199 95 1-840 295 53 1-428 128-5 80 1733 207 Monohydrate (100/o) boils at 338 (Marignac). 7. PERCENTAGE OF SO 3 IN NORDHAUSEN OIL OF VITRIOL. Fy lifting out two stripes crossing each other at righk angles, adding some- tiling from the centre of each remaining quadrant. The reduced sample is crushed further, either in a large metal mortar, or preferably with a sledge- hammer on a flanged cast-iron plate of about 3 ft. square, bedded on a solid foundation ; the latter process is much more convenient and cleanly than grinding in a mortar. The coarse portions are sifted out by a riddle of in. holes and crushed again, till all has passed through. The product is re- duced as in (a), by mixing, etc., to a quantity of 2 or 4 Ibs., from which the sample-bottles are filled as prescribed above. * At some factor! s very unsatisfactory results have been obtained with ibis mode of sampling ; they prefer that described later on (iu b), of taking a certain number of entire tubs, barrows, or carts as sample.' 174 i 2. CHEMICALS. Kaltcake, soda ash, etc., if in bulk, are sampled as in No. 1 a. If packed in casks, each third, fifth, or tenth cask, according to the size of the parcel, is bored at one of its bottoms and sampled by means of an auger (fig. 13), which is inserted up to the centre of the cask, turning it round its axle all the while. The single cask samples are put into a large wide-mouthed bottle as drawn, till the sampling is over. Then empty the whole on to a large sheet of paper, mix thoroughly, crush any lumps with a spatula, and fill the 4-ounce bottles, previously prepared, exactly as described on No. 1 as for ores, observing the same rules for corking and sealing. Bleaching powder, jjotashes, and any other substances which are liable to ba quickly spoilt in contact with the air by attract- ing moisture, or from other reasons, are treated like the foregoing substances, but operating with the greatest possible spaed, and keeping the large bottle for collecting the cask-samples well closed. The sampling is still more safely performed by taking away the uppar end of the cask, removing the top layer to a depth of about two inches, taking a handful of stuff from the interior as far as it is possible to reach in, which should be nearly at the centre of the cask, and throwing it into the large bottles. In this case there is the least contact with air. Or else a sample-auger is employed, which is closed at its upper half, and is only turned round when its point has arrived in the centre of the cask ; in this case the top layer does not get into the auger. Samples of bleaching-powder ought to be kept in a dark and cold place, and ought to be tested without any great delay. Caustic Soda. Since the samples attract moisture and carbonic acid on their surface, even in well-closed bottles, the outer opaque crust must be removed by scraping before weighing out the tests (compare page 145). It should be borne in mind that the centre of the drum is of weaker strength than the remainder, because the foreign salts accumulate in the portion remaining liquid the longest. The average strength is best represented by the portions next to the bottom and sides of the drum, which solidify quickest. Solid sulphuric anhydride cannot be sampled directly for analysis. An auger cannot be employed, as the mass is too firm and tough ; melting the mass in the drums themselves is out of the question, on account of the clouds of fumes. The following process is, therefore, employed : A large sample of the solid anhydride is mixed with so much exactly analysed " monohydrated " sulphuric acid that an acid of about 70 per cent, is formed, which is liquid at ordinary temperatures. This mixture is made in a stoppered bottle, and is gently heated to 30" or 40 C., the stopper being loosely put in, till the solution is complete, whereupon a small sample is taken out by means of Lunge & Bey's glass-tap pipette (p. 116). Fia. 13. 175 C. COMPARISON OF THE HYDROMETER DEGREES ACCORD- ING TO BAUME AND TWADDELL, WITH THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. B. T. Spec. Gravity. B, T. Spec. Gravity. B. T. Spec. Gravity. 1-000 15-4 24 1-120 29-3 51 1-255 9-7 1 1-005 16-0 25 1-125 29-7 52 1260 l-Q 1*4 1-007 16-5 26 1-130 30-0 52-6 1-263 1-4 2 1-010 17-0 26-8 1-134 30-2 53 1-265 2-0 2-8 1-014 17-1 27 1-135 306 54 1-270 2-1 3 1-015 17-7 28 1-140 31-0 54-8 1-274 2-7 4 1-020 18-0 28-4 1-142 31-1 55 1-275 3-0 4-4 1-022 18-3 29 1-145 31-5 56 1-280 3-4 5 1-025 18-8 30 1-150 32-0 57 1-285 4-0 5-8 1-029 19-0 30-4 1-152 32-4 58 1-290 4-1 6 1-030 19-3 31 1-155 32-8 59 1-295 4-7 7 1-035 19-8 32 1-160 33-0 59-4 1-297 5-0 7-4 1-037 20-0 32-4 1-162 33-3 60 1-300 5-4 8 1-040 20-3 33 1-165 33-7 61 1-305 6-0 9 1-045 20-9 34 1-170 34-0 61-6 1-308 6-7 10 1-050 21-0 34-2 1-171 34-2 62 1-310 7-0 102 1-052 21-4 35 1-175 34-6 63 1-315 7.4 11 1-055 22-0 36 1-180 35-0 64 1-320 8-0 12 1-060 22-5 37 1-185 35-4 65 1-325 8-7 13 1-065 23-0 38 1-190 35-8 66 1-330 9-0 13-4 1-067 23-5 39 1-195 36-0 66-4 1-332 9-4 14 1-070 24-0 40 1-200 362 67 1-335 10.0 15 1-075 24-5 41 1-205 36-6 68 1-340 10-6 16 1-080 25-0 42 1-210 37-0 69 1-345 11-0 16-6 1-083 25-5 43 1-215 37-4 70 1-350 11-2 17 1-085 26-0 44 1-220 37-8 71 1-355 11-9 18 1-090 26-4 45 1-225 38-0 71-4 1-357 12-0 18-2 1-09 L 26-9 46 1-230 38-2 72 1-360 12-4 19 1-095 27-0 46-2 1-231 38-6 73 1-365 ID-O 20 1-100 27-4 47 1-235 390 74 1-370 13-6 : 21 1-105 27-9 48 1-240 39-4 75 1-375 14-0 21-6 1-108 28-0 48-2 1-211 39-8 76 1-380 11-2 22 1-110 28-4 49 1-245 40-0 76-6 1-383 11-9 23 1-115 28-8 50 1-250 40-1 77 1-385 15-0 23-2 1-116 29-0 50-4 1-252 40-5 78 1-390 144-3 N.B. The Baume degrees are calculated by the formula d = ?-f-, water of 15 C. being put = and sulphuric acid of 1 8t2 at 15 C. -63; compare Lunge's Sulphuric Acid and Alkali, vol. i., p. 20. This is the Baume's hydrometer, mostly used on the Conti- nent of Europe; but other scales are in use there as well, and quite another scale for Baume's hydrometer is used in America. 176 C.-COMPARISON OF THE HYDROMETER DEGREES ACCORD- ING TO BAUME AND TWADDELL, WITH THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. Continued, B. T. Spec. Gravity. B. T. Spec. Gravity. B. T. Spec. Gravity. 40-8 79 1-395 50-9 109 1-545 59-5 140 1-700 41-0 79-4 1-397 51-0 109-2 1-546 59-7 141 1-705 41-2 80 1-400 51-2 110 1-550 60-0 142 1-710 41-6 81 1-405 51-5 111 1-555 60-2 143 1-715 42-0 82 1-410 51-8 112 1-560 60-4 144 1-720 42-3 83 1-415 52-0 112-6 1-563 60-6 145 1-725 42-7 84 1-420 52-1 113 1-565 60-9 146 1-730 43-0 84-8 1-424 52-4 114 1-570 61-0 146-4 1-732 43-1 85 1-425 52-7 115 1-575 61-1 147 1-735 43-4 86 1-430 53-0 116 1-580 61-4 148 1-740 43-8 87 1-435 53-3 117 1-585 61-6 149 1-745 44-0 87-6 1-438 53-6 118 1-590 61-8 150 1-750 44-1 88 1-440 53-9 119 1-595 62-0 150-6 1-753 44-4 89 1-445 54-0 119-4 1-597 62-1 151 1-755 44-8 90 1-450 54-1 120 1-600 62-3 152 1-760 45-0 90-6 1-453 54-4 121 1-605 62-5 153 1-765 45-1 91 1-455 54-7 122 1-610 62-8 154 1-770 45-4 92 1-460 55-0 123 1-615 63-0 155 1-775 45-8 93 1-465 55-2 124 1-620 63-2 156 1-780 46-0 93-6 1-468 55-5 125 1-625 63-5 157 1-785 46-1 94 1-470 55-8 126 1-630 63-7 158 1-790 46-4 95 1-475 56-0 127 1-635 61-0 159 1-795 46-8 96 1-480 56-3 128 1-610 64-2 160 1-800 47-0 96-6 1-483 56-6 129 1-645 64-4 161 1-805 47-1 97 1-485 56-9 130 1-650 64-6 162 1-810 47-4 98 1-490 57-0 130-4 1-652 64-8 163 1-815 47-8 99 1-495 57-1 131 1-655 65-0 164 1-820 48-0 99-6 1-498 57-4 132 1-660 65-2 165 1-825 48-1 100 1-500 57-7 133 1-665 65-5 166 1-830 48-4 101 1-505 57-9 134 1-670 65-7 167 l-35 48-7 102 1-510 58-0 134-2 1-671 65-9 16S 1-840 4er unit. 20%. 30%. 40%. 48%. eo%. P nee. li! fa s. (7. 150 171 192 1 11 3 s. d. 1 17 6 2 7t 239 2 6 10 5. d. 2 10 2 14 2 2 18 4 326 s. d. 300 350 3 10 3 15 s. d. 326 3 7 8.J 3 12 11 3 18 1 1 1 13 4 1 15 5 1 17 6 1 19 7 2 10 2 13 H 2 16 3 2 19 4 368 3 10 10 3 15 3 19 2 400 450 4 10 4 15 434 4 8 6 4 13 9 4 18 11J it 218 239 2 5 10 2 7 11 326 3 5 7i 389 3 11 10J 434 476 4 11 8 4 15 10 500 550 5 10 5 15 542 5 9 4i 5 14 7" 5 19 9 Ig 2 JO 2 12 1 2 14 2 2 16 3 3 15 3 18 li 413 4 4 4 500 542 584 5 12 6 600 650 6 10 6 15 650 6 10 2J 6 15 5 7 7J ir 2 18 4 305 326 347 476 4 10 7i 4 13 9" 4 16 10J 5 10 8 6 10 650 692 700 750 7 10 7 15 7 5 10 7 11 OJ 7 16 3 8 1 5i 2 2l 368 389 3 10 10 3 12 11 500 5 3 li 563" 5 9 4} 6 13 4 6 17 6 718 7 5 10 800 850 8 10 8JL5 868 8 11 10i 8 17 1" 9 2 3J 1 2, L 3 15 3 17 1 3 19 2 413 434 5 12 6 5 15 7.J 5 18 9 6 1 lOi 650 7 10 7 14 2 7 18 4 826 868 900 950 9 10 9 15 10 976 9 12 8i 9 17 11" 10 3 U 10 8 4" To find the value of intermediate strengths not given in the table, for instance 36$ at 1 T 5 5 per unit, find for 30% 3 5 then for 6 13 The sum gives value per ton of 36% 3 18 9 180 D.- VALUE OF ALKALI PEE, TON. -Continued. Price per unit. 52%. 54%. 60%. 57%. 58%. Pence. 1 Ji 5. rf. 350 3 10 5 3 15 10 413 s. d. 376 3 13 14 3 18 9 4 4 4 s. d, 3 10 3 15 10 418 476 s. d. 3 11 3 3 17 2i 4 3 14 4 9 0| s. d. 3 12 6 3 18 64 447" 4 10 7| 1 I 468 4 12 1 4 17 6 5 2 11 4 10 4 15 74 513" 5 6 lOJ 4 13 4 4 19 2 550 5 10 10 4 15 5 11J 5 6 10.V 5 12 Of 4 10 8 5 2 8i 589" 5 14 9.J i& 584 5 13 9 5 19 2 647 5 12 6 5 18 1J 639 6 9 4 5 16 8 626 684 6 14 2 5 18 9 6 4 8J 6 10 1\ 6 16 6| 6 10 6 6 10 6 12 11 6 18 11 6 10 6 15 5 7 10 763 6 15 7 74 763" 7 11 10J 700 7 5 10 7 11 8 7 17 6 726 7 8 5J 7 14 4J 8 3| 750 7 11 O.V 7 17 1 8 3 1 if 7 11 8 7 17 1 826 8 7 11 7 17 6 8 3 1 889 8 14 4i 834 892 8 15 9 10 863 8 12 2i 8 18 1 9 4 Of 892 8 15 2J 913 9 7 3 2 2* 8 13 4 8 18 9 942 997 900 9 5 74 9 11 3" 9 16 10 968 9 12 6 9 18 4 10 4 2 9 10 9 15 Hi 10 1 10i 10 7 9| 9 13 4 9 19 4.| 10 5 5 10 11 5i 1 9 15 10 5 10 5 10 10 11 3 10 16 8 10 2 6 10 8 li 10 13 9" 10 19 4| 11 5 10 10 10 15 10 11 1 8 11 7 6 11 13 4 10 13 9 10 19 8i 11 5 74 11 11 6f 11 17 6 10 17 6 11 3 64 11 9 7" 11 15 7 12 1 8" To find the value of intermediate strengths not given in the table, for instance 36$ at 1& per unit, find for 30$ 3 5 7.J then for 6$ 13 1} The sum gives value per ton of 36^ 3 18 9 181 ADDENDUM TO PAGE 86. Checking the working of fireplaces and firemen. The estimation of C0 2 in the chimney gases, as described page 86, if combined with an observation of temperature, admits of checking both the efficiency of a special fireplace and the daily work of the firemen, according to a formula developed by Lunge in Zsch. f. angew. Chem., 1889, p. 240. A consecutive number, say from 10 to 15 testings for CO 2 . are made by an Orsat apparatus in the flue leading from the fireplace to the chimney, and the mean volume percentage of CO 2 found is called n. At the same time a thermometer with very long stem, tightly inserted in the testing hole in such manner that its bulb is well within the flue, but that the scale can be read off outside, is observed at frequent intervals, and the mean temperature of the gases is called ', that of the air outside t. c is the specific heat of a cubic metre of CO 2 , expressed in gram-calories ; c' that of N or O (see below). The total volume of exit- gases, produced by the combustion of 1 kilog. of carbon burnt on the grate, is = 1-854 ( - J cubic metres, and the loss of heat in the exit-gases, expressed in gram-calories : L = 1-854 (f - t) c + 1-854 (f - t) / 10 -n\ c ' ; the loss, expressed in per cent, of the heat theoretically given out by the carbon : 100 L 8080 ' The value of c' may be assumed for all temperatures = 0'31 ; that of c varies with the temparature, and must be taken as follows: If V is below 150 C., c = 0-41. between 150-200 = 0-43. 200-250 = 0-44. 250-300 = 0-45. 300-350 = 0-46. EEEATUM. Tage 3. The atomic weight of Niobium is 94-2 (0=16) or 93-9 (11= INDEX. Acid, standard, 168. Acids in chimney gases, 97, 98, 118. Air compression, 82. Air, speed of currents, tables of, 88. Alkali, standard, 168. value per ton, 177. ,, Works Regulation Act, 118. Alkalimetrical degrees, table, 139. Alkalimetry, 168. Alumina, 118, 132. Ammonia, spec, gravities, 165. solubility, 21. standard, 169. , , estimation of volatile, distillation method, 162. estimation of, total, 162. by the bromine method, 163. carbonate, spec. grav. , 166. sulphate, 163. sulphocyanide, 163. Analysis, gravimetric factors, 12. Anemometer, 87, 90. Anhydride, sulphuric, 104, 109, 115. sampling, 174. Aqueous vapour tension, 50, 51, 52. Area of circles, etc., 57, 71. Arsenite of soda solution, standard, 171. Atomic weights in round numbers, 2. accurate, 3. Available alkali, 138, 145. Azotometer, 163. Base in Weldon mud, 124. Baum^'s hydrometer, 175. Bicarbonate, 132. Black-ash, 128. Bleaching-powder, 126. Boiling points, various, 32. of sulphuric acid, 103. ., ,, water, 65. Bottoms, caustic, 145. Brimstone, 92. Burner gases, 97. Burnt pyrites, 96. Carbonate of ammonia, spec, grav., 165. ,, soda, 129, 138; spec, grav., 133. Carbonated liquor, 130, 132. Carbonic acid, 95, 123, 125, 132, 145, 146. Caustic bottoms, 145. liquor, 141. Caustic soda in black-ash, 129 ; spec, grav., 141 ; commercial, 145. ,, ,, sampling, 174. Chamber exit gases, 97, 98. Chance process. 145. Chemicals, sampling, 174. Chimney gases, 83, 118. Chlorate of potash, 127. Chlorides in common salt, 116. black-ash, 136. ,. ,. soda ash, 138. Chlorine, solubility, 21. in common salt, 116. ,, bleaching powder, 126. ,, Deacon process, 126. Chlorometrical degrees, table, 126. Cinders (pyrites), 96. Circles, area, etc., of, 57; mensuration, 71. Circumferences of circles, 57. Glaus-kiln gases, 147. Coal, 85; sampling, 174. ,, mixing, 128. sulphur in, 128. Coinage of different countries, 80. Compounds, symbols, etc., 4. Contents, mensuration, 71. Copper in pyrites, 94, 96. ,, solution, standard, 172. Cube roots, 57. Cubes, 57. Currents of air, speed of, 88. Deacon process, 126. Draught, testing, 87. Elements, 2, 3. Equivalent weights, 4. Exit gases from chambers, 97, 98. ,, condensers, 118. Expansion by heat, 22. ,, ,, ,, of water, 49. Factors for gravimetric analysis, 12. reducing gases to normal con- ditions, 46. Ferric oxide, 132. Ferrocyanide, 131. Fire-places, checking the working of, 86, 181. Fished salts, 145. Fletcher's anemometer, 87. Formula^ chemical, 4. ,, for mensuration, 71. ISJ 183 Fuel, 85. Fuming sulphuric acid, 101, 109, 115, 174. Furnace pases, 86, 181. Fusing points, 31. of sulphuric acid, 107. Gases, reduction of volumes to normal tem- perature, 34. ,, reduction of volumes to normal pressure, 40. ,, reduction of volumes both together by factors, 46. ,, reduction of volumes both together by the gas- volumeter, 113. spec, gravities, 26. from burners, 97. chamber exits, 97, 98, 99. ,, chimneys and producers, 86. ,, condensers, 118. speed of, 89. Gas-liquor, 162. Gas-volumeter, 113, 122, 126, 164, 170. Glass-tap pipette, 115. Grains, conversions into grams, 79, 167. Gravimetric analysis, factors for, 12. Heat develop Heats, specific, 56". Horse-powera, 75. Hydrochloric acid, spec, grav., 120. ,, analysis, 122. ,, solubility, 21. ,, ,, in chimney gases, 118. for decomposing man- ganese, 123. Hydrogen sulphide, 147. Hydrometers, 175. Indicators, 169. Iodine as impurity, 149, 155. ,, standard, 171. Iron as impurity, 114, 117, 122, 125, 138, 145, 155. solution, 122. wire for analysis, 170. Lead in sulphuric acid, 114. Lime, 117, 125, 129, Ul, U6. milk of, 125. Lime-kiln gases, 147. Lime-mud, 143. Limestone, 121. Liquor ammoniae, spec, grav., 163. Magnesia, 117, 125, 157. Manganese, 122 123. ore, 122; sampling, 172. recovered, 123. Measures of different countries. 73. reduction of metric, 76. Melting points, 31. Mensuration of areas and contents, 71. Methyl-orange, 169. Metric weights and measures, 73. reduction to English, 76. Minerals, sampling, 172. Mixing-coal, 128. Moisture, 85, 92, 93, 125, 118, 155. Molecular weights, 4. Nitrate of soda, 148. Nitre-cake, 149. Nitric acid, spec, grav., 150. ,, ,, impurities, 155. mixtures with sulphuric acid, 155. Nitric oxide, 99. Nitrogen in mixing coal, 128. ,, acids in chamber-exits, 98. in sulphuric acid, 111, 114. Nitrometer, I. /// Nitrousacid.llO. Norhausen O.V., see Anhydride. Ores, sampling, 172. Orsat's apparatus, 86, 97. Oxalic acid solution, 172. Oxide of gas-works, 92. Oxygen in chamber gases, 97. Percentage composition of compounds, 4. Potah, 155; sampling, 174. P. t:ispj.im carbonate, commercial, 157. spec. grav. of solu- tions, 158. chlorate, 127. ,, chloride, 155. ,, permangate, standard, 170. sulphate, 157. Pressure, reduction of gases to normal, 40, 46, 113. Producer gas, 86. Pyrites, 93 ; sampling, 172. burnt. 96. Pyrometers, 90. Quicklime, 125. Reduction of gases to normal state, 34, 40, 46, 113. Reich's test for burner gas, 97. Salt, common, 116; sampling, 172. Saltcake, 117. Salts, fished, 145. solubility of, 16, 17. saturated solutions, spec, grav., 25. Sampling, rules for, 172. Silica, 132. Silver solution, standard, 172. Soda, available, 129, 130, 131, 146. Soda-ash, raw materials. 128. commercial, 138; degrees, 139; prices per ton, 177. Soflium arsenite, standard, 171. ,, bicarbonate, 132. carbonate, spec, gravities, 133, 134, 136. ,, carbonate, estimation, 129, 138, 143, 145. chloride, estimation, 116, 117, 130, 138,145,149, 156. ,, hydrate, spec, gravities, 141. estimation, 122, H3, 145. Solubility of various salts, etc., 16, 17, 21, 22. ,, gases, 20. Specific gravities of gases and vapours, 23. ,i n i liquids, 25. 184 Specific gravities of saturated solutions, 25. ,,Bolids,23. heats, 56. Speed of air (draught), 87. Spent oxide of gas-works, 92. Squares, square roots, 57. Standard solutions, 168. Sulpha.e of ammonia, 163. soda, 117, 130, 138. potash, 157. Sulphides, 129, 131, 138, 145. Sulphites, 138, 145. Snlphocyanides, 163. fc ulphur, 92 ; solubility, 92. estimation. 92, 91, 96, 128, 131, 145, 146. , , acids in chamber exits, 98. dioxide, 97, 98, 147. ,, recovery, 145. Sulphuretted hydrogen, 147. Sulphuric acid, spec, grav., 100, 103, 101. 105. freezing and melting points, 107. ,, ,, boiling points, 108. ,. ,; percentage ( f SO 3 in Nord- hausen acid, 109. estimation, 94, 110, 115, 122, 155. impurities, 110. Sulphurous acid, 97, 08, 147. Symbols of compounds, 4. Tank liquor, 131. waste, 130, 145. Temperature of furnace gases, 90. Temperatures of gases, reduction to 0, 34, 46. Thermometer scales, 28, 29, 30. Thiosulphate, 145, 146. Twaddell's hydrometer, 175. Valency of elements, 2. Vapour, aqueous tensions, 50, 51, 52. Vapours, spec. grav. of, 26. Vat liquor, 131. ,, waste, 130, 145. Volumes, gases, correction o p , 34, 40, 46, 113. Water, boiling points. 55. volumes at diff. temperatures, 49. pressure, reduction to mercurial, 49. vapour tension, 50, 51, 52. , estimation, see Moisture. Weights of diff. countries, 73. English and metrical, 76. of sub&tances as stored, 24. ,, sheet metals, 80. Weldon mud, 123. Zinc, 95. Telegrams 'DAGLISH," St. Helens. Established 1798. . pelen's Engine ft Boiler OJorks, LANCASHIRE. THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (continued}. COLOUR IN WOVEN DESIGN. By Professor ROBERTS BEAU- MONT, Director of the Textile Industries Department, The Yorkshire College. With thirty-two Coloured Plates and 203 Illustrations. 21s. BALLOONING. A Concise Sketch of its History and Principles. From the best sources, Continental and English. By GUSTAV MAY. With Illustrations. 2s. 6d. A TREATISE ON MANURES; or, The Philosophy of Manuring. By A. B. GKJFFITHS, Pn.D., F.K.S. (Edin.), F.C.S. With Illustrations and Index. A practical Handbook for the Agriculturist, Manufacturer, and Student. Crown 8vo. Is. &d. 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