Conciliation 
 
 A N 1) 
 
 Arbitration 
 
 I N 
 
 Labour Disputes 
 
 4 
 
 J. Stephen Jeans
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 /K/ 6
 
 CONCILIATION ANaw\RBITRATION 
 
 LABOUR 
 
 J HISTORICAL SKETCH AND BRIEF STATEMENT OF THE 
 
 PRESENT POSITION OF THE QUESTION 
 
 AT HOME AND ABROAD 
 
 j;^TEPHEN JEANS, M.R.L, F.S.S. 
 
 AUTHOR OF "England's sufremacy," etc., and late secretary of the iron and 
 
 STEEL institute 
 
 (uDio^ [umen 
 
 LONDON 
 
 CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 
 
 7 STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 
 1894
 
 HD 
 
 JJ4 
 
 A- 
 
 C3 
 
 
 INSCRIBED 
 
 TO MY VALUED FRIENDS 
 
 WILLIAM JACKS, M.P. 
 
 lpl•csi^cnt of tbc JBiitisb 5\on "Crate Bssociation 
 
 A.\D 
 
 WILLIAM SPROSTON CAINE, M.P. 
 
 lpast=lPre5i6cnt of tbc ISritisb Jron 'Crate Bssociation 
 
 IN TOKEN OF 
 MY HIGH APPRECIATION OF THEIR CHARACTERS AND LABOURS 
 
 410463
 
 INTRODUCTION and OUTLINE. 
 
 THE " condition-of-England question " at the present 
 moment, and for a considerable time past, has been 
 dependent upon the solution of the problem of recon- 
 ciling capital and labour. In consequence of the difficulties 
 that appear to stand in the way of such a reconciliation, an 
 infinite amount of mischief has been done to all the industrial 
 interests of this country, and the outlook for the future has 
 been clouded with trouble, uncertainty, and gloom. It is not 
 only that employers have lost vast sums of money in resisting 
 claims made by their workmen, and in supporting their own, 
 but the public confidence in all industrial undertakings has 
 been greatly shaken, until the value of such investments, as 
 such, has been seriously deteriorated, and capitalists who were 
 formerly eager to embark upon manufacturing enterprise have 
 ceased to have confidence in it, — to such an extent, indeed, 
 that it is shunned by many as if it were a certain plague. 
 
 So long as this condition of things exists, English com- 
 merce and industry must remain in a parlous and undesirable 
 state. The backbone of our commercial supremacy, of our 
 great command of shipping business, of our success as a 
 colonising people, of our superior wealth and all the advan- 
 tages that it confers, is our manufacturing industry. If that
 
 vi INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. 
 
 industry is menaced by the unrest and turbulence of labour, 
 by the exactions and unreasonableness of capital, by industrial 
 war on a gigantic scale, — such as that which formed so painful 
 and disastrous a feature of the history of labour in 1893, — 
 capital will be withdrawn from it, new developments will be 
 checked and frustrated, our ever-watchful rivals and competitors 
 will gain a march upon our own manufacturers in the markets 
 of the world, and our circumstances will be environed with 
 even greater perils than Hudibras predicates for "the man that 
 meddles with cold iron." ^ We repeat again, therefore, that the 
 question of the hour is the solution of this great problem. 
 The crucial question of questions is, not the incidence of 
 taxation, not the operation of foreign tariffs, not the exhaustion 
 of our coal supply, not the stringency of money, not the merits 
 or demerits of bimetallism, but the avoidance of serious dis- 
 putes between capital and industry. Solve this problem 
 effectually, and we guarantee the continuance of English 
 commercial supremacy, we give new life to home industries, 
 we provide new outlets for capital, we secure protection to 
 employers, and we relieve the working men and women of 
 England from the thraldom and dominion of what must to them 
 be the greatest curse of modern times. 
 
 It would be going much too far to affirm that the solution 
 has already been found. Again and again it has been believed 
 by sanguine admirers of economic systems or phases of systems 
 that they had finally reached a panacea for the greatest of 
 industrial evils, — at one time in conciliation, applied in a par- 
 ticular way ; at another time, in courts of arbitration ; at a third 
 time, in the establishment of sliding-scales ; at a fourth time, in 
 co-operation ; at a fifth time, in profit-sharing. But, unfortun- 
 ately, every one of these systems has at one time or another 
 broken down ; and the bitter and disastrous experience of the 
 year 1893 proves, to the reluctant acquiescence of any candid
 
 INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. vii 
 
 mind, that we are nearly as far from a solution as we ever were 
 — if we are not still farther. 
 
 Many strikes have no doubt occurred in consequence of 
 the ignorance of the workmen, or of their leaders and advisers, as 
 to the actual conditions of the business in which they were 
 engaged. There is often a wide difference between the prices 
 as published in the newspapers or trade circulars, and the 
 realised prices received by employers. This is especially so 
 in the case of coal. The realised price of coal is affected by 
 the proportions free for sale, and sold under contracts of longer 
 or shorter duration. It often happens, moreover, that the 
 employers, in busy times, find it necessary to check sales ; and 
 while not refusing orders, they put up a prohibitive price when 
 they see that they have already as many orders as they can 
 execute. These quotations are mistaken by the workmen for 
 realised prices. Of course, all this liability to mislead would 
 be got rid of, if, for the purposes of a sliding-scale or some 
 other amicable mode of settlement, the employers and em- 
 ployed agreed upon the ascertainment of the actual realised 
 selling prices from period to period ; but the employers are 
 not to be blamed if they do not attempt such an ascertain- 
 ment, unless they have guarantees that it will be accepted as 
 a basis of settlement. 
 
 Labour disputes are more or less liable to occur in every 
 industry, according as the rate of wages paid is more or less 
 liable to sudden and frequent fluctuations. Thus, in the textile 
 industries, where the wages are usually fairly steady, and where 
 oscillations of any account are comparatively infrequent, the 
 occurrence of a general strike is rare. In the mining industry, 
 on the other hand, the variations of wages are more common 
 than in almost any other, and hence labour disputes are specially 
 frequent. 
 
 Some interesting evidence on this point was submitted to
 
 viii INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. 
 
 the Royal Commission on Labour (Group A). Mr A. K. 
 M'Cosh, vice-chairman of the Lanarkshire Coal iSIasters' 
 Association, stated that for a long period wages had been 
 subject to great fluctuations in the Scotch collieries, varying 
 from 6d. to is. per day, and that he remembered one time 
 when they were twice reduced by 2s. a day within a single 
 month ! It was natural, after this, that Mr M'Cosh should 
 add, that " if the variations were less violent, there would be 
 less friction between employers and employed, and it was to 
 ensure this result that the employers desired the adoption of 
 a sliding-scale." * 
 
 The facts just stated make it sufficiently clear that one of 
 the greatest securities that could be provided against sus- 
 pensions of labour would be the steadying of price, and that 
 any system that could be devised with this end in view would 
 be almost certain to effect immense advantage. It is, however, 
 difficult to see how such a system is to be provided. The 
 so-called law of supply and demand does not provide for a 
 steady demand at all times alike. But even if this were not 
 the case, artificial means are constantly being employed to 
 raise or depress prices, — such, for example, as " cornering " 
 the market, syndicating or monopolising the products of 
 industry, and restricting the output. Of late years the oscillations 
 of price from these causes appear to have been more violent 
 and more frequent than formerly, and it is to be feared that 
 this will continue unless commercial gambling can be got rid of. 
 
 Comparatively little attention has been given in the follow- 
 ing pages to the French system of Conseils des Prud^ homines, 
 established in France under the Napoleonic code, and after- 
 wards extended to Prussia, Belgium, and other Continental 
 countries. This system is well suited to the settlement of 
 
 * Group A, (/. 13633-7.
 
 INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. IX 
 
 matters of detail — to small grievances and minor disputes — but 
 it is not quite adapted to the more serious causes of difference 
 which result in a general suspension of industry over a large 
 area of operations, and are liable to affect prejudicially many 
 allied and collateral interests. At the same time, the evidence 
 submitted before the Royal Commission on Labour appeared 
 to show that there was a real raison d'etre for a tribunal that 
 would adequately meet these minor troubles ; and it is quite 
 possible that the system of councils of experts, under such 
 legal sanctions as exist on the Continent, would be more 
 effective in this direction than the present system of joint- 
 committees, or, as often happens, no system at all. 
 
 Anything in the shape of compulsion is, however, so 
 repugnant to the spirit and to the traditions of the English 
 people, that it might be found difficult to adopt a system that 
 would depend essentially on legal sanctions. It is clear that 
 this is the view of the most experienced among both employers 
 and employed as to the principles on which conciliation and 
 arbitration should be based. No one seriously recommends 
 that the acceptance of either system should be forced upon 
 industry, or that legal penalties should follow upon the non- 
 acceptance of an award. While this spirit prevails, we must 
 always more or less remain between the Scylla of non-acceptance 
 of conciliation and the Charybdis of non-fulfilment of awards 
 that have no proper legal sanction. The moral force of a 
 voluntary sanction is, however, always the strongest with men of 
 honour, and we may hope that this will ultimately enable us to 
 dispense with legal requisitions. In not a few cases, indeed, 
 the workmen have shown that they were fully alive to the moral 
 obligation which devolved upon them, first, to accept a reference, 
 and next to carry out the decision of the referee, and the leaders 
 of the workmen have again and again threatened to give up 
 their positions, if any attempt at repudiation of an award was 
 
 b 
 
 /^
 
 X INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. 
 
 made by their constituents. In order to minimise the risk of 
 rejecting an award, it is obviously desirable that it should be so 
 framed as to operate with as little harshness as possible, and 
 especially that it should not be either retrospective or applied 
 to a long period of time. Workmen would be likely to submit 
 to an adverse award for a period of three months, when they 
 would rebel against an award that committed them for six 
 months or a longer period. 
 
 Until workmen have learned patience and self-control more 
 generally and largely than at present, there will always be a 
 liability, on the part of certain of the more hot-headed and 
 impulsive among their number, to quarrel with any terms that 
 may be suggested or adopted with a view to the settlement of 
 their rate of wages, hours of work, or other general conditions 
 of labour. The remarks that were recently made on the selec- 
 tion and attitude of Lord Shand, by one of the miners' 
 representatives in the Midland Counties is a notable case in 
 point. Such remarks are greatly to be deplored, even when 
 they have a semblance of truth, but when their accuracy is at 
 least questionable, they should be severely reprobated; and it 
 is satisfactory to be able to add that on the special occasion in 
 question the workmen did, as a body, repudiate the remarks 
 that are the subject of animadversion. 
 
 The collapse of many of the earlier boards of conciliation 
 and arbitration may be held to prove either that the system was 
 not fully understood, or that it was not acceptable to either of 
 the interests concerned. Generally the causes of collapse have 
 been either the refusal of one side or the other to accept 
 decisions, or the withdrawal of a certain number of dissatisfied 
 members. In the case of the Wear Shipbuilding trade a 
 conciliation board was founded as early as 1S50, but as the 
 early decisions were adverse to the men they declined to go on 
 with it, and it collapsed after two years.
 
 INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. xi 
 
 It is hardly necessary that I should add that in the prepara- 
 tion of the following chapters I have derived very important 
 assistance from the Reports of the Royal Commission on 
 Labour. Many previous reports have been published on the 
 systems of conciliation and arbitration, including that which 
 was written some fifteen years ago by my friend Mr J. D. 
 Wicks, of Pittsburgh, under instructions from the Governor of 
 Pennsylvania, and that which Mr Carroll D. Wright, of the 
 Bureau of Labour at Washington, prepared in his capacity of 
 Chief Commissioner of that Department. But I have been 
 guided mainly by the more recent Reports of the Royal Com- 
 mission on Labour at home, and have made free use of the 
 information which they contain on the various circumstances 
 under which the application of one or other of the systems 
 dealt with has been attempted in foreign countries. 
 
 While the rationale and the essential phases of the system 
 of conciliation and arbitration are necessarily varying from 
 day to day, so that it is difficult to keep fully abreast of their 
 kaleidoscopic movement, it is believed that this little work will 
 be found to fairly well record and reflect the course of the 
 system up-to-date. It includes, at any rate, the essential 
 features of the recommendations of the Royal Commission on 
 Labour on this branch of their inquiry, for which I have to 
 acknowledge my obligations to the Times ; and it reproduces in 
 an Appendix the full text of Mr Mundella's Bill of March 1894, 
 designed to make better provision for the settlement of labour 
 disputes. These two documents represent the latest and (in 
 some respects) the most important deliverances on the subject. 
 
 So far as my own record goes, I may be permitted to say 
 that I am not quite new to the methods which in the follow- 
 ing pages I have endeavoured to reduce to something like a 
 practical system. It is now more than twenty years since I had 
 occasion to study and to write upon the application of arbitration
 
 xii INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. 
 
 both in the North of England and in the West of Scotland. 
 At a later date I had practical experience as an arbitrator in 
 one of the most important industries in the North, having 
 been associated in that position with such men as Mr David 
 Dale, Mr Thomas Burt, M.P., and Mr John Burnett, of the 
 Board of Trade. I was also favoured with intercourse on the 
 same subject with such notable pioneers of the system as Mr 
 Mundella and Sir Rupert Kettle, from whom I received 
 much encouragement and assistance in my earlier writings; 
 while I have had the marked advantage of more or less 
 continuous intercourse, during the last twenty years, with men 
 who have acquired such marked distinction, and who have 
 deserved so well of their countrymen in this sphere of labour, 
 as Mr David Dale and Mr William Whitwell. I mention 
 these facts, not in order to exalt my own function as the 
 humble compiler of the following pages, but in order to provide 
 some little guarantee that I do not come quite unprepared by 
 previous knowledge and experience to the task which I have 
 undertaken.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 SECTION I-OREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 I. The Progress of Industry 
 II. The Proble:\i of To-day . 
 
 III. Attempts at Solution of the Problem 
 
 IV. Industrl\l Concill\tion . 
 V. Industrl^l Arbitration . 
 
 VI. Matters Proper for Arbitration 
 
 VII'. Industrial Sliding-Scales 
 
 VIII. The Coal-Mining Industry as it was 
 
 IX. Sliding-Scales in the Coal Industry 
 
 X. The Coal Industry of South Wales 
 
 XI. Sliding-Scales in the Pig- Iron Industry 
 
 XII. Arbitration and Sliding-Scales in the Staf- 
 fordshire Coal and Iron Industries 
 
 XIII. Arbitration and Sliding-Scales in the 
 
 Finished Iron Industry of the North of 
 England ...... 
 
 XIV. Conciliation and Arbitration in other In- 
 
 dustries ...... 
 
 XV. The Attitude of Employers 
 XVI. The Attitude of Workmen 
 XVII. Pending Proposals and Legislation 
 
 PAGE 
 I 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 25 
 31 
 
 43 
 50 
 55 
 62 
 
 69 
 
 n 
 81 
 
 ^1 
 
 102 
 109 
 
 115 
 12^
 
 xiv CONTENTS. 
 
 SECTION II.-FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 CHAI'TEK PAGE 
 
 XVIII. Labour Disputes and their Settlement in 
 
 THE United States . . . -131 
 
 XIX. Labour Disputes and their Settlement in 
 
 Germany . . . . . .142 
 
 XX. Labour Disputes in France . . -154 
 
 XXI. Labour Disputes in other Countries . 159 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 I. Sliding -Scale adopted in the Coal Trade 
 
 OF South Wales .... 173 
 
 II. The "Act for the Amicable Adjustment of 
 Grievances and Disputes that m.ay arise 
 BETWEEN Employers and Employed," &c., 
 IN New York State . . . .174 
 
 III. French Law providing for Conciliation and 
 
 Arbitration in cases of Collective Dis- 
 putes between Employers and Employed. 180 
 
 IV. Rules of the Board of Conciliation and 
 
 Arbitration in the Staffordshire Pot- 
 teries . . . . . .184 
 
 V. Mr W. J. Parry's Scheme for the Estab- 
 lishment OF A System of Boards of 
 Arbitration , . . . .188 
 
 VI. Mr Mundella's Conciliation (Trade Dis- 
 putes) Bill ..... 190 
 
 INDEX 
 
 192
 
 CONCILIATION and ARBITRATION. 
 SECTION I.— GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 THE PROGRESS OF INDUSTRY. 
 
 THE great charter of the working classes in modern times 
 was the Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 96 (1824), which gave power to 
 do many things that the law had previously disallowed. Under 
 this Act they were at liberty to cease working, to take steps 
 to diminish the quantity of their work, and to do many other 
 things that were visited by condign penalties at an earlier period. 
 From this date, therefore, the working classes entered on a 
 new epoch. Their new-found liberty, apt to degenerate into 
 license, was kept in check by the penal provisions enacted to 
 prevent the use of force and violence. Trade unionism 
 measured its strength with capital, not stealthily and with 
 many secret devices, but in the broad light of day, and with 
 openly-avowed purpose. It is not altogether a marvel that the 
 newly-acquired freedom of labour was now and again employed 
 indiscreetly and to little purpose. It required a long process of 
 education and experience to teach the true mission of labour 
 combinations. Many a bitter struggle, many a hard name, 
 many scenes of strife and sorrow had to be endured before this 
 lesson was fully taught. Over and over again it was found that 
 the unions created by the men were akin to Frankenstein's 
 monster — a power and an influence which was more easily 
 originated than subdued. 
 
 A
 
 2 CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION. 
 
 A recent writer has defined the duties of trades unions to 
 be — (i) to oppose all reductions of wages ; (2) to cause a rise 
 of wages whenever practicable ; and (3) to convert non-unionists 
 into unionists, either by persuasive or by coercive means.* 
 As applied to the "new trade unionism," this is probably a 
 very imperfect definition. The functions of this organisation 
 reach far beyond the settlement of wages, or the making of 
 converts to their cause. A line of cleavage between the new 
 and the old has been opened up, of which the true import has 
 not yet had time to develop. We can only hope that new 
 powers and a new programme may be made to consist with 
 wise and rational conduct. 
 
 In its ordinary relation to capital, the first object of labour, 
 whether represented by the individual or by the community, is 
 usually that of securing the highest practicable rate of wages. 
 But we are still as much as ever at variance on the question of 
 how that desideratum can best be secured. Abstract political 
 economy, with all its glib and plausible theories, has really done 
 very little towards a solution of the difficulty. Adam Smith 
 justly remarks, that "the property which every man has in his 
 own labour, as it is the original foundation of all other pro- 
 perty, so it is the most sacred and inviolable." But beyond 
 this threshold of the subject even Adam Smith cannot take us 
 without leaving us "in wandering mazes lost." Theories as 
 to the laws of supply and demand, as to the differences due 
 to constancy and inconstancy of employment, as to the hard- 
 ship, disagreeableness, and dangers of work, and their effects 
 on wages, as to the difficulty and expense of learning some 
 trades in comparison with others — these and cognate matters, 
 though all more or less relevant, are yet extremely inconclusive, 
 and leave untouched the essential principle that aims, under all 
 circumstances, at the equitable and just distribution between 
 capital and labour of the earnings which both are necessary to 
 produce. 
 
 Nor do we see that John Stuart Mill helps the case when 
 
 * Ward on Wo?'kinen and IVai^es.
 
 THE PROGRESS OF INDUSTRY. 3 
 
 he avers that " wages depend mainly upon the demand and 
 supply of labour, or, as it is often expressed, on the proportion 
 between population and capital. . . . Wages not only 
 depend upon the relative amount of capiial and population, 
 but cannot, under the rule of competition, be affected by 
 anything else. Wages (meaning, of course, the general rate) 
 cannot rise but by an increase of the aggregate funds employed 
 in hiring labourers, or a diminution in the number of the com- 
 petitors for hire ; nor fall, except either by a diminution of the 
 funds devoted to paying labour, or by an increase in the 
 number of labourers to be paid." * 
 
 This formula, although obviously just in'^the abstract, is yet, 
 in the concrete, liable to be indefinitely varied. Whence, 
 otherwise, the suspensions of industry, the struggles between 
 capital and labour, the frequent disputations and unceasing 
 restlessness that mark our industrial annals? The workmen in 
 some trades will tell us that " the number of labourers to be 
 paid " ought not to have any effect on their wages ; that neither 
 ought " the diminution of the funds devoted to paying labour " 
 to have any such influence ; that custom, and not competition, 
 should determine their earnings ; or that their wages should be 
 varied according to the selling price of the commodity they are 
 employed to produce. Others, again, will go a step further, and 
 insist that neither custom nor competition should be allowed to 
 interfere, but that the profits of the capitalist, and these alone, 
 should be made the basis for the regulation of the labourer's hire. 
 
 There is not, and probably in the nature of things there 
 cannot be, any mathematical precision, or even approximate 
 uniformity, in adjusting a quantity so indefinite and so liable to 
 fluctuation as the earnings of labour. The amount the capitalist 
 can afford to pay, the elastic factor spoken of as the law of 
 supply and demand, the selling price of the commodity in 
 respect of which labour is remunerated, the extent of competi- 
 tion and unemployed labour, the wages paid in cognate and 
 collateral industries, are each and all considerations that will 
 
 * Principles of Political Economy, chap. xi.
 
 4 CONriMATfoN AN'I) AKIUTKATION. 
 
 exercise lunrc or less weiKlil, if they do not become absolute 
 (Itk*rmin;uits of the prol)lem. Hence wc come to face the vital 
 and absori>inj,' in(|iiiry, How art: these various considerations to 
 be most completely and satisfactorily trITectuated ? 
 
 'I'hcre art- still those with whom the law of sui)ply and 
 demand arc synonymous terms for strike and lock-out, and who 
 do not, even in this age of reason, scruple to avow their belief 
 in these remedies as the only really ultimate solvents of indus- 
 trial diflfercnces. It is a humiliating reflection that our civilisa- 
 tion should be so much of a failure, and our intelligence so 
 greatly at a discount, as to allow the slightest credence or 
 toleration to such a belief. Hut we may rejoice that the 
 spirit which u[)held the Combination Laws, and dominated 
 with tyrannous sway over the rights and privileges of labour, has 
 now given i)lace to a purer, a healthier, and a more reasonable 
 roncei)tion of the reciprocal duties of employers and employed. 
 It would be well if we could add that the larger amount of 
 justice now done to labour had resulted in more friendly 
 relations, and more cordial sympathy and more hearty co- 
 operation, between those interests. 
 
 The evils of strike and lock-out being conceded, and the 
 urgent need of their prevention being a foregone conclusion, it 
 becomes imperative that some other mode of settling industrial 
 difTerences should be established in their place. 
 
 Hitherto we have only heard of two other remedies with 
 any pretensions to practicability. The first of these is co-opera- 
 tion and profit-sharing ; the second is arl)itration and conciliation, 
 either conjunct or separate. 
 
 Co-operative production has many obvious merits, but it is 
 equally beset by seemingly insurmountable weaknesses. Those 
 who think that in the actual organisation of productive in- 
 dustry there is a disproportionate assignment of profits to 
 capital, ought, under a system of co-operation, to have their 
 minds set at rest. It is the immediate purpose of industrial 
 partnerships to hold the balance evenly between capital and 
 lalx)ur; and Lord Brassey was at one time sanguine enough to 
 believe that "when cooperative production has been intro-
 
 THE I'KOGKIiSS OV INDUS'IKY. 5 
 
 duced into all branches of industry successfully, and on a 
 sufficiently extensive scale, we shall then have the universal 
 gauge or measure of workmen's rightful claims." * On the face 
 of it, there could be no better, simpler, or more equitable 
 expedient for adjusting wages than that of providing that every 
 person employed shall have a pecuniary interest in the success 
 of the business ; that interest being, as far as possil)le, in i)ro- 
 portion to the services rendered, while the capital employed is 
 remunerated by a reasonable rate of interest. 
 
 On these or analogous principles co operative production 
 has been undertaken at various times by Messrs Fox, Head, & 
 Company, of the Newport Rolling Mills, near Middlesbrough; 
 Messrs Briggs, of the ^\'hitwood Collieries; the Ouseburn 
 Engine ^^'orks Company, at Newcastle; the Paisley Manu- 
 facturing Society; the Lurgan Damask Manufacturing Society; 
 the Hebden Bridge Manufacturing Society ; I lie North of Eng- 
 land Industrial Iron and Coal Company; the Ecdes Quilt 
 Manufacturing Society ; the Northumberland Miners' Associa- 
 tion ; the South Yorkshire Miners' Association ; the Printing 
 Society of Manchester ; and by numerous other more or less 
 extensive industrial concerns. Nor has the movement been 
 limited to our own country. It has been adopted on the other 
 side of the Atlantic by such religious sects as the Shakers, 
 Mormons, Economists, and Perfectionists. The Working 
 Men's Manufacturing Company, with a capital of ^25,000, 
 was established in 1872 at Emmaus, and various co-operative 
 foundries have l)een originated in New York and Massa- 
 chusetts. In !•" ranee, the same principle has been adopted by 
 Monsieur (iodin, of Guise ; and in C.ermany, Belgium, and 
 some other luiropean countries, experiments have innv and 
 again been made in the same direction. 
 
 With all these examples before us, it cannot be saiil that 
 co-operative proihu tion has not had a fair trial. It has, indeed, 
 been tried in every important industry that can be named, and 
 for a period suffuiently long to test its stability and practical 
 
 • Contemporary Ktt'iew, ]\\\y 1874.
 
 6 CONCILIA I ION AND AKIIIIK A TION. 
 
 merits. The result lias been disappointiiif^, although not, of 
 course, e(|ually so in every instan< e. The friends and pro- 
 moters of the system ran still confidently claim that it has been 
 redeemed from utter failure hy not a few notably successful 
 examples. Hut its weaknesses and defects have, nevertheless, 
 been s«) conspicuous under the iiKJSt ( rucial tests as to induce 
 the conclusion that in no form which it has heretofore assumed 
 can co-operative production be absolutely relied upon as a safe 
 and sure panacea for the manifold evils that beset our industrial 
 affairs. 
 
 Co-operative production has hitherto taken one of two 
 forms, l^ilher the workmen have been admitted, by the prin- 
 ciple known as industrial partnership, to a share in the profits of 
 the business, without any investment of capital, and, therefore, 
 without the risk of loss to which capital is always liable, or 
 they have found the whole of the capital themselves, and thus 
 become responsible for the supply of all the essential condili<ms 
 that production demands. In the former case, it has been 
 found by such firms as Fox, Head, & Company, and the 
 Messrs briggs, that the workmen remained loyal to the prin- 
 ciples on which industrial partnership was founded only so long 
 as they continued to receive a direct gain. Both had found it 
 to be a necessary condition of the system they adopted, that 
 neither em|)loyer nor employed should be attached to any 
 association, or subject to any outside interference whatsoever. 
 So soon as a third party was allowed to step in, and prescribe 
 what was the duty of the employer on the one hand, or the 
 rights and recjuiremeiits of the employed on the other, there 
 came an end to that freedom of contract and faith in one 
 another that alone made it possible for the employer to admit 
 the employed, not only to a knowledge of the results of his 
 business, but to a participation in whatever profits accrued 
 therefrom. 
 
 Those, therefore, who became associated with industrial 
 partnership rendered themselves by the very act aliens to trade 
 unionism, and the two systems continued for years to wage 
 an almost unceasing warfare. The unionists seldom lost an
 
 TIIK rkOCiKKSS OF INDUSTRY. 7 
 
 Opportunity of trying to i)ersuadc the men who had thus strayed 
 from their fold that "CodHn's the friend, not Short"; and that 
 by adhesion to the main body of their order, they would reap 
 greater gain than could otherwise accrue. Such blandishments 
 failed of their intended effect while the workmen found 
 industrial partnership promoting their pecuniary advantage. 
 In a few years the Messrs Briggs paid to the men at their 
 Whiiwood and .Methley Collieries bonuses amounting in the 
 aggregate to over ^.30,000. In August of 1S73 they distributed 
 among 1,754 workmen upwards of _;^i 4,250, as their share of 
 the profits realised during the previous year. All this was i)aid 
 in addition to the ordinary rate of wages current in the district. 
 Messrs Fox, Head, & Company, at their Newport Rolling Mills, 
 where a much smaller number of men was em[)loyed, paid in 
 a few years between ^6,000 and ^7,000 by way of bonus; and 
 at the works of the North of ICngland Industrial Iron and Coal 
 Company, the workmen under the same system were the richer 
 by a similarly large amount. 
 
 But in the nature of things it could hardly be that trades so 
 liable to fluctuation should continue year after year to pay a 
 large bonus in addition to the ordinary rate of wages ; and 
 although it was no part of the industrial partnership system 
 that the men should share in the losses of the business as well 
 as in the profits, it was yet im|)ossible that, when trade became 
 depressed, the continued loyalty and adhesion of the men could 
 be purchased by the premium which prosperity made possible. 
 Apparently untrained to the wisdom and expediency of sacri- 
 ficing an immediate benefit for the sake of ultimate advantage, 
 the men forsook their allegiance, and industrial parlnershij) 
 was abandoned both by Messrs Fox, Head, cV Company, and 
 by the Messrs Briggs, the former finding that their workmen 
 refused to allow any reciprocity of advantage, and the latter 
 declaring that their men had returned to the union, under the 
 instructions of wiiose executive they acted in all matters arising 
 between themselves and their emi)loyers. 
 
 Not less dismal and tlishearlening has been the failure of 
 co-o[)erative production in cases where the workin:; men have
 
 8 CON( II.IATION AND AkHITKATK )N. 
 
 found ll»c capital as well as siipplitd ihc lal>«)ur. The story of 
 the Shirlaml Collieries anjuired hy the South N'(»rkslurc Miners' 
 Association is as sorrowful a re< ord of trouble and failure as 
 the annals of imiustry ran supply. Scarcely less disastrous has 
 iK-en the rarecr of the rolliery whirh was taken up hy the 
 Northunilnrrland Mimrs" Association in the vicinity of Chester- 
 field. The Ouseburn Knginc Works at Newcastle is another 
 notable addition to the long catalogue of failures, due either 
 to the lac k of commer« iai foresight and competency, to the 
 inelTiciency of the management, to the want of cohesion and 
 agreement among the members of the co operative concern, or 
 to the absence of reserves adcciuatc to tiding over a season of 
 adversity. Although the Ouseburn Works were the pr(jperty of 
 the men themselves, this did not prevent a number of them from 
 striking for higher wages, thus i)roving the difficulty of conduct- 
 ing, on a democratic system, an undertaking embracing many 
 classes of workmen, with varied and uncfjual fiualifications. 
 
 Such and so significant have been the results attending the 
 adoption of co operative production. No elaborate analysis of 
 the facts is needed to prove that, whether due to any inherent 
 weakness in the system itself, to the inadcciuate and incomplete 
 character of the experiments, to the want of confidence and 
 competency on the part of the working classes, or to the general 
 but vague and shadowy ex})lanation that the times are not yet 
 fully ripe for its acceptance, co-operation has not succeeded in 
 proving its claims to reconcile the conflicting interests of capital 
 and labour, and the unequal distribution of the profits of pro- 
 duction must be righted in some other way. 
 
 Concurrently with the failure of co-operative production, 
 and its conseipient abandonment by those who have given it 
 the most prolonged and patient trial, the expedient of arbitra- 
 tion, which aims at reaching a similar result by a different way, 
 has been growing in public favour, and jtroving itself an "easy, 
 artless, unencumbered plan '' for the equitable and satisfactor)' 
 settlement of industrial differences. Of this system, the modes 
 and forms are almost as numerous and complicated as of 
 co-oi>eration. One trade has adopted what is known as Mr
 
 THE PROGRESS OF INDUSTRY, 9 
 
 Muiidclla's plan of a "long jaw," which implies and involves 
 the settlement of a dispute by sim[)le conciliation, or, in other 
 words, by a friendly meeting of employers and cmj)loycd, at 
 which the j)arties chafTer and haggle and bargain and argue, 
 until an eventual compromise is effected. Another trade 
 prefers the more formal and obligatory system of a regular 
 court, armed not only with the power of making an award, 
 but also with authority to enforce it. Others again prefer a 
 course ecjually distant from the informality of the one system 
 and the strictly judicial procedure of the other. No accordance 
 of experience or ojjinion has yet made known whether any 
 particular system is better than another, or which is absolutely 
 the best. We are only feeling our way to this consummation 
 of patient and careful experiments. 
 
 It is the purpose of these pages to focus and crystallise the 
 experience of the past and the obvious requirements of the 
 present in respect of this new mode of dealing with industrial 
 differences. Professor Tyndall has affirmed, in his public 
 lecture-s, that the destiny of tliis nation is not in the hands of 
 its statesmen, but in those of its coalowners. In another and 
 still more important .sen.se, it might be argued that our national 
 destinies will henceforth be controlled by our trades unions. 
 Subject to wise and temperate governance, these may be made 
 a great power for good. With the advent of arbitration they 
 entered upon a new career of usefulness. Without their aid, 
 arbilrati(^n, in its fullest and most effectual modes, would 
 scarcely be i)racticable. It is the function of the union first to 
 accept or reject arbitration, according to the views entertained 
 of the circumstances under which it is proposed ; but, having 
 accepted it, to pledge all the workmen concerned in the issue 
 to loyalty and good faith, thus ensuring lo the employer a 
 measure of security and confidence in the execution of his con- 
 tracts that might not (Jtherwise accrue. In the fulfilment of 
 this mission, tratle unionism may redeem itself from the failures 
 and disgraces of the past, and become as conspicuous for the 
 di.stribution of benefits and blessings as heretofore it has lieen 
 for such j)lague-spots as rattening and Luddism.
 
 10 CONCILIATION ANI) AKI'.I IK Al ION. 
 
 Ccrlain i inployrrs of llic old school have hcin slow- 
 to rcro^^nisc ihr allrrcd « on(lili<»n of ihin^s. Accustomed 
 under tanant tri^ime to have their own way with their workmen, 
 or to regard them perhaps as machines, to he driven as fast 
 and as lonj^ as lluir energies will allow, without any exercise of 
 th«ir own will, they view with uneasy and dissatisfied feelings 
 the tendencies of the times towards social ccpiality. Absolute 
 e<|uality there can never he in a society composed of men 
 uncipially endowed in knowledge, in skill, in aptitude, and in 
 mental and jihysical force ; but the ecpiality whi< h authorises 
 and enables two men to meet at the same table, the one to sell 
 his labour and the other to buy it, is as nearly as possible 
 absolute for this particular purpose ; and while " the good old 
 rule, the simple plan," of casting freedom of contract to the 
 winds, and measuring the value of a man's labour by his dire 
 necessities, and the despondency which the sui)erior power of 
 capital can inspire, are still traceable in certain quarters, we 
 should like to infer from recent events that their reci|)rocal 
 duties, as well as their mutual rights, are being better under- 
 stood and more conscientiously fulfilled alike by employers and 
 employed. 'I'he hostility of class to class is being broken 
 down. The fear which formerly prevented working men from 
 asserting their rights lest they should lose their employment 
 has given place to an assurance of security and protection in- 
 duced by the a:gis of unionism and the more reasonable and 
 rational conduct of employers. 
 
 Hut while conciliation has done more than any other system 
 devised in recent times for the prevention of conflicts between 
 capital and labour, it is still only on its trial, and is even now, 
 from day to day, enduring strains under which it sometimes 
 threatens to give way. Hitherto arbitration has been in danger 
 because men refused to make the experiment which its applica- 
 tion involved. Industrial leaders have not lieen eager to learn 
 the lesson inculcated by Bacon when he says, that " the risk 
 attending want of success is not to be compared with that of 
 neglecting the attempt — the former being attended with the 
 loss of a little human labour ; the latter, with that of an immense
 
 THE PROGRESS OK INDUSTRY. II 
 
 benefit."* But pressure, solicitation, coercion, and other 
 influences have recently brought the system into the fierce 
 glare of public criticism. It has been put upon its trial under 
 the most crucial circumstances that could well be imagined. 
 Vor it will not be denied that the industry of this country has 
 never experittnced vicissitudes so perplexing, so abnormal, so 
 beset with distracting doubts and difficulties and fears, as those 
 that have marked the epoch during which conciliation has been 
 on its trial. During that interval we have seen the culmination 
 of both prosperity and adversity. Wages have been advanced, 
 " not by steps, but by strides ; not by strides, but by leaps and 
 bounds." The tide turned, and the working classes found 
 their fall almost as rapid as their rise, and (juite as unexpected, 
 until they were plunged in the very trough of the wave while 
 yet they believed themselves bounding on its crest. Capital 
 has been called upon to endure similarly varied exiieriences. 
 bewilderment, panic, dismay at times, seized hold of employer 
 and employed alike. The machinery of social and industrial 
 life has been thrown greatly out of gear. Under such a con- 
 dition of things, some degree of confusion, distrust, and dere- 
 liction of obvious common-sense, became perhaps inevitable. 
 lint the working classes, as a whole, have been fairly loyal, u[) 
 to a certain point. Content with the issues of arbitration, 
 they have suffered reduction after reduction in their wages with 
 Si)artan-like endurance and fortitude. It is true that there 
 have been large exceptions, but these have only proved and 
 confirmed the rule. In almost every staple industry through- 
 out the country, arbitration, in these perilous and disheartening 
 times, has won triumphs that can never fade. 
 
 It is right that these triumphs and successes should be put 
 on record, as much for the guidance of the future as for the 
 honour of the past. 'I'he time for writing a really comj)lete 
 history of arbitration has not yet come ; nor will it perhaps 
 have arrived until some other expedient, more siniple, certain, 
 and satisfactory, has taken its place. ihe present volume 
 
 • Novum Or^'ii/iiim, Uuuk I. Aphurism cxiv.
 
 12 CONCILIATION AND AKMIKAriON. 
 
 inakrs no pretensions to l)cin^ cillur a full or a connected 
 history ; it is written with the s(»lc purpose of helping on the 
 good work, in its hour of greatest need. I*'or it must have 
 stru<k all who have watched the recent course of industrial 
 events, that niucii ignorance still prevails as to the methods and 
 isiues involv«:(l, and that there is not a little prejudice still to 
 be overcome.
 
 ("HAi'TF.R II. 
 
 THE PROBLEM OF TO-DAY. 
 
 It is hardly likely to be disputed, l)y any one who lias given 
 consideration to the subject, that the great problem of the 
 present day, as we have argued in the previous chapter, is that 
 of harmonising the relations of capital and labour. 
 
 This problem has been before the world for centuries, and 
 each succeeding century has but served to increase its urgency. 
 The nineteenth century has t)rought the j)r()blem more promin- 
 ently to tlie front than any other, simply bec-ause the modern 
 constitution of industry and of society has forceil it more 
 directly upon public attention. 
 
 Underlying this great fundamental jiroblem of the distri- 
 bution of the results of the products of industry, and the social 
 amelioration of the masses, there are many minor problems that 
 now and again find articulate expression in movements and 
 demands on the part of great masses of the working population 
 of our own and other countries. 
 
 The movements known and distinguished as Socialism, 
 Nihilism, Collectivism, and many others, are all the outcome 
 of dissatisfaction with the industrial organisation of society, 
 and especially with the general conditions and rewards of 
 labour. 
 
 The UKjre benefireiU and admirable movements distin- 
 guished as rrofit-sharing, Cooperation, Industrial I'artnership, 
 and others, are the expression and the symbols of eflbrls on the 
 part of the ranks of labour to emancipate themselves in some 
 degree from the thraldom of lalxnir, so as to enjoy the fruits of 
 industry on a larger scale, if not in a different form. 
 
 Unhapi)ily, however, these fruits have been growing more
 
 14 C()N<ir,!.\TION AND AKI'.ITU ATION. 
 
 and more rarr, and consequently mop; and more difficult 
 to ralisf. 'Ihc modern manufacturing system has introduced 
 a rtvohition in all the essential conditions of industry. The 
 small producers -iiul the inde|)endenl workmen, who carried on 
 manufacturing opiralioiis on a small scale, have |»ractically 
 disappeared before the iihh h more economical system of 
 produc tion, of whi( h the modern cotton factory, blast furnace, 
 rolling mill, or machine shop are but common types. The 
 tendency for more than half a century has been to displace the 
 small capitalist, and to substitute large aggregations of factory 
 workers for the home industries that were in vogue before the 
 factory system became the rule of the land. 
 
 This movement has witnessed its most signal and signifi- 
 cant manifestation in our own day. Within the present 
 generation, production on a larger and yet larger scale has 
 been carried out in reference to every important industry. A 
 modern cotton factory will produce as much as a dozen 
 factories would have done thirty or forty years ago. By 
 increasing the speed of the spindles from 4,000 to 8,000 
 or 9,000 revolutions per minute, a much larger quantity of 
 cotton is got from the same machinery with much the same 
 amount of labour. By increasing the size of the blast furnaces, 
 applying a higher pressure of blast, and introducing various 
 mechanical improvements, the typical smelting plant will now 
 produce three or four times as much iron as it could have 
 done a generation ago. A Bessemer converter at that period 
 was thought to have done great things if it turned out 10,000 
 tons a year, but it is now no uncommon thing for a vessel of 
 this description to produce over 50,000 tons a year. A modern 
 rolling mill will ])roduce 1,500 tons of rails or plates in a 
 week, where 300 or 400 tons would have been deemed a large 
 output at the time we speak of Until a comparatively recent 
 date few collieries produced more than 10,000 to 20,000 tons 
 of coal in a twelvemonth, but modern collieries often produce 
 half-a-million tons in that period. A modern steamship will 
 carry 8,000 to 10,000 tons of cargo, where one-third of that 
 quantity would have been deemed almost an achievement less
 
 THE PROBLEM OK TO-DAV. 1 5 
 
 than half a century ago. A modern locomotive engine will 
 weigh well on to a hundred tons, and pull over 2,000 tons of 
 dead weight on a level road, where earlier locomotives could 
 not have done more than one-tenth of that amount of duty. 
 And so with nearly every other process and appliance used in 
 modern manufacturing or distributing industry. 
 
 /Ml this has had the effect of inducing over-production 
 and a keenness of competition that was not known in the 
 days of our forefathers. Competition leads to the cutting of 
 prices, and thereby to the cutting of profits, until those who 
 are engaged in it are compelled to either give up the race, or 
 endeavour to make .some sort of arrangement that will save 
 themselves from ruin. 
 
 Those who have given attention to the recent phases of 
 political economy, especially in reference to production and 
 distribution, have remarked that capital has been receiving a 
 less, and labour a larger share of the proceeds of their joint 
 industry. In the older countries of the world, and especially 
 in our own — which occupies a unique position in respect to 
 free trade — the profits that have been earned in the chief 
 industries common to all have become more and more 
 attenuated, until in many cases they have almost, if not quite, 
 disappeared. The iron trade presents a chapter in the history 
 of industrial disaster to which there are happily few parallels. 
 In all the leading centres of that industry- in South Wales, 
 Cleveland, Staffordshire, and Scotland — the records of the last 
 twenty years are dismal, disastrous, and depressing in the last 
 degree. In some cases, more than one-halt of the original 
 firms established to carry on this industry have gone to the 
 wall, even after many of them had previously made large 
 fortunes, and the strongest and most virile firms have found 
 the utmost difficulty in saving themselves from a like fate. 
 
 It is natural to ask, why should capital incur such risks? 
 If legitimate manufacturing business is so full of dangers and 
 pitfalls, why should capital not l)e withdrawn from it and put 
 into .something else ? 
 
 There are two answers to hand. 'I'he first is that when
 
 l6 rONCIF.IATION ANF> AKUITKATION. 
 
 cnpitnl has once been invested in a manufaclurinf^ cntcri)rise 
 it is not so easy to withdraw it. 'Ihe second is that every 
 manufacturer and capitalist hopes, and prol)al)ly heheves, that 
 in seasons of piosperity he may succeed in recouping himself 
 for tlie losses incurrid when inckistry was unprofital)le. 
 
 Althon^;!! the most irrefutable testimony has been given to 
 the fact tliat in our |)rincipal industries — inchiding iron, coal, 
 and cotton tlie average rate of profit on the caj)ital invested 
 over the last twenty years has not been higher than — if so 
 high as — it would have i)ecn had the money been invested in 
 (>)nsols, and not nearly so much as if it had been invested in 
 ground-rents, or even in railway securities, yet the average 
 capitalist is always hoping for large dividends, and now and 
 again — although of late years at much rarer intervals than 
 formerly -he finds his hopes realised. Three such periods 
 have happened since 1870 — the first in 1872-73; the second 
 in 1880-81 ; and the third in 1889-90. Most of the interven- 
 ing periods have been marked by unremitting and not generally 
 successful efforts to avoid more or less serious loss. 
 
 Had as the condition and prospect have been for the great 
 industries on which (Ireat Britain is so much dependent, 
 capitalists might have gone on in the old groove, hoping for the 
 occasional rewards of patience that they have hitherto met 
 with as a set-off to the troubles of the average period, due to 
 over-production and competition, or, in other words, to their 
 own course of action. But of late years they have been called 
 upon to face another, and an even more formidable danger, 
 which, if not entirely new, has at any rate assumed new phases 
 that invest it with a dread and a power for evil that it had not 
 previously exercised to anything like the same extent. 
 
 It need hardly be added that this new terror is the increas- 
 ing restlessness of labour, and the exercise of the power 
 possessed by that force to de[)rive the capitalist of the fruits of 
 his anxious years of watching and waiting, when at length 
 there is a prospect that the fat kine will eat uj) the lean. 
 
 A suspension of labour at a time when industry is depressed 
 and profits are low is bad enough, but it may then be borne
 
 THE I'KODLEM OK TO-UAV. 1/ 
 
 with c(iuanimity, because employers would probably not lose 
 much in tlie form of unrealised profit. But that work should 
 be stopped, — that collieries, factories, and furnaces should be 
 laid idle when there is every possible inducement to work 
 steadily, alike in higher profits for employers and higher wages 
 for employed, — this is the self-immolation, the modern Jugger- 
 nauth, with which we have now to reckon, and to get rid of 
 which we are all so anxiously concerned. 
 
 The problem of the hour is, then — (i) How is capital to 
 l)e protected against the menacing power of labour unions, 
 now or recently so disastrously exercised for its destruction ; 
 and (2) how is labour to be protected against itself? 
 
 In thus stating the problem, we do not stop to argue the 
 (juestion whether capital or labour is more tyrannical, un- 
 rea.sonable, and selfish. We do not seek to ascertain whether 
 capital has an undue share of the products of industry — 
 wlulher labour should have a higher rate of reiimneration, 
 whetlier the one interest is always sufliciently conciliatory 
 and considerate towards the other. The fundamental (jues- 
 tion is — How are the parties concerned to be got together to 
 di.scuss their differences, with a view to amicable settlement ? 
 In other words, how are strikes to be avoided, and capital 
 to be conserved? The solution of this problem lies at the 
 root of our manufacturing supremacy, because it is not to be 
 denied that if the pros|)ect for capital in relation to the 
 altitude of labour does not improve, we shall be likely to 
 witness a movement that will end in the transference of 
 capital, in so far as it is convertible, to other channels, where 
 the terrible experience of the ironmasters of Cleveland and 
 \Vest Cumberland, owing to the Durham strike of 1883, and 
 the not less memorable difficulties of the great industries of 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire, conse(iuent upon the Midland coal 
 strike of 1893, are not likely to be repeateil. 
 
 The struggles of capital against the evils and the dangers 
 which it has itself created against the modern I'Vankenslein 
 which it has found it so much more easy to establish than to 
 control — are sufficiently formidable, but in one way and
 
 I.S COMII.IAI ION AN I) Alil'.n RATION. 
 
 anolliir liny may he endured. lUit lal.oiir does uni yet 
 a|)|»ear lo have siiIVk ieiilly realised h<nv important it is that 
 these evils and dangers should not he inrreased hy springing 
 upon ca|)ital unknown and unexpected conflicts with influ- 
 en<«s thai are in* omparahly more serious than any adverse 
 results hroughl ahoul hy hostile tariffs ahroad, or fmancial 
 panics at liome, although, unlike these, easily within our own 
 control.
 
 CIIAl'Tl'.k III. 
 
 ATTEMPTS AT SOLUTION OF THE TROIU.EM. 
 
 So lt)Mg as tlic problem thai has been statLcl in the preceding 
 chapter remains unsolved, so long will iiuiustry be exposed to 
 the risks and dangers attending the use of force aiurphysical 
 endurance as a means to overcome one party or the other. 
 
 It is clear on the face of it that a trial of brute strength 
 can settle nothing satisfactorily ; at the most it can only prove 
 that one i)arty can hold out longer than another. Ihit even 
 this does not prove that either is less exhausted than the other, 
 or that the one party has larger resources than the other. The 
 one that has most at stake is likely to give in first, but the 
 other may easily be much more /// extremis. 
 
 When industrial war has once begun, the parties concerned 
 have a sentiment of amour proprt' that renders it much more 
 difficult to settle a dispute afterwards than it would have been 
 if the dispute had never been allowed to go so far. An army 
 in the field may be desirous of capitulating, and maybe unable 
 to continue the struggle without incurring terrible sacrifices, 
 but this docs not prevent the continuance of the war until 
 "peace with honour" can l)e claimed. 
 
 It is therefore of the first importance that no dispute should 
 be allowed to proceed so far as an open rupture. Every i)os- 
 sible precaution should be taken to provide for a conciliatory 
 and friendly consideration of the question at issue, before it is 
 allowed to breed an open .sore. 
 
 This fact has been recognised in most of the principal in- 
 dustries of our own and other countries, by the establi>.hiiKiit 
 of Connniltees of Conciliation, Councils of Experts, .Arbitration 
 boards, Sliding Scales, or other machinery, designed either to 
 
 /'
 
 20 CONCILIATION AND AKIUTUATION. 
 
 briiif? the disputants into dose touch with one another, or to 
 nfcr llic mailer at issue to a rompetent tril»unal- to Ik; com- 
 posccl of one or more parties —whose derision i-. u'cncrally 
 accepted as final. 
 
 One of the first orj^anisalions estahlishcd wan tins < n<i m 
 view was the l''ren( h system of Comcils des /'rud'hom>nes, or 
 Councils of Ivxperts, which was created under the Napoleonic 
 code in the early years of the present century, and has since 
 then heen developed on a consideral)le scale, until it has 
 become the recognised medium for the settlement of all differ- 
 ences between employers and employed, not in I-rance only, 
 but in Ciermany, Helgium, and other countries as well. The 
 objects, scope, and constitution of the tribunal are exj)lained in 
 anollKT chapter {I'ide (hap. xx., p. 154). 
 
 Ihese Councils of Isxperts have now been in existence for 
 well on to a century, and they have done a remarkable amount 
 of good. Their machinery is simple, inexpensive, and readily 
 accessible, but their scope is limited. Their functions are 
 akin rather to the County Court of England, or the so-called 
 Small Debt Court of Scotland, than to the wider functions 
 and broader aims of an Arbitration Hoard. Their niachiner)' 
 is, however, suited to a much more ambitious programme than 
 they themselves carry out. 'Ihey are really conii)osed of two 
 Committees, — the first the Committee of Conciliation, before 
 whom the disputants appear with their witnesses, but without 
 lawyers, and who have a right to call for documents or indus- 
 trials products relating to the case. If this Committee does not 
 effect a settlement satisfactory to the parties, the issue is sub- 
 nntted to the Committee of Judgment, which deliberates with 
 much of the formality, and with most of the powers, of a duly 
 constituted legal tribunal. A very large number of cases are 
 brought l)efore these councils. Cenerally speaking, more than 
 one-half of the total number of cases brought up are not settled 
 by the Conciliation Committee, and have consequently to be 
 referred for judgment. 
 
 The Conseils des rrudliomiius are not, however, suited for 
 the [)urpose of arranging the larger matters that eventuate in
 
 ATTEMPTS AT SOLUTION OF THE PROHLEM. 21 
 
 important diflTcrcnces between employers and employed. Their 
 very constitution renders them unfitted for this puri>ose. They 
 are only intended to solve more or less trifling quarrels, and 
 they have certainly not succeeded in preventing strikes on a 
 large scale in any Continental country. They correspond, 
 indeed, rather to the old Trade Guild or Coriwration, which 
 they were originally designed to sujjersede, than to the much 
 more free and indei)endent i)r()cedure of Arbitration Hoards 
 of modern growth.* 
 
 It is difficult to see how the system which they administer 
 could be applied to the general regulation of the rate of wages, 
 of the hours of work, or of the many other matters that nowa- 
 days arc liable to provoke a general suspension of labour ; and 
 it is against these that society and the combatants themselves 
 sjjccially require to be protected. Even in France their im- 
 suitability for dealing with large (piestions has been virtually 
 acknowledged, by the passing of the new law of December 
 1893 |)roviding for conciliation and arbitration in collective 
 dis|)utes between employers and employed. 
 
 One of the first attempts to substitute conciliation for the '' 
 " might is right " system of settling differences that previously 
 prevailed, was that made in the carpet industry, mainly at the 
 instance of the late Mr \Villiam Henderson, of Durhani. In 
 
 • " The orij^in of these Councils is interesting. The silk m.iniifactiircrs 
 of Lyons in the last century possessed a Tribiiiial Comniini, for settling tr.nle 
 disputes whicli worked within the limits of their guild or cor|Hiration. It fell, 
 with the latter, under the law of .March 1791. The manufacturers, feeling 
 the dis:idvantages and costliness of the more cumltrous machinery of the 
 Law Court^ in settling their disputes, took advantage of a visit from the 
 Em|)cror in 1805, to |)etition for an institution similar to their old I'rihinial 
 Cominiiti, in which men pronounced sentence wlio understixMl the trade. 
 It was granted in the law of .March l8, 1806, and worked so well that it 
 servetl as a iniKlel for the Councils which were rapidly formed at Rouen, 
 NImes, .\vignon, and other towns. The <lecree of June 11, 1809, defined 
 the pr(Kcdure for creating future Councils. The fir>t Council formed in 
 Marseilles wa.s for the soap factories, in iSlo. In the In-ginning of 1S92 
 there were in that town 149 C<nincils for all sorts of trailes."— A'<yii/ Com. 
 mission on Labour, Forei^i Hf ports, vol. vi., p. 49.
 
 22 (:()N( II.IATION AM) AKIUTKATION. 
 
 that industry, previous to the year iJ<39, "not a year passed 
 without thf (K( iirrcnrc of strikes and llic l)iltcrn«ss of feeling 
 l)et\vc«ii masters and workmen was most lamentaljic." 'I'his 
 suggested to several leading employers the formation of an 
 association;;* " which, ignoring all past ill feeling, should set 
 itself, in the first place, to do justice and even more than 
 justice to the operatives, and, in the second place, to convince 
 them by its acts that the Association was their best and truest 
 friend." 
 
 This difllcult and, as many at that lime were disposed to 
 regard it, (^)ui.\otic measure was, however, not carried out on 
 modern lines, and its methods would now l>e likely to 1)0 
 ri'garded as one-sided and even archaic in character. Periodical 
 meetings of the employers were arranged for, to which, during 
 a part of their sitting, deputies from the different works were 
 admitted. But the object in view rather appears to have l>ecn 
 to call the employers to account in the presence of each other, 
 than to arrange differences mutually with their workmen. The 
 princii)al feature of the system was stated to be, that "masters 
 disposed to tyrannise over their workmen would not dare to do 
 so when liable to be periodically called to account for it in the 
 presence of their fellow-manufacturers;" and it was hoped that 
 " the paid delegates of the workmen, whose object had gener- 
 ally been to prolong mischief, would cease to have power," 
 when the workmen were given to understand that their sjx;cial 
 grievances were being inquired into with a view to redress.* 
 
 Up to a certain point, this system appears to have suc- 
 ceeded. Mr Henderson, in the communication from which we 
 have already quoted, states that "every strike in the caqxTt 
 trade of the United Kingdom has ceased on the appeal " of the 
 Association thus constituted; and he adds his conviction, "that 
 the organisation succeeded, because the first step towards 
 improving the social condition of the working classes, is to con- 
 vince them that they will always meet with justice at the hands 
 of their employers." 
 
 * A'c'/>or/.< on Paris Exhibition of iSSg, vol. vi^ p. 105.
 
 No doiil)t the Association had excellent aims, and did good 
 work so far as it went. But it would not nowadays be rij;arded 
 as going nearly far enough. It was reserved for others to follow 
 in the direction taken, hy more modern arrangements designed 
 to secure industrial |>eace. No one is entitled to more credit 
 for discernment and tact in anticipating and providing for the 
 requirements of the altered condition of things, as between 
 capital and labour, than Mr Mundella, who was one of the first 
 to recognise the justice and the ex[)ediency of calling in the 
 workmen to discuss matters of difference with their employers, 
 and thereby giving them the previously unknown consciousness 
 that they had a voice in the settlement of their own affairs. 
 'I'his new sense of power was naturally somewhat warily exer- 
 cised at the outset, anil the concessions matle by the eniployers 
 were regarded with suspicion and distrust. lUit, by-and-by, the 
 workmen came to feel that their employers had nothing "up 
 their sleeve" when they sought conference with them, but were 
 honestly anxious to arrive at unilerstandings just and honour- 
 able to all parties. 
 
 Many subsequent attempts were made to introduce the 
 princi[)]es of conciliation and of arbitration into the settle- 
 ment of disputes in the chief inilustries of (Ireat Britain. 
 In the silk trade of Macclesfield, a voluntary Court of 
 Arbitration, suggested by the Conseils des Pritd'hommes of 
 France, already referred to, was established as far back as 
 1849, in consequence of a strike of the employes in that 
 industry. The board consisted of twelve representatives on 
 each side, with a chairman and a secretary ; but it did not 
 succeed in obtaining legal sanc:iion for its awards, nor could 
 it have done so, because, as .Mr Crompton has pointed out, 
 " it aimed at the settlement of future prices, as well as the 
 enforcing of subsisting contracts."* In the printing trade, 
 again, arbitration in one form or another has been common 
 from early times, and about 1853 a Court of .Arbitration was 
 constituted, with a barrister as umpire ; but the court was 
 
 • Industrial Com iliiUiou, y. 125.
 
 24 rONni.IATinN AND ARUITKATION. 
 
 broken up, because the workmen, while accepting the award 
 as a (lc<isioji in an artiial (lis|)ijte, refused to accept it as a 
 derision bin<htig in all other rases arising out of |)asl contracts 
 and involving similar (piestions.* 
 
 About i860, a Conciliation Hoard was established, mainly 
 through the nudiatitm of Mr Mundella, in the Nottingham 
 hosiery and lace trades, which did good service for many 
 years ; and in 1865, Mr (afterwards Sir Rupert) Kettle was 
 instrumental in forming a board for the building trade of 
 Wolverham|)ton. In 1869, the Hoard of Arbitration and Con- 
 (^ilialion was formed in the Nf)rth of England iron trade, on the 
 suggestion of Mr David Dale, and since that date the progress 
 of the one system or the f)ther has been rapid, if somewhat 
 che(iucred. 
 
 The later and more recent attemj)ts at introducing more or 
 less modified systems of conciliation, and the diffusion of its 
 spirit and principles throughout various industries in our own 
 and other countries, will be found dealt with in succeeding 
 chapters. We need not, therefore, further pursue the historical 
 vein here, but turn our attention to some of the more promi- 
 nent and commanding aspects of the question, as elicited by 
 the experience and commended by the judgment of those who 
 have made the matter a special study. This we shall now 
 undertake in succeeding chapters. 
 
 * Industrial Coticiliation, p. 131.
 
 CHAriKR IV. 
 
 IND USTRIA L CONCILIA TION. 
 
 Thk most competent judges are greatly divided in opinion 
 as to whether concihation alone, or arbitration alone, or 
 conciliation j^lus arbitration, is to be preferred as a means for 
 the adjustment of labour disputes. There is much to be said 
 for both systems ; and probably when all has been said that 
 can well be said on the whole matter, it comes to this that 
 each has its own s|)ecial mission antl function, suited to its 
 own special circumstances. 
 
 Conciliation has been described as the system of "the 
 long jaw," as the "higgling of the market," and as a friendly 
 discussion over the matter at issue. But however it may be 
 described, and whatever form it may take, it resolves itself into 
 an informal attempt to come to an agreement without calling 
 in any outsider, or making any formal appeal to a formally- 
 constituted tribunal. 
 
 The great merit of conciliation is, that when it is successful 
 the parties agree upon the spot, and there is an end of the 
 matter ; whereas in the case of arbitration, they have no 
 knowledge of what the issue may be, and if it is deemed to be 
 unjust and arbitrary there is a danger of the award l)eing 
 rejected. Mr Crompton says that he "cannot but sympathise 
 with the feeling that the men must often have, that if the 
 arbitrator could have had their knowledge of the details and 
 the situation the result would have been different."* In the 
 case of the Hoard of Conciliation established in the Notting- 
 ham hosiery trade, the chairman had originally a casting vote. 
 
 • Jtidustrial Coudliation, p. 1 34.
 
 26 CON* IF.IATFON ANh AKHITKATION. 
 
 Mr Miiiidclla has stated that the cxcrrisc of that vote has 
 lwi< e ^1)1 the Hoard into trouble, and after that it was dec ided 
 that {\\r partifs would not vote at all. The rules of the Hoard 
 still ^ave iIk- chairman the- rastinj; vole, hut it was never 
 exerc-ised. Molh sides know the fatal ronsec|iienc-es of dis- 
 agreement, and they ronse(|Uently aj^ree liy coming to the l)est 
 arrangcnutU possible under the (.irc:umstances.* 
 
 Arbitration, as c:ommonIy under^tood and practised, is of 
 course a much more formal and stately process. The essential 
 principle of this system is, that the matter in dispute shall be 
 referred, and that the decision of the referee shall be accepted, 
 Hut thereby hang not a few difTiculties and complicatic>ns. 
 The parties to the dispute are left entirely at liberty to make 
 their own arrangements. They agree upon the constitution of 
 the court, upon the number of arbitrators, upon the form of 
 procedure, upon the lines within which evidence or pleadings 
 shall be admitted, and finally upon the umpire or referee. As, 
 however, the system is usually followed, the employers api)oint 
 two or more of their own number as arbitrators, and the men 
 do the same, so that those who nominally hold the position of 
 arbitrators are really more like advocates, and in ninety-nine 
 out of every huiulred cases referred, the ultimate decision rests 
 with the umpire. 
 
 It becomes, therefore, a matter of very great importance, 
 both for the satisfaction of the parties, and for the comj)etency 
 of the award, that the umpire should be qualified for his 
 responsible post. But what are the cjualifications required ? 
 Should the umpire be like the Prinf hommes of France and 
 Belgium, an expert in the special industry affected? or should 
 he be an outsider, with no local knowledge, but high character? 
 This is really the crucial point — perha])s a more important point 
 than all the others put together. 
 
 Every now and again cases occur that one of the parties 
 concerned refuses to submit to arbitration. This may be 
 l)artly due to the stiff-necked obduracy of the party, or to a 
 
 Iiiiitistn'al Ccucilinfiou, p. 38.
 
 INDUSTRIAL CON'CILIATION. 2/ 
 
 lack of conndcnce in ihcir own case, or to a fear that the 
 umi)irc will not be a sound man, or to some other cause. In 
 the case of ihe j^reat strike of 1893 in the Midland coal trade, 
 the miners refused to submit the matter at issue to arbitration, 
 although ultimately they agreed to such a reference. In the 
 result Lord Shand was appointed to act as umpire by the 
 Speaker of the House of Commons, who was recjuesfed to 
 make the appointment. It is to be presumed that this choice 
 was primarily made because of the legal acumen of the selected 
 jurist, which would of course enable him to sift evidence, and 
 to bring inconclusive matters to the test of proof. Hut an 
 umpire must not c»nly be fair and unprejudiced, he must be 
 able to convey the impression that he has these ([ualities in a 
 high degree, or the result may be dubious. 
 
 One obvious argument in favour of conciliation, as contra- 
 distinguished from arbitration, is that under the former system 
 there is at least every probability that the parties will not 
 decline to come together with a view U) a settlement, ("on- 
 ciliation implies that they are ready and anxious to settle, and 
 it does not conunit them to any irrevocable or fcjregone issue. 
 Hut in reference to arbitration, cases have again and again 
 occurred where both employers and employed have declined 
 to submit to a referee, so that an absolute deadlock of nego- 
 tiations was involved. The cases in which such refusals occur 
 ajjpear to be infrequent, but they are sufficiently numerous and 
 vital to prove that conciliation should first be resorted to, 
 whenever practicable, and that a more formal reference should 
 only follow upon a declaration that a settlement cann<it other. 
 wi.se be arrived at. 
 
 So far as we have already gone, we h;i\e spoken of 
 arbitration and conciliation as if they were two distinct systems 
 having no necessary connection with each other. .\nd st) 
 indeed they are. Hut this has not interfered with the adi)ption 
 of both systems simultaneously, or almost so. In most of the 
 leading trades conciliation is now practised in the appointment 
 of a joint-conunittee of emi)loycrs and employed, who are 
 called on to investigate, and if possible to settle, all matters in
 
 28 CONCILIATION AND ARMITKATION. 
 
 dispiiic. I'his system is carried on in the Durham and 
 N<>rtlniml)irl:in(l coal trade, in the North of Kn^land iron 
 trade, and in niany other leading; inchistries. The existence of 
 a joint committee is necessary for the settlement of minor 
 disputes, of which many are liable to arise; and the functions 
 of the committee are much akin to \hnsc oiihc Prud ho m me s, 
 cxce|)tin^' that the decisions arrived at have no binding 
 character, and must be satisfactory to the parties interested 
 l)cfore they can be accepted. 
 
 'I'he |)rinci|)le of industrial conciliation is so well understood 
 that it can hardly be necessary to define it in any very precise 
 form. It means, in effect, that the parties concerned in any 
 dispute that may occur are prepared to meet together for the 
 purpose of discussing the whole subject, if possible, in order 
 to arrive at a friendly settlement without having the (-piestion 
 at issue submitted to any formal tribunal, or arranging for 
 placing the determination of the issue in the hands of any 
 third party. 
 
 Conciliation must always of necessity precede any attempt 
 to settle a dispute by a reference. There must at any rate lie 
 the conciliatory attitude implied in a readiness to have the 
 dispute referred ; and when the parties have proceeded so far, it 
 would appear to be desirable that they should at least meet 
 and try to arrange it between themselves. 
 
 The obvious advantage of conciliation, and the claim to 
 adoption that it possesses above and beyond any other system, 
 is that it makes an end of the matter to the satisfaction of 
 both parties. In the case of an appeal to arbitration, the issue 
 is invariably left in the hands of a third party, who has no 
 further direct interest in it. The award may be just, or it may 
 be unjust. In either case, the one side or the other is liable to 
 think that it has a tendency to place them at a disadvantage ; 
 and as they have had no voice of their own in it, — beyond their 
 share in the choice of the umpire who makes the award, — they 
 are sometimes disposed to look upon both the umpire and his 
 award with disfavour, and now and again to revolt against 
 them. All this is avoided by conciliation, which leaves the
 
 INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION. 29 
 
 issue absolutely and entirely in the hands of the parties 
 concerned. 
 
 The " long jaw " is a happy phrase invented hy .Mr 
 Mundella to exi)ress the essential feature of the discussions 
 that took place between employers and employed, in the hosiery 
 and lace trades of Nottingham, with a view to the settlement of 
 labour ditticulties and disagreements. It is indeed the funda- 
 mental basis of conciliation, inasmuch as it implies a friendly 
 business talk between the parties interested in the (juestion 
 under consideration. .\s a general rule this is one-half of the 
 whole trouble in labour cpiestions. Until the system of bring- 
 ing employers and employed face to face was intrfjduced into 
 the hosiery and lace trades of Nottingham, the building trade 
 of Wolverhami)ton, the lace industries of Nottingham, and 
 other centres of industry, which showed an early appreciation of 
 the importance of getting over the great gulf that formerly 
 separated capital and labour, and led the one to take up a 
 continuously antagonistic attitude towards the other, there was 
 not much chance of making solid progress towards a satisfac- 
 tory settlement of matters in dispute. But, directly the parties 
 were brought face to face, they began to understand one another, 
 to appreciate each other's difficulties and arguments, and to 
 display a mutual forbearance and concession that would other- 
 wise have been impossible. 
 
 Mr Mundella has himself borne testimony of a very 
 emphatic kind to the success of the system of conciliation 
 adopted in the hosiery and lace trades of Nottingham. During 
 the whole sixteen or seventeen years that he was presiileiit of 
 the board, "there had only been two or three cases where the 
 men had been recalcitrant." Where the workmen set them- 
 selves against the board, they alienated the sympathy of the 
 intelligent section of their fellows, and tleprived llieniselves of 
 Union support. 
 
 The Joint-Commillee in the (oal ;uul iron industries is an 
 outcome of the ("(jmmiltee of Imjuiry, whi( h was adopteil 
 nearly thirt)' years ago in the Nottingham hosiery trade, as part 
 of the system of conciliation. In the latter case, the committee
 
 30 CONCII.IATIoN AM) AiailTK ATION. 
 
 consisted of (mir incmlicrs of tin- hoard two employers and 
 two operatives ; and the < oinmitlee niach- an attempt t(j settle 
 every (hspute l)roiij^ht hefore it, hut with<»ut the p<jwcr to make 
 an award. The functions of the committee arc in jHjint of 
 fart modelled on tliose of the Committee of Mediation or Con- 
 (ihalion in the Prud'homiiKS system, although in the latter case 
 the cominitlee usually tonsisls of only two nieinhers, one an 
 employer and the other a workman, - who are sui)posed to he of 
 different industries. 
 
 In some of the most "advanced " industries, as, kn example, 
 the engineering trades, conciliation is not only a|)proved of, hut 
 regularly ado[)ted in preference to arijitration. It has heen 
 held that in the case of the latter system, the issues between 
 the parties are so direct that only a trial of strength can settle 
 a (jucstion on which they have once agreed to differ. It is 
 also said that "when trade is good employers will not accept 
 arbitration, and the worknun will not do so when trade is 
 bad,"* although that has not, of course, been a rule of invari- 
 able application. And the argument used by labour leaders is, 
 that "arbitration is not so sound in principle as conciliation, 
 owing both to the weakness of its sanction generally, and to 
 the fact that that weakness is more marked as against the men 
 than as against the employers."! 
 
 * Royal Commission on Labour, Group A, 23,681-2. 
 t //W., 25,348-54.
 
 cii.\rri:k w 
 
 I.\D USTRIAL ARJUTR. I TJON. 
 
 Akiiuka riON may be defined as a means of setdir.g a (juesiion 
 in dispute by a reference to a third party, when the contend- 
 ants have failed to agree between themselves. It therefore 
 comes into operatiiMi as a kind of //V allcr, after concihalion has 
 been tried and failed. 
 
 Generally speaking, in i)ra(tice, conciliation is apjilied to the 
 settlement of small disputes through the medium of a joint- 
 committee of employers and employed ; and arbitration is 
 applied to the adjustment of larger (jueslions, such as the 
 general rate of wages, when these are not provided for by 
 sliding scales or in some other way. 
 
 Sir K-upert Kettle has pointed out that it is not merely as a 
 means of settling a scale of wages that boards of arbitration and 
 conciliation are useful. The contract of hiring and serving 
 involves other matters besides prices, — such, for example, as 
 hours of work, .Saturday half-holidays, and weekly reckonings. 
 Then, again, there are such (jucstions as " walking time, artificial 
 light, and overtime in the building trade ; the cpiality of the metal 
 and Sunday ' fettling ' in the iron trade ; the speed of machinery 
 and dampness of the yarn when weighed in the cotton trade ; 
 'good from over' in the potteries. Such subjects as these 
 boards of arbitration can not only settle between the individual 
 employer and his workmen, but can lay d(»wn rules upon, by 
 which — being 'as fair for one as another' — the whole trade is 
 willing to abide. So that individual masters cannot, under the 
 pressure of competition, impose upon workmen ternis more 
 onerous than of the trade, nor can workmen have excuse, even
 
 32 C()N< II.IA I ION ANI) AKIilTKATION. 
 
 when tluy < li.inj^c service, for refusing to fall into the routine 
 of trade ol)lij;atiotis." 
 
 "The duty of a hoard of arbitration," remarks the same 
 authority,* "does not end with the makingof a contract of hiring; 
 it affords important assistance in carrying out that course. 
 Many intillii;enl persons will think that when an agreement is 
 settled anti redured to writing, a course I advise in all cases, 
 that it will then he (|uite easy to interpret it. This is, in 
 practice, found not to he so. Even Acts of I'arliament, u|jon 
 the wording of which so much care is bestowed, are often 
 ambiguous, or, in the technology of my j)rofession, ' insensible.' 
 Indeed, since that mu(h discredited science, pleading, has fallen 
 into disuse, we seem U) have Uxst the art of making our written 
 instruments 'certain to every intent.' Both em|>loyer and 
 workman have confidence in their contracts, when they know 
 there is an impartial and j)opularly informed tribunal which can 
 be called upon to put upon them a binding interjjretation. 
 U'hen minor differences arise, such as do not affect great trade 
 interests differences often commencing with a personal (juarrel 
 between a workman or body of workmen and an overlooker or 
 foreman, it is well that some. judicious conciliator should step 
 between the dis|)Utants, and by authoritative advice prevent 
 these small bickerings growing into a trade strife — a taking of 
 sides, to be followed by the proverbial consecjuences of the 
 letting out of troubled waters. It is then — (i) As an open 
 market, in which the fair wages for a fair day's work can be 
 determined ; (2) To prevent misunderstanding as to the mean- 
 ing of hiring contracts ; and (3) To pacify quarrels when they 
 arise in the execution of such contracts, that I think boards of 
 arbitration and conciliation are reijuired." 
 
 It goes without saying that no stcreotyi>ed system of arbi- 
 tration can be adopted that would be equally suited to the 
 circumstances of every industry, nor even in all probability to 
 any considerable nunil)er of industries. There are, to begin 
 with, some two thousand or more industries carried on in the 
 
 • rapcr read iK-forc ihc Social Science Congress in 1S71.
 
 INDUSTRIAL AKIJITKATION, 33 
 
 United Kingdom, each differing from all the others in some 
 more or less characteristic and essential particulars. Then, 
 again, not only has every industry its own special features and 
 conditions, ijut every district has its own special rate of wages, 
 and its own special customs and usages, even for the same 
 industry ; so that a basis or system that might he admirably 
 suited to one would be (juite ill adapted to another, and any 
 attempt to bring about unity and conformability might lead to 
 serious disagreements 
 
 V^ery great importance is attached by both em|)loyers and 
 employed to the choice of an umpire. The umpire should be, 
 like Caisar's wife, " above suspicion." He should be neither a 
 strong partisan nor a man of intemperate and one-sided judg- 
 ment. As a rule, it would probably be better that he should 
 have no interest in labour tiuestions as an employer. There have, 
 no doubt, been many cases where an emi)loyer was trusted by 
 workmen to deal with (juestions affecting the rate of wages to be 
 paid. In the North of England, .Mr David Dale, himself one 
 of the largest employers in the country, has often been called 
 in to decide knotty points involving questions of wages, and he 
 has for many years been the umpire chosen by the unanimous 
 suffrages of the Hoard of .\rl)itration and Conciliation in the 
 manufactured iron trade of the north ; but Mr Dale's is alto- 
 gether an exceptional case, as he is also an entirely exceptional 
 man. 
 
 The um|)ire should be a man who is accustomed to weigh 
 ing and sifting evidence, and if not actually a lawyer, he should 
 at least have some judicial powers and experience. In what is 
 • ailed "open arbitration," all sorts of matters, relevant and 
 irrelevant, crucial and trivial, fundamental and ren)ote, are 
 liable to be introdu(ed. This may, of course, be done in |)er- 
 fectly good faith. Ihil in handling the mass of materials 
 submitted, the umpire should be able, with trained judgment 
 and intelligence, to separate the essential from the non-essential, 
 the in< idental from the fundamental, the inunediate from the 
 remote. If he fails to do this if he commits an error in 
 not assigning to fundamental facts their due importance, 
 
 C
 
 34 (•()N( II.IATION AM) Aklin RATION, 
 
 ami il lie mannifics ihc value of non essentials, he is likely to 
 do injustice to llic one side or the other. 
 
 Such an injustice does not produce only a ten)|K)rary effect. 
 If either side is fully persuaded that a just award has not 
 been made, the whole system suffers, because the injured 
 party loses confidence in its merits. This is the worst thing 
 that could befall it. The basis of arbiirati(jn, or of any system 
 of a vohmtary character designed to redress the balance between 
 capital and labour, is faith in its efficacy and in its results. If 
 that faith is in any degree shaken, the parties whose confidence 
 has been tlamaged are less likely to accept the system in the 
 future, and this result has happened again and again to the 
 extent of an absolute refusal to have anything to do with it. 
 
 Another very important consideration for both parties is 
 that the arbitrators should if they are charged with the duty 
 of naming an um])ire — fix upon a man in whom both sides 
 have the fullest confidence. He should, as a rule, be neither 
 a master's man nor a man's man. He should not be too pro- 
 nounced a politician, lest it be thought that his politics might 
 war|) his decision. He should not have made himself too con- 
 spicuous on behalf of any interest or shibboleth affecting the 
 relations of capital and labour. He should, if possible, be one 
 who knows something of the local conditions influencing and 
 perhaps controlling the matters at issue. If he is an employer, 
 he should at least be noted for fair-mindedness ; and if he 
 is known to have a specially sympathetic feeling towards 
 labour, it will probably not do any harm, although there is a 
 tendency on the part of extremely conscientious men to strain 
 in the other direction, in order that they may not err on the 
 side to which their sympathies are understood to lean. 
 
 Arbitration has, of course, been called into freijuent 
 retpiisitit)!! for other |)urposes than the determination of the 
 rate of wages, although that rate has generally been thereby 
 aflected, directly or indirectly. A case in point may be noted, 
 the more so that it was a case to which a good deal of 
 importance was attached at the time, as calculated to fix the 
 future customs of an extensive industry. In 1S91 the Durham
 
 INDUSTRIAL AKltlTKAI ION. 35 
 
 coalowners and tlie men employed in iheir coke yards decided 
 to refer to arbitration a basis of work and wages suited to the 
 various classes of cokemen, for the guidance of the joint- 
 c(jmmittee which usually determined all matters of pending 
 controversy. The unusually large number of five arbitrators 
 were a|)pointed to represent each side, and Mr Robert Spencc 
 Watson of Newcastle on-Tyne was requested to act as umpire. 
 This was essentially a ca.se that called for the mediation of an 
 ex[)ert, which the umpire could not pretend to be. He had to 
 decide what should be considered the standard oven, what 
 amount of work each class of workmen should be expected to 
 do in a given period of time, what should be the basis of 
 payment, and what was the correct definition of an average 
 " bench." The umpire, in the absence of any expert knowledge 
 of the trade, rcHpiired certain returns bearing on the points at 
 issue to be furnished to him, and these he had examined by 
 accountants, who pre|)ared tables of general averages, which 
 guided him to a decision which was generally satisfactory, care 
 being taken to insist that the award did not in any way affect 
 the riglu of any parties to show cause why, in this case, the 
 details of the award should not be de|)arted from. 
 
 It is not perhaps unnatural that with the W(jrkmen and 
 their leaders in all cases, or at least in the great majority, the 
 first (|uestion that is submitted, in considering the matter of 
 whether arbitration or conciliation should be adopted, is the 
 crucial one of the probable effect on wages. If the workmen 
 had an assurance that wages would be favourably affected by 
 arbitration, they would not be likely to hesitate long about its 
 adoption. If, on the other hand, the adoption of either system 
 were likely to lead to a lowering of wages, the readiness to 
 adopt it would pri)bably not be (juite so a|)parent. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to remark, that the spirit of the 
 system is not, in either case, primarily to either raise or lower 
 wages, but to do justice between the employers and their 
 emi)loyt(l. Sir Rupert Kettle was pressed, sonie years ago, to 
 say whether, in his opinion, arbitration boards would rai.se 
 wages. His reply was excellent. He answered that "these
 
 3^ CONCILIATION ANI) AKIIII l:ATFON. 
 
 hoards will fix, wiili hiisincsslikc accuracy, tlic inarkcl value of 
 a given kind of skilled labour at a particular place and time." 
 It is no necessary part of their business to either inllate or 
 depress labour, and this cannot be too clearly understood. 
 
 Much, of course, depends upon the spe<:ial conthlions 
 afTccling the particular description (;f labour under considera- 
 tion. If ihc labour is badly paid in relation to its market 
 value and the prices paid for labour of a kindred character 
 in the same district, the tendency will necessarily be to raise 
 the price to be paid by the emphjyer. If, on the other hand, 
 the reward of labour is unduly high, the tendency will un- 
 (juestionably be to level it down. Much must depend ui)on 
 the particular and special circumstances of each individual 
 case, and much also upon the view that may be taken of them 
 by the umi)ire, in whose hands the final decision will usually 
 ultimately rest. 
 
 At an early period in the history of industrial arbitration, 
 and indeed up to the present time, the question has constantly 
 arisen —What security are the leaders of the workmen prepared 
 to offer that any award arrived at shall be duly carried out? 
 No doulit, when the unions had less power than they now have, 
 guarantees on the subject would not be readily forthcoming ; 
 and the history of arbitration has shown that the influence of 
 their leaders has not always been ptnverful enough to keep the 
 workmen from repudiating an adverse award. Hut of late 
 years the unions have got more hold over their members, and 
 they have introduced a number of very useful provisions 
 into their rules, specifying that support shall be withheld 
 from men who enter ui)on a strike without previously making 
 an ofTer to submit the matter in dispute to arbitration, and 
 withholding supi)ort also from men who do not faithfully abide 
 by an award under an arbitration deliberately accepted, no 
 matter how adverse the result may be. 
 
 It apjjears to be a fundamental pre-requisite of the adoption 
 of conciliation and arbitration, though not ])erhaps to the 
 same extent of sliding scales, that there should be strong 
 unions of both employers and employed, and for all practical
 
 INDUSTRIAL AKIUTKATION. 37 
 
 pur])osc.s the stronger the better, as the representatives are 
 thereby enabled the more fully to pledge the various parlies 
 concerned to carry out whatever regulations or awards are 
 decided on. Generally speaking, advanced employers have 
 frankly and fully recognised this fact, and have hailed the 
 workmen's unions with considerable favour. ICvery now and 
 again, however, ca.ses have arisen where a policy of repudiation 
 has apjjcared to be expedient. If the whole of the employes 
 engaged in a particular industry or work are members of the 
 same union, there would be little or no difficulty ; but of late 
 years unions have shown a tendency to multiply, so that an 
 employer may have to undertake separate negotiations with 
 any number of unions before he knows exactly where he is. 
 For this reason employers ha\e properly discouraged dealings 
 with more unions than one for the same sort or description 
 of work. Thus, for example, in the making of pig-iron, it is 
 manifestly of advantage to all parties that the whole of the 
 men emjjloyed about blast furnaces —including mechanics, 
 enginemen, and boilermen — should belong to the same union, 
 and should be considered and dealt with in one operation ; but 
 in some cases the men have claimed that they hail separate 
 unions, and that their wages should be made the subject of a 
 separate negotiation. It is desirable that a limit should be 
 imposed upon claims of this kind, otherwise the whole time 
 of an employer may be taken u|) with fruitless negotiation, 
 first with one body of men and then with another, although 
 the same considerations and prices may diually govern the 
 wages of all. 
 
 '{'he mlionaW of the system of arbitration was thus clearly 
 and concisely laid down by Mr Rupert Kettle, in his remarks 
 at the meeting of the Social Science Congress in 1870 : — 
 
 " Whether an award should be capable of being legally 
 executed, was a very moot i)oint. In the present state of 
 arbitration it was wise that both parties should be perfectly at 
 liberty to go freely into arbitration or to withdraw from it ; but 
 while they remained together they ought to be bound, the 
 being bound b) the award being essential to the success of any 
 
 4l()4C2
 
 38 CON< III \l ION AM. AKJ'.ITKATION. 
 
 system of .irliitr.itinn. In its prtst-nt state f)f divclopment, 
 practical means l»y which it could l»e (:arrie<l out were ahnost 
 infinitely varied. One was the placardinj^ of hills in the 
 masters' offircs, so that all |)artics — both employers and men — 
 mi-^ht 1)1- fully conversant with the- basis of dn; contract existing 
 in any particular estahlislnnent. It had been said that the 
 result of tin- arbitrations of last year had been to reduce wages ; 
 but all that the board could ilo was to ascertain exactly what 
 was the market value of the labour at the time that the meeting 
 took |)lace. If an arbitration board made a de<ision which 
 took wall's out of capital, it would be most unjust ; and, f)n 
 the other hand, if the board took profit o'lt of waives, that 
 would i)e eipially u?ijust. lUit it afforded the means of ascer- 
 tainini; exactly what the value of the labour was at that 
 particular time ; in fact, it was a mart and a market where both 
 parties were independent dealers, where the market price was 
 arrived at by discussion by the board ; and if a dispute arose 
 as to what was the market price, by discussing the grounds 
 upon which the two parties based their respective claims the 
 true value was ascertained. Hut the decision must be just and 
 e(piital)le at the time, and not based on what might be at the 
 time forced from one side or conceded by the other." 
 
 In pointing out the difficulties that have had to be over- 
 come in the establishment of the Board of Arbitration in the 
 North of Kngland iron trade, Mr Jones (then Secretary to 
 the Manufactured Iron 'I'rade of the North), in his paper read 
 before the Social Science Congress in 1870, alluded to the fact 
 that the ironworkers of that locality included a large number 
 who had only recently come into the district, and who there- 
 fore lacked the ties of attachment that l)ind men to older estab- 
 lishments — the operatives being drawn from all iron manufac- 
 turing centres, and being largely augmented by Irish labourers, 
 who could not be expected to act in unison so well as if they had 
 more in common with each other. The nature and historical 
 associations of the industry were also against arbitration. The 
 great majority of ironworkers were very indiflerently educated ; 
 their labours were exceedingly trying to the physical strength,
 
 INDUSTRIAL AKIilTKATIOX. 39 
 
 but required no hii^h degree of intellectual powers ; the whole 
 traditions of the trade were largely made up of strikes, and the 
 men had grown u[) suspicious of their employers and distrustful 
 of their statements. Manual labour entered very extensively 
 into the success of each operation in the iron trade ; the nature 
 of the materials to be operated upon caused all classes of 
 workmen to be mutually dependent from one end of the 
 works to the other; and hence, even a small number of men 
 who declined to work in harmony with each other, could 
 influence the labour of many hundreds of workmen. 
 
 Kvery now and again «ases occur which show that extraneous 
 circumstances may have a great influence upon the rate of 
 wages — or at any rate upon the ability of the employers to pay a 
 certain rate of wages -as well as the mere variations of realised 
 selling prices. \ case that strongly brought out this fact 
 occurred in the iron trade of the Xorlh of l-jigland in 1873. 
 The employers clainied a reduction at that lime of 12.I per 
 cent., on the following grounds : — 
 
 " I, That in conse(iuence of the high prices of coals, and of 
 pig-iron (the price of which depends so much upon that of 
 coal), they are unable to sell iron with a |)rofit with the present 
 rate of wages. 
 
 " II. (Though this argument is not so luuch insisted upon as 
 the first.) I'hat the rise of wages in the fmished iron trade 
 has been greater than in any analogous industries, except the 
 coal trade. 
 
 " III. TIkU it is expedient to lower wages, as an induce- 
 ment to coalowners to reduce the price of coal, and so bring 
 down It) a price that will induce purchasers to deal." 
 
 Here we fuiil that two arguments at least are more or 
 less independent of the ordinary relations of prices to wages. 
 The first is, that the high prices of materials made it impos- 
 sible to produce manufactured iron at a profit with the then 
 rate of wages in the latter industry, but this is not l)y any 
 means ecpiivalent t(j saying that the rale of wages in relation 
 to realised prices is higher than it should be, or higher tlian 
 it usually had been. In poiiu of fact, < ir< umstanccs are easily
 
 40 CONCII.IAriON AM) AKI'.ITKATION. 
 
 ronrcivahlc, if tlicy have not actually occurred, in wlii<h it 
 would l)r practically impossible to manufacture at a profit, 
 even if the prices were exceptionally hiKl> and the waj^es the 
 lowest on record. 
 
 The next consideration urged upon the arbitrator in the 
 case above-named is also one that has no necessary or direct 
 relation to the sellin^^ price of the commodity which the waj^es 
 inunediately affected are employed upon. It was prf)posed 
 that the wages of the ironworkers should he lowered as an 
 inducement to coalowners to reduce the price of coal, and so 
 bring down iron prices. This may not only be a most desir- 
 able and necessary thing, but it may be a thing absolutely 
 indispensable in the interests of capital and of labour alike, and 
 yet it is one that lias no direct bearing upon the relationship of 
 imnn(liate wages to immediate prices. The point was very 
 fully and very fairly discussed by Mr Kettle, who, in making 
 his award, held that " although the price of fuel ought not 
 directly to affect the rate of wages ... it must indirectly 
 affect it from the inevitable tendency of high prices to check 
 consumption." 
 
 In some cases the workmen have demanded that they should 
 be allowed to examine the books of the employers, in order to 
 be able to fix the amount of profit and loss, implying, if not 
 directly asserting, that the amount of the profits earned by 
 employers should be an essential element in the determination 
 of wages. In other cases, the employers have readily agreed 
 to allow the arbitrator to examine their books, with a view 
 to the ascertainment of the financial results of their business. 
 In the first case, as well as in the second, the proposals have 
 generally been declined. The Durham coalowners gave a most 
 emphatic denial to the claim of the workmen to know their 
 profits; and Sir Rupert Kettle, as arbitrator in the manufactured 
 iron trade of the North of England in 1S73, declined to avail 
 himself of the offer of the employers to see their books, in these 
 terms : — 
 
 " If I had accepted this offer to go over the books for the 
 purpose of ascertaining profit and loss, I should, by implication,
 
 INDUSTRIAL ARI5ITRATION. 4I 
 
 have admitted the right of the employer to ask his workmen 
 to participate, directly or indirectly, in their employers' losses ; 
 and I tlo not see how the employers could, with loj;ical 
 consistency, have refused the workmen at any future lime the 
 examining of the same accounts, that they might participate in 
 profits." 
 
 'i'he logic of these remarks is obvious. Apart, however, 
 from the reasoning of Sir Rupert Kettle, it is clear that the 
 ascertainment of the average profits would he extremely in- 
 vidious and tiifticult, even if it were to he admitted. No two 
 mines, and no two works or factories, would he likely to show 
 (juite the same profits, and there would he a danger of opening 
 a door that it would not he easy to shut. 
 
 Cases have occurred again and again where the employers 
 have gained and the workmen have lost l>y open arbitration 
 having been substituted for a sliding-.scale. In the finished 
 iron trade, for example, the upward movement of prices between 
 1869 and 1873 was very rapid and considerable, and would, 
 under the operation of a sliding-scale, have given very high 
 wages in 1873, when the general average price of the four 
 descriptions of manufactured iron relied upon for a basis in the 
 North of England rose to nearly double tlie average price of three 
 years before. If the old so called Thorneycroft standard or .scale 
 had then been applied, the wages of puddlers would have been 
 doubled, and the wages of millmen would have been raised 
 about sixty or seventy per cent. But Mr Rupert Kettle, in his 
 award under the arbitration of September 1873, stated that 
 although, if the scale were then in existence, wages would be 
 higher, yet the rate was then " as high as they (the workmen) 
 were entitled to, or as it is i)rudent of them to require " ; and 
 he added, that " there are some finished iron makers who can 
 barely afford to pay the present rates, and therefore a change 
 would be likely to lessen the demand for labour "' ; but as it 
 did not appear that there was strong evidence that the lessened 
 demantl had already set in, the arbitrator did not therefore 
 give the employers the relief they asked for. 
 
 The precise manner ii^ whi( h the oiu- party should speak of
 
 42 coNcir.r.M ION and AKI'.ITKATION. 
 
 or addn-ss tin; other, allhouf^h apparently a matter <>( trivial 
 importaiuo, is one that lias really inu< h to do with the main- 
 tenance of that eonrilialory spirit that is so essential to the 
 keeping up of harnionious relations. The day has p)nc |)ast 
 whiMi the old terms of masters and workmen were deemc<l to 
 1)0 satisfactory, inasmuch as the former is held If) imply an 
 undue dei^'ree of servitude on the part of the latter. " Km- 
 ployers " and "employed' are no douht much hetter, an<l 
 more exactly (k-scrihe the true relationship of the parties 
 concerned. In the Durham coal trade arbitrations, the use 
 of the term Association was introduced when speak inj; of the 
 Coalowners' .Association, and the term Executive was employed 
 to describe the ICxecutive of the workmen's Union. 
 
 The (|uestion has often been ])Ut, both l)y workmi-n and 
 by outsiders, Does the adoption of arbitration tend to increase 
 the rate of wages, or to reduce it? 'i'his would be a very 
 interesting economic jjroblem if it cf)uld i)c accurately solved, 
 but it does not admit of easy solution. In an arbitration 
 which is not encompas.sed by specific restrictions, and in which 
 it is competent for either side to submit any evidence that 
 may be deemed relevant, the employers are often able to show 
 that there are considerable discrepancies as between one set of 
 wages and another, and that the rate of wages paid all along 
 has been exceptionally high relatively to the wages paid for 
 similar, or ai)[)i()\imately kindred, work in other industries. 
 This has been the case to a large extent in the matter of 
 pudiiiing. Owing to the arduous and disagreeable character 
 of the work it was at first difficult to persuade men to take it 
 u[), anil their labour had to be bought by the inducement of 
 a specially high rate of wages. Hut in course of time the 
 necessity for this special inducement was not so urgent. Men 
 were drafted into the trade from other industries, until there 
 was an abundance of labour, and hence wages tended down- 
 wards towartls an average level.
 
 (:hai'1i:k \i. 
 matters troter tor ar/u'j'r.it/ox. 
 
 TilKUi-. arc many matters tliat arc not suitable for arhitrnlion, 
 and for the detrrmination of whicli any resort to arltilration 
 would he a waste of l)oth time and money. Arhitratifjn, there- 
 fore, should not he lij^htly resorted to. It is not, of course, so 
 expensive a remedy as a rej^ular legal tribunal ; hut it usually 
 involves the assemblage of witnesses, the j)re|)aration of evi- 
 dence, the employment of a certain amount of clerical labour, 
 and other fmancial outlay, that often makes u|) a considerable 
 sum. It involves also the expenditure of a large amount of 
 valuable time, by men who can usually ill s|)are it ; and this, of 
 course, is more especially true of the um|)iri-, who is generally 
 a public man of high standing, and who wouUl not be likely 
 to give up the time needeil to settle a trivial (jUestion which 
 concerned only a handful of men. 
 
 It is for this reason, as nuich as because of the uncertainty 
 th;it always attends the issue of an arbitration, that the .system 
 has recently been superseded, or suppKiuented to a large extent, 
 by sliding-scales, which are automatic: in their action, and 
 involve a minimum outlay of time and money. 
 
 Substantially, arbitration is usually called in to determine 
 what shall be a fair day's wage, having regard to the conditions 
 of employment, the current prices of the commodities pro- 
 duced, the amount of skill re(|uireil, and other circumstances 
 of a more or less deternnning character. 
 
 Whether a fair day's wage, as thus defined, answers to the 
 modem deniatul for a living wage, is a matter that we shall not 
 attempt to settle here. Hut there is a standard to whi( h this 
 matter can always be submittetl.
 
 44 CONC'M.IAI ION AM) ARI'.ITRATION. 
 
 Oil tlic (|iiisti()n of ihc (Ictcrinination of a fair day's wage, 
 Wf may profilahly r|ii()tf the following words of Sir Rii|mtI 
 Koltle:* 
 
 " The economist would say, a fair day's waj^cs is the |»ric«; 
 wlii( h tlif day's labour would then and there hrinj; in the open 
 market. I < om iir fully and freely in the answer it is sound 
 all fours. I see great difTicidty in practically apjtlying it under 
 existing arrangements to fix the rate of payment for skilled 
 labour ; and it is because I have found these difficulties other- 
 wise insurmountable, that I advocate the establishment of 
 boards of arbitration. I say wc have no open market for 
 skilled labour. What is a market? and what is meant by a 
 market being open? P.y market we do not mean any number 
 of transactions <)( buying and selling, each conducted separately, 
 and each without either of the contracting parties having know- 
 ledge of any other bargains. By market I understand some- 
 thing equivalent to a mart — a coming together of numerous 
 buyers and sellers, who by their dealings communicate incident- 
 ally to each other, and thereby to the assembled traders, the 
 state of su[)ply and demand, upon which variations in price 
 depend. V'ou cannot ascertain the proportion supply bears to 
 demand by a single transaction; nor can you upon any number 
 of transactions conducted secretly. In order to work out a 
 trustworthy result of the operations of supply and demand, 
 you must derive your information from a sufficient number of 
 instances to give the absolute mean power of each of these 
 forces. . . . There is no open market in which the buyer 
 and seller of skilled labour can meet and determine what is 
 a fair day's wages ; no means of obtaining that openness and 
 publicity to both buyers and sellers — that talk of the market 
 founded upon authentic information which biasses, if it does 
 not actually control, the negotiation upon which market price 
 is properly founded. I say that a board of arbitration affords 
 a good substitute for such a market. A given kind of skilled 
 
 * "On Boards of Conciliation ami Arbitration l)etwecn Employers and 
 Employed." Paper read before the Social Science Congress, 1S71.
 
 MATTERS rUOPER KOK AKi;lTRATION. 45 
 
 labour, (lunlity for (luality, bears a nearly uniform value for a 
 lont,' period as compared witli other marketable articles, and 
 the fluctuations in price are never sudden.' 
 
 Ah initio, the problem is complicated by the (juestion of 
 what constitutes a " fair day's wage." There is the further 
 prol)lem of what constitutes a fair day's work. These two 
 considerations are intimately bound uj) with one another. If 
 the work i)rovided is precarious and irregular, the rale of wages 
 to be paid will be expected to be higher. If work is constant 
 and steady, the wage rate may be lower. It does not, of 
 course, always hap[)en that these are determining facts. In 
 the case of dock labourers, for example, the work is unusually 
 l)recarious and uncertain, and yet the rate of wages is excep- 
 tionally low. In the case of men employed by municipal 
 corporations for occasional work, the same rule prevails. Hut 
 in cases of this' kind, labour is not, and cannot very well be, 
 organised, and this circumstance often practically compels the 
 workers to accept what they can get. 
 
 ,'\s an example of the differences that prevail as between 
 one district and another, the matter of overtime may be 
 (juoted. Returns collected some years ago by the Iron Trades 
 Enij)loyers' Association (Manchester), showed that in IJarnsley, 
 Ijradford, Hristol, Halifax, Leeds, and other towns, 54 hours 
 must be worked as a week's work before overtime rates are 
 paid. In Barrow-in-Furness, Hull, Liverpool, London, Man- 
 chester, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and other towns, the practice is 
 varied more or less, but where each day is declared to stand 
 for itself, the men have to make up the lost time of that day 
 before they can claim overtime rates. In Sunderland, how- 
 ever, overtime commences at five o'clock, and the men have 
 the extra rates paid on each day, whether they have lost time 
 or not. 
 
 Similar differences were fountl to obtain in the number of 
 hours beyoiul nine per day that were paiil at time and a 
 (|uarter ; in the hours when time and a half rates begin to be 
 payable ; and in the customs prevailing as to the duration of the 
 higher rale, which « ontinued in some cases until starling-time
 
 46 CONCILIA in )N AND Ai^WTk ATION. 
 
 iH\t inomin^, aixl in otiurs ceased after a certain nuniher of 
 hours, the remainder l)fin^ rhar;;ecl d(nil»le time. Differences 
 also |)revail as to llie rates |)ai(J for nigltt work when done hy a 
 niglit-shift, as to the rates paid for work done on Saturday 
 afternoons, anil as to other similar customs and conditions of 
 employment. Manifestly it would he impossihie to make all 
 these different customs subject to pre<isely the same treatment 
 and awaril, just as it would he im])()ssihle to reduce the rates of 
 waj^'es paid all over the country for the same character of work 
 to one uniform level. It is not, indeed, desirable in the 
 interests of either employers or emj)loycd that such a dead 
 level of uniformity should be attempted. In some cases the 
 conditions are greatly different to others, as, for instance, where 
 one employer is near to, and another remote from, ship|)ing 
 facilities or coalfields, or where one commands chea[)er materials 
 than another, and so on. 
 
 As an example of the ditificulty found in applying precisely 
 the same rules and conditions to the settlement of so appar- 
 ently simple a mailer as the standard rate of wages, reference 
 may be made to the differences that obtain in the rates of 
 wages paid in the principal industrial centres of the country for 
 work that is in almost every particular identical. A recent 
 official return of the wages paid in engineering shops, foundries, 
 boiler shops, and shipbuilding yards in England, exhibited 
 variations that were very difficult to account for on any other 
 hypolliesis than that of the custom of the trade. Fitters in 
 machine sIiojjs were found to be receiving 27s. in Huddersfield, 
 30s. in Halifax, and 31s. in IJarnsley, while in London their 
 wages ran up to 38s. Shi}) platers were receiving 31s. at 
 Barrow-in-Furness, 36s. at Liverpool, and 42s. in London. 
 When, however, we come to boiler-riveters, we find that 
 whereas they were receiving 285. at Bradford, they were being 
 paid 33s. in Belf;xst and in London, and 34s. in Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne and Sunderland. For boiler caulkers, again, the rate of 
 wages paid in Sunderland was 4s. 6d. more than in the neigh- 
 bouring city of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and 4s. more than in 
 London ; while Barrow-in-Furness paid to strikers in boiler
 
 MATTKRS rUOl'KR KUK AKKITRATION. 47 
 
 shops IS. a week more than they were being paid 011 the 
 Thanics. 
 
 The fact is, tliat the rate of wages is usually fixed according 
 to various standards, and by different considerations, that can- 
 not very well l)c made the subject of arbitration, such as tlie 
 average of the district, as determined by usage and the amount 
 of labour of a particular descri|)tion available at the moment. 
 Thus it is natural that the average rate of wages paid on the 
 Thames should be above that paid in provincial centres, and 
 so it invariably is for ordmary unskilleil laljour, but it is not 
 always so for particular descriptions of skilled labour, if the 
 supply is in e.xccss of the demand, 'ihe return that has already 
 been named showed that, in the principal engineering and ship- 
 building works, the average rate of wages paid to labourers for 
 ordinary unskilled work was usually higher in proportion to the 
 average of other districts than that i)aid to certain descriptions 
 of skilled hands, but that was no doubt Ijecause the latter were 
 generally glad to get employment at less than what might be 
 deemed the district rate. 
 
 It might be supposed tlial the higher rate of wages paiil in 
 a particular district woukl attract workmen to that district until 
 there was a glut of labour, and that the rate of wages, following a 
 well-known economic law, would then fall to the level of other 
 districts. Hut the excess of one district over another is not 
 always a i)ermanent one. As a matter of fact, the migration (jf 
 labour does take place to a certain extent, and with precisely 
 the consequences that might be expected. In other ca.ses, 
 however, the district average is permanently higher, and is kept 
 so by usage of the trade, whether the amount of work available 
 is greater or less ; and in such districts, if there is an excess of 
 workmen through migration or other cau.ses, they must take 
 their chance of being more or less imemploycil, and of fniding 
 their work ex( eptionally jirecarious. 
 
 Many tlisputes have arisen between employers and em 
 ployetl, where either party has declared that they tlecline to go 
 to arbitration because they "have nothing to arbitrate." In 
 other words, this means either that the | tarty refusing to submit
 
 .\H CON( II.I,\rU)N ANI> AkiJiTkATION. 
 
 to ;irl)i(rati(>n is di-lirinincd t(» have its own way in any rase, 
 or that it has made up its mind to refuse to treat with the other 
 parly for reasons of its own. In such cases it is diffu ult to 
 know liow to proceed. The most certain course would appear 
 to he to cnforc e an ajipeal to arl)itration by statutory enactment ; 
 l)Ut to do tliis would hi: to stiike at the root of voluntary arbi- 
 tration, and to introiUice a system of compulsion that would 
 prol)al)ly in the lon^ run do much more harm than good. 
 
 It niay at on<e he taken for granted that there is a />ri//ia 
 fade case against the party that declines to have a matter in 
 dispute fairly and fully considered by an unprejudiced and 
 judicial tribunal. It is not, however, by any means a foregone 
 conclusion that this is, or must be, always the case. Circum- 
 stances arc not only conceivable, but are of constant occurrence, 
 in which the employers find it practically impossible to con- 
 tinue t(j pay a certain rate of wages without grave injury to 
 themselves in which workmen are fighting fcjra principle whi<:h 
 they deem fundamental, as, for example, the limit of a day's 
 work, or the existence of their organisation — or in which con- 
 cessions on one side or the other have proceeded as far as they 
 can be carried without involving sacrifices that are not to be 
 thought of. 
 
 When, however, the matter in question is a matter of wages, 
 the refusal to submit to the award of a properly constituted 
 board of arbitration is generally to be regarded with disa[)- 
 proval, if not witli suspicion. It was a refusal of this sort by 
 the workmen that really led to the great Midland coal strike 
 in i8()3, with its attendant tremendous losses; and the action 
 of the miners in taking up this attitude was probably the worst 
 feature of the strike, both because it was its real origin, and 
 because it did not involve any question of principle that the 
 workmen could justify, seeing that in the final event the 
 refusal to adoi)t arbitration had to be departed from, and the 
 adojition of that sy.stem of settlement became the ultimate 
 basis of the compromise under which work was resumed. 
 
 On the other hand, it is clear that no legal compulsion can 
 well be brought to bear upon either party to a dispute to com-
 
 MATTKKS PKOrER FOR ARBITRATION. 49 
 
 pel a rcsorl to arbitration, 'i'his is quite a difTcient matter 
 from that of compelling obedience to an award after both 
 parties have agreed to accept it. In the latter case, the previ- 
 ous agreement amounts in elTect to a contract, a breach of 
 which miL,'ht fairly enough entail certain specific penalties. 
 lUit if either employers or employed, at the outset of a dispute, 
 declare point-blank that they refuse to adnut the principle of 
 arbitration at all, it is difficult to see how they could be coerced 
 into its adc)pti(jn, without an infringement of that personal 
 liberty which the law secures to every man to buy and sell 
 labour, as he buys and sells other commodities, in the market 
 that suits him best. 
 
 One resort is, however, always left o|)cn to the party that is 
 prejudicially affected by the refusal of the other to submit to 
 arbitration. It may be difficult and inexpedient to invoke the 
 aid of the law, but it is neither the one nor the other to make 
 an ajipeal to the force of public opinion, which is often more 
 powerful and more greatly feared than even the terrors of the 
 law. When, therefore, there is a refusal to resort to arbitra- 
 tion, the other party can always i)lace itself right with the 
 public by publishing an official statement of the circumstances 
 that have led to the dispute, and this in the long run is likely 
 to have a strong influence in the direction of bringing about a 
 settlement.
 
 ciiAn i:k VII. 
 isn us 'iKi. 1 1, si.idim; sca les. 
 
 A I an early luriod in the history of tlic relations of capital 
 and lai)our, the advantages of having the remuneration of 
 worknien regulated by some such determinant as the prices 
 realised for the products in which their labour was employed, 
 became obvious. This advantage became more manifest as 
 tlu- independence and freedom of labour became more pro- 
 nounced. The original applications of sliding-scales would 
 probably be diftkult to trace, but it is certain that they were 
 used to some extent in the last century. Hoth the ryot 
 system of India and the metayer system of Italy, supply the 
 crude conception t)f a sliding-scale, — as applied, not to wages, 
 in the ordinary sense, but certainly to the remuneration of 
 those who are engaged in a particular form of industry. 
 
 .\s now applied to the fixing of the rate of wages, according 
 to the results brought out by an ascertainment of selling 
 prices, the sliding-scale is quite a modern institution, and may 
 be regarded as almost in its infancy. 
 
 A recent writer on the system under consideration has 
 stated that a sliding scale is an arrangement by which wages 
 move up and down from a certain standard with the price 
 of coal. The formation of such a scale is as follows : — A 
 period of time being taken, the price of coal ruling over that 
 period is ascertained, and is thereafter known as the " standard 
 price." Then the parties fix what is mutually agreed on as a 
 fair wage as the basis of the standard price, and this becomes 
 known thereafter as the "standard wage." When coal is 
 being sold at the standard price, the standard wage is payable. 
 The next thing is the graduation of the relationship between
 
 SLIDING-SCALES. 5 1 
 
 prices and wage. It is agreed that when prices rise or fall liy 
 a certain amount from the standard, wages shall rise or fall by 
 a certain percentage from their standard. Periodical revision 
 is agreed to, usually from one to four months. The hooks arc 
 put into the hands of two accountants, one chosen by each 
 side, under pledge of secrecy. At the end of the revision 
 period, these accountants find if the average price of coal — 
 usually taken as the \mcc realised for the entire output, large 
 and small together — has risen or fallen, and, according to their 
 finding, notice is issued that the wages for the coming period 
 will he raised or reduced by the agreed percentage. 
 
 The sliding-scale is not a cast-iron system by which one 
 unvarying tonnage rate is paid. Every one knows that rales 
 vary, and must always vary, from colliery to colliery, and even 
 within the same colliery from seam to seam, according to 
 the ease or difficulty of working. Thus there is necessarily 
 considerable "give and take." .Ml the same, the "average 
 wage" of a good hewer is cjuite definite enough to establish a 
 standard. If the miner finds the seam too hard to make the 
 average at the rate offered him, he lifts his tools or claims a 
 higher rate. If the manager thinks he is making the average 
 too easily, he reduces the rate, and so on. Practically there is 
 no ditHiculty in adjusting tonnage rates — or the " darg," as it is 
 known in Scotland — to the recognised day's wage over the 
 district. 
 
 The wages of puddlers and millmen in the forges of both 
 the North of England and Staffordshire have virtually been 
 controlled by a sliding-scale ever since the year 1S63. In 
 other words, they rose or fell according to the ascertainment 
 made for the employers, or from data furnished by them, of the 
 net average realised selling jirice of iron. Until 1S72 there 
 were not such very large fluctuations in that average as there 
 were at a later date. In 1S6S tlie lowest point was reached 
 witli an average oi jQfi. 5s. 51I. ; and in 1864 the highest point 
 was attained with an average of ^8. iis. jd. The highest 
 price paid for puddling in the North of England between 1862 
 and 1871 was 9s. 6d. per ton, this rate having coincided with
 
 52 c:oN< ii.iA HON and ai<i;i ikArioN, 
 
 an avcrai;!' realised scllin^^ |)ricc of ^8. iis. yd. I'lil in 1873 
 tlic ascertained averaj^e price rose to ^11. 19s. 3d., and this 
 hrouj^lit alioiit ati avera^^c |)nddlin^ rate of 13s, 3d. i>er ton, 
 which was conliniicd from the 31st day of .May to the 30th 
 of Novenihcr 1H73. l-'rom tliat |)oint hotli pri«es and waj^es 
 aj^ain fell, until early in 1S75 the averaj^e realised price was 
 only ^"8. 14s. 3d., and this rate has since then almost 
 c()nliniif)usly dropped to the lowest point known in the history 
 of ihc trade, alike for [)rices and for wages. 
 
 in the cases of the North of l'-n,i;land and .South Stafford- 
 shire the rates paid for puddling have not been so high over 
 the last few years as they were thirty years ago, relatively to 
 the realised prices of iron. Thus, we find that in 1864 the 
 price paitl for i)uddling relatively to a realised selling price of 
 ^S. IIS. 7d. was higher than the rate paid in 1875 relatively 
 to a realised price of j^S. 14s. 3d., and it has been much the 
 same since the latter date. Hut this does not prove that 
 arbitration has prejudicially affected the wages of the men, or 
 that they would have been better ofT had there been no 
 sliding-scale to determine what their wages ought to be. It 
 was part of a general movement, which has tended to establish 
 a certain equilibrium of wages, levelling uj) those that were 
 specially low, and levelling down tliose that were specially 
 high. 
 
 One of the principal objections to sliding-scales, from the 
 workmen's point of view, is that they do not act with sufficient 
 alacrity, ^\'hen prices are going up, the men are, perhaps not 
 unnaturally, desirous of sharing in the improvement as soon as 
 they possibly can. Under a system of conciliation, they may 
 make an immediate demand upon their employers, which is 
 likely, in the ordinary course, to be at once considered. 
 Under the system of arbitration, such an application would 
 perhaps be entertained less quickly, but still it would be likely 
 to be dealt with in a limited time. But under a sliding-scale 
 system, the workmen have to wait for the advance of wages, if 
 there is to be one, to be effected by the regular periodical 
 ascertainments of realised selling prices provided for under the
 
 SLIDING -SCALES. 53 
 
 scheme, and this they have often decUncd to do. Numerous 
 cases might be cited where strikes have occurred owing to the 
 impatience of the workmen in reference to this matter. 
 
 .\ j)rincipal witness on behalf of the miners of Scotland 
 informed the Royal Commission on Lal)Our* that "a sliding- 
 scale was adopted in 1863, but was stopped by a strike against 
 an impending reduction of wages, after it had been twelve 
 months in existence." The .same witness stated that there had 
 been several readjustments of wages aflecting the whole .\yrshire 
 coalfield, and that they had "been brought about by restrict- 
 ing the output, and so raising the price of coal, and enabling 
 the coalowners to pay a higher wage." t 
 
 A recent writer on sliding-scales, who ai)pears to have 
 something more than an ordinary smattering of the rules of 
 political economy, has stated that "a sliding-scale formulates 
 the .system which is already followed in the coal trade, though 
 with much friction, that wages follow price. It thus substitutes 
 a clear principle for seemingly arbitrary or half-informed 
 action. It tends to steady trade, not only by avoiding the 
 disastrous dislocations of a strike or lock-out, but by giving 
 coalowners a basis f(jr calculating their labour cost some little 
 time ahead, and so i)rotecling them from any irrational claim 
 for advance of wages at times when falling prices are likely to 
 sweep away profits. It tends to steady wages, not only by 
 promising continuous work, but by preventing those sudden 
 rises which experience shows are not always well used, and 
 those sudden falls which make the collier lose grip of what it 
 is most important he should hold, his standard of comfort. 
 It lends to promote peace and good feeling between masters 
 and men, not only by assembling them round a table and 
 forcing them to look at things through each other's si)ecLnclcs, 
 but by giving large wages to the colliers at times when the 
 masters can best afford to do so, and taking the strain off 
 l)n)du<li<>ii ill tiiiK-s when falling prices demand relief in cost. 
 
 * Group ./, 9. 13,263-6. 
 
 t //'/■</., y. i2,4J2-S.
 
 54 CON< IMAI ION AM) AKItlTKATKJN. 
 
 Ill short, ;i ^^ood si idid^ scale so unites the interests of I)(jiIi 
 parlies, as to make them r<-ahs(; that capital and labour make 
 as good allies as they make had enemies." 
 
 One of the [grievances to which the worknien attach 
 imi)orlaiue, in the installation of a sliding-scale, is that it leaves 
 the employers absolutely free to reduce prices as they may 
 think fit, and that competing manufacturers are tempted by 
 the knowledge that prices and wages must fall together to 
 reduce their (luotations more recklessly than they would 
 otherwise dare to do.* The men argue that they have thus, 
 under a sliding-scalc system, surrendered to their employers 
 the right to determine the price of their labour. Hut this 
 arguineiil overlooks two important considerations, - the first, 
 that wages, after all, only constitute a part, and in many cases 
 a relatively small part, of the cost of producing a given 
 commodity ; and the second, that it is always the interest of 
 the employer to obtain the very best price that the circum- 
 stances will allow. 
 
 Professor Munro has described the princii)le of the sliding- 
 scale as "the greatest discovery in the distribution of wealth 
 since Ricardo's enunciation of the law of rent."' W'c shall see 
 in succeeding chapters how this discovery has been ap[)lied. 
 
 * Koyal Coitiinission on Labour, Group .1, 9. 13,966-75.
 
 ("IIAITKR VIII. 
 
 THE COAL-MI NIXiJ INDUSTRY AS IT WAS. 
 
 K(^K a nuinl)cr of years past the coal-iiiiiiers of tlic Unilcil 
 Kingdom have pre-eminently distin^iiislied themselves by their 
 repeated suspensions of labour, and by llie serious incon- 
 venience and loss that they have thereby inflicted upon the 
 rest of the community, and more particularly upon the great 
 industries of the country. This movement is not by any 
 means a new one. It has been more or less characteristic of 
 the coal trade for some thirty years past, but it reached a 
 culminating [joint, first in the great strike of the miners of the 
 county of Durham in 1892, and ne.xt in the strike of miners in 
 the .Midland Counties in the year 1S93. The effect of these 
 two suspensions of labour — whether strikes or otherwise- has 
 been very serious, not only to the parties directly and imme- 
 diately concerned, i)ut to the general commerce and industry 
 of the country, so that thoughtful men of all parties and 
 sections are anxiously seeking for means to render their 
 repetition difficult, if not impossible. 
 
 It is natural that the (juestion should repeatetUy be put — 
 Why have suspensions of work, and especially in the coal 
 industry, become so much more fre(|uenl and serious of late 
 years? In order to a proper understanding of this matter it 
 is necessary that we should take a short retrospective view of 
 the rise and progress of coal-mining, and of tlie men employed 
 in that great stajjle industry. 
 
 Until the chise of the last century, a system of serfdom or 
 bondage prevailed among the colliers, who on entering a 
 coal-mine became bound t(j labour therein during their whole 
 lifetime; nn<l in the ca.se of sale or alienation of the ground, 
 the right to their services passed to ihe pun baser without any
 
 56 CON( II.IAI ION AND AKI'.I IKATION. 
 
 Special grant or agreement. The sons of the collier vimld not 
 follow any occupation save that of the father, and could latxiur 
 only in the mine to which they were held to he atta<:hed by 
 hirlli. The Act which put an end to this state of things was 
 passetl on the 23ril May 1775, .'iiu! its preamble was as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Whereas many colliers, cc^al bearers, and salters m Scot- 
 land are in a state of slavery or bondagr, bound to the 
 collieries and saltworks where they w(jrk for life, and are sold 
 with the mines ; be it enacted that - 
 
 I. No person shall be boimd to work in them in any way 
 different from common lai)Ourers. 
 
 II. It shall be lawful for the owners and lessees (^f collieries 
 and saltworks to take apprentices for the legal term. 
 
 11 r. All persons under a given age now employed in them 
 to be free after a given day. 
 
 IV. Others of a given age not to be free until they have 
 instructed an ajiprentice." 
 
 But this Act did not succeed in effecting the complete relief 
 of the colliers, who were still exposed to the greatest hardships, 
 and had few means of improving their rough and cheerless 
 lot. A return published some years ago stated that the wages 
 paid a hundred and twenty years back to the men em- 
 l)loycd at Newbottle C'olliery were as follows: — (Irieve, 7s. 
 per week; overman, los. ; banksman, 6s. 7^d. ; bottom-man, 
 6s. 7UI. ; and miners, from 7s. to Ss. 4d. After making the 
 most liberal allowances for the greater value of money in those 
 days, it is obvious that these wages could only have kejjt the 
 workmen a single remove from absolute starvation. Men's 
 wages were so inadequate that married women and children 
 of tender years entered the pit along with their husbands and 
 fathers, and wt)rked there from twelve to fourteen hours daily. 
 Lord .\shley, afterwards the I'.arl of Shaftesbury, obtained the 
 appointment of a Parliamentary Commission to in(|uire into 
 the em])loyment of children generally in 1S41. The dis- 
 closures made by the Commissioners led to the pa.ssing of a 
 Bill on the 7th June 1842, prohibiting the employment of
 
 THE COALMINING INDUSTRY AS IT WAS. 57 
 
 boys under ten years, limiting the period of apprenticeship, 
 and putting a stop to the employment of women in piis. It 
 was stated that in some of the Durham and Northumberland 
 jjits infants under six years were employed, ventilation was 
 almost entirely disregarded, and the precautions against danger 
 were so slight that fatal accidents were of daily occurrence. 
 The Act of 184^ led to a marked improvement in the moral 
 and social condition of the miner. He still, however, stood 
 upon the lowest rung of the social ladder, his wages were 
 barely sufficient to keej) the wolf from the door, little or 
 nothing was done by outsiders to alleviate the hard terms of 
 his lot, and his position and prospects were altogether so 
 unsatisfai tory, that Parliament had to interpose every now and 
 again with rules for the regulation of coal mines, restrictions of 
 different kinds, the appointment of inspectors, and penalties 
 for the non-observance of the Acts. 
 
 During this time, however, the miners were not only a 
 disunited and iielplcss, but they were also a relatively in- 
 significant body of men, from a numerical point of view. Up 
 to the beginning of the present century, the total production of 
 coal in the United Kingdom was not much over ten milli(jn 
 tons a year, or one-eiglUienth part of the average annual out 
 put of the last five years, bailey gave the total number of 
 hands employed in the coal trade of the county of Durham in 
 1830 at 7,393, whereas in i8yo the same county employed 
 over 130,000 men in the same industry. 
 
 Even in those days, as in these, there was an occasional 
 scarcity of men, and wages conse(|Uently rose, 'i'he prevalent 
 custom was to secure the services t)f the miners for a year 
 certain, just as agri'.ultural labourers were engaged, and they 
 were re<iuircd to sign a boml on being paid 2s. to men and is. 
 to boys as binding or bounty money. In iSo.j an extra- 
 ordinary demand for coals led to a scarcity of hands, and the 
 apprchensi(jn that pits would be slopped for want of men led 
 the coalowners to offer twelve and fourteen guineas per man on 
 the Tyne, and eighteen guineas on the Wear, as bounty money. 
 " Drink," we are toUl, "was lavished in the utmost profusion,
 
 58 CON( ll.l.\rir)N AND AKIM rUATKJN. 
 
 aiul every sort of extravagance was perpetrated," and not only 
 so, hut wages were increased to the extent of from 30 to 40 
 per cent. Here we have a reproduction i)( the con(hlions that 
 obtained during the coal famine of 1873, and this httlc bit of 
 history has (piite re<'cntly l)een reproduced again under different 
 coiuHiions. 
 
 The first pitmen's union, of which we have any record, was 
 founded in the neighl)ourhood of Newcastle-upon-'l'yne in the 
 year 1826. I'he ostensible purpose was that of obtaining a 
 higher rate of wages. I''or some years previously the rate of 
 wages had been very low. 'I'he extravagant binding money 
 paitl in 1S04, and the great increase of wages that coincidenlly 
 ionk place under the apprehension that the pits were to be 
 undermanned, brought into the trade a large number of 
 agricultural labourers and others who had had no previous 
 experience of mining. 'I'hesc men had now become skilled 
 miners, and a glut of hands was the result, the demand having 
 failed to res])ond to the increased resources of production. 
 The first general strike of pitmen took [Aace in the year 1831, 
 when the underground workmen employed at forty-seven 
 different collieries assembled on Newcastle Town Moor, to 
 protest against the penalties contained in their annual bond. 
 Energetic attempts were made to coerce the employers, who, 
 in the long run, conceded the demands of their men. In the 
 following year anotlier strike on a larger scale took place, this 
 time for an advance of wages ; and as the employers not only 
 refused to meet the demands of the miners, but threatened, on 
 their failure to resume work, to eject them from their dwellings, 
 riots took place, and it was found necessary to protect the 
 strangers brought in to fill up the places of the strikers by 
 locating police and soldiery at several collieries. In spite of 
 the discouragements placed in their way by the men on the 
 spot, large numbers of people left their homes in Wales and 
 elsewhere to work in the north. It is said that " the northern 
 stage coaches were crowded with adventurers, and the stage- 
 waggons were filled with their bedding and boxts." Many 
 from the shorter distances of Staffordshire or Yorkshire walked
 
 TIIK COAL-MINING INDUSTRY AS IT WAS. 59 
 
 or hired light vehicles; and certainly to sec the numerous 
 haggard jjcdestrians, or the cart-loads of squalid women and 
 children, in and about the town of Newcastle, going and 
 returning, was a grievous sight. 
 
 The ' bond" or contract to which the miners of that day 
 took such decided objections was not a new thing, but many 
 of its provisions had been found increasingly irksome. The 
 men were not furnished with copies of the bond, but they 
 were simply called together, and had to sign it after hearing it 
 read out. The principal objections had reference to the time 
 of lying idle, to the amount and method of collecting forfeits for 
 sending up short measure, or mixing the coal, and to one or 
 two other matters. 
 
 This bond was the occasion of another serious strike in 
 May 1S44, when the men demanded weekly pays, a six 
 months' engagement, a guarantee of five days' work a week at 
 3s. per day, hewers not to be called upon to '• put " (that is, 
 to move the coal), the men generally to be furnished with 
 particulars of their earnings and deductions, the day's work 
 to be limited to eight hours, and in case of accident los. per 
 week with medical attendance to be given, no fine for " foul " 
 coal beyond the lat)our ])rice of the tub, an arbitration clause, 
 and a week's pricjr notice, with a specification of the charges 
 to be brought against them in the case of being summoned 
 before the magistrate. The owners, on the other hand, 
 submitted counter-proposals, providing for fortnightly pays, 
 with some running-on days (that is, keeping a part in hand), a 
 twelvemontli's engagement, but terminable by a month's 
 notice on either side, no guarantee of regular work, ami hewers 
 to "put" and do other work when re<iuired. 
 
 It might be supposed that the majority of the claims 
 brought forward by the miners would be conceded as a matter 
 of course. .\nd so they are, when reasonable, at the present 
 day. Hut in those times the em[)loyers were unwilling to 
 make concessions not previously known, and more especially 
 to the new force of coercion then being brouglu against them. In 
 the long run, however, they were compelled to yiekl to a large
 
 60 CONCII.FATION ANI> AKHITKATION. 
 
 cxtciil to this llicM unfamiliar force, althouf^h on that occasion, 
 as on many others, the men did not ^;ain a bloodless victory. 
 
 Hetwi-en 1846 and 1.S70 there were many strikes in the 
 I)rinci|)al (olliery districts. .Ahoiit the latter year, however, 
 ([iicstions of difference helween coalowners and their men 
 hef^an to be referred to arbitration very j^enerally ; and this was 
 followed by the adoption, in the principal districts, of a sclf- 
 adjiisiin^; scale, that accommodated wages to selling prices 
 with automati<: precision, and to which further reference will 
 be made. 
 
 The most immediate cause of the revolution in wages and 
 in the hours of labour, that have formed such prominent 
 features of the coal industry within recent years, was the 
 adoption i)y Parliament of the Coal Mines Regulation Act of 
 
 1 87 2. This Act com])elled the coalowners to undertake a 
 large capital outlay in providing additional houses for their 
 workmen, who had to be largely increased in consequence of 
 the limitation of. the average per capita output resulting from 
 the shorter hours of labour prescribed. The conse<iuence was 
 that in the county of Durham — and the result would be much 
 the same in other districts — the yield of a miner's day's work 
 fell from 4.67 tons in 1871 to 4.02 tons per shift in 1873. 
 This movement had a great deal to do with the coal famine of 
 
 1873, during which the wages of the miners rose to a point 
 they had never known before. IJut this was not the only 
 serious part of the business. In one of the arbitrations that 
 were held in 1874, as to the wages to be paid to miners, it was 
 stated that in the county of Durham not only had there been 
 an increase of wages to the extent of 58.7 i)er cent., as com- 
 pared with 187 I, but the staff of off-handed men in the pits 
 had been increased to such an extent, owing to the recjuire- 
 ments of the Act of 1872, that the cost of this labour alone 
 had been increased by 92.2 per cent, as compared with 187 1. 
 This was (juite indc[)endeiU of the higher market value of 
 metal, wood, iron, antl all other commodities that come under 
 the head of colliery stores, which in the same collieries had 
 been increased by So per cent, upon the ton of coal sold.
 
 THE COAL-MIXING INDUSTKV AS IT WAS. 6l 
 
 nurin<4 the greater [)art of this jjcriod jjrices ran up and down 
 in tlie most extraordinary manner, lar^'ely owing to tlie fears 
 and apprehensions of ccjnsumcrs ; and in most of the colliery 
 (hstricts, wages followed prices rapidly and largely, until 
 in not a few cases colliers were re<eiving nearly loo per 
 cent, more wages for a reduced amount of work, or at any 
 rate for a shorter working tlay. 
 
 From these events, and from this period, may he dated the 
 modern movement of unrest and demoralisation which has 
 made coal-mining industry so notorious within recent years. 
 The upward course of prices and wages did not present a great 
 deal of diffi( uliy. I'vinployers perhaps made concessions re- 
 luctantly, hut they vvere generally made in the long run, when 
 prices were high. It was when reductions of wages had to he 
 insisted u|)on in the face of a falling market that the real 
 trouble began. The men were, not perhaps unnaturally, un- 
 willing to give up the advances that they had received while 
 I)rices were still rising, and they had not J)een sufliciently 
 schooled in the elements of political economy to understand 
 that no amount of resistance can keep u|t either prices or 
 wages in a falling market. The process of adjustment was a 
 slow, laborious, and painful one, but it was ultimately accom- 
 plished, and that too without many serious strikes. In the 
 county of Durham, then as now the princi[)al coalfield of the 
 country, the claims of l)oth employers and employed were 
 referred from time to time to arbitration, and nothing could 
 be more creditable to the workmen than the loyalty with 
 wlii( h they accepted one adverse award after another, until the 
 f)ld level f)f wages had been practically restored. 15ut they 
 could hardly be expected to be (|uite satisfied with a system 
 that generally worked against them, and ultimately they decided 
 in 1 87 7 to substitute a sliding-scale for the previous resort of 
 open arbitraticjn, uiuler circumstances that are referred to in 
 the following chapter.
 
 (•ii.\i'ri:R ix. 
 
 S/./niNGSCA/.ES /lY THE COAL INDUSTRY. 
 
 TnF, county of Durham furnishes, in the coal industry, an 
 example of a case where conciliation, arbitration, and sliding- 
 scales have all been tried, and where all — or at any rate the 
 two last named — have been thrown over. It is natural that so 
 serious an indictment against both of these systems as is 
 involved in this fact, should challenge the attention, and court 
 the iiKiuiry, of all those who are interested in them. This is 
 {juite ai)art from the fact — which, however, is not without its 
 due measure of importance that the Durham coal industry is 
 the most important in Clreat Britain. 
 
 Wages were regulated by agreement in the Durham coal 
 industry until about 1S74, when arbitration was resorted to 
 on the application of the employers for a reduction. Several 
 similar arbitrations followed, all of them ending in favour of 
 the employers, who were compelled to obtain relief in a steadily 
 falling market. The miners were not therefore averse to adopt 
 a system that guaranteed to them a certain fixed wage in 
 relation to a certain ascertained price, and under which they 
 were assured that their wages would not fall below a prescribed 
 minimum. 
 
 The first scale in the Durham coalfield was adopted in 
 1877, for two years, as between the Durham Coalowners' 
 Association and the Durham Miners' Association. The 
 standard price was anything between 5s. 8d. and 6s. 4d. per 
 ton, the price being determined, at the hands of two accredited 
 accountants, as the "average net price realised for all coal 
 raised at the pit-mouth " during the four months preceding.
 
 SLir)IN(;-SCAI.ES IN Tin; COAL INDUSTKV. 63 
 
 When prices fell below 5s. 8d., hut above 5s. 41!., waLjcs for 
 the next four months were reduced 5 per cent, for underground 
 men, and 4 per cent, for surfacemen ; when prices rose above 
 6s. 4d. and under 7s., wages rose 5 per cent, and 4 per cent., 
 respectively ; and so on, rising 5 per cent, and 4 |)er cent, for 
 every Sd. lUit if prices fell below 5s. 4d., wages fell only an 
 extra 2.', per cent, anil 2 per cent. This scale had a minimum 
 wage of 4s. 8d. It wa.s terminated by the employers. Trade 
 was bad, many of the pits were stopped, great numbers of miners 
 were on the union fund.s, and " the scale worked too well for 
 tiie men," to quote their representative. In the next scale, 
 accordingly, we see the influence of the "market price of 
 labour " on the determination of the standard wage. 
 
 The second sliding - scale was entered on in 1879. The 
 standard price was now reduced, on the award of Lord Derby, 
 tt) 4s. 2d. (to 4s. 6d.) [)er ton, and moved up or down 2 A per 
 cent, for every 4d. A notable iimovation was the "double 
 jumps." When price touched 55. 6d., wages rose 5 per cent, 
 for every 4d. of advance in price, resuming the former pro- 
 gression from 6s. 2d. upward. In the case of surfacemen 
 other than engineers, mechanics, and cokemen, 2 j)er cent, 
 was to be substituted for 2 A per cent, all through, and 4 per 
 cent, for 5 per cent, in the "double jumps.' This agreement 
 was signed for two years, and was teriuinable then at six 
 months' notice. 
 
 The third sliding-scale dates from 1882. The wages now 
 varied for every 2d. per ton variation of price. The standard price 
 is still further reduced to 3s. lod. per ton. Kach 2d. makes a 
 change in wage of i\ per cent., e.xcept in the case where price 
 touches 5s. lod. (to 6s.) and 6s. (to 6s. 2d.), when the advance 
 is 2i per cent, for each 2d. For surfacemen, as before, i i>cr 
 cent, is sul)stituted for i .} per cent., and 2 per cent, for 2.', per 
 cent. 'i"he revision period was four months, and the agreement 
 was from 29th April 1882 till 30th June 1883, terminable 
 on six months' notice thereafter. There is the following 
 addition :■ — "That the ([uantity of all coals disposed of other 
 wise than for (olliery purposes, be ascertained and priced at
 
 C>.\ CONCILIATION AND AKI'.I Ik A'HON. 
 
 the nvcraj^c scllirif^ price of coal of a similar dc-scriplion, and 
 llial the Slim tlnis arrived al l)c added lo the sales." 
 
 'Ihe fourth sli(hn^'S(ale is dated Jime 1HK4. At that lime 
 the price of coal at tlie pit iiioulh sccms to have; been 3s. lod., 
 and the avera^;*- wage 4s. It is the same as the third scale, and 
 was estahlished for two years, hut actually lasted till 1.S89. At 
 that date it was terminated hy the men. 'Ihey considered that 
 the standard wage, as com|)ared with the standard price, had 
 been fixed too low, and demanded that a higher proportion 
 shf)iild fall to wage when coal rose to a certain point. 
 
 'I'here is now no sliding scale in Durham. ^Vagcs are 
 arranged hy negotiation, and Uxal questions are settled by 
 a joint committee of six masters and six men, under the 
 c hairmanship of the County Court Judge, who has a casting 
 vote. Hut the miners' secretary, when asked at the Labour 
 Commission, "Can you suggest any means of avoiding or 
 arranging strikes, and promoting cordial relations l)etween 
 capital and labour?" answered: "The best means that 
 has come under my experience is the sliding-scale. I have 
 always believed, long before it was introduced, that it was the 
 safest and most beneficial to all parties concerned, — that is, pro- 
 vitliiig you can get an cipial and fair basis." And again : " I 
 have not the slightest doubt in my mind, but what an equitable 
 sliding-scale could be arranged that would give equal justice 
 to the owners and the men." 
 
 In a recent article in a leading Glasgow journal, it was 
 pointed out that the princijjlc that the worker should not sufTer 
 by a fall to the same relative extent as the capitalist finds marked 
 exjircssion in the Durham scale, where above a certain point 
 the advance is 2.I ])er cent, for every 2d., while below the same 
 point the fall is only i] per cent, for every 2d. ; and in the 
 Cumi)crland scale, where above a certain point the advance is 
 i] per cent, for every i^d., while below it the fall is i^ per 
 cent, for every 2d. In the light of what has been said, a 
 plausible argument might be made out for the slower progres- 
 sion downwards as subsistence level is neared. 
 
 ".\t the same time, it should be clearly understood that this
 
 SLIDINC;-SCAI.i:S IN Tin; ( OAL INDUSTRY. 6$ 
 
 principle obtains even in the ordinary sliding-scalc. Take, for 
 instance, the Lanarkshire scale, where wages advanced 2.*, per 
 cent, for every iid. in price. Suppose the standard wage per 
 day were 5s., the standard |)rice 5s., and the usual ' darg ' 
 three tons. Then a rise in price of 6d. per ton would give the 
 masters an e.xtra iSd. per day per man, against which they 
 would be paying 10 per cent, extra wage, or 6d. per day. 
 Here the masters' gross gain is is. per man, against the man's 
 net gain of 6d. ; and although there is a great deal to come off 
 the IS., owing to the simultaneous rise in wages of all the 
 oncost men, and the advanced j)rice of coal consumed in the 
 colliery, the masters will gain a greater share of the advance 
 than the men. But a fall in price of 6d. per ton from the 
 standard would show exactly the converse of this. 'I'he master 
 would lose 6d. per ton per day, while the man lost only 61I. per 
 day. Making similar deductions for reduced oncost, iVc, the 
 masters would bear the greater share of the reduction." 
 
 In the Northumberland coal industry there have been three 
 different sliding-scales since November 1879, when the first 
 came into effect. The first scale lasted for about three years 
 and a month, the second for three years and about ten months, 
 and the third for about seven months only. The last scale 
 was given upon a very short trial, principally because, as the 
 price of ct)al was very low, and showed a tendemy to fall still 
 lower, the men were liable to have repeated reductions of 
 wages, instead of having their wages either maintained or 
 increased, and they had begun to despair of again seeing i)ri(es 
 so far improve as to allow of their wages being fixed at what 
 they regarded as a fair and proper level. 
 
 Of the scales adopted in Northumberland, dated 1879 
 and 1883, the former gave 2^ per cent, change in wage 
 lor every 4d. in price, the latter giving i .} percent, for every 
 -h1., with " double jumps " at 6s., 6s. 4d., 7s. 2d., 7s. Sil., 
 8s. 6d., ()s. The masters terminated the scale in 1887, when 
 prices went ilown to 4s. 6','d., asserting that they must shut tlie 
 mines unKss they got some relief in wage. They ((insider the 
 re-establishment of a scale " highly desirable," but at present 
 
 E
 
 66 INDUSTRIAL (( )N( I I.IAI l< »N. 
 
 the iiiLii I'l^lit sliy of il. Since llic ^rcat strike of tlial year, 
 however, there has been s( arrely any suspension <>( work, even 
 at sin^^Ie colheries. Matters arc regulated by mutual agrec- 
 iiKiil between the two associations, meeting once every two 
 months, and the working of tlie joint committee is said lo be 
 most satisfactory. 
 
 In (annoik Chase colheries there were several sliding-scalc 
 arrani;enRnts up till 1883, showing a graduation of 3d. in wages 
 lor every shilling variation of |)rice. The Masters' Association 
 still approves of the scale. 
 
 In the Ocean collieries scale, the standard price being los. 
 to 10s. yd., there was a minimum wage when price fell to 
 8s. 6d. 
 
 In tlie llcdworlh (ollieiies stale of 1879 (now abandoned) 
 the revision lo(;k place every month ; wages rose id. per day 
 for every 3d. ])er ton, and there was a nn'nimum wage of 3s. 4d. 
 per day when the price was 5s. 6d. 
 
 Under the Somerset scale of 1876 (also abandoned), the 
 standard price being los. and the graduation at the rate of 7^ 
 per cent, for every shilling, there was a minimum wage at the 
 price of 9s. 4d. per ton. Accompanying this was a provision 
 for a maximum wage when the ])iice touched i8s. 4d. 
 
 There is no sliding-scale in Noith and West Lancashire, in 
 Leicestershire, in Derbyshire, or in Yorkshire, although the 
 em[)loyers generally ex[)ress themselves as favourable to its 
 introduction. 
 
 In Scotland, the Inst sliding-scale was one proposed to the 
 miners in 1873 ^V ^^^ coalowners of Ayrshire. The basis of 
 lliis scale was that when coal was selling at 6s. per ton the wages 
 should be 4s. 6d. per day, rising 6d. per day for every is. of 
 advance in i)rice. The scale held for only a year, when it 
 came to grief over a dispute whether the price of coal justified 
 a reduction of wages or not. 
 
 In 1879 Mr James S. IJixon had circulated in the Lanark- 
 shire coal industry a proposal for a sliding-scale, by which the 
 " nominal daily wage was to be the average net price i)er ton at 
 the pithead got for the coal, dross, and triping despatched from
 
 SLIIJING-SCAI.KS IN THE COAL INDUSTKV. C/ 
 
 the ciirollcd collieries." This proposal had the great merit of 
 simplicity, and even yet commands attention hy the closeness 
 with which wages, if regulated by it, would have approximated 
 to the wages actually realised since. In iS86 and 18S7 came 
 disputes and restrictions of work, as a consecjuence of which the 
 Coalniasters' Association came into existence, with a member- 
 ship of forty-nine firms and sixty-four collieries. In March 
 1887 a two days' conference between sixteen miners and six- 
 teen masters was held, under the presidency of Sir James 
 King. A sliding-scale was jiroposed, but as the miners made 
 it a prior condition that an advance of wages should be given 
 imconditionally no arrangement was come to. The owners, 
 however, seem to have been struck, during the conference, 
 with the idea of the sliding-scale, and on 27th June adopted it 
 on llieii own account, the I^irkhall owners at the time, with 
 one exception, falling away from the Association. 
 
 The standards were taken from the month in whit h the 
 .scale was adopted, the standard wage being payable when coal 
 was anything between 4s. 4d. and 4s. 5^d. Wages were to 
 advance 2 J. per cent, for every change of lUl. per ton in the 
 net value of triping that is, large and small <<»al together — 
 at the pithead. The revision period was monthly. Unfor- 
 tunately the men would not be parties to the scale, and left 
 themselves free to accept or reject its ruling. The practical 
 result was that the scale decided the wages which the Asso- 
 ciation from lime to time intimated. The unassociated masters 
 followed the scale, and for over two years it worked well. In 
 their report for the year 18SS the .Association de<lared their 
 satisfaction with the scale, and their (onruknce in its principle. 
 "This rational mode of regulating wages must," they said, 
 "commend itself to all concerned." Hut in September 1889 
 coal rose fast. The men grew dissatisfied with the slow 
 operation of the scale. This, however, might have been got 
 over, but as some of the unassociated masters gave an in- 
 dependent advance, the A.ssociation was forced to abandon 
 the scale and do likewise. 
 
 It has been claimed that this scale, in case of a rise, was
 
 68 INDUSTKfAL <(>NriMATION. 
 
 iiiiK li more liberal lliaii the ICrif^lish scales. It ^ave an 
 advance of lo per cent, for every sixpence, while the averaj^e of 
 the others gives lo per cent, for every shillinj;. On the other 
 side, however, it made a correspondingly sharp reduction 
 when i)rices wtiit down and below the standard. It did not 
 last long enough to pass the ordeal of many reductions. The 
 complaint was that its advance, even on this liberal scale, was 
 not rapid enough lo satisfy the men. 
 
 The Cumberland mines have been under the sliding-scale 
 since 1879. In that year the selling prices of July, August, 
 and September — viz., 4s. 6. iQd. — and the wages ruling in 
 Octol)cr of that year, were taken as the standard. The revision 
 j)eriod was four months. For every advance of 4d. in coal, 
 wages were to advance 2^ per cent., with " double jumps " at 
 the third and sixth fourpences. 
 
 In the second scale, of i832, the standard price remained 
 the same, but the standard wage was increased 2h per cent. 
 For every advance of 2d. wages were to rise i^ per cent., with 
 " double jumps " at third, sixth, ninth, and twelfth twopenres. 
 
 The third scale, of 1884, was unchanged, except that the 
 rate of advance became i] per cent, for every i^d. above the 
 standard, till the price went above 6s. O.Kjd. per ton, when the 
 1 4 per cent, was given only for every 2d. For every fall 
 below the standard, on the other hand, wages went down 1] 
 per cent, for every 2d. 
 
 The fourth scale, of 1887, repeated the same provisions, 
 except that the standard price is raised from 4s. G.iQd. to 
 4s. 6.5od.
 
 ("IIAl'lF.R X. 
 
 THE COAL INDUSTRY OF SOUTH WALES. 
 
 No sliding scale hitherto adopted in the coal-mining industr)' 
 has been exposed to greater strains, or has stood the test so 
 well, as that which continues to govern the rate of wages to be 
 paid to miners in the collieries of Monniouthshire and South 
 Wales Coalowners' Association. This organisation comprises 
 seventy colliery companies, (nvning 207 collieries, which pro- 
 duced in tlie year 1890 more than 21,000,000 tons of coal, and 
 employed about 70,000 men. 
 
 It must not, however, be supposed that the scale has been 
 an umiualified success, or that it has not had to undergo con- 
 siderable modification from time to time. .\s a matter of fact 
 there have i)een five different scales introduced since the first 
 one was adopted in May 1875, and each new scale has repre- 
 sented concessions of one kind or another to meet the views or 
 demamls of either side. 
 
 The scale at present in operation was adopteil in January 
 1892. It provitles that wages shall be regulated by the average 
 net selling price of coal delivered free on board at Cardiff, 
 Newport, Swansea, and Harry ; that the wages and prices at 
 December 1879 shall be taken as the standard ; that both the 
 workmen and their employers shall be bound to observe and 
 fulfil all customs, provisions, and conditions existing in 
 December 1879; that wages shall be advanced or reduced 
 at the end of each period of two months by additions or retluc- 
 tions of \\ |)er cent, upon the mean monetary result found by 
 the joint-auditors as between the scale of 1882 and Uiat of 
 1890; that there shall be no maximum or minimum wage; 
 that any contract for the sale of coal for a period of more than
 
 "JO INDUSTKIAI, rO\( IMATION. 
 
 twelve months sli.ill not l)e t;iken into :i( count for more than six 
 successive audits of two mcjjiths each ; and that anthracite coal 
 shall not he taken into accoimt. 
 
 The agreenunl contains, moreover, the following; very useful 
 provisio?!, which is worthy of l)ein^' copied in all similar docu- 
 ments and understanding's : — 
 
 " r.oth parlies to this agreement pledge their rcsiHJctivc con- 
 stituents to make every effort possible to avoid claims or dis- 
 putes at the collieries ; and that in case <jf any unavoidable 
 differences, the owners and the officers, together with their 
 workmen, shall endeavour to settle all matters at the collieries; 
 and only in case of failing to effect a settlement shall an appeal 
 be matle to the joint-committee. It is alsr) hereby agreed that 
 in such cases no notice to terminate contracts shall be given 
 by either employers or their workmen before the particular 
 question in dispute shall have been considered by the joint- 
 commiltee, and they shall have failed to arrive at an agreement.'' 
 
 In South Whales the last general strike of coal-miners took 
 place in the year 1875, and lasted for nearly five months, 
 during which a very great deal of damage was inflicted U|K)n 
 the trade of the district, not to speak of the loss sustained by 
 the parties directly concerned in the struggle. In the end the 
 matter was settled by the adoption of a sliding scale, which has 
 continued to operate without intermission, though with occa- 
 sional revisions, since that time. 
 
 During the whole of this period the local disputes that 
 have arisen have been referred for settlement to the sliding- 
 scale committee, which is established on much the same lines 
 as the similar committees in Durham and Northumberland, 
 and really discharges the functions of a conciliation board. 
 During the six years ending 1891 eighty cases have been 
 adjudicated u[)on by this committee, nearly all of them in an 
 amicable way. .About 90 per cent, of the cases have been 
 brought forward by the workmen, and many of them are stated 
 to have been very trivial.* 
 
 * Labour Coinmissioii A\'/>or/, .\, 11,652-11,717.
 
 TIIK COAL INDUSTRY OF SOUTH WALKS. 7 1 
 
 The South Wales and Mcjiimouilishire sliding-scale was 
 priniaril) the result of the great strike o( 1875. The first scale 
 dates from May of that year. Its revision period was six 
 months. Ilere also we have a minimum wage, fixed for each 
 colliery at 5 per cent, above the several hewing prices paid at 
 the same colliery in the )ear 1869. The standard price of 
 "screened large coal" corresponding to this standard was fixed 
 at I2S. per ton for steam coal, and i is. per ton for l)ituminous 
 coal f.o.b. at Cardiff, Newport, and Swansea. I'or every extra 
 IS. per ton, the wage for the next six months was advanced by 
 •jh percent., till prices reached a maximum of 21s. and 20s. 
 respectively. It is significant that in 1.S7S the workers con- 
 sented to a reduction of 5 per cent, below the mmimum, which 
 however was made u|) to them by a special bonus for one year 
 in the succeeding scale. In the second scale, accordingly, 
 dated January 1880, we find that both minimum and maximum 
 have disappeared. It was a two years' agreement, and shows a 
 revision period of four months. The standard wage was made 
 up from the rates actually paid at the several collieries in 
 December 1879. i'he standard price was 8s. (k\. per t*)n 
 for collieries in group i, and 8s. for collieries in group 2, the 
 coal, as before, being large colliery-screened coal f.o.b. at 
 Cardiff, Newport, and Swansea. Wages were to advance by 
 gradations of 2^ per cent, for every 4d. per ton of advance, or 
 reduction in the net average selling price in each group. There 
 now api)ears a provision that when the selling price in groups 
 I and 2 reaches 13s. 2d. and 12s. 8d. respectively, there shall 
 be an extra advance of 2i per cent, on the standard wage for 
 every i6d. of advance in price, similar reductions being made 
 as ])rices fall to these figures. 
 
 The third sliding-scalc came into o|)eration in June 1882. 
 It was substantially the same as the second, except that the 
 two groups were merged in one, that wages were now made the 
 etpiivalent of a stanilard price falling between 7s. 8d. and 8s., 
 and that the "double jumps" at 13s. 2d. and 12s. 8d. were 
 al)olished. There were several changes in the scale between 
 limes, but it may be sufticient to give the present slidingscale,
 
 72 INDUSTKIAI. ( ONCII.IATION. 
 
 wliK li ( aiiu- mio r<ir(f on isl January 1892, It n|)cats the 
 previous ( (tndiiions, with the followinj^ clian^'es : The revision 
 period is two nionllis. 'I'he standard price is between 7s. io}d. 
 anti 8s. Wa^es move u|) or down at the rate of 10 per cent, 
 for every shilling;, vi/., i| percent, for changes in price which 
 approximate to lAd. per ton. 'I'liis arrangement is said hy the 
 miners' ai;ent, Mr Isaac I'.vans, to have "given greater satisfac- 
 tion than any arrangement that was ever made previously." 
 
 In Dciindur 1.S91 the shding-scalc in the South Wales 
 coal tratie was exposeil to a severe strain, under which it 
 appeared likely to give way. '\'\n- parlies (piarrelled as to the 
 basis of the scale, which, as settled in 1890, was as under: — 
 
 "'{'he averagi- net selling price shall he takeii as for large 
 colliery - screened (oal ilelivcred f.o.h. at CardifT, Newport, 
 .Swansea, or Harry. l'"or coals soUl into waggons or otherwise 
 at the lollieries, the cost of transit to the ordinary port of shi|>- 
 ment shall he added in calculating the average net selling price. 
 Workmen's coal to he excluded. 
 
 "The standartl of wages upon which future advances and 
 reductions arc to he made shall he the several rates actually 
 paid at the respective collieries in the year 1879, and such 
 wages shall he ecpiivalent to a standard average net selling 
 price of 7s. lo.Ul. and under 8s. per ton. Provided, that at 
 the collieries where the standard or basis upon which the wages 
 are regulatetl is the rate of wages paid in the year 1877, that 
 shall continue to be the standard for those collieries. 
 
 " The wages shall be advanced or reduced at the end of each 
 period of three months by additions or reductions of 1] per 
 cent, upon the standard wage rates for every increase or reduc- 
 tion of ikl. jicr ton in the average selling price of coal, in 
 accordance with the following scale ; and in no case shall the 
 wages due to the workmen i)e less than would be due to them 
 at the same average selling price under the sliding-scale agree- 
 ment dated 6th June iSSj, as modified by the agreement of 
 7th November 1SS7." 
 
 The scale follows in the agreement. It was concerning the 
 basis of the scale and the small coal question that employers
 
 THE COAL INDUSTRY OF SOUTH WALES. 73 
 
 and nun foutid themselves difiering. Happily the difTcrence 
 was patched up, and the scale remains. 
 
 A recent writer* has stated that the strongest hiitlrcss of 
 the sliding-.scale committee has been the body formerly known 
 as the Monmouthshire and .South Wales Collieries Association, 
 and known now as the Monmouthshire and .South Wales C'oal- 
 owners' .Association. " This .Association, which included sixty- 
 seven of the most important coalowners and coalowning com- 
 panies in July 1890, and possessed at that time a very large 
 balance in cash, which has been increased to ^100,000 at 
 least, is practically a society for mutual assurance and in- 
 demnity against loss from strikes. Each member subscribes 
 beforehand -and this is important in pro|)ortion to his out- 
 j)ut, and the function of the Association is to regulate the 
 action of members as to wages. In other words, and in 
 order to escape a tedious description of the practice in given 
 cases, if the men employed by a member ask for an increase of 
 wages, the meml)er asks advice of the .Association. If the 
 Association tells him to yield, then yield he must, or be con- 
 tent to lose his share of the benefits of the Association ; if the 
 Association tells him to resist, then he may resist in the full 
 knowledge that he will be indemnified against loss of profits 
 upon an agreed scale so long as the funds of the Association 
 last, and that the members of the Association are under a legal 
 liability to increase, if neces.sary, their already large funds. 
 .Moreover, no member may withdraw from the Association 
 without giving six months' notice, and the net result is that an 
 employer who is supported by the Association has immense 
 reserves to fall back upon. This the men know well, and they 
 also know that, when any considerable strike is threatened or 
 pending, it has been arranged that ' no workman employed at 
 a colliery immediately before a strike or stoppage thereat takes 
 place shall during such strike or stoppage be employed by any 
 member.' Now, the .Association possesses precisely half the 
 representation on the sliding-scale committee, and it is obvious 
 
 * The /»//rf, IKccmU'r 29, 1891.
 
 74 INIiltSlklAI- (•()%•( IMA I ION. 
 
 tli;il the <asc must Ik-, niid in truth tlic fart is, that the shdinj^- 
 scalt; cominittcc fixes the rate; of waj^cs from lime to lime ; and 
 that, if masters or men are refractory, the Association is able to 
 cnforre tlu- jiidj^ment of the sHdin^ scale • ommittee. To the 
 mastiT it says, ' If we ratify your resistarxe to a demand, you 
 shall l)e no sufferer hy that resislanci; ; Itut if you will ncjt make 
 concessions wliic h you oui^ht (o make, we can and wc will 
 deprive you of the iiuhinnity which you have purchased on 
 terms.' To tiic nun it says, ' We cannot make you work at a 
 given colliery on given terms ; hut if you will not work at that 
 colliery on those terms, wc will take tolerably good care that you 
 shall not he employed hy any of us, for we have considered the 
 terms in the light of the decision of the sliding-scale com- 
 mittee, and we think ihcm just to you and to your employer.' 
 Of course there is room for a dispute between the two parties, 
 in which the employers' section of the sliding-scale committee 
 takes one view and the men's section lakes another. Even in 
 such a case, however, there is comfort in the thought that there 
 can be no delay caused by refusals to negotiate and so forth, 
 since (he sliding-scale agreement provides for six months' 
 notice on either side, and for a meeting of joint committee at 
 least once in every month, so that there can be no strike with- 
 out ani[)le preliminary discussion," 
 
 In the coal trade of South Wales three variations of wages 
 took place under the scale of 1875 ; three others under the 
 scale of 1879; fourteen under the scale of 1882; six under 
 the scale of 1890; and five under the scale of 1892 to the 
 I St August of that year. It can hardly be maintained, there- 
 fore, that these scales did not respond with sufficient alacrity 
 to price movements. The ascertainments being made every 
 two months, the rale of wages may be changed six times 
 a year. Sometimes, however, they are not changed for 
 considerable periods, owing to the stationary character of 
 prices. So little movement took place in the price of coal 
 between December 1S86 and April 1888, that the average 
 rate of miners' wages for the whole of that period remained at 
 2.1 per cent, above the standard ; but when prices did l)egin to
 
 THE COM. INDUSTRY OF SOUTH WALKS. 75 
 
 advance, wages went up in sympathy with them, until in 
 March 1S91 they were 57! per cent, above the standard of 
 1S79, which was a higher wage than the scale made provision 
 for, the details of the scale going no higher than 52.', per <eni. 
 
 Previous to the estahlishment of the sliding-scale in South 
 Wales, the coal trade of the I'rint ipality had hcen seriously 
 harassed and disturbed by strikes, so much so indeed that it 
 made probably less progress than any coalfield in the country. 
 The Miiiin\^ Journal oi 15th March 1S73 had the f«)llowing 
 remarks on this subject : — 
 
 " Instead of being developed, production has actually retro- 
 graded, and constant strikes have led to a decrease in the 
 output of coal. This is all the more to be regretted, seeing 
 that, being the largest of our coalfields, where the minerals 
 are unusually easy to work, the production ought to have 
 increased in a much greater ratio than in any other distriit in 
 the kingilom. If we look back for only six years, we find that 
 there has been a very large increase in the (juantity of coal 
 raised in all our leading mining centres excepting in South 
 NVales, so that the output, which in 1866 was 101,630,544 
 tons, had increased in 1S71 to 117,352,028 tons. Hut of that 
 increase South Wales was in no way a partaker, although it 
 had advantages superior to most other districts. That the 
 constant strikes whicli have taken place in it have l)een a curse 
 to the workmen and their families is thus easily traced from 
 the progress of the coal trade for some years past, and the 
 figures given cannot but be sur|)rising to themselves and their 
 leaders, should they see them. Thus we find that in 1S66 
 South Wales, which may be taken to comprise (Uamorganshire, 
 I'embrokeshire, and Carmarthenshire, produced 9,376,443 
 tons of coal ; in 1867 the output had fallen to 9,092,300 tons ; 
 whilst in the fijllowing year, 1S6S, it was still further reduced 
 to 8,959,500 tons. During the next year (1869) the (|uaniity 
 raised was 9,179,650 tons. In 1870 it had advanceil to 
 9,299,770 tons; but in 1S71 another strike brought the yieUl 
 to 9, 1 20,600 tons. 
 
 " I'rom the above figures it will be seen that more <"oal was
 
 ;^6 INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION. 
 
 nrin.illy niisi-d in Soiilli Wales in 1866 than in any year sinrc. 
 Not only that, hut whilst it appears that in 1866 there were 
 29,300 male persons conner.tid with the collieries in South 
 Wales, who raised 9,37'^,44.S Ions, or equal to 320 tons for 
 each person employed, in 1.S71 there were 37,9^10 persons 
 employed in raisin}^ 9,120,000 tons, or equal to ahout 240 
 tons per person. .Surely these facts are sufficiently suggestive 
 in themselves to cause those men who have the slightest 
 amount of common-sense, and who have some little particle 
 of in<le|)enden(e left, to well consider their position, and what 
 they have gained hy their l(jng seasons of idleness, which 
 show them to such a great disadvantage when compared with 
 any other body of miners in the kingdom ; or whether it is 
 any credit to them to be told, that for the last six or seven 
 years at least they have i)ecn the idlest body of colliers in the 
 country, and that they have preferred living on the charity of 
 others, to maintaining themselves and their families with 
 respect and credit. These are plain truths, that cannot be 
 disputed, and must be felt by every man who gives a moment's 
 consideration to the actual position of the great body of the 
 coal-miners of South Wales at the present time. It may, then, 
 well be asked how long is South Wales to monopolise the 
 reputation it has enjoyed for the last si.x or seven years, as being 
 the only mining district in the kingdom which has made no 
 progress in increasing the production of its valuable coal 
 seams, but just the reverse? Or how long will the thousands 
 of hearty workmen agree to become constant paupers, relying 
 upon others for a miserable support of themselves and their 
 families?"
 
 CHAl'l'Ek XI. 
 
 SLI DING-SCALES IN TIIK PIC IRON 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Skvkkai. more or less successful attempts have been made to 
 introduce the principle of the sliding-scale in the determination 
 of the wages of ironworkers, both of those employed at blast 
 furnaces and of those employed in rolling mills. 
 
 Probably the most important, and certainly the most 
 extensively applied, of these scales is that which regulates the 
 wages to be paid to ironworkers employed by the Cleveland 
 Ironmasters' Association, which is composed of seventeen 
 firms, owning" io8 blast furnaces. 
 
 The wages of blast furnacemen in the Cleveland district 
 have been regulated by sliding-scales for more than twelve 
 years past, with the exception of one period of eighteen 
 month.s, and some shorter intervals. In these twelve years 
 there have been six different sliding-scales. 
 
 The latest scale is dated the 8th \\)\'\\ 1891, and ])rovides 
 thai 24s. to 34s. 2]d. per ton for No. 3 Cleveland pig-iron 
 shall be considered the standard, antl that below that figure 
 deductions shall be made from the rates and wages prevailing 
 immediately prior to the sliding-.scale agreement of 7th Novem- 
 ber 1879, while corresponding additions shall be made to the 
 wages paid for any variation of price above the standard. 
 'I'hus, when the price of No. 3 Cleveland pig-iron is between 
 29s. ami 29s. 2^d. [)er ton, a deduction of 6 j i)er cent, shall be 
 made from the standard rale ; anil if the price of pig iron 
 goes U|) t<i 60s. |)er ton, there .shall be an addition of 35 
 per cent, to the stantlartl rate of wages. 
 
 The fundamental (piestions presented for settlement in 
 this and in all similar sliding-scales is, first of all, that of
 
 78 INItUSTKIAI. roNCII.IATIfJN. 
 
 wliulhtr ihc basis of the scale is satisfactory and reasonable as 
 IkIwlvii employers and employed ; and next, whether the 
 nulhucl to he adoplid f<ir the ascertainment of the average 
 prices, on which wages hang, is likely to give accurate and 
 reliable results. 
 
 As regards the first of these |)f)iiUs, the most imj)ortant 
 fact to he rcniLMnhcreil is, that wages aUmc do not come into 
 the account when the price of a commodity is increased. In 
 the special case of the Cleveland iri)n trade, the North-Kastern 
 Railway Company claims to have a finger in the pie, inasmuch 
 as it gives concessions when ])rices are low, and expects to 
 have them returned in the form of higher rates when |)rices 
 are high. Usually, also, when the price of pig-iron, or of any 
 other commodity, rises to an exceptionally high figure, it carries 
 with it, or perhaps is carried along by, many other items that 
 determine the cost of production, such as royally rents ; the 
 prices tjf coal, coke, limest(jne, antl iron ore; the rates of 
 shipping freight ; the cost of standing and maintenance charges, 
 and so on. Hence it is readily conceivable, that a manufac- 
 turer may, with a low scale of costs, be making more profit 
 when his realised prices are low than when they are high. 
 Ami hence, also, the extreme and obvious difficulty of arrang- 
 ing a scale that shall merely take into account the relation of 
 wages to prices, seeing that the latter give no index to the 
 cost of production or to realised profits. 
 
 Every care is taken to ensure that the method of ascertain- 
 ing realised selling prices shall be fair, impartial, and ecjuitable. 
 In the case of the Cleveland Ironmasters' .Association, the 
 average is based on returns obtained from eight selected 
 firms out of a total of seventeen ; but it is |)rovided, that " if 
 for any reason either ])arty to this agreement desire to omit 
 any of the firms named, or to add thereto, the matter shall, in 
 case of difference, be referred to " a committee consisting of 
 not more than six on either side, " who, if they cannot agree, 
 shall ap[)oint an umpire to settle the matter." 
 
 The ascertainment of realised selling prices takes place 
 every three months, and is " confidentially ascertained by two
 
 SLir)iX(j-srALi:s in tiik ric.-ikr)\ im)L'strv. 79 
 
 properly accredited and certificated accountants, one chosen 
 by the ironmasters and the other by the blast* furnacenien, and 
 at their respective charges." 
 
 In West Cumberland, the wages of twelve establishments, 
 employing about 2,500 men at blast furnaces, are regulated by 
 a sliding-scale, which is very much on all-fours with that 
 adopted in the Cleveland district. The main points of 
 difference are, that the standard is fixed at a higher price, and 
 a minimum wage is specified. 
 
 In the pig-iron industry of Cleveland, wages have been 
 regulated by a sliding s«ale for upwards of twelve years. The 
 scale cannt)t be terminated without giving three months' notice. 
 Since the first scale was introduced several modificati<»ns have 
 been adopletl. one of them being what is known as a "double- 
 jump " or, in other words, the pace at which wages advanced 
 in relation to prices is doubled, with a viiw in i^iving men an 
 earlier relief whwi prices begin to rise. 
 
 One very material difference between the sliding-scale 
 adopted in the Cleveland district, and that atlopted in West 
 Cumberland, for the pigiron industry, is found in the method 
 of the ascertainment of |)rices whereby the rate of wages is 
 regulated. Under the Cleveland scale wages are regulated by 
 the ascerlainetl average selling prices of the previous (piarler, 
 whereas the Cumberland scale is based on the prices declared 
 on the Gla.sgow Exchange. There is, however, often a differ- 
 ence between realised and (juoted prices, and the latter are 
 generally subject to much greater variation than the former. 
 One case has been (juoted, in the first fpiarter of the year iSSo, 
 when the realised price of pig iron was only 42s. Sd., whereas 
 the (pioted price was as much as 58s. i id.* Not un- 
 naturally, perhaps, the workmen employed in antl about 
 blast-furnaces have generally been anxious to have the 
 (|uoted prices taken as a basis ; but this cuts both ways, if 
 ihey only knew it. For if (pioted price.s are often higlur than 
 realised prices when trade is improving, the realised prices are 
 
 • Ki/H»l of Royal Commiisioit on Labour, (ir<ni|i \, ./. 14,517 </ uij.
 
 80 INKKSTKrAF. f ONCIM ATION. 
 
 oftin lii;4li(r wlicii trade is {li-dining, being generally based on 
 conlracl rales taken over a niore or less considerable period. 
 
 The conditions of blastfurnace labour may be cited as 
 illustrating the difTiculties of framing a sliding-scale for the 
 regulation of wages over a large area of operations. On the 
 first blush, it might appear as if nothing could be more siniple 
 than to fix a scale rate for the remuneration of the labour of 
 men employed aliout a blast-furnace. The labour is not of a 
 character that seems to vary much ; it is pretty constant ; the 
 reiiuirements to be met do not involve a high degree of skill ; 
 and the i)roduct is always substantially the same. And yet 
 there are no fewer than twenty-six different cla.sses of workmen 
 employed about blast-furnaces, who are i)aid under the 
 scale at rates varying according to the nature of their occupa- 
 tion. The (question that has to be determined, is not alone the 
 relation of a ])articular wage to a particular price, but the 
 relation whi( li the wages paid to one class of workmen shall 
 bear to the wages paid U) twenty-five other classes, and the 
 relation of each to the realised selling price of the product.
 
 CIIAI'I I'.k XII. 
 
 ARIUTRATIOX AXD SLIDINGSCAI.ES jy 'J//K 
 
 STAFFORDSniRE COAL AND IRON 
 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
 SoMK valuable experience of the working of both arbitration 
 and sliding-scales is supplied by the iron and coal industries of 
 South Staffijrdshire. In this busy district wages have been 
 regulated in a manner that is highly creditable to both em- 
 l)loyers and employed for a long series of years. Much of the 
 success of the system adopted in the StafTordshirc industries 
 is due to the painstaking and conciliatory disposition of Sir 
 Henjamin Hingley, M.l'., who has for the greater part of the 
 time that sliding-scales have been in use acted as chairman of 
 the Board of Arbitration under whose auspices and control 
 they have been applied. 
 
 According to evidence submitted to the Royal Commission 
 on labour, the first effort to form a wages board in the Mid- 
 lands was made in 1872, when twelve employers chosen by the 
 masters' association met twelve representatives of the men's 
 union to discuss and settle wages. Their proceedings, however, 
 were quite informal. No rules were formulated, no special 
 times of meeting were fixed, and no president was appointed. 
 About two years later an attemj)t was made to form a united 
 board for South Staffordshire and the then new ironmaking dis- 
 trict of .Middlesbrough. Meetings were held at Derby, London, 
 and York, and they resulted in the adoption of the " Derby 
 scale," which lapsed in June i<S75, after continuing in operation 
 for one year only. 
 
 In January 1S76 the employers and workmen of South 
 Staffordsiiiie canic to an agreement concerning the formation 
 
 I"
 
 82 INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION. 
 
 of a tuw Ixiard, tf) he called the South StafTordshire Mill and 
 l'or};e \\'ai;»'s Uoard, and to cfjtisist of twelve employers, twelve 
 operatives, a <hairman (viz., the chairnian of tlu; Ironmasters' 
 Association for the time hein^); two secretaries (one chosen by 
 the employers and the other hy the workmen), and a president. 
 The last-named officer corresponded to the referee -not to the 
 prtsideiit— of the North f)f Knj^land Hoard, his fimrlif)n heiiif^ to 
 arbitrate when the Hoard came to a deadlock, rather than to 
 |)residc over its deliberations. He was to be altogether outside 
 the trade, and his award was to be final. Mr J. Chamberlain 
 was the first president ; and at the same time Mr J. R. Hunt 
 became chairman; Mr D. Jones, employers' secretary; and 
 Mr J. Capper, operatives' secretary. 'I'he Board, thus consti- 
 tuted and officered, was, from the first, successful in arranging 
 the rate of wages without conflict or serious disagreement. 
 
 When the Board was established, there was a distinct 
 understanding that it should as closely as possible follow the 
 lines of the similar board in the North of England. But in 
 1886, when Sir Thomas Martineau, the Mayor of liirmingham, 
 was made president, it was reorganised upon a wider basis, so 
 as to include the whole iron-making district of which Birming- 
 ham is the chief centre. The actions and decisions of the 
 Board had gradually become recognised, not only in South 
 Staffordshire and East Worcestershire, but also in the iron dis- 
 tricts of North Staffordshire, Shropshire, I^ancashire, South 
 Yorkshire, and Derbyshire. A formal alliance was therefore 
 arranged at this time between the Board and the firms 
 outside its original sphere, whereby the latter paid con- 
 tributions to the former in return for the benefits they had 
 already begun to derive from its action. Its title was at the 
 same time altered to the Midland Iron and Steel Wages Board. 
 With the steel trade, however, it still had very little connection. 
 At a recent date there were forty-two firms that were directly, 
 and about eighty that were not directly, represented on the Board. 
 The former are subject to the jurisdiction of the Board in 
 eneral, and to its standing committee, — consisting of three 
 representatives of either side and the two secretaries, — in local
 
 STAFFORDSHIKE COAL AND IROxV INDUSTKIKS. 83 
 
 wage questions. The latter recognise its authority in general 
 fiuestions only. 
 
 ICniploycrs that arc rcpresL-nted on the l»oard, without hcing 
 actually mcnihcrs of it, arc not so completely in touch with 
 their men as those that have the opportunity f)f meeting the 
 men s representatives in council. 
 
 In the iron trade of the Midland district the first scale was 
 established in 1872 ; and before retiring from the post of presi- 
 dent of the Board of Conciliation, in 1880, Mr J. Chamberlain 
 recommended its re-adoption. The experiment was accord- 
 ingly tried when Mr Richard Chamberlain was president and 
 Mr Hingley chairman ; but in 1S62 the employers in the North 
 of England, under pressure, conceded an advance in wages 
 greater than that under the scale in the Midlands. The South 
 StafTordshire men accordingly insisted upon a similar advance, 
 and the scale lapsed in consecjuence. It was subsetjuently re- 
 established upon the basis of is. per ton for puddling to is. 
 realised price. About the year 1S81 the men had an e.xtra 6d. 
 per ton, which is, roughly speaking, ecpiivalcnt to a 5 per cent, 
 premium. In 1890 they demanded a higher premium, which 
 caused the scale to be once more abandoned, and it still continues 
 in abeyance. Both employers and emjiloyed, however, are said 
 to approve of the system. 
 
 In the South Staffordshire and East Won csiershirc coal 
 trade, wages have now been regulated by a sliding scale since 
 1888. To trace the history of its formation, it is necessary to go 
 back to 1874, when, in conseciucnce of the outbreak of a strike, 
 the matter was referred to the arbitration of .Mr Jo.seph Cham- 
 berlain, who made an award settling payments on the following 
 principle : — ^l*"or " thic:k " coal colliers, 5s. 6d. per day was fixed 
 as the maximum, and 3s. 6d. as the minimum rate. When 
 " thick " miners' wages stood at 4s. 6d. a day, " thin " miners 
 were to be paid 3s. 3d., and they were to experience a rise or 
 fall of 3d. as the rate for " thick " coal varied by 6d. Under 
 this award the miners worked till November 1877, when there 
 was a considerable depression in the industry, and the work 
 could no longer be carried on at so high a minimum rate for
 
 84 INDUSTRIAL CONCII-IAIION. 
 
 " thick" work as 3s. 6(1. |)cr day. .\ conference accordingly 
 look pl.uc liLlsvicii masters and men, and an aj^rcenicnt was 
 made al)olishini; nnniniiini and niaximnni rates, fix iiij^ the scale 
 of payments at ,^s. per day on a standard pri( c of coal of 9H. 
 per ton (lliis beini; the price at whi< h Lord Diidlc.-y's coal was 
 at tliat lime being sold), and providing fr;r a rise and fall lA y\. 
 per day for every variation of is. in the ICarl (jf Dudley's [)rice. 
 The "thin " wages were to he 2S. 6d. when the "thick" were 
 3s., and the former were to rise and fall i^d. in corresj)ondence 
 with each change of 3d. in the latter. This arrangement was 
 guaranteed a continuance of six months, after which time it 
 was to he terminated by a three months' notice from either 
 side. At tiic end of December 1881, this scale underwent a 
 slight modification. When the price of Lord Dudley's coal was 
 over 9s. per ton, the wages for thick coal were to ri.se and fall 
 4d. instead of 3d. for every is. variation, the relation between 
 the rate for " thick " and "thin " coal remaining undisturbed. 
 On 2nd May 1883, the men gave notice to terminate the 
 agreement, in consequence of Lord Dudley having lowered the 
 price of his coal l)y is. a ton. The arbitrator to whom the 
 matter was referred decided that during the three months that 
 the scale remained in force, wages should continue at the same 
 rate as if the price of coal had not been reduced. The settle- 
 ment of a new basis he left to the consideration of the then 
 proposed Conciliation Board. 
 
 In the month of August 1883, a wages board was consti- 
 tuted in the South Staffordshire coal trade. The men's repre- 
 sentatives on the board at once proposed that wages should be 
 calculated on the basis of a minimum rate of 3s. 8d. per day; 
 and upon the objection of the em|)loyers to accede to this, 
 they refused to submit to any arbitration that would not 
 endorse their claim. Mr Haden Corser, the president, refused 
 to make an award under such conditions, and the matter was 
 shelved till 4th June 18S4, when Mr Rowlands was called in 
 to arbitrate. This gentleman made an award to the effect that 
 "the rate of wages should be reduced from 3s. 8d. to 3s. 4d.a 
 day, and that such reduction should take place from the 14th
 
 STAFFORDSHIRE COAL AND n<ON INDUSTRIES. 85 
 
 day of June 1884 and rontinuc until the 27th day of December 
 1 88 1, and thereafter until the Board should agree upon some 
 alteration, or until a new award should be made." This 
 decision, however, was repudiated by the men's representatives 
 on the Board ; and a disastrous strike, lasting from 2Sth of June 
 to the 13th of Octcjber 18S4, was the result, after which the 
 men accepted the award, and returned to work at the reduced 
 rate of wages. 
 
 In 1888 the ^\'ages IJoard, which had been broken up by 
 the strike in 1884, was reconstituted on similar lines to that 
 existing previously, but without a president. Its first act was 
 to draw up an automatic scale, not based, as before, on the 
 price of one class of coal at one particular colliery, but upon 
 the average selling price of all (jualities of coal throughout the 
 district. That price was to be ascertained by submitting the 
 books of twelve employers - six selected by the rejiresentatives 
 of their own body on the l>oard, and six by those of the men — 
 to the examination of a firm of accountants approved by both 
 parties. Alterations in the scale could take effect only after 
 three months' notice. 
 
 Subject to a few niinor modifications, effected without 
 friction by mutual agreement, the scale adopted in 18S8 still 
 continues to operate, and is said to be giving perfect satis- 
 faction. 
 
 Every alteration, however, hitherto made under it in the 
 rate of wages, has resulted in a gain to the men. The ascer- 
 tained prices for February, March, and April 1889, fixed the 
 wages for "thick" coal at 3s. lod. ; those for June, July, and 
 .August at 4s.; those for September, October, and November at 
 4s. 4d., and those for January, February, and March 1890 at 
 4s. 8d. Since that date no further ascertainment of prices has 
 taken i)lace, and there has consecpiently been no further change 
 in the rate of wages.* 
 
 In the South StafTordshire mining district tlie basis of the 
 scale has been varied at different times ; liut it has usually been 
 
 * Kvitlcncc sulimitlcil U> llii; Ivnyal C'>inmissii)ii on I-iliour {<iruii|i A).
 
 86 INDUSTKIAI, CONW II.IATION. 
 
 ;i iiiiniiiitiiii of ^s. .\d. per day (or lliick coal and 2s. 8d. per 
 day for lliiii < (jal, when llic average sellinj; price was 4s. ijti. per 
 Ion or less, and it has varied wages to the extent of id. per 
 day for 2d. per ton rise or fall in average .selling price of thick 
 coal, and i Ul. per day for a rise or fall of 2d. per day in thick 
 coal miners' wages. In March 1874, the miners of .*■ outh 
 Staffordshire came out on strike against the sliding-scale system, 
 which gave them 5s. 6d. per day for thick coal and 4s. for thin 
 coal when the \n'u\: of the former was i6s. to 19s. per ton. In 
 July 1874 the sliding-scale was altered as regards its minimum, 
 which was raised to 3s. 6d. i)er day for thick coal. In March 
 1S77 six months' notice to alter the sliding-scale was given 
 by the em[)loyers, and the minimum was then droi)j)ed, with 
 the result that in May 1879 the thick coal miners were only 
 receiving 2s. yd. per day with coal at 8s. per ton. In November 
 1 88 1 the workmen gave three months' notice for an alteration 
 of the sliding-scale, which was afterwards iwade to vary by in- 
 crements or decrements of 4d. to is. of reali.sed selling price, 
 instead of 3d. as before. This, however, did not appear to 
 suit the emi)loyers, who, in May 1883, gave three months' 
 notice to terminate the scale, and a little later gave fourteen 
 days' notice for a reduction of 4d. i)er day in wages all round. 
 
 As the Staffordshire scale is now arranged, the wages of 
 thick coal miners would advance from a minimum of 3s. 4d. 
 for an average selling i)rice of 4s. yd. per ton to 4s. Sd. for an 
 average realised price of 7s. 5d. per ton, and any alteration in 
 the scale is subject to three months' notice.
 
 CHAP'IKR XIII. 
 
 AR JUT RATION AND SLI DING-SCALES IN THE 
 
 EIMSIIED IRON INDUSTRY OF THE 
 
 NORTH OF ENGLAND. 
 
 No industry has supplied a more remarkable testimony to the 
 merits and advantages of both arbitration and sliding-scales 
 than the finished iron trade of the North of England, where a 
 Hoard has been in uninterrupted operation since 1869, and 
 where wages have for the greater part of the intervening period 
 been regularly varied according to the ascertainment of selling 
 prices. All this has been accomplished without any serious 
 dispute, and without any suspension of labour worth speaking 
 of, in an industry where disputes were previously both frequent 
 and disastrous. 
 
 There were special difficulties in the way of regulating, 
 witiiout conflict or trouble, the wages of the ironworkers of the 
 North of I'jigland. The iron industry of the Cleveland district 
 may be said to have been created between 1850 and 1S69.* 
 'i'o meet the demand for labour in the ironworks that were 
 growing u[) on all hands, men had to be imported from other 
 districts, and many of them were not of the best class. With 
 no special tie to the locality, ami attracted only by the prosjjcct 
 of a higher rate (jf pay than they had previously enjoyed, large 
 bodies of the workmen in and about the ironworks of that 
 lime were probably less moderate in their demands than they 
 would have been under other linumstances. .At any rate a 
 
 ' There were a nunilter of cuni|Kiratively small works in existence 
 previous to llic earlier uf these yejirs.
 
 88 INDUS'IKIAI. (()N( II.IAI ION. 
 
 great strike t<)i)k pl.ict- in 1865, wliirh was followed liy a lockout 
 in the following year; and for a considerable part of the time 
 between 1865 and 1868 the whole distrir t appeared t(j have 
 been given over to disputes and demoralisation. Very serious 
 losses were incurred by the employers, and it ap|)eared as if 
 a district that had all the essential elements of a successful 
 career were about to be ruined by industrial war. 
 
 Such was the position of affairs, when Mr David Dale, on 
 the 25lh March 1868, communicated to the North of England 
 Iron Manufacturers' .Association the particulars of a plan 
 which he had devised for estat)lishing a standing local com- 
 mittee for the consideration, from time to time, of (luestions 
 affecting their mutual relations. Mr Dale said : — 
 
 "The theory of each master bargaining with each man is 
 no doubt a sound one ; but when experience has proved the 
 desirability of conducting a business on the principle adopted 
 by iron manufacturers of i)aying, for all the leading branches of 
 work, tonnage rates common to the general body of manu- 
 facturers within a certain iron - making district, such prices 
 being as a general rule varied at all works simultaneously, 
 there comes to be felt the need of some organisation enabling 
 the employer to communicate and to discuss matters with the 
 class, as he would, in the primary conditions of things, have 
 done with the individual. 
 
 "The emi)loyed, whose interests are similarly and simul- 
 taneously affected by any change in tonnage rates, must 
 naturally be expected to seek som-e machinery by which their 
 common interests can be re|)resented. This, as we know, 
 frequently takes the shape of a union, hostile and distrustful in 
 its attitude towards the employers, and having an executive 
 whose leading men arc not themselves affected by the matters 
 which they are called on to deal with on behalf of the general 
 body. This machinery being entirely unsuited to free and 
 friendly communication between the employers and employed, 
 each remains in ignorance of the others' feelings, and incapable 
 of looking at matters from the other's point of view. 
 
 "There is a general desire to see a remedy provided for
 
 NORTH OF ENGLAND MNISHKI) IRON INDLSTRV. Sij 
 
 this state of things. The time is favourable. There are no 
 (juestions now at issue to give any proposal the appearance of 
 being suggested in the interest of any particular party. 
 
 "But this state of things cannot be expected to be per- 
 manent. It seems therefore very desiralile to be pre]):ired 
 with some organisation, by which the questions, certain before 
 long to arise, may be fairly considered and discussed ijy the 
 two parties interested in their settlement. 
 
 ''Subject to reconsideration, and to the suggestions of others, 
 I would propose that such iron manufacturers in the North of 
 England as may ai)prove the estai)lishing of a ' Standing 
 Local Committee of Employers and Employed ' should bring 
 the subject under the notice of their men, and invite them to 
 elect two workmen one from the forge, and the other from 
 the finishing mills to represent their fellow workmen on the 
 committee. The firm sliould nominate two of its principals, 
 and the committee would then be constituted of two principals 
 and two workmen from eat h of the works whii h come into 
 the arrangement. 
 
 "The primary functions of the committee would be to 
 consider and discuss general cpiestions affecting the body. 
 Its conclusions would have weight as recommendations only, 
 save where any (juestion between an individual employer and 
 his men might be voluntarily referred by both parties to the 
 committee. 
 
 " All questions simply affecting the men at any one works 
 would be dealt with (as it is best they should be) by the ])arties 
 immediately interested ; but if they failed to agree, it would be 
 most convenient to be able to consult a body like the 'om- 
 mittee, whether the parties agreed to abide by its decision 
 or not. 
 
 " All general (jueslions, however, affecting the relations 
 of the two bodies, or any consiilerable [)art thereof, to each 
 other, would be, as its principal function, considered by the 
 committee, the views of both parties would be heard, incoriect 
 inq»ressions as Ut facts (which lie at the root of most trade 
 misunderstandings) would be removed, and in the majority of
 
 (JO INDUSTKIAI- CONCn.IATION. 
 
 ( ;is(.s I am saiij^uiiic cnoii^li to believe fair cciiiclusions wcnild 
 l)e (MJine to liy tlic (oiiiiiiitlce, and a<(|uies(:e(l in l^y those tliey 
 represent." 
 
 On tin yth April 1868, at the quarterly meeting of the Iron 
 Manufacturers' Association, a standing committee was ap|)ointed 
 to take such steps as they might deem desirable for the reali- 
 sation of Mr Dale's ideas. After carefully inrjuiring into the 
 various plans ado[)ted in different industries for discussing, in 
 a friendly manner, cjuestions affecting capital and labour, and 
 for the avoidance of misunderstandings and strikes, the com- 
 mittee, on the I 2th January 1869, reported that, "Should the 
 men l)c favourable to the experiment, they would recommend 
 that the As.sociation should take steps for the establishment 
 of a local standing committee of masters and men, directly 
 associated with ironworks." 
 
 For the first time the representatives of the Ironworkers' 
 Union and the Iron Manufacturers' Association met together, 
 at Darlington, on ist March 1869, " to consider the question 
 of wages, and the establishment of Courts of Arbitration for the 
 settlement of trade disputes and the regulation of prices." The 
 workmen, however, did not enter upon this new era without 
 some misgivings. They had been so accustomed to regard 
 their employers as their natural enemies that they were afraid 
 of being made the victims of some conspiracy, or of suffering 
 some disadvantage that was too esoteric for their comprehension. 
 To guard against possible harm, however, they demanded from 
 the employers " personal guarantees that we shall not be inter- 
 fered with, deprived of our labour, or made marked men, like 
 others have been beforetime." The guarantee was readily 
 accorded, and the workmen thereupon proceeded to enjoy 
 the novel, and probably, at the outset, rather uncomfortable, 
 sensation of meeting the employers on terms of equality, and 
 discussing without reserve or constraint of any kind ((uestions 
 affecting their mutual interests. 
 
 On the 22nd March the Board was formally established, 
 with Mr Dale, of Darlington, as its first president, and Mr 
 Edward \\'ood, a workmen's delegate, as its vice-president.
 
 NORTH OF ENGLAND FlNlSilKD IRON INDUSTRY. 9 1 
 
 At this meeting a code of tsvenly-two rules for the guidance 
 of the Board was formally adopted. 
 
 The first rule set forth the formation of a " Board of 
 Arbitration and Conciliation for the Manufactured Iron Trade 
 of the North of England." 
 
 The second rule declared " that the object of the lioard 
 shall be to arbitrate on wages, or any other matters affecting 
 their respective interests that may be referred to it from time to 
 time by employers or oi)eratives, and by conciliatory means to 
 interpose its influence to prevent disputes, and to put an end 
 to any that may arise." The next rule provided that the Board 
 should be composed of "one employer and one operative from 
 each works joining the board ; and any works more than five 
 miles ai)arl, though belonging to the same firm, may claim to 
 be treated as .separate works." A standing committee was 
 api)ointed, consisting of four employers and four operatives, 
 in addition to the president and vice-president ; and it was 
 l)rovided tliat " all (juestions shall in the first instance be 
 referred to the standing committee, who shall investigate 
 and endeavour to settle the matter so referred to it, but shall 
 have no power to make an award. In the event of the 
 committee being unable to settle any ([uestion, it shall, as 
 early as possible, be referred to the Board." In case of the 
 Board being unable to agree on any (juestion submitted for its 
 adjudication, })rovision was made for the appointment of an 
 independent referee, whose decision shall be final and binding 
 on all works which have joined the Board." At this meeting 
 the Board also resolved "that pending the preparation by the 
 standing committee of a permanent financial scheme, arrange- 
 ments should be made, as early as possible, by which one 
 penny jier nioiilh shall l)e stt)pped off the wages of each man 
 earning 2s. 6d. per day or upwards who may not send in any 
 objection to such deduction." 
 
 When the Board was established there werr in Northum- 
 berland, Durham, antl Cleveland twenty-eight ironworks fur 
 the manufacture of finished iron, i.e., for the conversion of pig- 
 iron into rails, plates, angles, and bars. 'I'hese twenty eight
 
 92 INDlJsruiAI. c;i>N(;n,I.\TIUN. 
 
 works Liii| til »)«.■(! al»i)Ut i 2,000 men and boys. No less than 
 ci};hli-cii firms joined lUr Hoard at onrc, and nearly all the 
 others afterwards followed. 
 
 Very soon after the estahlishnient of the Hoard a statement 
 was issued on its hehalf, setting forth the facts of its origin 
 and objects. The auspicious circumstances under which the 
 Hoard entered upon its career were referred to in ho|>eful 
 and rut ouraging terms. We are told that, having been form- 
 ally established, " the Hoard was at once called upon to consider 
 an ap|)licalion from the ojjeratives for a general advance of 
 wages, or tonnage prices f(jr the work done by |)iece. It has 
 investigated the grounds f(;r such an application fully, deliber- 
 ately, and with a manifest desire on the part of all its meml>ers 
 to arrive at an accurate knowledge of the facts. The matter is 
 not yet disposed of, but there is every reason to believe that 
 the means provided by the rules will bring it to a satisfactory 
 issue. Meanwhile, instead of misunderstanding and bitterness 
 being created, and the original (juestion being obscured by 
 partisan statements, each party has come to know and to 
 respect the feelings of the other, and the way has been cleared 
 for an impartial judgment on admitted facts. To ensure the 
 success of the system just described, it is important that it 
 should be fully understood and approved by all the operatives. 
 Whether or not they are members of thj Ironworkers' Union, 
 as hitherto constituted, or as it may hereafter exist, they are free 
 and are invited to consider themselves as belonging to the 
 Hoard and entitled to take part in the election of its members, 
 and they should all feel that they are bound by the decision of 
 the Hoard or of its referee. In similar manner, employers, 
 whether members of the Iron Manufacturers' .Association or 
 not, are invited to join the lioard. Half the members of the 
 15oard being men to whom every attendance at a meeting 
 involves the sacrifice of a day's work, and consecjuently a day's 
 pay, as well as the expense of a journey to and from the place 
 of meeting, it becomes needful to provide for this expense, as 
 also for the secretaries' salaries, hire of meeting room, &c. It 
 is therefore proposed that every man earning 2s. 6d. per day or
 
 NORTH OF ENGLAND FINISHED IRON INDUSTRY. 93 
 
 upwards shall contribute id. per month or is. a year, and that 
 each employer shall contribute as much as is contributed 
 by all his workmen. It is believed that if this be generally 
 agreed to, a sum will be raised more than equal to the expenses 
 of the Board, and that probably there may be a surplus avail- 
 able for such purposes as may be thought fit. The emi)loyers 
 have, at the request of the operative members of the Board, 
 agreed to facilitate the collection of the men's contributions by 
 arranging for their being deducted from the wages of each man 
 who may not object thereto. It now remains to be seen whether 
 the system which has freed the trades of Nottingham from the 
 bitterness and strife which formerly distinguished them, can be 
 successfully applied to the great iron industry of this country." 
 As the Board failed to come to agreement on the applica- 
 tion for an advance of wages, already referred to, it became 
 necessary to appoint an umpire, to whose judgment and final 
 decision the matter might be referred. By common consent, 
 Mr Rupert Kettle, of Wolverhampton, was called in to act in 
 this capacity. On Saturday, ist May 1869, the Board held a 
 meeting at Darlington, when the whole facts relevant to the 
 question of the proposed advance of wages were laid before the 
 referee, who ultimately awarded — " That the wages of iron- 
 workers be from Monday next as follows : the puddlers to have 
 6d. per ton advance upon present prices, and the millmen an 
 advance of 5 per cent, on present prices ; that these prices 
 shall not be altered until the end of this year ; and that this 
 arrangement shall include all classes of workmen in mills and 
 forges who subscribed to the last reduction of wages in Decem- 
 ber 1867." In making this award Mr Kettle made a rather 
 important statement as to the facts and figures on which it was 
 based. It was suggested by the vice-chairman (Mr Wood) 
 that a verbatim report of the whole proceedings should be 
 published, in order to show how the arbitration was conducted. 
 The arbitrator, however, pointed out that some of the papers 
 submitted for his perusal contained information which, if it 
 had fallen into the hands of any ironmaster in Wales, Belgium, 
 or any other district directly in competition with the North
 
 94 1M)IJMKI.\I. ( ONCn.lA'MON. 
 
 of l*"iii^lan(l, would have afforded him the opportunity 
 (if kmiwinf^ tlic cxari dralings of the firms liy whom the 
 inronualioii was supplied, the names and addresses of their 
 cuslomers, and tin- dales and prices of every contract, executed 
 and unexecuted, ranj^in^; over several years. .Sin<e then the 
 meetings of the Arbitration I'.oard have without exception been 
 conducted in private, only the results of its deliberations being 
 allowed to trans|)irc. On the occasion of this initial arbitra- 
 tif)n, Mr Kettle declared that the masters had laid before him 
 tabular statements based upon nearly the whole of the actual 
 business transactions of the Cleveland district from the year 
 1863, and embracing every ton of iron from five-sixths of the 
 works. These tables the arbitrator declared to be " so com- 
 prehensive and so minute, both upon the subject of prices and 
 of wages, that they completely exhaust the question." As 
 might have been expected, Mr Kettle's first award was made the 
 subject of a good deal of adverse criticism ; and as the advance 
 which it sanctioned was one-half that asked for, the question 
 was put, " How has this arbitration resulted in a mere compro- 
 mise, in which both parties have, upon a give-and-take prin- 
 ciple, arrived at an amicable conclusion?" Anticipating a 
 question of this sort, Mr Kettle answered it by pointing out 
 that he had been supplied with figures based on an estimate of 
 the prospective as well as the present state of the market ; that 
 although the present state of prices did not justify any advance 
 of wages, it was quiie clear that the time would soon arrive 
 when the masters would be called on by the men to reopen the 
 wages question, ui)on the prices obtained from the date of the 
 award to the close of the rail-making season ; and that upon 
 this he had founded a negotiation in the nature of conciliation 
 rather than of arbitration, which would render it unnecessar)- 
 to have another arbitration, and a consequent disturbance of 
 trade, in a few months afterwards. 
 
 Early in 1869 Mr Thomas Hughes, Q.C., was called in to 
 arbitrate on anotlier ajiplication — this time by the men for an 
 advance of wages ; and the second award, like the first, was 
 faithfully observed by both parties. When, however, the period
 
 NORTH OF KNOLANI) FINISIIKD IKON INDUSTRY. 95 
 
 of its currency drew to a close at the end of 1870, the trade 
 was in a most uncertain position, owing to the unsettled state 
 of affairs on llic Continent of Kurope. No one could possibly 
 foresee whether the decline in prices which had already taken 
 place would continue, or would he more than recovered by a 
 considerable rise. It was under these very difficult circum- 
 stances that the wages ([uestion had again to be dealt with, 
 and once more under the arbitration of Mr Hughes. Early in 
 1871 he decided that wages should be reduced 5 per cent., and 
 that they should continue so reduced till 31st March 1872 (a 
 period of fifteen months), subject to one revision at the 
 instance of either party, to take effect not earlier than July 
 
 187 1. At the end of the six months for which the reduc- 
 ti(jn was thus made absolute (/.<•., in July 187 1), the men 
 exercisetl the option reserved to them of calling for a revi- 
 sion for the remaining nine months. This was just at the 
 period when the settlement of affairs on the Continent was 
 opening out the prospect of a large trade and better prices. 
 Mr Hughes awarded the restoration to the men of the 5 i)er 
 cent, he had deducted at the beginning of 187 1, thus re- 
 establishing for the nine months ending March 1872 the 
 wages which had prevailed during 1870. 
 
 This award did not give satisfaction to the men, because 
 of their belief that, whilst the arbitrator had, in reducing wages 
 at the beginning of 1871, been influenced by the probabilities of a 
 decline in prices, he had not taken account, in his award of July 
 
 1872, of the probabilities of an advance in prices. Hence the 
 men asked for a reconsideration of the award on that ground. 
 'I'he arbitrator was unable to appoint a meeting for hearing this 
 appeal till the middle of October 1871. Meanwhile consider- 
 able further improvement in the trade had taken place, and 
 advances of wages had been given in other iron-making districts. 
 The men had therefore their obligation to abide by the arbitra- 
 tor's decision put to a strong test, and that test they stood to 
 until the hearing of their appeal by the arbitrator in October 
 187 1. Mr Hughes did not feel justified, on that appeal, in 
 reversing his former decision ; but he expressed a hope that the
 
 96 INDUSTKIAI, ( (»N( II.IATION. 
 
 employers would voluntarily modify the ronlrarl, because all 
 parlies had hccomc satisfied that a mistake had heen made in 
 extc-ndiiif^ it for so long a period ahead, especially when the 
 trade was undcr^^oinj^ an unusually rapid improvement owing 
 to the settlement of affairs on the Continent. Whilst the 
 men's re[)resentatives and leaders stoutly maintained the obli- 
 gation of their clients to adhere to the confirmed award up to 
 March 1S72, if the employers did not see fit to modify it, it is 
 undoubtedly the fact that a not inconsiderable body of the 
 men held language imjjlying that lliey would not be so bound. 
 Whether they would have carried out this view was not brought 
 to the test, because the employers accepted the suggestion of 
 Mr Hughes, and gave an advance of 5 per cent, for the remain- 
 ing period of the original term, obtaining at the same time the 
 assent of the men to a scheme for adjusting wages in future by a 
 sliding-scale of prices. 
 
 Some interesting evidence as to the constitution of the 
 Board of Arbitration and Conciliation in the finished iron 
 trade of the North of Juigland was given before the Royal 
 Commission on Labour (Croup .\) by Mr A\'hilwell, the chair- 
 man of the Board. Mr Whitwell staled that a representative 
 of the employer and a representative of the men are sent from 
 each works in membership to sit on the Board. According to 
 this constitution, a large owner will have as many representa- 
 tives as he has works. The men's representatives are chosen 
 by ballot every December. Their appointment holds good for 
 one year only, but they are eligible for re-election. 
 
 Except for a special i)urpose, the Board holds only two 
 meetings a year, viz., in January and July. At the January 
 meeting it elects its officers, i.e., a referee, a president, a vice- 
 president, two secretaries, two auditors, and two treasurers. 
 They all hold office for a year, and are eligible for re-election. 
 
 The Board also appoints a standing committee at the same 
 meeting. The employers nominate ten of their body, exclusive 
 of the president, and the operatives five of their body, exclusive 
 of the vice-president. The double representation of the em- 
 ployers was introduced by mutual consent, for it appeared that
 
 NORTH OF ENGLAND FIMSIIKI) IRON INDUSTRY. 97 
 
 the employers' nominees were not able to attend so regularly 
 as those of the operatives. It is provided, however, that only 
 five of the former are to vote, speak, or otherwise take part in 
 the proceedings at the same meeting of the committee. 
 
 The standing committee deals with local, the full Board 
 with general, questions. Should the former fail to agree, the 
 matter is laid before the referee annually elected by the Jioard ; 
 but should the latter so fail, an arbitrator must be specially 
 appointed. There is, however, no objection to the apix)int- 
 ment of the referee for this puri^ose. Most of the cjuestions 
 that have come before the standing committee have related 
 to wages or to modes of working. The committee meets as 
 occasion requires, generally about once in every month. 'I'he 
 average number of cases it has dealt with per annum during 
 the last ten years is 1S.7, the total numijcr since its formation 
 being 161. 
 
 Only four cases have come before the referee since February 
 1S83, when the office was instituted. He is guided in his 
 decisions by well-established rules of practice, though he has 
 full scope for the exercise of his common-sense. With him the 
 settlement of local (juestions terminates. Owing to the small 
 number of cases that come before him, his duties are chietly 
 advisory. The number of cases dealt with by the Board and 
 the standing committee tends to decrease. A larger propor- 
 tion of them are settled at home, without coming before the 
 Board at all. The men do not make complaints and force 
 appeals to arbitration simply in order to gain something by the 
 compromise likely to result. It would be very inconvenient 
 not to have arbitration as an ultimate resort. The arbitrator is 
 guided in settling general (juestions, just as the referee is guided 
 in settling local ones, by certain fixed rules of practice, supple- 
 mented t)y his own common-sense. 
 
 .\ wards are loyally respected by both parties. The men 
 respect their leaders, and allow themselves to be guided by 
 their advice. 
 
 For the last three years, the average inccnne <-)f ilie Arbitra- 
 tion Board has been jCv9-\- ■.^^- ' '*Ji '"^<J l'^*-' average cxpcndi- 
 
 G
 
 98 (ONI II.IAIK^N AND AI;I!II RATION. 
 
 line £,\.,oi(i. i8s. 2cl. ICiuploycrs and employed contribute to 
 its fiiiuls in c(iual proportions, the subscriptions of the latter 
 being cleclucled from their wages. The representatives of both 
 parlies are paid the same amount for altendanre at the meet- 
 ings of ihe IJoard and the standing committee, except that the 
 operative members are paid a double fee for meetings held on 
 any day other than Saturday and Monday, if they are employed 
 on the night shift.. 
 
 The membership of the Hoard was at its highest figure in 
 January US74, wiien it included thirty-five works; it was at its 
 lowest in January 1888, when only ten works belonged to it. At 
 present there are twelve works in membership. The number 
 of operatives subscribing has varied between a maximum of 
 14,867 in January 1873 and a minimum of 3,127 in January 
 1886, and now stands at 4,270. 
 
 'I'his diminution in its membership is chiefly due to the fact 
 that the trade is passing from iron into steel. Twenty of the 
 ironworks, formerly in membership, have been wholly dis- 
 mantled, and three ceased to belong in consequence of their 
 adaptation to steel. The Board was originally established to 
 deal exclusively with iron, and has only recently opened its 
 membershij) to steel works. 
 
 The transition from iron to steel has still further affected the 
 membership of the Board, because fewer men are required to 
 produce a given quantity of the latter than of the former. In 
 fact, the diminution in the number of operatives subscril)ing to 
 the Board represents the difference between the amount of 
 labour re(]uired to produce a ton of steel and that required to 
 ))roduce a ton of iron. Again, a large number of employers 
 prefer, by standing outside the Board, and following its decisions, 
 to reaj) all the benefits without bearing any of the burdens of 
 membership ; and where the employer holds aloof, the men 
 are ineligible. The diminished membership of the Board must 
 not be taken as a measure of reduced production. It is true 
 that the annual "make" of finished iron has fallen since 1873 
 from 650,862 to 251,471 tons; but, owing to the increased 
 production of steel, the tonnage of the two commodities com-
 
 NORTH OF ENGLAND FINISHED IKON INDUSTRY. 99 
 
 bined, viz., 750,000, i.s quite as high as it has ever been since 
 the Board was established. 
 
 Nor must it be taken to imply dissatisfaction on the part of 
 the men. On the contrary, their confidence in the Board is 
 now greater than ever. In the rcj)ort made by the standing 
 committee to the Board at its twenty-first annual meeting, zSth 
 January 1890, reference was made to the immense benefit con- 
 ferred on the district by the Board in preventing labour disputes, 
 which under its regime have occurred only under circumstances 
 of special irritation and excitement. 
 
 Before the Board was established it was impossible for 
 employers and employed to come to terms upon questions of 
 reduction or advance in wages without a stoppage of work. 
 The Board has effected a great improvement in the relations 
 between the two parties. Only two or three short stoppages 
 have occurred since the Board was formed. They were all 
 merely sectional, and the operative members of the Board did 
 their best to check them. 
 
 Since the Board was established, there have been sixty wage 
 settlements — seven by mutual arrangement, twenty by arbitra- 
 tion, and thirty-three by sliding-scales. The rates have varied 
 between the 13s. 3d. per ton, long weight, paid for puddling on 
 2nd .\pril 1873, when other work was paid for at 27^ percent, 
 above the standard, and the 6s. 3d. per ton, short weight, jiaid 
 for puddling on 31st October 1885, when the wages for other 
 work were 27 i per cent. l)elo\v the standard. 
 
 In making settlements of wages, regard is had to the 
 capability of the works to produce cheaply, the (juality of the 
 machinery, and the ability of the men employed. The (juality 
 of the machinery is an important element in determining the 
 rate of wages an employer can aflford to pay. According to 
 this mode of judgment, it may hajipen that two workmen of 
 ecjual ability are earning different wages because one of them 
 is so fortunate as to be employed at works {assessing better 
 machinery than those at which the other is working. The 
 r>oard, hcjwever, endeavours to secure uniformity of wages 
 only in connection with uniformity of conditions.
 
 lOO CONCILIATION AM) AKKITKATION. 
 
 Slidiii},' sciilcs for llic auloiiKilic rc^^ulati'jn of wages for ircjii 
 workers, l)y tlic net avcra^^c r(.aliscd selling price of manufac- 
 tured iron, have heen drawn up five times during a period of 
 five years and ten months. The first scale was adoj^tcd in 
 1S71, l»ut it was o[)erative for three months only. 'I'he ne.xt, 
 which was introduced in 1874, and lasted twelve months, was 
 that known as the Derby scale, on account of its details having 
 been settled at a conference at Derby. Under this scale, an 
 arrangement was made with the South Staffordshire iron trade 
 for basing a uniform wage on the average net selling prices in 
 the two districts. The third scale came into force in May 
 1880, and continued in operation until the end of January 
 1882. It was known as the " Dale" scale, because the settle- 
 ment of its basis had been placed in the hands of Mr David 
 Dale, as arbitrator. It was revised for a short time in 1883, 
 but notice was given by the operatives for its discontinuance 
 after one settlement had taken place. The .scale at present 
 in force was adopted on ist July 1889. Its basis was fixed at 
 a meeting of the board held on 15th April 1889, on receipt of 
 the report drawn up by the committee which had been specially 
 a[)pointed to consider the matter. It liad an original binding 
 force of two years. 
 
 In the manufactured iron trade, which was of much greater 
 relative importance twenty years ago than it is to-day, the 
 principle of a sliding-scale was adopted many years before the 
 formal details were put into mechanical shape. Mr Thomas 
 Hughes, who had on several occasions been called in to act as 
 arbitrator, thus stated the principle as existing in 1870 in both 
 Cleveland and Staffordshire : — 
 
 " Already a custom would seem to have grown up in the 
 trade which is acknowledged within certain limits both by 
 emi)loyers and workmen, namely, that for every rise of ^i in 
 the selling price of manufactured iron, wages should be advanced 
 10 per cent, in mills and forges, and is. per ton for puddling. 
 It will be only necessary as a first step that the Board should 
 formally acknowledge this scale by resolution, declaring that it 
 is to be adopted in future, and adding, perhaps, a proviso that
 
 NORTH OF ENCiLAND FINISHED IRON INDUSTRY. lOI 
 
 in no case shall any reduction or advance he made unless the 
 selling price shall have varied 5s., so as to be equal to 3d. a 
 ton for puddling and 2}, per cent, on other wages." 
 
 In some quarters exception was taken to the principle 
 here laid down, on the ground that it would he difficult to 
 regulate the wages of the ironworkers mechanically, according 
 to the selling price of iron, hecause iron did not simultaneously 
 suffer increase or reduction all round, nor were the prices of 
 the raw materials to he purchased at the same unvarying price. 
 In otlier words, one leading description of iron might move 
 up largely and rapidly, while another might remain stationary, 
 and a third — although this would he a very excei)ti()nal case — 
 might even suffer a decline. 
 
 This diffic:ulty was met at an early stage of the sliding-scale 
 movement in the North of England in a very effective manner. 
 Profits earned in any industry — even if accepted as a proper 
 determinant of wages — would involve enormous difficulty and 
 troui)Ie, inasmuch as no two firms make ([uite the same rate 
 of profit, and would involve punishing one set of enii)loyers 
 in conse(iuence of the misfortunes or incapacity of another.
 
 CIIAri'lCK XI\^ 
 
 CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN OTHER 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Ai.rnoucH tlie cx])cricncc and a})[)lication.s of conciliation and 
 arbitration so far recorded have been mainly confined to the 
 coal and iron industries, it must not be supposed that other 
 industries have not been equally ready to adopt the systems 
 described, or that their application to other industries has not 
 been e(iually successful. 
 
 The original applications of cither system were not made 
 in the coal and iron industry, but in the hosiery and lace 
 industries of Nottingham, in the building trade of W-olver- 
 hampton, and in other trades more or less referred to in other 
 sections of the present volume. The system has, however, had 
 a wider and more general application in the coal and iron 
 trades; and as these are the principal industries of the country, 
 and are on the whole the most subject to fluctuations of price, 
 they present the most interesting and varied experience. 
 
 In the nail and bolt trade of the Midland counties, a l)oard 
 of conciliation or joint-committee has existed since 1890, com- 
 posed of representatives of employers and employed, for the 
 purpose of dealing with questions of wages. It has prevented 
 the outbreak of strikes, which would otherwise have occurred 
 during the past year or two owing to the depression of trade. 
 Indeed, no dispute has arisen since the board was formed. 
 There is no longer any provision for arbitration ; but before the 
 board was formed, a workman was himself appointed permanent 
 arbitrator, at the suggestion of the largest employer in the
 
 CONCILIATION IN OTIIKK INDUSTRIES. IO3 
 
 trade. Mr R. Juggins told the Royal I-nl)our Commission* that 
 he acted as such from 1872 to 1877, during which period he 
 successfully dealt with about two hundred questions, chiefly 
 relating to wages. U|)on the outbreak of a strike, however, in 
 1877, Mr Chamberlain, who was ai)[)ealed to to settle the dispute, 
 struck out of the agreement between employers and employed 
 the clause providing for arbitration. As a matter of fact the 
 necessity for arbitration has i^een materially reduced by the 
 establishment of a standard rate of wages. This reform was 
 carried out by the conciliation board, which fixed the rate at 
 32s. for a week's work of fifty-four hours. Owing, however, to the 
 depression in the trade, the men often do not manage to get 
 employed the full time, and so the average sum earned [ler 
 week probably does not exceed 20s. 
 
 Among the chain, nail, bolt, and lock makers, however, there 
 appears to have been halting progress made in the direction of 
 conciliation. Two witnesses on behalf of ihe.se industries, 
 before the Royal Commission on Labour, expressed themselves 
 strongly in favour of the establishment of boards of concilia- 
 tion which should refer matters to arbitration on failure to 
 agree, and one of them stated that he had made an unsuccessful 
 attempt to arrange a meeting with some of the larger employers 
 with a view to constituting such a board. He explained that 
 it would be very difficult to persuade the employers to meet 
 together on a board of conciliation or on joint-committee.s, 
 because the more respectable members of their body would 
 object to associate for this purpose with the smaller men, who 
 are really middlemen or sweaters, and arc a curse to the whole 
 trade. There is no sliding-scale, but there is a standard rate 
 of wages, which the workers endeavour to maintain, and with 
 this object they have always applied for an advance when trade 
 has been improving. In 1S89 the employers agreed to 
 establish a uniform list of wages, but the men have charged 
 that they have ever since endeavoured to edect reductions in 
 individual cases, and to evade the rule by making the workers 
 
 * (Inmi) .\, ./. 17,781-94.
 
 104 CONCIMATIDN AN' I) AUIilTKATION. 
 
 in the (lomostir workshops contractors. 'I'o stoj) this, r)nc 
 witness sn^^'csted that employers sliould be compelled to ^ive 
 their men a note of reckoning, slatinj,' the size of the iron and 
 the rate of payment j)cr cwt. 
 
 Mr 1''. Jones, representing the South Wales Iron and Steel 
 Workers and Mechanics' Association, stated to the Royal 
 Labour (Commission, that in his district wages had been 
 regulated by a sliding-scale for nearly two years. He produced 
 a copy of the original agreement. It is dated i8th September 
 1890, and signed by employers' and workmen's representatives 
 from the Dowlais, the Ebbw Vale, the IJlaenavon, the Tredegar, 
 the Rhymney, and the Cyfartha ironworks. It is based on 
 the average net selling prices of steel rails and bars as ascer- 
 tained every three months by professional accountants. Its 
 terms were settled after a thorough discussion between the 
 parties ; but the men have now become somewhat dissatisfied 
 with the basis, though they for the most part continue to 
 approve of the principle. 
 
 Mr J. Hodge, representing the Steel Smelters' Amalgamated 
 Association, stated that there was no sliding-scale, though, in 
 making readjustments of wages, regard was had to the course 
 of prices. The witness was not in favour of the system. 
 Sliding-scales, he held, are often unjust, for they disturb the 
 relationship that ought always to be preserved between wages 
 and profits. They may sometimes give low wages when profits 
 are high. 
 
 Mr Lougher, representing the same association, stated that 
 generally speaking the men did not approve of the system of 
 sliding-scales. Such a scale is indeed in operation at five 
 works in the South Whales district, but of these only one 
 employs members of the union. Among the men at this 
 works the scale is very unpopular — in the first place, because, 
 being Siemens-Martin men, they object to have their wages 
 regulated on the Bessemer steel basis, which steel is made 
 at the other works, and is ])ractically a different trade ; and in 
 the second place, because their union was not recognised in 
 the negotiations by which the scale was established.
 
 CONCILIATION IN' OTHER INDUSTRIES. 10$ 
 
 Mr Anson, representing the Rothcrham branch of the same 
 association, said that wages were not governed hy a sliding- 
 scale. In regard to this matter some firms accept the 
 adjustments made in the West of Scotland and the North of 
 England. 
 
 An association, known as the British Iron Smelters' Amal- 
 gamated Association, was founded in 1886, and the secretary 
 of that organisation, in giving evidence before the I^abour 
 Commission in 1892, stated that "Conferences have been 
 held with regard to the establishment of a board of concilia- 
 tion, which would be a more satisfactory means of settling 
 wages than exists at present. It was agreed to constitute such 
 a board, and a committee was appointed to draft rules. The 
 employers' re|)resentalives, however, desired to frame a rule to 
 the effect that half the expenses of the board should be de- 
 ducted from the men's wages ; whereupon the men's representa- 
 tives proposed as an amendment, that the men's share of the 
 contributions should be paid through their union. The em- 
 ployers would not agree to this, because it would oblige every 
 member of the board to be a union man. But it would be 
 quite necessary for the union to have control over all the 
 members of the board, for otherwise the men's delegates could 
 not be responsible for the decisions being obeyed. The pro- 
 posal of the employers was objectionable, as involving a virtual 
 breach of the Truck Acts. Negotiations were suspended in 
 consequence of this disagreement, and so the relations between 
 employers and employed remain unembodied in a printed 
 constitution." 
 
 Several attempts have been made to introduce the principle 
 of arbitration into the cutlery trade of Sheffield, but hitherto it 
 appears without satisfactory results. About 1S90 a board was 
 composed of four representatives of the Trades Council and 
 four of the Cutlers' Company and the Chamber of Commerce 
 combined, for the special purpose of discussing certain pro- 
 posed amendments to the Merchandise Marks Acts ; but, 
 when approached by the secretary of the Trades Council, with 
 a view to the establishment of a permanent board to deal with
 
 I06 CONrn.IA'lION ANI> AKI'.I IRATION. 
 
 (lispiiUs, till' two corporations representing the employers are 
 slated lo liavr fnnily refused to entertain the proposal.* 
 
 In the cnj^ineering trades, as in most others, there appears 
 to lie a considerable (hfferenre of opinion as to the hest mode 
 of procechire. Sonic approve of conrihation after Mundella's 
 system ; others prefer conciliation, plus a chairman with a 
 casting vote; and others arbitration, in its most formal and 
 binding shape. Difficulties urged against arl)itralif)n have been 
 that it is difficult to agree upon the exact terms of the reference, 
 and to procure as arbitrators men that are at once im[)artial 
 and possessed of the requisite technical knowledge. It has 
 been suggested that where an arbitrator was appointed by the 
 State, as in the case of Lord Shand and the Midland coal 
 trade, the absence of technical and local knowledge might be 
 got over by the appointment of expert assessors; and this 
 really seems to be a very excellent suggestion. 
 
 The most im[)ortant trade union in Europe is probably the 
 Amalgamated vSociety of I^ngincers, which drew uj) a scheme 
 some years ago of the formation of a board of arbitration. 
 This scheme provided that, " pending a settlement of any 
 question by the board, there shall be no stoppage of work, and 
 the wages, piece-rates, hours of work or over-time, shall, until 
 settlement, remain as when notice was given." Some of the 
 details of the proposed scheme were not, however, acceptable 
 to the workmen, and lience it did not come into effect.! In 
 the engineering trades, conscfiuently, although there have been 
 negotiations at different times between employers and employed, 
 no general scheme of arbitration or conciliation has yet been 
 established. 
 
 In the shipbuilding trade of the Wear, where conciliation has 
 been in o[)eration since 1885, a reference to arbitration has 
 only been found necessary on two occasions; and on each, "the 
 registrar of the Sunderland County Court was selected as third 
 referee or umpire, partly because he was capable of weighing 
 
 * Report of the Royal Coiitiiiissioii on lAWOur. 
 t Ihid., Group A, 23,icxD-8.
 
 CONCILIATK)N IN OTHER INDUSTRIES. 10/ 
 
 evidence, and partly also because he was profoundly ignorant 
 of the technicalities of the trade." * 
 
 While there are many points of difference between em- 
 ployers and employed in reference to the |)rinciples and 
 methods that should guide the settlement of trade disputes, 
 there is one matter on which almost all of them appear to be 
 agreed, and that is a profound distrust of a State board, which 
 has been recommended in some quarters as the true, if not the 
 only, effectual solution of the ])roblem. The prevailing view of 
 employers on this subject has l)een very well stated by Mr 
 James I.aing, the C'hairman of the Board of Conciliation for 
 the \Vear Shipbuilding Trade, when he informed the Royal 
 (Commission on Labour that "local boards of conciliation are 
 more valuable than a universal arbitration board established by 
 the Slatr, for members of tlie latter would be unable, probably 
 even with the aid of technical assessors, to secure a proper 
 adjustment of the various interests concerned in the manu- 
 f;\cturing industries of the country. A State board would, no 
 more than any other board, be able to interfere with the free 
 action of either party, and secure the enforcement of its 
 awards." t 
 
 The rules of a number of trade unions contain provisions 
 empowering the executive council to refer disputes to arbitra- 
 tion, subject to the a[>proval of two thirds, or some other deter 
 mined majority, of the members. Other provisions, which are 
 now freely introduced into such codes, contain clauses inviting 
 the men to put the ([uestion of a reference to arbitration to the 
 vote before resorting to a strike. + In the shipbuikling trade 
 of the Wear, with its board of conciliation — of which an arbi- 
 trator or umpire is a fi.xed adjunct — it has not been unconmion 
 for the leaders of the men to make provision for the establish- 
 ment of a system of conciliation when rearranging the rates 
 of wages.§ 
 
 * Koyal Commission on I.ai'oiir, ('iri>ui> ;\, 25,712-25. 
 
 t //'/(/., (iroiij) A, 26,050-72. 
 
 X Jl>i(i., Clruiip A, 20,4S6-504. 
 
 § Ihi.l., 22,051-5.
 
 I08 rONTIMATFON AND ARIilTKATION. 
 
 One prolific source of dispute in certain trades, and espe- 
 cially in th<' engineering and shipi)uilding industries, is that 
 known as dc man ation differences. As a means of preventing 
 such disputes, it has been suggested that l)f)ards of arbitration 
 should l)c formed in every industrial district, the niemhers of 
 which sliould he, not men engaged in the rival trades, hut of 
 other workmen and employers. In one case, where the line of 
 demarcation could not amicably be drawn, the joiners on the 
 Wear suggested that the employers should intervene, but the 
 disi)ute was ultimately settled by Mr Burt, M.P. 
 
 Among other boards that have at different times been con- 
 stituted for the settlement of disputes between employers and 
 employed, mention may be made of one in the nail trade of 
 Staffordshire in 1880, which collapsed within a year because 
 some manufacturers refused to join it, and others neglected in 
 consequence to adhere to the prices which it fixed ; * of 
 another in the shipbuilding trade on the Wear, which is often 
 called upon to settle disputes as between one trade and 
 another, as well as between employers and employed,! and 
 which has been described as being " not so much a board as a 
 system of boards — one in connection with each trade in the 
 district — all of w'hich are governed by the same constitution, 
 and are compelled on failure to agree to refer the disputed 
 matter to a court of three referees, chosen from among a pre- 
 arranged list of names, one by each party, and the third by the 
 two thus selected." | 
 
 * Royal Co)iunission o)i\Lal>ow, Ciroup A, 20,249-51. 
 t Ibid., 22,022-3, 20,038-41. 
 % Ibid., 25,712-25.
 
 CHAITER XV. 
 
 THE ATTITUDE OF EMPLOYERS. 
 
 The whole history of the movement that has resulted in the 
 adoption over a wide area of conciliation and arbitration as 
 means for the settlement of industrial disputes, proves that the 
 more liberal and advanced employers have usually recognised 
 the principle as a rational and suitable one to be applied to 
 difficulties of the kind stated. 
 
 This sympathetic attitude towards conciliation and arbitra- 
 tion was manifested in England many years ago, long before it 
 became so general as it now is among employers elsewhere. 
 The Trades Union Commission took a great deal of evidence 
 from employers during the period that they were making their 
 valuable and elaborate inquiries, and in a large majority of 
 cases the leading captains of industry of that time, 1867 to 
 i86g, gave forth no uncertain sound as to their approval and 
 appreciation of the system, which was then deemed to be in its 
 infancy. 
 
 Tlie principal witnesses examined on this subject before 
 the Trades Union Commission were Mr Mundella, M.P., who 
 spoke as to the board established at Nottingham for the hosiery 
 and lace industries; Mr Hollins, who gave unequivocal testi- 
 mony to the success of a board of conciliation of a similar 
 character instituted many years previously in the pottery trade 
 of Staffordshire ; and Mr Rupert Kettle, who had taken an 
 active part in promoting arbitration in \\'olverham|)ton and 
 elsewhere. All those spoke strongly on the merits of the 
 system, and recommended its extension. Hence the Trades 
 Union Commission lalled special attention to the matter in 
 their report. "The great point,' they said, ''is to bring the
 
 no CONCIIJATIDN ANI) AKIH IRATION. 
 
 niasturs and men face to face to discuss their differences before 
 their fechiigs have bccoinc embittered, as is apt to \)c the case 
 when each party is standing out for its own view of wliat Is 
 right, willioul (hsciission logcther." 
 
 'I"lu' most valuable and complete record of the views and 
 recommendations of employers on this subject that has hitherto 
 been made available is that contained in the Aftsioers to the 
 Sc/icdnlcs of Questions issued l>y the Royal Commission on 
 Labour. Arbitration or conciliation is advocated by thirty- 
 eight employers and by eight em])loyers' associations. Some of 
 these answers recommend that boards of arbitration should have 
 [)owcr to enforce their awards. Others recommend that when 
 employers and workmen cannot agree over a dispute, either 
 regarding wages or other matters, there ought to be indepen- 
 dent arbiters appointed by the Government, each having a 
 separate district, who would be appealed to in such cases. 
 Others again appear to be in favour of jtrofit-sharing and co- 
 operation, while a few are of opinion tliat sliding-scales are the 
 true solution of the difficulty. 
 
 Many variations of procedure are suggested, however, even 
 by those who appear to be most friendly to conciliation. 
 
 The Darlington Steel and Iron Company recommend that 
 arbitration be made compulsory, and that neither employers 
 nor employed should be in a position to cause the stoppage of 
 works by strikes or lockouts. 'l"he Skinningrove Iron Company 
 favour arbitration, with an appeal to an umpire having power 
 to enforce his award, and apjjointed either by the Board 
 of 'I'rade or by the local County Council. Messrs John 
 Lysaght & Company recommend "the more extended use of 
 the sliding-scale, and joint - committees of inquiry and con- 
 ciliation boards, with an ultimate appeal to powerful arbitration 
 boards." Messrs Isaac Jenks (!v: Son believe that "a wages 
 board, similar to the Iron Trade Wages Board, seems the 
 simplest way to settle matters "' ; and the Steel Company of 
 Scotland believe in making the decisions of courts of arbitration 
 binding on all the parties concerned. Messrs Robert Lloyd, 
 Crosbie & Company of Birmingham believe in the Boards of
 
 THE ATTITUDE OF EMI'LOVKKS. Ill 
 
 Arbitration in connection with Chambers of Commerce, and 
 so with Messrs WilUam Corljitt c\: Company of Rotherham, 
 the Blainscough Hall Colliery Comi)any, the Claudown 
 Colliery Company, the Radstock Colliery owners, the Aldridge 
 Colliery Company, the Houghton Main and Wodley Colliery 
 Com[)any, and many others. 
 
 Testimony of rather a remarkable character was borne by 
 the Thames Iron Works and Shipbuilding Company, whose 
 judgment is thus stated : *— 
 
 "There is no arbitration or conciliation machinery in our 
 district. Such means of reconciliation are very desirable, but in 
 the case of a serious strike it is very difficult to find people 
 competent to deal with the highly technical cjuestion involved. 
 During our strikes (at their rL(|uest) I went twice before the 
 conciliation conuniltee (jf the London Chamber of Commerce, 
 and while I could not but honour the goodness of their in- 
 tentions, I could not also help realising how entirely they 
 failed to appreciate the point at issue. There is such a thing 
 as crying I'eace, peace, when there is no peace, and this is one 
 dangerous tendency of conciliation at any price." 
 
 Ivpially remarkable and interesting is the testimony offered 
 by Palmers Shii)building and Iron Comjjany of Jarrow, who 
 
 say:— 
 
 " .\n efficient means of avoiding strikes could be found in- 
 the principle of conciliation and arbitration, as this offers an 
 encctive means of an understanding being arrived at between 
 employers and employed, or between parties representing both. 
 The North of England Hoard of Conciliation and Arbitration 
 for the iron and steel trades is a good illustration of this. .\ 
 board of arbitration is formed on the basis of conciliation, that 
 is, endeavouring by com[)romise, or by reference to a mutually 
 appointed arbitrator as a last resource, for settlement, where 
 discussions of a conciliatory nature which are resorted to in the 
 iirsl instance, i)oth at the board antl standing committee, have 
 not been successful. Several temi)orary arrangements on the 
 
 • Koyal Commission on I.ahour : Ansxvers to SiliaiuUs, Grmii) .\, p. J5S.
 
 112 CONCri-IATION AND A k I'.ITKATION. 
 
 same basis have occasionally been instituted for temporary 
 purposes in other branches of our trades. Courts so formed, 
 however, should be legalised and their awards made binding, 
 so that the enii)loyer may be protected from the employed, 
 should the latter break away from the award, and vice versa. 
 Resorting to a strike or lockout should be forbidden by law, 
 it being left open to the parties to resort to conciliation or 
 ari)itration voluntarily, with power to arrange their court, 
 arbitrators, referees, &c., but with the obligation to register the 
 findings or awards in some public office, the law then taking 
 cognizance of them to superintend their enforcement by i)enalty 
 or otherwise. Means should, however, be found for providing 
 either party with a legal court of arbitration, or arbitrators, or 
 referees, before which the objecting party should be summoned, 
 and a decision given accordingly. In the event of one side 
 not ai)pearing, the court should have power to satisfy itself as 
 to tlie reasonableness of the claims made, or the objections of 
 the opposing party to appear, and to give and order accordingly. 
 In the event of the court being satisfied that the party claiming 
 had a fair case, it should have power to call on the other side 
 for evidence, intimating that, if it was not forthcoming, an 
 award would be given notwithstanding, according to the infor- 
 mation received. What is intended to be set forth here is the 
 opinion that the difference between employers and employed, 
 and between the different sections of men employed, are 
 destructive of the best interests of the industrial community, 
 and that some means is essential to minimise their differences, 
 and to settle them without impairing the cordial relations that 
 should obtain between employer and emjiloyed." 
 
 Finally, the large and important shipbuilding firm of Messrs 
 J. & G. Thomson, of Clydebank, submitted the following 
 valuable statement : — 
 
 "When employers and workmen cannot agree over a dispute, 
 either regarding wages or other matters, there ought to be 
 independent arbiters appointed by Government, each having a 
 separate district, who would be appealed to in such cases. 
 For instance, there has been a strike of ironworkers on the
 
 THE ATTITUDE OF EMPLOYERS. II3 
 
 Clyde which lasted for six weeks, although the terms of agree- 
 ment had been arranged between the executive of the men's 
 society and the masters' association ; but the men declined to 
 act on the same. While it is perfectly true that the men 
 favoured this strike, still ironworkers are composed of several 
 classes of tradesmen, and the voting power is in the hands of 
 the most unreasonable and illiterate members, who form the 
 majority. If such an official as above described existed, his 
 services might have been advantageously disposed of in this 
 instance. Even when arranging terms of wages for a period 
 between employers and workmen's executives, this official 
 might be chairman of these conferences. His decision should 
 be final and binding on both parties. Such a system would 
 force both masters and men to formulate reasonable demands 
 only, as otherwise they would be aware that they would not 
 have the slightest chance of obtaining any undue advantage, 
 and thereby bringing trade to a crisis, as they do at present. 
 Whilst the foregoing may not be the best method of solving 
 the strike difficulty, some such measures ought to be adopted 
 for the safety of trade, as strikes are becoming perfectly intoler- 
 able, and entail an enormous waste of time and money. Dis- 
 putes generally ensue when trade is good, and when there is 
 some hope of getting a return for the capital expended, as well 
 as when the maximum amount of wage can be earned by 
 workmen, with the result that disaster is caused to employers 
 and workmen alike." 
 
 In previous and in subsequent chapters we shall find ample 
 evidence that the attitude of employers towards the system of 
 conciliation has generally been friendly, and that they have, in 
 not a few cases, initiated the adoption of the system in a 
 particular trade or district. It was the employers who intro- 
 duced conciliation into nearly every industry in which it is now 
 a feature, and in not a few cases the emjjloyers have been 
 anxious to use the system when the workmen have been passive 
 or avowedly hostile. Captain Noble, of the well-known Klswick 
 Works at Newcastle-on-Tyne, quoted a case of this kind in his 
 evidence before the Labour Commi.ssion, when he stated that 
 
 II
 
 Ill CONCILIATION AND ARllITKATION. 
 
 the employers in liis district "were in favour of conciliation 
 honrds, and, in fart, in the a^'rienient that was come to in the 
 dispute al)(»iit fifty three hours per week, we agre<d that it was 
 ex|)edieiU to appoint a joint-hoard of conciliation for dealing? 
 with all (|uestions which may arise in the future. We have 
 several times asked the delegates that we have met to adopt 
 this resolution, hut they have declined to do so."* In Hull, 
 again, according to the testimony of Mr A. K. Seaton, of F^arle's 
 Shi|)l)uilding Company, a board of conciliation was formed, 
 on the initiative of the Chamber of Commerce, and the work- 
 men were invited to co-operate, but "we never heard anything 
 further from them." t But while there liave been numerous 
 cases of this kind, large bodies of workmen have, on the other 
 hand, ranged themselves on the side of conciliation, and have, 
 as \vc shall see in the next chapter, been faithful to its mandates ; 
 while the cases are by no means rare where individual em- 
 ployers have pronounced against both conciliation and 
 arbitration, and there is a still larger number of cases where 
 they have declared in favour of the former and against the 
 latter. 
 
 * Evidence taken before (Iroup .\, (]. 25,240-6. 
 t Ihid, q. 25,632-S.
 
 CHAl'lER XVI. 
 
 THE ATTITUDE OF WORKMEN. 
 
 Untii, a compulsory system of arbitration has become the law 
 of the land, — and of that there appears to be very little likeli- 
 hood at present, — it is manifest that the success of both conci- 
 liation and arljitration, as well as of any other system designed 
 to diminish friction and promote harmony between employers 
 and employed, must largely, if not wholly, depend upon the 
 attitude taken up towards that system by those who are directly 
 concerned in its adoption. 
 
 Generally the proposals for the substitution of some 
 peaceable method of settling labour disputes have emanated 
 from the side of the employers, but this does not necessarily 
 mean that they have always been the best friends of the 
 principle of conciliation. Cases have occurred where the 
 employers have again and again refused to recognise any other 
 solution of the problem to be dealt with than their own will. 
 But if the employers had invariably advocated and stood by 
 the system of conciliation, that would only have been what 
 might be expected from their circumstances. Generally speak- 
 ing, the emi)loycTs have a better education and a higher intelli- 
 gence than their employes, so that they are, or should be, 
 capable of acting rather upon reason than upon impulse, 
 and of appreciating the ultimate as well as the immediate 
 bearing of any action that they might undertake. They have 
 also, as a rule, a great deal more at stake. The workman, if 
 he is involved in a strike or a lockout, can pack up his " kit " 
 and seek for work elsewhere. The employer, having once 
 planted himself on a particular s|)ot, has generally come to 
 stay, and he must accept all the direct and indirect conse- 
 quences of any action in which he is concerned.
 
 Il6 CONCTI-fATFON AM) AklilTI; ATK)\. 
 
 Nc'vcrlhclcss, all llic evidence that is available as to the 
 attitude assumed by workiug men towards the systems of con- 
 ciliation and arbitration, shows that they arc generally alive to 
 its im[)ortance, and that they have seldom taken up an antagon- 
 istic position towards them. Many cases have (.-ven occurred 
 where the workmen have proposed conciliation anrl it has been 
 declined by the employers. Several such cases are on the 
 records of the Royal Labour Commission — notably among the 
 cutlers of Sheftield and the miners of Scotland. As a rule, 
 also, the workmen, having once accepted arbitration through 
 their chosen representatives, have faithfully carried out the 
 award of the umpire, however hostile ; while cases have 
 occurred where a large body of workmen have raised the 
 funds necessary to recoup an employer for any loss that he 
 may liavc incurred through tlie resistance of his men to such 
 an award. 
 
 Some light was thrown upon the question of the practical 
 working of arbitration in the evidence given by Mr Edward 
 Trow (a Royal Commissioner), before the I>abour Commis- 
 sion, and especially as to the attitude taken by the workmen 
 whom he represents : — " The workmen," says Mr Trow, " truly 
 and honestly believe in the system of conciliation, and faith- 
 fully carry out awards. In May 1876, for example, upon the 
 refusal of a small section of their body to obey a decision 
 of the l)oard, the men agreed to pay half the ^678, 10s. id. 
 which the employers had lost in consequence, and their 
 delegates balloted for substitutes to take over the work of 
 the recusants, because they felt bound in honour to support 
 the authority of the board. Again, in 1882, when a strike 
 took place against a decision of the board, and Mr Trow, 
 in consequence, refused to hold office as their secretary 
 unless the men passed a resolution expressing regret for their 
 action and a determination to be more amenable in future, an 
 overwhelming majority voted in favour of continuing the board. 
 Since that date the system of conciliation has steadily grown 
 in favour, and the witness thought that now there was not a 
 single works in the North of England, where the men would
 
 Tin-: ATTITUDE OF WORKMEN. 11/ 
 
 not gladly join the board, if they could only persuade their 
 employers to do so too. 
 
 " Ever since the board was formed," adds Mr Trow, " its 
 decisions have been retrospective. In questions concerning an 
 advance of wages, therefore, the men are willing to continue 
 working upon the original terms, pending judgment, for they 
 know that, if the decision is given in their favour, the extra 
 payments will take effect from the moment their claim was 
 filed. On the other hand, when questions concerning reduc- 
 tions await decision, the employers continue to pay the original 
 rate, trusting to the men's honesty to refund the e.xtra amount, 
 if the board finds in favour of the reduction. The only ca.se 
 in which the men abused this trust was that of the Britannia 
 \\'orks, where two men sent in their notices instead of paying. 
 The company took action against them, and the assize judge, 
 sitting at York in May 1875, ruled that they were bound to 
 pay, whereupon they refunded the money." 
 
 In some (juarters a great deal has been made of the f:\ct 
 that the workmen have sometimes refused to accei)t an award, 
 and it has been argued thereupon that their loyalty was not to 
 be depended on. No better witness could be cited on this 
 point than Sir RuiJcrt Kettle, who, in addressing the Social 
 Science Congress in 1870, made the following remarks : — " He 
 knew of arbitration boards established in a great variety of 
 trades -the building trade, the textile fabric trade, manufac- 
 turing trades of various kinds, contract trades, and the various 
 kinds of productive industries, as well as distributing industries 
 — and he had never known a single instance of a working man 
 breaking his contract. But he was bound to say that he had 
 known of individual masters who had broken the contract. In 
 those cases, however, the public opinion of the district luul 
 always been brought to bear for the purpose of supporting the 
 arbitration board. He would tell tiiem further what temptation 
 some of the men were sometimes subjected to to break their 
 contract. He had known instances in the building trade, 
 which consisted of three or four branches, where carpenters, 
 bricklayers, and plasterers cunsented to abide by the court of
 
 tl8 CONCII.IATI'jX AM) Al< I'.ITK ATION. 
 
 arl)itr;iiit>ii, wliilr tlu- iiias(jns positively refused to submit. The 
 result of the award was unsatisfactory to the three trades, but 
 nevertiiekss, thougli tliey (hd not gel an advance, they honour- 
 al)ly accepted the decision. A week, afterwards the masons 
 struck for an advance, and it was given by the masters ; and 
 yet tlic three bodies of men — the carpeiiter.s, the bricklayers, 
 and the |)lasterers went on working, and were willing to goon 
 working tiuoughoul the whfjje year, upon the judgment of the 
 court of arbitration, although they were engaged upon the 
 same building as the masons who had got the advance. In 
 another case, he had classified various industries : to consider 
 what should be their relative positions over the coming year. 
 In the arbitration board it was found to be impossible to deal 
 with all the men upon equal terms ; it was found that the 
 bricklayers made out a better case for a rise than the carpenters 
 or the plasterers. Though those three bodies, through their 
 representatives, agreed to form one common board for the 
 purpose of discussing the whole (juestion — whether the main 
 drainage scheme would be carried out, whether the town hall 
 would be built, or the new hosi)ital enlarged, and whether 
 certain other works could be executed within a given time ; the 
 result was that instead of making a one year's bargain, they 
 made a three years' bargain. They were working now in their 
 third year, and he had not heard a single complaint." 
 
 It is, of course, difficult to assemble a considerable number 
 of representatives of two conflicting interests to discuss matters 
 that involve large issues to both without some degree of friction 
 occurring, or being liable to occur. But the first thing that 
 both sides should resolutely strive for is patience, and the next 
 thing is to studiously avoid anything in the form of discourtesy. 
 If the one side ruffles the feelings or excites the temi)er of the 
 other, there is generated a disposition to retaliate which is more 
 or less inherent in our frail human nature, and this disposition, 
 it need hardly be added, is quite inconsistent with that calm 
 and judicial frame of mind which alone is suited to the trial of 
 such issues. 
 
 Few arbitrations have taken place without some display of
 
 THE ATTITUDE OF WORKMEN. I I9 
 
 temper, and without the use of ill-chosen and hasty words that 
 were afterwards regretted. In the Durham district the two 
 parties have often hit very hard, either in the way of direct 
 assertion, challenge, innuendo, or demur. So far had this pro- 
 ceeded, indeed, that in the arbitration of 1S76, the umpire 
 made use of these words : — " Each side can now (juitc feel that 
 they have had their say out. If they choose between this and 
 the printing of the case to meet and mutually eliminate some 
 passages that are mutually hard upon one another, that may be 
 a useful thing for posterity when it comes to read the account." 
 And posterity is likely enough to affirm that it would have been 
 all the better if the umpire's advice on this occasion had been 
 adopted. Hard words are not arguments, reflections and 
 innuendos are not the weapons with which to fight in the pres- 
 ence of an umpire who has a knowledge of his duty. On the 
 contrary, the more courtesy that is shown the more is mutual 
 respect generated, and the more likelihood is there of friendly 
 feelings — which are an almost indispensable condition to arbitra- 
 tion — being maintained. Nor is either side slow to recognise 
 the existence of courteous behaviour on the other side. When 
 the cokemakers of the county of Durham were arbitrating as to 
 the rate of wages that should be paid in August 1S76, the coke- 
 men submitted a statement, which the then umpire (the Right 
 Hon. (i. J. Shaw-Lefevre, M.P.) described as "a very able 
 paper, very ably stating their case," and which the advocates 
 for the employers described as " very gentlemanly,' and deserv- 
 ing of high compliment. It is in this spirit that all cases of 
 the kind should be approached. It is not enough to have full 
 confidence in your own case, but you must be prepared to 
 recognise the merits as well as the defects of the case of your 
 opponents, if you are to arrive at a just settlement of a pending 
 dispute. 
 
 In I^ncashire several attempts have been made to intro- 
 duce a sliding-scale for the regulation of the wages of coal- 
 miners, but at the outset of this movement the men appear 
 to have conceived a distrust of the system. At any rate they 
 struck work in 18S9, ostensibly against a sliding scale which
 
 120 CONCH. lATION AND AKIHrKATION. 
 
 had been introduced by the employers, following upon a strike 
 that took place in 1887 for an advance of wages, and which, 
 after lasting for six weeks, resulted in a concession being made 
 to the men. 'I'he representatives of the men declared that they 
 do not object to a sliding-scale, '* but to one arbitrarily imposed 
 upon them by the emplcjyers without discussion, as was the 
 case in 1887."* 
 
 An evidence of the earnestness of the workmen is supplied 
 in one very drastic suggestion made before Group A of the 
 Royal Commission on Labour, viz., that whenever a strike 
 occurred with the approval of the executive, the members of 
 the executive should cease to draw a salary, and be i)ut upon 
 the same short allowance as the men on strike. This sug- 
 gestion was made on behalf of the Associated Iron and Steel 
 ^Vorkers of dreat Britain, by Mr \V. Ancott, the president, who 
 would himself be affected by its adoption. Rightly or wrongly, 
 there is a not uncommon impression abroad that officials have 
 had more to do with strikes than the workmen whom they were 
 sui)posed to control, but this is certainly not always, and perhaps 
 not often, the case. The workmen are more liable to drive the 
 officials than the officials to drive the workmen, and many 
 recent cases show that strikes have been entered upon against 
 the advice of the responsible advisers of the men. 
 
 That the workmen arc not unappreciative of the efforts 
 made by those who, their truest friends, seek by conciliation to 
 avoid the ruptures that are otherwise liable to occur in the 
 relations of employers and employed, is evident from many 
 circumstances that have occurred since this system came into 
 general use. But in no case probably has more marked testi- 
 mony been rendered of this fact than when, in 1S70, the 
 representatives of the ironworkers of the North of England met 
 in the Central Hall of Darlington, to present an illuminated 
 address to Mr David Dale — first, for his having been the means 
 of establishing this system in the iron trade of the north, and 
 
 * Report of the Royal Commission on Labour, Section A, cf. 9S72-S, 
 10,470.
 
 THE ATTITUDE OK WORKMEN. 121 
 
 next, for his unwearied and effective discharge of the duties of 
 chairman of the concihation board. This address, which was 
 jjresented by a workman, bore the following testimony to Mr 
 Dale's services : — 
 
 "We are deeply sensible of the active part you took, and 
 the valuable services you rendered, in the establishment of this 
 board, and of the kind, courteous, and impartial maimer in 
 which you have presided as chairman since its formation. 
 
 " Combined with great administrative ability, tact, and 
 judgment, you have brought to bear upon the proceedings and 
 discussions the true conciliatory spirit in conducting the general 
 business, which has not unfreciuently been both trying and 
 difficult. The unwearied attention you have bestowed upon 
 the organisation and management of the board has enabled us, 
 on all occasions, to bear and forbear with each other. To your 
 able presidency is mainly due the success that has attended 
 this im[)ortant movement— a movement which, we trust, will 
 gain strength year by year, and will become firmly established 
 in connection with the northern iron trade." 
 
 It is, however, proper to observe that there have been 
 numerous cases where the workmen have recorded emphatic 
 objections to both arbitration and sliding-scales, and some of 
 these may be noted. 
 
 Unlike most of the other colliery districts in the country, 
 South Wales does not appear to favour arbitration. At any 
 rate, according to the evidence of Mr Edward Jones of the 
 South Wales Colliery Owners' Association,* " Resort has never 
 been made to arbitration U|jon the failure of the two sides of 
 the standing committee to agree. The workmen's representa- 
 tives, he says, have generally been in l^xvour of the appoint- 
 ment of an umpire, especially for the settlement of isolated 
 local disputes; but the employers have always objected, because 
 they k\i\ to see any finality in his decision. There would also 
 be great difficulty in obtaining an umpire who possessed the 
 confidence of both parties. Disputes would be greatly multi- 
 
 * Report of Royal Commission on Labour, Sc-cliun A, 9, 11,679, Si 8.
 
 122 CONCILIATION' AM) Ai^MITKATION. 
 
 plictl if the intii know that ihcy could refer ([ucstions to an 
 umpire, because his award iniglil reas(;iiably he expected to be 
 of the nature of a (;oni|>roniisc, and they would accord in^;ly feel 
 confident of gaining some advantage by every contest. The 
 same objections would apply to the ap[)ointment of an inde- 
 pendent chairman to settle with the joint committee." 
 
 In some cases the adoption of a sliding-scale appears to 
 have been arrived at without a great deal of difficulty ; in 
 other cases the negotiations for this end have been fruitless. 
 In West Lancashire, efforts were made at different times during 
 the last ten years or so to arrange a sliding-scale in the coal 
 industry, but no satisfactory basis could be arrived at, and 
 the scale was never introduced. 
 
 In nearly every instance where a sliding-scale has been 
 introduced in the mining industry, and abandoned, it has been 
 given up at the instance of the workmen. In West Yorkshire, 
 a sliding-scale was in force for two years preceding 1881, but it 
 was terminated in March of that year owing to the men being 
 dissatisfied with it. In the Durham coal trade there have been 
 four different scales under which wages were fixed according to 
 the ascertained average selling price of coal. Only one of 
 these, however, lasted for more than two and a half years. 
 The first, which came to an end in December 1878, only 
 lasted for a year and seven months. The second, which was 
 concluded in December 1881, only lasted for two years and 
 two montlis. The third, which came to an end in December 
 1883, lasted for a year and eight months. And the fourth and 
 last, which was given up in July 1889, lasted for about five 
 years, and was also terminated at the instance of the workmen. 
 This does not prove, however, that the workmen had lost all 
 faith in the system. It only proves that the [)articular applica- 
 tion or basis adopted did not suit them.
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 PENDING PROPOSALS AND LEGISLATION. 
 
 During the last two years the exceptional frL(iiiciicy and 
 unprecedented magnitude of some of the strikes tiiat have 
 occurred, in the coal and other industries, have suggested and 
 enforced the absolute necessity of attempting some means of 
 avoiding cases of the kind in the time to come. 
 
 This necessity has found expression in the introduction of 
 three different IJills, that are intended to secure the end in 
 view, by making more or less binding the adoption of con- 
 ciliation or arbitration. 
 
 In our own country, the Act known as Lord St Leonard's 
 was adopted by Parliament some twenty-five years ago, for the 
 purpose of facilitating the adoption of arbitration, but the Act 
 has practically remained a dead letter. Not that employers 
 and employed have failed to make use of arbitration for the 
 purposes that the .\ct was designed to promote, but in nearly 
 all the arrangements made for this end the Act itself has been 
 disregarded. The recent serious strikes in the Durham and 
 Midland coalfields, and elsewhere, have forced upon the Legis- 
 lature the necessity of making some additional legislative pro- 
 vision for meeting cases of the kind, and we are conse<iuently 
 likely to have cjuite a crop of arbitration Bills, including pro- 
 bably a (Government measure, in the ensuing session of Parlia- 
 ment. Two such Bills are already under consideration. One 
 of them, described as Sir John Lubbock's Bill, which is backed 
 by Mr Mather, .Mr Howell, and «)thers, proposes to give power 
 to a Board of Conciliation or .Arbitration to examine on oath, 
 to issue subptenas, and to call for the production of docu-
 
 I2.| (:ON<II,I.\ri()N AM) AI^IUTKATION. 
 
 mciils ; aiul it provides thai wliurc llic parlies have a}^ree(J in 
 wrilin)^ to suhiuil a difference lo arbilralion, ihc award made 
 tlureon shall he final, and shall he enforceable "in the same 
 manner as a judgmenl or order of ihe High Courl to the same 
 effect." Sir V. Dixon llarlland's liill is constructed on 
 different lines. It withdraws the constituti(jn of the arbitration 
 board fioni the hands of the parties to the difference, and 
 vests it in the County Council, who arc to be saddled with the 
 e-xpenscs involved; and while it takes authority, like Sir John 
 Lubbock's Uill, to summon witnesses, compel attendance, and 
 administer oaths, it does not provide for giving the same legal 
 sanction to any awards that may be arrived at. 'i'his second 
 Hill, in point of fact, appears to be based upon the theory that 
 if a sufficiently full and impartial inquiry is held into the 
 suljject-mattcr of a dis[nite, and a decision given and pub- 
 lished as to the proper mode of settlement, public opinion and 
 its pressure may be trusted to take care that the decision is 
 carried out. 
 
 These two IJiUs o[)en up the whole question of the con- 
 slilution, procedure, aiul powers of boards of arbitration, and at 
 the present moment are, therefore, of great public interest. 
 The most important problem involved in any attempted legisla- 
 tion on the question, is that of whether the awards made under 
 a reference to arbitration shall be enforceable by legal process. 
 A hardly less important question is whether the parties to a 
 disjjute shall be bound to submit the difference to arbitration. 
 The second of these ])oints is in one sense much more im- 
 portant than the fust, because ol)viously, if it is competent for 
 either party to a dispute to refuse to submit the question at 
 issue, — as was actually the case in the Durham strike of 1892 and 
 the Midland coal strike of 1893, — t^*^ g'ving of legal sanction 
 to the award becomes a matter of secondary importance. In 
 other words, when once arbitration has been resolved upon, the 
 rest becomes comparatively smooth sailing, inasmuch as there 
 have been comparatively few cases where an award has been 
 deliberately set aside by either side. Two aspects of compul- 
 sion have therefore to be provided for : the first, compulsion to
 
 PENDING PROPOSALS AND LEGISLATION. 1 25 
 
 resort to arbitration ; and the second, compulsion to observe 
 the terms of an award — if compulsion is to be adopted at all. 
 
 Practically, however, all experience and precedents uj) to 
 the i^resent time are dead against compulsion in any form. 
 You cannot very well compel a man to agree to submit to 
 reference whether he shall be recjuired to work for a certain 
 employer for a certain wai;e at a curtain time. This must be 
 left entirely to the man's own choice. Nor can you deal 
 differently with a body of men, however numerous, so long as 
 they have broken no laws and rendered themselves amenable 
 to no jienalties. Workmen must be continued in the enjoy- 
 ment of the right to dispose of their labour at whatsoever price 
 they like, and this being so, they cannot be compelled to 
 arbitrate as to what the price of that labour shall be, or as to 
 any other general conditions affecting its value and duration. 
 All that can be done is to endeavour to persuade both em- 
 ployers and employed to agree to submit matters in dispute to 
 arbitration, and failing acce[)tance of the award made under 
 such reference to imi)ose some sort of penalty. This would be 
 more than any country or any locality has attempted to do u[) 
 to the |)resent time, 'i'he judgment of those who have been 
 most intimately associated with labour movements is, on the 
 whole, adverse to compulsion. The laws adopted with a view 
 to the encouragement and sanction of arbitration abroad arc 
 almost wholly permissive. It has not been entirely so in 
 England. The Act 5 deorge IV., chap. 96 (1824), gives con- 
 siderable powers of com[)ulsory arbitration on application by 
 either party to a justice of the peace, but the scope of the Act 
 is limited to subsisting contracts ; and the formation of per- 
 manent boards or councils, or the fixing of future wages and 
 prices, was not contemplated. Lord St Leonard's Act — 30 t\: 
 31 Vict., chap. 105 (1867) — gives power to the Home Secretary 
 to license permanent councils of arbitration; but their operation 
 was limited to the existing contracts enumerated in Section 2 
 of the Act 5 (ieorge IV., chap. 96. Finally, Mr .Mumlella's 
 Act of 1872 gives all the powers that can be given for tin- 
 establishnunt of pirmaiieiU boards of arbitration, consistent
 
 \?.6 CONrFI.IATION AND ARFilTRATION. 
 
 with freedom of conlrart. Power is given to fix future wages 
 
 or prices, and to enforce awards by lef^al [jrorcss, as hrearhcs 
 of rontrart. 
 
 Mr Miiiulclla's pending,' (.'otv iliation ('I'radcs I)isputes) 
 JJill (the full text of whi( h is i)ul)lished in the A|)pendix) 
 places in the hands of the lioard of Trade the power— (</) To 
 iniiuirc into the causes of a difference or dispute, and make a 
 report thereon ; and (/') To invite the j)arties to meet together, 
 hy themselves or their representatives, under the presidency of 
 a chairman mutually agreed upon or nominated by the Hoard 
 of Trade, or by some other person or body, with a view to the 
 amicable settlement of the difference. 'I'he Board of Trade 
 is also authorised to take steps to establish boards of concilia- 
 tion and arbitration in cases where they do not already exist, 
 and is recpiired to make an annual report to Parliament under 
 the Act. 
 
 It would be difficult to find fault with many of the provisions 
 of Mr Mundclla's latest Bill. He does not go so far as some 
 others have done in the direction of enforcing oi)edience to 
 awards. The whole sjjirit and tcnour of the proposed measure 
 is permissive and voluntary, and this is probably essential in 
 any attempt to legislate on the subject. At the same time, the 
 powers vested in the Board of Trade would enable them to 
 take such a course, in reference to any important dispute, as 
 would cover with odium any party to it that refused to re- 
 cognise and accei)t the recommendations of so manifestly 
 impartial an authority. The annual report to be made to 
 Parliament should, moreover, enter into the merits of each 
 dispute, and assign credit or blame where they were deserved, 
 thereby securing sympathy and approval for the one side at the 
 expense of the other. 
 
 While the whole subject is still pending, the recommenda- 
 tions of the Royal La))our Commission relative to the settle- 
 ment of trade disputes have opportunely been published.* The 
 Commissioners find that institutions for the settlement of dis- 
 
 * 77ie- Times, 20th April.
 
 TENDING PROPOSALS ANT) I.ECISLATKjN. 1 27 
 
 putes have grown uj) within the larger and l)ctter organised 
 industries, and arc successful in proportion to the excellence of 
 the organisation ; that in recent years other institutions, distin- 
 guished as district boards of conciliation, have been formed for 
 the settlement of disputes, not in any one trade, but in many 
 small trades within a given area ; that both trade and district 
 boards have in all cases been spontaneously formed without 
 resort to certain Acts of Parliament intended to enable them 
 to actpiire a statutory basis and certain legal powers ; and, 
 finally, that these trade and district boards are highly efficacious 
 where they exist, but do not yet exist in sufficient numbers to 
 cover the whole field of industry. 
 
 In these circumstances the Commissioners inquire, in the 
 first place, whether it would be advisable to establish industrial 
 tribunals throughout the country with legal powers to deal with 
 questions arising out of existing agreements. In favour of this 
 course it has been urged that working men are deterred by 
 cost, the character of the tribunal, and other reasons, from 
 bringing questions of this kind before stii)endiary magistrates 
 and justices of the peace, who may have jurisdiction under the 
 Flmployers and Workmen Act 1875 ; while, as no special 
 tribunals have been established under the Conciliation Act 
 1867, or other Acts, these authorities are the only ones before 
 whom such (luestions can be brought. Many witnesses seemed 
 to expect and desire some court that would take cognizance of 
 very technical and local disputes, such as short payment for 
 inferior work, fines and deductions, and the (juality of the raw 
 material supplied by the master. While some of these disputes 
 are outside the province of a public tribunal, there is a general 
 impression that workmen have minor grievances for which they 
 cannot readily obtain cheap and summary redress. But, on 
 the other hand, in all well-organised trades they are thoroughly 
 protected ; most of the dis[)utes in (juestion would usually be 
 settled by the termination of the engagement rather than by 
 resort to any tribunal whatever ; several Acts establishing 
 tribunals of the kind sought have become a dead letter ; and if 
 they are to be of real use for very small disputes they must l>c
 
 I2.S CONCILIATION AND AKIMTKATION. 
 
 created in (|uitc imprnrtirahic numbers. The report concludes 
 that it would l)c unwise; to institute any f^cncral system of in- 
 dustrial tribunals, but tbat there niif^hl be some advantaj^e in 
 eiupowerin}^ town and county < ounrils to estabhsh them in a 
 tentative manner. It would be the function of the cf)uncils to 
 take the initiative witlK)Ut (hreetly appointing tlie members, and 
 any court of the kind, when .-ipproved by a public department 
 and established by an Order in Council, would have the st.Vtu- 
 tory powers exercised in pari materia by county courts. 
 
 These tribunals, it is held, would deal only with disputes 
 arising out of existing agreements or trade customs. Hut all 
 the greater and more serious disputes affecting large bodies of 
 men, have regard to the future rather than the present, and to 
 the modification of existing conditions rather than to their in- 
 terpretation. The next rpiestion, therefore, is, whether it is 
 desirable to establish statutory boards of conciliation and arbi- 
 tration. On this point the report concludes that no central 
 department could have the local knowledge necessary to attempt 
 with success the creation of such institutions, and that the 
 intervention of local public authorities cannot be usefully ex- 
 tended at present beyond the experimental action just referred 
 to. The Commissioners hope and believe that the present 
 ra])id extension of voluntary boards will continue. At some 
 future time it may be found advisable to give them statutory 
 powers, but at the present stage of progress " it would do more 
 harm than good either to invest voluntary boards with legal 
 powers or to establish rivals to them in the shape of other 
 boards founded on a statutory basis and having a more or less 
 public and official character." 
 
 With regard to the promotion of voluntary boards of con- 
 ciliation and arbitration, the Conuiiissioners report that, though 
 they caiuiot agree in recommending the direct establishment of 
 such boards of the State, they think that " a central depart- 
 ment, with an adequate staff, and having means to juocure, 
 record, and circulate information, may do much by advice and 
 assistance to promote their more rapid and universal establish- 
 ment." It is suggested that legislation such as that proposed
 
 THNDINC; I'KOI'DSALS AND I.FdISI.ATIoN. 1 29 
 
 by Mr Mundclla last year might do much good by giving the 
 Board of Trade a better locus standi for friendly and experienced 
 intervention. Hut care must be taken to guard against any 
 injury to the unitjue position which the Hoard of Trade now 
 occupies. Its statistical duties will, in all probability, increase, 
 and "in the collection and preparation of information the im- 
 portance of absolute and universally recognised impartiality and 
 freedom from any end or purpose except that of exact ascertain- 
 ment of facts is so great that care will have to be taken that inter- 
 vention, even of the most friendly character, in trade disputes 
 shall in no degree im|)air statisti<al accuracy and credit." 
 
 The next point de.ilt with in the repc^rt is the appointment 
 of official arbitrators. When all concerned are willing to arbi- 
 trate, there is often great difhcully in finding an arbitrator. 
 " ICilher the proposed arbitrator or um|)ire is(juite unconnected 
 with industrial work, and then the process of informing his 
 mind is too long and costly, or he is in some way connected 
 with the industrial world, and then one party or the other is apt 
 to suspect him of bias or partiality." The Commissioners think 
 that this diftn ulty might be got over by giving a public depart- 
 ment power to appoint an arbitrator to act either alone or in 
 conjuiK tion with others. If the same persons were fre(iuently 
 ap|)()iiUed, they would become arbitration experl.s. they would 
 be fairly free from sus|)icion of bias, their expenses would be 
 paid by the Treasury, and in time, if the system worked well, 
 they might be made permanent instead of tem|)()iary and occa- 
 sional judicial officers, with perhaps power to summon witnesses 
 and t \amine them on oath. 
 
 It will no doubt be very disapjwinting to those who ex- 
 pected a great deal from the labours of the ('ommission to find 
 that on this crucial (juestion of the settlement of tratle disputes 
 their recommendations are so lame and inconclusive, and their 
 joint wisdom has so manifestly failed to find a panacea for one 
 of the greatest social evils of our time. Hut men of wisdom 
 and experience must have known better what to expect. There 
 is no "divine afflatus " about a Royal Commission, and it is 
 not necessarily any more easy for a tribunal of this kind to 
 
 I
 
 130 COM II.IAIION AND AKI'.ITKATION. 
 
 solve a ^Tcal proMciu ilian it is for the individual. The Com- 
 missioncrs, however, indicate one direction in which an 
 iniprovenienl (jf existing ma< hinery is (lesiral)le. They hint at 
 the lack of adequate provision for dealing with the minor 
 grievances of workmen. This matter is one that has been 
 taken up and adjudicated upon hy the joint-committees that 
 are now at work in c(mnection with most hoards estal)lished in 
 tlie iron, coal, and other industries. Hut such organisations, as 
 we have seen, are relatively few, and it is highly desirable that 
 the system slmuld he as far as possible extended.
 
 SECTION II.— FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 ciiArri.K win. 
 /..Uioih' nisrri'Es .\.\n thjur setti.emkxt 
 
 JX THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Till. I'nitLcl States of Noitli Aiiicrir.T art- tlic most inipoitant 
 industrial and maiuifacturin^' (oimlry in the world after (Ireal 
 Uritain. It is even probable that they are to day ahead of the 
 old country from this point of view. lUit whether their indus- 
 tries as a whole are ecjually diversified, it is certain that in 
 reference to many of them, such as mining, the manufacture of 
 iron and steel, the working of other metals, the manufacture of 
 railway plant, and above all, the working of railway traflic, the 
 L'nited States are by far the most ini|)ortant iiidnstrinl nalinn 
 in the world. 
 
 This inii(iue position has been attained wiihm su( h a com- 
 paratively short space of time, that it seems only like yesterday 
 when the United Stales could niake but small pretensions to 
 being an industrial nation, and had little more than a merely 
 agri( ultural rejjutation. Even .so recently as 1880, only 7.6 
 per cent, of the total population of the country were employed 
 in manufactures, as com|)ared with 15.3 per cent, engageil in 
 agriculture, while at the same time 23 per cent, of the popula- 
 tion of the United Kingdom were engaged in manufacturing 
 industry, as compared with only 7.5 per cent, engaged in 
 agriculture.* 
 
 • Eiii^fiiiiifs Sii/'iiniiuy, 1')' J. Stcplun Jeans, |>. 16. I.<>n(^n)ans.
 
 132 (ON* II.IA llnN ANI> AKI'.ITKATION. 
 
 If \vc i;<) further l)a(:k still, wc shall find that the percentage 
 proportion of the population of the United States employed in 
 niaiuifactures was relatively smaller, while that of the United 
 Kiiif^dom was not greatly ditTererit. Indeed, even in 1861, 
 the industrial population of England was 22.7 per cent. 
 of the whole, as against only 10 per cent, employed in 
 agriculture.* 
 
 'I'hesc facts have a more important bearing on the ques- 
 tions discussed in this volume than might appear at first sight. 
 In the case of a settled and more or le.ss independent agricul- 
 tural population, such as that of the United States, there is not 
 the same liability to labour disputes that there invariably is 
 where the population is shifting and migratory, and engaged 
 first in one occu[)ation and then in another. Hence the 
 United States have not until ([uite recently been called upon 
 to face to any extent the great economic problems of work and 
 wages which had at a much earlier period perplexed and dis- 
 turbed our own country; and hence also we shf)uld nf)t ex[xrct 
 to find in the United States the same ripe experience of the 
 labour question in its earlier forms and phases, as we must 
 have in dreat Britain. 
 
 Although in the industrial history of the United States 
 unions of some kind have existed since the beginning of the 
 present century, it is only since the time of the civil war that 
 the labour organisations of that country have attained to any- 
 thing like their ])resent importancc-t The excitement of that 
 period, and the abolition of slavery, gave a strong inijK-tus to 
 the movement in favour of organised labour, and in the ten 
 following years many new unions and so-called brotherhoods 
 were constituted.]; Of these by far the most important ap|»ears 
 lo be the "Federation of Organised Trades and I^abour Unions 
 of the United States and Canada," which was established at 
 Pittsburg in 1881, and which, ten years later, had a member- 
 
 * Eni^hin<rs Sii/>iriiniiy, hy J. Stephen Jeans, p. 17. 
 
 ^ Koyal Com mission on I.ahoiir: Foni^n A't/vrfs — TAf ('ni/<J S/u/fS, 
 
 p. 7. 
 
 t //■/"./., p. S.
 
 LADOUk DISI'UTKS IN Till: UNITI.I) STATF.S. I33 
 
 ship (;f 618,000, and claiiiicd to contrul sixty-two affiliated 
 unions. 
 
 Of late years the number of strikes and lockouts occurring 
 in the organised industries of the United States have largely 
 increased. The pericjd 1881-91 a|)|)cars to have marked their 
 greatest development. Even within the com|»aratively short 
 period 1882-86, the number of strikes reported for the United 
 States as a whole had more than trebled, and the numl)er of 
 establishments affected had increased more than four-fold.* 
 About 42 per cent, of the strikes reported were attributed to a 
 demand for increase of wages, and 7.7 per cent, to the resist- 
 ance of a proposed reduction of wages. 
 
 Many of the labour disputes that have occurred in the 
 United States have l)een connected with a reduction of the 
 number of hands employed, or of the wages paid in a par- 
 ticular industry conseijucnt uptjn the introduction of lal)our- 
 saving machinery. 'Jhe rate of wages paid in all manufactures 
 after the Clivil War appears to have largely increased, and this 
 fact stimulated the necessity for labour-saving machinery 
 wherever it could be applied. The natural inventive capacity 
 of the American mechanic was thereupon set to work, and 
 within a few years the processes and ap|)liances useil in many 
 leading manufactures became more or less revolutionised. The 
 extent to which this movenu-nt involve'! a notal)le dis|>lace- 
 ment of labour may be estimated fiom one or two exaniples. 
 In the Hessemer steel industry, one man in 1S90 could d(j the 
 work, as measured by tons of product, that five men were 
 recjuired to do twenty years before. In the boot and shoe 
 industry, one man in 1S.S5 could do the work that it reipiired 
 ten men to perform twenty years befijre. .Xnd so with most 
 other industries in a greater or less degree. 
 
 Hut while this movement has been cnnied liiiilur in the 
 United Slates than in other countries, we find that the general 
 causes of labour disputes are much the same there as in (Ireat 
 Britain, and call for much the same mode and conditions of 
 
 * Kcport of Federal liurctxn of Labour on StrHes ami /.ofkouts.
 
 I ;, I <<>N( ll.l \ I ION ANIt AKI'.I I IMI ION. 
 
 Ill .iliiii 111. I Ik- iiiusl serious strikes are those tlial liave (m 
 ciirrtil ii) the < oal re;;ions of Ohio and IVimsylvaiiia, in tlie 
 iron and steel indnslrii-s, and amongst the men enijiloycd *m 
 railway work. Sonic of those strikes, and esiK-TJally those 
 ori;anised l)y the union or society known as the Kni^;hts of 
 Labour, were of ^real exli-nl, and were marked l»y violcnfe and 
 disorder of a very serious character. 
 
 The ( "oiiunissioner of I,al)our, in his valuable rejMjrts on 
 Aineriian iiuUislry, estimated that die total loss to employers 
 from suspension of labour throughout the United States In:- 
 tween iSSi an<l 1.S.S6 was thirty four millions of dollars. 
 \Vilhin the same |)eri(»(l, the total loss to the workmen <:on- 
 cerned is estimated at about sixty millions of dollars. This 
 would mean an average annual loss to Ixnh parties of about 
 3', millions sterling a year ; * and if this be taken as the average 
 annual loss in the interval that has elapsed since these esti- 
 mates were put forward, it would re|)resent a total loss to 
 American industry, between 1881 and 1892, of thirty-six 
 millions sterling.! 
 
 Having found lliat labour was becoming more difficult 
 to control, that strikes were becoming of more frequent occur- 
 rence, and that the losses and difficulties arising from industrial 
 dispu'es were becoming increasingly serious, the attention of 
 , both employers and employed in the chief -Xmerican industries 
 was naturally turned to En gland, as the leading manufacturing 
 country, for a solution of the problem that was being pressed 
 ui)on their notice. 
 
 /Several attempts were made between 1S70 and 18S0 to 
 establish boards of conciliation and arbitration in connection 
 with particular industries, l)ut the success achieved in this 
 direction was not very encouraging. One of the first attempts 
 to legislate on the matter was made in the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania, where, upon a report presented by my friend Mr J. I). 
 Weeks, of Pittsburg, on the working of conciliation and arbi- 
 
 * Convertint; tiie dollar at 4.80. 
 
 t Many very serious strikes have taken place since lS86, csjiccially in 
 
 niiniiiL; and railway imlustries.
 
 LAr.oUk DISPUTES IN TIIK LMIKD STATI.S. 1 35 
 
 lrati(jii ill labour ciispulcs in l*>nglarul, llic State legislature 
 adopted the Wallace Act of 1883. This Act prcjvided for the 
 estaljhshment of voluntary boards of arbitration; but the awards 
 made under it c(nild n(H be binding unless, and until, they were 
 accepted l)y both parlies. 'I'liis was virtually the principle 
 adopted by all the boards of arbitration establisheil in l-lngland 
 up to that period. Two years later an arbitration Act was 
 established in Ohio, whii h varied the procedure of the I'enn- 
 sylvania Act, by re(iuiring that both parties nuisl pledge them- 
 selves beforehand t(j acce|)t the award, whatever it miglrt be. 
 This provision is of course understcjod, if not distinctly ex- 
 pressed, in every case of arbitration ; but it may possibly have 
 a more binding effect on the minds and consciences of imper- 
 fectly educated bodies of workmen to have it so staled. 
 
 Other boards of arbitration were afterwards established, in 
 the .States of Massachusetts, New N'orlc, and California ; and in 
 1888, Congress passed an An, published in the .Appendix hereto, 
 *' I'or the creation of boards of arbitration, or commission for 
 settling controversies and difTerenccs," between railway com- 
 panies, iV'c, and their workmen. In no case, however, has 
 any penalty been attached to the failure of either side to carry 
 out an award, so that " there is no .sanction attached to the Act 
 other than such as may be constituted by a dread of public 
 opinion.* 
 
 Differences of a more or less important character distinguish 
 the difTerent arbitration i)oarils established in liie United Stales 
 from one another. 
 
 The Massachusetts .Act of 1886, as amended in 18S7, pro- 
 vides for the appointment of a Stale board of arbitration, com- 
 posed of three persons, of whom one represents the em|)loyers, 
 another the labour organi.sations, and the third is an impartial 
 citi/en recommended by the other two. The (California Slate 
 Hoartl of .Arbitration and Conciliation, appointed by an .Act of 
 1891, is similarly constiluted. Of the thret- "competent per- 
 sons" composing it, "one shall represent the employers of 
 
 * Koyiil Cotiimissioii on Lal'Oiir : /i^/v/^v/ Ki/vrts, vol. i.
 
 13^> (OM II.IATION AMI AinmUATloN. 
 
 hil)()tir, (iiic sli.ill rcprcKcnt lalxiiir employes, and the lliird 
 iiKiiiliir sli.ill n|)rLsi'iU ncilhtr nnd shall l)c ( hairman of the 
 I'.oard." 
 
 The roiisliliilion of die New Vork Hoard of Mediation and 
 Arhilralion, established in i«S87, is somewhat difTerenl. (.)nc 
 of the three arbitrators is to he elected froni the parly "which 
 at the last j^'eneral election cast the j^reatest ninnl)er of votes 
 for (lovernor of this Slate," another from the party casting the 
 second greatest niimhcr, whilst a third is to be selected "from 
 a hofut fide labour organisation of this State." 
 
 In California, the members are elei ted for one year only ; in 
 New York, for three ; and in Massachusetts, all the memlK:rs 
 serve three years, but only one retires every year, so that the 
 persons composing the board are never all changed at once. 
 r>y an amendment (jf 1890 to the Act constituting the Massa- 
 cluiselts board, in cases involving s|)ecial technical difficulties 
 the two ])artics in (lis[)Ute may eacli ajipoint an expert to serve 
 on the board for the particular case. All three boards, though 
 not nominally compulsory, j)ossess very extensive powers. The 
 Massachusetts board may, upon the application of the em- 
 ployer, or of a majority of his emjjloyes, or of their duly 
 authorised agent, open an in(juiry, which it may make public 
 or not at its own discretion, and at any stage in the proceed- 
 ings. Where both parties refuse arbitration, the board may 
 attempt to mediate between them ; and, failing that, may, if 
 it thinks fit, investigate the cause or causes of the controversy, 
 and publish a report, finding the causes and assigning the 
 responsibility. 
 
 When a decision is given, it is binding upon the parties for 
 six months, or until the ex|)iration of the sixty days' notice, of 
 an intention not to be bound by it given by one party to the 
 other. Two instances are recorded in which such notice was 
 given in the report of the Massachusetts board for 1887 : but 
 in neither case was the award interfered with at the expiration 
 of the period of notice. 
 
 The New \'ork board has a power of investigation which it 
 may exercise when its services as an arbitrator are refused, and
 
 LAliOUK DISl'UTES IN 11 IK .UNITED ST A IKS. I 37 
 
 after arriving at the facts of a ( untrovcrsy, it may make them 
 puhhc and lay them Ijefure tlie legislature. It is also em- 
 powered to suggest amendments to the existing laws touching 
 laljour (jucstions. The California board is similarly charged 
 with the duty of investigating all dis|)utes which threaten to end 
 in a strike, and is empowered to puhlisi) the results of its inves- 
 tigation. In its report for 1889 the New York hoard claims 
 that the extensive powers granted to it by the Act deter 
 parties "from making undue c.\acti(jns or unjust conditions;'' 
 but neither here nor in Massachusetts, nor in California, is any 
 provision made in the Act for lompelling the observance of the 
 awarii. The decision of the board is only accepted where the 
 parties are willing to acce|)t it. 
 
 The re|)orts of the Massachusetts board for 18SS, iSyr.anil 
 1892 speak with satisfaction of the number of wage lists drawn 
 up by the board, for which application is often made afterv.ards 
 by other manufacturers, and which, therefore, serve as a standard 
 of |)rices. .Manufacturers often ajjply to the board for advice 
 in fi.xing the rale of wages or the |)rice for a new kind of work. 
 
 The report lor 1S8S states that some firms enter into a 
 written agreement with their employes t<j submit all dilTerences 
 whiih may arise to the arbitration of the boaril, and that strikes 
 and lockouts are thus rendered impossible. The labour 
 organisations view such agreements with distrust, as tending to 
 make their existence suiicrlluous. .Ml the three boartls have 
 power in all cases to summon witnesses, and to examine them 
 under oath, as well as to retjuire the production of books con- 
 taining the record of wages paid. They may also appoint ex- 
 perts to assist the arbitraK^rs in cases whicli present technical 
 difficulties. .A special voluntary board may always be substi- 
 tuted for the State board at the wish of the parties concerned, 
 and this temporary body is endowed for the time being with all 
 the powers whi( h the Act confers upon the permanent arbi- 
 trators. Two instances of the ajipointment of such a voluntary 
 board are recorded in the Massachusetts report for 1887. 
 
 The report of the New York board for 18.S9 slates that laws 
 providing for the settlement of disputes between employers and
 
 I ^S (•()N( ll.IA I IMN AM) AKI;l Ik AllON. 
 
 rm|il<i\( <l l)v ;iiltitr;itii)n li;ivc Ik<i) tiiarlcd l)y llic Congress of 
 llw Unilcd Stales, and llu' l.ci;islalurcs of (."olorado, Maryland, 
 New jersey, Iowa, Miclii^^an, and Norlli (!arolina, as well as the 
 Stales previously nieiiiione<l. Uy an Ad of 1.S92, ihc (lovernor 
 of New Jersey is authorised lo appoint a Stale hoard (»f arlii- 
 Iralion lo hear appeals from local arbitration hoards, as well as 
 lo arl)itrale directly helween employer and employed when ihe 
 parties in dispute desire it, and lo hold an in(|uiry into the 
 cause of ihc controversy when they do not.* 
 
 Slidinj^ scales for the regulation of waj^es have heen more 
 or less adopted in the coal and iron industries of the United 
 States for many years, hut these have heen subject to frccjucnt 
 modifications in c(jnsequence of the changing conditions of 
 those industries. One of the first scales that was really applied 
 iti a prai tical way was that adopted in 1865 hy the Sons of 
 Vulcan. This scale, which was designed to regulate the rate 
 of wages to he paid in the iron industry, only lasted for a few 
 months. Its ahandcinment was followed hy a strike, in which 
 the workmen were successful ; and another scale was afterwards 
 iniioiiuccd, which gave a considerably higher wage for smelting 
 than has since heen adopted. This scale was continued in 
 existence for seven years, hut it ultimately broke down because it 
 had not a sufficiently low minimum of price. In other words, 
 while it provided for an advance of wages whenever the price of 
 iron varied hy one-tenth of a cent, above a certain figure, it did 
 not provide for a fall of prices below three cents, per lb. When, 
 therefore, the price of iron fell below that limit, the employers 
 proposed a reduction of wages to the extent of a dollar per ton. 
 The workmen objected to this, hut were willing to accept a 
 reduction of fifty cents. A strike followed, which lasted for 
 four months, and which ended in favour of the workmen. 
 
 Since that time the wages paid to nearly all classes of work- 
 men employed in and about the iron and steel works of the 
 United States have usually been regulated hy the movements 
 of prices according to sliding-scales. The adjustment of these 
 
 Koyal Coin mission on Labour: Forcii^n Ri/>orts, vol. i.
 
 LAiiuUR nisi'iTHs IN iiii; l'nitl:i) siATKs. 139 
 
 scales to tliL" varying < ir< Liinstanccs of llic Iradc lias from lime 
 to time given a great deal of trouljle, and has been the cause 
 of some serious strikes, including the mcmoralile strike which 
 took place at the Homesteail works of Messrs Carnegie, i'hipps, 
 cS: Co., in 1S92. 'i'he real and immetliate occasion of titat 
 strike was a proposal made by the emjdoyers to reduce the 
 basis of the scale, in so far as it applied to certain highly-paid 
 classes of workmen, from twenty-six dollars fifty cents, to twenty- 
 three dollars per ton, anil to make the scale terminable in 
 January instead of in July. The workmen objected, first of all, 
 to the proposed reduction ; but they objected ccpially to the 
 change of date for the terminati<jn of the scale, on the ground 
 that in the middle of winter they woulil not be able to afford a 
 possible cessation of work, or a possible resistance to any pro- 
 posed variation of the scale. The .strike was memorable for 
 the incident of the skirmish between the men and the Pinkerton 
 detective force; but it can hardly be said to have added any- 
 thing to our knowledge or experience of the most advisable 
 methods to apply to the settlement of similar controversies, 
 unless it be that of the importance of having the workmen 
 correctly informed as to the real facts of the situation. It 
 a[)pearcd, in the course of a subsetjuent investigation into the 
 facts of the lockout, that the workmen were under the im- 
 pression that, since the M'Kinley tariff of 1890 had become 
 law, the i)r(jfits of the employers had increased, and that there 
 was conse<iuently no occasion for any decrease of wages; 
 whereas if the real facts as to profits and prices had been 
 within the knowledge of the workmen, the dispute woukl pro- 
 bably not have occurred, or woulil at any rate have ended 
 differently. 
 
 Numerous scales have been introduced in the dilTerent 
 coalfields of the United States, and more especially in the 
 anthrai ill- region of Pennsylvania, where such a scale was 
 applied to the regulation of the wages of miners as far back as 
 1S69. These scales did not differ much in principle from 
 those that have been adopted in the coal industry of dreat 
 15ritain. They had in all cases what was known as a basis
 
 140 CONCILIA I ION AND AKItlTK ATK »N. 
 
 price, ami fixed ihc weekly rate of waj;es, or llie lonnaj^c price, 
 ill reference thereto. 
 
 In the United Slates there has heen a constant tendency of 
 late years to a fall of coininochlies, and conse<|uenily to a drop 
 in the priies ado|)ted as the l)asis of sliding-scales. The 
 original basis price of coal was three dols. per ton at I'ori 
 (!arbon for anthracite mines ; hut this was reduced, first to one 
 (lol. seventy- five cents, and afterwards to one d<)\. fifty rents, 
 and in liolh cases the reduction involved more or less pro- 
 tracted and serious disputes. In the case of the anthracite 
 miners, also, as in the case of the ironworkers already referred 
 to, the scale did not provide for a fall of sufficient extent, so 
 that there came a time when coal fell below the basis price, and 
 the workmen refused to submit to the reduction of wages which 
 this movement involved. 
 
 The experience gained of sliding-scales in the United 
 Slates has so far been favourable to their adoption, under 
 ( erlain modifications of the system heretofore introduced. One 
 of the most essential of these is to have a lower limit sufVi- 
 ciently far down to meet any probable movement of prices, and 
 to have the rate of wages fixed to accord with such limits. It 
 is, of course, impossible to provide for all contingencies, and 
 in the United States both prices and the cost of production 
 have moved downwards so rapidly of late years that no one 
 could lia\c anticipated the changes that have actually come 
 about. As an exam|)le of this, it may be stated that whereas 
 the first scale ado|)ted in the anthracite coal trade of Pennsyl- 
 vania provided for a selling price of three dollars as the basis, 
 the actual realised value of the whole anthracite coal product 
 of Pennsylvania in 1891 is stated in the census report for that 
 year at only a fraction over one dollar per ton. Again, on the 
 basis price of 1869, anthracite coal-miners were to be paid 
 fourteen dollars a week as wages, whereas the recent rate of 
 wages has been very much under that figure. In Illinois the 
 miners engaged in the mining of bituminous coal were paid 
 80.2 cents a ton in 1883, and only 68.3 cents a ton in 1S90. 
 The same sort of movement has been apparent in nearly every
 
 LAi;OUR DISPUTES IN TIIK UN1TF:1) STATES. I4I 
 
 important coalfield in the United States; and it has been 
 brought about partly owing to the effect of competition in 
 reducing the price of coal, and partly owing to the large supply 
 of foreign labour always available, at relatively low wages, for 
 
 mining piiriioses.
 
 CIIAI'I-KR XIX. 
 
 r.MiorK nisruTRs Axn 'riir.iK sF/ni.r.Mr.NT 
 
 IN CERMANY. 
 
 Cii'.kMANV has for many years \\K:r\\ distinguislied as the birth- 
 place and cradK' of advanced ideas and programmes concerning 
 the rights and re(]iiiremcnts of labour. This, indeed, is a 
 prominent fiature of the Shibboleth of the Social Democratic 
 Organisation, which has taken so deep a root in the Fatherland ; 
 while the Internationalists, the Anarchists, the " League of the 
 Just," and other bodies, secret or otherwise, have either been 
 founded for the purpose of advancing the interests of labour 
 as against capital, or have placed that idea prominently in the 
 forefront of their demands. 
 
 In all German lal)0ur legislation and movements there 
 may be found traces, more or less palpable, of the influence of 
 the mediaeval guilds, which secured large monoijolics and 
 privileges for industrial corporations. The guilds practically 
 controlled all manufacturing operations, and decided what 
 new factories should be started, and where, and under what 
 conditions. This exclusive privilege was withdrawn from 
 the guilds and transferred to the State under the Prussian law 
 of 1794. The guilds died hard. They were supported by 
 employers, who, in 1845, demanded the establishment of com- 
 pulsory guilds, and other reactionary legislation. AH this, 
 however, was opposed by the workmen, who in the same year 
 met and demanded, among other things, a working day of 
 twelve hours including meal times, and a fixed minimum 
 wage. To settle the conflicting claims of capital and labour, 
 the Government established district councils of industry, which, 
 however, were not successful. Under the Industrial Code of
 
 LAISOUK DISrUTKS IN (iEKMANV. I43 
 
 1869 all existing guilds were placed on a voluntary basis. In 
 1 88 1 another law was passed, in the form of additions to the 
 Industrial Code, which was intended to encourage the estab- 
 lishment of voluntary guilds, with a view to maintaining the 
 existence of the lesser industries that were threatened with 
 decay. One of the provisions of this Act was designed to 
 establish harmonious relations between cm|iloyers and em- 
 ployed, and another was that of deciding disputes between 
 members of the guilds and their apprentices. 
 
 As, however, the guilds, even in their modified form, were 
 found to be unsuited to all the purposes of modern industry, 
 and especially unsuited to solve the problem of maintaining 
 harmonious relations between employers and employed, com- 
 binations of employers were foimed on the one hand, and 
 unions of workmen on the other, for mutual support against 
 the demands and operations of one another. Some of the 
 organisations took measures for the settlement of industrial 
 disputes by conciliation ; and one of the first to undertake 
 action of this kind was the National .Association of Master 
 Printers, established in 1874 at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. 
 
 Germany, however, has been many years behind England 
 and the United .States in the assertion of the freedom of 
 contract, in the recognition of the elementary principles of 
 political economy as applied to such matters as the introduction 
 of machinery, in the combination of working-men for trade 
 purposes, and in the disabilities attached to such organisations, 
 derman workmen were still struggling to obtain a recognition 
 of the right to combine long after trades unions had become 
 general in England, and long after labour organisations had 
 become a strong power in this country, and were being 
 recognised by employers, by the Clovernmcnt, and by other 
 constituted authorities as the medium of arrangement with 
 large bodies of workmen. 'l"he Social Democrats of (lermany 
 were stirring up the workmen of the country to undertake 
 agitation for higher wages. In this latter endeavour the Social 
 Democratic party were only too successful. Since the year 
 187S, when their efforts were being prosecuted with a con-
 
 144 CONCILIATION AND AK I'.ITU ATloN. 
 
 sidcrabic degree of vigour, there have been more strikes in 
 (Jeriiiany than tlure had been in any previous |)eriod. Most 
 of the strikes were undertaken for the purpose of securing a 
 higher rate of wages. Sonn-, and one s<j recently as 1889, 
 were occasioned l)y the introduction of labour-saving machinery. 
 Other strikes, again, were designed to bring about a reduction of 
 the hours ol laliour. In the first and the thirvl of these aims, 
 tlie (lernian workmen have certainly been highly succe.ssful ; 
 but this does not necessarily mean that wages would not have 
 been advanced, or that the hours of labour would not have 
 been reduced, without the lamentable strikes that have been 
 resorted to in order to bring these results about. 
 
 The i^ratid sct'i^neur system of handling large bodies of 
 workmen that still obtains in some parts of Germany is well 
 illustrated by the following address which was issued to his 
 workmen by the Fried Krupp, in 1872 : — 
 
 {Translation f font the Royal {privileged) Jhrlin (iazetle 
 of June 21.) 
 
 " V.ssy.s,yitne 24. 
 "To iiir: WoKKMKN of ihf. Cast-Steei, Works. 
 
 " l''orty five years ago I was one of the few workmen in the 
 original ruins of these works -my patrimony. The daily wages 
 of smiths and puddlers had then been raised from 18 stuber to 
 7?, silver groschen (about 9(1), the entire weekly wages being 
 I thaler 15 silver groschen (about 4s. 5J,d.). Tor fifteen years I 
 gained no more than enabled me to pay to the workmen their 
 wages ; for my own cares and labour I accpiired nothing more 
 than the consciousness of having done my duty. With the 
 change of affairs in general, and the progressive success of 
 these works, I gradually raised the wages, as an invariable rule, 
 of my own will, never waiting to be asked for it. That rule 
 shall always remain in force. One useful institution after 
 another has been added, and many more arc yet in abeyance. 
 The utmost exertions have been made to forward the interest 
 of the workiiKii, and their dwellings in progress may be counted 
 by thousands. Wlun all brnnches of industry were lying low.
 
 LA1;UUR ItlSI'lTKS IN ( .l.l'.MAN V. I45 
 
 wlicii orders were nul furlli( uming, I still worked on, and never 
 dismissed one faithful servant. Many of an advanced aj^e arc 
 here now who can prove this. Ask them what had l>een done 
 for them in the year 1848. 'I'he recent sacrifues during the 
 years of war are well known to you all. Who ran count the 
 loss caused by the present want of coal? Mutual confidence has 
 made these works great. I kncjw that I deserve and possess 
 your conlkkMKe, and therefore I address these words to you. 
 
 " liefore I have occasion to complain of infidelity and 
 resistance, I warn you of the fate whiih periodicals and strolling 
 agitators are endeavouring to prepare for the large working- 
 class, making, umler the mask of benevolence, use of religious 
 and moral sentences. Their harvest begins after having irre- 
 vocably undermined the existence of your class. They work 
 with all their influence for your entire destruction, .so that they 
 may then cast their nets in troubled waters. Ask after the 
 antecedents of these apostles, ask after their domestic and 
 moral life. To them the contributions of tlie workmen for 
 disseminating verbal and written scandal are an easier and 
 more pleasant method of gain than honest labour oflers. The 
 Essen News, amongst ethers, by inventions of all kinds, 
 endeavours to throw discredit upon the character of the 
 management of my works, and stated yesterday, as a means to 
 disturbance, that the conference had been coerced to agree to 
 a consitlerablc atlvance of wages for one class of furnacemen. 
 To the.se and similar broad lies cjf evil-disposed opponents I 
 add the following warning. N<Hhing no succession of events 
 - will ever induce me to concede anything to force. The 
 management, with the benevolence which has always been as 
 law to them, will continue to conduct the.se works in the spirit 
 of my principles, and so long on my part as by their enduring 
 fidelity 1 shall consider the workmen as part of this establish- 
 ment. There is certainly no doubt that any day I may transfer 
 my position to others, and I am etjually certain that no com- 
 pany of capitalists would excel me in benevolence or willing- 
 ness to make sacrifices. Nobody will belie\e that thirst after 
 gain induces me to undergo tin- trouble and labour with which 
 
 K
 
 \.\i'> CONi II.IA I ION ANI) AKKII I^A I loN. 
 
 llic iii;iM.i^;tincnl (»f such a l)usincss on my own ai i oiiiil is 
 (•()iiiic< led. l'"-VLiyl)0(ly k?i(>ws how I liavc always valued 
 laliour and ll\c lahoiircr ; hill may cvcryhody l)c als(j assured, 
 ihal a misconception of my scntinicnls wouhl he sure 1(j root 
 up tliis implanted love for ijoth. 
 
 " May you all he ronvinced thai I mver waver in my 
 resolves, and that, as I have always done, 1 do n(jl pr(»mise 
 wiihoul fulfilling what I say! I therefore again warn you 
 against the inducements to disturhances of rest and peace. To 
 every hrave and orderly workman within the circle of my 
 undertakings there is, after a nuKlerate time of service, offered 
 the opi)(irlunity to spend his service pension in his own house, 
 in a manner not surpassed in any jiart of the world. I expect 
 and demand full confidence ; I refuse to enter upon any unjust 
 demands ; I will, as heretofore, anticij)ate all just ones ; and I 
 ask, therefore, all those who are not content with this to give in 
 their notice ; and the sooner the better, so that they may not 
 receive notice from me. Let them leave this establishment in 
 a lawful manner and make room for others, with the assurance 
 that in my house and on my ground, I am, and will ever 
 remain, master. Alfrkd Krupp." 
 
 In the history of German trade disputes, one of the most 
 interesting was the general strike of German coal-miners 
 which took ])lace in 1889. The miners on that occasion 
 demanded an advance of 15 per cent, in wages, an eight- 
 hours shift from bank to bank, the filling of the waggons up 
 to a certain line, and the rejection of not more than ten 
 waggons in all for the whole number of men in each shift 
 on the score of insufficient weight. The miners demanded 
 further that the timber wanted should be delivered in the 
 l)it ; that wages should be i)aid twice a month regularly on 
 the ist and 15th; that the fines imposed by the foreman 
 should be limited to 25 pfemiige (3d.), and that a record 
 should be kei)t of all fines imposed. They also stipulated 
 that no delegates or strikers should be victimised ; that the 
 Workmen wlio had received their discharge-papers should be
 
 l.AHOUK DISI'UTKS IN (IKkMANV. I47 
 
 immediately reinstated ; that uvertiine shifts should he 
 aljolished ; tliat work should not begin on Sundays before 
 II I'.M. ; that house coal should be supplied at cost price; 
 and that oil, powder, and other necessaries should be supplied 
 at cost price. On the 3rd of May, 5,000 miners went on 
 strike; by the 6th there were 30,000 more; and on nth 
 May the total number of strikers in \\'estphalia alone ex 
 ceeded 100,000. In Silesia, the strikers numbered 26,000; in 
 Saxony, 5,000; and in the Saar district, over 13,000. Even 
 collieries which had ( ffered a liberal increase of wages 
 were included, anil very few of the pitmen in any district 
 withstood the pressure brought to bear upon them to abandt)n 
 work.* 
 
 l'robal)ly the most remarkable epis«jde of this strike was 
 the fact that it was brought to an end l)y the direct personal 
 mediation of the I-lmperor, who took occasion to advise the 
 adoption of some |)ermanent method of arriving at a mutual 
 understanding on disputed matters. 
 
 Ciermany apiiears to have been well advanceil among the 
 nations of lOurope in making provision for the settlement 
 of trade disputes at an early date. According to testimony 
 collected for the Royal Commission on Lal)our,+ it appears 
 that sjjccial courts for the .settlement of industrial disputes have 
 in some form or other been provided f(jr by tlu- Cierman law 
 since the beginning of the century. 
 
 Councils for this purpose, on the I'li-nch system known 
 as the Conscil ihs Pnuf/ioini/ns, were established on the left 
 bank of the Rhine, under the Napoleonic Code, as far ba( k 
 as 1808, and the system was afterwards largely extended, even 
 after the Rhine provinces had reverted to Prussia. These 
 councils continue to carry on their useful functions until the 
 present time. 
 
 Information communicated to the Royal (Commission on 
 I-tbour J states that, in the amendment to the Industrial Code 
 
 • Koyal Commission oil Labour: I'orcij^ii Reports, vol. v., j). 32. 
 t Iliiil., vol. v., (icrnumy. 
 X Ibid., vi)l. v., (Icrnuiny.
 
 I.jS « (»N( IIIAI loN .\NI» AKIII'I KATION. 
 
 ()( iSSi I (»ii( itiiiii;^ llic j^niltls, |)rovisioii was made f«H ili« 
 cslablisliiiitiil of cuurls of arl)ilralion, for tlic scUlcincnl of 
 tlis|)iik'.s hclwccn incnibirs of llic };uil<l and tlicir joiirncy- 
 iiuii oi ;i|i|iicnti(:cs ; and a further amendment of 1887 ex- 
 kiitlid llic jurisdiction of these courts in some rases to rion- 
 niemlxTS. I'"urlher, the Insurance I^aws of 1883 and 1884 
 proviiled for arbitration in disputes between employers and 
 their workpfo|)le with regard to the amount which the em- 
 ployers should contribute to the sick funds, or the <-om|>en- 
 sation tiue uniler the Accident Insurance ImIW. (Jn the whole, 
 however, the Slate provision for arbitration and conciliation 
 in (lerniany has proved ineffective, and the advocates of this 
 method of settling industrial dis[)utes have, ever since 1873, 
 made repeated efforts to secure additional jjowers. IJills on 
 the subject were introduced into the Reichstag in 1873, 1874, 
 and 1878, but wilhcnit success. In 1886 a resolution was 
 passed — "To re([uest the Chancellor of the Empire to intro- 
 duce a bill for the conij)ulsory establishment of industrial 
 courts, with the condition that the assessors in such courts 
 shall be elected in e(]ual numbers by employers and employed, 
 separately, and by ballot." The insertion of the word " com- 
 jjulsory" was due in a great measure to the influence of the 
 Socialist members, and it was omitted in the further resolution 
 passed in 1889.* 
 
 Tiic law, finally passed on 29th July 1890, which came 
 into effect on ist April 1891, holds to the old princi|)le of 
 leaving the institution of industrial courts in the main to the 
 connnunal authorities. It differs from the sections of the 
 Industrial Code, which it supplants, by including a .series of 
 provisions for the formation, under certain circimistances, of a 
 board of conciliation. The preamble states, that '* in many 
 recent strikes it has been felt that, although both sides were 
 ready to treat, negotiations could not be initiated without long 
 
 * Lexis, Hanihv'orterhuih dcr Slaats-wisseitsiha/tcn, vol. iii., \\ 950f 
 .\rt., " Gcwcrbcgcricht," Slicda. Stieila, Das^Gcwcrbcgcriiht, 1S90, pp. 
 50-69. Das Keii/is^iscli betr. die Gavcrbigeruhlc^ 1890, pp. 5-10.
 
 LAIJOUR DISPUTES IN GERMANY. I49 
 
 delay, because no regular and authoritative body existed which 
 could undertake the conduct of such negotiations. The present 
 law attenij)ts to establish a body of this kind, which may be 
 able to facilitate the amicable settlement of differences between 
 employers and employed on points concerning the labour con- 
 tract, and so to obviate the heavy losses entailed on both 
 parties by strikes, or to bring the latter to a speedy com lusion 
 where they have actually bnjken out. It is hoped that the 
 constitution of the industrial courts, which ensures special 
 knowledge and unbiassed judgment, may commaiul the con- 
 fidence of both employers and employed." 
 
 The authorities of a commune, or of a number of com- 
 munes combined, may establish such a court ; should they 
 prove remiss, the employers and workmen concerned may 
 a[)peal to the Central (Government to ortler the establishment 
 of a court. .All expenses not covered by fees, costs, and fines, 
 must be met i)y the commune. The court consists of a pre- 
 sident nominated by the communal authorities and approved 
 by the Ciovernment, and at least two assessors; but whatever 
 be the number, half must represent the employers and half the 
 cmjjloyed. They are elected by ballot, ami must be r)ver thirty 
 years of age ; neither paupers nor persons under any legal 
 disability are eligible, and all persons elected must have resided 
 or been employed for two years in the district. Women may 
 neither vote nor be elected. The electorate includes all persons 
 over twenty-five years of age, who possess the (|ualifiialions 
 required for assessors. The assessors, who cannot refuse 
 election, except for special reasons, are compensated lor 
 travelling expenses and for loss of time. The contending 
 parties may not be represented by lawyers, or by pcrsoiis who 
 are professionally engaged in legal proceedings. The courts 
 may take the evidence on oadi both of the parties concerned 
 and of witnesses or experts, if the matter in dispute exceeds 
 the value of 100 marks (^5) ; and appe.nl may be made against 
 the decision of the court to the regular courts of the distri( t. 
 
 .Any industrial court may convert itself into a board of con 
 ciliation when app»ale<l to by both parties. In this case the
 
 150 ( nN< II.IA IKt.N .\.M» Al:i;l I RATION. 
 
 president iiominalts I'oiir assessors, two fr«nn each side, and the 
 parlies are represented by a limited mnnber of delegates, as a 
 rule tliree from eaeh side; each party may also elect further 
 assessors, provided that eipiality (jf representation is preserved. 
 
 The decisions of the court, when acting as a board of con- 
 ciliation, are not legally binding, and cannot l)e enforced ; in 
 other cases, tlie court notifies its decision to the parties con- 
 cerned, who must declare within a given time whether they 
 accept it or not. If the assessors cannot come to an agreement, 
 the president may withhold his vote, and simply declare that 
 no judgment (an l»c given. In any ca.se, the result of the 
 negotiations must be ])ublic. The court must give its opinion 
 on industrial (questions when recjuired to do so by the (iovern- 
 ment or the communal authorities, and it is empowered to 
 make suggestions to these authorities on matters relating to 
 the persons or establishments under its jurisdiction. The law 
 recognises the existing rights of the guilds and their courts, 
 but calls upon all other industrial courts to revi.sc their con- 
 stitution before ist April 1892, and to remodel it in accordance 
 with the existing law.* 
 
 So far, 179 courts have been formed in the six largest 
 German States, ^ — or 133 in Prussia, 13 in Bavaria, 13 in Saxony, 
 9 in Wiirtemberg, 7 in Baden, and 4 in Hesse. .Msace and 
 Lorraine, in spite of their great industrial devcloi>ment, have as 
 yet taken no advantage of the Act ; and the fact that Saxony 
 has no more courts than Bavaria, seems to show that there is 
 no definite relation between the provision for arbitration and 
 the probable need of it. East of the Elbe there are 81 courts, 
 but excluding the Potsdam and Schleswig districts only 52. 
 The official statistics for Wiirtemberg state that up to the end 
 of 1S92 one court, that at deisslingen, had not yet taken any 
 action. During 1892, the remaining eight courts considered 
 160 complaints brought by employers against their workpeople, 
 and 1,320 complaints brought by workmen against their em- 
 
 * Lexis, Haihiiwrltrbtiih tUr Staatswisntuuhafteii, vol. iii., p. 950, 
 Art., "('leworljogiriclu," Sticd.i. Dai R<iihs;^cselz belt: die Grwfrhc- 
 gt-ric/ite, iSqc.
 
 LAIJOUK DISI'UTKS IN (iKKMANV. 151 
 
 ployers. A judgment was given in 410 of the 1,480 cases, 71 1 
 were settled by compromise, 291 were withdrawn, and 68 were 
 pending at the end of the year. Thus the cases settled by 
 compromise amounted to al)Out 50 per cent, of the whole, whilst 
 those in which a judgment was given were only 25 per cent. 
 A very large proportion of the cases were settled within a week. 
 
 In Berlin, the election of assessors only took place on 
 20th February 1S93, although the law came into force on 
 ist February 1891. The Herlin court consists of 420 assessors, 
 2IO from each side; and the statutes provide that the pre- 
 sident, nominated by the magistrate, and confirmed by the lord- 
 lieutenant {Oberprasidetit), must summon two assessors to each 
 meeting. These assessors should, as far as j)Ossible, according 
 to the statutes, be persons of the same trade as the disputants, 
 or of a cognate trade ; but this agreement seems likely to lead 
 to confusion and delay, since the number of cases considered 
 in one day would involve either the summoning of a number 
 of assessors, or the postponement of cases until there was 
 enough in a given trade to occupy the court for one day. The 
 method of electing assessors adopted in Berlin appears open to 
 objection, and contrasts unfavourably wiih the simpler method 
 in use at Frankfurt. Here each voter must merely prove his 
 right to vote on the election day itself ; whilst in Berlin, voters 
 are recjuired to register their names on lists in the various 
 electoral districts before a given date. 
 
 In the mining districts, the expense of organising the 
 industrial courts is borne by the State instead of by the com- 
 munal authorities, in accordance with the section of the law 
 which provides that "any division of the administrative dis- 
 tricts for a special purpose must be carried out after a uniform 
 plan by the central authorities {I.andesbchorJtn) in |)lace of 
 the local authorities." On ist April 1893, five courts were 
 instituted for the mining districts, two of which were for 
 Silesia, and one each for Westphalia, the .\ix la ("hapelle, and 
 Saarbriick districts.* 
 
 • Soziatpolitisches Cnilralblatly vol. ii., 1S92-93, pp. 207, 241, 288, 
 494.
 
 152 (()\< II I.\r(ON ,\\l» AKIilTKATION. 
 
 'I'hc Indiislrial (,"()(lc of 1S69, which regulated llie indus- 
 trits of the l'-ni|)ire, contained a section, since repealed l»y the 
 Act of 1890, which enacted that "disputes l)etwcen indei)en 
 dent inchistrial employers and their workmen resinrcting the 
 conmunccmrnt, continuation, or terniination of the labour 
 contract, their mutual oldigalions under it, and the granting or 
 contents of certificates, must be submitted to s|>etially appointed 
 authorities in so far as such exist. Where such authorities do 
 not exist, the matter must come before the regular communal 
 authorities, against whose decision an appeal can be made at 
 law. Hy local statutory regulations, courts of arbitration may 
 be instituted by the communal authorities for the settlement of 
 such disputes, the members of these courts being chosen from 
 among the employers and the employed in equal numbers." 
 
 In 1870, the Prussian Minister of Commerce addressed a 
 circular letter to the provincial authorities, recommending them 
 to give effect to this section by estal)lishing cf)urts of arbitra- 
 tion. In 1869 one court was established, in 1870 four; but 
 whilst the numbers rose in 1871 and 1872 to 19 and 21, they 
 fell again to 7 and 4 in 1873 ''^"^^ '874. At the end of 1889 
 only 74 in all had been created, and of these only (4 were 
 formed between 1S80 and 1889. Even amongst those nomin- 
 ally created some were never definitely organised owing to lack 
 of business ; "and it is worthy of note, that whilst several cities 
 of small inii)ortance instituted courts of arbitration, great cities 
 in many cases did nothing in conseciuence of the difficulties 
 which they experienced in electing members." Although the 
 authors of section 108 of the Industrial Code had had in view 
 the formation of courts, which should intervene in collective 
 disputes, the statutes of most of the tribunals actually estab- 
 lished only empowered them to deal with individual matters. 
 Leipzig, Frankfurt, and Berlin were exceptions to the general 
 rule ; the statutes of these courts directed the tribunal " to 
 intervene as a board of conciliation whenever a strike was 
 threatened or had already been declared, or whenever difficul- 
 ties arose with regard to ]iroposed wages or other conditions of 
 labour."
 
 I.AIiOUR DISrUTES IN f.EKMAXV. I 53 
 
 In Leipzig and Frankfurt this intervention could only take 
 place on the rccjucst of both parties to the dispute; in Berlin, 
 it was sufficient that one should request the services of the 
 court. It does not, however, appear that any use was made 
 of these powers, and no instance can be found of any strike 
 which was settled by the arbitration of any State court. 
 
 It would appear that, alike in (lerniany and in .Austria, the 
 insjjectors of factories are often called upon to act as mediators, 
 and to offer judgment on disputiil pfiints. In one case an 
 inspector reported that in the year 1889 he had given 635 
 written opinions on points connected with factory labour.
 
 ciiArrKR xx. 
 
 LABOUR nisrCTES L\ IRANCE. 
 
 Tmk country that originated and carried into successful daily 
 practice the adn)iral)le system of Couscils des Priidlwmmcs, may 
 fairly claim to have taken an early and a prominent part in the 
 establishment of the system of industrial conciliation. Never- 
 theless, France has not escaped the difficulties and dangers 
 that accompany and result from industrial dis|nites on a large 
 scale. As we have tlscwhcre shown, industrial (juestions of a 
 general character, and affecting large areas of productive 
 operations, are not affected by, nor meant to come within the 
 cognizance of the Pnidlwnimes system ; and that system, there- 
 fore, leaves the more serious phases of the industrial problem 
 as far as ever from settlement. 
 
 This fact was realised at an early stage of the history of the 
 councils of experts, and hence it came about that steps were 
 taken to sui)i)lemcnt their functions and complete their work 
 by syndical chambers, which, however, arc of comparatively 
 recent date, and do not quite cover the same ground as a 
 board of arbitration of the ordinarily industrial type. 
 
 The syndical chambers are of two different classes — those 
 established among employers as such, and those founded by 
 workmen as such. In 1 89 1, there were 1,212 of the former and 
 64S of the latter throughout France. 
 
 The employers' syndicates are generally of a commercial 
 character, and are mainly concerned with the settlement of dis- 
 ]Hites between employers only. Some of the workmen's syndi- 
 cates, however, do provide for conciliation in dis[)utes of an 
 industrial character, and others specify in their rules that no 
 strike shall be declared before all means of conciliation have
 
 LABOUR DISPUTES IN FRANXK. I 55 
 
 been exhausted, and that " every strike declared without the 
 authority of the central committee shall be at the cost of the 
 sectional committee." Some of the mixed syndicates have 
 formed joint-committees for conciliation ; and in other cases, the 
 separate syndicates of employers and employed have come to- 
 gether, and have made the necessary arrangements for the 
 conciliation of labour tlisputes. 
 
 This system was, however, at the best only partial and 
 intermittent, and hence it was felt that a more comprehensive 
 and complete system was re<|uired to deal with industrial dis- 
 putes as they arose. \.o\v^ pourpar/t-rs between employers and 
 employed, and numerous discussions in the Chamber, ultimately 
 evolved the new law of arbitration of 27th December 1892. 
 
 This law has been defined as attempting "a compromise 
 l)etween a j)urely voluntary or permissive measure and a measure 
 worked by State initiative. It does not — in the meantime at 
 lea.st — organise permanent boards, but seeks to prevent indus- 
 trial crises. It offers help, but docs not impose it." * 
 
 The new law provides for both conciliati(jn and arbitration. 
 If when a dispute is threatened, or has actually taken place, the 
 disputants do not attempt to settle it by conciliation, the local 
 justice of the peace is retpiired to "take every possible or 
 prudent step to induce the parties to sul)mit the case to the 
 machinery offered by the law." That machinery is fully pro- 
 vided for "at the least possible effoit and cost to the dis- 
 putants." t 'Ihe arbitration is organised by the magistrate 
 after consultation has failed, but no provision is made for cases 
 where arbitration is refused by one or both parties, or when 
 cither party repudiates an award. The raison d'iirc of the 
 system and its intent is set forth in an oflicial document, from 
 which the following paragraphs are taken : — 
 
 "Attentive observers have not failed to recognise that the 
 best means of avoiding and overcoming the irritation arising 
 from the.se diflerences, which in many cases spring from the 
 
 • Koyal Comtithsioti on l.ahotir: /'oriii^n A'f/<orf<, vul. vi., p. 51. 
 t />(■ Ai Com i Hat ion it ik /' .lrl>itnii^, p. 602.
 
 156 COXril.IATION AM) AkI'.ITJiATION. 
 
 most trivial causes, is to bring about more frc(|ucnt meetings 
 and wider exchanges of views l)etween the men, who usually 
 only fight Itecause they lack the means of appreciating and 
 rendering justice to their respective intentions. 
 
 " I'^xperience has everywhere justified this view, under the 
 inspiration of which private initiative has cstal)Iished in Kng- 
 land, IJelgiiim, and America, admirable institutions of concilia- 
 tion and arbitration, which, putting the masters and workmen 
 in the same factory or the same industry in permanent relations, 
 |)ermit them to look into and to r|uieily decide, as soon as they 
 appear, their tratle disputes, and fnially unite the representatives 
 of capital and labour in perfect agreement. 
 
 "The law of the 27th December 1892 has the same (<bjt( is 
 in view, and for the future it points out clearly the way by 
 which they may be obtained. This hojie will not aj)|K-ar 
 chimerical, if it be observed that, far from manifesting any 
 desire to artificially create a current of opinion, the new law is 
 in direct harmony with old aspirations, which were clearly 
 evidenced during the strikes of recent years. 
 
 "The tendency to substitute argument and peaceful dis- 
 cussion for the abrupt cessation of labour, for strikes, in fact, 
 has been observed several times in France ; on the other hand, 
 several remarkable strikes have been fortunately terminated by 
 conciliation and arbitration ; finally, nearly half of the work- 
 men's unions, constituted in accordance with the law of 1884, 
 have spontaneously imposed upon themselves, by their statutes, 
 the obligation to only resort to a strike after having exhausted 
 all the means of conciliation. 
 
 "The law of 27th December 1S92 can only be put mto 
 motion by three classes of persons — masters, workmen, or, fail- 
 ing them, the justices of the peace; but you will be able to 
 contribute very materially to make it popular. 
 
 "Certainly, the arbitration organised by the law of 1892 is 
 only optional ; it can be protested against or rejected quite in- 
 dependently ; the liberty of joint action or of resorting to strikes 
 remains entirely without any restriction. But the free pro- 
 cedure instituted l)y the law is so simple, it is so adapted to
 
 LAIiOUR DisrUTKS IN lUANCE. ! 57 
 
 receive an aliiKjsl instantaneous application in all cases, in all 
 places, and with the least possible disarrangement ; it is so con- 
 siderate of all susceptibilities and interests, that you should not 
 hesitate to reconunend it on every occasion. 
 
 "This procedure is suited, in fact, to the conflicts \vhi< h 
 extend to all the various branches of an industry which maybe 
 spread over several conunuiies or confined to one tlislrii I, as 
 also to those persons wluj are only interested in a single work- 
 shcjp, a single lactory, or a section of a factory ; it applies 
 etjually to the differences which occur in temporary works with 
 a temporary staff, such as certain agricultural works, and road- 
 making ; it may be ofTered to workmen who have already ceased 
 labour, as well as to those who are resolved only to resort to 
 strike after having exhausted all means of conciliation. The 
 infringement, also, of the liberty of labour, of which certain 
 strikers may be guilty, should not deter you from making every 
 effort to bring the o|)i)osing parties to tlie consideration of the 
 advantages of the law of the 27th December 1892."* 
 
 It is clear from these citations that the new law of arbitra- 
 tion in Krance is purely permissive and voluntary. The prefect 
 has only to see that the method or system of mediation pro- 
 vided for is ap|)lied or put in the way of application. He 
 presents, in point of fad, the neutral ground on whith the 
 parties interested may meet.t He is not called upon to give 
 decisions on the conflicting claims before him ; " and fiir from 
 having a prei)onderant voice in the discussion, he has not even 
 a deliberative voice. He can only preside if the interested 
 parties express a desire for it." 
 
 Here, again, the influence of public opinion is relied upon 
 to deal with "a strike without molivi- or an unjustifiable resist- 
 ance to these councils for reconciliation and pacification. '"♦ 
 
 The question of the prevention and settlement of strikes 
 
 * Circular aildrcsscd l>y the Minister f«>r Ghiiiiktcc an<! Irnlustr)- ti> the 
 Prefects of I'r.ince on the application of the new law of Conciliation an<l 
 .\rliilration. 
 
 + Koyal Connniision on Lalwtir: Forcifin Kt-/>orts, vol. vi., p. 52. 
 
 X Dc la Cotiiiliation et tU r Arbihai;i\, p. 601.
 
 I 5-"^ (()N( IIIAI l«»N AM) AKIllTkATION. 
 
 has assmiicfl nun Ii ^^rcaUr imporlaiicc in I'rainc wiiliin the 
 last fiw years lliaii it liad in any former period. The tendency 
 has licen lor labour (hspiiles to increase year by year; and the 
 niiinlict that has occurred (hiring the last five years is prol)ably 
 larj^er, al any rale from the point of view of their duration and 
 extent, than in the previous twenty years, hd that the means of 
 deahng satisfac torily with such disputes became an increasingly 
 urgent i)rol)Iem. iNbjst of tlie recent strikes in Krancc have 
 been ihie either to demands for an increase of wages or to 
 pro])()sals for a rechiction of wages. In the mining industry, 
 eighty eight strikes are slated to have occurred since 1852, of 
 whi( li folly six were caused by a demand for an increase of 
 wages, and only five were against a reduction of wages. 
 
 In France, as in oilier countries, with or without resort to 
 arbitration, the wages of operatives engaged in pn^ductive 
 iiuUislry have advanced considerably within recent years. 
 Ample statistics illustrative of the fact are to be found in my 
 own papers, read before the Royal Statistical Society,* and in the 
 Royal Commission (on Laboui) Reports on I'Vance.t 
 
 • " On the Comparative Karnings and Efficiency of LalMur in Different 
 
 Countries," 1884; and "On the Recent Movement of Lalj<jiir in Different 
 Countries in Reference to Earnings," &c. 1892. 
 t foreign A'c/or/s, vol. vi.
 
 CIlAl'll'K XXl. 
 
 L.inOL R DJSrUTES IX OTHER COL i\ TRIES. 
 
 I'm-: great strike niovcincnts which have of late years been 
 ciiually characteristic uf Continental and ICnglish industries are 
 of coniparatively recent origin, mainly because of the labour 
 laws that prevailed until recently. The report of the 'IVades 
 Union Commission, which was published in 1869, showed that 
 at that time there were no trade unions in l>elgium, the law 
 having prohil)ited coalitions between workmen with a view to 
 increase wages under a penalty of one t(j three months' im- 
 jtrisonment, until a few years previously, and even up to a 
 later date the law imposed penalties against attempts to fetter 
 or control the liberty of others. In France, combinations to 
 influence the rate of wages were also illegal up to a recent date, 
 and even in i86y meetings could not be held without the sanction 
 of the Prefecture of Police. In the States of the /ollverein, 
 trailes unions were unknown until 1869, being against the law 
 until iS(^i7, when several clauses of the Industrial Code of 1S45 
 were repealed, giving greater liberty to workmen to combine 
 for certain pur|)oses. As regards other luiropeon countries, 
 the 'i'rades Union Conunission reported in 1869 that in Russia 
 no combinations of workmen exist for the purpose of regulating 
 the price of labour employed for mining or manufacturing pur- 
 poses, and the same may be said with regard tt) the Netherlands. 
 In Denmark, associations of workmen are formed, the sole 
 I'bject of which is to raise funds for the relief of sick and infirm 
 members, and for the payment of the burial expenses of those who 
 die, i)Ut strikes for higher wages are of very unusual occurrence. 
 Strikes are contrary to law in .\ustria, and are immediately put a
 
 \(><) CONJ II.IA I l<»N AMt AKIil I l;.\ 1 I«»N. 
 
 sli)|i lo li) iIk- |)i)Ii( f, llic riiifjIcadiTS l»rinj; liable lo irnprisun- 
 mcnl fur a Icrin of i;iglu days lo llircr iiiotilhs. The penal 
 ((•(ieof Italy enackd that any < oml(ii)ali(jn anujn^^ employers 
 to (oiiipcl tlicir workmen to a< • ept a reduction of wages, or to 
 receive commodities in whole or j»art payinetil, if such should 
 l)C followed hy some overt act in execution (»f it, shall he 
 punished liy imprisonment not exceeding one month, and a 
 line of not less than loo or niore than 3000 francs. Kvury 
 ('oml)ination amongst workmen f(jr the purpose of sus|)ending 
 or impeding work, or inc reasing its costs without reasonable 
 cause, shall he punished with three months' imprisonment 
 whenever il has Ixguii io he carried into cfre«:l. In both 
 instances promoters are liable lo six months' imprisoimient. 
 
 In view of the several laws against combinations, it is clear 
 thai il was a dangerous thing in iiKjst Continental countries to 
 altempl to force up the rate of wages by pressure of a physical 
 kind. In some cases where strikes were attempted, as at 
 lirunn in 1867, the ringleaders were arrested. The workmen 
 of Italy were probably as free as any, and several strikes were 
 carried out, which generally ended in a compromise. In 
 France, workmen's societies became active about 1865-66, and 
 in the five following years a number of minor strikes were 
 engaged in, and usually lo ihe advantage of the workmen, who 
 had, however, a very low rate of wages, which would probably 
 have been improved in any case by the course of economic 
 eveiils. In some cases, indeed, the workmen who came out 
 on strike ran grave risks ; and even so recently as October 1869, 
 a number of workmen at the coal mines of Aubin, who had 
 come out for a rise of wages, were killed in encounters with the 
 authorities. 
 
 Beh^ium. — In the active and industrious little kingdom of 
 Belgium we have an example of a condition of industrial life 
 which is in some respects of a very low type. The workmen 
 have, until lately, had but little eduoxtion, they have been 
 accustomed lo work very long hours, to live in a penurious 
 style, to earn exceptionally low wages, and to have but im- 
 perfect resources of organisation. The employers, on the
 
 LABOUR DISPUTES IN OTHER COUNTRIES. l6l 
 
 Other hand, have had to contend with great difficulties in 
 building up their national industries. The mining resources 
 of the country are really poor and meagre, although developed 
 on a considerable .scale. The coal deposits are difficult and 
 e.xpensive to work ; the iron ore deposits adapted for utilisation 
 arc almost exhausted, so that most of the ores used have to 
 be imported from (iermany, I-'rance, or Luxembourg; and the 
 country can hardly be said to be endowed with any com- 
 pensating advantages in the shape of commanding shipping 
 resources, great wealth, cheap money, or highly efficient skilled 
 labour, such as England has long enjoyed. Iklgium, indeed, 
 has made such progress as it has succeeded in achieving, 
 mainly in consequence of its cheap labour ; and the levelling u[) 
 of the general conditions of that labour to the English standard, 
 would be likely to mean the loss, more or less partial at any 
 rate, of the manufacturing prestige of the country. 
 
 For this reason, although the general rate of wages has 
 greatly improved within recent years, it is still relatively low ; 
 and measured in terms of the product of mining and metal- 
 lurgical industry per capita^ is relatively less efficient than the 
 labour of neighbouring countries. But of late years the work- 
 men of r.elgium have put forward claims to share in the 
 general amelioration of the conditions of work and wages that 
 were taking place in (jlher countries. They have not been so 
 successful as the workmen of either France or Germany, 
 much less the working menofClreat Hritain. Recent official 
 statistics show that only in the province of Eiege have the 
 hours of mining labour been brought anywhere near the level 
 of the hours worked in the |)rinci[)al mining districts of the two 
 adjoining countries. In all the other provinces the miners 
 work ten hours a day from bank to bank, and they work these 
 ten hours for less money than is paid for a shorter day in com- 
 I)eting countries.* 
 
 Nevertheless, the working men of Melgium appear to have 
 made very little effort to secure an improvement in their cir- 
 cumstances until a comparatively recent period, and it is only 
 
 * Ki-port oj tlu Koyal Labour Commiaion. 
 L
 
 1 62 CONCILIATION AND AKIilTHATION. 
 
 williin iIk- last ten or twelve years that strikes have beconjc 
 specially numerous or important. Mainly in consc<juence of 
 the increase of trade disputes, a labour Commission was con- 
 stituted liy royal decree of 15th A|)ril 1886. 'I'he report of 
 that commission is a storehouse of valuable information as to 
 the history and conditions of IJel^ian industry. Since the 
 commission reported, labour legislation has received a con- 
 siderable impetus, mainly as a result of its recommendations. 
 In 1887, a law was passed instituting councils of industry and 
 labour; in 1889, another measure was legalised revising the 
 law under which councils of experts were previously appointed 
 on the lines of the Prudliomiius of France; and in 1889, legis- 
 lation was adopted to regulate the labour of women, young 
 person';, and children in factories, &c. 
 
 It will be seen, then, that even in I5elgium the working 
 classes appear to be realising a higher ideal of labour. IJut 
 this has not been attained without a good deal of frit tion and 
 conflict. Many causes have operated to increase these rela- 
 tions, in sjjite of ameliorative legislation. One cause is said 
 to be the abolition of the old guilds, the members of which 
 respected the ri,u;hts of others, while themselves striving for the 
 recognition of their own.* Other causes are perhaps more 
 common to all industrial countries alike, such as the more 
 general introduction of labour-saving machinery, the establish- 
 ment of large factories and workshops which has done much 
 to separate the individual employer from the individual work- 
 men, and the necessities of economical production entailed by 
 foreign competition. 
 
 Trade unionism is not so general among the industrial 
 population of Belgium as it is in some other countries, and 
 hence they are not, as a rule, so well organised for purposes of 
 mutual action with or against employers as in some other 
 countries. Even among miners, who have probably in Bel- 
 gium, as in France and Germany, proved the most trouble- 
 some class of workmen to deal with, the general union or 
 
 * M. Prins' Report on Trade Associations.
 
 LABOUR DISrUTES IN OTIIKR COUNTKIK.s. 163 
 
 federation has less than one-half the total number on its 
 books.* 
 
 Although there are no official returns of the total number 
 or the ol)jects of strikes in Belgium of late years, the infor- 
 mation collected for the Royal Commission on Labour t shows 
 that the strikes were generally organised for the purposes of an 
 increase of wages, a reduction of the hours of labour, the 
 establishment of a minimum wage, or for the reinstatement of 
 dismissed members of trade unions. One variety of the genus 
 strike appears to be fretjuent in Helgium that is less known in 
 other countries. It is stated that in May 1887, 30,000 miners 
 went out on strike for purely political purposes, and that such 
 strikes arc now of fre<iuent occurrence, although unknown pre- 
 vious to 18S6.J 
 
 Since the earlier part of the century, the French system of 
 Conscils des PruJ'/tomiiics has been carried on more or less 
 successfully in Belgium, and has apparently found ])lenty of 
 work to do. During the last twenty years the lowest number 
 of cases disjjosed of by these councils in any one year has been 
 2,761, and the highest number has been 5,078. Of late years 
 the number of cases dealt with has shown a tendency to in- 
 crease considerably. By far the largest nun)l)er of these ca.ses 
 have been arianged by conciliation. Of the 5,078 cases dealt 
 with in 1891, 3,250 were settled in this way, while 838 cases 
 had to be referred t(j arbitration, 967 cases were left undecided 
 by the action of the parties concerned, and 23 cases were left 
 pending. Of the same grand total, 4,782 cases were disputes 
 between employers and workmen, and 215 cases were differ- 
 ences between the workmen themselves. According to the 
 s])ecial law of July 1.S89, following the recommenihilions of the 
 Labour Commission already referred to, special councils for 
 certain industries, or groups of industries, can be established 
 
 • Tlic ollicial statistics shnw that tlK-n- were 119,000 men eiiipluyed in 
 an<l alxiut coal mines in 1S91, and tliut only alnnit 50,000 were nuinhers «»f 
 the miners' federation. 
 
 + Royal Labour Coiiiniission : /•'oni^n A'</^>rfs, vul. iv., p. 15. 
 
 :J: //'/(/., vol. iv., \i. 15.
 
 l64 CONCILIATION y\NI) AKI5ITKATION. 
 
 in llic same district, provided that the industries arc of sufficient 
 imporlancc, or special chambers can he eslahhshed in one and 
 the same council. The employers and the workmen each meet 
 to elect their several representatives, and vote by ballot. Half 
 of the re|)resentatives retire every three years, but may be re- 
 elected. 'I'he |)rcsidenl and vice-president, one of whom must 
 be an employer and the other a workman, are appointed by 
 Royal decree from the members of the council, or from a 
 double list of candidates chosen by employers and employed. 
 Where several chambers arc included in a council, they elect 
 their own presidents and vice-presidents. Each council a|>- 
 points from among its members a board of conciliation {Bureau 
 dc conciliation), composed of one employer and one workman. 
 An election is held (juarterly, when the same members can be 
 re-elected. The board meets at least once a week, and con- 
 siders all matters in dispute before they are brought before the 
 council, to which they must be referred if the board fails to 
 arrange them. 
 
 The council meets at least twice a month, and can only sit 
 when an equal number of employers' and of workmen's repre- 
 sentatives are present, two of each forming a (juorum. These 
 cannot include the president and vice-president, unless they 
 were appointed from among the members of the council. If 
 the council is unable to hold a session, owing to the absence of 
 any member from two consecutive meetings, such member is 
 summoned before the court of ajjpcal in the district, and sen- 
 tenced to a fine of from 26 to 200 francs, and from three to 
 eight days' imprisonment, or to one only of these penalties. 
 The councils deal with dis])utes between workpeople, or be- 
 tween employers and workpeople, arising in connection with 
 labour and wages. Without prejudice to the proceedings 
 before the ordinary tribunals, they may also punish breaches 
 of contract, and conduct tending to a breach of the peace. 
 The punishment in such cases may not exceed a fine of 25 
 francs, and an appeal may be made within eight days to the 
 civil court of first instance in the district. Matters outside the 
 jurisdiction of the councils, such as disputes between employers,
 
 LABOUFi DISPUTES IN OTHER COUNTRIES. 1 65 
 
 may, with the consent of both parties, be brought before them. 
 The prinf homines pronounce judgment without appeal for sums 
 not exceeding 200 francs ; above that sum, appeal may be 
 made to the tril)unal (jf commerce, or, in matters relating to 
 mines, to the civil tribunal of first instance. The clerk of the 
 council gives one day's notice to the parlies of the i)lace, 
 date, and hour, when they are bound to appear, together 
 with their witnesses. Should either party fail to appear, 
 judgment is given by default, but in certain cases the parties 
 may be represented by proxy. No lawyers are employed. 
 
 The expenditure incurred is provided for by all the com- 
 munes com[)rised in the council and districts, in proportion to 
 the number of workmen employed in each commune. 
 
 An important strike of miners occurred at the Mariemont 
 Collieries in 1875, which led M. Julien Weiler, the engineer, 
 to take steps to establish chambers of explanations, which were 
 really committees of conciliation, and which, after a consider- 
 able period, marked by great distrust on the part of the work- 
 men, came to be established on a firm basis. 
 
 In January 188S a council of conciliation and arbitration 
 was instituted at both Mariemont and liascoup for all classes 
 of workmen employed there. The rules of the two councils 
 are almost identical ; each is composed of six representatives 
 from among the staff {ai^ents tirades), including the general 
 manager, and six other members are appointed to act as 
 deputies. The workmen's representatives are nominated by an 
 electoral body of thirty six delegates, a])pointed by a majority 
 of the votes of the workmen employed at the various pits, 
 which are classed in six groups for the election of delegates. 
 Only those workmen can vote who are over twenty-one years 
 of age, and have been employed for at least six months at the 
 colliery. Tiie delegates and the company's representatives 
 must be over thirty years of age, and have been engaged at 
 the colliery for at least five years. A board, consisting of the 
 workmen's j)resident and secretary, and an assessor chosen by 
 the melting, conducts the election of the workmen's repre- 
 sentatives, who are elected from among the delegates by a
 
 166 rONCIMATION AND AKItlTKATION. 
 
 in.ijmity of votes. 'Ilic iikihIkts of tlic council serve for two 
 years ; half retire annually, hut may he re-elected. A president 
 and vice-president an- appointed annually, one president and 
 one secretary heing chosen from the workmen. (!hamhers of 
 explanations, to elucidate teclmif alitics, may, if necessary, 
 he estal)lishetl in any hranc li of the industry. Where these 
 chambers exist, all questions must he submitted to them before 
 beinj^ referred to the council. If necessary, boards of con- 
 ciliation (/iurenux dc coticiliatioti) are instituted to examine 
 (piestions which concern one group only, and matters whi«h 
 they cannot decide are referred to the council. 
 
 The president convokes meetings of the council, at which 
 two-thirds of the representatives of each side can form a 
 quorum. Questions of general interest must be discussed by 
 tlie whole of the representatives. The president has one vote 
 only ; in case of an equality of votes the (piestion is referred to 
 the management of the company. Prior to the examination 
 of a disputed point, and during its discussion, work must be 
 continued under the conditions which existed when the diffi- 
 culty arose. IJoth parties agree to accept the council's decisions, 
 which are valid for at least three months, and the same question 
 cannot he revived within that period. .Ml the expen.ses of the 
 council are defrayed by the company. Each representative 
 and delegate is allowed two francs for each meeting that he 
 attends, and is indemnified for all time thus lost ; the secretaries 
 receive in addition an annual salary determined l)y the council. 
 
 In consequence of the riots which occurred in the spring 
 of 1 886, it was considered necessary to establish some institution 
 by which differences arising between employers and employed 
 might be amicably settled. On 29th October 1886 two 
 schemes were submitted to the labour Commission by MM. 
 llrant/ and Denis, the former for the establishment of councils 
 of conciliation, the latter for the institution of elective bodies 
 which should concern themselves both theoretically and prac- 
 tically with all labour interests, and which should establish 
 councils of conciliation wherever and whenever necessary. On 
 5lh i\[ay of the same year M. Frere-Orban had brought before
 
 LABOUR dispute:.s in other countries. 167 
 
 the Cliaml)er a Hill for the L-stabhshinunt of councils of industry 
 and labour, which l)ecame law on i6th August 18S7. 
 
 'I'hcsc councils arc instituted to he " primarily adminis- 
 trative bodies, charged with the collection of statistical data 
 bearing on the state of industry, price of food, rate of wages, 
 averages of rents, both at home and abroad, and on all matters 
 connected with trade and labour ; and secondarily, consultative 
 institutions, bringing masters and men together, in the absence 
 of any industrial struggle, and before any contest should break 
 out, to deliberate and pronounce an opinion on all matters 
 afTecting their common interests." In certain cases the Govern- 
 ment is obliged to consult these councils. Thus they differ 
 both from the councils of conciliation and arbitration, and 
 from the councils of prud'hommes. The former are voluntar)* 
 tribunals due to jjrivate initiative, and their action is restricted 
 to the amicable arrangements of iiulustrial disputes. No 
 general rules exist as to their electorate or mode of procedure. 
 The main differences between the councils of industry ant! 
 labour and the councils of pnufhninincs are, that the latter 
 consider (juestions arising out of a violation of contracts, and 
 their deliberati(jns and decisions are based on these contracts. 
 'I'hey cannot compel an emj)loyer to pay a higher wage than 
 that which he had undertaken to pay, or to decrea.se the hours 
 of labour, if a given number of hours were explicitly or tacitly 
 agreed lo beforeh.nntl. The councils of industry and labour, 
 on the oiIkt hand, deal with (lueslions in which no contract is 
 presupposed ; their object is lo induce the formation of new 
 contracts on the best possible terms. To this end, it is 
 neces.sary for them to be able to form an estimate of the 
 state of the industry, the intensity of competition, the customs 
 of the locality, and all other matters affecting industrial jiro- 
 duction. Again, the decisions of the pruif homines are binding; 
 whereas the ojjinions expressed by the councils of industry 
 and labour m.iy be accepted or not, at the discretion of the 
 parties concerned. 
 
 The law of i6th .August 1S87, instituting the councils of 
 industry and l.ibour, was largely based on ihi- law of 1859,
 
 l6^ (:()N( II.IATION AM) AKI'.ITKATION, 
 
 rccoiistriK tin;; the (:f)iiii(ils of />ri/i/'///>//i//ifi. (.'onsidcrahle 
 (liriiciiltics arose as lo the interpretation of artirlcs 4 anM 5, 
 respecting the election of candidates, \vhic:h referred lo the 
 analoj^ous clauses in the law of 1859. 'I'he Royal decree of 
 31st July 1888, explaining the means of enforcing the law of 
 18S7, was also necessarily based on the law rcsjiccting prud"- 
 homines^ the revision of which was already under discussion. 
 On the publication of the law of 31st July 1889 concerning 
 councils of pruiVhommes, it was found necessary to make im- 
 j)ortant modifications in the law constituting the councils of 
 industry and labour ; and a Royal decree was published on 
 15th August of the same year, by which the education test, and 
 residence in the district of the council, are no longer required 
 from electors. 
 
 The councils are established by Royal decree, either spon- 
 taneously, or at the request of the communal council, or of 
 employers or employed residing in the district. The extent of 
 the councils, and the number and nature of their .sections, are 
 determined by the decree. Each council is divided into 
 sections corresponding in number to that of the industries in 
 the locality of sufficient imi)ortance for representation. From 
 six to twelve representatives of employers and men are com- 
 prised in each section. 
 
 Sii'itzerlafid. — According to the Foreign Reports of the 
 Royal Labour Commission, in the case of trade disputes occur- 
 ring in Switzerland, mediation, especially when undertaken by 
 State officials {Staatsmiifiner and Beamtcn), or other i)ersons of 
 recognised standing, has proved increasingly successful of late 
 years, and may probably be expected to extend its beneficial 
 influences. 
 
 The association of employers and employed for the promo- 
 tion of a common object is suggested by Herr Krebs as an 
 excellent means of encouraging good relations and closer com- 
 munications between ca[)ital and labour. Such objects may be 
 found in the institution of technical schools, the examination of 
 apprentices, the organisation of sick funds, and similar associa- 
 tions. The formation of courts of arbitration and conciliation
 
 LA150UR DISI'UTKS IN OTHER COUNTRIES. 169 
 
 on the English model is an idea which finds favour with holh 
 parties, and has been carried into effect in some instances, 
 though in general neither em[)loyers nor employed are suffi- 
 ciently well organised to make such hoards a complete success. 
 
 I5oards of conciliation and arbitration have already been 
 instituted in connection with twenty-five trades unions, and in 
 some cantons they have been established and supported by the 
 cantonal governments. 
 
 The principal f)bject of these boards is to draw up wages 
 lists and workshops rules, which emi)loycrs and employed both 
 agree to observe. The unions in which they have been estab 
 lished have found them both active and efficient. The board 
 of the luiibroiderers' Kederation considered 665 cases of dis- 
 putes between October 1885 and March 18S9, 554 of which 
 it brought to a satisfactory conclusion. The cantons where 
 they have been established are deneva, Neuchatel, \'aud, and 
 Urban Ikile. 
 
 'i'he Tribunaux d'ArHlroi^e Industrid^ which were instituted 
 at Geneva in 1874, consisted of a justice of the peace as pre- 
 sident, and two arbitrators, elected respectively by the employers 
 and employed. These arbitrators acted from political motives, 
 and hence the board proved a failure. They were consequently 
 abolished in 1883 to make room for Consdls de prud'hommes 
 on the I'rench pattern. Disputes referred to these courts 
 are first brought before the conciliation board, then before the 
 board of arbitration, while a court of appeal gives the final 
 decision as to all cases in which the damages are estimated at 
 more than 500 francs. The judge and clerks arc paid by the 
 State, and the whole process is free both to employers and 
 employed. Besides their judicial functions, the prud'hommes 
 are authorised to superintend the training of apprentices, the 
 sanitary condition of workshops, and to make recommendations 
 to the (Government for the advancement of trade and industry 
 in the canton. They thus form a kind of chamber of com- 
 merce ( G nvc rhckam mer). 
 
 A peculiar feature in the constitution of these boards is that 
 counsel are not allowed to either side {Advokatcn sind aust^tsc/i-
 
 I70 CONCILIATION ANh ARI'.ITKATION. 
 
 //issrf/\, 1)111 plaiiitirr and rl^frndanl arc rciircscnlifl hy members 
 (>( the trade to which they lulonj;. To fa< ihtate this represen- 
 tation \.\\Q priiiflioiiuiits are (hvided into ten trade groups, com- 
 prising (i) the watch inchislry, (2) jewellers, (3) building 
 trades ; (4) wood-workers ; (5) milal workers ; (6) ehahing 
 trades, (7) fornl and chemicals, (8) jiaper and printing, (9) 
 transport, (10) banking and conmierce. 
 
 In 1888, 753 cases were brought before the board of con- 
 ciliation, 21 of which were withdrawn and 522 were settled; 
 the remaining 210 were passed f)n to the board of arbitration, 
 203 of wlii« h were settled by it and 6 by the court of apf)cal. 
 The total niiniber of cases for the first three years amounted 
 to 2,182; of which 1,995 concerned questions of wages and 
 compciisntion, i 13 were cases of dismissal, 12 were connected 
 with men who had left work without warning, 55 with breach 
 of api)renticc rules, 5 with certificates {lutidouni^ cities zeu^- 
 fiissi's), and 2 with breach of contract. The disputes on wages 
 questions thus form 91.3 per cent, of the total number; and 
 the percentage of disputes settled by conciliation, which in 1885 
 amounted to 53. 6, had risen in 1888 to 69.3. The beneficial 
 results of the board arc stated to meet with general recognition, 
 and it is proposed to extend its competence to agriculture also.* 
 
 An Act conferring similar powers was passed at Neuchalel 
 in 1885, with this difference, that whereas the Cieneva boards 
 are compulsory, in the canton of Neuchatcl they are optional, 
 and are only formed in places which obtain the necessary 
 powers from the cantonal government. Each board consists 
 of from sixteen to thirty sworn members, and the president, 
 who is elected for six months, is alternately an employer and a 
 workman. Karh board has a court of conciliation and a court 
 of arbitration. The officials of the board are elected and paid 
 by the cantonal government. These boards possess the same 
 administrative powers as those of deneva. Chaux-de-Fonds is 
 the only place which has hitherto availed itself of the powers 
 conferred under this Act, but the court established there has 
 
 * Koyal CoDiiiiissioii on Labour: Foreign Reports.
 
 LAI50UR DISPUTES I\ OTHKR COUNTRIES. 171 
 
 l)ecome a fixed institution, nnd is now rcgnrdcd as indis- 
 pensable. 
 
 A law authorising voluntary hoards of arbitration and ron- 
 ciliation was passed for Canton \'aud in 1888; and in the 
 following year hoards were established at Lausanne, Vivis, 
 \'verdon, and Ste. Croix. 
 
 A compulsory board of conciliation and arbitration for 
 Urban Bale was established in 1889. 
 
 A voluntary board of conciliation and arbitration was 
 instituted by the board of Ziirich in 1889. .\ federation was 
 first formed, consisting of the employers' associations and trades 
 unions of Ziirich and the neighbourhood. Its object was the 
 prompt and gratuitous settlement of all disputes between 
 employer and employed with regard to the hire of labour {/oua^^f 
 de service) ; and secondly, the prevention or settlement by con- 
 ciliation of all tlisputes as to the payment of wages, labour 
 contracts, and questions of apprenticeship. 'I'he federation 
 was joined by six trades unions and by the master builders' 
 association. Each association on joining the federation under- 
 takes to refer all its disputes to the federation board and to it 
 only, and to recognise the bintling character of its decisions. 
 The federation is managed by a committee consisting of two 
 delegates and two substitutes {Stellvcrlrcli-rn) from each trade 
 belonging to the federation, and by a i)resident and vice- 
 president, who may not be either employer or employed. The 
 committee lias also a paid secretary, who has a consultative 
 vote at its sittings. 
 
 The arbitration board is appointid by the employers and 
 employed ; it consists of two presidents, one elected by the 
 masters and the other by the men, and of at least three arbitra- 
 tors besides. Substitutes must also be ap|K)inted to take the 
 place of the presidents in case of their unavoidable absence. 
 The presidents exercise their functions alternately, and one 
 arbitrator from each side is summoned for each sitting. The 
 proceedings are public, and the parties a|)pear before the board 
 in person. As a rule each case is decided in one sitting. 'I'he 
 board docs not consider cases in which the damages amount to
 
 172 CONf'IMAI ION ANr» AKIUTRATION. 
 
 more limn ^So frruKS, or any claims unflcr thr I"'inplf)ycrs' 
 I.iahility Act. The parlies pay no rosls, cxrept a fee to the 
 scrrclary in rase ihcy rc;(|uir(: a ccrtifirated ropy of the award. 
 
 I'lic hoard of conriliation is formed of the entire committee 
 of the federation. Disputes are laid before the committee by 
 three delegates from each side. When the delegates have 
 been heard the committee suggests an arrangement, which 
 the president must recommend to their acceptance. If he 
 fails, the board can send a deputation to the meetings of 
 the associations of both parties to try and effect a settlement. 
 If this second attempt fails, the [jrcsident must at once 
 call the board together and invite it to issue a sentence, to 
 which both |)arties must absolutely commit themselves. While 
 this award is being made, the delegates intcresteil in the ca.se 
 must withdraw from the conmiiltee.
 
 AIM* KM) IX I. 
 
 ScAi.K under Clausk io of ihc Ackkkment of ist Janl'aky 
 1892, as approved and adoi)tod by the Sliding-Scalc 
 Joint-Cominittcc in the Coal 'I'rade of South Wales, 
 6th February 1S92. 
 
 When the average net selling 
 
 Wages to be 
 at the 
 
 When the average net selling 
 
 Wages to be 
 
 at the 
 
 following 
 
 price of Coal |)er ton 
 
 F.O.U.. 
 
 foirOwinn 
 
 price of Coal |>c 
 
 r Ton 
 
 , K.O.lt., 
 
 
 
 
 IMrrcentage 
 alxive the 
 
 
 
 
 
 percentage 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 above «hc 
 
 is 
 
 and under 
 
 Standard. 
 
 s. 
 
 is 
 
 d. 
 
 and under 
 
 Standard. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 .f. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 d. 
 
 
 7 10.25 
 
 8 
 
 0.00 
 
 Slandaril. 
 
 10 
 
 10.29 
 
 11 
 
 0.00 
 
 264 
 
 8 0.00 
 
 8 
 
 1. 71 
 
 li 
 
 II 
 
 0.00 
 
 I 1 
 
 1. 71 
 
 27. i 
 
 8 1. 71 
 
 S 
 
 3-43 
 
 A 
 
 11 
 
 1.71 
 
 11 
 
 3-43 
 
 28^ 
 
 8 3-43 
 
 8 
 
 5.14 
 
 ii 
 
 11 
 
 3-43 
 
 1 1 
 
 5.14 
 
 30 
 
 S 5.14 
 
 8 
 
 6.S6 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 5.14 
 
 I I 
 
 6.86 
 
 3ii 
 
 S 6.S6 
 
 8 
 
 S.57 
 
 0| 
 
 11 
 
 6.86 
 
 I I 
 
 8.57 
 
 rA 
 
 8 S.57 
 
 8 
 
 10.29 
 
 1\ 
 
 11 
 
 8.57 
 
 11 
 
 10.29 
 
 iii 
 
 8 10.29 
 
 9 
 
 0.00 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 10.29 
 
 12 
 
 0.00 
 
 35 
 
 9 0.00 
 
 9 
 
 1. 71 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 0.00 
 
 12 
 
 1.71 
 
 hH 
 
 9 >-7i 
 
 9 
 
 3-43 
 
 Mi 
 
 12 
 
 1. 71 
 
 12 
 
 3-43 
 
 37i 
 
 9 3-43 
 
 9 
 
 5.14 
 
 I2i 
 
 12 
 
 3-43 
 
 12 
 
 5.14 
 
 m 
 
 9 5«4 
 
 9 
 
 6.86 
 
 «33 
 
 12 
 
 5.14 
 
 12 
 
 6.86 
 
 40 
 
 9 6. 86 
 
 9 
 
 8.57 
 
 •5 
 
 12 
 
 6.86 
 
 12 
 
 S.57 
 
 4U 
 
 9 8.57 
 
 9 
 
 10.29 
 
 16I 
 
 12 
 
 8.57 
 
 12 
 
 10.29 
 
 42.i 
 
 9 10.29 
 
 10 
 
 0.00 
 
 '7i 
 
 I2 
 
 10.29 
 
 «3 
 
 0.00 
 
 VA 
 
 10 o.ou 
 
 10 
 
 1. 71 
 
 «8:i 
 
 «3 
 
 0.00 
 
 >3 
 
 I.71 
 
 45 
 
 10 I.7I 
 
 10 
 
 3-43 
 
 20 
 
 >3 
 
 1.71 
 
 13 
 
 3-43 
 
 46.1 
 
 «o 3-43 
 
 10 
 
 5.14 
 
 2li 
 
 "3 
 
 3-43 
 
 '3 
 
 5.14 
 
 47* 
 
 10 5.14 
 
 10 
 
 6.86 
 
 22.i 
 
 «3 
 
 5- 14 
 
 •3 
 
 6.86 
 
 aH 
 
 10 6.S6 
 
 10 
 
 8.57 
 
 23i( 
 
 •3 
 
 6.86 
 
 '3 
 
 S.57 
 
 50 
 
 10 8.57 
 
 10 
 
 1 0. 29 
 
 25 
 
 «3 
 
 8.57 
 
 13 
 
 10.29 
 
 5«l 
 
 
 
 
 
 •3 
 
 10.29 
 
 14 
 
 0.00 
 
 524
 
 A 1' 1' I-: N 1) I X II 
 
 An Aci to pruridf for ihc Amicaiii.k Adjustmkni ok 
 (iklKVANCKS AND nisi'UTES that may arise I'ctween 
 Emi'I.oykks and 1'Lmi'Lovks, and to authorise the creation 
 of a Statk Board of Mkdiation and AkiuTKATioN. 
 
 (Nkw \'(:)kk, Laws ok 1887, Chai'. 63.) 
 
 TiiK People of the State of New \'ork, represented in Senate 
 and Assembly, do enact as follows: — • 
 
 Section i. \\'lieiiever any grievance or dispute of any 
 nature shall arise between any employer and his employes, it 
 shall be lawful to submit the same in writing to a board of 
 arbitrators for hearing and settlement. Said board shall con- 
 sist of three persons. When the employes concerned are 
 members in good standing of any labour organisation which 
 is represented by one or more delegates in a central body, the 
 said body shall have power to designate one of said arbitrators, 
 and the employer shall have power to designate one other of 
 said arbitrators, and the said two arbitrators shall designate a 
 third person, as arbitrator, who shall be chairman of the board. 
 In case the employes concerned in any grievance or dispute 
 are members in good standing of a labour organisation which 
 is not represented in a central body, then the organisation of 
 which they are members shall have the i)ower to select and 
 designate one arbitrator for said board, and said board shall 
 be organised as hereinbefore provided. And in case the em- 
 ployes concerned in any grievance or dispute are not members 
 of any labour organisation, then a majority of said employes, at
 
 APPENDICES. 175 
 
 a meeting duly held for that purpose, shall designate one arbi- 
 trator for said board, and the said board shall be organised as 
 hereinbefore provided. In all cases of arbitration the grievance 
 or matter of dispute shall be succinctly and clearly stated in 
 writing, signed by the parties to the arbitration or some duly 
 authorised person on their behalf, and submitted to such board 
 of arbitration. 
 
 SiXTiON 2. Each arbitrator so selected shall sign a consent 
 to act as such, and shall take and subscribe an oath before an 
 officer duly authorised to adnunister oaths, to faithfully and 
 impartially discharge his duties as such arbitrator, which con- 
 sent and oath may be filed in the office of the clerk of the 
 county where such dispute arises. When the said board is 
 ready for the tran.saction of business it shall select one of its 
 number to act as secretary, and the parties to the dispute shall 
 receive notice of a time and place of hearing. 'I'he chairman 
 shall have power to administer oaths, and to issue subpienas for 
 the production of books and papers, and for the attendance of 
 witnesses, to the same extent that such power is possessed by 
 the court of record or the judges thereof in this .Slate. The 
 board may make and enforce the rules for its government and 
 the lransa(ti(jn of the business before it, and fi.x its sessions and 
 adjournment, and shall hear and examine such witnesses as may 
 be brought before the board, and such other proof as may be 
 given relative to the matter in dispute. 
 
 SixrioN 3. After the matter has been fully heard, the said 
 l)(jard, or a majority of its members, shall, within ten days, 
 render a decision thereon, in writing, signed by tliem, giving 
 such details as will clearly show the nature of the decision and 
 the points disjjosed of. Such decision shall be a settlement of 
 the matter rel'erred to said arbitrators, unless an appeal is takiii 
 therefrom as is hereinafter jiroviiled. The decision shall be in 
 duplicate, one (-o|)y of which shall be fileil in the oftice of the 
 ( lerk of the tounty, and the other transmitted to the secretary 
 of the State Hoard of Mediation anil .Arbitration, hereinafter 
 mentioned, together with the testimony taken before said 
 board.
 
 176 CONCir-IATION AM) Al: i;i I Ic A I ION 
 
 Skction 4. Wlun llu: said hoard shall have rendered its 
 decision its power shall cease, unless there may he in existence 
 at the lime other similar (grievances or disputes between the 
 same classes of jjersons, and in such case such persons may 
 submit their differences to the said board, which shall have 
 power to act, and arbitrate and decide upon the same as fully 
 as if said board was originally created for the settlement of 
 such other difference or differences. 
 
 Skciion 5. NVithin three days after the passage of this Act, 
 the governor shall, with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 appoint a State Hoard of Mediation and Arbitration, to con- 
 sist of three competent persons, each of whom shall hold his 
 ortice for the term of three years, to commence immediately 
 upon the expiration of the term of office of the members of the 
 present State Hoard of Arbitration, created under chapter four 
 hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty- 
 six. One of said persons shall be selected from the party 
 which at the last general election cast the greatest number 
 of votes for governor of this State, and one of said persons shall 
 be selected from the party which at the last general election 
 cast the next greatest number of votes for governor of this 
 State, and the other of said persons shall be selected from 
 a bona fide labour organisation of this State. If any vacancy 
 happens by resignation or otherwise, he shall in the same 
 manner ap[)oint an arbitrator for the residue of the term. 
 If the Senate shall not be in session at the time any 
 vacancy shall occur or exist, the governor shall appoint an 
 arbitrator to fill the vacancy, subject to the approval of the 
 Senate when convened. Said board shall have a clerk or 
 secretary, who shall be appointed by the board, to serve three 
 years, whose duty it shall be to keep a full and faithful record 
 of the proceedings of the board, and also all documents and 
 testimony forwarded by the local boards of arbitration, and 
 perform such other duties as the said board may prescribe. 
 He shall have power, under the direction of the board, to 
 issue sub[Kenas, to administer oaths in all cases before said 
 board, to call for and examine books, papers, and documents
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 1// 
 
 of any [jartics to the controversy, with the same authority to 
 enforce their production as is possessed hy the courts of record 
 or the judges thereof in this State. Such arbitrators and clerk 
 shall take and suliscribe the constitutional oath of office, and 
 l)e sworn to tlie due and faithful iterforniance of the duties of 
 their respective offices before entering upon the discharge of 
 the same. .\n office shall be set apart in the Capitol by the 
 person or persons having charge thereof, for the proper and 
 convenient transaction of the business of .said board. 
 
 Skci ION 6. .\n appeal may be taken from the decision of 
 any local board of arbitration, within ten days after the rendi- 
 tion and filing of such decision. It shall be the duty of said 
 State Hoard (jf Mediation and .Arbitration to hear and consider 
 a|)peals from the decisions of Icjcal boards, and promptly to 
 proceed to the investigation of such cases, and the decision 
 of said board thereon shall be final and conclusive in the 
 premises, upon both parties to tlie arbitration. Such decision 
 shall l»e in writing, and a copy thereof shall be furnished to 
 each party. .\ny two of the arbitrators shall constitute a 
 (juorum for the transaction of business, and may hold meetings 
 at any time or place within the State. Examinations or investi- 
 gations ordered by the board may be held and taken by and 
 before any one of their number, if .so directed. lUit the pro- 
 ceedings and decision of any single arbitrator shall not he 
 deemed conclusive until approved by the board or a majority 
 thereof. Each arbitrator shall have power to administer oaths. 
 
 Skction 7. \Vhenever any grievance or dispute of any 
 nature shall arise between any employer and his employes, it 
 shall be lawful for the parties to submit the .same directly to 
 said State board in the first instance, in case such parties elect 
 to do so, and shall jointly notify said board or its clerk, in 
 writing, of such election. Whenever such notification to said 
 i)<)ard or its clerk is given, it shall be the duty t)f said board to 
 proceed, with as little delay as possible, to the locality of such 
 grievance or dispute, and intjuire into the cau.se or causes of 
 grievance or dispute. 'Ihe [>ariies to the grievance or dispute 
 shall thereupon submit to said board, in writing, succinctly, 
 
 M
 
 178 CONCIMATION AND AKI'.FTRATION. 
 
 flc.irly, niid in dclail, their j^ricvanrcs and complaints, and the 
 cause or causes tliereof, ntul severally agree, in writing, to 
 suhniit to the decisir)n of said hoard as to matters so submitted, 
 and a promise or agreement to continue on in business or at 
 work, without a lockout or strike, until the decision of said 
 hoard, provided it shall he rendered within ten days after the 
 completion of the investigation. The hoard shall thercuj)on 
 proceed to fully investigate and infjuire into the matters in con- 
 troversy, and to take testimony, under oath, in relation thereto, 
 and shall have power, by its chairman or clerk, to administer 
 oaths, to issue suliprcnas for the attendance of witnesses, the 
 production of hooks and papers, to the same extent as such 
 power is possessed by courts of record or the judges thereof in 
 this State. 
 
 Section 8. After the matter has been fully heard, the .said 
 board, or a majority of its members, shall within ten days 
 render a decision thereon in writing, signed by them or a 
 majority of them, stating such details as will clearly show the 
 nature of the decision and the points disposed of by them. 
 The decision shall be in triplicate, one copy of which shall 
 be filed by the clerk of the board in the clerk's office of the 
 county where the controversy arose, and one copy shall be 
 served on each of the parties to the controversy. 
 
 Skction 9. Whenever a strike or lockout shall occur, or 
 is seriously threatened in any part of the State, and shall come 
 to the knowledge of the board, it shall be its duty, and it is 
 hereby directed to proceed, as soon as practicable, to the 
 locality of such strike or lockout, and put themselves in com- 
 munication with the parties to the controversy, and endeavour 
 by mediation to effect an amicable settlement of such con- 
 troversy ; and, if in their judgment it is deemed best, to inquire 
 into the cause or causes of the controversy, and to that end 
 the board is hereby authorised to subpcena witnesses, compel 
 their attendance, and send for persons and papers, in like manner 
 and with the same powers as it is autliorised to do by section 
 seven of this Act. 
 
 Section 10. The fees of witnesses shall be fifty cents for
 
 APPENDICES. 179 
 
 each day's attendance, and four cents per mile travelled by 
 the nearest route in getting to or returning from the place 
 where attendance is required by the board. All subp(cnas 
 shall be signed by the secretary of the board, and may be 
 served by any person of full age authorised by the board to 
 serve the same. 
 
 Sf.ciion II. Said board shall make a yearly report to the 
 legislature, and shall include therein such statements, facts, and 
 explanations as will disclose the actual working of the board, 
 and such suggestions as to legislation as may seem to them 
 conducive to harmonising the relations of, and disputes 
 between, employers and the wage-earning masses, and the 
 improvement of the j)iesent system of production. 
 
 Skctio.n 12. Each arbitrator shall be entitled to an annual 
 salary of three thousand dollars, payable in (juarterly instal- 
 ments from the treasury of the State. The clerk or secretary 
 shall receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars, payable 
 in like manner. 
 
 Suction 13. Whenever the term "employer" or "em- 
 ployers" is used in this Act, it shall be held to include " firm," 
 "joint-stock association," "company," or "corporation," as 
 fully as if each of the last-named terms was expressed in each 
 [)Iai'c. 
 
 SixrioN 14. This .Act shall take effect immediately.
 
 A r vi: .\ 1) I X 
 
 I'"UKNCH \..\\V />r07'll////l^ /or (InfiCli.W'llOS ANt» ARI:irKATK)N 
 
 /// rtj.us of Coi.i.F.CTivF, Disi'UTKS hetwccn FImi'Lovkrs 
 
 AND l^MiM.OYKi) (27/// DiCcmbcr 1S92). 
 
 TiiK Senate and the Chamber of Deputies have acloi)tcd, the 
 President of the Republic promulgates, the following law : — 
 
 Ariici.k I. Employers, workmen or emjjloyes, between 
 whom a dis[)ute of a collective character relating to conditions 
 of employment has arisen, may submit the questions which 
 divide them to a committee of conciliation, or, in default of 
 an agreement of this committee, to a council of arbitration, 
 and these shall be constituted in the following manner. 
 
 Article 2. The employers, workmen or employes, may, 
 together or separately, in person or by proxy, address a de- 
 claration in writing to the justice of the peace {jiis<: d*: P^fi-^) of 
 the canton or one of the cantons in which the dispute has 
 arisen, and shall contain — 
 
 1. The names, capacities, and domiciles of the applicants 
 or their proxies. 
 
 2. The matter of dispute, with a succinct account of the 
 motives pleaded by the other side {partic). 
 
 3. The names, capacities, and domiciles of the persons 
 to whom the proposal of conciliation or arbitration should be 
 notified. 
 
 4. The names, capacities, and domiciles of the delegates 
 chosen from amongst those concerned by the applicants, in 
 order to assist or represent them : the number of these dele- 
 gates not exceeding five.
 
 APPENDICES. l8l 
 
 Artici.k 3. The justice of the peace delivers acknowledg- 
 ment of the receipt of this declaration, with indication of the 
 date and hour of the deposit, within twenty-four hours, to the 
 opposing party or its representatives, l)y letter, or, if need 
 he, by notices posted on the gates of the C(jurts of justice 
 of the canton, and on those of the mayoralty of the commune 
 in which the dispute has arisen. 
 
 Ari ici.K 4. On receii)t of this notification, or within three 
 days, those concerned must send their reply to the justice of 
 the peace. The periotl having passed, their silence is taken as 
 a refusal. 
 
 If they accept, they give in their reply the names, capacities, 
 and domiciles of the delegates chosen to assist or represent 
 them, the number of these latter not exceeding five. 
 
 If the departure or absence of the persons to whom the 
 proposal is notifietl, or the necessity of consulting the principals 
 {i/uiHihvifs), partners, or an adniinistrative council, does not 
 permit of a reply within three days, the representatives of the 
 said persons should within the three days declare what is the 
 delay necessary for arrangement of a reply. This declaration 
 is transmitted by the justice of the peace to the applicants 
 within twenty-four hours. 
 
 Artici.i-; 5. If the proposal is accepted, the justice of the 
 peace urges {i/i7'ih- (fufi^ciicc) the parties or their delegates to 
 form among them a committee of conciliation. The meetings 
 take place in the presence of the justice of the ]>eace, who may 
 be api)ointed by the committee to preside at the debates. 
 
 Akiici.k C. If an agreement is arrived at as to the condi- 
 tions of conciliation, the conditions are set down in a report 
 drawn up by the justice of the peace, and signed by the parties 
 or their delegates. 
 
 .Artici.k 7. If an agreement is not arrived at, the justice 
 of the peace invites the parties to appoint either one or more 
 arbitrators each, or a connnon arbitrator. 
 
 If the arbitrators do not agree as to the sohilmii dI the ills 
 pute, they may cluxjse a new arbitrator to act as umpire. 
 
 Akiki.i; S. If the arbitrators (an neither decide on the
 
 I 82 ( ONCIIJATION ANI« AK MITKATION. 
 
 soluiioii of the dispute, nor agree as i<j the new arhilralor, they 
 must declare llie fact in the report, and this arl>ilralor will be 
 named hy the president of the <:ivil tribunal after insj>cc:ti(jn of 
 tiie ripoil, wluch shall be sent to bin) b^rtbwith by the justice 
 ol the jieace. 
 
 Aktici.k 9. The decision on the p(jinls at issue (fond) 
 which has been arrived at, revised, and attested by the arbi- 
 trators, is sent to the justice of the peace, 
 
 Artici.k 10. When a strike occurs in default of initiative 
 on the part of those concerned in it, the justice of the peace, 
 f.v officio, and by the means indicated in Article 3, invites the 
 employers, workmen, ox employed, or their representatives, to 
 make known to him within three days — 
 
 1. The matter of dispute with a succinct account of the 
 alleged motives. 
 
 2. The acceptance or refusal of conciliation and arbitration. 
 
 3. The names, capacities, and domiciles of the delegates 
 chosen, where the case occurs {/e cas cclieant), by the parties, 
 the number of the persons chosen by each side not exceeding 
 five. 
 
 The delay of three days may be increased for the reasons 
 and under the conditions indicated in Article 4. If the pro- 
 posal is accepted, it shall {proceed conformably to Articles 5 
 and following. 
 
 .\Rrici.ii II. The reports and decisions mentioned in 
 Articles 6, 8, and 9 above, are preserved in the minutes at the 
 office of the justice of the peace, who sends a copy free of 
 charge to each of the parties, and addresses another to the 
 Minister of Commerce and Industry through the prefect. 
 
 Article 12. The demand for conciliation and arbitration, 
 the refusal or failure to rci)ly of the opposing party, the decision 
 of the committee of conciliation or of the arbitrators notified 
 by the justice of the peace to the mayor of each of the com- 
 munes over which the dispute is spread, are made public by 
 each of these mayors, who post them up in the place assigned 
 to official notices. 
 
 The posting up of these decisions may be done by the
 
 APPENDICES. I S3 
 
 parties concerned. The notices arc exempted from stamp 
 duty. 
 
 Akiici.K 13. 'I'hc premises necessary for ilic meetings of 
 the committees of conciUation or councils of arbitration are 
 provided, heated, and hghted by the communes in which they 
 meet. 
 
 The expenses arising therefrom are included among the 
 compulsory expenses of the communes. 
 
 The outlay of the committees of conciliation and arbitration 
 shall be fi.xed by a notice of the prefect of the department, 
 entered among the com[>ulsory departmental expenses. 
 
 AkTicLK 14. All deeds executed in carrying out the pre- 
 sent law are exempt from stamps, and registered gratis. 
 
 Akiiclk 15. The arbitrators and the delegates nonn'nated 
 under the present law must l)e French citizens. 
 
 In professions or trades where women are employed, they 
 may l)c chosen as delegates on the condition that they are 
 of French nationality. 
 
 Aruci.k 16. The [)resent law applies t<j the colonies of 
 Guadaloupe, Martinique, and the Reunion. 
 
 The present law deliberated and adoptetl by the Senate and 
 the (Chamber of Deputies, shall be carried out as a law of the 
 State. 
 
 E.xecuted at Paris, ^ylh December 1892. 
 
 Car NOT. 
 
 Hy the Trcsident of the Republic: the Minister of Com- 
 merce, of Industry, and the Colonies. 
 
 Jui.i.s SiKC.I KIIID.
 
 A I' r icx 1) I X IV. 
 
 Rui.Ks OK iiii': Hoard ok Concimaiion and Akiui ration 
 
 IN I 111-; STAKKOKDHIIIkK I'OTTEKIE.S. 
 
 1. 1'hal lliis hoard l)c styled the " I'.oard of Conciliation 
 and Art)itration " for the Staffordshire china and earthenware 
 niaiuifacturers. 
 
 2. 'J'hat the leading principle shall he the continuance of 
 work at existing prices i)ending any dis])iite. The decision of 
 the hoard or umpire to date hackward to the time of the appeal 
 being made. 
 
 3. The ohject of the hoard shall be to arbitrate on wages or 
 any other matters affecting their respective interests that may 
 be referred to it from time to time by the employers or opera- 
 tives, and by conciliatory means to. interpose its influence to 
 prevent disputes and put an end to any that may arise. It is, 
 however, understood and agreed that under these rules neither 
 employers or operatives shall arbitrate on the following ques- 
 tions : — (i) Good from oven; (2) limitation of apprentices, 
 except in the oven branch, and then only when a change is 
 [)rop(>sed to be made during the year at a manufactory in the 
 proportion of ai)[)rentices to journeymen working together in a 
 set; (3) alteration of trade rules. 
 
 4. That the board consist of ten employers and ten opera- 
 tives, four of each to form a (juorum ; and first hoard shall hold 
 their first meeting as soon as practicable after their ajijwint- 
 ment ; the operatives to be elected by their own body, and the 
 employers by their own body ; the members of the board to
 
 APPENDICES. 185 
 
 serve for one year, and to be eligible for re-election ; the nesv 
 board to be elected in the month of July in each year. 
 
 5. That the board shall, at its first meeting in each year, elect 
 an umpire, president, and vice-president ; also two secretaries, 
 one for the employers and one for the o[)eratives, who shall 
 continue in office one year, and he eligible for re-election. 
 
 6. That the board shall meet for the transaction of business 
 once a quarter, namely, the first Monday in the months of 
 October, January, April, and July ; but, on a requisition to the 
 president, signed by three members of the board, specifying the 
 nature of the business to be transacted, he, or in case of his 
 absence the vice-president, shall, within seven days, convene a 
 meeting of the board. The circular calling such meeting shall 
 specify the nature of the business for consideration. 
 
 7. .\ reference to the board may be made by either party 
 to any disi)ute, but the primary t)l)ligation to a|)peal to the 
 board shall rest upon the party who wishes to alter existing 
 arrangements, subject however to Rules 15 and 2\. 
 
 8. That no employer or operative shall be entitled to appeal 
 to the board (except with tlie consent of the l)oard), unless he 
 has been a subscriber from the commenrement of the current 
 year of subscription. 
 
 9. The parties to any ilispute intended to be submitted to 
 the board shall, if possible, agree to a joint written st.itement of 
 their case; l)ut if they cannot agree, a statement in writing on 
 behalf of each party shall be made, and every such slalenient 
 shall be sent to the secretaries at least two days prior to the 
 board meeting. Kach parly shall have |)ower to adduce oral 
 evidence before the board. 
 
 10. The umpire shall preside at the sittings of the board 
 when cases are referred to it for arbitration which concern the 
 whole Iraile or affect the interest of a whole branch. The 
 tiuestion in dispute shall be decided by the umpire, whose 
 award shall be final and binding on each party. 
 
 11. That the president shall preside over such meiluigs oi 
 the boaril as are not convened for the purposes of arbitration, 
 and in his absent e the vite president. In the absence of both
 
 I.S6 CON( II.IA 1 ION AND AUIMTIvATKjN. 
 
 prcsidciil and vicc-prcsidcDt a < liairman shall be elected by llic 
 majority present. 
 
 12. That when at any meeting of the l^oard the number of 
 employers and operatives is une(|ual, all shall have the right 
 of fully entering into the discussion of any matter brought before 
 them, but only an eipial number of each shall vote. The with- 
 drawal of the members of whichever body may be in excess to 
 be by lot. 
 
 i^^. That the parties to any dispute whi« h has been sub- 
 mitted to the board shall be bound by its decision. 
 
 14. That each party shall pay their own secretary and 
 separate e.\[)enscs, but the j(jint expenses of the board shall be 
 borne equally by the employers and operatives. 
 
 15. A committee consisting of four, that is to say, two em- 
 ployers and two operatives, shall inquire into any dispute that 
 may arise at any individual manufactory and that does not affect 
 the interest of a whole branch, and such committee shall use 
 its influence in the settlement of disputes, and have power to 
 make an award. Jjefore such committee shall commence to 
 inquire into any dispute it shall appoint a referee, before whom 
 the case shall be laid by such committee in the event of its 
 being unable to adjust the business referred to it. The decision 
 of tile referee shall be accepted by both parties to the dispute. 
 If such committee shall not be able to agree U])on a referee the 
 umpire of the board shall make the appointment, and the case 
 shall proceed. Such committee, however, shall not deal with 
 any question which cannot be dealt with under these rules. 
 
 16. That if any one or more of the board shall be immedi- 
 ately affected by the dispute, they shall not be appointed upon 
 the committee referred to in Rule 15. 
 
 17. That the board shall recognise the trade rules set forth 
 in the schedule as binding upon the parties to any dispute, and 
 for the regulation of the trade. 
 
 iS. That no alteration or addition be made to these rules, 
 except at a quarterly meeting, or special meeting convened for 
 the purpose. Notice of any proposed alteration shall be given 
 in writing to the secretaries one month previous to such meet-
 
 APPENDICES. 187 
 
 ing, and the secretaries shall give one week's notice ther4.-uf to 
 each member of the board. 
 
 19. That it be an understanding, in connection with the 
 proceedings of the board, that while the general wages ques- 
 tion, as it relates to the condition of the markets, shall be arbi- 
 trated upon (at Martinmas) as one case for all the trade, except 
 ovenmen, each branch shall have a right at such arbitration to 
 make special reference to any question or subject that especially 
 concerns its interests or modes of working. 
 
 20. That when a general arbitration shall take place involv- 
 ing a reduction or increase of wages, the case in respect of all 
 branches, except ovenmen, shall be dealt with as one ; and when 
 the umpire has fmished the hearing of such rase, he shall then 
 consider the case of the ovenmen, and give to them a separate 
 award. 
 
 21. When there is no general arbitration at Martinmas 
 affecting the interests of the whole trade, any two branches, but 
 not more, may make a sei)arate and special a[)peal to the board 
 for change in prices on any special ground that may seem to 
 them to justify such a change, and in like manner the em- 
 ployers shall be at liberty to claim an arbitration in case of 
 there being a dispute with any two branches. .Vny dispute 
 affecting more than two branches shall be dealt with as a sub- 
 ject for general arbitration. 
 
 22. That the umpire shall liave full oi)[)ortunity to verify any 
 figures or statements made in evidence, providing that such 
 verification be not allowed to interfere with, or expose, the 
 private business of any firm ; such verification shall be made 
 through a sworn accountant, appointed by and responsible to 
 the umpire, and shall be disclosed to no other person.
 
 A r r 1', s \)\ \ V. 
 
 A SCMI'.Mi; /<-»/- Mf I'lSTAIiMSHMKNT (?/ d Sv>ll,M (»K lioAKDS 
 
 OK AKliiTKATioN, sul'iiiitlcd l>y Mr W. J. I'AkKY {Chair- 
 man of tlw Joint Standi ni^ Committee of the Carnan'onshire 
 County Council, and lar^iely interested in the Welsh Slate 
 Industry), advocating the establishment of Si atk IJoAkDS 
 OF ARnnRAiiON {submitted to the Royal Commission on 
 Labour-). 
 
 I. 'I'hat this country should l)c dividt-d into six trade 
 arl)itialion courts : — 
 
 (<7.) Middlesex, Surrey, Sussex, and Kent. 
 
 (/'.) Shropshire, Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Rutland- 
 shire, Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, 
 and the remaining counties in the South of 
 England. 
 
 (r.) The English counties to the north of those named 
 in {b). 
 
 (d.) Scotland. 
 
 ((•.) Ireland. 
 
 (/.) Wales and Monmouthshire. 
 
 II. That a court should be established in each of these 
 divisions, consisting of two judges or arbitrators, one to be 
 appointed from a class representing the em|)loycrs of labour, 
 and the other from a class representing the wage-earners. 
 I>oth were to be permanent officials, and paid by the Ciovcrn- 
 nicnt. 
 
 III. That in every case of dispute, after the demands of 
 the aggrieved party had been rejected by the other side, and
 
 APPENDICES. 189 
 
 within a stated number of clays, ciiher party could give notice 
 to the court to investigate the causes of the dispute, with full 
 powers to decide the same. 
 
 I\'. That the court should consist of such two judges, and 
 that the judge of the county court within whose jurisdictidn the 
 dispute arose, or the judge of any other county court, or of the 
 High Court, selected by the Home Secretary, should act as 
 umpire. 
 
 V. That the costs of the investigation should be borne by 
 the rates of the county in which the disputes arose, except in 
 cases where one of the parlies declined to abide by the decision 
 of the court, when that court should have power to charge 
 such party with all the costs. 
 
 Mr Tarry added that the men in the North Wales slate 
 quarries had repeatedly j)assed resolutions in favour of the 
 Government establishing boards of arbitration. These boards 
 should be constituted by the Slate rather than by a mutual 
 agreement, both because it seemed impossible for employers 
 and employed to agree upon their com|)Osition, and also 
 because State boards could be invested with stronger pf)wers. 
 Their decisions might carry equal authority with judiiial (Orders 
 of Court.
 
 A I' iM':n I) I X \' I. 
 
 Mr Mundi-Ihi's \\\\.\. in makk I5i;r'ii.k Provision for ihk 
 Skii i.KMKNT or LAFioirR Disi'UTEs {2gth Afarch iSg^). 
 
 \M-\ it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by 
 and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and 
 Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, 
 and by the authority of the same, as follows : — 
 
 I. Where a difference exists or is apjirehended between an 
 employer, or any class of employers, and workmen, or between 
 different classes of workmen, the Board of Trade may, if they 
 think fit, exercise all or any of the following powers, namely, — 
 
 {a.) Tncjuirc into the causes and circumstances of the 
 difference, and make such report, if any, thereon 
 as appears to the Board expedient ; and 
 
 (/'.) Invite the parties to the difference to meet together, 
 by themselves or their representatives, under the 
 presidency of a chairman mutually agreed upon 
 or nominated by the Board of Trade or by some 
 other person or body, with a view to the amicable 
 settlement of the difference. 
 
 II. (i.) In the case of any difference to which the fore- 
 going section applies, the Board of Trade may, on the applica- 
 tion of any of the employers or workmen interested, and if the 
 Board, after taking into consideration the circumstances of the 
 case and the means available for conciliation in the district or 
 the trade, are of opinion that the circumstances are such as to 
 justify them in proceeding under this section, appoint a person 
 or persons to act as conciliator or as a board of conciliation,
 
 APPENDICES. 191 
 
 and the person or persons so appointed shall inquire into the 
 causes and circumstances of the difference hy communication 
 with the i)arties and otherwise, and shall endeavour to hrint,' 
 about a settlement of the difTerencc. 
 
 (2.) li it is a<;rced or arranged to refer any (juestion aris- 
 ing out of or incidental to any such difference to a person 
 appointed by the Board of Trade or to two or more persons, 
 of whom one is to be appointed by the Hoard of Trade, the 
 Board of Trade may, if they think (it, make an aj)pointmcnt 
 accordingly. 
 
 III. If it appears to the Board of Trade that in any district 
 or trade where disputes are of frequent occurrence adequate 
 means do not exist for having dis|)utes submitted to a board of 
 conciliation for the district or trade, they may ai)i)oint any 
 person or persons to incjuire into the conditions of the district 
 or trade, and to confer with employers and employed with the 
 view of establishing a local board of conciliation or arbitration 
 composed of rej^resentatives of employers and employed. 
 
 IV. The Board of Trade shall keep a register of boards of 
 conciliation and arbitration, and shall enter therein such par- 
 ticulars with resjjcct thereto as to the Board may seem ex- 
 pedient. 
 
 V. The Board of Trade shall present to I'arliament 
 annually a report of their proceedings under this .Act. 
 
 VT. This .\ct may be cited as the Conciliation Act, 1894.
 
 INI) !•: X. 
 
 A< Ts of Parliament, 5 Ctcn. III., 
 23nl May 1775, 56; <if 7th June 
 1S42, 5^1 ; nf 1S4}. 57; C.ial Mints 
 Kf^;iilalii)n Act of 1872, 60. 
 
 Appitiiliccs: Sliding scale in South 
 Wales ("oal Industry, 17J; Act 
 creating Slate Unard for New 
 ^■ork, 174; Krench Law of 1S92, 
 iSo ; Rules of Itoard of (Concilia- 
 lion in Potteries, 1S4 ; \V. J. 
 Parry's Pro|>osals, iSS ; Mr Mun- 
 (Iclla's Conciliation (I^diour Dis- 
 putes) Pill, 190. 
 
 Arbitration, delinition of, 31. 
 
 Attempts at solution of labour 
 problem, 19. 
 
 Attitude of employers, 109 ; of 
 workmen, 115. 
 
 Arl)it ration boards, effect of, on rate 
 of wattes, 37. 
 
 Arbitration t. sliding-scales, 41. 
 
 — law of 1S92, in I'rance, 155.. -SVv 
 under heads of ( Germany, France, 
 &c. 
 
 — required to determine a fair day's 
 wage, 43. 
 
 — cannot always determine the rate 
 of wages, 47. 
 
 — in StatVordshire industries, 81 ; 
 in North of England industries, 
 87, 90. 
 
 Association of coal-owners in South 
 
 Wales, 73. 
 Awards, Sir R. Kettle on the legal 
 
 execution of, 37 ; in finished iron 
 
 trade, 93 ; of Thus. Hughes, 94 ; 
 
 acceptance of, 97. 
 
 Basis of sliding-scales, 78. 
 
 Blast furnacemen, wages of, 77; 
 labour, conditions of, 80. 
 
 Bedworth collieries scale, 66. 
 
 Belgium, conilition of workmen in, 
 160 ; rate of w.ages paid, 161 ; 
 hours of work, 161; trade unionism 
 in, 162; strikes, 163; Conscils dcs 
 Pnid' horn lilt's, 163; council of 
 conciliation, 165 ; riots, 166 ; 
 councils of industry, 167. See 
 Conciliation and Arbitration. 
 
 nesHcmcr converters, 14. 
 
 Board of arbitration in North of 
 lingland iron trade, 96. 
 
 Board of conciliation in Belgium, 
 164. 
 
 Brassey, I^>rd, on co-<i[>cralive pro- 
 duction, 4. 
 
 Briggs, Messrs, industrial jKirtncr- 
 ship scheme of, 7. 
 
 British iron smelters, 105. 
 
 Burnett, John, xii. 
 
 Ituilding tra<le of Wolverhampton, 
 conciliation in, 24. 
 
 Burt, Thomas, xii. 
 
 CarI'I:!" trade of Durham, concilia- 
 tion in, 22. 
 
 Cannock Chase collieries, sliding- 
 scales in the, 66. 
 
 Capital, protection of, 17. 
 
 Chain, nail, l)olt, and lock makers, 
 conciliation, 103. 
 
 Chamberlain, J., on sliding-scales, 83. 
 
 Charter of working-classes, i, g. 
 
 Cleveland iron induslr)', 79. 
 
 Coal industry, sliding scales in the, 
 62, 84. 
 
 Coal-mines Regulation Act of 1892, 
 effects of, 60. 
 
 Coal-owners, control of national 
 destinies by, 9. 
 
 Coal-mining industry as it was, 55. 
 
 Collectivism, 12. 
 
 Commercial supremacy, backbone 
 of, v. 
 
 Colliers, social condition of, in 1775, 
 
 56. 
 
 Condition of England (jueslion, v. 
 
 Committees, standing, 97. 
 
 Compulsory arbitration, 124. 
 
 Co-operative production, 4, 5. 
 
 Conciliation (Trade Disputes) Bill, 
 Mr Mundella's, 126. 
 
 Conciliation in Durham carpet trade, 
 22; in Macclesfield silk trade, 23; 
 in printing trade, 23; in Notting- 
 ham h<isiery ami lace trades, 24; in 
 WolverhamiHon building trades, 
 24; in North of England iron trade, 
 24; in other industries, 103.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 193 
 
 Conciliation distinguished from arbi- 
 tration, 27, 28. 
 
 Coiiseih lies I'niii'honintes, viii. ; in 
 Germany, 147; in France, 154; in 
 Uelyium, 162. 
 
 Gjtton factories, development of, 14. 
 
 Council of conciliation in Belgian 
 mining inilustry, 165. 
 
 Crom])tononconciliation in Maccles- 
 field silk trade, 23. 
 
 Cumberland collieries, sliding-scale 
 in the, 68. 
 
 Cutlery trade of Sheftield, 105. 
 
 Dai.k, David, xii.; recommenda- 
 tion of conciliation by, 88; pre- 
 sentation to, 120. 
 
 Demarcation differences, 108. 
 
 Diftkuliies attending early boards of 
 ari)itration, 3S. 
 
 Durham coal industry, sliding-scales 
 in, 63. 
 
 Em I'l.oVKKs of old school, 10; atti- 
 tude of, 109. 
 
 Engineering trades, conciliation in, 
 30, 106. 
 
 Examination of employers' books, 
 40. 
 
 Extraneous circumstances afTecting 
 wages, 39. 
 
 Fair day's wage. Sir K. Kettle on, 
 44. 
 
 Fox, Head, «S: Co., industrial part- 
 nership scheme of, 7. 
 
 France, co-operative production in, 
 
 5- 
 V rench system of Coiiseils li^s Pnid - 
 
 hoiiinies, viii. 
 France, labour disputes in, 154; 
 
 Conscils lies Priid'hommei, 154; 
 
 arbitration law of 1892, 8, 155; 
 
 advance of wages in, 158. 
 Frankenstein, a modern, 17. 
 
 GkRMANV, labour disinites and their 
 settlement in, 142; mediieval 
 guilds, 142 ; social democrats, 143; 
 Krupp's manifesto, 144 ; coal- 
 miners' strike of 1S89; special 
 courts, 147 : Coiiseils ties /'riKi'- 
 hoiiiiiies, 147; insurance laws of 
 1S83-84, 148; industrial code, 
 14S; Berlin court, 151; organisa- 
 
 tion of courts by the State, 151 ; 
 progress of courts of arbitration, 
 152; ins]x;ctors of factories as 
 mediators, 153. 
 
 nAKri.ANi)'.s,Sir F. Dixon, Bill, 124 
 
 Henderson, William, conciliation 
 introtiuced l>y, in cariuit trade of 
 Durham, 21. 
 
 Higgling of the market, 26. 
 
 Histt)ry of arbitration, sliding-scales, 
 &c. See under their headings 
 Hosiery, and I^ce Trades of Not- 
 tingham, conciliation in, 24. 
 
 Ic.voRANCE of workmen as affecting 
 strikes, vii. 
 
 Industrial conciliation, 25; arbitra- 
 tion, 31 : sliding-scales, 50. 
 
 Industrial ])artnership, 6. 
 
 Iron traile of North of Engl.md, 
 conciliation in, 24, 87; of South 
 Staffordshire, 80. 
 
 Krth.e, Sir KuiK-rt, xii., on func- 
 tions of l)oards of arbitration, 31 ; 
 on a fair (lay's wage, 44; awards in 
 finisheti irt)n industr)-, 93. 
 
 Lahouk Commission, recommenda- 
 tions of, 126. 
 
 Laws against combination, I ; on 
 Continent, 160. 
 
 Legal executi(}n of awards, Sir K. 
 Kettle on, 37. 
 
 Legislation anil jiending proposiils, 
 
 .'-.3- . 
 Limitation of nund)er of unions, 37. 
 
 Lord St Leonards' .\ct, 123. 
 
 Lubl)ock's, Sir John, Bill, 123. 
 
 Macci.eskiei.I), conciliation in silk 
 trade of, 23. 
 
 Martineau, Sir Thomas, and Mid- 
 land sliding-scales, 82. 
 
 Matters proi>cr for arbitration, 43. 
 
 M'Cosh, A. K., evidence of, citetl, 
 viii. 
 
 Migration of lalnnir, 47. 
 
 Mill, John Stuart, on wages and 
 labour, 2. 
 
 Miners, early grievances of, 58. 
 
 Mining industry of Belgium, con- 
 ciliation in, 164. See Colliers, 
 I'itmen.
 
 194 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mun<lclla, A. J., his plan of a *' IrniR 
 jaw," 9; tfstimimy of, 29 ; Hill to 
 promote conciliation, 125. 
 
 Nam. trade, conciliation in, 108. 
 Nihilism, 12. 
 
 " Nothinj,' to arbitrate," 47. 
 Notliii^;h:iin hosiery and lace trades, 
 
 conciliation in, 24. 
 Northunil)crland coal industry, slid- 
 
 ing-scalfs in the, 65. 
 
 Ocean collieries scale, 66. 
 
 Orifjin of Conseih des PruiV homines, 
 
 20, 21. 
 Ousclmrn enj^ine works, industrial 
 
 partnership at, 8. 
 Overtime, 45 ; jx-nding proposals 
 
 and legislation, I2J. 
 
 Pig-Iron industrj', sliding-scales in 
 
 the, 77. 
 Pitmen's union, the first, 58. 
 Prices as affecting w.-iges, 39. 
 Printing trades, conciliation in, 23. 
 Problem of to-day, the, 13. 
 Public opinion, force of, 49. 
 
 QtTAi.iKiCATiONS of an umpire or 
 arl)itrator, 34. 
 
 Rates paid for overtime, 45. 
 
 Realised selling prices, ascertain- 
 ment of, 78. 
 
 Refusal to accept arbitration, 47. 
 
 Rules of Coal-owners' Association in 
 South Wales, 73 ; of arbitration 
 board in the finished iron industry 
 of the North of England, 91. 
 
 Scotland, rapid fluctuations in 
 miners' wages, viii. 
 
 — sliding-scale in coal industry, 66. 
 Shand, Lord, and the Midland 
 
 miners, x. 
 
 Shipbuilding trade, 106. 
 
 Shorland collieries, co-operative 
 partnership at, 8. 
 
 Sliding-scales, industrial, 50 ; defini- 
 tion of, 50 ; applied to [luddlers 
 and millmen, 51 ; lo Scotch 
 miners, 53 ; to pig-iron industr)-, 
 77 ; to Staffordshire coal and iron 
 industries, 81 : to North of Eng- 
 land iron industry, lOO. 
 
 — objections to, by workmen, 52, 
 54 ; functions of, 53. 
 
 Smith, Ailnm, on wagesand labour, 2. 
 
 .SocialiHm, 12. 
 
 Somerset collieriex scale, 66. 
 
 South Wales cfKil trade, tlidini;- 
 scales in the, 69, 71. 
 
 State l)oar<ls of arliitration, 107, 188. 
 
 Strikes, first, in Durham Cf»al in- 
 dustry, 58, 59 ; in South Wales 
 Coal industry, 70 ; remedy pro- 
 jM)sed for, 1 20; at Thornmount 
 collieries, 165. 
 
 Standing committees, 97. 
 
 •Steel .Smelters' Amalgainate<l Asso- 
 ciation, 104. 
 
 Switzerland, mediation in trade dis- 
 jniles, 168; fioards of conciliation, 
 169 ; 'I'rihunaux tC arhitrajieindus' 
 triel, 169; trade groups, 1 70; 
 cases dealt with, 170; cantonal 
 l)oards, 171 ; arbitration lx>ard, 
 171 ; conciliation board, 1 72. 
 
 Ty.ndai.i., Professor, on national 
 destinies, 9. 
 
 Trade union rules as to conciliation, 
 107 ; growth of, i ; in France and 
 Zollverein States, 159; in Bel- 
 gium, 162. 
 
 Umiire, choice of a, -i)!)- 
 
 United States, co-operative pro- 
 duction in, 5 ; conciliation and 
 arl)itration in, 131 ; strikes in, 
 132 ; losses by, 134; State boards, 
 135; Homestead strike, 139; 
 sliding-scales, 140. 
 
 Unions, trade, re<juired for arbitra- 
 tion purposes, 36. 
 
 Variations in wages and prices, 11. 
 
 Wages paid in dift'erent centres of 
 engineering trade, 46 ; in Welsh 
 coal trade, 74 ; in Durham, 60. 
 
 Watson, R. S., as an umpire, 35. 
 
 Wear shipbuilding trade, concilia- 
 tion boards in, x. 
 
 West Cuml>erland pig-iron industry, 
 slidinjj-scale in, 79. 
 
 Whitwell, William, xii. ; on iron 
 trade l«>ard, 96. 
 
 Wicks, J. D., on conciliation, xL 
 
 Wright, Carroll D., on conciliation, 
 xi. 
 
 Workmen, attitude of, I15.
 
 7, Stationers' Hall Court, London. E.C. 
 
 Hay, 1894 
 
 CATALOGUE OF BOOKS 
 
 INCLUDING NEW AND STANDARD WORKS IS 
 
 ENGINEERING: CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND MARINE; 
 
 ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING; 
 
 MINING, METALLURGY: ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 BUILDING, INDUSTRIAL AND DECORATIVE ARTS; 
 
 SCIENCE. TRADE AND MANUFACTURES; 
 
 AGRICULTURE, FARMING. GARDENING; 
 
 AUCTIONEERING, VALUING AND ESTATE AGENCY; 
 
 LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON. 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 
 
 D.K.Clitvk's Porhet- Book for Mrr/muiral KuyineerH. 
 
 THE MECHANICAL E S G I S E E ir S POCKET-BOOK OF 
 TA HLES, FORM VI. .v., RULES A M) PA lA . A Han.iy Hook of K.-feri-nca 
 for Daily Use in Ensineerins Practice. By D. Kisnear Clark, M.Init.C.E., 
 Author of "Railway Machinery." "Tramways," &c. Second Edition, Re- 
 vised and Enlarged. Small 8vo. 700 pages, 91. bound ia flexible leather covers, 
 with rounded corners and gilt euges. 
 
 Summary of Contexts. 
 Mathf.matical Tables. — Measurement of Surfaces and SoLins.— 
 Eticlish Wkights and Measures.— French Metric Weights and Mea- 
 sures.— Foreign Weights and Meascres.— Moneys. — Specihc Gravity. 
 Weight and Volume — Manufacturkd Metals.— Steel Pipes.— Bolts and 
 Nuts.— Sundry Articles in Wrought and Cast Iron. Copper. Brass, Lead. 
 Tin. Zinc. — Strength of Materials.— Strength of Timber. — Strength ok 
 Cast Iron.— Strength op Wrought Iron.— Strength of Steel.— Tensilk 
 Strength of Copper, Lead. etc. — Resistance of Stones and other Build- 
 ing Materials. — Riveted Joints IN Boiler Plates.— Boiler Shells — Wire 
 Ropes and Hemp Ropes.— Chains and Chain Caules.— Framing.— Hardness 
 OF Metals. .Alloys and Stones.— Labour of Animals.— Mechanical Prin- 
 ciples. — Gravity and Fall of Bodies -Accelerating and Retarding 
 Forces.— Mill Gearing. Shafting, etc. — Transmission of Motive Power. — 
 Heat.— Combustion : Fuels.— Warming. Ventilation, Cooking Stoves.— 
 Steam.— Steam Engines and Boilers.— Railways —Tramways —Steam 
 Ships.— Pumping Steam Engines and Pumps.— CoalGas, Ga<» Engines, etc.— 
 Air in Motion.— Compressed Air.— Hot Air Engines.— Water Powek — 
 Steed of Cutting Tools. — Colours —Electrical Engineering. 
 
 " Mr. Clark manifest* what n »i 
 tv>ok, and he is really unrivalleil in tl:- 
 
 :tMttr. 
 
 •■ 1 luce a 
 
 l.....l< . . . 
 
 Will !h ..,.,.. ..: ^ . 
 
 " JuAi ihr k\n\ of wnik that practtcat mtn c«<]ulr« to Iutv neariothcta. —tngtiik tfn^mk
 
 a_ CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE, 
 
 MR. HUT TON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS. 
 
 Handbook for IforfcH* Maufif/erft. 
 
 JIIK WORKS' MAN.AGERS IIASDBOOK OP MODERN 
 RULES, T.Ull.llS, A.M) DATA I - i , , ,,-. v, :.., , .\ .. .,„| iJoiUi 
 Makers; 'J'ool Mnkr-ra, Machinist*, I Brus 
 
 Foundfrs, Ac. Hy W. S. IIutton, ( Author 
 
 ol "The Practical EnKin<-cr'» Han.l. ;., : ... ....ly Re- 
 vised niu) partly Rc-wtittca, la Oue tiabiisotue Voiutue, lucdium bvo, 
 price 15s. stronKly bound. 
 
 IjT Tlie Author havuit; compiled Rtilet and Data for hit own uu in a frtai 
 variety 0/ inoilfrn enf;int(riit(; u'oik, and hating found hti ncitt extremtly uitful, 
 decided to pubtnh them — tetned to date— believing that a practical uork, tutted to 
 
 tht PAM.V RK<Jl''""'-MF.NT9 OF MODERN ENGINEERS, U'''i''*'-- /rr.i,, I'y ,,.,,■, I, 
 
 In the Fourth Edition the Fitit Secttcn hat been re- t 
 
 addition of numerous Illustrations and ne:i.' matter rela: . i 
 
 Gas Lngines. The Second Section has been enlarged ai... ; ; ^ .';- 
 
 out the book a creat number of emendations and alterationi have iittn made,wtlh th* 
 object of rendering the book more generally useful. 
 
 *,* Opinions of the Press. 
 
 "The author treats every sul)Jcct from the point o( view of one who has coDected workshop 
 notes for api'lication in workshop pr.Tctice, mtlicr lli.in from thetheorcticaJ or liierar>- a^j-ect. Itie 
 volume conLiins a Krctt deal of tiiat Icind of information which is Kained only by i/ractjcal experi- 
 ence, and is seldom written in books.'' — £ttj^'i/ieer. 
 
 "The volume is an cxccedint,'ly useful one. brfmful with engineers' notes, menioTaiida, and 
 rules, and well worthy of boin^ on every mcchanicil enipneer's I ocksliclf. ' — .\U<ha'tual it'orid. 
 
 "The inform.ition is precisely th.tt likely lo he re'^uird in pr.Tct.ce. . . , The work form^ » 
 desirable addition to the lit r.iry not only of the work* manager, but of anyone connected with 
 general engineering'." — Mining yi'itrnal. 
 
 "A formidablo mass of facts and fieures, readily accessible through an elabcnte Ini'm 
 , . , . Such a volume will be found absolutely necessary as a took of reference is all ions 
 of 'works' connected with the metal trades." — Rylaud' s Ircm Tradt s Circular . 
 
 " Hrimful of useful information, stated in a concise form, Mr. Hutt'-n's tcoks have met a press. 
 Ini; want anioni; engineers. The book must prove extremely useful to every practical maa 
 possessing a copy." — Prattual Etit:iticer. 
 
 New Mnntial for Practical Enghieera, 
 
 THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HAXD-BOOK. Comprising 
 a Treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers : Marine, Locomotive and Sta- 
 tionary. And containing a large collection of Rules and Practical Data 
 relating to recent Practice in Desipning and Constructing all kinds of 
 Engines, Boilers, and other Engineering work. The whole constituting a 
 comprehensive Key to the Board of Trade and ether Examinations for Certi- 
 ficates of Competency in Modern Mechanical Engineering. By Walter S. 
 HuTTOK, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, .■Author of "The Works' Manager's 
 Handbook for Engineers," &c. With upwards of 370 Illustrations. Fourth 
 Edition, Revised, with Additions. Medium 8vo, nearly 200 pp., price 181. 
 Strongly bound. 
 
 tis* This Kork is desisted ai a companion to the Author's "Works* 
 Manager's Hand-book." It possesses many nets and original features, and eott- 
 tains, like its predecessor, a quantity of viatter not originally intended for publico- 
 tion, but collected by the author for his own use in the construction of a great varuty 
 0/ Modern Engineering Work. 
 
 The information is given in a condensed and concise form, and is illustrated by 
 upwards of 370 Woodcuts-, and comprises a quantity cf tabulated matter of great 
 value to all engaged in designing, constructing, or estimating for EaaisES.BolLEKS, 
 flHi/ OTHER Engineering Work. 
 
 *,* Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " W'c have kept it nt hand for sever.il weeks, referring to it as rccasicn rirese. and we baT r nol 
 on a single occasion consulted its pages without Anding the infom.aiisn of w hich we were in q icst. ' 
 — Athenaum. 
 
 " A thoroughly good practlcil handbook, which no engineer can go through without lea-nlnc 
 something that will be of service to him."— .1/aMKf Jztic'ruer. 
 
 " An excellent book of reference for engineers, and a valuable text-book for students o» 
 engineering." — Scots f'tati. 
 
 '• This valuable manual embodies the results and experience of the leading authorities on 
 mechanical engineering. '—/,';<iVi/i<.x .\e-:is. 
 
 •' The author has collected together a surprising quantity cf rules and practical data, and has 
 shown much judgment in the selections he has made. . . . There is no doubt th.nt this txwk Ls 
 one of the most useful of its kind published, and will be a ver\- pcpular crmpendium.'— £K,r'>'"»'- 
 
 " A m.TSS of information, set down in simple language, ana in such a form that it can t< easily 
 referred to at .iny time. The matter is uniformly g( cd and well chosen and is greatly elucidated 
 by the illustrations. The book will find its way on to most engineers shelves, where it will rank as 
 fine of the most useful books of reference. '—/"ramv-o/ it^tirer. 
 
 " Full of Mseful information and should be found on the office shelf of aS prmctical engfaieei;.' ' 
 — Encash Mechanic,
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 
 
 MR. HUTTOS'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS— continuiJ. 
 I*ractical Treatise on Modern Steani-BoilerH, 
 
 STEAM-BOILER CONSTRUCTION. A Practical Handbook 
 for Engineers, Boiler-Makers, and Steam L'sers. Containini; a large Col- 
 lection of Rules and Data relating to Recent Practice in tin Dt- sitn. Con- 
 struction, and NS'orkiog of all Kinds of Stationary, Locomcive, and Nlariue 
 Steain-Uoilers. By Walter S. Hltton, Civil and Mechanical Ergioeer, 
 Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," " The Practical Engineer's 
 Handbook," kc. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. Second Editioo. 
 Medium &V0, 1 4s. clotb. 
 
 I-2*' This work is issued in coiilinuatioit of the Series of Hani\ ook% written 
 by the Author, vix : — "The Works' Manager's Handbook ' <3iii/ "The Practi- 
 cal Engineer's Handdook," u'Aic^ are so hii;hly apptaiiul by Engineers for 
 the practical nature of their information ; and is consequently written m the same 
 style as those works. 
 
 The A uthor believes that the concentration, in a convenient form fr^r eats teftt- 
 ence, of such a large amoiiiH of thoroughly practical information c ■: . '•.. 
 
 will be of considerable service to these for whom it is intended, ard k, » 
 
 may be deemed worthy of as favourable a reception as has been .. i.'i 
 
 predecessors, 
 
 •,* Opinions or the Press. 
 
 "Erery dctiH. both In ^-^cr rtedra uid manigennrnt. if clejrtv triM Vcf-rr ;be reader. Th« 
 
 Toluiiiesho* n hu been rcdiyctl to the c t ttie Bio*i eii.t 
 
 vienccs; i .;.e utujost *»lue to the /in cer »nd Woiki 
 
 Mdnaj'cr. ■ — 
 
 "Th'f r I n-.<^ 1>-r-. ?■ ,r !V »)c nn vc\- :^ nM lh«t r»om 
 
 now. ' . : t ::. ws *bo axe occu- 
 
 pic t 
 
 ! mrM find it< way into 
 
 the , : .« --.jrc if tliey "lUi to tw 
 
 til' : v. V i:i.:.^ly tc^^i;;u.c^.J tiic Lnju't. iui llic u.uu.^.ic value of itt content^."— 
 
 !.i« booV can hardly be ov«-«tim:(tcr1. The :\uthor'» ni'e<, formuLT. &f.,«r» 
 all vn J ii. , , . t IS iinjiosvible to turn to the work ind not tind what you want. No practical 
 CIViaecl siiuuid uc without it. ' — CV.'/ifry OujiJufi. 
 
 llutton'8 ** Modernised Templet on,'* 
 
 THE PRACTICAL MECHANICS' WORKSHOP COM- 
 J'A S'lON. Comprising a great variety of the most useful Ru'es and Formula 
 in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calcu- 
 lated Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By William Temple- 
 Tos, Author of "The Eni:ineer's Practic.il Assistant,' ic. \c. Sixtetnth 
 Edition, Revised, Modernised, and considerably Enlarged by Walter S. 
 Hl'tton, C.E., Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The 
 Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with 8 
 Plates and upwards of 250 Illustrative DUgraius, 61., strongly bound for 
 workshop or pocket wear and tear, 
 
 *.• OP! VIrtNS PF THE PrE«:«. 
 
 ..J, 1.. _-4^_i.,.j I II r • -. - u . ■ , - •-•. r,j I. contain* miict 
 
 valu L anil noto which 
 
 he 11 . -lied by all who 
 
 the . '^l> 
 
 cnk"- i Uc uc* li.- JciaiicJ cJiUuu i> worth iu »t;^!.l in i j.d. — /jki^j'ki^ 
 
 A*:. 
 
 : ireely used book contains Informallon, bro-jght up to date, of Ih* 
 tort I. ...11 and drauKhlanvao. So much (reUi liiforiiut. in hat t>ren introduced 
 
 as : .^tii.^y a new Uwk. It will be largely uaed in tike olbve and workaikop."— 
 
 Mr 
 
 clycnttu f'l the ;ai.l; irrciivi.in .-if this |i.-'jvilir ' ,' 1 ■ ,i.l ■.i-xfiil !■< 
 
 TempIeton'.H Engineer's and 3Iachinist's Assistant. 
 
 THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINISTS 
 PRACTICAL ASSISTAST. A collection of L'sefulTablc?. Rules and Data. 
 By William Tbmiletos. -th Edition, with Additions, ismo, zs. W. clotb. 
 •.• ■ K THE Press, 
 
 "Occupies a foremost pbce a- kind. A more suit iMt r resent to in appr«o- 
 
 tlce to any of the mechanical tradr ly l.e made. —HutUii^ Snri. 
 
 "A dctcriedly p'puUr ».'i> •■ r Uj«ci uf citi) T:.r^luialc. ■— J^v'''* 
 
 UetMaiiu.
 
 CROSBY LOCK WOOD <*- SONS CATALOGUE. 
 
 I'^ofri/'s <>j]hr J:<-/rrrure Jioo/i for Mt t Inniirol 
 J'Jtif/hirt'i'N. 
 
 THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S liEFERENCE BOOK, 
 for MarhiiK! and Iloilcr Cnnslf iir.tion. In Two Parlt. I'art I. GrNKHAL 
 llNdiNKKKiMf, Data. I'art II. Hoii.kh CoNtTKif tion. With ji I'laie* ami 
 niiiiiirrous lliutiraliont. By Nklson I'olbv, M.I.N. A. Folio, £} }i. half- 
 bouud. 
 
 SuMMARV or Contents. 
 
 PART I, 
 
 Mkasuhks.— CincuMFKRRNrrs and 
 
 AkKAS, Ike., S^UAKKS, CiniKS, I-'OURTII 
 POWIJRS. — SyUARK AMlCUIlK RoOTS.— 
 SURPACK OK TUIIKS — RkCII'ROCAI.H.— 
 LOOARITIIMS.— MkNSURATION. — Si'K- 
 
 ciFic Gkavitiks and VVkiohts.— 
 WouK AND Power. — Ukat.— Comhus- 
 TiON— Expansion and Contraction. 
 — Expansion ok Casks. — Steam.— 
 Static Forces. — Gravitation and 
 Attraction. — Motion and Computa- 
 tion OK Rksultino Eokcks. — Accu- 
 MULATKD Work— Ckntke and Radius 
 
 OF Gvration.— Mo%if.h.t of Ikf.rtia. 
 — Centrf. of Oscillation.— KLF.r.- 
 TRiciTV.— Strknoth of Matf.rialk. 
 — Elasticity. — Tkst Siikf.ts cjf 
 Metai.s.— I-RirrioN. — Transmission 
 of Power. — I-low of Lk^uids. — Plow 
 OK Gases. — Air Pumps, Surface Con- 
 densers, Ac— Spf.kd of Steamships. 
 — Propellers — Cutting Tools. — 
 Flanges. — Copper Sheets and 
 Tubes.— Screws, Nuts, Bolt Meads, 
 &c.— Various Rf.cipes and Miscel- 
 laneous Matter. 
 
 With DIAGRAMS for Valve-Gear, Belting and Ropes, Discharge and 
 Suction Pipes, Screw Propellf.rs, and Copper Pipes. 
 
 VKRT II. 
 
 Riveting.— Boiler Setting. Chiw- 
 NEVS, AND Mountings. — Fuels, &c. — 
 Examples of Boilers and Speeds of 
 Steamships.— Nominal and Normal 
 Horse Power. 
 
 Treating of. Power of Boilers 
 Useful Ratios. — Notes on Con- 
 struction. — Cvlindrical Boiler 
 Shells. — Circular Furnaces. — 
 Flat Plates — Stavs. — Girders. — 
 Screws. — Hvnw.sunc Tests. — 
 With DIAGRAMS for all Boiler Calculations and Drawings of many 
 Varieties of Boilers. 
 
 *♦' Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " This appears to be a work for which there should be a large demand on the part of mechani- 
 cal eni^ineers. It is no e.isy m.ittpr to compile a book of thi> class, and the labour inrolred is 
 enorindus, particularly when — as the author infonns us— the ni.ijority of the tables .ind diaOTams 
 have l>cen specially prepared for the work. The di.itrrams are excMjtionally well executed, and 
 generally constructed on the method adopted in a previ'.us work by the same author. . . . Th-- 
 tables are very numerous, and dcil with a greater variety of subjects than will gencr ■ •- 
 In a work of this kind : they have evidently been conifilcd with great care and arc 
 plcie. All the infonn.ition driven appears to be well up to date. ... It would 1 -■ 
 bible within the limits at our disposal to even enumerate all the subjects trcar ; 
 however, be mentioned that the author does not confine himself to a mere bald s: itcmcn! of 
 • ormiil.T and laws, but in very many instances shows succinctly how these are derived. . . . The 
 l.ittcr p.irt of the book is devoted to diagrams relatimj to Bniler Construction, and to nineteen 
 beautifully-executed plates of working drawings of boilers and their details. As s.imples of how 
 such drawings should be got out, they may be cordiilly recoinmentled to the attention of all young. 
 and_ even some elderly, engineers. . . , Altogether the book is one which erery mechanicai 
 engineer may. with aavantagc to himself add to his library.*' — Industries. 
 
 ** Mr. Foley is well fitted to compile such a work. . . . The diagrams are a great feature 
 of the work. . . . Regarding the whole work, it may be ver>- fairly stated th.at Mr. Foley has 
 produced a volume which will undoubtedly fulfil the desire of the author and become indispen- 
 sable to all mechanical engineers.*" — Marine Engineer. 
 
 " We have carefully examined this work, and pronounce it a most excellent reference book 
 for the use of marine engineers. " — 'journal a/ Ameruan Hoiiety o/ Saval lingineers. 
 
 •' A veritable monument of industry on the part of Mr. Fole>. who has succeeded in producing 
 wliat is simply invaluable to the engineering profession." — Steatnshit. 
 
 Coal and Speed Tables. 
 
 A POCKET BOOK OF COAL AND SPEED TABLES, for 
 Enf;meers and Steam-users. By Nelson foLEV. Author of "The Mechanical 
 Engineer's Reference Book." Pocket-size, 3s. W. cloth. 
 
 '* These tables are desi^jned to meet the requirements of erery-day use ; they arc ofsufK- 
 dent scope for most practical purposes, and may be commended to engineers and users of 
 steam.'*— /r»»i. 
 
 "This pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical engineer. Mr. Foley has com- 
 lulled a very useful set of tables, the information contained in which is frequently required by 
 ti-.g(.ieers, coal consumers and users of steam." — /rvn anJ c'lW Trades Re-.-ievi.
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 
 
 Steam Engine. 
 
 TEXT -BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. With a Sup- 
 
 plement on Gas Engines, and I'akt II. on IUat Lncines. By T. M. 
 GooDEVE, M.A., Barrisier-at-Law, Professor cf Mechanics at the ke)al 
 Colltge tf Science, London; Author of "The Principles of Mechanics," 
 "The Elements of .Mechanisai," &c. Twelfth Edition, kn!art;ed. WitU nu- 
 merous Illustrations. Crown Uvo, 6s. cloth. 
 "Professor Coodcrc has i^ven us a tmtise on tlie stram tnffina which wiH bear comparlioii 
 
 with anythinK written by Huilvy ur Maivtcll, and we can award it du Ijitfiier praite. —httettrif. 
 ~ .Mr. r.oodvve'i text-book is a work of whitb every young cnginco !.houid pottcu huutcU " 
 
 — .l/<«i«^ yournal. 
 
 Gas Engine.^. 
 
 ON GAS-ENGINES. With .Appendl.x describing a Recent 
 Engine with Tube Igniter. By T. M. Goodeve, M.A. Crown t^vo, 2s. 6./. 
 cloth. [juit fubliihtU. 
 
 " Like all Mr. Coodere « wrilinirs. the prrseiil U no cice|<lioa In poitit of Kciict ai eiccUcnca, 
 It U a valuable little volume.*— .l/riAdxua/ H'criJ. 
 
 S tea in Engine Design, 
 
 A IIANDliOOK OS I HE STEAM ENGIXE. with especial 
 Reference to Small and Mi liiuin-jized Engines. I-cr the I'se of Engine- 
 Makers, Mechanical Draught'inien, Engineering Students and Iscrs ol bitam 
 I'ower. By Herman HAEt>i:R, C.E. English Edition, Ke- ditcd by the 
 Author from the Second Girinan ICiIition, and Translan<l, with considerable 
 Additions and Alterations, ly IL H. I'. Powlbs, A.M ICE,, M.I M.E. With 
 nearly i.ioo Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 91. cloth. 
 
 strii' : 
 
 and II.. ,,,i.ii.,,. I.. :u i.i i^i.- . I.- ]s iTM, .11 ly 1:1 ..:il.T 1 ■ . .. 
 
 hkc It in this ciintiy. I li'- -'I practicoi eipencnur, ami it 
 
 ccrt.iinly m.ny cl. 11111 ,1 ciiii !■ • -. 
 
 "Tlierc i.m Ixr no ciiics'i iiend it to all cc nccrncl m ttir 
 
 dc^ik'n and tonsirinlnjii vl tlic Mr, 11:1 c:!;; u-. —.'..V. ■;.ir.;. .:.' ;; ,.,/. 
 
 Steam Boilers, 
 
 A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS: Their Strencth, Con- 
 itruclion, ami Economical M'oihmg. By P.obert Wilson, C.E. Fifth Edition. 
 i2mo, 6s. cloth. 
 
 •'The best treatise that ha^ ever been published on steam boilers." — Fnfi»tfr. 
 "The author sIioms himself j-erfrtt master of his subject, and we heartily recommend aO eiD- 
 ploylng steam power to po^^c^s theni&clveft of the work." — Kyi^nd's iron Tr»d4 L\rct»iar. 
 
 Bo Her CIi i mnr ys. 
 
 BOILER ASD' l-ACTORY CHIMNEYS: Their Draught-Pourr 
 and Stability. With a Chapter on Ltghtniiif; Conductors. By Robert 
 Wilson, A. I. C.E. , Author of "A Treatise on Steam -Boilers," &c. Second 
 Edition. Crown Svo, 3^. 6d. cloth. 
 " A valuable contribution to the literature of tcienlific building."— 7*4/ Bnildtr. 
 
 Boiler Making. 
 
 THE BOILER-MAKER'S READY RECKONER S- ASSIST- 
 
 AS'T. With Exiniplesof Practical Geometry and Templ.iting. for the LNe 
 of Platers, Smiths and Riveters. By John Courtnev, Edited by D. K. Clark, 
 M.I. C.E. Third Edition, 480 pp., with Molllusts. Fcap. Svo, ys. half-bound. 
 " No workman or apprentice Uiould be without Ihil tiook."— /r««i TtaJ4 Cir.u^ar, 
 
 Locomotive Engine Development. 
 
 THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT. 
 A Popular Tre3ti.,e on the Gradual Improvements made in Railway Engines 
 between if<<)3 and 1H93. By Clkmknt E. Strktton. C.E., Author of •• S.ife 
 K.i Iway Workinu." &c. Second Edition, Kcvisecl and much tCnIarged. 
 
 U„i, „r i;',,..,, ,,,,,„c <r,,vvn Kvo. .< A/ .-lolb. [jHSt publolttd. 
 
 I in the evolution of llw modem locomo- 
 tlv. — /*» Tfiti. 
 
 A.iy woild and no one nrnliaUy ha* a 
 
 l>ettrc i.ii..»:'-.i^r .1 ;iir iii,!..rv .i"l cirvrioi. n, ;.t .,1 the locomotive. The volume (hIoic u> 
 tliuiild l>« of value t» all connected with the railway tytiem of this country-."- .Vn.'Mr*.
 
 6 CnOSBY LOCK WOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Fire Knf/hierrinff. 
 
 i-ih'i'is. i-iRii I'^'cnirs, /i!'W Finr.-nnjnADF.s. with 
 
 a History ol I'ir' I 'ni- Re- 
 
 marks on Firc-I': n rirc j 
 
 Statistics nf ill'' I 1 S}'iteni« 
 
 Hints on 1 ' ic. \c. U> Cii.v: :.i.^ I-. T. Volms, C.E. Wilb 
 
 niimeroiix I ';4i pp., flcmy 8vo, £\ ^l. cloth. 
 
 •• To 111. ■■ iiv ■ ./ f.r.- .V I ''r.- 41 : .rni'.v «r IT • 1 r.,,.;i> ' ,tn:n«o<l thi» 
 booV It I I 
 
 "It <li ■ •• naaOy 
 
 lORrtlipr. eni{l»>'«. 
 
 iilil Dh'l If r*;c «n4 
 
 fuU.'— ;;>ai'i^.r. 
 
 Estiniafhiff for Enf/inrerinff Work, Jtc. 
 
 ENGINEERING ESTIMATES, COSTS AND ACCOUNTS: 
 A Guide to Commercial Kn^inccrinc. With numerous Examples of Esti- 
 mates and Costs of Millwrl».:ht W'rrk, ^Ji-^^|InnT,;l- Profitirtions, Steam 
 Kn^incs and Steam Boilers; ' ; I , .Jtion of Costs 
 
 Accounts. By A Genekai- M ■ 
 " Tlii< Is an excellent .ind very useful • itit reTuhitlnn la 
 
 every f.iclorj' find wirlcliop. . . . The ...> u ii.i; j jung cn^necr, twi 
 
 •Iso In llic cstiniilc i!epirtincnt of every » 
 
 •' \Vc .iccoril the work unqu^ilified pr i ..'iven In .1 pliin. ifrilKht/or"*/"! 
 
 ni.inner. .ihil he.irs tlirou.,'1i. lilt evidence '^: a.<iuiUit<nce of the lutl^f witli 
 
 every ph.isc of comiiicrci.^I en^iuceiin^'." — .'./.,.;.( •.i-.j.' Ifj/.d. 
 
 Engineering Construction, 
 
 PA TTERN-MA KING : A Practical Treatise, embracing the Main 
 Types of Engineering Construction, and including Gearing, both Hand and 
 Machine made. Engine Work, Sheaves and Pulleys, Pipes and Columns, 
 Screws, Machine Parts, Pumps and Cocks, the Moulding of Patterns in 
 Loam and Greensand, &c., together with the methods of Estimating the 
 weight of CasfinKS; to which is added an Aypeadix of Tables for Workshop 
 
 Reference. By A Foreman Pattern Makkr. Second lidiv ■ •'• ■'■!y 
 
 Revised .-ind much Enlarged, With upwards of 450 Illu5ti . ■ u 
 
 8vo, 7$. Ci/. cloth. f ft. 
 
 "A well-written technical srukle, cndently written ^— - •"-- ••'•" '- '••-'• . :- 
 
 tised what he has written about. . . . We cordially re c^ 2 
 
 loumcymen.and others desirous of being initiated into th'j : 'r. 
 
 ** More than 4j ) illustrations help to explain the text. \ - • «• 
 
 plicil. thus rendering the work an excellent ViHii mtcttm lor uic a;'pr'-r.:i.e wt;o -lo.rci, to lc:jUi« 
 master ol his trade." — hn^lish Mechanic, 
 
 Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering Terms. 
 
 LOCK WOODS DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN THE 
 rRA CriCE OF MECHA MCA L ESGIXEERIXG. embracing those current 
 in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smith's and 
 Boiler Shops, &c. &c. Comprising upwards of 6.000 Definitions. Edited by 
 A Foreman Pattern-Maker, Author of "Pattern Making." Second 
 Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown 8vo, ys. 6J. cloth. 
 "Just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged in mecha-nlcal en- 
 
 g neering. The practical engineering pupil will find the book of great value m bis studies, and 
 
 e/ery foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy." — BttilJin^ XcTis. 
 
 " Not merely a di .tionary, but, to a certain extent, alio a most valuable guide. It strikes cs as 
 
 a happy idea to combine with a definition of the phrase useful iuformatioa oa the subject of which 
 
 it \re^\.i.' —AfachiHery Maritt. 
 
 Mill Gearing. 
 
 TOOTHED GEARING : A Practical Handbook for Offices and 
 Workshops. By .\ Foreman Pattern Maker, .Author of " Pattern Makine." 
 " Lockwood's Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering Terics," &c. With 
 1S4 Illustrations. Crown Svo, 65. cloth. [Just published. 
 
 Summary of Contents. 
 Chap. I. Principles.— H. Forma- | Skew Bevels.— XH. Variable and 
 TioN OF Tooth Profiles. — HI. Pro- > other Gears. — XHI. Diametrical 
 portions of Teeth. — IV. Methods Pitch. — XIV. The Odontograph. — 
 OF Making Tooth Forms.— V. Invo- XV. Pattern Gears. — XVI. Machine 
 h;te Teeth. — VI. Some Special Mol'lding Gears. — XVII. Machine 
 Tooth Forms.— VII. Bevel Wheels. Clt Gears.— XVIII. Proportion of 
 — VIII. Screw Gears. — I.X. Worm I Wheels. 
 Gears.— X. Helical Wheels. — XI. I 
 
 " We must give the bock our unqualified praise for its thoroughness of treatment, and we can 
 heartily recommend it to all interested as the most practical t)OOK 011 the subject yet wTittci. '— 
 Ucthanical tt'orld.
 
 MECHASICAL ENGINEERING, tic. 
 
 Stone-working 3Iach inert/. 
 
 STONE-WORKING MACHINERY, and the Rapid and Economi- 
 cal Converuon of Stone. With Hints on the ArranKemeDt and Management 
 of Stone Works. By M. Powis Bale, M.I.M.E. With lUusts. Crown tvo. 91. 
 "Tlie book iJiould be u> the luuids of every ouion oc studcot of %loae-mofk."—Cc.-ury 
 
 Cuardian, 
 
 "A cai>ital handbook for ill who ounipuUte stone for buildiog oc onumental purpote*."— 
 
 ttichinerj iljrJut. 
 
 Blimp Construction and Management, 
 
 PUMPS AND PUMPING : A Handbook fcr Pump Users. Being 
 
 No:es on Stloction, Construction and Management. By M. Powis Bale. 
 
 M.I.M.E.. Author ot " Woodworking Machinery," " Saw Mills," Stc. Second 
 
 Edition, Kevised. Cio-.vn -vo, is. 6./. cloth. 
 
 "ThpT r- ' '•'— -^ n4 pji-Jble. In fact condentatlon rather than dUIu»«n«» 
 
 hm been : , c: he doe* uot >e«m to have omitted anything likely to b« 
 
 of use."- • 
 
 ■' Til . ! tlcirly wrif.c.".. "— C/jx^v«- lltrjld. 
 
 Milling Machinrrg, etc. 
 
 MILLING MACHINES AND PROCESSES: A Practical 
 
 Treatiic on Shaf-in^ Met.i'.i by RoLity Cutttrs, including Information on 
 Making and Giindint; the Cutters. By Palx N. Hasli;ci£, Author of " Lathe- 
 work," " H-in'!ybo->ks for Handicralis." A:c. With upwards of 300 Engrav- 
 ings, inclui r:as Drawings by the Author. Large crown 8vo, jsa 
 pages, 125 ■ 
 "A new d'-; -ering literature. . . . We can recommend thU work to all 
 
 titcresled in raUl....^ .. ;» wlut I; prufciSe* to be— a practical trcatijc."— ii'ii'*««r. 
 
 " A cipil.^ aiU i<.:i.t„.t: w.vk. wliich wiU no doubt be of conudcrable lenrice. both to thoM 
 who are already acquainted with the proceM u well at to tboie who contemplate iu adoption." 
 
 iHiiHtlrUt. 
 
 Turning. 
 
 L.ITHE-WORK : A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, 
 
 aiui Proceaei ?.;:'••/.' .-; ;■.<• Art of Turniun. By Paul N. Hasluck. 
 
 Fourth Edition. I ■ -ed. Cr. 8vo, 51. cloth. 
 
 " Written by a ma:'. work ought to be d'ne. but who also knows how 
 
 «o do It, and how to cou. ^ : .:.i:rf. To all tufncr» thi> book would be ralua b le.* 
 
 " We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur It win simply ta 
 ill raluable. To tlie student it will convey a great deal of useful infurmatiou."— ff^vicrr. 
 
 Screw-Cutting. 
 
 SCREW THREADS : And Methods oj Producing Them. With 
 Numerous Tabl'.-s, ani complete directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. 
 By Pall N. Haslick. Author of " Lathe- Work," &c. With Seventy-four 
 Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Waistcoat-pocket site, 
 
 IJ. C./. cloth. 
 •• Fi;! ^ici and screwing tools gen»> 
 
 rally aiu- 
 
 '• It 1 -ig lathe ; in fact a mf.fum 
 
 Smith's Tables for 3Ieclianics. etc. 
 
 TABLES. MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS, 
 FOR ilECHA.\lCS, ESGI.SEERS. ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, etc. 
 Selected and Arranged by Francis Smith. Filth Edition, thoroughly Revised 
 and Enlarged, with a N' .v s, :; in of Electrical Tables, Forull.i!, and 
 Memokanda. Waist' • ;-e, is. W. limp leather. 
 
 " It would, perlkaps. le a^ > sir.ali I'O ketl'Ook selection of note» and formula 
 
 tosult ALI rT.i:i:.r.rs .i^ i; « i w. . i r -il r:.'-.licine : Init Mr. Smkht waistcoat- 
 
 pocket' '.; M.1..1.; -i'UTitfr. 
 
 ••T ' ever seen Of lul n^atter packed Into the dimen- 
 
 sions of . , .\'ni/i. "A » '■ treasury of knowledifo."— /n»i. 
 
 Frenrh-Ein/iisU Glossary for Engineers^ etc. 
 
 A POCKET GLOSSARY of TECHNICAL TERMS: ENGLISH- 
 FRESCU. FRr-:\CUE.\GLISH : with Tables snit.ible for the Architectural, 
 Engineering. .Maiiutacturing and Nautical Professions. By Johm James 
 Fletcher, Engineer and Surveyor. Second Edition, Kevised and Enlarged, 
 aoo pp. W.ii-i o It;- ) kct si/". IS. 6.1. liiiii" !•■ ilh< r. 
 " It is a ver^ .-lAnd ti^ hare 
 
 10 Uri:e a num' ■ i-i a Ultpuliao 
 
 solunte. The li' 
 
 "Theglcnviry .'i i.-ri,, i% . • r^ ..•.| ..• r. ..u . iM..'.f ui ii.t 1-. .>. ...^ i.w ■. .... «cll UTMOgtd. 
 
 We cordiaUy coaunend the booK. —ilnAanuai H aria.
 
 8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &• SONS CATALOGUE. 
 
 Year liuolx of l-^iif/hiff riiif/ I'ormiil<vr, dr. 
 
 THE liNGINl-.Eh'S YHAh'-HOOK I OH 1C04. r 
 I-'orinulie, Kiil<'<i, TahlcK, Data and MttiinramlA in Civil, %,\tc\., 
 ttlcal, Marini' and Min«! HnKinterinK' My II. K. K--- - » ■' . 
 M. I. L. H. , TGchnical Officer of ilic Entflni or-inCI* ' 
 Office. London, Author of "A ILindlKjok of 1. 
 
 Electrical ICnsincrr'* I'ockclliook," Ac, Wlih ;<,. i....>ii« •.. r,.....«.i. 
 
 Engraved for the work. Crown 8vo, 600 page*. 81. leather. [Jun puhlnktd. 
 
 " Kr(irc«rnt'. ;in riinriiuu". nii.intliy ul trnrk. ami fxin.^ a clnlr.il.lr Ikh k of fcfrrriKC ' — f Ar 
 
 ••1 f of m'»*t *lmt! .■ ' ' 
 
 •'I I IxH k o( trfcr' 
 
 e lit In • I 
 
 ■• I4,,,., ~..,i .,|. ... ..,,u ,.,i .:ion in OTcry I 
 
 Ihiildint t\ruit. 
 
 " Thr needs of the rnKlnecrini; prr>fp<«lnn couH har 
 complete and convcnirni fonn. 'lo say tlial it more than ■■ 
 tiiKheit kort. mcl lli.il nLiyJuvlIy !<• »anl of It."— .l/<i</>/»- y. i. r, „; 
 
 "There In i<:rt.iiiil> rouiii 'or the new ctner. •hl'li «u(>t>)irs ruplaiuiltont »o<l <l*recilo«i«. ■• 
 xrlltn f<.rmul.i .mil i.iblc«. It deserves to l>econie one of the most tucccuful of the technical 
 i'linunK." — Arjfitftt. 
 
 " Brings ifn;cther »itli vrrr.Ti •.kill 
 c'ay by d.iy. It \s in every way .i.lii.i 
 
 " The li;i-to d.iteness of Mr K<i 
 1 1 oplc fnr «lu.ni the »(.ik is imenilf : 
 
 Portable Engines. 
 
 THE PORTABLE ENGINE; ITS CONSTRUCTION AND 
 MANAGEMEST. A Praclical Manual for Owners and l'spr« of Steam 
 EnRines stnerally. By William UvbON W'ansbrouch. With 90 II'.ustTii- 
 tions. Crown 8vo, 3J. Crf. cloth. 
 " This U a work of v.-iluc to those who use «teain machinery. , , . ShouM be read by erciy 
 one who has a steam engine, on a farm or elsewhere." — Afari Lane Ex/rru. 
 
 *' We cordially commend this work lo buyers and owners of steam engines, and to these «t« 
 have lo do with their construction or use." — Ttmdfr Traces yeurnal. 
 
 " Such a Kencr.il knowIc<lj;e of the steam engine as Mr. W.insbrough furnishes to the reade» 
 should beac(]uired by all iniclIiKent owners and others who use the stcimernjine." — fiuudxni' .^f*t. 
 
 '■ An eiccllint teitbook r.f this useful fonn of er>,'in-. ' Th"- Ilmti to Purchasers ccr.lAia a 
 J.O oJ deal of :oiiimonscnse and practical vrisdom."—£ 'le/isJi Mt<hanu: 
 
 Iron and Steel. 
 
 •* IRON AND STEEL " : A Work for the Forge. Foundry, Factory, 
 and Office. Containing ready, useful, and trustworthy Information for Irca- 
 masters ar^d ilicir Stock-lakt rs ; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet 
 Rolling Mills: Iron and Metal Founders; lion Ship and Bridge Builders ; 
 Mechanical, Minini;, and Consulting Engineers ; Architects. Coniractcrs 
 Builders, and Prcfessicnal Diauthtsrr.cn. By Charles Hoafe. Aiubor cf 
 "The Slide Rule," &c. Eighth Edition, Revised throughout and considerably 
 Enlarged. 321110, Cs. leather. 
 
 " For comprehensiveness ll;c boc'k has not its equal." — Trcn. 
 
 "One of the best uf the pocket books." — English .\trchanu. 
 
 "We cordially recommend this book to those enga|;ed in coiulderinK the detaDi ol all kind<.ol 
 r( 1 and steel works. '— A'ora/ 5f«>i«. 
 
 Eletnentary Mechanics. 
 
 CONDENSED MECHANICS. A Selection of Fcrmnlap. Rules, 
 Tables, and Data for Ihe Use of Engineering Students, Science Classes, &c 
 In Accordance with the Requirements of the Science and Art Depanineni. 
 By W. G. Crawford Hughes, A.M.I.C.E. Crown 8vo, is. W. cloth. 
 " The book is well fitted for those who arc either confronted with practical problems in theif 
 work, or are preparing for examination and wish to refresh their knowleage by gome through their 
 formul.-i- :igAm."—.\/arriif htif infer. 
 
 " It is well arranged, and meets the wants of those for whom it is Intended."— Xat/aiaj' AVkx 
 
 Steatn. 
 
 THE SAFE USE OF STEAM. Containing Rules for Un- 
 professional Steam-users. By an Engisfer. Sixth Edition. Sewed. W. 
 " If steam-users would but learn this httle book by bear:, boiler explosions wouid tiecom* 
 sensations by their rarity."— ii«^/u A Mtchanu. 
 
 Warming. 
 
 HEATING BY HOT WATER: with Information and Sug- 
 
 feslions on the best Methods of Heating Public, Private and Horticultural 
 uildings. By Walter Jones. Second Editicn. With 96 Illustrations. 
 Crown 8vo, 25. dd. Kit. 
 
 " We confidently recommend all interested In heatlrg ty hot water to secvre a copy of t£a 
 valuable little treatise."— 7"** Plumlxr and Dtcoraicr.
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 
 
 THE POPULAR WORKS OF MICHAEL REYNOLDS 
 (•'The EnjI.ne Dkivek's Fkiesd"). 
 
 Locomotive- Engine JJriving. 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE-E.XGINE DRiyiNG : A Practical Manml for 
 Engtneen i« charge of Lo:cmot:ie Eneiiiei. By Michael Rkynolds, Men.b«r 
 of the Society of EnKinters.fcrmtrly Loconioiive Inspector L. U.and S.C R. 
 Ninth Edition. Including a Key to the Locomotive Engine. With lllut- 
 trations and Portrait ol Author. Crown Svo. iS. 6.(. cloin. 
 
 "Mr. Reynolds has supplied a »art, ind has supplied il •ell. We t»n confidenfty recommerc^ 
 the book, not only to the practical dr.vct, Uil to evcryooe who takes an interest tu the pertormance 
 of locoiiioiive cnijines." — TMe £Hi'iKftr, 
 
 '• Mr. RrpioUls has opened a new chapter In the literature of the day. This admlratle practical 
 treatise, of the practical utility of which we liave to speak m terms of warm conunendatiox^^^ 
 
 " Evidently the work of one who kr.ows Ms subject thoroughly."— KaHtvay SmHtt Catrtst. 
 "Were the cautions and rules u\it:\ in t!ie IwKjk to become i.art of the evrr>-.<la)r woikiog o# 
 our enf^nc-drivcrs, we niiKbt have fewer di^:rei.!.uiK accidents to licpiore. '^.Si.^m«n, 
 
 Stationary Engine Driving. 
 
 STATIONARY ESGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual for 
 
 En^ineen in clurge of $:.-■ ..itt. Hy Michael Re\s ' "■ 
 
 Edition, EnlarKc'ii. \Vit;. ■ .ixidcuts. Crown Svo, .f 
 
 "The author U th"rr«ii»l.ly .1. ; l-i»^ts. si'1 his a.l>ice oa : 
 
 treated IS clear and |>rt ' - I i " ' 'i which is an cx^<.«. ^, — :-■ 
 
 one for the class for w ' 
 
 "Our author lea\ Ms rcadcn shall not only know 
 
 fomethini; about the >' 
 
 "Ancni.'inrTO.in«hM :,,,•, :. •. • : . i -.u K. . ; ^ : .^k »(!! rec;iilrebut Ihtle actu. » 
 
 experience with boilers and cn^inc^ L-cJurc^ecantic truste^l lulouk alter tlir:u.' — i- 'i^iuhMt^hanu . 
 
 The Engineer, Fireman, and Engine-Boy, 
 
 THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, and 
 ESGlSE-IiOY. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locotnotiro 
 Eni;ines ancJ their Inv»,-iiiors. By Michael Reynolds. With numerous I llu-.- 
 trations and a t;ne i'ortrait of George Stephenson. Crown Svo, 4s. W. c!oih. 
 •■ From :hc tcchi.i. .il l:no»!.-,!.;e jf the auihor it will api>e.il to the railway man of to-day n-.T« 
 forcibly than anjtliini; writti;i I. V Dr. Smiles. . . . The volume coni.iins infonijitioa of a tech- 
 nical kind, and facts llut every tlnvcr i.hoi,l,l \<e fanii!i.ir with."— y:'»^A'/ijA MtchanU, 
 
 "We should be glad to see this bock in (he (>o^^e^^loa of cvcrycne in the kingdom who has 
 ever laid, or Is to lay, tkonds on a lC'Cci:;o:ivc t:\e\nc.'— Iran, 
 
 Continxious Jlnihrny TtraLes. 
 
 CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES: A Practical Treatise en 
 the several Systems in Use in the United Kin^>lom ; their Construction anJ 
 t'er/ormance. With copious Illustrations and numerous Tables. By Michael 
 Reynolds. Large crown Svo, 9s. cloth. 
 "A popuLir expLination of the di!fere:it Irakcs. It will lie of frreat assistance In formlnir public 
 
 opinion, and will be studied with t>«ncLt by those who take an tulercst in tlie brake. "—Zx^Vu^ 
 
 Mechanie. 
 
 "Written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principle and relatlre connection of the 
 
 v.irou< parts of each particular brake to tx readily KTaspea." — JdiLhaniiai it'trld. 
 
 Engine- Driving Life, 
 
 ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE: Stirring Adventures and Incidents 
 in the Lives of Locoinotive-Entiine Drivers. By Michael Reynolds. T1 ir.l 
 and Cheaper Kdition. C-')w:i .-..-) is. f .'. rl.jMi. "• .. ; .'r.'.r, ....'. 
 
 "From first to l.i • • ■■ 1 
 
 Into the shade by trur : 
 
 "Anyone who w, , 
 
 Driving Life' for hiiw..:! . .1:. 1 .. , .- ^ ...k.- 1. u.. 1.- » .,1 u.i i i. ;... .1 .-, ir .; 
 
 lore of the engine-dnviiig prolesMon wiu ^arry t.un on tuJ he has read every (44f«, — jtu. ■ 
 
 Pocket Companion for Enginemen, 
 
 THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION AND PRAC- 
 TICAL EnUCATOR FOR ESGItJEMEN, BOILER ATTENPASTS, 
 AND MECIIAMCS By Michakl Reynolds. With Forty-live lllu5lr.f 
 lions and numerous ;)i.i-;r.i:n$. Third Edition, Revised. Royal iSmo, 31. 6J., 
 stroncly hound for pork' t vht. 
 " T" - rompllsh Its ol']ect, l>elng the honest workmanship of 
 
 ■ com; 
 
 ■• V -tact and practical form .\II the Information an eniftr*- 
 
 mlndri ;)rinciples of liis daily calliug wculd retiuire."— 7 A# 
 
 A/i///'. 
 
 " A txion to th'>s'- who arc ttrirlrs to become efficient mechanics. '—PaUj ChrenitU.
 
 ro CROSBY LOCKWOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 
 
 MR. NUMBER'S VALUABLE ENGINEERING BOOKS. 
 
 The ll'iiter Supifly of Cities and Toivhh. 
 
 A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE on the WATER-SUPPLY 
 Oh- CniES A.SD 70ll',VS. Hy V. : : : i 1! ii ki-. AM.Insl.C.E.. and 
 M. Iiisi. M.E., Author ot "Cast a- <':oDiiruciion," 
 
 &c. &c. Illustrated with jo D . i itc, Coloured 
 
 Frontispiece, and upwards ot 150 '.'. , ^ 400 pa^et ol 
 
 Text. Imp. 4to, £6 (a. elcKantU and kUi^aitiiiUily ii^Ii-U^uud u> morocco. 
 
 t.nl ( ' CrnUnti. 
 I ili.t .1 , 1 ■;!,-,, h „r .,.„,, ^» .1- „ ,.,,i; C'/n I ■••■ — VII! nf-.-ti. -I^.r. r f W»>.-r _XIV. 
 
 ttw "..Iter Mc-' ■ ■ — 
 
 to ■ I •>. XV .V 
 
 rci. III. XVI. 
 
 R.iini,..i . . »nd XVII 
 
 the water <iiv ojivi: . 
 
 «rict§.— V. : f th« Ic. . 
 
 flow of V ^ f the Woi. 
 
 Source nf bi^.l.;y,-\' II. W.-;;. -\l 11 Rcwr- Abcr I..-..;.. 1;. 1 • ,r :. '..---r-.r 
 
 »oirs.— IX. The Purification of Water.-. \. Halifax. Lambetb, Kothsrtusi, 1' 
 
 Puinps. — XL Puiiipiiii; Macl.iiicry. — XII. others. 
 
 "The most systematic ami \ali:n!le work uj^on water supply hitherto produced In K. .;....;. •« 
 
 <n any other LinKu-Tije. . . . Mr. Huinlicrs work is characteriic'l almost Ihroughout by u> 
 
 e.haustivcncss much more distmctive of French and Cenuan than ol EngUah frhnlraJ ttcataM." 
 
 •• We can congratulate Mr. H ■ . i . - . it of Infar- 
 
 ■nation on a subject so imjiort i ■-•*, blty la 
 
 ouuibcr, are mostly drawings of 1 •; attoattca 
 
 «f evcr>' cnjciiieer whose praclico 1-- ^ . . . . . 
 
 Cast and Wrouijht Iron Bridge Constmciion. 
 
 A COMPLETE AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON CAST 
 AKD WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE C0SSTRUCT10.\. including Iron 
 FotinJatwiis. In Three Parts— Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By 
 NVtLLiAM Hlmber, A.M.Inst.C.E., and .Vt.Inst.M.E. Third Edition, Re- 
 vised and tiiuch improved, with 115 Double Plates (20 ol which now first 
 appear in this edition), and numerous Addiiicas to the Text. la Two Vols., 
 imp. 4to, £6 iCi. 6i. half-bound in morocco. 
 
 " A verj- v.iluable contribution to the standard literature of drll enplneetlnir. Inaddldonto 
 elevations, plans an.l sections, larije scale details are inven which ver>- much enhance the instruc- 
 tive worth of those illustrations.'— Cir.V £'Hi';c£-'o>;./ Archiitct's jfcurna:. 
 
 "Mr. Humbcr's stately volumes, Utely issue'— in which the most important br<d(fes erected 
 during the last live years, under the dire;tion of t'..c b:e .Mr. Brunei, Sir W. CuUtt, Mr. Hawk- 
 ihaw, Mr. Paije, NIr. Fowler, Mr. Hcmins. .":vl others aii.ong our most eminent en^inecn, are 
 drawn and spcciticd in ^xq?.'. ilctAil." — Enx'itu-tr. 
 
 Strains, Calculation of. 
 
 A HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS 
 IN GIRDERS ASDSIMILARSTRiCTURES,ASDTHEIRSTRE.\GTH. 
 Consistins of Formulx and Correspondini; Diagrams, with numerous details 
 for Practical Application, &c. By William HuyBEH, A-M.Inst.C.E., &.c. 
 Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, nearly 100 Woodcuts and 3 Plates, yt. 6d. clotb. 
 " The formul.T are neatly expres.^ed. and the di.iijranis gcoi."—.-!tht»trurH. 
 " We hcirtily commend this reiiUy hanaj book to our engineer and architect readers."— Jh^- 
 lish .Mecitatiii. 
 
 Barlow^ s Strength of 3Iaterials,€nlarged byHitmber. 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: 
 with Rules for Application in .Architecture, the Construction of Suspension 
 Bridges, Railways, &c. By Peter Barlow, F.R.S. A New Edition, Revised 
 by his Sons, P. W. Barlow, F.R.S., and W. H. Barlow, F.R.S. ; to which 
 are added, Experiments by Hodgkinson, Fairbairn, and Kirkaldv; and 
 Formulae for Calculating Girders, &c. Arranged and Edited by Wm.Humbek, 
 A-M.Inst.C.E. Demy Svo, 400 pp., with ig large Plates and numerous Wood- 
 cuts, iSs. cloth. 
 - \"aluable alike to the student, tyro, and the experienced practitioner. It wfll always rank 
 
 future, as it has hithcrtodone, as the standard treatise on that particular iubjcH.' —St^vittr. 
 " There is no greater authority than Barlow. —i>«:.V/iK^ .^Vtt•J. 
 " As a scientific work of the first class, it de«^r^•es a foremost place on the bookshelves of erefy 
 
 ctvil engirKer and practical mechanic." — Englith httckanic.
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING. SURVEYING, etc. ii 
 
 MR. NUMBER'S GREAT WORK ON MODERN ENGINEERING. 
 
 Complete ia Four Volumes, imperial 4to, price £t7 tzi., balf-morocco. Eacb 
 Volume sold separately as follows :— 
 
 A RECORD OF THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEER- 
 /.VG. First Series. Comprising Civil, Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, 
 Railway, Uridge, and other Emiinecring Works, Jcc. liy William Hlmber, 
 A-M.Inst.C.E., Ace. Imp. 4to, with 3O Double Plates, drawn to a large scale, 
 Photouraphic Portrait of John Hawlwhaw, C.E., F.R.S., Ice, and coptout 
 descriptive Letterpress, Specibcations, &c., £3 3s. ball-morocco. 
 
 List 0/ the Plata and Diagrams. 
 Vlctorta Station «nd Roof. L. B. .^: S. C. R. Ttume*. Wc« London Eif enrion Rallwtir (j 
 
 /« I>!i-,- 1: -, ,•( .,rt ! ..r J ,Li!r»l; VictorU pUtn) ; Aniiout I1.iiet : SmjeiiM'.n Unlne. 
 
 St ' 1;. W. R.(6 Thaii.o 14 pUtcti; The AUcii ti-iiiic ; Su*. 
 
 f>l.- I iall; Bridge pen\ion Un<Ve. Avon (3 pUtat); Uadaqrtotind 
 
 o>,: :;'>n. Ihnch Kailaray (3 pUiet), 
 
 Rl;.. -r •' - 
 
 ' r^rour with many who dadra to | ii» Mn » 
 
 /n :t . Mii preparol toi th« KuitUnca of tba coo- 
 
 Cra- , . . - . rrr. 
 
 HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. 
 Second Series. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Phototraphic Portrait of 
 Robert Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., lie, and copious descriptive Letter- 
 press, SpeciticatiouSt &c., £3 3s. balt'-merocco. 
 
 List c/ the PUtes and D:.:r'ami. 
 :k». Low Water Ruin (15 and • ' ct, 
 
 pl.v rcrt» Station Koof, C. C. Mei: -lO- 
 
 R.-. , P. ..••.> cU \". !..;. Great way; J- 
 
 Norh,Tv. ■ . "■ 1 luct, w»^- .1; 
 
 Great N ■ ncnt Bri'. ■ijr 
 
 Way: CI> : s'i', (« 1" »)• 
 
 •• Mr. il ^. - .-. 1 iiftc^ and true ^-. . . ^, . . • ^\c% 
 
 4e tuu bore !'iuu,fl,i l^lI^/ic ll.u ^tuic»,ua and llic public"— />vi<i'u>j; <V<>>iu/>k t j^ttmut. 
 
 HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. 
 Third Series. Imp. 4to, with 40 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of 
 J. R. M'CLan, late Pres. Inst. C.E., aud copious descriptive Letterpress, 
 Speciticatioos, &.C., £3 31. balf-morocco. 
 
 List 0/ tht Plata atid Diagrams. 
 
 Main DBAIKACR, MBTBOPOII";.— AV>r*» Se»er, F~»rvnir iind Outlet U platct) : OotfcO 
 
 Si.i'—'-^^' ^1. .>!"' l!>-.r ..•,,, ..I s..ncn. SoKT, r •' " •; hectiuus 01 Seven (North 
 
 kli • »ei. aiul - 
 
 81: • »er, Tm tmrnT.— Sectloaof Rlret 
 
 Br vich Wii: : f. V.',- .-Llrv-cr (; ; •..»!c«), 
 
 R.... . ■ .nc Ijn ; .irj 
 
 Ii. : .llld Wal. .cf. 
 
 B.11 vet, floH .1 ,1; 
 
 Br; • ■■ ler Ste-i' . rs) ; 
 
 (J,. .••■si; Junrti III ..f b,-".Ti. I'luii a;i.| S.-_-.,on». 
 
 O .: ' >ut- CuUm, rian« and .Srctiooi; RoUlnc Stock, 
 
 ra:i ' ifall Granite and Iron Foits. 
 
 SCV..I. ^_. , I ,_ . ....ittJOl 
 
 " Tlie dr.iwm,f^ li.ivc a contiantly increasini; mlue. and whf^eTor detlret to poaen clear reT>r»- 
 fentations of the two Krut works earned out by our Metropolilaa Uoarti «U1 olxaui Mr. Humbci • 
 T otuine." — k n^i'iur, 
 
 HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. 
 
 Fourth Series. Imp. 410, with 36 Double Piaies, Photoitraphic Portrait of 
 
 John Fowler, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, 
 
 Specifications, &c., £3 31. half-morocco. 
 
 /. ;s.' rf the Plates and Diagrams. 
 
 Abbey •• • ' >riin- Me«)(vitamla ; Nladart orrr "■ va, 
 
 an, Mctr ■« (t MidUnd Kailw.iy |i plate li. 
 
 pUtrsi; <■: ; vj: duct, (■ n;.>i:i K .f1., -> , ,:M. 
 
 p.ri ino- Iroi; ;. ;'.K;k* 
 
 til"-, nt ; (6 1 : t ; Metro- 
 
 C< ' ri>ta poh; >iarl«u<^ 
 
 R u .• :;ivet Poru 
 
 Muk* u . > for 
 
 " We . i .lue of this raliuble publication froa tit* able p«a of 
 
 Mr. liunii I rirrllcncc of thl« work are well ksown. while lU >*«ftil- 
 
 ■oM in I0>in.: inc 11 p\-. .r. II .• n .11.1 .i.' ..\ I ,. ;i;<r nf the latrfl eiamiJet of enKincvrlac, aa 
 oarriad out by Iha mo>t euiinent maa in thv it u_ . . n. LAnnul ba too higtUy prtaad.'— W'/iiJx.
 
 12 CUOSUY LOCK WOOD &• SOS'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Stntirtt, draphic and Aualfitic. 
 
 r.UM'IIIC ASn ASAl.Y nC si AI tCS.in thtir Practical AppU- 
 
 (ittum til the I rratmnit I f Slrr\it\ in Kitoft, S'hJ Ottdert, l.itltw , ' 
 iiitii Su\pc'tni>n lirtilf_f\, Uractd Iron A rcntt and I'ltri, anJ other i 
 lly K. liLinsoN ('inMiK<4, C.V.. ContaiiiinR Ui;iKr>iiii« and HLn' 
 With niiMifr»ii« ICx.implr^, many lakcn frotn fxmliiiK Slrticturtrii sj- < ;.iii/ 
 arrangrd for Cl.tnK work in (;ollr'K''« and Uoivcrtitict. Second Edition, Re* 
 visfd an<l Hnl.irci'fl. bvo, ifii. clolli. 
 "Mr. (;rjh*ni't book »U1 Aiul • place olxrcver Kf4i<hlc tnii analytic (talks ar«u«c4 or tludl«l.' 
 — /t nj^Httr, 
 
 " I he work h e>rrn«nt rrom 1 prurilral point of vt«w, anH hi* rrtdentty t««i prcpatwd wilk 
 miKli rare. Ih" Mir'-i \fu\ for wrkiiit; 4rr aiii|ile, aii'l are lilutlralcl liy an atnindancc of vdV 
 iclrdc'l cxaiiii'lrt. Ii l^ AM ciiclleiit (cat book (or itw practical draucbtauaa. '— WMdunow. 
 
 Practirnl Mathemdtirft, 
 
 MATIIHMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: BeinRaCommon- 
 
 jilaco Hook of I'ure and Mixed M.iihciiiatics. l>esi(;ned chiefly lor the uM 
 of Civil linj;inccrs, Architects and Surveyors. I'y Olinthl'S Gregorv, 
 LL.D., I'.R.A.S., Enlarged by Hknrv Law, C.E. 4th Edition, carefully 
 Revised by J. R, YouNC, formerly Professor of Matbenialics, Belfast CoUeKe, 
 With 13 Plates. 8vo, £1 11. cloth. 
 " The eni;inecr or architect will here firul re.irfjrto hl< hand rule* for vilytng nearly ereryinalh*- 
 
 matlcnl (lithcully th.it may arise in his pr.'ictu e. The rules are in all c^'^*r\ eiplaincl t'y mcaji» fj4 
 
 examples, in which every step of the process is cle.irly workcrl out." — Builder. 
 
 " One of the most scrvicciblc booksfor practical mechanics. . . It Is an In^itructWc book for 
 
 the stuilcnt, .ird a tcxtliook for mm who. h.ivm|; once mastered the subjects it Ireau of. needs 
 
 occasionally 10 refresh his memory upon them."— i>Mt/^i>i^ Neu/t. 
 
 Hifdraxilic Table f*. 
 
 HYDRAULIC TABLES, COEFFICIENTS, and FORMULA 
 
 Jor finding the Discharge if li'jf^r from Orifices, Satchei, Weiri, I'lpti. '»»*' 
 Rivers, \Vith New Formulae, TaMes, and General Information on Rainfafl, 
 Catchment-basins, Drainage, Seweratre, Water Supply for Towns and Milj 
 Power. By John Niivir.LE, Civil En(;ineer, M.R.I. A. Third Ed., carefuHy 
 Revised, With considerable Additions. Numerous Illusts. Or. Bvo, 14s. clolii. 
 " Alike VtiluaMc to stu^lents and engineers in practice ; its study will prevent the annoyance ol 
 avniilable failures anil assist them to select the re.-i'licst means of successfully cairyix^f out any 
 jjiven work connectetl with hy<lraulic enginecrini;. '— .t/i"Hin>.' y-'unta/. 
 
 '* It is. of all Ent^lish books on the suitject, the one nearest to completeness, . • . From the 
 gfood arran^cnient of the matter, the dear explanations, and abundance of forrnulae, the carctuDy 
 calculated tables, and, above all, the thoroui^h acquaintance with l>otb theory and cofulructwow 
 which is displayed trom first to Lut, the book will be found to l>c an acquisiEioo. ' — jirtJutmX, 
 
 Hydraulics. 
 
 HYDRA ULIC MANUAL. Consisting of Working Tables and 
 
 Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field 
 
 Operations. By Lewis D'A. Jackson, Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," 
 
 " Modern Metrology,'' &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large or. 8vo, i6j. cl. 
 
 " The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic enifincerintj and has been a careful oN 
 
 server of the facts which have come unvier his notice, and from the i;reat mass of material at hjs 
 
 conm.and he lias ct-nstructetl a manual which mi^ be accepted as a trustworthy jjuide to t\m 
 
 branch of the cni;inefr"s profession. We can heartily recommend this volume to all who dc&ire to 
 
 t>c acciu.iintctl w-ith the latest develooment of this important subject," — Liigineering, 
 
 " The standard-work in this department of moclianics." — S^cfsrH-in, 
 
 " The most useful feature of this work is its freedom from wnat Is superannuated, and hs 
 thorough adoption of recentexperiments : the text is, in bet, in ^eat part a short account of the 
 ^rcat modem cxperiaients." — Xature. 
 
 Drainage, 
 
 ON THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS. TOn'NS, AND BUILD- 
 JNGS. By G. D. Df.mpsev, C.E., Author of "The Practical Railway En- 
 gineer," &c. Revised, with large Additions on Recent Practice in 
 Drainage Engineering, by D. Kinnear Clark, M.lnst.C.E. Author 0/ 
 "Tramways: Thtir Construction and Working," "A Manual of Rules, 
 Tables, and Data for Mechanical Engineers," ike. Second Edition, Cor- 
 rected. Fcap. &vo, 5s. cloth. 
 " The new matter added to Mr. Dempsej^'s excellent work Is characterteed hy the comprehe^ 
 
 sive gnap and accuracy 01 detail for which the name of Mr. O. K. Clark is a sumcicct voucher.'— 
 
 /leheniru'n. 
 
 " As a work on recent practice In drainage cn^neerlni;, the book Is to be commended to all 
 
 who are making that branch of engineering science their special study." — /rcn. 
 
 ' A comprehensive manual on drainatje engineering, and a useful introduction to the student.* 
 
 — Buu'iiinj^ \ru-s.
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING. SURVEYING, etc. 13 
 
 Water Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisation, 
 
 WATER ENGINEERING : A Practical Treatise on the Measure- 
 mem, Storage, Conveyance, andL'tilisation of Water for the Supply of Towns, 
 for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. By Chaiilks Slagc, Water and 
 Drainage Engineer, A.M.Inst.C E., Author of "Sanitary Work in the Smaller 
 Towns, and in Villages," &c. With numerous Illusis. Cr. Svo. 71. 6d. cloth. 
 " A .- . . . ... . . . . . f . ... ,^ Qn toino applicuiua> ol 
 
 vater 
 
 " i •imrntt of the moft eminent 
 
 cuthr.r T L. •c;o:ii|^>.ii^ir<i liy very i.kAr 
 
 knd d' . I he .i.j ;. .I'.iua ul » t:cr a> * uoute povcf u treUad very 
 
 card'. -ttUtr. 
 
 " i •.'■ I rtrin the study nf hydraulics with a cofuUeratioa of the (/rxrtkal 
 
 ftppli'. I'. •ri'-. L» no LMritcr ^uidc' — W»ivti.Vi/. 
 
 River Engineering. 
 
 RIVER BARS: The Causes 0/ their Formation, and their Treat- 
 tnent by " Inductd Tidal Scour ; " with a Description of the Successful Re- 
 duction by this Method of the Bar at Dublin By I. I. Mams, A&&i:>t. Eng. 
 to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Koyal 8vo, 71. 6d. cloth. 
 "We reconiiuriij all inlrrinted In hatl/o'ir «ork»— and. indrr.1. tho've ci>ii..erned In the lin- 
 
 arovemeiits <)f rivers jjencrally — lo read Mr. Mann i inlciotin^ work oo the Ucatmcai of n««f 
 
 oar^." — htt^jiuer. 
 
 Trttsses. 
 
 TRUSSES OF n'OOD AND IRON. Practical Aptlicatiom cj 
 
 Scuncein Determinint; the Streaes, lirtAking Wtighti, Safe Loadt, Scantlinft. 
 and Details 0/ Constructum, with Complete Working Drawings. By Williaw 
 Griffiths, Surveyor. Assistant Master, Tranmere School oi Scieoc« aitd 
 Art. Oblong 3vo. 4J 6J. cloth. 
 •* This h.indy little l.ook enters s*» minutely hito e*-ery det.iil connected w^th the rotistructlon of 
 ro'>f tru-iscs. lli.it no student need !•« i^ioiolit ol liie-*e inattcrv ' — i'ra..luat hn^tuetr. 
 
 Knihray Working. 
 
 SAFE RAILWAY WORKING. A Treatise on Railway Acci- 
 dents: Theit Cause and Prevention ; vith a Descrxption of Modem Applianees 
 and Systems. By Clement E. Sthktton, C.E., Vice-President and Con- 
 sulting Engineer, Am.ilgaiiiaied Society of Railway Sfr\anis. Wiib Illus- 
 CratioDS and Coloured Plates. Third Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5s. Cd. 
 cloth. 
 ■■ A Ijoiilc for the eniflneer. the directors, the manafers : and. In short, .ill who »l»h for Infonra 
 
 don ou railway lualter* will tiud a pcrio-t ciicyUo^jxJia iu 'Safe Railway Working.' °—Aat/»<i^ 
 
 fxevirw. 
 
 " We commend the remarks on rai1w:iy signalling to all railway man.i^erv especially where a 
 
 «nUbrm co<lc and practice i\ ad\<»c.itcd.'"- ttfr^tk's Kaii-xay y.}uma*. 
 
 "The authrT ni.iy I'e coni.'r:iiul.ilfd i>n Inving collected, in a »ery co«renlenl form, much 
 
 • aluable infoniiatioo on the pruicipal qucMiuiu aflecting the safe working of railways."— Aiu'- 
 
 lt-(i> b.n^ineer. 
 
 Oblique Bridges. 
 
 A PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL ESSAY ON OBLIQUE 
 HRIDGES. With 13 large Plates. By the late Gf.orgk Watson Buck, 
 M.I.C E. Third Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. Watson Bi ck.M.I.C.E. ; 
 and with the ad<lition of Description to Diagrams for FaciUtating the Con- 
 structioa oi Oblique Bridges, by W. H. Barlow, M.I.C.E. Royal bvo, its. 
 cloth. 
 •■ T' .....,..-••,-.. . • !;ng skew arches b Mr. Bucks treatise, »«d It 
 
 ^v juld 
 
 •■"■: -tt. book, and hU treatment has dlTost»d tfe 
 
 ■uble< ' [It It, As a ifuide to the eitk;incer aiul atvtu- 
 
 Icct, on a C'ji.ir . ■ l.> i.'i l..:^-: :. Mr . 1..^* ^ work is uokurpasacsl,"— //M«*iii«i,^ A'rtt'i. 
 
 Tunnel Shaftn. 
 
 THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS: A 
 practical and Theoretual Es-.iy. By I. H. Watson Blck, M.Insl.C.E.. 
 Resident Engineer, London and Nortb-Wostern Railway. Illusuated with 
 Folding Plates. Royal tivo, lis. cloth. 
 
 "Many of the met! r> 1> i;n>-n arr nf eiirrme practical r*lue to Ihematon ; and the obterrmtioni 
 
 #n the form of ar< h, the rui.-s for <.idrfiri;j idr stone, and the constmction o< the trmj^ates wiO Im 
 
 found of cooaidt-ralile use. We ccitnmend the t>ook to the engineering profession."— ^tatj^it/ A'n»i. 
 
 '* Will lie ret;ar«led by civil ent^neers As of the utmost value, arid ^ai*:uUtesl to sare mucti tliue 
 
 aiiJobtiatc inaii> luistakov"- -. .^Vr/rv i,t.arjtan.
 
 14 Ch'OSUY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 atinlt-nrs Textllook on Sitrrrf/itiff. 
 
 PlxACl ICAL SU1H'EYJ\'G : A 'IcM l.'.nV for 9',-. l,nt, nrr- 
 
 pnrinK ior lixnininalion or (or Survey. work in tlic Co, 
 
 VV. L'Mi.t., A.M.I.C H., Author or "Tlio St.uislicii of t! 
 
 Orcal Ilril.iiii." With l-'our LillioKraphic I'l.itc* nn-l ■ • 
 
 lions. Third Kdition, Ruvi^ud ami J'.iil.iri{«;d. Iti' 
 
 Siiit*. Tanyonts, Scc.inn. &c. Crown 8vo. yt. Oil. ' 
 
 1 ,.i ,,, i,.,,t, '. .11 , , ,.,ii . .I,.. •• . . , .1. .( ,,,.,.. 
 
 ■ 1 
 emi'l 
 
 e»l>ri 
 
 In hi 
 
 .;f, nn^ w« hi ' 
 Ingr t' .ny of lt« i r 
 
 I)c<.<r . - [>ul in T •• 
 
 KnKlncciiiii;, u. 1 t ..ry ^.jiilkiuaii o( cJu'.aUuu uli'j j<;U out lui !.•.■ ■■■ "t* >«• 
 
 tiavoa topy. — Wrt/>i/<f/. 
 
 Survey Practice. 
 
 AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE, for Reference in Surveying, Level- 
 
 ling, nitil S(llinf;-out ; and in Route Siirveyi of TraietUrs by Land and Sea. 
 
 With Tables, Illustratiorte, and Records. By Louis DA. Jackson, 
 
 A.M.I.C.E., Autlior of " Hydraulic Manual," ".Modern Metrology," ftc. 
 
 Second E<lition, Enlarmd. Lari;e crown 8vo, I2J. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " A \ alu.itilc '.aJt'tntcum for ttie surveyor. We can recommend this Ixxik U conHinlng »i> 
 admirable sun>Icnicnt to the tcat-hin^j of ttic accomplished surveyor."— Athrnaum, 
 
 " As a te«t-book we should advise all surveyors to pLice It In their Ubrarto, and ttudjr well it.<- 
 matured iastructiotis .TlTordrd in its i>.ii:os." — CcUifry L.uardian. 
 
 " The author l)rini,'s to his work a fortunale union of theory and practical experience whkk. 
 .lided by a dear .ind lucid style of writing, renders the book a very tue/tU oti»."—Buii(i*r. 
 
 Surveying, Land and Marine. 
 
 LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING, inReierencetothePre- 
 paration of Plans for Roads and Railways; Canals, Rivers, Towns' Water 
 Supplies; Docks and Harbours. With Description and Use of Surveying 
 Instruments. By W. D. Haskoll, C.E., Author of " Bridge and Viaduct Con- 
 struction,'' &c. Second Edition, Revised, with Addition';, f-arce cr."vo,9J. cl. 
 "This book must prove of prc.it value to the student. \Vc h.i TiuiienJ- 
 
 Ing it, feelinj; assured that it will more than repay a careful stu.iy 
 
 " A most useful and well arranged book. We can strof\gly re , wr.tleo 
 
 and valuable text-book. It enjoysa welldescrvedreputeamone sur — 
 
 " This volume cannot fall to prove of the utmost practical utjltty. It v ly ^ '• ■ itciy recoaaiiier.dcA 
 
 to all students who aspire to become clean and cipert surveyors."— A/i«i«^ Jeurnal. 
 
 Field-Boolc for Engineers, 
 
 THE ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR'S, AND CON- 
 TR.iCTOR'S FIELD-BOOK. Consistlnj; of a Series of Tables, with Rules, 
 Explanations of Systems, and use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and 
 Plotting the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set 
 Square only ; Levelling with the Theodolite, Casting-out and Reducing 
 Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections in the ordinary manner; setting-out 
 Curves with the Theodolite by Tangential Angles and Multiples, with Right 
 and Left-hand Readings of the Instrument: Setting-out Curves without 
 Theodolite, on the System of Tangential Angles by sets of Tangents and OS- 
 sets ; and Earthwork Tables to So feet^eep. calculated for every 6 inches ia 
 depth. By W. D. Haskoll, C.E. Fourth Edition. Crown 8 vo, i a. cloth. 
 
 "The book is very handy ; the separate tables of sines and tanf^ents to every minute will make 
 It uscfiil for many other purposes, the genuine traverse tables existing all the same. ' — W-'/Vw^non, 
 
 "Every person engatted in enginccrinsf field operations will estimate the importance of sucb s 
 work and the amount of valuable time which will l>e saved tty reference to a set of reliable cablcj 
 prcp.ired with tlic accuracy and fulness of those given in this volume." — Railvay Mrwt, 
 
 Levelling. 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF 
 LEVELLING. Showing its Application to purposes of Railway and Civi) 
 Engineering, in the Construction of Roads; with Mr.TELFORD's Rulesfor the 
 same. By Frederick W. Simms.F.G.S., ^I. Inst. C.E. Seventh Edition, with 
 the additionof Law's Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and 
 Trautwine's Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates 
 and numerous Woodcuts. 8vo, Sj. 6ti. cloth. *,* Trauiwine on Curves 
 may be had sej.arate, 5s. 
 " The textbook on levelling in most of our englneerlnff schools and colleg**."- f tfi'fMif^. 
 " The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the yonnKCf 
 members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Sinuns's useful mot\..—£nivutrinf.
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING. SURVEYING, t!:. is 
 
 Trigonometrical Survey ing. 
 
 AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OP CONDUCTING A 
 
 TRIGOSOMETHICAL SURVEY, for the Formation of Geot^rafhicat anj 
 Topographical hlapi and Flans, Mthtary Rtconnainance, LtifLtiii^, i'C.,wit\3 
 Useful Problems, Formula, and Tables. By Lieut. -General I-"home, R.E. 
 Fourth Edition, Revised and partly Re- written by Major General Sir Charles 
 Warren, G.C.M.G.,R.E. With ig Plates and 115 Woodcuts. Ro}al Svj, 161. 
 cloth. 
 
 "The simple fact that a fourth edition has been cafled for Is the best testimony to Its merits. 
 No words of praise from us can streiif^then the pouiion so well and so steadily uuiintainetl t>)- this 
 work. Sir Charles U'arrrn h.is revised the entire work, and iiuidc such additi{.ns as were Doce^sary 
 to bring; every portion of the conicnis up to the present i»\it."— Brood ylrrcw. 
 
 Field Fortification. 
 
 A TREATISE ON FIELD FORTIFICATION. THE ATTACK 
 OF FORTRESSES, MILITARY MISISG.ASTj RECOSSOITRJSG. Hy 
 Colonel I. S. .Macallav, late Professor of Fortihcation in ibp R..M.A., Wool- 
 wich. Sixth Edition. Crown &vo, with separate Atlas of la Plates, 121. doib. 
 
 Tunnellinff. 
 
 PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. Explaining in detail the Setting. 
 
 out of the works, Shafl-sinkine and lle.idinc-drivinK, Ranging the Lines and 
 Levelling underground, Sub-Lxeav.iiinir. Timbering, and the Construction 
 of the Brickwork of Tunnels, with the amount 01 Labour requirt'dfor, andiho 
 Cost of, the various portions of the woik. By Frederick W. Simms, F.G.S., 
 M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition, Revised and Extended by D. Kinnkar Clark, 
 M.Inst. C.E. Imperial 8vo, with 21 Folding Plates and numerous Wood 
 Engravings, 30J. cloth. 
 •■Thee" • "' ' ■ ■ ' ■-■■■' .■•,., .^ 
 
 cannot be m r 
 
 formation on ■ 
 
 ■■ It his ' J 
 
 iTTimenicly to •.;.!; \. 11 .L '1 ;:.- L - Ic. —/,,,. . . r, 
 
 Traintvays and their Working. 
 
 TRAMWAYS : THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. 
 
 Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System: with an exhaustive 
 Analysis of the various Modes of Traction, including Horse-Power, Steam, 
 Cable Traction, Electric Traction, &c.; a Description of the Varieties of Roll- 
 ing Slock ; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses. New Edition. 
 Thoroughly Revised, and Incluiiing the Progress recently made in Tr.i-"- v 
 Construction, &C.&C. By D. Kinnear Clark, M.Inst. C.B. With nt:: 
 Illusiraiions and Folding Plates. In One Volume, 8vo, 7C0 pages, pri' 
 
 2 5 J, [S'tar.y : 
 
 " Ah Interested in tramn-n>-s mutt refer to it, as all ranw.iy engineers have turned to the auihuc * 
 srork 'Railway .Machinery.'"— i»«»-i>i^fr. 
 
 "An eihaustiie .ind |>ractical work on -tramw.i^-s. In which the history of this kind of locnmo 
 tton, and a dctcripiion and cost of the various modes of La>ini; tramways, are to t>« founX — 
 Bu it din /r Xnt s . 
 
 "The best form of rails, the best mode of consfructlnn, and the best mechanical appliances 
 irr so fairly indicaiC'I in the work umlcr review.th.it ar.y cn,;inccr al outto coniiruct a iraiii»»jr 
 Kill be enabled at once to obtain the practical iiifurmatioo which wUl t>e of most senrica to him. — 
 .-i thentrurn. 
 
 Curves, Tables for Setting-out. 
 
 TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES 
 for Settiiie-cut Curves from j to 200 R.i.lius. By Alexander Beazeley, 
 M.Inst.C.E. Fourth Edition. Printed on 48 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, 
 waistcoat-pocket size, 31. 6if. 
 " Kach table is tirinlel on a small cird. which, being placed on the the<v1ollte. leaves the hands 
 
 free to manipulate tne invtrument — no small advantage a* rryards the rapidity of work." — hHj^tnfe^. 
 "Very lundy ; a man may know iliat all his day s i>otk must fall on two of those cards, wtUcb 
 
 he puts into bis own card-case, and leaves the rest bti^uui, —AUun^um, 
 
 Earth iror/c. 
 
 EARTHWORK TABLES. ShowinR the Contents in Cubic 
 Yards of Einbankmenis, Cuttings, &c., of Heights or Depths up to »n 
 average of ik> feet. By Joseph Bkoadbent, C.E., and Francis Cawpix, C.E. 
 Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 " The way in which acciirac)- Is attained, by a simple division of each cross tectlon Into thr«« 
 •leioents, two In which are constant and one variable, is ingeniouv "— .V Mrn.iHMt.
 
 Sectioa VI. Mcchamical Fo«ct or 
 
 tlBAT. 
 
 Section VII. Work or Expamsioh 
 
 AND Contraction. 
 Section VIII. Susi'r.NiiioN Uridgea. 
 Scctioa IX. Mason rv STRUCTUiiEt. 
 
 16 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SO.W'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Heat, KxpanHlon bf/. 
 
 FM'ANSION 01' STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By John 
 Ki.d.Y, C.K., 1.110 of ilic Indiiin I'ubtic Worlu aud Vicioriaa Railway Depart- 
 lucnts. Crown Svo, 31. (hI. cloih. 
 
 Si'MMAt'.v or Contents. 
 
 Section I. Formulas AND Data. 
 
 Section 11. MilTai. Hakh. 
 
 Suction III. SiMi'i.r. Fkamp.i. 
 
 Section IV, CoMi-LKx Frames and 
 
 Pl.ATKS. 
 
 Section V. ThkrhalConductivitv. 
 
 " Tho Aim Hio «iitlinr h.n v\ tx-fnrK him, viz., fo »how Iho *ntr\\ nt heal upon mataUk Bad 
 otliof itrticluie«, i» .1 l.iri.l.ililnonr, (.,r il.i . i . .. ii.in. I. . f i •, .1 . i ..n »: h li>« «iu(iii««> 0( wcbl. 
 t«ct r.in hriil liul liitir rrll iMc nn>l L' 
 
 " Wlu.cvi-r l> corn nrnr.l Id kii'i ■ on tuch itnictarm M 
 
 •tiipension bri'li^ft .i!i<l iti.' Iikf*, cou: , % v^luabU axul ktaody 
 
 kxpokilion uf lite i{coiue'.iii.;U priiK.i^.-. ^.. ,^....^^.. —^ .■.■;j«. 
 
 JEartfnror/k, Measuronent of. 
 
 A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. By Alex. J. S. Craham, 
 C.E. With numerous Diagrams. Second Edition. iSmo, u. 6</. clotb, 
 
 "A |;rcat amount of praclk.ol infnrm.itlon, very arlniirjMy arranged, and mralUMc tot rout(ls 
 •climates, .IS well as fur the more exact caJculaliuiu rc<4uircd iu ch« exi^nc«rt uul coiitfactoc ■ 
 olfiLCS. —Artizaii. 
 
 atrains in Ironwork. 
 
 THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK: with 
 Practical Reniarlts on Iron Construction. By F. W, Sheilds, M.Inst. C.E, 
 Second Edition, witii 5 Plates. Royal Bvo, 55. cloth. 
 The student cannot find a belter little book on tliis subject.' —EngOutr. 
 
 Cast Iron and other Metals, Strength of. 
 
 A PRACTICAL ESSAY ON THE STRENGTH OF CAST 
 IROS' AND OTHER METALS. By Thomas Tredgold, C.E. Fifth 
 Edition, iucludiu^ Hoocki.nson's Expericnental Researches. Svo, lu. cloth. 
 
 Oblique Arches. 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF 
 OBLIQUE ARCHES. By John Hakt. Third Edition, with Plates. Im- 
 perial Svo, 8s. cloth. 
 
 Girders, Strength of. 
 
 GRAPHIC TABLE FOR FACILITATING THE COMPUTA- 
 TION OF THE WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL 
 GIRDERS, etc., tor Parliamentary and other Estimates. By J, H. Watsc s 
 Buck, M.Inst.C.E. On a Sheet, 2S. 6d. 
 
 Water Snpphf and Water Works. 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE WATER SUPPLY 
 OF TOWNS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATERWORKS. By 
 W. K. Burton, A.M.Inst C E., Professor of Sanitary Engineering in th'i; 
 Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan, and ConsuUine Engineer to the Tokjo 
 W.iier-Work^. With an Appendix on Wat^r- Works In Cotmtrles subject 
 to Earthquakes, by John Milnk, F.R.S , Professor of Mining in the Impe- 
 rial I'niviTsity of Japan. With numerous Plates and liluit;. [In the press.
 
 MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, tt:. 
 
 »7 
 
 MARINE ENGINEERING, SHIPBUILDING, 
 NAVIGATION, etc. 
 
 Pocket-Book for 2<aval A rchitects <iml Shiphuilders. 
 
 THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIT'liUILDERS 
 
 I'OCKRT-hOOK of Formula, RuUi. and TabUs.anU MAKISE E.SGl.SEKK'S 
 
 AM) SUHrEYOK'S Handy Book of Refertnce. By Clement Mackbow, 
 
 Member of the lustitution of Naval Architects, Naval Draughtsman. Fifth 
 
 Edition, Revised and Eolarged to 700 pants, with upwards of 300 Iliustia- 
 
 tiuns. Fcap., i2i. U. stronKl) bouad in leather. 
 
 SuMstARV OF Contents. 
 
 Signs AND SvMnoi.s, Df.cimal I-'kac- for Uoilkrs.— Lloyd's W'Eir.nT or 
 
 TioNS. — Tkigonomktkv.— Practical Chains.— Lloyd s Scastlinc.s fob 
 
 Geometry. — Mensuration. — Cln- 
 TRKS AND Moments ok Figures. — 
 Moments ok Inertia and Kadii ok 
 Gyration. — Algeiiraical Extrks- 
 siONS for Simpson's Kcles.— Me- 
 chanical Principles — Centre of 
 Gravity. — Laws ok Motion.— Dis- 
 placement, Centre of Uuoyancy. — 
 Centre ok Gravity of Ship's Hull. 
 — Stability Curves and .Metacen- 
 
 TRES.— Sea and SHAl.LOW-WATtR 
 
 Waves.— Koi.i.iNO ok Ships.— Pro- 
 pulsion and KfcblSTANCE OK VESSELS. 
 
 — Speed Trials. — Sailing, Centre 
 OF Effort.— Distances down Rivers, 
 Coast Lines.— Steering and Rud- 
 l>ERS OK Vessels. — Launching Cal- 
 culations and Velocities.— Weight 
 OK Material and Gear.— Gun Par- 
 ticulars AND Weight. — Standard 
 Gauges. — Riveted Joints and Rivet- 
 ing. — Strength and Tests ok Mate- 
 rials, — Binding and Shearing 
 Stresses, ETC.— Strength ok Shaft- 
 ing, Pillars, Wheels, etc. — Hy- 
 draulic Data, etc. — Conic Sections, 
 Catenarian Curves.— Mechanical 
 Powers, Work. — Board ok Trade 
 Regulations for Boilers and ICn- 
 ciNES. — Board ok Trade Regula- 
 tions KOR Siiirs.— Lloyd's Rules 
 
 Ships. — Data of Engines and Ves- 
 sels. - Ships' Fittings and Tests.— 
 Seasoning Preserving Timiier.— 
 Measurement ok Timuer— Alloys, 
 Paints, Varnishes. — Data foe 
 Stowage. — Admiralty Thansport 
 Regulations. — Rules for Horse- 
 power, Screw Propelleks, etc.— 
 Percentages for Butt Sirai s. etc. 
 — Particulars of Yachts.— Masting 
 AND Rigging Vessels.— Distances 
 ok Foreign Ports. — Tonnage 
 Taples. — Vocabulary of French 
 AND English Terms. — English 
 Weights and Measures -Foreign 
 Weights and Measures. — Decimal 
 EyuivALENTS. — Foreign Mdnev. — 
 Discount and Wage Tables. -L'sk- 
 FUL Numbers and Ready Reckoners 
 — Tables ok Circular Measures.— 
 Tables ok Areas ok and Circum- 
 ferences OF Circles. — Tables of 
 Areas ok Segments ijF Circles.— 
 Tables OK Squares and Cubes and 
 Roots ok Numbers. — Tables ok 
 Logarithms ok Numbers. — Tables 
 OF Hyperbolic Log \KiTHMS.— Tables 
 OF Natural Sines, Tangents, etc.— 
 Tables of Logarithmic Sines, 
 Tangents, etc. 
 
 'In ll; 
 
 , I. 
 
 iV \\V- !tr 
 
 , ..ri!,. 
 
 WW t 
 
 Im found til 
 from the tn- ' 
 
 "The I., 
 toivinff maitv ..1 
 
 •■ There n 
 ».i|iMlnKtra.la 
 irr-.-iite.l In .1 
 
 T' .nnlatM* 
 
 •,lievhi|>. 
 
 . . T • . ul u>cfiit liifornutioo ile«»l)' eij.tr*-*!! and 
 
 Iv rorin 
 
 Ma fin e En f/iii ecriii (/. 
 
 MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS (A Tteatiu 
 on). By Robert Murray, C.E, Ei»:hih Edition, ihorounhly Ruvisni. with 
 considerable Additions by the Author and by George Carlisle, C.E., 
 
 Senior Sun 
 •• Well ■• 
 Ecncr:il intr 
 
 I I.. l!;o Bo.ird of Tr.iiii- .it I ivrrpool. i: 
 
 •;h bn.ir.i- 
 
 tlO«ll»e."— /M.<i<J/'ua. 
 
 •• A« a <.oni|)enilion% .mil Mvrful cuide to enKinecn of our mcraintUe and tojral ra»*l iCT«itr». 
 wo ^hoiil.l «.iv It . .inn.. I l«- ii'iiweii."— //ui/rfi«i- .\'mi. 
 
 The iiifurtiMilon L'lven i> Ixxli tound and •cn\ll>le. an<l well qiialiftad to direct yvunx m- 
 
 C;ninK tiandtnn the sirjiulit road 10 ihe eilra cliiel* cenitiiAto. . . . Mott uteful !o vtr««)Or«i 
 ns|>e(.tor«, dfaii|;litiiiicn. and younu CM(;liiecrv' - C^ij^fiv Htr»'d.
 
 i8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Vorhot-Iionk for Marine KngineerH. 
 
 A rOCKI-.T-liOOK OF VSFI-I'l, TABLES AND FOR- 
 MVt..n FOR MAKISF. K" ' : ; Pnoriot, A. I.N. A. 
 
 I'liiril Eclilion. Koy.il 3211)0. I 'ip, 41. 
 
 "\Vr rci ommoti'l ll lo our t-»\'t\ .i- -iM' — Xa^-at Siirntt. 
 
 "A iiio\i umIuJ toiiiiunlgn lo aJ uunii. • ^' ; • ■ 1 . I mi.v 1 .'r -. i.« Oasttu. 
 
 Introduction to Murine Knf/inrrrinff. 
 
 F.LFMFNTARY FISGIS EERISG : A Manual for V • ' -.# 
 
 I'.ni^ineer% and Af'(>rti<t^cti. In ih». Form of O'l'-siion^ a- n 
 
 Mi;t;iU, Alloys, Slr<'ni;ili r<\ .Mii'iiil.. Corntrurlioii and .■' t 
 
 M.-irino EtiKinci .mil M ■ . Jcc. With an Appcii.iu of L'«!ful 
 
 Tables. IJyJ'iMiSiiK • riitn«ni M.irinc Surveyor, Hoog- 
 
 kong. ScconI 1. Ill; II r.vn - v i. ;:. cloth. 
 
 "Cnnl.ilntm ^ 'emlci, MpccUIly In lh« 
 
 di.iptcnon tho m » -m. 
 
 •■ A u%«rul intr ■ . 
 
 " To .1 «tufl';n( ».. ■ ....... .• , iv. , ..; ./..>......» iliofouifh knowlcdt(e, Mr, 
 
 Rrewor otrors ilccldeU.y u>e^ui li«i^. — Alhtnautn, 
 
 Navigation. 
 
 PRACTICAL NAVIGATION. Consistine of Tub Sailor's 
 Ska-Book, by James GREF.Nwoon and W. H. Rossf.r • lo^irihcr with the 
 re<|iiisite Mailie m-itical and Nautical Tables for the Working of the Problems, 
 by IIicNRY Law, C.E., and Professor J. R. Young. Illustrated. 1200,71. 
 strongly half-bound. 
 
 Drawing for Marine Engineer.^. 
 
 LOCKIE'S M ARISE ENGINEER'S DRAWING ■ BOOK. 
 Adapipd to the Requirements of the Board of Trade Examinations. By 
 John LocKtE, C.£. With 22 Plates, Drawn to Scale. Royal 3vo, 31. Ci. 
 cloth. 
 
 •■ The student who le.irns from the^* drawlnip will h.ire nothing to \m\t»Tn."—Enz'itrr. 
 " The •x.impIeH chosen are e^ientially practical, and are such a« should prove of lenrice to 
 eMginccrs gcncr.illy. while admirably fulfitUnK their specific purpose."— .VteManicai Ik'trU. 
 
 Sailmahing. 
 
 THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SAILMAKING. By SANfUEL 
 B. S.^DLFR, Practical Saiiinaker, late in the employment of Messrs. Rafsey 
 and Lapthorne, of Cowes and Gosport. With Plates and other Illustrations. 
 Small 4I0, I2S. Ctl. cloth. 
 
 St'MMARY or CoXTEXTS. 
 
 Ch.xp. I. The ^^ATERIALS l-sed and — VI. On Allowances. — VII. Calcu- 
 
 THEiR Relation to Sails.— II. On lation of Gokes.— VIII. On Cutting 
 
 THE Centre of Effort.— III. On 1 Out. — IX. On Roping.— X. On Dia- 
 
 Measuring.— IV'. On Drawing.— V. gonal-Cut Sails. — XI. Concluding 
 
 On the Number OF Cloths REQUIRED. | Remarks. 
 
 "Th's work is ver>' aViIy written, and is illustrated bv diitrnm^ t.-', cir^f i^v w.nrt.'-! rn!n;U. 
 tions. The work should be in the h.inJs of ever}- sailmV< ' , it 
 
 can:iot f.iil to assist them in the pursuit of their imiwrt.ai. 
 
 •' This extremely practical work Rives a complete i 1. 
 
 facture. cutting out. roping, seaming, and goring. It is c . :,i- 
 
 rate text-book and guide." — Portsmouth limes. 
 
 " The author of this work has rendered a distinct service to all interested in the art of sail- 
 m.iking. The subject of which he treats is a congenial one. Mr. Sadler is a practical sailmalker, 
 and has devoted years of careful obsenation and study to the subject ; and the results of the 
 experience thus gained he has set forth in the volume before ui." — SUanuhif. 
 
 Chain Cables. 
 
 CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS. Comprising Sizes and 
 Curves of Links, Studs, &c., Iron tor Cables and Chains, Chain Cable and 
 Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links. Strength of Cables and Chains, 
 Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain Cables and Chains, 
 Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament. Statutory Tests, Charges for Testing, 
 List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c. &c. By Thomas W. Traill, F.E.R.N., 
 M.Inst. C.E., Engineer Surveyor in Chief, Board of Trade, Inspector of 
 Chain Cable and Anchor Proving Establishments, and General Superin- 
 tendent, Lloyd's Committee on Proving Establishments. With numerous 
 Tables, Illustrations and Lithographic Drawings. Fo'.io, £2 ai. cloth, 
 bevelled boards. 
 
 '■ It contains a vast amount of valuable Information. Nothing seems to be wanting to make it 
 < rnmplete and standard work of reference on Che subject."— .VaM/tay ilof^xvu.
 
 MINING AND METALLURGY. 19 
 
 MINING AND METALLURGY. 
 
 ^liniiif/ Machinery. 
 
 MACHINERY FOR METALLIFEROUS MINES: A Tractical 
 Treatise for Minine Engineers, Metallurgists, and Managers ot Mines. By 
 E. Henrv Davies, M.E., F.G.S. Crown 8vo, 5S0 pp., with upwards of 500 
 
 Illuslrallons, i?:. 67. cl-:h l?"!.' tu^'nhcd. 
 
 "Mr. I .... . . . , f 
 
 mines K'ool .0 
 
 MOOdCUH ■■. 
 
 •• I-roir: ■ fi. 
 
 dence and T.ti i : :;..■ ■.•■■■ ■ ; '. i-i^o, I ,'.c .-ir't 'lj; .«"cly 
 
 l>c recommcnJeJ. Ily it :\\ Ibe indiuiry will ^e eiiricheu, 
 
 and the rcnuutlon of It'. > 
 
 ".Mr. I>avies Uai eml. ^ I ^ > nf ->.-rythinir ia mcdern 
 
 mining .ilililUnccs. Hi> » < ity. aful Ibu con- 
 
 ritilutn one of ilic srreat n.' ^ are txkcd on lii> 
 
 own or other rcliaMo cii^r: 
 
 " The work deals with nc.ir;y <■■.. rv .. t p.,: -rr', ir . •, x <.• :• j >.( .y to b« mM with or 
 required in connection wiili mrtalliierous mtniiii;. and i* one wnicti we tuve etery confidenc* in 
 rejommending."— /'fviiriiuV tuc'iKr, 
 
 Metalliferous Minerals and Slining. 
 
 A TREATISE ON METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND 
 MIMNG. By V. C. Dav:es. E.G.S., .Mining Encinccr. 4c.. Anlhor of "A 
 Treatise on Sl.tte and Sl.ite yuarryinn." Fiftli Edition, tboroii^liljr Revised 
 and inucli ICnIartjed, by liis Son, E. HfcSRV Davies, M.E.,I-.G.S. With abtful 
 150 IIIumIi .T.i >:; :. (!rcju n h:n. i:!5. (,.{. cloth. 
 "Neil! r r.-adcrioteretted to mines caohaTe abdlcrbook 
 
 ♦orhijcof i/. 1. l/i 11 >if /fVrU. 
 
 " We .1 .; ihelr attention to lhi« raliuble work." 
 
 " A t • ■• .;■• 'Iitfi'vi, tlic i)Mi.ti...il miner, and tlic nidaUurciir. 
 
 Out also «v ..:. —Jriin. 
 
 "Asa : : ining tbiougbout tha world this book hai ■ mJ tsIuc, 
 
 snditsui'i: .-n. 
 
 Earthy Minerals and Mining, 
 
 A TREATISE ON EARTHY d- OTHER MINERALS AND 
 MISIS'G. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S., Author of " Metalliferous Minerals," 
 &c. Third Edition, revised and Enl.irRed, by bis Son, IC. IIksrv Davies, 
 M.E., F.G.S. With -1! o-,:t I T i;ii; = tMti ii>. Crown 6vo, m. W. cloth. 
 **Wedonotr'' on mining matters that contalnf 
 
 <hc same amount '! -i.'*— Wf»i.Zr»iy. 
 
 " Wc shouM \ ! the tiandy technical and tradM 
 
 OMnuaii wtiich li.^^i: .. i ■, . •■ . . ■■■ i<t«*. 
 
 Metalliferous Mining in the United Kingdom. 
 
 BRITISH MINING : A Treatise on the History. Discovery. Practical 
 Deietopmettt, and Future Prospects 0/ hletalHftrous Mines in the UnxteA Kini;- 
 dom. By Kodert Hunt, F.R.S., Editor of " L're's Dictionary of Arts, 
 Manufactures, and Mines," &c. Upwards of 950 pp., with 230 Illustrations. 
 Second Edition, Revised. Super-royal 8vo, £2 21. cloth. 
 "One of the most raluable works of reference of modem timet. Mr. Hunt, as Keeper of Mrnlnc 
 
 Record»of the fnitc I Kin.: |r:n. hi^ h.ii ori"r;u:iirir.: f.-.r v.i-h a ta-.k n-; ot Jufi hs anyr.f ■■ r;«. 
 
 and has evidently r ' ' " iud 
 
 the treatment of tl 
 
 "The I>ook 1.. ' wo 
 
 Icnowol no other s> ily 
 
 merit of Mr. Hunt s v.,;.-!..-. ,: . . r. 1 : ■ \ : t • f ■: It i; .;. ;, :-■;..' :.■ ,:, :i,.- :,■,,,„■ of 
 
 ever>-one interested in U>e developaient of Ibo milling and metallurgies industries ol thisc untry.' 
 
 — Atneittrurn, 
 
 " A maw of Information not elwwhrre arallahle, and ff the crcatcst value to those who may 
 
 be Interested In our ifreat niincr.il industries. " — hitj^iuter. 
 
 Underground I'umping Machinery, 
 
 MINE DRAINAGE. BeinR a Complete and Practical Treatise 
 on Direct-ActiiiR Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Descrip- 
 tion of a large number ot the best known Engines, their General Utility and 
 the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode of their Application, and 
 their merits conip.ired with other forms of Pumping Machinery. By Stkphkn 
 MiciiRLL. 8vo, ijt. cloth. 
 
 " Will t>« higlily esteemed by colliery owners and lessees, mining englneerv and studentl 
 generally who re'juirc to l>e a irjnainteil »«ith the best ni'-ans of sccunnk: the diaiT.ane of muies. || 
 i-t a most valuable work, and standi almost alone ku the literature of steam pumpui^f mai hlni-ry.' — 
 C^i^ry Guardian. 
 
 " Much valuable Information Is riven, to that the book Is thoroughly worthy of an •xtenslvo 
 circulation amongst (iractl.al men and purchasers of iiui.hmery. —tltnii^ 'Jittmal,
 
 20 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE, 
 
 Prospect iuff for (Jold ami other Mffftl/t. 
 
 THE rUOSVECJOR'S UANDDOOK : A fluide for the Pro 
 Bpfclor and Traveller in Search of MelalHearingor oilier Valuable Miii'-ialv 
 My J. W. Andkhson, MA. (Canib.), I'.K.G.S., Author of "Fiji and New 
 Caledonia." Fifth Edition, tliorougbly Revised and Enlarged. Sma» 
 crown bvo, 31. Cil. cloth. 
 
 "Will tupply a much felt w»nl, MnecUDy among ColonUK In whnte ir»jf arc »o often throw* 
 ni.iry nilncraloifkal upc* Imcni the value of which It it difTirutt to detcrniiiie. * — hn£tntir, 
 
 "How to find cnmincrcUl mineraU, and how to i^lrntlfy them when they are lound. are 1h« 
 leading points to which attention 1« directrd. 71 e author hi* inAnai^cd to pack a* much j.H' ti'jj 
 detail mto hii |>.icct a> would tupjily material for a book three timet lU i!ait.—Uinint Jauriat. 
 
 Mining Notes and Formula'. 
 
 NOTES AND FORMUL.IL FOR MINING STUDENTS. By 
 John HpR\fAN Merivale, M.A., Certihcated Colliery Mana»;er. Profcs'.or of 
 Mining in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Third 
 Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, 2S. (td. cloth. 
 " InvaliLilitc to anyone who Is working up for an examination on mining sub)ccts.*'^/r^'> and 
 Coal Tradti Kctinii. 
 
 " The author h.is done his work In an exceedlnely creditahle manner, and ha» produced a t>oo% 
 that will tie of lervicc to students, and those who are practically engaged lo mining operatiooa.'— 
 Enjc-inter. 
 
 Uandiihooh for Miners. 
 
 THE MINER'S HANDBOOK : A Handybook of Reference on 
 the Subjects of Mineral Deposits, Mining Operations, Ore Dressing, &c. 
 For the Use of Students and others interested in Mining matters. Compiled 
 by John Milne, F.R S., Pro'cssor of Mining in the Imperial University of 
 Japan. Square i8mo, yi. M, cloth. 17"*' pubhilud. 
 
 " Professor Milne's h.indbook is «urc to be received with favour by all connected with mining, 
 and will be extremely popular among students." — j4:hfnai4fn. 
 
 Miners' and Metallurffists' Poclcet-Jiook. 
 
 A POCKET-BOOK FOR MINERS AND METALLURGISTS. 
 
 Comprising Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Notes, for Use in Field and Office 
 
 Work. By F, Danvers Power, F.G.S., M.E. Fcap. 8vo, gi. leather, gilt 
 
 edges. 
 
 " This excellent biok is ,in admirable example of its kind, and oueht to find a large sale 
 amongst English-speaking prospectors and mining engineers."— V:</A'iMc,-ri>/(.'. 
 
 "Miners and met.'dlurgists will find in this work a useful 7-a(/r-v<^ri/m containing a mass ot 
 rules, fprmul.-v, tables, and various other information, the necessity for reference to which occurs in 
 their daily duties."— /;w:. 
 
 Mineral Stirveying and Valuing. 
 
 THE MINERAL SURVEYOR AND VALUER'S COMPLETE 
 
 GUIDE, comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining Surveying and the Valua- 
 tion of Mmuig Properties, with New Traverse Tables. By Wm. Lintern. 
 Third Edition, Enlarged, izmo, 4s. cloth. 
 
 " Mr. Lintem's book forms a valuable and thoroughly trustworthy guide,"— Iron and Coai 
 TrcdfS Review. 
 
 Asbestos and its Uses. 
 
 ASBESTOS : Its Properties, Occurrence, and Uses. With some 
 Account of the Mines of Italy and Canada. By Robert H. Jones. Witb 
 Eight Collotype Plates and other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloib. 
 " An interesiinj; and invaluable work." — Colliery Guardian. 
 
 Explosives. 
 
 A HANDBOOK ON MODERN EXPLOSIVES. Being a 
 Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Application of Dynamite, Gun- 
 Cotion, Nitro-Glycerine, and other Explosive Compounds. Including the 
 Manufacture of Collodion-Cotton. By M. Eissler, Mining Engineer antl 
 Metallureical Chemist, Author of " The Metallurgy of Gold," " The Metal- 
 lurgy of Silver," &c. With about 100 Ulusts. Crown 8vo, lOJ. W. cloth. 
 " Useful not only to the miner, but also to officers o( both services to whom blasting and the 
 
 ii^e of explosives generally may at any time become a necessary auxiliary." — .Vafure. 
 
 " A veritable mine of mformation on the subject of explosives employed for snilitary, mining. 
 
 and blasting purposes." — Artrty and Navy Gazette.
 
 MINING AND METALLURGY. 
 
 Colliery Manaf/enienf. 
 
 THE COLLIERY MANAGER'S HANDBOOK : A Compre- 
 hensive Treatise on the Laying-out and Working of Collieries, Designed as 
 a Book of Reference for Colliery Managers, and tor the Use of Coal-Miain»; 
 Students preparing for First-class Certificates. By C\lkb Pamely, Minint; 
 Engineer and Surveyor; Member ot the North of England Institute of 
 Mioing and Mechanical Engineers ; and Member of the South Wales Insti- 
 tute of Mining Engineers. With nearly joo Plans, Diagrams, and other 
 lUustraiioas Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Medium 8vo, about 
 700 pages. Price £1 51. strongly bound. 
 
 Summary of Contests. 
 Geology. — Search for Coal. — , The Priestman Oil Engisf ; Petro- 
 MiNERAL Leases and other Hold- 1 leum and Natural Gas -SfRVEYiNO 
 isGS.— Shaft Sinking.— Fitting Up and Planning. — Safety Lamps and 
 the Shaft and Surface Arrange- ] Fire Damp Detectors —Sundry and 
 •ments.— Steam Boilers and their : Incidental Operations and Appli- 
 Fittings.— Timbering and Walling. 1 asces.— CollieryExplosioss.— Mis- 
 — Narrow Work and Methods of ' cellaneous Questions & Answers. 
 Working. — Underground Convey- | 
 
 ANCE. — Drainage. — The Gases met Appendix: Summary of Report or 
 
 •WITH IN Mines: Ventilation. — On , H..M. Commissiomers on Accidents 
 THE Friction of Air in Mines.- . in Mines. 
 
 *,* Opinions ok the Press. 
 
 •" Mr. Paraely Km not only ifive-i us a comprchrn«vo rcfrrmce book of ■ »ery hl;fti order, 
 cuit:ible to the requirements of ininini; en,;:ncers ani collier>' nuiui;ers. Imt at the sune time hu 
 provided mining students with a cUss-tiook thit is as iaterestmK as it is instructive."— C«//vrjr 
 Maiuiftr. 
 
 " .Mr. Pamely's work is eminently suite^l to the purpose for which it Is intended— being clear, 
 intercMin)^, exhaustive, rich in detail, and up to d.ite. ip^ns devrriplions of the venr latest 
 (nachines m every department. . , , A minini; enipneer could scarcely );o wrong who (oUownl 
 this work." — ColtUry OuarJuin. 
 
 " This is the most complete ' all round ' work on coalmlninsr published in the Eni^ish 
 ianguaife. . . . No library of coalminiui; books is complete without iW—CoUUry Enginttr 
 <Scranton, Pa., U.S.A.). 
 
 " Mr. Pamely's work is in .ill respects worthy of our admiration. No person in any responsitJ* 
 position connected with mines should be without a copy. ' — /<'rj.'««m//*r Kn-irw. 
 
 Coal and Iron. 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED 
 KINGDOM . Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, and of the 
 Principal Seams of Coal, with Returns of their Produce and its Distribu- 
 tion, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also an Account of the occurrence 
 of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams; Analyses of each Variety: and a History ol 
 the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture. By Richard Meade, Assistant 
 Keeper of Mining Records. With Maps. Bvo, £1 ii. cloth. 
 " The t>ook Is one which must And a place on the shelves o( all Interested In cool and Uoa 
 
 production, and in the iron, steel, and other metallurgical industries." — Hn^fuer. 
 
 " Of this book we may unreservedly s.iy that it is the t>est of its class which we hare ever met. 
 
 . . . A book of reference which no otic engaged in the iron or coal trades should oout from hte 
 
 lilirir>'." — Iron an.i Co^i TratUs Keiirw. 
 
 Coal Mining. 
 
 COAL AND COAL MINING: A Rudimentary Treatise on. By 
 the late Sir Warington W. Smvth, M.A., F.R.S., &c.. Chief Inspector of tha 
 Mines of the Crown. Seventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged, With 
 numerous Illustrations, tznio, 4s. cloth boards. 
 " As an outline is given of every known coal (irld in this ami other counlrie*. a.s well as of tha 
 
 principal methods of working, the book will doubtlest interest a very large number of readerv*— 
 
 tfininf jTimmaJ. 
 
 tiubterraneouft Surveying. 
 
 SUBTERRANEOUS SURVEYING, Elementary and Practical 
 Treatise on, with and without the Magnetic Needle. ByTHOMAS Fenwick, 
 Surveyor of Mines, and Thomas Baker, C.E, Illust. izfflo, 3]. cloth boards. 
 
 Granite Quarrying. 
 
 GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By 
 <'iEORGE F. Harris. F.G.S., Membre de la Sociitc Beige dc G^oIogir>, Lec- 
 turer on Economic Geology at the Birkbcck Institution, 3lc. With Illustra- 
 tions. Crown 8vo, js. 6J. cloth. 
 
 "A dearly and well written manual i>n the ^ranl'e Industry." -^v/ina^t. 
 " An irtere«l np work, wlil'h wtU be drsrrvedly o<te«ned."— C»//</»-v duaittiam. 
 "An >»ree tin. |v Intcr'stinif »r.d valu\' I- monoi^raohon a «ub|fS t whirh has hitherto rr, etved 
 una' countably Utile attention tn the shape of i}-stcmatic literary Ireetmeot."— i,i>^ru4 LtaJtr.
 
 aa CROSBY LOCKWOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Gold, Ulcfallurf/f/ of. 
 
 THE M1:TALLU1<C, Y OF GOLD : A rractical Treatise on the- 
 
 Mctalliit)^iral 'I'ltMliiK lit of Golil'l ' ■ 't of 
 
 Concunli.itiun anil Clilorin.ilion, .<: ,' b( 
 
 Gold. Uy M. Uissi.r.K, Miiiint; Kiii; • f\y 
 
 Asnistant Assaycr ol the U. S. Mini, San 1 idi,cii>co, ThitU L<ii!i<.n, Kuvitcd 
 and Krcally Enlar»;cd. Willi iH; Illusirationt. Crown bvo, lu. td. cloib. 
 
 "TtlU Ix.ok Ilioroill-Mv .'.-.rr.rt It. Illr ,,f ., • I'r , . i ,! Tr ^ ,• 1 ■ .- T • ^ ' ' " < ' -^ >m of f<AA 
 
 nilllInK, rroiii tho lircakn -i ckax and 
 
 oidcrly iiariallvr and »> ■-■u . 
 
 "Tlir wtirk Ka »trii. ..uwiul U tc 
 
 *n inofcuion^l men en,; i,;._ i m i,:i c ■ ' !"•■:'"■«: l.iUj .U). — .-. I'JI ,v J ■■•! '■- 
 
 tiilver, Metallurgy of. 
 
 THE METALLURGY OF SILVER : A Practical Treatise on 
 
 (he Atnal^ainatlon, Koantin);, and Llxivlation of Silver Ores. IncludinK Ibe 
 Assaying, Meltinf; and Kchiiini.', of Silver Bullion, lly M. Eissi.br. Author 
 of •■The Metallurgy of Gold,'' ice. Second Edition, Enlarged. With ISO 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, los. Ctl. cloth. 
 
 "A practical treatise, anil a tcclinicil work which we are convlnceil will supply a Intif^felt want 
 ■moiiKst practical men, and at the siuic time beof value tottudenuaiidblhcrsuuluecUy conaectw) 
 with tnc indiislrics.'— .l/i«i>ix' Jy.irnal. 
 
 "1-rom first lolast the Ijook is thoroughly sound and reliable."— Ce//iVry Ctiarifian. 
 " Tor chemists, pradicil miners, assaycrs, and Investors alike, we do Dot know of any work 
 on the subject io liaiuly and yet io comprcbenuve."— C^/aVirjv Htrald, 
 
 Lead, Metallurgy of, 
 
 THE METALLURGY OF ARGENTIFEROUS LEAD: A 
 Practical Treatise on the Smelting of Silver-Lead Ores and the Retining oJ 
 Lead Bullion. Including Reports on various Siiielting Establishments and 
 Descriptions of Modern Smelting Furnaces and Plants in Europe and 
 America. By M. Eissler, M.E., Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," Ac 
 Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with iSs Illustrations, izs. Cd. cloth. 
 ■■ The numerous met.illurKicil processes, which .ire fully and extensively tre.ite<l of, embrace 
 
 all the btajjcs experienced in the pass.igc of the lead from the various natural iLiites to its bkue 
 
 from the refinery ,is an article u{(.omineice."—rrattual£ti^':i:eer. 
 
 " The present volume fully maintains the reputation of the author. Tho*e who wish to oMaia 
 
 a thorough insight into the prcient state of this industr)' c.-innot do better than read this TOlmnc, 
 
 and all inining engineers cannot fail to find many useful nints and suggestions in it."— /nduttruj. 
 " It is most carefully written and illustrated with capital drawings and diagrams. In fact, it is 
 
 the work of an expert for experts, by whom it will be prized as an indispeusable text-book."— 
 
 JirUlol Mercury. 
 
 Iron, Metallurgy of. 
 
 METALLURGY OF IRON. ContainingHistory of Iron Manu- 
 facture, Methods of AEsay, and Analyses of Iron Ores, Processes of Manu- 
 facture of Iron and SiclI, &c. By H. B.werman. F.G.S., A.R.S.M. With 
 numerous Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. i2mo, 
 5s. (td. cloth. 
 
 ■• Carefully written, it has the merit of brevity and conciseness, as to less important points. 
 while all material iiMttcrs arc \cry fully and thoroughly entered into.' —Standard. 
 
 Iron Mining. 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND : 
 Their Mode of Occurrence, Age, and Origin, and the Methods of Searching 
 for and Working them, with a Notice of some of the Iron Ores of Spain. 
 By J. D. Kendall, F.G.S., Mining Engineer. With Plates and Illustra- 
 tions. Crown 8vo, ifo. cloth. 
 
 " The auihor h.is a thorough practical knowledge of his subject, and has supplemented a care- 
 nil study of the available literature by unpubUshed information derived from his own obser»ations. 
 The result is a very useful volume which cannot fail to be of value to all interested in the iron 
 industry of the country. '—Industries. 
 
 " Constitutes a systematic and careful account of our present knowledge of the origin and oc- 
 currence of the iron ores of Great Britain, and embraces a de:>cription of liic means employed ia 
 reaching and working these ores."— /ran. 
 
 ,," ^"- Kendall is a great authority on this subject and writes from personal obsemtion."'— 
 Collury Guardian. 
 
 " .H"'- Kendalls book is thoroughly well done. In it there are the outlines of the history of 
 ore mining in every centre and there is everything that we want to know as to the character of the 
 ores of each distnct, their commercial value and the cost of working ihem. '— /n.-« and StreJ 
 Trades Jiiumal.
 
 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 23 
 
 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 
 
 Electrical Engineering. 
 
 THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS POCKET-BOOK OP 
 MOVERS RULES, FORMUL.^, TAliLES. ASD DATA. By H. R. 
 KtMi'E, M.Inst.E.E., A. M.Inst.C.E., Technical Othcer, Costal Telrerapbs, 
 Author of " A Handbook of Electrical Testini^." &c. SttCund Edition, 
 thoroughly Revised, with Additions. With numerous Illustrations. Royal 
 32nio, oblone. 5s. leather. 
 
 ••Therr i^ \crv l.;::c.- ::. : c ^'l... •• rf f r:K ;! ■■ r c!.iv» »'• h :he clcctriciaa i* ULcJy to want 
 
 In a huiry v. : -rr. 
 
 "A vtr , J electrical cagincciinK anil ua 
 Tariout api 
 
 "It iiti.C ..r,. .,.^..» , . .,, »...v.. - , ., ,.^...., .. 
 
 "Well aiiaJikicU Auvl i.uuipai.t. lUc Lki-Uii.^ Lti^uMn;' i Pbckcl-Book ' Is a food ooc"— 
 BUctrician, 
 
 "SticiD^ly rccoumecJeJ to those engaged in the various electrical iadastriet," — hUttricmt 
 Rci-icui. 
 
 Electric Lighting. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING: A Handbook for Working 
 Electrical EnKineers. embodyinu Pr.iclical Notes on Installation Manai;e- 
 nient. By Joh.n W. L'RguHART, Electrician, Author of " Electric LiKht.'' tic. 
 With numerous Illustrations. S-jCond Edition, Rt;vised, with Additional 
 Chapters. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 "Thii vuluine deal;, wiih »li.it may le termed the luechAr.ict of electric Uifhling. and It 
 •ddre&bcd to mm who are .ilrcaily cnijj^'c'l in the work or are Iramii^ (or it. The work iraTcrses 
 a gTc\i deal of i^.und. and may be read as a K>jucl to the »<ue aulhur > lucful worii on ' kJcctiic 
 
 Light.' —FUrtrui.tu. 
 
 "Thisi- ' '■" «tate In the simplest Uniniage the precautions which should be adopted 
 
 In installiiH' ' '.:, and to |ri\c iiiffmutiun, for the jfuidancc of iho^c who have to ma 
 
 the plant The book is well worth the perusal of the workmen for whom uis 
 
 written "- 
 
 ■ " ' '1 a Ki'>od dr.il of pleasure. We l<lieve that the took will tie of 
 
 us^- ' '. not t>c .iiarmcd by huding uuitheii.atical foraiuUc which they 
 
 arc ..al r.aiil. 
 
 ' tul. . . . Ought to be in the bands of CTcryooe in charge cf 
 an elf' trie li^ht j !..:,:. — .' .'. .tn.jl lin^inerr. 
 
 ■■ .Mr. I'rquhart h»5 succeeded in prt licinj a irally capital book, which we hare oo hesilalicn 
 in recommending to the notice of working electrician* and electrical enginccrx."— J/rcAenuu/ 
 
 Electric Light. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use. Embodying Plain 
 Directions for the Treatment of Dynamo-Electric Machines, Batteries, 
 Accumulators, and Electric Lamps. By J. \V. Urquhart, C.E., Author of 
 •' Electric Light Fitting," " Electroplating," &c. Fifth Edition, carefully 
 Revised. with Large Additions and 145 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7S. 6J. cloth. 
 •• The whole j^round of clf(.tric lij^hting li more or Ic^s ci,vcicd and explained in a very cicar 
 and (. li.^o \ii.\..'..rr."—JiUctruai Kn-ieiL'. 
 
 .: od de.il of very inlere^fng informalion. r«i>eclally in the parts where the 
 aui' i'<nsand MojVm^ cosXs."—i:U.'tr^iai i- h^ itteer. 
 
 jJt-meium of the valient facu connected with the science of electric light- 
 Ink' 
 
 "luuc.ui.oi fur your purpose have a better book than 'Electric Light,' by Urquhart.'— 
 £nt iitttr. 
 
 " The l)ook is by far the be^t that we have yet met with on the subject."— Wrt*«<ru«». 
 
 Construction of Dgnawos. 
 
 DYN.-IMO C0NSTRUCT10.\' : A Practual Handbook for the Usi 
 of Engineer Conilruitl.^ri an.t EUilruiani-in-Chargt. Embracini( Frame- 
 work Building, Field Magnet and Armature Winding; and Grouping, Com- 
 pounding. Sec. With Examples of leading English, Ai:<erican, and Conti- 
 nental Dynamos and Motors. By J. W. Urqi;haI(t, Author of "Electric 
 Light," " Electric Light Fitting," &c. With upwards of too Illustrations. 
 Crown Svn, -s. <j./. cl'^th. 
 
 gre.lt J'T-.-IkaI v.ii«c Xu ci.^jii.ccl ..outravloii .*iid cic^liivi.i:.^ i.. 
 
 " ■ liyrumo Conitruction ' more than tu«taint the h'lgh • ' 
 
 publications. It Is sure lu be widely read by the Urge and r^pu. , 
 
 electricians."— C/aJrrii' Htratd. 
 
 " A t>o«k for which a demand has long existed. '-.l/rrAjHiVe/ H'frU.
 
 24 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 A New I>irtionnry of I'llvrtricitff. 
 
 THE STANDAKD IJ.I-T.TKICAI. DICIIONARY. A Popu- 
 l.ir Dictionary of Wonli and 'r<Tni<i I'lf cl in tin; Praciirr of Kl< ctrical EnKi- 
 iioerlntf' Coniaininj; iipw.iirit of ?,""> Oi;firiltions. By T.O'Connok Sloahk, 
 A.M., Hli.L).. Aiidior of "Tin: Ariiliiiiclic of Electricity," Si':. Crown 8vo, 
 Ctopp., 151 Illustration"', yt.tid. cliil . r?""' (uhlnhfcl. 
 
 •• riir work lilt m.iny .ilir.iillvr fraturr-. 1 
 
 11 .'•fill liiililic.itlmi. 1 hr aliiiwiil of tfr' uml 
 
 IimIck 4l>i)Mt ^..->" rrfrrriir^, .111 ^^ f..uml I 
 
 US ■ lin|>cclrii. I-. •'•'■' - .<^. 1,,.. .L.t' 
 
 tliorv arc other 1 ■ .il***i 
 
 groat (rniltt .iii'l . 
 
 lic.irtiH 
 
 ■■1..I h 
 
 ! t ont4tn% a l.trj^r .imoitnf of u • - hiHugtrtft. 
 
 '■ Ai "t ricctrtcal «irnce In lh« > tloiMry. 1 he Informalloa 
 
 fflvcn I'. Thn bonk It ocll prlnlol, «'-:. . 1 I well up to (Uie, anU majr 
 
 b« onh.l.-rMs t muyrw\r>\r—HuH.1rr. 
 
 • W.- h.iil the ,ip|>carance of this little work at one whii h will meet a want that liat liewi ko«nly 
 fell for tonio time. . . . The author it to he conKratuUled on Iha eicelleni aiannef la trbicb 
 he h.r. icoDinjilislied his ta»k. "—/'rar Ual Inniiitrt. 
 
 " The voluiiie \s excellenlly prinlad an>t i lusir.ifd, and thouM form part of the library of 
 everyone who U directly or indirectly connected with electrical tnaxXKn-'—llard-wart IrtUt 
 
 Electric Lighting of Shi/m. 
 
 ELECTRIC SUIl'.LlGlll ING : A Handbook on the Practical 
 Ftttint; and Ktinninc of Ship's Electrical Plant. For the Use of Shipownrrs 
 and Builders. Marine Electricians, and Sea-Roing Engineers-in-CharK''. By 
 J. W. Urqlhakt, C.E., Author of "Electric Light," Sec. With 88 Illustra- 
 tions. Crown 8vo, yi. 6il. cloth. 
 
 " The silijo' • of ship electric lufhtin^ is one of v.ist Importance In thev! da>t, and Mr Urqu- 
 li.irt is to lie highly coinplimcnted lor placint; such a valuable work at the service of the practical 
 lit.iriiic electricun." — 7'/if Sfeatmhif. 
 
 " Distinctly \ hook which of its kind stands .ihnost alone, and for which there should be a 
 demand. '—/jVfirrica/ Kri'ifw. 
 
 Electric lAghting. 
 
 THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHT- 
 ING. By Alan A. Campbell Svvinton, Associate I.E.E. Third Edition, 
 Enlarged and Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, u. td. cloth. 
 "Anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear expo*;ltton of the elementary principle's of 
 elc ;tfic liijh'.Utg cannot do t>etter than read this little work.' —BraJ/ord Obitrvtr. 
 
 Dt/nnmic Electricity. 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND 
 MAGS'ETISM. By Philip Atkinson, A.M.. Ph.D., Author of " Elemens 
 of Stitic Electricity," " The lUc-incnts of E'ectric Lighting," &c. &c. Crowa 
 8vo, 417 pp., with izo Illustrations, los. OU. cloth. 
 
 Electric Motors, cCr. 
 
 THE ELECTRIC TRANSFORMATION OF POWER and its 
 Application by the Electric Motor, includine Electric Railway Construction. 
 By P. Atkinson, A.M., PhD , Author of " The Elemen's of Elcctcic Light- 
 ing," &c. With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7s. bd. cloth. 
 
 Dynamo Con. struct ion. 
 
 HO W TO MA KE A D YNA MO : A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. 
 Containing numerous Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Construct- 
 ing a Small Dynamo, to Produce the Electric Light. By Alfred Crofts. 
 Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. 
 "The instruction.s jjiven In this unpretentious little book arc sufficiently clear and explicit to 
 
 enable ^ny amitcur mechanic possessed of average skill and the usual tools to be found in aa 
 
 amateur s workshop, to build a practical dynamo machine." — EUctrician. 
 
 Text Book of Electricity. 
 
 THE STUDENT'S TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. Bv 
 Henrv M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S. New Edition, carefully Revised With 
 Introduction and Additional Ch.ipters, by W. H. PstECE, M.I.C.E. 
 Crown Svo. i;.i. 6./. cloth. 
 
 Electricity. 
 
 A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY : Including Galvanism, Ma;, 
 -etism, DiJ-Magnetism, Elictro-Dyfuimics. By Henrt M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S. 
 
 Fourth EditioiM..'<;5). Svo, £1 4s. cloth.
 
 ARCHITECTURE. BUILDING, tie. 25 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, eto. 
 
 liuildiny Const rurtion. 
 
 PRACTICAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION : A Handbook 
 for Students Prepatina for Examinations, and a Book of Reference for 
 Persons Ere^aed in Building. Bv John 1'ARNEi.t. Allks, Surveyor, Lfc- 
 turer on Building Construction at ine Durham College of Scienct.-, Newcasile- 
 oa-Tyne. Medium Svo, 430 pages, with 1,000 Illustrations. 121. 6<^. cloth. 
 
 [Juit publiihtJ. 
 " Thii volume is one of the most complete exposiliont of buililint; consiruciiuii wa Kave v- • 
 
 It contaias all th.^t i^ nc>'css.ir>' to prepare student:, for the various exAntiaatiuu^ m t>uil !. .. 
 
 stTuction."— /?;<iAf/>.'..' JVmt. 
 
 ■■ The author il<;i)<;n'U nearly as much on his (Siatrrams as on his ly;.«. The pigr- 
 
 the hand of a man of experience in tMiilding operations —and the volume must be a bl'- 
 
 (uany teachers ,is well as to sludvuts."— //i^ Anhiitct. 
 
 " This volume promises to be the recognised handbook in all advanced clas4«s »here hu Iding 
 
 construction is t.iUKlit from a practical point of vie*. We stronifly coirmtrnd the bo^'k to 'he 
 
 notire »f all teachers of buiidmg construction."— 7>i A «iV-ii/ ll\<r:J. 
 
 " The work is sure to prove a formidable rival to gre-K an<l sni.i'l '■•■■ 
 
 fair to lake a permanent place as a favourite students' trit \yy\. 1 he i > 
 
 (ions (leverve particular mention for the j^reat ment they possess for purj l- 
 
 actly corresponding; to convenient scales. "— your. /iit:. bm. .ir,/i:s. 
 
 Cou Crete. 
 
 CONCRETE: ITS NATURE AND USES. A Book for 
 
 Architects, Buil 1< rs. Contract' >rs, and Clerks of Works By Ckoki-.e L. 
 
 Sb'TCLiKPK, A.K.l.B.A. 350 pages, with numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 
 
 75. 6i/. cloth. [J'"' fublisHeJ. 
 
 " The author trcits a difficult subject in a lucid nunner. The nunuol fills a Ion;;-fc't fap. It 
 hcarcful and exhaustive ; equally useful as a student s i^ide and a architect s boon, of reference. ' 
 — Journal e/ R,>)itl InHttM.ion of Brtliih .irchutdt. 
 
 " I'hcre 15 room for tnis new book, which will probably be for some time the standard work on 
 die subjfct for a buil'ler's pur|>osr. '—O/ut^-Lrw HeratJ. 
 
 " A thoroughly useful and comprehensive work."— JrifijA Arjiitccl. 
 
 Mechanics for Architects. 
 
 THE MECHANICS OF ARCHITECTURE : A Treatise on 
 Applied Mechanics, cspecLUly Ad.ip'ed to the Use of Architects. Bv E. W. 
 Takn, M.A., Author of "The Science of Building," &c. Second Edition, 
 Enlarged, lllust with 125 Diagrams. Cr. Hvo. 7s. f-ii. cloth, fjtnt {'u'>lithe'. 
 " The book is a very useful and li' ' ■ . ^ . - . . 
 
 vnAicient to enable a careful and p-i 
 
 Jority o( building problems. . . . ' 
 
 which is owin.: 1 . \iv.:i I., ar.;hite,t • 
 
 duced for thiii .'■ii/.A-r. 
 
 ■■ Til : 111 ■ vilume are really mechinlcs, and are harmoniously wrought In wHth 
 
 the di-itinciu ' inner proper to the subjsct. Tiie diagrams and type are commcnl- 
 
 ably clear "— . '; r. 
 
 The New Builder's Price Book, 1S04. 
 
 LOCKWOOD S BUILDERS PRICE BOOK FOR iSg.}. A 
 Comprehensive Huidbook of the Latest Prices and Data for Buiideis, 
 Architects, Engineers, and Contractors. Rt-comttucttJ, Ke-u>ritten, and 
 Greatly EnUrf;eJ. By Francis T. W. Millicr, 700 closely-printed pages, 
 crown 8vo, 43. cloth. 
 " This t>ook Is a very useful one, and should finri a place la every En^U^ office conne<:Ied with 
 
 the building and cnginecriiii^ professions."— /'/iy/<//n«. 
 •• An exceUeut Ci-ik o( rcfcrt-ntc. - ./r, <i,.v..-. 
 " In Its new and revised loriu inis f'nce HixiK is whit a work nf this k'nd should t>«— compr^ 
 
 hensive, reliable, well air.uigcd, Icioble. aiul xcll L juud.' —Brtinh ArxJttutt, 
 
 Desif/H in (/ Jin ildin gs. 
 
 TIIE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS : Heing Elementary Notes 
 on the Planning, Sanitation an<l (Jrnanientive Formation of Structures, based 
 on Modern Practice. lllust ated witri Nine Folding Plates. By W. Wood- 
 I.KV. Assistant Mister, Me;rop3ll!an Dtawin;j Classes, &c. Demy 8vo, 6i. 
 cloth. [juit pubhikt.i. 
 
 Sir ft'm. Chambers's Treatise on Civil Architecture. 
 
 THE DECORATIVE PART OE CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 
 By Sir William Ciiawdkrs. F.RS. With Portr.iit, Illustrations, Notes, and 
 an Examination of Grecian Architecture, by Joskpii Gwilt, F.S.A Revised 
 and Edited by W. U. Lbkos 66 Plates, 4(0, ]i>. clotb.
 
 26 CliOSUY LOCK WOOD A- SOS'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Villa Atrhitirtinr. 
 
 A HANDY HOOK OF VILLA ARCIIITFXTURE : P.dnr. <* 
 Strict of DfiiK'ts /"' I'tlla Rtiultnccl in vanout Styltt. V. ' 
 
 Spcciticatloiis aiut Kutimntes. tiy C. Wickkh, Architect, Au: 
 Si>ircs and Towers of EnKl<tnd," &c. 6i ("laics, 4to, £l til. 6<i. i.-> . 
 " Tim whnio nf Ihn (1rO|;n« hrnt ptMm'^^a of thpir bclnv tha wofli of an anUIK. uOOtccU a:^ 
 thay will prcitc v-ry voJuaMo ami WiiiifiUtv.—IluUdtHi Anvi. 
 
 Text- Hook for Architects, 
 
 THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE: Being a Text-Booh of Uieful 
 
 Information for Architects, Eiiginetrt, Survtyon, Contractort, CUrk\ of 
 M'orks, frc. f-c. By Fredkrick RooKRS, Archittci. Third Edition. Crown 
 Uvo, 3S. Cil. cloih. 
 
 "At II tc«t lionlc of Useful Informallon for »r^hll<!cl«, enifin««rr», tarrmyort, Ac, il would bl 
 h«rtl to find .1 li.iiiilirr ur mure com|.lctc lllllo volume."— i/i«»i</orrf. 
 
 Tat/lor (tnd Crrsy^H Rome. 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF ROME. By 
 the late G. L.Taylor, Esq., F.R.I. B.A., and Edward Crcsy, Em]. New 
 Kdition, thorouKhly Revised by the Rev. ALEXAsriER Tavlor, M.A. (i^^n of 
 the late G. L. Taylor, Esq.), Fellow ot Queen's ColJeEC, Oxford, and Chap- 
 lain of Gray's Inn. Larue folio, with 13c Plates, £3 31. half-bound, 
 " Taylor and Crc-y's work hn% Irnm Its hrst publication l>ecn ranked amonK tlioM profetslonAl 
 
 boou which cannot be bettered, '—./mVii/o.'. 
 
 jLinear Perspective. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE: The whole Course and 
 Operations of the Draughtsman in Drawing a Large House in Linear Per- 
 spective. Illustrated by 39 Folding Plates. By F. O. Ferci;so>«. Bvo, 
 
 3s. 6./. bo.irds. 
 
 •' It K the most inlcllit,'iHc of the trc.iti'ic'; on this ill trcatcJ subject tliat I baie m«t with. — 
 li. INOKI-.SS UliLL, liiij., in the A'./.A'.W. Journal. 
 
 Architectural Drawing. 
 
 PRACTICAL RULES ON DRAWING, for the Operative Builder 
 and Young Student in Architecture. By George Py.ne. With 14 Plates, 410, 
 7s. td. boards. 
 
 Vitruviiis' Architecture. 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURE of MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO. 
 Translated by Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A., F.R.A.S. -New Edition, Revised by 
 the Translator. With 23 Plates. Fcap, 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 Designing, Measuring, and Valuing, 
 
 THE STUDENT'S GUIDE to the PRACTICE of MEASUR- 
 ING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORK. Containing Directions for 
 taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into 
 Bill, with Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calcula- 
 tion of Areas and Solidities, Originally edited by Edward Dobson, Architect. 
 With Additions by E. Wyndham Tarn, M.A. Sixth Edition. With SPlates 
 and 63 Woodcuts. Crcwn Svo, 7s. 6d, cloth. 
 " This cilition will be found the most complete tieati5« on the principles <J meiiurici; acxS 
 valuing artificers' work thit has yet been published."— i>';,i.j«-.v .\ca.j. 
 
 Pocket Estimator and Technical Guide. 
 
 THE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER, AND 
 ESTIMATOR FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS. Containing Tech- 
 nical Directions for Measuring Work in all the Building Trades, Complete 
 Specitications for Houses, Roads, and Drains, and an easy Method of Estimat- 
 ing the parts cf a Building collectively. By .\. C. Beatos. Sixth Edit. 
 Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. leather,"gilt edges. 
 " No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be wT.hout his ' Beaton.' *— ^MiVjin^.VfWi, 
 
 Donaldson on Specifications. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS: or. Practical 
 Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder, in drawir.g up 
 Specitications and Contracts for Works and Constructions. Illustrated by 
 Precedents of Buildings actually executed by eminent Architects and En- 
 gineers. By Professor T. L. Donaldson, P.R.I. B. A., &.c. New Edition. 
 8vo. with upwards of i.ooo pages of Text, and 3^ Plates. £1 lis. &i. cloth. 
 " Vahiable as a record, and more valuable still as .\ book of precedents. . . . Suffice it to 
 s.iy that Uonaldsoa'i ' Handbook of Specifications must be bought bv all architects.' —£.<i^rr.
 
 ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. 27 
 
 Bartholomew and Rogers* Specifications. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 A Guide to the Architect, Ent;ineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With an liLioy 
 on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildiaijs. L'pon the Baiis of 11 • 
 Work by Alfred Bartholomew, thorousiily Revised, Corrected, and isreadv 
 added to by Frldlrick Rogers, Architect. Third Edition, RevUed, wito 
 Additions, Wiiti 11 •!■., r ^ I i i^irations. Medium 8vo, ly. cloth. 
 " The collection ' t " I by Mr. Rogers on the \>*iis of ZUnholoniew't work 
 
 Is too well known lu i. :i horn ut. It is one of ibn books witti oliKh every 
 
 young architect niui". , ..i./, 
 
 Cotistriiction. 
 
 THE SCIENCE OF BUILDING : An EUmentary Treatise on 
 the PrincipUi of Comtruction. By E. Wvsdham Tarn, M.A., Architect. 
 Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With S9 tnnravings. Fcap. bvo, 41. cl- 
 ■' A very valuable book, »hich we stroimly rcconniic:.J :u »J ^'.uJcuit. —i'uu'Jer. 
 
 House Bnilding and Jie])airing. 
 
 THE HOUSE-OWNERS ESTIMATOR ; or. What will it Cost 
 to Build, Alter, or Repair? A Price Book lor Unprofessional Peoi:f. :i°. 
 well as the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By James U. Siuoh. t.;.:'l 
 by Francis T. W. Miller, A.R.I.B..\. t'ouith Edition. Crown svo, ji. 6J. 
 ciotb. 
 " In two years It will repay Its cost a hnndred times ortt.'—f.t.'J. 
 
 Cottages and Villas, 
 
 COUNTRY AND SUBURBAN COTTAGES AND VILLAS: 
 }low to Pun and Build Them. Containing 33 Plates, with Introduction, 
 General Explanations, and Description of each Plate. By Jamks W. Boulb, 
 Architect, Author of " Domestic Architecture," &c. 410, 101. 6«f. cloth. 
 
 Building ; Civil and Ecclesiastical. 
 
 A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical, including 
 Church Restoration ; with the Theory of Doaics and the Great Pyramid, &c. 
 By Sir ED.Mb.so Beckett, Bart., LL.D.,F.R.A.S. Second Edition. Fcap. 
 bvo, 55. cloth. 
 •■ A t>oolc which Is always amuslnc and nearly always Instmctire."— 7"i»»«r/. 
 
 Sanitary Houses, etc. 
 
 THE SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS OF DWLLLiS'.. 
 
 HOUSES. By A. J. Wallis Taller, .A.-M. Inst. C.E. Ciown Svo, with 
 
 numerous Illustrations. Price about 35. doib. ^S'tArly rcuii\ . 
 
 Ventilation of Building.^, 
 
 VENTILATION. A Text Booh to the Practice 0/ the Art 0/ 
 Ventilating Buildings. By W. P. Buchan, R.P. i2mo, 4s. clotb. 
 ■• Contabis a Krc:it .iniomit of useful practical infumiation, as thoroughly Intcrestini; as it ik 
 teihnically reliable."— AVi.'u/t .IrJii.'d.!. 
 
 The Art of riunibing. 
 
 PLUMBING. A Text Beck to the Practice of the Art or Ctaft of 
 the Plumber. By William Pato.^ Bl'chan, R.P. Sixth Edition, Enlarged. 
 i2ino, 41. cloth. 
 
 "A text-book which ni.iy '. e safely put ;n '.I.c InnJs of every young plumber. — .'.;,i.u(r. 
 
 Geometry for the Architect, Engineer, etc. 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, f.r the Architect, Engineer, ard 
 Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of v.hk ■.» 
 Geometrical Lines, Figures and Curves. By E. W. 1 arn, M.A., Arch:f.c!. 
 Svo, 9]. cloth. 
 
 " No Ixxjk with the same obJcc!« In vie" has e^■er V«en putlUhed In which the clean>«u of th* 
 rules laid down ami the tllustratn c iliagrarns hate been so satisfactory."— ^(t<rj »<«>■. 
 
 Tlie Science of Geometry. 
 
 THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES: or. Problems Res.hed 
 6y the mere Detcrt(-l:on cf Circlet, and the use 0,1 Coloured Diagrams anj 
 Symbols, By Oliver Byr.se. Coloured Plates. Crown Svo, 31. 6tf. clotb.
 
 a8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S- SONS CATALOGUE. 
 
 CARPENTRY. TIMBER, etc. 
 
 Tre/lf/old'M Carj/entrf/, Jin i ted d: Enlarged by Tarn. 
 
 THE ELEMESJAhY IKl.'.CirLES OF CAKIESJhY. 
 
 A Treali*/! on lUt Vtr-witr »fid K--, .i ;b-. .ti of TiLt.'j^r Priii.int, tb« ReuM- 
 •nc« o( Tiir.b<-r, »nH ll.«r C',riM: .-• ,0 of J-. yv-i, Arct.r*. hri<l({e», Kooft. 
 UoitioK h n ^: ; ',•,:•- wiij, Ii.-i.^'r At Ti wh:i--b 11 id/Jed an Etiay 
 on the .'• • «•» o1 Ix-.T.'^r, 4"- , »::^, Orv.riMi'yct o< lb« kicd« 
 
 of Wo<-r'. a!''/ n :::.•■■'..% 1 *\j '» of the SrantLco o< Tim- 
 
 ber for -: ',-.. •' > 'j( i:a!»^u:«, ir BtTmomas 
 
 Trkdo ..t.^ %'. Va.'io-i» Koolt of Iroo 
 
 aad St i.iT rrv.vrrJ ar-d c/>ai><l«rablT 
 
 •niarc''': -r of "The Jx:i»-nc« o< Bsild- 
 
 Um.'' «c Willi C: i'-iu-. . .: AuUMT, aa/l tereral Woodcau. la 
 
 Ona Urce Vol., 410, pric« < 
 
 "OokM to b« la vnTy ■rclMr'' - v.ldaf'f aiMrr.'— '■tfii'r. 
 
 ** A vork wfaOM ■rin»»»iwil nccOrrv c m .-.t coanaaid k ■hr «i »i«r (klM oipaadT li c**' 
 n «r»> A Tka ■■ » ii i^» | i rt r i c l »4 «i ara ratkar coatfraad ttaa lavaaad br Mas. Tka aMHaMl 
 Vtew an of (MM iacriaaic TaW—^iitf^Ky Ar«»(. 
 
 Woodworking Machinery. 
 
 IVOODWOKKISG MACHL'.ERY : Its Rise, Progress, and 
 
 Con*truction. Witri H:nt^ or. lh< M4r.a?'-rr.»rf of Saw MiUaaad tbe Zcrrr^rr-- 
 cal Conver-jion of Ti-i-t/'.r. Iliistri:''. w:;h Esan][>l«* of Recent De«:. 
 I»?a'ling English. Fr'jr.'h, and Ar.-.Tr;' .'. Eni^ineert. By M. Powia r • • 
 A.M.Iast.C.E„ M.I.M.E. Second £d.u.a. RcvUed. witb Utkc Add.;.».... 
 Laree crown 8to, 4«o pp.. 91. cioth. (Jiot pmhk$ked. 
 
 " Mr. Bala b eridcntlr aa aspatt aa ika laftJacT sad he kaa eiaaanaJ » aaca HtfanHaaa *« 
 kt» book to aStoAaasc (or boddan and ockan cocacwl is dM coavanfas of o»bar.'— ^»i >Mi r. 
 "Tha a>o« coafxaheaaria coanaadhoB at arood-workaf anckiaaty *c ha*« aaa. Tta 
 •oihar 1* a tboraoKh aanar of Ma aJbiacL'—BMUdttit ,\n,t. 
 
 Saw Mills. 
 
 SA W MILLS : Their Arrangerient and Management, and the 
 
 Economical Conversion of Timber. (A Cocnpamton Volame to " Woodwork- 
 
 tDi; Machinery.") By M. Powis Balk. Crown 8to. lot. M. dotb. 
 
 ** The admtnutmtim <sf a bnre *Ba«ic aacaedAaaaac li 4baHMd. aad tta aiblael caaalBad 
 
 tfim a bntiy.Ul Kan/ipoir.:. H-r.? daa we, ifaa|>e. drier, and i lwym ii rtn a of aaw^aib aaa Um 
 
 l;k> m i;-.r.? w ■> \r. ie'-i... ir.i '.t,/: coane of the tanber ia traced Croaa iu l aKfAu a l« kf dtiivafy 
 
 in ni crjT.rcr.<i<i >u!?. We co Jd oM deure a Bora osaptete or prarriral taaaon.* — Mut(4rr. 
 
 Aicholson's Carpentry. 
 
 THE CA RPENTERS SEWG UIDE ; or, Book of Lines for Car- 
 penters; comprising all the Elemenurj Principles essential for •eqnirir.i a 
 knowledge of Carpentry. Founde'l ot: tne laie Pete« NicaoLSOx't Standard 
 Work. New Ed;tion. Revivsd bj A Ashpitel, F.S,A- \Mth Piact«al 
 Ro'.es on Drawio?, by G. Pma. With 74 Plates 4-0, £1 u. clotb. 
 
 Handrailing and Stairbuilding. 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE OS HASDRAILING : Showing 
 New and Simple Methods for Findinr th* Pitrb of the PLank, Drawini; th* 
 Moalds, Bevelling, JoiDting-op, anj ' ■; Wreath. By GeotoK 
 
 CoLLiMGS. Second Edition, Revise : A, to which is a<lded A 
 
 TsEATtsE ox Stajkbcildimg. I2mc. 1 iimp. 
 
 " WiO be fooad of oractlcai adan ki dw ezecnrv-.r '>r ■:. s itrr^tTiii branch d Julati i.'— Jhigari'. 
 
 •* AhMtt eracy JMnrir phaaa oTiMa n«iiiik» iatncata enKh cf Jaiai ia alKhlMad bf lh« 
 ad of piataa and ezpiaaatory lattinma '—fmrftHfrt CmMttti. 
 
 Circular Work. 
 
 CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY ASD JOINERY: A 
 
 Practical Treatise on Circtilar Work of Sinzle and Double Curvarnre. By 
 Ceorgk Collisics. With Diaerams. Second Edit. isno. 21. tJ. c'.otb Mm-;.. 
 " Aa ewcitmt a i a w p l e of mhjt a book of tbn ki.'.'i thouid tie. Cheap ta prtcc, cieai « je^at- 
 Mon aad practical lathe aaaaiplta ttkct ad.'— Jm.j'f '^. 
 
 Uandrfiiling. 
 
 HANDRAILING COMPLETE IN EIGHT LESSONS. On 
 ih'- S<iuare.Cat System. By J. S. Goldtmorp. Teacher of Geometry aad 
 B-iiiding Consirnction at the Halifax Mechanic's Institate. With Eijht 
 Flau-« and over ijo Practical Exercises. 410, 31. fd. cloth. 
 
 " l.-krtj to I* a' cMrkffcraMe value to ynat'^* tn^ ot-en •ho tafc« a nridc hi food vark. 
 Wc heartily ccHuaend a to lamrhan aad ttodeao."— 7'<«Vr TrmJtj Jtumal.
 
 CARPENTRY, TIMBER, $U. ig 
 
 Timber MerrlintiVn Companion. 
 
 ■J HE IlMbEK MERCHANTS AND BUILDER'S COM- 
 PANION. Containing New ant* Cojnou* TaLI..-. - d WeiKbl and 
 Meaturetne-nt of Dtals and liaiit-ns, of ail ii/»-- , a Tbotuand 
 PifcC«s, and th<- r<L.ii-.<- i'.'.^<- ir, .i <r.'ti i/<- i^' . Krxjt in mij 
 eivea Price ; ■ '-f 
 Square Tii •'•. 
 Value of D'.. .. . ^'i 
 ot 50 Feel; ii^e ie-<l.<-it u,l^. u^ per 
 Lineal Fool of any »i/e, to 'i-;. B» 
 
 V.'lI.I.IAU Ijo'AMN'^. l'.:,flii 1 • 0. M cl. 
 
 ^1 
 
 tta,(.a' .J :. ^, :-:,:■■.■:.■.■,... : .. ,;...' •■ '• - - / ir„.,, > - ^-, , ^ -,..-.. 
 
 I*ractical Timber Merchant. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL TIMI.ER MERCHAyJT. B'rinp a Huida 
 
 for Ihe Dse of 1; . t 
 
 cseful Table* for J 
 
 Wood, 1 • .-. rr, , r. 
 Ac. 1 
 
 ••Thlt I, 
 
 bdldcn. f< r - 
 
 Timber Freight Book. 
 
 THE TIMUER MERCHANTS. SAW MILLERS, AND 
 IMPORTERS FREIGHT HOOK AND ASSISTANT. Compriiing Rules, 
 
 Tabic-!, r.r.d M.-Tror-ri-i rc'.vir.? fT thr T:rnf-r Trr.df. By William 
 RiciiA' T ' I KEDS or Saw 
 
 MiLt. • ■ C</. cI. boardi. 
 
 •A »'r, -I tn^U. We r»- 
 
 comnim'1 It < I i ^. .-. i- » i^t^-^ttiv »-^ u.«j r .« r iu, and «« M ip pJy* 
 
 faif a real want m tiu: u&iie. — ituuatng .\fj.i. 
 
 Packing-Cane Makern, Tables for. 
 
 PACKING-CASE TABLES ; showing the number of Snper- 
 ficial Feel in Boxes or pAcking-Case*, from sii inches i<j;;are and apwardu. 
 By W. RiciiARDSoM, Timber Broker. Third Editioa. Ob.ong 4I0, >». 6>1. &>. 
 
 •' lavalual'lc Ulx/ur-va.m^ ti^,ir\,'~/renm^H^fr, 
 "Win UT« much Utx>ur uai cjur.S.u-.i'ja.'—Orttr, 
 
 Superficial Measurement. 
 
 THE TRADESMAN'S GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL ME A- 
 
 SL'RE.VENT. Tables calculated from i lo aoo ii:cbe« in leni^tb, by i 10 108 
 
 inch'-s in breadth. For ibe use of Architertt, Surveyors, Ennoeers, Tiiniier 
 
 Merchants, Builaers, &c By James Hawkjiios. Fooxth Edttioo. Fcap., 
 
 3i. dd. cloth. 
 
 " A UMfuI coOecHoa of tablet to fscOitate rapid L il e iJa tiw of s ar hc w, Tha exact ana of tay 
 
 toffaca of which th« ttmitt hare been aKprtauu-d can be la wil y dctcfaiaad. Tka book •<■ ba 
 
 (ouad of tha grealcal ntflitr to aO enKa^ed in » uUdinf qp watto os.'— 5 rt«'/ ««<w. 
 
 " TbcM tablet will be found of mat iiUttttxre (o ■■ »bo raqnifc to auke calculatioat la vpa** 
 Sdal aeMmuVDtat."—Bmf{iiM Ut(JutH4e, 
 
 Forestry, 
 
 THE ELI ' ' ^ " " 'rv. 
 
 formation r * 
 
 Profit, wit)] . . ii. 
 
 Timber Importer's fJtiifle. 
 
 THETIMUERIMI' > TIMBEh ' NT'S. AND 
 
 BUILDERS ST AS I).'.: ByRirc- r. C,;:;r.»- 
 
 ing an Analy«i< ot I)«-. I! ,-i.<- ..i.: ' • ••0 
 
 Values and Tabular A: 'C 
 
 and North American I t, 
 
 lT...;r..nr.- A- k^ T -:.d 
 
 ' !o a tiMiiall. moA 
 
 tht - ..... 1 uitc/- :. rn. ,: 'iTi^ Jrc."— itn^;u>
 
 30 CKOSIiY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 DECORATIVE ARTS, eto. 
 
 Wood!* and Marhten (Iniitafion of). 
 
 SCHOOL OF PAINTING I-OR Till-: IMITATION OF WOODS 
 ASU MACULES. ai T:iii;flit an<l l'i:irtis.(l by A. R. Van T,r.u livur. ancl p. 
 Van dkb IUro, DiiiTlors ol the Koltcr.lam PaiiiiiiiK In<itituiion. Royal folio, 
 ini by 12^ in., Illustrated with 34 luU-si/e Coloured Mates; alto 12 plain 
 Plates, cotupriiing 154 Figures. Second and Cheaper Edition. Price £1 iti.U. 
 
 Liito/r: ■•-■ 
 
 1. VirtoutTont* reqtilriMl for Wood Painting I .-any : SpcdmeiM 
 
 • 3. Walnut: I'reliininafy S|.>i>M of i,r»ininif .( Manlpulati'm 
 
 Snd I'inishr.l Sperlnico — 4 ' ' ' - ' '■■' . ■ ,- ■ i ,. ,.i -^ 
 
 Marble I'amtinaan'l .Mnili" ■ . . .., 
 
 S 6. St. Kcnil Marlilc: Kai I 
 
 1-inishc.l Sp.-riuirn-7. M. ■ 
 
 ditfcrcnt C.rains, Knuts, *(: — ■ i. Asu i re- ii [r ., 
 
 (iminar)- Staifps and iMnlshcd sjiccimcn — lo. and I :o 
 
 Methoilt of .Skctcliinu MarMc Ijraini— ii. ij. Mer M ' ;i 
 
 Drcchc- M.irlilc: rrL-liiiiin.ir>SI.ii{os of Workiiuf ol %V 
 
 and 1-ini.licd .Spec imcn— 13. Miplg: Mctliodi i: • 
 
 of Producing tUi-ditrcri.-ntC.r.nif.'.— 14. 15. Birds- 1 
 
 eye Maple; Prelimin.iry St.is""i an 1 Finished I 
 
 Specimnn— 16. Methods of Sket.hiiig the dif- y^ '. 
 
 fc-rent Spc ii.-s of White M.irblc— 17. i3. White finished *aJ i iniihed a^e-ui. 
 
 Marble: Preliminary Staifcs of Process and I 
 
 •' Those who desire to attain skill in the .irt of paintinj woods and irarVIes ■> ^t 
 
 In consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give tiicu j^^., uico 
 Ihe opportunity to study It." — BuHder. 
 
 •• A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the procesies, the sanlpuladon and 
 nanagcnient of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to tha 
 student who aims at making his work a {aithful transcript of nature."— ^mWi'i^ ft'ewi, 
 
 irall Pff2>€i'. 
 
 WALL PAPER DECORATION. By Arthur Seymour 
 Jr.NNiNCS, Author of " Practical Paper Hanging." With numerous Illustra- 
 tions. Demy Svo. [In prepatatwn. 
 
 JSouse Decoration. 
 
 ELEMENTARY DECORATION. A Guide to the Simpler 
 
 Formsof Everyday Art. Together with PRACTICAL HOLSE DECORA 
 TIOX. By Tames W. Facev. With numerous Illustrations. In One Vol., 
 5$. strongly naif- bound. 
 
 House Painting, Graining, etc. 
 
 HOUSE FAINTING. GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIGN 
 H'/^/r/iVG, A Practical Manual of. By Ellis A. Davidson. Sixth Edition. 
 With Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings, israo, 6s. clo;h boards. 
 " A mass of infomiation, ol use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." — Bn-Hth 
 
 Decorators, Iiecei2>fs for. 
 
 THE DECORATOR'S ASSISTANT: A Modern Guide to De- 
 corative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, Gilders, &c. Containing 
 upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules and Instructions ; with a variety of Informa- 
 tion for General Work connected with every Class of Interior and Exterior 
 Decorations, &c. Filth Edition, Revised. 152 pp., crown Svo, is. in wrapper. 
 " Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders. &c. The hook contains the gbt of 
 
 larger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be ditEcult to meet with a work 10 full 
 
 of varied information on the painter s art,"— £14 lVJ:■^;x''.^'nfJ. 
 
 Moj/r Smith on Inferior Decoration. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS. ANCIENT AND MODERN. 
 By J. MovR Smith. Super-royal Svo, with 32 full-page Plates and numerous 
 smaller Illustrations, handsomely bound in cloth, gilt top, price iSs. 
 " The book Is well illustrated and hindsomely jjot up, and contains some true criticism and a 
 ' good many good examples of decorative treatnien:. — 7"*^ SuiLier.
 
 DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. 31 
 
 BritisJi and Foreign Marbles, 
 
 MARBLE DECORATION and the Terminolc^ of British and 
 Forex^n Marblt%. A Handbook for Students. By Georck H. Blagrovk, 
 Author of " Shoring and its Application," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown 
 6vo, 3s. td. cloth. 
 
 " This mo5t useful anrl much wanted handbook should be Us the honch c/ erery architect and 
 builder." — UuHditi^ ll\^rij. 
 
 " A circfuDy aiul usefully written treatise ; the work b eueutiallir practical."— 5<»//nMn. 
 
 Marble Working, etc. 
 
 MARBLE AND MARBLE WORKERS: A Handbook for 
 
 Architects, Artists, Masons, and Studtnis. By Artiilr Lkk, Author of " A 
 Visit to Carrara," " The Working of Marble,"' ic. Small crown Hvo, zi. clotb. 
 " A really raluaUe addition to tlie technical literature of architects and masooa."— Ami/'^wV 
 AVu/r. 
 
 DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS. 
 
 A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION, for the Use 0/ 
 Btgi'iners : with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Praciical Directions for 
 lib Exercise, and Examples taken Irofn Illiiniinated MSS., printed in Gold and 
 Colours. By F. Delamottb. New and Cheaper Edition. Siuail 4I0, 61. orna- 
 mental boards. 
 "The examples cf ancient MSS. recommended to the student, whiciv, with much rood (ent^ 
 
 the authnr chooses from coUcctioiu a,:c<uuLle to jiX, arc scicclcJ with |ud|{u;cut and kuuaktlKO, 
 
 a4 well as taste." — Athtnaittn. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, Ancient and Medical, from the 
 Eighth Century, vith Suinerals; including Gothic, Church-Text, large and 
 small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illumination, Monograms, 
 Crosses, &c. &c., for the use of Architectural and Enk'incering Uratit;htsmcD, 
 Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative P.iinters, I.ithoi;r.iplicis, Eimravers, 
 Carvers, &c. &c. Collected and Engr.ived by F Dki.amotte, and printed io 
 Colours. New and Cheaper EditioD. Koyal bvo, oblong, as. &i. oruamental 
 boards. 
 " For those who Insert enamelled sentences round (ftlded chalice*, whoblaznn ihoplejmds ore* 
 
 sliop-doors, w|}0 letter church walls willi piiliy sentences (ruiu the Uccaloifue, this book will t>c iu«- 
 
 tul. ' — AtktHjum. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF MODERN ALPHABETS, Plain and Ornamental; 
 including German, Old Enulish, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, 
 Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque; 
 with several Original Designs, and an Analysis ot the Roman and Old English 
 Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use ol Draughtcmen, Sur- 
 veyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithot;raphers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. 
 Collected and Engraved by F. Delamottk, and printed in Colours, New 
 and Cheaper Edition, Royal Svo, oblong, is. 6.'. ornamental boards. 
 "There Is comprised in It erer>' possll'le shape into which the letters ol the alphabet and 
 
 niimeraU can be foinieil. and the t.ilent whi^h h-is I'cen eapended In tti« conception ol the vanoua 
 
 (>l.i:n and urnaiiieatal letters Is wonderful. ' — SlaiuiarJ. 
 
 MEDIEVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS FOR ILLUMI- 
 NATORS. By F. G. Delamotte. Containing it Pl.itfs and Illuniinalcd 
 Title, printed in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by I. Willis 
 Brooks. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Small 410, 4). ornamental boards. 
 " A volume In which the letters nfthe al:^hat>et come forth clarified In Kildin<( and all the coloun 
 
 of the prism interwoven and intcrtomed and intcnnin,{lcj. — .iu«. 
 
 THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OP DESIGN. Containing 
 Initials, Emblems, Cyphers, Monotaams, Ornamental Borders, Ecclesiastical 
 Devices, Mediajval and Modern Alphabets, and National Emblems. Col- 
 lected by F. Delamotte, and printed in Colours. Oblong royal Svo, is. 64. 
 ornamental wrapper. 
 "The book will be of gmt assistance to ladles and voang children who are endowed with the 
 
 .in of plytn^; the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty moik.—bajt An^lmn Jutti. 
 
 Wood Carving. 
 
 ISSTRUCnONS IN WOOD-CARVING, for Amateurs: with 
 Hints on Design. By A Ladv. With Ten Plates. New and Cheaper Edition. 
 Crown Svo, ^s. in emblematic wrapper. 
 
 " The handicraft of the wood-carver, so weU as a book can Impart It, n»r be learnt ffon ' A 
 f.»dy\' puiihcation. '— WMfmrxw".
 
 32 CROSFiY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. 
 
 'l/ic ll/n rrns aiut tfirir Orhjin, 
 
 THE VlSlliLE UNIVI-.KSE : "Cliaplers on the Origin and 
 
 Conitnicllon of the McMvi-ns. Hy I. E. Cork. F.K.A.S., A'llhor of " Sur 
 
 Groii|<s," SiC. IlluiMratcd by C btclfar I'hotoi;rapht and la PUict. Demy 
 
 Hvo, i6s. clo(h, K<lt top. 
 
 " A valu.tlilc .iii>l liii I'l ■.iiiiiinirv "f rrcrnt .iitrnnnmical theory, mi(ter»<l moie vaJuabU and 
 ■llr.ictlvx \>y .1 •••■nr . .i( ■:■ ;. <t i.l,..t...-r n.l. . ,,■, ; .'I,, r il.M .T.,!!'.!.-. — 1 Ht Ttmti. 
 
 "Inprrsri.t •- of our ktuiwlcdgc, Mr. Cor* 
 
 hat in.Kle a v.i: '/. 
 
 •• Onr of II, 'ly sfT'""' '" "" 'a»'(ru»(t«. 
 
 In (plrlt anil I •■'- <■•■■< ■'•m.mo 
 
 th.it It will Iw ■. «» K» 
 
 thosn wh<» <lr\ ■ ■ 
 
 ••A« Inter.- ■ -.fnahy 
 
 ttrll.ir pliotOKr.iiiii . L!. I ■ il.' c li.i. .ir.i. .; A m . .; v.ilu iMc Irovic.' - .i/om. /i^ ..Vr i aa>«<«/r. 
 
 The Constellations, 
 
 STAR GROUPS: A StudcnVs Guide to the ConstelUtions. By 
 
 J. Hllard Gork.I'.R.A.S.. M. R.I, A. , &c., Author of " The Visible L'r,iver«e," 
 " The Scenery of the Heaven!?." With 30 Maps. Small 4to. 55. clt.lh «ilv#-r<-H. 
 ^ '• A knowlcdne of the prinii|),il • " ; il.lc m our Utitu'l'-s m.%y U: ' 
 
 from the thirty maps ami accompari) i I in this vi<tV.."—.\alurt 
 
 •' The vohinic contains tliirty niij "f tlic sixth ina(fnitu(le— the . 
 
 liinit -and each is .accompanied I'y a ir . . rl q f I \ ■ i ,■ a\- .■.:•■ t- ■ . 
 
 tonoticcobjcctsof special interest. Hor iln^ ; ';ri ■. 
 
 of the heavens, nothing could be better than a set 1.1 I'-urc 
 
 Inches in area, and including nothinj^ that cannot at ^ ,. 
 
 " A vcrj' comp.act and handy t,'uide to the constc... — .. 
 
 Astronomical Terms. 
 
 AN ASTRONOMICAL GLOSSARY: or. Dictioniry of Terms 
 used in Astronomy. With Tables of Data and Lists of Remarkable and 
 Interesting Celestial Objects. By J. Ellard Gore, F.R.A.S., Auihor of 
 " The Visible I'niverse," &c. Small crown 8vo, as 6i. cloth. 
 '• A very useful little work for beginners in a^tronolny, ard not to be despised by more ad- 
 vanced students."— 7 Vi^ 1 iitus. 
 
 " A very h.andy book. . . , the utility of which is much increased by its valuable tables i.f 
 stronomtc.al data." — The Athenirum. 
 
 " .Vstronomers of all kinds will be glad to have it for Tc[<:Tencc,"—Citan{iaii. 
 
 The Microscope. 
 
 THE MICROSCOPE : Its Construction and Management, in- 
 cluding Technique, Photo-micrograpby, and the Past and Future of the 
 Microscope. By Dr. Henri van Heikck, Director of the Antwerp Bonn- 
 uical Gardens. English Edition, Re-Edited and Augmented by the Author 
 from the Fourth French Edition, and Translated by Wynne E. Baxter, 
 F.R.M.S., F.G.S., &c. About 4C0 pages, with Three Plates and upwards ol 
 250 Woodcuts. Imp. 8vo, i8s. cloth gilt. 
 
 " A translation of a well known work, at once popular and comprehensive. '— 7"i>»«<rx. 
 
 " The tranilation is as felicitious a^ it is accurate." — .Va'ttr^. 
 
 Astronomi/. 
 
 ASTRONOMY. By the late Rev. Robert Main, M.A., F.R S. 
 Third Edition, Revised, by Wm. Thynne Lynn, B.A., F.R.A.S., for.^lcrly 
 of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. lamo, 2S. cloth limp. 
 " A sound and simple treatise, and a capital book for be^nners."— KncrtvUd^: 
 • Accurately brought down to the requirements of the presem time," — Eiiucct'.CKal Timrs, 
 
 Recent and Fossil Shells. 
 
 A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSC A : Being a Treatise on Recent 
 and Fossil Slu-tls. By S. P. Woodward, A.L.S., F.G.S., late Assistant 
 Palaeontologist in the British Museum. W'ith an Appendix on Rtcent and 
 Fossil Concholo<^ical Discoveries, by Ralph Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S. Illustrated 
 by A. N, Waterhouse and Ioseph Wilson Lowry. With 23 Places and 
 upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Reprint of Fourth Ed., iSSo. Cr. Svo, 7s. i>d. cl. 
 " A most valuable storehouse of concholojpcal and geological \DSoitsUiUoa."—Scunct Ociii^. 
 
 Geology and Genesis. 
 
 THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION; or, Geology and 
 Genesis: their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Concord. By Georcb W, 
 Victor le Vaux. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 " A valuable contribution to the evidences of Revelation, and disposes verv crncluslvely of the 
 arguments of those who would set God's Works against God s Word. No real diaiculty is shirked 
 and 110 sophistry is left unexposed. '—7"A* Rod.
 
 NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. 33 
 
 DR. LARDNER'S COURSE OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. Enlarged and almost Re- 
 written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S. With 378 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 
 
 6s. cloth. 
 
 "The perspicuity of the original has been retained, and chapters which had become obsolete 
 have been replaced by others of more modem character. The explanations throughout are 
 studiously popular, and care has been taken to show the application of the various branches ol 
 physics to the industrial arts, and to the practical business of life." —Mining- Journal. 
 
 "Mr. Loewy has carefully revised the book, and brought it up to modem requirements."— 
 Nature. 
 
 " Natural philosophy has had few exponents more able or better skilled In the art of popa> 
 ■arising the subject than Dr. Lardner ; and Mr. Loewy is doing good service in fitting this treatise, 
 and the others of the series, for use at the present time." — Scotsman. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS AND PNEUMATICS. 
 New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S. With 
 
 236 Illustrations. Post Svo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 "For those 'who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science without the pro- 
 found methods of mathematical investigation,' this work is not merely intended, but well adapted." 
 —Chemual News. 
 
 " The volume before us has been carefully edited, augmented to nearly twice the bulk of the 
 former edition, and all the most recent matter has been added. . . . It is a valuable text-book. " 
 '—Natiire. 
 
 " Candidates for pass examinations will find it, we think, specially suited to their requirements. 
 —English .Mechanic. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF HEAT. Edited and almost entirely Re- 
 written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S., &c. 117 Illusts. Post Svo, 6s cloth. 
 
 "The style is always clear and precise, and conveys Instruction without leaving any cloudiness 
 or lurking doubts behind." — Engineering. 
 
 "A most exhaustive book on the subject on which it treats, and is so arranged that It can be 
 
 understood by all who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science Mr. 
 
 Loewy has included all the latest discoveries in the varied laws and effects oC he^t.'—Staruiarii. 
 
 "A complete and handy textbook for the use of students and general readers."— £«^/ijA 
 Mechanic. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF OPTICS. ByDiONYSius Lardner.D.C.L , 
 
 formerly Professor 01 Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University 
 College, London. New Edition. Edited by T. Olver Harding, B. A. Lond., 
 of University College, London. With 298 Illustrations. Small Svo, 448 
 pages, ss. cloth. 
 
 "Written by one of the ablest English scientific writers, beautifiilly and elaborately Illustrated." 
 m-AIechanicf s Magaziju. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, AND 
 /4COC7Sr/CS. By Dr. Lardner. Ninth Thousand, Edit, by George Carey 
 Foster, B. A., F.C.S, With 400 Illustrations. Small Svo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 "The book could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated topreserve the terse and 
 ludd^style of Lardner, while correcting his errors and bringing up his work to the present state of 
 scientific knowledge." — Popular Science Re-cie-w. 
 
 THE HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY. Forming a Companion 
 to the " Handbook of Natural Philosophy.'' By Dionysius Lardner, D.C.L,, 
 formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University 
 College, London. Fourth Edition, Revised and Edited by Edwin Dunkin, 
 F.R.A.S., Royal Observatory, Greenwich. With 38 Plates and upwards of 
 100 Woodcuts. In One Vol., small Svo, 550 pages, gs. 6d. cloth. 
 " Probably no other book contains the same amount of information in so compendious and weD- 
 ananged a form — certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the public." — Athtnceum. 
 
 " We can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy, and » e 
 strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general — but at the same time correct — acquaint- 
 ance with this subUme science."— Quarterly Joicrnal of Science, 
 
 "One of the most desenedly popular books on the subject . . . We would recommend not 
 only the student of the elementary principles of the science, but he who aims at mastering the 
 higher and mathematical branches of astronomy, not to be without this work beside \um:'— Practi- 
 cal Magazine. 
 
 Qeology. 
 
 RUDIMENTARY TREATISE ON GEOLOGY, PHYSICAL 
 
 AND HISTORICAL. Consisting of "Physical Geology," which sets forth 
 the leading Principles of the Science ; and " Historical Geology," which 
 treats of the Mineral and Organic Conditions of the Earth at each successive 
 epoch, especial reference being made to the British Series of Rocks. By 
 Ralph Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S., &c. With 250 Illustrations. i2mo, 5s cl. bds 
 " The fiilness of the matter has elevated the book into a manual. Its Information Is exhaustive 
 and well arranged," — School Board Chronicle.
 
 34 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUB. 
 
 DR. LARDNERS MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. 
 
 THE MUSEUM OF SCIESCE AND ART. Edited by 
 
 DioNVhiuh I.AKiiNK.ii. V) C .\ foiiM-rt) I'loicttor of N^tiural Philotophjr and 
 Abltnuoiiiy iiiUiii.' With upWrfrdt of 1,100 EnKriv- 
 
 hiK* on Wood. 1 1. Ill ■* new and elcKaoi clotbbibd* 
 
 itiK ' or liitDdioiiit'i) ;i. ,11.6'. 
 
 •«* OriNioNS or the PRCitt. 
 
 "Thl« irrlri. h<-..t.1r-. .\tf..t,\\..^ \"\ '.I.ir Vu; -.r.^ir 1 ir -rr;-r>-.r. rn \r1rrjHlr nj«-)»etl, *<tb wbtc* 
 
 ^•and co p laa of 
 
 rcfot 
 
 ,111,1 n: . . '..tbirfl 
 
 Ji«i.|...i :,i,,,rnt. /I'.i/i 
 
 "Ailicaii «ii(l intric\tlii|r |iuMic;itlon, anke InfornilnK (nd attractlr*. Th« papan comMM 
 lubjecu of iiiii'cittiiiiic aiiit g1c.1i tcienlibc knowicUKO, coniidcnbia liuluctiv* powan, aod • 
 popular style of trcaliiicni."— .!>/r</ii/i>r. 
 
 '*Tlic ' Museum of Sclctue and Art' Is the mrnt Tfthui>>l« contribution tha* has war tiaaa 
 made to the Scientific Iiutructlon ol every cUu of tocicty. "— Sir UAVIb BKKWbTBJl. la tlM 
 North British Kcvirtu. 
 
 "Whether we consider the liberality and beauty of the niuitratlorui, the charm of tha m l tlu g , 
 <<r the durable intrrcst of the matter, we must eiprevs our t>cllef that there U hardiv to ba foapd 
 .-xmone the new books one that would be welcomed by people of 10 many age* aoo claaaa aa a 
 v..luabie present." — hxamintr. 
 
 *,* Separate books formed from the above, iuitable /or Workmen' t Libraritt, 
 Science Classes, etc. 
 
 Common Things Erplaiufd. Containinc; Air, Earth, Fire. Water, Time, 
 Man, the Eye, Locoiiiotion, Colour, Clocks and Watches, Sec. 233 Illot- 
 traiions, cloth gilt, 5s. 
 
 T/ie SHcroHCope. Containing Optical Images, Maenifyine Glasses, Origin 
 and Description of the Microscope. Microscopic Objects, the Solar Micro 
 scope, Microscopic Drawing and Engraving, &c 147 Illustrations, clotb 
 gilt, 25. 
 
 Popular Qeoloffff. Containing Earthquakes and Volcanoes, the Cmst of 
 the Earth, &c. 201 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2j. 6ii. 
 
 Popular Phi/sicB. ContaininK Magnitude and Minuteness, the Atmo- 
 sphere, Meteoric Stones, Popular Fallacies, Weather Prognostics, the 
 Theriiioiueter, the Barometer, Sound, &c. 65 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2s.6d. 
 
 8tfnin and its Usea. Including the Steam Engine, the Locomotive, and 
 Steaui Navigation. 8g Illustrations, cloth gilt, u. 
 
 Popular Astronomy, Containing How to observe the Heavens — TTio 
 Earth, Sun, Moon, Planets, Light, Comets, Eclipses, Astronomical Icflo- 
 ences, &c. 182 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 45. dd. 
 
 T/ie Itee and White Ants: Their Manners and Habits. With Illustra- 
 tions of Animal Instinct and Intelligence. 135 Illustrations, cloth gilt, is. 
 
 The Electric Telegraph Popularized. To render intelligible to all who 
 can Read, irrespective of any previous Scientific Acquirements, tbevariotu 
 forms of Telegraphy in Actual Operation. 100 Illustraiioas, cloth gilt, 
 iJ.M, 
 
 Dr. Lardner's School Handbooks, 
 
 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardnbr, 
 328 Illustrations. Sixth Edition. One Vol., 3s. 6J. cloth. 
 
 " A very convenient class-book for Junior students in private schools. It is Intended to convey 
 in clear and precise terms, general DoCions of all the principal divisioos of Pb)'sical Science. "— 
 British Quarttrly Rnirw. 
 
 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardnbr. 
 With 190 Illustrations. Second Edition. One Vol., 3s. W. cloth. 
 
 "Clearly written, well arranged, and excellently Uluitrated. "^^^ni^n/r .< Citrcnii^ 
 
 Lardner and Bright on the Electric Telegraph. 
 
 THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. By Dr. Lardner. Re- 
 vised and Re-written by E. B. Bright, F.R.A.S 140 Illustrations. Small 
 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. 
 " One of the muit readable books extant on the Electric Telegraph. "—£>v.°l>A .VteJkMHic
 
 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, etc. 35 
 CHEMICAL MA NUFACTURES , CHEMISTRY. 
 
 Cheniistrti for Engineers, etc, 
 
 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY : A Practical Treatise for the 
 Use of Analytical Chemists, Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, 
 Students, and others. Comprising Methods of Analysis and Valuation of the 
 Principal Materials used in Engineering Work, with numerous Analyses, 
 Examples, and Suggestions. By H. Joshua Phillips, F.I.C, F.C.S. 
 formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. 
 Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with Illustra- 
 tions, los. M. cloth. [Just published. 
 " In this work the author has rendered no small service to a nutnerous body of practical men. 
 . . . The analytical methods may be pronounced most satisfactory, being as accurate as the 
 despatch required of engineering chemists permits."— Chemiiai News. 
 
 " Those in search of a handy treatise on the subject of analytical chemistrj- as applied to the 
 everj'-day requirements of workshop practice will find this volume of great assistance.' — Iron. 
 
 " The first attempt to bring forward a Chemistry specially written for the use of engineers, 
 and we have no hesitation whatever in saymg that it should at once be in the possession of every 
 ■railway engineer. " — The Railiuay En^inar. 
 
 " The book mil be very useful to those who require a handy and concise rtsutru of approved 
 methods of analysing and valuing metals, oils, (iiels, &c. It is,. in fact, a work for chemists, a guide 
 ■to the routine of the engineering laboratory. . , . The book is full of good things, as a hand- 
 book of technical analysis, it Is very welcome." — Biiilder. 
 
 " Considering the extensive ground which such a subject as Engineering Chemistry covers, 
 the work is complete, and recommends itself to both the practising analyist and the analytical 
 student." — Chemical Trade J.^-.n-nal. 
 
 "The analytical methods given are. as a whole, such as are likely to give rapid and trust- 
 •worthy results in experienced hands. There is much excellent descriptive matter in the work, the 
 chapter on ' UUs and Lubrication ' being specially noticeable in this respect." — Engineer. 
 
 Alkali Trade, Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, etc. 
 
 A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the 
 Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching Powder. 
 By John Lomas, Alkali Manu'a::tarer, Newcistle-upon-Tyne and London. 
 With 233 Illustrations and Working Drawings, and containing 390 pages ot 
 Text. Second Edition, wi:h Alditions. Supir-royal 8vo, £1 los. cloth. 
 "This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working details of the most 
 approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are accompanied by no less than 23a wood en- 
 gravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction. Every step in the manu- 
 facture is very fully described in this manual, and each improvement explained. "—^.Vr^>i^«/«. 
 
 '■ We find not merely a sound and luminous explanation of the chemical principles of the trade, 
 but a notice of numerous matters which have a most important bearing on the successful conduct 
 of alkali works, but which are generally overlooked by even experienced technological authors. " — 
 CJunii^al Re^jie~u;. 
 
 The Bloivpipe. 
 
 THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND 
 GEOLOGY. Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many 
 Working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut. - 
 Colonel W. A. Ross, R.A., F.G.S. With 120 Illustrations. Second Edition, 
 Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 
 "The student who goes through the course ot experimentation here laid down will gain 
 a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had 'got up' any of the best 
 text-books, and passed any number of examinations in their coMe.niS."—C>temical News. 
 
 Cotninercial Chemical Analysis. 
 
 THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANA- 
 LYSIS; or, Practical Instructions for the determination of the Intrinsic or 
 Commercial Value of Substances used in Manufactures, in Trades, and in 
 the Arts. By A. Normandy, Editor of Rose's "Treatise on Chemical 
 Analysis " New Edition, to a great extent Re-written by Henry M. Noad, 
 Ph.D., F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Cro%vn 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. 
 " We strongly recommend this book to our readers as a guide, alike indispensable to the 
 
 ■housewife as to the pharmaceutical practitioner." — .Medu:al Times. 
 
 '• Essential to the analysts appointed imder the new Act. The most recent results aiegiveii 
 
 and the work is well edited and carefiilly written." — Nature, 
 
 Dye- Wares and Colours. 
 
 THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE-WARES : Their 
 Properties, Applications, Valuations, Impurities, and Sophistications. Fortfcf 
 use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. Slater. Second 
 Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. cloth. 
 " A complete encyclopaedia of the materia tinctoria. The information given respecting eac^ 
 
 article is full and precise, and the methods of determining the value of articles such as these, so 
 
 liable to sophistication, are given ¥rith clearness, and are practical as well as valuable. "—CAirwr/i/ 
 
 and Druf^ist. 
 
 " There is no other work which covers precisely the same ground. To students preparing 
 
 for examinations in dyeing and printing it will prove exceedingly useful." — Chemical Xe^m.
 
 36 CROSBY LOCK WOOD <^ SOS'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Modern, lirewinf/ anil Maltiitfj. 
 
 A 11 ANDY HOOK l-Oli HUEWEUS : DcinK a Practical Guide 
 to tlin An of KicwitiK i>ri<l M»ltli<t{- Kiiibr.icInK il>c Concliitioni of Modern 
 Kcncarc li wliicli b<Mr iijioti ihr I'rartlce of ltrewlnt{. Uy Hkmbkkt EowAlit>» 
 Wkk.iit, M.A , Aiitlior ol " A Handbook for YounK Broweri." Crown 8vo, 
 
 sv'i'P., ■.-■ r,./. ,1 .(!,, 
 
 t«>Vt«, . ir, ,4 
 
 grcal ■ . / '. 
 
 tayliu; •.••«t if not ilio l<m t 
 
 boerfii. -I It -.h..-il'l hivr- , ,, 
 
 - Th, 
 
 •• A 
 
 an-hn 1 
 trusts 
 
 Analf/MiH iintl f'aliintion of FuelH, 
 
 FUELS: SOLID, LIQUID, AND G.45EOC/S, Their Analysis 
 and Valuation. For tho Use of Cbeiiiistsand EnKincf-rs. Hy H. J. Phillips. 
 F.C.S., lornifrly Analytical and Consulting Cliciiiist to the Grr:at Easttri> 
 Railway, Second Kdiliun, Revised and linlarged. Crown 8vo, 5J. cloth. 
 
 " Ought to h»vc its pUce in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment, and wber«Tsy 
 fuel Is usctl on a large icale."— CA<mi<a/ A'rU'S. 
 
 " Cannot r.iil to be of wiJe Interest, especially at the present tima."— Katlway Ai'nvi. 
 
 Fignienta. 
 
 THE ARTIST'S MANUAL OF PIGMENTS. Showing 
 their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non-Permanency, and AdaiU 
 terations; Eflects in Combmation with Each Other and with Vehicles , and 
 the most Reliable Tests of Purity Together with the Science and Art 
 Departnu iit's Examination Oueslions on Painting. By H. C. Stamdaoe. 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo, w. 6d. cloth. 
 
 •'This work is indeed 'nttttutn-in-farn'o, and we can. with good conscience, recommend It to 
 •11 who come in contact with pigments whether .is malcers, dealers or users." — Chimual Rrvirm. 
 
 Oaugiiiff. Tables and Rules for Revenue Officers, 
 
 Hretrcrs, etc, 
 
 A POCKET BOOK OF MENSURATION AND GAUGING : 
 Containing Tables, Rules and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers, 
 Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. Manx (Inland Revenue). Second Edition, 
 Revised. i8mo, 4s. leather. 
 " This handy and useful book is adapted to the requirements of the Inland Rerenue Depart- 
 ment, and will l>e a favourite book of reference. The range of subjects is comprehensive, and the 
 arrangement simple and clear." — CrvUian. 
 
 " Should be in the hands of erery practical brewer."— ^rrwrrr* yournaL 
 
 INDUSTRIAL ARTS, TRADES, AND MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Cotton Spiiniiiif/, 
 
 COTTON MANUFACTURE : A Practical Manual. Embrac 
 ing the various operations of Cotton Manufacture, Dyeing, &c. For the Use 
 of Operatives, Overlookers, and Manufacturers. By John Listkr, Technical 
 Instructor, Pendleton. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo, -$. 6./. 
 cloth. [Just publisheii. 
 
 JFlour Manufacture, Milling, etc. 
 
 FLOUR MANUFACTURE: A Treatise on Milling Science 
 and Practice. Bv Friedrich Kick, Imperial Regierungsratb, Professor of 
 Mechanical Tecnnology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, 
 Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition with 
 Supplement. By H. H. P. Powlrs, Assoc. Memb. Institution of Civil Engi- 
 neers. Nearly 400 pp. Illustrated with 2b Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. 
 Royal 8vo, 25J. cloth. 
 " This valuable work i^, and will remain, the st.indard authority on the science of milling. . 
 The miller who h-is read and digested this work will have l.iid the foundation, so to speakToT a suc- 
 cessful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principV^ whih he can proceed to 
 apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text' : : . milhng in good, 
 
 sound English, which has little, if any, trace of the German idiom. - 
 
 '* The appearance of this celebrated work in Eni^lish is very : British miller* 
 
 will, we are sure, not be slow in availing themselves of its pages."— .'. v.
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. ^7 
 
 Agqlutinant s. 
 
 CEMENTS, PASTES, GLUES AND GUMS: A Practical 
 Guide to the Manufacture and Application of the various Agglutinants re- 
 quired in the Building, Metal-Working, Wood-Working and Leather-Work- 
 ing Trades, and for Workshop, Laboratory or Office Use. With upwards of 
 goo Recipes and Formulae. By H. C. Standage, Chemist. Crown 8vo, 
 2s. 6d, cloth. [jfust published. 
 
 " We have pleasure in speaking favourably of this volume. So far as we have had experience, 
 
 which is not inconsiderable, this manual is trustworthy." — Athcnainn. 
 
 " As a revelation of what are considered trade secrets, this book will arouse an amount of 
 
 curiosity among the large number of industries it touches." — Daily Chronicle. 
 
 " In this goodly collection of receipts It would be strange if a cement for any purpose cannot 
 
 be ioMndi.-'—Oil and ColourmaiCs Journal. 
 
 Soap-making. 
 
 THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING: A Practical Handbook 0/ the 
 Manufacture 0/ Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, etc. Including many New 
 Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. 
 By Alexander Watt. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d, cloth 
 "The work will prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the practica 
 
 soap-boiler who wishes to understand the theorv of his art." — Chemical News. 
 
 " A thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature In our language. 
 
 We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in English technical litera 
 
 ture." — Nature. 
 
 Paper Malting. 
 
 PRACTICAL PAPER-MAKING : A Manual for Paper-makers 
 and Owners and Managers of Paper-Mills. With Tables, Calculations, &c. 
 By G. Clapperton, Paper-maker. With Illustrations of Fibres from Micro- 
 Pliotographs. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. [Just published. 
 
 " The author caters for the requirements of responsible mill hands, apprentices, &c., whilst 
 his manual will be found of great service to students of technology, as well as to veteran paper 
 makers and mill owners. The illustrations form in excellent feature." — Pa^er Trade Review. 
 
 " We recommend everybody interested in the trade to get a copy of this thoroughly practical 
 hook."— Pa/er Making. 
 
 Taper Making. 
 
 THE ART OF PAPER MAKING: A Practical Handbook of the 
 Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Straw, and other Fibrous Materials, 
 Including the Manufacture of Pulp from Wood Fibre, with a Description of 
 the Machinery and Appliances used. To which are added Details of 
 Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors. By Alexander Watt, 
 Author of " The Art of Soap-Making" With Illusts. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. 
 *' It may be regarded as the standard work on the subject. The book Is full of valuable In- 
 formation. The ' Art of Paper-making.' is in every respect a model of a text-book, either for a 
 technical class or for the private student." — Paper and Printing Trades Journal. 
 
 Jjeather Manufacture. 
 
 THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. Being a 
 Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and 
 Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning Ex- 
 plained, and many Recent Processes Introduced ; as also the Methods for 
 the Estimation of Tannin, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gut 
 Dressing, &c. By Alexander Watt, Author of " Soap-Making," &c. 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 9s. cloth. 
 
 "A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and Its accessories. It Is an eminently viluable 
 production, which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers." — Chemical Review. 
 
 Boot and Shoe Making. 
 
 THE ART OF BOOT AND SHOE-MAKING. A Practical 
 
 Handbook, including Measurement, Last-Fitting, Cutting-Out, Closing, and 
 Making, with a Description of the most approved Machinery employed. 
 By John B. Leno, late Editor of St. Crispin, and The Boot and Shoe-Maker 
 i2mo, 2s. cloth limp. 
 "This excellent treatise is by far the best work ever written. The chapter on clicking. 
 •which shows how waste may be prevented, will save fifty times the price of tlie book." 
 
 Scottish Leather Trader. 
 
 Dentistry Construction. 
 
 MECHANICAL DENTISTRY: A Practical Treatise on the 
 Construction of the various kinds of Artificial Dentures. Comprising also Use- 
 ful Formulae, Tables, and Receipts for Gold Plate, Clasps, Solders, &c. &c. 
 By Charles Hunter. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6(i. cloth. 
 "We can strongly recommend Mr. Hunter's treatise to all students preparing for the profession 
 ..ot dentistry, as well as to every mechanical dentist. " — Dublin journal (if Medical Science.
 
 )8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD «• SON'S CATALOGUf. 
 
 Wood Enffravtnff. 
 
 HOOD I' KG HAVING: A Practical and Easy Inttcduction in tki 
 
 s" '• ' M, I., ( . vv.r.f" »,..^.- f'nowM. Secocd Ediiiofl. VMih 
 
 an p. 
 
 I r.yon* w«ni|n( tO Bn<t«n(«fi<l tk« tm 
 
 Uoroh/{/if. 
 
 ,) IKl-ATISE ON MODERN IIOROLCGY. in Th'r^y and I rac- 
 
 tire. Translated trrm thr French of Ci AtuitJi S' e 
 
 S' hool ol HotciloKy at Ma^on, by Ji Lir.N 1 mi ;i 
 
 \\ »tch M.'ii'iifariirrr, and Iiv.Art. P:'' '•., M.A., /■• t. 
 
 Witli 7b VVn< i!f till ai d 2; 1 lialet. ^' ' - r. : I.iiiii'.n. ^i;j.cr- 
 
 royal bvo, £: ?■ rlrlli ; / 
 
 ■' T!\rrr U rr h' r ' ,- .' !• • tV ' -It a!) "i V«> - — rr^trr'i 'r. tM» rrodiK- 
 
 Hon !.■ •■ ■ ' ' ' '!ratas4 
 
 a« . t ■/. 
 
 •owMck 
 con> 1 ' ' l.rtUifai 
 
 — In'.Kt. 11 I 1: .1 1. . . ■ :.'. ^.n.iicl . •! re .:..i-. - ;.' a: h- alcr. J (■.,,..,, atit ■t.'ltr.muA. 
 
 Wiitrhmahinff. 
 
 THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. Int^r^^-' --^ - uv-k- 
 
 ■^hop Ccmpanion for those engaKed in Waichtnakinf; anr; 
 
 ■al Arts. Tr;inslatid from tl.e l-'rench of Claldii.s Sai : i- 
 
 dbly cnlartfd by Jllif.n Trippi.is, F.R.A.S., Vict ri. 1 . ,i i me 
 
 HoroloKical Inst:tute, and Edward RiGG, MA. , Assayer tn the Kojral Mint. 
 
 With niinieious VNocdcuis and 14 Copperplates. Third Edition. Crown 
 
 8vo, 95. cloth. 
 " Tnch i^art is truly a treatise In Itself. The armni^ement Is rood and the Ungfuafc b clear wot 
 concise- It is .in .idimr.iMe ^uidc for the young watchniaker."— /:»(i'i««»i«^. 
 
 " It Is Impos-sil'lc to spe.iic too highly of its excellence. It fulfils t\ ery requirement Is a bapd> 
 book Intehdcd for the use of a workman. Should te found in every^orkshop,"— M'o/rA mnd 
 (lo<kftaker. 
 
 " This book contains an In-mense niMnber of practical details bearing on the daOy occupattea 
 of a wall hmakcr. - II al>hf':at/r atiii / V/ii/«or*^»- (Chicago), 
 
 Watches and Timeheejters, 
 
 A HISTORY OF WATCHES AND OTHER TIMEKEEPERS. 
 
 By James F. Kendal. M. B.H.Inst. u.W. boards; or u. €rf. cloth gilt. 
 
 " .Mr Kend-il's book, for its sire, is the best »hich has yet appeared on thii subject In tha 
 English lanpinec."— /«rf«j/rr>r. 
 
 ■■Uj en the Dook where you may, there Is interesting matter In It ccrcemlrj the IngenloM 
 deTices "f the ancient or modem horologer. The subject is treated in a Iif«ral snd entertainiac 
 spirit, as might l>e expected of a historian who is a master of the craft.'— .Sa.'Kro'a/' Ktview. 
 
 Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, etc. 
 
 ELECTRO-DEPOSITION : A Practical Treatise en the Electrolysis 
 0/ Gold, Silver, Copf-er, Sickel, and ether Metah and Alloyi. With descrip- 
 tions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and Dynamo-Electric Machines, Tter- 
 mopiles, and ot the Materials and Prrcesses used in every Department ol 
 the Art, and several Chapters on Electro-Metallurgy. By Alexander 
 WAT'S, Author of " Electro-Metallurgy," &c. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 
 8vo, gs. cloth. 
 "Eminently a book for the practical worker In electro-deposition. It contains practical 
 
 descriptions of mcthodfk processes .'uid materials as actually pursued and used In the workshop." 
 
 —/in£^neer. 
 
 Electro-Metallurgy. 
 
 ELECTRO-META LL URG Y ; Practically Treated. By Alexan der 
 Watt, Author of " Electro-Deposition," Ac. Ninth Edition, including the 
 most recent Processes. i2mo, 4J. cloth boards. 
 
 "From this book both amateur and artisan may leem everything necessary for the ioccaBtal 
 prosecution of electroplating."— /n>»«. 
 
 Working in Gold. 
 
 THE JEWELLER'S ASSISTANT IN THE ART OF WORK- 
 Ih'G IN GOLD : A Practical Treatise for Masters and Workmen, Compiled 
 from the Experience of Thirty Veats' Workshop Practice. By Georgb B. 
 Gee, Author of "The Goldsmiths Handbook," &c. Cr. Svo, 7s. &i. cloth. 
 "This manual of technicil education is nppirer.tljr destined to b« a valuable auxiliary to a 
 
 bandicmft which is cert.iinly capable of gre.i' ui:i r^ ^enier.t. — The Times. 
 
 •• Very useful in the workshop, as the kr ■.vlt-l^.-e is practical, having been acqaired bylonff 
 
 exprrience, and all the recipes and directions are ^:innteed to be successfuL" — yevelUr and 
 
 Melahivrter.
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 39 
 
 Electroplatiuff. 
 
 ELECTROPLA TING : A Practical Handbook on the Deposi- 
 tlon of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c. &c. 
 With Descriptions of the Chemicals, Materials, Batteries, and Dynamo 
 Machines used in the Art. By J. W.. Urquhart, C.E., Author of " Electric 
 Light," &c. Third Edition, Revised, with Additions. Numerous Illustra- 
 tions. Crown 8vo. 5s. cloth. 
 
 " An excellent practical manual." — En^mtrtng; 
 
 *' An excellent work, giving the newest information," — Horoio^ical yournal, 
 
 Electrotyping. 
 
 ELECTROTYPING : The Reproduction and Multiplication of Print- 
 ing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-deposition of Metals, By J, W. 
 Urquhart, C.E. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. 
 " The book is thoroughly practical. The reader Is, therefore, conducted through the leading 
 
 laws of electricitj'. then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing 
 
 processes, up to the final preparation of the work," — Art journal. 
 
 Goldsmiths' Work. 
 
 THE GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By George E. Gee, 
 Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, considerably Enlarged, lamo, 3s. 6i. cl. bds, 
 "A good, sound educator, and will be generally accepted as za mxhoniy.'—Horoloirical 
 yourtiai. 
 
 Silversmiths' Work. 
 
 THE SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By George E. Gee 
 Jeweller, &c. Second Edition, Revised, with numerous Illustrations. lamo. 
 3s. 6d. cloth boards. 
 
 " The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . The workers In the trade wU! 
 speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it."— Eni^iisH Mtcftanu. 
 *** The above two works together, strongly half-bound, price 7s. 
 
 Bread and Biscuit Baking. 
 
 THE BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER'S AND SUGAR- 
 BOILER' s ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. 
 With Remarks on the Art of Bread-making. By Robert Wells, Practical 
 Baker. Second Edition, with Additional Recipes, Cro%vn Svo, 2.?. cloth. 
 " A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the baker." — Saturday Revinu. 
 
 Confectionery for Hotels and Restaurants. 
 
 THE PASTRYCOOK AND CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. 
 For Hotels, Restaurants and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family 
 Use. By Robert Wells, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker's and 
 Sugar-Boiler's Assistant." Crown Svo, 2S, cloth. 
 " We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition 
 our readers cannot do better than purchase this book." — Bakers' Times. 
 
 Ornamental Confectionery. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY: A Guide for Bakers. 
 Confectioners and Pastrycooks ; including a variety of Modern Recipes, and 
 Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129 Original Designs. 
 By Robert Wells, Practical Baker, Author of "The Bread and Biscuit 
 Baker's and Sugar-Boiler's Assistant," &c. Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 5s, 
 "A valuable work, practical, and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner. The 
 Illustrative designs are alone worth treble the amount charged for the whole vroi)t.."—Saiers' Times. 
 
 Flour Confectionery. 
 
 THE MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER. Wholesale and 
 Retail. Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, 
 &c. With Remarks on the Ingredients used in their Manufacture. To 
 which are added Recipes for Dainties for the Working Man's Table. By 
 R. Wells, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker," &c. Crown Svo, 2s. cl , 
 " The work is of a decidedly practical character, and In every recipe regard is had to economi- 
 cal working." — .Xorth British Daily Mail. 
 
 f ffiiyidnt \^ fit^k 
 
 LA UN DRY MANAGEMENT. A Handbook for Use in Private 
 and Public Laundries, Including Descriptive Accounts of Modern Machinery 
 and Appliances for Laundry Work, By the Editor of "The Laundry 
 Journal." With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition, Crown Svo, 
 2s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " This book should certainly occupy an honoured place on the shelves of all housekeepen 
 who wish to keep themselves ait couranl of the newest appliances and methods." — The Qiieen.
 
 40 CROSBY LOCK WOOD 4* SONS CATALOGUE. 
 
 HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. 
 
 liy I'AUL N. IIASLUCK. 
 
 BoiTOR or "Work" (New SEnttt); At'THo* or "Lathcwork," "Milliro 
 
 MACHIMICk,' &c. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 144 pRKct, cloih, price 11. each. 
 
 J*" TArsr Handviiooks havr bttn wtillcn lo ii(/>/'/y information for Vf orkmem, 
 STt'l)KNlN, nni/ AliAir.tHs »rt /Af ifirrn.' //■'■■ '1 ./"'■■' ' ' •' '■•'■ l'>'A'ii<r of 
 f/tr VVoHKsiiur, dm/ are inltnilfil to c ■ ow- 
 
 LKUOK of the tevrial Cl^^rlh. IniUict: ■\pH- 
 
 latwn oj material, workshop tcrmi an u..: . - , , ^ ..^ . ., .i'ltd ; 
 
 and the text u freely illuilrated with drawingi of moUtrn luvit, ap/iitunitt, and 
 processes, 
 
 THE METAL TURNER'S HANDY BOOK. A Practical Manual 
 for Workers at the Foot-Lathe. Willi over ir^i Illustrations. Price ii. 
 " The \hmV will l« of service alike lo tb-: aiiutcut .>ii(i ilic ur'.lsar. turner. It ditpU) t thortmgb 
 
 kiio»lc(l|i'c of llic Mil.JeLl. — itc/jw/ax. 
 
 THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual 
 
 for Workers at the Lathe. With over too Illustrations. Price ll. 
 "Wc rctomti' .'ncl the book to youni; tunicr'i an I »ri.ateur^. A multlturte of wockmcn bar* 
 hitherto sou^htiB rain (or a manual of thfi special \t\i\\a\.t\ . —MethaHical H'crltL. 
 
 THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual 
 on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of loo Illustrations. 
 Price ij. 
 "We strong')' a'lvisc all younjj pcrvms connected with the watch trade to acquire and Oudy 
 
 tills lncx|jciu>ivc vtotV..'—CUrte>iU'cil Chronicle. 
 
 THE PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical 
 Manual on the Construction oi Patterns for Founders. With upwards of 
 jco Illustrations. Price is. 
 " A nioit valuallc, if not iii(lis|«;n5.iMc. manual for the fattem maker."— A'«.-a/f.tf. 
 
 THE MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP HANDYBOOK. A Practical 
 Manual on Mechanical Maiiipulalwn. Enibracine Inforiuation on varioas 
 Handicraft Processes, with Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda. 
 Comprising about 200 Subjects. Price is. 
 
 " A \cr>- clc\or and useful lo.k.which sht uld te ffund in eierj' worki>bop ; and it ibottid 
 certainly luul a pl.icc in all tcchnic.il schooli."— 5a /xn/oy Krzieu. 
 
 THE MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical 
 Manual on the Construction of Model Steam Engines. With upwards of lOO 
 Illustrations. Price is. 
 
 ■■ Mr. Il.isluck has projuccd a very good little hooV.'—S:ii.'Jer, 
 
 THE CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual 
 on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. 
 Price IS. 
 
 " It is of inestimable serrire to those commencing the trade. —CinY«/ry S.'andard. 
 
 THE CABINET WORKER'S HANDYBOOK : A Practical 
 
 Manual on the Tools, Materials, Appliances, and Processes employed in 
 Cabinet Work. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Price is. 
 " Mr. Masluck's thoroughgoing little Ilandybook is amongst ttie most practical guides wc hafV 
 seen for l^eginners in cabinet-work." — Saturday' Kczini. 
 
 THE WOODWORKER'S HANDYBOOK OF MANUAL IN- 
 STRUCTIOS. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances 
 and Processes employed in Woodworking. With 104 Illustrations. Price is 
 
 [ 7«sf published. 
 
 THE METALWORKER'S HANDYBOOK. With upwards of 100 
 Illustrations. [/» preparation. 
 
 ♦»• Opi.nions of THt Press. 
 
 " ^\'ritten by a man who knows, not only how work ought to be done, but bow to do it, and 
 how to convey his knowledge to others."— /:«ji-i«<'^rj»:i'. 
 
 •' Mr. Hasluck writes admirably, and gives complete instructions."— Jfwx'i'.-«r. 
 
 '• Mr. ILisluck combines Ibe experience of a practical teacher wHth the manipulative skill and 
 scientific knowledge of processes of the trained mechanician, and tbe manuals axe marvels of 
 what can be produced at a popular price." — Schcctmaster. 
 
 " Helpful to workmen of all ages and degrees of experience."^jrtaiV)' Ckrtnieit, 
 
 " Practical, sensible, and remarkably cheap." — y^unial ^ Iidu*ation. 
 
 " Concise, dear and practical" — Sanirday Rctira.
 
 COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, etc. 41 
 COMMERCE, COUN TING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, etc. 
 
 <Joininercial Education. 
 
 LESSONS IN COMMERCE. By Professor R. Gambaro, of 
 
 the Royal High Commercial School at Genoa. Edited and Revised by James 
 
 Gault, Professor of Commerce and Commercial Law in King's College, 
 
 London. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " The publishers of this work have rendered considerable service to the cause of commercial 
 
 ■education by the opportune production of this volume. . . . The work is peculiarly acceptable 
 
 to English readers and an admirable addition to existing class-books. In a phrase, we think the 
 
 work attains its object in furnishing a brief account of those laws and customs of British trade with 
 
 •which the commercial man interested therein should be familiar." — Chamber of Cotninercejournal, 
 
 " An invaluable guide in the hands of those whD are preparing for a commercial career." 
 
 Counting House. 
 
 Foreign Commercial Correspondence. 
 
 THE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT: Being 
 
 Aids to Commercial Correspondence in Five Languages — English, French, 
 German, Italian, and Spanish. By Conrad E. Baker. Second Edition. 
 Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "Whoever wishes to correspond in all the languages mentioned by Mr. Baker cannot do better 
 than study this work, the materials of which are excellent and conveniently arranged. They consist 
 not of entire specimen letters but — what are far more useful— short passages, sentences, or 
 phrases expressing the sami general idea in various ioimi."—AtheHceum. 
 
 "A careful examination has convinced us that it is unusually complete, well arranged, and 
 reliable. The book is a thoroughly good one." — Schoolmaster, 
 
 Accounts for Manufacturers. 
 
 FACTORY ACCOUNTS : Their Principles and Practice. A 
 Handbook for Accountants and Manufacturers, with Appendices on the No- 
 menclature of Machine Details ; the Income Tax Acts ; the Rating of Fac- 
 tories ; Fire and Boiler Insurance; the Factory and Workshop Acts, &c., 
 including also a Glossary of Terms and a large number of Specimen Rulings. 
 By Emile Garcke and J. M. Fells. Fourth Edition, Revised and En- 
 larged. Demy 8vo, 250 pajes 6s, strongly bound. 
 *' A very interesting description of the requirements of Factory Accounts. . . . the principle 
 
 of assimilating the Factory Accounts to the general commercial books is one which we thoroughly 
 
 agree with." — Accountants' yournal. 
 
 '* Characterised by extreme thoroughness. There are few owners of factories who would not 
 
 derive great benefit from the perusal of this most admirable work." — Local Government Chronicle . 
 
 Intuitive Calculations. 
 
 THE COMPENDIOUS CALCULATOR; or, Easy and Con- 
 cise Methods of Performing the various Arithmetical Operations required in 
 Commercial and Business Transactions, together with Useful Tables. By 
 Daniel O'Gorman. Corrected and Extended by Professor J. R. Young. 
 Twenty-seventh Edition, Revised by C. Norris. Fcap. Svo, 2S. 6d, cloth 
 limp; or, 3s. 6d. strongly half-bound in leather. 
 " It would be difficult to exaggerate the usefulness of a book like this to everyone engaged In 
 
 commerce or manufacturing industry. It is crammed full of rules and formulae for shortening and 
 
 employing calculations." — Knowledge. 
 
 Modern Metrical Units and Systems. 
 
 MODERN METROLOGY : A Manual of the Metrical Units 
 and Systems of the Present Century. With an Appendix containing a proposed 
 English System. By Lowis D'A. Jackson, A. M.Inst. C.E., Author of "Aid 
 to Survey Practice," &c. Large crown Svo, 12s. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 " We recommend the work to all interested in the practical reform of our weights and mea- 
 sures." — Nature. 
 
 The Metric System and the British Standards, 
 
 A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES, in which the British Stand- 
 ard Measures and Weights are compared with those of the Metric System at present 
 in Use on the Continent. By C. H. Dowling, C.E. Svo, los. 6d. strongly bound. 
 "Mr. Dowling's Tables are well put together as a ready-reckoner for the conversioa of one 
 cystem into the other." — Athenceum. 
 
 Iron and Metal Trades' Calculator, 
 
 THE IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION. For 
 
 expeditiously ascertaining the Value of any Goods bought or sold by Weight, 
 from IS. per cwt. to 112s. per cwt., and from one farthing per pound to one 
 shilling per pound. By Thomas Downie. 396 pp., gs. leather. 
 " A most useful set of tables ; nothing like them before existed."— S««^i«^ News, 
 " Although specially adapted to the Iron and metal trades, the tables will be found useful in 
 every other lousiness In which merchandise Is bought and sold by weight." — Railivay News.
 
 42 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &- SONS CATALOGUE. 
 
 f'hadirir/i's Calculator for Numbers and Weighta^ 
 
 Cottihhirtl . 
 
 THE NUMBER, WEIGHT, .-fV'/' ' " ■'■'"''■ " ' !/rn. 
 
 LATOK, Coni.iinliiK upw4r(li o( i;'' 
 
 a kI-xx^c (he value al 411 (tillrrciil 1 . 
 
 101. each, or per cwl., atid £w per ton, f.t .u.y n .!i.:.i r m m. 
 
 lively, from i to 470.— Any niiti.bcr of cwt»., ar^ , and lb*., froi:. > 
 
 cwm.— Any number of tuns, cwi«., qr»., and lb»., from 1 to 1, : > 
 
 William CiiADwirK, Public Accoiiniant. 'I bird Edition, Kevi»c'i ^i.' i ii- 
 
 provfd. bvo,i8i.,«tronKly bound (or Oflico wear and tear. 
 
 lar /j adafled for Iht ust 0/ Accounliinti aiul AuJitort, Railway C'^>t3n%t\, 
 Canal CompaiiKS, Shi(>ptri, Shififiini^ Aiftnti, General Carrurt, tic. I 
 Braa/ounittri, Stttat Mcrch,inli, Iron Manu/jcturen, Ironmonftr- 
 Hachiitiits, Hotlt) Maktn, Millxvrtuhts. Koohiig, UnJgeanJ GtrJtt il 
 Profirulon, etc. Tmibtr MtnliUPiti, fiuiUltri, Contractors, Archttt ' 
 Auctionetts, I'aluets, Uroktri, Mill Owntri and Uanu/acturtn. hf ■ 
 Utrchanis, anil Genttal WholtiaU Tradttmen. Alio for the At, I 
 
 MUeage Charges /or Railway Traffic. 
 
 *,* Opinions of thb Press. 
 
 '• It K i . f.t^y ,f trfr'-r >• f. r iry ,r, .m^c it ,\r > i,'.!i,' .t ■ f •ic.'.v.rr^ .n » 'M T-oT.Jr>. and tb* 
 
 refcrr k ir.ua 
 
 Is dilliciil: t : ■ g( :'.ic Kica'.c^: -«:. eitlwf la 
 
 laving luiin.i ,ced within the reach ol every 
 
 conmicrt'i.tl n, r. 
 
 ••Tlic r...,; , . , ,.. ,, . ,. I ,.,,.,. , . /r^'T-f. 
 
 Havben^s Comprehensive Weight Calculator. 
 
 THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR. Being a Series of Table* 
 upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting at One Reference the exact 
 Value of any Weight from i lb. to 15 tons, at 300 Progressive Rates, from id. 
 to i63s. per cwt., and containing iSC.ooo Direct Answers, which, with their 
 Combinations, consisting of a single addition (mostly to be performed at 
 sight), will afford an aggregate of 10.266,000 Answers; the whole being c.lcu- 
 lated and designed to ensure correctness and promote despatch. By Hkmrt 
 Harben, Accountant. Fourth Edition, carefully Corrected. Royai ivo, 
 £1 5s. strongly half-bound. 
 " A pr.ictlcal .infl useful work of reference for men of business eeneraDy ; It ll the best of th» 
 
 kind we nave seen."— /»-<vimii««r. 
 
 "Of priceless value to business men. It Is a necessarj- book In all mercantile oOcet.'—SM^ 
 
 field IndefentUnt. 
 
 Harbeii's Comprehensive Discount Guide, 
 
 THE DISCOUNT GUIDE. Comprising several Series of 
 Tables for the use of Merchants, Manufacturers, Ironmongers, and others, 
 by w hich may be ascertained the exact Profit arising from any mode of using 
 Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and the method of either 
 Altering a Rate of Discount or Advancing a Price, so as to produce, by one 
 operation, a sum that will realise any required profit after allowing one or 
 more Discounts : to which are added Tables of Profit or Advance from 1 J to 
 go per cent.. Tables of Discount froin ij to gS} per cent., and Tables ol Com- 
 mission, &c., from i to to per cent. By Henry Harben, Accountant, Aothot 
 of " The Weight Calculator." New Edition, carefully Revised and Corrected. 
 Demy 8vo, 544 pp., £1 5'. half-bound. 
 
 " A book such as this can only be appreciated by business men. to whom the Bvtnf of tiaM 
 means saving of money. We have the nigh authority of Professor J. R. Voung that the tables 
 throughout the work are constructed upon strictly accurate principles. The work Is a model 
 of typogjApluciI cle.irne^^s. and must prove of great value to merchants, manufacturcrv and 
 general tr.ulers."—£»-t/uA TraJt y.^umal. 
 
 Iron Shipbuilders' and Merchants' Weight Tables, 
 
 IRON. PLATE WEIGHT TABLES: For Iron ShipbuiUUrs^ 
 Engineers, and Iron Merchants. Containing the Calculated Weights of up- 
 wards of 150,000 diflerent sizes of Iron Plates, from i foot by 6 in. by J in. to 
 10 feet by 5 feet by i in. Worked out on the basis of .10 lbs. to the square 
 foot of Iron of i inch in thickness. Carefully compiled and thoroughly Re- 
 vised by H. BuRLiNSON and W. H. Simpson. Oblong 410, 25J. balf-bound 
 
 "This work will be found of great utility. The authors ha>-e had much practicml expeflence 
 of what is wanting In making estimates: and the use of the book oill sare much timr In making 
 elaborate calculations." — f'lg.'ijh Me.hanu.
 
 AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 43 
 
 AGRICULTURE, FARMING. G ARDENING, etc. 
 
 Dr. Fream's Xeiv Edition of "The Standard 
 Treatise on Af/riciilture." 
 
 THE COMPLETE GRAZIER, and FARMER'S and CATTLE- 
 BREEDER'S ASSISTANT: A Compendium of Husbandry. Originally 
 Written by William Youatt. Ttiirteenth Edition, entirely Re-written, 
 considerably Enlarged, and brought up to the Present Requirements of 
 Agricultural Practice, by William Fream, LL.D., Steven Lecturer in the 
 University of Edinburgh, Author of "The Elements of Agriculture," &c. 
 Royal 8vo, 1,100 pp., with over 450 Illustrations. £1 us. 6d. strongly and 
 handsomely bound. 
 
 E.XTRACT FROM PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 " A treatise that made its original appearance in the first decade of the century', and that enters 
 upon its Thirteenth Edition before the centurj- has run its course, has undoubtedly established its 
 position as a work of permanent value. . . The phenomenal progress of the last dozen years in the 
 Practice and Science of Farming has rendered it necessarj-, however, that the volume should be 
 
 re-written and for this undertaking the publishers were fortunate enough to secure the 
 
 services of Dr. Fream, whose high attainments in all matters pertaining to agriculture have been 
 so emphatically recognised by the highest professional and official authorities. In carrying 
 out his editorial duties. Dr. FREAM has been favoured with valuable contributions by Prof. J. 
 WORTLEY AXE, Mr. E. BROwx, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Mr. w. J. malden, Mr. R. H. Rew, 
 Prof. SHELDON, Mr. J. SINCLAIR. Mr. Sanders spencer, and others. 
 
 " .\s regards the illustrations of the work, no pains have been spared to make them as repre- 
 sentative and characteristic as possible, so as to be practically useful to the Farmer and Grazier." 
 
 Summary of Contents, 
 Book I. On the Varieties, Breed- i Book VII. On the Breeding, Rear- 
 ing, Rearing, Fattening, and ing, and Management of Poultry. 
 
 Management of Cattle. Book VIII. On Farm Offices and 
 
 Book II. On the Economy and Man- Implements of Husbandry. 
 
 agement of the Dairy, Book IX. On the Culture and Man- 
 Book III. On the Breeding, Rear- agement of Grass Lands. 
 
 ING, AND Management of Horses. ' Book X. On the Cultivation and 
 
 Book IV. On the Breeding, Rear- • Application of Grasses, Pulse, 
 
 ING, AND Fattening of Sheep. and Roots. 
 
 Book V. On the Breeding, Rearing, Book XI. On Manures and their 
 
 and Fattening of Swine. | Application toGrass Land&Crops 
 
 Book VI. On the Diseases of Live Book XII. Monthly Calendars of 
 
 Stock. ! Farmwork. 
 
 *f* Opinions of the Press on the New Edition. 
 
 " Dr. Fream is to be congratulated on the successful attempt he has made to give us a work 
 which will at once become the standard classic of the farm practice of the country. We believe 
 that it will be found that it has no compeer among the many works at present in existence. . . . 
 The illustrations are admirable, while the frontispiece, which represents the well-known bull, New 
 Year's Gift, bred by the Queen, is a work of art." — The Tinies. 
 
 ** The book must be recognised as occupying the proud position of the most exhaustive work 
 of reference in the English language on the subject with which it deals."— Athemrujn, 
 
 " The most comprehensive guide to modern farm practice that exists in the English language 
 today. . . . The book is one that ought to be on everj- farm and in the library of every land- 
 owner."— .T/ar.6 Lane Expnss. 
 
 " In point of exhaustiveness and accuracy the work will certainly hold a pre-eminent and 
 unique position among books dealing «-ith scientific agricultural practice. It is, in fact, an agri- 
 cultural library of itself."- North British Agrictdh'.rist. 
 
 " A compendium of authoratative and well-ordered knowledge on every conceivable branch 
 of the work of the live stock farmer ; probably without an equal in this or any other country." 
 
 Yorkshire Post. 
 
 "The best and brightest guide to the practice of husbandrj-, one that has no superior — no 
 equal we might truly say— among the agricultural literature now before the public. ... In 
 every section in which we have tested it. the work has been found thoroughly up to A7Ae."—BelVs 
 Weekly Messe>:i^er. 
 
 British Farin Live Stock. 
 
 FARM LIVE STOCK OF GREAT BRITAIN. By Robert 
 Wallace, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., &c.. Professor of Agriculture and Rural Eco- 
 nomy in the University of Edinburgh. Third Edition, thoroughly Revised 
 and considerably Enlarged. With over 120 Phototypes of Prize Stock. Demy 
 8vo, 384 pp., with 79 Plates and Maps, 12s. 6ci. cloth. 
 
 " .\ really complete woik on the historj'. breeds, and management of the farm stock of Great 
 Britain, and one which is likely to find its way to the shelves of everj' country gentleman's 
 library.' — 7"/!t.' Times. 
 
 " The latest edition of ' Farm Live Stock of Great Bri'-ain ' is a production to be proud of, and 
 its issue not the least of the services which its author has rendered to agricultural science." 
 
 Scottish Far/iier. 
 
 " The book is very attractive . . . and we can scarcely imagine the existence of a farmer 
 who would not like to have a copy of this beautiful work."— ,l/3?-4 Lane Ex/ress. 
 
 " A work which will long be regarded as a standard authority whenever a concise history and 
 description of the breeds of live stock in the British Isles is required."— Si-//'j Il'ee/Hy Messenger.
 
 44 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Jtniry Farminff. 
 
 Itlxl 1 1 SI I DMHYISG. A Handv Volume on the Work of the 
 
 I).lltyl',4IIIl I •' •' -<•!■' < '.- .. r< . . . c . ■ -I, In 
 
 A»;i'''iil<iii.il I ■ Uf)H, 
 
 l.ili- S|irri.il ( I>airjr 
 
 FurilllllK," &<:. \>i[iiriMiJ' 
 
 ** Mny l»« < onfi'tently recuRimei 'Iturml 
 
 Cat'ttt. 
 
 ■• I'rnlMl.ly llic t«»t lulfcrown • - \*rtA 
 
 l-ritixH /i^p-Uulinrlil. 
 
 " It \\ tlir %<iiin'1c«l llitio work wc have yd ••en on lh« »ubj«ct."— /■*< Timtt. 
 
 Dilry Manual. 
 
 MILK, CHEESE AND UUTTER : Their Composition, Char- 
 act< r nnd ihn I'roccMcs of tlipir Prcxluction. A Practical Manual (or Sia- 
 Hems and Dairy I-'armers. By John Olivek, late Principal of tli<; We«lem 
 Dairy Institute, Berkeley. Crown 8vo, 380 paf{e*. with Coloured Te»t Sheets 
 and numerous Illustrations, 7s. &/. cloth. Quit publuhtd, 
 
 Affrirultnral Facts and Figures, 
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACTS AND FIGURES 
 FOK FARMERS AND FARM STUDENTS. By Primrose McCokkell, 
 B.Sc. Pifth Edition. Royal jsmo, roan, RJlt edges, with band, 41. 
 
 " I.itcriilly Iccnn with inforTn.ition. nnri wc can cordially recommend It to ill connected with 
 »ijHculture.'— A'orM Hnlish j4 erieullurisl. 
 
 Small Farming. 
 
 SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING; or. The Lessons of my 
 Farm. Beinc an Introduction to Modern Farm Practice for Small Farroeri. 
 By Robert Scott Burn, Author of "Outlines of Modern Farming," 4c, 
 With numerous Illustrations, crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. 
 
 "This Is the complctcit book of Its cl.^ss wc hare seen, and one which ererjr amateur fanmer 
 ♦ ill read with plc.isurc and accept as a (fuide." — FUld, 
 
 Modem Far^ning, 
 
 OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING. By R. Scott Burn. 
 Soils, Manures, and Crops — Farmincand FarminR Economy — Cattle, Sheep, 
 and Horses — ManaRcment of Dairy, Pigs, and Poultry — Utilisation 01 
 Town-SewaRe, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In One Vol., 1,250 pp., half- 
 bound, profusely Illustrated, 12s. 
 
 " The aim of the author h,is l»een to make his work at once comprehensive and trustworthy, 
 «!id he has succeeded to a degree which entitles him to much credit.' — itemitig Aivtrtiter, 
 
 Agricultural Engineering. 
 
 FARM ENGINEERING, THE COMPLETE TEXT -BOOK OF. 
 Comprising Draining and Embanking; Irrigation and Water Supply; Farm 
 Roads, Fences, and Gates; Farm Buildings: Barn Implements and Ma- 
 chines; Field Implements and Machines; Agricultural Sur%-eying, 4c. By 
 Prof John Scott. In One Vol., 1,150 pages, half-bound, with over 600 Illus- 
 trations, I2S. 
 "Written with j^cat care, as well as wnth knowledge and ability. The author has done his 
 
 work well : we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements. 
 
 The volume will be of ijreat value to agricultural students."— .Var* Lam bjrtrttt. 
 
 Agricultural Text-Book. 
 
 THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN: A Text-Book of 
 
 Agriculture, adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department. 
 For Elementary and Advanced Students. By Hugh Clements (Board of 
 Trade). Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. i8mo, «. 6J. cloth. 
 "A most comprehensive volume, giving a mass of Information." — jtgrvfUurai Ecentmist. 
 " It is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more, or which '•'"'»'«»« 
 tuch a Tast and useful fund of knowledjge." — Edutatumal Timit. 
 
 Tables for Farmers, etc. 
 
 TABLES, MEMORANDA. AND CALCULATED RESULTS 
 for Farmeti, Graziers, Agricultural Studciiii, Sunejcrs, Land Aeenti, Auc- 
 tioneers, etc. With a New System of Farm Book-Keeping. Selected and 
 Arranged by Sidney Francis. Third Edition, Revised. 27a pp., waistcoat- 
 pocket size, IS. W. limp leather. 
 "Weighing less th-in I oz.. and occup>ing no more space than .1 • s 
 
 of facts and cilcuUitions which has never before. In such h.ir.dy • 
 
 .'jpcration on the farm is dealt with. The work m-iy l>c t.\ken as ' < 
 
 cf the t.iblcs having been revised by Pr. I'ream. We cordially <<, ■•_> 
 
 Messen£-tr.
 
 AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 43 
 
 Tfie Management of Bees. 
 
 BEES FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT: A Guide to the 
 Manipulation of Bess, the Production of Honey, and the General Manage- 
 ment of the Apiary. By G. Gordon Samson. With numerous Illustrations. 
 Crown 8vo, is. cloth. 
 *• The intending bee-keeper will find exactly the kind of information required to enable him- 
 
 to make a successful start with his hives. The author is a thoroughly competent teacher, and hi» 
 
 book may be commended." — Morntug' Post. 
 
 Farm and Estate Book-keeping. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING FOR FARMERS & ESTATE OWNERS. 
 A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all 
 Classes of Farms. By Johnson M.Woodman, Chartered Accountant. Second 
 Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth boards ; or 2S. 6d. cloth limp. 
 " The volume is a capital studj- of a most important subject." — As:rictUtural Gazette. 
 The young farmer, land a^'ent, and sur\ejor will find Mr. Woodman's treatise more thai> 
 repay its cost and study.'— BuiMii:^ ^Vms. 
 
 Fartn Account Book. 
 
 WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. Giving 
 3. Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and Expen- 
 diture under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c. &c. With 
 Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the end of the 
 Year, By Johnson M. Woodman, Chartered Accountant, Author of " Book- 
 keeping for Farmers." Folio, 7s. 6d. half bound. ^culture,- 
 "Contains every requisite form for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately. ' — Agri- 
 
 Early Fruits, Floivers, and Vegetables, 
 
 THE FORCING GARDEN ; or, How to Grow Early Fruits, 
 Flowers, and Vegetables. With Plans and Estimates for Building Glass- 
 houses, Pits, and Frames. With Illustrations. By Samuel Wood. Crown- 
 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " A good book, and fairly fills a place that was in some degree Tac ant. The book is written with 
 great care, and contains a great deal of valuable teaching." — Gardeners' Magazine. 
 
 Good Gardening. 
 
 A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING ; or. How to Grow 
 Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. By S. Wood. Fourth Edition, with con- 
 siderable Additions, &c., and numerous Illustrations. Crown Svo. 3s. 6d. cl. 
 "A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical- 
 directions are excellent." — Athefuzufn, 
 
 " May be recommended to young gardeners, cottagers, and specially to amateurs, for the 
 plain, simple, and trustworthy information it gives on common matters too often neglected."— 
 Gardeners' Chronicle. 
 
 Gainful Gardening, 
 
 MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING; or, How to make One 
 Acre of Land produce £620 a-year by the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; 
 also. How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, so as to realise £176 per 
 annum clear Profit. By Samuel Wood, Author of " Good Gardening," &c, 
 Fifth and Cheaper Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown Svo, is. sewed. 
 ""We are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the czise of the amateur and gentleman's 
 gardener, but to the market grower." — Gardeners' Magazine. 
 
 Gardening for Ladies, 
 
 THE LADIES' MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN, 
 
 and Amateurs' Complete Guide. With Illusts. By S. Wood. Cr. Svo, 3s. 6d. cl. 
 " This volume contains a good deal of sound common sense instruction." — Florist. 
 " Full of shrewd hints and useful instructions, based on a lifetime of experience." — Scot^ man, 
 
 Receipts for Gardeners, 
 
 GARDEN RECEIPTS. Edited by Charles W, Quin. i2mo, 
 IS. 6d. cloth limp. 
 " A useful and handy book, containing a good deal of valuable Information," — Athenaum 
 
 Market Gardening, 
 
 MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING. By Contributors 
 to "The Garden.'' Compiled by C. W. Shaw, late Editor of "Gardening 
 Illustrated." izmo, 3s. 6d. cloth boards, 
 " The most valuable compendium of kitchen and market-garden work published."— 7^ar>K«r. 
 
 Cottage Gardening, 
 
 COTTAGE GARDENING; or, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for 
 Small Gardens. By E. Hobday. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. 
 
 " Contains much useful information at a small charge." — Glasgow Herald.
 
 of r>T(>\ti 
 Valiifr, 
 
 46 CHOSliY LOCK WOOD &• SONS CATALOGUE. 
 
 AUCTIONEERING. VALUING. LAND SURVEYING 
 ESTATE AGENCY, etc^ 
 
 Auctioneer's AHHistant, 
 
 THE ArrixAlSIili, AtHTinSF.F.R. BROKER, HOUSE AND 
 
 ESTATE AGKST ASD : I SS/S7/lNr, for ihc Valu». 
 
 tlon )ur I'iiicIj ISC, S.ile. or iiici and Kcveritloni, anil 
 
 rdpcriy Ki-iicial|v; w.i Sir., hv John Wmkcle*, 
 
 &c. Sixiti Eiliii' : :>M(.y ezteoacd by C. Noairis, 
 Survryor, Valuer, iSc. I 
 
 "Anci: .1 ! if !■ V; 'I I- 'n'.ftyi\m UUi (.IcMfiy imr.:i ^. ' ' nt 
 
 pricc^ ( ' .r of fumiturr. t / 
 
 "I - . '.o the V«lu«!i 
 
 «al«, "t -rty |f**ncrallv 
 
 Inraiit I % .1 Mhet mOcci, 
 
 AuclioHeei'tHf/. 
 
 AUCIIONEEHS: THEIR DUTIES AND LIABILITIES. 
 A Manual of Inhlriiciion and Counsel for the YoiinK Aiiciirmecr. By RoBrnT 
 SguiKBs, Auctiontei. Second Edition, Revised and partly Kewritten. Demy 
 8vo, 121. td. cloth. 
 
 •.* Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " The sLimtird text-book on the topic* of winch it ukms. —^Ihtnitum. 
 
 " The wuilt is one of (fcneral excellent chancier, and give* much Information io a cooipca* 
 dlous .ind siiii-f" I'Tv iTiii ■— y.iii.'.iVr. 
 
 " M,iy )' \ng ■ i^eat deal of information cm the law relating Io 
 
 Auctioneers, —Lau ycuritai. 
 
 " Aiicti > .'.ed on having <o pleasing a writer to minister to thdr spedil 
 
 needs."— iV/<, 1..-. 1 . ,,-.,,., 
 
 "Ever>' auctioneer oukIiI to possess a copy of this excellent moiV."— Ironmonger. 
 
 " 0( Kreat v,i:uc to the profession. . . . \Vc readily welcome this Ixtolc from the fact that It 
 /reals tho bubjoct in a manner somewhat new to the profession." — BstaUs G^mettt. 
 
 Inwood'ti Estate Tables. 
 
 TABLES FOR THE PURCHASING OF ESTATES, Freehrla. 
 Copyhold, or Leaiehold; A nnuiliei, A dvowiom, etc., a.Dd for the Renew' ' 
 Leases held under Cathedral Churches, Colleges, or other Corporait ; 
 for Terms of Years certain, and for Lives: also for Valuing Keveib; 
 Estates, Deterred Annuities, Neit Presentations, Ice. ; together with Sma: t s 
 Five Tables of Compound Interest, and an Extension of^the same to Lower 
 and Intermediate Rates. By W. Inwood. 14111 Edition, with considerable 
 Additions, and new and valuable Tables of Logarithms for the more Difficult 
 Computations of the Interest of Money. Discount. Annuities, Ac, by M. Fedo* 
 Thoman, of the Soci^te Credit Mobiuer ot Pans. Crown 8vo, 81. clotn. 
 "Those interested in ttic purchase and saJe of esiaces, aiid in the adjustment of compensation 
 
 cases, as well as in transactions in annuities, life Insurances, Sec. will 6nd the present editioo of 
 
 •mlncnt service. ' — hnf^itieerine. 
 
 " 'Inwood's Tables' still maintain a most enviable reputat.on. The new issue has been eoilcbed 
 
 by larpc additional contriliutions by M. Fedor Thoman, whose carefully arranged Tables cannot 
 
 fail tolie of the utmost utility. '—.l/i>ii»<^ youmal. 
 
 Agricultural Valuer's Assistant. 
 
 THE AGRICULTURAL VALUER'S ASSISTANT. A Prac 
 tical Handbook on the Valuation of Landed Estates ; including Rules and 
 Data for Measuring and Estimating the Contents, Weights, and Value? of 
 Agricultural Produce and Timber, and the Values ol Feeding StufiTs, 
 Manures, and Labour; with Forms of Tenant-Right-Valuations, Lists of 
 Local Agricultural Customs, Scales of Compensation under the Agricultaral 
 Holdings Act, &c. &c. By Tom Bright, Agricultural Surveyor. Second 
 Edition, much Enlarged. Crown Svo, 5s. cloth. 
 " Full of tallies and examples in conneciion wiih the valu.nion of tenant right, estates laboni, 
 
 contents, and weights of tinilier. and (ann produce of all 'diadi. —An'ruuiturai Oateae. 
 
 " An ciiiincnily pr:ictical h.indboolc. lull of pr.ii.tical tables and data of undoubted imctest ud 
 
 value to surveyors and auctioneers in prepar:n^ valuations of all kinds.' — Farmer. 
 
 Plantations and Underwoods. 
 
 POLE PLANTATIONS AND UNDERWOODS : A Practical 
 Handbook on Estimating the Cost of Forming, Renovating, Improving, and 
 Grubbing Plantations and Underwoods, their Valuation for Purposes 01 
 Transfer, Rental, Sale, or Assessment. By Tos< Bright, Author of 
 "The AsriculturafN'aluer's Assistant,'' &c. Crown Svo. 3s. 6<^. cloth. 
 " To valuers, foresters .ind agents it will be a welcome aid. " — .V.'rrA British ArncuJturixt. 
 "Well calculated to assi<.t the valuer in the discharge of his duties, and of undoubted IncaffMt 
 and use txith to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing; valuations of all kinds."— A'mr Herald.
 
 AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND SURVEYING, etc. 47 
 
 Muilson's Land Valuer's Pocket-Booh, 
 
 THE LAND VALUER'S BEST ASSISTANT: Being Tables 
 
 on a very much Improved Plan, for Calculating the Value of Estates. With 
 Tables for reducing Scotch, Irish, and Provincial Customary Acres to Statute 
 Measure, &c. By R. Hudson, C.E. New Edition. Royal 32mo, leather, 
 elastic band, 4s. 
 
 " Of incalculable value to the country gentleman and professional man."— Faniurs' jfournal 
 
 Ewart's Land Iinprover's Pocket-Book. 
 
 THE LAND IMPROVER'S POCKET-BOOK OF FORMULA, 
 
 TABLES, and MEMORANDA required in any Computation relating to the 
 Permanent Improvement of Landed Property. By John Ewart, Land Surveyor 
 and Agricultural Engineer. Second Edition, Revised. Royal 32mo, oblong, 
 leather, gilt edges, with elastic band, 4s. 
 "A compendious and handy little volume." — Spectator. 
 
 Complete Agricultural Surveyor's Pocket-Book, 
 
 THE LAND VALUER'S AND LAND IMPROVER'S COM- 
 PLETE POCKET-BOOK. Being of the above Two Works bound together. 
 Leather, with strap, 7s, 6d, 
 
 House Property. 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HOUSE PROPERTY. A Popular and Practi- 
 cal Guide to the Purchase, Mortgage, Tenancy, and Compulsory Sale of 
 Houses and Land, including the Law of Dilapidations and Fixtures; with 
 Examples of all kinds of Valuations, Useful Information on Building, and 
 Suggestive Elucidations of Fine Art. By E. L. Tarbuck, Architect and 
 Surveyor, Fifth Edition, Enlarged. i2mo, 55. cloth. 
 
 *' The advice is thoroughly practical." — Laiv yonrnal. 
 
 " For all who have dealings with house property, this is an indispensable g^ide." — Decoration. 
 
 " Carefully brought up to date, and much improved by the addition of a division on fine 
 art. ... A well written and thoughtful work."— Z.a?K^ Agent's Record. 
 
 LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Private Bill Legislation and Provisional Orders. 
 
 HANDBOOK FOR THE USE OF SOLICITORS AND EN- 
 GINEERS Engaged in Promoting Private Acts of Parliament and Provi- 
 sional Orders, for the Authorization of Railways, Tramways, Works for the 
 Supply of Gas and Water, and other undertakings of a like character. By 
 L. Livingston Macassey, of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, 
 M.Inst.C.E. ; Author of " Hints on Water Supply."' Demy 8vo, 950 pp., 25s. cl. 
 " The author's double experience as an engineer and barrister has enabled him to approach 
 the subject alike from an engineering and legal point of view." — Local Government Chronicle. 
 
 Law of Patents. 
 
 PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS, AND HOW TO PROCURE 
 THEM. Compiled for the Use of Inventors, Patentees and others. By 
 G. G. M. Hardingham, Assoc.Mem.Inst.C.E., &c. Demy 8vo, is. 6d, cloth. 
 
 Labour Disputes. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION: An 
 Historical Sketch, with Practical Suggestions for the Settlement of Labour 
 Disputes. By J. S. Jeans, Author of "Railway Problems," "England's 
 Supremacy," &c. Crown 8vo, 200 pp., as. 6(/. cloth. [jfust publiihed, 
 
 Pocket-Book for Sanitary Officials. 
 
 THE HEALTH OFFICER'S POCKET-BOOK : A Guide to 
 Sanitary Practice and Law. For Medical Officers of Health, Sanitary In- 
 spectors, Members of Sanitary Authorities, &c. By Edward F. Willoughby, 
 M.D. (Lond.), &c.. Author of " Hygiene and Public Health." Fcap. Svo, 
 7S. 6d. cloth, red edges, rounded corners. IJust published. 
 
 " A mine of condensed information of a pertinent and useful kind on the various subjects of 
 
 ■which it treats. The matter seems to have been carefully compiled and arranged for facility of 
 
 preference, and it is well illustrated by diagrams and woodcuts. The different subjects are 
 
 succinctly but fully and scientifically dealt with." — The Lancet. 
 
 " Ought to be welcome to those for whose use it is designed, since it practically boils down a 
 
 reference library into a pocket volume. ... It comtiines. with an uncommon degree of 
 
 -etficiency, the qualities of accuracy, conciseness and comprehensiveness.'' — Scotsman. 
 
 " An excellent publication, deahng with the scientific, technical and legal matters connected 
 
 with the duties of medicil officers of health and sanitary inspectors. The work is replete with 
 
 information." — Local Government jFortrnal.
 
 48 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 A Coniplftc Kpitomt; of the Lntvti of this Country. 
 
 EVERY MANS OWN LAWYER: A Ilandy-Iir^nh nf the 
 
 I'rinntla of Law anA E'luily. !• kk. Thirl) i 
 
 fully Kuviscd, *nA IncliidinK th> <l 18^3. Co 
 
 oilier Acll) tlio Voluntary C">' ' >"'/.. ll ' 
 
 J'roptily Ail, itigi; l\ic 'I'ruilft Ail. I'j^ ; 1: • 
 
 Hurbtil Wirt Ail, ll^^ ; llic /w./ui/Wa/ anil I > 
 
 llouti of Labour 0/ Uaitway itoianti Act, f , 
 
 Slu/H Act, 1H93, &C , an w> if. in lliu Htlttttg an I I 
 
 Ihe OaminK Act, tH-j2. Ilir Shct llmin Act, 1891; l 
 
 I'roptrly Ail, 1^1; l\\i: Small lU'ldtMR\ All, \^ji. .i\ 
 
 Crown 8vo, 700 pp., price 61. W. (saved at every cou ..It.iii'jii ' j, uou^y 
 
 bound in cloth. \Juit publiiw. 
 
 ♦,• Tht Book will be found to comf-ti-.f (amriiF;t iti-.er inatler) — 
 THB Rir.llTS AND Wkoni.s OP INI>:- -■'IMRS 
 
 AND rUKtllASRKS— TARTNEkS ANLl A<;|- I BBS, 
 
 SBRVANTS. and WokKMIiN-I.I'.ASIlS A . ''.■■•(. 
 
 1 KAcrs AND Ac.RI:i-.mi:nts- IliiNI» AND liJl 1 ,■.! sa; 
 
 Kam.way and .SilU'iiNi. Law llASKHUl-irV \M) In 
 
 AND Scmn lis— CkrMiNAi. Law- I'akiiami'.ntakv 1 
 
 MUNIIJIPAI. CdRI'DHA 1 IDNS rAklSlI I, AW, CIH k' II 
 
 AND NUISANCBS— COHVKIGHT AND PATKNIS-I 
 
 AND WIFB. DIVOHCR. P. IC— TRUSTRKS AND 1 
 
 HANTS. ETC.— GAMB LAWS AND SPORTING- IT 
 
 KBBPRRS. LiCBNSINr., BTC — FORMS OF WlLLb, /. ..w. , , 
 
 t^sT The object of this work is to enable thae who consult it to help them- 
 selves to Ihe law; and thereby to dispense, as far as possible, tvith professional 
 assistance and ailvice. There are many wrongs and grievances which persons sub- 
 mit to from time to time through not knowing how or where to apply for redrns ; and 
 many persons have as great a dread of a lawyer's office as of a lion's den. With this 
 book at hand it is believed that many a Six-and-Eightpesce may be saved ; many 
 a wrong redressed ; many a right reclaimed; many a law suit avoided ; and many 
 an evil abated. The tvork has established itself as Ihe standard legal aJvtser of all 
 daises, ami. has also made a reputation for itself as a useful booh oj reference for 
 lawyers residing at a distance from law libraries, who are glad to nave at hand a 
 work embodying recent decisions and enactments. 
 
 •«• Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " It Is a complete code of EnWish Law, written In plain lanjuaje, which aD can undcrMand. 
 , , . Should be in the hands of every business man, and all who wub to abolish lawyen' biU>.' ^ 
 fVeekly Times. 
 
 " A useful and concise epitome of the law, compiled with considerable care." — Lam ilagmaint, 
 
 "A complete digest of the most useful facts which constitute En^^lish law."— C/o^, 
 
 " This excellent li.wdbook. . . . Admirably done, adiiiiiably arraiiged, and admirat>lx 
 cheap." — Le<ds Mercury. 
 
 " A concise, che.ip and complete epitome of the English law. So plainly written tliat he who 
 runs may read, and he who reacts niay understand. ' — Fi£aro. 
 
 " A dictionary of legal facts well put together. The book Is a very useful one.' —S^aiaf»r. 
 
 "A work which has long been w-antcd, which is thoroughly well done, and which we most 
 cordially recommend." — Suiiifay Times. 
 
 " The latest edition of this popular book ought to be in erery business establisluDent, and oo 
 every hbrary laMe.'—SMeffle.'d I'cst. 
 
 •■ A complete epitome of the law ; thoroughly intelligible to non-professional readers." 
 
 BeUt Li/e. 
 
 Legal Guide for Pawnbrokers, 
 
 THE PAWNBROKERS', FACTORS' AND MERCHANTS' 
 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF LOASS ASD PLEDGES. With the 
 Statutes and a Digest of Cases. By H. C. Folkard, Esq., Barrister-at Law. 
 Fcap. 8vo, 3$. 6d. cloth. 
 
 Tlie Law of Contractu. 
 
 LABOUR CONTRACTS : A Popular Handbook on the Law 
 of Coiitracis for Works and Services. By David Gibbons. Fourth Editicrn, 
 Api eudix of Statutes by T. F. UxTLEV, Solicitor. Fcap. 8vo, 31. M. cloth. 
 
 The Factory Acts. 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS 
 (1878-1891). For the Use of Manufacturers and Managers. By Evile 
 Garcke and J. M. Fells. (Reprinted from " Factory Accounts. ) Crowa 
 8vo, 6rf. sewed. 
 
 CODEN, S.MALE AND CO. LIMITED, PRINTERS, GREAT SAFFRON HILL. B T,
 
 WieaW0 Mulsimentaci) &me$. 
 
 LONDON, 1862. 
 THE PRIZE MEDAL 
 
 Was awarded to the Publishers of 
 
 "WHALE'S SERIES." 
 
 A NEW LIST OF 
 
 WEALE'S SERIES 
 
 RUDIMENTARY SCIENTIFIC, EDUCATIONAL, 
 AND CLASSICAL. 
 
 Cofn ^rising- nearly Three Hiind7-ed and f-ifiy distinct -works in alnin<:f every 
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