Conciliation A N 1) Arbitration I N Labour Disputes 4 J. Stephen Jeans THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES /K/ 6 CONCILIATION ANaw\RBITRATION LABOUR J HISTORICAL SKETCH AND BRIEF STATEMENT OF THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE QUESTION AT HOME AND ABROAD j;^TEPHEN JEANS, M.R.L, F.S.S. AUTHOR OF "England's sufremacy," etc., and late secretary of the iron and STEEL institute (uDio^ [umen LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7 STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1894 HD JJ4 A- C3 INSCRIBED TO MY VALUED FRIENDS WILLIAM JACKS, M.P. lpl•csi^cnt of tbc JBiitisb 5\on "Crate Bssociation A.\D WILLIAM SPROSTON CAINE, M.P. lpast=lPre5i6cnt of tbc ISritisb Jron 'Crate Bssociation IN TOKEN OF MY HIGH APPRECIATION OF THEIR CHARACTERS AND LABOURS 410463 INTRODUCTION and OUTLINE. THE " condition-of-England question " at the present moment, and for a considerable time past, has been dependent upon the solution of the problem of recon- ciling capital and labour. In consequence of the difficulties that appear to stand in the way of such a reconciliation, an infinite amount of mischief has been done to all the industrial interests of this country, and the outlook for the future has been clouded with trouble, uncertainty, and gloom. It is not only that employers have lost vast sums of money in resisting claims made by their workmen, and in supporting their own, but the public confidence in all industrial undertakings has been greatly shaken, until the value of such investments, as such, has been seriously deteriorated, and capitalists who were formerly eager to embark upon manufacturing enterprise have ceased to have confidence in it, — to such an extent, indeed, that it is shunned by many as if it were a certain plague. So long as this condition of things exists, English com- merce and industry must remain in a parlous and undesirable state. The backbone of our commercial supremacy, of our great command of shipping business, of our success as a colonising people, of our superior wealth and all the advan- tages that it confers, is our manufacturing industry. If that vi INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. industry is menaced by the unrest and turbulence of labour, by the exactions and unreasonableness of capital, by industrial war on a gigantic scale, — such as that which formed so painful and disastrous a feature of the history of labour in 1893, — capital will be withdrawn from it, new developments will be checked and frustrated, our ever-watchful rivals and competitors will gain a march upon our own manufacturers in the markets of the world, and our circumstances will be environed with even greater perils than Hudibras predicates for "the man that meddles with cold iron." ^ We repeat again, therefore, that the question of the hour is the solution of this great problem. The crucial question of questions is, not the incidence of taxation, not the operation of foreign tariffs, not the exhaustion of our coal supply, not the stringency of money, not the merits or demerits of bimetallism, but the avoidance of serious dis- putes between capital and industry. Solve this problem effectually, and we guarantee the continuance of English commercial supremacy, we give new life to home industries, we provide new outlets for capital, we secure protection to employers, and we relieve the working men and women of England from the thraldom and dominion of what must to them be the greatest curse of modern times. It would be going much too far to affirm that the solution has already been found. Again and again it has been believed by sanguine admirers of economic systems or phases of systems that they had finally reached a panacea for the greatest of industrial evils, — at one time in conciliation, applied in a par- ticular way ; at another time, in courts of arbitration ; at a third time, in the establishment of sliding-scales ; at a fourth time, in co-operation ; at a fifth time, in profit-sharing. But, unfortun- ately, every one of these systems has at one time or another broken down ; and the bitter and disastrous experience of the year 1893 proves, to the reluctant acquiescence of any candid INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. vii mind, that we are nearly as far from a solution as we ever were — if we are not still farther. Many strikes have no doubt occurred in consequence of the ignorance of the workmen, or of their leaders and advisers, as to the actual conditions of the business in which they were engaged. There is often a wide difference between the prices as published in the newspapers or trade circulars, and the realised prices received by employers. This is especially so in the case of coal. The realised price of coal is affected by the proportions free for sale, and sold under contracts of longer or shorter duration. It often happens, moreover, that the employers, in busy times, find it necessary to check sales ; and while not refusing orders, they put up a prohibitive price when they see that they have already as many orders as they can execute. These quotations are mistaken by the workmen for realised prices. Of course, all this liability to mislead would be got rid of, if, for the purposes of a sliding-scale or some other amicable mode of settlement, the employers and em- ployed agreed upon the ascertainment of the actual realised selling prices from period to period ; but the employers are not to be blamed if they do not attempt such an ascertain- ment, unless they have guarantees that it will be accepted as a basis of settlement. Labour disputes are more or less liable to occur in every industry, according as the rate of wages paid is more or less liable to sudden and frequent fluctuations. Thus, in the textile industries, where the wages are usually fairly steady, and where oscillations of any account are comparatively infrequent, the occurrence of a general strike is rare. In the mining industry, on the other hand, the variations of wages are more common than in almost any other, and hence labour disputes are specially frequent. Some interesting evidence on this point was submitted to viii INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. the Royal Commission on Labour (Group A). Mr A. K. M'Cosh, vice-chairman of the Lanarkshire Coal iSIasters' Association, stated that for a long period wages had been subject to great fluctuations in the Scotch collieries, varying from 6d. to is. per day, and that he remembered one time when they were twice reduced by 2s. a day within a single month ! It was natural, after this, that Mr M'Cosh should add, that " if the variations were less violent, there would be less friction between employers and employed, and it was to ensure this result that the employers desired the adoption of a sliding-scale." * The facts just stated make it sufficiently clear that one of the greatest securities that could be provided against sus- pensions of labour would be the steadying of price, and that any system that could be devised with this end in view would be almost certain to effect immense advantage. It is, however, difficult to see how such a system is to be provided. The so-called law of supply and demand does not provide for a steady demand at all times alike. But even if this were not the case, artificial means are constantly being employed to raise or depress prices, — such, for example, as " cornering " the market, syndicating or monopolising the products of industry, and restricting the output. Of late years the oscillations of price from these causes appear to have been more violent and more frequent than formerly, and it is to be feared that this will continue unless commercial gambling can be got rid of. Comparatively little attention has been given in the follow- ing pages to the French system of Conseils des Prud^ homines, established in France under the Napoleonic code, and after- wards extended to Prussia, Belgium, and other Continental countries. This system is well suited to the settlement of * Group A, (/. 13633-7. INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. IX matters of detail — to small grievances and minor disputes — but it is not quite adapted to the more serious causes of difference which result in a general suspension of industry over a large area of operations, and are liable to affect prejudicially many allied and collateral interests. At the same time, the evidence submitted before the Royal Commission on Labour appeared to show that there was a real raison d'etre for a tribunal that would adequately meet these minor troubles ; and it is quite possible that the system of councils of experts, under such legal sanctions as exist on the Continent, would be more effective in this direction than the present system of joint- committees, or, as often happens, no system at all. Anything in the shape of compulsion is, however, so repugnant to the spirit and to the traditions of the English people, that it might be found difficult to adopt a system that would depend essentially on legal sanctions. It is clear that this is the view of the most experienced among both employers and employed as to the principles on which conciliation and arbitration should be based. No one seriously recommends that the acceptance of either system should be forced upon industry, or that legal penalties should follow upon the non- acceptance of an award. While this spirit prevails, we must always more or less remain between the Scylla of non-acceptance of conciliation and the Charybdis of non-fulfilment of awards that have no proper legal sanction. The moral force of a voluntary sanction is, however, always the strongest with men of honour, and we may hope that this will ultimately enable us to dispense with legal requisitions. In not a few cases, indeed, the workmen have shown that they were fully alive to the moral obligation which devolved upon them, first, to accept a reference, and next to carry out the decision of the referee, and the leaders of the workmen have again and again threatened to give up their positions, if any attempt at repudiation of an award was b /^ X INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. made by their constituents. In order to minimise the risk of rejecting an award, it is obviously desirable that it should be so framed as to operate with as little harshness as possible, and especially that it should not be either retrospective or applied to a long period of time. Workmen would be likely to submit to an adverse award for a period of three months, when they would rebel against an award that committed them for six months or a longer period. Until workmen have learned patience and self-control more generally and largely than at present, there will always be a liability, on the part of certain of the more hot-headed and impulsive among their number, to quarrel with any terms that may be suggested or adopted with a view to the settlement of their rate of wages, hours of work, or other general conditions of labour. The remarks that were recently made on the selec- tion and attitude of Lord Shand, by one of the miners' representatives in the Midland Counties is a notable case in point. Such remarks are greatly to be deplored, even when they have a semblance of truth, but when their accuracy is at least questionable, they should be severely reprobated; and it is satisfactory to be able to add that on the special occasion in question the workmen did, as a body, repudiate the remarks that are the subject of animadversion. The collapse of many of the earlier boards of conciliation and arbitration may be held to prove either that the system was not fully understood, or that it was not acceptable to either of the interests concerned. Generally the causes of collapse have been either the refusal of one side or the other to accept decisions, or the withdrawal of a certain number of dissatisfied members. In the case of the Wear Shipbuilding trade a conciliation board was founded as early as 1S50, but as the early decisions were adverse to the men they declined to go on with it, and it collapsed after two years. INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. xi It is hardly necessary that I should add that in the prepara- tion of the following chapters I have derived very important assistance from the Reports of the Royal Commission on Labour. Many previous reports have been published on the systems of conciliation and arbitration, including that which was written some fifteen years ago by my friend Mr J. D. Wicks, of Pittsburgh, under instructions from the Governor of Pennsylvania, and that which Mr Carroll D. Wright, of the Bureau of Labour at Washington, prepared in his capacity of Chief Commissioner of that Department. But I have been guided mainly by the more recent Reports of the Royal Com- mission on Labour at home, and have made free use of the information which they contain on the various circumstances under which the application of one or other of the systems dealt with has been attempted in foreign countries. While the rationale and the essential phases of the system of conciliation and arbitration are necessarily varying from day to day, so that it is difficult to keep fully abreast of their kaleidoscopic movement, it is believed that this little work will be found to fairly well record and reflect the course of the system up-to-date. It includes, at any rate, the essential features of the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Labour on this branch of their inquiry, for which I have to acknowledge my obligations to the Times ; and it reproduces in an Appendix the full text of Mr Mundella's Bill of March 1894, designed to make better provision for the settlement of labour disputes. These two documents represent the latest and (in some respects) the most important deliverances on the subject. So far as my own record goes, I may be permitted to say that I am not quite new to the methods which in the follow- ing pages I have endeavoured to reduce to something like a practical system. It is now more than twenty years since I had occasion to study and to write upon the application of arbitration xii INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE. both in the North of England and in the West of Scotland. At a later date I had practical experience as an arbitrator in one of the most important industries in the North, having been associated in that position with such men as Mr David Dale, Mr Thomas Burt, M.P., and Mr John Burnett, of the Board of Trade. I was also favoured with intercourse on the same subject with such notable pioneers of the system as Mr Mundella and Sir Rupert Kettle, from whom I received much encouragement and assistance in my earlier writings; while I have had the marked advantage of more or less continuous intercourse, during the last twenty years, with men who have acquired such marked distinction, and who have deserved so well of their countrymen in this sphere of labour, as Mr David Dale and Mr William Whitwell. I mention these facts, not in order to exalt my own function as the humble compiler of the following pages, but in order to provide some little guarantee that I do not come quite unprepared by previous knowledge and experience to the task which I have undertaken. CONTENTS. SECTION I-OREAT BRITAIN. CHAPTER I. The Progress of Industry II. The Proble:\i of To-day . III. Attempts at Solution of the Problem IV. Industrl\l Concill\tion . V. Industrl^l Arbitration . VI. Matters Proper for Arbitration VII'. Industrial Sliding-Scales VIII. The Coal-Mining Industry as it was IX. Sliding-Scales in the Coal Industry X. The Coal Industry of South Wales XI. Sliding-Scales in the Pig- Iron Industry XII. Arbitration and Sliding-Scales in the Staf- fordshire Coal and Iron Industries XIII. Arbitration and Sliding-Scales in the Finished Iron Industry of the North of England ...... XIV. Conciliation and Arbitration in other In- dustries ...... XV. The Attitude of Employers XVI. The Attitude of Workmen XVII. Pending Proposals and Legislation PAGE I 13 19 25 31 43 50 55 62 69 n 81 ^1 102 109 115 12^ xiv CONTENTS. SECTION II.-FOREIGN COUNTRIES. CHAI'TEK PAGE XVIII. Labour Disputes and their Settlement in THE United States . . . -131 XIX. Labour Disputes and their Settlement in Germany . . . . . .142 XX. Labour Disputes in France . . -154 XXI. Labour Disputes in other Countries . 159 APPENDICES. I. Sliding -Scale adopted in the Coal Trade OF South Wales .... 173 II. The "Act for the Amicable Adjustment of Grievances and Disputes that m.ay arise BETWEEN Employers and Employed," &c., IN New York State . . . .174 III. French Law providing for Conciliation and Arbitration in cases of Collective Dis- putes between Employers and Employed. 180 IV. Rules of the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration in the Staffordshire Pot- teries . . . . . .184 V. Mr W. J. Parry's Scheme for the Estab- lishment OF A System of Boards of Arbitration , . . . .188 VI. Mr Mundella's Conciliation (Trade Dis- putes) Bill ..... 190 INDEX 192 CONCILIATION and ARBITRATION. SECTION I.— GREAT BRITAIN. CHAPTER I. THE PROGRESS OF INDUSTRY. THE great charter of the working classes in modern times was the Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 96 (1824), which gave power to do many things that the law had previously disallowed. Under this Act they were at liberty to cease working, to take steps to diminish the quantity of their work, and to do many other things that were visited by condign penalties at an earlier period. From this date, therefore, the working classes entered on a new epoch. Their new-found liberty, apt to degenerate into license, was kept in check by the penal provisions enacted to prevent the use of force and violence. Trade unionism measured its strength with capital, not stealthily and with many secret devices, but in the broad light of day, and with openly-avowed purpose. It is not altogether a marvel that the newly-acquired freedom of labour was now and again employed indiscreetly and to little purpose. It required a long process of education and experience to teach the true mission of labour combinations. Many a bitter struggle, many a hard name, many scenes of strife and sorrow had to be endured before this lesson was fully taught. Over and over again it was found that the unions created by the men were akin to Frankenstein's monster — a power and an influence which was more easily originated than subdued. A 2 CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION. A recent writer has defined the duties of trades unions to be — (i) to oppose all reductions of wages ; (2) to cause a rise of wages whenever practicable ; and (3) to convert non-unionists into unionists, either by persuasive or by coercive means.* As applied to the "new trade unionism," this is probably a very imperfect definition. The functions of this organisation reach far beyond the settlement of wages, or the making of converts to their cause. A line of cleavage between the new and the old has been opened up, of which the true import has not yet had time to develop. We can only hope that new powers and a new programme may be made to consist with wise and rational conduct. In its ordinary relation to capital, the first object of labour, whether represented by the individual or by the community, is usually that of securing the highest practicable rate of wages. But we are still as much as ever at variance on the question of how that desideratum can best be secured. Abstract political economy, with all its glib and plausible theories, has really done very little towards a solution of the difficulty. Adam Smith justly remarks, that "the property which every man has in his own labour, as it is the original foundation of all other pro- perty, so it is the most sacred and inviolable." But beyond this threshold of the subject even Adam Smith cannot take us without leaving us "in wandering mazes lost." Theories as to the laws of supply and demand, as to the differences due to constancy and inconstancy of employment, as to the hard- ship, disagreeableness, and dangers of work, and their effects on wages, as to the difficulty and expense of learning some trades in comparison with others — these and cognate matters, though all more or less relevant, are yet extremely inconclusive, and leave untouched the essential principle that aims, under all circumstances, at the equitable and just distribution between capital and labour of the earnings which both are necessary to produce. Nor do we see that John Stuart Mill helps the case when * Ward on Wo?'kinen and IVai^es. THE PROGRESS OF INDUSTRY. 3 he avers that " wages depend mainly upon the demand and supply of labour, or, as it is often expressed, on the proportion between population and capital. . . . Wages not only depend upon the relative amount of capiial and population, but cannot, under the rule of competition, be affected by anything else. Wages (meaning, of course, the general rate) cannot rise but by an increase of the aggregate funds employed in hiring labourers, or a diminution in the number of the com- petitors for hire ; nor fall, except either by a diminution of the funds devoted to paying labour, or by an increase in the number of labourers to be paid." * This formula, although obviously just in'^the abstract, is yet, in the concrete, liable to be indefinitely varied. Whence, otherwise, the suspensions of industry, the struggles between capital and labour, the frequent disputations and unceasing restlessness that mark our industrial annals? The workmen in some trades will tell us that " the number of labourers to be paid " ought not to have any effect on their wages ; that neither ought " the diminution of the funds devoted to paying labour " to have any such influence ; that custom, and not competition, should determine their earnings ; or that their wages should be varied according to the selling price of the commodity they are employed to produce. Others, again, will go a step further, and insist that neither custom nor competition should be allowed to interfere, but that the profits of the capitalist, and these alone, should be made the basis for the regulation of the labourer's hire. There is not, and probably in the nature of things there cannot be, any mathematical precision, or even approximate uniformity, in adjusting a quantity so indefinite and so liable to fluctuation as the earnings of labour. The amount the capitalist can afford to pay, the elastic factor spoken of as the law of supply and demand, the selling price of the commodity in respect of which labour is remunerated, the extent of competi- tion and unemployed labour, the wages paid in cognate and collateral industries, are each and all considerations that will * Principles of Political Economy, chap. xi. 4 CONriMATfoN AN'I) AKIUTKATION. exercise lunrc or less weiKlil, if they do not become absolute (Itk*rmin;uits of the prol)lem. Hence wc come to face the vital and absori>inj,' in(|iiiry, How art: these various considerations to be most completely and satisfactorily trITectuated ? 'I'hcre art- still those with whom the law of sui)ply and demand arc synonymous terms for strike and lock-out, and who do not, even in this age of reason, scruple to avow their belief in these remedies as the only really ultimate solvents of indus- trial diflfercnces. It is a humiliating reflection that our civilisa- tion should be so much of a failure, and our intelligence so greatly at a discount, as to allow the slightest credence or toleration to such a belief. Hut we may rejoice that the spirit which u[)held the Combination Laws, and dominated with tyrannous sway over the rights and privileges of labour, has now given i)lace to a purer, a healthier, and a more reasonable roncei)tion of the reciprocal duties of employers and employed. It would be well if we could add that the larger amount of justice now done to labour had resulted in more friendly relations, and more cordial sympathy and more hearty co- operation, between those interests. The evils of strike and lock-out being conceded, and the urgent need of their prevention being a foregone conclusion, it becomes imperative that some other mode of settling industrial difTerences should be established in their place. Hitherto we have only heard of two other remedies with any pretensions to practicability. The first of these is co-opera- tion and profit-sharing ; the second is arl)itration and conciliation, either conjunct or separate. Co-operative production has many obvious merits, but it is equally beset by seemingly insurmountable weaknesses. Those who think that in the actual organisation of productive in- dustry there is a disproportionate assignment of profits to capital, ought, under a system of co-operation, to have their minds set at rest. It is the immediate purpose of industrial partnerships to hold the balance evenly between capital and lalx)ur; and Lord Brassey was at one time sanguine enough to believe that "when cooperative production has been intro- THE I'KOGKIiSS OV INDUS'IKY. 5 duced into all branches of industry successfully, and on a sufficiently extensive scale, we shall then have the universal gauge or measure of workmen's rightful claims." * On the face of it, there could be no better, simpler, or more equitable expedient for adjusting wages than that of providing that every person employed shall have a pecuniary interest in the success of the business ; that interest being, as far as possil)le, in i)ro- portion to the services rendered, while the capital employed is remunerated by a reasonable rate of interest. On these or analogous principles co operative production has been undertaken at various times by Messrs Fox, Head, & Company, of the Newport Rolling Mills, near Middlesbrough; Messrs Briggs, of the ^\'hitwood Collieries; the Ouseburn Engine ^^'orks Company, at Newcastle; the Paisley Manu- facturing Society; the Lurgan Damask Manufacturing Society; the Hebden Bridge Manufacturing Society ; I lie North of Eng- land Industrial Iron and Coal Company; the Ecdes Quilt Manufacturing Society ; the Northumberland Miners' Associa- tion ; the South Yorkshire Miners' Association ; the Printing Society of Manchester ; and by numerous other more or less extensive industrial concerns. Nor has the movement been limited to our own country. It has been adopted on the other side of the Atlantic by such religious sects as the Shakers, Mormons, Economists, and Perfectionists. The Working Men's Manufacturing Company, with a capital of ^25,000, was established in 1872 at Emmaus, and various co-operative foundries have l)een originated in New York and Massa- chusetts. In !•" ranee, the same principle has been adopted by Monsieur (iodin, of Guise ; and in C.ermany, Belgium, and some other luiropean countries, experiments have innv and again been made in the same direction. With all these examples before us, it cannot be saiil that co-operative proihu tion has not had a fair trial. It has, indeed, been tried in every important industry that can be named, and for a period suffuiently long to test its stability and practical • Contemporary Ktt'iew, ]\\\y 1874. 6 CONCILIA I ION AND AKIIIIK A TION. merits. The result lias been disappointiiif^, although not, of course, e(|ually so in every instan< e. The friends and pro- moters of the system ran still confidently claim that it has been redeemed from utter failure hy not a few notably successful examples. Hut its weaknesses and defects have, nevertheless, been s«) conspicuous under the iiKJSt ( rucial tests as to induce the conclusion that in no form which it has heretofore assumed can co-operative production be absolutely relied upon as a safe and sure panacea for the manifold evils that beset our industrial affairs. Co-operative production has hitherto taken one of two forms, l^ilher the workmen have been admitted, by the prin- ciple known as industrial partnership, to a share in the profits of the business, without any investment of capital, and, therefore, without the risk of loss to which capital is always liable, or they have found the whole of the capital themselves, and thus become responsible for the supply of all the essential condili«)ur. The story of the Shirlaml Collieries anjuired hy the South N'(»rkslurc Miners' Association is as sorrowful a re< ord of trouble and failure as the annals of imiustry ran supply. Scarcely less disastrous has iK-en the rarecr of the rolliery whirh was taken up hy the Northunilnrrland Mimrs" Association in the vicinity of Chester- field. The Ouseburn Knginc Works at Newcastle is another notable addition to the long catalogue of failures, due either to the lac k of commer« iai foresight and competency, to the inelTiciency of the management, to the want of cohesion and agreement among the members of the co operative concern, or to the absence of reserves adcciuatc to tiding over a season of adversity. Although the Ouseburn Works were the pr(jperty of the men themselves, this did not prevent a number of them from striking for higher wages, thus i)roving the difficulty of conduct- ing, on a democratic system, an undertaking embracing many classes of workmen, with varied and uncfjual fiualifications. Such and so significant have been the results attending the adoption of co operative production. No elaborate analysis of the facts is needed to prove that, whether due to any inherent weakness in the system itself, to the inadcciuate and incomplete character of the experiments, to the want of confidence and competency on the part of the working classes, or to the general but vague and shadowy ex})lanation that the times are not yet fully ripe for its acceptance, co-operation has not succeeded in proving its claims to reconcile the conflicting interests of capital and labour, and the unequal distribution of the profits of pro- duction must be righted in some other way. Concurrently with the failure of co-operative production, and its conseipient abandonment by those who have given it the most prolonged and patient trial, the expedient of arbitra- tion, which aims at reaching a similar result by a different way, has been growing in public favour, and jtroving itself an "easy, artless, unencumbered plan '' for the equitable and satisfactor)' settlement of industrial differences. Of this system, the modes and forms are almost as numerous and complicated as of co-oi>eration. One trade has adopted what is known as Mr THE PROGRESS OF INDUSTRY, 9 Muiidclla's plan of a "long jaw," which implies and involves the settlement of a dispute by sim[)le conciliation, or, in other words, by a friendly meeting of employers and cmj)loycd, at which the j)arties chafTer and haggle and bargain and argue, until an eventual compromise is effected. Another trade prefers the more formal and obligatory system of a regular court, armed not only with the power of making an award, but also with authority to enforce it. Others again prefer a course ecjually distant from the informality of the one system and the strictly judicial procedure of the other. No accordance of experience or ojjinion has yet made known whether any particular system is better than another, or which is absolutely the best. We are only feeling our way to this consummation of patient and careful experiments. It is the purpose of these pages to focus and crystallise the experience of the past and the obvious requirements of the present in respect of this new mode of dealing with industrial differences. Professor Tyndall has affirmed, in his public lecture-s, that the destiny of tliis nation is not in the hands of its statesmen, but in those of its coalowners. In another and still more important .sen.se, it might be argued that our national destinies will henceforth be controlled by our trades unions. Subject to wise and temperate governance, these may be made a great power for good. With the advent of arbitration they entered upon a new career of usefulness. Without their aid, arbilrati(^n, in its fullest and most effectual modes, would scarcely be i)racticable. It is the function of the union first to accept or reject arbitration, according to the views entertained of the circumstances under which it is proposed ; but, having accepted it, to pledge all the workmen concerned in the issue to loyalty and good faith, thus ensuring lo the employer a measure of security and confidence in the execution of his con- tracts that might not (Jtherwise accrue. In the fulfilment of this mission, tratle unionism may redeem itself from the failures and disgraces of the past, and become as conspicuous for the di.stribution of benefits and blessings as heretofore it has lieen for such j)lague-spots as rattening and Luddism. 10 CONCILIATION ANI) AKI'.I IK Al ION. Ccrlain i inployrrs of llic old school have hcin slow- to rcro^^nisc ihr allrrcd « on(lili<»n of ihin^s. Accustomed under tanant tri^ime to have their own way with their workmen, or to regard them perhaps as machines, to he driven as fast and as lonj^ as lluir energies will allow, without any exercise of th«ir own will, they view with uneasy and dissatisfied feelings the tendencies of the times towards social ccpiality. Absolute e<|uality there can never he in a society composed of men uncipially endowed in knowledge, in skill, in aptitude, and in mental and jihysical force ; but the ecpiality whi< h authorises and enables two men to meet at the same table, the one to sell his labour and the other to buy it, is as nearly as possible absolute for this particular purpose ; and while " the good old rule, the simple plan," of casting freedom of contract to the winds, and measuring the value of a man's labour by his dire necessities, and the despondency which the sui)erior power of capital can inspire, are still traceable in certain quarters, we should like to infer from recent events that their reci|)rocal duties, as well as their mutual rights, are being better under- stood and more conscientiously fulfilled alike by employers and employed. 'I'he hostility of class to class is being broken down. The fear which formerly prevented working men from asserting their rights lest they should lose their employment has given place to an assurance of security and protection in- duced by the a:gis of unionism and the more reasonable and rational conduct of employers. Hut while conciliation has done more than any other system devised in recent times for the prevention of conflicts between capital and labour, it is still only on its trial, and is even now, from day to day, enduring strains under which it sometimes threatens to give way. Hitherto arbitration has been in danger because men refused to make the experiment which its applica- tion involved. Industrial leaders have not lieen eager to learn the lesson inculcated by Bacon when he says, that " the risk attending want of success is not to be compared with that of neglecting the attempt — the former being attended with the loss of a little human labour ; the latter, with that of an immense THE PROGRESS OK INDUSTRY. II benefit."* But pressure, solicitation, coercion, and other influences have recently brought the system into the fierce glare of public criticism. It has been put upon its trial under the most crucial circumstances that could well be imagined. Vor it will not be denied that the industry of this country has never experittnced vicissitudes so perplexing, so abnormal, so beset with distracting doubts and difficulties and fears, as those that have marked the epoch during which conciliation has been on its trial. During that interval we have seen the culmination of both prosperity and adversity. Wages have been advanced, " not by steps, but by strides ; not by strides, but by leaps and bounds." The tide turned, and the working classes found their fall almost as rapid as their rise, and (juite as unexpected, until they were plunged in the very trough of the wave while yet they believed themselves bounding on its crest. Capital has been called upon to endure similarly varied exiieriences. bewilderment, panic, dismay at times, seized hold of employer and employed alike. The machinery of social and industrial life has been thrown greatly out of gear. Under such a con- dition of things, some degree of confusion, distrust, and dere- liction of obvious common-sense, became perhaps inevitable. lint the working classes, as a whole, have been fairly loyal, u[) to a certain point. Content with the issues of arbitration, they have suffered reduction after reduction in their wages with Si)artan-like endurance and fortitude. It is true that there have been large exceptions, but these have only proved and confirmed the rule. In almost every staple industry through- out the country, arbitration, in these perilous and disheartening times, has won triumphs that can never fade. It is right that these triumphs and successes should be put on record, as much for the guidance of the future as for the honour of the past. 'I'he time for writing a really comj)lete history of arbitration has not yet come ; nor will it perhaps have arrived until some other expedient, more siniple, certain, and satisfactory, has taken its place. ihe present volume • Novum Or^'ii/iiim, Uuuk I. Aphurism cxiv. 12 CONCILIATION AND AKMIKAriON. inakrs no pretensions to l)cin^ cillur a full or a connected history ; it is written with the s(»lc purpose of helping on the good work, in its hour of greatest need. I*'or it must have stru AKUITKATION. cnpitnl has once been invested in a manufaclurinf^ cntcri)rise it is not so easy to withdraw it. 'Ihe second is that every manufacturer and capitalist hopes, and prol)al)ly heheves, that in seasons of piosperity he may succeed in recouping himself for tlie losses incurrid when inckistry was unprofital)le. Althon^;!! the most irrefutable testimony has been given to the fact tliat in our |)rincipal industries — inchiding iron, coal, and cotton tlie average rate of profit on the caj)ital invested over the last twenty years has not been higher than — if so high as — it would have i)ecn had the money been invested in (>)nsols, and not nearly so much as if it had been invested in ground-rents, or even in railway securities, yet the average capitalist is always hoping for large dividends, and now and again — although of late years at much rarer intervals than formerly -he finds his hopes realised. Three such periods have happened since 1870 — the first in 1872-73; the second in 1880-81 ; and the third in 1889-90. Most of the interven- ing periods have been marked by unremitting and not generally successful efforts to avoid more or less serious loss. Had as the condition and prospect have been for the great industries on which (Ireat Britain is so much dependent, capitalists might have gone on in the old groove, hoping for the occasional rewards of patience that they have hitherto met with as a set-off to the troubles of the average period, due to over-production and competition, or, in other words, to their own course of action. But of late years they have been called upon to face another, and an even more formidable danger, which, if not entirely new, has at any rate assumed new phases that invest it with a dread and a power for evil that it had not previously exercised to anything like the same extent. It need hardly be added that this new terror is the increas- ing restlessness of labour, and the exercise of the power possessed by that force to de[)rive the capitalist of the fruits of his anxious years of watching and waiting, when at length there is a prospect that the fat kine will eat uj) the lean. A suspension of labour at a time when industry is depressed and profits are low is bad enough, but it may then be borne THE I'KODLEM OK TO-UAV. 1/ with c(iuanimity, because employers would probably not lose much in tlie form of unrealised profit. But that work should be stopped, — that collieries, factories, and furnaces should be laid idle when there is every possible inducement to work steadily, alike in higher profits for employers and higher wages for employed, — this is the self-immolation, the modern Jugger- nauth, with which we have now to reckon, and to get rid of which we are all so anxiously concerned. The problem of the hour is, then — (i) How is capital to l)e protected against the menacing power of labour unions, now or recently so disastrously exercised for its destruction ; and (2) how is labour to be protected against itself? In thus stating the problem, we do not stop to argue the (juestion whether capital or labour is more tyrannical, un- rea.sonable, and selfish. We do not seek to ascertain whether capital has an undue share of the products of industry — wlulher labour should have a higher rate of reiimneration, whetlier the one interest is always sufliciently conciliatory and considerate towards the other. The fundamental (jues- tion is — How are the parties concerned to be got together to di.scuss their differences, with a view to amicable settlement ? In other words, how are strikes to be avoided, and capital to be conserved? The solution of this problem lies at the root of our manufacturing supremacy, because it is not to be denied that if the pros|)ect for capital in relation to the altitude of labour does not improve, we shall be likely to witness a movement that will end in the transference of capital, in so far as it is convertible, to other channels, where the terrible experience of the ironmasters of Cleveland and \Vest Cumberland, owing to the Durham strike of 1883, and the not less memorable difficulties of the great industries of Lancashire and Yorkshire, conse(iuent upon the Midland coal strike of 1893, are not likely to be repeateil. The struggles of capital against the evils and the dangers which it has itself created against the modern I'Vankenslein which it has found it so much more easy to establish than to control — are sufficiently formidable, but in one way and I.S COMII.IAI ION AN I) Alil'.n RATION. anolliir liny may he endured. lUit lal.oiir does uni yet a|)|»ear lo have siiIVk ieiilly realised h.hiiKiit of Connniltees of Conciliation, Councils of Experts, .Arbitration boards, Sliding Scales, or other machinery, designed either to /' 20 CONCILIATION AND AKIUTUATION. briiif? the disputants into dose touch with one another, or to nfcr llic mailer at issue to a rompetent tril»unal- to Ik; com- posccl of one or more parties —whose derision i-. u'cncrally accepted as final. One of the first orj^anisalions estahlishcd wan tins < nnes, or Councils of Ivxperts, which was created under the Napoleonic code in the early years of the present century, and has since then heen developed on a consideral)le scale, until it has become the recognised medium for the settlement of all differ- ences between employers and employed, not in I-rance only, but in Ciermany, Helgium, and other countries as well. The objects, scope, and constitution of the tribunal are exj)lained in anollKT chapter {I'ide (hap. xx., p. 154). Ihese Councils of Isxperts have now been in existence for well on to a century, and they have done a remarkable amount of good. Their machinery is simple, inexpensive, and readily accessible, but their scope is limited. Their functions are akin rather to the County Court of England, or the so-called Small Debt Court of Scotland, than to the wider functions and broader aims of an Arbitration Hoard. Their niachiner)' is, however, suited to a much more ambitious programme than they themselves carry out. 'Ihey are really conii)osed of two Committees, — the first the Committee of Conciliation, before whom the disputants appear with their witnesses, but without lawyers, and who have a right to call for documents or indus- trials products relating to the case. If this Committee does not effect a settlement satisfactory to the parties, the issue is sub- nntted to the Committee of Judgment, which deliberates with much of the formality, and with most of the powers, of a duly constituted legal tribunal. A very large number of cases are brought l)efore these councils. Cenerally speaking, more than one-half of the total number of cases brought up are not settled by the Conciliation Committee, and have consequently to be referred for judgment. The Conseils des rrudliomiius are not, however, suited for the [)urpose of arranging the larger matters that eventuate in ATTEMPTS AT SOLUTION OF THE PROHLEM. 21 important diflTcrcnces between employers and employed. Their very constitution renders them unfitted for this puri>ose. They are only intended to solve more or less trifling quarrels, and they have certainly not succeeded in preventing strikes on a large scale in any Continental country. They correspond, indeed, rather to the old Trade Guild or Coriwration, which they were originally designed to sujjersede, than to the much more free and indei)endent i)r()cedure of Arbitration Hoards of modern growth.* It is difficult to see how the system which they administer could be applied to the general regulation of the rate of wages, of the hours of work, or of the many other matters that nowa- days arc liable to provoke a general suspension of labour ; and it is against these that society and the combatants themselves sjjccially require to be protected. Even in France their im- suitability for dealing with large (piestions has been virtually acknowledged, by the passing of the new law of December 1893 |)roviding for conciliation and arbitration in collective dis|)utes between employers and employed. One of the first attempts to substitute conciliation for the '' " might is right " system of settling differences that previously prevailed, was that made in the carpet industry, mainly at the instance of the late Mr \Villiam Henderson, of Durhani. In • " The orij^in of these Councils is interesting. The silk m.iniifactiircrs of Lyons in the last century possessed a Tribiiiial Comniini, for settling tr.nle disputes whicli worked within the limits of their guild or cor|Hiration. It fell, with the latter, under the law of .March 1791. The manufacturers, feeling the dis:idvantages and costliness of the more cumltrous machinery of the Law Court^ in settling their disputes, took advantage of a visit from the Em|)cror in 1805, to |)etition for an institution similar to their old I'rihinial Cominiiti, in which men pronounced sentence wlio understixMl the trade. It was granted in the law of .March l8, 1806, and worked so well that it servetl as a iniKlel for the Councils which were rapidly formed at Rouen, NImes, .\vignon, and other towns. The t Council formed in Marseilles wa.s for the soap factories, in iSlo. In the In-ginning of 1S92 there were in that town 149 Ce likely to 1)0 ri'garded as one-sided and even archaic in character. Periodical meetings of the employers were arranged for, to which, during a part of their sitting, deputies from the different works were admitted. But the object in view rather appears to have l>ecn to call the employers to account in the presence of each other, than to arrange differences mutually with their workmen. The princii)al feature of the system was stated to be, that "masters disposed to tyrannise over their workmen would not dare to do so when liable to be periodically called to account for it in the presence of their fellow-manufacturers;" and it was hoped that " the paid delegates of the workmen, whose object had gener- ally been to prolong mischief, would cease to have power," when the workmen were given to understand that their sjx;cial grievances were being inquired into with a view to redress.* Up to a certain point, this system appears to have suc- ceeded. Mr Henderson, in the communication from which we have already quoted, states that "every strike in the caqxTt trade of the United Kingdom has ceased on the appeal " of the Association thus constituted; and he adds his conviction, "that the organisation succeeded, because the first step towards improving the social condition of the working classes, is to con- vince them that they will always meet with justice at the hands of their employers." * A'c'/>or/.< on Paris Exhibition of iSSg, vol. vi^ p. 105. No doiil)t the Association had excellent aims, and did good work so far as it went. But it would not nowadays be rij;arded as going nearly far enough. It was reserved for others to follow in the direction taken, hy more modern arrangements designed to secure industrial |>eace. No one is entitled to more credit for discernment and tact in anticipating and providing for the requirements of the altered condition of things, as between capital and labour, than Mr Mundella, who was one of the first to recognise the justice and the ex[)ediency of calling in the workmen to discuss matters of difference with their employers, and thereby giving them the previously unknown consciousness that they had a voice in the settlement of their own affairs. 'I'his new sense of power was naturally somewhat warily exer- cised at the outset, anil the concessions matle by the eniployers were regarded with suspicion and distrust. lUit, by-and-by, the workmen came to feel that their employers had nothing "up their sleeve" when they sought conference with them, but were honestly anxious to arrive at unilerstandings just and honour- able to all parties. Many subsequent attempts were made to introduce the princi[)]es of conciliation and of arbitration into the settle- ment of disputes in the chief inilustries of (Ireat Britain. In the silk trade of Macclesfield, a voluntary Court of Arbitration, suggested by the Conseils des Pritd'hommes of France, already referred to, was established as far back as 1849, in consequence of a strike of the employes in that industry. The board consisted of twelve representatives on each side, with a chairman and a secretary ; but it did not succeed in obtaining legal sanc:iion for its awards, nor could it have done so, because, as .Mr Crompton has pointed out, " it aimed at the settlement of future prices, as well as the enforcing of subsisting contracts."* In the printing trade, again, arbitration in one form or another has been common from early times, and about 1853 a Court of .Arbitration was constituted, with a barrister as umpire ; but the court was • Industrial Com iliiUiou, y. 125. 24 rONni.IATinN AND ARUITKATION. broken up, because the workmen, while accepting the award as a (lcns. The parties to the dispute are left entirely at liberty to make their own arrangements. They agree upon the constitution of the court, upon the number of arbitrators, upon the form of procedure, upon the lines within which evidence or pleadings shall be admitted, and finally upon the umpire or referee. As, however, the system is usually followed, the employers api)oint two or more of their own number as arbitrators, and the men do the same, so that those who nominally hold the position of arbitrators are really more like advocates, and in ninety-nine out of every huiulred cases referred, the ultimate decision rests with the umpire. It becomes, therefore, a matter of very great importance, both for the satisfaction of the parties, and for the comj)etency of the award, that the umpire should be qualified for his responsible post. But what are the cjualifications required ? Should the umpire be like the Prinf hommes of France and Belgium, an expert in the special industry affected? or should he be an outsider, with no local knowledge, but high character? This is really the crucial point — perha])s a more important point than all the others put together. Every now and again cases occur that one of the parties concerned refuses to submit to arbitration. This may be l)artly due to the stiff-necked obduracy of the party, or to a Iiiiitistn'al Ccucilinfiou, p. 38. INDUSTRIAL CON'CILIATION. 2/ lack of conndcnce in ihcir own case, or to a fear that the umi)irc will not be a sound man, or to some other cause. In the case of ihe j^reat strike of 1893 in the Midland coal trade, the miners refused to submit the matter at issue to arbitration, although ultimately they agreed to such a reference. In the result Lord Shand was appointed to act as umpire by the Speaker of the House of Commons, who was recjuesfed to make the appointment. It is to be presumed that this choice was primarily made because of the legal acumen of the selected jurist, which would of course enable him to sift evidence, and to bring inconclusive matters to the test of proof. Hut an umpire must not c»nly be fair and unprejudiced, he must be able to convey the impression that he has these ([ualities in a high degree, or the result may be dubious. One obvious argument in favour of conciliation, as contra- distinguished from arbitration, is that under the former system there is at least every probability that the parties will not decline to come together with a view U) a settlement, ("on- ciliation implies that they are ready and anxious to settle, and it does not conunit them to any irrevocable or fcjregone issue. Hut in reference to arbitration, cases have again and again occurred where both employers and employed have declined to submit to a referee, so that an absolute deadlock of nego- tiations was involved. The cases in which such refusals occur ajjpear to be infrequent, but they are sufficiently numerous and vital to prove that conciliation should first be resorted to, whenever practicable, and that a more formal reference should only follow upon a declaration that a settlement cannrtlniml)irl:in(l coal trade, in the North of Kn^land iron trade, and in niany other leading; inchistries. The existence of a joint committee is necessary for the settlement of minor disputes, of which many are liable to arise; and the functions of the committee are much akin to \hnsc oiihc Prud ho m me s, cxce|)tin^' that the decisions arrived at have no binding character, and must be satisfactory to the parties interested l)cfore they can be accepted. 'I'he |)rinci|)le of industrial conciliation is so well understood that it can hardly be necessary to define it in any very precise form. It means, in effect, that the parties concerned in any dispute that may occur are prepared to meet together for the purpose of discussing the whole subject, if possible, in order to arrive at a friendly settlement without having the (-piestion at issue submitted to any formal tribunal, or arranging for placing the determination of the issue in the hands of any third party. Conciliation must always of necessity precede any attempt to settle a dispute by a reference. There must at any rate lie the conciliatory attitude implied in a readiness to have the dispute referred ; and when the parties have proceeded so far, it would appear to be desirable that they should at least meet and try to arrange it between themselves. The obvious advantage of conciliation, and the claim to adoption that it possesses above and beyond any other system, is that it makes an end of the matter to the satisfaction of both parties. In the case of an appeal to arbitration, the issue is invariably left in the hands of a third party, who has no further direct interest in it. The award may be just, or it may be unjust. In either case, the one side or the other is liable to think that it has a tendency to place them at a disadvantage ; and as they have had no voice of their own in it, — beyond their share in the choice of the umpire who makes the award, — they are sometimes disposed to look upon both the umpire and his award with disfavour, and now and again to revolt against them. All this is avoided by conciliation, which leaves the INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION. 29 issue absolutely and entirely in the hands of the parties concerned. The " long jaw " is a happy phrase invented hy .Mr Mundella to exi)ress the essential feature of the discussions that took place between employers and employed, in the hosiery and lace trades of Nottingham, with a view to the settlement of labour ditticulties and disagreements. It is indeed the funda- mental basis of conciliation, inasmuch as it implies a friendly business talk between the parties interested in the (juestion under consideration. .\s a general rule this is one-half of the whole trouble in labour cpiestions. Until the system of bring- ing employers and employed face to face was intrfjduced into the hosiery and lace trades of Nottingham, the building trade of Wolverhami)ton, the lace industries of Nottingham, and other centres of industry, which showed an early appreciation of the importance of getting over the great gulf that formerly separated capital and labour, and led the one to take up a continuously antagonistic attitude towards the other, there was not much chance of making solid progress towards a satisfac- tory settlement of matters in dispute. But, directly the parties were brought face to face, they began to understand one another, to appreciate each other's difficulties and arguments, and to display a mutual forbearance and concession that would other- wise have been impossible. Mr Mundella has himself borne testimony of a very emphatic kind to the success of the system of conciliation adopted in the hosiery and lace trades of Nottingham. During the whole sixteen or seventeen years that he was presiileiit of the board, "there had only been two or three cases where the men had been recalcitrant." Where the workmen set them- selves against the board, they alienated the sympathy of the intelligent section of their fellows, and tleprived llieniselves of Union support. The Joint-Commillee in the (oal ;uul iron industries is an outcome of the ("(jmmiltee of Imjuiry, whi( h was adopteil nearly thirt)' years ago in the Nottingham hosiery trade, as part of the system of conciliation. In the latter case, the committee 30 CONCII.IATIoN AM) AiailTK ATION. consisted of (mir incmlicrs of tin- hoard two employers and two operatives ; and the < oinmitlee niach- an attempt t(j settle every (hspute l)roiij^ht hefore it, hut with<»ut the ployer and workman have confidence in their contracts, when they know there is an impartial and j)opularly informed tribunal which can be called upon to put upon them a binding interjjretation. U'hen minor differences arise, such as do not affect great trade interests differences often commencing with a personal (juarrel between a workman or body of workmen and an overlooker or foreman, it is well that some. judicious conciliator should step between the dis|)Utants, and by authoritative advice prevent these small bickerings growing into a trade strife — a taking of sides, to be followed by the proverbial consecjuences of the letting out of troubled waters. It is then — (i) As an open market, in which the fair wages for a fair day's work can be determined ; (2) To prevent misunderstanding as to the mean- ing of hiring contracts ; and (3) To pacify quarrels when they arise in the execution of such contracts, that I think boards of arbitration and conciliation are reijuired." It goes without saying that no stcreotyi>ed system of arbi- tration can be adopted that would be equally suited to the circumstances of every industry, nor even in all probability to any considerable nunil)er of industries. There are, to begin with, some two thousand or more industries carried on in the • rapcr read iK-forc ihc Social Science Congress in 1S71. INDUSTRIAL AKIJITKATION, 33 United Kingdom, each differing from all the others in some more or less characteristic and essential particulars. Then, again, not only has every industry its own special features and conditions, ijut every district has its own special rate of wages, and its own special customs and usages, even for the same industry ; so that a basis or system that might he admirably suited to one would be (juite ill adapted to another, and any attempt to bring about unity and conformability might lead to serious disagreements V^ery great importance is attached by both em|)loyers and employed to the choice of an umpire. The umpire should be, like Caisar's wife, " above suspicion." He should be neither a strong partisan nor a man of intemperate and one-sided judg- ment. As a rule, it would probably be better that he should have no interest in labour tiuestions as an employer. There have, no doubt, been many cases where an emi)loyer was trusted by workmen to deal with (juestions affecting the rate of wages to be paid. In the North of England, .Mr David Dale, himself one of the largest employers in the country, has often been called in to decide knotty points involving questions of wages, and he has for many years been the umpire chosen by the unanimous suffrages of the Hoard of .\rl)itration and Conciliation in the manufactured iron trade of the north ; but Mr Dale's is alto- gether an exceptional case, as he is also an entirely exceptional man. The um|)ire should be a man who is accustomed to weigh ing and sifting evidence, and if not actually a lawyer, he should at least have some judicial powers and experience. In what is • ailed "open arbitration," all sorts of matters, relevant and irrelevant, crucial and trivial, fundamental and ren)ote, are liable to be introdu(ed. This may, of course, be done in |)er- fectly good faith. Ihil in handling the mass of materials submitted, the umpire should be able, with trained judgment and intelligence, to separate the essential from the non-essential, the in< idental from the fundamental, the inunediate from the remote. If he fails to do this if he commits an error in not assigning to fundamental facts their due importance, C 34 (•()N( II.IATION AM) Aklin RATION, ami il lie mannifics ihc value of non essentials, he is likely to do injustice to llic one side or the other. Such an injustice does not produce only a ten)|K)rary effect. If either side is fully persuaded that a just award has not been made, the whole system suffers, because the injured party loses confidence in its merits. This is the worst thing that could befall it. The basis of arbiirati(jn, or of any system of a vohmtary character designed to redress the balance between capital and labour, is faith in its efficacy and in its results. If that faith is in any degree shaken, the parties whose confidence has been tlamaged are less likely to accept the system in the future, and this result has happened again and again to the extent of an absolute refusal to have anything to do with it. Another very important consideration for both parties is that the arbitrators should if they are charged with the duty of naming an um])ire — fix upon a man in whom both sides have the fullest confidence. He should, as a rule, be neither a master's man nor a man's man. He should not be too pro- nounced a politician, lest it be thought that his politics might war|) his decision. He should not have made himself too con- spicuous on behalf of any interest or shibboleth affecting the relations of capital and labour. He should, if possible, be one who knows something of the local conditions influencing and perhaps controlling the matters at issue. If he is an employer, he should at least be noted for fair-mindedness ; and if he is known to have a specially sympathetic feeling towards labour, it will probably not do any harm, although there is a tendency on the part of extremely conscientious men to strain in the other direction, in order that they may not err on the side to which their sympathies are understood to lean. Arbitration has, of course, been called into freijuent retpiisitit)!! for other |)urposes than the determination of the rate of wages, although that rate has generally been thereby aflected, directly or indirectly. A case in point may be noted, the more so that it was a case to which a good deal of importance was attached at the time, as calculated to fix the future customs of an extensive industry. In 1S91 the Durham INDUSTRIAL AKltlTKAI ION. 35 coalowners and tlie men employed in iheir coke yards decided to refer to arbitration a basis of work and wages suited to the various classes of cokemen, for the guidance of the joint- c(jmmittee which usually determined all matters of pending controversy. The unusually large number of five arbitrators were a|)pointed to represent each side, and Mr Robert Spencc Watson of Newcastle on-Tyne was requested to act as umpire. This was essentially a ca.se that called for the mediation of an ex[)ert, which the umpire could not pretend to be. He had to decide what should be considered the standard oven, what amount of work each class of workmen should be expected to do in a given period of time, what should be the basis of payment, and what was the correct definition of an average " bench." The umpire, in the absence of any expert knowledge of the trade, rcHpiired certain returns bearing on the points at issue to be furnished to him, and these he had examined by accountants, who pre|)ared tables of general averages, which guided him to a decision which was generally satisfactory, care being taken to insist that the award did not in any way affect the riglu of any parties to show cause why, in this case, the details of the award should not be de|)arted from. It is not perhaps unnatural that with the W(jrkmen and their leaders in all cases, or at least in the great majority, the first (|uestion that is submitted, in considering the matter of whether arbitration or conciliation should be adopted, is the crucial one of the probable effect on wages. If the workmen had an assurance that wages would be favourably affected by arbitration, they would not be likely to hesitate long about its adoption. If, on the other hand, the adoption of either system were likely to lead to a lowering of wages, the readiness to adopt it would pri)bably not be (juite so a|)parent. It is hardly necessary to remark, that the spirit of the system is not, in either case, primarily to either raise or lower wages, but to do justice between the employers and their emi)loyt(l. Sir Rupert Kettle was pressed, sonie years ago, to say whether, in his opinion, arbitration boards would rai.se wages. His reply was excellent. He answered that "these 3^ CONCILIATION ANI) AKIIII l:ATFON. hoards will fix, wiili hiisincsslikc accuracy, tlic inarkcl value of a given kind of skilled labour at a particular place and time." It is no necessary part of their business to either inllate or depress labour, and this cannot be too clearly understood. Much, of course, depends upon the spe<:ial conthlions afTccling the particular description (;f labour under considera- tion. If ihc labour is badly paid in relation to its market value and the prices paid for labour of a kindred character in the same district, the tendency will necessarily be to raise the price to be paid by the emphjyer. If, on the other hand, the reward of labour is unduly high, the tendency will un- (juestionably be to level it down. Much must depend ui)on the particular and special circumstances of each individual case, and much also upon the view that may be taken of them by the umi)ire, in whose hands the final decision will usually ultimately rest. At an early period in the history of industrial arbitration, and indeed up to the present time, the question has constantly arisen —What security are the leaders of the workmen prepared to offer that any award arrived at shall be duly carried out? No doulit, when the unions had less power than they now have, guarantees on the subject would not be readily forthcoming ; and the history of arbitration has shown that the influence of their leaders has not always been ptnverful enough to keep the workmen from repudiating an adverse award. Hut of late years the unions have got more hold over their members, and they have introduced a number of very useful provisions into their rules, specifying that support shall be withheld from men who enter ui)on a strike without previously making an ofTer to submit the matter in dispute to arbitration, and withholding supi)ort also from men who do not faithfully abide by an award under an arbitration deliberately accepted, no matter how adverse the result may be. It apjjears to be a fundamental pre-requisite of the adoption of conciliation and arbitration, though not ])erhaps to the same extent of sliding scales, that there should be strong unions of both employers and employed, and for all practical INDUSTRIAL AKIUTKATION. 37 pur])osc.s the stronger the better, as the representatives are thereby enabled the more fully to pledge the various parlies concerned to carry out whatever regulations or awards are decided on. Generally speaking, advanced employers have frankly and fully recognised this fact, and have hailed the workmen's unions with considerable favour. ICvery now and again, however, ca.ses have arisen where a policy of repudiation has apjjcared to be expedient. If the whole of the employes engaged in a particular industry or work are members of the same union, there would be little or no difficulty ; but of late years unions have shown a tendency to multiply, so that an employer may have to undertake separate negotiations with any number of unions before he knows exactly where he is. For this reason employers ha\e properly discouraged dealings with more unions than one for the same sort or description of work. Thus, for example, in the making of pig-iron, it is manifestly of advantage to all parties that the whole of the men emjjloyed about blast furnaces —including mechanics, enginemen, and boilermen — should belong to the same union, and should be considered and dealt with in one operation ; but in some cases the men have claimed that they hail separate unions, and that their wages should be made the subject of a separate negotiation. It is desirable that a limit should be imposed upon claims of this kind, otherwise the whole time of an employer may be taken u|) with fruitless negotiation, first with one body of men and then with another, although the same considerations and prices may diually govern the wages of all. '{'he mlionaW of the system of arbitration was thus clearly and concisely laid down by Mr Rupert Kettle, in his remarks at the meeting of the Social Science Congress in 1870 : — " Whether an award should be capable of being legally executed, was a very moot i)oint. In the present state of arbitration it was wise that both parties should be perfectly at liberty to go freely into arbitration or to withdraw from it ; but while they remained together they ought to be bound, the being bound b) the award being essential to the success of any 4l()4C2 38 CON< III \l ION AM. AKJ'.ITKATION. system of .irliitr.itinn. In its prtst-nt state f)f divclopment, practical means l»y which it could l»e (:arrie and the waj^es the lowest on record. The next consideration urged upon the arbitrator in the case above-named is also one that has no necessary or direct relation to the sellin^^ price of the commodity which the waj^es inunediately affected are employed upon. It was prf)posed that the wages of the ironworkers should he lowered as an inducement to coalowners to reduce the price of coal, and so bring down iron prices. This may not only be a most desir- able and necessary thing, but it may be a thing absolutely indispensable in the interests of capital and of labour alike, and yet it is one that lias no direct bearing upon the relationship of imnn(liate wages to immediate prices. The point was very fully and very fairly discussed by Mr Kettle, who, in making his award, held that " although the price of fuel ought not directly to affect the rate of wages ... it must indirectly affect it from the inevitable tendency of high prices to check consumption." In some cases the workmen have demanded that they should be allowed to examine the books of the employers, in order to be able to fix the amount of profit and loss, implying, if not directly asserting, that the amount of the profits earned by employers should be an essential element in the determination of wages. In other cases, the employers have readily agreed to allow the arbitrator to examine their books, with a view to the ascertainment of the financial results of their business. In the first case, as well as in the second, the proposals have generally been declined. The Durham coalowners gave a most emphatic denial to the claim of the workmen to know their profits; and Sir Rupert Kettle, as arbitrator in the manufactured iron trade of the North of England in 1S73, declined to avail himself of the offer of the employers to see their books, in these terms : — " If I had accepted this offer to go over the books for the purpose of ascertaining profit and loss, I should, by implication, INDUSTRIAL ARI5ITRATION. 4I have admitted the right of the employer to ask his workmen to participate, directly or indirectly, in their employers' losses ; and I tlo not see how the employers could, with loj;ical consistency, have refused the workmen at any future lime the examining of the same accounts, that they might participate in profits." 'i'he logic of these remarks is obvious. Apart, however, from the reasoning of Sir Rupert Kettle, it is clear that the ascertainment of the average profits would he extremely in- vidious and tiifticult, even if it were to he admitted. No two mines, and no two works or factories, would he likely to show (juite the same profits, and there would he a danger of opening a door that it would not he easy to shut. Cases have occurred again and again where the employers have gained and the workmen have lost l>y open arbitration having been substituted for a sliding-.scale. In the finished iron trade, for example, the upward movement of prices between 1869 and 1873 was very rapid and considerable, and would, under the operation of a sliding-scale, have given very high wages in 1873, when the general average price of the four descriptions of manufactured iron relied upon for a basis in the North of England rose to nearly double tlie average price of three years before. If the old so called Thorneycroft standard or .scale had then been applied, the wages of puddlers would have been doubled, and the wages of millmen would have been raised about sixty or seventy per cent. But Mr Rupert Kettle, in his award under the arbitration of September 1873, stated that although, if the scale were then in existence, wages would be higher, yet the rate was then " as high as they (the workmen) were entitled to, or as it is i)rudent of them to require " ; and he added, that " there are some finished iron makers who can barely afford to pay the present rates, and therefore a change would be likely to lessen the demand for labour "' ; but as it did not appear that there was strong evidence that the lessened demantl had already set in, the arbitrator did not therefore give the employers the relief they asked for. The precise manner ii^ whi( h the oiu- party should speak of 42 coNcir.r.M ION and AKI'.ITKATION. or addn-ss tin; other, allhouf^h apparently a matter <>( trivial importaiuo, is one that lias really inu< h to do with the main- tenance of that eonrilialory spirit that is so essential to the keeping up of harnionious relations. The day has p)nc |)ast whiMi the old terms of masters and workmen were deemc AkiJiTkATION. to ;irl)i(rati(>n is di-lirinincd t(» have its own way in any rase, or that it has made up its mind to refuse to treat with the other parly for reasons of its own. In such cases it is diffu ult to know liow to proceed. The most certain course would appear to he to cnforc e an ajipeal to arl)itration by statutory enactment ; l)Ut to do tliis would hi: to stiike at the root of voluntary arbi- tration, and to introiUice a system of compulsion that would prol)al)ly in the lon^ run do much more harm than good. It niay at onri//ia fade case against the party that declines to have a matter in dispute fairly and fully considered by an unprejudiced and judicial tribunal. It is not, however, by any means a foregone conclusion that this is, or must be, always the case. Circum- stances arc not only conceivable, but are of constant occurrence, in which the employers find it practically impossible to con- tinue t(j pay a certain rate of wages without grave injury to themselves in which workmen are fighting fcjra principle whi<:h they deem fundamental, as, for example, the limit of a day's work, or the existence of their organisation — or in which con- cessions on one side or the other have proceeded as far as they can be carried without involving sacrifices that are not to be thought of. When, however, the matter in question is a matter of wages, the refusal to submit to the award of a properly constituted board of arbitration is generally to be regarded with disa[)- proval, if not witli suspicion. It was a refusal of this sort by the workmen that really led to the great Midland coal strike in i8()3, with its attendant tremendous losses; and the action of the miners in taking up this attitude was probably the worst feature of the strike, both because it was its real origin, and because it did not involve any question of principle that the workmen could justify, seeing that in the final event the refusal to adoi)t arbitration had to be departed from, and the adojition of that sy.stem of settlement became the ultimate basis of the compromise under which work was resumed. On the other hand, it is clear that no legal compulsion can well be brought to bear upon either party to a dispute to com- MATTKKS PKOrER FOR ARBITRATION. 49 pel a rcsorl to arbitration, 'i'his is quite a difTcient matter from that of compelling obedience to an award after both parties have agreed to accept it. In the latter case, the previ- ous agreement amounts in elTect to a contract, a breach of which miL,'ht fairly enough entail certain specific penalties. lUit if either employers or employed, at the outset of a dispute, declare point-blank that they refuse to adnut the principle of arbitration at all, it is difficult to see how they could be coerced into its adc)pti(jn, without an infringement of that personal liberty which the law secures to every man to buy and sell labour, as he buys and sells other commodities, in the market that suits him best. One resort is, however, always left o|)cn to the party that is prejudicially affected by the refusal of the other to submit to arbitration. It may be difficult and inexpedient to invoke the aid of the law, but it is neither the one nor the other to make an ajipeal to the force of public opinion, which is often more powerful and more greatly feared than even the terrors of the law. When, therefore, there is a refusal to resort to arbitra- tion, the other party can always i)lace itself right with the public by publishing an official statement of the circumstances that have led to the dispute, and this in the long run is likely to have a strong influence in the direction of bringing about a settlement. ciiAn i:k VII. isn us 'iKi. 1 1, si.idim; sca les. A I an early luriod in the history of tlic relations of capital and lai)our, the advantages of having the remuneration of worknien regulated by some such determinant as the prices realised for the products in which their labour was employed, became obvious. This advantage became more manifest as tlu- independence and freedom of labour became more pro- nounced. The original applications of sliding-scales would probably be diftkult to trace, but it is certain that they were used to some extent in the last century. Hoth the ryot system of India and the metayer system of Italy, supply the crude conception t)f a sliding-scale, — as applied, not to wages, in the ordinary sense, but certainly to the remuneration of those who are engaged in a particular form of industry. .\s now applied to the fixing of the rate of wages, according to the results brought out by an ascertainment of selling prices, the sliding-scale is quite a modern institution, and may be regarded as almost in its infancy. A recent writer on the system under consideration has stated that a sliding scale is an arrangement by which wages move up and down from a certain standard with the price of coal. The formation of such a scale is as follows : — A period of time being taken, the price of coal ruling over that period is ascertained, and is thereafter known as the " standard price." Then the parties fix what is mutually agreed on as a fair wage as the basis of the standard price, and this becomes known thereafter as the "standard wage." When coal is being sold at the standard price, the standard wage is payable. The next thing is the graduation of the relationship between SLIDING-SCALES. 5 1 prices and wage. It is agreed that when prices rise or fall liy a certain amount from the standard, wages shall rise or fall by a certain percentage from their standard. Periodical revision is agreed to, usually from one to four months. The hooks arc put into the hands of two accountants, one chosen by each side, under pledge of secrecy. At the end of the revision period, these accountants find if the average price of coal — usually taken as the \mcc realised for the entire output, large and small together — has risen or fallen, and, according to their finding, notice is issued that the wages for the coming period will he raised or reduced by the agreed percentage. The sliding-scale is not a cast-iron system by which one unvarying tonnage rate is paid. Every one knows that rales vary, and must always vary, from colliery to colliery, and even within the same colliery from seam to seam, according to the ease or difficulty of working. Thus there is necessarily considerable "give and take." .Ml the same, the "average wage" of a good hewer is cjuite definite enough to establish a standard. If the miner finds the seam too hard to make the average at the rate offered him, he lifts his tools or claims a higher rate. If the manager thinks he is making the average too easily, he reduces the rate, and so on. Practically there is no ditHiculty in adjusting tonnage rates — or the " darg," as it is known in Scotland — to the recognised day's wage over the district. The wages of puddlers and millmen in the forges of both the North of England and Staffordshire have virtually been controlled by a sliding-scale ever since the year 1S63. In other words, they rose or fell according to the ascertainment made for the employers, or from data furnished by them, of the net average realised selling jirice of iron. Until 1S72 there were not such very large fluctuations in that average as there were at a later date. In 1S6S tlie lowest point was reached witli an average oi jQfi. 5s. 51I. ; and in 1864 the highest point was attained with an average of ^8. iis. jd. The highest price paid for puddling in the North of England between 1862 and 1871 was 9s. 6d. per ton, this rate having coincided with 52 c:oN< ii.iA HON and aier ton, which was conliniicd from the 31st day of .May to the 30th of Novenihcr 1H73. l-'rom tliat |)oint hotli pri«es and waj^es aj^ain fell, until early in 1S75 the averaj^e realised price was only ^"8. 14s. 3d., and this rate has since then almost c()nliniif)usly dropped to the lowest point known in the history of ihc trade, alike for [)rices and for wages. in the cases of the North of l'-n,i;land and .South Stafford- shire the rates paid for puddling have not been so high over the last few years as they were thirty years ago, relatively to the realised prices of iron. Thus, we find that in 1864 the price paitl for i)uddling relatively to a realised selling price of ^S. IIS. 7d. was higher than the rate paid in 1875 relatively to a realised price of j^S. 14s. 3d., and it has been much the same since the latter date. Hut this does not prove that arbitration has prejudicially affected the wages of the men, or that they would have been better ofT had there been no sliding-scale to determine what their wages ought to be. It was part of a general movement, which has tended to establish a certain equilibrium of wages, levelling uj) those that were specially low, and levelling down tliose that were specially high. One of the principal objections to sliding-scales, from the workmen's point of view, is that they do not act with sufficient alacrity, ^\'hen prices are going up, the men are, perhaps not unnaturally, desirous of sharing in the improvement as soon as they possibly can. Under a system of conciliation, they may make an immediate demand upon their employers, which is likely, in the ordinary course, to be at once considered. Under the system of arbitration, such an application would perhaps be entertained less quickly, but still it would be likely to be dealt with in a limited time. But under a sliding-scale system, the workmen have to wait for the advance of wages, if there is to be one, to be effected by the regular periodical ascertainments of realised selling prices provided for under the SLIDING -SCALES. 53 scheme, and this they have often decUncd to do. Numerous cases might be cited where strikes have occurred owing to the impatience of the workmen in reference to this matter. .\ j)rincipal witness on behalf of the miners of Scotland informed the Royal Commission on Lal)Our* that "a sliding- scale was adopted in 1863, but was stopped by a strike against an impending reduction of wages, after it had been twelve months in existence." The .same witness stated that there had been several readjustments of wages aflecting the whole .\yrshire coalfield, and that they had "been brought about by restrict- ing the output, and so raising the price of coal, and enabling the coalowners to pay a higher wage." t A recent writer on sliding-scales, who ai)pears to have something more than an ordinary smattering of the rules of political economy, has stated that "a sliding-scale formulates the .system which is already followed in the coal trade, though with much friction, that wages follow price. It thus substitutes a clear principle for seemingly arbitrary or half-informed action. It tends to steady trade, not only by avoiding the disastrous dislocations of a strike or lock-out, but by giving coalowners a basis f(jr calculating their labour cost some little time ahead, and so i)rotecling them from any irrational claim for advance of wages at times when falling prices are likely to sweep away profits. It tends to steady wages, not only by promising continuous work, but by preventing those sudden rises which experience shows are not always well used, and those sudden falls which make the collier lose grip of what it is most important he should hold, his standard of comfort. It lends to promote peace and good feeling between masters and men, not only by assembling them round a table and forcing them to look at things through each other's si)ecLnclcs, but by giving large wages to the colliers at times when the masters can best afford to do so, and taking the strain off l)n)duii ill tiiiK-s when falling prices demand relief in cost. * Group ./, 9. 13,263-6. t //'/■ AKHITKATION. cxtciil to this llicM unfamiliar force, althouf^h on that occasion, as on many others, the men did not ^;ain a bloodless victory. Hetwi-en 1846 and 1.S70 there were many strikes in the I)rinci|)al (olliery districts. .Ahoiit the latter year, however, ([iicstions of difference helween coalowners and their men hef^an to be referred to arbitration very j^enerally ; and this was followed by the adoption, in the principal districts, of a sclf- adjiisiin^; scale, that accommodated wages to selling prices with automati<: precision, and to which further reference will be made. The most immediate cause of the revolution in wages and in the hours of labour, that have formed such prominent features of the coal industry within recent years, was the adoption i)y Parliament of the Coal Mines Regulation Act of 1 87 2. This Act com])elled the coalowners to undertake a large capital outlay in providing additional houses for their workmen, who had to be largely increased in consequence of the limitation of. the average per capita output resulting from the shorter hours of labour prescribed. The consecr cent, is sul)stituted for i .} per cent., and 2 per cent, for 2.', per cent. 'i"he revision period was four months, and the agreement was from 29th April 1882 till 30th June 1883, terminable on six months' notice thereafter. There is the following addition :■ — "That the ([uantity of all coals disposed of other wise than for (olliery purposes, be ascertained and priced at C>.\ CONCILIATION AND AKI'.I Ik A'HON. the nvcraj^c scllirif^ price of coal of a similar dc-scriplion, and llial the Slim tlnis arrived al l)c added lo the sales." 'Ihe fourth sli(hn^'S(ale is dated Jime 1HK4. At that lime the price of coal at tlie pit iiioulh sccms to have; been 3s. lod., and the avera^;*- wage 4s. It is the same as the third scale, and was estahlished for two years, hut actually lasted till 1.S89. At that date it was terminated hy the men. 'Ihey considered that the standard wage, as com|)ared with the standard price, had been fixed too low, and demanded that a higher proportion shf)iild fall to wage when coal rose to a certain point. 'I'here is now no sliding scale in Durham. ^Vagcs are arranged hy negotiation, and Uxal questions are settled by a joint committee of six masters and six men, under the c hairmanship of the County Court Judge, who has a casting vote. Hut the miners' secretary, when asked at the Labour Commission, "Can you suggest any means of avoiding or arranging strikes, and promoting cordial relations l)etween capital and labour?" answered: "The best means that has come under my experience is the sliding-scale. I have always believed, long before it was introduced, that it was the safest and most beneficial to all parties concerned, — that is, pro- vitliiig you can get an cipial and fair basis." And again : " I have not the slightest doubt in my mind, but what an equitable sliding-scale could be arranged that would give equal justice to the owners and the men." In a recent article in a leading Glasgow journal, it was pointed out that the princijjlc that the worker should not sufTer by a fall to the same relative extent as the capitalist finds marked exjircssion in the Durham scale, where above a certain point the advance is 2.I ])er cent, for every 2d., while below the same point the fall is only i] per cent, for every 2d. ; and in the Cumi)crland scale, where above a certain point the advance is i] per cent, for every i^d., while below it the fall is i^ per cent, for every 2d. In the light of what has been said, a plausible argument might be made out for the slower progres- sion downwards as subsistence level is neared. ".\t the same time, it should be clearly understood that this SLIDINC;-SCAI.i:S IN Tin; ( OAL INDUSTRY. 6$ principle obtains even in the ordinary sliding-scalc. Take, for instance, the Lanarkshire scale, where wages advanced 2.*, per cent, for every iid. in price. Suppose the standard wage per day were 5s., the standard |)rice 5s., and the usual ' darg ' three tons. Then a rise in price of 6d. per ton would give the masters an e.xtra iSd. per day per man, against which they would be paying 10 per cent, extra wage, or 6d. per day. Here the masters' gross gain is is. per man, against the man's net gain of 6d. ; and although there is a great deal to come off the IS., owing to the simultaneous rise in wages of all the oncost men, and the advanced j)rice of coal consumed in the colliery, the masters will gain a greater share of the advance than the men. But a fall in price of 6d. per ton from the standard would show exactly the converse of this. 'I'he master would lose 6d. per ton per day, while the man lost only 61I. per day. Making similar deductions for reduced oncost, iVc, the masters would bear the greater share of the reduction." In the Northumberland coal industry there have been three different sliding-scales since November 1879, when the first came into effect. The first scale lasted for about three years and a month, the second for three years and about ten months, and the third for about seven months only. The last scale was given upon a very short trial, principally because, as the price of ct)al was very low, and showed a tendemy to fall still lower, the men were liable to have repeated reductions of wages, instead of having their wages either maintained or increased, and they had begun to despair of again seeing i)ri(es so far improve as to allow of their wages being fixed at what they regarded as a fair and proper level. Of the scales adopted in Northumberland, dated 1879 and 1883, the former gave 2^ per cent, change in wage lor every 4d. in price, the latter giving i .} percent, for every -h1., with " double jumps " at 6s., 6s. 4d., 7s. 2d., 7s. Sil., 8s. 6d., ()s. The masters terminated the scale in 1887, when prices went ilown to 4s. 6','d., asserting that they must shut tlie mines unKss they got some relief in wage. They ((insider the re-establishment of a scale " highly desirable," but at present E 66 INDUSTRIAL (( )N( I I.IAI l< »N. the iiiLii I'l^lit sliy of il. Since llic ^rcat strike of tlial year, however, there has been s( arrely any suspension <>( work, even at sin^^Ie colheries. Matters arc regulated by mutual agrec- iiKiil between the two associations, meeting once every two months, and the working of tlie joint committee is said lo be most satisfactory. In (annoik Chase colheries there were several sliding-scalc arrani;enRnts up till 1883, showing a graduation of 3d. in wages lor every shilling variation of |)rice. The Masters' Association still approves of the scale. In the Ocean collieries scale, the standard price being los. to 10s. yd., there was a minimum wage when price fell to 8s. 6d. In tlie llcdworlh (ollieiies stale of 1879 (now abandoned) the revision lo(;k place every month ; wages rose id. per day for every 3d. ])er ton, and there was a nn'nimum wage of 3s. 4d. per day when the price was 5s. 6d. Under the Somerset scale of 1876 (also abandoned), the standard price being los. and the graduation at the rate of 7^ per cent, for every shilling, there was a minimum wage at the price of 9s. 4d. per ton. Accompanying this was a provision for a maximum wage when the ])iice touched i8s. 4d. There is no sliding-scale in Noith and West Lancashire, in Leicestershire, in Derbyshire, or in Yorkshire, although the em[)loyers generally ex[)ress themselves as favourable to its introduction. In Scotland, the Inst sliding-scale was one proposed to the miners in 1873 ^V ^^^ coalowners of Ayrshire. The basis of lliis scale was that when coal was selling at 6s. per ton the wages should be 4s. 6d. per day, rising 6d. per day for every is. of advance in i)rice. The scale held for only a year, when it came to grief over a dispute whether the price of coal justified a reduction of wages or not. In 1879 Mr James S. IJixon had circulated in the Lanark- shire coal industry a proposal for a sliding-scale, by which the " nominal daily wage was to be the average net price i)er ton at the pithead got for the coal, dross, and triping despatched from SLIIJING-SCAI.KS IN THE COAL INDUSTKV. C/ the ciirollcd collieries." This proposal had the great merit of simplicity, and even yet commands attention hy the closeness with which wages, if regulated by it, would have approximated to the wages actually realised since. In iS86 and 18S7 came disputes and restrictions of work, as a consecjuence of which the Coalniasters' Association came into existence, with a member- ship of forty-nine firms and sixty-four collieries. In March 1887 a two days' conference between sixteen miners and six- teen masters was held, under the presidency of Sir James King. A sliding-scale was jiroposed, but as the miners made it a prior condition that an advance of wages should be given imconditionally no arrangement was come to. The owners, however, seem to have been struck, during the conference, with the idea of the sliding-scale, and on 27th June adopted it on llieii own account, the I^irkhall owners at the time, with one exception, falling away from the Association. The standards were taken from the month in whit h the .scale was adopted, the standard wage being payable when coal was anything between 4s. 4d. and 4s. 5^d. Wages were to advance 2 J. per cent, for every change of lUl. per ton in the net value of triping that is, large and small <<»al together — at the pithead. The revision period was monthly. Unfor- tunately the men would not be parties to the scale, and left themselves free to accept or reject its ruling. The practical result was that the scale decided the wages which the Asso- ciation from lime to time intimated. The unassociated masters followed the scale, and for over two years it worked well. In their report for the year 18SS the .Association deNriMATION. iiiiK li more liberal lliaii the ICrif^lish scales. It ^ave an advance of lo per cent, for every sixpence, while the averaj^e of the others gives lo per cent, for every shillinj;. On the other side, however, it made a correspondingly sharp reduction when i)rices wtiit down and below the standard. It did not last long enough to pass the ordeal of many reductions. The complaint was that its advance, even on this liberal scale, was not rapid enough lo satisfy the men. The Cumberland mines have been under the sliding-scale since 1879. In that year the selling prices of July, August, and September — viz., 4s. 6. iQd. — and the wages ruling in Octol)cr of that year, were taken as the standard. The revision j)eriod was four months. For every advance of 4d. in coal, wages were to advance 2^ per cent., with " double jumps " at the third and sixth fourpences. In the second scale, of i832, the standard price remained the same, but the standard wage was increased 2h per cent. For every advance of 2d. wages were to rise i^ per cent., with " double jumps " at third, sixth, ninth, and twelfth twopenres. The third scale, of 1884, was unchanged, except that the rate of advance became i] per cent, for every i^d. above the standard, till the price went above 6s. O.Kjd. per ton, when the 1 4 per cent, was given only for every 2d. For every fall below the standard, on the other hand, wages went down 1] per cent, for every 2d. The fourth scale, of 1887, repeated the same provisions, except that the standard price is raised from 4s. G.iQd. to 4s. 6.5od. ("IIAl'lF.R X. THE COAL INDUSTRY OF SOUTH WALES. No sliding scale hitherto adopted in the coal-mining industr)' has been exposed to greater strains, or has stood the test so well, as that which continues to govern the rate of wages to be paid to miners in the collieries of Monniouthshire and South Wales Coalowners' Association. This organisation comprises seventy colliery companies, (nvning 207 collieries, which pro- duced in tlie year 1890 more than 21,000,000 tons of coal, and employed about 70,000 men. It must not, however, be supposed that the scale has been an umiualified success, or that it has not had to undergo con- siderable modification from time to time. .\s a matter of fact there have i)een five different scales introduced since the first one was adopted in May 1875, and each new scale has repre- sented concessions of one kind or another to meet the views or demamls of either side. The scale at present in operation was adopteil in January 1892. It provitles that wages shall be regulated by the average net selling price of coal delivered free on board at Cardiff, Newport, Swansea, and Harry ; that the wages and prices at December 1879 shall be taken as the standard ; that both the workmen and their employers shall be bound to observe and fulfil all customs, provisions, and conditions existing in December 1879; that wages shall be advanced or reduced at the end of each period of two months by additions or retluc- tions of \\ |)er cent, upon the mean monetary result found by the joint-auditors as between the scale of 1882 and Uiat of 1890; that there shall be no maximum or minimum wage; that any contract for the sale of coal for a period of more than "JO INDUSTKIAI, rO\( IMATION. twelve months sli.ill not l)e t;iken into :i( count for more than six successive audits of two mcjjiths each ; and that anthracite coal shall not he taken into accoimt. The agreenunl contains, moreover, the following; very useful provisio?!, which is worthy of l)ein^' copied in all similar docu- ments and understanding's : — " r.oth parlies to this agreement pledge their rcsiHJctivc con- stituents to make every effort possible to avoid claims or dis- putes at the collieries ; and that in case or/, .\, 11,652-11,717. TIIK COAL INDUSTRY OF SOUTH WALKS. 7 1 The South Wales and Mcjiimouilishire sliding-scale was priniaril) the result of the great strike o( 1875. The first scale dates from May of that year. Its revision period was six months. Ilere also we have a minimum wage, fixed for each colliery at 5 per cent, above the several hewing prices paid at the same colliery in the )ear 1869. The standard price of "screened large coal" corresponding to this standard was fixed at I2S. per ton for steam coal, and i is. per ton for l)ituminous coal f.o.b. at Cardiff, Newport, and Swansea. I'or every extra IS. per ton, the wage for the next six months was advanced by •jh percent., till prices reached a maximum of 21s. and 20s. respectively. It is significant that in 1.S7S the workers con- sented to a reduction of 5 per cent, below the mmimum, which however was made u|) to them by a special bonus for one year in the succeeding scale. In the second scale, accordingly, dated January 1880, we find that both minimum and maximum have disappeared. It was a two years' agreement, and shows a revision period of four months. The standard wage was made up from the rates actually paid at the several collieries in December 1879. i'he standard price was 8s. (k\. per t*)n for collieries in group i, and 8s. for collieries in group 2, the coal, as before, being large colliery-screened coal f.o.b. at Cardiff, Newport, and Swansea. Wages were to advance by gradations of 2^ per cent, for every 4d. per ton of advance, or reduction in the net average selling price in each group. There now api)ears a provision that when the selling price in groups I and 2 reaches 13s. 2d. and 12s. 8d. respectively, there shall be an extra advance of 2i per cent, on the standard wage for every i6d. of advance in price, similar reductions being made as ])rices fall to these figures. The third sliding-scalc came into o|)eration in June 1882. It was substantially the same as the second, except that the two groups were merged in one, that wages were now made the etpiivalent of a stanilard price falling between 7s. 8d. and 8s., and that the "double jumps" at 13s. 2d. and 12s. 8d. were al)olished. There were several changes in the scale between limes, but it may be sufticient to give the present slidingscale, 72 INDUSTKIAI. ( ONCII.IATION. wliK li ( aiiu- mio r- ment shall he added in calculating the average net selling price. Workmen's coal to he excluded. "The standartl of wages upon which future advances and reductions arc to he made shall he the several rates actually paid at the respective collieries in the year 1879, and such wages shall he ecpiivalent to a standard average net selling price of 7s. lo.Ul. and under 8s. per ton. Provided, that at the collieries where the standard or basis upon which the wages are regulatetl is the rate of wages paid in the year 1877, that shall continue to be the standard for those collieries. " The wages shall be advanced or reduced at the end of each period of three months by additions or reductions of 1] per cent, upon the standard wage rates for every increase or reduc- tion of ikl. jicr ton in the average selling price of coal, in accordance with the following scale ; and in no case shall the wages due to the workmen i)e less than would be due to them at the same average selling price under the sliding-scale agree- ment dated 6th June iSSj, as modified by the agreement of 7th November 1SS7." The scale follows in the agreement. It was concerning the basis of the scale and the small coal question that employers THE COAL INDUSTRY OF SOUTH WALES. 73 and nun foutid themselves difiering. Happily the difTcrence was patched up, and the scale remains. A recent writer* has stated that the strongest hiitlrcss of the sliding-.scale committee has been the body formerly known as the Monmouthshire and .South Wales Collieries Association, and known now as the Monmouthshire and .South Wales C'oal- owners' .Association. " This .Association, which included sixty- seven of the most important coalowners and coalowning com- panies in July 1890, and possessed at that time a very large balance in cash, which has been increased to ^100,000 at least, is practically a society for mutual assurance and in- demnity against loss from strikes. Each member subscribes beforehand -and this is important in pro|)ortion to his out- j)ut, and the function of the Association is to regulate the action of members as to wages. In other words, and in order to escape a tedious description of the practice in given cases, if the men employed by a member ask for an increase of wages, the meml)er asks advice of the .Association. If the Association tells him to yield, then yield he must, or be con- tent to lose his share of the benefits of the Association ; if the Association tells him to resist, then he may resist in the full knowledge that he will be indemnified against loss of profits upon an agreed scale so long as the funds of the Association last, and that the members of the Association are under a legal liability to increase, if neces.sary, their already large funds. .Moreover, no member may withdraw from the Association without giving six months' notice, and the net result is that an employer who is supported by the Association has immense reserves to fall back upon. This the men know well, and they also know that, when any considerable strike is threatened or pending, it has been arranged that ' no workman employed at a colliery immediately before a strike or stoppage thereat takes place shall during such strike or stoppage be employed by any member.' Now, the .Association possesses precisely half the representation on the sliding-scale committee, and it is obvious * The /»//rf, IKccmU'r 29, 1891. 74 INIiltSlklAI- (•()%•( IMA I ION. tli;il the oard, and six by those of the men — to the examination of a firm of accountants approved by both parties. Alterations in the scale could take effect only after three months' notice. Subject to a few niinor modifications, effected without friction by mutual agreement, the scale adopted in 18S8 still continues to operate, and is said to be giving perfect satis- faction. Every alteration, however, hitherto made under it in the rate of wages, has resulted in a gain to the men. The ascer- tained prices for February, March, and April 1889, fixed the wages for "thick" coal at 3s. lod. ; those for June, July, and .August at 4s.; those for September, October, and November at 4s. 4d., and those for January, February, and March 1890 at 4s. 8d. Since that date no further ascertainment of prices has taken i)lace, and there has consecpiently been no further change in the rate of wages.* In the South StafTordshire mining district tlie basis of the scale has been varied at different times ; liut it has usually been * Kvitlcncc sulimitlcil U> llii; Ivnyal C'>inmissii)ii on I-iliour {N(;n,I.\TIUN. works Liii| til »)«.■(! al»i)Ut i 2,000 men and boys. No less than ci};hli-cii firms joined lUr Hoard at onrc, and nearly all the others afterwards followed. Very soon after the estahlishnient of the Hoard a statement was issued on its hehalf, setting forth the facts of its origin and objects. The auspicious circumstances under which the Hoard entered upon its career were referred to in ho|>eful and rut ouraging terms. We are told that, having been form- ally established, " the Hoard was at once called upon to consider an ap|)licalion from the ojjeratives for a general advance of wages, or tonnage prices f(jr the work done by |)iece. It has investigated the grounds f(;r such an application fully, deliber- ately, and with a manifest desire on the part of all its meml>ers to arrive at an accurate knowledge of the facts. The matter is not yet disposed of, but there is every reason to believe that the means provided by the rules will bring it to a satisfactory issue. Meanwhile, instead of misunderstanding and bitterness being created, and the original (juestion being obscured by partisan statements, each party has come to know and to respect the feelings of the other, and the way has been cleared for an impartial judgment on admitted facts. To ensure the success of the system just described, it is important that it should be fully understood and approved by all the operatives. Whether or not they are members of thj Ironworkers' Union, as hitherto constituted, or as it may hereafter exist, they are free and are invited to consider themselves as belonging to the Hoard and entitled to take part in the election of its members, and they should all feel that they are bound by the decision of the Hoard or of its referee. In similar manner, employers, whether members of the Iron Manufacturers' .Association or not, are invited to join the lioard. Half the members of the 15oard being men to whom every attendance at a meeting involves the sacrifice of a day's work, and consecjuently a day's pay, as well as the expense of a journey to and from the place of meeting, it becomes needful to provide for this expense, as also for the secretaries' salaries, hire of meeting room, &c. It is therefore proposed that every man earning 2s. 6d. per day or NORTH OF ENGLAND FINISHED IRON INDUSTRY. 93 upwards shall contribute id. per month or is. a year, and that each employer shall contribute as much as is contributed by all his workmen. It is believed that if this be generally agreed to, a sum will be raised more than equal to the expenses of the Board, and that probably there may be a surplus avail- able for such purposes as may be thought fit. The emi)loyers have, at the request of the operative members of the Board, agreed to facilitate the collection of the men's contributions by arranging for their being deducted from the wages of each man who may not object thereto. It now remains to be seen whether the system which has freed the trades of Nottingham from the bitterness and strife which formerly distinguished them, can be successfully applied to the great iron industry of this country." As the Board failed to come to agreement on the applica- tion for an advance of wages, already referred to, it became necessary to appoint an umpire, to whose judgment and final decision the matter might be referred. By common consent, Mr Rupert Kettle, of Wolverhampton, was called in to act in this capacity. On Saturday, ist May 1869, the Board held a meeting at Darlington, when the whole facts relevant to the question of the proposed advance of wages were laid before the referee, who ultimately awarded — " That the wages of iron- workers be from Monday next as follows : the puddlers to have 6d. per ton advance upon present prices, and the millmen an advance of 5 per cent, on present prices ; that these prices shall not be altered until the end of this year ; and that this arrangement shall include all classes of workmen in mills and forges who subscribed to the last reduction of wages in Decem- ber 1867." In making this award Mr Kettle made a rather important statement as to the facts and figures on which it was based. It was suggested by the vice-chairman (Mr Wood) that a verbatim report of the whole proceedings should be published, in order to show how the arbitration was conducted. The arbitrator, however, pointed out that some of the papers submitted for his perusal contained information which, if it had fallen into the hands of any ironmaster in Wales, Belgium, or any other district directly in competition with the North 94 1M)IJMKI.\I. ( ONCn.lA'MON. of l*"iii^lan(l, would have afforded him the opportunity (if kmiwinf^ tlic cxari dralings of the firms liy whom the inronualioii was supplied, the names and addresses of their cuslomers, and tin- dales and prices of every contract, executed and unexecuted, ranj^in^; over several years. .Sinoard, hcjwever, endeavours to secure uniformity of wages only in connection with uniformity of conditions. lOO CONCILIATION AM) AKKITKATION. Slidiii},' sciilcs for llic auloiiKilic rc^^ulati'jn of wages for ircjii workers, l)y tlic net avcra^^c r(.aliscd selling price of manufac- tured iron, have heen drawn up five times during a period of five years and ten months. The first scale was adoj^tcd in 1S71, l»ut it was o[)erative for three months only. 'I'he ne.xt, which was introduced in 1874, and lasted twelve months, was that known as the Derby scale, on account of its details having been settled at a conference at Derby. Under this scale, an arrangement was made with the South Staffordshire iron trade for basing a uniform wage on the average net selling prices in the two districts. The third scale came into force in May 1880, and continued in operation until the end of January 1882. It was known as the " Dale" scale, because the settle- ment of its basis had been placed in the hands of Mr David Dale, as arbitrator. It was revised for a short time in 1883, but notice was given by the operatives for its discontinuance after one settlement had taken place. The .scale at present in force was adopted on ist July 1889. Its basis was fixed at a meeting of the board held on 15th April 1889, on receipt of the report drawn up by the committee which had been specially a[)pointed to consider the matter. It liad an original binding force of two years. In the manufactured iron trade, which was of much greater relative importance twenty years ago than it is to-day, the principle of a sliding-scale was adopted many years before the formal details were put into mechanical shape. Mr Thomas Hughes, who had on several occasions been called in to act as arbitrator, thus stated the principle as existing in 1870 in both Cleveland and Staffordshire : — " Already a custom would seem to have grown up in the trade which is acknowledged within certain limits both by emi)loyers and workmen, namely, that for every rise of ^i in the selling price of manufactured iron, wages should be advanced 10 per cent, in mills and forges, and is. per ton for puddling. It will be only necessary as a first step that the Board should formally acknowledge this scale by resolution, declaring that it is to be adopted in future, and adding, perhaps, a proviso that NORTH OF ENCiLAND FINISHED IRON INDUSTRY. lOI in no case shall any reduction or advance he made unless the selling price shall have varied 5s., so as to be equal to 3d. a ton for puddling and 2}, per cent, on other wages." In some quarters exception was taken to the principle here laid down, on the ground that it would he difficult to regulate the wages of the ironworkers mechanically, according to the selling price of iron, hecause iron did not simultaneously suffer increase or reduction all round, nor were the prices of the raw materials to he purchased at the same unvarying price. In otlier words, one leading description of iron might move up largely and rapidly, while another might remain stationary, and a third — although this would he a very excei)ti()nal case — might even suffer a decline. This diffic:ulty was met at an early stage of the sliding-scale movement in the North of England in a very effective manner. Profits earned in any industry — even if accepted as a proper determinant of wages — would involve enormous difficulty and troui)Ie, inasmuch as no two firms make ([uite the same rate of profit, and would involve punishing one set of enii)loyers in conse(iuence of the misfortunes or incapacity of another. CIIAri'lCK XI\^ CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN OTHER INDUSTRIES. Ai.rnoucH tlie cx])cricncc and a})[)lication.s of conciliation and arbitration so far recorded have been mainly confined to the coal and iron industries, it must not be supposed that other industries have not been equally ready to adopt the systems described, or that their application to other industries has not been e(iually successful. The original applications of cither system were not made in the coal and iron industry, but in the hosiery and lace industries of Nottingham, in the building trade of W-olver- hampton, and in other trades more or less referred to in other sections of the present volume. The system has, however, had a wider and more general application in the coal and iron trades; and as these are the principal industries of the country, and are on the whole the most subject to fluctuations of price, they present the most interesting and varied experience. In the nail and bolt trade of the Midland counties, a l)oard of conciliation or joint-committee has existed since 1890, com- posed of representatives of employers and employed, for the purpose of dealing with questions of wages. It has prevented the outbreak of strikes, which would otherwise have occurred during the past year or two owing to the depression of trade. Indeed, no dispute has arisen since the board was formed. There is no longer any provision for arbitration ; but before the board was formed, a workman was himself appointed permanent arbitrator, at the suggestion of the largest employer in the CONCILIATION IN OTIIKK INDUSTRIES. IO3 trade. Mr R. Juggins told the Royal I-nl)our Commission* that he acted as such from 1872 to 1877, during which period he successfully dealt with about two hundred questions, chiefly relating to wages. U|)on the outbreak of a strike, however, in 1877, Mr Chamberlain, who was ai)[)ealed to to settle the dispute, struck out of the agreement between employers and employed the clause providing for arbitration. As a matter of fact the necessity for arbitration has i^een materially reduced by the establishment of a standard rate of wages. This reform was carried out by the conciliation board, which fixed the rate at 32s. for a week's work of fifty-four hours. Owing, however, to the depression in the trade, the men often do not manage to get employed the full time, and so the average sum earned [ler week probably does not exceed 20s. Among the chain, nail, bolt, and lock makers, however, there appears to have been halting progress made in the direction of conciliation. Two witnesses on behalf of ihe.se industries, before the Royal Commission on Labour, expressed themselves strongly in favour of the establishment of boards of concilia- tion which should refer matters to arbitration on failure to agree, and one of them stated that he had made an unsuccessful attempt to arrange a meeting with some of the larger employers with a view to constituting such a board. He explained that it would be very difficult to persuade the employers to meet together on a board of conciliation or on joint-committee.s, because the more respectable members of their body would object to associate for this purpose with the smaller men, who are really middlemen or sweaters, and arc a curse to the whole trade. There is no sliding-scale, but there is a standard rate of wages, which the workers endeavour to maintain, and with this object they have always applied for an advance when trade has been improving. In 1S89 the employers agreed to establish a uniform list of wages, but the men have charged that they have ever since endeavoured to edect reductions in individual cases, and to evade the rule by making the workers * (Inmi) .\, ./. 17,781-94. 104 CONCIMATIDN AN' I) AUIilTKATION. in the (lomostir workshops contractors. 'I'o stoj) this, r)nc witness sn^^'csted that employers sliould be compelled to ^ive their men a note of reckoning, slatinj,' the size of the iron and the rate of payment j)cr cwt. Mr 1''. Jones, representing the South Wales Iron and Steel Workers and Mechanics' Association, stated to the Royal Labour (Commission, that in his district wages had been regulated by a sliding-scale for nearly two years. He produced a copy of the original agreement. It is dated i8th September 1890, and signed by employers' and workmen's representatives from the Dowlais, the Ebbw Vale, the IJlaenavon, the Tredegar, the Rhymney, and the Cyfartha ironworks. It is based on the average net selling prices of steel rails and bars as ascer- tained every three months by professional accountants. Its terms were settled after a thorough discussion between the parties ; but the men have now become somewhat dissatisfied with the basis, though they for the most part continue to approve of the principle. Mr J. Hodge, representing the Steel Smelters' Amalgamated Association, stated that there was no sliding-scale, though, in making readjustments of wages, regard was had to the course of prices. The witness was not in favour of the system. Sliding-scales, he held, are often unjust, for they disturb the relationship that ought always to be preserved between wages and profits. They may sometimes give low wages when profits are high. Mr Lougher, representing the same association, stated that generally speaking the men did not approve of the system of sliding-scales. Such a scale is indeed in operation at five works in the South Whales district, but of these only one employs members of the union. Among the men at this works the scale is very unpopular — in the first place, because, being Siemens-Martin men, they object to have their wages regulated on the Bessemer steel basis, which steel is made at the other works, and is ])ractically a different trade ; and in the second place, because their union was not recognised in the negotiations by which the scale was established. CONCILIATION IN' OTHER INDUSTRIES. 10$ Mr Anson, representing the Rothcrham branch of the same association, said that wages were not governed hy a sliding- scale. In regard to this matter some firms accept the adjustments made in the West of Scotland and the North of England. An association, known as the British Iron Smelters' Amal- gamated Association, was founded in 1886, and the secretary of that organisation, in giving evidence before the I^abour Commission in 1892, stated that "Conferences have been held with regard to the establishment of a board of concilia- tion, which would be a more satisfactory means of settling wages than exists at present. It was agreed to constitute such a board, and a committee was appointed to draft rules. The employers' re|)resentalives, however, desired to frame a rule to the effect that half the expenses of the board should be de- ducted from the men's wages ; whereupon the men's representa- tives proposed as an amendment, that the men's share of the contributions should be paid through their union. The em- ployers would not agree to this, because it would oblige every member of the board to be a union man. But it would be quite necessary for the union to have control over all the members of the board, for otherwise the men's delegates could not be responsible for the decisions being obeyed. The pro- posal of the employers was objectionable, as involving a virtual breach of the Truck Acts. Negotiations were suspended in consequence of this disagreement, and so the relations between employers and employed remain unembodied in a printed constitution." Several attempts have been made to introduce the principle of arbitration into the cutlery trade of Sheffield, but hitherto it appears without satisfactory results. About 1S90 a board was composed of four representatives of the Trades Council and four of the Cutlers' Company and the Chamber of Commerce combined, for the special purpose of discussing certain pro- posed amendments to the Merchandise Marks Acts ; but, when approached by the secretary of the Trades Council, with a view to the establishment of a permanent board to deal with I06 CONrn.IA'lION ANI> AKI'.I IRATION. (lispiiUs, till' two corporations representing the employers are slated lo liavr fnnily refused to entertain the proposal.* In the cnj^ineering trades, as in most others, there appears to lie a considerable (hfferenre of opinion as to the hest mode of procechire. Sonic approve of conrihation after Mundella's system ; others prefer conciliation, plus a chairman with a casting vote; and others arbitration, in its most formal and binding shape. Difficulties urged against arl)itralif)n have been that it is difficult to agree upon the exact terms of the reference, and to procure as arbitrators men that are at once im[)artial and possessed of the requisite technical knowledge. It has been suggested that where an arbitrator was appointed by the State, as in the case of Lord Shand and the Midland coal trade, the absence of technical and local knowledge might be got over by the appointment of expert assessors; and this really seems to be a very excellent suggestion. The most im[)ortant trade union in Europe is probably the Amalgamated vSociety of I^ngincers, which drew uj) a scheme some years ago of the formation of a board of arbitration. This scheme provided that, " pending a settlement of any question by the board, there shall be no stoppage of work, and the wages, piece-rates, hours of work or over-time, shall, until settlement, remain as when notice was given." Some of the details of the proposed scheme were not, however, acceptable to the workmen, and lience it did not come into effect.! In the engineering trades, conscfiuently, although there have been negotiations at different times between employers and employed, no general scheme of arbitration or conciliation has yet been established. In the shipbuilding trade of the Wear, where conciliation has been in o[)eration since 1885, a reference to arbitration has only been found necessary on two occasions; and on each, "the registrar of the Sunderland County Court was selected as third referee or umpire, partly because he was capable of weighing * Report of the Royal Coiitiiiissioii on lAWOur. t Ihid., Group A, 23,icxD-8. CONCILIATK)N IN OTHER INDUSTRIES. 10/ evidence, and partly also because he was profoundly ignorant of the technicalities of the trade." * While there are many points of difference between em- ployers and employed in reference to the |)rinciples and methods that should guide the settlement of trade disputes, there is one matter on which almost all of them appear to be agreed, and that is a profound distrust of a State board, which has been recommended in some quarters as the true, if not the only, effectual solution of the ])roblem. The prevailing view of employers on this subject has l)een very well stated by Mr James I.aing, the C'hairman of the Board of Conciliation for the \Vear Shipbuilding Trade, when he informed the Royal (Commission on Labour that "local boards of conciliation are more valuable than a universal arbitration board established by the Slatr, for members of tlie latter would be unable, probably even with the aid of technical assessors, to secure a proper adjustment of the various interests concerned in the manu- f;\cturing industries of the country. A State board would, no more than any other board, be able to interfere with the free action of either party, and secure the enforcement of its awards." t The rules of a number of trade unions contain provisions empowering the executive council to refer disputes to arbitra- tion, subject to the a[>proval of two thirds, or some other deter mined majority, of the members. Other provisions, which are now freely introduced into such codes, contain clauses inviting the men to put the ([uestion of a reference to arbitration to the vote before resorting to a strike. + In the shipbuikling trade of the Wear, with its board of conciliation — of which an arbi- trator or umpire is a fi.xed adjunct — it has not been unconmion for the leaders of the men to make provision for the establish- ment of a system of conciliation when rearranging the rates of wages.§ * Koyal Commission on I.ai'oiir, ('iri>ui> ;\, 25,712-25. t //'/(/., (iroiij) A, 26,050-72. X Jl>i(i., Clruiip A, 20,4S6-504. § Ihi.l., 22,051-5. I08 rONTIMATFON AND ARIilTKATION. One prolific source of dispute in certain trades, and espe- cially in th<' engineering and shipi)uilding industries, is that known as dc man ation differences. As a means of preventing such disputes, it has been suggested that l)f)ards of arbitration should l)c formed in every industrial district, the niemhers of which sliould he, not men engaged in the rival trades, hut of other workmen and employers. In one case, where the line of demarcation could not amicably be drawn, the joiners on the Wear suggested that the employers should intervene, but the disi)ute was ultimately settled by Mr Burt, M.P. Among other boards that have at different times been con- stituted for the settlement of disputes between employers and employed, mention may be made of one in the nail trade of Staffordshire in 1880, which collapsed within a year because some manufacturers refused to join it, and others neglected in consequence to adhere to the prices which it fixed ; * of another in the shipbuilding trade on the Wear, which is often called upon to settle disputes as between one trade and another, as well as between employers and employed,! and which has been described as being " not so much a board as a system of boards — one in connection with each trade in the district — all of w'hich are governed by the same constitution, and are compelled on failure to agree to refer the disputed matter to a court of three referees, chosen from among a pre- arranged list of names, one by each party, and the third by the two thus selected." | * Royal Co)iunission o)i\Lal>ow, Ciroup A, 20,249-51. t Ibid., 22,022-3, 20,038-41. % Ibid., 25,712-25. CHAITER XV. THE ATTITUDE OF EMPLOYERS. The whole history of the movement that has resulted in the adoption over a wide area of conciliation and arbitration as means for the settlement of industrial disputes, proves that the more liberal and advanced employers have usually recognised the principle as a rational and suitable one to be applied to difficulties of the kind stated. This sympathetic attitude towards conciliation and arbitra- tion was manifested in England many years ago, long before it became so general as it now is among employers elsewhere. The Trades Union Commission took a great deal of evidence from employers during the period that they were making their valuable and elaborate inquiries, and in a large majority of cases the leading captains of industry of that time, 1867 to i86g, gave forth no uncertain sound as to their approval and appreciation of the system, which was then deemed to be in its infancy. Tlie principal witnesses examined on this subject before the Trades Union Commission were Mr Mundella, M.P., who spoke as to the board established at Nottingham for the hosiery and lace industries; Mr Hollins, who gave unequivocal testi- mony to the success of a board of conciliation of a similar character instituted many years previously in the pottery trade of Staffordshire ; and Mr Rupert Kettle, who had taken an active part in promoting arbitration in \\'olverham|)ton and elsewhere. All those spoke strongly on the merits of the system, and recommended its extension. Hence the Trades Union Commission lalled special attention to the matter in their report. "The great point,' they said, ''is to bring the no CONCIIJATIDN ANI) AKIH IRATION. niasturs and men face to face to discuss their differences before their fechiigs have bccoinc embittered, as is apt to \)c the case when each party is standing out for its own view of wliat Is right, willioul (hsciission logcther." 'I"lu' most valuable and complete record of the views and recommendations of employers on this subject that has hitherto been made available is that contained in the Aftsioers to the Sc/icdnlcs of Questions issued l>y the Royal Commission on Labour. Arbitration or conciliation is advocated by thirty- eight employers and by eight em])loyers' associations. Some of these answers recommend that boards of arbitration should have [)owcr to enforce their awards. Others recommend that when employers and workmen cannot agree over a dispute, either regarding wages or other matters, there ought to be indepen- dent arbiters appointed by the Government, each having a separate district, who would be appealed to in such cases. Others again appear to be in favour of jtrofit-sharing and co- operation, while a few are of opinion tliat sliding-scales are the true solution of the difficulty. Many variations of procedure are suggested, however, even by those who appear to be most friendly to conciliation. The Darlington Steel and Iron Company recommend that arbitration be made compulsory, and that neither employers nor employed should be in a position to cause the stoppage of works by strikes or lockouts. 'l"he Skinningrove Iron Company favour arbitration, with an appeal to an umpire having power to enforce his award, and apjjointed either by the Board of 'I'rade or by the local County Council. Messrs John Lysaght & Company recommend "the more extended use of the sliding-scale, and joint - committees of inquiry and con- ciliation boards, with an ultimate appeal to powerful arbitration boards." Messrs Isaac Jenks (!v: Son believe that "a wages board, similar to the Iron Trade Wages Board, seems the simplest way to settle matters "' ; and the Steel Company of Scotland believe in making the decisions of courts of arbitration binding on all the parties concerned. Messrs Robert Lloyd, Crosbie & Company of Birmingham believe in the Boards of THE ATTITUDE OF EMI'LOVKKS. Ill Arbitration in connection with Chambers of Commerce, and so with Messrs WilUam Corljitt c\: Company of Rotherham, the Blainscough Hall Colliery Comi)any, the Claudown Colliery Company, the Radstock Colliery owners, the Aldridge Colliery Company, the Houghton Main and Wodley Colliery Com[)any, and many others. Testimony of rather a remarkable character was borne by the Thames Iron Works and Shipbuilding Company, whose judgment is thus stated : *— "There is no arbitration or conciliation machinery in our district. Such means of reconciliation are very desirable, but in the case of a serious strike it is very difficult to find people competent to deal with the highly technical cjuestion involved. During our strikes (at their rL(|uest) I went twice before the conciliation conuniltee (jf the London Chamber of Commerce, and while I could not but honour the goodness of their in- tentions, I could not also help realising how entirely they failed to appreciate the point at issue. There is such a thing as crying I'eace, peace, when there is no peace, and this is one dangerous tendency of conciliation at any price." Ivpially remarkable and interesting is the testimony offered by Palmers Shii)building and Iron Comjjany of Jarrow, who say:— " .\n efficient means of avoiding strikes could be found in- the principle of conciliation and arbitration, as this offers an encctive means of an understanding being arrived at between employers and employed, or between parties representing both. The North of England Hoard of Conciliation and Arbitration for the iron and steel trades is a good illustration of this. .\ board of arbitration is formed on the basis of conciliation, that is, endeavouring by com[)romise, or by reference to a mutually appointed arbitrator as a last resource, for settlement, where discussions of a conciliatory nature which are resorted to in the iirsl instance, i)oth at the board antl standing committee, have not been successful. Several temi)orary arrangements on the • Koyal Commission on I.ahour : Ansxvers to SiliaiuUs, Grmii) .\, p. J5S. 112 CONCri-IATION AND A k I'.ITKATION. same basis have occasionally been instituted for temporary purposes in other branches of our trades. Courts so formed, however, should be legalised and their awards made binding, so that the enii)loyer may be protected from the employed, should the latter break away from the award, and vice versa. Resorting to a strike or lockout should be forbidden by law, it being left open to the parties to resort to conciliation or ari)itration voluntarily, with power to arrange their court, arbitrators, referees, &c., but with the obligation to register the findings or awards in some public office, the law then taking cognizance of them to superintend their enforcement by i)enalty or otherwise. Means should, however, be found for providing either party with a legal court of arbitration, or arbitrators, or referees, before which the objecting party should be summoned, and a decision given accordingly. In the event of one side not ai)pearing, the court should have power to satisfy itself as to tlie reasonableness of the claims made, or the objections of the opposing party to appear, and to give and order accordingly. In the event of the court being satisfied that the party claiming had a fair case, it should have power to call on the other side for evidence, intimating that, if it was not forthcoming, an award would be given notwithstanding, according to the infor- mation received. What is intended to be set forth here is the opinion that the difference between employers and employed, and between the different sections of men employed, are destructive of the best interests of the industrial community, and that some means is essential to minimise their differences, and to settle them without impairing the cordial relations that should obtain between employer and emjiloyed." Finally, the large and important shipbuilding firm of Messrs J. & G. Thomson, of Clydebank, submitted the following valuable statement : — "When employers and workmen cannot agree over a dispute, either regarding wages or other matters, there ought to be independent arbiters appointed by Government, each having a separate district, who would be appealed to in such cases. For instance, there has been a strike of ironworkers on the THE ATTITUDE OF EMPLOYERS. II3 Clyde which lasted for six weeks, although the terms of agree- ment had been arranged between the executive of the men's society and the masters' association ; but the men declined to act on the same. While it is perfectly true that the men favoured this strike, still ironworkers are composed of several classes of tradesmen, and the voting power is in the hands of the most unreasonable and illiterate members, who form the majority. If such an official as above described existed, his services might have been advantageously disposed of in this instance. Even when arranging terms of wages for a period between employers and workmen's executives, this official might be chairman of these conferences. His decision should be final and binding on both parties. Such a system would force both masters and men to formulate reasonable demands only, as otherwise they would be aware that they would not have the slightest chance of obtaining any undue advantage, and thereby bringing trade to a crisis, as they do at present. Whilst the foregoing may not be the best method of solving the strike difficulty, some such measures ought to be adopted for the safety of trade, as strikes are becoming perfectly intoler- able, and entail an enormous waste of time and money. Dis- putes generally ensue when trade is good, and when there is some hope of getting a return for the capital expended, as well as when the maximum amount of wage can be earned by workmen, with the result that disaster is caused to employers and workmen alike." In previous and in subsequent chapters we shall find ample evidence that the attitude of employers towards the system of conciliation has generally been friendly, and that they have, in not a few cases, initiated the adoption of the system in a particular trade or district. It was the employers who intro- duced conciliation into nearly every industry in which it is now a feature, and in not a few cases the emjjloyers have been anxious to use the system when the workmen have been passive or avowedly hostile. Captain Noble, of the well-known Klswick Works at Newcastle-on-Tyne, quoted a case of this kind in his evidence before the Labour Commi.ssion, when he stated that II Ill CONCILIATION AND ARllITKATION. the employers in liis district "were in favour of conciliation honrds, and, in fart, in the a^'rienient that was come to in the dispute al)(»iit fifty three hours per week, we agreabour Commis- sion, and especially as to the attitude taken by the workmen whom he represents : — " The workmen," says Mr Trow, " truly and honestly believe in the system of conciliation, and faith- fully carry out awards. In May 1876, for example, upon the refusal of a small section of their body to obey a decision of the l)oard, the men agreed to pay half the ^678, 10s. id. which the employers had lost in consequence, and their delegates balloted for substitutes to take over the work of the recusants, because they felt bound in honour to support the authority of the board. Again, in 1882, when a strike took place against a decision of the board, and Mr Trow, in consequence, refused to hold office as their secretary unless the men passed a resolution expressing regret for their action and a determination to be more amenable in future, an overwhelming majority voted in favour of continuing the board. Since that date the system of conciliation has steadily grown in favour, and the witness thought that now there was not a single works in the North of England, where the men would Tin-: ATTITUDE OF WORKMEN. 11/ not gladly join the board, if they could only persuade their employers to do so too. " Ever since the board was formed," adds Mr Trow, " its decisions have been retrospective. In questions concerning an advance of wages, therefore, the men are willing to continue working upon the original terms, pending judgment, for they know that, if the decision is given in their favour, the extra payments will take effect from the moment their claim was filed. On the other hand, when questions concerning reduc- tions await decision, the employers continue to pay the original rate, trusting to the men's honesty to refund the e.xtra amount, if the board finds in favour of the reduction. The only ca.se in which the men abused this trust was that of the Britannia \\'orks, where two men sent in their notices instead of paying. The company took action against them, and the assize judge, sitting at York in May 1875, ruled that they were bound to pay, whereupon they refunded the money." In some (juarters a great deal has been made of the f:\ct that the workmen have sometimes refused to accei)t an award, and it has been argued thereupon that their loyalty was not to be depended on. No better witness could be cited on this point than Sir RuiJcrt Kettle, who, in addressing the Social Science Congress in 1870, made the following remarks : — " He knew of arbitration boards established in a great variety of trades -the building trade, the textile fabric trade, manufac- turing trades of various kinds, contract trades, and the various kinds of productive industries, as well as distributing industries — and he had never known a single instance of a working man breaking his contract. But he was bound to say that he had known of individual masters who had broken the contract. In those cases, however, the public opinion of the district luul always been brought to bear for the purpose of supporting the arbitration board. He would tell tiiem further what temptation some of the men were sometimes subjected to to break their contract. He had known instances in the building trade, which consisted of three or four branches, where carpenters, bricklayers, and plasterers cunsented to abide by the court of tl8 CONCII.IATI'jX AM) Al< I'.ITK ATION. arl)itr;iiit>ii, wliilr tlu- iiias(jns positively refused to submit. The result of the award was unsatisfactory to the three trades, but nevertiiekss, thougli tliey (hd not gel an advance, they honour- al)ly accepted the decision. A week, afterwards the masons struck for an advance, and it was given by the masters ; and yet tlic three bodies of men — the carpeiiter.s, the bricklayers, and the |)lasterers went on working, and were willing to goon working tiuoughoul the whfjje year, upon the judgment of the court of arbitration, although they were engaged upon the same building as the masons who had got the advance. In another case, he had classified various industries : to consider what should be their relative positions over the coming year. In the arbitration board it was found to be impossible to deal with all the men upon equal terms ; it was found that the bricklayers made out a better case for a rise than the carpenters or the plasterers. Though those three bodies, through their representatives, agreed to form one common board for the purpose of discussing the whole (juestion — whether the main drainage scheme would be carried out, whether the town hall would be built, or the new hosi)ital enlarged, and whether certain other works could be executed within a given time ; the result was that instead of making a one year's bargain, they made a three years' bargain. They were working now in their third year, and he had not heard a single complaint." It is, of course, difficult to assemble a considerable number of representatives of two conflicting interests to discuss matters that involve large issues to both without some degree of friction occurring, or being liable to occur. But the first thing that both sides should resolutely strive for is patience, and the next thing is to studiously avoid anything in the form of discourtesy. If the one side ruffles the feelings or excites the temi)er of the other, there is generated a disposition to retaliate which is more or less inherent in our frail human nature, and this disposition, it need hardly be added, is quite inconsistent with that calm and judicial frame of mind which alone is suited to the trial of such issues. Few arbitrations have taken place without some display of THE ATTITUDE OF WORKMEN. I I9 temper, and without the use of ill-chosen and hasty words that were afterwards regretted. In the Durham district the two parties have often hit very hard, either in the way of direct assertion, challenge, innuendo, or demur. So far had this pro- ceeded, indeed, that in the arbitration of 1S76, the umpire made use of these words : — " Each side can now (juitc feel that they have had their say out. If they choose between this and the printing of the case to meet and mutually eliminate some passages that are mutually hard upon one another, that may be a useful thing for posterity when it comes to read the account." And posterity is likely enough to affirm that it would have been all the better if the umpire's advice on this occasion had been adopted. Hard words are not arguments, reflections and innuendos are not the weapons with which to fight in the pres- ence of an umpire who has a knowledge of his duty. On the contrary, the more courtesy that is shown the more is mutual respect generated, and the more likelihood is there of friendly feelings — which are an almost indispensable condition to arbitra- tion — being maintained. Nor is either side slow to recognise the existence of courteous behaviour on the other side. When the cokemakers of the county of Durham were arbitrating as to the rate of wages that should be paid in August 1S76, the coke- men submitted a statement, which the then umpire (the Right Hon. (i. J. Shaw-Lefevre, M.P.) described as "a very able paper, very ably stating their case," and which the advocates for the employers described as " very gentlemanly,' and deserv- ing of high compliment. It is in this spirit that all cases of the kind should be approached. It is not enough to have full confidence in your own case, but you must be prepared to recognise the merits as well as the defects of the case of your opponents, if you are to arrive at a just settlement of a pending dispute. In I^ncashire several attempts have been made to intro- duce a sliding-scale for the regulation of the wages of coal- miners, but at the outset of this movement the men appear to have conceived a distrust of the system. At any rate they struck work in 18S9, ostensibly against a sliding scale which 120 CONCH. lATION AND AKIHrKATION. had been introduced by the employers, following upon a strike that took place in 1887 for an advance of wages, and which, after lasting for six weeks, resulted in a concession being made to the men. 'I'he representatives of the men declared that they do not object to a sliding-scale, '* but to one arbitrarily imposed upon them by the emplcjyers without discussion, as was the case in 1887."* An evidence of the earnestness of the workmen is supplied in one very drastic suggestion made before Group A of the Royal Commission on Labour, viz., that whenever a strike occurred with the approval of the executive, the members of the executive should cease to draw a salary, and be i)ut upon the same short allowance as the men on strike. This sug- gestion was made on behalf of the Associated Iron and Steel ^Vorkers of dreat Britain, by Mr \V. Ancott, the president, who would himself be affected by its adoption. Rightly or wrongly, there is a not uncommon impression abroad that officials have had more to do with strikes than the workmen whom they were sui)posed to control, but this is certainly not always, and perhaps not often, the case. The workmen are more liable to drive the officials than the officials to drive the workmen, and many recent cases show that strikes have been entered upon against the advice of the responsible advisers of the men. That the workmen arc not unappreciative of the efforts made by those who, their truest friends, seek by conciliation to avoid the ruptures that are otherwise liable to occur in the relations of employers and employed, is evident from many circumstances that have occurred since this system came into general use. But in no case probably has more marked testi- mony been rendered of this fact than when, in 1S70, the representatives of the ironworkers of the North of England met in the Central Hall of Darlington, to present an illuminated address to Mr David Dale — first, for his having been the means of establishing this system in the iron trade of the north, and * Report of the Royal Commission on Labour, Section A, cf. 9S72-S, 10,470. THE ATTITUDE OK WORKMEN. 121 next, for his unwearied and effective discharge of the duties of chairman of the concihation board. This address, which was jjresented by a workman, bore the following testimony to Mr Dale's services : — "We are deeply sensible of the active part you took, and the valuable services you rendered, in the establishment of this board, and of the kind, courteous, and impartial maimer in which you have presided as chairman since its formation. " Combined with great administrative ability, tact, and judgment, you have brought to bear upon the proceedings and discussions the true conciliatory spirit in conducting the general business, which has not unfreciuently been both trying and difficult. The unwearied attention you have bestowed upon the organisation and management of the board has enabled us, on all occasions, to bear and forbear with each other. To your able presidency is mainly due the success that has attended this im[)ortant movement— a movement which, we trust, will gain strength year by year, and will become firmly established in connection with the northern iron trade." It is, however, proper to observe that there have been numerous cases where the workmen have recorded emphatic objections to both arbitration and sliding-scales, and some of these may be noted. Unlike most of the other colliery districts in the country, South Wales does not appear to favour arbitration. At any rate, according to the evidence of Mr Edward Jones of the South Wales Colliery Owners' Association,* " Resort has never been made to arbitration U|jon the failure of the two sides of the standing committee to agree. The workmen's representa- tives, he says, have generally been in l^xvour of the appoint- ment of an umpire, especially for the settlement of isolated local disputes; but the employers have always objected, because they k\i\ to see any finality in his decision. There would also be great difficulty in obtaining an umpire who possessed the confidence of both parties. Disputes would be greatly multi- * Report of Royal Commission on Labour, Sc-cliun A, 9, 11,679, Si 8. 122 CONCILIATION' AM) Ai^MITKATION. plictl if the intii know that ihcy could refer ([ucstions to an umpire, because his award iniglil reas(;iiably he expected to be of the nature of a (;oni|>roniisc, and they would accord in^;ly feel confident of gaining some advantage by every contest. The same objections would apply to the ap[)ointment of an inde- pendent chairman to settle with the joint committee." In some cases the adoption of a sliding-scale appears to have been arrived at without a great deal of difficulty ; in other cases the negotiations for this end have been fruitless. In West Lancashire, efforts were made at different times during the last ten years or so to arrange a sliding-scale in the coal industry, but no satisfactory basis could be arrived at, and the scale was never introduced. In nearly every instance where a sliding-scale has been introduced in the mining industry, and abandoned, it has been given up at the instance of the workmen. In West Yorkshire, a sliding-scale was in force for two years preceding 1881, but it was terminated in March of that year owing to the men being dissatisfied with it. In the Durham coal trade there have been four different scales under which wages were fixed according to the ascertained average selling price of coal. Only one of these, however, lasted for more than two and a half years. The first, which came to an end in December 1878, only lasted for a year and seven months. The second, which was concluded in December 1881, only lasted for two years and two montlis. The third, which came to an end in December 1883, lasted for a year and eight months. And the fourth and last, which was given up in July 1889, lasted for about five years, and was also terminated at the instance of the workmen. This does not prove, however, that the workmen had lost all faith in the system. It only proves that the [)articular applica- tion or basis adopted did not suit them. CHAPTER XVII. PENDING PROPOSALS AND LEGISLATION. During the last two years the exceptional frL(iiiciicy and unprecedented magnitude of some of the strikes tiiat have occurred, in the coal and other industries, have suggested and enforced the absolute necessity of attempting some means of avoiding cases of the kind in the time to come. This necessity has found expression in the introduction of three different IJills, that are intended to secure the end in view, by making more or less binding the adoption of con- ciliation or arbitration. In our own country, the Act known as Lord St Leonard's was adopted by Parliament some twenty-five years ago, for the purpose of facilitating the adoption of arbitration, but the Act has practically remained a dead letter. Not that employers and employed have failed to make use of arbitration for the purposes that the .\ct was designed to promote, but in nearly all the arrangements made for this end the Act itself has been disregarded. The recent serious strikes in the Durham and Midland coalfields, and elsewhere, have forced upon the Legis- lature the necessity of making some additional legislative pro- vision for meeting cases of the kind, and we are consec I2.S CONCILIATION AND AKIMTKATION. created in (|uitc imprnrtirahic numbers. The report concludes that it would l)c unwise; to institute any f^cncral system of in- dustrial tribunals, but tbat there niif^hl be some advantaj^e in eiupowerin}^ town and county < ounrils to estabhsh them in a tentative manner. It would be the function of the cf)uncils to take the initiative witlK)Ut (hreetly appointing tlie members, and any court of the kind, when .-ipproved by a public department and established by an Order in Council, would have the st.Vtu- tory powers exercised in pari materia by county courts. These tribunals, it is held, would deal only with disputes arising out of existing agreements or trade customs. Hut all the greater and more serious disputes affecting large bodies of men, have regard to the future rather than the present, and to the modification of existing conditions rather than to their in- terpretation. The next rpiestion, therefore, is, whether it is desirable to establish statutory boards of conciliation and arbi- tration. On this point the report concludes that no central department could have the local knowledge necessary to attempt with success the creation of such institutions, and that the intervention of local public authorities cannot be usefully ex- tended at present beyond the experimental action just referred to. The Commissioners hope and believe that the present ra])id extension of voluntary boards will continue. At some future time it may be found advisable to give them statutory powers, but at the present stage of progress " it would do more harm than good either to invest voluntary boards with legal powers or to establish rivals to them in the shape of other boards founded on a statutory basis and having a more or less public and official character." With regard to the promotion of voluntary boards of con- ciliation and arbitration, the Conuiiissioners report that, though they caiuiot agree in recommending the direct establishment of such boards of the State, they think that " a central depart- ment, with an adequate staff, and having means to juocure, record, and circulate information, may do much by advice and assistance to promote their more rapid and universal establish- ment." It is suggested that legislation such as that proposed THNDINC; I'KOI'DSALS AND I.FdISI.ATIoN. 1 29 by Mr Mundclla last year might do much good by giving the Board of Trade a better locus standi for friendly and experienced intervention. Hut care must be taken to guard against any injury to the unitjue position which the Hoard of Trade now occupies. Its statistical duties will, in all probability, increase, and "in the collection and preparation of information the im- portance of absolute and universally recognised impartiality and freedom from any end or purpose except that of exact ascertain- ment of facts is so great that care will have to be taken that inter- vention, even of the most friendly character, in trade disputes shall in no degree im|)air statisti. 16. I.<>n(^n)ans. 132 (ON* II.IA llnN ANI> AKI'.ITKATION. If \vc i;<) further l)a(:k still, wc shall find that the percentage proportion of the population of the United States employed in niaiuifactures was relatively smaller, while that of the United Kiiif^dom was not greatly ditTererit. Indeed, even in 1861, the industrial population of England was 22.7 per cent. of the whole, as against only 10 per cent, employed in agriculture.* 'I'hesc facts have a more important bearing on the ques- tions discussed in this volume than might appear at first sight. In the case of a settled and more or le.ss independent agricul- tural population, such as that of the United States, there is not the same liability to labour disputes that there invariably is where the population is shifting and migratory, and engaged first in one occu[)ation and then in another. Hence the United States have not until ([uite recently been called upon to face to any extent the great economic problems of work and wages which had at a much earlier period perplexed and dis- turbed our own country; and hence also we shf)uld nf)t ex[xrct to find in the United States the same ripe experience of the labour question in its earlier forms and phases, as we must have in dreat Britain. Although in the industrial history of the United States unions of some kind have existed since the beginning of the present century, it is only since the time of the civil war that the labour organisations of that country have attained to any- thing like their ])resent importancc-t The excitement of that period, and the abolition of slavery, gave a strong inijK-tus to the movement in favour of organised labour, and in the ten following years many new unions and so-called brotherhoods were constituted.]; Of these by far the most important ap|»ears lo be the "Federation of Organised Trades and I^abour Unions of the United States and Canada," which was established at Pittsburg in 1881, and which, ten years later, had a member- * Eni^hiniriiniiy, hy J. Stephen Jeans, p. 17. ^ Koyal Com mission on I.ahoiir: Foni^n A't/vrfs — TAf ('ni/lace- ment of labour may be estimated fiom one or two exaniples. In the Hessemer steel industry, one man in 1S90 could d(j the work, as measured by tons of product, that five men were recjuired to do twenty years before. In the boot and shoe industry, one man in 1S.S5 could do the work that it reipiired ten men to perform twenty years befijre. .Xnd so with most other industries in a greater or less degree. Hut while this movement has been cnnied liiiilur in the United Slates than in other countries, we find that the general causes of labour disputes are much the same there as in (Ireat Britain, and call for much the same mode and conditions of * Kcport of Federal liurctxn of Labour on StrHes ami /.ofkouts. I ;, I <<>N( ll.l \ I ION ANIt AKI'.I I IMI ION. Ill .iliiii 111. I Ik- iiiusl serious strikes are those tlial liave (m ciirrtil ii) the < oal re;;ions of Ohio and IVimsylvaiiia, in tlie iron and steel indnslrii-s, and amongst the men enijiloycd *m railway work. Sonic of those strikes, and esiK-TJally those ori;anised l)y the union or society known as the Kni^;hts of Labour, were of ^real exli-nl, and were marked l»y violcnfe and disorder of a very serious character. The ( "oiiunissioner of I,al)our, in his valuable rejMjrts on Aineriian iiuUislry, estimated that die total loss to employers from suspension of labour throughout the United States In:- tween iSSi annglarul, llic State legislature adopted the Wallace Act of 1883. This Act prcjvided for the estaljhshment of voluntary boards of arbitration; but the awards made under it c(nild n(H be binding unless, and until, they were accepted l)y both parlies. 'I'liis was virtually the principle adopted by all the boards of arbitration establisheil in l-lngland up to that period. Two years later an arbitration Act was established in Ohio, whii h varied the procedure of the I'enn- sylvania Act, by re(iuiring that both parties nuisl pledge them- selves beforehand t(j acce|)t the award, whatever it miglrt be. This provision is of course understcjod, if not distinctly ex- pressed, in every case of arbitration ; but it may possibly have a more binding effect on the minds and consciences of imper- fectly educated bodies of workmen to have it so staled. Other boards of arbitration were afterwards established, in the .States of Massachusetts, New N'orlc, and California ; and in 1888, Congress passed an An, published in the .Appendix hereto, *' I'or the creation of boards of arbitration, or commission for settling controversies and difTerenccs," between railway com- panies, iV'c, and their workmen. In no case, however, has any penalty been attached to the failure of either side to carry out an award, so that " there is no .sanction attached to the Act other than such as may be constituted by a dread of public opinion.* Differences of a more or less important character distinguish the difTerent arbitration i)oarils established in liie United Stales from one another. The Massachusetts .Act of 1886, as amended in 18S7, pro- vides for the appointment of a Stale board of arbitration, com- posed of three persons, of whom one represents the em|)loyers, another the labour organi.sations, and the third is an impartial citi/en recommended by the other two. The (California Slate Hoartl of .Arbitration and Conciliation, appointed by an .Act of 1891, is similarly constiluted. Of the thret- "competent per- sons" composing it, "one shall represent the employers of * Koyiil Cotiimissioii on Lal'Oiir : /i^/v/^v/ Ki/vrts, vol. i. 13^> (OM II.IATION AMI AinmUATloN. hil)()tir, (iiic sli.ill rcprcKcnt lalxiiir employes, and the lliird iiKiiiliir sli.ill n|)rLsi'iU ncilhtr nnd shall l)c ( hairman of the I'.oard." The roiisliliilion of die New Vork Hoard of Mediation and Arhilralion, established in i«S87, is somewhat difTerenl. (.)nc of the three arbitrators is to he elected froni the parly "which at the last j^'eneral election cast the j^reatest ninnl)er of votes for (lovernor of this Slate," another from the party casting the second greatest niimhcr, whilst a third is to be selected "from a hofut fide labour organisation of this State." In California, the members are elei ted for one year only ; in New York, for three ; and in Massachusetts, all the memlK:rs serve three years, but only one retires every year, so that the persons composing the board are never all changed at once. r>y an amendment (jf 1890 to the Act constituting the Massa- cluiselts board, in cases involving s|)ecial technical difficulties the two ])artics in (lis[)Ute may eacli ajipoint an expert to serve on the board for the particular case. All three boards, though not nominally compulsory, j)ossess very extensive powers. The Massachusetts board may, upon the application of the em- ployer, or of a majority of his emjjloyes, or of their duly authorised agent, open an in(juiry, which it may make public or not at its own discretion, and at any stage in the proceed- ings. Where both parties refuse arbitration, the board may attempt to mediate between them ; and, failing that, may, if it thinks fit, investigate the cause or causes of the controversy, and publish a report, finding the causes and assigning the responsibility. When a decision is given, it is binding upon the parties for six months, or until the ex|)iration of the sixty days' notice, of an intention not to be bound by it given by one party to the other. Two instances are recorded in which such notice was given in the report of the Massachusetts board for 1887 : but in neither case was the award interfered with at the expiration of the period of notice. The New \'ork board has a power of investigation which it may exercise when its services as an arbitrator are refused, and LAliOUK DISl'UTES IN 11 IK .UNITED ST A IKS. I 37 after arriving at the facts of a ( untrovcrsy, it may make them puhhc and lay them Ijefure tlie legislature. It is also em- powered to suggest amendments to the existing laws touching laljour (jucstions. The California board is similarly charged with the duty of investigating all dis|)utes which threaten to end in a strike, and is empowered to puhlisi) the results of its inves- tigation. In its report for 1889 the New York hoard claims that the extensive powers granted to it by the Act deter parties "from making undue c.\acti(jns or unjust conditions;'' but neither here nor in Massachusetts, nor in California, is any provision made in the Act for lompelling the observance of the awarii. The decision of the board is only accepted where the parties are willing to acce|)t it. The re|)orts of the Massachusetts board for 18SS, iSyr.anil 1892 speak with satisfaction of the number of wage lists drawn up by the board, for which application is often made afterv.ards by other manufacturers, and which, therefore, serve as a standard of |)rices. .Manufacturers often ajjply to the board for advice in fi.xing the rale of wages or the |)rice for a new kind of work. The report lor 1S8S states that some firms enter into a written agreement with their employes torts, vol. i. LAiiuUR nisi'iTHs IN iiii; l'nitl:i) siATKs. 139 scales to tliL" varying < ir< Liinstanccs of llic Iradc lias from lime to time given a great deal of trouljle, and has been the cause of some serious strikes, including the mcmoralile strike which took place at the Homesteail works of Messrs Carnegie, i'hipps, cS: Co., in 1S92. 'i'he real and immetliate occasion of titat strike was a proposal made by the emjdoyers to reduce the basis of the scale, in so far as it applied to certain highly-paid classes of workmen, from twenty-six dollars fifty cents, to twenty- three dollars per ton, anil to make the scale terminable in January instead of in July. The workmen objected, first of all, to the proposed reduction ; but they objected ccpially to the change of date for the terminatieen done for them in the year 1848. 'I'he recent sacrifues during the years of war are well known to you all. Who ran count the loss caused by the present want of coal? Mutual confidence has made these works great. I kncjw that I deserve and possess your conlkkMKe, and therefore I address these words to you. " liefore I have occasion to complain of infidelity and resistance, I warn you of the fate whiih periodicals and strolling agitators are endeavouring to prepare for the large working- class, making, umler the mask of benevolence, use of religious and moral sentences. Their harvest begins after having irre- vocably undermined the existence of your class. They work with all their influence for your entire destruction, .so that they may then cast their nets in troubled waters. Ask after the antecedents of these apostles, ask after their domestic and moral life. To them the contributions of tlie workmen for disseminating verbal and written scandal are an easier and more pleasant method of gain than honest labour oflers. The Essen News, amongst ethers, by inventions of all kinds, endeavours to throw discredit upon the character of the management of my works, and stated yesterday, as a means to disturbance, that the conference had been coerced to agree to a consitlerablc atlvance of wages for one class of furnacemen. To the.se and similar broad lies cjf evil-disposed opponents I add the following warning. N CONi II.IA I ION ANI) AKKII I^A I loN. llic iii;iM.i^;tincnl (»f such a l)usincss on my own ai i oiiiil is (•()iiiic< led. l'"-VLiyl)0(ly k?i(>ws how I liavc always valued laliour and ll\c lahoiircr ; hill may cvcryhody l)c als(j assured, ihal a misconception of my scntinicnls wouhl he sure 1(j root up tliis implanted love for ijoth. " May you all he ronvinced thai I mver waver in my resolves, and that, as I have always done, 1 do n(jl pr(»mise wiihoul fulfilling what I say! I therefore again warn you against the inducements to disturhances of rest and peace. To every hrave and orderly workman within the circle of my undertakings there is, after a nuKlerate time of service, offered the opi)(irlunity to spend his service pension in his own house, in a manner not surpassed in any jiart of the world. I expect and demand full confidence ; I refuse to enter upon any unjust demands ; I will, as heretofore, anticij)ate all just ones ; and I ask, therefore, all those who are not content with this to give in their notice ; and the sooner the better, so that they may not receive notice from me. Let them leave this establishment in a lawful manner and make room for others, with the assurance that in my house and on my ground, I am, and will ever remain, master. Alfrkd Krupp." In the history of German trade disputes, one of the most interesting was the general strike of German coal-miners which took ])lace in 1889. The miners on that occasion demanded an advance of 15 per cent, in wages, an eight- hours shift from bank to bank, the filling of the waggons up to a certain line, and the rejection of not more than ten waggons in all for the whole number of men in each shift on the score of insufficient weight. The miners demanded further that the timber wanted should be delivered in the l)it ; that wages should be i)aid twice a month regularly on the ist and 15th; that the fines imposed by the foreman should be limited to 25 pfemiige (3d.), and that a record should be kei)t of all fines imposed. They also stipulated that no delegates or strikers should be victimised ; that the Workmen wlio had received their discharge-papers should be l.AHOUK DISI'UTKS IN (IKkMANV. I47 immediately reinstated ; that uvertiine shifts should he aljolished ; tliat work should not begin on Sundays before II I'.M. ; that house coal should be supplied at cost price; and that oil, powder, and other necessaries should be supplied at cost price. On the 3rd of May, 5,000 miners went on strike; by the 6th there were 30,000 more; and on nth May the total number of strikers in \\'estphalia alone ex ceeded 100,000. In Silesia, the strikers numbered 26,000; in Saxony, 5,000; and in the Saar district, over 13,000. Even collieries which had ( ffered a liberal increase of wages were included, anil very few of the pitmen in any district withstood the pressure brought to bear upon them to abandt)n work.* l'robal)ly the most remarkable epis«jde of this strike was the fact that it was brought to an end l)y the direct personal mediation of the I-lmperor, who took occasion to advise the adoption of some |)ermanent method of arriving at a mutual understanding on disputed matters. Ciermany apiiears to have been well advanceil among the nations of lOurope in making provision for the settlement of trade disputes at an early date. According to testimony collected for the Royal Commission on Lal)our,+ it appears that sjjccial courts for the .settlement of industrial disputes have in some form or other been provided f(jr by tlu- Cierman law since the beginning of the century. Councils for this purpose, on the I'li-nch system known as the Conscil ihs Pnuf/ioini/ns, were established on the left bank of the Rhine, under the Napoleonic Code, as far ba( k as 1808, and the system was afterwards largely extended, even after the Rhine provinces had reverted to Prussia. These councils continue to carry on their useful functions until the present time. Information communicated to the Royal (Commission on I-tbour J states that, in the amendment to the Industrial Code • Koyal Commission oil Labour: I'orcij^ii Reports, vol. v., j). 32. t Iliiil., vol. v., (icrnumy. X Ibid., vi)l. v., (Icrnuiny. I.jS « (»N( IIIAI loN .\NI» AKIII'I KATION. ()( iSSi I (»ii( itiiiii;^ llic j^niltls, |)rovisioii was made f«H ili« cslablisliiiitiil of cuurls of arl)ilralion, for tlic scUlcincnl of tlis|)iik'.s hclwccn incnibirs of llic };uilen- sation tiue uniler the Accident Insurance ImIW. (Jn the whole, however, the Slate provision for arbitration and conciliation in (lerniany has proved ineffective, and the advocates of this method of settling industrial dis[)utes have, ever since 1873, made repeated efforts to secure additional jjowers. IJills on the subject were introduced into the Reichstag in 1873, 1874, and 1878, but wilhcnit success. In 1886 a resolution was passed — "To re([uest the Chancellor of the Empire to intro- duce a bill for the conij)ulsory establishment of industrial courts, with the condition that the assessors in such courts shall be elected in e(]ual numbers by employers and employed, separately, and by ballot." The insertion of the word " com- jjulsory" was due in a great measure to the influence of the Socialist members, and it was omitted in the further resolution passed in 1889.* Tiic law, finally passed on 29th July 1890, which came into effect on ist April 1891, holds to the old princi|)le of leaving the institution of industrial courts in the main to the connnunal authorities. It differs from the sections of the Industrial Code, which it supplants, by including a .series of provisions for the formation, under certain circimistances, of a board of conciliation. The preamble states, that '* in many recent strikes it has been felt that, although both sides were ready to treat, negotiations could not be initiated without long * Lexis, Hanihv'orterhuih dcr Slaats-wisseitsiha/tcn, vol. iii., \\ 950f .\rt., " Gcwcrbcgcricht," Slicda. Stieila, Das^Gcwcrbcgcriiht, 1S90, pp. 50-69. Das Keii/is^iscli betr. die Gavcrbigeruhlc^ 1890, pp. 5-10. LAIJOUR DISPUTES IN GERMANY. I49 delay, because no regular and authoritative body existed which could undertake the conduct of such negotiations. The present law attenij)ts to establish a body of this kind, which may be able to facilitate the amicable settlement of differences between employers and employed on points concerning the labour con- tract, and so to obviate the heavy losses entailed on both parties by strikes, or to bring the latter to a speedy com lusion where they have actually bnjken out. It is hoped that the constitution of the industrial courts, which ensures special knowledge and unbiassed judgment, may commaiul the con- fidence of both employers and employed." The authorities of a commune, or of a number of com- munes combined, may establish such a court ; should they prove remiss, the employers and workmen concerned may a[)peal to the Central (Government to ortler the establishment of a court. .All expenses not covered by fees, costs, and fines, must be met i)y the commune. The court consists of a pre- sident nominated by the communal authorities and approved by the Ciovernment, and at least two assessors; but whatever be the number, half must represent the employers and half the cmjjloyed. They are elected by ballot, ami must be r)ver thirty years of age ; neither paupers nor persons under any legal disability are eligible, and all persons elected must have resided or been employed for two years in the district. Women may neither vote nor be elected. The electorate includes all persons over twenty-five years of age, who possess the (|ualifiialions required for assessors. The assessors, who cannot refuse election, except for special reasons, are compensated lor travelling expenses and for loss of time. The contending parties may not be represented by lawyers, or by pcrsoiis who are professionally engaged in legal proceedings. The courts may take the evidence on oadi both of the parties concerned and of witnesses or experts, if the matter in dispute exceeds the value of 100 marks (^5) ; and appe.nl may be made against the decision of the court to the regular courts of the distri( t. .Any industrial court may convert itself into a board of con ciliation when app»alement, have as yet taken no advantage of the Act ; and the fact that Saxony has no more courts than Bavaria, seems to show that there is no definite relation between the provision for arbitration and the probable need of it. East of the Elbe there are 81 courts, but excluding the Potsdam and Schleswig districts only 52. The official statistics for Wiirtemberg state that up to the end of 1S92 one court, that at deisslingen, had not yet taken any action. During 1892, the remaining eight courts considered 160 complaints brought by employers against their workpeople, and 1,320 complaints brought by workmen against their em- * Lexis, Haihiiwrltrbtiih tUr Staatswisntuuhafteii, vol. iii., p. 950, Art., "('leworljogiriclu," Sticd.i. Dai Retially appointed authorities in so far as such exist. Where such authorities do not exist, the matter must come before the regular communal authorities, against whose decision an appeal can be made at law. Hy local statutory regulations, courts of arbitration may be instituted by the communal authorities for the settlement of such disputes, the members of these courts being chosen from among the employers and the employed in equal numbers." In 1870, the Prussian Minister of Commerce addressed a circular letter to the provincial authorities, recommending them to give effect to this section by estal)lishing cf)urts of arbitra- tion. In 1869 one court was established, in 1870 four; but whilst the numbers rose in 1871 and 1872 to 19 and 21, they fell again to 7 and 4 in 1873 ''^"^^ '874. At the end of 1889 only 74 in all had been created, and of these only (4 were formed between 1S80 and 1889. Even amongst those nomin- ally created some were never definitely organised owing to lack of business ; "and it is worthy of note, that whilst several cities of small inii)ortance instituted courts of arbitration, great cities in many cases did nothing in conseciuence of the difficulties which they experienced in electing members." Although the authors of section 108 of the Industrial Code had had in view the formation of courts, which should intervene in collective disputes, the statutes of most of the tribunals actually estab- lished only empowered them to deal with individual matters. Leipzig, Frankfurt, and Berlin were exceptions to the general rule ; the statutes of these courts directed the tribunal " to intervene as a board of conciliation whenever a strike was threatened or had already been declared, or whenever difficul- ties arose with regard to ]iroposed wages or other conditions of labour." I.AIiOUR DISrUTES IN f.EKMAXV. I 53 In Leipzig and Frankfurt this intervention could only take place on the rccjucst of both parties to the dispute; in Berlin, it was sufficient that one should request the services of the court. It does not, however, appear that any use was made of these powers, and no instance can be found of any strike which was settled by the arbitration of any State court. It would appear that, alike in (lerniany and in .Austria, the insjjectors of factories are often called upon to act as mediators, and to offer judgment on disputiil pfiints. In one case an inspector reported that in the year 1889 he had given 635 written opinions on points connected with factory labour. ciiArrKR xx. LABOUR nisrCTES L\ IRANCE. Tmk country that originated and carried into successful daily practice the adn)iral)le system of Couscils des Priidlwmmcs, may fairly claim to have taken an early and a prominent part in the establishment of the system of industrial conciliation. Never- theless, France has not escaped the difficulties and dangers that accompany and result from industrial dis|nites on a large scale. As we have tlscwhcre shown, industrial (juestions of a general character, and affecting large areas of productive operations, are not affected by, nor meant to come within the cognizance of the Pnidlwnimes system ; and that system, there- fore, leaves the more serious phases of the industrial problem as far as ever from settlement. This fact was realised at an early stage of the history of the councils of experts, and hence it came about that steps were taken to sui)i)lemcnt their functions and complete their work by syndical chambers, which, however, arc of comparatively recent date, and do not quite cover the same ground as a board of arbitration of the ordinarily industrial type. The syndical chambers are of two different classes — those established among employers as such, and those founded by workmen as such. In 1 89 1, there were 1,212 of the former and 64S of the latter throughout France. The employers' syndicates are generally of a commercial character, and are mainly concerned with the settlement of dis- ]Hites between employers only. Some of the workmen's syndi- cates, however, do provide for conciliation in dis[)utes of an industrial character, and others specify in their rules that no strike shall be declared before all means of conciliation have LABOUR DISPUTES IN FRANXK. I 55 been exhausted, and that " every strike declared without the authority of the central committee shall be at the cost of the sectional committee." Some of the mixed syndicates have formed joint-committees for conciliation ; and in other cases, the separate syndicates of employers and employed have come to- gether, and have made the necessary arrangements for the conciliation of labour tlisputes. This system was, however, at the best only partial and intermittent, and hence it was felt that a more comprehensive and complete system was re<|uired to deal with industrial dis- putes as they arose. \.o\v^ pourpar/t-rs between employers and employed, and numerous discussions in the Chamber, ultimately evolved the new law of arbitration of 27th December 1892. This law has been defined as attempting "a compromise l)etween a j)urely voluntary or permissive measure and a measure worked by State initiative. It does not — in the meantime at lea.st — organise permanent boards, but seeks to prevent indus- trial crises. It offers help, but docs not impose it." * The new law provides for both conciliati(jn and arbitration. If when a dispute is threatened, or has actually taken place, the disputants do not attempt to settle it by conciliation, the local justice of the peace is retpiired to "take every possible or prudent step to induce the parties to sul)mit the case to the machinery offered by the law." That machinery is fully pro- vided for "at the least possible effoit and cost to the dis- putants." t 'Ihe arbitration is organised by the magistrate after consultation has failed, but no provision is made for cases where arbitration is refused by one or both parties, or when cither party repudiates an award. The raison d'iirc of the system and its intent is set forth in an oflicial document, from which the following paragraphs are taken : — "Attentive observers have not failed to recognise that the best means of avoiding and overcoming the irritation arising from the.se diflerences, which in many cases spring from the • Koyal Comtithsioti on l.ahotir: /'oriii^n A'f/(■ Ai Com i Hat ion it ik /' .lrl>itnii^, p. 602. 156 COXril.IATION AM) AkI'.ITJiATION. most trivial causes, is to bring about more frc(|ucnt meetings and wider exchanges of views l)etween the men, who usually only fight Itecause they lack the means of appreciating and rendering justice to their respective intentions. " I'^xperience has everywhere justified this view, under the inspiration of which private initiative has cstal)Iished in Kng- land, IJelgiiim, and America, admirable institutions of concilia- tion and arbitration, which, putting the masters and workmen in the same factory or the same industry in permanent relations, |)ermit them to look into and to r|uieily decide, as soon as they appear, their tratle disputes, and fnially unite the representatives of capital and labour in perfect agreement. "The law of the 27th December 1892 has the same (y the Minister f«>r Ghiiiiktcc an the Prefects of I'r.ince on the application of the new law of Conciliation anorts, vol. vi., p. 52. X Dc la Cotiiiliation et tU r Arbihai;i\, p. 601. I 5-"^ (()N( IIIAI l«»N AM) AKIllTkATION. has assmiicfl nun Ii ^^rcaUr imporlaiicc in I'rainc wiiliin the last fiw years lliaii it liad in any former period. The tendency has licen lor labour (hspiiles to increase year by year; and the niiinlict that has occurred (hiring the last five years is prol)ably larj^er, al any rale from the point of view of their duration and extent, than in the previous twenty years, hd that the means of deahng satisfac torily with such disputes became an increasingly urgent i)rol)Iem. iNbjst of tlie recent strikes in Krancc have been ihie either to demands for an increase of wages or to pro])()sals for a rechiction of wages. In the mining industry, eighty eight strikes are slated to have occurred since 1852, of whi( li folly six were caused by a demand for an increase of wages, and only five were against a reduction of wages. In France, as in oilier countries, with or without resort to arbitration, the wages of operatives engaged in pn^ductive iiuUislry have advanced considerably within recent years. Ample statistics illustrative of the fact are to be found in my own papers, read before the Royal Statistical Society,* and in the Royal Commission (on Laboui) Reports on I'Vance.t • " On the Comparative Karnings and Efficiency of LalMur in Different Countries," 1884; and "On the Recent Movement of Laljelgium, the law having prohil)ited coalitions between workmen with a view to increase wages under a penalty of one t(j three months' im- jtrisonment, until a few years previously, and even up to a later date the law imposed penalties against attempts to fetter or control the liberty of others. In France, combinations to influence the rate of wages were also illegal up to a recent date, and even in i86y meetings could not be held without the sanction of the Prefecture of Police. In the States of the /ollverein, trailes unions were unknown until 1869, being against the law until iS(^i7, when several clauses of the Industrial Code of 1S45 were repealed, giving greater liberty to workmen to combine for certain pur|)oses. As regards other luiropeon countries, the 'i'rades Union Conunission reported in 1869 that in Russia no combinations of workmen exist for the purpose of regulating the price of labour employed for mining or manufacturing pur- poses, and the same may be said with regard tt) the Netherlands. In Denmark, associations of workmen are formed, the sole I'bject of which is to raise funds for the relief of sick and infirm members, and for the payment of the burial expenses of those who die, i)Ut strikes for higher wages are of very unusual occurrence. Strikes are contrary to law in .\ustria, and are immediately put a \(><) CONJ II.IA I l<»N AMt AKIil I l;.\ 1 I«»N. sli)|i lo li) iIk- |)i)Ii( f, llic riiifjIcadiTS l»rinj; liable lo irnprisun- mcnl fur a Icrin of i;iglu days lo llircr iiiotilhs. The penal ((•(ieof Italy enackd that any < oml(ii)ali(jn anujn^^ employers to (oiiipcl tlicir workmen to a< • ept a reduction of wages, or to receive commodities in whole or j»art payinetil, if such should l)C followed hy some overt act in execution (»f it, shall he punished liy imprisonment not exceeding one month, and a line of not less than loo or niore than 3000 francs. Kvury ('oml)ination amongst workmen f(jr the purpose of sus|)ending or impeding work, or inc reasing its costs without reasonable cause, shall he punished with three months' imprisonment whenever il has Ixguii io he carried into cfre«:l. In both instances promoters are liable lo six months' imprisoimient. In view of the several laws against combinations, it is clear thai il was a dangerous thing in iiKjst Continental countries to altempl to force up the rate of wages by pressure of a physical kind. In some cases where strikes were attempted, as at lirunn in 1867, the ringleaders were arrested. The workmen of Italy were probably as free as any, and several strikes were carried out, which generally ended in a compromise. In France, workmen's societies became active about 1865-66, and in the five following years a number of minor strikes were engaged in, and usually lo ihe advantage of the workmen, who had, however, a very low rate of wages, which would probably have been improved in any case by the course of economic eveiils. In some cases, indeed, the workmen who came out on strike ran grave risks ; and even so recently as October 1869, a number of workmen at the coal mines of Aubin, who had come out for a rise of wages, were killed in encounters with the authorities. Beh^ium. — In the active and industrious little kingdom of Belgium we have an example of a condition of industrial life which is in some respects of a very low type. The workmen have, until lately, had but little eduoxtion, they have been accustomed lo work very long hours, to live in a penurious style, to earn exceptionally low wages, and to have but im- perfect resources of organisation. The employers, on the LABOUR DISPUTES IN OTHER COUNTRIES. l6l Other hand, have had to contend with great difficulties in building up their national industries. The mining resources of the country are really poor and meagre, although developed on a considerable .scale. The coal deposits are difficult and e.xpensive to work ; the iron ore deposits adapted for utilisation arc almost exhausted, so that most of the ores used have to be imported from (iermany, I-'rance, or Luxembourg; and the country can hardly be said to be endowed with any com- pensating advantages in the shape of commanding shipping resources, great wealth, cheap money, or highly efficient skilled labour, such as England has long enjoyed. Iklgium, indeed, has made such progress as it has succeeded in achieving, mainly in consequence of its cheap labour ; and the levelling u[) of the general conditions of that labour to the English standard, would be likely to mean the loss, more or less partial at any rate, of the manufacturing prestige of the country. For this reason, although the general rate of wages has greatly improved within recent years, it is still relatively low ; and measured in terms of the product of mining and metal- lurgical industry per capita^ is relatively less efficient than the labour of neighbouring countries. But of late years the work- men of r.elgium have put forward claims to share in the general amelioration of the conditions of work and wages that were taking place in (jlher countries. They have not been so successful as the workmen of either France or Germany, much less the working menofClreat Hritain. Recent official statistics show that only in the province of Eiege have the hours of mining labour been brought anywhere near the level of the hours worked in the |)rinci[)al mining districts of the two adjoining countries. In all the other provinces the miners work ten hours a day from bank to bank, and they work these ten hours for less money than is paid for a shorter day in com- I)eting countries.* Nevertheless, the working men of Melgium appear to have made very little effort to secure an improvement in their cir- cumstances until a comparatively recent period, and it is only * Ki-port oj tlu Koyal Labour Commiaion. L 1 62 CONCILIATION AND AKIilTHATION. williin iIk- last ten or twelve years that strikes have beconjc specially numerous or important. Mainly in conscrfs, vul. iv., p. 15. :J: //'/(/., vol. iv., \i. 15. l64 CONCILIATION y\NI) AKI5ITKATION. in llic same district, provided that the industries arc of sufficient imporlancc, or special chambers can he eslahhshed in one and the same council. The employers and the workmen each meet to elect their several representatives, and vote by ballot. Half of the re|)resentatives retire every three years, but may be re- elected. 'I'he |)rcsidenl and vice-president, one of whom must be an employer and the other a workman, are appointed by Royal decree from the members of the council, or from a double list of candidates chosen by employers and employed. Where several chambers arc included in a council, they elect their own presidents and vice-presidents. Each council a|>- points from among its members a board of conciliation {Bureau dc conciliation), composed of one employer and one workman. An election is held (juarterly, when the same members can be re-elected. The board meets at least once a week, and con- siders all matters in dispute before they are brought before the council, to which they must be referred if the board fails to arrange them. The council meets at least twice a month, and can only sit when an equal number of employers' and of workmen's repre- sentatives are present, two of each forming a (juorum. These cannot include the president and vice-president, unless they were appointed from among the members of the council. If the council is unable to hold a session, owing to the absence of any member from two consecutive meetings, such member is summoned before the court of ajjpcal in the district, and sen- tenced to a fine of from 26 to 200 francs, and from three to eight days' imprisonment, or to one only of these penalties. The councils deal with dis])utes between workpeople, or be- tween employers and workpeople, arising in connection with labour and wages. Without prejudice to the proceedings before the ordinary tribunals, they may also punish breaches of contract, and conduct tending to a breach of the peace. The punishment in such cases may not exceed a fine of 25 francs, and an appeal may be made within eight days to the civil court of first instance in the district. Matters outside the jurisdiction of the councils, such as disputes between employers, LABOUFi DISPUTES IN OTHER COUNTRIES. 1 65 may, with the consent of both parties, be brought before them. The prinf homines pronounce judgment without appeal for sums not exceeding 200 francs ; above that sum, appeal may be made to the tril)unal (jf commerce, or, in matters relating to mines, to the civil tribunal of first instance. The clerk of the council gives one day's notice to the parlies of the i)lace, date, and hour, when they are bound to appear, together with their witnesses. Should either party fail to appear, judgment is given by default, but in certain cases the parties may be represented by proxy. No lawyers are employed. The expenditure incurred is provided for by all the com- munes com[)rised in the council and districts, in proportion to the number of workmen employed in each commune. An important strike of miners occurred at the Mariemont Collieries in 1875, which led M. Julien Weiler, the engineer, to take steps to establish chambers of explanations, which were really committees of conciliation, and which, after a consider- able period, marked by great distrust on the part of the work- men, came to be established on a firm basis. In January 188S a council of conciliation and arbitration was instituted at both Mariemont and liascoup for all classes of workmen employed there. The rules of the two councils are almost identical ; each is composed of six representatives from among the staff {ai^ents tirades), including the general manager, and six other members are appointed to act as deputies. The workmen's representatives are nominated by an electoral body of thirty six delegates, a])pointed by a majority of the votes of the workmen employed at the various pits, which are classed in six groups for the election of delegates. Only those workmen can vote who are over twenty-one years of age, and have been employed for at least six months at the colliery. Tiie delegates and the company's representatives must be over thirty years of age, and have been engaged at the colliery for at least five years. A board, consisting of the workmen's j)resident and secretary, and an assessor chosen by the melting, conducts the election of the workmen's repre- sentatives, who are elected from among the delegates by a 166 rONCIMATION AND AKItlTKATION. in.ijmity of votes. 'Ilic iikihIkts of tlic council serve for two years ; half retire annually, hut may he re-elected. A president and vice-president an- appointed annually, one president and one secretary heing chosen from the workmen. (!hamhers of explanations, to elucidate teclmif alitics, may, if necessary, he estal)lishetl in any hranc li of the industry. Where these chambers exist, all questions must he submitted to them before beinj^ referred to the council. If necessary, boards of con- ciliation (/iurenux dc coticiliatioti) are instituted to examine (piestions which concern one group only, and matters whi«h they cannot decide are referred to the council. The president convokes meetings of the council, at which two-thirds of the representatives of each side can form a quorum. Questions of general interest must be discussed by tlie whole of the representatives. The president has one vote only ; in case of an equality of votes the (piestion is referred to the management of the company. Prior to the examination of a disputed point, and during its discussion, work must be continued under the conditions which existed when the diffi- culty arose. IJoth parties agree to accept the council's decisions, which are valid for at least three months, and the same question cannot he revived within that period. .Ml the expen.ses of the council are defrayed by the company. Each representative and delegate is allowed two francs for each meeting that he attends, and is indemnified for all time thus lost ; the secretaries receive in addition an annual salary determined l)y the council. In consequence of the riots which occurred in the spring of 1 886, it was considered necessary to establish some institution by which differences arising between employers and employed might be amicably settled. On 29th October 1886 two schemes were submitted to the labour Commission by MM. llrant/ and Denis, the former for the establishment of councils of conciliation, the latter for the institution of elective bodies which should concern themselves both theoretically and prac- tically with all labour interests, and which should establish councils of conciliation wherever and whenever necessary. On 5lh i\[ay of the same year M. Frere-Orban had brought before LABOUR dispute:.s in other countries. 167 the Cliaml)er a Hill for the L-stabhshinunt of councils of industry and labour, which l)ecame law on i6th August 18S7. 'I'hcsc councils arc instituted to he " primarily adminis- trative bodies, charged with the collection of statistical data bearing on the state of industry, price of food, rate of wages, averages of rents, both at home and abroad, and on all matters connected with trade and labour ; and secondarily, consultative institutions, bringing masters and men together, in the absence of any industrial struggle, and before any contest should break out, to deliberate and pronounce an opinion on all matters afTecting their common interests." In certain cases the Govern- ment is obliged to consult these councils. Thus they differ both from the councils of conciliation and arbitration, and from the councils of prud'hommes. The former are voluntar)* tribunals due to jjrivate initiative, and their action is restricted to the amicable arrangements of iiulustrial disputes. No general rules exist as to their electorate or mode of procedure. The main differences between the councils of industry ant! labour and the councils of pnufhninincs are, that the latter consider (juestions arising out of a violation of contracts, and their deliberati(jns and decisions are based on these contracts. 'I'hey cannot compel an emj)loyer to pay a higher wage than that which he had undertaken to pay, or to decrea.se the hours of labour, if a given number of hours were explicitly or tacitly agreed lo beforeh.nntl. The councils of industry and labour, on the oiIkt hand, deal with (lueslions in which no contract is presupposed ; their object is lo induce the formation of new contracts on the best possible terms. To this end, it is neces.sary for them to be able to form an estimate of the state of the industry, the intensity of competition, the customs of the locality, and all other matters affecting industrial jiro- duction. Again, the decisions of the pruif homines are binding; whereas the ojjinions expressed by the councils of industry and labour m.iy be accepted or not, at the discretion of the parties concerned. The law of i6th .August 1S87, instituting the councils of industry and l.ibour, was largely based on ihi- law of 1859, l6^ (:()N( II.IATION AM) AKI'.ITKATION, rccoiistriK tin;; the (:f)iiii(ils of />ri/i/'///>//i//ifi. (.'onsidcrahle (liriiciiltics arose as lo the interpretation of artirlcs 4 anM 5, respecting the election of candidates, \vhic:h referred lo the analoj^ous clauses in the law of 1859. 'I'he Royal decree of 31st July 1888, explaining the means of enforcing the law of 18S7, was also necessarily based on the law rcsjiccting prud"- homines^ the revision of which was already under discussion. On the publication of the law of 31st July 1889 concerning councils of pruiVhommes, it was found necessary to make im- j)ortant modifications in the law constituting the councils of industry and labour ; and a Royal decree was published on 15th August of the same year, by which the education test, and residence in the district of the council, are no longer required from electors. The councils are established by Royal decree, either spon- taneously, or at the request of the communal council, or of employers or employed residing in the district. The extent of the councils, and the number and nature of their .sections, are determined by the decree. Each council is divided into sections corresponding in number to that of the industries in the locality of sufficient imi)ortance for representation. From six to twelve representatives of employers and men are com- prised in each section. Sii'itzerlafid. — According to the Foreign Reports of the Royal Labour Commission, in the case of trade disputes occur- ring in Switzerland, mediation, especially when undertaken by State officials {Staatsmiifiner and Beamtcn), or other i)ersons of recognised standing, has proved increasingly successful of late years, and may probably be expected to extend its beneficial influences. The association of employers and employed for the promo- tion of a common object is suggested by Herr Krebs as an excellent means of encouraging good relations and closer com- munications between ca[)ital and labour. Such objects may be found in the institution of technical schools, the examination of apprentices, the organisation of sick funds, and similar associa- tions. The formation of courts of arbitration and conciliation LA150UR DISI'UTKS IN OTHER COUNTRIES. 169 on the English model is an idea which finds favour with holh parties, and has been carried into effect in some instances, though in general neither em[)loyers nor employed are suffi- ciently well organised to make such hoards a complete success. I5oards of conciliation and arbitration have already been instituted in connection with twenty-five trades unions, and in some cantons they have been established and supported by the cantonal governments. The principal f)bject of these boards is to draw up wages lists and workshops rules, which emi)loycrs and employed both agree to observe. The unions in which they have been estab lished have found them both active and efficient. The board of the luiibroiderers' Kederation considered 665 cases of dis- putes between October 1885 and March 18S9, 554 of which it brought to a satisfactory conclusion. The cantons where they have been established are deneva, Neuchatel, \'aud, and Urban Ikile. 'i'he Tribunaux d'ArHlroi^e Industrid^ which were instituted at Geneva in 1874, consisted of a justice of the peace as pre- sident, and two arbitrators, elected respectively by the employers and employed. These arbitrators acted from political motives, and hence the board proved a failure. They were consequently abolished in 1883 to make room for Consdls de prud'hommes on the I'rench pattern. Disputes referred to these courts are first brought before the conciliation board, then before the board of arbitration, while a court of appeal gives the final decision as to all cases in which the damages are estimated at more than 500 francs. The judge and clerks arc paid by the State, and the whole process is free both to employers and employed. Besides their judicial functions, the prud'hommes are authorised to superintend the training of apprentices, the sanitary condition of workshops, and to make recommendations to the (Government for the advancement of trade and industry in the canton. They thus form a kind of chamber of com- merce ( G nvc rhckam mer). A peculiar feature in the constitution of these boards is that counsel are not allowed to either side {Advokatcn sind aust^tsc/i- I70 CONCILIATION ANh ARI'.ITKATION. //issrf/\, 1)111 plaiiitirr and rl^frndanl arc rciircscnlifl hy members (>( the trade to which they lulonj;. To fa< ihtate this represen- tation \.\\Q priiiflioiiuiits are (hvided into ten trade groups, com- prising (i) the watch inchislry, (2) jewellers, (3) building trades ; (4) wood-workers ; (5) milal workers ; (6) ehahing trades, (7) fornl and chemicals, (8) jiaper and printing, (9) transport, (10) banking and conmierce. In 1888, 753 cases were brought before the board of con- ciliation, 21 of which were withdrawn and 522 were settled; the remaining 210 were passed f)n to the board of arbitration, 203 of wlii« h were settled by it and 6 by the court of apf)cal. The total niiniber of cases for the first three years amounted to 2,182; of which 1,995 concerned questions of wages and compciisntion, i 13 were cases of dismissal, 12 were connected with men who had left work without warning, 55 with breach of api)renticc rules, 5 with certificates {lutidouni^ cities zeu^- fiissi's), and 2 with breach of contract. The disputes on wages questions thus form 91.3 per cent, of the total number; and the percentage of disputes settled by conciliation, which in 1885 amounted to 53. 6, had risen in 1888 to 69.3. The beneficial results of the board arc stated to meet with general recognition, and it is proposed to extend its competence to agriculture also.* An Act conferring similar powers was passed at Neuchalel in 1885, with this difference, that whereas the Cieneva boards are compulsory, in the canton of Neuchatcl they are optional, and are only formed in places which obtain the necessary powers from the cantonal government. Each board consists of from sixteen to thirty sworn members, and the president, who is elected for six months, is alternately an employer and a workman. Karh board has a court of conciliation and a court of arbitration. The officials of the board are elected and paid by the cantonal government. These boards possess the same administrative powers as those of deneva. Chaux-de-Fonds is the only place which has hitherto availed itself of the powers conferred under this Act, but the court established there has * Koyal CoDiiiiissioii on Labour: Foreign Reports. LAI50UR DISPUTES I\ OTHKR COUNTRIES. 171 l)ecome a fixed institution, nnd is now rcgnrdcd as indis- pensable. A law authorising voluntary hoards of arbitration and ron- ciliation was passed for Canton \'aud in 1888; and in the following year hoards were established at Lausanne, Vivis, \'verdon, and Ste. Croix. A compulsory board of conciliation and arbitration for Urban Bale was established in 1889. A voluntary board of conciliation and arbitration was instituted by the board of Ziirich in 1889. .\ federation was first formed, consisting of the employers' associations and trades unions of Ziirich and the neighbourhood. Its object was the prompt and gratuitous settlement of all disputes between employer and employed with regard to the hire of labour {/oua^^f de service) ; and secondly, the prevention or settlement by con- ciliation of all tlisputes as to the payment of wages, labour contracts, and questions of apprenticeship. 'I'he federation was joined by six trades unions and by the master builders' association. Each association on joining the federation under- takes to refer all its disputes to the federation board and to it only, and to recognise the bintling character of its decisions. The federation is managed by a committee consisting of two delegates and two substitutes {Stellvcrlrcli-rn) from each trade belonging to the federation, and by a i)resident and vice- president, who may not be either employer or employed. The committee lias also a paid secretary, who has a consultative vote at its sittings. The arbitration board is appointid by the employers and employed ; it consists of two presidents, one elected by the masters and the other by the men, and of at least three arbitra- tors besides. Substitutes must also be ap|K)inted to take the place of the presidents in case of their unavoidable absence. The presidents exercise their functions alternately, and one arbitrator from each side is summoned for each sitting. The proceedings are public, and the parties a|)pear before the board in person. As a rule each case is decided in one sitting. 'I'he board docs not consider cases in which the damages amount to 172 CONf'IMAI ION ANr» AKIUTRATION. more limn ^So frruKS, or any claims unflcr thr I"'inplf)ycrs' I.iahility Act. The parlies pay no rosls, cxrept a fee to the scrrclary in rase ihcy rc;(|uir(: a ccrtifirated ropy of the award. I'lic hoard of conriliation is formed of the entire committee of the federation. Disputes are laid before the committee by three delegates from each side. When the delegates have been heard the committee suggests an arrangement, which the president must recommend to their acceptance. If he fails, the board can send a deputation to the meetings of the associations of both parties to try and effect a settlement. If this second attempt fails, the [jrcsident must at once call the board together and invite it to issue a sentence, to which both |)arties must absolutely commit themselves. While this award is being made, the delegates intcresteil in the ca.se must withdraw from the conmiiltee. AIM* KM) IX I. ScAi.K under Clausk io of ihc Ackkkment of ist Janl'aky 1892, as approved and adoi)tod by the Sliding-Scalc Joint-Cominittcc in the Coal 'I'rade of South Wales, 6th February 1S92. When the average net selling Wages to be at the When the average net selling Wages to be at the following price of Coal |)er ton F.O.U.. foirOwinn price of Coal |>c r Ton , K.O.lt., IMrrcentage alxive the percentage above «hc is and under Standard. s. is d. and under Standard. s. d. .f. d. d. 7 10.25 8 0.00 Slandaril. 10 10.29 11 0.00 264 8 0.00 8 1. 71 li II 0.00 I 1 1. 71 27. i 8 1. 71 S 3-43 A 11 1.71 11 3-43 28^ 8 3-43 8 5.14 ii 11 3-43 1 1 5.14 30 S 5.14 8 6.S6 5 11 5.14 I I 6.86 3ii S 6.S6 8 S.57 0| 11 6.86 I I 8.57 rA 8 S.57 8 10.29 1\ 11 8.57 11 10.29 iii 8 10.29 9 0.00 n 11 10.29 12 0.00 35 9 0.00 9 1. 71 10 12 0.00 12 1.71 hH 9 >-7i 9 3-43 Mi 12 1. 71 12 3-43 37i 9 3-43 9 5.14 I2i 12 3-43 12 5.14 m 9 5«4 9 6.86 «33 12 5.14 12 6.86 40 9 6. 86 9 8.57 •5 12 6.86 12 S.57 4U 9 8.57 9 10.29 16I 12 8.57 12 10.29 42.i 9 10.29 10 0.00 '7i I2 10.29 «3 0.00 VA 10 o.ou 10 1. 71 «8:i «3 0.00 >3 I.71 45 10 I.7I 10 3-43 20 >3 1.71 13 3-43 46.1 «o 3-43 10 5.14 2li "3 3-43 '3 5.14 47* 10 5.14 10 6.86 22.i «3 5- 14 •3 6.86 aH 10 6.S6 10 8.57 23i( •3 6.86 '3 S.57 50 10 8.57 10 1 0. 29 25 «3 8.57 13 10.29 5«l •3 10.29 14 0.00 524 A 1' 1' I-: N 1) I X II An Aci to pruridf for ihc Amicaiii.k Adjustmkni ok (iklKVANCKS AND nisi'UTES that may arise I'ctween Emi'I.oykks and 1'Lmi'Lovks, and to authorise the creation of a Statk Board of Mkdiation and AkiuTKATioN. (Nkw \'(:)kk, Laws ok 1887, Chai'. 63.) TiiK People of the State of New \'ork, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: — • Section i. \\'lieiiever any grievance or dispute of any nature shall arise between any employer and his employes, it shall be lawful to submit the same in writing to a board of arbitrators for hearing and settlement. Said board shall con- sist of three persons. When the employes concerned are members in good standing of any labour organisation which is represented by one or more delegates in a central body, the said body shall have power to designate one of said arbitrators, and the employer shall have power to designate one other of said arbitrators, and the said two arbitrators shall designate a third person, as arbitrator, who shall be chairman of the board. In case the employes concerned in any grievance or dispute are members in good standing of a labour organisation which is not represented in a central body, then the organisation of which they are members shall have the i)ower to select and designate one arbitrator for said board, and said board shall be organised as hereinbefore provided. And in case the em- ployes concerned in any grievance or dispute are not members of any labour organisation, then a majority of said employes, at APPENDICES. 175 a meeting duly held for that purpose, shall designate one arbi- trator for said board, and the said board shall be organised as hereinbefore provided. In all cases of arbitration the grievance or matter of dispute shall be succinctly and clearly stated in writing, signed by the parties to the arbitration or some duly authorised person on their behalf, and submitted to such board of arbitration. SiXTiON 2. Each arbitrator so selected shall sign a consent to act as such, and shall take and subscribe an oath before an officer duly authorised to adnunister oaths, to faithfully and impartially discharge his duties as such arbitrator, which con- sent and oath may be filed in the office of the clerk of the county where such dispute arises. When the said board is ready for the tran.saction of business it shall select one of its number to act as secretary, and the parties to the dispute shall receive notice of a time and place of hearing. 'I'he chairman shall have power to administer oaths, and to issue subpienas for the production of books and papers, and for the attendance of witnesses, to the same extent that such power is possessed by the court of record or the judges thereof in this .Slate. The board may make and enforce the rules for its government and the lransa(ti(jn of the business before it, and fi.x its sessions and adjournment, and shall hear and examine such witnesses as may be brought before the board, and such other proof as may be given relative to the matter in dispute. SixrioN 3. After the matter has been fully heard, the said l)(jard, or a majority of its members, shall, within ten days, render a decision thereon, in writing, signed by tliem, giving such details as will clearly show the nature of the decision and the points disjjosed of. Such decision shall be a settlement of the matter rel'erred to said arbitrators, unless an appeal is takiii therefrom as is hereinafter jiroviiled. The decision shall be in duplicate, one (-o|)y of which shall be fileil in the oftice of the ( lerk of the tounty, and the other transmitted to the secretary of the State Hoard of Mediation anil .Arbitration, hereinafter mentioned, together with the testimony taken before said board. 176 CONCir-IATION AM) Al: i;i I Ic A I ION Skction 4. Wlun llu: said hoard shall have rendered its decision its power shall cease, unless there may he in existence at the lime other similar (grievances or disputes between the same classes of jjersons, and in such case such persons may submit their differences to the said board, which shall have power to act, and arbitrate and decide upon the same as fully as if said board was originally created for the settlement of such other difference or differences. Skciion 5. NVithin three days after the passage of this Act, the governor shall, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint a State Hoard of Mediation and Arbitration, to con- sist of three competent persons, each of whom shall hold his ortice for the term of three years, to commence immediately upon the expiration of the term of office of the members of the present State Hoard of Arbitration, created under chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty- six. One of said persons shall be selected from the party which at the last general election cast the greatest number of votes for governor of this State, and one of said persons shall be selected from the party which at the last general election cast the next greatest number of votes for governor of this State, and the other of said persons shall be selected from a bona fide labour organisation of this State. If any vacancy happens by resignation or otherwise, he shall in the same manner ap[)oint an arbitrator for the residue of the term. If the Senate shall not be in session at the time any vacancy shall occur or exist, the governor shall appoint an arbitrator to fill the vacancy, subject to the approval of the Senate when convened. Said board shall have a clerk or secretary, who shall be appointed by the board, to serve three years, whose duty it shall be to keep a full and faithful record of the proceedings of the board, and also all documents and testimony forwarded by the local boards of arbitration, and perform such other duties as the said board may prescribe. He shall have power, under the direction of the board, to issue sub[Kenas, to administer oaths in all cases before said board, to call for and examine books, papers, and documents APPENDICES. 1// of any [jartics to the controversy, with the same authority to enforce their production as is possessed hy the courts of record or the judges thereof in this State. Such arbitrators and clerk shall take and suliscribe the constitutional oath of office, and l)e sworn to tlie due and faithful iterforniance of the duties of their respective offices before entering upon the discharge of the same. .\n office shall be set apart in the Capitol by the person or persons having charge thereof, for the proper and convenient transaction of the business of .said board. Skci ION 6. .\n appeal may be taken from the decision of any local board of arbitration, within ten days after the rendi- tion and filing of such decision. It shall be the duty of said State Hoard (jf Mediation and .Arbitration to hear and consider a|)peals from the decisions of Icjcal boards, and promptly to proceed to the investigation of such cases, and the decision of said board thereon shall be final and conclusive in the premises, upon both parties to tlie arbitration. Such decision shall l»e in writing, and a copy thereof shall be furnished to each party. .\ny two of the arbitrators shall constitute a (juorum for the transaction of business, and may hold meetings at any time or place within the State. Examinations or investi- gations ordered by the board may be held and taken by and before any one of their number, if .so directed. lUit the pro- ceedings and decision of any single arbitrator shall not he deemed conclusive until approved by the board or a majority thereof. Each arbitrator shall have power to administer oaths. Skction 7. \Vhenever any grievance or dispute of any nature shall arise between any employer and his employes, it shall be lawful for the parties to submit the .same directly to said State board in the first instance, in case such parties elect to do so, and shall jointly notify said board or its clerk, in writing, of such election. Whenever such notification to said i)<)ard or its clerk is given, it shall be the duty t)f said board to proceed, with as little delay as possible, to the locality of such grievance or dispute, and intjuire into the cau.se or causes of grievance or dispute. 'Ihe [>ariies to the grievance or dispute shall thereupon submit to said board, in writing, succinctly, M 178 CONCIMATION AND AKI'.FTRATION. flc.irly, niid in dclail, their j^ricvanrcs and complaints, and the cause or causes tliereof, ntul severally agree, in writing, to suhniit to the decisir)n of said hoard as to matters so submitted, and a promise or agreement to continue on in business or at work, without a lockout or strike, until the decision of said hoard, provided it shall he rendered within ten days after the completion of the investigation. The hoard shall thercuj)on proceed to fully investigate and infjuire into the matters in con- troversy, and to take testimony, under oath, in relation thereto, and shall have power, by its chairman or clerk, to administer oaths, to issue suliprcnas for the attendance of witnesses, the production of hooks and papers, to the same extent as such power is possessed by courts of record or the judges thereof in this State. Section 8. After the matter has been fully heard, the .said board, or a majority of its members, shall within ten days render a decision thereon in writing, signed by them or a majority of them, stating such details as will clearly show the nature of the decision and the points disposed of by them. The decision shall be in triplicate, one copy of which shall be filed by the clerk of the board in the clerk's office of the county where the controversy arose, and one copy shall be served on each of the parties to the controversy. Skction 9. Whenever a strike or lockout shall occur, or is seriously threatened in any part of the State, and shall come to the knowledge of the board, it shall be its duty, and it is hereby directed to proceed, as soon as practicable, to the locality of such strike or lockout, and put themselves in com- munication with the parties to the controversy, and endeavour by mediation to effect an amicable settlement of such con- troversy ; and, if in their judgment it is deemed best, to inquire into the cause or causes of the controversy, and to that end the board is hereby authorised to subpcena witnesses, compel their attendance, and send for persons and papers, in like manner and with the same powers as it is autliorised to do by section seven of this Act. Section 10. The fees of witnesses shall be fifty cents for APPENDICES. 179 each day's attendance, and four cents per mile travelled by the nearest route in getting to or returning from the place where attendance is required by the board. All subp(cnas shall be signed by the secretary of the board, and may be served by any person of full age authorised by the board to serve the same. Sf.ciion II. Said board shall make a yearly report to the legislature, and shall include therein such statements, facts, and explanations as will disclose the actual working of the board, and such suggestions as to legislation as may seem to them conducive to harmonising the relations of, and disputes between, employers and the wage-earning masses, and the improvement of the j)iesent system of production. Skctio.n 12. Each arbitrator shall be entitled to an annual salary of three thousand dollars, payable in (juarterly instal- ments from the treasury of the State. The clerk or secretary shall receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars, payable in like manner. Suction 13. Whenever the term "employer" or "em- ployers" is used in this Act, it shall be held to include " firm," "joint-stock association," "company," or "corporation," as fully as if each of the last-named terms was expressed in each [)Iai'c. SixrioN 14. This .Act shall take effect immediately. A r vi: .\ 1) I X I'"UKNCH \..\\V />r07'll////l^ /or (InfiCli.W'llOS ANt» ARI:irKATK)N /// rtj.us of Coi.i.F.CTivF, Disi'UTKS hetwccn FImi'Lovkrs AND l^MiM.OYKi) (27/// DiCcmbcr 1S92). TiiK Senate and the Chamber of Deputies have acloi)tcd, the President of the Republic promulgates, the following law : — Ariici.k I. Employers, workmen or emjjloyes, between whom a dis[)ute of a collective character relating to conditions of employment has arisen, may submit the questions which divide them to a committee of conciliation, or, in default of an agreement of this committee, to a council of arbitration, and these shall be constituted in the following manner. Article 2. The employers, workmen or employes, may, together or separately, in person or by proxy, address a de- claration in writing to the justice of the peace {jiis<: d*: P^fi-^) of the canton or one of the cantons in which the dispute has arisen, and shall contain — 1. The names, capacities, and domiciles of the applicants or their proxies. 2. The matter of dispute, with a succinct account of the motives pleaded by the other side {partic). 3. The names, capacities, and domiciles of the persons to whom the proposal of conciliation or arbitration should be notified. 4. The names, capacities, and domiciles of the delegates chosen from amongst those concerned by the applicants, in order to assist or represent them : the number of these dele- gates not exceeding five. APPENDICES. l8l Artici.k 3. The justice of the peace delivers acknowledg- ment of the receipt of this declaration, with indication of the date and hour of the deposit, within twenty-four hours, to the opposing party or its representatives, l)y letter, or, if need he, by notices posted on the gates of the C(jurts of justice of the canton, and on those of the mayoralty of the commune in which the dispute has arisen. Ari ici.K 4. On receii)t of this notification, or within three days, those concerned must send their reply to the justice of the peace. The periotl having passed, their silence is taken as a refusal. If they accept, they give in their reply the names, capacities, and domiciles of the delegates chosen to assist or represent them, the number of these latter not exceeding five. If the departure or absence of the persons to whom the proposal is notifietl, or the necessity of consulting the principals {i/uiHihvifs), partners, or an adniinistrative council, does not permit of a reply within three days, the representatives of the said persons should within the three days declare what is the delay necessary for arrangement of a reply. This declaration is transmitted by the justice of the peace to the applicants within twenty-four hours. Artici.i-; 5. If the proposal is accepted, the justice of the peace urges {i/i7'ih- (fufi^ciicc) the parties or their delegates to form among them a committee of conciliation. The meetings take place in the presence of the justice of the ]>eace, who may be api)ointed by the committee to preside at the debates. Akiici.k C. If an agreement is arrived at as to the condi- tions of conciliation, the conditions are set down in a report drawn up by the justice of the peace, and signed by the parties or their delegates. .Artici.k 7. If an agreement is not arrived at, the justice of the peace invites the parties to appoint either one or more arbitrators each, or a connnon arbitrator. If the arbitrators do not agree as to the sohilmii dI the ills pute, they may cluxjse a new arbitrator to act as umpire. Akiki.i; S. If the arbitrators (an neither decide on the I 82 ( ONCIIJATION ANI« AK MITKATION. soluiioii of the dispute, nor agree as iilralor will be named hy the president of the <:ivil tribunal after insj>cc:ti(jn of tiie ripoil, wluch shall be sent to bin) b^rtbwith by the justice ol the jieace. Aktici.k 9. The decision on the p(jinls at issue (fond) which has been arrived at, revised, and attested by the arbi- trators, is sent to the justice of the peace, Artici.k 10. When a strike occurs in default of initiative on the part of those concerned in it, the justice of the peace, f.v officio, and by the means indicated in Article 3, invites the employers, workmen, ox employed, or their representatives, to make known to him within three days — 1. The matter of dispute with a succinct account of the alleged motives. 2. The acceptance or refusal of conciliation and arbitration. 3. The names, capacities, and domiciles of the delegates chosen, where the case occurs {/e cas cclieant), by the parties, the number of the persons chosen by each side not exceeding five. The delay of three days may be increased for the reasons and under the conditions indicated in Article 4. If the pro- posal is accepted, it shall {proceed conformably to Articles 5 and following. .\Rrici.ii II. The reports and decisions mentioned in Articles 6, 8, and 9 above, are preserved in the minutes at the office of the justice of the peace, who sends a copy free of charge to each of the parties, and addresses another to the Minister of Commerce and Industry through the prefect. Article 12. The demand for conciliation and arbitration, the refusal or failure to rci)ly of the opposing party, the decision of the committee of conciliation or of the arbitrators notified by the justice of the peace to the mayor of each of the com- munes over which the dispute is spread, are made public by each of these mayors, who post them up in the place assigned to official notices. The posting up of these decisions may be done by the APPENDICES. I S3 parties concerned. The notices arc exempted from stamp duty. Akiici.K 13. 'I'hc premises necessary for ilic meetings of the committees of conciUation or councils of arbitration are provided, heated, and hghted by the communes in which they meet. The expenses arising therefrom are included among the compulsory expenses of the communes. The outlay of the committees of conciliation and arbitration shall be fi.xed by a notice of the prefect of the department, entered among the com[>ulsory departmental expenses. AkTicLK 14. All deeds executed in carrying out the pre- sent law are exempt from stamps, and registered gratis. Akiiclk 15. The arbitrators and the delegates nonn'nated under the present law must l)e French citizens. In professions or trades where women are employed, they may l)c chosen as delegates on the condition that they are of French nationality. Aruci.k 16. The [)resent law applies tsed to be made during the year at a manufactory in the proportion of ai)[)rentices to journeymen working together in a set; (3) alteration of trade rules. 4. That the board consist of ten employers and ten opera- tives, four of each to form a (juorum ; and first hoard shall hold their first meeting as soon as practicable after their ajijwint- ment ; the operatives to be elected by their own body, and the employers by their own body ; the members of the board to APPENDICES. 185 serve for one year, and to be eligible for re-election ; the nesv board to be elected in the month of July in each year. 5. That the board shall, at its first meeting in each year, elect an umpire, president, and vice-president ; also two secretaries, one for the employers and one for the o[)eratives, who shall continue in office one year, and he eligible for re-election. 6. That the board shall meet for the transaction of business once a quarter, namely, the first Monday in the months of October, January, April, and July ; but, on a requisition to the president, signed by three members of the board, specifying the nature of the business to be transacted, he, or in case of his absence the vice-president, shall, within seven days, convene a meeting of the board. The circular calling such meeting shall specify the nature of the business for consideration. 7. .\ reference to the board may be made by either party to any disi)ute, but the primary t)l)ligation to a|)peal to the board shall rest upon the party who wishes to alter existing arrangements, subject however to Rules 15 and 2\. 8. That no employer or operative shall be entitled to appeal to the board (except with tlie consent of the l)oard), unless he has been a subscriber from the commenrement of the current year of subscription. 9. The parties to any ilispute intended to be submitted to the board shall, if possible, agree to a joint written st.itement of their case; l)ut if they cannot agree, a statement in writing on behalf of each party shall be made, and every such slalenient shall be sent to the secretaries at least two days prior to the board meeting. Kach parly shall have |)ower to adduce oral evidence before the board. 10. The umpire shall preside at the sittings of the board when cases are referred to it for arbitration which concern the whole Iraile or affect the interest of a whole branch. The tiuestion in dispute shall be decided by the umpire, whose award shall be final and binding on each party. 11. That the president shall preside over such meiluigs oi the boaril as are not convened for the purposes of arbitration, and in his absent e the vite president. In the absence of both I.S6 CON( II.IA 1 ION AND AUIMTIvATKjN. prcsidciil and vicc-prcsidcDt a < liairman shall be elected by llic majority present. 12. That when at any meeting of the l^oard the number of employers and operatives is une(|ual, all shall have the right of fully entering into the discussion of any matter brought before them, but only an eipial number of each shall vote. The with- drawal of the members of whichever body may be in excess to be by lot. i^^. That the parties to any dispute whi« h has been sub- mitted to the board shall be bound by its decision. 14. That each party shall pay their own secretary and separate e.\[)enscs, but the j(jint expenses of the board shall be borne equally by the employers and operatives. 15. A committee consisting of four, that is to say, two em- ployers and two operatives, shall inquire into any dispute that may arise at any individual manufactory and that does not affect the interest of a whole branch, and such committee shall use its influence in the settlement of disputes, and have power to make an award. Jjefore such committee shall commence to inquire into any dispute it shall appoint a referee, before whom the case shall be laid by such committee in the event of its being unable to adjust the business referred to it. The decision of tile referee shall be accepted by both parties to the dispute. If such committee shall not be able to agree U])on a referee the umpire of the board shall make the appointment, and the case shall proceed. Such committee, however, shall not deal with any question which cannot be dealt with under these rules. 16. That if any one or more of the board shall be immedi- ately affected by the dispute, they shall not be appointed upon the committee referred to in Rule 15. 17. That the board shall recognise the trade rules set forth in the schedule as binding upon the parties to any dispute, and for the regulation of the trade. iS. That no alteration or addition be made to these rules, except at a quarterly meeting, or special meeting convened for the purpose. Notice of any proposed alteration shall be given in writing to the secretaries one month previous to such meet- APPENDICES. 187 ing, and the secretaries shall give one week's notice ther4.-uf to each member of the board. 19. That it be an understanding, in connection with the proceedings of the board, that while the general wages ques- tion, as it relates to the condition of the markets, shall be arbi- trated upon (at Martinmas) as one case for all the trade, except ovenmen, each branch shall have a right at such arbitration to make special reference to any question or subject that especially concerns its interests or modes of working. 20. That when a general arbitration shall take place involv- ing a reduction or increase of wages, the case in respect of all branches, except ovenmen, shall be dealt with as one ; and when the umpire has fmished the hearing of such rase, he shall then consider the case of the ovenmen, and give to them a separate award. 21. When there is no general arbitration at Martinmas affecting the interests of the whole trade, any two branches, but not more, may make a sei)arate and special a[)peal to the board for change in prices on any special ground that may seem to them to justify such a change, and in like manner the em- ployers shall be at liberty to claim an arbitration in case of there being a dispute with any two branches. .Vny dispute affecting more than two branches shall be dealt with as a sub- ject for general arbitration. 22. That the umpire shall liave full oi)[)ortunity to verify any figures or statements made in evidence, providing that such verification be not allowed to interfere with, or expose, the private business of any firm ; such verification shall be made through a sworn accountant, appointed by and responsible to the umpire, and shall be disclosed to no other person. A r r 1', s \)\ \ V. A SCMI'.Mi; /<-»/- Mf I'lSTAIiMSHMKNT (?/ d Sv>ll,M (»K lioAKDS OK AKliiTKATioN, sul'iiiitlcd l>y Mr W. J. I'AkKY {Chair- man of tlw Joint Standi ni^ Committee of the Carnan'onshire County Council, and lar^iely interested in the Welsh Slate Industry), advocating the establishment of Si atk IJoAkDS OF ARnnRAiiON {submitted to the Royal Commission on Labour-). I. 'I'hat this country should l)c dividt-d into six trade arl)itialion courts : — (<7.) Middlesex, Surrey, Sussex, and Kent. (/'.) Shropshire, Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Rutland- shire, Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and the remaining counties in the South of England. (r.) The English counties to the north of those named in {b). (d.) Scotland. ((•.) Ireland. (/.) Wales and Monmouthshire. II. That a court should be established in each of these divisions, consisting of two judges or arbitrators, one to be appointed from a class representing the em|)loycrs of labour, and the other from a class representing the wage-earners. I>oth were to be permanent officials, and paid by the Ciovcrn- nicnt. III. That in every case of dispute, after the demands of the aggrieved party had been rejected by the other side, and APPENDICES. 189 within a stated number of clays, ciiher party could give notice to the court to investigate the causes of the dispute, with full powers to decide the same. I\'. That the court should consist of such two judges, and that the judge of the county court within whose jurisdictidn the dispute arose, or the judge of any other county court, or of the High Court, selected by the Home Secretary, should act as umpire. V. That the costs of the investigation should be borne by the rates of the county in which the disputes arose, except in cases where one of the parlies declined to abide by the decision of the court, when that court should have power to charge such party with all the costs. Mr Tarry added that the men in the North Wales slate quarries had repeatedly j)assed resolutions in favour of the Government establishing boards of arbitration. These boards should be constituted by the Slate rather than by a mutual agreement, both because it seemed impossible for employers and employed to agree upon their com|)Osition, and also because State boards could be invested with stronger pf)wers. Their decisions might carry equal authority with judiiial (Orders of Court. A I' iM':n I) I X \' I. Mr Mundi-Ihi's \\\\.\. in makk I5i;r'ii.k Provision for ihk Skii i.KMKNT or LAFioirR Disi'UTEs {2gth Afarch iSg^). \M-\ it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : — I. Where a difference exists or is apjirehended between an employer, or any class of employers, and workmen, or between different classes of workmen, the Board of Trade may, if they think fit, exercise all or any of the following powers, namely, — {a.) Tncjuirc into the causes and circumstances of the difference, and make such report, if any, thereon as appears to the Board expedient ; and (/'.) Invite the parties to the difference to meet together, by themselves or their representatives, under the presidency of a chairman mutually agreed upon or nominated by the Board of Trade or by some other person or body, with a view to the amicable settlement of the difference. II. (i.) In the case of any difference to which the fore- going section applies, the Board of Trade may, on the applica- tion of any of the employers or workmen interested, and if the Board, after taking into consideration the circumstances of the case and the means available for conciliation in the district or the trade, are of opinion that the circumstances are such as to justify them in proceeding under this section, appoint a person or persons to act as conciliator or as a board of conciliation, APPENDICES. 191 and the person or persons so appointed shall inquire into the causes and circumstances of the difference hy communication with the i)arties and otherwise, and shall endeavour to hrint,' about a settlement of the difTerencc. (2.) li it is a<;rced or arranged to refer any (juestion aris- ing out of or incidental to any such difference to a person appointed by the Board of Trade or to two or more persons, of whom one is to be appointed by the Hoard of Trade, the Board of Trade may, if they think (it, make an aj)pointmcnt accordingly. III. If it appears to the Board of Trade that in any district or trade where disputes are of frequent occurrence adequate means do not exist for having dis|)utes submitted to a board of conciliation for the district or trade, they may ai)i)oint any person or persons to incjuire into the conditions of the district or trade, and to confer with employers and employed with the view of establishing a local board of conciliation or arbitration composed of rej^resentatives of employers and employed. IV. The Board of Trade shall keep a register of boards of conciliation and arbitration, and shall enter therein such par- ticulars with resjjcct thereto as to the Board may seem ex- pedient. V. The Board of Trade shall present to I'arliament annually a report of their proceedings under this .Act. VT. This .\ct may be cited as the Conciliation Act, 1894. INI) !•: X. A< Ts of Parliament, 5 Ctcn. III., 23nl May 1775, 56; osals, iSS ; Mr Mun- (Iclla's Conciliation (I^diour Dis- putes) Pill, 190. Arbitration, delinition of, 31. Attempts at solution of labour problem, 19. Attitude of employers, 109 ; of workmen, 115. Arl)it ration boards, effect of, on rate of wattes, 37. Arbitration t. sliding-scales, 41. — law of 1S92, in I'rance, 155.. -SVv under heads of ( Germany, France, &c. — required to determine a fair day's wage, 43. — cannot always determine the rate of wages, 47. — in StatVordshire industries, 81 ; in North of England industries, 87, 90. Association of coal-owners in South Wales, 73. Awards, Sir R. Kettle on the legal execution of, 37 ; in finished iron trade, 93 ; of Thus. Hughes, 94 ; acceptance of, 97. Basis of sliding-scales, 78. Blast furnacemen, wages of, 77; labour, conditions of, 80. Bedworth collieries scale, 66. Belgium, conilition of workmen in, 160 ; rate of w.ages paid, 161 ; hours of work, 161; trade unionism in, 162; strikes, 163; Conscils dcs Pnid' horn lilt's, 163; council of conciliation, 165 ; riots, 166 ; councils of industry, 167. See Conciliation and Arbitration. nesHcmcr converters, 14. Board of arbitration in North of lingland iron trade, 96. Board of conciliation in Belgium, 164. Brassey, I^>rd, on co-cralive pro- duction, 4. Briggs, Messrs, industrial jKirtncr- ship scheme of, 7. British iron smelters, 105. Burnett, John, xii. Ituilding tray, in cariuit trade of Durham, 21. Higgling of the market, 26. Histt)ry of arbitration, sliding-scales, &c. See under their headings Hosiery, and I^ce Trades of Not- tingham, conciliation in, 24. Ic.voRANCE of workmen as affecting strikes, vii. Industrial conciliation, 25; arbitra- tion, 31 : sliding-scales, 50. Industrial ])artnership, 6. Iron traile of North of Engl.md, conciliation in, 24, 87; of South Staffordshire, 80. Krth.e, Sir KuiK-rt, xii., on func- tions of l)oards of arbitration, 31 ; on a fair (lay's wage, 44; awards in finisheti irt)n industr)-, 93. Lahouk Commission, recommenda- tions of, 126. Laws against combination, I ; on Continent, 160. Legal executi(}n of awards, Sir K. Kettle on, 37. Legislation anil jiending proposiils, .'-.3- . Limitation of nund)er of unions, 37. Lord St Leonards' .\ct, 123. Lubl)ock's, Sir John, Bill, 123. Macci.eskiei.I), conciliation in silk trade of, 23. Martineau, Sir Thomas, and Mid- land sliding-scales, 82. Matters proi>cr for arbitration, 43. M'Cosh, A. K., evidence of, citetl, viii. Migration of lalnnir, 47. Mill, John Stuart, on wages and labour, 2. Miners, early grievances of, 58. Mining industry of Belgium, con- ciliation in, 164. See Colliers, I'itmen. 194 INDEX. Munard, 171 ; conciliation board, 1 72. Ty.ndai.i., Professor, on national destinies, 9. Trade union rules as to conciliation, 107 ; growth of, i ; in France and Zollverein States, 159; in Bel- gium, 162. Umiire, choice of a, -i)!)- United States, co-operative pro- duction in, 5 ; conciliation and arl)itration in, 131 ; strikes in, 132 ; losses by, 134; State boards, 135; Homestead strike, 139; sliding-scales, 140. Unions, trade, reerland pig-iron industry, slidinjj-scale in, 79. Whitwell, William, xii. ; on iron trade l«>ard, 96. Wicks, J. D., on conciliation, xL Wright, Carroll D., on conciliation, xi. Workmen, attitude of, I15. 7, Stationers' Hall Court, London. E.C. Hay, 1894 CATALOGUE OF BOOKS INCLUDING NEW AND STANDARD WORKS IS ENGINEERING: CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND MARINE; ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING; MINING, METALLURGY: ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, INDUSTRIAL AND DECORATIVE ARTS; SCIENCE. TRADE AND MANUFACTURES; AGRICULTURE, FARMING. GARDENING; AUCTIONEERING, VALUING AND ESTATE AGENCY; LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. D.K.Clitvk's Porhet- Book for Mrr/muiral KuyineerH. THE MECHANICAL E S G I S E E ir S POCKET-BOOK OF TA HLES, FORM VI. .v., RULES A M) PA lA . A Han.iy Hook of K.-feri-nca for Daily Use in Ensineerins Practice. By D. Kisnear Clark, M.Init.C.E., Author of "Railway Machinery." "Tramways," &c. Second Edition, Re- vised and Enlarged. Small 8vo. 700 pages, 91. bound ia flexible leather covers, with rounded corners and gilt euges. Summary of Contexts. Mathf.matical Tables. — Measurement of Surfaces and SoLins.— Eticlish Wkights and Measures.— French Metric Weights and Mea- sures.— Foreign Weights and Meascres.— Moneys. — Specihc Gravity. Weight and Volume — Manufacturkd Metals.— Steel Pipes.— Bolts and Nuts.— Sundry Articles in Wrought and Cast Iron. Copper. Brass, Lead. Tin. Zinc. — Strength of Materials.— Strength of Timber. — Strength ok Cast Iron.— Strength op Wrought Iron.— Strength of Steel.— Tensilk Strength of Copper, Lead. etc. — Resistance of Stones and other Build- ing Materials. — Riveted Joints IN Boiler Plates.— Boiler Shells — Wire Ropes and Hemp Ropes.— Chains and Chain Caules.— Framing.— Hardness OF Metals. .Alloys and Stones.— Labour of Animals.— Mechanical Prin- ciples. — Gravity and Fall of Bodies -Accelerating and Retarding Forces.— Mill Gearing. Shafting, etc. — Transmission of Motive Power. — Heat.— Combustion : Fuels.— Warming. Ventilation, Cooking Stoves.— Steam.— Steam Engines and Boilers.— Railways —Tramways —Steam Ships.— Pumping Steam Engines and Pumps.— CoalGas, Ga<» Engines, etc.— Air in Motion.— Compressed Air.— Hot Air Engines.— Water Powek — Steed of Cutting Tools. — Colours —Electrical Engineering. " Mr. Clark manifest* what n »i tv>ok, and he is really unrivalleil in tl:- :tMttr. •■ 1 luce a l.....l< . . . Will !h ..,.,.. ..: ^ . " JuAi ihr k\n\ of wnik that practtcat mtn c«<]ulr« to Iutv neariothcta. —tngtiik tfn^mk a_ CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE, MR. HUT TON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS. Handbook for IforfcH* Maufif/erft. JIIK WORKS' MAN.AGERS IIASDBOOK OP MODERN RULES, T.Ull.llS, A.M) DATA I - i , , ,,-. v, :.., , .\ .. .,„| iJoiUi Makers; 'J'ool Mnkr-ra, Machinist*, I Brus Foundfrs, Ac. Hy W. S. IIutton, ( Author ol "The Practical EnKin<-cr'» Han.l. ;., : ... ....ly Re- vised niu) partly Rc-wtittca, la Oue tiabiisotue Voiutue, lucdium bvo, price 15s. stronKly bound. IjT Tlie Author havuit; compiled Rtilet and Data for hit own uu in a frtai variety 0/ inoilfrn enf;int(riit(; u'oik, and hating found hti ncitt extremtly uitful, decided to pubtnh them — tetned to date— believing that a practical uork, tutted to tht PAM.V RK- a^j-ect. Itie volume conLiins a Krctt deal of tiiat Icind of information which is Kained only by i/ractjcal experi- ence, and is seldom written in books.'' — £ttj^'i/ieer. "The volume is an cxccedint,'ly useful one. brfmful with engineers' notes, menioTaiida, and rules, and well worthy of boin^ on every mcchanicil enipneer's I ocksliclf. ' — .\U'"»'- " A m.TSS of information, set down in simple language, ana in such a form that it can t< easily referred to at .iny time. The matter is uniformly g( cd and well chosen and is greatly elucidated by the illustrations. The book will find its way on to most engineers shelves, where it will rank as fine of the most useful books of reference. '—/"ramv-o/ it^tirer. " Full of Mseful information and should be found on the office shelf of aS prmctical engfaieei;.' ' — Encash Mechanic, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. MR. HUTTOS'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS— continuiJ. I*ractical Treatise on Modern Steani-BoilerH, STEAM-BOILER CONSTRUCTION. A Practical Handbook for Engineers, Boiler-Makers, and Steam L'sers. Containini; a large Col- lection of Rules and Data relating to Recent Practice in tin Dt- sitn. Con- struction, and NS'orkiog of all Kinds of Stationary, Locomcive, and Nlariue Steain-Uoilers. By Walter S. Hltton, Civil and Mechanical Ergioeer, Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," " The Practical Engineer's Handbook," kc. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. Second Editioo. Medium &V0, 1 4s. clotb. I-2*' This work is issued in coiilinuatioit of the Series of Hani\ ook% written by the Author, vix : — "The Works' Manager's Handbook ' <3iii/ "The Practi- cal Engineer's Handdook," u'Aic^ are so hii;hly apptaiiul by Engineers for the practical nature of their information ; and is consequently written m the same style as those works. The A uthor believes that the concentration, in a convenient form fr^r eats teftt- ence, of such a large amoiiiH of thoroughly practical information c ■: . '•.. will be of considerable service to these for whom it is intended, ard k, » may be deemed worthy of as favourable a reception as has been .. i.'i predecessors, •,* Opinions or the Press. "Erery dctiH. both In ^-^cr rtedra uid manigennrnt. if clejrtv triM Vcf-rr ;be reader. Th« Toluiiiesho* n hu been rcdiyctl to the c t ttie Bio*i eii.t vienccs; i .;.e utujost *»lue to the /in cer »nd Woiki Mdnaj'cr. ■ — "Th'f r I n-.<^ 1>-r-. ?■ ,r !V »)c nn vc\- :^ nM lh«t r»om now. ' . : t ::. ws *bo axe occu- pic t ! mrM find it< way into the , : .« --.jrc if tliey "lUi to tw til' : v. V i:i.:.^ly tc^^i;;u.c^.J tiic Lnju't. iui llic u.uu.^.ic value of itt content^."— !.i« booV can hardly be ov«-«tim:(tcr1. The :\uthor'» ni'e<, formuLT. &f.,«r» all vn J ii. , , . t IS iinjiosvible to turn to the work ind not tind what you want. No practical CIViaecl siiuuid uc without it. ' — CV.'/ifry OujiJufi. llutton'8 ** Modernised Templet on,'* THE PRACTICAL MECHANICS' WORKSHOP COM- J'A S'lON. Comprising a great variety of the most useful Ru'es and Formula in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calcu- lated Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By William Temple- Tos, Author of "The Eni:ineer's Practic.il Assistant,' ic. \c. Sixtetnth Edition, Revised, Modernised, and considerably Enlarged by Walter S. Hl'tton, C.E., Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with 8 Plates and upwards of 250 Illustrative DUgraius, 61., strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear, *.• OP! VIrtNS PF THE PrE«:«. ..J, 1.. _-4^_i.,.j I II r • -. - u . ■ , - •-•. r,j I. contain* miict valu L anil noto which he 11 . -lied by all who the . '^l> cnk"- i Uc uc* li.- JciaiicJ cJiUuu i> worth iu »t;^!.l in i j.d. — /jki^j'ki^ A*:. : ireely used book contains Informallon, bro-jght up to date, of Ih* tort I. ...11 and drauKhlanvao. So much (reUi liiforiiut. in hat t>ren introduced as : .^tii.^y a new Uwk. It will be largely uaed in tike olbve and workaikop."— Mr clycnttu f'l the ;ai.l; irrciivi.in .-if this |i.-'jvilir ' ,' 1 ■ ,i.l ■.i-xfiil !■< TempIeton'.H Engineer's and 3Iachinist's Assistant. THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINISTS PRACTICAL ASSISTAST. A collection of L'sefulTablc?. Rules and Data. By William Tbmiletos. -th Edition, with Additions, ismo, zs. W. clotb. •.• ■ K THE Press, "Occupies a foremost pbce a- kind. A more suit iMt r resent to in appr«o- tlce to any of the mechanical tradr ly l.e made. —HutUii^ Snri. "A dctcriedly p'puUr ».'i> •■ r Uj«ci uf citi) T:.r^luialc. ■— J^v'''* UetMaiiu. CROSBY LOCK WOOD <*- SONS CATALOGUE. I'^ofri/'s <>j]hr J:<-/rrrure Jioo/i for Mt t Inniirol J'Jtif/hirt'i'N. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S liEFERENCE BOOK, for MarhiiK! and Iloilcr Cnnslf iir.tion. In Two Parlt. I'art I. GrNKHAL llNdiNKKKiMf, Data. I'art II. Hoii.kh CoNtTKif tion. With ji I'laie* ami niiiiiirrous lliutiraliont. By Nklson I'olbv, M.I.N. A. Folio, £} }i. half- bouud. SuMMARV or Contents. PART I, Mkasuhks.— CincuMFKRRNrrs and AkKAS, Ike., S^UAKKS, CiniKS, I-'OURTII POWIJRS. — SyUARK AMlCUIlK RoOTS.— SURPACK OK TUIIKS — RkCII'ROCAI.H.— LOOARITIIMS.— MkNSURATION. — Si'K- ciFic Gkavitiks and VVkiohts.— WouK AND Power. — Ukat.— Comhus- TiON— Expansion and Contraction. — Expansion ok Casks. — Steam.— Static Forces. — Gravitation and Attraction. — Motion and Computa- tion OK Rksultino Eokcks. — Accu- MULATKD Work— Ckntke and Radius OF Gvration.— Mo%if.h.t of Ikf.rtia. — Centrf. of Oscillation.— KLF.r.- TRiciTV.— Strknoth of Matf.rialk. — Elasticity. — Tkst Siikf.ts cjf Metai.s.— I-RirrioN. — Transmission of Power. — I-low of Lk^uids. — Plow OK Gases. — Air Pumps, Surface Con- densers, Ac— Spf.kd of Steamships. — Propellers — Cutting Tools. — Flanges. — Copper Sheets and Tubes.— Screws, Nuts, Bolt Meads, &c.— Various Rf.cipes and Miscel- laneous Matter. With DIAGRAMS for Valve-Gear, Belting and Ropes, Discharge and Suction Pipes, Screw Propellf.rs, and Copper Pipes. VKRT II. Riveting.— Boiler Setting. Chiw- NEVS, AND Mountings. — Fuels, &c. — Examples of Boilers and Speeds of Steamships.— Nominal and Normal Horse Power. Treating of. Power of Boilers Useful Ratios. — Notes on Con- struction. — Cvlindrical Boiler Shells. — Circular Furnaces. — Flat Plates — Stavs. — Girders. — Screws. — Hvnw.sunc Tests. — With DIAGRAMS for all Boiler Calculations and Drawings of many Varieties of Boilers. *♦' Opinions of the Press. " This appears to be a work for which there should be a large demand on the part of mechani- cal eni^ineers. It is no e.isy m.ittpr to compile a book of thi> class, and the labour inrolred is enorindus, particularly when — as the author infonns us— the ni.ijority of the tables .ind diaOTams have l>cen specially prepared for the work. The di.itrrams are excMjtionally well executed, and generally constructed on the method adopted in a previ'.us work by the same author. . . . Th-- tables are very numerous, and dcil with a greater variety of subjects than will gencr ■ •- In a work of this kind : they have evidently been conifilcd with great care and arc plcie. All the infonn.ition driven appears to be well up to date. ... It would 1 -■ bible within the limits at our disposal to even enumerate all the subjects trcar ; however, be mentioned that the author does not confine himself to a mere bald s: itcmcn! of • ormiil.T and laws, but in very many instances shows succinctly how these are derived. . . . The l.ittcr p.irt of the book is devoted to diagrams relatimj to Bniler Construction, and to nineteen beautifully-executed plates of working drawings of boilers and their details. As s.imples of how such drawings should be got out, they may be cordiilly recoinmentled to the attention of all young. and_ even some elderly, engineers. . . , Altogether the book is one which erery mechanicai engineer may. with aavantagc to himself add to his library.*' — Industries. ** Mr. Foley is well fitted to compile such a work. . . . The diagrams are a great feature of the work. . . . Regarding the whole work, it may be ver>- fairly stated th.at Mr. Foley has produced a volume which will undoubtedly fulfil the desire of the author and become indispen- sable to all mechanical engineers.*" — Marine Engineer. " We have carefully examined this work, and pronounce it a most excellent reference book for the use of marine engineers. " — 'journal a/ Ameruan Hoiiety o/ Saval lingineers. •' A veritable monument of industry on the part of Mr. Fole>. who has succeeded in producing wliat is simply invaluable to the engineering profession." — Steatnshit. Coal and Speed Tables. A POCKET BOOK OF COAL AND SPEED TABLES, for Enf;meers and Steam-users. By Nelson foLEV. Author of "The Mechanical Engineer's Reference Book." Pocket-size, 3s. W. cloth. '* These tables are desi^jned to meet the requirements of erery-day use ; they arc ofsufK- dent scope for most practical purposes, and may be commended to engineers and users of steam.'*— /r»»i. "This pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical engineer. Mr. Foley has com- lulled a very useful set of tables, the information contained in which is frequently required by ti-.g(.ieers, coal consumers and users of steam." — /rvn anJ c'lW Trades Re-.-ievi. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Steam Engine. TEXT -BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. With a Sup- plement on Gas Engines, and I'akt II. on IUat Lncines. By T. M. GooDEVE, M.A., Barrisier-at-Law, Professor cf Mechanics at the ke)al Colltge tf Science, London; Author of "The Principles of Mechanics," "The Elements of .Mechanisai," &c. Twelfth Edition, kn!art;ed. WitU nu- merous Illustrations. Crown Uvo, 6s. cloth. "Professor Coodcrc has i^ven us a tmtise on tlie stram tnffina which wiH bear comparlioii with anythinK written by Huilvy ur Maivtcll, and we can award it du Ijitfiier praite. —httettrif. ~ .Mr. r.oodvve'i text-book is a work of whitb every young cnginco !.houid pottcu huutcU " — .l/<«i«^ yournal. Gas Engine.^. ON GAS-ENGINES. With .Appendl.x describing a Recent Engine with Tube Igniter. By T. M. Goodeve, M.A. Crown t^vo, 2s. 6./. cloth. [juit fubliihtU. " Like all Mr. Coodere « wrilinirs. the prrseiil U no cice|i:R, C.E. English Edition, Ke- ditcd by the Author from the Second Girinan ICiIition, and Translanettrc i.ii..»:'-.i^r .1 ;iir iii,!..rv .i"l cirvrioi. n, ;.t .,1 the locomotive. The volume (hIoic u> tliuiild l>« of value t» all connected with the railway tytiem of this country-."- .Vn.'Mr*. 6 CnOSBY LOCK WOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. Fire Knf/hierrinff. i-ih'i'is. i-iRii I'^'cnirs, /i!'W Finr.-nnjnADF.s. with a History ol I'ir' I 'ni- Re- marks on Firc-I': n rirc j Statistics nf ill'' I 1 S}'iteni« Hints on 1 ' ic. \c. U> Cii.v: :.i.^ I-. T. Volms, C.E. Wilb niimeroiix I ';4i pp., flcmy 8vo, £\ ^l. cloth. •• To 111. ■■ iiv ■ ./ f.r.- .V I ''r.- 41 : .rni'.v «r IT • 1 r.,,.;i> ' ,tn:n«o'«. iilil Dh'l If r*;c «n4 fuU.'— ;;>ai'i^.r. Estiniafhiff for Enf/inrerinff Work, Jtc. ENGINEERING ESTIMATES, COSTS AND ACCOUNTS: A Guide to Commercial Kn^inccrinc. With numerous Examples of Esti- mates and Costs of Millwrl».:ht W'rrk, ^Ji-^^|InnT,;l- Profitirtions, Steam Kn^incs and Steam Boilers; ' ; I , .Jtion of Costs Accounts. By A Genekai- M ■ " Tlii< Is an excellent .ind very useful • itit reTuhitlnn la every f.iclorj' find wirlcliop. . . . The ...> u ii.i; j jung cn^necr, twi •Iso In llic cstiniilc i!epirtincnt of every » •' \Vc .iccoril the work unqu^ilified pr i ..'iven In .1 pliin. ifrilKht/or"*/"! ni.inner. .ihil he.irs tlirou.,'1i. lilt evidence '^: a. other Gears. — XHI. Diametrical portions of Teeth. — IV. Methods Pitch. — XIV. The Odontograph. — OF Making Tooth Forms.— V. Invo- XV. Pattern Gears. — XVI. Machine h;te Teeth. — VI. Some Special Mol'lding Gears. — XVII. Machine Tooth Forms.— VII. Bevel Wheels. Clt Gears.— XVIII. Proportion of — VIII. Screw Gears. — I.X. Worm I Wheels. Gears.— X. Helical Wheels. — XI. I " We must give the bock our unqualified praise for its thoroughness of treatment, and we can heartily recommend it to all interested as the most practical t)OOK 011 the subject yet wTittci. '— Ucthanical tt'orld. MECHASICAL ENGINEERING, tic. Stone-working 3Iach inert/. STONE-WORKING MACHINERY, and the Rapid and Economi- cal Converuon of Stone. With Hints on the ArranKemeDt and Management of Stone Works. By M. Powis Bale, M.I.M.E. With lUusts. Crown tvo. 91. "Tlie book iJiould be u> the luuids of every ouion oc studcot of %loae-mofk."—Cc.-ury Cuardian, "A cai>ital handbook for ill who ounipuUte stone for buildiog oc onumental purpote*."— ttichinerj iljrJut. Blimp Construction and Management, PUMPS AND PUMPING : A Handbook fcr Pump Users. Being No:es on Stloction, Construction and Management. By M. Powis Bale. M.I.M.E.. Author ot " Woodworking Machinery," " Saw Mills," Stc. Second Edition, Kevised. Cio-.vn -vo, is. 6./. cloth. "ThpT r- ' '•'— -^ n4 pji-Jble. In fact condentatlon rather than dUIu»«n«» hm been : , c: he doe* uot >e«m to have omitted anything likely to b« of use."- • ■' Til . ! tlcirly wrif.c.".. "— C/jx^v«- lltrjld. Milling Machinrrg, etc. MILLING MACHINES AND PROCESSES: A Practical Treatiic on Shaf-in^ Met.i'.i by RoLity Cutttrs, including Information on Making and Giindint; the Cutters. By Palx N. Hasli;ci£, Author of " Lathe- work," " H-in'!ybo->ks for Handicralis." A:c. With upwards of 300 Engrav- ings, inclui r:as Drawings by the Author. Large crown 8vo, jsa pages, 125 ■ "A new d'-; -ering literature. . . . We can recommend thU work to all titcresled in raUl....^ .. ;» wlut I; prufciSe* to be— a practical trcatijc."— ii'ii'*««r. " A cipil.^ aiU i<.:i.t„.t: w.vk. wliich wiU no doubt be of conudcrable lenrice. both to thoM who are already acquainted with the proceM u well at to tboie who contemplate iu adoption." iHiiHtlrUt. Turning. L.ITHE-WORK : A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, aiui Proceaei ?.;:'••/.' .-; ;■.<• Art of Turniun. By Paul N. Hasluck. Fourth Edition. I ■ -ed. Cr. 8vo, 51. cloth. " Written by a ma:'. work ought to be d'ne. but who also knows how «o do It, and how to cou. ^ : .:.i:rf. To all tufncr» thi> book would be ralua b le.* " We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur It win simply ta ill raluable. To tlie student it will convey a great deal of useful infurmatiou."— ff^vicrr. Screw-Cutting. SCREW THREADS : And Methods oj Producing Them. With Numerous Tabl'.-s, ani complete directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. By Pall N. Haslick. Author of " Lathe- Work," &c. With Seventy-four Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Waistcoat-pocket site, IJ. C./. cloth. •• Fi;! ^ici and screwing tools gen»> rally aiu- '• It 1 -ig lathe ; in fact a mf.fum Smith's Tables for 3Ieclianics. etc. TABLES. MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS, FOR ilECHA.\lCS, ESGI.SEERS. ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, etc. Selected and Arranged by Francis Smith. Filth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged, with a N' .v s, :; in of Electrical Tables, Forull.i!, and Memokanda. Waist' • ;-e, is. W. limp leather. " It would, perlkaps. le a^ > sir.ali I'O ketl'Ook selection of note» and formula tosult ALI rT.i:i:.r.rs .i^ i; « i w. . i r -il r:.'-.licine : Init Mr. Smkht waistcoat- pocket' '.; M.1..1.; -i'UTitfr. ••T ' ever seen Of lul n^atter packed Into the dimen- sions of . , .\'ni/i. "A » '■ treasury of knowledifo."— /n»i. Frenrh-Ein/iisU Glossary for Engineers^ etc. A POCKET GLOSSARY of TECHNICAL TERMS: ENGLISH- FRESCU. FRr-:\CUE.\GLISH : with Tables snit.ible for the Architectural, Engineering. .Maiiutacturing and Nautical Professions. By Johm James Fletcher, Engineer and Surveyor. Second Edition, Kevised and Enlarged, aoo pp. W.ii-i o It;- ) kct si/". IS. 6.1. liiiii" !•■ ilh< r. " It is a ver^ .-lAnd ti^ hare 10 Uri:e a num' ■ i-i a Ultpuliao solunte. The li' "Theglcnviry .'i i.-ri,, i% . • r^ ..•.| ..• r. ..u . iM..'.f ui ii.t 1-. .>. ...^ i.w ■. .... «cll UTMOgtd. We cordiaUy coaunend the booK. —ilnAanuai H aria. 8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &• SONS CATALOGUE. Year liuolx of l-^iif/hiff riiif/ I'ormiilii« •.. r,.....«.i. Engraved for the work. Crown 8vo, 600 page*. 81. leather. [Jun puhlnktd. " Kr(irc«rnt'. ;in riinriiuu". nii.intliy ul trnrk. ami fxin.^ a clnlr.il.lr Ikh k of fcfrrriKC ' — f Ar ••1 f of m'»*t *lmt! .■ ' ' •'I I IxH k o( trfcr' e lit In • I ■• I4,,,., ~..,i .,|. ... ..,,u ,.,i .:ion in OTcry I Ihiildint t\ruit. " Thr needs of the rnKlnecrini; prr>fp<«lnn couH har complete and convcnirni fonn. 'lo say tlial it more than ■■ tiiKheit kort. mcl lli.il nLiyJuvlIy !<• »anl of It."— .l//»- y. i. r, „; "There In i<:rt.iiiil> rouiii 'or the new ctner. •hl'li «u(>t>)irs ruplaiuiltont »oeconie one of the most tucccuful of the technical i'linunK." — Arjfitftt. " Brings ifn;cther »itli vrrr.Ti •.kill c'ay by d.iy. It \s in every way .i.lii.i " The li;i-to d.iteness of Mr K,'in-. ' Th"- Ilmti to Purchasers ccr.lAia a J.O oJ deal of :oiiimonscnse and practical vrisdom."—£ 'le/isJi Mti«. Eletnentary Mechanics. CONDENSED MECHANICS. A Selection of Fcrmnlap. Rules, Tables, and Data for Ihe Use of Engineering Students, Science Classes, &c In Accordance with the Requirements of the Science and Art Depanineni. By W. G. Crawford Hughes, A.M.I.C.E. Crown 8vo, is. W. cloth. " The book is well fitted for those who arc either confronted with practical problems in theif work, or are preparing for examination and wish to refresh their knowleage by gome through their formul.-i- :igAm."—.\/arriif htif infer. " It is well arranged, and meets the wants of those for whom it is Intended."— Xat/aiaj' AVkx Steatn. THE SAFE USE OF STEAM. Containing Rules for Un- professional Steam-users. By an Engisfer. Sixth Edition. Sewed. W. " If steam-users would but learn this httle book by bear:, boiler explosions wouid tiecom* sensations by their rarity."— ii«^/u A Mtchanu. Warming. HEATING BY HOT WATER: with Information and Sug- feslions on the best Methods of Heating Public, Private and Horticultural uildings. By Walter Jones. Second Editicn. With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 25. dd. Kit. " We confidently recommend all interested In heatlrg ty hot water to secvre a copy of t£a valuable little treatise."— 7"** Plumlxr and Dtcoraicr. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. THE POPULAR WORKS OF MICHAEL REYNOLDS (•'The EnjI.ne Dkivek's Fkiesd"). Locomotive- Engine JJriving. LOCOMOTIVE-E.XGINE DRiyiNG : A Practical Manml for Engtneen i« charge of Lo:cmot:ie Eneiiiei. By Michael Rkynolds, Men.b«r of the Society of EnKinters.fcrmtrly Loconioiive Inspector L. U.and S.C R. Ninth Edition. Including a Key to the Locomotive Engine. With lllut- trations and Portrait ol Author. Crown Svo. iS. 6.(. cloin. "Mr. Reynolds has supplied a »art, ind has supplied il •ell. We t»n confidenfty recommerc^ the book, not only to the practical dr.vct, Uil to evcryooe who takes an interest tu the pertormance of locoiiioiive cnijines." — TMe £Hi'iKftr, '• Mr. RrpioUls has opened a new chapter In the literature of the day. This admlratle practical treatise, of the practical utility of which we liave to speak m terms of warm conunendatiox^^^ " Evidently the work of one who kr.ows Ms subject thoroughly."— KaHtvay SmHtt Catrtst. "Were the cautions and rules u\it:\ in t!ie IwKjk to become i.art of the evrr>-.ice oa : treated IS clear and |>rt ' - I i " ' 'i which is an cx^<.«. ^, — :-■ one for the class for w ' "Our author lea\ Ms rcadcn shall not only know fomethini; about the >' "Ancni.'inrTO.in«hM :,,,•, :. •. • : . i -.u K. . ; ^ : .^k »(!! rec;iilrebut Ihtle actu. » experience with boilers and cn^inc^ L-cJurc^ecantic truste^l lulouk alter tlir:u.' — i- 'i^iuhMt^hanu . The Engineer, Fireman, and Engine-Boy, THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, and ESGlSE-IiOY. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locotnotiro Eni;ines ancJ their Inv»,-iiiors. By Michael Reynolds. With numerous I llu-.- trations and a t;ne i'ortrait of George Stephenson. Crown Svo, 4s. W. c!oih. •■ From :hc tcchi.i. .il l:no»!.-,!.;e jf the auihor it will api>e.il to the railway man of to-day n-.T« forcibly than anjtliini; writti;i I. V Dr. Smiles. . . . The volume coni.iins infonijitioa of a tech- nical kind, and facts llut every tlnvcr i.hoi,l,l \o^^e^^loa of cvcrycne in the kingdom who has ever laid, or Is to lay, tkonds on a lC'Cci:;o:ivc t:\e\nc.'— Iran, Continxious Jlnihrny TtraLes. CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES: A Practical Treatise en the several Systems in Use in the United Kin^>lom ; their Construction anJ t'er/ormance. With copious Illustrations and numerous Tables. By Michael Reynolds. Large crown Svo, 9s. cloth. "A popuLir expLination of the di!fere:it Irakcs. It will lie of frreat assistance In formlnir public opinion, and will be studied with t>«ncLt by those who take an tulercst in tlie brake. "—Zx^Vu^ Mechanie. "Written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principle and relatlre connection of the v.irou< parts of each particular brake to tx readily KTaspea." — JdiLhaniiai it'trld. Engine- Driving Life, ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE: Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locoinotive-Entiine Drivers. By Michael Reynolds. T1 ir.l and Cheaper Kdition. C-')w:i .-..-) is. f .'. rl.jMi. "• .. ; .'r.'.r, ....'. "From first to l.i • • ■■ 1 Into the shade by trur : "Anyone who w, , Driving Life' for hiiw..:! . .1:. 1 .. , .- ^ ...k.- 1. u.. 1.- » .,1 u.i i i. ;... .1 .-, ir .; lore of the engine-dnviiig prolesMon wiu ^arry t.un on tuJ he has read every (44f«, — jtu. ■ Pocket Companion for Enginemen, THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION AND PRAC- TICAL EnUCATOR FOR ESGItJEMEN, BOILER ATTENPASTS, AND MECIIAMCS By Michakl Reynolds. With Forty-live lllu5lr.f lions and numerous ;)i.i-;r.i:n$. Third Edition, Revised. Royal iSmo, 31. 6J., stroncly hound for pork' t vht. " T" - rompllsh Its ol']ect, l>elng the honest workmanship of ■ com; ■• V -tact and practical form .\II the Information an eniftr*- mlndri ;)rinciples of liis daily calliug wculd retiuire."— 7 A# A/i///'. " A txion to th'>s'- who arc ttrirlrs to become efficient mechanics. '—PaUj ChrenitU. ro CROSBY LOCKWOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. MR. NUMBER'S VALUABLE ENGINEERING BOOKS. The ll'iiter Supifly of Cities and Toivhh. A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE on the WATER-SUPPLY Oh- CniES A.SD 70ll',VS. Hy V. : : : i 1! ii ki-. AM.Insl.C.E.. and M. Iiisi. M.E., Author ot "Cast a- <':oDiiruciion," &c. &c. Illustrated with jo D . i itc, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards ot 150 '.'. , ^ 400 pa^et ol Text. Imp. 4to, £6 (a. elcKantU and kUi^aitiiiUily ii^Ii-U^uud u> morocco. t.nl ( ' CrnUnti. I ili.t .1 , 1 ■;!,-,, h „r .,.„,, ^» .1- „ ,.,,i; C'/n I ■••■ — VII! nf-.-ti. -I^.r. r f W»>.-r _XIV. ttw "..Iter Mc-' ■ ■ — to ■ I •>. XV .V rci. III. XVI. R.iini,..i . . »nd XVII the water e.haustivcncss much more distmctive of French and Cenuan than ol EngUah frhnlraJ ttcataM." •• We can congratulate Mr. H ■ . i . - . it of Infar- ■nation on a subject so imjiort i ■-•*, blty la ouuibcr, are mostly drawings of 1 •; attoattca «f evcr>' cnjciiieer whose praclico 1-- ^ . . . . . Cast and Wrouijht Iron Bridge Constmciion. A COMPLETE AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON CAST AKD WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE C0SSTRUCT10.\. including Iron FotinJatwiis. In Three Parts— Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By NVtLLiAM Hlmber, A.M.Inst.C.E., and .Vt.Inst.M.E. Third Edition, Re- vised and tiiuch improved, with 115 Double Plates (20 ol which now first appear in this edition), and numerous Addiiicas to the Text. la Two Vols., imp. 4to, £6 iCi. 6i. half-bound in morocco. " A verj- v.iluable contribution to the standard literature of drll enplneetlnir. Inaddldonto elevations, plans an.l sections, larije scale details are inven which ver>- much enhance the instruc- tive worth of those illustrations.'— Cir.V £'Hi';c£-'o>;./ Archiitct's jfcurna:. "Mr. Humbcr's stately volumes, Utely issue'— in which the most important br«:.V/iK^ .^Vtt•J. " As a scientific work of the first class, it de«^r^•es a foremost place on the bookshelves of erefy ctvil engirKer and practical mechanic." — Englith httckanic. CIVIL ENGINEERING. SURVEYING, etc. ii MR. NUMBER'S GREAT WORK ON MODERN ENGINEERING. Complete ia Four Volumes, imperial 4to, price £t7 tzi., balf-morocco. Eacb Volume sold separately as follows :— A RECORD OF THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEER- /.VG. First Series. Comprising Civil, Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, Railway, Uridge, and other Emiinecring Works, Jcc. liy William Hlmber, A-M.Inst.C.E., Ace. Imp. 4to, with 3O Double Plates, drawn to a large scale, Photouraphic Portrait of John Hawlwhaw, C.E., F.R.S., Ice, and coptout descriptive Letterpress, Specibcations, &c., £3 3s. ball-morocco. List 0/ the Plata and Diagrams. Vlctorta Station «nd Roof. L. B. .^: S. C. R. Ttume*. Wc« London Eif enrion Rallwtir (j /« I>!i-,- 1: -, ,•( .,rt ! ..r J ,Li!r»l; VictorU pUtn) ; Aniiout I1.iiet : SmjeiiM'.n Unlne. St ' 1;. W. R.(6 Thaii.o 14 pUtcti; The AUcii ti-iiiic ; Su*. f>l.- I iall; Bridge pen\ion Un,: :;'>n. Ihnch Kailaray (3 pUiet), Rl;.. -r •' - ' r^rour with many who dadra to | ii» Mn » /n :t . Mii preparol toi th« KuitUnca of tba coo- Cra- , . . - . rrr. HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. Second Series. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Phototraphic Portrait of Robert Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., lie, and copious descriptive Letter- press, SpeciticatiouSt &c., £3 3s. balt'-merocco. List c/ the PUtes and D:.:r'ami. :k». Low Water Ruin (15 and • ' ct, pl.v rcrt» Station Koof, C. C. Mei: -lO- R.-. , P. ..••.> cU \". !..;. Great way; J- Norh,Tv. ■ . "■ 1 luct, w»^- .1; Great N ■ ncnt Bri'. ■ijr Way: CI> : s'i', (« 1" »)• •• Mr. il ^. - .-. 1 iiftc^ and true ^-. . . ^, . . • ^\c% 4e tuu bore !'iuu,fl,i l^lI^/ic ll.u ^tuic»,ua and llic public"— />vij; >iu/>k t j^ttmut. HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. Third Series. Imp. 4to, with 40 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of J. R. M'CLan, late Pres. Inst. C.E., aud copious descriptive Letterpress, Speciticatioos, &.C., £3 31. balf-morocco. List 0/ tht Plata atid Diagrams. Main DBAIKACR, MBTBOPOII";.— AV>r*» Se»er, F~»rvnir iind Outlet U platct) : OotfcO Si.i'—'-^^' ^1. .>!"' l!>-.r ..•,,, ..I s..ncn. SoKT, r •' " •; hectiuus 01 Seven (North kli • »ei. aiul - 81: • »er, Tm tmrnT.— Sectloaof Rlret Br vich Wii: : f. V.',- .-Llrv-cr (; ; •..»!c«), R.... . ■ .nc Ijn ; .irj Ii. : .llld Wal. .cf. B.11 vet, floH .1 ,1; Br; • ■■ ler Ste-i' . rs) ; (J,. .••■si; Junrti III ..f b,-".Ti. I'luii a;i.| S.-_-.,on». O .: ' >ut- CuUm, rian« and .Srctiooi; RoUlnc Stock, ra:i ' ifall Granite and Iron Foits. SCV..I. ^_. , I ,_ . ....ittJOl " Tlie dr.iwm,f^ li.ivc a contiantly increasini; mlue. and whf^eTor detlret to poaen clear reT>r»- fentations of the two Krut works earned out by our Metropolilaa Uoarti «U1 olxaui Mr. Humbci • T otuine." — k n^i'iur, HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. Fourth Series. Imp. 410, with 36 Double Piaies, Photoitraphic Portrait of John Fowler, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., £3 31. half-morocco. /. ;s.' rf the Plates and Diagrams. Abbey •• • ' >riin- Me«)(vitamla ; Nladart orrr "■ va, an, Mctr ■« (t MidUnd Kailw.iy |i plate li. pUtrsi; <■: ; vj: duct, (■ n;.>i:i K .f1., -> , ,:M. p.ri ino- Iroi; ;. ;'.K;k* til"-, nt ; (6 1 : t ; Metro- C< ' ri>ta poh; >iarl«u<^ R u .• :;ivet Poru Muk* u . > for " We . i .lue of this raliuble publication froa tit* able p«a of Mr. liunii I rirrllcncc of thl« work are well ksown. while lU >*«ftil- ■oM in I0>in.: inc 11 p\-. .r. II .• n .11.1 .i.' ..\ I ,. ;i;t euiinent maa in thv it u_ . . n. LAnnul ba too higtUy prtaad.'— W'/iiJx. 12 CUOSUY LOCK WOOD &• SOS'S CATALOGUE. Stntirtt, draphic and Aualfitic. r.UM'IIIC ASn ASAl.Y nC si AI tCS.in thtir Practical AppU- (ittum til the I rratmnit I f Slrr\it\ in Kitoft, S'hJ Ottdert, l.itltw , ' iiitii Su\pc'tni>n lirtilf_f\, Uractd Iron A rcntt and I'ltri, anJ other i lly K. liLinsoN ('inMiK<4, C.V.. ContaiiiinR Ui;iKr>iiii« and HLn' With niiMifr»ii« ICx.implr^, many lakcn frotn fxmliiiK Slrticturtrii sj- < ;.iii/ arrangrd for Cl.tnK work in (;ollr'K''« and Uoivcrtitict. Second Edition, Re* visfd anrrn«nt rrom 1 prurilral point of vt«w, anH hi* rrtdentty t««i prcpatwd wilk miKli rare. Ih" Mir'-i \fu\ for wrkiiit; 4rr aiii|ile, aii'l are lilutlralcl liy an atnindancc of vdV iclrdc'l cxaiiii'lrt. Ii l^ AM ciiclleiit (cat book (or itw practical draucbtauaa. '— WMdunow. Practirnl Mathemdtirft, MATIIHMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: BeinRaCommon- jilaco Hook of I'ure and Mixed M.iihciiiatics. l>esi(;ned chiefly lor the uM of Civil linj;inccrs, Architects and Surveyors. I'y Olinthl'S Gregorv, LL.D., I'.R.A.S., Enlarged by Hknrv Law, C.E. 4th Edition, carefully Revised by J. R, YouNC, formerly Professor of Matbenialics, Belfast CoUeKe, With 13 Plates. 8vo, £1 11. cloth. " The eni;inecr or architect will here firul re.irfjrto hl< hand rule* for vilytng nearly ereryinalh*- matlcnl (lithcully th.it may arise in his pr.'ictu e. The rules are in all c^'^*r\ eiplaincl t'y mcaji» fj4 examples, in which every step of the process is cle.irly workcrl out." — Builder. " One of the most scrvicciblc booksfor practical mechanics. . . It Is an In^itructWc book for the stuilcnt, .ird a tcxtliook for mm who. h.ivm|; once mastered the subjects it Ireau of. needs occasionally 10 refresh his memory upon them."— i>Mt/^i>i^ Neu/t. Hifdraxilic Table f*. HYDRAULIC TABLES, COEFFICIENTS, and FORMULA Jor finding the Discharge if li'jf^r from Orifices, Satchei, Weiri, I'lpti. '»»*' Rivers, \Vith New Formulae, TaMes, and General Information on Rainfafl, Catchment-basins, Drainage, Seweratre, Water Supply for Towns and Milj Power. By John Niivir.LE, Civil En(;ineer, M.R.I. A. Third Ed., carefuHy Revised, With considerable Additions. Numerous Illusts. Or. Bvo, 14s. clolii. " Alike VtiluaMc to stu^lents and engineers in practice ; its study will prevent the annoyance ol avniilable failures anil assist them to select the re.-i'licst means of successfully cairyix^f out any jjiven work connectetl with hy.' y-'unta/. '* It is. of all Ent^lish books on the suitject, the one nearest to completeness, . • . From the gfood arran^cnient of the matter, the dear explanations, and abundance of forrnulae, the carctuDy calculated tables, and, above all, the thoroui^h acquaintance with l>otb theory and cofulructwow which is displayed trom first to Lut, the book will be found to l>c an acquisiEioo. ' — jirtJutmX, Hydraulics. HYDRA ULIC MANUAL. Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lewis D'A. Jackson, Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," " Modern Metrology,'' &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large or. 8vo, i6j. cl. " The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic enifincerintj and has been a careful oN server of the facts which have come unvier his notice, and from the i;reat mass of material at hjs conm.and he lias ct-nstructetl a manual which mi^ be accepted as a trustworthy jjuide to t\m branch of the cni;inefr"s profession. We can heartily recommend this volume to all who dc&ire to t>c acciu.iintctl w-ith the latest develooment of this important subject," — Liigineering, " The standard-work in this department of moclianics." — S^cfsrH-in, " The most useful feature of this work is its freedom from wnat Is superannuated, and hs thorough adoption of recentexperiments : the text is, in bet, in ^eat part a short account of the ^rcat modem cxperiaients." — Xature. Drainage, ON THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS. TOn'NS, AND BUILD- JNGS. By G. D. Df.mpsev, C.E., Author of "The Practical Railway En- gineer," &c. Revised, with large Additions on Recent Practice in Drainage Engineering, by D. Kinnear Clark, M.lnst.C.E. Author 0/ "Tramways: Thtir Construction and Working," "A Manual of Rules, Tables, and Data for Mechanical Engineers," ike. Second Edition, Cor- rected. Fcap. &vo, 5s. cloth. " The new matter added to Mr. Dempsej^'s excellent work Is characterteed hy the comprehe^ sive gnap and accuracy 01 detail for which the name of Mr. O. K. Clark is a sumcicct voucher.'— /leheniru'n. " As a work on recent practice In drainage cn^neerlni;, the book Is to be commended to all who are making that branch of engineering science their special study." — /rcn. ' A comprehensive manual on drainatje engineering, and a useful introduction to the student.* — Buu'iiinj^ \ru-s. CIVIL ENGINEERING. SURVEYING, etc. 13 Water Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisation, WATER ENGINEERING : A Practical Treatise on the Measure- mem, Storage, Conveyance, andL'tilisation of Water for the Supply of Towns, for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. By Chaiilks Slagc, Water and Drainage Engineer, A.M.Inst.C E., Author of "Sanitary Work in the Smaller Towns, and in Villages," &c. With numerous Illusis. Cr. Svo. 71. 6d. cloth. " A .- . . . ... . . . . . f . ... ,^ Qn toino applicuiua> ol vater " i •imrntt of the moft eminent cuthr.r T L. •c;o:ii|^>.ii^ir * uoute povcf u treUad very card'. -ttUtr. " i •.'■ I rtrin the study nf hydraulics with a cofuUeratioa of the (/rxrtkal ftppli'. I'. •ri'-. L» no LMritcr ^uidc' — W»ivti.Vi/. River Engineering. RIVER BARS: The Causes 0/ their Formation, and their Treat- tnent by " Inductd Tidal Scour ; " with a Description of the Successful Re- duction by this Method of the Bar at Dublin By I. I. Mams, A&&i:>t. Eng. to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Koyal 8vo, 71. 6d. cloth. "We reconiiuriij all inlrrinted In hatl/o'ir «ork»— and. indrr.1. tho've ci>ii..erned In the lin- arovemeiits <)f rivers jjencrally — lo read Mr. Mann i inlciotin^ work oo the Ucatmcai of n««f oar^." — htt^jiuer. Trttsses. TRUSSES OF n'OOD AND IRON. Practical Aptlicatiom cj Scuncein Determinint; the Streaes, lirtAking Wtighti, Safe Loadt, Scantlinft. and Details 0/ Constructum, with Complete Working Drawings. By Williaw Griffiths, Surveyor. Assistant Master, Tranmere School oi Scieoc« aitd Art. Oblong 3vo. 4J 6J. cloth. •* This h.indy little l.ook enters s*» minutely hito e*-ery det.iil connected w^th the rotistructlon of ro'>f tru-iscs. lli.it no student need !•« i^ioiolit ol liie-*e inattcrv ' — i'ra..luat hn^tuetr. Knihray Working. SAFE RAILWAY WORKING. A Treatise on Railway Acci- dents: Theit Cause and Prevention ; vith a Descrxption of Modem Applianees and Systems. By Clement E. Sthktton, C.E., Vice-President and Con- sulting Engineer, Am.ilgaiiiaied Society of Railway Sfr\anis. Wiib Illus- CratioDS and Coloured Plates. Third Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5s. Cd. cloth. ■■ A Ijoiilc for the eniflneer. the directors, the manafers : and. In short, .ill who »l»h for Infonra don ou railway lualter* will tiud a pcrio-t ciicyUo^jxJia iu 'Safe Railway Working.' °—Aat/»n Inving collected, in a »ery co«renlenl form, much • aluable infoniiatioo on the pruicipal qucMiuiu aflecting the safe working of railways."— Aiu'- lt-(i> b.n^ineer. Oblique Bridges. A PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL ESSAY ON OBLIQUE HRIDGES. With 13 large Plates. By the late Gf.orgk Watson Buck, M.I.C E. Third Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. Watson Bi ck.M.I.C.E. ; and with the ad i.'i l..:^-: :. Mr . 1..^* ^ work is uokurpasacsl,"— //M«*iii«i,^ A'rtt'i. Tunnel Shaftn. THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS: A practical and Theoretual Es-.iy. By I. H. Watson Blck, M.Insl.C.E.. Resident Engineer, London and Nortb-Wostern Railway. Illusuated with Folding Plates. Royal tivo, lis. cloth. "Many of the met! r> 1> i;n>-n arr nf eiirrme practical r*lue to Ihematon ; and the obterrmtioni #n the form of ar< h, the rui.-s for <.idrfiri;j idr stone, and the constmction o< the trmj^ates wiO Im found of cooaidt-ralile use. We ccitnmend the t>ook to the engineering profession."— ^tatj^it/ A'n»i. '* Will lie ret;ar«led by civil ent^neers As of the utmost value, arid ^ai*:uUtesl to sare mucti tliue aiiJobtiatc inaii> luistakov"- -. .^Vr/rv i,t.arjtan. 14 Ch'OSUY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. atinlt-nrs Textllook on Sitrrrf/itiff. PlxACl ICAL SU1H'EYJ\'G : A 'IcM l.'.nV for 9',-. l,nt, nrr- pnrinK ior lixnininalion or (or Survey. work in tlic Co, VV. L'Mi.t., A.M.I.C H., Author or "Tlio St.uislicii of t! Orcal Ilril.iiii." With l-'our LillioKraphic I'l.itc* nn-l ■ • lions. Third Kdition, Ruvi^ud ami J'.iil.iri{«;d. Iti' Siiit*. Tanyonts, Scc.inn. &c. Crown 8vo. yt. Oil. ' 1 ,.i ,,, i,.,,t, '. .11 , , ,.,ii . .I,.. •• . . , .1. .( ,,,.,.. ■ 1 emi'l e»l>ri In hi .;f, nn^ w« hi ' Ingr t' .ny of lt« i r I)c<.ul in T •• KnKlncciiiii;, u. 1 t ..ry ^.jiilkiuaii o( cJu'.aUuu uli'j j<;U out lui !.•.■ ■■■ "t* >«• tiavoa topy. — Wrt/>i/ admirable sun>Icnicnt to the tcat-hin^j of ttic accomplished surveyor."— Athrnaum, " As a te«t-book we should advise all surveyors to pLice It In their Ubrarto, and ttudjr well it.<- matured iastructiotis .TlTordrd in its i>.ii:os." — CcUifry L.uardian. " The author l)rini,'s to his work a fortunale union of theory and practical experience whkk. .lided by a dear .ind lucid style of writing, renders the book a very tue/tU oti»."—Buii(i*r. Surveying, Land and Marine. LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING, inReierencetothePre- paration of Plans for Roads and Railways; Canals, Rivers, Towns' Water Supplies; Docks and Harbours. With Description and Use of Surveying Instruments. By W. D. Haskoll, C.E., Author of " Bridge and Viaduct Con- struction,'' &c. Second Edition, Revised, with Addition';, f-arce cr."vo,9J. cl. "This book must prove of prc.it value to the student. \Vc h.i TiuiienJ- Ing it, feelinj; assured that it will more than repay a careful stu.iy " A most useful and well arranged book. We can strof\gly re , wr.tleo and valuable text-book. It enjoysa welldescrvedreputeamone sur — " This volume cannot fall to prove of the utmost practical utjltty. It v ly ^ '• ■ itciy recoaaiiier.dcA to all students who aspire to become clean and cipert surveyors."— A/i«i«^ Jeurnal. Field-Boolc for Engineers, THE ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR'S, AND CON- TR.iCTOR'S FIELD-BOOK. Consistlnj; of a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of Systems, and use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and Plotting the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set Square only ; Levelling with the Theodolite, Casting-out and Reducing Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections in the ordinary manner; setting-out Curves with the Theodolite by Tangential Angles and Multiples, with Right and Left-hand Readings of the Instrument: Setting-out Curves without Theodolite, on the System of Tangential Angles by sets of Tangents and OS- sets ; and Earthwork Tables to So feet^eep. calculated for every 6 inches ia depth. By W. D. Haskoll, C.E. Fourth Edition. Crown 8 vo, i a. cloth. "The book is very handy ; the separate tables of sines and tanf^ents to every minute will make It uscfiil for many other purposes, the genuine traverse tables existing all the same. ' — W-'/Vw^non, "Every person engatted in enginccrinsf field operations will estimate the importance of sucb s work and the amount of valuable time which will l>e saved tty reference to a set of reliable cablcj prcp.ired with tlic accuracy and fulness of those given in this volume." — Railvay Mrwt, Levelling. A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEVELLING. Showing its Application to purposes of Railway and Civi) Engineering, in the Construction of Roads; with Mr.TELFORD's Rulesfor the same. By Frederick W. Simms.F.G.S., ^I. Inst. C.E. Seventh Edition, with the additionof Law's Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and Trautwine's Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates and numerous Woodcuts. 8vo, Sj. 6ti. cloth. *,* Trauiwine on Curves may be had sej.arate, 5s. " The textbook on levelling in most of our englneerlnff schools and colleg**."- f tfi'fMif^. " The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the yonnKCf members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Sinuns's useful mot\..—£nivutrinf. CIVIL ENGINEERING. SURVEYING, t!:. is Trigonometrical Survey ing. AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OP CONDUCTING A TRIGOSOMETHICAL SURVEY, for the Formation of Geot^rafhicat anj Topographical hlapi and Flans, Mthtary Rtconnainance, LtifLtiii^, i'C.,wit\3 Useful Problems, Formula, and Tables. By Lieut. -General I-"home, R.E. Fourth Edition, Revised and partly Re- written by Major General Sir Charles Warren, G.C.M.G.,R.E. With ig Plates and 115 Woodcuts. Ro}al Svj, 161. cloth. "The simple fact that a fourth edition has been cafled for Is the best testimony to Its merits. No words of praise from us can streiif^then the pouiion so well and so steadily uuiintainetl t>)- this work. Sir Charles U'arrrn h.is revised the entire work, and iiuidc such additi{.ns as were Doce^sary to bring; every portion of the conicnis up to the present i»\it."— Brood ylrrcw. Field Fortification. A TREATISE ON FIELD FORTIFICATION. THE ATTACK OF FORTRESSES, MILITARY MISISG.ASTj RECOSSOITRJSG. Hy Colonel I. S. .Macallav, late Professor of Fortihcation in ibp R..M.A., Wool- wich. Sixth Edition. Crown &vo, with separate Atlas of la Plates, 121. doib. Tunnellinff. PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. Explaining in detail the Setting. out of the works, Shafl-sinkine and lle.idinc-drivinK, Ranging the Lines and Levelling underground, Sub-Lxeav.iiinir. Timbering, and the Construction of the Brickwork of Tunnels, with the amount 01 Labour requirt'dfor, andiho Cost of, the various portions of the woik. By Frederick W. Simms, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition, Revised and Extended by D. Kinnkar Clark, M.Inst. C.E. Imperial 8vo, with 21 Folding Plates and numerous Wood Engravings, 30J. cloth. •■Thee" • "' ' ■ ■ ' ■-■■■' .■•,., .^ cannot be m r formation on ■ ■■ It his ' J iTTimenicly to •.;.!; \. 11 .L '1 ;:.- L - Ic. —/,,,. . . r, Traintvays and their Working. TRAMWAYS : THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System: with an exhaustive Analysis of the various Modes of Traction, including Horse-Power, Steam, Cable Traction, Electric Traction, &c.; a Description of the Varieties of Roll- ing Slock ; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses. New Edition. Thoroughly Revised, and Incluiiing the Progress recently made in Tr.i-"- v Construction, &C.&C. By D. Kinnear Clark, M.Inst. C.B. With nt:: Illusiraiions and Folding Plates. In One Volume, 8vo, 7C0 pages, pri' 2 5 J, [S'tar.y : " Ah Interested in tramn-n>-s mutt refer to it, as all ranw.iy engineers have turned to the auihuc * srork 'Railway .Machinery.'"— i»«»-i>i^fr. "An eihaustiie .ind |>ractical work on -tramw.i^-s. In which the history of this kind of locnmo tton, and a dctcripiion and cost of the various modes of La>ini; tramways, are to t>« founX — Bu it din /r Xnt s . "The best form of rails, the best mode of consfructlnn, and the best mechanical appliances irr so fairly indicaiC'I in the work umlcr review.th.it ar.y cn,;inccr al outto coniiruct a iraiii»»jr Kill be enabled at once to obtain the practical iiifurmatioo which wUl t>e of most senrica to him. — .-i thentrurn. Curves, Tables for Setting-out. TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES for Settiiie-cut Curves from j to 200 R.i.lius. By Alexander Beazeley, M.Inst.C.E. Fourth Edition. Printed on 48 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat-pocket size, 31. 6if. " Kach table is tirinlel on a small cird. which, being placed on the theotk must fall on two of those cards, wtUcb he puts into bis own card-case, and leaves the rest bti^uui, —AUun^um, Earth iror/c. EARTHWORK TABLES. ShowinR the Contents in Cubic Yards of Einbankmenis, Cuttings, &c., of Heights or Depths up to »n average of ik> feet. By Joseph Bkoadbent, C.E., and Francis Cawpix, C.E. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. " The way in which acciirac)- Is attained, by a simple division of each cross tectlon Into thr«« •leioents, two In which are constant and one variable, is ingeniouv "— .V Mrn.iHMt. Sectioa VI. Mcchamical Fo«ct or tlBAT. Section VII. Work or Expamsioh AND Contraction. Section VIII. Susi'r.NiiioN Uridgea. Scctioa IX. Mason rv STRUCTUiiEt. 16 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SO.W'S CATALOGUE. Heat, KxpanHlon bf/. FM'ANSION 01' STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By John Ki.d.Y, C.K., 1.110 of ilic Indiiin I'ubtic Worlu aud Vicioriaa Railway Depart- lucnts. Crown Svo, 31. (hI. cloih. Si'MMAt'.v or Contents. Section I. Formulas AND Data. Section 11. MilTai. Hakh. Suction III. SiMi'i.r. Fkamp.i. Section IV, CoMi-LKx Frames and Pl.ATKS. Section V. ThkrhalConductivitv. " Tho Aim Hio «iitlinr h.n v\ tx-fnrK him, viz., fo »how Iho *ntr\\ nt heal upon mataUk Bad otliof itrticluie«, i» .1 l.iri.l.ililnonr, (.,r il.i . i . .. ii.in. I. . f i •, .1 . i ..n »: h li>« «iu(iii««> 0( wcbl. t«ct r.in hriil liul liitir rrll iMc nn>l L' " Wlu.cvi-r l> corn nrnr.l Id kii'i ■ on tuch itnictarm M •tiipension bri'li^ft .i!iERS OK Vessels. — Launching Cal- culations and Velocities.— Weight OK Material and Gear.— Gun Par- ticulars AND Weight. — Standard Gauges. — Riveted Joints and Rivet- ing. — Strength and Tests ok Mate- rials, — Binding and Shearing Stresses, ETC.— Strength ok Shaft- ing, Pillars, Wheels, etc. — Hy- draulic Data, etc. — Conic Sections, Catenarian Curves.— Mechanical Powers, Work. — Board ok Trade Regulations for Boilers and ICn- ciNES. — Board ok Trade Regula- tions KOR Siiirs.— Lloyd's Rules Ships. — Data of Engines and Ves- sels. - Ships' Fittings and Tests.— Seasoning Preserving Timiier.— Measurement ok Timuer— Alloys, Paints, Varnishes. — Data foe Stowage. — Admiralty Thansport Regulations. — Rules for Horse- power, Screw Propelleks, etc.— Percentages for Butt Sirai s. etc. — Particulars of Yachts.— Masting AND Rigging Vessels.— Distances ok Foreign Ports. — Tonnage Taples. — Vocabulary of French AND English Terms. — English Weights and Measures -Foreign Weights and Measures. — Decimal EyuivALENTS. — Foreign Mdnev. — Discount and Wage Tables. -L'sk- FUL Numbers and Ready Reckoners — Tables ok Circular Measures.— Tables ok Areas ok and Circum- ferences OF Circles. — Tables of Areas ok Segments ijF Circles.— Tables OK Squares and Cubes and Roots ok Numbers. — Tables ok Logarithms ok Numbers. — Tables OF Hyperbolic Log \KiTHMS.— Tables OF Natural Sines, Tangents, etc.— Tables of Logarithmic Sines, Tangents, etc. 'In ll; , I. iV \\V- !tr , ..ri!,. WW t Im found til from the tn- ' "The I., toivinff maitv ..1 •■ There n ».i|iMlnKtra.la irr-.-iite.l In .1 T' .nnlatM* •,lievhi|>. . . T • . ul u>cfiit liifornutioo ile«»l)' eij.tr*-*!! and Iv rorin Ma fin e En f/iii ecriii (/. MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS (A Tteatiu on). By Robert Murray, C.E, Ei»:hih Edition, ihorounhly Ruvisni. with considerable Additions by the Author and by George Carlisle, C.E., Senior Sun •• Well ■• Ecncr:il intr I I.. l!;o Bo.ird of Tr.iiii- .it I ivrrpool. i: •;h bn.ir.i- tlO«ll»e."— /M. Ixxli tound and •cn\ll>le. ane(.tor«, dfaii|;litiiiicn. and younu CM(;liiecrv' - C^ij^fiv Htr»'d. i8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE. Vorhot-Iionk for Marine KngineerH. A rOCKI-.T-liOOK OF VSFI-I'l, TABLES AND FOR- MVt..n FOR MAKISF. K" ' : ; Pnoriot, A. I.N. A. I'liiril Eclilion. Koy.il 3211)0. I 'ip, 41. "\Vr rci ommoti'l ll lo our t-»\'t\ .i- -iM' — Xa^-at Siirntt. "A iiio\i umIuJ toiiiiunlgn lo aJ uunii. • ^' ; • ■ 1 . I mi.v 1 .'r -. i.« Oasttu. Introduction to Murine Knf/inrrrinff. F.LFMFNTARY FISGIS EERISG : A Manual for V • ' -.# I'.ni^ineer% and Af'(>rti......» iliofouifh knowlcdt(e, Mr, Rrewor otrors ilccldeU.y u>e^ui li«i^. — Alhtnautn, Navigation. PRACTICAL NAVIGATION. Consistine of Tub Sailor's Ska-Book, by James GREF.Nwoon and W. H. Rossf.r • lo^irihcr with the re<|iiisite Mailie m-itical and Nautical Tables for the Working of the Problems, by IIicNRY Law, C.E., and Professor J. R. Young. Illustrated. 1200,71. strongly half-bound. Drawing for Marine Engineer.^. LOCKIE'S M ARISE ENGINEER'S DRAWING ■ BOOK. Adapipd to the Requirements of the Board of Trade Examinations. By John LocKtE, C.£. With 22 Plates, Drawn to Scale. Royal 3vo, 31. Ci. cloth. •■ The student who le.irns from the^* drawlnip will h.ire nothing to \m\t»Tn."—Enz'itrr. " The •x.impIeH chosen are e^ientially practical, and are such a« should prove of lenrice to eMginccrs gcncr.illy. while admirably fulfitUnK their specific purpose."— .VteManicai Ik'trU. Sailmahing. THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SAILMAKING. By SANfUEL B. S.^DLFR, Practical Saiiinaker, late in the employment of Messrs. Rafsey and Lapthorne, of Cowes and Gosport. With Plates and other Illustrations. Small 4I0, I2S. Ctl. cloth. St'MMARY or CoXTEXTS. Ch.xp. I. The ^^ATERIALS l-sed and — VI. On Allowances. — VII. Calcu- THEiR Relation to Sails.— II. On lation of Gokes.— VIII. On Cutting THE Centre of Effort.— III. On 1 Out. — IX. On Roping.— X. On Dia- Measuring.— IV'. On Drawing.— V. gonal-Cut Sails. — XI. Concluding On the Number OF Cloths REQUIRED. | Remarks. "Th's work is ver>' aViIy written, and is illustrated bv diitrnm^ t.-', cir^f i^v w.nrt.'-! rn!n;U. tions. The work should be in the h.inJs of ever}- sailmV< ' , it can:iot f.iil to assist them in the pursuit of their imiwrt.ai. •' This extremely practical work Rives a complete i 1. facture. cutting out. roping, seaming, and goring. It is c . :,i- rate text-book and guide." — Portsmouth limes. " The author of this work has rendered a distinct service to all interested in the art of sail- m.iking. The subject of which he treats is a congenial one. Mr. Sadler is a practical sailmalker, and has devoted years of careful obsenation and study to the subject ; and the results of the experience thus gained he has set forth in the volume before ui." — SUanuhif. Chain Cables. CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS. Comprising Sizes and Curves of Links, Studs, &c., Iron tor Cables and Chains, Chain Cable and Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links. Strength of Cables and Chains, Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain Cables and Chains, Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament. Statutory Tests, Charges for Testing, List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c. &c. By Thomas W. Traill, F.E.R.N., M.Inst. C.E., Engineer Surveyor in Chief, Board of Trade, Inspector of Chain Cable and Anchor Proving Establishments, and General Superin- tendent, Lloyd's Committee on Proving Establishments. With numerous Tables, Illustrations and Lithographic Drawings. Fo'.io, £2 ai. cloth, bevelled boards. '■ It contains a vast amount of valuable Information. Nothing seems to be wanting to make it < rnmplete and standard work of reference on Che subject."— .VaM/tay ilof^xvu. MINING AND METALLURGY. 19 MINING AND METALLURGY. ^liniiif/ Machinery. MACHINERY FOR METALLIFEROUS MINES: A Tractical Treatise for Minine Engineers, Metallurgists, and Managers ot Mines. By E. Henrv Davies, M.E., F.G.S. Crown 8vo, 5S0 pp., with upwards of 500 Illuslrallons, i?:. 67. cl-:h l?"!.' tu^'nhcd. "Mr. I .... . . . , f mines K'ool .0 MOOdCUH ■■. •• I-roir: ■ fi. dence and T.ti i : :;..■ ■.•■■■ ■ ; '. i-i^o, I ,'.c .-ir't 'lj; .«"cly l>c recommcnJeJ. Ily it :\\ Ibe indiuiry will ^e eiiricheu, and the rcnuutlon of It'. > ".Mr. I>avies Uai eml. ^ I ^ > nf ->.-rythinir ia mcdern mining .ilililUnccs. Hi> » < ity. aful Ibu con- ritilutn one of ilic srreat n.' ^ are txkcd on lii> own or other rcliaMo cii^r: " The work deals with nc.ir;y <■■.. rv .. t p.,: -rr', ir . •, x <.• :• j >.( .y to b« mM with or required in connection wiili mrtalliierous mtniiii;. and i* one wnicti we tuve etery confidenc* in rejommending."— /'fviiriiuV tuc'iKr, Metalliferous Minerals and Slining. A TREATISE ON METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND MIMNG. By V. C. Dav:es. E.G.S., .Mining Encinccr. 4c.. Anlhor of "A Treatise on Sl.tte and Sl.ite yuarryinn." Fiftli Edition, tboroii^liljr Revised and inucli ICnIartjed, by liis Son, E. HfcSRV Davies, M.E.,I-.G.S. With abtful 150 IIIumIi .T.i >:; :. (!rcju n h:n. i:!5. (,.{. cloth. "Neil! r r.-adcrioteretted to mines caohaTe abdlcrbook ♦orhijcof i/. 1. l/i 11 >if /fVrU. " We .1 .; ihelr attention to lhi« raliuble work." " A t • ■• .;■• 'Iitfi'vi, tlic i)Mi.ti...il miner, and tlic nidaUurciir. Out also «v ..:. —Jriin. "Asa : : ining tbiougbout tha world this book hai ■ mJ tsIuc, snditsui'i: .-n. Earthy Minerals and Mining, A TREATISE ON EARTHY d- OTHER MINERALS AND MISIS'G. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S., Author of " Metalliferous Minerals," &c. Third Edition, revised and Enl.irRed, by bis Son, IC. IIksrv Davies, M.E., F.G.S. With -1! o-,:t I T i;ii; = tMti ii>. Crown 6vo, m. W. cloth. **Wedonotr'' on mining matters that contalnf ook 1.. ' wo Icnowol no other s> ily merit of Mr. Hunt s v.,;.-!..-. ,: . . r. 1 : ■ \ : t • f ■: It i; .;. ;, :-■;..' :.■ ,:, :i,.- :,■,,,„■ of ever>-one interested in U>e developaient of Ibo milling and metallurgies industries ol thisc untry.' — Atneittrurn, " A maw of Information not elwwhrre arallahle, and ff the crcatcst value to those who may be Interested In our ifreat niincr.il industries. " — hitj^iuter. Underground I'umping Machinery, MINE DRAINAGE. BeinR a Complete and Practical Treatise on Direct-ActiiiR Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Descrip- tion of a large number ot the best known Engines, their General Utility and the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode of their Application, and their merits conip.ired with other forms of Pumping Machinery. By Stkphkn MiciiRLL. 8vo, ijt. cloth. " Will t>« higlily esteemed by colliery owners and lessees, mining englneerv and studentl generally who re'juirc to l>e a irjnainteil »«ith the best ni'-ans of sccunnk: the diaiT.ane of muies. || i-t a most valuable work, and standi almost alone ku the literature of steam pumpui^f mai hlni-ry.' — C^i^ry Guardian. " Much valuable Information Is riven, to that the book Is thoroughly worthy of an •xtenslvo circulation amongst (iractl.al men and purchasers of iiui.hmery. —tltnii^ 'Jittmal, 20 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE, Prospect iuff for (Jold ami other Mffftl/t. THE rUOSVECJOR'S UANDDOOK : A fluide for the Pro Bpfclor and Traveller in Search of MelalHearingor oilier Valuable Miii'-ialv My J. W. Andkhson, MA. (Canib.), I'.K.G.S., Author of "Fiji and New Caledonia." Fifth Edition, tliorougbly Revised and Enlarged. Sma» crown bvo, 31. Cil. cloth. "Will tupply a much felt w»nl, MnecUDy among ColonUK In whnte ir»jf arc »o often throw* ni.iry nilncraloifkal upc* Imcni the value of which It it difTirutt to detcrniiiie. * — hn£tntir, "How to find cnmincrcUl mineraU, and how to i^lrntlfy them when they are lound. are 1h« leading points to which attention 1« directrd. 71 e author hi* inAnai^cd to pack a* much j.H' ti'jj detail mto hii |>.icct a> would tupjily material for a book three timet lU i!ait.—Uinint Jauriat. Mining Notes and Formula'. NOTES AND FORMUL.IL FOR MINING STUDENTS. By John HpR\fAN Merivale, M.A., Certihcated Colliery Mana»;er. Profcs'.or of Mining in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, 2S. (td. cloth. " InvaliLilitc to anyone who Is working up for an examination on mining sub)ccts.*'^/r^'> and Coal Tradti Kctinii. " The author h.is done his work In an exceedlnely creditahle manner, and ha» produced a t>oo% that will tie of lervicc to students, and those who are practically engaged lo mining operatiooa.'— Enjc-inter. Uandiihooh for Miners. THE MINER'S HANDBOOK : A Handybook of Reference on the Subjects of Mineral Deposits, Mining Operations, Ore Dressing, &c. For the Use of Students and others interested in Mining matters. Compiled by John Milne, F.R S., Pro'cssor of Mining in the Imperial University of Japan. Square i8mo, yi. M, cloth. 17"*' pubhilud. " Professor Milne's h.indbook is «urc to be received with favour by all connected with mining, and will be extremely popular among students." — j4:hfnai4fn. Miners' and Metallurffists' Poclcet-Jiook. A POCKET-BOOK FOR MINERS AND METALLURGISTS. Comprising Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Notes, for Use in Field and Office Work. By F, Danvers Power, F.G.S., M.E. Fcap. 8vo, gi. leather, gilt edges. " This excellent biok is ,in admirable example of its kind, and oueht to find a large sale amongst English-speaking prospectors and mining engineers."— V:/(.'. "Miners and met.'dlurgists will find in this work a useful 7-a(/r-v<^ri/m containing a mass ot rules, fprmul.-v, tables, and various other information, the necessity for reference to which occurs in their daily duties."— /;w:. Mineral Stirveying and Valuing. THE MINERAL SURVEYOR AND VALUER'S COMPLETE GUIDE, comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining Surveying and the Valua- tion of Mmuig Properties, with New Traverse Tables. By Wm. Lintern. Third Edition, Enlarged, izmo, 4s. cloth. " Mr. Lintem's book forms a valuable and thoroughly trustworthy guide,"— Iron and Coai TrcdfS Review. Asbestos and its Uses. ASBESTOS : Its Properties, Occurrence, and Uses. With some Account of the Mines of Italy and Canada. By Robert H. Jones. Witb Eight Collotype Plates and other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloib. " An interesiinj; and invaluable work." — Colliery Guardian. Explosives. A HANDBOOK ON MODERN EXPLOSIVES. Being a Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Application of Dynamite, Gun- Cotion, Nitro-Glycerine, and other Explosive Compounds. Including the Manufacture of Collodion-Cotton. By M. Eissler, Mining Engineer antl Metallureical Chemist, Author of " The Metallurgy of Gold," " The Metal- lurgy of Silver," &c. With about 100 Ulusts. Crown 8vo, lOJ. W. cloth. " Useful not only to the miner, but also to officers o( both services to whom blasting and the ii^e of explosives generally may at any time become a necessary auxiliary." — .Vafure. " A veritable mine of mformation on the subject of explosives employed for snilitary, mining. and blasting purposes." — Artrty and Navy Gazette. MINING AND METALLURGY. Colliery Manaf/enienf. THE COLLIERY MANAGER'S HANDBOOK : A Compre- hensive Treatise on the Laying-out and Working of Collieries, Designed as a Book of Reference for Colliery Managers, and tor the Use of Coal-Miain»; Students preparing for First-class Certificates. By C\lkb Pamely, Minint; Engineer and Surveyor; Member ot the North of England Institute of Mioing and Mechanical Engineers ; and Member of the South Wales Insti- tute of Mining Engineers. With nearly joo Plans, Diagrams, and other lUustraiioas Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Medium 8vo, about 700 pages. Price £1 51. strongly bound. Summary of Contests. Geology. — Search for Coal. — , The Priestman Oil Engisf ; Petro- MiNERAL Leases and other Hold- 1 leum and Natural Gas -SfRVEYiNO isGS.— Shaft Sinking.— Fitting Up and Planning. — Safety Lamps and the Shaft and Surface Arrange- ] Fire Damp Detectors —Sundry and •ments.— Steam Boilers and their : Incidental Operations and Appli- Fittings.— Timbering and Walling. 1 asces.— CollieryExplosioss.— Mis- — Narrow Work and Methods of ' cellaneous Questions & Answers. Working. — Underground Convey- | ANCE. — Drainage. — The Gases met Appendix: Summary of Report or •WITH IN Mines: Ventilation. — On , H..M. Commissiomers on Accidents THE Friction of Air in Mines.- . in Mines. *,* Opinions ok the Press. •" Mr. Paraely Km not only ifive-i us a comprchrn«vo rcfrrmce book of ■ »ery hl;fti order, cuit:ible to the requirements of ininini; en,;:ncers ani collier>' nuiui;ers. Imt at the sune time hu provided mining students with a cUss-tiook thit is as iaterestmK as it is instructive."— C«//vrjr Maiuiftr. " .Mr. Pamely's work is eminently suite^l to the purpose for which it Is intended— being clear, intercMin)^, exhaustive, rich in detail, and up to d.ite. ip^ns devrriplions of the venr latest (nachines m every department. . , , A minini; enipneer could scarcely );o wrong who (oUownl this work." — ColtUry OuarJuin. " This is the most complete ' all round ' work on coalmlninsr published in the Eni^ish ianguaife. . . . No library of coalminiui; books is complete without iW—CoUUry Enginttr ook Is one which must And a place on the shelves o( all Interested In cool and Uoa production, and in the iron, steel, and other metallurgical industries." — Hn^fuer. " Of this book we may unreservedly s.iy that it is the t>est of its class which we hare ever met. . . . A book of reference which no otic engaged in the iron or coal trades should oout from hte lilirir>'." — Iron an.i Co^i TratUs Keiirw. Coal Mining. COAL AND COAL MINING: A Rudimentary Treatise on. By the late Sir Warington W. Smvth, M.A., F.R.S., &c.. Chief Inspector of tha Mines of the Crown. Seventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged, With numerous Illustrations, tznio, 4s. cloth boards. " As an outline is given of every known coal (irld in this ami other counlrie*. a.s well as of tha principal methods of working, the book will doubtlest interest a very large number of readerv*— tfininf jTimmaJ. tiubterraneouft Surveying. SUBTERRANEOUS SURVEYING, Elementary and Practical Treatise on, with and without the Magnetic Needle. ByTHOMAS Fenwick, Surveyor of Mines, and Thomas Baker, C.E, Illust. izfflo, 3]. cloth boards. Granite Quarrying. GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By <'iEORGE F. Harris. F.G.S., Membre de la Sociitc Beige dc G^oIogir>, Lec- turer on Economic Geology at the Birkbcck Institution, 3lc. With Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, js. 6J. cloth. "A dearly and well written manual i>n the ^ranl'e Industry." -^v/ina^t. " An irtere«l np work, wlil'h wtU be drsrrvedly o»ree tin. |v Intcr'stinif »r.d valu\' I- monoi^raohon a «ub|fS t whirh has hitherto rr, etved una' countably Utile attention tn the shape of i}-stcmatic literary Ireetmeot."— i,i>^ru4 LtaJtr. aa CROSBY LOCKWOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE. Gold, Ulcfallurf/f/ of. THE M1:TALLU1co, ThitU Lm of f ■-■u . "Tlir wtirk Ka »trii. ..uwiul U tc *n inofcuion^l men en,; i,;._ i m i,:i c ■ ' !"•■:'"■«: l.iUj .U). — .-. I'JI ,v J ■■•! '■- tiilver, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF SILVER : A Practical Treatise on (he Atnal^ainatlon, Koantin);, and Llxivlation of Silver Ores. IncludinK Ibe Assaying, Meltinf; and Kchiiini.', of Silver Bullion, lly M. Eissi.br. Author of •■The Metallurgy of Gold,'' ice. Second Edition, Enlarged. With ISO Illustrations. Crown 8vo, los. Ctl. cloth. "A practical treatise, anil a tcclinicil work which we are convlnceil will supply a Intif^felt want ■moiiKst practical men, and at the siuic time beof value tottudenuaiidblhcrsuuluecUy conaectw) with tnc indiislrics.'— .l/i«i>ix' Jy.irnal. "1-rom first lolast the Ijook is thoroughly sound and reliable."— Ce//iVry Ctiarifian. " Tor chemists, pradicil miners, assaycrs, and Investors alike, we do Dot know of any work on the subject io liaiuly and yet io comprcbenuve."— C^/aVirjv Htrald, Lead, Metallurgy of, THE METALLURGY OF ARGENTIFEROUS LEAD: A Practical Treatise on the Smelting of Silver-Lead Ores and the Retining oJ Lead Bullion. Including Reports on various Siiielting Establishments and Descriptions of Modern Smelting Furnaces and Plants in Europe and America. By M. Eissler, M.E., Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," Ac Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with iSs Illustrations, izs. Cd. cloth. ■■ The numerous met.illurKicil processes, which .ire fully and extensively tre.itecription of liic means employed ia reaching and working these ores."— /ran. ,," ^"- Kendall is a great authority on this subject and writes from personal obsemtion."'— Collury Guardian. " .H"'- Kendalls book is thoroughly well done. In it there are the outlines of the history of ore mining in every centre and there is everything that we want to know as to the character of the ores of each distnct, their commercial value and the cost of working ihem. '— /n.-« and StreJ Trades Jiiumal. ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 23 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Electrical Engineering. THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS POCKET-BOOK OP MOVERS RULES, FORMUL.^, TAliLES. ASD DATA. By H. R. KtMi'E, M.Inst.E.E., A. M.Inst.C.E., Technical Othcer, Costal Telrerapbs, Author of " A Handbook of Electrical Testini^." &c. SttCund Edition, thoroughly Revised, with Additions. With numerous Illustrations. Royal 32nio, oblone. 5s. leather. ••Therr i^ \crv l.;::c.- ::. : c ^'l... •• rf f r:K ;! ■■ r c!.iv» »'• h :he clcctriciaa i* ULcJy to want In a huiry v. : -rr. "A vtr , J electrical cagincciinK anil ua Tariout api "It iiti.C ..r,. .,.^..» , . .,, »...v.. - , ., ,.^...., .. "Well aiiaJikicU Auvl i.uuipai.t. lUc Lki-Uii.^ Lti^uMn;' i Pbckcl-Book ' Is a food ooc"— BUctrician, "SticiD^ly rccoumecJeJ to those engaged in the various electrical iadastriet," — hUttricmt Rci-icui. Electric Lighting. ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING: A Handbook for Working Electrical EnKineers. embodyinu Pr.iclical Notes on Installation Manai;e- nient. By Joh.n W. L'RguHART, Electrician, Author of " Electric LiKht.'' tic. With numerous Illustrations. S-jCond Edition, Rt;vised, with Additional Chapters. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. "Thii vuluine deal;, wiih »li.it may le termed the luechAr.ict of electric Uifhling. and It •ddre&bcd to mm who are .ilrcaily cnijj^'c'l in the work or are Iramii^ (or it. The work iraTcrses a gTc\i deal of i^.und. and may be read as a K>jucl to the » lucful worii on ' kJcctiic Light.' —FUrtrui.tu. "Thisi- ' '■" «tate In the simplest Uniniage the precautions which should be adopted In installiiH' ' '.:, and to |ri\c iiiffmutiun, for the jfuidancc of iho^c who have to ma the plant The book is well worth the perusal of the workmen for whom uis written "- ■ " ' '1 a Ki'>od dr.il of pleasure. We lc .iiarmcd by huding uuitheii.atical foraiuUc which they arc ..al r.aiil. ' tul. . . . Ought to be in the bands of CTcryooe in charge cf an elf' trie li^ht j !..:,:. — .' .'. .tn.jl lin^inerr. ■■ .Mr. I'rquhart h»5 succeeded in prt licinj a irally capital book, which we hare oo hesilalicn in recommending to the notice of working electrician* and electrical enginccrx."— J/rcAenuu/ Electric Light. ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use. Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of Dynamo-Electric Machines, Batteries, Accumulators, and Electric Lamps. By J. \V. Urquhart, C.E., Author of •' Electric Light Fitting," " Electroplating," &c. Fifth Edition, carefully Revised. with Large Additions and 145 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7S. 6J. cloth. •• The whole j^round of clf(.tric lij^hting li more or Ic^s ci,vcicd and explained in a very cicar and (. li.^o \ii.\..'..rr."—JiUctruai Kn-ieiL'. .: od de.il of very inlere^fng informalion. r«i>eclally in the parts where the aui' i'o«k for which a demand has long existed. '-.l/rrAjHiVe/ H'frU. 24 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE. A New I>irtionnry of I'llvrtricitff. THE STANDAKD IJ.I-T.TKICAI. DICIIONARY. A Popu- l.ir Dictionary of Wonli and 'r Oi;firiltions. By T.O'Connok Sloahk, A.M., Hli.L).. Aiidior of "Tin: Ariiliiiiclic of Electricity," Si':. Crown 8vo, Ctopp., 151 Illustration"', yt.tid. cliil . r?""' (uhlnhfcl. •• riir work lilt m.iny .ilir.iillvr fraturr-. 1 11 .'•fill liiililic.itlmi. 1 hr aliiiwiil of tfr' uml IimIck 4l>i)Mt ^..->" rrfrrriir^, .111 ^^ f..uml I US ■ lin|>cclrii. I-. •'•'■' - .<^. 1,,.. .L.t' tliorv arc other 1 ■ .il***i groat (rniltt .iii'l . lic.irtiH ■■1..I h ! t ont4tn% a l.trj^r .imoitnf of u • - hiHugtrtft. '■ Ai "t ricctrtcal «irnce In lh« > tloiMry. 1 he Informalloa fflvcn I'. Thn bonk It ocll prlnlol, «'-:. . 1 I well up to (Uie, anU majr b« onh.l.-rMs t muyrw\r>\r—HuH.1rr. • W.- h.iil the ,ip|>carance of this little work at one whii h will meet a want that liat liewi ko«nly fell for tonio time. . . . The author it to he conKratuUled on Iha eicelleni aiannef la trbicb he h.r. icoDinjilislied his ta»k. "—/'rar Ual Inniiitrt. " The voluiiie \s excellenlly prinlad an>t i lusir.ifd, and thouM form part of the library of everyone who U directly or indirectly connected with electrical tnaxXKn-'—llard-wart IrtUt Electric Lighting of Shi/m. ELECTRIC SUIl'.LlGlll ING : A Handbook on the Practical Ftttint; and Ktinninc of Ship's Electrical Plant. For the Use of Shipownrrs and Builders. Marine Electricians, and Sea-Roing Engineers-in-CharK''. By J. W. Urqlhakt, C.E., Author of "Electric Light," Sec. With 88 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, yi. 6il. cloth. " The silijo' • of ship electric lufhtin^ is one of v.ist Importance In thev! da>t, and Mr Urqu- li.irt is to lie highly coinplimcnted lor placint; such a valuable work at the service of the practical lit.iriiic electricun." — 7'/if Sfeatmhif. " Distinctly \ hook which of its kind stands .ihnost alone, and for which there should be a demand. '—/jVfirrica/ Kri'ifw. Electric lAghting. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHT- ING. By Alan A. Campbell Svvinton, Associate I.E.E. Third Edition, Enlarged and Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, u. td. cloth. "Anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear expo*;ltton of the elementary principle's of elc ;tfic liijh'.Utg cannot do t>etter than read this little work.' —BraJ/ord Obitrvtr. Dt/nnmic Electricity. THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGS'ETISM. By Philip Atkinson, A.M.. Ph.D., Author of " Elemens of Stitic Electricity," " The lUc-incnts of E'ectric Lighting," &c. &c. Crowa 8vo, 417 pp., with izo Illustrations, los. OU. cloth. Electric Motors, cCr. THE ELECTRIC TRANSFORMATION OF POWER and its Application by the Electric Motor, includine Electric Railway Construction. By P. Atkinson, A.M., PhD , Author of " The Elemen's of Elcctcic Light- ing," &c. With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7s. bd. cloth. Dynamo Con. struct ion. HO W TO MA KE A D YNA MO : A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. Containing numerous Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Construct- ing a Small Dynamo, to Produce the Electric Light. By Alfred Crofts. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. "The instruction.s jjiven In this unpretentious little book arc sufficiently clear and explicit to enable ^ny amitcur mechanic possessed of average skill and the usual tools to be found in aa amateur s workshop, to build a practical dynamo machine." — EUctrician. Text Book of Electricity. THE STUDENT'S TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. Bv Henrv M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S. New Edition, carefully Revised With Introduction and Additional Ch.ipters, by W. H. PstECE, M.I.C.E. Crown Svo. i;.i. 6./. cloth. Electricity. A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY : Including Galvanism, Ma;, -etism, DiJ-Magnetism, Elictro-Dyfuimics. By Henrt M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S. Fourth EditioiM..'<;5). Svo, £1 4s. cloth. ARCHITECTURE. BUILDING, tie. 25 ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, eto. liuildiny Const rurtion. PRACTICAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION : A Handbook for Students Prepatina for Examinations, and a Book of Reference for Persons Ere^aed in Building. Bv John 1'ARNEi.t. Allks, Surveyor, Lfc- turer on Building Construction at ine Durham College of Scienct.-, Newcasile- oa-Tyne. Medium Svo, 430 pages, with 1,000 Illustrations. 121. 6<^. cloth. [Juit publiihtJ. " Thii volume is one of the most complete exposiliont of buililint; consiruciiuii wa Kave v- • It contaias all th.^t i^ nc>'css.ir>' to prepare student:, for the various exAntiaatiuu^ m t>uil !. .. stTuction."— /?;.'..' JVmt. ■■ The author il<;i)<;n'U nearly as much on his (Siatrrams as on his ly;.«. The pigr- the hand of a man of experience in tMiilding operations —and the volume must be a bl'- (uany teachers ,is well as to sludvuts."— //i^ Anhiitct. " This volume promises to be the recognised handbook in all advanced clas4«s »here hu Iding construction is t.iUKlit from a practical point of vie*. We stronifly coirmtrnd the bo^'k to 'he notire »f all teachers of buiidmg construction."— 7>i A «iV-ii/ ll\ (ions (leverve particular mention for the j^reat ment they possess for purj l- actly corresponding; to convenient scales. "— your. /iit:. bm. .ir,/i:s. Cou Crete. CONCRETE: ITS NATURE AND USES. A Book for Architects, Buil 1< rs. Contract' >rs, and Clerks of Works By Ckoki-.e L. Sb'TCLiKPK, A.K.l.B.A. 350 pages, with numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6i/. cloth. [J'"' fublisHeJ. " The author trcits a difficult subject in a lucid nunner. The nunuol fills a Ion;;-fc't fap. It hcarcful and exhaustive ; equally useful as a student s i^ide and a architect s boon, of reference. ' — Journal e/ R,>)itl InHttM.ion of Brtliih .irchutdt. " I'hcre 15 room for tnis new book, which will probably be for some time the standard work on die subjfct for a buil'ler's pur|>osr. '—O/ut^-Lrw HeratJ. " A thoroughly useful and comprehensive work."— JrifijA Arjiitccl. Mechanics for Architects. THE MECHANICS OF ARCHITECTURE : A Treatise on Applied Mechanics, cspecLUly Ad.ip'ed to the Use of Architects. Bv E. W. Takn, M.A., Author of "The Science of Building," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged, lllust with 125 Diagrams. Cr. Hvo. 7s. f-ii. cloth, fjtnt {'u'>lithe'. " The book is a very useful and li' ' ■ . ^ . - . . vnAicient to enable a careful and p-i Jority o( building problems. . . . ' which is owin.: 1 . \iv.:i I., ar.;hite,t • duced for thiii .'■ii/.A-r. ■■ Til : 111 ■ vilume are really mechinlcs, and are harmoniously wrought In wHth the di-itinciu ' inner proper to the subjsct. Tiie diagrams and type are commcnl- ably clear "— . '; r. The New Builder's Price Book, 1S04. LOCKWOOD S BUILDERS PRICE BOOK FOR iSg.}. A Comprehensive Huidbook of the Latest Prices and Data for Buiideis, Architects, Engineers, and Contractors. Rt-comttucttJ, Ke-u>ritten, and Greatly EnUrf;eJ. By Francis T. W. Millicr, 700 closely-printed pages, crown 8vo, 43. cloth. " This t>ook Is a very useful one, and should finri a place la every En^U^ office conne<:Ied with the building and cnginecriiii^ professions."— /'/iy/«— compr^ hensive, reliable, well air.uigcd, Icioble. aiul xcll L juud.' —Brtinh ArxJttutt, Desif/H in (/ Jin ildin gs. TIIE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS : Heing Elementary Notes on the Planning, Sanitation an. clotb. 26 CliOSUY LOCK WOOD A- SOS'S CATALOGUE. Villa Atrhitirtinr. A HANDY HOOK OF VILLA ARCIIITFXTURE : P.dnr. <* Strict of DfiiK'ts /"' I'tlla Rtiultnccl in vanout Styltt. V. ' Spcciticatloiis aiut Kutimntes. tiy C. Wickkh, Architect, Au: Si>ircs and Towers of EnKl . " Tim whnio nf Ihn (1rO|;n« hrnt ptMm'^^a of thpir bclnv tha wofli of an anUIK. uOOtccU a:^ thay will prcitc v-ry voJuaMo ami WiiiifiUtv.—IluUdtHi Anvi. Text- Hook for Architects, THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE: Being a Text-Booh of Uieful Information for Architects, Eiiginetrt, Survtyon, Contractort, CUrk\ of M'orks, frc. f-c. By Fredkrick RooKRS, Archittci. Third Edition. Crown Uvo, 3S. Cil. cloih. "At II tc«t lionlc of Useful Informallon for »r^hllecn ranked amonK tlioM profetslonAl boou which cannot be bettered, '—./mVii/o.'. jLinear Perspective. ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE: The whole Course and Operations of the Draughtsman in Drawing a Large House in Linear Per- spective. Illustrated by 39 Folding Plates. By F. O. Ferci;so>«. Bvo, 3s. 6./. bo.irds. •' It K the most inlcllit,'iHc of the trc.iti'ic'; on this ill trcatcJ subject tliat I baie m«t with. — li. INOKI-.SS UliLL, liiij., in the A'./.A'.W. Journal. Architectural Drawing. PRACTICAL RULES ON DRAWING, for the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By George Py.ne. With 14 Plates, 410, 7s. td. boards. Vitruviiis' Architecture. THE ARCHITECTURE of MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO. Translated by Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A., F.R.A.S. -New Edition, Revised by the Translator. With 23 Plates. Fcap, 8vo, 5s. cloth. Designing, Measuring, and Valuing, THE STUDENT'S GUIDE to the PRACTICE of MEASUR- ING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORK. Containing Directions for taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, with Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calcula- tion of Areas and Solidities, Originally edited by Edward Dobson, Architect. With Additions by E. Wyndham Tarn, M.A. Sixth Edition. With SPlates and 63 Woodcuts. Crcwn Svo, 7s. 6d, cloth. " This cilition will be found the most complete tieati5« on the principles ';,i.j«-.v .\ca.j. Pocket Estimator and Technical Guide. THE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER, AND ESTIMATOR FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS. Containing Tech- nical Directions for Measuring Work in all the Building Trades, Complete Specitications for Houses, Roads, and Drains, and an easy Method of Estimat- ing the parts cf a Building collectively. By .\. C. Beatos. Sixth Edit. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. leather,"gilt edges. " No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be wT.hout his ' Beaton.' *— ^MiVjin^.VfWi, Donaldson on Specifications. THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS: or. Practical Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder, in drawir.g up Specitications and Contracts for Works and Constructions. Illustrated by Precedents of Buildings actually executed by eminent Architects and En- gineers. By Professor T. L. Donaldson, P.R.I. B. A., &.c. New Edition. 8vo. with upwards of i.ooo pages of Text, and 3^ Plates. £1 lis. &i. cloth. " Vahiable as a record, and more valuable still as .\ book of precedents. . . . Suffice it to s.iy that Uonaldsoa'i ' Handbook of Specifications must be bought bv all architects.' —£.*iis of ZUnholoniew't work Is too well known lu i. :i horn ut. It is one of ibn books witti oliKh every young architect niui". , ..i./, Cotistriiction. THE SCIENCE OF BUILDING : An EUmentary Treatise on the PrincipUi of Comtruction. By E. Wvsdham Tarn, M.A., Architect. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With S9 tnnravings. Fcap. bvo, 41. cl- ■' A very valuable book, »hich we stroimly rcconniic:.J :u »J ^'.uJcuit. —i'uu'Jer. House Bnilding and Jie])airing. THE HOUSE-OWNERS ESTIMATOR ; or. What will it Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair? A Price Book lor Unprofessional Peoi:f. :i°. well as the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By James U. Siuoh. t.;.:'l by Francis T. W. Miller, A.R.I.B..\. t'ouith Edition. Crown svo, ji. 6J. ciotb. " In two years It will repay Its cost a hnndred times ortt.'—f.t.'J. Cottages and Villas, COUNTRY AND SUBURBAN COTTAGES AND VILLAS: }low to Pun and Build Them. Containing 33 Plates, with Introduction, General Explanations, and Description of each Plate. By Jamks W. Boulb, Architect, Author of " Domestic Architecture," &c. 410, 101. 6«f. cloth. Building ; Civil and Ecclesiastical. A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical, including Church Restoration ; with the Theory of Doaics and the Great Pyramid, &c. By Sir ED.Mb.so Beckett, Bart., LL.D.,F.R.A.S. Second Edition. Fcap. bvo, 55. cloth. •■ A t>oolc which Is always amuslnc and nearly always Instmctire."— 7"i»»«r/. Sanitary Houses, etc. THE SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS OF DWLLLiS'.. HOUSES. By A. J. Wallis Taller, .A.-M. Inst. C.E. Ciown Svo, with numerous Illustrations. Price about 35. doib. ^S'tArly rcuii\ . Ventilation of Building.^, VENTILATION. A Text Booh to the Practice 0/ the Art 0/ Ventilating Buildings. By W. P. Buchan, R.P. i2mo, 4s. clotb. ■• Contabis a Krc:it .iniomit of useful practical infumiation, as thoroughly Intcrestini; as it ik teihnically reliable."— AVi.'u/t .IrJii.'d.!. The Art of riunibing. PLUMBING. A Text Beck to the Practice of the Art or Ctaft of the Plumber. By William Pato.^ Bl'chan, R.P. Sixth Edition, Enlarged. i2ino, 41. cloth. "A text-book which ni.iy '. e safely put ;n '.I.c InnJs of every young plumber. — .'.;,i.u(r. Geometry for the Architect, Engineer, etc. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, f.r the Architect, Engineer, ard Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of v.hk ■.» Geometrical Lines, Figures and Curves. By E. W. 1 arn, M.A., Arch:f.c!. Svo, 9]. cloth. " No Ixxjk with the same obJcc!« In vie" has e^■er V«en putlUhed In which the clean>«u of th* rules laid down ami the tllustratn c iliagrarns hate been so satisfactory."— ^(t■. Tlie Science of Geometry. THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES: or. Problems Res.hed 6y the mere Detcrt(-l:on cf Circlet, and the use 0,1 Coloured Diagrams anj Symbols, By Oliver Byr.se. Coloured Plates. Crown Svo, 31. 6tf. clotb. a8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S- SONS CATALOGUE. CARPENTRY. TIMBER, etc. Tre/lf/old'M Carj/entrf/, Jin i ted d: Enlarged by Tarn. THE ELEMESJAhY IKl.'.CirLES OF CAKIESJhY. A Treali*/! on lUt Vtr-witr »fid K--, .i ;b-. .ti of TiLt.'j^r Priii.int, tb« ReuM- •nc« o( Tiir.b<-r, »nH ll.«r C',riM: .-• ,0 of J-. yv-i, Arct.r*. hri 'j( i:a!»^u:«, ir BtTmomas Trkdo ..t.^ %'. Va.'io-i» Koolt of Iroo aad St i.iT rrv.vrrJ ar-d c/>ai> A Tka ■■ » ii i^» | i rt r i c l »4 «i ara ratkar coatfraad ttaa lavaaad br Mas. Tka aMHaMl Vtew an of (MM iacriaaic TaW—^iitf^Ky Ar«»(. Woodworking Machinery. IVOODWOKKISG MACHL'.ERY : Its Rise, Progress, and Con*truction. Witri H:nt^ or. lh< M4r.a?'-rr.»rf of Saw MiUaaad tbe Zcrrr^rr-- cal Conver-jion of Ti-i-t/'.r. Iliistri:''. w:;h Esan][>l«* of Recent De«:. I»?a'ling English. Fr'jr.'h, and Ar.-.Tr;' .'. Eni^ineert. By M. Powia r • • A.M.Iast.C.E„ M.I.M.E. Second £d.u.a. RcvUed. witb Utkc Add.;.».... Laree crown 8to, 4«o pp.. 91. cioth. (Jiot pmhk$ked. " Mr. Bala b eridcntlr aa aspatt aa ika laftJacT sad he kaa eiaaanaJ » aaca HtfanHaaa *« kt» book to aStoAaasc (or boddan and ockan cocacwl is dM coavanfas of o»bar.'— ^»i >Mi r. "Tha a>o« coafxaheaaria coanaadhoB at arood-workaf anckiaaty *c ha*« aaa. Tta •oihar 1* a tboraoKh aanar of Ma aJbiacL'—BMUdttit ,\n,t. Saw Mills. SA W MILLS : Their Arrangerient and Management, and the Economical Conversion of Timber. (A Cocnpamton Volame to " Woodwork- tDi; Machinery.") By M. Powis Balk. Crown 8to. lot. M. dotb. ** The admtnutmtim e. drier, and i lwym ii rtn a of aaw^aib aaa Um l;k> m i;-.r.? w ■> \r. ie'-i... ir.i '.t,/: coane of the tanber ia traced Croaa iu l aKfAu a l« kf dtiivafy in ni crjT.rcr.u!?. We co Jd oM deure a Bora osaptete or prarriral taaaon.* — Mut(4rr. Aicholson's Carpentry. THE CA RPENTERS SEWG UIDE ; or, Book of Lines for Car- penters; comprising all the Elemenurj Principles essential for •eqnirir.i a knowledge of Carpentry. Founde'l ot: tne laie Pete« NicaoLSOx't Standard Work. New Ed;tion. Revivsd bj A Ashpitel, F.S,A- \Mth Piact«al Ro'.es on Drawio?, by G. Pma. With 74 Plates 4-0, £1 u. clotb. Handrailing and Stairbuilding. A PRACTICAL TREATISE OS HASDRAILING : Showing New and Simple Methods for Findinr th* Pitrb of the PLank, Drawini; th* Moalds, Bevelling, JoiDting-op, anj ' ■; Wreath. By GeotoK CoLLiMGS. Second Edition, Revise : A, to which is ar ■:. s itrr^tTiii branch d Julati i.'— Jhigari'. •* AhMtt eracy JMnrir phaaa oTiMa n«iiiik» iatncata enKh cf Jaiai ia alKhlMad bf lh« ad of piataa and ezpiaaatory lattinma '—fmrftHfrt CmMttti. Circular Work. CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY ASD JOINERY: A Practical Treatise on Circtilar Work of Sinzle and Double Curvarnre. By Ceorgk Collisics. With Diaerams. Second Edit. isno. 21. tJ. c'.otb Mm-;.. " Aa ewcitmt a i a w p l e of mhjt a book of tbn ki.'.'i thouid tie. Cheap ta prtcc, cieai « je^at- Mon aad practical lathe aaaaiplta ttkct ad.'— Jm.j'f '^. Uandrfiiling. HANDRAILING COMPLETE IN EIGHT LESSONS. On ih'- S - ^-, , ^ -,..-.. I*ractical Timber Merchant. THE PRACTICAL TIMI.ER MERCHAyJT. B'rinp a Huida for Ihe Dse of 1; . t cseful Table* for J Wood, 1 • .-. rr, , r. Ac. 1 ••Thlt I, bdldcn. f< r - Timber Freight Book. THE TIMUER MERCHANTS. SAW MILLERS, AND IMPORTERS FREIGHT HOOK AND ASSISTANT. Compriiing Rules, Tabic-!, r.r.d M.-Tror-ri-i rc'.vir.? fT thr T:rnf-r Trr.df. By William RiciiA' T ' I KEDS or Saw MiLt. • ■ C». 6>1. &>. •' lavalual'lc Ulx/ur-va.m^ ti^,ir\,'~/renm^H^fr, "Win UT« much Utx>ur uai cjur.S.u-.i'ja.'—Orttr, Superficial Measurement. THE TRADESMAN'S GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL ME A- SL'RE.VENT. Tables calculated from i lo aoo ii:cbe« in leni^tb, by i 10 108 inch'-s in breadth. For ibe use of Architertt, Surveyors, Ennoeers, Tiiniier Merchants, Builaers, &c By James Hawkjiios. Fooxth Edttioo. Fcap., 3i. dd. cloth. " A UMfuI coOecHoa of tablet to fscOitate rapid L il e iJa tiw of s ar hc w, Tha exact ana of tay toffaca of which th« ttmitt hare been aKprtauu-d can be la wil y dctcfaiaad. Tka book •<■ ba (ouad of tha grealcal ntflitr to aO enKa^ed in » uUdinf qp watto os.'— 5 rt«'/ «« TIMBEh ' NT'S. AND BUILDERS ST AS I).'.: ByRirc- r. C,;:;r.»- ing an Analy«i< ot I)«-. I! ,-i.<- ..i.: ' • ••0 Values and Tabular A: 'C and North American I t, lT...;r..nr.- A- k^ T -:.d ' !o a tiMiiall. moA tht - ..... 1 uitc/- :. rn. ,: 'iTi^ Jrc."— itn^;u> 30 CKOSIiY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUE. DECORATIVE ARTS, eto. Wood!* and Marhten (Iniitafion of). SCHOOL OF PAINTING I-OR Till-: IMITATION OF WOODS ASU MACULES. ai T:iii;flit ani>M of i,r»ininif .( Manlpulati'm Snd I'inishr.l Sperlnico — 4 ' ' ' - ' '■■' . ■ ,- ■ i ,. ,.i -^ Marble I'amtinaan'l .Mnili" ■ . . .., S 6. St. Kcnil Marlilc: Kai I 1-inishc.l Sp.-riuirn-7. M. ■ ditfcrcnt C.rains, Knuts, *(: — ■ i. Asu i re- ii [r ., (iminar)- Staifps and iMnlshcd sjiccimcn — lo. and I :o Methoilt of .Skctcliinu MarMc Ijraini— ii. ij. Mer M ' ;i Drcchc- M.irlilc: rrL-liiiiin.ir>SI.ii{os of Workiiuf ol %V and 1-ini.licd .Spec imcn— 13. Miplg: Mctliodi i: • of Producing tUi-ditrcri.-ntC.r.nif.'.— 14. 15. Birds- 1 eye Maple; Prelimin.iry St.is""i an 1 Finished I Specimnn— 16. Methods of Sket.hiiig the dif- y^ '. fc-rent Spc ii.-s of White M.irblc— 17. i3. White finished *aJ i iniihed a^e-ui. Marble: Preliminary Staifcs of Process and I •' Those who desire to attain skill in the .irt of paintinj woods and irarVIes ■> ^t In consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give tiicu j^^., uico Ihe opportunity to study It." — BuHder. •• A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the procesies, the sanlpuladon and nanagcnient of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to tha student who aims at making his work a {aithful transcript of nature."— ^mWi'i^ ft'ewi, irall Pff2>€i'. WALL PAPER DECORATION. By Arthur Seymour Jr.NNiNCS, Author of " Practical Paper Hanging." With numerous Illustra- tions. Demy Svo. [In prepatatwn. JSouse Decoration. ELEMENTARY DECORATION. A Guide to the Simpler Formsof Everyday Art. Together with PRACTICAL HOLSE DECORA TIOX. By Tames W. Facev. With numerous Illustrations. In One Vol., 5$. strongly naif- bound. House Painting, Graining, etc. HOUSE FAINTING. GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIGN H'/^/r/iVG, A Practical Manual of. By Ellis A. Davidson. Sixth Edition. With Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings, israo, 6s. clo;h boards. " A mass of infomiation, ol use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." — Bn-Hth Decorators, Iiecei2>fs for. THE DECORATOR'S ASSISTANT: A Modern Guide to De- corative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, Gilders, &c. Containing upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules and Instructions ; with a variety of Informa- tion for General Work connected with every Class of Interior and Exterior Decorations, &c. Filth Edition, Revised. 152 pp., crown Svo, is. in wrapper. " Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders. &c. The hook contains the gbt of larger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be ditEcult to meet with a work 10 full of varied information on the painter s art,"— £14 lVJ:■^;x''.^'nfJ. Moj/r Smith on Inferior Decoration. ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS. ANCIENT AND MODERN. By J. MovR Smith. Super-royal Svo, with 32 full-page Plates and numerous smaller Illustrations, handsomely bound in cloth, gilt top, price iSs. " The book Is well illustrated and hindsomely jjot up, and contains some true criticism and a ' good many good examples of decorative treatnien:. — 7"*^ SuiLier. DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. 31 BritisJi and Foreign Marbles, MARBLE DECORATION and the Terminolc^ of British and Forex^n Marblt%. A Handbook for Students. By Georck H. Blagrovk, Author of " Shoring and its Application," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown 6vo, 3s. td. cloth. " This mo5t useful anrl much wanted handbook should be Us the honch c/ erery architect and builder." — UuHditi^ ll\^rij. " A circfuDy aiul usefully written treatise ; the work b eueutiallir practical."— 5<»//nMn. Marble Working, etc. MARBLE AND MARBLE WORKERS: A Handbook for Architects, Artists, Masons, and Studtnis. By Artiilr Lkk, Author of " A Visit to Carrara," " The Working of Marble,"' ic. Small crown Hvo, zi. clotb. " A really raluaUe addition to tlie technical literature of architects and masooa."— Ami/'^wV AVu/r. DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS. A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION, for the Use 0/ Btgi'iners : with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Praciical Directions for lib Exercise, and Examples taken Irofn Illiiniinated MSS., printed in Gold and Colours. By F. Delamottb. New and Cheaper Edition. Siuail 4I0, 61. orna- mental boards. "The examples cf ancient MSS. recommended to the student, whiciv, with much rood (ent^ the authnr chooses from coUcctioiu a,:cc iu«- tul. ' — AtktHjum. EXAMPLES OF MODERN ALPHABETS, Plain and Ornamental; including German, Old Enulish, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque; with several Original Designs, and an Analysis ot the Roman and Old English Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use ol Draughtcmen, Sur- veyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithot;raphers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. Collected and Engraved by F. Delamottk, and printed in Colours, New and Cheaper Edition, Royal Svo, oblong, is. 6.'. ornamental boards. "There Is comprised in It erer>' possll'le shape into which the letters ol the alphabet and niimeraU can be foinieil. and the t.ilent whi^h h-is I'cen eapended In tti« conception ol the vanoua (>l.i:n and urnaiiieatal letters Is wonderful. ' — SlaiuiarJ. MEDIEVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS FOR ILLUMI- NATORS. By F. G. Delamotte. Containing it Pl.itfs and Illuniinalcd Title, printed in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by I. Willis Brooks. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Small 410, 4). ornamental boards. " A volume In which the letters nfthe al:^hat>et come forth clarified In Kildin<( and all the coloun of the prism interwoven and intcrtomed and intcnnin,{lcj. — .iu«. THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OP DESIGN. Containing Initials, Emblems, Cyphers, Monotaams, Ornamental Borders, Ecclesiastical Devices, Mediajval and Modern Alphabets, and National Emblems. Col- lected by F. Delamotte, and printed in Colours. Oblong royal Svo, is. 64. ornamental wrapper. "The book will be of gmt assistance to ladles and voang children who are endowed with the .in of plytn^; the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty moik.—bajt An^lmn Jutti. Wood Carving. ISSTRUCnONS IN WOOD-CARVING, for Amateurs: with Hints on Design. By A Ladv. With Ten Plates. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo, ^s. in emblematic wrapper. " The handicraft of the wood-carver, so weU as a book can Impart It, n»r be learnt ffon ' A f.»dy\' puiihcation. '— WMfmrxw". 32 CROSFiY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. 'l/ic ll/n rrns aiut tfirir Orhjin, THE VlSlliLE UNIVI-.KSE : "Cliaplers on the Origin and Conitnicllon of the McMvi-ns. Hy I. E. Cork. F.K.A.S., A'llhor of " Sur Groii|l liii I'l ■.iiiiiinirv "f rrcrnt .iitrnnnmical theory, mi(ter»y .1 •••■nr . .i( ■:■ ;. «<«/r. The Constellations, STAR GROUPS: A StudcnVs Guide to the ConstelUtions. By J. Hllard Gork.I'.R.A.S.. M. R.I, A. , &c., Author of " The Visible L'r,iver«e," " The Scenery of the Heaven!?." With 30 Maps. Small 4to. 55. clt.lh «ilv#-r<-H. ^ '• A knowlcdne of the prinii|),il • " ; il.lc m our Utitu'l'-s m.%y U: ' from the thirty maps ami accompari) i I in this vi»«d. cl. " A most valuable storehouse of concholojpcal and geological \DSoitsUiUoa."—Scunct Ociii^. Geology and Genesis. THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION; or, Geology and Genesis: their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Concord. By Georcb W, Victor le Vaux. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. cloth. " A valuable contribution to the evidences of Revelation, and disposes verv crncluslvely of the arguments of those who would set God's Works against God s Word. No real diaiculty is shirked and 110 sophistry is left unexposed. '—7"A* Rod. NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. 33 DR. LARDNER'S COURSE OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. THE HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. Enlarged and almost Re- written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S. With 378 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 6s. cloth. "The perspicuity of the original has been retained, and chapters which had become obsolete have been replaced by others of more modem character. The explanations throughout are studiously popular, and care has been taken to show the application of the various branches ol physics to the industrial arts, and to the practical business of life." —Mining- Journal. "Mr. Loewy has carefully revised the book, and brought it up to modem requirements."— Nature. " Natural philosophy has had few exponents more able or better skilled In the art of popa> ■arising the subject than Dr. Lardner ; and Mr. Loewy is doing good service in fitting this treatise, and the others of the series, for use at the present time." — Scotsman. THE HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS AND PNEUMATICS. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S. With 236 Illustrations. Post Svo, 5s. cloth. "For those 'who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science without the pro- found methods of mathematical investigation,' this work is not merely intended, but well adapted." —Chemual News. " The volume before us has been carefully edited, augmented to nearly twice the bulk of the former edition, and all the most recent matter has been added. . . . It is a valuable text-book. " '—Natiire. " Candidates for pass examinations will find it, we think, specially suited to their requirements. —English .Mechanic. THE HANDBOOK OF HEAT. Edited and almost entirely Re- written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S., &c. 117 Illusts. Post Svo, 6s cloth. "The style is always clear and precise, and conveys Instruction without leaving any cloudiness or lurking doubts behind." — Engineering. "A most exhaustive book on the subject on which it treats, and is so arranged that It can be understood by all who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science Mr. Loewy has included all the latest discoveries in the varied laws and effects oC he^t.'—Staruiarii. "A complete and handy textbook for the use of students and general readers."— £«^/ijA Mechanic. THE HANDBOOK OF OPTICS. ByDiONYSius Lardner.D.C.L , formerly Professor 01 Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. New Edition. Edited by T. Olver Harding, B. A. Lond., of University College, London. With 298 Illustrations. Small Svo, 448 pages, ss. cloth. "Written by one of the ablest English scientific writers, beautifiilly and elaborately Illustrated." m-AIechanicf s Magaziju. THE HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, AND /4COC7Sr/CS. By Dr. Lardner. Ninth Thousand, Edit, by George Carey Foster, B. A., F.C.S, With 400 Illustrations. Small Svo, 5s. cloth. "The book could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated topreserve the terse and ludd^style of Lardner, while correcting his errors and bringing up his work to the present state of scientific knowledge." — Popular Science Re-cie-w. THE HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY. Forming a Companion to the " Handbook of Natural Philosophy.'' By Dionysius Lardner, D.C.L,, formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. Fourth Edition, Revised and Edited by Edwin Dunkin, F.R.A.S., Royal Observatory, Greenwich. With 38 Plates and upwards of 100 Woodcuts. In One Vol., small Svo, 550 pages, gs. 6d. cloth. " Probably no other book contains the same amount of information in so compendious and weD- ananged a form — certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the public." — Athtnceum. " We can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy, and » e strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general — but at the same time correct — acquaint- ance with this subUme science."— Quarterly Joicrnal of Science, "One of the most desenedly popular books on the subject . . . We would recommend not only the student of the elementary principles of the science, but he who aims at mastering the higher and mathematical branches of astronomy, not to be without this work beside \um:'— Practi- cal Magazine. Qeology. RUDIMENTARY TREATISE ON GEOLOGY, PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL. Consisting of "Physical Geology," which sets forth the leading Principles of the Science ; and " Historical Geology," which treats of the Mineral and Organic Conditions of the Earth at each successive epoch, especial reference being made to the British Series of Rocks. By Ralph Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S., &c. With 250 Illustrations. i2mo, 5s cl. bds " The fiilness of the matter has elevated the book into a manual. Its Information Is exhaustive and well arranged," — School Board Chronicle. 34 CROSBY LOCK WOOD A- SON'S CATALOGUB. DR. LARDNERS MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. THE MUSEUM OF SCIESCE AND ART. Edited by DioNVhiuh I.AKiiNK.ii. V) C .\ foiiM-rt) I'loicttor of N^tiural Philotophjr and Abltnuoiiiy iiiUiii.' With upWrfrdt of 1,100 EnKriv- hiK* on Wood. 1 1. Ill ■* new and elcKaoi clotbbibd* itiK ' or liitDdioiiit'i) ;i. ,11.6'. •«* OriNioNS or the PRCitt. "Thl« irrlri. h<-..t.1r-. .\tf..t,\\..^ \"\ '.I.ir Vu; -.r.^ir 1 ir -rr;-r>-.r. rn \r1rrjHlr nj«-)»etl, */rr. '*Tlic ' Museum of Sclctue and Art' Is the mrnt Tfthui>>l« contribution tha* has war tiaaa made to the Scientific Iiutructlon ol every cUu of tocicty. "— Sir UAVIb BKKWbTBJl. la tlM North British Kcvirtu. "Whether we consider the liberality and beauty of the niuitratlorui, the charm of tha m l tlu g , <cllef that there U hardiv to ba foapd .-xmone the new books one that would be welcomed by people of 10 many age* aoo claaaa aa a v..luabie present." — hxamintr. *,* Separate books formed from the above, iuitable /or Workmen' t Libraritt, Science Classes, etc. Common Things Erplaiufd. Containinc; Air, Earth, Fire. Water, Time, Man, the Eye, Locoiiiotion, Colour, Clocks and Watches, Sec. 233 Illot- traiions, cloth gilt, 5s. T/ie SHcroHCope. Containing Optical Images, Maenifyine Glasses, Origin and Description of the Microscope. Microscopic Objects, the Solar Micro scope, Microscopic Drawing and Engraving, &c 147 Illustrations, clotb gilt, 25. Popular Qeoloffff. Containing Earthquakes and Volcanoes, the Cmst of the Earth, &c. 201 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2j. 6ii. Popular Phi/sicB. ContaininK Magnitude and Minuteness, the Atmo- sphere, Meteoric Stones, Popular Fallacies, Weather Prognostics, the Theriiioiueter, the Barometer, Sound, &c. 65 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2s.6d. 8tfnin and its Usea. Including the Steam Engine, the Locomotive, and Steaui Navigation. 8g Illustrations, cloth gilt, u. Popular Astronomy, Containing How to observe the Heavens — TTio Earth, Sun, Moon, Planets, Light, Comets, Eclipses, Astronomical Icflo- ences, &c. 182 Illustrations, cloth gilt, 45. dd. T/ie Itee and White Ants: Their Manners and Habits. With Illustra- tions of Animal Instinct and Intelligence. 135 Illustrations, cloth gilt, is. The Electric Telegraph Popularized. To render intelligible to all who can Read, irrespective of any previous Scientific Acquirements, tbevariotu forms of Telegraphy in Actual Operation. 100 Illustraiioas, cloth gilt, iJ.M, Dr. Lardner's School Handbooks, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardnbr, 328 Illustrations. Sixth Edition. One Vol., 3s. 6J. cloth. " A very convenient class-book for Junior students in private schools. It is Intended to convey in clear and precise terms, general DoCions of all the principal divisioos of Pb)'sical Science. "— British Quarttrly Rnirw. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardnbr. With 190 Illustrations. Second Edition. One Vol., 3s. W. cloth. "Clearly written, well arranged, and excellently Uluitrated. "^^^ni^n/r .< Citrcnii^ Lardner and Bright on the Electric Telegraph. THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. By Dr. Lardner. Re- vised and Re-written by E. B. Bright, F.R.A.S 140 Illustrations. Small 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. " One of the muit readable books extant on the Electric Telegraph. "—£>v.°l>A .VteJkMHic CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, etc. 35 CHEMICAL MA NUFACTURES , CHEMISTRY. Cheniistrti for Engineers, etc, ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY : A Practical Treatise for the Use of Analytical Chemists, Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, Students, and others. Comprising Methods of Analysis and Valuation of the Principal Materials used in Engineering Work, with numerous Analyses, Examples, and Suggestions. By H. Joshua Phillips, F.I.C, F.C.S. formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with Illustra- tions, los. M. cloth. [Just published. " In this work the author has rendered no small service to a nutnerous body of practical men. . . . The analytical methods may be pronounced most satisfactory, being as accurate as the despatch required of engineering chemists permits."— Chemiiai News. " Those in search of a handy treatise on the subject of analytical chemistrj- as applied to the everj'-day requirements of workshop practice will find this volume of great assistance.' — Iron. " The first attempt to bring forward a Chemistry specially written for the use of engineers, and we have no hesitation whatever in saymg that it should at once be in the possession of every ■railway engineer. " — The Railiuay En^inar. " The book mil be very useful to those who require a handy and concise rtsutru of approved methods of analysing and valuing metals, oils, (iiels, &c. It is,. in fact, a work for chemists, a guide ■to the routine of the engineering laboratory. . , . The book is full of good things, as a hand- book of technical analysis, it Is very welcome." — Biiilder. " Considering the extensive ground which such a subject as Engineering Chemistry covers, the work is complete, and recommends itself to both the practising analyist and the analytical student." — Chemical Trade J.^-.n-nal. "The analytical methods given are. as a whole, such as are likely to give rapid and trust- •worthy results in experienced hands. There is much excellent descriptive matter in the work, the chapter on ' UUs and Lubrication ' being specially noticeable in this respect." — Engineer. Alkali Trade, Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, etc. A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching Powder. By John Lomas, Alkali Manu'a::tarer, Newcistle-upon-Tyne and London. With 233 Illustrations and Working Drawings, and containing 390 pages ot Text. Second Edition, wi:h Alditions. Supir-royal 8vo, £1 los. cloth. "This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working details of the most approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are accompanied by no less than 23a wood en- gravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction. Every step in the manu- facture is very fully described in this manual, and each improvement explained. "—^.Vr^>i^«/«. '■ We find not merely a sound and luminous explanation of the chemical principles of the trade, but a notice of numerous matters which have a most important bearing on the successful conduct of alkali works, but which are generally overlooked by even experienced technological authors. " — CJunii^al Re^jie~u;. The Bloivpipe. THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND GEOLOGY. Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many Working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut. - Colonel W. A. Ross, R.A., F.G.S. With 120 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. "The student who goes through the course ot experimentation here laid down will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had 'got up' any of the best text-books, and passed any number of examinations in their coMe.niS."—C>temical News. Cotninercial Chemical Analysis. THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANA- LYSIS; or, Practical Instructions for the determination of the Intrinsic or Commercial Value of Substances used in Manufactures, in Trades, and in the Arts. By A. Normandy, Editor of Rose's "Treatise on Chemical Analysis " New Edition, to a great extent Re-written by Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Cro%vn 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. " We strongly recommend this book to our readers as a guide, alike indispensable to the ■housewife as to the pharmaceutical practitioner." — .Medu:al Times. '• Essential to the analysts appointed imder the new Act. The most recent results aiegiveii and the work is well edited and carefiilly written." — Nature, Dye- Wares and Colours. THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE-WARES : Their Properties, Applications, Valuations, Impurities, and Sophistications. Fortfcf use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. Slater. Second Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. cloth. " A complete encyclopaedia of the materia tinctoria. The information given respecting eac^ article is full and precise, and the methods of determining the value of articles such as these, so liable to sophistication, are given ¥rith clearness, and are practical as well as valuable. "—CAirwr/i/ and Druf^ist. " There is no other work which covers precisely the same ground. To students preparing for examinations in dyeing and printing it will prove exceedingly useful." — Chemical Xe^m. 36 CROSBY LOCK WOOD <^ SOS'S CATALOGUE. Modern, lirewinf/ anil Maltiitfj. A 11 ANDY HOOK l-Oli HUEWEUS : DcinK a Practical Guide to tlin An of KicwitiK i>ric Concliitioni of Modern Kcncarc li wliicli b» Wkk.iit, M.A , Aiitlior ol " A Handbook for YounK Broweri." Crown 8vo, sv'i'P., ■.-■ r,./. ,1 .(!,, t«>Vt«, . ir, ,4 grcal ■ . / '. tayliu; •.••«t if not ilio l Railway, Second Kdiliun, Revised and linlarged. Crown 8vo, 5J. cloth. " Ought to h»vc its pUce in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment, and wber«Tsy fuel Is usctl on a large icale."— CAe a favourite book of reference. The range of subjects is comprehensive, and the arrangement simple and clear." — CrvUian. " Should be in the hands of erery practical brewer."— ^rrwrrr* yournaL INDUSTRIAL ARTS, TRADES, AND MANUFACTURES. Cotton Spiiniiiif/, COTTON MANUFACTURE : A Practical Manual. Embrac ing the various operations of Cotton Manufacture, Dyeing, &c. For the Use of Operatives, Overlookers, and Manufacturers. By John Listkr, Technical Instructor, Pendleton. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo, -$. 6./. cloth. [Just publisheii. JFlour Manufacture, Milling, etc. FLOUR MANUFACTURE: A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. Bv Friedrich Kick, Imperial Regierungsratb, Professor of Mechanical Tecnnology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition with Supplement. By H. H. P. Powlrs, Assoc. Memb. Institution of Civil Engi- neers. Nearly 400 pp. Illustrated with 2b Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, 25J. cloth. " This valuable work i^, and will remain, the st.indard authority on the science of milling. . The miller who h-is read and digested this work will have l.iid the foundation, so to speakToT a suc- cessful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principV^ whih he can proceed to apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text' : : . milhng in good, sound English, which has little, if any, trace of the German idiom. - '* The appearance of this celebrated work in Eni^lish is very : British miller* will, we are sure, not be slow in availing themselves of its pages."— .'. v. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. ^7 Agqlutinant s. CEMENTS, PASTES, GLUES AND GUMS: A Practical Guide to the Manufacture and Application of the various Agglutinants re- quired in the Building, Metal-Working, Wood-Working and Leather-Work- ing Trades, and for Workshop, Laboratory or Office Use. With upwards of goo Recipes and Formulae. By H. C. Standage, Chemist. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d, cloth. [jfust published. " We have pleasure in speaking favourably of this volume. So far as we have had experience, which is not inconsiderable, this manual is trustworthy." — Athcnainn. " As a revelation of what are considered trade secrets, this book will arouse an amount of curiosity among the large number of industries it touches." — Daily Chronicle. " In this goodly collection of receipts It would be strange if a cement for any purpose cannot be ioMndi.-'—Oil and ColourmaiCs Journal. Soap-making. THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING: A Practical Handbook 0/ the Manufacture 0/ Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, etc. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. By Alexander Watt. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d, cloth "The work will prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the practica soap-boiler who wishes to understand the theorv of his art." — Chemical News. " A thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature In our language. We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in English technical litera ture." — Nature. Paper Malting. PRACTICAL PAPER-MAKING : A Manual for Paper-makers and Owners and Managers of Paper-Mills. With Tables, Calculations, &c. By G. Clapperton, Paper-maker. With Illustrations of Fibres from Micro- Pliotographs. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. [Just published. " The author caters for the requirements of responsible mill hands, apprentices, &c., whilst his manual will be found of great service to students of technology, as well as to veteran paper makers and mill owners. The illustrations form in excellent feature." — Pa^er Trade Review. " We recommend everybody interested in the trade to get a copy of this thoroughly practical hook."— Pa/er Making. Taper Making. THE ART OF PAPER MAKING: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Straw, and other Fibrous Materials, Including the Manufacture of Pulp from Wood Fibre, with a Description of the Machinery and Appliances used. To which are added Details of Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors. By Alexander Watt, Author of " The Art of Soap-Making" With Illusts. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. *' It may be regarded as the standard work on the subject. The book Is full of valuable In- formation. The ' Art of Paper-making.' is in every respect a model of a text-book, either for a technical class or for the private student." — Paper and Printing Trades Journal. Jjeather Manufacture. THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning Ex- plained, and many Recent Processes Introduced ; as also the Methods for the Estimation of Tannin, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gut Dressing, &c. By Alexander Watt, Author of " Soap-Making," &c. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 9s. cloth. "A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and Its accessories. It Is an eminently viluable production, which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers." — Chemical Review. Boot and Shoe Making. THE ART OF BOOT AND SHOE-MAKING. A Practical Handbook, including Measurement, Last-Fitting, Cutting-Out, Closing, and Making, with a Description of the most approved Machinery employed. By John B. Leno, late Editor of St. Crispin, and The Boot and Shoe-Maker i2mo, 2s. cloth limp. "This excellent treatise is by far the best work ever written. The chapter on clicking. •which shows how waste may be prevented, will save fifty times the price of tlie book." Scottish Leather Trader. Dentistry Construction. MECHANICAL DENTISTRY: A Practical Treatise on the Construction of the various kinds of Artificial Dentures. Comprising also Use- ful Formulae, Tables, and Receipts for Gold Plate, Clasps, Solders, &c. &c. By Charles Hunter. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6(i. cloth. "We can strongly recommend Mr. Hunter's treatise to all students preparing for the profession ..ot dentistry, as well as to every mechanical dentist. " — Dublin journal (if Medical Science. )8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD «• SON'S CATALOGUf. Wood Enffravtnff. HOOD I' KG HAVING: A Practical and Easy Inttcduction in tki s" '• ' M, I., ( . vv.r.f" »,..^.- f'nowM. Secocd Ediiiofl. VMih an p. I r.yon* w«ni|n( tO Bn - — rr^trr'i 'r. tM» rrodiK- Hon !.■ •■ ■ ' ' ' '!ratas4 a« . t ■/. •owMck con> 1 ' ' l.rtUifai — In'.Kt. 11 I 1: .1 1. . . ■ :.'. ^.n.iicl . •! re .:..i-. - ;.' a: h- alcr. J (■.,,..,, atit ■t.'ltr.muA. Wiitrhmahinff. THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. Int^r^^-' --^ - uv-k- ■^hop Ccmpanion for those engaKed in Waichtnakinf; anr; ■al Arts. Tr;inslatid from tl.e l-'rench of Claldii.s Sai : i- dbly cnlartfd by Jllif.n Trippi.is, F.R.A.S., Vict ri. 1 . ,i i me HoroloKical Inst:tute, and Edward RiGG, MA. , Assayer tn the Kojral Mint. With niinieious VNocdcuis and 14 Copperplates. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 95. cloth. " Tnch i^art is truly a treatise In Itself. The armni^ement Is rood and the Ungfuafc b clear wot concise- It is .in .idimr.iMe ^uidc for the young watchniaker."— /:»(i'i««»i«^. " It Is Impos-sil'lc to spe.iic too highly of its excellence. It fulfils t\ ery requirement Is a bapd> book Intehdcd for the use of a workman. Should te found in every^orkshop,"— M'o/rA mnd (lohf':at/r atiii / V/ii/«or*^»- (Chicago), Watches and Timeheejters, A HISTORY OF WATCHES AND OTHER TIMEKEEPERS. By James F. Kendal. M. B.H.Inst. u.W. boards; or u. €rf. cloth gilt. " .Mr Kend-il's book, for its sire, is the best »hich has yet appeared on thii subject In tha English lanpinec."— /«rf«j/rr>r. ■■Uj en the Dook where you may, there Is interesting matter In It ccrcemlrj the IngenloM deTices "f the ancient or modem horologer. The subject is treated in a Iif«ral snd entertainiac spirit, as might l>e expected of a historian who is a master of the craft.'— .Sa.'Kro'a/' Ktview. Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, etc. ELECTRO-DEPOSITION : A Practical Treatise en the Electrolysis 0/ Gold, Silver, Copf-er, Sickel, and ether Metah and Alloyi. With descrip- tions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and Dynamo-Electric Machines, Tter- mopiles, and ot the Materials and Prrcesses used in every Department ol the Art, and several Chapters on Electro-Metallurgy. By Alexander WAT'S, Author of " Electro-Metallurgy," &c. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. "Eminently a book for the practical worker In electro-deposition. It contains practical descriptions of mcthodfk processes .'uid materials as actually pursued and used In the workshop." —/in£^neer. Electro-Metallurgy. ELECTRO-META LL URG Y ; Practically Treated. By Alexan der Watt, Author of " Electro-Deposition," Ac. Ninth Edition, including the most recent Processes. i2mo, 4J. cloth boards. "From this book both amateur and artisan may leem everything necessary for the ioccaBtal prosecution of electroplating."— /n>»«. Working in Gold. THE JEWELLER'S ASSISTANT IN THE ART OF WORK- Ih'G IN GOLD : A Practical Treatise for Masters and Workmen, Compiled from the Experience of Thirty Veats' Workshop Practice. By Georgb B. Gee, Author of "The Goldsmiths Handbook," &c. Cr. Svo, 7s. &i. cloth. "This manual of technicil education is nppirer.tljr destined to b« a valuable auxiliary to a bandicmft which is cert.iinly capable of gre.i' ui:i r^ ^enier.t. — The Times. •• Very useful in the workshop, as the kr ■.vlt-l^.-e is practical, having been acqaired bylonff exprrience, and all the recipes and directions are ^:innteed to be successfuL" — yevelUr and Melahivrter. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 39 Electroplatiuff. ELECTROPLA TING : A Practical Handbook on the Deposi- tlon of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c. &c. With Descriptions of the Chemicals, Materials, Batteries, and Dynamo Machines used in the Art. By J. W.. Urquhart, C.E., Author of " Electric Light," &c. Third Edition, Revised, with Additions. Numerous Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo. 5s. cloth. " An excellent practical manual." — En^mtrtng; *' An excellent work, giving the newest information," — Horoio^ical yournal, Electrotyping. ELECTROTYPING : The Reproduction and Multiplication of Print- ing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-deposition of Metals, By J, W. Urquhart, C.E. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. " The book is thoroughly practical. The reader Is, therefore, conducted through the leading laws of electricitj'. then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing processes, up to the final preparation of the work," — Art journal. Goldsmiths' Work. THE GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By George E. Gee, Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, considerably Enlarged, lamo, 3s. 6i. cl. bds, "A good, sound educator, and will be generally accepted as za mxhoniy.'—Horoloirical yourtiai. Silversmiths' Work. THE SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By George E. Gee Jeweller, &c. Second Edition, Revised, with numerous Illustrations. lamo. 3s. 6d. cloth boards. " The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . The workers In the trade wU! speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it."— Eni^iisH Mtcftanu. *** The above two works together, strongly half-bound, price 7s. Bread and Biscuit Baking. THE BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER'S AND SUGAR- BOILER' s ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. With Remarks on the Art of Bread-making. By Robert Wells, Practical Baker. Second Edition, with Additional Recipes, Cro%vn Svo, 2.?. cloth. " A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the baker." — Saturday Revinu. Confectionery for Hotels and Restaurants. THE PASTRYCOOK AND CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. For Hotels, Restaurants and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family Use. By Robert Wells, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker's and Sugar-Boiler's Assistant." Crown Svo, 2S, cloth. " We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition our readers cannot do better than purchase this book." — Bakers' Times. Ornamental Confectionery. ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY: A Guide for Bakers. Confectioners and Pastrycooks ; including a variety of Modern Recipes, and Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129 Original Designs. By Robert Wells, Practical Baker, Author of "The Bread and Biscuit Baker's and Sugar-Boiler's Assistant," &c. Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 5s, "A valuable work, practical, and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner. The Illustrative designs are alone worth treble the amount charged for the whole vroi)t.."—Saiers' Times. Flour Confectionery. THE MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER. Wholesale and Retail. Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, &c. With Remarks on the Ingredients used in their Manufacture. To which are added Recipes for Dainties for the Working Man's Table. By R. Wells, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker," &c. Crown Svo, 2s. cl , " The work is of a decidedly practical character, and In every recipe regard is had to economi- cal working." — .Xorth British Daily Mail. f ffiiyidnt \^ fit^k LA UN DRY MANAGEMENT. A Handbook for Use in Private and Public Laundries, Including Descriptive Accounts of Modern Machinery and Appliances for Laundry Work, By the Editor of "The Laundry Journal." With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition, Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. cloth. " This book should certainly occupy an honoured place on the shelves of all housekeepen who wish to keep themselves ait couranl of the newest appliances and methods." — The Qiieen. 40 CROSBY LOCK WOOD 4* SONS CATALOGUE. HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. liy I'AUL N. IIASLUCK. BoiTOR or "Work" (New SEnttt); At'THo* or "Lathcwork," "Milliro MACHIMICk,' &c. Crown 8vo, 144 pRKct, cloih, price 11. each. J*" TArsr Handviiooks havr bttn wtillcn lo ii(/>/'/y information for Vf orkmem, STt'l)KNlN, nni/ AliAir.tHs »rt /Af ifirrn.' //■'■■ '1 ./"'■■' ' ' •' '■•'■ l'>'A'iiii(i ilic ur'.lsar. turner. It ditpU) t thortmgb kiio»lc(l|i'c of llic Mil.JeLl. — itc/jw/ax. THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Lathe. With over too Illustrations. Price ll. "Wc rctomti' .'ncl the book to youni; tunicr'i an I »ri.ateur^. A multlturte of wockmcn bar* hitherto sou^htiB rain (or a manual of thfi special \t\i\\a\.t\ . —MethaHical H'crltL. THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of loo Illustrations. Price ij. "We strong')' a'lvisc all younjj pcrvms connected with the watch trade to acquire and Oudy tills lncx|jciu>ivc vtotV..'—CUrte>iU'cil Chronicle. THE PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Construction oi Patterns for Founders. With upwards of jco Illustrations. Price is. " A nioit valuallc, if not iii(lis|«;n5.iMc. manual for the fattem maker."— A'«.-a/f.tf. THE MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Mechanical Maiiipulalwn. Enibracine Inforiuation on varioas Handicraft Processes, with Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda. Comprising about 200 Subjects. Price is. " A \cr>- clc\or and useful lo.k.which sht uld te ffund in eierj' worki>bop ; and it ibottid certainly luul a pl.icc in all tcchnic.il schooli."— 5a /xn/oy Krzieu. THE MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Construction of Model Steam Engines. With upwards of lOO Illustrations. Price is. ■■ Mr. Il.isluck has projuccd a very good little hooV.'—S:ii.'Jer, THE CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Price IS. " It is of inestimable serrire to those commencing the trade. —CinY«/ry S.'andard. THE CABINET WORKER'S HANDYBOOK : A Practical Manual on the Tools, Materials, Appliances, and Processes employed in Cabinet Work. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Price is. " Mr. Masluck's thoroughgoing little Ilandybook is amongst ttie most practical guides wc hafV seen for l^eginners in cabinet-work." — Saturday' Kczini. THE WOODWORKER'S HANDYBOOK OF MANUAL IN- STRUCTIOS. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes employed in Woodworking. With 104 Illustrations. Price is [ 7«sf published. THE METALWORKER'S HANDYBOOK. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. [/» preparation. ♦»• Opi.nions of THt Press. " ^\'ritten by a man who knows, not only how work ought to be done, but bow to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others."— /:«ji-i«<'^rj»:i'. •' Mr. Hasluck writes admirably, and gives complete instructions."— Jfwx'i'.-«r. '• Mr. ILisluck combines Ibe experience of a practical teacher wHth the manipulative skill and scientific knowledge of processes of the trained mechanician, and tbe manuals axe marvels of what can be produced at a popular price." — Schcctmaster. " Helpful to workmen of all ages and degrees of experience."^jrtaiV)' Ckrtnieit, " Practical, sensible, and remarkably cheap." — y^unial ^ Iidu*ation. " Concise, dear and practical" — Sanirday Rctira. COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, etc. 41 COMMERCE, COUN TING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, etc. cwm.— Any number of tuns, cwi«., qr»., and lb»., from 1 to 1, : > William CiiADwirK, Public Accoiiniant. 'I bird Edition, Kevi»c'i ^i.' i ii- provfd. bvo,i8i.,«tronKly bound (or Oflico wear and tear. lar /j adafled for Iht ust 0/ Accounliinti aiul AuJitort, Railway C'^>t3n%t\, Canal CompaiiKS, Shi(>ptri, Shififiini^ Aiftnti, General Carrurt, tic. I Braa/ounittri, Stttat Mcrch,inli, Iron Manu/jcturen, Ironmonftr- Hachiitiits, Hotlt) Maktn, Millxvrtuhts. Koohiig, UnJgeanJ GtrJtt il Profirulon, etc. Tmibtr MtnliUPiti, fiuiUltri, Contractors, Archttt ' Auctionetts, I'aluets, Uroktri, Mill Owntri and Uanu/acturtn. hf ■ Utrchanis, anil Genttal WholtiaU Tradttmen. Alio for the At, I MUeage Charges /or Railway Traffic. *,* Opinions of thb Press. '• It K i . f.t^y ,f trfr'-r >• f. r iry ,r, .m^c it ,\r > i,'.!i,' .t ■ f •ic.'.v.rr^ .n » 'M T-oT.Jr>. and tb* refcrr k ir.ua Is dilliciil: t : ■ g( :'.ic Kica'.c^: -«:. eitlwf la laving luiin.i ,ced within the reach ol every conmicrt'i.tl n, r. ••Tlic r...,; , . , ,.. ,, . ,. I ,.,,.,. , . /r^'T-f. Havben^s Comprehensive Weight Calculator. THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR. Being a Series of Table* upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting at One Reference the exact Value of any Weight from i lb. to 15 tons, at 300 Progressive Rates, from id. to i63s. per cwt., and containing iSC.ooo Direct Answers, which, with their Combinations, consisting of a single addition (mostly to be performed at sight), will afford an aggregate of 10.266,000 Answers; the whole being c.lcu- lated and designed to ensure correctness and promote despatch. By Hkmrt Harben, Accountant. Fourth Edition, carefully Corrected. Royai ivo, £1 5s. strongly half-bound. " A pr.ictlcal .infl useful work of reference for men of business eeneraDy ; It ll the best of th» kind we nave seen."— /»--e had much practicml expeflence of what is wanting In making estimates: and the use of the book oill sare much timr In making elaborate calculations." — f'lg.'ijh Me.hanu. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 43 AGRICULTURE, FARMING. G ARDENING, etc. Dr. Fream's Xeiv Edition of "The Standard Treatise on Af/riciilture." THE COMPLETE GRAZIER, and FARMER'S and CATTLE- BREEDER'S ASSISTANT: A Compendium of Husbandry. Originally Written by William Youatt. Ttiirteenth Edition, entirely Re-written, considerably Enlarged, and brought up to the Present Requirements of Agricultural Practice, by William Fream, LL.D., Steven Lecturer in the University of Edinburgh, Author of "The Elements of Agriculture," &c. Royal 8vo, 1,100 pp., with over 450 Illustrations. £1 us. 6d. strongly and handsomely bound. E.XTRACT FROM PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. " A treatise that made its original appearance in the first decade of the century', and that enters upon its Thirteenth Edition before the centurj- has run its course, has undoubtedly established its position as a work of permanent value. . . The phenomenal progress of the last dozen years in the Practice and Science of Farming has rendered it necessarj-, however, that the volume should be re-written and for this undertaking the publishers were fortunate enough to secure the services of Dr. Fream, whose high attainments in all matters pertaining to agriculture have been so emphatically recognised by the highest professional and official authorities. In carrying out his editorial duties. Dr. FREAM has been favoured with valuable contributions by Prof. J. WORTLEY AXE, Mr. E. BROwx, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Mr. w. J. malden, Mr. R. H. Rew, Prof. SHELDON, Mr. J. SINCLAIR. Mr. Sanders spencer, and others. " .\s regards the illustrations of the work, no pains have been spared to make them as repre- sentative and characteristic as possible, so as to be practically useful to the Farmer and Grazier." Summary of Contents, Book I. On the Varieties, Breed- i Book VII. On the Breeding, Rear- ing, Rearing, Fattening, and ing, and Management of Poultry. Management of Cattle. Book VIII. On Farm Offices and Book II. On the Economy and Man- Implements of Husbandry. agement of the Dairy, Book IX. On the Culture and Man- Book III. On the Breeding, Rear- agement of Grass Lands. ING, AND Management of Horses. ' Book X. On the Cultivation and Book IV. On the Breeding, Rear- • Application of Grasses, Pulse, ING, AND Fattening of Sheep. and Roots. Book V. On the Breeding, Rearing, Book XI. On Manures and their and Fattening of Swine. | Application toGrass Land&Crops Book VI. On the Diseases of Live Book XII. Monthly Calendars of Stock. ! Farmwork. *f* Opinions of the Press on the New Edition. " Dr. Fream is to be congratulated on the successful attempt he has made to give us a work which will at once become the standard classic of the farm practice of the country. We believe that it will be found that it has no compeer among the many works at present in existence. . . . The illustrations are admirable, while the frontispiece, which represents the well-known bull, New Year's Gift, bred by the Queen, is a work of art." — The Tinies. ** The book must be recognised as occupying the proud position of the most exhaustive work of reference in the English language on the subject with which it deals."— Athemrujn, " The most comprehensive guide to modern farm practice that exists in the English language today. . . . The book is one that ought to be on everj- farm and in the library of every land- owner."— .T/ar.6 Lane Expnss. " In point of exhaustiveness and accuracy the work will certainly hold a pre-eminent and unique position among books dealing «-ith scientific agricultural practice. It is, in fact, an agri- cultural library of itself."- North British Agrictdh'.rist. " A compendium of authoratative and well-ordered knowledge on every conceivable branch of the work of the live stock farmer ; probably without an equal in this or any other country." Yorkshire Post. "The best and brightest guide to the practice of husbandrj-, one that has no superior — no equal we might truly say— among the agricultural literature now before the public. ... In every section in which we have tested it. the work has been found thoroughly up to A7Ae."—BelVs Weekly Messe>:i^er. British Farin Live Stock. FARM LIVE STOCK OF GREAT BRITAIN. By Robert Wallace, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., &c.. Professor of Agriculture and Rural Eco- nomy in the University of Edinburgh. Third Edition, thoroughly Revised and considerably Enlarged. With over 120 Phototypes of Prize Stock. Demy 8vo, 384 pp., with 79 Plates and Maps, 12s. 6ci. cloth. " .\ really complete woik on the historj'. breeds, and management of the farm stock of Great Britain, and one which is likely to find its way to the shelves of everj' country gentleman's library.' — 7"/!t.' Times. " The latest edition of ' Farm Live Stock of Great Bri'-ain ' is a production to be proud of, and its issue not the least of the services which its author has rendered to agricultural science." Scottish Far/iier. " The book is very attractive . . . and we can scarcely imagine the existence of a farmer who would not like to have a copy of this beautiful work."— ,l/3?-4 Lane Ex/ress. " A work which will long be regarded as a standard authority whenever a concise history and description of the breeds of live stock in the British Isles is required."— Si-//'j Il'ee/Hy Messenger. 44 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &• SON'S CATALOGUE. Jtniry Farminff. Itlxl 1 1 SI I DMHYISG. A Handv Volume on the Work of the I).lltyl',4IIIl I •' •' -<•!■' < '.- .. r< . . . c . ■ -I, In A»;i'''iilairjr FurilllllK," &<:. \>i[iiriMiJ' ** Mny l»« < onfi'tently recuRimei 'Iturml Cat'ttt. ■• I'rnlMl.ly llic t«»t lulfcrown • - \*rtA l-ritixH /i^p-Uulinrlil. " It \\ tlir %ing no more space than .1 • s of facts and cilcuUitions which has never before. In such h.ir.dy • .'jpcration on the farm is dealt with. The work m-iy l>c t.\ken as ' < cf the t.iblcs having been revised by Pr. I'ream. We cordially <<, ■•_> Messen£-tr. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 43 Tfie Management of Bees. BEES FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT: A Guide to the Manipulation of Bess, the Production of Honey, and the General Manage- ment of the Apiary. By G. Gordon Samson. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, is. cloth. *• The intending bee-keeper will find exactly the kind of information required to enable him- to make a successful start with his hives. The author is a thoroughly competent teacher, and hi» book may be commended." — Morntug' Post. Farm and Estate Book-keeping. BOOK-KEEPING FOR FARMERS & ESTATE OWNERS. A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all Classes of Farms. By Johnson M.Woodman, Chartered Accountant. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth boards ; or 2S. 6d. cloth limp. " The volume is a capital studj- of a most important subject." — As:rictUtural Gazette. The young farmer, land a^'ent, and sur\ejor will find Mr. Woodman's treatise more thai> repay its cost and study.'— BuiMii:^ ^Vms. Fartn Account Book. WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. Giving 3. Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and Expen- diture under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c. &c. With Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the end of the Year, By Johnson M. Woodman, Chartered Accountant, Author of " Book- keeping for Farmers." Folio, 7s. 6d. half bound. ^culture,- "Contains every requisite form for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately. ' — Agri- Early Fruits, Floivers, and Vegetables, THE FORCING GARDEN ; or, How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. With Plans and Estimates for Building Glass- houses, Pits, and Frames. With Illustrations. By Samuel Wood. Crown- 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. " A good book, and fairly fills a place that was in some degree Tac ant. The book is written with great care, and contains a great deal of valuable teaching." — Gardeners' Magazine. Good Gardening. A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING ; or. How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. By S. Wood. Fourth Edition, with con- siderable Additions, &c., and numerous Illustrations. Crown Svo. 3s. 6d. cl. "A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical- directions are excellent." — Athefuzufn, " May be recommended to young gardeners, cottagers, and specially to amateurs, for the plain, simple, and trustworthy information it gives on common matters too often neglected."— Gardeners' Chronicle. Gainful Gardening, MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING; or, How to make One Acre of Land produce £620 a-year by the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; also. How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, so as to realise £176 per annum clear Profit. By Samuel Wood, Author of " Good Gardening," &c, Fifth and Cheaper Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown Svo, is. sewed. ""We are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the czise of the amateur and gentleman's gardener, but to the market grower." — Gardeners' Magazine. Gardening for Ladies, THE LADIES' MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN, and Amateurs' Complete Guide. With Illusts. By S. Wood. Cr. Svo, 3s. 6d. cl. " This volume contains a good deal of sound common sense instruction." — Florist. " Full of shrewd hints and useful instructions, based on a lifetime of experience." — Scot^ man, Receipts for Gardeners, GARDEN RECEIPTS. Edited by Charles W, Quin. i2mo, IS. 6d. cloth limp. " A useful and handy book, containing a good deal of valuable Information," — Athenaum Market Gardening, MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING. By Contributors to "The Garden.'' Compiled by C. W. Shaw, late Editor of "Gardening Illustrated." izmo, 3s. 6d. cloth boards, " The most valuable compendium of kitchen and market-garden work published."— 7^ar>K«r. Cottage Gardening, COTTAGE GARDENING; or, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for Small Gardens. By E. Hobday. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. " Contains much useful information at a small charge." — Glasgow Herald. of r>T(>\ti Valiifr, 46 CHOSliY LOCK WOOD &• SONS CATALOGUE. AUCTIONEERING. VALUING. LAND SURVEYING ESTATE AGENCY, etc^ Auctioneer's AHHistant, THE ArrixAlSIili, AtHTinSF.F.R. BROKER, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGKST ASD : I SS/S7/lNr, for ihc Valu». tlon )ur I'iiicIj ISC, S.ile. or iiici and Kcveritloni, anil rdpcriy Ki-iicial|v; w.i Sir., hv John Wmkcle*, &c. Sixiti Eiliii' : :>M(.y ezteoacd by C. Noairis, Survryor, Valuer, iSc. I "Anci: .1 ! if !■ V; 'I I- 'n'.ftyi\m UUi (.IcMfiy imr.:i ^. ' ' nt pricc^ ( ' .r of fumiturr. t / "I - . '.o the V«lu«!i «al«, "t -rty |f**ncrallv Inraiit I % .1 Mhet mOcci, AuclioHeei'tHf/. AUCIIONEEHS: THEIR DUTIES AND LIABILITIES. A Manual of Inhlriiciion and Counsel for the YoiinK Aiiciirmecr. By RoBrnT SguiKBs, Auctiontei. Second Edition, Revised and partly Kewritten. Demy 8vo, 121. td. cloth. •.* Opinions of the Press. " The sLimtird text-book on the topic* of winch it ukms. —^Ihtnitum. " The wuilt is one of (fcneral excellent chancier, and give* much Information io a cooipca* dlous .ind siiii-f" I'Tv iTiii ■— y.iii.'.iVr. " M,iy )' \ng ■ i^eat deal of information cm the law relating Io Auctioneers, —Lau ycuritai. " Aiicti > .'.ed on having ' auctioneer oukIiI to possess a copy of this excellent moiV."— Ironmonger. " 0( Kreat v,i:uc to the profession. . . . \Vc readily welcome this Ixtolc from the fact that It /reals tho bubjoct in a manner somewhat new to the profession." — BstaUs G^mettt. Inwood'ti Estate Tables. TABLES FOR THE PURCHASING OF ESTATES, Freehrla. Copyhold, or Leaiehold; A nnuiliei, A dvowiom, etc., a.Dd for the Renew' ' Leases held under Cathedral Churches, Colleges, or other Corporait ; for Terms of Years certain, and for Lives: also for Valuing Keveib; Estates, Deterred Annuities, Neit Presentations, Ice. ; together with Sma: t s Five Tables of Compound Interest, and an Extension of^the same to Lower and Intermediate Rates. By W. Inwood. 14111 Edition, with considerable Additions, and new and valuable Tables of Logarithms for the more Difficult Computations of the Interest of Money. Discount. Annuities, Ac, by M. Fedo* Thoman, of the Soci^te Credit Mobiuer ot Pans. Crown 8vo, 81. clotn. "Those interested in ttic purchase and saJe of esiaces, aiid in the adjustment of compensation cases, as well as in transactions in annuities, life Insurances, Sec. will 6nd the present editioo of •mlncnt service. ' — hnf^itieerine. " 'Inwood's Tables' still maintain a most enviable reputat.on. The new issue has been eoilcbed by larpc additional contriliutions by M. Fedor Thoman, whose carefully arranged Tables cannot fail tolie of the utmost utility. '—.l/i>ii»<^ youmal. Agricultural Valuer's Assistant. THE AGRICULTURAL VALUER'S ASSISTANT. A Prac tical Handbook on the Valuation of Landed Estates ; including Rules and Data for Measuring and Estimating the Contents, Weights, and Value? of Agricultural Produce and Timber, and the Values ol Feeding StufiTs, Manures, and Labour; with Forms of Tenant-Right-Valuations, Lists of Local Agricultural Customs, Scales of Compensation under the Agricultaral Holdings Act, &c. &c. By Tom Bright, Agricultural Surveyor. Second Edition, much Enlarged. Crown Svo, 5s. cloth. " Full of tallies and examples in conneciion wiih the valu.nion of tenant right, estates laboni, contents, and weights of tinilier. and (ann produce of all 'diadi. —An'ruuiturai Oateae. " An ciiiincnily pr:ictical h.indboolc. lull of pr.ii.tical tables and data of undoubted imctest ud value to surveyors and auctioneers in prepar:n^ valuations of all kinds.' — Farmer. Plantations and Underwoods. POLE PLANTATIONS AND UNDERWOODS : A Practical Handbook on Estimating the Cost of Forming, Renovating, Improving, and Grubbing Plantations and Underwoods, their Valuation for Purposes 01 Transfer, Rental, Sale, or Assessment. By Tos< Bright, Author of "The AsriculturafN'aluer's Assistant,'' &c. Crown Svo. 3s. 6<^. cloth. " To valuers, foresters .ind agents it will be a welcome aid. " — .V.'rrA British ArncuJturixt. "Well calculated to assi<.t the valuer in the discharge of his duties, and of undoubted IncaffMt and use txith to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing; valuations of all kinds."— A'mr Herald. AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND SURVEYING, etc. 47 Muilson's Land Valuer's Pocket-Booh, THE LAND VALUER'S BEST ASSISTANT: Being Tables on a very much Improved Plan, for Calculating the Value of Estates. With Tables for reducing Scotch, Irish, and Provincial Customary Acres to Statute Measure, &c. By R. Hudson, C.E. New Edition. Royal 32mo, leather, elastic band, 4s. " Of incalculable value to the country gentleman and professional man."— Faniurs' jfournal Ewart's Land Iinprover's Pocket-Book. THE LAND IMPROVER'S POCKET-BOOK OF FORMULA, TABLES, and MEMORANDA required in any Computation relating to the Permanent Improvement of Landed Property. By John Ewart, Land Surveyor and Agricultural Engineer. Second Edition, Revised. Royal 32mo, oblong, leather, gilt edges, with elastic band, 4s. "A compendious and handy little volume." — Spectator. Complete Agricultural Surveyor's Pocket-Book, THE LAND VALUER'S AND LAND IMPROVER'S COM- PLETE POCKET-BOOK. Being of the above Two Works bound together. Leather, with strap, 7s, 6d, House Property. HANDBOOK OF HOUSE PROPERTY. A Popular and Practi- cal Guide to the Purchase, Mortgage, Tenancy, and Compulsory Sale of Houses and Land, including the Law of Dilapidations and Fixtures; with Examples of all kinds of Valuations, Useful Information on Building, and Suggestive Elucidations of Fine Art. By E. L. Tarbuck, Architect and Surveyor, Fifth Edition, Enlarged. i2mo, 55. cloth. *' The advice is thoroughly practical." — Laiv yonrnal. " For all who have dealings with house property, this is an indispensable g^ide." — Decoration. " Carefully brought up to date, and much improved by the addition of a division on fine art. ... A well written and thoughtful work."— Z.a?K^ Agent's Record. LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS. Private Bill Legislation and Provisional Orders. HANDBOOK FOR THE USE OF SOLICITORS AND EN- GINEERS Engaged in Promoting Private Acts of Parliament and Provi- sional Orders, for the Authorization of Railways, Tramways, Works for the Supply of Gas and Water, and other undertakings of a like character. By L. Livingston Macassey, of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, M.Inst.C.E. ; Author of " Hints on Water Supply."' Demy 8vo, 950 pp., 25s. cl. " The author's double experience as an engineer and barrister has enabled him to approach the subject alike from an engineering and legal point of view." — Local Government Chronicle. Law of Patents. PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS, AND HOW TO PROCURE THEM. Compiled for the Use of Inventors, Patentees and others. By G. G. M. Hardingham, Assoc.Mem.Inst.C.E., &c. Demy 8vo, is. 6d, cloth. Labour Disputes. INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION: An Historical Sketch, with Practical Suggestions for the Settlement of Labour Disputes. By J. S. Jeans, Author of "Railway Problems," "England's Supremacy," &c. Crown 8vo, 200 pp., as. 6(/. cloth. [jfust publiihed, Pocket-Book for Sanitary Officials. THE HEALTH OFFICER'S POCKET-BOOK : A Guide to Sanitary Practice and Law. For Medical Officers of Health, Sanitary In- spectors, Members of Sanitary Authorities, &c. By Edward F. Willoughby, M.D. (Lond.), &c.. Author of " Hygiene and Public Health." Fcap. Svo, 7S. 6d. cloth, red edges, rounded corners. IJust published. " A mine of condensed information of a pertinent and useful kind on the various subjects of ■which it treats. The matter seems to have been carefully compiled and arranged for facility of preference, and it is well illustrated by diagrams and woodcuts. The different subjects are succinctly but fully and scientifically dealt with." — The Lancet. " Ought to be welcome to those for whose use it is designed, since it practically boils down a reference library into a pocket volume. ... It comtiines. with an uncommon degree of -etficiency, the qualities of accuracy, conciseness and comprehensiveness.'' — Scotsman. " An excellent publication, deahng with the scientific, technical and legal matters connected with the duties of medicil officers of health and sanitary inspectors. The work is replete with information." — Local Government jFortrnal. 48 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. A Coniplftc Kpitomt; of the Lntvti of this Country. EVERY MANS OWN LAWYER: A Ilandy-Iir^nh nf the I'rinntla of Law anA E'luily. !• kk. Thirl) i fully Kuviscd, *nA IncliidinK th> ' ' >"'/.. ll ' J'roptily Ail, itigi; l\ic 'I'ruilft Ail. I'j^ ; 1: • Hurbtil Wirt Ail, ll^^ ; llic /w./ui/Wa/ anil I > llouti of Labour 0/ Uaitway itoianti Act, f , Slu/H Act, 1H93, &C , an w> if. in lliu Htlttttg an I I Ihe OaminK Act, tH-j2. Ilir Shct llmin Act, 1891; l I'roptrly Ail, 1^1; l\\i: Small lU'ldtMR\ All, \^ji. .i\ Crown 8vo, 700 pp., price 61. W. (saved at every cou ..It.iii'jii ' j, uou^y bound in cloth. \Juit publiiw. ♦,• Tht Book will be found to comf-ti-.f (amriiF;t iti-.er inatler) — THB Rir.llTS AND Wkoni.s OP INI>:- -■'IMRS AND rUKtllASRKS— TARTNEkS ANLl A<;|- I BBS, SBRVANTS. and WokKMIiN-I.I'.ASIlS A . ''.■■•(. 1 KAcrs AND Ac.RI:i-.mi:nts- IliiNI» AND liJl 1 ,■.! sa; Kam.way and .SilU'iiNi. Law llASKHUl-irV \M) In AND Scmn lis— CkrMiNAi. Law- I'akiiami'.ntakv 1 MUNIIJIPAI. CdRI'DHA 1 IDNS rAklSlI I, AW, CIH k' II AND NUISANCBS— COHVKIGHT AND PATKNIS-I AND WIFB. DIVOHCR. P. IC— TRUSTRKS AND 1 HANTS. ETC.— GAMB LAWS AND SPORTING- IT KBBPRRS. LiCBNSINr., BTC — FORMS OF WlLLb, /. ..w. , , t^sT The object of this work is to enable thae who consult it to help them- selves to Ihe law; and thereby to dispense, as far as possible, tvith professional assistance and ailvice. There are many wrongs and grievances which persons sub- mit to from time to time through not knowing how or where to apply for redrns ; and many persons have as great a dread of a lawyer's office as of a lion's den. With this book at hand it is believed that many a Six-and-Eightpesce may be saved ; many a wrong redressed ; many a right reclaimed; many a law suit avoided ; and many an evil abated. The tvork has established itself as Ihe standard legal aJvtser of all daises, ami. has also made a reputation for itself as a useful booh oj reference for lawyers residing at a distance from law libraries, who are glad to nave at hand a work embodying recent decisions and enactments. •«• Opinions of the Press. " It Is a complete code of EnWish Law, written In plain lanjuaje, which aD can undcrMand. , , . Should be in the hands of every business man, and all who wub to abolish lawyen' biU>.' ^ fVeekly Times. " A useful and concise epitome of the law, compiled with considerable care." — Lam ilagmaint, "A complete digest of the most useful facts which constitute En^^lish law."— C/o^, " This excellent li.wdbook. . . . Admirably done, adiiiiiably arraiiged, and admirat>lx cheap." — Le lowinu I.iit it niti«t Un unilrrntnoil that the Iwoki are Ijound in limn ilolh, unlr«» othrrwif •f.itrd ; iu/ Iht volumtM marked vith a % nt'iy also bt had tlroni;ly bound in clclh boards for (td, •Jcira, N./i. — /h ordtring from lhi% I. ill it it rtcontmendrd, at a meant of /aeilitatinx buiinett and obviating trror, to ^uole tin numbert affixed to Ih* volume t, om vmU at tk* titUt and prict. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, ETC. No. 31. WELLS AND WELL-SINKING. liy J«jhn Gko. Swindell, A.R.I.n.A., anJ G. R. lit rnkil, C.FC. krvincd Edition. With a New Appi'iidix on tlic Qualities of Wutrr. Illustratcil. 2». 35. THE BLASTING AND QUARRYING OF STONE, fo» HuililinR .ind other Purposes. Hy Gen. Sir J. 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